Commercial ships inadvertently transfer vast numbers of living organisms beyond their evolutionary ranges, sometimes resulting in invasions of distant marine habitats. Biofouling on ship hulls translocate organisms that ...

Ships hulls can transport aquatic nuisance species, but there is little quantitative information about the magnitude of vessel biofouling on a global or regional scale. There does not exist a robust method to estimate the ...

With the entry of the Ballast Water Management Convention into force, ballast water discharged from ships must meet standards limiting the concentrations of living organisms. Monitoring devices to confirm compliance with ...