Paxinos, E. E., James, Helen F., Olson, Storrs L., Sorenson, Michael D., and Fleischer, Robert C. 2002. "MtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, (3) 1399–1404.