SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 135, NUMBER 9
CljarlesJ 3B. anb jUlarp "^aux OTalcottl^esiearcl) JfunbNEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS(With Eight Plates)
ByPORTER M. KIERAssociate Curator, Division of Invertebrate Paleontologyand PaleobotanyUnited States National MuseumSmithsonian Institution
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(Publication 4337)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONAUGUST 4, 1958
THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC.BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
Cijades; B. anb iWarp "^aux Msiltott a^exiearcti JfunbNEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDSBY PORTER M. KIERAssociate Curator, Division of Invertebrate Paleontologyand Paleobotany, United States National MuseumSmithsonian Institution(With Eight Plates)INTRODUCTIONSeven new species and one new genus of Paleozoic echinoids aredescribed in this paper. One of the two new species of Archaeocidaris,A. immanis, is represented by a magnificent specimen, remarkable notonly for its size, being the largest cidarid ever recorded, fossil or Re-cent, but is the first specimen of the genus showing the original shapeof the echinoid. Furthermore, it is the first certain Archaeocidarisfrom the Pennsylvanian. A study of the ambulacral plates of thisspecies, and of other species of the genus, shows that the plates arehighly imbricate, a feature not previously known.Archaeocidaris aliquantula and Lepidechinus cooperi are new spe-cies from the Gilmore City formation. • The numerous specimens ofthese species in the United States National Museum were collectedby Dr. Lowell R. Laudon at the same locality where he collected hisbeautifully preserved crinoids.In the Jackson collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology atHarvard, the author found several specimens of a new species fromCrawfordsville, Ind., which clearly represent a new cidarid genus.This genus, herein named Polytaxicidaris, is the first cidarid knownwith more than four columns in each interambulacrum. Also, as itsinterambulacral plates are similar to those of Archaeocidaris, its dis-covery makes unwise the referring of isolated interambulacral platesor spines to Archaeocidaris, as has been done frequently in the past.A new species of Palaechiniis, P. tetrastichns, is described fromthe Mississippian of Montana. This is the first species of this genusfound in the United States, and is based on several specimens col-lected by R. M. Stainforth of the Carter Oil Co.One of the two new species of Lepidesthes, L. grandis, is of con-siderable interest not only because of its great size, but also as it has
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 135, NO. 9
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
more columns (20) in each ambulacrum than any other member ofthe genus. The plates of the holotype are very well preserved, andfrom a study of them it is evident that although the plates do imbri-cate, the test was not flexible, as has been presumed in all echinoidswith imbricating plates. The other new Lepidesthes, L. alta, is repre-sented by one specimen, and is the first one of the genus preservingits original shape. The test is extremely high, being one of the highestin proportion to its width of all known echinoids.A specimen of Archaeocidaris hlairi (Miller) is described in whichthe apical system has been revealed by removal of the interambulacralplates which had shifted over the apical area. The apical system washitherto unknown in this genus. This species was placed by Jacksonin synonymy with Archaeocidaris legrandensis Miller and Gurley, butis here separated and redescribed. Finally, a specimen of Lepidesthescolletti White from a new locality is figured.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am greatly indebted to Dr. G. Arthur Cooper who had, severalyears ago, cleaned, photographed, and tentatively described the Gil-more City echinoids. The photographs used in this paper of these twospecies were taken by him. I also acknowledge his helpful suggestionsmade during the writing of this paper, and express my great apprecia-tion for his part in making it possible for me to study echinodermsat the United States National Museum.Dr. M. H. Nitecki, curator of the Walker Museum at the Univer-sity of Chicago, very kindly lent me the type specimen of Archaeoci-daris legrandensis, and Dr. N. D. Newell sent to me from the Ameri-can Museum of Natural History a cotype of Archaeocidaris wortheni.I am indebted to Dr. L. R. Laudon for the echinoids from GilmoreCity, and to B. H. Beane for specimens from Gilmore City andLeGrand, lov.'a. Mrs. J. H. Renfro collected the specimens of Lepi-desthes grandis, and J. L. Borden and Dr. N. D. Newell collected thespecimen of Archaeocidaris immanis. Dr. J. Thomas Dutro, Jr.,brought to my attention the specimens of Palaechinus tetrastichus,and Dr. Donald W. Fisher and Clinton F. Kilfoyle very kindlysearched through their Craw fordsville material at the New York StateMuseum and located two specimens of Polytaxicidaris dyeri.Finally, through the courtesy of Dr. C. O. Dunbar, I was able tostudy the Paleozoic echinoids at the Peabody Museum at Yale, andthrough the kindness of Dr. H. B. Whittington, the echinoids of theJackson collection at tlie Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard.
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 3Family ARCHAEOCIDARIDAE McCoyGenus ARCHAEOCIDARIS McCoy, 1844Type species.—Cidaris urii Fleming, by subsequent designation,Bather, 1907, p. 453. Generic name Archaeocidaris validated in Opin-ion 370 under plenary powers by suppression under same powers ofgeneric name Echinocrinus Agassiz, 1841. Opin. Internat. Comm.Zool. NomencL, vol. 11, pp. 301-320, 1955.ARCHAEOCIDARIS IMMANIS Kier, new speciesPlates I, 2, 3A; text figures i, 2Diagnosis.—Species characterized by large size, slightly developedbasal terrace, and frequent occurrence in ambulacra of plates sepa-rated from perradial suture.Material.—The specimen occurred in a dense oolitic limestone, andwas cleaned by grinding away this matrix with a dental machine. Asthe secondary spines were in place on the test before cleaning, theechinoid was obviously little disturbed during its burial by ooliticsands. The test is complete except for the peristomal plates, the lan-tern, and most of the apical system. The original calcite of the platesis present, with the only change being the filling of the interstices ofthe plates with clear calcite making their microstructure remarkablyclear.Shape.—Specimen showing no sign of crushing, presumably re-taining original shape. Test low, 145 mm. in horizontal diameter, 55mm. high, with concave apical and peristomal regions. Largest cidariddescribed with largest previously known (Mortensen, 1928, p. 10)only no mm. in horizontal diameter.Apical system.—Most plates of apical system missing except in oralportion of one interambulacrum having along its midline three columnsof small plates with outer columns perforated by longitudinal seriesof pores, three to five in each plate (text fig. i). Plate arrangementnot clear as this part of test dissolved during fossilization with manyplates now absent or only partially preserved. Pores, because of regu-lar pattern, symmetrical occurrence, probably original with echinoid,being unlikely that boring animal would drill such orderly series ofholes. Plates perhaps representing single genital plate split into smallerplates, pores being genital pores, as frequently occurring in theEchinothuridae (Agassiz and Qark, 1909, p. 147).Ambulacra.—Extremely narrow, each approximately 6.5 mm. wideat midzone, one-thirteenth width of interambulacrum, sinuous, reflect-
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35ing curved surface of adambulacral plates, with 20-25 plates to eachadambulacral plate at midzone. Pore pairs uniserial, outer pore larger,more elongated transversely than inner pore. Plates imbricatingstrongly orally, and under adambulacral plates, extension or flange ofeach ambulacral plate (pi. 3A, fig. 2) extending aborally from nearjunction of aboral ambulacral suture and perradial suture. Flangethin, sloping slightly inward, not visible where plates in proper posi-tion but seen only where plates displaced away from perradial suture.Ambulacral plate figured in plate 3A, figure 2, revealed by removalof two plates immediately aboral to it. Every second or third plate ina series separated (text fig. 2) from perradial suture by expansion oftubercle-bearing portion of adjacent ambulacral plate. This arrange-ment of ambulacral plates never described before in any other archaeo-cidarid, and not found during author's examination of many speciesof genus. In portion of ambulacra aboral to last tubercle-bearinginterambulacral plate, ambulacra nearly straight, with lower plates,outer pore of pore pair more elongated, being slitlike in appearance.Interamhulacra.—Broad, each averaging 85 mm. in width at mid-zone, with four columns in each area. Plates of two inner columnshexagonal, at midzone each being approximately 25 mm. wide, 17 mm.high. Adambulacral plates narrower, pentagonal with adradial side ofplate curved, plate at midzone 22 mm. wide, 17 mm. high. Most inter-ambulacral plates bearing one large perforated tubercle with diameterapproximately one-half height of plate. Each tubercle with steep-sidedboss, well-developed parapet, straight neck, deeply perforated mame-lon, with perforation extending to base of boss. Tubercle illustratedin plate 3A, figure i, not showing deep perforation because plates notbroken in vertical section through perforation but at angle to it. Mostof plates with no basal terrace or scrobicule although slightly devel-oped in several. Secondary tubercles in row around margin of eachplate with approximately 30 on plate at midzone. Aboral interambula-cral plates much smaller, lacking tubercles, one of most oral bearingincipient tubercle with slightly developed boss, no perforation. Innearly complete column, five small aboral plates without tubercles,seven large plates with tubercles. Plates imbricating strongly overambulacra, very slight imbrication of plates of median columns overadambulacral plates. No evidence of aboral imbrication except in small,thin, tubercleless plates in aboral region.Spines.—Portions of several primary spines visible in matrix ; circu-lar in section, hollow, longitudinally finely striate, long, tapering, withwell-developed ring. Longest portion of spine 35 mm. long, but less
Figs. 1-4.— i, 2, Archaeocidaris immanis Kier, new species: i, Aboral portion of inter-ambulacrum showing small perforated plates between the two inner columns. These platesmay represent a divided genital plate, X i- (See pi. i.) 2, Portion of an ambulacrumshowing every second or third plate in a series separated from perradial suture by expansionof tubercle-bearing portion of adjacent plate, X 4. (See pi. 2, fig. 4.) Both holotype,U.S.N.M. 90763.3, 4, Archaeocidaris blairi (Miller) : 3, Aboral surface showing portion of apical system,with genital plates revealed by removal of aboral interambulacral plates which had shiftedover apical area during flattening of test, X 2.6. (See pi. 4A, fig. i.) Figured specimenU.S.N.M. S3828. 4, Same specimen, but showing oral surface, X 2.6.
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 35than one-third diameter of thickest spine which must have been con-siderably longer. Small spines attached to secondary tubercles on edgeof interambulacral plates approximately 7 mm. long, longitudinallystriated, hollow, nontapering.Type.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. 90763.Horizon and locality.—Pennsylvanian (Dewey limestone), NE^sec. 33, T. 23 N., R. 12 E., Washington County, Okla.Discussion.—This specimen is remarkable not only because of itsgreat size, but also as it is the first specimen of Archaeocidaris showingits original shape and the first well-preserved member of the genusfrom the Pennsylvanian. It is easily distinguished from all the otherspecies of Archaeocidaris, based on reasonably well-preserved speci-mens, by its large size, slightly developed basal terrace and scrobicule,and by the frequent occurrence in the ambulacra of plates separatedfrom the perradial suture.The presence of imbrication in the ambulacral plates of Archaeoci-daris casts further doubt on any lineage of the Cidaroida from theArchaeocidaridae as proposed by Mortensen (1928, p. 58), and Dur-ham and Melville (1957, p. 245). It seems more reasonable to con-sider, as Jackson did (1896, p. 237 ; 1912, p. 249), that the archaeoci-darids are not ancestors of the post-Paleozoic cidarids, and that thecidarids never passed through a four-columned interambulacrum stage.Hawkin's series (1943, p. bcv), with the cidarids passing through Mio-cidaris, is much preferred to any lineage through Archaeocidaris.Morphological note.—In no other species of Archaeocidaris haveambulacral plates been described with a flange for perradial overlap.This flange, however, is probably present in all species of this genus,as the author has seen it in every specimen having ambulacral platesof every species studied including the following: A. wortheni Hall(American Museum Natural History, cotype, 7747/1), A. agassiziHall (U.S.N.M. S3825), A. legrandensis Miller and Gurley (Univer-sity of Chicago Museum, holotype, 6198), A. aliquantula, new species(U.S.N.M. 136453), A. blairi (Miller) (U.S.N.M. S3828), A. new-berryi Hambach (U.S.N.M. S3899), A. rossica (Buch) (Mus. Comp.Zoology, Harvard, 3087). Jackson (1912, pi. 12, fig. 10) shows avertical perradial suture in his figure of an ambulacral plate of A. ros-sica. However, I have examined this specimen and found the per-radial suture to be oblique, not vertical, with each plate having a flangeas described above.The ambulacral plates were removed and separated in a specimenof A. agassizi (see Jackson, op. cit. pi. 13, fig. 4). In Jackson's figure
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 7and in plate 3B, figure 3, the overlapping of the plates is not apparentwhere the plates are in normal position, but their separation (pi. 3B,fig. 4) reveals the flange and perradial overlap.This overlap in the ambulacral plates of Archacocidaris results in astronger suture between the plates than that found in plates with avertical suture (see p. 23).ARCHAEOCIDARIS ALIQUANTULA Kier, new speciesPlate 3CDiagnosis.—Species characterized by small size, with coarse radialplications on interambulacral plates extending from basal terrace tomargin of plates.Material.—There are many loose specimens and many crowded onslabs. All are flattened and covered with spines, and on many speci-mens the secondary spines are still attached. The presence of attachedspines, and the occurrence of a thin layer of marl over the echinoidsindicates that they were smothered and buried by a deposit of cal-careous mud which prevented disturbance of the tests by scavengersand currents (Laudon, 1957, p. 963).Shape.—Probably originally low, with shape similar to Archaeoci-daris irnmanis.Apical system.—On paratype U.S.N-.M. 136467 two plates present
:
genital 2 with madreporic pores, ocular II with one pore.Ambulacra.—Only short portions and isolated plates present withtwo columns of low uniserial primaries each bearing one secondaryspine. Ambulacra narrow, apparently straight, beveling under adam-bulacral plates, with approximately four to five ambulacral plates foreach adjacent adambulacral plate at midzone. Each plate bearing flangefor perradial overlap.Interambulacra.—Broad, composed of four columns of thin imbri-cating plates. Adambulacral plates pentagonal, higher than wide;plates of inner columns hexagonal, wider than high. Plates imbricat-ing aborally and over ambulacra, each bearing one large centrally lo-cated tubercle deeply perforated with bottom of pit extending to nearbase of boss. Basal terrace slightly developed, not visible on manyspecimens. Secondary tubercles around margin of each plate with 25to 30 on plate at midzone; coarse radial plications extending fromtubercles, across slightly developed scrobicule to basal terrace.Peristome.—Large, 5 mm. in diameter on specimen 13 mm. in hori-zontal diameter, covered with numerous small, low plates imbricatingorally.
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
Lantern.—Inclined with deep foramen magnum.Spines.—Primary spines extremely long, over 30 mm., lengthgreater than horizontal diameter of echinoid. Spines slightly striated,no spinules, well-developed milled ring, hollow from near tip to nearmilled ring with cavity approximately one-half width of spine. Sec-ondary spines short, striated, present on ambulacral plates, peristomalplates, and around margin of each interambulacral plate.Types.—Uolotype, U.S.N.M. 136451 ; paratypes, U.S.N.M.136452-3.Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Kinderhookian—GilmoreCity formation) quarries of Northwestern States Portland CementCo. and Pennsylvania Dixie Cement Co., about one mile northwest ofGilmore City, Pocahontas County, Iowa. Collector: Lowell R.Laudon.Discussion.—Of all the species of Archaeocidaris, this species re-sembles most A. hlairi (Miller) from the Meramecian of Missouri.It is distinguished from this species by its less developed basal terraceand scrobicule, and in having coarse radial plications extending fromthe secondary tubercle on the margin of each interambulacral plateto the basal terrace, as contrasted to A. hlairi in which extremely fineradial plications occur along the basal terrace but do not reach thesesecondary tubercles.ARCHAEOCIDARIS BLAIRI (Miller)Plate 4A ; text figures 3, 4Eocidaris blairi Miller, 1891. Advance Sheets, 17th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,p. 73, pi. 12, figs. I, 2.Archaeocidaris legrandcnsis (part) Jackson, 1912. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,vol. 7, pp. 260-261, pi. 8, figs. 7, 8, pi. 9, figs. 12, 13.In order to explain the function of the pore-bearing plates in theaboral interambulacrum of Archaeocidaris immanis described above,it was essential to learn the nature of the apical system in Archaeoci-daris. Except for several possible genital plates described by Jackson(1912, pp. 265-266) the apical system is unknown in the genus. Asearch was made of all the specimens in the U. S. National Museumand any specimen that might have the plates was cleaned. On a speci-men of A. hlairi occurred a plate larger than the others, pierced withone pore, and located on the edge of the periproctal area. As this platebeveled under adjacent interambulacral plates, these plates were re-moved, revealing seven more pores of what was obviously a genitalplate. The removal of similar plates at the aboral extremities of the
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 9
ambulacra and interambulacra revealed two more genitals, includingthe madreporite and two oculars. It is apparent that the flattening ofthe test of an Archaeocidaris forces the thin, nontuberculate aboralinterambulacral plates up ^nd over the genitals and oculars, thus hid-ing the apical system from view.As the above-mentioned specimen of A. blairi is from the same lo-cality, Boonville, Mo., as Miller's type specimen, and as it shows fea-tures not visible on his types, it warrants description.Material.—There is one well-preserved specimen, which, althoughflattened, shows most of its interambulacral plates. It is 24 mm. inhorizontal diameter, 7 mm. at its greatest height.Apical system.—Genitals i, 2, 3; oculars I, III visible. Genital 2broad, rounded (text fig. 3), width nearly equal to height, larger thanother genitals, pierced with eight genital pores and numerous madre-poric pores. Genital 3 narrow, with eight or nine pores ; genital ipartly uncovered, six pores visible. Genital pores extremely smallbeing of approximately same size as ambulacral pores. Ocular platessmall relative to genitals, each pierced in oral region by one small pore.Both ocular and genital plates thin, beveling under interambulacra.Imbrication relationship of oculars to ambulacra not clear. Manysmall, irregularly shaped periproctal plates within ocular-genital ring.Ambulacra.—On most of test not visible due to slippage of inter-ambulacral plates over ambulacra at time of flattening of specimen.Plates thin, beveled for perradial imbrication,Interambulacra.—Four columns in each area with from 9 to 11plates in a column ; plates of median columns hexagonal, wider thanhigh, largest plate approximately 5 mm. wide, 4 mm. high. Adambula-cral plates pentagonal, narrow, width less than height, imbricating overambulacra. Large perforated tubercle with well-developed basal ter-race and wide scrobicule on each plate except near apical area. Ex-tremely fine radial plications on edge of basal terrace. Aborally, firstthree or four plates in a column bearing no tubercles ; here plates thin,strongly imbricating aborally. In area 3, most oral plate bearing oneincipient perforate tubercle, no basal terrace.Lantern.—Portions of two pyramids visible; foramen moderatelydeep.Figured specimen.—U.S.N.M. S3828.Horison and locality.—Mississippian (Meramecian—Warsaw for-mation), from Boonville, Mo.Discussion.—Jackson (1912, p. 260) placed A. blairi in synonymywith A. legrandensis, as he was unable to see any difference between
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
Miller and Gurley's type specimens of A. legrandensis and Miller's ofA. hlairi. However, I have studied the type specimens oi A. legrand-ensis, and they are so poorly preserved that it is not possible to deter-mine whether or not the specimens represent the same species as A.hlairi. Considering the difference in the age of the specimens, A. le-grandensis being Kinderhookian and A. hlairi Meramecian, it seemsbest to maintain the two species.POLYTAXICIDARIS Kier, new genusTwo columns in each ambulacrum ; numerous columns in each inter-ambulacrum. Interambulacral plates thin, imbricating slightly abor-ally, beveling over ambulacra ; adambulacral plates same size as platesof inner columns. Perforated tubercles on most ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates.Type species.—Polytaxicidaris dyeri Kier, new species.Discussion.—This genus belongs to the family Archaeocidaridae.Jackson (1912, p. 206) placed three genera in the family: Eocidaris,Archaeocidaris, and Lepidocidaris. Eocidaris was based on isolatedinterambulacral plates and cannot be maintained as a usable genus(Mortensen, 1928, p. 58). Polytaxicidaris differs from Archaeoci-daris in having more than four columns in each interambulacrum, andin having perforate tubercles on most of the ambulacral plates. It dif-fers from Lepidocidaris in not having every third ambulacral platehigher and wider at the midzone than the others, in having perforatetubercles on most of the ambulacral plates, and in not having a highrounded area beyond the scrobicular ring on each interambulacralplate. Mortensen (1928, p. 58) did not consider Lepidocidaris as anarchaeocidarid but placed it among the lepidocentrids because of theabsence of a cortex layer on the spines in Lepidocidaris. However, thepresence of a cortex layer cannot be considered a diagnostic featureof the archaeocidarids because most of the species of Archaeocidaris,based on well-preserved tests, do not have this layer as shown by thefine longitudinal striations, and lack of spinules on the spines. Both ofthese characters are considered by Mortensen (1935, p. 48) as evi-dence of a lack of cortex. He further distinguishes Lepidocidarisfrom this family by the enlargement of every third ambulacral plateat the midzone. However, the ambulacral plates are not always similarin other genera of the family as shown above in Archaeocidaris im-manis (see text fig. 2) and in Polytaxicidaris. It therefore seemsmore reasonable to consider Lepidocidaris as an archaeocidarid.Mortensen included Nortonechinus among the archaeocidarids, but
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER II
until the number of ambulacral columns is known in this genus, itsreference to this family can only be tentative. PolytaxicMaris is easilydistinguished by its interambulacral plates which are more regular inoutline and bear a more pronounced primary tubercle, with the scro-bicular tubercles occurring around the margin of the plate instead ofbeing in a ring as in Nortonechinus.The discovery of a species of Paleozoic echinoid having interam-bulacral plates similar to those found in Archaeocidaris, but belongingto a separate genus, makes unwise the erection of species of Archaeo-cidaris based on isolated interambulacral plates.POLYTAXICIDARIS DYERI Kier, new speciesPlates 4B, 5A ; text figure 5Diagnosis.—Having only one reasonably well-preserved specimen,diagnosis of species not possible.Material.—There are six specimens, all preserved as impressionsin a siltstone. The holotype is represented by two impressions, one ofthe oral surface, the best preserved of all the impressions; the otherof the aboral surface showing part of both the inner and outer surfaceof the plates. Both the apical system and peristome are absent owingto the breaking through of the test of the lantern. The other specimensare not as well preserved and show only portions of the test. All thespecific description is based on the holotype except for details of thespines from the paratypes.Shape.—Not known, specimen flattened during or after burial.Ambulacra.—Detailed structure not visible, narrow, approximatelyone-fifth width of interambulacra, straight with curved adradial mar-gins reflecting curved margin of adambulacral plates, with approxi-mately four pore pairs to each adjacent adambulacral plate. On oralsurface, single regular series of small perforated tubercles runninglength of each half-ambulacrum between pore pairs and perradial su-ture, one-half as many tubercles as pore pairs. Because of poor pres-ervation, not certain whether tubercle on every other ambulacral plateas in Archaeocidaris (text fig. 2) or on a compound plate with twopore pairs, as in Jurassic genus Paracidaris (illustrated in Mortensen,1928, p. 478). On aboral surface, at midzone, tubercles as describedabove for oral surface, but nearer apical system apparently more tu-bercles, with one tubercle for each pore pair, poor preservation pre-venting certainty on this point.Interambulacra.—Seven columns visible in all areas of holotype ex-
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
cept in one. In this area, although probably seven originally present,only six visible, as portion of test not preserved where seventh columnwould occur. Column 5 in middle of each interambulacrum withcolumns 6 and 7 on either side. Plates thin, imbricating slightly abor-ally, beveling over ambulacra, with well-developed, perforated primarytubercle near center of plate, slightly developed basal terrace, row ofsecondary tubercles around margin of each plate with approximately25 on plate at midzone. Plates of inner columns hexagonal, wider thanhigh except for initial plate of columns 5, 6, 7 where higher than wide,pentagonal, and usually without primary tubercle. Adambulacral platespentagonal with curved adradial margin, approximately same size asplates of inner columns.Spines.—Primary spines of interambulacral plates longitudinallyfinely striate, tapering, with well-developed milled ring. No completespine, longest fragment 12 mm. long. Ambulacral spines smaller, long-est 6 mm. long, with well-developed milled ring, slight taper. Second-ary spines, formerly attached to scrobicular tubercles, small, less than2 mm. long, details not discernible.Types.—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard: Holotype,3354 J figured paratype, 3353; unfigured paratype, 3352. New YorkState Museum, Albany: Paratypes, 11060-1.Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Osagean, Borden Group),Crawfordsville, Ind. Collector: C. B. Dyer.Family PALAEOCHINIDAE McCoyGenus PALAECHINUS McCoyPALAECHINUS TETRASTICHUS Kier, new speciesPlate 5B ; text figures 6-10Diagnosis.—Species characterized by four columns of similar platesin each interambulacrum, with five ambulacral plates to each adam-bulacral plate at midzone.Material.—There are portions of five specimens present on a slabof irregularly bedded, argillaceous, bioclastic limestone. These speci-mens are flattened, with some plates shifted from their original posi-tion on the tests. Their plates are well preserved, still retaining theirmicrostructure, and with the tubercles still present on their externalsurfaces.Shape.—Vertically elongated as indicated by slight curvature ofambulacral margins throughout length.Apical system.—Three or possibly four genital plates on holotype.
10Figs. 5-10.—s, Polytaxicidaris dyeri Kier, new species : Aboral surface basedon cast of holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, coll. 3354, X 2. (Seepi. 4B, fig. 4.)6-10, Palaechtnus ietrasHchtis Kier, new species: 6, Holotype, U.S.N.M136454, X I-5- (See pi. 5B, fig. 3.) 7, Paratype, U.S.N.M. 136458,' X 1.5.'8, Paratype, U.S.N.M. 136457, X 1.5. (See pi. 5B, fig. 3.) 9, Paratype,U.S.N.M. 136455, X I-5. (See pi. 5B, fig. 2.) 10, Paratype, U.S.N.M. 136456Xi.5. (See pi. 5B, fig. 3-)
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35two small, pentagonal, with three pores, third large with five pores,fourth may be genital plate, larger than other three, pentagonal withtwo pores on one margin of plate, no pores visible on other margin.Several smaller, angular, probably periproctal plates in same regionwith genital plates.Ambulacra.—At midzone, 4 to 5 mm. wide, one- fourth width ofinterambulacra, with two columns of similar primary plates in eacharea. Five plates to each adambulacral plate at midzone, four nearoral, aboral extremities. Plates pentagonal except where hexagonalopposite suture between two adjacent interambulacral plates. Porepairs in peripodia, uniserial. Four to five secondary tubercles on eachplate between pore pair and perradial suture.Interambulacra.—At midzone, 18-19 ^^^^- wide, four columns ineach area. Plates of inner columns hexagonal, much wider than high
;
adambulacral plates pentagonal, slightly wider than high, notchedalong adradial suture for ambulacral plates, very slightly beveled underambulacra. Sutures between interambulacral plates vertical with noindication of imbrication. Approximately 60 secondary tubercles onplate of inner column at midzone.Lantern.—Not preserved.Spines.—Several spines on tests and in matrix : narrow, longest4 mm. long, vertically finely striated.Ty/'^.y.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. 136454; paratypes, U.S.N.M.136455-8.Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Madison formation. Lodge-pole member) at type section of Lodgepole limestone, Little ChiefCanyon, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. Collector: R. M.Stainforth.Discussion.—Three other species of Palaechinus are known withfour columns of interambulacral plates in each area. P. quadriserialisWright from the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland differs in havingnarrower adambulacral plates, and ambulacra with plates alternatelyenlarged at adradial margin. P. globulus Jackson from the Tournai-sien of Belgium is easily distinguished by its spheroidal shape and inhaving smaller and narrower plates in the inner columns of the inter-ambulacra, and in having eight ambulacral plates to each adambulacralplate as opposed to five in P. tetrastichus. P. visetensis Jackson fromthe Viseen of Belgium is easily distinguished by its extremely verti-cally elongated test with a spiral twist, and by its high interambulacralplates.
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 1$Family ECHINOCYSTITIDAE GregoryGenus LEPIDECHINUS HallLEPIDECHINUS COOPERI Kier, new speciesPlate 6; text figures ii, I2Diagnosis.—Species characterized by small size, similar ambulacralplates with four plates to each adambulacral plate, and five columnsin each interambulacrum.Material.—There are many specimens of this species, most of themoccurring on slabs. All are flattened except for one slightly crushedtest.Shape.—Spherical to slightly higher than wide.Apical system.—Well preserved in holotype (text fig. ii), portionin paratype U.S.N.M. 136460. Oculars large, pierced by one pore inoral portion of plate, insert except possibly ocular II in holotype beingseparated from periproct by genitals i and 2, separation resulting fromdisplacement of plates during fossilization. Genital plates slightlylarger than oculars except genital 2, much larger, approximately twicesize of other genitals, not pierced by madreporic pores. Genitals 2,5, I pierced by two pores each, genitals 3, 4 by one. Periproctal platessmall, irregular in shape.Interambulacra.—Five columns of thin imbricating plates in eacharea; adambulacral plates high, pentagonal; plates of inner columnsapproximately as wide as high, hexagonal. Plates imbricating abor-ally, laterally from center over ambulacra. Shape and occurrence ofinitial plates of columns exactly as shown by Jackson (1896) to betypical of most Paleozoic echinoids, with initial plate of column five(text fig. 12) pentagonal with apex of pentagon pointing orally ; ini-tial plate of column three hexagonal, although in some interambula-cral areas heptagonal, followed by pentagonal initial plate of columnfour. Single plate in first row of each area.Peristome.—Small, surrounded by ambulacral plates with initialplate of interambulacrum separated from peristome.Lantern.—Small, inclined, foramen magnum deep, braces block-shaped identical to those in Lcpidechinus iozvcnsis Jackson (1912,pi. 63, fig. 3). Portions of epiphyses and teeth visible, but shape notclear.Spines.—Test covered with small, striated secondary spines withslightly dilated bases. Each ambulacral plate bearing one spine be-tween pore pair and perradial suture. Approximately 15 spines oneach interambulacral plate.
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
111 V- 2
12
11
13 14Figs. 11-14.—11, 12, Lepidechinus cooperi Kier, new species: 11, Apical systemof holotype, U.S.N.M. 136458, X 8. (See pi. 6, fig. i.) 12, Oral interambulacrumof paratype, U.S.N.M. 136460, X 6. (See pi. 6, fig. 4.)13, 14, Lepidesthes colletti White : Both surfaces of specimen U.S.N.M. 136466,X2. (Seepl. 8B, fig. 6.)
NO, 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER I7Types.—Uolotype, U.S.N.M. 136458; paratypes, U.S.N.M.136459-60.Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Kinderhookian—GilmoreCity formation) quarries of Northwestern States Portland CementCo. and Pennsylvania Dixie Cement Co., about i mile northwest ofGilmore City, Pocahontas County, Iowa, Collector : L. R. Laudon.Discussion.—This species is easily distinguished from the othertwo species of Lepidechinus having five columns in each interambula-crum : L. iowensis Jackson from the Mississippian of Burlington,Iowa, and L. belgicus Jackson from the Viseen of Belgium. L. iozven-sis is much larger, has wider ambulacra, and its ambulacral plates arehigher with every third plate in a column much larger than the othertwo. In L. iowensis there are seven ambulacral plates to an adambula-cral plate, whereas there are only four in L. cooperi. Furthermore,in L. iozvensis every third plate in a column is considerably larger.The known specimens of L. belgicus are so poorly preserved as tomake comparison difficult ; however, the ambulacra are much narrowerin L. belgicus than in L. cooperi.Genus LEPIDESTHES Meek and WorthenLEPIDESTHES ALTA Kier, new speciesPlate 7 ; text figures 15-20Diagnosis.—Species characterized by high test, 3 columns in inter-ambulacrum at midzone, 10 to 12 in ambulacnmi.Material.—This species is based on one silicified specimen, whichis for the most part an internal mold, except where the plates are stillpresent in the oral portion of interambulacrum 5, its adjacent ambula-cra, and most of the apical system and peristome. The silicification iscoarse with the surface details of the plates not preserved. The testis not flattened vertically, but is slightly compressed through its width.Shape.—Test highly inflated, higher than wide, height 80 mm.,average width 60 mm. with greatest width aboral to midzone, narrow-ing orally. Apical system at apex of test ; peristomal region onlyslightly concave.Apical system.—Partially preserved (pi. 7, fig. 5) with portionsvisible of genitals i, 2, 4; oculars III, IV. Genital 2 approximatelytwice as large as other genitals, three pores visible, probably five or sixoriginally, presence or absence of madreporic pores not possible to de-termine because of coarse silicification. Genitals i, 4 with five, possiblysix, genital pores. Oculars insert, nearly as wide as genitals, consid-erably lower, each with one pore near aboral margin.
16 17
^T
2019
Figs. 15-20.
—
Lepidesthes alfa Kier, new species: 15-19, Casts of interiorsurfaces of ambulacra I, II, III, and interambulacra i, 2, respectively, of holo-type, U.S.N.M. 80554, X i- (See pi. 7.) In these areas of holotype, platesabsent, being represented by mold of interior surface of plates. Drawings ofcasts reversed in order to show plates in proper position as viewed from theexterior. 20, Exterior surface of portion of ambulacrum V and its adjacentinterambulacra. In this portion of the holotype, the plates are still represented,therefore showing the arrangement of the plates at the exterior of the test,X 1.5. (See pi. 7, figs. 2, 4.)
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER I9Peristome.—Very small, less than lo mm. in diameter or one-sixthhorizontal diameter of test. Bordering area composed of many columnsof very low, wide ambulacral plates with at least three or four platesin each column. Interambulacra not reaching peristome, separatedfrom it by ambulacral plates.Ambulacra.—Average width at midzone 23 mm., nearly twice widthof interambulacra. In most of ambulacra I, II, III, V (text figs.15-17) plates preserved as internal molds, showing different shape,size than would be visible on exterior. On interior, plates of ambula-cral columns adjacent to interambulacra larger than those of innercolumns, but on exterior, of approximately same size. Exterior ofplates preserved only in oral portion, plates low, width twice height,hexagonal with plates of columns adjacent to interambulacra narrower,pentagonal or hexagonal. In small portion of ambulacra IV showingexterior outline near midzone, plates narrower, width equal to height.Actual outline of isolated plate not known. Plates imbricating orally,laterally beveling under interambulacra, 60 to 80 plates in one column.No spinose processes evident on ambulacral plates as described byCooper (1931, p. 537) in Lepidcsthes warrensis. Pore pairs situatedeccentric of center of plate on side nearest adjacent interambulacra,away from median line of ambulacra, with two inner columns of poresfarther apart than others.Interambulacra.—One-half width of ambulacra: 11 mm. at mid-zone. Three columns in each area except near peristome (text fig. 20)where four, in arrangement similar to that figured by Jackson (1912,pi. 67, fig. 8) in specimens of his Lepidesthes wortheni. Plates ofmedian columns hexagonal, wider than high ; adambulacral plates nar-rower, higher than wide, with rounded adradial border. Plates imbri-cating aborally, laterally over ambulacra, with plates of median col-umns beveling strongly over adjacent adambulacral plates, on interiorappearing very narrow, in some cases not evident (text fig. 18)
.
Type.—Uolotype, U.S.N.M. 80554.Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Meramecian—base of St.Louis or Warsaw limestone). Highland Rim, west of Nashville, Tenn.Discussion.—This specimen is remarkable as it preserves the orig-inal shape of the echinoid. All previously described specimens ofLepidesthes have been flattened. Because of its high test, this echinoidmust have had some difficulty maintaining an upright position, and itis probable that its tube feet were extremely long, extending from am-bulacral plates well up on the test, to reach the sea floor and steady theanimal. Presumably it lived in quiet water, as is true of modern echi-noids of similar shape (Mortensen, 1935, p. 49).
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I350'£ all the species of Lepidesthes, this one resembles most L. wor-theni from the Keokuk group at Crawfordsville, Ind. Both specieshave three columns of interambulacral plates at the midzone with fournear the peristome. L. alta differs in having wider interambulacra,and ambulacra with lo to 12 columns at the midzone as opposed to 8in L. wortheni. Finally, the oral ambulacral plates are lower inL. wortheni. LEPIDESTHES GRANDIS Kier, new speciesPlate 8A; text figures 21, 22Diagnosis.—Species characterized by large size, 20 columns in eachambulacrum, four in each interambulacrum.Material.—There are four flattened fragments. The holotype, thelargest, is 90 mm. wide, 85 mm. high, 20 mm. thick, with one surfaceshowing the midzone portion of two ambulacra, one interambulacrum,and a portion of the lantern ; the other surface showing the oral por-tion of an ambulacrum. The other fragments are small, showing por-tions of the ambulacra, and interambulacra. In all the fragments, theplates are very well preserved with the tubercles, peripodia, and spinespresent. The aboral portion of the test and the apical system are notpreserved.Shape.—Not known. Test extremely large with an approximatedhorizontal diameter over 130 mm.Ambulacra.—Extremely wide, approximately 65 mm. at midzone,five times width of interambulacra ; 20 columns at midzone. Plates im-bricating orally, with greatest imbrication in oral portion of test, lat-erally beveling under interambulacra. At midzone, plates hexagonal,wider than high, plates of median columns lower, wider than otherplates. Pore pairs in peripodia in upper middle of exposed portion ofplates except in median columns where occurring on side of plate awayfrom median suture. Pores oblique to surface with pore pairs on undersurface located more orally than pore pairs on upper surface. Edgesof plates notched and grooved (see pi. 8A, fig. 3) resulting in inter-locking of plates when in original position ; imbrication slight. Oralof midzone, plates gradually lose hexagonal shape becoming irregularin outline, with exposed portion of plates considerably wider thanhigh, with curved contacts with adjacent plates. Plates oral of midzone(see pi. 8A, fig. 4) approximately twice as thick as midzone plates,pore pairs located in center of exposed portion of plate immediatelybelow adjacent aboral plate, pores not as oblique as in midzone plates.Imbrication very great with less than one-half area of plate exposed
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 21
Figs. 21-22.
—
Lepidesthes grandis Kier, new species: 21, One side of holotype,U.S.N.M. 136461, showing most of width of portion of an ambulacrum at themidzone and a portion of an adjacent interambulacrum, X i- (See pi. 8, fig. i.)22, Other side of holotype showing portion of ambulacrum oral to midzone, X i-
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 1 35to surface, with low angle from horizontal of edge or sutural portionof plates. In many plates aboral portion bilobed (see pi. 8A, fig. 5)with lobes extending on either side of pore pairs on under surface ofadjacent aboral plates. Paratype U.S.N.M. 136464 with many low,lathlike plates probably from peristome.Interamhulacra.—At midzone four columns of hexagonal, higherthan wide plates imbricating aborally, laterally over ambulacra. Platesnotched, grooved, interlocking when in original position. In paratypeU.S.N.M. No. 136462, oral portions of interambulacrum visible withplates more imbricate, more rounded than at midzone. Several porelessplates lying near this interambulacrum possibly representing fifth col-umn but due to shifting of plates not possible to be certain.Lantern.—One pyramid, two half-pyramids, portion of two epiph-yses, one brace present on holotype. Lantern large with pyramid25 mm. high, 22 mm. wide. Foramen magnum shallow, with sides ofwide-angled pyramid corrugated for attachment of interpyramidalmuscles. Epiphyses cap half-pyramids, extremely wide extending highabove upper limits of outline of half-pyramid but not joined, widestepiphyses ever described in Paleozoic echinoid. Outer surface of eachepiphysis corrugated where plate joins half-pyramid. Tip of braceexposed between two adjacent epiphyses.Spines.—Longitudinally deeply striated, expanded bases, tapering,with approximate maximum length of 5 mm. Secondary tubercles onmost of surface of interambulacral and ambulacral plates.Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. 136461 ; paratypes, U.S.N.M.136462-4.Horizon and locality.—Pennsylvanian ( Strawn group, Millsap Lakeformation). Found in wash on old Evans farm, | mile south of Den-nis, Hood County, Tex. Collector : Mrs. J. H. Renfro.Discussion.—Having 20 columns in each ambulacrum immediatelydistinguishes this echinoid from any other known species of Lepi-desthes. Previously the maximum number of columns known in anambulacrum of Lepidesthes was 16. The great size of its test furtherdistinguishes L. grandis from all other species of this genus. The onlyother echinoid having as many columns in each ambulacrum is Meeke-chinus elegans Jackson, with 20 columns. In Meekechinus, however,primary tubercles occur on both the interambulacral and ambulacralplates. These tubercles are the distinguishing feature between Meeke-chinus and Lepidesthes.Morphological notes.—The imbrication of the plates in Lepidestheshas always been considered as evidence of former flexibility of the
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 23
test. While flexibility accompanies imbrication in the Echinothuridaeand no doubt in some Paleozoic echinoids, it apparently did not occurin this species of Lepidesthes, as it is obvious that no sliding couldhave occurred along the sutures between the plates. The ambulacraland interambulacral plates at the midzone of the test are notched andgrooved along their edges preventing any movement. In the oral por-tion of the test the ambulacral plates could not have shifted w^ithoutcutting off the tube feet of an adjacent plate. The imbrication servednot for flexibility but rather for strength, with the elimination of avertical suture. Where the angle of the sutural portion of a plate islow, the sutural area is great with a strong bond resulting between theplates, but where the suture is vertical the thickness of the suture canbe no greater than the thickness of the plate. For example, a platewith an edge having an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal will havetwice the sutural area of a plate with a vertical suture. Furthermore,the vertical suture is more susceptible to fracture as it is parallel tothe force of a blow upon the surface of the test, whereas the obliquesuture is at an angle to the blow with part of the force being trans-mitted through the plate rather than along the plate surface,LEPIDESTHES COLLETTI WhitePlate 8B ; text figures 13, 14Lepidesthes collefti White, 1878. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 33.In the U. S. National Museum is an echinoid from the Warsawlimestone at Boonville, Mo., which can be referred to this species.White's holotype, long missing, is now at the U. S. National Museum(135221) (Trumbull, in press) and was available for comparison.The Boonville specimen is similar in all respects to the holotype.Figured specimen.—U.S.N.M. 136466.Horison and locality.—Mississippian (Meramecian—Warsaw lime-stone), Boonville, Mo. LITERATURE CITEDAgassiz, a., and Clark, H. L.1909. Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Echinothuridae. Mem. Mus.Comp. Zool., vol. 34, pp. 135-204, pis. 60-89.Bather, F. A.1907. Echinocrinus versus Archaeocidaris. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7,vol. 20, pp. 452-456.Cooper, G. A.1931. A new species of the echinoid Lepidesthes. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 22,pp. 531-538, 2 figs.
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35Durham, J. W., and Melville, R. V.1957. A classification of ecliinoide. Journ. Paleont., vol. 31, No. i, pp. 242-272, 9 text figs.Hav^'kins, H. L.1943. Evolution and habit among the Echinoidea : Some facts and theories.Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 99, pp. lii-lxxv.Jackson, R. T.1896. Studies of Palaeechinoidea. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 7, pp. 171-254,pis. 2-9, 5 text figs., table facing p. 242.1912. Phylogeny of the Echini, with a revision of Paleozoic species. Mem.Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, 443 pp., 76 pis.Laudon, L. R.1957- Crinoids. In Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, vol. 2,Paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67, pp. 961-972.Miller, S. A.1891. Palaeontology, Advance Sheets, 17th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat.Res. Indiana, pp. 611-705, pis. 1-20.Mortensen, Th.1928. A monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. 551 pp., 24 pis.,173 text figs. Copenhagen and London.1935. A monograph of the Echinoidea. IL Bothriocidaroida, Melonechi-noida, Lepidocentroida, and Stirondonta. 647 pp., 89 pis., 377 textfigs. Copenhagen and London.Trumbull, E. J.Shumard's type specimens of Tertiary mollusks from Oregon andother types formerly at Washington University, St. Louis. (To bepublished in Journ. Paleont.)White, C. A.1878. Descriptions of new invertebrate fossils from the Carboniferous andUpper Silurian rocks of Illinois and Indiana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Philadelphia, 1878, pp. 29-37.EXPLANATION OF PLATESPlate i PageArchaeocidaris immanis Kier, new species 3Aboral view, X i, holotype, U.S.N.M. 90763. Specimen photographedunder glycerine with that portion of specimen showing only matrix laterair brushed out by Lawrence B. Isham, scientific illustrator. Penn-sylvanian (Dewey hmestone), NE| sec. 33, T. 23 N., R. 12 E., Washing-ton County, Okla. Portion of interambulacrum visible in upper right-hand portion of photograph depicted on text figure i.Plate 2Archaeocidaris immanis Kier, new species 3I, 2, Side views, X i ; 3i oral view, X i ! 4. enlarged view of portion ofambulacrum visible in lower part of figures I and 3 of this plate, withdrawing of same region on text figure 2, X 3, holotype, U.S.N.M. 90763.Photographed under glycerine.
NO. 9 NEW AMERICAN PALEOZOIC ECHINOIDS—KIER 2$Plate 3 PageA. Archaeocidaris immanis Kier, new species 3I, View of fracture surface across interambulacral plates showing ab-sence of basal terrace, X i- Photographed under glycerine. 2, View ofambulacral plate showing well-developed flange for perradial overlap,X 8, holotype, U.S.N.M. 90763.B. Archaeocidaris agassi:;i Hall 73,View showing ambulacral plates in place ; 4, view showing isolatedambulacral plates after their removal from area shown in figure 3. Notethat perradial flange is not visible where plates in original position(fig. 3) but visible where plates separated, X 6, figured specimen,U.S.N.M. S3825. Mississippian (Lower Burlington), Burlington, Iowa.C. Archaeocidaris aliqtiantula Kier, new species 75, Oral view, X 4, holotype, U.S.N.M. 136451; 6, view of interambu-lacral plates showing coarse radial plications extending from basal ter-race to margin of each plate, X 4, paratype, U.S.N.M. 136452; 7, viewof ambulacral, interambulacral, plates, and primary and secondary spines,X 4, paratype, U.S.N.M. 136453. Mississippian (Kinderhookian), Gil-more City formation, Gilmore City, Iowa.Plate 4A. Archaeocidaris blairi (Miller) 8I, Aboral view ; 2, oral view. X 2, U.S.N.M. S3828. Photographedunder glycerine. Mississippian (Warsaw), Boonville, Mo. Drawing ofspecimen on text figures 3, 4.B. Polytaxicidaris dyeri Kier, new species . . . ; 113, View of oral surface ; 4, cast of oral surface ; 5, view of aboral sur-face, X 2, holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 3354.Mississippian (Osagean), Borden Group, Crawfordsville, Ind. Drawingof figure 4 on text figure 5. Plate 5A. Polytaxicidaris dyeri Kier, new species n1, View of paratype, X 2, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard,3353. Mississippian (Osagean), Borden Group, Crawfordsville, Ind.B. Palaechinus ietrastichus Kier, new species 122, View of paratype, X i, U.S.N.M. 1364S5; 3, view of slab containingholotype, U.S.N.M. 136454, the large specimen, and two paratypes,U.S.N.M. 136456 (upper right) and U.S.N.M. 136457 (lower left),X I. Mississippian, Madison formation, Lodgepole member, at type sec-tion of Lodgepole limestone, Little Chief Canyon, Fort Belknap IndianReservation. Drawings of specimens on text figures 6, 8, 9, 10.Plate 6Lepidechinus cooperi Kier, new species I5I, Aboral view, X 4, holotype, U.S.N.M. 136458. Drawing of apical
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
Pagesystem of this specimen on text figure 11. 2, Oral view of lantern, X 4,paratype, U.S.N.M. 136459; 3, aboral view; 4, view of portion of oralside, X 4. paratype, U.S.N.M. 136460. Drawing of oral portion of inter-ambulacrum of this specimen on text figure 12. Photographed underglycerine. Mississippian (Kinderhookian), Gilmore City formation, Gil-more City Iowa., Plate 7Lepidesthes alta Kier, new species 171-2, Side view ; 3, aboral view ; 4, oral view ; X i ; 5, view of apicalsystem, X 2. Drawings of specimen on text figures 15-20. Holotype,U.S.N.M. 80554. Mississippian (Mermecian), base of St. Louis or War-saw limestone, Highland Rim, west of Nashville, Tenn.Plate 8A. Lepidesthes grandis Kier, new species 201-2, Views of both surfaces of holotype showing in figure i the ambu-lacrum near the midzone with portion of an interambulacrum on upperright-hand side, and in figure 2 portion of an ambulacrum oral to themidzone, X i, holotype, U.S.N.M. 136461. Drawings of this specimen ontext figures 21, 22; 3, surface and edge view of midzone ambulacralplate showing notched sutural surfaces ; 4, surface and edge view of twooral ambulacral plates, X 4, plates from paratype, U.S.N.M. No. 136462;5, enlarged view of plate from ambulacrum of holotype showing bilobedaboral margin, X 4- Pennsylvanian (Allegheny), Strawn Group, Mill-sap Lake formation. Found in wash on old Evans farm, | mile south ofDennis, Hood County, Tex.B. Lepidesthes colletti White 236, View of specimen U.S.N.M. 136466, X i- Drawings of specimen ontext figures 13, 14. Mississippian (Meramecian), Warsaw limestone,Boonville, Mo.
THSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135. NO. 9, PL. I
ARCHAEOCIDARIS IMMANIS KlER. NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135. NO. 9. PL
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ARCHAEOCIDARIS IMMANIS KlER, NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
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ARCHAEOCIDARIS IMMANIS KIER. new SPECIES: ARCHAEOCIDARIS AGASSIZI HALL:ARCHAEOCIDARIS ALIQUANTULA KlER, NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
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X2
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ARCHAEOCIDARIS BLAIRI (MILLER) AND POLYTAXICI DARIS DYERI KlER, NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
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POL.YTAXICIDARIS DYERI KlER. NEW SPECIES. AND PALAECHINUS TETRASTICHUS KlER.NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
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Lepidechinus cooperi Kier, new species(See explanation at end of text.)
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LEPIDESTHES ALTA KlER. NEW SPECIES(See explanation at end of text.)
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LEPIDESTHES GRANDIS KIER. new species, and LEPIDESTHES COLL.ETTI WHITE(See explanation at end of text.)