Ofma f^ a^ ?n
Fiscal Year 1996Budget RequesttoOMB
ADMINISTRATIVELY CONFIDENTIAL(Information not to be released until after the President'sBudget is submitted to the Congress in 1995)
Smithsonian InstitutionSeptember 1994

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFISCAL YEAR 1996
Budget Request to the Office of Management and Budget

Smithsonian InstitutionFiscal Year 1996 Budget Request to OMB
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
SALARIES AND EXPENSES
Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation 7Health and Safety 10Facilities Operations 10Administration of the Repair and Restoration Program 11The National Museum of the American Indian 11Vital Smithsonian Programs 12Education 12Institution-Wide Programs 13National Performance Review Initiatives 14
CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK ... 17
REPAm AND RESTORATION OF HOLDINGS 23
CONSTRUCTION 31
APPENDIX
Organization Chart 37Budget Line-Items 38Key Themes Detail 50Utilities/Communications Analysis 52Rent Analysis 54Nonappropriated Sources of Funding 55Special Foreign Currency Program 59



Smithsonian InstitutionFY 1996 Budget Request($000s)
APPROPRIATION FY 1995 FY 1996ACCOUNT BASE REQUEST
Salaries and Expenses $318,579 $350,860Zoo Construction 5,000 10,500Repair and Restoration 25,300 40,000Construction 50.000 20.200TOTAL $398,879 $421,560
INTRODUCTION
The Smithsonian Institution nears its 150th anniversary in 1996 in an austere financialclimate. Nonappropriated fund sources for general operations have been declining since fiscal year1990 and have continued their downward spiral because of a multitude of factors. The amount ofFederal operating funds has also been reduced based on the President's executive orders to reducethe federal workforce and take administrative cost reductions, as well as to implement procurementsavings. As a result, in FY 1994, the Institution embraced the Federal Workforce Restructuring Actof 1994 and expanded it to its nonappropriated Trust fund activities. By the middle of fiscal 1995,Federal positions will have been cut by 209, or over 4 percent, and nonappropriated Trust positionsby 24, or over 6 percent.On the positive side, the Smithsonian maintains its pre-eminence in astrophysics, tropical andenvironmental biology, history of science, art history, and the conservation of materials. Its lead ineducation is a cornerstone of the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" mission. The continuingcommitment by OMB and Congress to fulfill the dream of the National Museum of the AmericanIndian and to complete the submillimeter telescope array; to fully fund such vital programs as theR&R program, and the research equipment and information management pools; as well as toprovide the more recent funding of a Latino program initiatives pool, have buoyed the Institutionduring a period of constrained growth and helped to sustain its vitality.
The Institution is prepared to continue managing its resources closely and carefully for theforeseeable future as it struggles to meet the demands of ongoing programs, new health and safetyissues, operational requirements of new construction and repair and restoration projects, mandatorycosts, and the opening of the Custom House in New York City, the Cultural Resources Center inSuitland and the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall. Re-engineering and re-focus will be the key words?and key strategies?as the Institution approaches the 21st century.
Building on the major restructuring efforts begun in 1992 and continuing, the Institution iswell ahead of most agencies in getting its financial house in order. With the foundation of criticalanalysis of programs and activities established in that restructuring process, it is already focusing onprogram performance issues. The Smithsonian has had unqualified audits of its financial statementsfor years and is implementing a new financial accounting system that will enhance its ability tocomply with elements of the Chief Financial Officers Act. Further, as part of the annual call forplans and budgets process, the bureaus and offices have developed strategic plans and planningprocesses that are guiding them in more careful allocation of their scarce resources. In the comingyear, planning efforts will be led by a new Secretary whose work will be informed by the findingsand recommendations of the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution, a broadlybased body of public members addressing the Institution's future. Last, the Institution looks eagerlytoward implementing the initiatives developed in response to the National Performance Review.Already it is piloting a human resources initiative, is serving as the test site for the Federal QualityInstitute's training program, and will soon be undertaking the planning process to begin developingits response to the Government Performance and Results Act. In the case of the latter mandate,many activities in the Smithsonian have been engaged in program assessment for years. In recentmonths, performance measurements have been used as part of normal operations in Finance andAdministration, and their use is expanding across the Institution.
This year's budget request includes significant changes in presentation. It has beenstreamlined to present all requested Salaries and Expenses increases in the initial pages. Specificdetails are provided in the Appendix, making them available only if needed; the previous narrativesfor each Smithsonian bureau and office have been compressed into one section of the Appendix.This fiscal year 1996 budget request's changes in presentation are a microcosm of the reinventionefforts that must happen throughout the Institution on a more global level in the next few years.
FY 1996 BUDGET PRIORITIES
The Smithsonian's fiscal year 1996 budget request centers on key themes which support itsoperations as well as the priorities of the Nation. The request for all operating and capital accountstotals $421.6 million, an increase of $22.7 million over its fiscal year 1995 base. Of this amount,$350.9 million is for the Salaries and Expenses account, the Institution's basic operating budget;$20.2 million, for the Construction account; $10.5 million, for the Construction and Improvements,National Zoological Park account; and, $40.0 million, for the Repair and Restoration of Buildingsaccount.
The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request includes funding for critical core needs whichsupport the daily operations of the Institution; the request does not seek expanded or new programs.The Institution is at a crossroads in terms of its operational abilities. It has restructured, downsizedand reduced services. Because of continuing budget erosion, it can no longer adequately support itscore needs without drastically altering its research and public programs. Items have been chosen forthis request to address the most critical core needs.
The S&E request for fiscal year 1996 includes reductions for the return of Museum SupportCenter judgment funding and workforce restructuring. It centers on nine themes developed byInstitution management during the budget process, which are briefly described below. Thecomponents of each of these themes are described in further detail in the Salaries and Expensessection of this budget submission. A specific breakdown by Smithsonian budget line-item may befound in the Appendix.
Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base Operations
? Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation. Includes necessary pay requirements;
utilities, communications and postage costs; rental space increases; and inflation costs.
? Health and Safety. Identifies requirements related to mandatory health and safetyissues.
? Facilities Operations. Identifies operational (S&E) requirements associated with newand expanded facilities projects funded via the Institution's capital accounts.
Administration of the Repair and Restoration Program. Identifies Office ofDesign and Construction S&E requirements necessary to execute increased levels ofrepair and restoration funding.
Priority Program Enhancement
The National Museum of the American Indian. Supports funding required for thecontinuation of the American Indian museum's development.
Vital Smithsonian Programs. Supports high-priority needs of existing, uniqueprograms, including the submillimeter telescope array, collections preparation,restoration and preservation requirements, exhibit hall renovations, and other criticalprograms.
Education. Supports the Institution's on-going education development activitiesthrough fellowships, internships and secondary school educational programs.
Institution-Wide Programs. Supports requirements for the Information ResourceManagement; Research Equipment; and Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions andEducational Programming pools.
Executive Branch Initiatives
National Performance Review Initiatives. Identifies requirements in support of theNational Performance Review ? especially those in support of the "informationhighway" and "electronic commerce."
The request for the Institution's capital accounts includes funding for repair and restorationof facilities to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition of four olderbuildings and maintaining the current condition of other facilities through systematic renewal andrepair. The Institution's construction request addresses requirements for physical plant expansionand modification to support program needs particularly in the area of collection storage and care.The FY 1996 budget will also provide funds to address portions of the National Zoological Park'sRock Creek Master Plan and the Front Royal Development Plan.
Smithsonian Institution FY 1996 Budget RequestBy Appropriation
FTEs $000sSALARIES AND EXPENSES '.' "'' ':FY 1995 Base (Request to Congress) 4,645 318,579FY 1996 Changes:Non-Recurring CostsReturn of Museum Support Center Judgment Fund -40Workforce Restructuring -47 -6,400
Mandatory Increases for Sustaining Base OperationsNecessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation:
? Annualization of FY 1995 Pay Raises 2,288
? Proposed FY 1996 Pay Raises 7,269
? One Additional Workday 906
? Health Insurance 1,784
? FERS 373
? Workers' Compensation 61
? Utilities, Communications and Postage 1,017
? Rental Space 735
? Inflation 2,468Health and Safety 1 427Facilities Operations 11 1,050Administration of the Repair and Restoration Program 10 928
Priority Program EnhancementNational Museum of the American Indian 30 5,785Vital Smithsonian Programs 14 2,527Education 2,280Institution-Wide Programs 3,000
Executive Branch InitiativesNational Performance Review Initiatives 9 5,823FY 1996 SALARIES AND EXPENSES REQUEST 4,673 350,860
FTEs $000sconstruction and improvements, national zoological parkRock Creek Park
? Aquatic Trail
? Grasslands Exhibit
? Renovations and Repairs
Front Royal, Conservation Research Center
? Consolidated Maintenance Facility
? Renovations and Repairs
2,0004,5002,300
750950
FY 1996 ZOO CONSTRUCTION REQUEST 10,500
REPAIR AM) RESTORATION OF BUILDINGSMajor Capital RenewalRepairs, Restoration and Code Compliance 12,90027,100FY 1996 REPAIR AND RESTORATION REQUEST 40,000
CONSTRUCTION
National Museum of the American Indian
? NMAI Cultural Resources Center
? NMAI Mall MuseumNASM ExtensionNatural History East CourtSuitland Collections CenterMinor Construction, Alterations and ModificationsConstruction Planning
1,5003,0002,0008,7005004,000500FY 1996 CONSTRUCTION REQUEST 20,200
FY 1996 REQUEST, ALL ACCOUNTS 4,673 421,560



SALARIES AND EXPENSES
The Salaries and Expenses (S&E) request of $350.9 million and 4,673 workyears representsa net increase of $32.3 million over the fiscal year 1995 requested level. Of this requested increase,$6.4 million in non-recurring costs is returned and $16.9 million is to cover increases for necessarypay, utilities, space rental, and inflation. The remaining increases account for $21.8 million of therequested S&E amount.
The non-recurring costs include $40,000 for the return of funds associated with the MuseumSupport Center judgment fund and $6.4 million and 26 workyears associated with workforcerestructuring. These workforce savings are the direct result of buyouts offered to Smithsonianemployees under the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994, and reflect the decreaseassociated with the FY 1996 government-wide Federal workforce reductions proposed by ExecutiveOrder 12839 (47 FTE) and offset by FY 1995 Smithsonian buyouts in excess of the FY 1995reduction ceiling (21 FTE). The cumulative FTE reduction through FY 1996 is 276 FTE. TheSmithsonian has been able to meet these reductions through the FY 1993 restructuring (41 FTE) andthe Voluntary Separation Incentive Program in FY 1995 (209 FTE) leaving a total of 26 FTE and$6.4 million to be withdrawn in FY 1996.Of the total fiscal year 1996 S&E request, the Institution requests that funds for certainactivities remain available until expended. These funds support the Institution-wide programs, themajor scientific instrumentation program, collections acquisition, Museum Support Center equipmentand move, exhibition reinstallation, the National Museum of the American Indian, and therepatriation program at the National Museum of Natural History.MANDATORY INCREASES FOR SUSTAINING BASE OPERATIONS
Necessary Pay, Utilities, Rent and Inflation (0 FTE/$16,901,000)
The Smithsonian Institution seeks funds to pay costs that are beyond its control to manage. Thesecosts result from established practices in regulating wages, insurance premiums, utilities, rent, andthe effects of inflation. The Institution requests an increase of $16,901,000 for the mandatory costsshown below.
Salary and Related Costs:
-Proposed Annualization of FY 1995 Locality Pay Raise $1,003,000
-Proposed Annualization of FY 1995 Cost of Living Adjustment 1,285,000
-Proposed FY 1996 Locality Pay Raise 3,050,000
-Proposed FY 1996 Cost of Living Adjustment 4,219,000
-One Additional Workday in FY 1996 906,000
-Health Insurance (Increase in Premiums) 1,784,000
?Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) 373,000
?Workers' Compensation 61,000Total, Salary and Related Costs $12,681,000
Utilities, Communications, and Postage $ 1,017,000Central Rental Space 735,000Inflation 2,368,000SIL Acquisitions Inflation 100.000
Total $16,901,000
Salary and Related Costs - The Institution requests a net amount of $12,681,000 for the projectedhigher salary and benefits costs in FY 1996 for FY 1995 staff. The Smithsonian has calculatedcosts required to annualize the proposed FY 1995 2.1 % locality pay raise ($1,003,000); to annualizethe proposed FY 1995 2.6% cost of living adjustment ($1,285,000); for the proposed FY 19962.1 % locality pay raise ($3,050,000) for three-quarters of a year; for the FY 1996 2.8% cost ofliving adjustment ($4,219,000) for three-quarters of a year; and to reflect the increase of fundsassociated with one additional work day ($906,000). In FY 1996, the Institution also requires fundsto cover rising health insurance premiums ($1,784,000), increased costs related to the FederalEmployees' Retirement System ($373,000), and increased workers' compensation costs ($61,000).
? Annualization of FY 1995 Proposed Locality Pay Raise - The Smithsonian has included anamount of $1,003,000 in its FY 1996 request to annualize the costs of the proposed January1995 locality pay raise. This reflects the proposed 2.1 percent locality pay raise.
? Annualization of FY 1995 Proposed Cost of Living Adjustment - The Institution requires anamount of $1,285,000 to annualize the costs of the proposed January 1995 cost of livingadjustment. This reflects the proposed 2.6 percent cost of living adjustment.
? FY 1996 Proposed Locality Pay Raise - The Smithsonian requests an amount of $3,050,000to fully fund the anticipated January FY 1996 locality pay raises for three-quarters of a year.This reflects an anticipated 2.1 percent locality pay raise.
? FY 1996 Proposed Cost of Living Adjustment - The Smithsonian requests an amount of$4,219,000 to fully fund the anticipated January FY 1996 cost of living adjustment of2.8 percent for three-quarters of a year.
? One Additional Workday in FY 1996 - Currently, base funding is available for employeecompensation for a 260-day workyear. For FY 1996, however, contains 261 workdays andrequires additional funding to cover employee salary and benefit costs for the extra day. TheInstitution requests $906,000 to cover this mandatory cost.
? Health Insurance - For FY 1996, the Institution requests $1,784,000 to cover the rising costof health insurance premiums for employees. The Smithsonian's FY 1995 base is$11,893,000. The requested increase includes the funds required to annualize the projectedFY 1995 cost increase ($401,000 for one-quarter of the year) and to cover an estimatedFY 1996 increase of 15 percent ($1,383,000 for three-quarters of the year).
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? Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) - The Smithsonian requests an increase of$373,000 to cover the increased benefit costs of the higher percentage of FERS participantscomprising the Federal workforce. For FY 1996, the projected cost increase of formerCSRS positions that are now occupied by staff in the FERS system amounts to $9,623,000.The Institution has in its base $9,250,000 to fund this shift, leaving a shortfall of $373,000.Additional funds will be required in the future, as the composition of the Institution's Federalworkforce continues to shift to FERS participation (versus CSRS) over time.
? Workers' Compensation - The Smithsonian requests an increase of $61,000 as specified inthe provisions of Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United States Code, as amended on April 21,1976, by Public Law 94-273. This law provides for payments to be made to employees forinjuries and to their families in cases where work accidents result in employee death. Thesepayments are determined and made by the U.S. Department of Labor's EmploymentStandards Administration, which subsequently bills agencies for costs incurred for theiremployees. Despite the Institution's emphasis on the Accident Safety Program administeredby the Office of Environmental Management and Safety, which provides employee training insafety awareness and promotes the identification and elimination of potential hazards in theworkplace, there has been an increase in employee compensation costs. The FY 1996 billfor the Institution's Federal portion ($1,771,000) covers the actual expenses incurred for theperiod July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1994. With an amount of $1,710,000 in its FY 1995base for workers' compensation, the Institution requests an additional $61,000.
Utilities, Communications, and Postage - An FY 1995 Federal base of $24,550,000 andanticipated reimbursements of $860,000 (total of $25,410,000) are available to fund the costs ofelectricity, steam, gas, fuel oil, water, sewer, communications, and postage for nearly all Institutionfacilities. In order to provide constant environmental conditions and to ensure continuous operatingequipment and communications systems, the Smithsonian requires an increase of $1,017,000 inFY 1996 to cover anticipated costs. This increase results from projected consumption increasesrelated to the operation of National Museum of American Indian in New York City, the East CourtInfill at the Museum of Natural History, as well as the new Osteo Prep Lab, Botany Greenhousesand the large artifact building at Silver Hill. Additional use of linked computer systems andexpanding data networks lead to projected increases in communication costs. The increase alsoanticipates an additional rate increase in FY 1995 of approximately 10 percent by the variouselectric utility companies which serve Smithsonian Institution facilities.
Rental Space - For FY 1996, the central rental account requests $735,000 for uncontrollableexpenses. The increase reflects the annual cost increase specified in negotiated lease agreements,including projected inflationary adjustments, and takes into account the offsetting Trust fundcontribution for shared administrative activities and office space occupied by specific auxiliary
activities on the Mall. Leased Space at L'Enfant Plaza, 1111 North Capitol Street, Archives ofAmerican Art space in New York and Boston, and Fullerton Storage provide critical housing foradministrative, support and some program activities which provide valuable services to theInstitution's exhibition, education, research and collection programs. Also included in this requestis $400,000 to prepare up to 20,000 square feet of secure storage space, install adequate heating,
ventilating and air conditioning for that space, and purchase and install shelving and relatedequipment for permanent archival records. By 1996, space for Smithsonian archival records will bedepleted, based on anticipated acquisitions. The projected Federal cost of the central rental accountis $5,349,000. The Institution's Federal base is $4,614,000 in FY 1995. Therefore, theSmithsonian requires $735,000 for existing basic rent, real estate taxes, operating expenses andarchival storage space.
Inflation - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requests an amount of $2,368,000 to offset the inflation-related erosion of the Institution's purchasing power over the past year. This amount represents theeffects of inflation on the Institution's Federal nonpersonnel budget for FY 1996, excluding utilities,rent, and Museum Support Center equipment and move costs. The requested increase will offset thenegative effects brought about by inflation for FY 1996. The amount requested was calculated usingthe Consumer Price Index at a 3.3 percent rate projected for FY 1996.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries Acquisitions Inflation - For FY 1996, the Smithsonian requestsan amount of $100,000 to maintain current levels of library support and to offset the cumulativeimpact of eight years of inflation in book and journal costs. In FY 1993, despite the cancellation of1,260 titles since 1987, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL) was forced to assign its entireacquisitions budget to pay for journals. Although the Institution responded to the crisis that year byreallocating $200,000 from internal funds to restore the book budget, inflation in FY 1994 began toerode that amount. The projected increase for journal prices is 10.5 percent in FY 1995. Thisincrease will force SIL to cancel an additional 150 titles costing $47,000 for FY 1995 to stay withinthe available acquisitions funds and to protect remaining journal subscriptions against furthererosion. The average price of a journal title in SIL has increased 90 percent since 1987; SIL is nowspending nearly 60 percent more for 16 percent fewer journals and is able to purchase only half themonographs per year that were purchased in 1987. The requested amount of $100,000 will restorejournal subscriptions that must be cancelled for FY 1995 because of inflation in subscription pricesand will also allow for the purchase of the most-urgently needed books.
Health and Safety (1 FTE/$427,000)
This theme identifies requirements related to mandatory health and safety issues and will continue amulti-year project to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and meet requirementsof the Institution's Building Management Safety Program. Included are safety code improvementsfor the Folklife Festival due to new National Park Service directives, hazardous material training,the purchase of safety equipment, and treatment of waste water from restoration and preservationprojects to meet applicable state and federal laws.
Facilities Operations (11 FTE/$1,050,000)
The fiscal year 1996 increase of 11 FTE and $1,050,000 is directly linked to operationalrequirements resulting from Construction, Repair and Restoration of Buildings, and/or ZooConstruction projects which were approved in those appropriations. Museums and facilities with
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key projects underway include the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (Miller/Fox townhousesrenovation), the National Museum of Natural History (the East Court), the National Zoological Park(the Amazonia Gallery and Living in Water exhibits), and the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute (new and expanded facilities). If operational funding is not provided for these new spacesand facilities, the Institution will be unable to fully staff these areas.
Administration of the Repair & Restoration of Buildings (up to 10 FTE/up to $928,000)
This theme identifies Office of Design and Construction S&E requirements necessary to executeincreased levels of repair and restoration funding. The first portion of this request is to support a$35 million Repair and Restoration of Buildings program. These funds will support theSmithsonian's Accessibility Program, Architectural and Historical Preservation Programs, andConstruction Projects. The addition of an architect/engineer specializing in Accessibility andHistoric Preservation will enable the Smithsonian to better provide disabled visitors and staff withsafe, convenient access to all facilities and to preserve and protect our National Historic Landmarks.Other positions will support construction planning, design and management.
The second portion of this request includes additional funds to support a $40 million Repair andRestoration of Buildings program. These funds and positions will support the Smithsonian's SeismicSafety Program and Environmental Management Program. In compliance with Executive Order12699 which mandated that all new Federal buildings be designed to resist seismic forces andcomply with National Building Codes, the Seismic Safety Program is necessary to ensure the safetyof the public and Smithsonian collections. The Environmental Management Program will overseeand coordinate environmental issues and conduct environmental analyses consistent with the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act.
PRIORITY PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT
The National Museum of the American Indian (30 FTE/$5,785,000)
This theme supports funding required for the continued development of the National Museum of theAmerican Indian. The requested funds and FTE will be directed toward staffing costs in support offull operations of the George Gustav Heye Center in New York City; planning and preparation ofthe Cultural Resources Center (CRC) at Suitland, Maryland, including one-time expenses for suchitems as furniture, equipment, collections storage equipment, and relocation of staff; planning forthe National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) facility on the Mall; initial facilities andgrounds operation, maintenance, and repair of the CRC at Suitland, Maryland; and security officers,health service and emergency first aid staff at the Research Branch and the Heye Center in NewYork. Funding at these requested levels will enable the Smithsonian and NMAI to respondaffirmatively to public, congressional, and Native American mandates for the establishment of anational resource for and about Native American perspectives.
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Vital Smithsonian Programs (14 FTE/$2,527,000)
This requested increase of 14 FTE and $2,527,000 will be used to fund vital, high-priority programsthat will support bureaus and offices in executing and managing their individual missions. Theseprograms currently do not have adequate base resources to support a viable scientific, educational oradministrative purpose.
This theme supports the continued development and support of the submillimeter telescope arrayproject which will directly contribute to measurably enhancing the scientific competitiveness of theUnited States. It also supports urgently needed resources for the continued renovation of NaturalHistory's permanent exhibition halls, many of which are more than 20 years old and presentoutdated cultural interpretation and scientific information to the public. A portion of this requestwill go towards support of basic operations, to include costly printing equipment replacement,information management key staff support, automation disaster preparedness, and strengthening ofthe employee discrimination complaints process and other equal opportunity programs.
This theme also supports programs which are inherently unique to the Smithsonian Institution, suchas the maintenance of archival holdings which document the scientific, social and cultural fabric ofthe United States. (One staff person will process and rehouse one hundred cubic feet of records, or200,000 items, per year.) Funds are also required to restore and preserve historic aircraft andspacecraft as well as to prepare historic aircraft, spacecraft, engines and other objects for relocationto the National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Extension facility. Preservation of historic artifactsrequires intensive treatment to prepare the artifacts for exhibition while still maintaining as much ofthe original materials as possible. The National Air & Space Museum, the leader amongorganizations that restore and preserve historic aircraft and spacecraft, has the unique mission topreserve the technology represented by the history of aviation and spaceflight, by preserving thevehicles in which early pioneers broke speed records, explored new worlds, fought aerial battles,and sought data about our universe.A detailed listing of each item under this theme can be found in the Appendix.
Education (0 FTE/$2,280,000)
This theme requests funds to support the Institution's on-going education development activitiesthrough fellowships, internships and secondary school educational programs. The fiscal year 1996requested increase of $2,280,000 will allow the Smithsonian to continue to play a crucial role as aneducational institution. As a major research center and a national trust for an unequaled collectionof treasures from the arts, humanities, and sciences, the Smithsonian provides formal and informallearning experiences to individuals both young and old from many different cultural, educational,and economic backgrounds. Additional fellowship and internship program awards would beprovided, which provide opportunities for scholars and students from the U.S. and abroad toconduct research utilizing the Institution's unique collections and resources. Further, educationalmaterials will be created and distributed to secondary schools across the country.
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Institution-Wide Programs (0 FTE/$3,000,000)
This request will fund the Smithsonian's institution-wide pools for research equipment, informationresources management, and Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming.
? Research Equipment?This pool supports the replacement, upgrade, and acquisition of
scientific research and laboratory equipment for which the units are unable to fund as a resultof continued reductions to their programs. The bureaus five-year equipment replacementplans, submitted nearly one and a half years ago as the basis for distribution of the firstyear's funding of the research equipment pool, indicated a need for over $20 million forresearch equipment renewal. In FY 1994, after a review and prioritization of these needs bythe Assistant Secretaries for Sciences and Arts and Humanities, $1.2 million was allocated tothis pool in order to respond to the Institution's serious need for upgrading and replacing itsresearch equipment. The Smithsonian estimates an annual need of $5 million to maintain aprogram of systematic renewal of its research equipment. This request is to continue to fundthis pool for research equipment renewal. New technology advancements create the necessityfor new kinds of equipment in order to establish and maintain an adequate equipment basefor complex research.
? Information Resources Management?During the past year, a pan-institutional task force,working in various teams, addressed the Institution's long-range information managementneeds and provided a blueprint to meet these needs into the next century. Working from theIRM Vision, a Key Initiatives Team identified seven key initiatives as the essential elementsto bring that plan to fruition. The IRM pool is part of the funding strategy for some of thoseinitiatives. Other initiatives, especially the collections information management systems ofthe larger bureaus that have significant public outreach components, will be addressed as partof the National Performance Review Initiatives request. This request will support continuedcomputer technology upgrades and will enable the information technology needs of theInstitution to be addressed systematically. The priorities to be funded under the FY 1996IRM Plan include continued upgrade of the Smithsonian's basic information technologies(hardware/software) and improvement of research collection and data analysis technologies.The IRM Pool during the preceding two fiscal years has funded the completion of theSmithsonian Institution Network (SINET), development of on-line collections informationsystems, and acquisition of computing resources that support contemporary researchtechniques. Continued expansion of the IRM Pool will enable the Smithsonian to continue tobring information age advancements to its own staff as well as visitors, scholars andmuseums around the nation.
? Latino Exhibitions, Acquisitions, and Educational Programming?This request will supportthe development of Latino exhibitions, the acquisition of collections, and the undertaking ofeducational initiatives across the Institution in order to share the accomplishments of Latinoswith the public. In response to the cultural diversity of the nation and the need for outreachprograms directed to specific cultures, the Smithsonian Institution established the Task Forceon Latino Issues. This task force was formed to analyze Latino employment and recruitment
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patterns, provide recommendations for change within the Smithsonian, and oversee theimplementation of the recommendations. Its recommendations were released in Spring 1994;the Smithsonian is currently in the process of preparing a response to thoserecommendations. Funding for this pool will also support the recommendations of the TaskForce and the development of a comprehensive strategic plan to increase the Latino presencein the Institution's programming, collections and staff.
Funding of pilot programs will enable informed long-range investment in exhibitions,collections, and education programs focused on the Latino community. In the short-term,these new pilot programs will permit the Institution, through creative experimentation at themuseum level, to expand its coverage of the Latino culture as well as its Latino audience.External funding can also be projected to increase in the long-term; with evidence of positiveoutcomes from the pilot programs, the case for external funding can be made substantiallystronger.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH INITIATIVES
National Performance Review Initiatives (9 FTE/$5,823,000)
The Smithsonian Institution is committed to leading the Vice President's charge in the NationalPerformance Review area of information technology and "electronic government." As stated in theAccompanying Report of the National Performance Review, Creating a Government that WorksBetter & Costs Less?Reengineering Through Information Technology , "access to government is aright of Americans." The Institution proposes major initiatives in FY 1996 to make its collectionsand services far more accessible to the American public than ever before. Most of these changes liein the area of collections information systems and support, as outlined below, as well as nationaleducational outreach. In addition, funding is being requested for improvements to internal systems,to include travel system and personnel services automation efforts. The travel system in the Officeof the Comptroller will lead to streamlined, reinvented travel management and expense processingwith connectivity to the Institution's new financial accounting system currently under development.The personnel services automation efforts include the Smithsonian being a pilot for an electronicpersonnel action system developed by the Department of Navy. The Smithsonian is also one of theFederal government's pilot agencies in the area of electronic commerce.
The national collections, numbering over 138 million objects, are the essence of the SmithsonianInstitution and are increasingly serving as public resources of global importance. These holdingsand the information associated with them form the basis of Smithsonian research, exhibitions andpublic programs, which draw millions of visitors annually and inform issues as wide-ranging asglobal change, biotic resource management and cultural diversity. This has placed extraordinarynew demands on access to the national collections and associated information. Yet currently, publicaccess to Smithsonian collections and information is poorly met. To realize the full potential of thenational collections and to meet demand from academia, federal agencies, policy makers, the private
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sector and public citizens, the Smithsonian intends to become a valuable data provider on thenational information highway, as well as through other electronic and traditional means.
To achieve this goal, the Institution requests funding to accelerate modernization of its informationtechnology infrastructure for collections management and the dissemination of associated collectionsinformation. Collections Information Systems (CIS) with public access modules will beimplemented in four targeted areas to better support access to art, cultural and scientificinformation: the National Museum of Natural History/Museum Support Center CollectionsResource Information System, the National Museum of American History Collections InformationSystem, the National Air & Space Museum Inventory System, and the Art Bureaus collaborativeCollection Information Systems project. The respective systems differ in configuration, but theInstitution has a unified goal - to fully automate the collections and the information associated withthem, to provide imaging capability and to create public access modules that allow convenientaccess.
Requested funds will support CIS software, the hardware necessary to run the systems (includinginstallation or enhancement of local area networks), imaging equipment, network support and, insome instances, additional staff.
The National Performance Review noted the potential for information technology to improve theway government does its job. The Smithsonian collections are a unique and highly visible resourcethat can be made accessible at very little cost through use of this technology. The educationpotential is enormous; the benefit to scholars significant; the advantages for the collectionsthemselves, through improved management and tracking, are considerable. Most importantly, thisinitiative would place the collections in the hands of the American people to use and enjoy.
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Construction and ImprovementsNational Zoological Park
1994 Appropriation $5,400,0001995 Estimate $5,000,0001996 Estimate $10,500,000
Appropriations to this account provide funding for:
? repairs, alterations, and improvements to plant property;
? additions to existing facilities and minor new facilities, including exhibits;
? plans and specifications for construction; and
? renovation, restoration, and construction of new facilities outlined in the Master Plan.
The Zoo contracts for most construction and improvement projects. If contractor estimatesare above acceptable cost levels, it is sometimes more economical to hire permanent or temporarylaborers to accomplish the work. The account also funds related expenses such as relocation ofanimals during the renovation or construction of facilities and major grounds maintenance resultingfrom storm damage.
In keeping with the 1889 charter, the National Zoological Park endeavors to "administer andimprove" the Zoo for "the advancement of science and instruction and recreation of the people"(20 U.S. C. 81). The National Zoological Park (NZP) complex includes 163 acres in the RockCreek Valley of Washington, D.C., and a 3,150-acre Conservation and Research Center (CRC)located near Front Royal, Virginia.
The FY 1996 request is as follows:
Rock Creek Master Plan:Aquatic Trail $2,000,000Grasslands Exhibit 4,500,000CRC at Front Royal Development Plan:Consolidated Maintenance Facility 750,000
Renovation, Repair, and Improvements:Rock Creek 2,300,000Conservation and Research Center 950.000TOTAL $10,500,000
17
Rock Creek Master Plan
The National Zoo's Rock Creek facilities have been undergoing major renovation andimprovements through implementation of the Master Plan. Congress has appropriated a total of$70,884,900 from FY 1974 to FY 1994 to carry out major portions of the Plan. Fullimplementation of the Master plan, as revised in 1986, will keep the National Zoological Parkamong the world's finest zoos.
Aquatic Trail ($2,000,000) - Funds received in FY 1993 ($2,068,950) and FY 1994($800,000) have allowed for the design development and the initial phases of construction. TheAquatic Trail, a cluster of exhibits near the Amazonia Exhibit, will focus on the biology of life inwater and on conservation efforts for sea otters and penguins. The first element will be a "Living inWater" module, conceptualized to involve interactive, low maintenance exhibits, that will illustratethe crucial role of water in the origin and maintenance of life on Earth.
The Aquatic Trail program is intended to provide an educational experience for the visitorsregarding various facets of aquatic life in exhibit modules, depicting endangered ecosystems andhabitats. The objective of the program is to enlighten the public of the impact on life of suchhabitats and the danger involving the destruction of the ecosystem.
Currently NZP is finalizing a conceptual plan, to be followed by the design developmentphase of the program. Funds requested for FY 1996 will provide for landscaping and theconstruction of the latter phase modules comprising the Mangrove Swamp and the ChesapeakeMarsh.
Grasslands Exhibit ($4,500,000) - The Grasslands Exhibit will enhance the visitor'sexperience to the National Zoo through viewing three specific areas of varying topography that spanapproximately six acres. These areas will depict three primary grassland habitats including theAfrican Savannas, American Prairies and Australian Plains. Each exhibit will be self-contained andcover a wide range of topics on the central theme of grasslands through time. Topics include thedomestication of grains, human history on grasslands, the living world beneath the surface ofgrasslands, medicinal and food plants of grasslands, and multiple use of grasslands throughout theworld over time.A major element of this experience will be "anticipation areas" that will introduce visitors toeach of the three exhibits. These areas will also be places to rest and picnic and for children toplay. For example, at the Grasslands exhibit, visitors will be educated on a variety of grasses fromevery imaginable viewpoint-from information about their luncheon bread (derived from a grass) towhere they can learn more about grass in the Grasslands exhibit and throughout the park.
The African Savannas exhibit will be adjacent to the Education Building and can beapproached from either direction along the Zoo's Olmsted Walk. Animals such as cheetah, zebra,ostrich, blesbok, gerenuk, several species of gazelles, and dwarf mongoose will inhabit the AfricanSavannas. The exhibit will include a subterranean segment that will include soil invertebrates and
18
underground dwellings of vertebrates. The current Panda Plaza will be the anticipation area for theAmerican Prairies and the African Savannas exhibits.
This exhibit will continue the educational experience for the visitor including the ability towalk, rest and play in these grassland habitats. Topics of varying degree will be presented,including the living world beneath the grasslands, the human history on the grasslands, andmedicinal and food plants of the grasslands.
Funds totaling $2,280,950 have been appropriated in FY 1993 and FY 1994 . Funds of$1,950,000 are anticipated for FY 1995. The conceptual design has been completed and it isanticipated that the design contract will be awarded in FY 1995. Funding of $4,500,000 requestedfor FY 1996 will provide for the construction of the major exhibit areas and the installation of thegrasses and landscaping according to the final project plans.
Conservation and Research Center Development Plan
At the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, the Zoo has established a plan that
will meet the Center's conservation, research, and public education needs well into the next century.This Development Plan results from the extensive analysis of CRC's operations and its facilities andfuture program needs. An important aspect of the plan is a built-in flexibility for growth thataccommodates expansion of research and conservation programs at minimal costs.
Design of Consolidated Maintenance Facility ($750,000) - The Zoo plans to construct anew, prefabricated building that will consolidate maintenance, grounds, transportation, supply, andcommissary operations into a single location. In keeping with the Center's Development Plan, thisconstruction project will involve demolition of four dilapidated buildings dating from the early1920s. Over the next five to seven years, eight other buildings vacated by the consolidation will berenovated into research laboratories, offices, and equipment storage areas. This new maintenancefacility will improve the Center's infrastructure so it will be able to meet its operational needs wellinto the next century.
The construction of this facility will permit the consolidation of various maintenancefunctions currently located in various structures located throughout the site and in extremely poorcondition and providing unhealthy working conditions for the employees. Many of the existingbuildings will be demolished after relocating functions to the consolidated facility.
Resources anticipated in FY 1995 ($250,000) will fund the plans and specifications to build afacility to house maintenance and repair shops, support operations and utility services. Construction
will be conducted in two phases for a total project cost of $2,337,000. Funds requested forFY 1996 will begin Phase I of the construction program comprising site work and demolition.
19
Renovation, Repair, and Improvements
Rock Creek ($2,300,000) - The National Zoological Park is responsible for the repair andpreventive maintenance of its facilities. The Zoo strives to maintain a safe environment for itsvisiting public and staff, provide ecologically suitable and comfortable enclosures for the animals,and maintain all buildings in good condition.
The Zoo's Rock Creek facilities, located on 163 acres, include almost 500,000 square feet ofbuildings and more than 160,000 square feet of roofs. Along with the Park's perimeter fence,measuring 10,546 linear feet, the Zoo's in-ground utility distribution system includes more than4,600 linear feet of high-voltage electrical fines, approximately 4,000 linear feet of medium-voltageelectrical lines, 16,000 linear feet of water mains, 6,000 linear feet of gas mains, 28,000 linear feetof sewer lines, and 14,000 linear feet of storm drains. The Park's preventive maintenance programincludes the care of these systems to ensure safe operation of the total facility.
The repair and improvement program at the Rock Creek site comprises environmentalcontrol, fire protection and security systems critical to the health and safety of the animals andspecimens, as well as infrastructure requirements affecting the operation of the facility.A portion of the FY 1996 request ($70,000) will procure professional services to plan and designvarious R&R projects within the program. Additional funds ($300,000) will be directed tocontracted maintenance services for HVAC systems. The balance of funds ($1,860,000) will bedirected toward construction services for various repair and improvement projects.
The Zoo requests $2,300,000 to continue its annual program of renovation, repair, andpreventive maintenance for its Rock Creek facility. This funding for FY 1996 will enable the Zooto provide the required level of general maintenance to all plant property.
Front Royal ($950,000) - The Zoo's Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal is anonpublic facility devoted to the conservation of endangered wildlife through programs inpropagation, research, and international biodiversity training. The 3,150-acre facility includes morethan 89 structures ranging from animal shelters to research laboratories and residences. Theproperty has more than 2 1/2 miles of roads, 20 miles of jeep trails, and 30 miles of fences.
The FY 1996 request is to continue the program of renovating, repairing and improving thefacility at Front Royal, Virginia. The program comprises maintaining and improving environmentaland operating systems that directly impact the health and safety of the animals, fire protection andsecurity systems for facility integrity and providing energy efficient and proper working space forthe scientific and support staff.
The Zoo requests $950,000 for FY 1996 to support the Center's preventive maintenanceprogram and help reduce the costly repairs at this important facility in the future.
20
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21



Repair and Restoration of Buildings
1994 Appropriation $24,000,0001995 Estimate $25,300,0001996 Estimate $40,000,000
The Smithsonian Institution is steward of the valuable and visible buildings entrusted to it bythe Nation. These buildings include 15 museums and gallery buildings in Washington, D.C. andNew York City; restoration and storage buildings in Suitland, Maryland and New York City; andcenters for research and education in Panama, Maryland, Massachusetts and Arizona. Thesefacilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and range in age from new to more than140 years old. The Smithsonian Institution's facilities form a vital infrastructure foraccomplishment of many programs and activities, provide safe haven to irreplaceable collectionsentrusted to us, and allow public access to the collections and programs by millions of visitors andscholars. Without well-repaired and maintained buildings, the Smithsonian cannot continue to meetthese responsibilities. Additionally, the buildings themselves are important icons of the Nation'scultural heritage, and must be preserved with the intent of occupying them forever.
Funding for maintenance and repair of the Institution's facilities has not kept pace with theneed, and this has resulted in a serious deterioration of the Smithsonian's physical plant. In 1987,the Institution identified an unfunded requirement for repair and renewal of its facilities, except forthose at the National Zoological Park, totaling approximately $216 million and requested asignificant increase in annual funding beginning with FY 1989. Although funding levels increasedover pre-1987 levels, annual appropriations never reached the required levels. As of April 1994,the estimate of unfunded facilities renewal requirements had increased to $250 million.
The Problem: Current Conditions
As major components of building systems age, the risk of operational failure, unscheduledbuilding closings, and damage to our collections increases dramatically. Despite heavy use of thebuildings, the Institution's program of planned, preventive maintenance and repair extends the usefullife of building systems beyond normal standards. However, as systems near or exceed their servicelife 1 , maintenance enters the "breakdown" mode and performing frequent emergency repairs is nolonger economically justifiable.
To describe the current state of the Institution's facilities, the model in Chart l2 illustratesthe predicted performance curve throughout a building's service life, and plots the position of theSmithsonian's major facilities in relation to their expected life. Buildings are composed of a number
1 The length of time a system or component is expected to provide an acceptable minimum level of shelter or service.2 Building Research Board of the National Research Council, "The Fourth Dimension in Building: Strategies for MinimizingObsolescence," 1993.
23
of complex interrelated systems. The curve represents a composite rate of deterioration for allbuilding systems over an estimated 40 year life span. The Institution's buildings were placed on thecurve based on the estimated remaining useful life. The specific parameters used to assess existingconditions were:
? watertight enclosure;
? heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical systems age and condition; and,
? compliance with current codes, legislation, and industry operating standards.
Chart 1
Smithsonian Institution Facility ConditionsCurrent Conditions FY 1995
Excellent
oc
Q.
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor
Failures
Life-Cycle Time in Years
KEY TO ABRREVTATIONS:A&I - Arts and IndustriesAAPG - American Art & Portrait GalleryFreer - Freer Gallery of ArtHMSG - Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture GardenMSC - Museum Support Center
NASM - National Air & Space MuseumNMAH - National Museum of American HistoryNMNH - National Museum of Natural HistoryQUAD - African Art & Sackler GalleryRenwick - Renwick GallerySIB - Smithsonian Institution Building
24
According to the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers3 , a nationallyrecognized organization, optimal performance decreases by 40% three-quarters of the way through asystem's useful life, reaching the minimum acceptable performance level, labeled "Fair" on thechart. From that point on, performance declines steeply, decreasing another 40% in the next 12%of the system's service life expectancy. This is the "breakdown" mode of operation, labeled on thechart as "Zone of Accelerating Risk of Failure." Once a building has reached this stage, it can nolonger reliably provide necessary conditions to support the programs housed within. In the case ofmuseum buildings, this usually means that the continuous close control of environmental conditionsand refuge from the elements required to preserve collections cannot be guaranteed. In addition, itcosts as much as five times more to achieve this minimally acceptable performance through
"breakdown" maintenance ? that is, repairing or replacing a system or component on an emergencybasis when it fails. Resources spent to patch existing systems are essentially squandered when thesystems require full replacement. More importantly, however, with the high public visibility and 26million annual visits, and the potential for irreparable damage to the collections, unplanned systemfailures can have major implications for the Institution. When a building has deteriorated to thispoint, major renovation and renewal is the only way to regain acceptable performance.
It is clear from the Chart 1 that the National Museum of Natural History (the Smithsonian'slargest building in terms of area) and the American Art and Portrait Gallery Building are already inseriously deteriorated condition. Two more buildings are rapidly approaching the state where theincreasing risk of incipient failure of building systems and components threatens closings ofsignificant portions of the building to public and staff activities, and exposes the collections toirreparable damage. Together, these four buildings represent 30% of the Institution's usable area,and all four buildings contain significant amounts of public space. The estimated cost of bringingthese facilities up to at least "Good" condition is $200 million.
Although other major Smithsonian buildings are not yet below the "Good" range in overallcondition, periodic routine repair of the individual systems and components in these facilities isnecessary to prevent further deterioration. Failure to renovate and renew in a timely mannerincreases the risk of failure, and hastens decline of the overall building condition.
The Solution
The Institution seeks to achieve a balance between correcting the unacceptable condition ofits four older buildings, and maintaining the current condition of its other facilities throughsystematic renewal and repair. The Smithsonian has projected the conditions of its buildings byFY 2000 under two different funding scenarios for Repair and Restoration of Buildings beginning in
FY 1996: the current annual level of $24 million, and the requested $40 million annually. The
3 "Understanding the Life Cycle of Buildings and Structures," by Chris Hodges, President, Facility Engineering Associates, P.C.,published in Proceedings of the 1994 Educational Conference and 81st Annual Meeting ofAPPA: The Association of HigherEducation Facilities Officers, July 10-12,1994, San Antonio, Texas.
25
implications of each funding scenario are described below and are depicted in detail on theaccompanying charts.
Chart 2 illustrates the disparity between the results of these funding options in terms of theaggregate area of Smithsonian facilities by condition in fiscal year 2000. The Scenario 1 stackshows approximately 41 percent of the aggregate total of four million square feet as threatened tofall below the minimum acceptable performance level with continued funding at $24 million peryear. Twenty-six percent is predicted to fail as depicted in the shaded box positioned directly belowthe performance line of the chart.
Scenario 2, at a funding level of $40 million per year, shows a decrease to this threat withonly 26 percent of the aggregate area to fall beneath the minimum acceptable performance level andwith no failures predicted.
Chart 2
Smithsonian Institution Facility ConditionsPerformance by Percent of Area
MinimumAcceptablePerformance
FY 2000
^Good
Fair
Poor
^ Very PoorM Failures
Scenario 1 : ?24 millionContinued Decline Scenario 2: $40 millionHalting Decline
26
Scenario 1: Increasing Decline
If funding for Repair and Restoration of Buildings remains at the $24 million annual level,the Institution cannot arrest the deterioration of its buildings. As Chart 3 shows, the NaturalHistory, American Art and Portrait Gallery, Arts and Industries, and Smithsonian Institution (Castle)buildings will all reach the end of their useful service lives within a five-year time span. Beforethey reach that point, however, building systems and components will fail at an increasing rate,resulting in closings, damage to collections, and dislocation of program activities, and increasedoperating and repair costs. Furthermore, increasing amounts of resources will be needed on anemergency basis to maintain only marginal performance.Chart3
Scenario 1: $24 Million Straight-Lined FundingContinued Decline FY 2000
Excellent
coc(0?
a.
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor
Failures
Life-Cycle Time in Years
27
Scenario 2: Halting the Decline
At $40 million annually, the Institution can arrest the rapid rate of decline in our fourbuildings with the greatest need. However, as shown in Chart 4, the remaining facilities will forgomuch necessary scheduled maintenance and repair, resulting in a decreased service life. With theaccelerated rate of decline, the need for renewal and repair becomes more urgent. If the minimumlevel of acceptable performance is to be maintained across the Institution, resources will not beavailable to improve the overall condition of marginally performing buildings.
Chart 4
Scenario 2: $40 Million Plus Inflation;Halting the Decline FY 2000
Excellent
ucCOEO?
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor
Failures
Life-Cycle Time in Years
Attached is a summary of planned expenditures by category of work over the next five years,
at the $40 million annual level.
28
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29



Construction
1994 Appropriation $10,000,0001995 Estimate $50,000,0001996 Estimate $20,200,000
The Smithsonian has a growing requirement for physical plant expansion and modification tosupport program needs, particularly in the area of collection storage and care. Plans for facilitydevelopment in the coming years represent a major investment in the continuing vitality of existingprograms, including collections management, research, public exhibitions and education, and otherservices. The Institution requests $20.2 million in FY 1996 to carry out these plans. The five-yearprogram is summarized on the chart following the narrative. The most significant issues arediscussed in more detail below the chart.
This year's Construction request is as follows:
Major Construction:NMAI, Cultural Resources CenterNMAI, Mall MuseumAir and Space Museum ExtensionNatural History Museum, East CourtSuitland Collections Center
$1,500,0003,000,0002,000,0008,700,000500,000
Minor Construction:Alterations and Modifications 4,000,000
Planning: 500.000
Total $20,200,000
Collections Care
The magnitude of the collections, held by the Smithsonian, is estimated to be 138 millionobjects and specimens. Providing adequate and appropriate space for these collections emergesrepeatedly as the most critical collections management priority. Because of the severe lack ofadequate space, objects are stored in potentially dangerous conditions. Causes of damage to thecollection range from environmental and biological factors, to theft, vandalism, neglect,carelessness, and natural disasters.
Many of the museum buildings are not adequately constructed to provide the quality of spaceneeded to protect the collections. Building constraints include inadequate building closure and
31
antiquated mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems. To compensate for their inadequacies,many museum buildings require additional environmental monitoring equipment.
Placing collections in space not intended for their storage and placing non-collection items incollections storage areas, even temporarily and out of necessity, have both harmed the collectionsand limited their accessibility to staff and researchers. Because storage areas are so crowded,objects are often placed wherever space can be made. Some objects are located on top of storagecabinets, for example, rather than inside them. Overcrowding also makes it difficult for staff toperform routine cleaning and conservation needed to protect objects from deterioration. Lack ofadequate storage has forced museums to restrict their acquisition of new collections, even to thepoint of declining worthy bequests. As a consequence, off-site storage has become increasingly
critical to the Institution.
The highest priority in the Institution's capital expansion program is to meet the requirementfor adequate and appropriate space in which to house, care for, and study the collections. The staffhas developed a comprehensive plan to satisfy space needs for the care of its diverse collections forthe next 20 years. Components of this program include the Suitland Collections Center, the Air andSpace Extension, and the Cultural Resources Center of the American Indian Museum. The NationalMuseum of Natural History East Court Building will help alleviate storage space problems in thatmuseum after the renovation of major building systems is complete.
The Smithsonian requests funding in FY 1996 to correct collections storage conditions.Specifically, $1.5 million will complete equipping of the Cultural Resources Center of the AmericanIndian Museum; $2 million will continue design of the Air and Space Extension; $8.7 million willcomplete construction and equipping of the National Museum of Natural History East CourtBuilding; and $500,000 will begin planning for the first component of the Suitland CollectionCenter.
Exhibitions and Public Programs
The Smithsonian must provide space for exhibitions and public activities associated withdisplaying current collections, such as the Museum of the American Indian (Custom House and MallMuseum) and the Air and Space Extension, and meet expectations for new programs such as theAfrican American Museum. The National Museum of Natural History East Court Building also willincrease exhibition space by returning galleries now used to house collections and staff activities topublic use. The Institution requests $3 million to complete design of the Mall Museum of theMuseum of the American Indian.
Minor Construction, Alterations and Modifications
The Smithsonian requests $4 million to continue the program of Minor Construction,Alterations and Modifications (A&M). These projects are all under $1 million in construction costand enable the Institution to provide efficient space in which its many and varied programs canoperate.
32
Construction Planning
The Institution requests $500,000 to continue planning for future construction requirements inconjunction with its programmatic goals. The planning process will provide well defined plans andcost estimates for construction and operations prior to seeking funding or authorization of theproject.
Realization of the projects in the current program will support the Institution's mandate tomaintain responsible custody of the artifacts of history, culture, and natural and physicalenvironments that it holds in trust; conduct cutting edge research; and contribute to the educationaland cultural foundation of our society.
33
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONBoard of Regents Under Separate Boards of TrusteesTHE SECRETARY JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTERFOR THE PERFORMING ARTSNATIONAL GALLERY OF ARTSecretariat InspectorGeneral WOODROW WILSONUNDER SECRETARY internationalcenter for scholars
Office ofGovernment Relations GeneralCounsel
Office of Policy andProgram Development Office of PublicAffairs
Business ManagementOffice
Assistant Secretaryfor theSCIENCES
Assistant SecretaryforEDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE
Assistant SecretajforFINANCE &ADMINISTRATK
y Assistant SecretaryforENVIRONMENTAL ANDEXTERNAL AFFAIRS)N
Assistant Secretaifor theARTS&HUMANT)y Assistant SecretaryformsTrrunoNAL initiativesOES
Assistant Secretaryfor theARTS & HUMANITIES Assistant SecretaryforFINANCE & ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretaryfor theSCIENCES
Anacosria MmeunArchive* of American AnArthur M. Sadder Gallery andFreer Gallery of ArtCooper^Hewht, National Design MuseumHirshhom Museum and Sculpture GardenInstitutional Studies OfficeNational Air and Space MuseumNational Museum of African AitNational Museum of American ArtRenwick GalleryNational Museum of American HistoryNational Postal MuseumNational Museum of the American IndianNational Portrait GalleryOffice of Exhibits CentralOffice of Museum ProgramsSmithsonian Institution TravelingExhibition Service
Office of the ComptrollerOffice of Contracting and Property ManagementOffice of Equal Employment and Minority AffairsOffice of Facilities ServicesOffice of Architectural History and HistoricPreservation
. Office of Design and ConstructionOffice of Environmental Management and SafetyOffice of Plant ServicesOffice of Protection ServicesOffice of Human ResourcesOffice of Information Resource ManagementOffice of Planning, Management and BudgetOffice of Printing and Photographic ServicesOffice of Risk and Asset ManagementOffice of Sponsored ProjectsOmbudsman
Conservation Analytical LaboratoryNational Museum of Natural HistoryMuseum Support CenterNational Zoological ParkOffice of Fellowships and GrantsOffice of Smithsonian Institution ArchivesSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorySmithsonian Environmental ResearchCenterSmithsonian Institution LibrariesSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Assistant SecretaryforEDUCATION & PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant SecretaryforENVIRONMENTAL ANDEXTERNAL AFFAIRS
Assistant SecretaryforINSTITUTIONAL TJ^mATTVES
Center for Folklife Programs andCultural StudiesNational Science Resources CenterOffice of Elementary and SecondaryEducation
September 1, 1994
Office of International RelationsOffice of Special Events and ConferenceServicesOffice of TelecommunicationsThe Smithsonian AssociatesNational ProgramResident ProgramSmithsonian Institution PressSmithsonian MagazineAir <4 Spact MagazineVisitor Information and Associates'Reception Center
National Campaign for the NationalMuseum of the American IndianOffice of Development
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Smithsonian Institution Budget Line-Items
Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Sciences - The Office of the Assistant Secretaryfor the Sciences facilitates, strengthens, and plans for the Smithsonian's worldwide scientific effortsand research support activities. The Office develops and implements Institution-wide policies thatfoster the creation and dissemination of high-quality research in the sciences and promote science asan essential endeavor that contributes to knowledge and addresses issues of pressing concern tosociety. The Office also seeks to build an excellent research staff that reflects the Nation's diverseheritage and the Institution's scholarly strengths, to foster interdisciplinary research and effectivelinkages among scholars within and outside the Institution, and to encourage the integration ofresearch results and staff into the other areas of the Smithsonian, particularly exhibition, education,and public programs.
Included in this line-item are the Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program and theOffice of Fellowships and Grants. The Smithsonian Institution Scientific Diving Program overseesthe diving activities of the Smithsonian staff and related investigators, ensuring their safety andtraining in compliance with the Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) regulations and the standards of the American Academy of UnderwaterSciences. The Office of Fellowships and Grants manages and administers the Institution's programsof research grants, fellowships, and other scholarly appointments.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory - The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory(SAO) conducts research to increase understanding of the origin and nature of the universe and tocommunicate this information through publications, teaching, and public presentations. SAO studiesdiverse systems, including the large-scale structure of the universe, clusters of galaxies, galaxies,quasars, the Sun, and planets. SAO also conducts research in laboratory astrophysics, atmosphericphysics, and geophysics. SAO research has a major impact in the worldwide scientific communityand has helped the United States maintain worldwide leadership in astrophysical research. SAO'sobserving facilities include the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, the Oak RidgeObservatory in Massachusetts, and a millimeter-wave radio telescope at Cambridge, as well asinstruments launched from time to time aboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute(STRI) is the Nation's center for advanced studies of tropical ecosystems. It maintains the onlyextensive U.S. research facilities in the mainland New World tropics, providing access to theenormous tropical biodiversity not available within the United States. Studies at STRI of tropicalforest and coastal marine communities provide basic data upon which to base decisions on the wiseuse and possible fate of these unique and threatened natural systems. STRI is the permanent host toa core of tropical researchers, who in turn provide an intellectual environment that attracts many
visiting scientists, research fellows and students. STRI researchers study the evolution, behavior,ecology, and history of tropical species in systems ranging from coral reefs to tropical rain forests.Strengths include molecular biology, plant physiology, paleoecology, evolutionary biology andecology. For more than four decades, STRI has carried out intensive research on Barro Colorado
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Island (BCI), part of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), which is under STRIcustodianship as designated in the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977. Results of BCI studies are now a
critical resource of long-term studies for understanding tropical forests, and BCI is a center forcontinuing studies without peer. The ability of STRI researchers to compare and contrast the marinesystems of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts makes their research in evolution of unique significance,since this is the only place in the world where a complete marine barrier of known age exists.Possessing perhaps the best tropical research library in the southern part of the Americas, and with astate-of-the-art conference center and experienced administrative staff in Panama City, STRI expectsto continue to be a major center of basic research on tropical ecosystems and catalyst of publicawareness of tropical science.
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center - The Smithsonian Environmental ResearchCenter (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, performs basic scientific research on coastal air-land-watersystems. SERC currently occupies 42,000 square feet of laboratory, office, educational, andsupport space and 2,600 acres of land on the Rhode River, a tidal river system. Interdisciplinary
staff, visiting scientists, and students study how land use, air quality, and weather variations affectthe movement of nutrients, eroded soil, and other materials through the system, the dynamics ofplant and animal populations, and the overall health of the system. SERC also conducts publiceducation and outreach activities for audiences of varied ages and diverse cultures. The researchstaff uses long-term observations, controlled experiments, and models to address a wide variety ofecological questions, particularly those relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. SERC is part of aglobal network of United States and international sites, each of which is conducting ecologicalresearch relevant to its geographical region.
National Zoological Park - When the National Zoological Park (NZP) was founded in 1889,its mission was defined as "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of thepeople." The Zoo still works to achieve these ends. NZP has certain features in common withother Smithsonian public facilities and some features that are unique. Its exhibits are alive, and newexhibits require new construction, not merely remodeling. Since NZP's public function iseducational and recreational, it seeks to enhance public awareness about biology and relatedsubjects. This emphasis means that the Zoo is concerned with all aspects of life, both terrestrial andaquatic, small and large, past and present. Humankind has been part of the living world, and anincreasing influence on it, ever since our species first appeared. Human biological history is,therefore, part of the Zoo's subject matter. Responding to the world environmental crisis, the Zoois now committed to representing the whole of life on earth, plant and animal, in all its complexityand glory. To this end, NZP will transform the animals-only zoological park into a biological park.In the BioPark, the intermeshing relationships of animals and plants will be highlighted. TheBioPark will educate visitors by its spectacle and beauty and foster a concern for the future of life in
all its forms. This holistic approach will combine living exhibits of plants and animals withmuseum-type exhibits of structures, such as skeletons and fossils. It will make fruitful cross-correlations with exhibits by other Smithsonian entities presenting research in art and science.
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Office of the Smithsonian Institution Archives - The Office of the Smithsonian InstitutionArchives (OSIA) is the official repository of the Institution's records, of the scholarly and personalpapers of Institutional staff and affiliated scholars, and of the historical records of professionally-related societies and associations. Its permanent holdings amount to approximately 18,000 cubicfeet of selected documentation, stored in a cost effective manner with efficient automated access.Thus, it constitutes a center of information, public accountability and research resources on theInstitution, the National Collections and those disciplines and fields of knowledge representingSmithsonian interests and strengths. Its collections are strong in field research and exhibitionrecords, oral and video histories, photographs, and architectural drawings of Smithsonian buildings.OSIA supports planning, management, and staff research; responds to public inquiries; and, servesstudents and scholars across the country and from abroad. OSIA performs its own research on theInstitution and its place in American creative activity and museology as, for example, thepreparation and publication of the papers of the first Smithsonian Secretary, Joseph Henry. Thesehistorical research projects will serve as resources for the Institution's Sesquicentennial celebrationin 1996. It provides advice and assistance to archival, registrarial and historical research programsin and outside the Institution and develops, in partnership with Smithsonian bureaus and offices,policies governing the management of the National Collections and statistics on their size, growth,and use. As the Smithsonian grows and diversifies, OSIA preserves and manages a valuable recordof its history and activities.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries supports themission of the Smithsonian Institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge" by providingaccess to information in all forms to Smithsonian scientists, scholars, curators, and staff, as well asothers with research needs. The Libraries accomplishes this support by building, organizing,managing, housing, and preserving collections; by providing reference services and consultation; byemploying all appropriate technologies for finding and disseminating information; and bycontributing to and drawing from remote data bases. The Libraries offers educational opportunities,including exhibitions, internships, publications, lectures, and user instruction. The Librariesparticipates in local, national, and international networks and cooperative activities that promote thesharing of information, access to recorded knowledge, and the support and advancement of scholarlycommunication.
International Environmental Science Program - The International Environmental ScienceProgram (IESP) is a multi-bureau interdisciplinary effort to coordinate the Smithsonian Institution'slong-term monitoring and study of unique and significant ecosystems. The goal of the Program is toevaluate and eventually predict the impact of human activities and natural change on selectedecosystems. Research sponsored by IESP occurs at two permanent Smithsonian sites?theSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and the Smithsonian Environmental ResearchCenter in Edgewater, Maryland?and several nonpermanent sites throughout the world.
Major Scientific Instrumentation - The development of major scientific instrumentation is
vital to enable Smithsonian scientists to remain at the forefront of their fields. Because of themagnitude of the costs and the time scale required to fabricate major new instruments and toreconfigure existing ones, the Institution requests funding for such projects under this line-item,
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rather than under individual bureau line-items. Since these projects will, of necessity, requirelong-term development and multi-year funding, the Institution also requests that funds in thisline-item be available until expended.
National Museum of Natural History - The National Museum of Natural History/Museumof Man is one of the leading international centers for research on natural history and anthropology.The staff publishes more than 600 books and scientific reports each year on topics that includehuman biology and culture, ecological dynamics, biodiversity, complex interrelationships of plantsand animals, and the evolution of the earth and solar system. The Museum attracts more than sixmillion visitors each year and these guests provide a unique opportunity and responsibility forimproving scientific understanding. The staff of the Museum is committed to presenting the bestcurrent scientific thinking in a stimulating environment. Expressions of this commitment includeinnovative development in the area of science education including exhibitions, educational programsfor all ages, and publications for general audiences. The Museum houses one of the world's largestand most valuable assemblages of natural history specimens and cultural artifacts. It acquires,preserves, and interprets these vast collections and makes them accessible as an indispensableresource to the scientific community and public.
Conservation Analytical Laboratory - The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (CAL),located at the Institution's Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, is the Smithsonian'sspecialized facility for research and training in the conservation and technical study of museumobjects and related materials. CAL advises and assists the Smithsonian and other museums in thestudy, analysis, preservation, and conservation of objects of artistic, scientific, cultural, andhistorical importance. CAL staff examines the preservation-related properties of these materials andthe processes and parameters of their deterioration, extracts historical information from theirtechnical records, and develops and improves conservation treatment technology. Experience with awide range of materials and expertise in analytical and technological studies enable CAL to engagesuccessfully in collaborative research with archaeologists, anthropologists and art historians. Thewide variation in materials and the state of preservation of objects in the National Collectionsprovides the overview needed to define directions in conservation research. CAL conducts aconservation training program that includes basic and advanced conservation theory and technique,organizes workshops and seminars, provides interns and fellows with training opportunities withinCAL's research environment, and disseminates the latest knowledge in the field of conservation andcultural materials research to museums and research professionals throughout the United States andthe world.Museum Support Center - The Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Suitland,Maryland, is a specially equipped and environmentally controlled facility providing state-of-the-arttechnology for scientific research, conservation, and collections storage. MSC accommodatescollections storage in four sections (or pods) for three general types of needs: collections storage incabinets, "wet" collections storage on open shelving for biological collections in alcohol, and "high-bay" storage for very large objects. MSC also houses the Conservation Analytical Laboratory(CAL) and conservation laboratories for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and theNational Museum of American History (NMAH), the NMNH Laboratory for Molecular
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Systematics, and other NMNH specialized research laboratories. MSC's facilities provide the bestconditions possible for preservation of the National Collections for future generations.
Office of the Assistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities - The Office of theAssistant Secretary for the Arts and Humanities provides direction to bureau directors, supportoffices, and programs in the arts and humanities in developing, executing, and managing theirindividual missions. It oversees essential museum functions, such as collections management,exhibitions, education, and public programs. The Office provides leadership in ensuring equalemployment opportunities and in achieving full physical and intellectual accessibility of programsand collections to a culturally diverse public. It participates in national and international endeavorsand fosters cooperation with other institutions in the arts and humanities.
This line-item includes the National African American Museum Project and the Office ofMuseum Programs, which provides training, information, and professional services to the museumprofession nationwide.
National Air and Space Museum - The mission of the National Air and Space Museum(NASM) is to memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect, preserve,and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historical interest and significance; serve as arepository for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation and spaceflight; and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation and space flight. Withinthe broader mission, immediate goals are to explore and present the history, science, technology,and social impact of aeronautics and space flight and to investigate and exhibit the nature of theuniverse and the Earth's environment. NASM's current research, exhibitions, films, outreach,collections, and archival efforts are dedicated to these goals.
In addition to its Mall location, NASM maintains the Paul E. Garber Preservation,Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland. The Institution has recently receivedCongressional authorization for planning and design of an extension facility at the DullesInternationa] Airport to replace the Garber Facility. It will house the Museum's collections and itsrestoration and exhibit production facilities, enabling the Museum to properly care for its largestaircraft and spacecraft.
National Museum of American History - The National Museum of American History(NMAH) is an educational institution dedicated to understanding the experiences and aspirations of
all the American people. Through collections, research, publications, exhibitions, and an array ofpublic programs, the Museum preserves and interprets the national heritage for scholarly andgeneral audiences. Its collections of artifacts, numbering in the millions, together with its extensivearchival holdings and the National Numismatic collections, represent the social, cultural, scientific,and technological development of the United States, and constitute one of the most comprehensivehistory collections in the world. Musical performances are a major portion of the Museum's publicprograms. They range from jazz, musical theater, and native American music to classical repertoireperformed on original instruments. In all of its endeavors, NMAH makes a special effort to
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recognize the diverse aspects of American culture and to present that diverse culture to audiences onthe Mall and far beyond.NMAH also administers the National Postal Museum, which houses the Smithsonian'snational postal history and philatelic collection, the most important and comprehensive of its kind inthe world. The Museum opened to the public on July 30, 1993, and its mission is to preserve,investigate, collect and promote the personal and cultural heritage of the American people throughoriginal research, exhibits, public programs, and publications pertaining to postal history.
National Museum of the American Indian - The National Museum of the American Indian(NMAI), established in 1989 by Public Law 101-185, recognizes and affirms to Native communitiesand the non-Native public the historical and contemporary cultures and cultural achievements of theNative Peoples of the western hemisphere through development and use of its collections andnationwide public programming, research, and exhibitions executed in consultation with Nativepeoples. The mission of NMAI states that the Museum has a special responsibility, throughinnovative public programming, research, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance thedevelopment, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native American culture and community. NMAIoperates planning and administrative offices in Washington, D.C., the former Museum of theAmerican Indian at Audubon Terrace in New York City, and a Research Branch located in theBronx, New York. This Research Branch houses curatorial offices, a conservation laboratory, andmost of the Museum's one million objects. In October, 1994, a new exhibition and publicprogramming center in New York City will open at the George Gustav Heye Center at theAlexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House. Future facilities will include a reference, collections, andprogram support center at Suitland, Maryland, and a museum building on the Mall. As part of thelegislation establishing the NMAI, it was mandated that one-third of the construction costs of theMall museum (estimated at $110 million) be provided from non-federal sources. The NMAINational Campaign is making significant progress toward the fund-raising goal of $60 million, toprovide funds for construction (estimated at $36.7 million) as well as an endowment for ongoingeducation and outreach programs. Additionally, NMAI will develop a nationwide program oftraining and outreach services for Native communities in consultation with Native Americans.
National Museum of American Art - The National Museum of American Art is theNation's museum dedicated to the arts and artists of the United States from the earliest colonialtimes to the present. The Museum's principal goal is to promote art as a source of enrichment forthe layperson and scholar alike and to serve as a resource in the broadest possible sense forAmerican visual arts. The Museum serves audiences throughout the country as well as those who
visit its two historic landmark buildings in Washington, D.C. Outreach takes the form of circulatingexhibitions, educational materials, publications, and automated research resources that reflect thediversity of the country's citizenry and art.
National Portrait Gallery - The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition andstudy of portraits of people who have made significant contributions to American history and cultureand to the study of the artists who created such portraiture. The Gallery sponsors a variety ofscholarly and public activities for audiences interested in American art and American history.
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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - The Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Gardenwas established as the Smithsonian's museum of modern and contemporary art by Public Law89-788, signed on November 7, 1966. While the nucleus of the collection remains JosephHirshhom's original gift, it has been greatly enriched by additional gifts from Mr. Hirshhorn andthe 1981 bequest of the art he had collected since 1966. Other benefactors, such as collectors and
artists, continue to give works to the Museum. Purchases made from funds provided by Federalappropriations, the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, Mr. Hirshhorn, private donors, and sales fromthe permanent collection have broadened the scope of the collection and maintained its contemporarycharacter. The collection is the basis of an active program of exhibitions. The Museum staffconducts extensive research, prepares catalogues, and offers a variety of educational activities.
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art - The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery,established in 1982, and the Freer Gallery of Art, established in 1906 as the SmithsonianInstitution's first art museum, are the American national museums of Asian arts. Both actively seekto stimulate interest in and increase knowledge about the artistic and cultural traditions of Asiathrough exhibitions, public programs, research, publications, collections management, andacquisitions. The Freer Gallery also contains a collection of American art by artists whose workwas influenced by Asian art. While the Freer Gallery neither lends objects nor exhibits worksborrowed from other museums or individuals, the Sackler Gallery both lends from its collectionsand borrows works to augment its own holdings. Collections acquisition for the galleries iscoordinated; together the galleries are an important resource for the cultural heritage of Asia. Thesetwo museums complement each other in all activities and are jointly administered by one directorand served by a single staff.
Archives of American Art - The Archives of American Art, a national research repositorywith regional centers in New York, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, has the world's largestcollection of archival materials relating to the history of the American visual arts, including originalmanuscripts, photographs, works of art on paper, and tape-recorded oral and video interviews. Thecollection is housed in Washington, D.C., with microfilm copies of many of the documents madeavailable in the regional centers and through national and international interlibrary loans. TheArchives actively seeks out, collects, and preserves original source materials for study by scholars,students, curators, collectors, and others interested in the history of art and encourages research inAmerican art and cultural history through publications, symposia, lectures, and other publicprograms.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum - Located in New York City, Cooper-Hewitt,National Design Museum, explores the creation and consequences of the designed environment.Design, a process of shaping matter to a purpose, is a fundamental activity. The designed objectmay be as common as a paper cup, as distinctive as a crystal goblet, or as complex as a city.Cooper-Hewitt investigates the structures and effects of these products of design and their roles asforces for communication and change. The Museum is interested in all aspects of design, includingurban planning, architecture, industrial design, landscape design, interior design, textiles, theater
arts, advertising, and graphic arts. As a place for collected objects, memories, and experiences, theMuseum is a public trust founded on the principle that understanding the past and present will shape
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the future. Today, the scale and pace of change require a new understanding ? one that recognizesthat individuals, societies, and the natural environment are linked through design.
National Museum of African Art - The National Museum of African Art is devoted to thecollection, preservation, research, exhibition, and interpretation of the visual arts of Africa.Although the Museum's primary emphasis is on the traditional cultures of the sub-Saharan region, italso studies and exhibits the arts of other African areas, including the arts of North Africa and theancient and contemporary arts of the entire continent.
Anacostia Museum - Located near Fort Stanton Park in southeast Washington, D.C.,approximately six miles from the Mall, the Anacostia Museum is a national resource for AfricanAmerican history and culture, community-based museology, the exploration and examination ofcontemporary black popular culture and cultural products and their impact on the African Americanpopulation. The Museum's research, collecting, exhibition, and educational outreach activities focuson Washington, D.C., and the Upper South, a region that includes Virginia, Maryland, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The Museum's activities and projects offer scholars and thepublic a unique opportunity to study black history and culture from both scholarly and constituentperspectives.
Office of Exhibits Central - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) is the SmithsonianInstitution's single largest exhibit producer, providing Smithsonian organizations with comprehensiveexhibition services. OEC is expert in the specialized needs of traveling and temporary exhibitionsas well as permanent installations. OEC exhibit specialists form teams with curators and subject-matter experts to prepare exhibitions that meet the highest standards of educational effectiveness andaccessibility. The Office's facilities handle many aspects of Smithsonian exhibitions, includingdesign, graphics, model making, and fabrication. The Office is also involved in conceptdevelopment, object selection, and product research, evaluation, and prototype testing. OEC staffmakes recommendations about the need for conservation assistance and conducts training in exhibitdesign and production.
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service - The Smithsonian InstitutionTraveling Exhibition Service (SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the world and theSmithsonian's leading outreach arm, expanding the Institution's presence beyond Washington, D.C.by circulating exhibitions to millions of people annually in all fifty States and abroad. Althoughmuseums and university galleries are SITES 's primary clients, the organization increasingly serveslibraries, historical societies, science centers, zoos, aquariums and community centers, in keepingwith the Smithsonian's commitment to reach the broadest possible range of American publicaudiences. SITES 's top priority is increasing the availability of Smithsonian exhibitions amongpeople who cannot see them firsthand by visiting the National Mall. Its exhibitions are based on theInstitution's diverse collections and research activities, thus providing visitors worldwide with a richpicture of the Smithsonian's scope and vitality.
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Education and Public Service - The Office of theAssistant Secretary for Education and Public Service provides administrative and programmaticsupport for initiatives that advance the Institution's objectives in education, research, anddocumentation of living cultures; facilitation and advocacy of cultural diversity; the development ofwider audiences; and celebrations focused on the achievements and contributions of women's andethnic minority groups. The Office advises Smithsonian management on public service policy issuesin the central planning, development, and oversight of all education and public service programs andactivities of the Institution. This line-item includes: the Wider Audience Development Program,which advises and assists Smithsonian managers on policy issues related to minority audienceparticipation in exhibitions and other public programs; and the Americas Endeavor Program, whichwill assess needs of the Latino community in the sciences, arts and humanities.
Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies - The Center for Folklife Programs andCultural Studies conducts scholarly research and public programs that promote the understandingand continuity of grass roots regional, ethnic, minority, tribal, and occupational cultures both in theUnited States and abroad. The Center performs research in collaboration with academic andcommunity scholars and maintains the Folkways Archives and Collections. It also produces theannual Festival of American Folklife; Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings; documentary films,videos, and print publications; training programs and educational materials; and museum andtraveling exhibits. The Center cooperates with Federal and state agencies to advance the Nation'sinterest in cultural matters.
Academic and Public Education Programs - Public education and scholarly research areamong the principal objectives of the Smithsonian. To attain these goals, the Institution promotesthe building of academic, scholarly, and community-based ties with educational centers andinstitutions throughout the Nation (schools, universities, museums, etc.). Collaborations andpartnerships result in learning opportunities and in the development of programs for specificallytargeted educational audiences, including: higher education, pre-school through the twelfth grade,continuing adult education, and culturally diverse communities. This line-item includes: (1) theOffice of Elementary and Secondary Education, which serves as the central policy-setting unit foreducational initiatives at the pre-kindergarten through twelfth-grade levels, as well as aclearinghouse of information about Smithsonian educational materials and programs; (2) the NationalScience Resources Center, which serves to improve the teaching of science in the Nation's schoolsby disseminating information about exemplary science teaching resources, developing innovativescience curriculum materials, and sponsoring outreach activities to help school districts developeffective hand-on science programs; and (3) the College and University Relations Program, a newcentral unit, which serves to analyze the impact of current academic and scholarly relationships atthe Smithsonian and recommend improvements for coordinating the role between the Smithsonianand institutions of higher learning.
Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs - The Office of the AssistantSecretary for External Affairs was established in 1988 to coordinate the Institution's external affairs
activities and advise the Secretary and senior management on membership policies and programs,
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media activities, visitor information, and issues affecting the Institution's public activities and then-impact on external constituencies, both national and international. This line-item includes theimmediate Office of the Assistant Secretary for External Affairs; the Office of Telecommunications,which produces programs for radio, film, and television relating to a wide range of Smithsonian
activities; the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, which provides and coordinatesInstitution-wide information and assistance programs for the public, Smithsonian Associatemembers, Smithsonian staff, and volunteers; and the Office of Special Events and Conferences,which coordinates special events and provides conference-planning services sponsored and co-sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution Press - The Smithsonian Institution Press is a multi-media publisherof books, recordings, and videos on topics related to the Institution's collections and researchinterests. Although the Institution issued its first publication in 1848, the Press was given its currentname in 1966, and the bulk of its growth has occurred since 1980. The Smithsonian InstitutionPress has five programmatic divisions. The University Press publishes scholarly works, includingresearch reported in the Smithsonian Contributions and Smithsonian Studies series, for academicaudiences as well as a small number of books for general readers. Smithsonian Books producessingle volumes and continuity series of books aimed at a wide audience of readers attracted byserious thought and scholarship. Smithsonian Recordings produces recordings that reflect thediversity and depth of the American musical heritage. The New Media division develops interactiveproducts and works with outside partners from both the electronic and publishing communities toexplore options for a wide range of Smithsonian titles and highly marketable publications for adultsand children. Smithsonian Video acquires videos from within the Institution and from independentproducers, public television stations, and similar sources. Distribution of all Smithsonian InstitutionPress products is accomplished through a commissioned retail sales force, direct mail response, andco-publishing arrangements.
International Center - Located in the S. Dillon Ripley Center of the Quadrangle Complex,the International Center is a facility that provides office space, equipment, and administrativeservices for several independent Smithsonian divisions. These currently include the Office ofInternational Relations, the International Gallery, and the Environmental Awareness Program.Offices also are provided for the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.
Administration - Administration includes executive management and related functionsprovided by the Offices of the Secretary, Under Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Finance andAdministration, and Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiatives. Offices reporting to theUnder Secretary include the General Counsel, Government Relations, Policy and ProgramDevelopment, and Public Affairs. The Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration overseesa range of financial, administrative, and service offices, including the Office of the Comptroller;Contracting and Property Management; Equal Employment and Minority Affairs; Human Resources;Information Resources Management; Ombudsman; Planning, Management and Budget; Printing andPhotographic Services; Sponsored Projects; and Risk and Asset Management. The Office of
47
Facilities Services also reports to the Assistant Secretary for Finance and Administration and isresponsible for Architectural History and Historic Preservation, Environmental Management andSafety, Design and Construction, Plant Services, and Protection Services (the latter three offices areseparate line-items in the Institution's budget). The Assistant Secretary for Institutional Initiativesoversees the Office of Development, included in this line-item, and the National Campaign of theNational Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), included in the NMAI line-item. The Office ofInspector General is also included in the Administration line-item. Administrative units receive bothappropriated funds and nonappropriated Trust funds for their operating expenses in approximatebalance to the overall funding of the Institution. Currently, some offices, such as SponsoredProjects, are supported entirely with Trust funds.
Office of Design and Construction - The Office of Design and Construction (ODC)administers projects for the repair and improvement of the Smithsonian's physical plant by providingarchitectural, engineering, and facility planning services. These services include short- and long-range feasibility analyses, master plans, design and engineering studies, design development,contract document preparation, project management, contract administration, and preparation of costestimates for construction. ODC staff reviews designs, plans interior design and space renovations,provides technical consulting support, and operates construction field offices. ODC also providestechnical support and expertise in the design and construction of major exhibits.
Office of Protection Services - The Office of Protection Services protects and secures theNational Collections entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution; ensures the safety and security of staffand visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access to collections and properties; andprovides occupational medical services to staff and emergency medical services to visitors and staff.
Office of Plant Services - The Office of Plant Services (OPlantS) operates, maintains, andrepairs 15 museum and art gallery buildings and grounds as well as many other work and collectionstorage areas located in the Washington metropolitan area and New York City. In support ofresearch, exhibitions, education, and other public programs, OPlantS provides utilities,transportation, mail services, exhibits renovation, and other program services. OPlantS alsoprovides technical assistance to several Smithsonian units located outside the Washingtonmetropolitan area, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, theFred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona, and the Smithsonian Environmental ResearchCenter in Edgewater, Maryland.
The South Group Facilities Management and Quadrangle Facility Management are also partof this line-item. South Group Facilities Management offers a range of maintenance services andsafety and occupational health management for the Arts and Industries Building and the SmithsonianInstitution Building. Quadrangle Facility Management offers similar services for theArthur M. Sackler Gallery, the National Museum of African Art, the International Gallery, and theS. Dillon Ripley Education Center, located in the Quadrangle Complex.
48

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54
Nonappropriated Sources of Funding
In addition to support provided by Federal appropriations, the Institution receivesnonappropriated funds to expand and enrich its programs. The Institution presents nonappropriatedfund activities (Trust funds) along with this Federal budget request to provide an overview of allapplications of funds for each Smithsonian bureau.
The Institution's Trust funds include unrestricted funds, restricted funds, and Governmentgrants and contracts. The Institution applies Trust funds in the following manner:
Unrestricted Funds
General
The sources of general unrestricted funds ($26.7 million net projected for FY 1994, a$2.8 million decrease over FY 1993) are investment income; unrestricted endowment income; netproceeds from the museum shops, mail order, and food service concessions; sales of Smithsonianbooks, records, and other products based on designs and objects in the collections; the SmithsonianAssociate's programs (including the Smithsonian and Air and Space magazines); and overheadrecovery on Government grants and contracts the Smithsonian receives. Overhead recovery is theprincipal source of Trust support for central management and administrative service units of theInstitution, including legal counsel, accounting, personnel, procurement, and budget. Unrestrictedgeneral funds also support various activities, such as the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Center forFolklife Programs and Cultural Studies, Office of Development, Office of Telecommunications,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, anda variety of Institutional and bureau-based programs. The Board of Regents approves allotments tothese activities.
Special Purpose
These funds are derived from revenue-producing activities operated by various bureaus andoffices and from transfers out of the General fund. For FY 1994, projected net operating fundstotal $7.0 million, a $4.1 million decrease from FY 1993. The two largest of these activities are theTheater/Planetarium operation of the National Air and Space Museum and the exhibit rental activityof the Institution's Traveling Exhibition Service. Special Purpose funds also include miscellaneousrevenues from the sale of posters, exhibit brochures, and publications; tuition reimbursement from
universities; the museums' share of sales in the restaurants, product development, and museumshops; and membership and admission fees. These funds support the Institution's fellowship andaward programs and exhibitions, as further described below.
In FY 1979, the Board of Regents approved the annual transfer of General funds to SpecialPurpose funds for certain programs previously financed through Federal appropriations. These
55
include the Institution's various fellowship programs with projected FY 1994 transfers of$1.7 million.
The Institution also transfers General funds to make awards under its Collections Acquisition,Educational Outreach, and Scholarly Studies programs. In the FY 1995 budget, a total of$2.3 million is projected for these awards. Funding among these programs is to be distributed asfollows: $644,000 to purchase exceptional objects important to the collections; $283,000 to conducta wide range of educational outreach programs of benefit to the public, with special focus on diversecultural audiences; and $1.4 million for innovative scholarly research projects that by definition orbecause of scheduling requirements did not fit within the Federal budget process. These includemulti-disciplinary research projects initiated by the Institution's research staff, occasionally incollaboration with scholars from other institutions.
In FY 1985, the Board of Regents approved an annual Trust-fund allocation for the SpecialExhibition Fund (SEF). The Institution supports exhibition programs with Federal funds anddonations from individuals, foundations, and corporations as well as with the SEF. The SpecialExhibition Fund, with $1,358 million projected in FY 1995, provides additional funds for temporaryand permanent exhibitions proposed by Smithsonian bureaus that, regardless of scale, are of out-standing educational value to the public. The Fund gives special consideration to exhibitions thatapproach content in imaginative ways; that allow bureaus to explore new or expand currentinterpretive or exhibition techniques; that are worthy but, by their nature, unlikely to attract privatefunds; and that are likely to reach previously underserved audiences.
Restricted Funds
Restricted Trust funds include gifts, grants, and endowments from individuals, foundations,organizations, and corporations that specify the use of the donation or bequest. Projected FY 1994restricted funds total $36.6 million, a $7.4 million increase from FY 1993. Generally, these fundsprovide support for a particular exhibit or research project. The largest restricted endowment in theInstitution is the Freer Endowment. Under the terms of the original gift and bequest, this fund is
strictly limited to uses benefiting the Freer Gallery of Art.
Government Grants and Contracts
Various Government agencies and departments provide grants and contracts for specialprojects that only the Smithsonian can conduct because of its expertise in a particular area ofscience, history, art, or education and because of its ability to respond quickly to certain needs. ForFY 1994, government grants and contracts for operations is projected to be $43.8 million.
56
Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds
The estimates for Trust funds are subject to the uncertainty of the size of donations, grants,and contracts; fluctuations in visitor attendance; the volatility of the economy, which directly affectsrestaurant, mail order, and museum shop revenues; Associates' memberships; and other auxiliary
activities. The Institution's gross operating revenue, less the expenses of the auxiliary activities,represents the net operating revenue available for programmatic and other worthwhile purposes.The following table provides a summary of the sources of nonappropriated operating funds.
Sources of Nonappropriated Operating Funds(in millions)FY 1995Projected FY 1994 Projected FY 1993Net Percent of NetNet Sources Sources Net Sources Sources
Unrestricted General $25.9 $26.7 23% $29.5Unrestricted Special Purpose 7.0 7.0 6% 11.1Subtotal, Unrestricted 32.9 33.7 29% 40.6
Restricted 36.9 36.6 32% 29.2Gov't Grants and Contracts 38.7 43.8 39% 43.8
Total Available for Operations 108.5 114.1 100% 113.6
57

Smithsonian InstitutionMuseum Programs and Related Research(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Program of Grants for Research
The Smithsonian Institution, through its Special Foreign Currency Program, makes grants toUnited States museums, universities, and other institutions of higher learning, including theSmithsonian itself, primarily for research and advanced professional training in fields of traditionalSmithsonian competence.
Excess currencies appropriations directly funded the Program through FY 1986. Outlaysfrom the budget authority appropriated through FY 1986, including the Forward-Funded Reserve forthe American Institute of Indian Studies, will continue through the 1990s. In addition, sinceFY 1986 the Smithsonian has received allocations of U.S.-owned Indian rupees from the fundsappropriated to the Department of State in FY 1985 for the establishment of the U.S. -India Fund forEducational, Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation.
For the past 27 years, the Special Foreign Currency Program has been a major source ofsupport for research carried out by United States institutions in those countries for which excessforeign currencies are available. The full responsibility for the design, execution, and publication ofresearch results rests with a scholar working within the program of a United States institution.Smithsonian foreign currency grants strengthen the fundamental research and training activities ofcollaborating institutions abroad, since most projects directly involve host country institutions andscholars. Enduring professional ties, which result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange,contribute to the strongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations. These tiesalso contribute to the global integration of research data in the sciences. As a result of thisinteraction, the gap between industrial and developing nations' scholars has narrowed. Moreover,research sponsored by the Program aims, in part, at improving understanding of the environmentand the management and conservation of scarce natural and cultural resources that are threatened bythe rapid growth of world population and technological development.
In FY 1994, ongoing research supported by these grants included the following projects ofspecial interest:
? preparation of a critical edition of the Sanskrit text Manusmrti . which provides aclassic description of the social institutions which have come to be identified withIndian society: karma, caste, the stages of life, gender relationships, law, ritual,reincarnation, mythology, and manners. The doctrines of the Manusmrti are centralto the last 2000 years of Indian thought and practice;
? excavations at Watgal, Karnataka offer a cultural sequence from the Southern
neolithic (3000 B.C.) to the Medieval Period, providing a situation ideally suited to
59
gathering information on a wide range of cultural problems relevant to the culturalhistory of peninsular India;
? years of study and documentation of Mughal gardens in Pakistan culminated in an in
situ workshop which moved from Lahore, through Rawalpindi, to Peshawar, bringingtogether world experts to experience and discuss the Mughal garden tradition inPakistan.
Further, with emphasis on the exchange of information through small workshops, symposia,and field conferences, the Program encourages international research in specialized areas. InFY 1994, for example, support was granted for a series of exchange visits and workshops betweenU.S. and Indian astronomers and astrophysicists.
Forward-Funded Reserve forthe American Institute of Indian Studies
Since 1967, the Smithsonian has provided annual funding through the Special ForeignCurrency Program to the American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) for its fellowships, research,symposia, and publications programs, as well as its administrative costs. The Smithsonian hashelped sustain this Institute and other American research centers abroad for the last 27 years becauseof their significant contributions to scholarship and science without regard for national boundariesand because of their special service to American scholars.
With Special Foreign Currency Program funding received from FY 1980 through FY 1985,the Smithsonian established a forward-funded reserve of $7,170,000 equivalent in rupees. Thisreserve enabled the AIIS to sustain its programs after the removal of India from the excess currencylist in 1985. Since FY 1986, AIIS, with oversight from the Smithsonian, has drawn upon the fundsfrom this reserve for its fellowship program and administrative costs in India. The Institutioncontinues to examine annual proposals through its peer review system before releasing funds fromthe reserve account to AIIS. The reserve should support AUS programs through the 1990s inconjunction with continued support from the U.S. -India Fund. In 1990, the U.S. Congressauthorized the deposit of the reserve in interest-bearing (rupee) accounts, a plan that will help tocontinue the viability of the fund for many years. In FY 1993, the first deposits totalling anequivalent of $4 million were made to the interest-bearing accounts.
U.S.-India Fund for Educational,Cultural, and Scientific Cooperation
In FY 1985, Congress appropriated $100 million equivalent in U.S. -owned Indian rupees tothe Department of State to establish the U.S. -India Fund for Educational, Cultural, and ScientificCooperation. Since FY 1986, the Smithsonian has received allocations from this fund to continueprograms in India similar to those administered under the Special Foreign Currency Program, which
60
would otherwise have ended when India lost excess currency status in 1985. The Institution hasreceived a total of $15.5 million from FY 1986 through FY 1994 and expects to receive$0.74 million in FY 1995 through the U.S. -India Fund. Based on current usage, the fund will betotally liquidated by FY 1997.
U.S.-India Fund Summary(millions)
Fiscal Funding FundingYear Received Anticipated
1986 $1.401987 1.50 ?1988 1.80 ?1989 1.75 ?1990 2.50 ?1991 1.85 ?1992 1.60 ?1993 1.60 ?1994 1.50 ?1995 ? $0.74TOTAL $15.50 $0.74
61


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