RAYMOND B. MANNB
and FENNER A. CHACE, JR
Shrimps of the Family
Processidae from the
f Northwestern Atlantic
Ocean (Crustacea: A
Decapoda: Caridea)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 89
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 89
Raymond B. Manning Shrimps of the Family
and Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
 T . . 1 r -
rrocessidae trom the
Northwestern Atlantic
Ocean (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Garidea)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
CITY OF WASHINGTON
1971
ABSTRACT
Manning, Raymond B., and Fenner A. Chace, Jr . Shrimps of the Family Processidae
from the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) Smithsonian
Contributions to Zoology, number 89, 41 pages, 1971.?The processid shrimp fauna of
the northwestern Atlantic Ocean is reviewed for the first time. Eleven species are
recorded, of which eight are newly described. Ambidexter symmetricus, new genus, new
species; Nikoides schmitti, new species; and six new species of Processa are described.
Ambidexter is the only genus of the family in which both first pereiopods are chelate.
Nikoides has not been recorded previously from outside of the Indo-West Pacific
region. Keys to the species of Nikoides and to the Atlantic species of Processa are
presented, and the Indo-West Pacific species of Processa are listed.
Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.
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Raymond B. Manning
and Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
Shrimps of the Family
Processidae from the
Northwestern Atlantic
Ocean (Crustacea:
Decapoda: Caridea)
Introduction
Shrimps of the family Processidae are small, nocturnal
animals which are abundant in shallow-water
habitats, primarily on grass flats. In the western
Atlantic, at least, most of the species are found in the
tropics or subtropics. We have seen no material from
the American mainland north of North Carolina.
The western Atlantic processids have never been
studied in detail. Prior to our study, the only repre-
sentatives of the family known with certainty from
the western Atlantic were three species of Processa.
Processa bermudensis (Rankin, 1900), the first to be
described, was redescribed by Gurney (1936), who
also gave an account of its larvae; it was known only
from Bermuda until Williams (1965) recorded it
from North Carolina. In 1941 Lebour described
P. wheeleri and its larvae from Bermuda; it is still
known only from her material. Holthuis (1959)
described P. guyanae from the coast of Surinam; we
have seen no further specimens of this species.
Numerous lots of unidentified processids from
various localities in the western Atlantic, which had
accumulated in the collection of the Division of
Crustacea, National Museum of Natural History
(USNM), supplemented by collections made by one
of us (RBM) in Florida and Puerto Rico, formed the
basis of this report. Additional collections from
Bermuda were made by one of us (RBM) in April
1970, because available study material from Bermuda,
the type locality for two of the western Atlantic
Raymond B. Manning and Fenner A. Chace, Jr., Department of
Invertebrate ^oology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
species, was apparently limited to one damaged
specimen of P. bermudensis collected by G. Brown
Goode in 1876-1877.
We describe below a new genus and species, a new
species of Nikoides, a genus previously known only
from the Indo-West Pacific region, and six new
species of Processa. The eight new species, the presence
of inadequate material of an additional new Processa,
the occurrence of two unknown processid larvae at
Bermuda (Lebour 1941), and the fact that we did
not encounter two of the three previously known
species from the study area suggest that not only was
this review needed but that more is yet to be learned
about the western Atlantic processids. We hope that
this contribution to our knowledge of American
processids will aid future work on members of this
family.
Until 1936 when Miss Lebour showed that the
British species then called P. canaliculata actually com-
prised two species, that species was thought to have a
cosmopolitan distribution. Thus, most records of
processids from the western Atlantic were identified
as P. canaliculata, a species which does not occur out-
side of the eastern Atlantic region (Nouvel and
Holthuis 1957). Fortunately, we have been able to
examine and reidentify most of the western Atlantic
specimens recorded in the literature as P. canaliculata,
and the synonymies given herein reflect these identifi-
cations. Only two literature records could not be
verified with certainty: Schmitt (1924) recorded a
specimen of "P. canaliculata" from Caracas Bay,
Curac,ao, and Hudson, Allen, and Costello (1970)
listed Processa sp. from Florida Bay. We have exam-
ined none of the material reported in these two papers.
1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
In addition to our descriptive accounts of the
western Atlantic processids, we have included a key
to the known species of Nikoides, constructed from
data in the literature, a list of the nominal Indo-
West Pacific species of Processa, and a provisional key
to the Atlantic species of Processa. Some of the species
recorded from the eastern Atlantic may conceivably
be found in the western Atlantic also, although no
species is now known to occur in both.
The descriptive accounts include a brief diagnosis
designed to distinguish each species from other proces-
sids in the western Atlantic. Complete descriptions
and illustrations are given for all species except
P. guyanae Holthuis and P. wheeleri Lebour. Holthuis
(1959) gave a complete account for P. guyanae; we
have seen no additional material of that species. We
were unable to locate the type or any additional
material of P. wheeleri. Measurements in all cases are
carapace lengths in millimeters. The descriptions are
composites, and include observed variations in the
material examined.
Acknowledgments
We are pleased to acknowledge the aid of the follow-
ing individuals: Dorothy Bliss, American Museum of
Natural History, and Willard Hartman, Peabody
Museum, Yale University, for tracking down speci-
mens previously recorded from Bermuda; H. Levi,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-
versity (MCZ), for the loan of a specimen from the
Bahamas; R. Ingle and A. L. Rice, British Museum
(Natural History), for looking up the material from
Bermuda reported by R. Gurney and M. Lebour;
Carl Saloman, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service, Saint Petersburg, Florida, and Larry Abele,
Florida State University, for generously sharing col-
lections; J . Rivero, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayaguez, for making possible the visit by one of
us (RBM) to Puerto Rico in 1961; Wolfgang Sterrer,
director, Bermuda Biological Station, for making
facilities available at the station in April 1970; and
L. B. Holthuis, for funishing notes and illustrations
made by H. Nouvel of the specimen reported from
Guadeloupe as P. canaliculata by Monod (1939).
Family PROCESSIDAE Ortmann, 1896
Processidae Ortmann, 1896: 415, 424.?Holthuis, 1955: 116
[and synonymy].
DEFINITION.?Body smooth. Rostrum short, apex
bifid or simple, ventral border never armed. Carapace
armed at most with antennal spines. Postorbitai
groove present or absent. First abdominal somite
neither armed nor denticulate. Fifth abdominal
somite occasionally with posterolateral spine or
spines on pleuron. Telson with 2 pairs of dorsal
and 2 pairs of posterior spines, with pair of stout
plumose setae between inner pair of posterior
spines. Eyes relatively large, with well-developed
cornea. Antennular peduncle with well-developed
stylocerite; antennular flagella simple, ventromesial
shorter than dorsolateral, with thickened setigerous
portion proximally. Antennal scale well developed.
Mandible lacking distinct incisor process and palp.
First maxilla with 1 endite and palp. Second maxilla
with endites reduced, palp and scaphognathite well
developed. First maxilliped with palp, caridean lobe,
epipod, and exopod. Second maxilliped with endite
of 5 articles, exopod, and epipod. Third maxilliped
with well-developed exopod. All pereiopods with
pleurobranch; arthrobranch present or absent at
base of first pereiopod; first pereiopod with (Nikoides)
or without (Ambidexter, Processa) exopod. Both
pereiopods of first pair chelate (Ambidexter) or with
only 1 chelate (Nikoides, Processa), usually right, left
with unopposed simple dactyl. Second pair of
pereiopods chelate, slenderer than first; carpus always,
merus usually, and ischium occasionally subdivided;
ischium with inner basal enlargement; right second
pereiopod usually stronger than left, sometimes equal.
Third, fourth, and fifth pereiopods slender, termi-
nating in simple dactyl. First pair of pleopods in
male with foliaceous endopod sometimes bearing
coupling lobe. Endopod of second pleopod in male
with appendix interna and appendix masculina.
Uropods elongate, exopods with transverse suture
extending from lateral spine (adapted from Nouvel
and Holthuis 1957.)
DISCUSSION.?Discovery of a processid shrimp with
both first pereiopods chelate has necessitated a re-
definition of the family?previously defined by the
presence of a simple dactyl on one of the first pereio-
pods in all known species. The family can best be
recognized by the form of the rostrum, which in
most species is a simple projection of the carapace,
terminating in an apical and a subapical tooth, in
combination with usually asymmetrical first pereio-
pods. The subapical tooth may be set some distance
posterior to the apex of the rostrum (as in Nikoides
maldivensis Borradaile and Processa jacobsoni De Man),
or it may be absent (as in P. acutirostris Nouvel and
Holthuis and Nikoides nanus Chace).
NUMBER 89
In the key to families and superfamilies of caridean
shrimp given by Holthuis (1955, couplet 16), in which
the Processidae are separated from the other families
in the superfamily Alpheoida (Hippolytidae, Ogyridi-
dae, and Alpheidae), the following modification
could be made:
16. First pair of pereiopods both chelate. Rostrum dentate
or unarmed, not with single subdistal dorsal tooth ..17
Usually right first pereiopod chelate, left ending in
simple clawlike dactylus. If both chelate, rostrum
with distal setose notch formed by subdistal dorsal
tooth Processidae
Although the processids exhibit some superficial
resemblance to the Hippolytidae, we believe that the
form of the rostrum and the structure of the mouth-
parts in the processids support the continued recogni-
tion of these two groups of species as distinct families.
All of the Atlantic processids are similar in basic
facies; indeed, the western Atlantic species examined
by us apparently have essentially identical mouth-
parts?with the exception of the number of spinules
on the posterior margin of the molar process of the
mandible?and uropods. We have figured the mouth-
parts of all but two of the western Atlantic species;
they appear to be subsimilar to the mouthparts of
Processa canaliculata Leach and P. edulis (Risso) as
described by Lebour (1936).
In view of these close similarities, it is not surprising
that the genera are very similar, differing only in
characters of the first pereiopods. Gurney (1937)
pointed out the similarities of the larvae of Nikoides
and Processa, noting that there is more difference
between the larvae of Processa aequimana and those of
other species of Processa than there is between the
larvae of Nikoides and Processa. He also pointed out
the similarities between the rostrums of Processa
jacobsoni De Man and Nikoides maldivensis Borradaile,
in which the dorsal tooth is widely separated from
the apex; De Man (1921) did not mention the
exopods on the first pereiopods, but his species could
prove to be conspecific with N. maldivensis. Chace
(1955: 10), in his discussion of Nikoides nanus, a small
species with short exopods on the first pereiopods,
pointed out that the occurrence of short exopods in
his species possibly strengthened Gurney's suggestion
that Nikoides could be maintained as a distinct genus
if only for convenience. It seems likely that the
genera recognized here are closely related natural
units.
It is also possible that additional study of Indo-
West Pacific species will result in the recognition of
additional genera. Processa molaris Chace has an un-
usually enlarged mandible, and P. paucirostris and
P. steinii, two species described by Edmondson, each
have an unusually short, unarmed rostrum, not ex-
tending much beyond the antennal spine.
2(1).
Key to the Genera of the Processidae
First pereiopods both chelate [first pereiopods lacking exopods; second pereiopods sym-
metrical] Ambidexter
Only one of first pair of pereiopods (usually right) chelate, other pereiopod with simple
dactyl 2
First pereiopods with exopods Nikoides
First pereiopods without exopods Processa
Ambidexter, new genus
DEFINITION.?Processid shrimp with both first
pereiopods chelate and lacking exopods.
TYPE-SPECIES.?Ambidexter symmetricus, new species
(see below).
GENDER.?Masculine.
NUMBER OF SPECIES.?One, described below.
Ambidexter symmetricus, new species
FIGURES 1, 2
Processa sp. Tabb and Manning, 1961: 598 [listed; specimen
from Flamingo].?Rouse, 1970: 140 [listed; part].
HOLOTYPE.?cT, 4.7 mm; Florida, Dade County,
Miami, Biscayne Bay, Matheson Hammock Wading
Beach; push net on grass flats, evening; C. F. E.
Roper and R. B. Manning, col.; 7 July 1962; USNM
134097.
PARATYPES.?19 c?1, 17 9 (16 ovigerous); data as in
holotype; USNM.?1 9 ; same locality; R. B. Man-
ming, col.; 21 February 1960; USNM.?1 ovigerous
9 ; same locality; sand, in sparse Diplanthera; R. B.
Manning, col.; 10 May 1962; USNM.^c?1, 3 9
(1 ovigerous); same locality; L. P. Thomas, S.
Dobkin, and R. B. Manning, col.; 28 June 1962;
USNM.?6c?, 5 9 (3 ovigerous); same locality; D.
R. Moore and R. B. Manning, col.; 13 July 1962;
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
USNM.?1 ovigerous 9; Florida, Dade County,
Biscayne Bay, Soldier Key; L. P. Thomas, col.; 3
July 1959; USNM.? 1 cf1; Florida, Monroe County,
Everglades National Park, Florida Bay, off Flamingo,
Sandy Key Basin; D. Tabb and R. B. Manning, col.;
16 April 1959; USNM.?Id", 1 9 ; Florida, Pinellas
County, Boca Ciega Bay; BCG shovel; Carl H.
Saloman, col.; 14 November 1963; USNM.?5d\
10 9 ; Florida, Pinellas County, Point Pinellas,
Tampa Bay; fine net, night; Carl H. Saloman, col.;
4 December 1965; USNM.?3 ovigerous 9 ; Florida,
Levy County, Seahorse Key, in channel near marker
14; H. B. Herrick, col.; 28 May 1964; USNM.?3d\
4 9 ; Florida, Levy County, Cedar Keys; found among
grass between tides; H. Hemphill, col.; 1883; USNM.
?lcf; Florida, Franklin County, Bald Point; dug
from sand-mud grass flat at low tide; M. Wass, col.;
31 January 1957; USNM.?1 9 ; Florida, Franklin
County, Alligator Harbor, grass flats at mouth; L.
Abele, col.; 29 January 1968; USNM.?1 9 ; Florida,
Franklin County, Alligator Harbor; on bar, at mouth,
in sand; may have come from Diopatra hole; L. Abele,
col.; 18 November 1969; USNM.?5d\ 1 9 ; Louisi-
ana, Chandeleur Island, Smack Channel; 29?51'N,
88?51'W; 17-18 feet; R. M. Darnell, col.; 28 March
1954; USNM.?2c?, 10 9 (8 ovigerous); Mexico,
Tamaulipas, Punta Piedras (South), Laguna Madre
del San Antonio; push net, night; 0-3 feet; H.
Hildebrand, col.; 24 October 1953; USNM.?8c?,
119 (9 ovigerous); Puerto Rico, Lajas, La Parguera,
east side of Maguey Island; evening, after dark, with
push net on shallow Thalassia flats; R. B. Manning
station PR 6-61; 24 June 1961; USNM.?1 ovigerous
9 ; Trinidad; shore; Albatross, col.; 30 January-2
February 1884; USNM.
OTHER MATERIAL.? 1 juvenile; Trinidad, Coco-
rite Swamp, northwest of Port of Spain; seaward mud
flats; P. R. Bacon, col.; 31 August 1966; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
rounded laterally, unarmed. (Both first pereiopods
chelate, lacking exopods.) Second pereiopods sym-
metrical, with 4 meral and 9-10 carpal articles.
Carpus of fifth pereiopod longer than propodus.
Fifth abdominal somite unarmed posterolaterally.
Abdominal sternites unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure \b) slightly de-
flexed, not extending beyond anterior margin of eye,
upper margin slightly convex; apex (Figure \c) bifid,
lower tooth longer, short setae implanted in bifurca-
tion; distal portion of lower margin of rostrum
straight, lined with setae. Lower orbital angle ob-
tusely rounded, inconspicuous. Antennal spine pres-
ent. Lower anterior angle of carapace broadly
rounded (Figure la).
Abdomen (Figure Id) smooth, bare, ventral
margins of pleura lined with fine setae. Fifth ab-
dominal somite rounded or bluntly angled but un-
armed posterolaterally. Sixth abdominal somite less
than \y<i times as long as fifth, with acute postero-
lateral spine, lobe above articulation of uropod un-
armed. Telson (Figure 1*) about 1% times as long
as sixth abdominal somite, length 3^2 times greatest
width, with 2 pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of distal
spines; transverse line of setae present between
anterior margin and anterior dorsal spines; anterior
pair of dorsal spines of telson set in proximal fourth,
posterior spines near midlength; distance between
anterior margin of telson and anterior pair of dorsal
spines about }/$ distance between pairs of spines;
outer of distal spines (Figure 1/) stronger, ventro-
mesial flanked mesially by strong plumose seta; apex
of telson rounded or produced into sharp median
point.
Eyes (Figure la) moderately large, cornea width
greater than length of stalk and cornea combined,
about twice greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 1^ ) extending by
distal 2 segments and }/2 of proximal segment beyond
rostrum, penultimate segment longer than distal,
proximal segment subequal in length or longer than
distal segments combined; proximal segment of
antennular peduncle with ventral spine, set slightly
beyond midlength. Stylocerite rounded laterally, un-
armed. Dorsolateral flagellum of antennule nearly as
long as carapace, thickened setigerous portion con-
sisting of 11-19 articles and amounting to ]/%-% of
length in both sexes, slender distal portion consisting
of 7-15 segments. Ventromesial flagellum twice as
long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure \h) extending to about mid-
length of distal segment of antennular peduncle,
length of scale about 43^ times greatest breadth;
distal spine of scale not overreaching blade. Antennal
peduncle extending to about midlength of penultimate
segment of antennular peduncle. Basal segment of
antenna lacking ventrolateral spine. Antennal flagel-
lum slightly longer than body.
Third maxilliped (Figure \o) overreaching antennal
scale by distal and }/? ?f penultimate segments;
ultimate segment with short spines and numerous
setae on surface, apex sharp; penultimate segment
subequal to ultimate, less than half as long as proxi-
FIGURE 1.?Ambidexter symmetricus, new genus, new species, holotype, male, carapace length 4.7 mm:
a, anterior region; b, rostrum; c, same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, telson and uropods;/, end of telson;
g, right antennule; h, right antenna; i, right mandible;/, left mandible; k, right first maxilla; /, right
second maxilla; m, right first maxilliped; n, right second maxilliped; o, right third maxilliped. Mag-
nifications: d, X6; a, b, e, g, h, o, X12.5;/, k-n, X25; c, i,j, X63.
mal segment, with distal spines on mesial surface.
Exopod well developed. Posterior margin of molar
process of mandible (Figures It, j) with 16 spines;
other mouthparts shown in Figures \k?n.
Both pereiopods of first pair (Figures 2a-b) chelate,
symmetrical, overreaching antennal scale by J/? the
length of fingers; fingers slightly more than 3^ the
length of palm; carpus subequal to palm; merus
slightly longer than carpus and chela combined. First
pereiopods lacking arthrobranchs. Second pereiopods
(Figures 2c-d) symmetrical, overreaching antennal
scale by chela and 2 distal articles of carpus; ischium
undivided, merus with 4 and carpus with 9?10
articles; fingers about % the length of palm; carpus
4 times as long as chela; merus about 2x/i times as
long as chela; ischium slightly shorter than merus.
Third pereiopod (Figure 2e) overreaching antennal
scale by dactyl, propodus, and }/g of carpus; dactyl
(Figure 2/) slender, simple, with subapical setae;
propodus 3J^ times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with
short setae on surface, longer setae near midlength
and subapically; carpus about twice the length of
propodus, unarmed; merus 1% times as long as
propodus, with 4?5 movable spines on lateral surface;
ischium as long as propodus, with 2 movable spines
on lateral surface; combined length of propodus and
carpus of third pereiopod subequal to that of ischium
and merus. Fourth pereiopod (Figure 2g) overreach-
ing antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and nearly
x/2 of carpus; dactyl (Figure 2/t) slender, simple, with
subapical tufts of setae; propodus slightly more than
3 times as long as dactyl, unarmed, ornamented with
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 2.?Ambidexter symmetricus, new genus, new species, holotype, male, carapace length 4.7
mm: a, right first pereiopod; b, left first pereiopod; c, right second pereiopod; d, left second pereiopod;
*, right third pereiopod;/, same, dactyl; g, right fourth pereiopod; h, same, dactyl; i, right fifth
pereiopod; j , same, dactyl; k, right first pleopod; /, same, endopod; m, same, coupling-hook area at
distomesial angle; n, right second pleopod; o, same, appendix masculina and appendix interna; p,
end of appendix masculina. Magnifications: a-e, g, i, k, n, X12.5; /, o, X25;/ , h,j, m,p, X63.
short setae on surface and longer subapical tufts of
of setae; propodus not markedly more setose in males
than in females; carpus about 2 times the length of
propodus, unarmed, ornamented with short setae on
surface; merus about \}/<i times as long as propodus,
with 4-5 movable spines on lateral surface; ischium
more than half as long as merus, with 2 movable
spines on lateral surface; combined lengths of carpus
and propodus of fourth pereiopod greater than that
of ischium and merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figure 2i)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl and Yi of
propodus; dactyl (Figure 2/) short, triangular, apex
simple, obscured by setae; propodus 3% times as
long as dactyl, with 1 spine beyond midjength on
flexor margin and scattered short setae on surface;
propodus not markedly more setose in males than in
females; carpus about 1}/% times as long as propodus,
unarmed; merus slightly more than 1J^ times as long
as carpus, unarmed; ischium about half as long
merus, unarmed; combined lengths of carpus and
propodus of fifth pereiopod subequal to that of ischium
and merus.
Endopod (Figures 2k-m) of first pleopod of male
about 3^ as long as exopod, apex obliquely truncated,
nonsetose; appendix interna completely fused with
endopod, retinacular lobe present. Appendix mascu-
lina (Figures 2n?p) of second pleopod of male with 4
apical spinules, unarmed except near apex. Abdomi-
nal sternites unarmed. Outer margin of uropodal
exopod (Figure 1*) terminating in blunt, triangular
projection, with stronger mesial movable spine;
exopod with suture at level of outer tooth, dorsal
NUMBER 89
surface marked with blunt, triangular tooth or lobe
on each side anterior to suture. Eggs small and nu-
merous, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.1^4.5 mm;
of females, 2.4?6.7 mm; of ovigerous females, 3.8-
6.7 mm.
COLOR.?Body covered with scattered red chro-
matophores on light-cream, white, or colorless back-
ground. Chromatophores arranged in band across
anterior portion of abdomen; color also concentrated
on pleura and on appendages. Dactyls of first pereio-
pods and distal 2 segments of third maxillipeds darker
than body. Smaller specimens with fewer chromato-
phores on body. Eggs orange.
DISCUSSION.?Among the western Atlantic proces-
sids, A. symmetricus shows some slight resemblance to
Processa hemphilli, new species; a specimen of Ambi-
dexter lacking the first pereiopods could be confused
with P. hemphilli, for in both species the second pereio-
pods are symmetrical and have the same number of
articles in the merus (four) and carpus (ten). In P.
hemphilli, however, the stylocerite is armed laterally
and the proportions of the segments of the pereiopods
are different in the two species. In A. symmetricus the pro-
podus of the third pereiopod is half as long as the carpus,
and the propodus of the fifth pereiopod is two thirds
the length of the carpus; in P. hemphilli the propodus
of the third pereiopod is three fifths the length of the
carpus, and the propodus of the fifth pereiopod is
four fifths the length of the carpus. Both species are
recorded herein from the west coast of Florida, where
they may occur together.
Specimens of A. symmetricus are uniform and exhibit
little variation. The relative size and number of
articles in the thickened portion of the antennular
flagellum appears to be the same in both males and
females. The number of articles in the carpus and
merus of the second pereiopods was not observed to
vary widely; all specimens have four meral and nine
or ten carpal articles. The merocarpal articulation of
the second pereiopods does not extend beyond the
eye, and falls well short of the eye in smaller specimens.
The apex of the telson is rounded, as figured, or ends
in an acute point.
The specimens collected by one of us (RBM) in
Florida and Puerto Rico were obtained by using a
push net in shallow water, one meter or less, on grass
flats, after dark. Specimens were found on both
Diplanthera and Thalassia flats with sand or mud
substratum.
We have reexamined the material reported by
Tabb and Manning (1961). Rouse (1970) noted that
two species were taken in collections from Florida
Bay studied by him; one of those had symmetrical
first pereiopods.
NAME.?The generic name is from the Latin, ambo,
both, and dexter, right, referring to the symmetrical
chelae of the first pereiopods. The specific name is
from the Greek, symmetros, referring to the symmetrical
second pereiopods.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Biscayne Bay, Miami, Dade
County, Florida.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic region, from scattered
localities in the northern and western Gulf of Mexico,
southern Florida to Tamaulipas, Puerto Rico, and
Trinidad; sublittoral to 6 m. It has been recorded
from Everglades National Park, Florida, by Tabb
and Manning (1961) and Rouse (1970).
Nikoides Paulson, 1875
Nikoides Paulson, 1875: 98.?Dc Man, 1920: 192 [list of
species then known].?Gurney, 1937: 88 [review of species].
?Holthuis, 1955: 117 [synonymy].
DEFINITION.?Processid shrimp with only 1 of
first pereiopods chelate, the other (usually left) with
simple dactyl; both first pereiopods with exopods.
TYPE-SPECIES.?Nikoides danae Paulson, 1875, by
monotypy.
GENDER .?Masculine.
NUMBER OF SPECIES.?5, of which 1 is described
below. The 5 known species may be distinguished by
means of the following key:
Key to the Species of Nikoides
Rostrum simple, without dorsal subapical tooth [right second pereiopod with 15 meral and
43 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 6 meral and 19 carpal articles; stylocerite
unarmed laterally]
Nikoides nanus Chace, 1955; Eniwetok Atoll and Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands,
Pacific Ocean
Rostrum with dorsal subapical tooth 2
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
2( 1). Dorsal rostral tooth widely separated from apical tooth, interval between teeth more than 3
times length of dorsal tooth [right second pereiopod unknown; left second pereiopod with
7 meral and 24 carpal articles; stylocerite not described]
Nikoides maldivensis Borradaile, 1915; Maldive Islands and Amirante Islands, Indian
Ocean
Dorsal rostral tooth not widely separated from apical tooth, interval between teeth subequal
to length of dorsal tooth 3
3(2). Posterolateral angle of fifth abdominal somite unarmed [right second pereiopod with 23-24
meral and 43-49 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral and 17-18 carpal
articles; stylocerite with lateral spine in adults] Nikoides schmitti, new species
Posterolateral angle of fifth abdominal somite with spine 4
4(3). Third maxilliped exceeding antennal scale by most or all of 2 distal segments; nonchelate
first pereiopod exceeding antennal scale by dactyl and most of propodus; fourth pereiopod
extending beyond antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and nearly all of carpus [right second
pereiopod with 23 meral and 50 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 7 meral and 22
carpal articles; stylocerite unarmed (?)]
Nikoides sibogae De Man, 1918; Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean; Timor,
Kei Islands, Aru Islands, Indonesia
Third maxilliped exceeding antennal scale by slightly more than terminal segment; non-
chelate first pereiopod exceeding antennal scale by dactyl only; fourth pereiopod ex-
tending beyond antennal scale by dactyl and slightly more than half of propodus [right
second pereiopod with 28 meral and 60 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 7-8
meral and 28 carpal articles; stylocerite with lateral spine]
Nikoides danae Paulson, 1875; Red Sea
Nikoides schmitti, new species
FIGURES 3-5
Processa sp. Bullis and Thompson, 1965: 8 [listed; specimen
from Oregon 2249].
HOLOTYPE.? d\ 4.4 mm; Florida, Monroe County,
Tortugas, near black buoy, 1.25 km south of Garden
Key; boat dredge, northeast haul, 26 m; W. L.
Schmitt station 42-32; 8 July 1932; USNM 134109.
PARATYPES.? 1 cT; data as for holotype; USNM.?
1 ovigerous 9 ; Florida, Dade County, Biscayne Bay;
Bill Retskin, col.; 7 July 1960; USNM.?1 ovigerous
9 ; same, 1.25 km east of Matheson Hammock;
shrimp trawl; D. Tabb, col.; 21-22 April 1961;
USNM.?1 9 ; same, between markers 22 and 23,
near west end of Biscayne Channel, approximately
1.1 km west-southwest of Cape Florida; 5 m; K.
McNulty and R. Work, col.; Institute of Marine
Sciences Bottom Community Survey station 22; 11
July 1957; USNM.
OTHER MATERIAL.? 1 d", 1 ovigerous 9 ; between
British and Dutch Guiana; 33?11.5'N, 79?07'W; 7-9
m; Oregon station 2249; 27 July 1960; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with lateral spine in adults. (Right pereiopod of
first pair chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereio-
pods with exopods.) Second pereiopods asymmetrical,
right longer. Right second pereiopod with 23-24
meral and 43-49 carpal articles, left second pereiopod
with 5 meral and 17-18 carpal articles. Carpus of
fifth pereiopod longer than propodus. Fifth abdominal
somite unarmed posterolaterally. Abdominal sternites
unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 3b) slightly de-
flexed, slender, extending to cornea or slightly be-
yond anterior margin of eye. Apex (Figure 3c) bifid,
lower tooth longer, apex obscured by numerous long
setae. Lower margin of rostrum sinuous, convex
proximally, slightly concave distally. Lower orbital
angle inconspicuous, broadly rounded. Antennal
spine well developed. Lower anterior angle of cara-
pace broadly rounded (Figure 3a).
Abdomen (Figure 3d) smooth, surface sparsely
setose, ventral margins of pleura lined with fine setae.
Fifth abdominal somite rounded posterolaterally.
Sixth abdominal somite less than twice as long as
fifth, angled or bluntly spined posterolaterally; lobe
above articulation of uropod usually unarmed. Telson
(Figure 3^ ) about or slightly more than 1 Vz times as
long as sixth abdominal somite, length more than 3
times greatest width, with 2 pairs of dorsal and 2
pairs of distal spines; anterior pair of dorsal spines of
telson set in proximal fourth, distal pair at midlength;
distance from anterior margin to anterior pair of
spines less than half the distance between pairs of
NUMBER 89
FIGURE 3.?Nikoides schmitti, new species, holotype, male, carapace length 4.4 mm: a, anterior
region; b, rostrum; c, same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, telson and uropods;/, end of telson; g, right
antennule; h, right antenna; i, right mandible;y, left mandible; k, right first maxilla; /, right second
maxilla; m, right first maxilliped; n, right second maxilliped; o, right third maxilliped. Magnifica-
tions: d, X6; a, b, e, g, h, o, X12.5;/, k-n, X25; c, i,j, X63.
spines; outer of distal spines (Figure 3/) stronger,
ventromesial flanked mesially by strong plumose
seta; apex of telson rounded.
Eyes (Figure 3a) moderately large, cornea width
less than length of stalk and cornea combined, twice
or more greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 3g) extending beyond
rostrum by distal segments and distalmost third of
proximal segment, proximal segment longer than
distal segments combined, penultimate segment l'/2
times as long as ultimate. Proximal segment of anten-
nular peduncle with ventral spine, set slightly beyond
midlength. Stylocerite broadly rounded, with small
lateral tooth in largest specimens (Figure 5c). Dorso-
lateral flagellum of antennule at least as long as
carapace, thickened setigerous portion consisting of
20-21 articles and amounting to ^ of length in
males, of 21-25 articles and amounting to % of length
in females, slender distal portion with 9-14 segments
in both sexes. Ventromesial flagellum of antennule
at least three times as long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure Zti) extending to end of or
beyond antennular peduncle by less than length of
distalmost segment, length of scale about 4 times
greatest breadth; distal spine of scale overreaching
anterior margin of blade in males, falling short of
anterior margin in females. Antennal peduncle ex-
tending slighdy beyond proximal segment of anten-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 4.?Nikoides schmitti, new species, holotype, male, carapace length 4.4 mm: a, right first
pereiopod; b, left first pereiopod; c, left second pereiopod; d, right third pereiopod; e, same, dactyl;
/ , right fourth pereiopod; g, same, dactyl; h, right fifth pereiopod; i, same, dactyl;_/', right first pleo-
pod; k, same, endopod; /, same, coupling-hook area at distomesial angle; m, right second pleopod;
n, same, appendix masculina and appendix interna; o, end of appendix masculina. Magnifications:
a~d, f, />, j , m, X 12.5; k, n, X25; e, g, i, /, o, X63.
nular peduncle. Basal segment of antenna lacking
ventrolateral spine. Antennal flagellum more than
?Y<2, times carapace length.
Third maxilliped (Figure 3o) overreaching antennal
scale by slightly more than length of distal segment
in males, by most of penultimate segment in females;
ultimate segment with dorsal spines, apex sharp,
about as long as penultimate segment but slightly less
than 3^ as long as proximal segment. Exopod well
developed. Posterior margin of mandible (Figures
3i, j) with 13 small spines. Remainder of mouthparts
shown in Figures 3k-n.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 4a) chelate,
falling short of tip of antennal scale, slightly over-
reaching penultimate segment of antennular ped-
uncle; fingers about Yi length of the palm in males,
about % the length of palm in females; carpus sub-
equal to or slightly shorter than palm; merus longer
than carpus and chela combined. Left pereiopod of
first pair (Figure Sb) with dactyl simple, extending
about to end of antennal scale; dactyl less than %
the length of propodus; carpus shorter than propodus;
merus about as long as carpus, propodus, and dactyl
combined. Exopods of first pereiopods not extending
beyond midlength of merus. First pereiopods with
arthrobranch. Second pereiopods (Figure 5) strongly
asymmetrical. Right larger, overreaching antennal
scale by chela, carpus, and Y2 of merus; ischium
divided into 3, merus into 23-24, and carpus into
43-49 articles; fingers subequal to palm in males,
slightly shorter than palm in females; carpus about 13
times as long as chela in males, about 10 times as
NUMBER 89 11
long as chela in females; merus more than 7 times as
long as chela in males, 5-7 times as long as chela in
females; ischium shorter than merus. Left pereiopod
of second pair (Figures Ac, 5b) overreaching antennal
scale by chela and about J^ of carpus; ischium not
noticeably segmented, merus with 5 and carpus with
17-18 articles; fingers subequal to palm; carpus more
than 8 times as long as chela; merus about 5 times as
long as chela; ischium subequal to merus. Third
pereiopod (Figure Ad) overreaching antennal scale
by dactyl, propodus, and ^ of carpus; dactyl (Figure
Ae) slender, simple, with numerous apical setae; pro-
podus more than 3 times as long as dactyl, unarmed,
ornamented with few scattered setae; carpus about
2 times as long as propodus in males, about 2-3
times as long in females, unarmed; merus less than
twice as long as propodus, with 4 movable spines on
lateral surface; ischium shorter than merus, with 2
movable spines on lateral surface; combined length
of propodus and carpus of third pereiopod about as
long as that of ischium and merus in males, combined
length of propodus and carpus slightly longer in
large females. Fourth pereiopod (Figure 4/) overreach-
ing antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and ^ of
carpus; dactyl (Figure 4 )^ slender, simple, with nu-
merous apical setae; propodus less than 3 times as
long as dactyl, unarmed, with few scattered setae on
surface and several long, distal tufts of setae; outer
margin of propodus not lined with short setae in
males; carpus slightly more than twice as long as
propodus, unarmed, with few scattered setae; merus
slightly less than twice the length of propodus, with
2-8 movable spines on lateral surface; ischium shorter
than merus, with 1-2 movable spines on lateral sur-
face; combined length of propodus and carpus of
fourth pereiopod greater than that of ischium and
merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figure Ah) overreaching
antennal scale by dactyl and 2"io of propodus in males,
by dactyl and all of propodus in large females; dactyl
(Figure 4i) slender, with rounded ventral tubercle
distally and numerous long apical setae; propodus
less than 3 times as long as dactyl, with scattered tufts
of setae and 2 slender spines on flexor margin; upper
margin of propodus not lined with short setae in
males; carpus less than 1 J/? times as long as propodus
in males, 1l/^  times as long in females, unarmed, with
few scattered setae; merus about \}/<i times as long
as propodus in males, P/4 times in females, unarmed;
combined length of propodus and carpus of fifth
pereiopod subequal to that of ischium and merus.
Endopod of first male pleopod (Figures Aj-k) about
x/l as long as exopod, apex obliquely truncate, with
coupling hooks mesially; margins sparsely setose.
Appendix masculina on endopod of second male
pleopod (Figures Am-o) with short lateral spinules and
several longer distal spinules. Abdominal sternites
unarmed. Basal segment of uropod (Figure 3*) termi-
nating in rounded outer lobe; outer margin of exopods
with 2 teeth at diaresis, inner slender, movable, outer
blunter, fixed; diaresis with 2 blunt triangular lobes
projecting posteriorly. Eggs small and numerous,
0.4?0.5 mm in diameter.
FIGURE 5.?Nikoides schmitti, new species. Paratype, male, from
same lot as holotype, carapace length 5.0 mm: a, right second
pereiopod; b, left second pereiopod. Paratype, ovigerous
female, from Biscayne Bay, 7 July 1960, carapace length 8.8
mm: c, stylocerite of right antennule. Magnifications: a, b,
X12.5; c, X25.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 4.4?5.3 mm; of
females, 4.2-8.6 mm; of ovigerous females, 7.0-8.8
mm.
COLOR.?-Not recorded.
DISCUSSION.?Four species of Nikoides have been
described from localities in the Indo-West Pacific
region; until now, the genus was believed to be re-
stricted to that region. The four previously known
species are Nikoides danae Paulson, 1875, from the
Red Sea; Nikoides maldivensis Borradaile, 1915, from
the Maldive Islands and Amirante Islands, Indian
Ocean; Nikoides sibogae De Man, 1918, from Indonesia
and Bikini Atoll, Pacific Ocean; and Nikoides nanus
Chace, 1955, from the Marshall Islands. Gurney
(1937) suggested that N. sibogae and N. danae should
be synonymized, but Chace (1955) recognized both
species. Nikoides schmitti differs from N. danae, N.
sibogae, and N. nanus in lacking a posterolateral spine
on the pleuron of the fifth abdominal somite; it
further differs from iV. nanus in having a bifid rostrum.
The new species differs from N. maldivensis in having
the rostral tooth situated subapically, not at the
middle of the rostrum as in Borradaile's species.
The two specimens from the Guianas lack most
pereiopods but appear to be conspecific with those
from Florida; they were reported by Bullis and
Thompson (1965) as Processa sp.
NAME.?We take great pleasure in dedicating this
species to Waldo L. Schmitt, the dean of American
carcinologists, who collected the holotype, and whose
collections from the Americas have laid the founda-
tion for much of our present knowledge of American
decapods.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?1.25 km south of Garden Key,
Tortugas, Monroe County, Florida.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, where it is
known only from two localities off Florida, Biscayne
Bay and Dry Tortugas, and from off the Guianas;
shallow water to 26 m.
Processa Leach, 1815
Processa Leach, 1815, explanation of plate 41.?De Man, 1920:
197 [species listed].?Holthuis, 1955: 116 [synonymy].?
Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957: 7 [synonymy, account of
eastern Atlantic species].
DEFINITION.?Processid shrimps with only 1 of
first pereiopods chelate, the other (usually left) with
simple dactyl, and with first pereiopods lacking
exopods.
TYPE-SPECIES.?Processa canaliculata Leach, 1815,
by monotypy.
GENDER.?Feminine.
NUMBER OF SPECIES.?35, of which 14 occur in the
Indo-West Pacific area (Table 1) and 21 occur m
the Atlantic.
DISCUSSION.?Four groups can be distinguished
among the nine species recorded below. In the two
new species, P.fimbriata and P. riveroi, the stylocerite
is armed, the pleuron of the fifth abdominal somite
is armed posterolaterally, and the sternal spines are
present on the abdomen. So far as we can determine,
the only other species in which sternal spines have
been recorded is P. elegantula Nouvel and Holthuis,
which lacks the spine on the fifth pleuron, but has a
well-developed spine on the stylocerite. Processa ele-
gantula apparently is distantly related to P. fimbriata
and P. riveroi; the sternal spines probably have arisen
independently in the latter two species. The second
group of species comprises P. bermudensis (Rankin)
and P. vicina, new species, which differ from all other
Atlantic processids in lacking antennal spines on the
carapace; P. vicina differs from P. bermudensis in having
symmetrical second pereiopods. P. hemphilli, new spe-
cies, which also has symmetrical second pereiopods
but has well-developed antennal spines, has two
counterparts?P. parva Holthuis in the eastern At-
lantic and P. aequimana (Paulson) in the Red Sea.
The three species are so similar that they may prove
to represent subspecies or populations of the same
species. The remaining four species have asymmetrical
second pereiopods, an unarmed pleuron on the fifth
abdominal somite, and well-developed antennal
spines. Two of the species, P. guyanae Holthuis and
P. tenuipes, new species, are similar to P. canaliculata
Leach and appear to be its counterparts in the west-
ern Atlantic.
The specimens of each species examined by us have
proved to be very uniform, varying little if at all in
major features; there were some observed differences
between males and females and other differences be-
tween young specimens and adults. We observed no
variation comparable to that reported by Allen (1961)
for P. canaliculata from England. He observed varia-
tion in the spination of the stylocerite, the pleuron of
the fifth abdominal somite, and the lobe on the sixth
somite above the articulation of the uropod, as well
as in the occurrence of arthrobranchs on the first
pereiopods, the shape of the male pleopods, and the
NUMBER 89 13
TABLE 1,?Nominal Species of Processa Described from the Indo-West Pacific Region
Species Region
P. aequimana (Paulson, 1875) (Gurney, 1937)
P. australiensis (Baker, 1907) (De Man, 1920)
P. austroqfricana Barnard, 1947 (Barnard, 1950, 1955)
P. coutiere Nobili, 1904 (Nouvel, 1945)
P. gracilis Baker, 1907
P. hawaiiensis (Dana, 1852)
P. jacobsoni De Man, 1921 (De Man, 1924)
P. japonica (De Haan, 1849) (Gurney, 1937)
P. kotiensis (Yokoya, 1933)
P. macrognatha (Stimpson, 1860)
P. molaris Chace, 1955
P. paucirostris Edmondson, 1930
P. processa (Bate, 1888)
P. steinii Edmondson, 1935
Red Sea
Australia, Philippine Islands, Indonesia, and South Arabian
coast
South Africa
Gulf of Aden
South Australia
Hawaiian Islands
Savaii, Samoa, and Sumatra
Japan, Indonesia, Hawaiian Islands
Japan
Hong Kong
Rongelap Atoll and Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
Hawaiian Islands
Japan, Hawaiian Islands, Amboina, Singapore, and Gulf of
Martaban
Hawaiian Islands
terminal spination of the telson. These features ap- The Indo-West Pacific species of Processa described
pear to be more stable in the western Atlantic species to date are listed in Table 1. All of the species listed
of Processa. in that table appear to be distinct from their Atlantic
There is a species of Processa from the Caribbean counterparts, with the possible exception of P. aequi-
which we have not described herein. It differs from mana (Paulson), which we have not seen and which
all the western Atlantic species in having the rostrum is similar to P. parva and P. hemphilli from the eastern
extending beyond the eyes, almost to the end of the and western Atlantic.
first segment of the antennular peduncle. Both speci- A provisional key to the Atlantic species of Pro-
mens in our collections lack all of the pereiopods. One cessa follows. We have included P. pontica (Sowinsky)
of the specimens from Old Providence Island, West in the key on the basis of its redescription by Bacescu
Indies, was recorded by Rathbun (1901) as P. canali- (1967)?Nouvel and Holthuis (1957) had synony-
culata. mized the species with P. edulis (Risso).
Provisional Key to Atlantic Species of Processa
1. Pleuron of fifth abdominal somite with posterolateral spine 2
Pleuron of fifth abdominal somite rounded or angled posterolaterally, lacking distinct
posterolateral spine 10
2( 1). Stylocerite unarmed 3
Stylocerite with spine or spines on anterior margin 5
3(2). Apex of rostrum simple, not bifid [right second pereiopod with 18-31 meral and 47-65
carpa] articles, left second pereiopod with 6-7 (13) meral and 23-28 carpal articles]....
Processa acutirostris Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957; eastern Atlantic, from France,
Spain, and the Mediterranean Sea
Apex of rostrum bifid 4
4(3). Merocarpal articulation of right second pereiopod not extending beyond antennal scale;
second pereiopods almost symmetrical [right second pereiopod with 6-9 (11) meral and
18-24 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral and 14?15 (17) carpal articles]..
Processa robust a Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957; eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
Sea
Merocarpal articulation of right second pereiopod extending beyond antennal scale;
second pereiopods very asymmetrical, right stronger [right second pereiopod with 12-18
(21) meral and 31-45 (49) carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5-7 meral and
17?24 carpal articles]
Processa edulis (Risso, 1816); eastern Atlantic, from the Netherlands to the western
Mediterranean Sea; Nouvel and Holthuis (1957) recognize 3 subspecies
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
5(2). Merus of left second pereiopod undivided [right second pereiopod with 12-18 meral and
36-43 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 1 meral and 16-19 carpal articles]
Processa macrodactyla Holthuis, 1952; Rio de Oro, West Africa
Merus of left second pereiopod subdivided into at least 5 articles 6
6(5). Lobe on sixth abdominal somite above articulation of uropod unarmed [right second perei-
opod with 14-20 (22) meral and 38-49 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5-6
(8) meral and 17-18 (20) carpal articles]
Processa macrophthalma Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957; western Mediterranean and
Gulf of Guinea
Lobe on sixth abdominal somite above articulation of uropod produced into posterior
spine 7
7(6). Stylocerite with row of spinules across anterior margin; pleuron of fifth abdominal somite
with spinule above posterolateral spine [right second pereiopod with 15?18 meral and
28-40 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral and 20-24 carpal articles]
Processa pontica (Sowinsky, 1882) (Bacescu, 1967); Black Sea
Stylocerite with spinule at inner or outer angle but not across anterior margin; pleuron of
fifth abdominal somite lacking supplementary spinule above posterolateral spine 8
8(7). Basal segment of antenna unarmed; first pereiopods with arthrobranch; sternal spines ab-
sent [right second pereiopod with 10-20 meral and 28-65 carpal articles, left second
pereiopod with 5-7 meral and 14?20 carpal articles]
Processa intermedia Holthuis, 1951; West Africa, from the Cape Verde Islands,
Liberia, Gold Coast, and Rio de Oro
Basal segment of antenna with spine; no arthrobranch on first pereiopods; spines present on
sternum of anterior 5 abdominal somites 9
9(8). Cornea width 2 times greatest width of antennal scale; stylocerite armed at outer angle
only; third pereiopod overreaching antennal scale by propodus and dactyl only [right
second pereiopod with 13-16 meral and 31-40 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with
4-6 meral and 15-18 carpal articles] Processa fimbriata, new species
Cornea width less than 1 Yi times greatest width of antennal scale; stylocerite with spine at
inner and outer angles; third pereiopod overreaching antennal scale by most of carpus
[right second pereiopod with 17 meral and 39-43 carpal articles, left second pereiopod
with 5-6 meral and 16-20 carpal articles] Processa riveroi, new species
10(1). Antennal spine absent 11
Antennal spine present 12
11(10). Second pereiopods asymmetrical; rostrum not markedly deflexed anteriorly [right second
pereiopod with 10-15 meral and 19-29 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 3?4
meral and 13-15 carpal articles] Processa bermudensis (Rankin, 1900)
Second pereiopods symmetrical; rostrum deflexed anteriorly [second pereiopods with 5
meral and 10-14 carpal articles Processa vicina, new species
12(11). Second pereiopods symmetrical 13
Second pereiopods asymmetrical 14
13( 12). Rostrum anteriorly deflexed; apex of telson acute but not produced into sharp point [second
pereiopods with 4-6 (usually 6) meral and 10-15 (usually 11) carpal articles]
Processa parva Holthuis, 1951; eastern Atlantic, from the North Sea to the western
Mediterranean; West Africa
Rostrum not markedly deflexed; apex of telson produced into sharp point [second pereio-
pods with 4 meral and 10 carpal articles] Processa hemphilli, new species
14(12). Second pereiopods slightly asymmetrical, merocarpal articulation of right pereiopod not
extending beyond antennal scale 15
Second pereiopods very asymmetrical, merocarpal articulation of right pereiopod over-
reaching antennal scale 16
15(14). Rostrum extending beyond eyes; endopod of first male pleopod with angular apex [first,
second, and third abdominal somites with sternal spines in males and young females;
right second pereiopods with 6-8 (11) meral and 17-21 (30) carpal articles, left second
pereiopod with 5-6 meral and 14-17 carpal articles]
Processa etegantula Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957; eastern Atlantic, from France and
the western Mediterranean
Rostrum not extending beytond eyes; endopod of first male pleopod broadly rounded
apically [abdominal sternites not described; right second pereiopod with 7 meral and 23
carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral and 15 carpal articles]
Processa wheeleri Lebour, 1941
NUMBER 89 15
16(14). Lobe on sixth abdominal somite above articulation of uropod produced into posterior
spine 17
Lobe on sixth abdominal somite above articulation of uropod unarmed1 18
17(16). Stylocerite with strong lateral spine, anterior margin evenly convex from inner angle to
lateral spine; antennal scale scarcely overreaching antennular peduncle [right second
pereiopod with 21-22 meral and 45-46 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral
and 18-21 carpal articles] Processa profunda, new species
Stylocerite with lateral spine, anterior margin straight or slightly sinuous, not curving out-
ward from inner angle to lateral spine; antennal scale overreaching antennular peduncle
by length of distal article [right second pereiopod with 16-24 (27) meral and 40-62 carpal
articles, left second pereiopod with 4-8 (11) meral and 18-22 (28) carpal articles]
Processa mediterranea (Parisi, 1915); eastern Atlantic from France to western Medi-
terranean
18( 16). Basal segment of antenna lacking lateral spine; anterior margin of stylocerite strongly slop-
ing laterally; first pereiopod with arthrobranch [right second pereiopod with 9 meral and
(20) 33-36 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 4 meral and 17 carpal articles]....
Processa borboronica Holthuis, 1952; Gulf of Guinea
Basal segment of antenna with lateral spine; anterior margin of stylocerite straight or sinu-
ous, not markedly sloping laterally; first pereiopod without arthrobranch 19
19(18). Stylocerite with strong lateral spine; carpus of right second pereiopod with fewer than 40
articles [right second pereiopod with 14?18 meral and 30-35 carpal articles, left second
pereiopod with 5 meral and 15-19 carpal articles]
Processa canaliculata Leach, 1815; eastern Atlantic, from the North Sea to the
eastern Mediterranean
Stylocerite with lateral tubercle; carpus of right second pereiopod with more than 40
articles 20
20(19). Fifth pereiopod with propodus 4 times as long as dactyl and merus longer than carpus;
rostrum straight dorsally [right second pereiopod with 18-20 meral and 44-47 carpal
articles, left second pereiopod with 3-5+ meral and 17-18 carpal articles]
Processa guyanae Holthuis, 1959
Fifth pereiopod with propodus 6-7 times as long as dactyl and merus shorter than carpus;
rostrum convex dorsally [right second pereiopod with 18-28 meral and 48-69 carpal
articles, left second pereiopod with 5-9 meral and 17-26 carpal articles]
Processa tenuipes, new species
1
 Allen (1961) points out that this lobe may be armed in specimens of P. canaliculata from North-
umberland, England.
Processa bermudensis (Rankin, 1900)
FIGURES 6, 7
Nika bermudensis Rankin, 1900: 536, pi. 17: figs. 2, 2a, 2b.
Processa canaliculata.?Rathbun, 1901: 104 [part, records for
Bermuda and Key West only; listed].?Schmitt, 1935: 169,
fig. 32 [part; Bermuda record only].?Chace, 1937: 56
[listed; ? part].?Monod, 1939: 557.
Processa canaliculata var. bermudensis.?Verrill, 1922: 138, pi. 16:
figs. 6-66, pi. 35: figs, l-lg, pi. 41: fig. 4, pi. 47: figs. 8, 8a,
86 [? part; some figures possibly of P. processa, from Bate,
1888].
Processa bermudensis.?Gurney, 1936: 624, pi. 5: figs. 44?52, pi.
6: figs. 53-62 [larvae], pi. 7: figs. 63-68 [larvae]; 1937: 87
[listed].?Lebour, 1941: 401, 410, figs. 28-33.?Holthuis,
1959: 120 [discussion].?Williams, 1965: 86, fig. 70.
Processa ?bermudensis.?O'Gower and Wacasey, 1967:209 [listed].
Processa sp. Rouse, 1970: 140 [part].
MATERIAL.?Id"; Bermuda; G. Brown Goode;
1876-1877; USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; Bermuda,
Saint George's Island, Ferry Point, grass flats on
eastern side of point; push net; afternoon; L. K. and
R. B. Manning, col.; 18 April 1970; USNM.?5d";
same; night collection; L. K. and R. B. Manning,
col.; 18 April 1970; USNM.?lcf, 2 9 (1 ovigerous);
same; grass flats on western side of point; push net;
at night; L. K. and R. B. Manning, col.; 18 April
1970; USNM.?3 9 (2 ovigerous); Florida, Dade
County, Miami, Virginia Key, Bear Cut; sewage
beach, north of causeway; pushnet; R. B. Manning,
col.; 4 May 1961; USNM.?7 ovigerous 9 ;Florida,
Dade County, Miami, Biscayne Bay; bait shrimp
trawl; M. McBean, col.; 29 July 1959; USNM.?11
ovigerous 9 ; same; 4 August 1959; USNM.?1 d\ 2
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
ovigerous 9 ; same; shrimp trawl; B. Retskin, col.; 7
July 1960; USNM.? 1 ovigerous 9 ; Florida, Monroe
County, Key West; H. Hemphill, col.; 1885; USNM.
? 1 ovigerous 9 ; Florida, Monroe County, Dry
Tortugas, off west side of Bush Key Reef; from Hali-
meda; 20 August 1924; USNM.?1 9 ; Florida, Mon-
roe County, Everglades National Park, Buttonwood
Canal; D. Dubrow, A. Jones, col.; 4?5 April 1962;
USNM.?5 9 (1 ovigerous); Florida, mouth of
Tampa Bay, Egmont Key; trawl; Carl H. Saloman,
col., station K-3; 21 December 1962; USNM.?6 9 ;
same; 13 December 1963; USNM.?9 damaged
specimens; Florida, Levy County, Cedar Key; H.
Hemphill, col.; December 1883; USNM.?1 9 ;
same; Amphioxus dredge; M. Wass, col.; 10 March
1956; USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; Cuba, Cabanas; on
mud, shell, and grass bottom; poisoned with copper
sulphate; Tomas Barrera Expedition station 16; 8 June
1914; USNM.? 1 ovigerous 9 ; Cuba, Matanzas
Province, Varadero, Cardenas Bay, off 61st Street;
W. L. Schmitt, col.; 19January 1957; USNM.?8d\
7 ovigerous 9 ; Puerto Rico, Lajas, La Parguera,
east side of Maguey Island; evening, after dark, with
push net on shallow Thalassia flats; R. B. Manning
station PR 6-61; 24 June 1961; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine absent. Stylocerite
rounded laterally, unarmed. (Right pereiopod of
first pair chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereio-
pods lacking exopods.) Second legs asymmetrical,
right longer. Right second pereiopod with 10-15
meral and 19-29 carpal articles, left second pereiopod
with 3-4 meral and 13-15 carpal articles. Carpus of
fifth pereiopod longer than propodus. Fifth abdomi-
nal somite unarmed posterolaterally. Abdominal
sternites unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figures 6b, c) almost
straight, not extending beyond eye; apex slightly de-
flexed, bifid, lower tooth longer, bifurcation obscured
by several long setae; lower margin of rostrum convex
proximally, concave distally. Lower orbital angle in-
conspicuous, rounded. Antennal spine absent. Lower
anterior angle of carapace broadly rounded (Figure
6a).
Abdomen (Figure 6d) smooth, surface sparsely
setose, ventral margins of pleura lined with fine setae.
Fifth abdominal somite rounded posterolaterally.
Sixth abdominal somite less than twice as long as
fifth, bluntly angled posterolaterally; lobe above
articulation of uropod rounded, unarmed. Telson
(Figure 6^ ) about 1J^ times as long as sixth abdominal
somite, length 2*-^  to 3 times greatest width, with 2
pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of distal spines; anterior
pair of dorsal spines of telson set in proximal fourth,
posterior spines at midlength; distance between an-
terior margin and anterior pair of dorsal spines less
than ]/2 the distance between pairs of dorsal spines;
outer of distal spines (Figure 6/) stronger, ventro-
mesial flanked mesially by strong plumose seta; apex
of telson produced into sharp median point.
Eye (Figure 6a) moderately large; cornea width
FIGURE 6.?Processa bermudensis (Rankin), male from Parguera,
Puerto Rico (Manning Station 6-61), carapace length 3.0 mm:
a, anterior region; b, rostrum; c, same, distal end; d, abdomen;
e, telson and uropods;/, end of telson; g, right antennule; h,
right antenna; i, right mandible; j , left mandible; k, right
first maxilla; /, right second maxilla; m, right first maxilliped;
n, right second maxilliped; o, right third maxilliped. Magnifica-
tions: d, X6, a, b, e, g, h, o, X12.5;/, k-n, X25; c, i,j, X63.
NUMBER 89 17
less than length of stalk and cornea combined, slightly
more than twice greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 6g) extending be-
yond rostrum by distal 2 segments and x/i of proximal
segment, proximal segment longer than distal seg-
ments combined, ultimate segment %Q the length of
penultimate segment; proximal segment of antennu-
lar peduncle with ventral spine, set slightly beyond
midlength. Stylocerite obtusely rounded laterally,
inner margin projecting farther than outer, unarmed.
Dorsolateral flagellum of antennule ^ a s l?ng a s
carapace, thickened setigerous portion consisting of
12-17 articles and amounting to %-% of length,
slender distal portion consisting of 5-11 articles;
ventromesial flagellum 2-3 times as long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure 6h) extending to or almost
to end of antennular peduncle, length of scale about
5% times greatest breadth; distal spine of scale over-
reaching blade. Antennal peduncle extending about
to midlength of second segment of antennular pe-
duncle. Basal segment of antenna lacking ventro-
lateral spine. Antennal flagellum about 4 times cara-
pace length.
Third maxilliped (Figure 6o) overreaching antennai
scale by distal and ^ of penultimate segments; ulti-
mate segment with some short spines on surface, apex
acute; ultimate segment equal to or shorter than
penultimate, less than x/l a s l?ng a s proximal seg-
ment; exopod well developed. Posterior margin of
molar process of mandible with row of 9 spines. Other
mouthparts (Figures 6z-n) as figured.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure Id) chelate,
overreaching antennal scale by about x/i the length
of fingers; fingers about % the length of palm; carpus
subequal to palm; merus as long as carpus and chela
combined. Left pereiopod of first pair (Figure 7 b)
with simple dactyl, overreaching antennal scale by
nearly entire dactyl; dactyl about }/% the length of
propodus; carpus about % the length of propodus;
merus as long as carpus and propodus combined.
Arthrobranchs not visible at base of first pereiopods.
Second pereiopods (Figures 7 c, d) unequal, right
longer, overreaching antennal scale by chela and
nearly all of carpus; merocarpal articulation of right
pereiopod extending beyond eye; ischium with 5 in-
distinct, merus with 10-15, and carpus with 19-29
articles; fingers about % as long as palm; carpus al-
most 6 times as long as chela; merus slightly more
than 3 times as long as chela; ischium slightly longer
than merus. Left pereiopod of second pair overreach-
ing antennal scale by chela and slightly less than
carpus; ischium undivided, merus with 3-4 and carpus
with 13-15 articles; fingers subequal to palm; carpus
slightly more than 6 times as long as chela; merus
about 4 times as long as chela; ischium slightly
shorter than merus. Third pereiopod (Figure 7e)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and
V2 of carpus; dactyl (Figure 7/) slender, simple, with
subapical setae; propodus about 3 ^ times as long as
dactyl, unarmed, surface ornamented with scattered
short setae, longer tufts at apex; carpus 1% times as
long as propodus, unarmed, with scattered short
setae on surface; merus about 1 J/? times as long as
propodus, with 4?5 movable spines on lateral sur-
face; ischium about % as long as merus, with 2 mov-
able spines on lateral surface; combined length of
propodus and carpus of third pereiopod slightly
greater than that of ischium and merus. Fourth perei-
opod (Figure 7^ ) overreaching antennal scale by
dactyl, propodus, and Y2 of carpus; dactyl (Figure 7h)
slender, simple, with subapical tufts of setae; propodus
slightly more than 4 times as long as dactyl, unarmed,
ornamented with few short setae on surface and longer
distal tufts; outer margin of propodus not markedly
more setose in males than females; carpus about l}/?
times as long as propodus, unarmed, ornamented
with few surface setae; merus about 13^4 times as long
as propodus, with 4-8 movable spines on lateral sur-
face; ischium shorter than merus, with 2 movable
spines on lateral surface; combined length of carpus
and propodus of fourth pereiopod greater than that
of ischium and merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figure 7i)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl and propodus;
dactyl (Figure 7/) slender, simple, apex obscured by
long setae; propodus more than 3 3^2 times as long as
dactyl, ornamented with scattered short setae on sur-
face and 3 spines on flexor margin; outer margin of
propodus not markedly more setose in males than in
females; carpus slightly longer than propodus, un-
armed; merus about \x/? times as long as propodus,
unarmed; ischium shorter than merus, unarmed;
combined length of propodus and carpus of fifth
pereiopod greater than that of ischium and merus.
Endopod of first male pleopod (Figures 7k, I) about
half as long as exopod, tapering distally, apex acute,
setose, retinacular lobe well developed. Appendix
masculina of second male pleopod (Figures 7?, 0) with
row of spinules on lateral margin, and with 4 distal
and 2 subdistal spinules. Abdominal sternites un-
armed. Outer margin of uropodal exopod (Figure 6^ )
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 7.?Processa bermudensis (Rankin), male from Par-
guera, Puerto Rico (Manning Station 6-61), carapace length
3.0 mm: a, right first pereiopod; b, left first pereiopod; c,
right second pereiopod; d, left second pereiopod; e, right third
pereiopod;/, same, dactyl; g, right fourth pereiopod; h, same,
dactyl; i, right fifth pereiopod; j , same, dactyl; k, right first
pleopod; /, same, endopod; m, right second pleopod; n, same,
appendix masculina and appendix interna; o, end of appendix
masculina. Magnifications: a-e, g, i, k, m, X12.5; n, X25;
J,h,j,l,o, X63.
terminating in blunt, triangular projection, with
stronger mesial movable spine; exopod with suture at
level of outer tooth, dorsal surface marked with blunt,
triangular tooth or lobe on each side anterior to
suture. Eggs small and numerous, 0.4?0.5 mm in
diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.4?3.4 mm; of
females, 3.3-5.8 mm; of ovigerous females, 3.3-5.7
mm.
COLOR.?Background light with many small, red
chromatophores and fewer, larger white ones scat-
tered over body; eyes light green; distal segment of
third maxilliped and bases of third, fourth, and fifth
pereiopods and pleopods red; abdomen with trans-
verse red bar across third somite; eggs yellowish.
DISCUSSION.?Processa bermudensis resembles P. vi-
cina, described below, but differs from all other At-
lantic species of Processa in lacking the antennal
spines on the carapace; it differs from P. vicina in hav-
ing asymmetrical second pereiopods and in certain
other features. Processa bermudensis has 10-15 meral
and 19-29 carpal articles in the right second pereio-
pod and 3?4 meral and 13-15 carpal articles in the
left second pereiopod, whereas in P. vicina there are 5
meral and 10-14 carpal articles in both second perei-
opods. The rostrum of P. bermudensis is less deflexed
apically, the eyes of that species are slightly smaller,
and the pereiopod lengths and proportions of pereio-
pod segments differ in the two species.
The three females from the open beach on Virginia
Key, Miami, are larger than most of the other speci-
mens examined, and appear to have slightly smaller
eyes; inasmuch as they resemble in most respects
other available material (although the posterior
pereiopods are missing), we tentatively assign them
to this species.
We were unable to trace Rankin's types, which
could not be found at the American Museum of
Natural History or the Peabody Museum at Yale
University; also, the material from Bermuda, re-
ported by Gurney (1936) or Lebour (1941), appar-
ently had not been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History). Two specimens collected by one of
us (FACJr.) in Bermuda in 1936 (Chace 1937) could
not be located in the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy at Harvard; apparently they were loaned to Miss
Lebour, who noted (1941:411) that one of the speci-
mens was P. bermudensis but that the other was a new
species.
NUMBER 89 19
Processa bermudensis was collected together with
Ambidexter symmetricus and P. riveroi on shallow Thalas-
sia flats at Maguey Island, La Parguera, Puerto
Rico; the three species apparently lived together and
had the same or similar color patterns; of the three
species taken at that station, A. symmetricus was the
most abundant, P. bermudensis was second most abun-
dant, and P. riveroi, of which only three specimens
were taken, was the rarest.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Harrington Sound, Bermuda.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, from Bermuda
and the southeastern United States from North Caro-
lina to northwest Florida, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, in
shallow water.
Processa fimbriata, new species
FIGURES 8-10
Processa canaliculata.?Rathbun, 1901: 104 [part; records from
Boqueron Bay and Vieques, only; listed].?Richardson,
1904: 87 [listed].?Pearse, 1932: 119 [listed].?Schmitt,
1935: 169 [part; records from Brazil, Puerto Rico, and
Vieques only].
Process/] sp. Pearse, 1950: 150 [listed].
HOLOTYPE.? cf, 2.5 mm; Florida, Monroe County,
Tortugas, off East Key; 3 m; W. L. Schmitt, col.;
7 August 1924; USNM 134113.
PARATYPES.?2 9 (1 ovigerous); Bahama Islands,
Bimini; from loggerhead sponge; A. S. Pearse, col.;
13 October 1948; USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; Bahama
Islands, Bimini; from sponge; A. S. Pearse, col.; 20
October 1948; USNM.?1 9 ; same; from Sphecio-
spongia vespara; A. S. Pearse, col.; 31 October 1948;
USNM.?1 9 ; Bahama Islands, Great Inagua Is-
land, off Matthew Town; R. A. McLean and B.
Shreve, col.; 1 August 1938; MCZ.?1 ovigerous 9 ;
Bahama Islands, Cat Cay; 11 meters; Oregon, col.;
10 November 1954; USNM.?lcf; North Carolina,
off New River, Black Rocks; A. S. Pearse, col.; 8
August 1949; USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; Florida, Mon-
roe County, Tortugas, below lighthouse pier, east
side Loggerhead Key; from weeds and rocks; W. L.
Schmitt, col.; 18 August 1924; USNM.?1 ovigerous
9 ; Florida, Monroe County, Tortugas, Loggerhead
Key; from loggerhead sponge; A. S. Pearse, col., no.
119; 8 July 1931; USNM.?1 9, 1 juvenile; Florida,
Monroe County, Tortugas, off north end of Logger-
head Key; 1+ meters; old coral rock with algae; C.
R. Shoemaker station 1; 14 July 1926; USNM.?1
juvenile; Florida, Monroe County, Tortugas, Logger-
head Key, west of lighthouse; dredged from 6-9
meters; W. L. Schmitt, col.; 6 August 1924; USNM.?
1 9 ; Florida, Monroe County, Tortugas, Bush Key
reef, fort side; W. L. Schmitt station 29-30; 23 July
1930; USNM.?1 9 ; Florida, Monroe County, Tor-
tugas, haul along east side of White Shoal off C3
buoy; W. L. Schmitt station 49-30; 9 August 1930;
USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; Florida, Monroe County,
Tortugas; from stomach of Lutjanus apodus, Manter
no. 1006, caught in trap; 31 July 1931; USNM.?1 cf;
Puerto Rico, Boqueron Bay; Fish Hawk, col.; 25 Janu-
ary 1899; USNM.?1 9 ; Puerto Rico, off Vieques;
23 m; coral; Fish Hawk station 6095 (Puerto Rico
station 167); 8 February 1899; USNM.?1 9 ; Brazil,
off Recife; 06?59'30"S, 34?47'W; 37 m; broken shells;
Albatross station 2758; 16 December 1887; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with lateral spinule. (Right pereiopod of first pair
chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereiopods lack-
ing exopods.) Second pereiopods asymmetrical, right
stronger. Right second pereiopod with 13-16 meral
and 31^H) carpal articles, left second pereiopod with
4-6 meral and 15-18 carpal articles. Carpus of fifth
pereiopod shorter than propodus. Fifth abdominal
somite with posterolateral spine. Abdominal sternites
1-5 with median ventral spine.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure Sb) straight, not
extending to anterior margin of eye; apex (Figure
8c) bifid, lower tooth longer, apex obscured by few
short setae; lower margin of rostrum evenly convex.
Lower orbital angle rounded, inconspicuous. Anten-
nal spine present. Lower anterior angle of carapace
broadly rounded (Figure 8a).
Abdomen (Figure 8d) smooth, bare, ventral mar-
gins of pleura lined with fine setae. Fifth abdominal
somite with posterolateral spine (Figure 8*). Sixth
abdominal somite less than twice as long as fifth, with
blunt posterolateral spine; lobe above articulation of
uropod produced into blunt triangular projection.
Telson (Figure 8/) almost twice as long as fifth ab-
dominal somite, length 3 times greatest width, with 2
pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of distal spines; anterior
pair of dorsal spines of telson set at end of proximal
third, posterior spines beyond midlength; distance
between anterior margin and anterior pair of spines
slightly less than distance between pairs of spines;
distal spines of telson (Figure Sg) as in P. bermudensis;
apex of telson produced into sharp point.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
71
FIGURE 8.?Processa fimbriata, new species, holotype, male,
carapace length 2.5 mm: a, anterior region; b, rostrum; c,
same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, margin of fifth abdominal
pleuron;/, telson and uropods; g, end of telson; h, right anten-
nule (regenerating); i, right antenna; j , right mandible; k, left
mandible; /, right first maxilla; m, right second maxilla; n,
right first maxilliped; o, right second maxilliped; p, right
third maxilliped. Magnifications: d, X6; a, b,J, h, i, p, X12.5;
e, l-o, X25; c, gj, k, X63.
Eyes (Figure 8a) moderately large; cornea width
slightly less than length of stalk and cornea combined,
about 1 % times greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figures 8h, 106) extending
by distal 2 segments and \^ of proximal segment be-
yond rostrum; basal segment of antennular peduncle
almost twice as long as distal segments, ultimate seg-
ment about 2{o a s l?ng as penultimate segment; proxi-
mal segment of antennular peduncle with ventral
spine, set slightly beyond midlength. Stylocerite
truncated anteriorly, with outer spine. Dorsolateral
flagellum of antennule shorter than carapace, thick-
ened setigerous portion consisting of 10-19 articles
and amounting to %-% of length, slender distal por-
tion consisting of at least 10-19 articles. Ventromesial
flagellum at least 10 times as long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure Qi) slightly overreaching
antennular peduncle, length of scale about 4 times
greatest breadth; distal spine of scale not overreaching
blade. Antennal peduncle extending to end of second
segment of antennular peduncle. Basal segment of
antenna with outer spine. Antennal flagellum dam-
aged.
Third maxilliped (Figure Qp) overreaching antennal
scale by length of ultimate and % of penultimate
segments; ultimate segment with some short spines on
outer surface, apex sharp; ultimate segment slightly
longer than penultimate, slightly more than half as
long as proximal segment. Exopod well developed.
Mandible (Figures 8/, k) with 6-7 spines on posterior
margin of molar process. Remainder of mouthparts
(Figures 8/-o) as in P. bermudensis.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 9a) chelate,
barely overreaching antennal scale; fingers about ^
length of palm; merus slightly shorter than carpus
and chela combined. Left pereiopod of first pair (Fig-
ure 9b) with simple dactyl, overreaching antennal
scale by dactyl and }/? of propodus; dactyl about }/?
length of propodus; carpus slightly more than }/% as
long as propodus; merus about as long as carpus and
propodus combined. Arthrobranch not visible at base
of first pereiopods. Second pereiopods asymmetrical,
right (Figure 9c) stronger, overreaching antennal
scale by chela and all but 1 or 2 proximal articles of
carpus; merocarpal articulation extending to end of
scale; ischium undivided, merus with 13-16, and
carpus with 31-40 articles; fingers slightly shorter
than palm; carpus slightly more than 7 times as long
as chela; merus 4 ^ times as long as chela; ischium
longer than merus. Left pereiopod of second pair
(Figure 9d) overreaching antennal scale by chela and
less than % of carpus; ischium undivided, merus
with 4?6 and carpus with 15?18 articles; fingers about
2/3 length of palm; carpus 4 times as long as chela;
merus T% times as long as chela; ischium slightly
longer than merus. Third pereiopod (Figure 9*) over-
reaching antennal scale by dactyl and propodus;
dactyl (Figure 9/) slender, simple, with apical setae;
NUMBER 89 21
propodus Z% times as long as dactyl, unarmed, orna-
mented with scattered tufts of setae along surface,
longer tufts at apex; carpus \y2 times as long as pro-
podus, unarmed; merus less than 1 Yi times as long as
FIGURE 9.?Processa fimbriata, new species, holotype, male,
carapace length 2.5 mm: a, right first pereiopod; b, left first
pereiopod; c, right second pereiopod; d, left second pereiopod;
e, right third pereiopod;/, same, dactyl; g, right fourth pereio-
pod; h, same, dactyl; i, right fifth pereiopod; j , same, dactyl;
k, right first pleopod; /, same, endopod; m, right second pleo-
pod; n, same, appendix masculina and appendix interna; o,
appendix masculina. Magnifications: a-e, g, i, k, m, X12.5;
n, X25; / , h,j, I, o, X63.
propodus, with 3?4 movable spines on lateral surface;
ischium shorter than merus, with 2 movable spines
on lateral surface; combined lengths of propodus and
carpus of third pereiopod slightly greater than that
of ischium and merus. Fourth pereiopod (Figure 9g)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and
about ]/2 of carpus; dactyl (Figure 9h) slender, simple,
apex obscured by long setae; propodus slightly more
than 4 times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with some
scattered tufts of setae on surface, as well as longer
subapical tufts in females; outer surface of propodus
in males completely covered by short setae; carpus
about 13^ times as long as propodus, unarmed, with
scattered setae on surface; merus about 13^5 times as
long as propodus, with 3-4 movable spines on lateral
surface; ischium shorter than merus, with 1-2 mov-
able spines on lateral surface; combined length of
propodus and carpus of fourth pereiopod greater than
that of ischium and merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figure 9i)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl and slightly
less to slightly more than }/? of propodus; dactyl (Fig-
ure 9j) slender, simple, with subapical tuft of setae;
propodus slightly more than 3 times length of dactyl
in males, slightly less than 3 times the length of dactyl
in females, ornamented with 4?5 spines on flexor
margin; outer surface of propodus with scattered
tufts of setae in females, completely obscured by short
setae in males; carpus shorter than propodus, un-
armed; merus longer than propodus, unarmed; is-
chium shorter than merus, unarmed; combined
lengths of propodus and carpus of fifth pereiopod
slightly greater than or subequal to that of ischium
and merus.
Endopod of first male pleopod (Figures 9k, I) about
}/2 as long as exopod, apex truncate, with mesial ret-
inacular surface; margins sparsely setose. Appendix
masculina on endopod of second male pleopod (Fig-
ures 9m-o) with 4 subdistal and 6 distal spinules. Ab-
dominal sternites 1-5 with median ventral spine.
Uropods (Figure 8/) as in P. bermudensis. Eggs small
and numerous, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 1.9-3.1 mm; of
females, 1.9-6.3 mm; of ovigerous females, 3.3-6.3
mm.
COLOR.?Waldo L. Schmitt noted that a female
from Tortugas has "no color markings of consequence;
transparent; eyes black." No other information is
available on color.
DISCUSSION.?This small species resembles P. riveroi,
described below, and differs from all other Atlantic
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 10.?Processa fimbriata, new species, paratype, ovigerous
female from Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, carapace length
3.8 mm: a, anterior region; b, right antennule; c, right fifth
pereiopod. Magnifications: a-c, X12.5.
species in several features. Both the stylocerite and
the pleuron of the fifth abdominal somite are pro-
vided with spines, there is a ventral spine on each of
the anterior five abdominal sternites between the
pleopods, and the propodus of the fifth pereiopod is
longer than the carpus. Sternal spines on the abdomen
have been described previously only in P. elegantula
Nouvel and Holthuis from the eastern Atlantic; in
that species they were not observed on mature fe-
males?in contrast the sternal spines occur on adult
females of both P. fimbriata and P. riveroi. Processa
elegantula further differs from both P. fimbriata and P.
riveroi in lacking a posterolateral spine on the pleuron
of the fifth abdominal somite.
Processa fimbriata differs from the closely related P.
riveroi in several features. The eyes of P. fimbriata are
larger, the stylocerite is armed with one spine rather
than two, and there are fewer spines (6-7 rather than
21) on the posterior margin of the molar process of
the mandible; other differences are pointed out under
the discussion of P. riveroi.
It seems likely that there is a habitat difference be-
tween P. fimbriata and P. riveroi. Many of our speci-
mens of the former species were taken from sponges,
and Pearse (1932, 1950) found P. fimbriata in Sphecio-
spongia vespara, Hircinia strobilina, and Aulospongus schoe-
mus. In contrast, our material of P. riveroi was found
free-living on shallow grass flats in association with
two other species of processids.
Males of P. fimbriata differ from adult males of other
western Atlantic processids (males of P. hemphilli and
P. riveroi not examined) in having the lateral margin
of the carpus and propodus of the fourth and fifth
pereiopods ornamented with a dense coat of short
setae, as shown in Figures 9g, t; the setae are not so
well marked in smaller males as they are in large
ones, in which the outline of the pereiopod is obscured.
The only other species in which such setae have been
reported, so far as we are aware, is Nikoides danae
(Paulson) from the Red Sea; Gurney (1937:89) re-
ported that males of N. danae could readily be dis-
tinguished from females "by having a series of bundles
of stiff hairs along anterior margin of propodus of
pereiopods 3-5."
The specimen from off Brazil was host for the type
of a bopyrid isopod, Urobopyrus processae Richardson,
1905.
NAME.?The name is from the Latin, fimbriatus,
fringed, alluding to the appearance of the fourth and
fifth pereiopods.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Off East Key, Tortugas, Monroe
County, Florida.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, from North Car-
olina, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico,
and off Brazil; shallow water to 37 m, on broken
shell, coral, and in sponges.
Processa guyanae Holthuis, 1959
Processa guyanae Holthuis, 1959: 115, figs. 18, 19.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with, at most, trace of lateral spinule. (Right pereio-
pod of first pair chelate, left with simple dactyl; first
pereiopods lacking exopods.) Second pereiopods
asymmetrical, right stronger. Right second pereiopod
with 18-20 meral and 44 47 carpal articles, left
second pereiopod with 3-5 -f- meral and 17?18 carpal
articles. Carpus of fifth pereiopod longer than pro-
podus. Fifth abdominal somite unarmed posterolat-
erally. Abdominal sternites unarmed.
DISCUSSION.?We have seen no material of this
species other than some of the specimens on which
Holthuis (1959) based his original description.
NUMBER 89 23
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Off the coast of Surinam.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, from off the
coast of Surinam in depths between 44 and 49 m.
Processa hetnphilli, new species
FIGURES 11, 12
Processa canaliculate?Rathbun, 1901: 104 [listed; specimens
from Grampus 5066 and Marco].
HOLOTYPE.? 9 , 3.9 mm; Florida, Collier County,
Marco; 2-6 m; H. Hemphill, col.; USNM 23386.
PARATYPES.?1 9 ; data as for holotype; USNM.?1
ovigerous 9 ; Gulf of Mexico, off southwestern Flo-
rida; 25?13'N, 82?28'W; 31 m; broken shell; Grampus
station 5066; 19 February 1889; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with small lateral spine. (Right pereiopod of first
pair chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereiopods
lacking exopods.) Second pereiopods symmetrical,
with 4 meral and 10 carpal articles. Carpus of fifth
pereiopod longer than propodus. Fifth abdominal
somite unarmed posterolaterally. Abdominal sternites
unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure Mb) slightly de-
flexed, tapering distally, not extending to anterior
margin of eye. Apex (Figure lie) bifid, lower tooth
longer, apex obscured by numerous setae. Lower or-
bital angle broadly rounded. Antennal spine well
developed. Lower anterior angle of carapace rounded
(Figure lla).
Abdomen (Figure lid) smooth, bare, ventral mar-
gins of pleura lined with fine setae. Fifth abdominal
somite obtusely angled posterolaterally, unarmed.
Sixth abdominal somite subequal in length to fifth,
with acute posterolateral angle; lobe above articula-
tion of uropod angled but unarmed. Telson (Figure
11*) slightly more than 1% times as long as fifth
abdominal somite, length slightly more than 3
times greatest width, with 2 pairs of dorsal and 2
pairs of distal spines; anterior pair of dorsal spines
of telson set in proximal fourth, posterior pair set be-
yond midlength; distance between anterior margin
and anterior pair of dorsal spines about }/? distance
between pairs of dorsal spines; distal spines (Figure
11/) as in P. bermudensis; apex of telson produced into
acute point.
Eye (Figure lla) large, cornea width less than
length of stalk and cornea combined, 1% greatest
width of antennal scale.
FIGURE 11.?Processa hemphilli, new species, holotype, female,
carapace length 3.9 mm: a, anterior region; b, rostrum; c,
same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, telson and uropods;/, end of
telson; g, right antennule; h, same, stylocerite; i, right antenna;
j , right mandible; k, right first maxilla; /, right second maxilla;
m, right first maxilliped; n, left second maxilliped; o, right
third maxilliped. Magnifications: d, X6; a, b, e, g, i, o, X12.5;
/ , h, k-n, X25; c,j, X63.
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Antennular peduncle (Figure 1 Ig) extending by 2
distal segments and ^ of proximal segment beyond
rostrum, basal segment longer than distal segments
combined; ultimate segment ^5 the length of penulti-
mate segment; proximal segment of peduncle with
ventral spine, set slightly beyond midlength. Stylo-
cerite (Figure 11 h) subtruncated anteriorly, anterior
margin sinuous, with small outer spine. Dorsolateral
flagellum of antennule about Y2 a s l?ng a s carapace,
thickened setigerous portion consisting of 10 articles
and amounting to %o ?f length, slender distal portion
with 5 articles. Ventromesial flagellum as long as
carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure 11 i) extending to end of
antennular peduncle, length of scale almost 6 times
its greatest width; distal spine of scale falling short of
rounded anterior margin of blade. Basal segment of
antenna unarmed. Antennal peduncle extending
slightly beyond proximal segment of antennular pe-
duncle. Antennal flagellum broken in all specimens.
Third maxilliped (Figure 1 lo) overreaching an-
tennal scale by slightly more than length of ultimate
segment; ultimate segment ornamented with spines,
apex sharp, segment slightly shorter than penultimate
segment but ]^ as long as proximal segment. Exopod
well developed. Mandible (Figure 11/) with row of 9
spines on posterior margin of molar process. Re-
mainder of mouthparts (Figures 1 Ik-n) as in P.
bermudensis.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 12a) chelate,
falling short of antennal scale by length of distal seg-
ment, reaching distal end of second antennular seg-
ment; fingers about % the length of palm; carpus
slightly shorter than palm; merus about as long as
carpus and chela combined. Left pereiopod of first
pair (Figure \2b) with simple dactyl, falling short of
antennal scale, extending barely to distal end of sec-
ond antennular segment; dactyl slightly more than
}/? the length of propodus; carpus shorter than pro-
podus; merus about as long as carpus, propodus, and
dactyl combined. No arthrobranch visible at bases of
first pereiopods. Second pereiopods (Figures 12c, d)
symmetrical, overreaching antennal scale by slightly
more than length of chela; merocarpal articulation of
second pereiopod not extending beyond eye; ischium
not segmented, merus with 4 and carpus with 10
articles; fingers subequal to or slightly shorter than
palm; carpus less than 5 times as long as chela; merus
3 times as long as chela; ischium subequal to or slightly
shorter than merus. Third pereiopod (Figure 12*)
FIGURE 12.?Processa hemphilli, new species, holotype, female,
carapace length 3.9 mm: a, right first pereiopod; b, left first
pereiopod; c, right second pereiopod; d, left second pereiopod;
e, right third pereiopod;/, same, dactyl; g, right fourth pereio-
pod; h, same, dactyl. Paratype, ovigerous female from off West
Florida {Grampus Station 5066), carapace length 3.75 mm:
i, right fifth pereiopod (extreme tip of dactyl missing). Magnifi-
cations: a-e, g, i, X12.5;/, h, X63.
NUMBER 89 25
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl and propodus;
dactyl (Figure 12/) slender, simple, with apical setae;
propodus 3 times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with
scattered setae on surface and longer distal tufts of
setae; carpus less than twice as long as propodus, un-
armed; merus less than twice as long as propodus,
subequal with carpus, with 4 movable spines on lateral
surface; ischium shorter than merus, with 2 spines on
outer surface; combined length of propodus and car-
pus of third pereiopod less than that of ischium and
merus. Fourth pereiopod (Figure \2g) overreaching
antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and nearly Y2 ?f
carpus; dactyl (Figure 12/*) slender, simple, apex ob-
scured by tuft of setae; propodus about 2 ^ times as
long as dactyl, unarmed, with some short setae on
surface and longer distal tuft of setae; carpus less
than twice as long as propodus, unarmed; merus
about 1 }/2 times as long as propodus, shorter than
carpus, with 4 movable spines on lateral surface;
ischium shorter than merus, with 2 spines on lateral
surface; combined length of propodus and carpus of
fourth pereiopod greater than that of ischium and
merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figure 12/) overreaching
antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and nearly % of
carpus; dactyl slender, simple, apex obscured by tufts
of setae; propodus less than 3 times as long as dactyl,
with tufts of setae on surface and longer distal setae,
1 spine present on flexor margin; carpus slightly
longer than propodus, unarmed; merus less than 1}/?
times as long as propodus, slightly longer than carpus,
unarmed; ischium shorter than merus, unarmed;
combined lengths of propodus and carpus of fifth
pereiopod slightly greater than that of ischium and
merus.
Abdominal sternites unarmed. Uropods (Figure
11^ ) as in P. bermudensis. Eggs small and numerous,
maximum diameter 0.3 mm.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of females, 3.7-3.9 mm;
of ovigerous female, 3.75 mm.
COLOR.?Not recorded.
DISCUSSION.?This new species closely resembles
P. parva Holthuis, but differs in the following fea-
tures: the rostrum is more tapered distally, less de-
flexed apically, and the interval between the rostral
teeth is smaller; the antennular peduncle is slenderer;
the tooth of the antennal scale falls short of the distal
margin of the blade; the first pereiopod fails to reach
the end of the antennal scale by the length of the
distal segment, rather than extending to the end of
the blade, and the merus is comparatively longer; in
the second pereiopods there are 4 meral and 10 carpal
segments, rather than 4?6 meral and 11-15 carpal
segments; on the fourth pereiopod the carpus is longer
than the merus, rather than subequal in length; the
propodus of the fifth pereiopod has 2 spines on the
flexor margin, whereas in P. parva there are 3 spines
on the flexor margin; and the apex of the telson is
produced into a sharp point, rather than being
rounded or subacute apically.
In view of these differences, we prefer to call atten-
tion to the occurrence of this species by naming it,
rather than by identifying it with the eastern Atlantic
P. parva. The differences between P. parva, P. aequi-
mana (Paulson) from the Red Sea, and P. hemphilli
are so slight that additional material might very well
show that they are the same.
Two other western Atlantic processids agree with
P. hemphilli in having symmetrical second pereiopods,
Ambidexter symmetricus and Processa vicina, which are
described herein. An Ambidexter with both first pereio-
pods can be distinguished from P. hemphilli by the
two being chelate; one lacking first pereiopods or the
left first pereiopod can be distinguished by the ab-
sence of a spine on the stylocerite; the species also
differ in the proportions of the segments of the pereio-
pods. Processa vicina differs from P. hemphilli in lacking
an antennal spine.
NAME.?The species is named for the collector,
Henry Hemp hill.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Marco, Collier County, Florida.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from the west coast
of Florida, in 2-31 m.
Processa profunda, new species
FIGURES 13-15
Processa canaliculata.?Rathbun, 1901: 104 [listed; part, speci-
mens from Albatross station 2402 only].
HOLOTYPE.?d", 7.2 mm; Gulf of Mexico, off west
coast of Florida; 28?36'N, 85?33'30"W; 202 m;
grey mud; Albatross station 2402; 14 March 1885;
USNM 23382.
PARATYPES.?1 cf, 2 9 (1 ovigerous); data as for
holotype; USNM.?2 9 (1 ovigerous); Gulf of Mex-
ico, Florida, southwest of Dry Tortugas; 24?20'N,
83?20'W; 346 m; Oregon station 1005; 13 April 1954;
USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with large lateral spine. (Right pereiopod of first pair
chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereiopods lack-
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
ing exopods.) Second pereiopods asymmetrical, right
stronger. Right second pereiopod with 21-22 meral
and 45-46 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with
5 meral and 18-21 carpal articles. (Fifth pereiopods
incomplete.) Fifth abdominal somite unarmed post-
erolaterally. Abdominal sternites unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 13a) almost
straight, apex slightly deflexed, bifid, lower tooth
longer, apex (Figure 13b) obscured by numerous long
setae; lower margin of rostrum sinuous, convex proxi-
mally, slightly concave distally. Lower orbital angle
broadly rounded. Antennal spine well developed.
Lower anterior angle of carapace broadly rounded.
Abdomen (Figure 13c) smooth, bare, ventral mar-
gins of pleura lined with fine setae. Fifth abdominal
somite rounded posterolaterally. Sixth abdominal
somite only slightly longer than fifth, with postero-
lateral spine; lobe above articulation of uropod pro-
duced into small, sharp spine. Telson (Figure 14a)
slightly more than 1 J/? times as long as sixth abdomi-
nal somite, length about 3J^ times greatest width,
with 2 pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of distal spines;
anterior pair of dorsal spines of telson set at end of
proximal fourth, distal pair beyond midlength; dis-
tance between anterior margin and anterior pair of
spines more than J^ the distance between pairs of
spines; distal spines of telson (Figure 14ft) as in P.
bermudensis; apex of telson produced into small, sharp
point.
Eyes (Figure 13a) moderately large, cornea width
subequal to length of stalk and cornea combined,
twice greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 13a7) extending by 2
distal segments and about \^ of proximal segment be-
yond rostrum; basal segment of peduncle subequal in
length to distal segments, ultimate segment % the
length of penultimate; proximal segment of peduncle
with ventral spine set slightly beyond midlength.
Stylocerite (Figure 13*) with strong, acute lateral pro-
jection, anterior margin sloping proximally mesially,
concave. Dorsolateral flagellum of antennule at least
as long as carapace, thickened setigerous portion con-
sisting of 20-27 articles, distal portion incomplete.
Ventromesial flagellum of antennule broken, prob-
ably at least twice as long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure 13/) scarcely overreaching
antennular peduncle, length of scale 63^ times great-
est width; distal spine of scale slightly overreaching
rounded anterior margin of blade. Proximal segment
of antenna with slender outer spine. Antennal pe-
duncle extending about to midlength of second seg-
ment of antennular peduncle. Antennal flagellum
more than 4 times carapace length.
FIGURE 13.?Processa prqfunda, new species, holotype, male,
carapace length 7.2 mm: a, anterior region; b, distal end of
rostrum; c, abdomen; d, right antennule; e, same, stylocerite;
/ , right antenna; g, right mandible; h, same, distal end; i, right
first maxilla; j , right second maxilla; k, right first maxilliped;
/, right second maxilliped; m, right first pleopod; ?, same,
endopod; o, right second pleopod; p, same, appendix masculina
and appendix interna; q, end of appendix masculina. Mag-
nifications: c, X3; a, d, f, m, o, X6; ?-/, X12.5; e, g, n, p,
X25; b, h, q, X63.
NUMBER 89 27
Third maxilliped (Figure 14c) overreaching anten-
nal scale by distal and }/? of penultimate segments;
ultimate segment ornamented with few spines, apex
sharp, shorter than penultimate segment, and about
3^ j as long as basal segment. Mandible (Figures 13 ,^ h)
with row of about 18 spines on posterior margin of
molar process. Remainder of mouthparts (Figures
13i-/) as in P. bermudensis.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 14*/) chelate,
overreaching antennal scale by most of length of
fingers of chela; fingers about % the length of palm;
carpus slightly longer than palm; merus about as long
as carpus and chela combined. Left pereiopod of first
pair (Figure 14e) with simple dactyl, overreaching
antennal scale by dactyl and ^ of propodus; dactyl
about 3^ the length of propodus; carpus slightly
shorter than propodus; merus shorter than remainder
of distal segments combined. Arthrobranch present
at base of first pereiopods. Second pereiopods asym-
metrical, right (Figure 14/) longer, overreaching an-
tennal scale by chela, carpus, and 3 distal articles of
merus; merocarpal articulation of right pereiopod
extending beyond eye; ischium with 3, merus with
21-22, and carpus with 45-56 articles; fingers sub-
equal to or slightly longer than palm; carpus almost
11 times as long as chela; merus 6 times as long as
FIGURE 14.?Processa prqfunda, new species, paratype, ovigerous
female from south of Cape San Bias, Florida {Albatross Station
2402), carapace length 9.3 mm: a, telson and uropods; b, end
of telson; c, right third maxilliped; d, right first pereiopod; e,
left first pereiopod; / , right second pereiopod; g, left second
pereiopod. Magnifications: c-g, X3; a, X6; b, X25.
FIGURE 15.?Processa pro/undo, new species, paratype, ovigerous
female from southwest of Dry Tortugas {Oregon Station 1005),
carapace length 10.8 mm: a, right third pereiopod; b, same,
dactyl; c, right fourth pereiopod; d, same, dactyl; e, right
fifth pereiopod (propodus and dactyl missing). Magnifications:
a, c, e, X3; b, d, X25.
chela; ischium shorter than merus. Left pereiopod of
second pair (Figure 14g) overreaching antennal scale
by chela and about ^ of carpus; ischium not divided,
merus with 5 and carpus with 18-21 articles; fingers
slightly longer than palm; carpus almost 7 times as
long as chela; merus almost 4 times as long as chela;
ischium slightly longer than merus. Third pereiopod
(Figure 15a) overreaching antennal scale by dactyl,
propodus, and about *^$ of carpus; dactyl (Figure 156)
slender, simple, with subapical setae; propodus almost
4 times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with tufts of setae
beyond midlength, and denser distal tufts of setae;
carpus about 2 ^ times as long as propodus, unarmed,
not markedly setose; merus less than twice as long as
propodus, with 5 movable spines on lateral surface;
ischium shorter than merus, with 1 movable spine on
lateral surface; combined lengths of propodus and
carpus of third pereiopod subequal to that of ischium
and merus. Fourth pereiopod (Figure 15c) overreach-
ing antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and about Yi
of carpus; dactyl (Figure \5d) slender, simple, with
dense subapical tuft of setae; propodus slightly more
than 3 times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with tufts
of setae proximal and distal to midlength, as well as
denser distal tufts; carpus slightly more than twice as
long as propodus, unarmed, not markedly setose;
merus less than 1J^ times as long as propodus, shorter
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
than carpus, with 5 movable spines on lateral sur-
face; ischium shorter than merus, about as along as
propodus, with 2 movable spines on lateral surface;
combined lengths of propodus and carpus of fourth
pereiopod greater than that of ischium and merus.
Fifth pereiopod (Figure \5e) damaged or missing in
all specimens, but extending beyond antennal scale
by dactyl, propodus, and Yl ?f carpus; carpus longer
than merus, unarmed; ischium shorter than merus,
unarmed.
Endopod of first male pleopod (Figures 13m, n)
about Vi as long as exopod, apex obliquely truncate,
smooth, without setae or spines; inner margin more
setose than outer; retinacular lobe distinct distally,
fused proximally. Appendix masculina on endopod of
first male pleopod (Figures 13o-q) with 5 short lateral
spinules and 4 distal spinules, 3 elongate. Abdominal
sternites unarmed. Uropods (Figure 14a) as in P.
bermudensis. Eggs small and numerous, 0.4?0.6 mm in
diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 6.5-7.2 mm; of
females, 7.0-10.8 mm; of ovigerous females, 9.3-10.8
mm.
COLOR.?Not recorded.
DISCUSSION.?Processa profunda resembles both P.
guyanae and P. tenuipes in having large eyes, an anten-
nal spine, a basal spine on the antenna, numerous
(more than forty) articles in the carpus of the second
pereiopods, and a rounded pleuron on the fifth ab-
dominal somite. It differs from those two species in
having the stylocerite produced into a strong outer
spine and in having an arthrobranch at the base of
the first pereiopods; no other Atlantic species has the
stylocerite shaped as in P. profunda.
The specimens taken by the Albatross were reported
by Rathbun (1901) as P. canaliculata.
NAME.?The specific name is from the Latin, pro-
fundus, deep, alluding to the depths at which the type-
series was collected.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Gulf of Mexico, off the west
coast of Florida, in 202 m.
DISTRIBUTION.?Gulf of Mexico, in depths between
202 and 346 m.
Processa riveroi, new species
FIGURE 16
HOLOTYPE.?Ovigerous 9 , 5.65 mm; Puerto Rico;
Lajas, La Parguera, east side of Maguey Island,
evening, after dark, with push net on shallow Thalas-
sia flats; R. B. Manning, col., station PR 6-61; 24
June 1961; USNM 134122.
PARATYPES.?2 9 (1 ovigerous); data as for holo-
type; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. 'Stylocerite
with spine at inner and outer angles. (Right leg of
first pereiopod chelate, left with simple dactyl; first
periopods lacking exopods.) Second pereiopods asym-
metrical, right stronger. Right second pereiopod with
17 meral and 39-43 carpal articles, left second pereio-
pod with 5-6 meral and 16-20 carpal articles. Carpus
of fifth pereiopod shorter than propodus. Fifth ab-
dominal somite with posterolateral spine. Abdominal
sternites 1-5 with median ventral spine.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 166) slightly de-
flexed, not extending to anterior margin of eye; apex
(Figure 16c) bifid, lower tooth longer, apex obscured
by long setae; ventral margin of rostrum ornamented
with setae, evenly convex. Lower orbital angle incon-
spicuous, broadly rounded. Antennal spine well de-
veloped. Lower anterior angle of carapace rounded
(Figure 16a).
Abdomen (Figure 16rf) smooth, surface ornamented
with numerous short setae, ventral margins of pleura
lined with fine setae; fifth abdominal somite with
posterolateral spine (Figure 16?). Sixth abdominal
somite less than twice as long as fifth, with blunt
posterolateral spine; lobe above articulation of uropod
produced into posterior spine. Telson (Figure 16/)
more than 1}/%, times as long as fifth abdominal so-
mite, length about 2]/% times greatest width, with 2
pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of distal spines; anterior
pair of dorsal spines of telson set at end of proximal
fourth, posterior pair beyond midlength; distance be-
tween anterior margin and anterior pair of spines
more than 3^2 t n e distance between pairs of spines;
distal spines (Figures 16g) as in P. bermudensis; apex
of telson produced into small, sharp point.
Eyes (Figure 16a) small, cornea width less than
length of stalk and cornea combined, only slightly
greater than greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 16/t) extending by
distal 2 segments and ^ of proximal segment beyond
rostrum; basal segment longer than distal segments
combined, ultimate segment about % the length of
penultimate; proximal segment with ventral spine
set slightly beyond midlength. Stylocerite (Figure
16t) truncated anteriorly, with small spine at inner
and outer angles. Dorsolateral flagellum of antennule
NUMBER 89 29
FIGURE 16.?Processa riveroi, new species, holotype, ovigerous female, carapace length 5.65 mm: a,
anterior region; b, rostrum; c, same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, margin of fifth abdominal pleuron;
/ , telson and uropods; g, end of telson; ft, right antennule; i, same, styloceritejj, right antenna; k,
right mandible; /, same, distal end; m, right first maxilla; n, right second maxilla; o, right first maxil-
liped; />, right second maxilliped; q, right third maxilliped; r, right first pereiopod; s, left first pereio-
pod; t, right second pereiopod; u, left second pereiopod; v, right third pereiopod; w, right fourth
pereiopod; x, right fifth pereiopod. Magnifications: d, X3; a, b,J, h,j, q-x, X6; e, m-p, X\2; g, I, k,
X25; c, I, X63.
nearly % longer than carapace, thickened setigerous
portion consisting of 17-19 articles and amounting
to % of total length, slender distal portion consisting
of 26-29 articles. Ventromesial flagellum at least 2%
times as long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure 16/) slightly overreaching
antennular peduncle, length of scale almost 4 times
the greatest breadth; distal spine of scale extending
slightly beyond lamella. Basal segment of antenna
with ventral spine. Antennal peduncle extending to
end of second segment of antennular peduncle. An-
tennal flagellum at least as long as body.
Third maxilliped (Figure 16 )^ overreaching anten-
nal scale by slightly more than combined lengths of
two distal segments; ultimate segment ornamented
with short spines, apex sharp; ultimate segment
longer than penultimate, slightly more than half as
long as proximal segment. Exopod well developed.
Mandible (Figures 16?, /) with row of 21 spines on
posterior margin of molar process. Remainder of
mouthparts (Figures \6m-p) as in P. bermudensis.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 16r) chelate,
overreaching antennal scale by fingers and over 3^ of
palm of chela; fingers about % the length of palm;
carpus slightly shorter than palm; merus slightly
shorter than carpus and chela combined. Left pereio-
pod of first pair (Figure 16*) with simple dactyl,
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl and % of pro-
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
podus; dactyl % the length of propodus; carpus
slightly more than 3^> as long as propodus; merus
about as long as carpus and propodus combined. No
arthrobranch visible at base of first pereiopods. Second
pereiopods asymmetrical, right (Figure 16/) stronger,
overreaching antennal scale by chela, carpus, and ^
of merus; merocarpal articulation extending beyond
eye; ischium with 3, merus with 17, and carpus with
39-43 articles; fingers slightly shorter than palm;
carpus 10 times as long as chela; merus about 5 ^
times as long as chela; ischium slightly shorter than
merus. Left pereiopod of second pair (Figure 16M)
overreaching antennal scale by chela, carpus, and 2
distal articles of merus; ischium undivided, merus
with 5-6 and carpus with 16-20 articles; fingers
shorter than palm; carpus about 4J/? times as long as
chela; merus about 2 ^ times as long as chela. Third
pereiopod (Figure 16P) overreaching antennal scale
by dactyl, propodus, and about J^ fo of carpus; dactyl
slender, simple, with apical setae; propodus about 4
times as long as dactyl, unarmed, ornamented with
tufts of setae along surface and at apex; carpus slightly
more than 1}/% times as long as propodus, unarmed;
merus less than 1 }/? times as long as propodus, with
4 movable spines on lateral face; ischium shorter
than merus, with 2 movable spines on lateral face;
combined lengths of propodus and carpus of third
pereiopod greater than those of ischium and merus.
Fourth pereiopod (Figure I6w) overreaching anten-
nal scale by dactyl, propodus, and ?? of carpus;
dactyl slender, simple, with apical tuft of setae; pro-
podus 3% times as long as dactyl, unarmed, with
tufts of setae along surface and at apex; carpus less
than \}/2 times as long as propodus, unarmed; merus
slightly longer than propodus, with 3 movable spines
on lateral surface; ischium shorter than merus, with
2 movable spines on lateral surface; combined length
of propodus and carpus of fourth pereiopod greater
than that of ischium and merus. Fifth pereiopod
(Figure 16x) overreaching antennal scale by dactyl
and %o of propodus; dactyl slender, simple, with short
apical tuft of setae; propodus almost 4 times as long
as dactyl, surface with scattered setae, with 4?5 spines
on flexor margin; carpus slightly shorter than pro-
podus, unarmed; merus slightly longer than propodus,
unarmed; ischium shorter than merus, unarmed;
combined length of propodus and carpus of fifth
pereiopod greater than that of ischium and merus.
Abdominal sternites 1-5 with median spine in fe-
males. Uropods (Figure 16/) as in P. bermudensis.
Eggs small and numerous, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of females, 2.7-5.65 mm;
of ovigerous females, 5.3-5.65 mm.
COLOR.?Background white, with minute red
chromatophores scattered over body; third maxilli-
peds and first pereiopods tinged with orange distally;
eggs light green.
DISCUSSION.?Processa riveroi closely resembles P.
Jimbriata, the only other western Atlantic species
with a spine on the stylocerite, a posterolateral
spine on the pleuron of the fifth abdominal somite,
and spines on the abdominal sternites. It can, how-
ever, be distinguished from that species by several
features. Processa riveroi is a slenderer species, with
noticeably smaller eyes; the cornea width is only
slightly greater than the greatest width of the antennal
scale, whereas in P. jimbriata it is usually twice as
broad as the antennal scale. The distal portion of the
dorsolateral antennal flagellum is longer than the
proximal in P. riveroi, whereas the reverse is true in
P. Jimbriata. The stylocerite of P. riveroi is armed at
both internal and external angles, rather than the
external angle only, and there are more spines (21
rather than 6-7) on the posterior margin of the man-
dible. The pereiopods of P. riveroi are longer than
those of P. Jimbriata: the right second pereiopod in P.
riveroi extends beyond the antennal scale by two thirds
of the merus, rather than by most of the carpus; the
third pereiopod of P. riveroi overreaches the antennal
scale by most of the carpus, whereas in P. Jimbriata
it extends beyond the scale by the two distal seg-
ments only. The numbers of articles in the second
pereiopods are slightly different in the two species:
in P. riveroi there are 17 meral and 39-43 carpal
articles in the right pereiopod, 5-6 meral and 16-20
carpal articles in the left; in P. Jimbriata there are 13-
16 meral and 31^0 carpal articles in the right pereio-
pod, 4-6 meral and 15-18 carpal articles in the left.
There may also be a habitat difference in the two
species, for P. riveroi was found free-living on shallow
grass flats, whereas many of the specimens of P.
fimbriata were found to be associated with sponges.
Two other species, Ambidexter symmetricus and Pro-
cessa bermudensis, were collected along with P. riveroi
at Maguey Island; all three apparently live in the
same habitat, Thalassia flats in shallow water, (water
depth 1 meter or less) on a sandy substratum.
NAME.?We are pleased to dedicate this species to
NUMBER 89 31
Juan A. Rivero, University of Puerto Rico, who sup-
ported the trip to Puerto Rico by one of us (RBM)
to study the decapods in the collection of the Institute
of Marine Biology at Mayaguez; during that trip the
types of P. riveroi were collected.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Maguey Island, La Parguera,
Puerto Rico.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from the type-locality,
Maguey Island, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, in shallow
water.
Processa tenuipes, new species
FIGURES 17, 18
HOLOTYPE.?Ovigerous 9 , 9.65 mm; Gulf of Mex-
ico, off west coast of Florida; 29?12'N, 84?22'W; 31 m;
Oregon station 898; 8 March 1954; USNM 97415.
PARATYPES.?5cf, 6 ovigerous 9 ; off North Caro-
lina; 35?08'30"N, 75?1O'W; 90 m; grey sand; Alba-
tross station 2596; 17 October 1885; USNM.?1 oviger-
ous 9; off northern coast of Cuba; 23?H'45"N,
82?17'54"W; 331 m; fine brown sand; Albatross sta-
tion 2327; 17 January 1885; USNM.?7 9 (5 oviger-
ous); Gulf of Mexico; off west coast of Florida;
28?44'N, 85?06'W; 92 m; fine clay ooze; L. Abele
col., LGA 70-5; 10 April 1970; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with at most lateral tubercle. (Right pereiopod of
first pair chelate, left with simple dactyl; first pereio-
pods lacking exopods.) Second pereiopod asymmetri-
cal, right stronger. Right second pereiopods with
18-28 meral and 28-69 carpal articles, left second
pereiopod with 5-9 meral and 17-26 carpal articles.
Carpus of fifth pereiopod longer than propodus. Fifth
abdominal somite unarmed posterolaterally. Ab-
dominal sternites unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 17b) slender, con-
vex dorsally, not extending to anterior margin of eye;
apex deflexed, bifid, lower tooth longer, apex ob-
scured by long setae. Lower orbital angle inconspicu-
ous, broadly rounded. Antennal spine small but dis-
tinct. Lower anterior angle of carapace broadly
rounded (Figure 17a).
Abdomen (Figure 11c) smooth, surface ornamented
with few short setae, ventral margins of pleura lined
with fine setae. Fifth abdominal somite bluntly angled
posterolaterally. Sixth abdominal somite less than
twice as long as fifth, angled posterolaterally; lobe
above articulation of telson unarmed. Telson (Figure
\7d) slightly more than \y% times as long as sixth
abdominal somite, length slightly more than 3 times
greatest width, with 2 pairs of dorsal and 3 pairs of
distal spines; anterior pair of dorsal spines of telson
set near end of proximal fourth, posterior pair beyond
midlength; distance between anterior margin and
anterior pair of spines more than ^ distance between
pairs of spines; distal spines (Figure 17^ ) as in P.
bermudensis; apex of telson produced into slender
median spine.
Eye (Figure 17a) of moderate size, cornea width
subequal to length of stalk and cornea combined,
more than double greatest width of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 17/) extending be-
yond rostrum by 2 distal segments and distalmost
third of proximal segment; basal segment as long as
combined lengths of distal segments, penultimate
segment more than twice the length of ultimate seg-
ment. Proximal segment of antennular peduncle with
small ventral spine near midlength. Stylocerite (Fig-
ure 17 )^ subtruncate .anteriorly, anterior margin sinu-
ous, with lateral tubercle or bluntly angled promi-
nence. Dorsolateral flagellum of antennule % as long
as carapace, thickened setigerous portion consisting
of 17-26 articles in females and 26-30 articles in
males and amounting to % of length, slender distal
portion consisting of 17-19 articles. Ventromesial
flagellum of antennule at least 4 times as long as
carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure 17A) extending about to
end of antennular peduncle, length of scale about 6}/?
times greatest width; distal spine of scale small, not
overreaching blade. Basal segment of antennal pe-
duncle with small but distinct outer spine. Antennal
peduncle extending about to midlength of second
segment of antennular peduncle. Antennal flagellum
about 4}/? times as long as carapace.
Third maxilliped (Figure 17?) overreaching an-
tennal scale by 2 distal segments; ultimate segment
ornamented with spines, apex sharp, shorter than
penultimate segment and less than 3^ as long as prox-
imal segment; exopod well developed. Posterior mar-
gin of molar process of mandible (Figure 17i) with
row of 21 small spines. Remainder of mouthparts
(Figures 1 lj-m) as in P. bermudensis.
Right pereiopod of first pair (Figure 1 To) chelate,
overreaching antennal scale by length of fingers;
fingers slightly more than x/i the length of palm;
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 17.?Processa tenuipes, new species, holotype, ovigerous female, carapace length 9.65 mm:
a, anterior region; b, distal portion of rostrum; c, abdomen; d, telson and uropods; e, end of telson;
/ , left antennule; g, same, stylocerite; k, left antenna; i, right mandible; j , right first maxilla; k, right
second maxilla; /, right first maxilliped; m, right second maxilliped; n, left third maxilliped; o, right
first pereiopod; p, left first pereiopod; q, right second pereiopod; r, left second pereiopod; s, right
third pereiopod; t, same, dactyl; u, left fourth pereiopod (dactyl missing); v, left fifth pereiopod
(dactyl and distal end of propodus missing). Magnifications: a, c, d,J, h, n-s, u, v, X4.2; j?m, X8.4;
g, XI7.5; b, e, i, t, X35.
NUMBER 89 33
carpus subequal to palm; merus longer than carpus
and chela combined. Left pereiopod of first pair
(Figure \lp) with simple dactyl, overreaching anten-
nal scale by dactyl and fully y% of propodus; dactyl
about }/? the length of propodus; carpus slightly
shorter than propodus; merus longer than carpus,
propodus, and dactyl combined. No arthrobranch
visible at base of first pereiopods. Second pereiopods
strongly asymmetrical, right longer. Right pereiopod
of second pair (Figure \lg) overreaching antennal
scale by chela, carpus, and slightly less than x/i of
merus; merocarpal articulation of right pereiopod
extending well beyond eye; ischium divided into 4
(sometimes indistinct), merus into 18-28, and carpus
into 48-69 articles; fingers subequal to palm; carpus
about \\y<i times as long as chela; merus about 6
times as long as chela; ischium slightly shorter than
merus. Left pereiopod of second pair (Figure 17r)
overreaching antennal scale by chela and 4 distal-
most articles of carpus; ischium not noticeably seg-
mented, merus with 5-9 and carpus with 17-26 ar-
ticles; fingers subequal to palm; carpus 6 times as long
as chela; merus less than 4 times as long as chela;
ischium subequal to merus. Third pereiopod (Figure
1 Is) overreaching antennal scale by dactyl, propodus,
and % of carpus; dactyl (Figure 17/) slender, simple,
with subapical tuft of setae; propodus 4 times as long
as dactyl, unarmed; carpus slightly more than twice
as long as propodus, unarmed; merus slightly less
than twice as long as propodus, with 4?6 movable
spines on lateral surface; ischium shorter than merus,
with 2 spines on lateral surface, combined length of
propodus and carpus of third pereiopod greater than
that of ischium and merus. Fourth pereiopod (Fig-
ures 17?, 18a, b) overreaching antennal scale by
dactyl, propodus, and ^ of carpus; dactyl (Figure
18a) slender, simple, with subapical tuft of setae;
propodus 4 times as long as dactyl, unarmed; carpus
about twice or slightly less than twice the length of
propodus, unarmed; merus about l j ^ - l j ^ times as
long as propodus, with 2-7 movable spines on lateral
face; ischium shorter than merus, with 1-2 movable
spines on lateral face; combined length of propodus
and carpus of fourth pereiopod greater than that of
ischium and merus. Fifth pereiopod (Figures \7v,
18t, d) overreaching antennal scale by dactyl, propo-
dus, and about % of carpus; dactyl (Figure 18a7)
slender, simple, with subapical tufts of setae; propodus
about 6-7 times as long as dactyl, with 3?4 spines on
flexor margin, distalmost sometimes paired; carpus
FIGURE 18.?Processa tenuipes, new species, paratype, ovigerous
female, from Gulf of Mexico, 92 meters, carapace length 6.4
mm: a, right fourth pereiopod; b, same, dactyl; c, right fifth
pereiopod; d, same, dactyl. Magnifications: a, c, X6; b, d,
X25.
slightly longer than propodus, unarmed; merus
slightly shorter than carpus, unarmed; ischium shorter
than merus, unarmed; combined length of propodus
and carpus of fifth pereiopod greater than that of
ischium and merus.
Abdominal sternites unarmed. Uropods (Figure
17a") as in P. bermudensis. Eggs small and numerous,
0.3-0.5 mm in diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 5.4?6.7 mm;
of females, 4.3-9.65 mm; of ovigerous females, 5.9-
9.65 mm.
COLOR.?Not recorded.
DISCUSSION.?Processa tenuipes may be the northern
counterpart of P. guyanae, a species not known from
localities north of Surinam. The new species resembles
P. guyanae in general facies; both species have large eyes,
an anteriorly truncated stylocerite, slender pereiopods
and numerous articles (44 or more) on the carpus of
the second right pereiopod. Processa tenuipes differs from
P. guyanae in having the rostrum convex dorsally, with
the apex deflexed, more articles on the carpus of the
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
second pereiopods, 48-69 rather than 44 47, slen-
derer third, fourth, and fifth pereiopods, and with
different proportions in the segments, especially those
of the fifth pereiopods. The propodus of the fifth
pereiopod in P. tenuipes is 6-7 times as long as the
dactyl and the merus is shorter than the carpus,
whereas in P. guyanae the propodus is 4 times as long
as the dactyl and the merus is slightly longer than
the carpus. Of the known processids from the western
Atlantic, only Nikoides schmitti resembles P. tenuipes
in overall slenderness of the posterior three pairs of
pereiopods.
NAME.?The name is from the Latin, tenuis, thin,
and pes, foot, in reference to the slender pereiopods.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Gulf of Mexico, off the west
coast of Florida, in 31 m.
DISTRIBUTION.?Northwestern Atlantic, from scat-
tered localities between North Carolina and the Gulf
of Mexico in depths between 31 and 331 m.
Processa vicina, new species
FIGURES 19, 20
Processa canaliculata.?Rathbun, 1901: 104 [listed, specimens
from Albatross stations 2605, 2606, 2370, 2373 only; part].?
Schmitt, 1935: 169 [part; North Carolina record only].
HOLOTYPE.?cf, 4.0 mm; off North Carolina;
34?35'30"N, 75?45'30"W; 59 m; white sand, black
specks; Albatross station 2605; 18 October 1885; USNM
23383.
PARATYPES.?2 o", 4 9 (2 ovigerous); 1 carapace;
data as for holotype; USNM.?1 ovigerous 9 ; off
North Carolina; 34?35'15"N, 75?52'W; 46 m; white
sand, black specks; Albatross station 2606; 18 Oc-
tober 1885; USNM.?1 9; Gulf of Mexico, off
northwestern Florida; 29?14'N, 85?29'15"W; 46 m;
coral; Albatross station 2373; 7 February 1885; USNM.
?2 9(1 ovigerous); Gulf of Mexico, off northwestern
Florida; 29?18'15"N, 85?32'W; 46 m; coarse, gray
sand, broken shell; Albatross station 2370; 7 February
1885; USNM.?Id1; Venezuela, off Isla de Mar-
garita; ll?03'N, 64?37.5'W; 95 m; LS 6805, station
III; L. Abele; 25 November 1968; USNM.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine absent. Stylocerite
rounded laterally. (Right pereiopod of first pair che-
late, left with simple dactyl; first legs lacking exopods.)
Second pereiopods symmetrical, with 5 meral and
10-14 carpal articles. Carpus of fifth pereiopod longer
than propodus. Fifth abdominal somite unarmed
posterolaterally. Abdominal sternites unarmed.
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figures 196, 20a) sinuous
or convex dorsally, apex (Figure 19c) noticeably de-
flexed, bifid, lower tooth longer, bifurcation obscured
by long setae; lower margin of rostrum convex prox-
imally, concave distally. Lower orbital angle an in-
conspicuous, rounded lobe. Antennal spine absent.
Lower anterior angle of carapace broadly rounded
(Figures 19a, 20a).
Abdomen (Figure 19a1) smooth, bare, lower mar-
gins of pleura lined with fine setae. Fifth abdominal
somite rectangular posterolaterally, posterolateral
apex of pleuron rounded, unarmed. Sixth abdominal
somite less than \y<i times as long as fifth, bluntly
angled posterolaterally; lobe above articulation of
uropod irregular in outline, unarmed. Telson (Fig-
ures 19<r, 20b) about lJ/? times as long as sixth ab-
dominal somite, length slightly more than 3 times
greatest width, with 2 pairs of dorsal and 2 pairs of
distal spines; anterior pair of dorsal spines of telson
set in proximal fourth, posterior spines beyond mid-
length; distance between anterior margin and anterior
pair of dorsal spines less than }/$ distance between
pairs of spines; distal spines (Figures 19/, 20c) as in
P. bermudensis.
Eye (Figures 19a, 20a) moderately large, cornea
width subequal to or slightly greater than length of
stalk and cornea combined, 2 ^ times greatest width
of antennal scale.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 19a;) extending by 2
distal segments and }/%-}/& ?f proximal segment be-
yond rostrum, proximal segment longer than distal
segments combined; ultimate segment slightly more
than ]/2 the length of penultimate; proximal segment
of antennular peduncle with ventral spine, set slightly
beyond midlength. Stylocerite (Figures 19g, 20a")
obtusely rounded laterally, inner margin projecting
farther than outer, inner armed with minute tubercle
in some specimens. Dorsolateral flagellum of anten-
nule incomplete, thickened setigerous portion con-
sisting of 9-12 articles.
Antennal scale (Figure 19x) extending to or slightly
beyond end of antennular peduncle, length of scale
about 6J/? times greatest breadth; distal spine of scale
overreaching blade. Antennal peduncle extending
about to midlength of second segment of antennular
peduncle, basal segment of antenna unarmed. An-
tennal flagellum about 4?5 times carapace length.
NUMBER 89 35
FIGURE 19.?Processa vicina, new species, holotype, male, carapace length 4.0 mm: a, anterior
region; b, rostrum; c, same, distal end; d, abdomen; e, telson and uropods;/, end of tclson; g, stylo-
cerite of right antennule; h, right mandible; t, right first maxilla; j , right second maxilla; k, right
first maxilliped; /, right second maxilliped; m, right third maxilliped; n, right first pereiopod; o,
right second pereiopod; p, left second pereiopod; q, right third pereiopod (propodus and dactyl
missing); r, right first pleopod; s, same, endopod; {, right second pleopod; u, same, endopod; v, same,
appendix masculina. Paratype, ovigerous female, from type-locality, carapace length 5.3 mm: w,
right antennule; x, right antenna. Magnifications: d, X6; a, b, e, m-r, t, w, x, X12.5; / , g, i?l, u,
X25; c, h, s, v, X63.
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Third maxilliped (Figure 19m) overreaching an-
tennal scale by slightly more than length of distal
segment; ultimate segment with short spines on sur-
face, apex acute; ultimate segment subequal to penul-
timate, slightly more than }/% the length of proximal
segment; exopod well developed. Mandible (Figure
19/z) with row of 11 spines on posterior margin of
molar process; other mouthparts (Figures 19*'-/) as in
P. bermudensis.
Right pereiopods of first pair (Figures 19n, 20*)
chelate, reaching about to end of or barely over-
reaching antennal scale; fingers %-% length of palm;
carpus subequal to palm; merus longer than carpus
and chela combined. Left pereiopod of first pair
(Figure 20/) with simple dactyl, overreaching anten-
nal scale by most of dactyl; dactyl }/$ the length of
propodus; carpus % the length of propodus; merus
longer than carpus, propodus, and dactyl combined.
Arthrobranch not visible at base of first pereiopods.
Second pereiopods (Figures 19o, p, 20g, h) symmetri-
cal, overreaching antennal scale by chela and distal
3 articles of carpus; merocarpal articulation of second
legs not extending beyond eye; ischium undivided,
merus with 5 and carpus with 10-14 articles; fingers
subequal to palm; carpus 4J/?-5 times as long as
chela; merus about 3 times as long as chela; ischium
subequal to merus. Third pereiopod (Figures 19 ,^ 20i)
overreaching antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and
fully half of carpus; dactyl (Figure 20/) slender, sim-
ple, with subapical setae; propodus 4 times as long as
dactyl, unarmed, with scattered setae on surface, and
longer apical tufts of setae; carpus 1% times as long
as propodus, unarmed, with scattered setae on sur-
face; merus about 1 }/? times as long as propodus, with
5 movable spines on lateral surface; ischium about ^
as long as merus, with 0-2 movable spines on lateral
surface; combined length of propodus and carpus of
third pereiopod slightly greater than that of ischium
and merus. Fourth pereiopod (Figure 20A:) overreach-
ing antennal scale by dactyl, propodus, and about %
of carpus; dactyl slender, simple, with subapical tufts
of setae; propodus 5 times as long as dactyl, unarmed,
ornamented with few short setae on surface and longer
distal tufts of setae; outer margin of propodus not
markedly more setose in males than in females; carpus
slightly more than 1 x/i times as long as propodus, un-
armed, with few short setae on surface; merus about
\}4> times as long as propodus, with 5 movable spines
on lateral surface; ischium shorter than merus, with
FIGURE 20.?Processa vicina, new species, paratype, male, from
off Venezuela, carapace length 3.0 mm: a, anterior region;
b, tclson and uropods; c, end of telson; d, stylocerite of right
antennule; e, right first pereiopod; / , left first pereiopod; g,
right second pereiopod; h, left second pereiopod; i, right third
pereiopod; j , same, dactyl; k, right fourth pereiopod; /, left
fifth pereiopod; m, endopod of right second pleopod. Magnifica-
tions: a, b, e-i, k, I, X12.5; d, X25; c,j, m, X63.
NUMBER 89 37
2 movable spines on lateral surface; combined length
of propodus and carpus of fourth periopod much
greater than that of ischium and merus. Fifth pereio-
pod (Figure 20/) overreaching antennal scale by
dactyl, propodus, and fully half of carpus; dactyl
slender, simple, with subapical tufts of setae; propodus
almost 4 times as long as dactyl, with scattered short
setae on surface, longer apical setae, and 1 distal
spine on flexor margin; outer margin of propodus not
markedly more setose in males than in females; carpus
% longer than propodus, unarmed; merus about l}4
times as long as propodus, unarmed; ischium shorter
than merus, unarmed; combined length of propodus
and carpus of fifth pereiopod greater than that of
ischium and merus.
Endopod of first male pleopod (Figures 19r, s) about
x/l as long as exopod, tapering distally, apex acute,
setose, retinacular lobe well developed, separated for
most of its length; coupling hooks not seen. Appendix
masculina of second male pleopod (Figures 19/-r>,
20m) with row of spinules on outer margin, apex with
4 distal spinules. Abdominal sternites unarmed. Uro-
pods (Figures 19 ,^ 206) as in P. bermudensis. Eggs
small and numerous, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.8^1.0 mm; of
females, 2.9-5.3 mm; of ovigerous females, 4.3-5.3
mm.
COLOR.?Not recorded.
DISCUSSION.?Processa vicina resembles P. bermudensis
and differs from all other Atlantic species of Processa
in lacking the antennal spine of the carapace. It dif-
fers from P. bermudensis in having symmetrical second
pereiopods, with 5 meral and 10-14 carpal articles
on both; it further differs from P. bermudensis in having
the rostrum deflexed anteriorly and in having broader
eyes.
Only three other species of Processa are known to
have symmetrical second pereiopods: P. aequimana
(Paulson), from the Red Sea; P. parva Holthuis, from
the eastern Atlantic; and P. hemphilli, described herein
from west Florida. These three species also have an
antennal spine on the carapace.
NAME.?The name is from the Latin, vicina, near,
alluding to its presumed relationship with P. ber-
mudensis.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Off North Carolina, in 59 m.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, where it has been
taken off North Carolina, in the Gulf of Mexico, and
off Venezuela, in depths between 46 and 95 m.
Processa wheeleri Lebour, 1941
Processa wheeleri Lebour, 1941: 403, figs. 1-9, 11-27.?Holthuis,
1959: 120 [discussion].?A. B. Williams, 1965: 87.
DIAGNOSIS.?Antennal spine present. Stylocerite
with lateral spine. (Right pereiopod of first pair che-
late, left with simple dactyl; first pereiopods lacking
exopods.) Second pereiopods asymmetrical, right
stronger. Right second pereiopod with 7 meral and
23 carpal articles, left second pereiopod with 5 meral
and 15 carpal articles. Carpus of fifth leg subequal in
length to propodus. Fifth abdominal somite unarmed
posterolaterally. (Abdominal sternites not described).
DISCUSSION.?This species was not represented in
the material available to us, and we were unable to
locate the male holotype; it may prove to be at The
Marine Laboratory, Plymouth.
P. guyanae, P. profunda, and P. tenuipes (the other
western Atlantic species with a spine on the stylo-
cerite, an antennal spine, unarmed pleura on the
fifth abdominal somite, and asymmetrical second
chelae) all have longer pereiopods and have more
than forty articles on the carpus of the right second
pereiopod.
Williams (1965) suggested that a few immature
specimens of Processa collected in Bogue Sound, North
Carolina, might prove to be P. wheeleri, but his speci-
mens were too young to be identified with certainty.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Off Bermuda.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, where it is known
from Bermuda and possibly from off North Carolina.
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Index
[Pages with principal accounts are in boldface]
acutirostris, Processa, 2, 13
aequimana, Processa, 3, 12, 13, 25, 37
Ambidexter, 2, 3, 7, 25
symmetricus, 3, 5-7, 19, 25, 30
apodus, Lutjanus, 19
Aulospongus schoemus, 22
australiensis, Processa, 13
austroafricana, Processa, 13
bermudensis, Nika, 15
Processa, 1, 12, 14,15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23-31, 33, 34, 36, 37
Processa canaliculata var., 15
borboronica, Processa, 15
canaliculata, Processa, 1-3, 12, 13, 15, 19, 23, 25, 28, 34
var. bermudensis, Processa, 15
coutierei, Processa, 13
danae, Nikoides, 7, 8, 12, 22
Diopatra, 4
Diplanthera, 3, 7
edulis, Processa, 3, 13
elegantula, Processa, 12, 14, 22
fimbriata, Processa, 12, 14, 19, 20-22, 30
gracilis, Processa, 13
guyanae, Processa, 1, 2, 12, 15, 22, 28, 33, 34, 37
Halimeda, 16
hawaiiensis, Processa, 13
hemphilli, Processa, 7, 12-14, 22, 23, 24, 25
Hircinia strobilina, 22
intermedia, Processa, 14
jacobsoni, Processa, 2, 3, 13
japonica, Processa, 13
kotiensis, Processa, 13
Lutjanus apodus, 19
macrodactyla, Processa, 14
macrognatha, Processa, 13
macrophthalma, Processa, 14
maldivensis, Nikoides, 2, 3, 8, 12
mediterranea, Processa, 15
molaris, Processa, 3, 13
nanus, Nikoides, 2, 3, 7, 12
Nika bermudensis, 15
Nikoides, 1-3,7, 12
danae, 7, 8, 12, 22
maldivensis, 2, 3, 8, 12
nanus, 2, 3, 7, 12
schmitti, 8, 9-12, 34
sibogae, 8, 12
parva, Processa, 12-14, 25, 37
paucirostris, Processa, 3, 13
pontica, Processa, 13, 14
Processa, 1-3,12, 13, 18, 37
acutirostris, 2, 13
aequimana, 3, 12, 13, 25, 37
australiensis, 13
austroafricana, 13
bermudensis, 1, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23-31, 33, 34,
36, 37
borboronica, 15
canaliculata, 1-3, 12, 13, 15, 19, 23, 25, 28, 34
var. bermudensis, 15
coutierei, 13
edulis, 3, 13
elegantula, 12, 14, 22
fimbriata, 12, 14,19, 20-22, 30
gracilis, 13
guyanae, 1, 2, 12, 15, 22, 28, 33, 34, 37
hawaiiensis, 13
hemphilli, 7, 12-14, 22, 23, 24, 25
intermedia, 14
jacobsoni, 2, 3, 13
japonica, 13
kotiensis, 13
macrodactyla, 14
macrognatha, 13
macrophthalma, 14
mediterranea, 15
molaris, 3, 13
parva, 12-14, 25, 37
paucirostris, 3, 13
pontica, 13, 14
processa, 13, 15
profunda, 15, 25, 26-28, 37
riveroi, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29-31
robusta, 13
species, 1,8, 12, 15, 19
steinii, 3, 13
tenuipes, 12, 15, 28, 31, 32-34, 37
vicina, 12, 14, 18, 25, 34, 35-37
wheeleri, 1, 2, 14, 37
processa, Processa, 13, 15
processae, Urobopyrus, 22
profunda, Processa, 15, 25, 26-28, 37
riveroi, Processa, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29-31
robusta, Processa, 13
schmitti, Nikoides, 8, 9-12, 34
schoemus, Aulospongus, 22
sibogae, Nikoides, 8, 12
species, Processa, 1,8, 12, 15, 19
40
NUMBER 89 41
Spheciospongia vespara, 19, 22
steinii, Processa, 3, 13
strobilina, Hircinia, 22
symmetricus, Ambidexter, 3, 5-7, 19, 25, 30
tenuipes, Processa, 12, 15, 28, 31, 32-34, 37
Thalassia, 4, 7, 16, 19, 28, 30
Urobopyrus processae, 22
vespara, Spheciospongia, 19, 22
vicina, Processa, 12, 14, 18, 25, 34, 35-37
wheeled, Processa, 1,2, 14, 37
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