Ubr.C-ff.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 143, NO. 3
SUPPLEMENT TO THEANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADINGBIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES1955 TO I960
ByTHOMAS E. SNYDER
Honorary Research AssociateSmithsonian Institution
(Publication 4463)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONDECEMBER 29, 1961

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 143, NO. 3
SUPPLEMENT TO THEANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADINGBIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES1955 TO 1960
ByTHOMAS E. SNYDER
Honorary Research AssociateSmithsonian Institution
><%<* Q
(Publication 4463)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONDECEMBER 29, 1961
PORT CITY PRESS, INC.BALTIMORE, NID., U. S. A.
CONTENTS
PagreIntroduction iAcknowledgments iList of subject headings 2Subject headings 3List of authors and titles 72Index 115
m

SUPPLEMENT TO THEANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADINGBIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES1955 TO 1960By THOMAS E. SNYDERHonorary Research AssociateSmithsonian Institution
INTRODUCTIONOn September 25, 1956, an "Annotated, Subject-Heading Bibliography of Ter-mites 1350 B.C. to A.D. 1954," by Thomas E. Snyder, was published as volume 130of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. A few 1955 papers were included.The present supplement covers publications from 1955 through i960; some 1961,as well as some earlier, overlooked papers, are included. A total of 1,150 referencesare listed under authors and tides, and 2,597 references are listed under subjectheadings, the greater number being due to cross references to publications coveringmore than one subject. New subject headings are Radiation and Toxicology.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe publication of this bibliography was made possible by a grant from theNational Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.Editors of the Smithsonian Institution have been very helpful in the preparationof the manuscript and index.Mrs. Lucile W. Yates, cataloger of the Entomology Research Division, Agricul-tural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, has supplied many ref-erences. Miss Emily Bennett, librarian of the Division of Insects Library, U.S.National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, has been especially helpful in checkingreferences and obtaining obscure publications, often difficult to locate. I am grate-ful to my wife for typing additional references.Dr. E. W. Ligon, of the Pesticide Regulation Branch, Agricultural ResearchService, U.S. Department of Agriculture, has kindly prepared some of the dataunder the heading "Toxicology."Dr. Ivan Hrdy, of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, was helpfulin sending me publications and references.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 143, NO. 3
LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS
Anatomy, see Morphology.Bacteria, see also Nutrition.Baits, see Soil poisons.Behavior, see also Biology.Bibliography, see "Index of American EconomicEntomology" for additional references.Biography.Biology, ecology.Building codes, see also Control, Resistant woods,Wood preservation.Caste determination, also intermediates, intercastes.Chemical analysis.Cold, see Temperature.Control, construction, termite-proofing.Court rulings.Cytology (cell growth).Damage.Damage to living vegetation.Detection, see also Experimentation.Digestion, see also Nutrition, Protozoa.Diseases, human, plant, and termite; see also Para-
sites.Distribution.Dust, poison, see Soil poisons.Ecology, see Biology.Electricity, see Detection, Experimentation.Embryology.Evolution.Experimentation, see also Detection.Flight.Folklore.Food, termites as.Fossil.Fumigation.Fungi, association with; see also Rearing.Fungus cultivation.Gaseous environment.Genitalia, reproductive or sex organs.Geologic agents.Heat, see Temperature.Hermaphrodites, see Biology.Histology, see Morphology.Humidity.Introduced or intercepted.Legislation or regulation.Medicine, uses in.
Migration, see Biology.Moisture, see Biology.Molds, see Nutrition, Parasites.Morphology, histology (tissue growth).Neoteinia, see Biology.Nests.Nutrition.Obituary.Parasites.Parthenogenesis, see Biology.Phylogeny, see also Evolution, Taxonomy.Physiology.Poison dusts, see Soil poisons.Population.Predators.Protozoa, see also Digestion, Nutrition.Racket.Radiation.Rearing.Regeneration.Regulation, see Legislation.Repellents, see Soil poisons, Wood preservation.Reproductive organs, see Genitalia.Resistant woods.Respiration, see Gaseous environment.Reviews.Secretions.Sense organs.Sex organs, see Genitalia.Shields, metal barriers.Soil poisons, baits, dusts, repellents.Sound.Superorganism, supraorganism, colony as.Swarm, see Flight.Symbiosis, see Biology, Nutrition, Protozoa, Ter-mitophiles.Tax status of loss, see Damage.Taxonomy.Temperature.Termitophiles.Toxicology.Uses in industry, arts, and religion.Wood preservation, poisons for fabrics and fiber-boards, insulation, etc.Zoogeographical regions.Note.—In the "Index of American Economic Entomology," under the heading "Termites" and sup-plementary subject-headings, there are papers not referred to in this more or less selective bibliography;some are of minor importance, others repetitions.
SUBJECT HEADINGS(For complete citations see List of Authors and Titles beginning on page 72.)BACTERIABoyer, P., 1955, pp. 569-571. (France, pre-liminary studies of soil and bacteria oftermitaria.)Grasse, P. P., 1959a, pp. 385-389. (Africa, di-gestion cellulose by bacteria in posteriorintestine for fungus-growing Macro-termitinae.)Ionescu, M. A., 1959, pp. 114-115. (Rumania,Reticulitermes lucifugus. Schizophytes:Spirochaeta termitis, S. tninei, and S. hilli,Fusiformis termitidis, F. hilli.)Pochon, J., Barjac, H. de, and Roche, A.,1958, pp. 352-355. (Africa, bacteria princi-
pal agents in fermentation cellulose forfungus-growing Sphaerotermes sphaero-thorax, Ruminococcus, same group as inpaunch of ruminants.)Sebald, M., and Mellis, Y. de, 1958, pp. 357-360. (France, Spherophorus n. sp., asulphite-reducing bacterium from in-testine French termite injected in veinrabbit, toxic or allergenic, not infectious.)Toumanoff, C, and Toumanoff, T. C, 1959,pp. 216-218. (France, epizootic due toSerratia marcescens, "Reticulotermes san-tonnevsis.")
BEHAVIORAutuori, 1956, pp. 561-575. (Instinct in thebehavior of animals and man.)Desneux, J., 1959, pp. 286-292. (Africa, vestig-ial behavior some species Apicotermes.)Emerson, A. E., 1956, pp. 248-258. (Regenera-tion behavior and social homeostasis.)1958a, in Roe and Simpson (Ed.), 1958,pp. 311-355. (Intraspecies group systemprime unit, group unit of natural selec-tion leading to adaptive evolution, be-havior emphasized in group integration,social behavior in insects genetically de-termined, in man culturally.)Grasse, P. P., 1959, pp. 41-83. (French Equa-torial Africa, behavior workers Cubi-termes sp. and Bcllicositermes natalensisrebuilding nest, masons do not constitutea working team, in beginning individualtasks are uncoordinated, when earthpellets achieve a certain density consti-tute a new stimulus become starting pointof pillars and blades. Stimulation workersby performances inducing adaptable re-
sponses named stigmergy. Determiningstimuli olfactory.)Schmidt, R. S., 1955, pp. 244-356. (Apico-termes nests important etiological ma-terial.)1955a, pp. 157-181. (Evolution of nest-build-ing behavior in Apicotermes.)1958, pp. 76-94. (Most primitive Apico-termes nests lack wall perforations, sha-green, internal arrangment cellular.)Verron, H., 1958, pp. 309-314. (France, Calo-termes fiavicollis attraction produced bylast instar nymphs on larvae, nymphswith short wing pads, and neoteinics in-creases regularly with the importance ofcrowding. Last instar nymphs show lessresponse than larvae, soldiers exhibit thehighest threshold of response.)Williams, R. M. C, 1959, pp. 203-218.(Africa, East Uganda, flight periods Cubi-termes ugandensis and C. testaceus, wingshedding, calling attitude, tropisms,colony formation.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Esaki, T., Bryan, E. H., Jr., and Gressitt,J. L., 1955, pp. 1-68. (Bibliography, in-sects Micronesia, includes list Japanesepublications cited.)Frings, M., and Frings, H., i960, p. 101.
(Sound production and sound receptionby termites.)Snyder, T. E., 1956, pp. 1-305. (Annotated,subject-heading bibliography 1350 B.C. toA.D. 1954, world, 3,624 references.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
BIOGRAPHYCronin, J. E., 1959, pp. 1-257. (U.S., Hermannvon Schrenk, 1 873-1953, botanist, plant pathologist, pioneer in American woodpreservation, timber engineer.)BIOLOGYAnonymous, 1959, pp. 17-19.Arora, G. L., and Gilotra, S. K., 1959, pp.247-255. (Pakistan, biology Odontotermesobesus, common termite of Hoshiarpurdamages clothes, wooden articles, grass,sugarcane, trees, both subterranean andmound builders. Royal cell in centerabove ground level during rainy monthsbut to depth 1 ft. in winter and spring.Workers and soldiers in ratio 97.5% to2-5%. Queen secretes large quantity fattyliquid. Swarm once a year after firstheavy shower, middle July at night. 273eggs laid per 15 minutes, laid duringrainy months.)Banerjee, B., 1956a, pp. 203-204. (Royalchamber in mound Odontotermes rede-manni (Wasmann).)Brock, P., i960, p. 15. (Canada, Toronto,popular account habits and damage, somestatements debatable.)Bruce, E. L. Co., 1961, pp. 1-8. (U. S., howto build out termites in wood joist andslab construction and continue protectionafter construction by low-cost TerminixInsured Protection Contract.)Buchli, H., 1956, pp. 131-143. (France, inReticulitermes lucijugus and subspeciessantonensis there are 2 instars of undif-ferentiated young, the origin of all of thedifferent castes, caste differentiation dueto extrinsic factors. Well-fed youngacquire pads at 3d instar and develop towinged reproductives at the 9th. Poorlyfed young regress to workers, pseudoer-gates, lose nymphal characters, mature at9th instar, but continue to molt, can be-come apterous reproductives. Nymphs of7th instar become neoteinic brachypterousreproductives. Worker caste beyond 3dinstar can become apterous reproductives,if possess reserve of fat body. Neoteinicscan survive in spite of presence of normal,functioning, imaginal king and queen,ectohormonal inhibition not present inReticulitermes?)1956a, pp. 395-401. (France, developmentcycle in Reticulitermes.)1958, pp. 264-429. (France, Reticulitermeslucijugus and subspecies santonensis, eggto adult, longevity castes, alimentation,
neoteinia, pseudoergates, inhibitiontheory, caste determination.)1960b, pp. 308-315. (France, observationson mating behavior Reticulitermes lucij-ugus^)1960c, pp. 494-499. (France, first matingand fecundity of a young primary queenof Reticulitermes lucijugus santonensis?)Calaby, J. H., 1956b, pp. 111-124. (Distribu-tion and biology genus Ahamitermes.)Calaby, J. H., and Gay, F. J., 1956, pp. 19-39.(Distribution and biology genus Copto-termes in Western Australia.)1959, pp. 211-223. (Australia, aspects ofdistribution and ecology.)Carasso, M., 1959, pp. 21-24. (U. S., Panama,habits, nest.)Chhotani, O. B., 1959, pp. 43-44. (India,Kalotermes beesoni, injures banyan,Ficus.)Clement, G., 1956a, pp. 148-153. (In labora-tory Sahara Anacanthotermes ochraceus,egg laying 44 days after gallery dug;nymphs reach stage 4 in 1 month; 1,000individuals after 1 year; soldiers appearafter 1 year from worker in stage 5,1 soldier for 100 individuals.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, hodotermitid harvesters life cycle,flights, nest, feeding.)Collins, M. S., 1958, pp. 423-424. (U.S.,differences in toleration of drying andrate of water loss between Reticulitermes,Kalotermes, Neotermes, Cryptotermes.)I959> PP- 34 J-352 - (U.S., Florida, survivaltime and rate of water loss during dryingof 9 species
—
Kalotermes, 3; Crypto-termes, 2; Neotermes, 1; Reticulitermes3. Large size Neotermes and Kalotermesjouteli facilitates survival, activity leadsto more rapid water loss. Unlikely thatCryptotermes and Kalotermes snyderisurvive by maintaining high humidityin galleries, but can subsist in dry sur-roundings on water released from oxida-tion of food, rate water loss very low.Reticulitermes hageni has lowest moisturerequirements of eastern subterraneangroup, R. flavipes highest. Survival timesvaried from average 4 to 6 hours forReticulitermes to 15 days for Crypto-
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER
termes brevis. Nature integument andnatural environment factors.)Cufodontis, G., 1955, 501-518. (Significanceof termites for the understanding of theAfrican savanna vegetation.)Ebeling, W., 1959a, pp. 24-25, 46-47. (U.S.,California.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J., 1957, pp. 690-692. (Relation of particle size to penetra-tion of Reticulitermes hesperus throughbarriers of sand or cinders.)Eidmann, H., 1941, pp. 385, 391, 431, 433,440, 474. (General.)Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer, E. M., Jr.(Ed.), 1958, pp. 2798-2807. (Habits, dam-age, control.)1959a, pp. 6-7. (Biology, fossils, predators,termitophiles.)Ernst, E., i960, pp. 203-206. (Africa, alientermite colonies in Cubitermes nests.)Esaki, T., 1956, pp. 86-88. (Notes on Hodo-termopsis japonica.)Esaki, T., Hori, H., and Yasumatsu, K.,1938, pp. 30-32. (Illustrations and descrip-tive notes on Japanese termites.)Fare, P., 1959, pp. 4, 13, 14, 35, 82-91, 109,134, 157. (Desert termites depth 100 ft.,1 out of 1,000 survives flight, temperaturein mound cooler in summer and warmerin winter than outside, building of tubesin Tropics (Africa), 30 mounds to acre,more than 5,000 tons of soil moved oneach acre, 300 species intestinal protozoaidentified, inhibition theory caste de-termination.)Garrison, W. B., 1954, pp. 73-76. (Generalhabits, damage.)Gay, F. J., 1955, pp. 58-59. (Occurrence offunctional neoteinics in Coptotermeslacteus.)Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G.,and Wetherly, A. H., 1955, pp. 1-60.(Australia.)i960, pp. 228-231. (Australia, discussesprobable origin; caste system; subter-ranean chambers; references to a few spe-cies; Nasutitermes jumigatus; Copto-termes lacteus, illus.)Giraldi, G., 1955, pp. 487-498. (Italy, Venice,Reticulitermes lucifugus.)Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1958, pp. 743-745. (Radioactive isotopes in the studyof colony life of insects.)Grasse, P. P., 1958, pp. 189-200. (Brazil, SaoPaulo, Cornitermes cumulans, queenmoves about in nest.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C., 1955, pp. 213-219. (Foundation of new societies by
Bellicositermes natalensis on Ivory Coast,imaginal founder couple dig an under-ground cavity copularium in which firstbrood is tended, take no food. First smallworkers dig passageways to surface whereunder covered passageways eat wood,first big workers appear soon after. Inone night inside copularium workersconstruct an even egg-shaped dwellingplace, first fungus bed, at once fertile iserected herein, heaps of sawdust used asfood reserves laid outside. Homologiesdrawn between young nest and adulttermitarium.)1958, pp. 1 789-1 795. (The society of Calo-termes flavicollis and its foundation tothe first swarm.)
x959> PP- 365-372. (Evolution of symbiosisin Blattopteroidea, particularly Isoptera.Double symbiosis occurred in commonancestor blattids and termites, blattidsonly retained bacteriocytes (except Cryp-tocercus), primitive termites, (exceptMastotermes) the flagellates. Termitidaehave lost flagellates but have a rich andcomplex bacterial flora, some break downcellulose. Protozoa constantly associatedwith certain termites (xylophagousamoebae), humus-feeder ciliates, Termi-tophrya). Association between fungus-growing termites and mushrooms(Termitomyces.) )Grzimek, B., 1956, pp. 146-159. (The vastcities of the tropical bush.)Harris, W. V., 1955, pp. 62-72. (Termitesand the soil.)1955c, pp. 160-166. (As ecological factors.)1956, pp. 261-268. (Mound building byMacrotermes E. Africa.)I958d, pp. 435-439. (Colony formation bywinged, part of an existing colony, migra-tion of reproductives.)Herfs, A., 1955, In Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b,pp. 121-130. (Swarming and colony for-mation.)1955a, pp. 481-487. (New research results.)Heslop-Harrison, G., 1958, pp. 59-79. (Originand function of pupal stadia in holome-tabolous insects, conception primitive in-sect life cycle, including Isoptera.)Hickin, N. E., 1954, pp. 1-84. (Woodworm,biology and control.)1959, p. 273. (Isoptera, do not secrete cellu-lase, symbiosis with intestinal protozoa.)Hrdy, I., In press. (Czechoslovakia, contribu-tion to the knowledge of the Europeanspecies of Reticulitermes!)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Imms, A. D., et al., 1957, pp. 366-395. (Classi-fication and biology; Hospitaliterm.esmonoceros harvests lichens in columns,1,000 termites to each meter of column.)Ionescu, M. A., 1939. (Rumania, ecology ofReticulitermes lucifugus.)1959, pp. 107-116. (Rumania, Reticulitermeslucifugus, Kalotermes flavicollis.)Jenkins, C. H. F., i960, pp. 1 17-123. (WesternAustralia.)Jucci, C, i960, pp. 1-24. (Societies bees,wasps, ants, termites.)Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1955, pp. 313-321. (Ob-servations on Macrotermes gilvus in Java,differences in nest structure betweenAsian and African Macrotermitinaenests.)1956a, pp. 455-561. (In nests Macrotermesgilvus in Java, accumulations of finelycut vegetation in nests.)1958, pp. 9-30. (Habits of black termitesHospitalitermes spp. of Java and Sumatra,foraging, nests, swarming, formation newcolonies, predators, moving columns notdisturbed, termitophiles, snake eggs innests, cetonid, ptinid.)1959a, pp. 231-242. (Central Java, newcolonies start in dead branches in crownsteak trees, termites gnaw hole throughrotten wood, winged Neotermes tectonaeattracted to rotten wood, yellow clayeyexcrement on outside wood betray pres-ence.)1960a, pp. 263-272. (Indonesia, notes onbiology species Cryptotermes.)Kassae, A., Chaarawi, A. M., Hassan, M. I.,and Shahwan, A. M., i960, pp. 1-91.(Egypt, biology Anacanthotermes (Hodo-termes) ochraceus, Psammotermes fusco-jemoralis, and P. assuaitensis.)Kevan, D. K. McE., et al., 1955, pp. 1-512.(Termites and the soil.)Kirkpatrick, T. W., 1957, pp. 3, 4, 10, 28, 61,71, 91, 99, 103, 121, 134, 139, 143, 146,171, 194, 195, 198, 228, 238, 241, 271,276. (Biology, Tropics.)Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1955, pp.347-354. (Production and replacement ofsoldiers in incipient colonies of Reticuli-termes hesperus, only small percentage ofcolonies produce soldier first year, maydevelop from first or later eggs. Only oneproduced, if removed a replacementsoldier produced from second group ofyoung in 50% of 12 experimentalcolonies.)Lobsenz, N. M., 1959, pp. 25-28. (Tropicsand U.S.)
Luscher, M., 1955, pp. 62-67. (Film record-ings of termites.)1956, pp. 1 19-128. (Production of sup-plementary reproductives of Kalotermesflavicollis dependent on competence ofnymphs and inhibitory effect of function-ing repoductives by hormones producedin head or thorax, passed on to nymphsthrough intestine, completely prevent pro-duction supplementary reproductives.)1956b, pp. 261-267. (Production and inhibi-tion of supplementary reproductives ofKalotermes flavicollis.)1956c, pp. 28-316 to 29-317. (Filming oftermites.)1958a, pp. 372-377. (Origin of soldiers.)1958b, pp. 144-150. (The effect of thecorpora allata on the origin of substitutereproductives.)1958c, pp. 48-65. (Nutrition, protozoa, in-sect and human state.)Luppova, A. N., 1955, pp. 55-56. (Biologyand distribution in Turkmenia of the bigTranscaspian Anacanthotermes ahngeria-nus.)McKeown, K. C, and Calaby, J. H., 1958,pp. 462-465. (Termites, Australia.)Maeterlinck, M., 1939, pp. 1-142. (Life ofof the white ant.)Marcus, H., 1958, pp. 61-77. (Polymorphismand caste development.)Martinez, J. B., 1957, pp. 147-161. (Morphol-ogy, biology, damage, and control, Cryp-totermes brevis.)Mathieu, H., 1959, pp. 1-92. (France, theignored pest, the termite.)Mathur, R. N., and Chhotani, O. B., i960,pp. 623-624. (India, 3 queens in 2 colo-nies Odontotermes wallonensis, with 1or 2 kings and workers, length queens 5.4to 5.8 cm., Sambalpur, Orissa.)Mathur, R. N., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1959,PP- 3'9- (India, Dehra Dun, biologytermites, Angulitermes dehraensis, Copto-termes heimi, Heterotermes indicola,Neotermes bosei.)1960a, pp. 23-27. (India, Dehra Dun, biol-ogy Capritermes dunensis, Eremotermesdehraduni, Microcerotermes beesoni,Microtermes anandi, M. unicolor, Neo-termes megaoculatus, N. microculatus
,
Nasutitermes thanensis.)Morgan, F. D., 1959, pp. 155-195. (NewZealand, Stolotermes ruficeps.)Noirot, C, 1955a, pp. 399-595. (Study variousstages Nasutitermes arborum. Studiesvarious genera and species in Nasuti-termitinae, Amitermitinae, Microcero-
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER
termininae, Termitinae, and Macroter-mitinae. Characters of neuter castes, evo-lution of polymorphism, determination offormation of castes.)1956, pp. 145-158. (The replacement sexualsin the higher termites, can have threeorigins—winged imagines, nymphs, andworkers (neoteinics) . In Termitidae onlydo imagines become sexually mature innest, lay eggs in queenless coloniesAnoplotermes. Formation substitute sex-uals from nymphs widespread, precededby molting. Only with the most primitivetypes Termitidae possible for workers tobe sexualized, as in Tertnes hospes.Formation apterous reproductives takesplace during two successive molts, liveshort time, must be constantly replaced,same in Microcerotermes amboinensis. Inmost highly developed forms sexualmaturation only possible for imagines.Development supplementary reproduc-tives influenced by neither diet norectohormones.)1958-1959, pp. 151-169. (General, ecology,water, temperature, light, air, soil, micro-climate of nest and its regulation inBellicositermes 27 to 30 C.)Obenberger, J., 1940, pp. 1-402. (Termitespp. 255-402, biology, nests, fungus cultiva-tion, termitophiles, damage, control,predators.)1949, pp. 1-175. (Biology, nests, funguscultivation, termitophiles, damage, con-trol, predators.)J952, 1955- (Vol- I, PP. 10, 23, 25, 29, 54,128, 137-139, 154, 295-296, 322-324, 326,436, 492, 498, 688-689, 711, 753-754- Vol.2, pp. 576-637-)Pence, R. J., 1956, pp. 553-554. {Kalotermesminor can exist in wood with n.\ to 3%moisture, can adjust to temperatures of150 F.)1957a, pp. 91-95. (Adipose tissue, not chitinfluorescent.)1957b, pp. 238-240. (End-slotted moisturegradient test tubes set in battery jars,moisture 97^% optimum {Reticuliterm.eshesperus), prefer black-dyed wood.)Pesson, P., 1959, pp. 41, 55, 78-79, 99, 104,109, 132, 137-138, 152, 167. (General,polymorphism; nests 30 ft. high; habitatstemperature never falls below 15 C.,regulate temperature nests, go belowground to escape cold or heat; mate forlife; nests in Africa 80 to 100 years old,longest-lived insect; queens Bellicosi-termes lay 36,000 eggs per day; neoteny;
trophallaxis; social regulation—inhibitioncastes; cultivation fungi by higher ter-mites for food for young; preferentialnutrition controls production variouscastes; retrograde molts; temporary ori-entation, appreciation of duration oftime?)Pickens, A. L., 1956, pp. 233-238. (Links andgaps in the common castes of termites.)Rhode Island Dept. Agric. and Conserva-tion, Drv. of Entomology and PlantIndustry, 1955, pp. 1-4. (Biology of sub-terranean termites.)Richard, G., 1956a, pp. 502-527. (Study ofgeotropism of Calotermes fiavicollis.)1958a, pp. 571-575. {Calotermes fiavicollis,effect of light on flight.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-100. (India,biology, ecology, review all phases re-search, list references.)i959j P- 5ix-523- (India, Coptotermesheimi, swarms from early Mar. to earlyAug. at and after dusk; nests in deadwood; individuals do not live more than1 year; soldiers constitute 33% of asoldier-worker colony.)Roonwal, M. L., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1955,pp. 234-239. (Biology and damage byNeotermes gardneri, 15 trees, includingMangifera indica, injured, flights Feb. toJuly; Odontotermes flights occur en masse,once or twice a year.)Sands, W. A., 1956, pp. 531-536. (Factorsaffecting the survival of Odontotermesbadius, fungus Termitomyces micro-carpus may not support life for prolongedperiods, source of vitamins or similar es-sential substances, symbiosis necessary forsurvival.)Schmidt, H., et al., 1955b, pp. 1-309. (Sys-tematics, nests, biology, economic im-portance, control.)Schmidt, H., 1956, pp. 129-130. (Laboratorystudies of supplementary reproductives ofReticulitermes, the nymphs collect inherds of 80 to 100 and are guarded bya group of workers in a narrow chamber.They are kept isolated from othernymphs. Every 1 or 2 days they changetheir position. Further development al-ways takes place in the form of herds.Workers feed the nymphs stomodealfood.)1957a, pp. 99-100. (Germany, Hamburg,colony foundation by the Hamburgtermite.)Simeone, J. B., 1956, pp. 1-3. (U.S., New
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
York State, Reticulitermes flavipes andvirginicus.)Sims, L., 1957, pp. 312, 322-323. (U.S.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (Amitermesatlanticus in South Africa, 12 workersfirst year.)
x957> PP* 373-39°- (Kalotermes durbanen-sis, biology, distribution, damage, experi-mentation, rearing, food, protozoa.)Snyder, T. E., 1957c, pp. 38-39. (Colony for-mation by supplementary reproductivesof eastern Reticulitermes.)1960a, pp. 284-288. (General biology, worldspecies.)Striebel, H., i960, pp. 193-260. (Embryologi-cal development Kalotermes flavicollis,Zootermopsis nevadensis.)Stuart, A. M., 1961, p. 419. (Trail laying byvarious termites in laboratory tests, glandsecretion produces trails.)Szent-Ivany, J. J. H., 1959, p. 423. (Papuaand New Guinea, Coptotermes hyalo-apex.)Tu, T., 1954, pp. 17-27. (Ecological supple-ment to the Formosan Capritermesnitobei.)1956, pp. 12-18. (Biology Formosan ter-mites, damage and control in buildings.)Villiers, A., i960, pp. 1446-1448. (Uganda,study in discipline.)
Vishnoi, H. S., 1955, pp. 143-144. (Royalcells of Odontotermes obesus with un-usually large openings, India.)Weesner, F. M., 1956, pp. 36-38. (Colonyformation by Reticulitermes hesperus,U.S.)i960, pp. 153-170. (World, termites morediverse than supposed. Variations great.Culture methods must be developed forTermitidae.)Weidner, H., 1956a, pp. 55-105. (Africa,Angola, biology.)Wilkinson, W., 1957, pp. 441-443, 446.(Family unit, soldiers and workers, castesystem, migration, food production,adaptability, dwellings, lodgers, defense.)Williams, R. M. C, 1959a, pp. 291-304.(Africa, Uganda, Cubitermes ugandensisdevelopment incipient colonies, feed on
soil, exuviae, dead and living brood,copulate third day after colony founda-tion in laboratory, parthenogenesis rare,males more active in care young. Egglaying began 5th day after foundation.One egg in ii days for 2 to 3 weeks, later,one every 5^ days, 7 workers on average,no soldier. Dorylus (A.) kphli predator.)Zim, H. S., and Cottam, C, 1956, pp. 30-31.(U.S.)
BUILDING CODESClement, M. L., 1959, pp. 1-15. (U.S., south-ern standard building code, of SouthernBuilding Code Congress, termite-proofingprovisions, shields, resistant woods.)i960, sections 101-2612. (U.S., sect. 1701.7,foundation sills, where clearance is lessthan 18 in., heartwood of durable species
or pressure-treated wood using an ap-proved preservative, sills separated fromunit masonry by corrosive resistant metalshield. In appendix 3, Termite control,1, Metal shields, 2, Foundation timberstreated with approved preservative.)
CASTE DETERMINATION
Brian, M. V., 1957, pp. 107-120. (Caste de-termination in social insects.)Buchli, H., 1958, pp. 263-429. (France,Reticulitermes lucijugus and santonensis,nutrition and ectohormones influencecaste determination. Larvae of first 2stages undifferentiated, crowding andnutrition influence differentiation, work-ers differentiate in stage 3, and continueto molt and grow up to stage 9, live at25 C. from 18 months to 5 to 6 years.Workers may be sexualized during stages5 and 6, effected by an insertion of anintermediate stage of "pseudonymph."Soldiers transform from workers at all
stages but principally at stages 5 and 6.Pseudoworkers may transform beyondstage 5 to neoteinic reproductives orsoldiers. Swarming not indispensable forcopulation and egg laying.)Jucci, C, 1956, pp. 283-284. (Italy, endocrinegland important in differentiation ofcastes.)Kaiser, P., 1955, pp. 303-304. (The organs ofinternal secretion in determination ofcaste.)1956, pp. 651-653. (Hormone organs con-tribute to caste development.)1956a, pp. 129-178. (The hormone organsin connection with the origin of castes.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER
Karlson, P., and Butenhand, A., 1959, pp.49-51. (Ectohormones of termites pro-duced by reproductives influence colonymembers, refers to Grassi and Sandias,Grasse, et al., Light and Luschner.)Luscher, M., 1958b, pp. 144-150. (Effect ofcorpora allata on the origin of substitutereproductives.)i960, pp. 549-563. (Europe, Kalotermesflavicollis, caste determination is con-trolled by hormones, after each pseudoer-gate molt corpora allata secrete juvenilehormone bringing individual into reac-tive state of competence for differentia-tion. The relative duration and intensity
of secretion of the different endocrineglands bring about differentiation.)Luscher, M., and Springhetti, A., i960, pp.190-212. (Europe, Kalotermes flavicollis,role of corpora allata, seems to producetwo different kinds of hormones, thejuvenile hormone probably increases thecompetence for supplementary reproduc-tive differentiation. The gonadotropichormone initiates presoldier differentia-tion.)Pickens, A. L., 1956, pp. 233-238. (Links andgaps in the common castes of termites.)Skaife, S. H., 1954, pp. 345-353. (Caste dif-ferentiation Amitermes atlanticus due toextrinsic causes.)CHEMICAL ANALYSISAsenjo, C. F., Amoros-Marin, L., Torres,W., and Del Campillo, A., 1958, pp.185-195. (Puerto Rico, analysis WestIndian mahogany (Swietenia mahogani)isolated waxy-white substance stronglyrepellent to termites. P2 fraction variedin effectiveness.)Boyer, P., 1956, pp. 801-803. (Africa, studyof soil, distribution and amounts of basicsubstances, in the mound material ofBellicositermes natalensis.)1958, pp. 479-482. (Africa, influenced bythe reuse by the termite and the erosionof it of the soil evolution of the cementof the mound of Bellicositermes rex.)1958a, pp. 488-490. (Africa, the materialcomposing the giant mound of Bellicosi-termes rex, clay is the base of thecement.)
Hesse, P. R., 1955, pp. 449-461. Soil of termitemounds are not altered chemically.)Maldague, M., 1959, pp. 343-359. (BelgianCongo, Macrotermitinae take soils fromdepth, texture finer in mounds than inadjacent soils; no difference for Ami-termes mounds; mounds Cubitermes andNasutitermes have greater rate fine ele-ments than surrounding soils which con-tain important amount of iron oxide con-cretions. Mounds Macrotermitinae poorerin organic matter than adjacent land,but contrary occurs in mounds Cubi-termes, Nasutitermes, and Amitermes.)Manzanilla, E. B., and Ynalvez, L. A., 1958,p. 36. (Essential amino acid content ofsome tropical termites, Philippines,arginine, histidine, lysine, and phenylal-anine in three species tropical termites.)CONTROLAgarwala, S. B. D., 1955, pp. 533-537. (Aldrinand dieldrin most effective in control ofMicrotermes obesi attacking sugarcane,chiefly in India.)Agarwala, S. B. D., and Haque, M. W., 1955,pp. 347-348. (Effects of BHC treatmentsof soils in protection against Odonto-termes assmuthi and growth of sugar-cane.)Agarwala, S. B. D., and Sharma, C, 1954,pp. 78-79. (Aldrin and dieldrin out-standing in control Microtermes obesi onmaize in Bihar.)Anonymous, 1955, pp. 44, 46-48, 50. (Propercare and maintenance of termite equip-ment pays off.)1956c, pp. 42-56. (Standard termite controlmethods for U.S. Dept. Defense.)
i956f, p. 186. (Best advice on control.)I956g, pp. 18, 20, 22. (BRAB report criti-cized.)1957a, pp. 66, 68. (Questions and answerson control.)1957b, p. 85. {Cryptotermes, the drywoodtermite.)I957d, pp. 6-8, 23, 25. (Vapor barriers,asphalt paper, penetrated.)1957P, pp. 16, 18, 20, 30. (Clays kill dry-wood termites, cinders or sand soil bar-riers; dieldrin has some vapor toxicity;EDB fumigation slabs.)1958c, pp. 34, 36, 38, 40. (PCO equipmentdirectory.)19581, pp. 1-7. (Soil treatment.)1958k, p. 22. (California, Dr. I. B. Tarshis,U.C.L.A., stated SG 67, a treated silica
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
aerogel (Davison Chem. Co., Baltimore,Md.), nontoxic sorptive dust, effectivepreventive for drywood termite, use 1 lb.to 1,000 sq. ft. of attic area.)1958I, pp. 113-119. (Termite protection,pp. 113-118, only mandatory in region ofheavy attack; concrete foundations, rein-forced concrete caps, metal shields, soiltreatment, treated lumber; in areas wheredrywood or dampwood hazard, addi-tional precautions required. Decay, p.119, treated lumber, resistant woods.)I958n, pp. 2-10. (Australia, termite-proofing,control.)1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S. Dept. Agric. methodssoil treatment.)I959a > P* *7« (U.S., cooperation withbuilder, view building plans, bid early,advertise.)1959b, pp. 19-20, 22-23. (U.S., Savannah,Ga. Navy project, timing pretreatmentof construction, performance bond, workwith field superintendent.)i959d, pp. 1-4. (U.S., National Better Busi-ness Bureau warns against termite quack-ery and recommends National Pest Con-trol Association's advice on how to pur-chase wisely.)1959J, pp. 30, 32, 34. (Abbot Exterminating,pretreatment 837-unit Fort Campbell,Ky., housing project soil poisoning, woodpreservation, 1958-1961.)i96og, p. 5. (U.S., statistics by R. E. Heal,Exec. Secy., National Pest Control Assoc.,on pest control industry; 15,000 to 20,000service personnel in industry, 225-million-dollar annual business; 40% or 90 milliondollars derived from pre- and post-con-struction termite work alone.)1960k, pp. 56, 58. (U.S., no ApprovedReference Procedure for pretreatmentrecommended as yet by National PestControl Assoc, common procedures usedoutlined, use dyes, etc.)1960I, p. 182. (U.S., 3 types termites, callon licensed pest control operator.)i96on, pp. 28, 34, 36, 46, 48, 50, termites;PP- 50. 5 X > 56, fumigation; pp. 51, 54-56,safety. (U.S., equipment directory forcontrol.)19600, pp. 62, 64-69. (U.S., how to chooseefficient equipment and methods fordrilling masonry, hardness, abrasiveness,moisture factors affecting drilling, alsotypes bits, sharpening, application-pres-sure, speed, use of rigs.)1960P, p. 70. (U.S., termite publicity pro-gram, series news stories sent to news-
papers in various States, damage, issuanceof statements by local authority, cartoon.)i96ot, p. 5. (U.S., National Pest ControlAssoc, offers insured termite control serv-ice warranty on both corrective and pre-treat work to qualified members.)1960U, p. 46. (U.S., National Pest ControlAssoc, board approves insured termitecontrol service warranty program. Cor-rective work and preconstruction termiteprevention treatment, qualified membersparticipate for insurance by depositing$35 covering 10 warranty jobs; LexingtonInsurance Co., Wilmington, Del.; mem-bers responsible for retreatment for first$roo, repairs in excess of $100 filed withNPCA. Damage occurring within 1 yearafter service will be made at expense ofTO and/or NPCA not to exceed $5,000.)1960V, pp. 56-57. (U.S., how to sell soilpoisoning pretreatment of buildings tovarious groups interested in building.)1960W, pp. 28-30, 32-34. (U.S., termites pp.28-30, heptachlor, and sodium arseniteadded, in National Pest Control Assoc,supplement to ARP (approved referenceprocedures for termite control), to listchemicals accepted by FHA, rates appli-cation, inspections, etc.)i96oy, pp. 42-43. (U.S., free inspectionson way out, term "clearance" not to beused, termite report safer legally.)1960Z, pp. 1-5. (Philippines, U.S. methods.)1960a1 , pp. 34, 36. (U.S., should concreteblock foundations be treated at gradelevel or near footings? Experiments underway; above grade level most effective?)1960b1 , pp. 1-15. (U.S., design of woodstructures for permanence, NationalLumber Manufacturers Assoc, recom-mends: sanitation, sound foundation,drainage, ventilation, proper clearance,durable or treated wood, metal shields,periodic inspection for termite preven-tion, detailed diagrams.)Ayoub, M. A., 1959, pp. 429-432. (SaudiArabia, Microceroterm.es diversus attack-ing live plants.)Beal, J. A., 1958, pp. 20, 22. (Soil poisoningdosages, poisoned vapor barriers, insulat-ing materials tested.)Beechem, H. A., 1955, pp. 36, 50. (Methylbromide poisoning, gas in applicator nearlethal concentration.)Beesley, J., 1957, pp. 4-6, pp.^ 1-3, 3-4.(Australia, eradicating termites frombuildings.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES IQ55-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER II
Bender, A. H., 1959, p. 68. (U.S., clean-upequipment—brushes, rags, trash cans,vacuum cleaner and drill combination.)Boettger, C. R., 1957, pp. 105-121. (Protec-tion of construction timber.)Bowser, C. A., 1955, pp. 9-10, 12. (FederalHousing requirements.)Brehm, W. L., et al., 1955, pp. 44, 46-48, 50.(Equipment care and maintenance.)Brickey, P. M., 1957, pp. 33, 36. (Pricesmust be adjusted.)Briegleb, P. H., 1954, pp. 73-76. (Resistantwire, soil poisons.)Brinkman, G., 1956, pp. 199-202.Buswell, W. S., Jr., 1955, p. 44. (In roof.)Butts, W. L., 1959, p. 32. (Chemical disper-sion in concrete blocks.)Capinpin, R. I., 1955, pp. 170-172. (Philip-pines, termite-proofing foundations.)Casimir, M., 1957, pp. 67-68. (Australia, detec-tion and control.)Ceylon Coconut Research Institute, 1958,pp. 1-2. (Ceylon, paradichlorobenzene inplanting holes.)Chaaraoui, A. M., and Chahouan, A. A. M.,1955, pp. 286-297. (Egypt.)Chatterji, S., Sarup, P., and Chopra, S. C,1958, pp. 399-405. (India, dieldrin, DDT,and BHC mixture (50:50) superior toDDT and toxaphene mixture (50:50), 5,10, 15, and 20 lb. to acre applied to soilonce before planting.)i960, p. 108. (India, control termites attack-ing wheat by insecticides.)Clements, W. B., 1955, p. 32. (U.S., Florida.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, hodotermitid harvester termites,poison baits—sodium fluosilicate grassveldreclamation, arresting soil erosion.)Das, G. M., 1959, pp. 493-498 (p. 8, reprint).(NE. India, Microcerotermes sp. live woodeater, dieldrin as soil poison, use leads toinjury by other insects.)Davis, J. J., 1955, pp. 1-3. (Prevention andcontrol, U.S.)Davletshina, A. G., and Bogolyubova, A. S.,1960a. (U.S.S.R., Anacanthotermes tur-\estanicus, results of experiments on con-trol in Golodnaya Steppe.)Dickinson, L. E., 1961, pp. 40-43. (General:Taiwan, damage to underground cable,control coat with pentachlorophenol.Australia, use of vaseline-based servingcontaining arsenic applied to outside leadsheathing, also attack on plastic sheathedcable. Panama, cables employing jutefillers attacked. Hawaii, termites eatthrough synthetic rubber, polyethylene or
neoprene insulation, control blow penta-chlorophenol or chlordane into ducts.Cuba, synthetic insulation type cable re-placed. Congo, termite hills too close tolines must be removed.)Diller, J. D., 1958, pp. 1-3. (U.S., in crawl-space houses, on basis cost and perform-ance for 9 to 10 years, most desirablemoisture-barrier ground cover two layersasphalt-saturated felt. Installed cost $24for coverage 1,000 sq. ft. area. Wheremuch physical wear, 45-lb. roll roofing,or heavier grade asphalt-saturated feltmore durable.)Dillon, R. M., (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-60. (Pro-tection against decay and termites in resi-dential construction for FHA-concreteor masonry capped foundations, shields,treated wood, or soil poisons.)1958, pp. 1-33. (Vapor-barriers not recom-mended; all structural lumber must betreated.)Doering, K. W., 1958, pp. 46, 48, 50. (Howtermites affect approval of Veterans Ad-ministration home loans.)Ebeling, W., 1959a, pp. 24-25, 46-47. (U.S.,California, how to prevent termites fromruining your house, danger in doingcontrol work yourself, licensed operatorsand trade associations have raised stand-ards, structural alterations, insecticides,treated wood, poison dusts, wood pres-ervation, fumigation, silica aerogel, forcontrol drywood termites.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J., 1956, pp. 46,50, 52, 54, 55, 56-57, 58, 62, 64. (U.C.L.A.entomologists evaluate research data oncontrol Kalotermes and Reticulitermes.)1958a, pp. 1-16. (Prevention and controlwestern subterranean termite.)Ebeling, W., Pence, R. J., and Wagner, R. E.,1958, pp. 50, 52. (Period for 50% paraly-sis: lindane outstanding; period for 50%mortality; pentachlorophenol, dilutionaffects results—subterranean termites.Drywood termites can be prevented fromreinfesting buildings by dusting timberswith inert dusts which remove lipids ofepicuticle causing rapid desiccation.)Ebeling, W., and Wagner, R. E., 1959, pp.40, 42, 44-46. (U.S., California, controldrywood termites. Woodtreat-TC, to killand aerogels to prevent attack.)1959a, pp. 5-8. (Same as 1959.)1959b, pp. 190-207. (U.S., California, dry-wood termites more susceptible to sorp-tive than to abrasive dusts, remove lipoidprotective layer covering epicuticle caus-
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
ing rapid loss water after crawling onthin film dust. Lose 30% of body weightin water, then die. Silica aerogels par-ticularly effective. Water soluble fluoridesincorporated into the silica gels greatlyincrease effectiveness with increasing rela-tive humidities. After wax is disrupted,fluorides can act as contact insecticides,ability to adhere to dusted surfaces in-creased.)Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer (Ed.), 1958,pp. 2798-2807. (Damage and control.)Essig, E. O., 1958, pp. 112-119. (WesternNorth America, Zootermopsis, Reticuli-termes.)Ferrero, F., 1959, pp. 30-31. (France,Banyuls, Eastern Pyrenees, Calotertnesfiavicollis attacking grapevines controlledby use dieldrin as dust (20% active ma-terial) or suspension with 1.5 1. dieldrinper 100 1. water, soil thoroughly treatedespecially around roots, and dust or sprayapplied under pressure. Wounds shouldbe dusted.)Feytaud, J., 1957, pp. 1-117. (France, controlin buildings.)Fonseca, J. P. C. da, 1952-1954, pp. 13-19.(Control Syntertnes injurious to Eucalyp-tus seedlings with organic insecticides,Brazil.)Forest Products Journal, 1957, pp. 23A-27A. (U.S., practical approach to pre-vention of decay and termites in build-ing construction.)Francia, F. C, 1957, pp. 29-30. (Philippines,control subterranean termites.)1957a, pp. 15-17, 19. (Philippines, controldrywood termites.)Francia, F. C, and Valino, A. J., i960,pp. 21-25, 3 1 * (Philippines, importancevarious species, descriptive notes, habits,distribution, control.)French Standards Association, 1957, pp. 1-12. (France, Reticulitermes lucifugus andR. lucifugus subsp. santonensis, detection,prevention, control.)Garlick, G. G., 1956, pp. 485-488. (U.S., re-port of Building Research Advisory BoardCommittee on Protection Against Decayand Termites in Residential Construc-tion.)Gay, F. J., and Weatherly, A. H., 1959, pp.26-28. (Australia, powerful contact toxiceffect by adding small amount dieldrinto concrete during mixing, good perma-nence.)Giraldi, G., 1955, pp. 487-498. (Italy, Venice,structural, soil poisons, wood preserva-tion.)
Gosswald, K., 1958, pp. 129-151. (France,Calotertnes fiavicollis control by syn-thetic insecticide, Thiodan, carburettedhydrogen gas.)Gouse, D., i960, pp. 30, 64. (U.S., Muncie,Ind., pest control operator designs Fordtank truck for pumps, hose, tools, etc., fortermite work.)Graham, J. F., 1957, p. 64. (Africa, Kenya,destruction termite nests.)Greaves, T., 1959, pp. 1 14-120. (Developmenteven age stands in alpine areas will pre-vent attack by Porotermes adamsoni;Coptotermes acinaciformis controlled byblowing /4 to Vz oz. white arsenic dustinto nursery with portable dust gun.Silvicultural methods will assist in controlCoptotermes but insecticides necessary inmixed age stands, Australia.)Gunderson, H., 1957, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Iowa,detection and control.)Gunn, J. W., 1952, p. 28. (Purdue Universityconference report.)Harris, W. V., 1955a, pp. 12-13. (Australia,war on white ants.)1955b, pp. 1-6 (Prevention damage to build-ings, British Commonwealth.)1959a, pp. 47-50. (World crops.)1960a, pp. 73-76.1960c, pp. 103-106. (Damage to timbers bydifferent types termites of world, controlby wood preservatives and barriers.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-75°' (Solomon Islands, concretefoundations, shields, wood preservation.)Hartwig, E. K., 1955, pp. 361-366. (Destruc-tion Trinervitermes nests, South Africa,by mechanical and chemical methods;winged appear in Apr. or June, accordingto rains; tobacco dust or dimethyl para-thion powder, 20%, no harmful effect.)1956, pp. 629-639. (Africa, Trinervitermes,population distribution as basis for con-trol measures.)Hatfield, I., 1958, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44. (Mosteconomical combined fungicide and woodinsect control chemical—pentachlorophe-nol.)Heisterburg, W., 1958, pp. 66-67. (Austria,criticism of Kurir's 1958 paper on termitedanger in Austria.)1959, pp. 142-143. (Austria, introductionand radical eradication possibility.)Herfs, A., 1959, pp. 148-150. (India, dipsugarcane cuttings in aqueous emulsionsDDT, 0.25% BHC, 1% chlordane, 1%aldrin, 0.25 to 5% dieldrin; dust furrowswith 5% BHC or chlordane at a level of20 lb. per acre effective. Dosages higher
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER J3
than 1 lb. BHC per acre injured growingshoots. Chlordane improves growth at0.75 or 5 lb. per acre.)Hickin, N., 1957, p. 23. (East Africa, Cryp-totermes brevis.)Hoag, R., 1959, pp. 3-5, 9. (California, Struc-tural Pest Control Board rules.)Holdsworth, H. P., 1959, pp. 1-6. (Ohio.)Hrdy, I., and Hrda, J., i960, pp. 209-215.(Czechoslovakia, effect of DDT andgamma BHC, Lindane on Kalotcrmesflavicollis and Reticulitermes lucifugus.)Hunt, F., 1958, pp. 1-3. (U.S., Florida home-owners termite guide.)Isherwood, H. R., 1955, pp. 12, 14. (Equip-ment for subterranean termite control.)Jacquiot, C, 1957, pp. 1-7. (France, resistantwoods, products used for control.)Jakobi, H., and Loyola E. Silva, J. de, 1959,pp. 113-117. (Portugal, control of para-sites of termites by biochemistry, sym-biosis, defaunation by an antibiotic
—
Acetarson, flagellates in Eucryptotermesin three days, no injury to termites.)Jenkins, C. F. H., i960, pp. 1 17-123. (WestAustralia, sanitation, ventilation, inspec-tion, termite-proof construction, shields,soil poisons, wood preservation, resistantwoods.)Jones, G. D., 1958, pp. 1-2. (U.S., North Caro-lina.)Jottrand, M., and Detilleux, E., 1959, pp.111-129. (Belgian Congo, Elizabethville,leveling, tillage, and costs, mound nests.)Kalyanaraman, V. M., Narayanaswamy,P. S., and David, A. L., i960, pp. 166-171.(India, sugarcane, by insecticides.)Kassab, A., Chaarawi, A. M., Hassan, M. I.,and Shahwan, A. M., i960, pp. 1-91.(Egypt, control Anacanthotermes ochra-ceus, Psammotermes fuscojemoralis andassuanensis.)Katz, H., 1958, p. 49. (Treat soil, where oldwoody shrubs grow near foundation, withaqueous solution of toxicant to controlsubterranean termites.)1959, p. 46. (Exposed threshold under dooron side facing worst weather conditionsaccumulates water, can provide termiteswith moisture reservoir, no ground con-tact needed, use Woodtreat-TC on woodnearest wet threshold.)Kirkpatrick, T. W., 1954, pp. 126-132. (Brit-ish Commonwealth, developments in ter-mite research.)Koppenhafer, W. D., i960, pp. 54-55. (U.S.,Albany, N.Y., quotation sheet for esti-mating costs and justifying bids by Aba-lene Pest Control Service.)
Kowal, R. J., 1957, pp. 155-156. (The Na-tional Research Council's BRAB reporton protection against decay and termitesin residential construction.)
x957a > PP- 9> I0> 36. (Index to cooperatingpublic agencies in termite control.)1958, p. 401. (Southern U.S., research oncontrol.)Kurir, von A., 1958, pp. 8-15. (Austria, Re-ticulitermes flavipes, destruction all build-ings in infested area and burning allwood in them, chemical treatment brickand mortar debris, fumigation soil.)1958a, pp. 84-87. (Austria, Reticulitermesflavipes eradication with cobalt 60 orstrontium 90, not in favor of Long-TermControl.)
x959> PP- 101-104. (Austria, radical controlmethods, radiation.)Kyle, C. V., 1958, pp. 32, 34, 36, 38, 49. (U.S.,removal and replacement floor tile.)Latif, A., and Jilani, S. G., 1957, pp. 11-12.(Pakistan, control termites on chillies.)Lee, P. G. M., 1959, pp. 34-35. (Malaya,structural and chemical barriers.)1959a. pp. 63-64. (World, crops.)Lefevre, F., 1956, pp. 47-50. (Control of ter-mite damage, date palm station, KanKossa, Mauritius.)Lemire, E. H, 1959, pp. 36, 38. (U.S., whento sell home building market preconstruc-tion treatment.)Lewis, R., 1958, pp. 33. (Chevrolet equip-ment truck with compartments andpump, Muncie, Ind.)Long, E. J., 1955, pp. 14-16. (U.S., termitecounterattack.)Lyons, F. H., 1956, pp. 112-114, 203-206.(How to protect against termites in con-ventional construction.)1956a, pp. 203-206. Idem. (Slab-type con-struction.)Maher, P., 1955, pp. 18, 20, 44. (Pretreat-ment with 4% chlordane emulsion, slabhomes.)Mallis, A., i960, pp. 219-324. (U.S., damp-wood, drywood, subterranean termites.)Manuel, M. W., 1958, pp. 36, 38, 40. (U.S.,California, termite report must not mis-represent, inspection, legal liability.)Martinez, J. B., 1956, pp. 102-117. (Spain.)l957> PP- 147-161. (Canary Islands.)Mason, N. P., 1958, p. 18. (Termite protec-tion required by FHA in United Statesof building in danger zone; inspectiononce or twice a year; destroy tunnels, ifreach wood, call an exterminator.)1958a, pp. 19-20. (Minimum propertystandards for FHA in the U.S. for ter-
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
mite control, including both physical andchemical barriers.)Mathur, R. N., 1960a, pp. 376-378. (India,control in houses, sanitation, ventilation,grading, drainage, sound foundations,proper clearance, periodic inspections, soilpoisons, metal shields, resistant woods,wood preservatives, destruction nests bypoisons.)Mayer, P., 1955, pp. 18, 20, 44. (U.S., built-intermite proofing.)Mesecher, R. B., 1957, pp. 20, 22, 45. (U.S.,California, how to remove, repair, re-place baseboards.)Metcalf, R. L. (Ed.), 1957, pp. 147-192. (Usechemicals as pesticides, repellents: or-ganic phosphorous insecticides.)1958, pp. 1-426. (Application pesticides,residues, insect resistance.)Moutia, L. A., 1955, pp. 48-51. (Mauritius,household.)Newsam, A., and R\o, B. S., 1957, pp. 98.{Coptotermes curvignathus attacking rub-ber trees in Malaya controlled with aldrin,less costly than superior dieldrin, chlor-dane less persistent.)1958, pp. 209-215. (Malaya, Coptotermescurvignathus controlled by treating soilabout trunk with 0.4% BHC dust (2 oz.around collar); 5% DDT or 5% toxa-phene failed; emulsions more effectivethan dusts. Vi gal. per planting hole,emulsions of chlordane, aldrin, dieldrineffective, dieldrin most persistent.)New South Wales Dept. Agric., Entomo-logical Branch, 1958, pp. 1-19. (Aus-tralia, N.S. Wales.)Nirula, K. K., Anthony, J., and Menon,K. P. V., 1953, pp. 26-34. (Chlordane andparathion mixed with soil effective againstTermes obesus attacking coconut seed-lings, India.)Orr, L. W., 1959, pp. 639-640. (U.S., soilpoisons cannot be relied on alone, sanita-tion, drainage, ventilation, proper clear-ance, impervious foundations, treatedwood; disturbance symbiosis with pro-tozoa.)Osmun, J. V., 1957a, pp. 592-593. (Responseof Reticulitertnes ftavipes to certain in-secticides.)Osmun, J. V., and Pfendler, D. C, 1955, pp.479-480. (Device for subslab injection ofinsecticides by pressure.)Packard, H. R., 1955, pp. 25-26, 28. (Coopera-tion between termite operator and realestate agencies in California.)
Parcher, J. V., and Means, R. E., 1959, pp.29-30, 32. (U.S., characteristics soil, co-hesion, plasticity, strength, void ratio,loads on sand, clay, shrinking and swell-ing.)1959a, pp. 57-58, 60. (U.S., chemical ap-plication, structural safeguards, penetra-tion soil, soaking or low-pressure injec-tion for coarse-grained soil, pressure in-jection for fine-grained soils; effect ofbuilding on water content of clay and dry
soils.)Parry, M. S., 1949, pp. 287-292. (Africa,Tanganyika, Eucalyptus plantations.)Parsons, H. L., and Ehrlich, A., 1961, pp.20, 23-24. (Use AM-9-American Cyana-mid Co. water-soluble mixture of acryl-amide and N,N-methylene-bisacrylamideto solidify soil. A 10% mixture by weightin water prepared and 2 catalysts added,resulting in a gel. Solution applied inrodding holes, 8 in. apart, parallel towall. Mass of soil patricles held together.Dries out soil. Toxic, remove plants.May be applied with insecticide?, notdetermined.)Pearson, E. O., and Maxwell-Darling, R. C,1958, pp. 61-63. (Tropical Africa, dam-age to cotton by Hodotermes can be al-lowed for by closer spacing; subterraneantermites can be controlled by use baitsawdust poisoned by paris green appliedat time thinning; ground applicationsBHC effective.)Pence, R. }., 1958, p. 56. (Chemically treatedasphalt vapor barrier stops termites
—
1%chlorinated hydrocarbons added to as-phalt.)Pepper, J. O., and Gesell, S. G., 1959, pp. 1-8.(U.S., Pennsylvania, detection and con-trol.)Purushotham, A., Sebastian, V. O., and Gro-ver, P. N., 1959, pp. 15-19. (India, pro-tection timber logs from termites.)Rangel, J., Gomes, J., and Souza, H. D.,1952- 1955. (Control of Nasutitertnes bre-vioculatus by disinfection of sugarcanecuttings with Rhodiatox, Rodiaclor, andother insecticides, Brazil.)Redd, J. C, 1957, pp. 37-38, 46. (Special con-trol specification needed for each struc-ture.)Reno, J., i960, pp. 27-28. (Protection of houseswith basements against termites.)1960a, p. 77. (U.S., protection against ter-mites for houses with slab floors.)Roonwal, M. L., 1955a, pp. 22-23, 26, 30.(Fighting the white ant, India.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES IO55-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER r5
1958a, pp. 77-100. (India, mounds, watersuspensions chlorinated hydrocarbons,fumigation; sugarcane, soak setts, dustfurrows BHC; other crops, chlorinatedhydrocarbons—fruit trees, soil poisons,spraying trunks, paste on trunks, DDT,BHC; wood, resistant woods, shields,wood preservatives.)Rui, D., 1956, pp. 1-2. (Italy, Venice, 4%malathion and 1% gamma benzene hexa-chloride in kerosene unsuccessful againstReticiditermes lucifugus.)Russell, R. M., 1958, pp. 74, 76, 78, 80. (Re-lationships construction to infestations bysubterranean termites, floating, supported,and monolithic slabs; costs resistantwoods; vapor barriers, expansion joints.)St. George, R. A., 1957, pp. 38, 40, 42, 44.(Subterranean termites attacking yews inMaryland controlled with chlordaneemulsion.)St. George, R. A., Johnston, H. R., andKowal, R. J., i960, pp. 1-30. (U.S.,recommendations of Forest Service, fol-lowing BRAB reports.)Sands, W. A., i960, pp. 106-108. (West Africa,control termites damaging living trees,dieldrin emulsion in planting holes; usepolythene planting pots, use 2% dieldrindust. Mechanical cultivation in planta-tions.)Sastry, K. S. S., 1956, pp. 77-83. (India, Vis-vesvaraya Canal Tract, Odontotermesobesus injury to sugarcane.)Schmidt, H., 1955a, pp. 222-224. (Methods ofresearch on wood products.)Schmitt, J. B., Libby, J. L., and Wilson,B. R., i960, pp. 1-16. (U.S., chiefly Re-ticulitermes flavipes.)Schmitz, G., 1956, pp. 1551-1596. (BelgianCongo.)1957, pp. 229-230.Scott, K. G., i960, pp. 35^ 36, 38. (U.S.,Southern California, shields not neces-sary, usually 4 or 5 control methods neces-sary; all areas should be pretreated, notonly critical areas, 5-year guarantee im-practical.)Sharma, D. K., 1959, pp. 18-19, 22 - (India,termites must be tackled.)Simeone, J. B., 1956. pp. 1-3. (U.S., New YorkState, prevention and control subterraneantermites.)Sims, L., 1957, pp. 312, 322-323. (U.S.)Sinel'nikov, N. A., 1950, pp. 38-48, (U.S.S.R.,the use of DDT in the control of ter-mites.)
Singh, S. H., Sandhu, G. S., and Arora, K. S.,1958, pp. 331-332, 335-336. (India, Pun-jab sugarcane).Singh, S. S., 1957, pp. 19-20. (India, preven-tion termites entry through cracks infloor, provide in certain areas layer cleandry sand of 9-inch thickness below floor.)Singh, S. S., and Sharma, P. L., 1957, pp. 91-95. (India, aldrin 0.4 oz. 40% emulsionconcentrate in 12 gal. water effective indestroying nests Odontotermes gurdas-purensis.)Smith, C. R, 1954, pp. 16-17. (U.S., south,stop termite attack.)i960, pp. 40-41. (U.S., North Carolina,3-year-old inspection form for wood-destroying organisms developed throughcooperation with the Veterans Adminis-tration still acceptable.)Smith, D. N, 1945, pp. 1-12. (British Colum-bia, dampwood and subterranean.)Smith, M. W., 1956a, pp. 36, 38, 40. (Sub-terranean termites.)1957, PP- 34, 36, 38, 42. (Slab-type houses.)Snyder, T. E., 1955^ pp. 50, 66. (Colonizingtermites.)1956, p. 36. (Venezuela, control by poisondust infestation from roof by subterra-nean termites.)i956f, pp. 27-37. (World.)I957D > p- 3- (Summary BRAB report, pro-tection in residential construction.)1960a, pp. 284-288. (Control, general.)Soares, T-, 1958, pp. 230-232. (Portugal.)Spear, P. J., 1956, pp. 1-4. (Termite controlin U.S. 35% of 100-million-dollar annualpest-control business; recommendationsBRAB report; State legislation; 130gradute entomologists in commercialwork.)1958, pp. 49-50. (Pest control in structuresin the U.S. 100-million-dollar business an-nually, 35% termite control, 25% fumi-gation.)Spector, W. S. (Ed.), 1956, p. 491. (Hand-book.)Srivastava, J. C, 1957, P- 743- (India, protec-tion sugarcane.)Strong, V. E., 1956, pp. 38, 40. (Cost routineinspection, California.)Thakur, C, Prasad, A. R., and Singh, R. P.,!958, pp. 155-163. (0.5 lb. dieldrin peracre protects sugarcane against Micro-termes obesi, Odontotermes assmuthi, andTrinervitermes heimi, India; no adverseeffect on soil fertility.)1961, pp. 127-131. (India, Pusa, in calcareoussoil both aldrin and dieldrin effective as
i6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. J 43
dust and emulsion in protecting sugar-cane, dieldrin having longer residualeffect.)Thornhill, F., 1955, pp. 16, 18.Toumanoff, C.j and Toumanoff, T. C, 1959,pp. 216-218. (France, biological controlby Serratia marcescens, "Rcticiditermessantonnensis.")Tu, T., 1953, pp. 277-287. (Formosa, insecti-cidal action of various chemicals and by-products of camphor on Coptotermesformosanus.)1956, pp. 12-18. (Formosa, control in build-ings.)Vance, A. M., 1956, pp. 10, 18, 24. (South-western U.S., lawns protected by 1% gal.75% (8 lb. per gal.) chlordane emulsifi-able concentrate, loosen soil before appli-cation, Gnathamitermes.)Vanetti, F., 1959, pp. 437-443. (Brazil, Cor-nitermes cumulans.)Vayssiere, P., in Coste, 1955, p. 241. (World,biological control in coffee plantations.)Vayssiere, P., 1957, pp. 473-480. (Malaya.)Wagner, R. E., and Ebeling, W., 1959, pp.208-211. (U.S., California, insecticide dilu-ents, silica gels, aerogels or precipitates,montmorillonite clays, attapulgite clays,diatomites, in decreasing order effective-ness as preventives. Lighter material su-perior to heavier, increase with distancefrom point of discharge.)
Ward, J. C, 1958, pp. 14-16. (U.S., use pesti-cides with care.)Weidner, H., I955g, in Schmidt, H. (ed.),1955b, pp. 160-164. (Control of termitesinjurious to plants.)Wilkinson, W., 1957a, pp. 493-494. (World.)Willcocks, F. C, and Bahgat, S., 1937, p.217. (Egypt, termites injure young cottonplants in Sudan, no records in Egypt.)Wilson, H. B., 1959, pp. 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45,47-49. 5i, 53, 89-91, 93-95. (Australia.)Wolcott, G. N., 1955, pp. 1 13-122. (Resistantwoods, use chemicals.)1955a, pp. 1 15-149. (Organic termite repel-lents tested against Cryptotermes brevis.)Wolfenberger, D. O., 1959, pp. 1-51. (U.S.,Florida, Neotermes castanens damage toliving avocado trees controlled by remov-ing and burning old trees; in case youngtrees, Vz cup 5% chlordane dust, or al-drin, dieldrin, and heptachlor effective.)Yeager, P., 1957, pp. 26, 28, 30, 43, 45. (Trendtoward greater leniency in tax deducti-bility for termite loss, especially if dam-age has occurred within 1 year or soafter inspection, cases cited.)1958, pp. 70, 72, 98-99. (Enforcement re-strictive covenant must not involve re-straint of trade; trade secrets must not bedisclosed.)Zehelj, D., 1958, pp. iio-iii. (Austria, strug-gle against termites.)COURT RULINGSAnonymous, 1957J, p. 46. (U.S., Michigancourt held suppressing a material factconstitutes fraud.)Yeager, P., 1957, pp. 26, 28, 30, 43, 45. (Trendtoward greater leniency in tax deducti-bility for termite loss, especially if dam-
age occurred within 1 year or so after in-spection, cases cited.)1958, pp. 70, 72, 98-99. (Enforcement re-strictive covenant must not involve re-straint of trade; trade secrets must not bedisclosed.)CYTOLOGYBanerjee, B., 1957, pp. 288-289. (Haploidchromosome numbers in the testis of kingOdontotermes redemanni.)Denis, C, 1958a, pp. 240-247. (Cytology ter-minal nerves in course of ontogeny Calo-termes flavicollis.)
Noirot, C, and Noirot-Timothee, C, i960,2779-2781. (General, Anoplotermesworker, Microcerotermes, structure pos-terior intestine.)
DAMAGEAnonymous, 1949. (In 1849, C. Inge, probatecourt of Adams Co., Mississippi, had rec-ords destroyed by termites. Dr. T. W.Harris identified them, suggested paperbe impregnated with alcohol solution ofcorrosive sublimate of mercury.)1957, pp. 24, 25. (Estimates of incidence
and damage by termites in States in1956.)i957d, pp. 6-8, 23, 25. (Florida, damage bytermites and decay, asphalt impregnatedbuilding paper vapor barrier ineffective.)1957I, p. 22. (Termites in inlaid floor, St.George's Hall, Kremlin, Moscow, 56 N.;former records, Ukraine, Odessa, 46 ° N.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 17
1958a, pp. 8-10. (Infestation Chicago homes,other northern localities listed.)1958c!, p. 48. (Rutgers University study es-timates damage at 2 million dollars inNew Jersey.)i958n, pp. 2-10. (Australia, kinds damage.)1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S., map showing re-gions heavy, medium, and light damage.)I959f, p. 54. (U.S., damage allowable byRevenue Service if proven occurs be-tween September and June of followingyear—not over several years.)I959n > P- I0^ (Italy, Venice, St. Mark'schurch damaged by "Lucifubis" (Reti-culitermes lucijugus), United Press re-lease Oct. 5, 1959, in New York HeraldTribune.)i960, p. 25. (U.S., in California 25 to 60%of slab houses infested, 1 to 2 years oldin one area inspected. In Louisiana,Alexandria and Lake Charles areas 25 to30% infested in 5 years. In Jackson, Miss.,50 to 60% under 5 years old infested. InTexarkana, Tex., 90% slab houses in oldforested area infested in first year; Texasin general 10 to 50% infested.)1960J, p. 4. (U.S., Annapolis, Md., in 1957,5-year-old Health Department buildinginfested, termites crawled through cracksin concrete; also through lime mortar.In central Florida slab-on-ground homes10 times more vulnerable, suspendedfloor next, crawl-space house with piers3 ft. above ground least susceptible. 75to 90% concrete-block homes infestedwithin 3 to 5 years of completion. InCharleston, S.C., 600 brick veneer GeorgeLegere homes built in 1941 of untreatedwood on concrete slab floors; 14 yearslater 240, or 40% of dwelling units, hadto have wood replaced.)i96oq, pp. 23-24. (Honolulu, Hawaii, 3 mil-lion dollars spent in single year recentlyfor repairs to buildings damaged by ter-mites in city and county Honolulu; runfrom 20 to 50% permit values. Subter-ranean termites cause 75% total damage,drywood 25%; subterranean termites inalmost every building in city; less in-festations in outskirts.)1960c,1 pp. 20, 24. (Hawaii, damage byCoptotermes jortnosanus and a drywoodtermite severe, 3 million dollars (includ-ing decay) in 1956. Drywood termiteresponsible for one-quarter total termitedamage.)Baeta-Neves, C. M. B., 1956a, pp. 156-158.(Lisbon, corks damaged.)
Becker, G., 1957, pp. 403-410. (North Italy,Chioggia, first record in Europe cases ofdocks (pine) and piles (oak) infestedwith Kalotermes ftavicollis.)Boettger, C. R., 1957, pp. 105-121. (In Trop-ics, damage to commercial timber.)Bournier, A., 1956, pp. 384-388. (France,damage by Reticulitermes lucifugus.)Bower, C. A., 1959, p. 15. (U.S., Oklahoma,increase of 25% of termite control jobsin 1957-1958 over 1956-1957; 6,843 in
x958, 5,121 in 1957; 118 new licenses is-sued in 1958.)Carr, D. R., 1957, pp. 1-19. (New Zealand,decay and subterranean termites not asinjurious as beetle borers and native dry-wood termite Calotermes brounii.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, hodotermitid harvester termites,damage to walls buildings, undermine,thatched roofs, linen, cotton, clothes, wall-paper, books, paper, matting.)Cortesi, A., i960, pp. 1, 4. (Italy, Rome, arttreasures endangered by termites: booksin National and Vatican libraries dam-aged, historic buildings, art treasures inlarge galleries, furniture in modern build-ings in Rome and village of Oriago, de-voured most of homes and trees thatadorn streets. Historic Doge's Palace,Venice, invaded.)Dorsey, C. K., 1958, pp. 1-10. (U.S., WestVirginia.)Ebeling, W., 1959b, p. 4. (U.S., California,remarks before recent meeting AmericanSociety Testing Materials, San Francisco,Calif.: In California's San Fernando Val-ley, 20 to 25 million dollars worth ofproperty every year in Southern Cali-fornia destroyed by termites, 350 firmsengaged in eradication. One species in-creased activities during last several years.Approximately 18,000, or 75% of 24,000representative buildings, inspected in 11California counties, infested, 62% by sub-terranean termites, 25% by fungi, 5% bypowder-post beetles. Both subterraneanand drywood termites found in 49% ofbuildings in 4 regions. Concrete slabsprovide no barrier, termites penetratecracks 1/32 inch in width, ingest concreteand pass it through digestive tract, canwiden minute cracks. In San FernandoValley 46% slab houses infested within5 years of construction, considerable pro-portion within 1 to 2 years.)
i8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer (Ed.), 1958,pp. 2798-2807. (Damage, the termiteproblem.)Feytaud, J. C, 1955, pp. 32-38. (Increasedhazard in France.)Francia, F. C, 1957, pp. 27-30. (Philippines,damage by subterranean termites, Copto-termes, Heterotermes, Macrotermes.)1957a, pp. 15-17, 19. (Philippines, damageby drywood termites.)Francia, F. C, and Valino, A. J., i960, pp.21-25, 31. (Philippines, importance ofvarious species.)Giles, D. T., i960, pp. 20, 22. (Del-Mar-Vapeninsula, 75 to 95% houses infested bytermites, many only 4 to 5 years old, olderhouses on Eastern Shore better con-structed, less susceptible, crawl space; only2% slab-on-ground type.)Giraldi, G., 1955, pp. 487-498. (Italy, Venice,Reticulitermes lucijugus.)Harris, W. V., 1955c, pp. 160-166. (Damagein Tropics.)J955d, pp. 9-1 1. (Persistent termite.)1956c, pp. 145-177. (Destruction of timber.)1957c, pp. 20-32. (Malaya.)1958, pp. 161-166. (East Africa, damage bydrywood termites, Cryptotermes.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-750. (Solomon Islands.)Hatfield, I., 1958, pp. 50, 52-54, 56-58, 60.(U.S., damage by decay and subterraneantermites, buildings.)Henry, T. R., 1958, p. 45. (Panama, CanalZone, eat lead, dissolve concrete, thriveon arsenic.)Hepburn, C. A., 1959, pp. 14-16. (SouthAfrica, properties.)Herfs, A., 1959, pp. 178-181. (Europe, dam-age to paper and books by Reticulitermeslucijugus.)Hickin, N., i960, pp. 459-461. (France,Kalotcrmes flavicollis, Reticulitermes lu-cijugus, and R. lucijugus, var. santonen-sis; flavicollis injures vineyards, cuts lifevine stock from 80 to 40 years; santonen-sis more injurious to buildings and treesthan lucijugus.)Kurir, von A., 1956, pp. 1-3, (Europe.)1958, pp. 7-15. (Austria and Central Eu-rope, Reticulitermes flavipes in 1955 atHallein, near Salzburg, in a paper factory,introduced in 1950 or 195 1 in woodenboxes from Hamburg, where first foundin 1937. In beech flooring, spruce andlarch doorposts, by 1957 spread to otherbuildings and railway sleepers.)
Kushwaha, K. S., i960, pp. 39-40. (India,Udaipur (Rajasthan), type of damage byOdontotermes (O.) obesus, O. (O.) obe-sus gurdaspurensis, O. (O.) bangaloren-
sis, Microtermes anandi, and Trinervi-termes bijormis; hosts.)Luppova, A. N., 1955a, pp. 1-28. (S.S.R.,Turkmenia, termites injuring buildingsand their control.)Mal'ko, B. D., 1934, pp. 34-35. (U.S.S.R.,termites pest of wood.)Martinez, J. B., 1957, pp. 147-161. (CanaryIslands.)Mathieu, H., 1957, pp. 87-91. (Hazard inFrance.)1959, pp. 1-92. (Hazard in France.)Mathur, R. N., 1960a, pp. 374-380. (India,most important termites damaginghouses, Coptotermes heimi, Heterotermesindicola, Odontotermes jeae, type of dam-age.)Mercader, C, 1956, pp. ir, 37. (Destroyer,the termite.)Meyer, M. T., i960, p. 52. (U.S., Philadelphia,Pa., 100-year-old row house had windowframe on second floor infested, no groundcontact.)Moneo-Trallero, M., 1959, pp. 21-22.(Spain.)Moutia, L. A., 1955, pp. 48-51. (Mauritius,household.)Novak, P., 1928. (Yugoslavia, Dalmatia, in-jurious insects.)Roonwal, M. L., 1955, pp. 103-104. {Hetero-termes indicola causing widespread dam-age in town Sri Hargobindpur in Punjabsince 1940.)1958, pp. 320-321. (India, damage to build-ings.)IQ59> PP- 511-523. (India, Coptotermesheimi one of the three most importanttermites that infest buildings in India.)Rui, D., 1956, pp. 1-2. (Italy, Venice.)Salmond, K. F., 1956, pp. 149-150. (Damageby Macrotermitinae in Nyasaland tostored groundnuts.)Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955, pp. 193-207. (Com-mercial timber.)1955a, pp. 222-224. (Wood products.)!955b, pp. 1-309- (World.)1956b, pp. 325-338. (Hamburg-Altona.)1957, pp. 217-222. (Reticulitermes, Ham-burg.)Schultze-Dewitz, G., 1957, pp. 933-941.(Populus and Pseudotsuga menziesii.)Silva, J. M. Barata da, 1952. (Portugal, Lis-bon. Leucotermes (Reticulitermes) lucij-ugus.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 19
Simeone, J. B., 1956, pp. 1-3. (U.S., New YorkState, map danger zones.)Sims, L., 1957, pp. 312, 322-323.Skaife, S. H., 1957, pp. 373-390. (SouthAfrica, Durban, Kalotermes durbanen-
sis.)Spencer, G. J., 1958, pp. 8-9. (British Colum-bia, damage to buildings by Zootermopsisand Reticulitermes hesperus, collapse oftwo houses due to Reticulitermes at Kam-loops and Kelowna.)Springhetti, A., 1957, pp. 1-13. (Italy, Pa-dova, Venezia, Oriago, Mira.)J957a> PP- I"I 4* (Itah/, Verona, Vicenza,Treviso, Ravigo.)Tenisonas, A., 1955, pp. 13-15. (Europe.)
Tsvetkova, V. P., 1950, pp. 95-96. (Russia,construction.)Tu, T., 1956, pp. 12-18. (Formosa.)1956a, pp. 19-22. (Formosa, important doc-uments.)U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Plant Pest Con-trol Div., Coop. Econ. Insect Rep.,1959a, p. 74. (Iran, Amitermes vilis,heavy damage to house timbers and rail-road ties, Khuzistan Prov.; Anacantho-termes vagans septentrionalis does notcause extensive damage.)Weidner, H., 1954, pp. 55-61. {Reticuli-termes, Germany, Hamburg.)Wilkinson, W., 1957a, pp. 493-494. (World.)DAMAGE TO LIVING VEGETATIONAnonymous, 1955a, pp. 63-67. (Malaya, Cop-totermes curvignathus damage to newplantings rubber.)1958I1, pp. 66. (Australia, Canberra, inhardwood forests presence of large col-ony Coptotermes jrenchi results in in-creased temperature within infested tree,maximum increase in "nursery" region.)19580, p. 63. (Australia, Canberra, Copto-termes acinaciformis and jrenchi mostinjurious to living trees. Porotermesadamsoni to trees in alpine forest in Vic-toria and New South Wales.)1959s, p. 66. (Western Australia, in malleecountry north of Murchison River, Cop-totermes brunneus attacking living euca-lyptus trees in forest, galleries extendingover 90 ft. from mound. Near Pingrup,Coptotermes acinaciformis traced frommound to several gimlet gums {Eucalyp-tus salubris).)Ayoub, M. A., 1959, pp. 429-432. (Saudi Ara-bia, Microcerotermes diversus, injury tolive plants.)Bhasin, G. D., Roonwal, M. L., and Singh,B., 1958, pp. 10, 17, 18, 63, 86, 95, 99, 102,115, 124. (India, forest plants, p. 10, insplit bamboos, Termes feae; p. 17, Bassialatifolia, Odontotermes obesus, underbark on dry stump; p. 18, Bassia longi-jolia, Kalotermes sp., possibly in greentrees, Coptotermes ceylonicus damages liv-ing trees; p. 63, tea, Glyptotermes dila-tatus nests in heartwood green bushes, in-fests through roots, Neotermes greenisame, N. militaris same; Capritermeshutsoni among roots, Eurytermes cey-lonicus damages stems and roots, Nasuti-termes ceylonicus damages bark living
stems; Odontotermes (O.) horni same;O. (O.) redemanni damages living anddead bushes, O. (O.) taprobanes same;O. {Hypotcrmes) obscuriceps same; p. 86,Cassia multijuga, Neotermes greeni, borerin living trees; p. 95, Casuarina equiseti-folia, Glyptotermes dilatatus nests inheartwood living trees, infests throughsnags, knots or wounds, "Neotermesgreeni same, N. militaris same; Odonto-termes brunneus var. wallonensis injuri-ous in plantations; p. 99, Cedrela toona,Glyptotermes coordensis in solid woodold logs; G. dilatatus nests in heartwoodliving trees, infests through snags, knots,wounds, Kalotermes jepsoni infests bothdead and live wood, Neotermes greenisame; N. militaris same, Heterotermesindicola damages wood and woodenstructures; p. 102, Cedrus deodara, Ar-chotermopsis tvroughtoni nests in fallentrees and moist, decaying stumps, Mi-crotermes mycophagus damages wood orsleepers stacked on ground, Odontoter-mes bangalorensis same; p. 115, Cis-tanche tubulosa, Amitermes belli in roots;p. 124, Citrus sp., Odontotermes obesusattacks fallen wood.)Bonaventura, G., 1956, pp. 465-467. (Italy,Naples, plane tree of "San Benedetto.")Capco, S. R., 1956, pp. 9, 17, 32, 44, 51, 53,55, 56, 64, 66. (Philippines, field crops,fruit trees, vegetables.)Chatterji, S., Sarup, P., and Chopra, S. C,1958, pp. 399-405. (India, dieldrin, DDTand BHC mixture (50:50) superior toDDT and toxaphene mixture (50:50), 5,10, 15, and 20 lb. per acre applied to soilonce before planting.)
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, hodotermitid harvester termites,veld, standing crops, wheat, oats, rye,barley, groundnuts, beans, peas, lawns,flowerbeds, etc.)i960, pp. 6-9. (South Africa, Rapid Karoo,destruction of grazing by harvester ter-mites, Hodotermes mossambicus.)Cohic, F., 1956, pp. 1-91. (New Caledonia,(1) alphabetical list plants, insect pests invarious orders, pp. 1-32; (2) alphabeticallist pest, order and family, plant hosts orprey, hosts of parasites.)Das, G. M., 1958, pp. 553-560. (NortheastIndia, tea.)IQ59> P- 8. (Northeast India, tea, Micro-cerotermes, live wood eater.)Davis, S. H., 1954, pp. 35-43. (U.S., termite-proofing injuries to shade trees andshrubs.)Dinther, J. B. M. van, i960, p. 21. (Surinam,3 families termites pests of cultivatedplants.)DUMBLETON, L. J., I954, pp. 1-202. (SouthPacific Territories.)Ebeling, W., 1959, pp. 155, 224, 263, 266, 267,270-272, 274, 277. (Citrus pests
—
Ami-termes arizonensis, Coptotermes lacteus,niger, vastator, Gnathamitermes per-plexus, Heterotermes aureus, Kalotermesminor, Macrotcrmes gilvus, Mastotermesdarwiniensis, ~Nasutiterm.es costalis, Neo-termes castaneus, Odontotermes (O.)jormosanus, Paraneotermes simplicicornis,Reticulitermes flavipes, hesperus, lucifu-gus, virginicus, Zootermopsis angusticollis
,
Schedorhinotermes lamanianus, Tenuiro-stritermes incisus; p. 317, avocado pests
—
Reticulitermes hesperus, Kalotermes mi-nor; p. 325, grape pests.)Eden, T., 1958, pp. 40, 130-131. (Pests oftea, low planting and heaping earth aboutstem leads to infestation; Kalotermes sp.rings collar.)Essig, E. O., 1958, pp. 112-119. (Western U.S.,apple tree, potato.)Ferrero, F., 1959, pp. 30-31. (France, vine inBanyuls in eastern Pyrenees severely in-jured by Calotcrmes flavicollis^)Fonseca, }. P. da, 1952-1954, pp. 13-19. (Bra-zil, Syntermes harmful to Eucalyptusseedlings.)Garcia, M. L., 1958, pp. 25-27. (Philippines,Neotermes malatensis injuring avocadotrees.)Gay, F. J., 1957, pp. 86-91. (Australia, radiatapine timber in plantations by Copto-termes^)
Greaves, T., 1959, pp. 1 14-120. (Australia,Porotermes adamsoni most serious pestalpine forests in New South Wales, Tas-mania, and Victoria. Coptotermes acinac-iformis and jrenchi serious pests trees incoastal forests and savannah woodlandareas. Former can attack other livingtrees 120 ft. distant from infested livingtree, mature colony population over 770,-000; latter over 400,000. Temperaturecolonies in living trees (nursery area)higher (by over 20 ° C.) than ambienttemperature. 170 species in 23 genera onAustralian mainland.)Guagliumi, P., 1958, p. 218. (Venezuela,sugarcane by Heterotermes crinitus.)Gupta, B. D., 1955, pp. 1-80. (India, sugar-cane.)Harris, W. V., 1959, pp. 1-181. (British Hon-duras, forest trees, Kalotermes tabogae,Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes con-vexinotatus, Coptotermes niger, Nasuti-termes corniger, N. nigriceps.)
x959b5 P- 3°- (British Honduras, Copto-termes niger causes serious damage totimber trees.)Herfs, A., 1955a, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b,pp. 131-159. (Plants.)1959, pp. 148-150. (India, grains and fieldcrops—sugarcane, peanuts injured. Neo-termes tectonae kills living trees.)Hetrick, L. A., 1961, pp. 53-54. (U.S.,Florida, Kalotermes approximatus injurespear and cherry trees, causing breakage.)Hickin, N., i960, pp. 459-461. (France, Kalo-termes flavicollis, Reticulitermes lucifu-gus, and R. lucijugus, var. santonensis;flavicollis injures vineyards, cuts life vinestock from 80 to 40 years; santonensismore injurious to buildings and treesthan lucijugus.)Huff, G. E., 1959, p. 61. (U.S., Indianapolis,Ind., subterranean termites damage re-frigerated display case, moisture in bot-tom due to leak.)Janjua, N. A., and Khan, M. H., 1955, pp.69-70. (West Pakistan, Termes obesusand Microtermes obesi pests of wheat.)Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1957, pp. 7-12. (Java,teak trees, rotten branches in crowns liv-ing trees more attractive to flying adultsthan branchwood from girdled trees, en-ter by biting hole in soft wood.)1959, pp. 138-143. (Java, new teak planta-tions, 30% infested in 12-year-old com-partment, not evident until 15 to 20 yearsold.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 21
Kapur, A. P., 1953, pp. 12-13. (India, Odon-totermes obesus, nursery beds of palas,host for lac cultivation.)Kay, D., i960, p. 90. (Africa, Nigeria, Neo-termes aburiensis damaging living tissuecacao trees.)Latif, A., and Jilani, S. G., 1957, pp. 11-12.(Pakistan, injury to chillies.)Le Pelley, R. H. (Compiler), 1959, pp. 62-66.(East Africa, injury to plants by manyspecies termites, distribution, hosts, etc.)Mamet, J. R., 1955, pp. 46, 47, 74, 79. (Mauri-tius, food plants.)Marotta, A., 1954, pp. 337-338. (Italy, Reti-culitermes lucifugus death of plants.)Martelli, M., and Arru, G. M., 1957-1958,pp. 5-49. (Sardinia, Calotermes flavicol-lis, injury to cork oak, Qiiercus sicber.)Mathur, R. N., and Singh, B., i960, pp. 1-45.(India and adjacent countries, termitesinjurious to forest plants, pp. 7, 10-11,15-17, 29, 33, 36.)1959, pp. 1-163. (India and adjacent coun-tries, termites injurious to forest plants,pp. 13, 19, 26, 61, 68-70, 79-80, 84-85, 89,92-94, 99, 103, 120, 123, 126, 141, 150,I53-)1960a, pp. 1-91. (India and adjacent coun-tries, termites as pest of forest plants.)Milsum, J. N., 1959, pp. 425-428. (World,termites as pests of mango, Mangiferaindica.)Moutia, L. A., 1955, pp. 48-51. (Mauritius,orchards, food crops, vegetables, flowergardens.)Nakajima, S., and Shimizu, K., 1959, pp.261-266. (Formosan white ant injuringJapanese cedars.)Neves, C. M. B., 1956, pp. 156-158. (Portugal,cork of bark and branches Quercus suberdamaged by Leucotermes lucifugus.)Nirula, K. K., and Menon, K. P. V., 1957,pp. 1-5. (India, Odontotermes obesusdamage to coconut palms.)Ossowski, L. L. J., and Wortmann, G. B.,1958-1959, p. 47. (Southern Africa, in-jury to wattle by Hodotermes mossam-bicus, Macrotermes natalensis, and Micro-termes sp.)Pearson, E. O., and Maxwell-Darling, R. C.,1958, pp. 61-63. (Tropical Africa, Hodo-termes mossambicus pest of cotton seed-lings. Mound-building termites affectsoil fertility; subterranean termites attackcotton. Microtermes sp. serious in Tan-ganyika, attacks stem near collar, loss 10to 30% of stand.)Pierce, W. D., 1930, pp. 99-104. (Philippines,Macrotermes gilvtts injury to seed sugar-
cane, in ground; Coptotermes vastatorand Microceroterm.es los-banosensis in-jury to young cane.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958, pp. 320-321. (India,damage to plantations.)Roonwal, M. L., and Bhasin, G. D., 1954,pp. 5-93. (India, forest plants.)Roonwal, M. L., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1955,pp. 234-239. (India, Neotermes gardneriinjury to living trees.)Rui, D., 1956, pp. 1-2. (Italy, Venice.)Sastry, K. S. S., 1956, pp. 77-83. (India,Visvesvaraya Canal Tract, Odontotermesobesus injury to sugarcane.)Springhetti, A., 1957c, pp. 1-20. (Italy,Manduria (Puglia), infestation of vines.)Srivastava, J. C, 1957, p. 743. (India, sugar-cane.)Szent-Ivany, J. J. H., 1956, pp. 82-87. (Micro-cerotermes biroi on Cocos nucijera, NewBritain; Nasutitermes novarum-hebrida-rum on Cocos nucijera, Aroa Island;Neotermes sp. on Theobroma cacao, NewBritain.)1959, pp. 423-429. (Papua and New Guinea,p. 423, Coptotermes hyaloapex, hosts.)Thakur, C, Prasad, A. R., and Singh, R. P.,1958, pp. 155-163. (India, Microtermesobesi, Odontotermes assmuthi and Tri-nervitermes heimi injury to sugarcane.)U.S. Dept. Agric., Pest Control Drv., 1959b,p. 922. (U.S., California, Vallejo, SolanoCounty, Reticulitermes hesperus damageto roots and stems chrysanthemum plants,Sept. 25.)i960, p. 1069. (Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Hetero-termes sp., Cornitermes sp., Nasutitermesglobiceps injuring sugarcane.)Vance, A. M., 1956, pp. 10, 18, 24. (South-western U.S., injury to lawns.)Vayssiere, P., in Coste, 1955, p. 241. (World,injury to coffee plantations.)Weidner, H., 1955c, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 160-164. (Plants.)Wilkinson, W., 1957a, pp. 493-494. (Worldcrops.)Wolfenberger, D. O., 1958, pp. 36-38, figs.26-27. (U.S., Florida, Neotermes casta-neus (dampwood termite) usually causesinfrequent minor loss to avocado trees,but may cause young trees to die andolder trees to become unthrifty.)Zondag, R., 1959, pp. 15-17. (New Zealand,Calotermes brouni attacking living Pinusradiata, unhygienic conditions providesources infestations, stumps, prunings,dead trees.)
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
DETECTIONAnonymous, 1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S.)Casimir, M., 1957, pp. 68-78. (Australia.)Gunderson, H., 1957, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Iowa.)Harris, W. V., 1958, pp. 161-166. (East Africa,drywood termites, Cryptotermes.)Hobbs, K. R., 196 1, pp. 14, 16, 18. (U.S., a keyto help identify wood-destroying organ-isms. Subterranean termites: earth ingalleries in wood; drywood termites:small conical pellets with longitudinalriflings; dampwood termites: largerpellets.)
Mason, N. P., 1958, p. 18. (U.S., by putty-colored tubes.)New South Wales Dept. Agric, Entomo-logical Branch, 1958, pp. 1-19. (Aus-tralia.)Pepper, J. O., and Gesell, S. G., 1959, pp.1-8. (U.S., Pennsylvania, detection andcontrol.)Simeone, J. B., 1956, pp. 1-3. (U.S., NewYork State, tubes, flight, damage.)
DIGESTIONGrasse, P. P., 1959a, pp. 385-389. (Africa, anew type of symbiosis, digestion byfungus-growing termites, through col-laboration bacteria, illustrates strata ofmastigated wood on which fungi grow,Macrotermitinae.)Lasker, R., 1959, in Ray, 1959, pp. 348-355.(Reviews studies of symbiosis amongtermites by Oshima, 1919, Cleveland,1924, 1925, 1928, Trager, 1932, and Hun-gate, 1946.)Leopold, B., 1952, p. 784. (Digestion Douglas-fir wood by Cryptotermes brevis takes afew hours.)McBee, R. H., 1959, in Ray (Ed.), 1959, pp.342-347. (Termite cellulase, Clevelandfound intestinal protozoa in species ofKalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, andM.nstotermitidae, in Termitidae no pro-
tozoa except in 3 wood-feeding species.Most flagellates symbionts. Not allprotozoa beneficial. Trichonympha mosteffective in wood digesting. A few cellu-lose-digesting bacteria and fungi in gutnot significant. Protozoa cellulose fer-menting, may be 16 to 36% of weight oftermite.)Pence, R. J., 1957, pp. 44, 58. (U.S., Cali-fornia, stucco and cement.)Pochon, J., Barjac, H. de, and Roche, A.,1958, pp. 352-355. (Africa, digestion ofcellulose by Sphaerotermes sphaerothoraxthrough bacteria.)Waterhouse, D. F., Hackman, R. H., andMcKellar, J. W., 1961, pp. 96-112 (Aus-tralia, extracts whole termites (Copto-termes lacteus), break down undenaturedchitin.)DISTRIBUTIONAhmad, M., 1955, pp. 25-27. (East Pakistan,Microtermes pakjstanicus, n. sp.)1955a, pp. 202-264. (West Pakistan, newspecies of Neotermes, Microcerotermes,Eremotermes, Amitermes, Angulitermes.)1958, pp. 33-118. (Indomalayan.)1958a, pp. 1 19-198. (Indomalayan.)Anonymous, 1957I, p. 22. (U.S.S.R., Moscow.)l957<\> PP- 1-70- (Itab/, Venice, Reticuli-termes lucijugus, Calotermes flavicollis.)1958m, p. 42. (U.S., Reticulitermes hageniswarming in building, Trenton, N.J.)19580, p. 63. (Australia, Mastotermesdarwiniensis not present in Weipa areaof Cape York Peninsula, results surveytermite hazard.)1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S., map showing wheretermites most and least numerous.)Araujo, R. L., 1958, pp. 185-217. (Biogeog-raphy termites State of Sao Paulo, Brazil,
faunistic list 45 species, including 2 in-troduced species, only 3 species confinedwithin its boundaries.)1958a, pp. 219-236. (Biogeography termitesState of Minas Gerais, Brazil, faunistic list31 species, only 2 species confined withinits boundaries.)Ayoub, M. A., 1959, pp. 429-432. (SaudiArabia, Microcerotermes diversus.)Banerjee, B., 1956b, pp. 204-206. (India,Calcutta.)Bieberdorf, G. A., 1958, pp. 52-53. (U.S.,Oklahoma.)Calaby, J. H., 1956, pp. 89-92. (WesternAustralia.)1956a, pp. 93-96. (Western Australia.)1956b, pp. 111-124. (Western Australia,Ahamitermes.)Calaby, J. H., and Gay, F. J., 1956, pp. 19-39. (Western Australia, Coptotermes
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 23
acinaciformis, raffrayi subsp., michael-seni, frenchi, and brunneus.)Chamberlin, R. V., 1944, p. 187. (NewHebrides, Kalotermes (Neotermes) sanc-taecrucis.)Chaudhry, G. U., 1955, pp. 40-43. (Pakistan,Cryptotermes dudleyi, Odontotertnes as-samenensis, O. parvidens, and Eremo-termes paradoxalis.)Chilson, L. M., i960, p. 171. (Hawaii,Molokai, Kalotermes immigrans, CampHalena, light trap, new record.)Clagg, C. F., 1958, pp. 338-339. (WesternPacific Islands, Prorhinotermes inopina-tus, Guam; Coptotermes jormosanus,Guam, Midway, Kwajalein Naval Stat.,Marshall Islands.)Coaton, W. G. H, 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, Hodotermes mossambicus, Micro-hodotermes viator.)Cufodontis, G., 1955, pp. 501-519. (Africa,savannahs.)Davletshina, A. G., and Bogolyubova, A. S.,i960. (U.S.S.R., termites in GolodnayaSteppe and how to control diem.)Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer (Ed.), 1958,pp. 2798-2807.Esaki, T., Bryan, E. H, Jr., and Gressitt,
J. L., 1955, pp. 1-68. (Micronesia.)Field, H., 1956, p. 488. (Baghdad, Iraq,Microcerotermes diversus.)Fonseca, J. P. C. da, 1959, pp. 701-704.(Portuguese Guinea, lists species identi-fied by Sjostedt, Silvestri, and Harris, 16species.)Georghiou, G. P., 1957, p. 4. (Cyprus,Reticulitermes lucifugus!)Ghidini, G. M., 1955, pp. 69-82. (Ethiopia,Sagan-Omo, Bellicositermes jeanneligoliath distinguishing characters, Micro-termes vadschaggae var. grassei, n.n. forvar. dubius Grasse preoc., fig. Termes(Cyclotermes) moledictus and Trinervi-termes eldirensis.)Giraldi, G., 1955, pp. 487-498. (Italy, Venice,Reticulitermes lucifugus.
)
Grasse, P., 1954, pp. 17-21. (France.)Harris, W. V., 1954.1955a, p. 44. (Europe,Reticulitermes flavipes and R. lucifugusvar. santonensis.)1955, PP. 62-72.I955a » PP- I2- T 3- (Australia.)I 955t», pp. 1-6. (British Commonwealth.)1956a, pp. 926-937. (Africa, FrenchCameroons, Microcerotertnes progrediens,Pericapritermes amplignathus, n. sp.,Odontotermes silvaticus, n. sp.)
1957, in Gardner, J. C. M., 1957, p. 46.(East African forest termites.)1957a, pp. 421-433. (Southwest Arabia, newspecies Amitermes stephensoni, A. harleyi,Eremotermes sabaeus, and Trinervitermesarabiae.)1957b, pp. 25-30. (Solomon Islands, RennellIsland, 10 species in Solomon Islands.)1957c, pp. 20-32. (Malaya.)1958, pp. 161-166. (East Africa, Crypto-termes dudleyi, domesticus, and brevis.)1958a, pp. 59-60. (Solomon Islands, Schedo-rhinotermes browni, n. sp.)1958b, pp. 87-97. (Malaya.)1959, pp. 181-185. (British Honduras, Copto-termes niger, Heterotcrmes convexino-tatus, Nasutitermes corniger, N. nigriceps,Kalotermes tabogae, Cryptotermesbrevis?)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-750. (Solomon Islands, 12 specieslisted.)Hrdy, I., 1958, p. 12. (Czechoslovakia.)Ikehara, S., 1957, pp. 44-61. (RyukyuIslands.)Ionescu, M. A., 1932, pp. 108-113. (Rumania.)1936. (Rumania, frequence of Reticuli-termes lucifugus!)1936a, pp. 1-7. (Rumania, Reticulitermeslucifugus.)1951, pp. 1-22. (Rumania.)J 959> P- I09- (Rumania, Reticulitermeslucifugus, Kalotermes flavicollis, mapdistribution in Balkans, R. lucifugus inBalkans has northern limit above Trieste,Belgrade, Bucharest to Kichinev and theDniester River, K. flavicollis known alongAdriatic coast near the Vardar Riverand above Turkey near eastern shoreBlack Sea.)Kalshoven, L. G. E., i960, pp. 34-40. (Javaand Sumatra, occurrence of Glyptotermesand Neotermes.)Karaman, Z., 1954, pp. 21-30. (Yugoslavia,Kalotermes flavicollis and Reticulitermeslucifugus.)Kassab, A., Chaarawi, A. M., Hassan, M. I.,and Shahwan, A. M., i960, pp. 1-91.(Egypt, Anacanthotermes ochraceus,Psammotermes fuscofemoralis and as-suanensis.)Kempry, P., 1905. (Rumania, Neuropteroidfauna.)Khalaf, K. T., 1959, pp. 18-T9. (Iraq, Micro-cerotermes diversus, Amitermes vilis,Anacanthotermes sp.)Khan, M. A., and Ahmad, M., 1954, p. 140.(Pakistan, Lahore, list termites.)
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Krauss, N., 1957, p. 186. (Canton Island,Coptotermes formosanus.)Kushwaha, K. S., i960, pp. 39-40. (India,Udaipur (Rajasthan), Odontotermes (O.)obesus; O. (O.) obesus gurdaspurensis;O. (O.) bangalorensis; Microtermesanandi; Trinervitermes biformis.)Le Pelley, R. H. (Compiler), 1959, pp. 62-66. (East Africa, list termite and hostsin species.)Luppova, A. N., 1955, pp. 56-66. (U.S.S.R.,Turkmenia, Anacanthotermes ahngeri-anus.)1958, pp. 81-141. (S.S.R., Turkmenia, ter-mites of.)Martelli, M., and Arret, C. M., 1957-1958,p. 11. (Sardinia, Calotermes fiavicollis.)MartInez, J. B., 1956, pp. 102-117. (Spain,Reticulitermes lucifugus, Calotermes fiavi-collis, and C. dispar.)Mathur, R. N., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1960a,pp. 23-27. (India, Dehra Dun, Capri-termes dunensis, Eremotermes dehraduni,Microcerotermes beesoni, Microtermesanandi, M. unicolor, Neotermes megaocu-latus, N. microculatus, Nasutitermesthanensis.)Miller, D., 1956, pp. 477-478. (New Zealand.)Moszkowski, L. I., 1955, pp. 15-41. (Mada-gascar, Cryptotermes fyrbi, n. sp., and C.havilandi, introduced.)Novak, G. B., 1890, pp. 1 19-128. (Yugoslavia,fauna of the Island of Lesina in Dal-matia.)Paulian, R., 1957, p. 29. (Madagascar, Re-union Island, Neotermes reunionensis,Procryptotermes n. sp., and Coptotermeshavilandensis.)Petersen, E., 1910. (Rumania, additions tothe knowledge of the Neuropterousfauna.)Pierre, F., 1958, p. 149. (Africa, NW. Sahara,Psammotermes hybostoma in sand.)Roemhild, G., i960, pp. 1-7. (U.S., Montana.)Roonwal, M. L., 1959, pp. 511-523. (India,Coptotermes heimi, India and Punjab,West Pakistan.)i960, pp. 211-215. (India, Burma, Ceylon,Nepal, and East and West Pakistan have170 species termites, probably 250 exist.)Rui, D., 1956, pp. 1-2. (Italy, Venice, Reticuli-termes lucifugus.)Sands, W. A., 1959, pp. 127-156. (Ethiopianregion, Amitermes, 13 species, 3 new.)Sen-Sarma, P. K., and Mathur, R. N, 1957,p. 399. (India, Cryptotermes dudleyi.)Silva, J. M. Barta da, 1952, (Portugal, Leuco-termes {Reticulitermes) lucifugus.)
Simeone, J. B., 1956, pp. 1-3. (U.S., NewYork State.)Sims, L., 1957, pp. 312, 322-323. (U.S.)Skaife, S. H., 1957, pp. 373-390. (SouthAfrica, Kalotermes durbanensis.)Snyder, T. E., I955g, pp. 28, 30. (Northward,U.S.)i956d, pp. 189-202. (Puerto Rico.)1957I1, p. 70. (France and Italy.)I957'5 PP- I "I 6. (U.S., Europe.)1959a, p. 40. (U.S., Reticulitermes hagenito New Jersey; R. virginicus to LongIsland, New York; R. lucifugus north-ward in France and Italy.)Snyder, T. E., and Francia, F. C, 1961, inpress. (Philippines.)Spencer, G. J., 1958, pp. 8-9. (British Colum-bia, Zootermopsis on west coast Van-couver Island, around Victoria, atNanaimo on mainland coast from inter-national border to Prince Rupert, aroundSalmon Arm and Revelstoke, perhaps toQuesnal Lake. Reticulitermes hesperusin dry belt from Osoyoos up the Oka-nagan Valley to Kelowna, Kamloops, andfrom Lytton to Lillooet, on VancouverIsland on the eastern dry side fromVictoria to Nanaimo and on some of thegulf islands.)Stella, E., 1953-1954, in Zavattari (Ed.),1953-1954, p. 229. (Italy, Pontine Island,Zannone.)Suehiro, A., i960, p. 291. (Midway Atoll,Coptotermes formosanus and Crypto-termes brevis (Keck, 1952, Proc. HawaiianEnt. Soc, vol. 14, p. 351.)Szent-Ivany, J. J. H., 1956, pp. 82-87. (Micro-cerotermes biroi on Cocos nucifera inNew Britain and center distribution inPapua; Nasutitermes novarum-hebri-darum on Cocos nucifera Aroa Islandnear Kieta, Bougainville district; Neo-termes sp. on Theobroma cacao, NewBritain, p. 83.)1959, p. 423. (Papua, New Guinea, Copto-termes hyaloapex.)Tu, T., 1955, pp. 30-39. (China.)1955a, pp. 80-87. (Formosa.)1956, pp. 12-18. (Formosa.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Pest Control Div., 1957,p. 853. (U.S., Texas, Reticulitermeshageni.)1958, p. 119. (U.S., Reticulitermes fiavipesinfesting buildings, St. Paul, Minn.)1958a, p. 982. (U.S., Reticulitermes fiavipes,St. Paul, Minn.; R. hesperus flying weekof Nov. 23, Corvallis, Oreg.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 25
1959, p. 6, (U.S., Trenton, N.J., Reticuli-termes hageni.)1959a, p. 74. (Iran, Amitermes vilis,Anacanthotermes vagans septentrionalis.)1959b, p. 239. (U.S., Oklahoma, Tulsa,Reticulitermes hageni swarming earlyMar. in house; Ponca City, R. tibialisdamage to house.)1959c, p. 288. (U.S., Utah, infestationhouses Pleasant Grove, Provo, Logan.)1959c!, p. 362. (U.S. infestation housesMonongalia County, W. Va., Reticuli-termes flavipes; Twin Falls, Idaho, R.hesperus; Oregon, central and eastern, R.hesperus.)1959c, p. 393. (U.S., Idaho, swarms innouses, Reticulitermes hesperus, Lewistonto Lapwai.)I959f, p. 473. (Cryptotermes dudleyi, Neo-tropical, Indo-Malayan, Papuan, Aus-tralian, Ethiopian.)i960, p. 1069. (Bolivia, Santa Cruz,Heterotermes sp., Cornitermes sp., Nasuti-termes globiceps.)1961, p. 326. (Superior, Douglas Co., Wis.,Reticulitermes flavipes flying in build-ing.)1961a, p. 392. (Rhynchotermes nasutissi-mus intercepted from Peru.)Usman, S., and Puttarudraiah, M., 1955, pp.10-11. (India, Mysore State.)
Vayssiere, P., in Coste, 1955, p. 241. (World.)!957> PP- 473-48o. (Malaya.)Weidner, R. H., 1955c, pp. 157-164. (South-west Europe.)
r955e> *n Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b, pp.5-81. (World.)1958, pp. 4-16. (Iraq.)1959, PP- 28, 32-33. (Yugoslavia, Greece,Corfu.)i960, pp. 30-39. (East Africa, 1 Rhino-termitidae, 6 Macrotermitidae, 3 Termiti-dae, Termitinae—all known species.)1960a, pp. 43-70. (Afghanistan, Iran, Irak,map for Anacanthotermes vagans,ahngerianus, baec\mannianus, murgabi-cus, septentrionalis, ubachi, macroceph-alus, Heterotermes indicola, Amitermes
vilis, Microcerotermes gabrielis and An-gulitermes dehraensis.)Werner, F., 1920, pp. 189-234. (Yugoslavia,Dalmatia, studies of the fauna.)Willcocks, E. C, and Bahgat, S., 1937, p.217. (Egypt, termites in arid border be-tween desert and arid land, Anacantho-termes ochraceus (Burm.) and Psammo-termes hybostoma Desn.)Williams, E. C, 194 i, pp. 76, 92. (Panamarain forest.)Zimmerman, E. C, 1957, p. 179. (Hawaii,corrections and additions.)
EMBRYOLOGY
Geigy, R., and Striebel, H., 1959, p. 474.(Europe, Kalotermes fiavicollis.)Obenberger, J., 1952, pp. 1-869.
Striebel, H., i960, pp. 193-260. (Develop-ment of Kalotermes fiavicollis; Zoo-termopsis nevadensis described.)
EVOLUTION
Barros-Machado, A., 1957, pp. 80-81. (Archi-tecture and evolution of African Apico-termes nests.)Desneux, J., 1956, pp. 1-12. (Africa, Congo,Apicotermes lamani, atypical subterraneannests.)1956b, pp. 277-281. (Africa, Lower Congo,Apicotermes^)Emerson, A. E., 1958a, in Roe and Simpson(Ed.), 1958, pp. 311-355. (Intraspeciesgroup system prime unit, group unit ofnatural selection leading to adaptive evo-lution, behavior emphasized in groupintegration, social behavior in insectsgenetically determined, in man cul-turally.)
1959b, pp. 1416-1417. (Data substantiatemany aspects theory recapitulation andevidence for long persistence of geneticelements.)1960c, pp. 307-348. (Evolution of functiondirected toward ends can be demon-strated; modern biological analysis andsynthesis give some understanding of theteleonomic processes.)i96od, pp. 1-27. (Adaptive evolution prog-resses in improved individual, social, andecological homeostasis. Phylogeneticpersistence for millions of years of func-tionless characters explained on basis ofhomologies resulting from a degree ofmolecular identity in replicating genes.)
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1957, pp. 974-979. (Equatorial Africa, giant termitaria.)Luscher, M., 1958c, pp. 48-65. (Evolutiontermite society.)
Schmidt, R. S., 1958, pp. 76-94. (Africa,Apicotermes tragardhi, evolution of nestbuilding, most primitive lack wall perfo-rations, shagreen, internal arrangementcellular.)
EXPERIMENTATION
Alibert, J., 1959, pp. 1040-1042. France, studyof trophallactic exchanges in Calotertnesflavicollis with the aid of radioactivephosphorous.)Briegleb, P. H., 1954, pp. 73-76. (Resistantwire insulation, soil poisons.)Dick, W. E., 1957, pp. 1-150. (Tag under-ground insects with radioactive cobalt
—
cobalt-60—pick up with Geiger counter.Wood borers in wood treated by radia-tion dosage 1000 curies cobalt 60—Nucle-onics, Dec. 1952.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J., 1957a, pp.637-638. (Sodium pentachlorophenateand pentachlorophenol relax termites tolifelike appearance but turn them black.)Gosswald, K., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 165-192. (Calotermes flavi-collis as an experimental animal.)1958, pp. 129-151. (Effect of Thiodan onKalotermes flavicollis!)Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1959, pp. 268-278. (Kalotermes flavicollis 5th instarlarvae and 'Tseudoergates" good test ani-mals, after molt larvae do not feed for4 days; 30 larvae for 21-day test. Textilepulled into metal frame projector slide,termites gnaw through materials other-wise resistant, if covered with thin perfo-rated film of termite-proof material.)Grasse, P. P., 1956, in Autori, 1956, pp. 561-575. (Termite experiments, same instincttriggers building and feeding.)Hrdy, I., Novak, V. J. A., and Skrobal, D.,i960, pp. 172-174. (Czechoslovakia, in-fluence of the honeybee queen inhibitorysubstance on the development of supple-mentary reproductives in Kalotermesflavicollis.)Klee, O., 1958, p. 20. (Germany, toxic effectof Thiodan on termites under differenttemperatures and humidities.)Luscher, M., 1958, pp. 69-70. (Kalotermesflavicollis, implantation corpora allata ac-tive in determination molting supple-mentary reproductives.)
Luscher, M., and Karlson, P., 1958, pp. 341-345. (Classification of prothoracic glandhormone as a growth and differentiationhormone questionable.)Pence, R. J., 1957a, pp. 91-95. (Fluorescentdifferentiation of internal organs andtissues, Reticulitermes hesperus, Kalo-termes minor, and Zootermopsis an-gusticollis studied with ultraviolet radia-tion, adipose tissue, not chitin, fluoresced.)Sebald, M., and Mellis, Y. de, 1958, pp. 357-360. (France, Spherophorus, n. sp., sul-phite-reducing bacteria from intestineFrench termite injected in vein rabbit,toxic or allergenic, not infectious.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, nails inserted intomound nest to measure rate of growth,nest 2 ft. high 25 to 50 years old.)IQ57> PP- 373> 39°- (South Africa, Kalo-termes durbanensis, effects temperatureon protozoa, prefers newsprint.)Springhetti, A., 1959, pp. 1-4. (Italy, mor-tality of C. flavicollis and R. lucijugustreated with diverse saline solutions.)Springhetti, A., and Frizzi, G., 1957, pp. 395-396. (Italy, Kalotermes flavicollis, trans-plantation of endocrine organs.)Verron, H., 1957, pp. 25-30. (France, Calo-termes flavicollis, olfaction takes a partin reciprocal attraction between differentindividuals and density of grouping, nodifference in responses between sexes.)1958, pp. 309-314. (France, Calotermesflavicollis, olfaction attraction producedby last instar nymphs on larvae, nymphswith short wing pads, and neoteinics in-creases regularly with importance ofcrowding. Different types of individuals(soldiers excepted) do not react to lastinstar nymphs as well as they do tolarvae. Soldiers exhibit a higher level ofresponse toward nymphs, react in sameway toward 10 nymphs or 20 larvae.)Wybourn, J., 1958, pp. 171-172. (ReactionsZootermopsis angusticollis to variationin light and temperature.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 27FLIGHTClagg, C. F., 1958, pp. 338-339. (Coptotermesjormosanus flights Apr. 23, June 1957,Guam, Midway.Clement, G., 1956, pp. 98-103. (Anacantho-termes ochraceus, Centres de Recherches,Beni-Abbes, Algeria, behavior workers,flights Jan. 31, May 10, humidity, tem-perature.Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, Hodotermes mossambicus afterrains Dec. to Feb., Microhodoterm.esviator, Aug. to Dec.)Glick, P. A., i960, p. 5. (U.S., Louisiana,Mississippi, Arkansas, at 200 ft. elevationReticulitermes virginicus collected byairplane.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-100. (India,
~Neoterm.es bosei flights from end Feb. tobeginning July.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, after rains at theCape, late Apr. or early May, 11 a.m. or3 to 4 p.m., not all leave in first flight,50 to 60 yd., small percentage survivepredators.)
Spencer, G. J., 1957, p. 13. (British Columbia,Zootermopsis angusticollis Aug. 1, 1956,150 to 200 ft., normally 300 to 500 ft.above ground, eaten by Bonaparte'sgulls.)Tang, C, and Li Shen, 1959, pp. 477-482.China, Hangchow, forecasting swarmingReticulitermes flaviceps; swarming usu-ally mid-Mar. after spring rain, tempera-ture and atmospheric pressure factors;sunny warm days, noon to 2 p.m. Oneswarm lasts 10 min. from small colony;in large, several swarms over successivefavorable days.)U.S. Dept. Agric., Plant Pest Control Div.,1959, p. 813. {Reticulitermes flavipes un-seasonal swarm Providence, RhodeIsland.)Vishnoi, H. S., 1957, pp. 792-793. (India,Delhi, 7 species.)Williams, R. M. C, 1959, pp. 203-218.(Africa, East Uganda, flight periodsCubitermes ugandensis and C. testaceus,wing shedding, calling attitude, tropisms,colony formation.)FOLKLOREAlphonse, E. S., 1957, p. 280. (GuaymiIndians, western Panama, victim baddream put inside fence, heavy smokecaused by burning wood, termite nests,
etc., to fumigate evil spirit.)Gunther, J., 1953, pp. 291, 429, 680. (Africa,Bantu, dead buried in ant hills—the im-portant individuals (p. 291); "One fea-ture of the landscape, here (Jinja) aselsewhere in Uganda, is the procession ofgiant ant hills, which line the roads.They are jagged and craggy and often
reach a height of 12 to 15 ft., toweringlike ugly sentinels; they are bright ocherred, and resemble mountain peaks inminiature. Oddly enough the termites orants living in these fantastic structurescontribute some form of chemical changeto the earth, with the result that theymake good as well as readily availablematerial for road repair—earth harderand stickier than normal." (P. 429.) InCongo, on death a Bakutu is put into atermite hill, a simple procedure and quitesanitary. (P. 680.))
FOOD, TERMITES ASRoonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-1000. (India,food of some tribes in Assam.)
FOSSILBuchsbaum, R., 1938, p. 332, fig. (Wingedtermite in amber.)Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer (Ed.), 1958,pp. 2798-2807. (In Age of Reptiles,evolved from roachlike ancestors. Zoo-termopsis and Reticulitermes confined totemperate regions, and fossils fromOligocene (Europe) and Miocene
(Colorado) indicate these genera havebeen in temperate climates for at least40 million years.)Fenton, C. L., and Fenton, M. A., 1958, p.247. (Winged termite in amber.)Haupt, H., 1956, pp. 22-30. (Eocene, Termi-tina, 3 n. spp. in 3 n. gen., Idomasto-
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
termes mysticus, Eotermes multivenosus,Architermes simplex, Geiseltales.)Hurd, P. D., Jr., and Smith, R. F., 1957, pp.6-7. (Mexican amber same age (Oligo-cene) as Baltic amber and shale fromFlorissant, Colo.)Hurd, P. D., Jr., Smith, R. F., and Usinger,R. L., 1958, p. 851. (Mexican amber,Chiapas, Mexico, Oligocene and Miocene,possibly some Eocene.)Martynova, O., 1961, pp. 285-294. (General,fossil insects, including termites in refer-ences.)Pierce, W. D., 1958, pp. 13-24. (U.S., Cali-fornia, Miocene, Cryptotermes rysh\offi,Parastylotermes calico, Retictditermeslaurae, R. tibialis dubitans, Gnathami-termes magnoculus rousei, n. sp.)1959, pp. 72-78. (U.S., California, Miocenearthropods including termites among theinsects, p. 76.)
Riek, E. F., 1952, pp. 15-22. (Tertiary, Din-more, Queensland, Australia, PEocene,Blattotermes neoxenus, Mastotermitidae,M. wheeleri (of Tennessee) to Blatto-termes, n. gen.)Sanderson, M. W., and Farr, T. H., i960, p.1313. (Oligocene amber from DominicanRepublic first reported by ChristopherColumbus, 1494-1496. In 1959 near PedroGarcia amber contained insects in severalorders including Isoptera. Lists amberdeposits of world.)Snyder, T. E., i960, pp. 493-494. (Mexicanamber, Oligocene, Kalotermes nigritusand Heterotermes primaevus, n. sp.,winged.)Weidner, H., I955d, pp. 55-74. (Amber, inGeological States Institute, Hamburg,Germany.)1956, pp. 363-364. (Amber, pellets, uncer-tain, only in Pleistocene?)FUMIGATIONAnonymous, i957f, pp. 39, 41. (Ethylenedibromide and methyl bromide as soilfumigants.)19570, p. 37. (U.S., Oklahoma, Kalotermesminor introduced, 150 lb. methyl bromideand 2,000 lb. tarpaulins to fumigatehouse.)1957P, pp. 16, 18, 20, 30. (Ethylene dibro-mide fumigation under slabs.
r958g, PP- 8, 10. (U.S., California, Struc-tural Pest Act of California. Fumigation,19 items of instruction, precautions, etc.)1959k, p. 34. (U.S., Houston, Tex., largewooden drydock and pier infested byCoptotermes crassus fumigated with20,000 lb. methyl bromide released into3% million cu. ft. of space tightly coveredwith plastic sheeting weighted on endsand dropped below water level, 24 to 48hr. period for dock sections.)i96oi, pp. 60, 62. (U.S., Houston, Tex.,successful fumigation with methyl bro-mide under tarps of large floating dry-dock infested by tropical Coptotermescrassus by Admiral Pest Control Co., ofBellflower, Calif.; fans were used forbetter circulation.)i96on, pp. 50-51, 56. (U.S., equipmentdirectory.)Beechem, H. A., 1955, pp. 36, 50. (Methylbromide left in applicator near lethaldosage for 20 min. in auto, operatorrecovered.)Bess, H. A., and Ota, A. K., i960, pp. 503-510.(Hawaii, Cryptotermes brevis infesting
buildings, methyl bromide 2.5 lb. per1,000 cu. ft. for 15 hr. effective within23 of 24 buildings; mortality in exposedwooden block cages in 18 buildingsvaried from 10 to 100%. Sulfuryl fluorideat 2 lb. per 1,000 cu. ft. for 1.5 hr. killedall termites in blocks. Ethylene dibromideat 2 to 3 lb. per 1,000 cu. ft. for 24 hr.failed. Also gas failed in 2 out of 5 build-ings. Sulfuryl fluoride in 8 buildings farsuperior to methyl bromide, also reducesexposure time. Methyl bromide far su-perior to ethylene dibromide.)Forde, E. L., 1958, pp. 18, 20. (Hawaii,Cryptotermes brevis?, methyl bromideunder Fumiseal tents.)Gosswald, K., 1958, pp. 129-151. (Effect ofcarburetted hydrogen gas on Calotermesfiavicollis.)Gray, H. E., i960, pp. 43-46. (U.S., Vikane,sulfuryl fluoride, nonflammable, nonex-plosive, noncorrosive, no objectionableodor or color, volatile, superior penetra-tion, released from cylinders outsidebuilding; use fan for dispersion, 2 lb. per1,000 cu. ft., at 55 F. and above, for12 to 24 hr., aerate for 4 hr., fans foraeration, special detection devices. Fumi-gation for drywood termites as well assubterranean.)Hassler, K., i960, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42. (U.S.,ethylene dibromide greater penetratingpower, dosage on 5 ft. centers 0.6 pt. perhole= 3 gal. liquid per 1,000 sq. ft.;greater precautions required with lethal
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES IQ55-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 29
gases—do not wear gloves, keep skindry, use halide lamp; 15% solutionin petroleum solvent with flash point35°°j 3 Pr - Per h°le-Henderson, L. S., 1958, pp. 14, 16. (U.S.,Div. Stored Product Insect Investigationsin 1954 transferred to Marketing Re-search Div., Agricultural Marketing Serv-ice. Fumigation: measuring gas concen-trations during fumigation and correc-tion; use plastic film as tarpaulins.)Hill, R. L., 1958, pp. 271-272. (Fumigationtechniques, control Cryptotermes dad-leyi.)Kenaga, E. E., 1957, pp. 1-6. (Sulfuryl fluo-ride, no odor, nonflammable, 75.8 oz. per1,000 cu. ft.)Lance, W. D., 1958, pp. 9-10. (U.S., fumiga-tion committee, Pest Control OperatorsCalifornia, proposed specifications, seal-ing, sampling gas (methyl bromide),injection hoses, circulation by fans, ap-plication, dosage, general provisions.)i960, p. 6. (U.S., Houston, Tex., in fumi-gating floating drydock infested withCoptotermes crassus, termites will not eatwater-soaked timber, usually stay above
waterline, hence gas effective, penetrateswood.)Monro, H. A. U., i960, pp. 1-13. (General,modern fumigants for control of pests;the more important fumigants; treat-ments, residues, and tolerances; resistance;precautions.)Padget, L. J., i960, pp. 11-14. (U.S., Houston,Tex., program for eradication of Copto-termes crassus, a subterranean termitenew to the U.S., at Todd Shipyards byfumigation with methyl bromide.)Shaw, H. R., 1959, p. 13. (Panama, fumiga-tion residence against drywood termites,use of tarpaulin.)Stewart, D., 1957, pp. 7-1 1. (Sulfuryl fluoride,Kalotermes minor, California, not as toxicas methyl bromide to humans; only l/$ lb.per 1,000 cu. ft. Vegetation killed,heavier than air; used above 45 F.,forced circulation gas, no odor, non-flammable.)Thornhill, F., 1955, pp. 16, 18. (Drywoodtermites.)Young, T. R., 1955, pp. 45-46. (U.S., in-expensive heat-exchanger for methyl bro-mide drywood termite fumigation.)FUNGI, ASSOCIATION WITHAnonymous, 1960b, p. 65. (U.S., A. E. Lund(Koppers Co.) finds that a number ofunidentified wood-destroying fungi maybe antagonistic to subterranean termites,fungus Lentinus lepideus has definiteinfluence.)Bready, J. K., i960, pp. 43-44. (U.S., studies3 kinds microorganisms that interferewith termite diet. Methods for eliminat-ing protozoa, fungi, and bacteria, thelast-named with antibiotics.)Lund, A. E., 1959a, pp. 320-321. (U.S., sub-terranean termites and fungi, mutualismor environmental association.)i960, pp. 26-28. (U.S., presence of fungi or
bacteria for prolonged existence of sub-terranean termites not resolved. (Reticuli-termes spp. capable of initiating attackon sound yellow pine sapwood.)1960a, pp. 40, 42, 44. (U.S., studies rela-tionship termites and fungi. Reticuli-termes flai/ipes and virginicus capable ofattacking sound yellow pine. Nutri-tional needs. Degrees compatibility spe-cific wood-destroying fungi with termitesin order of decreasing compatibility toR. flavipes: 1, Porta incrassata; 2, Len-zites trabea, Polyporus versicolor; 3,Porta monticola; 4, Lentinus lepideus;last has definite antagonistic influence.)FUNGUS CULTIVATIONCoaton, W. G. H., 1961, pp. 39-54. (Africa,Macrotermitinae, conidia of agaric Ter-mitomyces fungi eaten by termites, sym-biotic, fruiting bodies brought to surface.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1957a, pp. 1845-1850. (Africa, Macrotermitinae.)1958b, pp. 1 13-128. (Africa, Macrotermi-tinae, association with Termitomyces,construction of fungus garden.)1958c, pp. 515-520. (Africa, Macrotermiti-nae, types nests.)Hesse, P. R., 1957, pp. 104-108. (East Africa.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1956a, pp. 455-461.(Java, Macrotermes gilvas, accumulationsof finely cut vegetation in nests—woodparticles, bark, leaves, grass, etc.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-100. (India,agaric in mounds Odontotermes obesus,pH combs acidic.)Sands, W. A., 1956a, pp. 531-536. (Africa,Kenya, Nairobi, Odontotermes badius,fungus comb maintains high humidityand heat, fungus only a parasite, notcultivated by the termites.)
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43GASEOUS ENVIRONMENTGrasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1958a, pp. 1-28.(Behavior of termites with relation toatmosphere and air of nest and its re-newal. Calotermitidae and Rhinotermiti-dae as well as humivorous AfricanTermitidae (Apicotermitinae, Termiti-nae), except for Anoplotermes, do notneed fresh air. Hodotermitidae, Macro-termitinae and Nasutitermitinae may goout to collect food, termitaria do not com-municate directly with external air, noventilation except by diffusion throughwalls. An undisturbed atmosphere neces-sary.)Luscher, M., 1955a, pp. 289-307. (Africa,
Ivory Coast, Uganda, Macrotermesnatalensis, mechanisms for a supply ofoxygen for nests.)1956a, pp. 273-276. (Africa, Ivory Coast,Macrotermes natalensis, air circulates innest, heated in fungus combs in center,driven through channels downwardthrough the wall, cooled air rises intonest again; in Uganda similar aerationsystem.)Shimizu, K., 1959, pp. 267-271. (Formosa,expiration carbon dioxide.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, 15% C02 innest.)GENITALIAGelmetti-Bonomi, L., 1958, pp. 48-54.(Calotermes flavicollis, many anucleatedspherules present in seminal vesicles res-productives, drops RNA (ribonucleicacid) trophic material for sperms.)Noirot, C, 1958, pp. 557-559. (The appear-ance of heterologous gonoducts in thecourse of development of termites, cock-roaches, and Orthoptera.)
Roonwal, M. L., 1955b, pp. 107-114. (Ex-ternal genitalia.)In Tuxen (Ed.), 1956, pp. 34-38. (Ex-ternal.)Snodgrass, R. E., 1957, p. 19. (Phallicorgans greatly reduced.)Weesner, F. M., 1955, pp. 323-345. (U.S.,Arizona, Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris
,
internal, external, references to otherpublications on genitalia.)GEOLOGIC AGENTSBoyer, P., 1956, pp. 95-103. (Tropical Africa,action of termite structures on certain
soils, Bellicositermes natalensis, B. rex,and Thoracotermes brevinotus.)1956a, pp. 105-110. (Tropical Africa, Belli-cositermes natalensis, the ingredients ofthe termitarium.)De la Rue, E. A., Bourliere, F., and Harroy,
J. P., 1957, p. 151. (In Oubangui Chari,Africa, mounds of Bellicositermes rex 130to 1,600 cu. yd. in volume, bring up clayfrom lateritic stratum, upward transportof clay. In savannas in Guinea, influenceflora and fauna soils by mining. Their
mass per unit surface area is equal to one-half entire microfauna, earthworms ex-cepted.)Robinson, J. B. D., 1958, pp. 58-65. (Africa,Kenya coffee fields, Odontotermes badiusactivities in soil decrease length effectivemulch life, termite soil material hashigher percent calcium plus magnesiumand higher pH value than topsoil or sub-
soil.)Shipman, R. F., 1958, pp. 23-24. (Africa, Rho-desia, anthills in sandy soils a valuable
asset.)HUMIDITYErnst, E., 1956, pp. 229-231. (In laboratory,reaction of termites to humidity, Nasuti-termes 1 hr., Kalotermes and Reticuli-termes 72 to 48 hr., Zootermopsis 3 to6 hr.; receptors on antennae.)1957, pp. 97-156. (Influence of humidity onduration of life and behavior of termites.Kalotermes flavicollis reacts in 3 days,Reticulitermes lucifugus in 2 days, Zooter-
mopsis nevadensis in 5 to 6 hr., Nasuti-termes arborum in 1 hr.)Pence, R. J., 1957b, pp. 28-30. (Reticulitermeshesperus in laboratory, optimum moisture97-5%-)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus seek humid atmos-phere in artificial nest, shun dry part,where calcium chloride has absorbed wa-ter vapor.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 31INTRODUCEDAnonymous, 1958J, p. 86. (U.S., Florida,Nasutitermes nigriceps (Hald.) wingedin dead orchid pseudopods at Miami,Dade County.)Dorward, K., 1956, p. 57. (U.S., Houston,Tex., Coptotermes crassus in dry dock,control by burning.)Fullaway, D. T., and Krauss, N. L. H., 1945,pp. 21-23. (Hawaii, Cryptotermes presentsince 1904, Coptotermes since 1913.)Harris, W. V., 1955c, pp. 366-367. (Zooter-mopsis angusticollis in Douglas fir fromwestern Canada to England.)J955^ PP- 36-37- (Kalotermes jouteli inlignum vitae lumber from Santo Do-mingo; Zootermopsis angusticollis inDouglas fir from North America toEngland.)Heisterberg, W., 1959, pp. 142-143. (Austria,introduction and radical eradication pos-sibility.)Hickin, N., 1957, p. 23. (East Africa, Cryp-totermes brevis from West Indies.)1961, pp. 26-27. (England, colony ofCryptotermes brevis Walk., from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad; 5th known record of ac-cidental importation; found in gramo-phone when household goods unpacked.)Kurir, von A., 1958, pp. 1-15. (Reticulitermesflavipes introduced to Hallein (Salzburg)
Austria—47.5 north latitude—in 1955,by way of Vienna, from Hamburg, Ger-many, in wooden boxes.)1958a, pp. 84-87. (More data on above.)Moszkowski, L. I., 1955, pp. 15-41. (Crypto-termes \irbyi n. sp., from Madagascarand C. havilandi from Africa and intro-duced into Madagascar, India, and SouthAmerica.)Schmidt, H, 1958, pp. 226-228. (Europe, ex-periences with introduced termites.)Snyder, T. E., 1957, p. 30. (Danger of in-troduction of subterranean termites inships.)1957e> P- 92 - (Danger of introduction ofsubterranean termites in ships.)1959, p. 6. (U.S., Houston, Tex., Copto-termes, introduced, spread from drydockto waterfront structures, Kalotermes ni-gritus in logs from Guatemala, inter-cepted at San Francisco, Calif.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Plant Pest Control Div.,1957, p. 651. (U.S., Kalotermes minorinfesting building in Oklahoma.)Wichmann, H. E., 1957, pp. 183-185. (Cir-cumstances of importation of termites infamilies Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae,and Termitidae, observations on Zooter-mopsis angusticollis and Reticulitermesflavipes.)
LEGISLATIONAnonymous, i96or, p. 1. (U.S., California,Assembly Bill 1930, financial responsibil-ity law holds operator in amount of$25,000 for personal or bodily injury and$25,000 for property damage, minimumcost under $100 per year; law does notlimit liability to $25,000, suit can bebrought for greater amounts.)Bruer, H. L., i960, pp. 66, 68, 70-72. (U.S.,Tennessee, inadequate financing, per-sonnel, operations stifle enforcement ter-mite laws. PCO's required to pay forown regulation, trained personnel impos-sible to employ at salaries offered, mini-mum standards become maximum, rou-tine inspections necessary. Violations dueto ignorance, arrogance, fraudulent in-tent. Cost enforcement $25,000 per yearat start, now higher.)Concienne, E. A., 1959, pp. 40, 44. (U.S.,Louisiana, either university degree in en-tomology or 4 years' experience workingfor state license holder. $2,000 suretybond posted, renewed yearly, report
number jobs, pay $3 (reduced from $5)for each job, pays for inspection termitejobs.)Du Chanois, F. R., i960, pp. 37-39. (U.S.,Florida, Structural Pest Control Act of1959 strengthens Structural Pest ControlCommission, liberalizes provisions of lawfavoring the industry; latter encouragedto become self-regulating; industry serv-ices based on applied entomology, in-debted to entomology for its origin andpresent stature.)1960a, p. 84. (U.S., Florida, commissionsfor structural pest control composed ofnonindustry members more effective,wood treating should be licensed, largeamount of preserved lumber in existingstructures goes under guise of nonstruc-tural pest control.)Hoag, R., 1959, pp. 3-5, 9. (U.S., California,discussion new rules and regulationsStructural Pest Control Board, and sug-gestions from industry for changes.)
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Lewis, J. W., i960, pp. 6-7. (U.S., New York,Buffalo, since 1944 law binding pest con-trol operators flouted by nonlicensedworkers without complying with theordinance.)Nelson, J. A., 1960a, pp. 6-7. (U.S., list Stateswhich license pest control operators: Ala-bama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut,Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Loui-siana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Okla-homa, Tennessee—13 States in all. Citiesin other States with such laws: Districtof Columbia; Cincinnati, Cleveland andColumbus, Ohio; New York City; Pasa-dena, Calif.; San Antonio, Houston, andLa Porte, Tex.; 9 such cities, not a com-plete list.)North Carolina Structural Pest ControlCommission, i960, pp. 5-6. (U.S., NorthCarolina, heptachlor approved as soil poi-son for termite control.)Penn, L. A., i960, p. 7. (U.S., Wisconsin,Milwaukee, exterminators who work withpoisons and fumigants require license.)Pest Control Operators California, 1953,pp. 1-11. (U.S., California, explanationterms accepted standards; inspection re-ports; good practice; recommendations.)Plummer, J. M., i960, p. 6. (U.S., Texas,Galveston and La Marque have city or-dinance regulating pest control.)
Popham, W. L., i960, pp. 4-7, in U.S. Dept.Agric, ARS Publ. 20-9, i960. (U.S.,functions Dept. Agric. and Dept. Health,Education, and Welfare in regulationpesticides.)Robinson, M. C, i960, p. 6. (U.S., Arizona,Maricopa County, requires license forpest control operators in Phoenix andother cities in county.)Sheboygan, City of, 1957, p. 1. (U.S., tocontrol spread of termites and provideprotection of buildings, any structure,post, wooden article or building or partthereof infested with termites declaredpublic nuisance; after inspection, publicnuisances must be abated on advice pro-vided by Building Inspection Dept. or thework done and costs charged againstproperty as special tax, 146.14 (5) Wis-consin Statutes. No soil, fill, or buildingshall be moved without prior inspection
—
cost $1, violation forfeiture of $100 pluscosts prosecution, or imprisonment for 30days in county jail.)Structural Pest Control Board California,1953, pp. 1-26. (U.S., amendments onlicenses, examinations, and fraud struc-tural pest control act of California.)Taylor, A. F., i960, p. 7. (U.S., Texas, Pasa-dena, new ordinance passed for regula-tion pest control operators.)
MEDICINE, USES INAnonymous, 1957c, p. 5. (Panama, medicineis the supreme secret among the GuaymiIndians, according to Rev. Ephrain S.Alphonse, Wesleyan Methodist mission-ary. Certain sores, like those of yaws, aresmoked. A hole is dug in the ground, thenest of a colony of wood termites is
broken and put in, and a fire is set. Thisgives off a heavy smoke which rises forhours. An affected leg is held over thissmoke for a whole day while the patientlies prostrate. The cure, Mr. Alphonsesays, usually works so far as the sore isconcerned.)
MORPHOLOGYBanerjee, B., 1958, pp. 56-57. (India, Odon-totermes redemanni, changes in cellularmorphology oocytes, at different stages ofdevelopment, in ovaries mature queen.)Barth, R., 1955, pp. 257-263. (Brazil, Syn-termes dirus, tergite glandular areas.)Ernst, E., 1959, pp. 289-295. (Observations onthe nasus in Nasutitermes soldiers.)Gelmetti-Bonomi, L., 1958, pp. 48-54. (Calo-termes flavicollis, many anucleated spher-ules present in seminal vesicles and repro-ductives as drops of RNA (ribonucleicacid) represent trophic material forsperms.)
Gupta, S. D., in press. (India, primitive ter-mite Anacanthotermes macrocepkalus.)Jucci, C, 1959, pp. 16-28. (In the Mastoter-mitidae and Calotermitidae the tentorialgland occupies an extracephalic positionas in the Blattidae, an ancestral condition.It probably originated in the thorax.)Kushwaha, K. S., 1955, pp. 203-204. (India,Odontotermes obesus, external mor-phology soldier.)1959, pp. 298-299. (India, Odontotermesobesus, external morphology worker andalate.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 33
1959a, pp. 415-417. (India, Odontotermesobesus, chaetotaxy soldier, worker, alate.)McMahan, E. A., i960, pp. 270-272. (Hawaii,external sex characteristics Cryptotermesbrevis and Kalotermes immigrans, sternaand styles differentiate sexes.)Morgan, F. D., 1959, pp. 155-195. (New Zea-land, Stolotermes ruficeps, .externalmorphology.)Mosconi, P. B., 1958, pp. 77-90. (Study ten-torial glands, "corpora allata," and neu-rosecretory cells Mastotermes darwinien-
sis, close affinity with Blattoidea. Glandscomposed of two parts, one in head, onein neck, structurally different. Neuro-secretory cells with variable dimensionin brain, in subesophageal and pro-thoracic ganglion.)1958a, pp. 129-139. (Zootermopsis angusti-collis in nymphal stage endocrine systemstudied. Neurosecretory cells in proto-cerebrum and in ganglia ventral chain.Corpora allata have round form andsmall or large cells, with uniform charac-ter. Tentorial (prothoracic) gland showsextracephalic part much greater than ret-rocerebral one. Cells very chromophilous,in intracellular spaces small black gran-ules, perhaps a Gomori-positive material.)Mukerji, D., and Banerjee, B., 1955, pp. 289-290. (India, Odontotermes redemanni,mouthparts.)Noirot, C, and Kovoor, J., 1958, pp. 439-471.(Africa, Termitinae, study digestive tract19 of 22 genera. From anatomical varia-tions, two types tracts correspond to twolines evolution. Under Thoracotermestype: Apilitermes, Crenetermes, Megag-nathotermes, Orthotermes, Basidenti-termes Fastigitermes, Probositermes, Cu-bitermes, Procubitermes, Noditermes,Tuberculitermes, Ophiotermes, and Eu-chilotertnes; the gizzard is simple, theenteric valve is complex, a blind diver-ticulum is present on second pouch ofhindgut. Among Termes and alliedPericapritermes, Capritermes, and Promi-rotermes, the internal wall gizzard iscovered with longitudinal folds, as inlower termites, simpler enteric valve,second pouch hindgut without blind di-verticulum. Ceratotermes classificationdifficult.)
Obenberger, J., 1952, pp. 1-869. (Anatomyand morphology.)Richard, G., 1956, pp. 487-489. (France, Calo-termes flavicollis, nerves and tracheae.)Roonwal, M. L., and Chhotani, O. B., i960,pp. 125-132. (Tibial spur formula forCoptotermes 3:2:2 based on study 32world species.)Schmidt, H., 1956a, pp. 1 15-125. (Nourish-ment organs and biology.)1959, pp. 79-86. (Nourishment organs andbiology of nutrition, grinding, and pre-digestion. Importance of proventriculusin Macrotermes natalensis different. Ba-sically gizzard consists of 12 chewingplates, thickened chiunized projections ofthe inner cuticular layer of the foregut,different in each species and providedwith teeth and ridges. Gizzard activatedby muscles. Opposed chewing plates havegrinding effect and break up solid food(wood) into food (mechanical prediges-tion). Padlike lobes ("wing folds") reach-ing from the chewing plates into the car-diac valve press back the chewed foodinto the crop. Important proventriculus
"social feeding organ," food ground andfed growing larvae as a brei rich incarbohydrates.)Springhetti, A., 1957b, pp. 333-349- (Italy,Kalotermes flavicollis, tentorial glands(ventral, prothoracic) and corpora allata.)Vishnoi, H. S., 1956, pp. 1-18. (India, Odon-totermes obesus, structure, musculature,and mechanism of feeding apparatus ofvarious castes.)1956a, pp. 45-46. (India, Odontotermesobesus, cephalic musculature.)Weidner, H., i955e, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 5-81. (Body structure.)Zuberi, H. A., 1959, pp. 288-291. (Africa,architecture of brain Ancistrotermes la-tinotus and A. crucifer figured.)1959a, pp. 3341-3343- (Africa, Trinervi-termes tchadensis structure of brain inrelation to polymorphism, brains minorand major soldiers and workers dis-cussed.)i960, pp. 3506-3508. (Palearctic, structureof brain of Anacanthotermes ochracetts,a primitive harvester termite; differencesin brains castes.)
NESTSAubreville, A., 1959, PP- 21-24. (Africa,Ghana, termitaria aligned on savanna andin brush on plains.) Banerjee, B., 1956, p. 742. (India, Odonto-termes redemanni, mounds.)
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Barros-Machado, A., 1957, pp. 80-81. (Archi-tecture and evolution of African Apico-termes nests.)Boyer, P., 1956, pp. 95-103. (Africa, tropical,action of termitaria on certain soils, Bel-licositermes natalensis, B. rex. Thoraco-termes brevinotus.)1956a, pp. 105-110. (Africa, tropical, theingredients of the termitarium of Belli-cositermes natalensis.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, Hodotermes mossatnbicus andMicrohodotermes viator mounds, soildumps, nest system.)De la Rue, E. A., Bourliere, F., and Har-roy, J. P., 1957, pp. 27, 48, 100, 127, 139,148, 151. (Tropics, tree nests in Panama,mushroom-shaped nests West Africa,magnetic nests Amitermes meridionalis,Australia; in savannas in Guinea theirmass per unit surface area is equal to one-half entire microfauna, earthworms ex-cepted; eat humus. Influence flora andfauna soils by mining, mounds Bellicosi-termes rex 130 to 1,600 cu. yd. in volume,bring up clay from lateritic stratum,upward transport of clay.)Desneux, J., 1956, pp. 1-12. (Africa, atypicalsubterranean nests Apicotermes lamani.)1956a, pp. 92-97. (Africa, Apicotermesrimulijex nests.)1956b, pp. 277-281. (Africa, Apicotermeslamani, atypical subterranean nests.)1958, pp. 281-285. (Africa, Apicotermes ar-quieri double nests.)
*959> PP- 286-292. (Africa, Apicotermesrimulijex nest Belgian Congo, ancestraltype related to A. arquieri and occultuswhile holmgreni and tragardhi are stillmore primitive in morphology and be-havior with nests without pores in walls.)Emerson, A. E., 1956, pp. 248-258. (Regen-eration nest structures, ventilation mecha-nisms, homeostasis of nests.)Fonseca, J. P. C. da, 1959a, pp. 705-719. (Por-tuguese Guinea, nests in landscape, vari-ous types figured.)Grasse, P. P., 1958, pp. 189-200. (Brazil, SaoPaulo, Cornitermes cumulans, subterra-nean nest transformed later into moundnest 1.60 m. high, base diameter 0.95,queen moves about in nest.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C., 1948, pp. 869-871. (Africa, the climatization of the nestby its inhabitants and the transportationof water.)
x957> PP« 974-979- (French EquatorialAfrica, giant mounds.)
1958c, pp. 515-520. (Africa, 3 types nest,Odontotermes, Bellicositermes, Sphaero-termes, etc., with and without paraecie,habitacle, exoecie, or large canals to ex-terior not communicating with nestproper; habitacle, where population as-sembles and true royal cell; paraecie, openspace isolates habitacle. Nests of soilchiefly clay cemented with saliva, royalcell, macerated vegetation in fungus gar-den. Sphaerotermes royal cell constructedof excrement, no fungus garden, absenceof partition of habitacle.)Harris, W. V., 1954-1955, p. 35. (Africa, An-gola, Apicotermes nests.)1956, pp. 261-268. (Eastern Africa, moundbuilding.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-750. (Solomon Islands.)Hartwig, E. K., 1956, pp. 629-639. (Africa,Trinervitermes, population distribution innests.)Jongen, P., and Oosten, M. van, 1956, p. 247.(Africa, Ubangi soil of a mound nest.)Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1956, pp. 269-272. (Java,Macrotermes gilvus, inner structuremounds.)Kevan, D. K. McE., 1956, pp. 498-499. (SE.Ethiopia, Ogaden, massive termitaria.)Leleup, N., 1955, pp. 374-375. (Africa, Bel-gian Congo.)i960, pp. 197-206. (Africa, Belgian Congo,types nests described.)Noirot, C, 1959, pp. 179-184. (Vietnam, nestsMacrotermes gilvus common in paddyfields of Mekong plain, Cambodge, inun-dated several months of year, architec-ture nests compared with those of otherregions; fungus gardens supply food re-serves during floods.)1959a, pp. 259-269. (Vietnam, Cambodge(Indochina), Globitermes sulfureus buildsintricate nest, modified in rice marshland.Soil, excrement (ligneous), and woodfragments (cellulose) used in nest build-ing, earth exterior, inner wall excrement,more internal regions replaced by vegetalmaterial. Wood fragments for food re-serve.)Pathak, A. N., and Lehri, L. K., 1959, pp. 87-90. (India.)Rand, A. L., and Brass, L. J., 1940, pp. 358.(New Guinea, Mabadauan savannassouthern New Guinea very large pin-nacled nests 3 ft. in height, characteristicfeature, plate 33.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 35
Schmidt, R. S., 1955, pp. 344-356. (Africa,Apicotermes nests important ethologicalmaterial.)1955a, pp. 157-181. (Idem, evolution nestbuilding.)1958, pp. 76-94. (Africa, Apicotermes trd-gdrdhi, evolution of nest-building, mostprimitive lack wall perforations, shagreen,internal arrangement cellular.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus mound nests 2 ft.high, 25 to 50 years old.)
Vishnoi, H. S., 1955, pp. 143-144. (India,Odontotermes obesus, royal cell with un-usually large openings.)1955a, p. 291. (India, Odontotermes obesusmounds.)Weidner, H., 1955a, pp. 201-207. (Africa,Angola, nest of Apicotermes machodoen-
sis, n. sp.)Weidner, H., in Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b,pp. 82-120. (Nests, Tropics, phylogenyApicotermes nests; nests in temperate re-gions, tubes.)
NUTRITION
Alibert, J., i960, pp. 4205-4206. (France,Kalotermes flavicollis trophallactic ex-changes between sexual and larvae inyoung and more aged colonies.)Bready, J. K., i960, pp. 43-44. (U.S., studies 3kinds microorganisms that interfere withtermite diet. Methods eliminating proto-zoa, fungi, and bacteria—latter with anti-biotics.)Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G., andWetherly, A. H., 1955, pp. 1-60. (Aus-tralia, food preferences.)Henry, T. R., 1958, p. 45. (Canal Zone, Pan-ama, eat lead, thrive on arsenic.)Lund, A. E., 1960a, pp. 40, 42, 44. (U.S.,studies relationship termites and fungi.Reticulitermes jlavipes and virginicuscapable attacking sound yellow pine. Nu-tritional needs. Degrees compatibility spe-
cific fungi with termites, some have defi-nite antagonistic influence.)Pence, R. J., 1956b, pp. 238-240. {Reticuli-termes hesperus prefers black dyedwood.)1957, pp. 44, 58. (Stucco and cement di-gested by Reticulitermes hesperus?)Schmidt, H., 1956a, pp. 1 15-125. (Organs andbiology nutrition.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, eat decayed stemsplants, cow pats, decayed wood, 20,000termites devour 500 times own volume inone year.)J 957> PP- 373-39°- (South Africa, Kalo-termes durbanensis prefers newsprint pa-per.)Tracey, M. V., and Youatt, G., 1958, pp. 70-72. (Australia, cellulase and chitinase intwo species of Australian termites.)OBITUARYAnonymous, 1960^ p. 46. (Karl Hassler, 1898-1960.) (Fumigation to control termites inU.S.)Bullock, T. H., 1947, pp. 483-484. (S. F.Light, 1 886-1947.)Conklin, E. G., 1951, pp. 433-434. (HaroldHeath, 1868-1951.)Cronin, J. E., i960, p. 25. (Hermann vonSchrenk, 1873-1953.) (Experiments onsoil poisons and wood preservatives.)Pemberton, C. E., i960, pp. 332-333. (OttoHermann Swezey, 1 869-1959.)
1960a, pp. 182-185. (Otto Hermann Swe-zey, 1 869-1959.) (Notes on termites inHawaii from 1914-1954.)Snyder, T. E., Graf, J. E., and Smith, M. R.,1961, pp. 68-73. (William M. Mann,1 886-1960.) (Collected termites on expe-dition to Tropics, described new termi-tophiles.)Snyder, T. E., Wetmore, A., and Porter,B. A., (1959) i960, pp. 1231-1232. (JamesZetek, 1886-1959.) (Termite tests in theCanal Zone, Panama.)
PARASITESBuchli, H., i960, pp. 1320-1321. (France, ec-toparasite Antennopsis gallica on Reticuli-termes lucifugus, santonensis, out of 20young colonies, 15 are dead 11 to 13months after foundation.)
1960a, pp. 3365-3367. (Madagascar, Anten-nopsis grassei parasite on Neotermes am-plus, N. desneuxi, and Glyptotermeslongiceps, also on eggs.)
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Dieuzeide, R., 1930, pp. 569-571. (NorthAfrica, Tyroglyphid Caloglyphus withReticuliterm es. )Gallo, F., 1955, pp. 134-142. (Italy, Tyro-lichus casei parasitic mite attacking labo-ratory colonies Kalotermes flavicollis andReticulitermes flavipes.)Oudemans, A. C, 1928, p. 313. (Acarine,Caloglyphus jeytaudi, n. sp., parasite ofReticulitermes lucifugus, North Africaand Spain.)Perez, C, 1908, p. 631. (France, Duboscquialezeri, new microsporidian parasite ofTermes lucifugus.)Seguy, E., 1935, p. 181. (China, Hylemyiacarta, Muscid, Idia flavipennis, Calli-phorid, Termes fufyensis} nests, Reticuli-termes fu\iensis.)
1953, p. 9. (Morocco, Calliphoridae: Rhyn-choestus weissi, Maroc saharien, ectopara-site Hodotermes ochraceus.)1955, pp. 166-177. (Madagascar, Calliphorid,Rhynchomyia anterotes, n. sp., parasite ofCoarctotermes clepsydra; records of 4other species associated with termites.)Senior-White, R., et al., 1940, pp. 188-189,192-194, 197. (British India, Diptera, Bor-bororhina bivittata attracted to freshlyopened Eutermes mounds, also Stomo-rhina luteigaster. Calliphoridae: Stomo-rkina discolor, Stomorhina lunata be-neath termite infested cow dung, Telin-kheri, Nagpur, from white ants nest).Toumanoff, C, and Toumanoff, T. C, 1959,pp. 216-218. (France, epizootic due toSerratia marcescens, "Reticulotermes san-tonnensis.")PHYLOGENYEmerson, A. E., i960, pp. 1-28. (Oriental,Malagasy, and Australian regions, phy-logeny Nasutitermitinae, separate originnasute soldier in two major branches;imago-worker mandibles valuable in tax-onomy. Subfamily arose in Neotropicalregion; Subulitermes branch, parallelingNasutitermes branch, had spread to alltropical regions by mid-Cretaceous time.No species from Papuan region. Imago-
worker dentition trend toward propor-tional enlargement apical teeth comparedto first marginal tooth. Vestigial man-dibles of soldier have lost apical pointsin Subulitermes.)1960a, pp. 1-21. (Africa, phylogeny 4 newgenera on Subulitermes branch Nasutiter-mitinae, from Belgian Congo.)1960b, pp. 1-49. (Africa, Belgian Congo,phylogeny 6 new genera Termitinae.)PHYSIOLOGYClark, E. W., and Craig, R., 1953, pp. 101-107. (U.S., calcium and magnesium con-tent in the haemolymph of adult Zooter-mopsis angusticollis.)Gregoire, C, 1957, p. 9. ( Canal Zone, Pan-ama, Cryptotermes, coagulation haemo-lymph pattern 1, inception of plasma inshape of islands of coagulation aroundhyaline hemocytes.)Howell, D. E., i960, pp. 12, 14, 16. (U.S.,some chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc., mayenter insect body in more than one way;
oil solutions act more quickly than wa-ter, nervous system affected by DDT, etc.;inhibition of enzymes by parathion, etc.,organophosphates.)Jucci, C, 1958, pp. 475-479. (Italy, resistanceof termites to insecticides.)Roeder, K. D. (Ed.), 1953, pp. 94, 130, 277,307, 323-324, 337-338, 344, 385, 482, 667,677, 697, 748, 751-753, 755, 757, 761, 765,768-770, 774-777, 779, 827, 853. (Termitephysiology.)POPULATIONDesneux, J., 1956, pp. 1-12. (Africa, Apico-termes lamani, coordination of collectivework of workers in nest construction;atypical subterranean nests illustrated.)Hartwig, E. K., 1956, pp. 629-639. (Africa,population distribution Trinervitermesnests.)Heinzelin, J. de, 1955, pp. 1-37. (Africa,tropical, termite populations.)
Luscher, M., 1955a, pp. 289-307. (Africa,Ivory Coast and Uganda, Macrotermesnatalensis, 2 million population largemound.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134- (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, 40,000 individualsin mound 12 in. high in winter, prob-ably never exceeds 50,000.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 37PREDATORSAnonymous, 1957c, p. 20. (U.S., Washington,D.C., Zoo, damage to photo file by ter-mites, control by Tamandua.)Beier, M., 1930, pp. 44-48. (West Africa,pseudoscorpions, Pilanus pilatus and pili-jer in termite nests.)Brackbill, H., 1955, pp. 260-261, 282. (U.S.,birds and termites, flying, species of Re-ticulitermes.)Calaby, J. H., 1956a, pp. 93-96. (West Aus-tralia, food habits of Myobatrachusgouldi, white anteater.)i960, pp. 79-80. (W. Australia, desert frogsfeeding on termites.)1960a, pp. 143-146. (SW. Australia, mar-supial "numbat" {Myrmecobius) eatsCoptotermes acinacijormis, lives in hol-low eucalyptus logs—small banded ant-eater.)1960b, pp. 183-207. (SW. Australia, mar-supial numbat {Myrmecobius f. fascia-tus) feeds on termites and ants.)Chamberlin, R. V., 1925, pp. 35-44. (CanalZone, Panama, Barro Colorado Island,chilopods (centipedes) found with ter-mites: Cryptops zetekj with Mirotermespanamaensis, Cryptops sp. with Obtusi-termes biformis, Physida nuda with Leu-cotermes tenuis, Cupipes ungulatus withEutermes sp., Orphnaeus brevilabiatuswith Nasutitermes columbicus and Ano-plotermes parvus, probably all predators.)1926, p. 10. (Canal Zone, Panama, centi-pede S. {Schendylotyn) integer Chamber-lin in nest of Anoplotermes gracilisSnyder.)1944, p. 187. (New Hebrides, centipedeMecistocephalus consocius, n. sp., withKalotermes {Neotermes) sanctaecrucis.)De la Rue, E. A., Bourliere, F., and Har-roy, J. P., 1957, pp. 147, 151. (Tropics,in Africa ants Megaponera and Pallo-thyreus; in savannas anteaters, aardvarkand pangolin.)
Gregg, R. E., 1958, pp. 111-121. (Madagascar,Metapone tnadagascarica and emersoni,ants in rotten wood with termites.)Guido, A. S., and Ruffinelli, A., 1958, p. 919.(Montevideo, predaceous wasp {Crypto-cheilis sp.) paralyzes Nasutitermes.)Henry, T. R., 1958, pp. 21, 49. {Tamandua;snakes Typhlopidae and Glauconidaeprey on termites, snakes eat eggs andyoung.)Hunt, R., 1958, p. 58. (U.S., San Diego, Calif.,dermestids Trogoderma ornatum scaven-gers on dead Kalotermes tninor.)Krantz, G. W., 1958, pp. 127-131. (U.S., Ore-gon, Diplogynid mite Lobogyniella tra-gardhi associated with Zootermopsis an-gusticollis.)Main, A. R., and Calaby, J. H, 1957, pp. 222-223. (NW. Australia, termites as food offrogs.)Odhiambo, T. R., 1958, pp. 167-175. (Africa,Uganda, hemipteron, reduviid {Acanthas-pis petax) in mounds.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-100. (India,rats in Assam, anteaters, lizards, birds.)Skaife, S. H, 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, at time of swarmfew survive predators, in nests red andwhite mites, solpugid.)Spencer, G. J., 1957, p. 13. (British Colum-bia, Zootermopsis angusticollis wingedeaten by Bonaparte's gulls.)Von Porat, C. O*., 1894, p. 25. (Cameroon,centipede in tunnels termite hills.)Weidner, H., 1955a, pp. 201-207. (Africa,Angola, struggle between soldier Pseu-dacanthotermes militaris and soldier of aforest ant Dorylus {Typhlopone) fulvusdentifrons.)1957, p. 109. (Germany, Hamburg, carabidlarvae as enemy of termites, Reticuli-termes flavipes preyed on by Harpalusaeneus and Ptcrostichus vulgaris?)Werner, F., 1935, p. 470. (Africa, PortugueseGuinea, whipless whipscorpion Para-charon caecus in termite nest.)PROTOZOAAnsari, M. A. R., 1955, p. 62. (Pakistan, La-hore, Mastigophora: Retortamonidae, Re-tortamonas termitis, Amitermes beau-monti, Panama.)Chakravarty, M. M., and Banerjee, A. K.,1956, pp. 35-44. (India, holomastigotidand trichonymphid flagellates from an In-dian Heterotermes.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1955, pp. 511-542. (U.S.,hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagel-lates, unusual behavior of gametes andcentrioles of Barbulanympha.)1958, pp. 47-62. (U.S., factual analysis ofchromosomal movement in Barbulanym-pha, depends on number and position ofpoles.)
3» SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. M3
1958a, pp. 63-68. (U.S., movement ofchromosomes in Spirotrichonympha tocentrioles instead of the ends of centralspindles.)1958b, pp. 105-115. (U.S., photographs offertilization in the smaller species ofTric/ionympha.)1958c, pp. 1 15-122. (U.S., photographs offertilization in Trichonympha grandis, aprotozoan in Cryptocercus, difference infusion gametes.)i960, pp. 326-341. (General, the centriolesof Trichonympha from termites and theirfunction in reproduction.)Cleveland, L. R., and Burke, A. W., 1956,pp. 74-77. (Effects of temperature andtension on oxygen toxicity for protozoaof Cryptocercus.)Cleveland, L. R., and Nutting, W. L., 1954,pp. 785-786. (U.S., protozoa as indicatorsof developmental stages in molting of theroach Cryptocercus.)1955, pp. 485-513. (Suppression of sexualcycles and death of protozoa of Crypto-cercus [punctulatus] resulting fromchange of hosts during molting period.)De Mello, I. F., 1952-1954, pp. 127-133. (Bra-zil, Stephanony?npha havilandi from in-testine of Cryptotermes havilandi, anAfrican termite introduced into Brazil.)Dogel', V. A., 1956, in Poltev and Pavel'eva(Ed.), 1956, pp. 47-62. (Protozoan sym-bionts of termites and their general bio-logical significance in life of their hosts.)Georgevitch, J., 1929. (Yugoslavia, intestinalfauna termites.)1931. (Yugoslavia, flagellates termites.)Grasse, P. P., 1959b, pp. 482-483. (Chromo-somes of protozoa, symbionts of termites,in small zooflagellates the chromosome in-terphases are recognizable in the nuclearfluid, having the appearance of vesiculeslimited by a thin membrane. There isneither a filament nor structure in the in-terior of the chromosome vesicule.)Grimstone, A. V., 1959, pp. 480-482. (U.S.,cytoplasmic organization in Trichonym-pha, symbiont flagellates in Zootermopsisangusticollis, functional significance para-basal apparatus, membrane of sacculesmay contain enzyme system responsiblefor synthesizing the polysaccharide.)Gutierrez, J., 1956, pp. 39-42. (Metabolism ofcellulose-digesting symbiotic flagellatesof the genus Trichonympha from Zooter-mopsis^)Ionescu, M. A., 1959, pp. 1 1 2-1 15. (Rumania,Reticulitermes lucifugus, flagellates, hy-
permastigines
—
Spirotrichonympha flagel-lata, S. segmentata, S. crinita, Tricho-nympha agilis, Trichonympha agilis, var.danubica, Trichonympha agilis, var. ja-ponica, T. chattoni, T. serbica, Holo-mastigotes elongatum.)Ionescu, M. A., and Murgoci, A., 1949, pp.618-623. figs. 2-4. (Rumania, Reticuli-termes lucifugus intestinal fauna, proto-zoan Spirotrichonympha crinita, n. sp.,Trichonympha agilis, var. danubica.)1950, p. 1. (Rumania, Reticulitermes lu-cifugus, intestinal fauna.)Lavette, A., 1959, pp. 474-476. ("Phos-phatase" acids in symbiotic flagellates oftermites.)Noirot, C, and Noirot-Timothee, C, 1959,PP- 775-777- (Termitophrya, n. gen., newtype of ciliate infusoria commensal of cer-tain termites, T. africana in posterior in-testine Jugositermes tuberculatus workers,Oubangui-Chari, or Gabon. Other speciesTermitophrya occur in three Apicoter-mitinae: /. tuberculatus Emerson, Ros-trotermes cornutus Grasse, Trichotermesvillifrons Sjost., and in Termitinae: Peri-capritermes chiasognathus Sjost. of Gabonand P. urgens Silv. of the Ivory Coast.)Nutting, W. L., 1956, pp. 83-90. (Reciprocalprotozoan transfaunations between thecockroach Cryptocercus [punctulatus]and the termite Zootermopsis [angusti-collis] .)Nutting, W. L., and Cleveland, L. R., 1954,p. 747. (U.S., effects of transfaunationson the sexual cycles of the protozoa of theroach Cryptocercus.)1954a, p. 786. (Effects of reciprocal trans-faunations on protozoa of the roachCryptocercus and the termite Zootermop-
sis.)1955, pp. 485-513. (Suppression of sexualcycles and death of the protozoa of Cryp-tocercus [punctulatus] resulting fromchange of hosts during molting period.)1958, pp. 13-37. (Effects of glandular ex-tirpations on Cryptocercus and the sexualcycles of its protozoa.)Ritter, H. T. M., 1956, pp. 209-210. (Biologycertain intestinal associates of Reticuli-termes fiavipes.)Roonwal, M. L., 1958a, pp. 77-100. (India,intestinal flagellates.)Saleem, M., 1955, pp. 34-39. (Pakistan, 2 newgenera of hypermastigote flagellates fromArchotermopsis wroughtoni.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 39
Schmidt, H., 1956c, pp. 269-275. (Intestinalflagellates of termites.)1960a, pp. 261-263. (Associations termitesand microorganisms.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, protozoan Nycto-therus silvestrianus in alimentary canal,
not numerous, probably unimportant indigestion cellulose.)IQ57> PP- 373-39°- (South Africa, Kalo-termes durbanensis, exposure to tempera-ture 36 ° C. for 24 hr. has little effect onprotozoa, but — io° C. for 2 to 3 hoursharmful.)RACKETAnonymous, 1956c, pp. 1-4. (National BetterBusiness Bureau report on Dry-Cure En-gineering Co.; summary of Hunsberger'sclaims that termites cannot eat wood andcomments by entomologists.)1956b, pp. 1-3. (Supplemental report toAnon., 1956c)1957k, p. 1. (Refutes Hunsberger's claimthat termites cannot eat wood.)
i959d, pp. 1-4. (National Better BusinessBureau warns against termite quackery,scare tactics, and recommends NationalPest Control Association's advice on howto purchase wisely.)Snyder, T. E., 1956a, p. 26. (Warning againstrackets in termite control.)
RADIATION
Alibert, J., 1959, pp. 1040-1042. (France,radioactive phosphorus as an aid in thestudy of trophallactic exchanges, Calo-termes flavicollis.)Anonymous, i96od, p. 28. (Hawaii, Hono-lulu, wood soaked with radioactive iso-tope solution; "hot" wood eaten, showedhow fast food travels through colony,how various castes fed.)Bletchly, J. D., and Fisher, R. C, 1957, p.670. (England, cobalt-60 kills eggs pow-der post beetles by exposure to 4000rontgens 1 to 4 days after hatching, re-sistance increases rapidly as develop;larval development arrested by irradiationat 8000 rontgens; same dosage adults, nofertile eggs. Tests on all stages outside ofwood.)Dick, W. E., 1957, pp. 1-50. (U.S., woodborers treated by dosage 1000 curies co-balt-60.)
Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1958, pp. 743-745. (Radioactive isotopes in the study ofcolony life of insects.)Kurir, von A., 1958a, pp. 84-87. (Austria,Reticulitermes flavipes, eradication withcobalt-60 or strontium-90 radioactive ashesin soil in areas not thickly populated, asHallein, but not in Hamburg, Germany
—
radioactive isotopes would be dangerous.)1959, pp. 101-104. (Austria, Reticulitermesflavipes, eradication by irradiation, co-balt-60 or strontium-90 suggested.)Metcalf, R. L. (Ed.), 1957, pp. 81-146. (Useof radioisotopes in pesticide research;radioactive insecticides, tagging.)1958, pp. 183-206. (Isotope dilution tech-niques for determination pesticide resi-dues.)
REARINGHendee, E. C, 1937, in Galtsoff, et al., 1937,pp. 275-278. (U.S., rearing of dampwoodtermites in laboratory, rotten wood incontainers; drywood termites, wood with10% moisture minimum; subterraneantermites, moist grooved wood in glass jarswith soil.)Osmun, J. V., 1956, pp. 141-143. (Rearingmethod for subterranean termites, Reticu-litermes flavipes?)1956a, p. 21. (Rearing of subterranean ter-mites, Reticulitermes flavipes?)
Pence, R. J., 1955, pp. 28-30. (Easy-to-buildtermite houses.)1957b, pp. 238-240. {Reticulitermes hesperusmaintained for long periods in end-slottedmoisture gradient test tubes set in bat-tery jars, moisture 97.5% optimum.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, observation nestsportions of mound in plaster of paris,sheet cork with cells.)I957> PP- 373'39°- (South Africa, Kalo-termes durbanensis, artificial nests, glasstubes, plaster of paris with sawdust.Wooden nests.)
4° SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43REGENERATIONEmerson, A. E., 1956, pp. 248-258. (Africa,regenerative behavior—nest structure.)RESISTANT WOODSAnonymous, I953t, p. 70. (Australia, Can-berra, Syncarpia laurifolia, Eucalyptuscrebra, E. tereticornis, paniculata, mi-crantha, grandis resistant.)19561, p. 67. (Australia, Canberra, Euca-lyptus rostrata, propinqua, punctata, sa-ligna, eugenioides, sieberiana; plastics,polystyrene unsaturated polyesters, epoxy-lenes, and phenolic laminates, polyvinylchloride and cellulose acetate become sus-ceptible when plasticized.)I957h, pp. 1-15. (U.S., Mississippi StateHighway Dept. guard rail posts, nativered cedar round posts (1937-1955) 60%perfect; 1939-1953, 85%; i949-i953> 85%.Western red cedar (1938-1947) 25% per-fect. Black locust (1938-1955) 85% per-fect.)1958I1, p. 66. (Australia, Canberra, orderdecreasing resistance: Eucalyptus rostrata,E. propinqua, E. punctata, E. saligna, E.eugenioides, E. sieberiana to Coptotermeslacteus and Nasutitermes exitiosus. Ex-tracts from black bean Castanospermumaustrale have antitermitic effect. Plasticsthin films polyethylene, polyvinylidenechloride, and polyvinyl chloride pene-trated by termites. Cable sheathings ofpolyvinyl chloride containing fractionalpercentages of aldrin and dieldrin im-mune, permanence not known.)1958I, pp. 113-119. (U.S., FHA, Californiaredwood, foundation grade, tidewater redcypress, 100% heartwood.)I959q, pp. 1-15. (U.S., Mississippi StateHighway Dept. guard rail posts, nativered cedar round posts, 8 to 10 in. indiameter, 1937-1955 and all other testsnaturally resistant woods closed as of 1957report.)1959s, p. 66. (Western Australia, tests com-mercial timbers underway.)Asenjo, C. F., Amoros-Marin, L., 1958,p. 183. (Puerto Rico, resistance mahoganywood {Swietenia mahogani) to Crypto-termes brevis.)Asento, C. F., et al., 1958, pp. 185-195.(Puerto Rico, resistance mahogany wood(Swietenia mahogani) to Cryptotermesbrevis.)Bavendamm, W., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 245-306. (Natural resistance
of woods to termites, alphabetical andsystematic—by family lists woods ofworld.)Gay, F. J., and Wetherly, A. H., 1958a,pp. 1-13. (Australia, hardboards of /«-niperus stock.)Gosswald, K., 1956, pp. 65-70. (Europe, Calo-termes flavicollis, laboratory testing re-sistant woods.)Harris, W. V., 1956b, pp. 1-13. (Field testsfor resistance.)1958, pp. 161-166. (East Africa, Crypto-termes spp., resistant woods.)Herfs, A., 1956, pp. 2-5. (Reticulitermes lu-cifugus test on Larix wood.)Jacobson, M., 1958, pp. 1-299. (Extractivesrender wood resistant.)Jenkins, C. F. H., 1959, pp. 1 17-123. (WesternAustralia, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) ,native pine (Callitris spp.), jam (Acaciaacuminata.)Martinez, J. B., 1957, pp. 1-15. (CanaryIslands, Cryptotermes brevis, resistantwoods.)Rudman, P., and Da Costa, E. W. B., 1958,pp. 1-8. (Australia, Canberra, resistanceto decay, role toxic extractives silver topash, Eucalyptus sieberiana^)Rudman, P., Da Costa, E. W. B., Gay, F. J.,and Wetherly, A. H, 1958, pp. 721-722.(Australia, tectoquinone not solely re-sponsible for durability in teak
—
Tectonagrandis.)Sandermann, W., and Dietrichs, H. H., 1957,pp. 281-297. (Research on termite re-sistant woods, Germany.)Schmidt, H., i960, pp. 59-63. (Germany, testof sawdust of different woods.)Schultze-Dewitz, G., 1958, pp. 248-251. (Ger-many, natural resistance of endemic hard-woods to European termites.)Wolcott, G. N., 1957, pp. 259-311. (PuertoRico, Cryptotermes brevis, natural resist-ance woods.)1958, pp. 417-421. (Puerto Rico, extractivesfrom Osage orange, substance 1, andtetrahydroosajin greater value; pinosylvin(Scots pine), taxifolin (Douglas fir),Venezuelan and Trinidad Ryania speciosawood toxic, chlorophorin from Africaniroko preservatives.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 41REVIEWSAnonymous, 1959c, p. 22. (U.S., California,review of Prevention and Control of theWestern Subterranean Termite. Ebelingand Pence, Univ. California Agric. Ex-per. Stat., Extens. Serv. Circ, 469, 1958.Construction, design, soil poisoning,treated lumber.)19591, p. 20. (Review of Advances in PestControl Research. R. L. Metcalf, 1957-1958, Pest Control, vol. 27, No. 9, p. 20.Sept.)1959I, pp. 19, 22, 24. (U.S., statistics onwood preservation, 15% decline in 1958from 1957. Tanalith gained 1%, Osmo-salts 20%.)Roonwal, M. L., 1956a, pp. 454-455. (SouthAfrica, review of Dwellers in Darkness,Skaife, 1955, London.)Rozen, H. J., 1958, p. 127. (U.S., review ofProtection against Decay and Termites inResidential Construction, 1956. BuildingResearch and Advisory Board, Nat. Acad.Sci., Nat. Res. Counc, Rep. No. 448,May 10, 1956.)Schefer-Immel, V., i960, p. 128. (Europe,review of Zur Laboratoriumpriifing von
Textilien auf Termitenfestigkeit mitKalotermes fiavicollis Fabr., Gosswaldand Kloft, 1959, Entomologica. Labora-tory tests termite-proofing textiles.)Snyder, T. E., I957f, p. 294. (U.S., California,review of The Biology of Colony Forma-tion in Reticulitermes hesperus Banks,F. M. Weesner, 1956. Laboratory andfield studies, factors that influence pro-duction and suppression soldiers, influ-ence of source of alates on types ofvariation in colonies.)1959b, p. 50. (U.S., comparison of FHAMinimum Property Standards, Anon.,1958I, with BRAB reports, Dillon 1956and 1958, on prevention attack by ter-mites and decay to residences.)Varley, G. C, 1956, pp. vii-viii. (SouthAfrica, review of Dwellers in Darkness,S. H. Skaife, 1955. Amitermes atlanticus15% C02 in nest; food rotten cellulose;12 workers first year; population 40,000in nest 1 ft. high; caste origin due toextrinsic causes; laboratory culturesmaintained.)SECRETIONSHrdy, I., and Novak, V. J. A., in press.(Czechoslovakia, contribution to thequestion of the nonspecificity of theexohormones.)Jucci, C, 1956, pp. 283-284. (Italy, endocrinalgland has a secretion important in differ-entiation of castes.)Karlson, P., and Butenhand, A., 1959, pp.49-51. (Pheromones (ectohormones) oftermites, refers to Grassi and Sandias,Grasse, et al., Light and Luscher, sub-stance produced by reproductives used toinfluence colony members.)Lambinet, F., 1959, pp. 163-177. (France,Calotermes fiavicollis, mandibular glandconsists of 2 types secretory cells, largeand small, latter degenerate after molt-ing; gland at its maximum among func-tional reproductives.)Luscher, M., 1959, pp. 55-56. ("Pheromones,"ectohormone secretion acts through
mouth, active substances of functionalreproductives inhibit production supple-mentary reproductives.)Luscher, M., and Muller, B., i960, p. 503.{Kalotermes and Zootermopis, a trail-forming secretion.)Noirot, C, 1957, pp. 743-745- (France, Calo-termes fiavicollis, neurosecretion and sexu-ality.)Verron, H., 1957, pp. 25-30. (France, Calo-termes fiavicollis, olfaction plays part inreciprocal attraction between different in-dividuals, nymphs very responsive tosmell other nymphs, especially as numberincreases, neoteinics most sensitive tosmell other nymphs, no sex difference,soldiers least sensitive.)i960, pp. 2931-2932. (France, Calotermesfiavicollis, perception of odors.)
SENSE ORGANSDenis, C, 1958, pp. 171-188. (France, Calo-termes fiavicollis, development neuro-sensorial organs on legs, after each moltnumber increases, regression number andsize sensorial organs accompanies devel-opment pseudoergates.)
1958a, pp. 240-247. (France, Calotermesfiavicollis, cytology terminal nerves incourse ontogeny.)1959, pp. 712-713. {Calotermes fiavicollis,evolution peripheral sense cellules.)
42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Richard, G., 1957, pp. 107-111. (France,Calotermes flavicollis, chordonotal organson antennae.)Verron, H., 1957, pp. 25-30. (France, Calo-termes fiavicollis, olfaction takes part inreciprocal attraction between differentindividuals in colony. Larvae very re-sponsive to smell and density of group-
ing; nymphs 7th instar exhibit higherlevel of response, especially to groupingof 15 to 20 individuals. Neoteinics givebest response to smell of larvae, but notas good to differences of density. Soldiersare least sensitive, interest toward larvaebut only for groups of 20 or more.)
SHIELDSAnonymous, I958f, p. 4. (U.S., Georgia, ter-mites circumvent even properly installedshields. H. C. Smith, Chief ArchitectFHA, Atlanta, estimates 90% Georgia'sshielded FHA homes 2V2 years and oldernow infested.)1958I, pp. 1 1 3-1 18. (U.S., FHA recommen-dations.)
Dillon, R. M. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-60. (U.S.,metal shields, design, material, installa-tion.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958,pp. 737-750. (Solomon Islands.)Sapp, D. R., i960, p. 68. (U.S., Gainesville,Fla., termite control operator eliminatesFHA 5-year warranty by pretreating withsoil poisons and installing cheap shields.)
SOIL POISONSAnonymous, I953t, p. 70. (Australia, Can-berra, creosote and 5% pentachloro-phenol failed as soil poisons after 5 years'test.)I956d, pp. 1-78. (U.S., clinical memorandaon economic poisons.)I957»» PP- 30, 32, 34- (U.S., Nat. Pest Con-trol Assoc, now recognizes ethylene di-bromide as soil fumigant, gives use in-structions; warns against methyl bro-mide.)i957n, pp. 19-20. (U.S., pest control opera-tors certification board for soil pretreat-ment.)1958, pp. 36, 49-50. (U.S., Texas, demon-stration of slabtreating.)1958b, p. 48. (U.S., Indiana, Purdue Univ.pretreatment tests include granules sizeof coarse sand, chlorinated hydrocarbons.)1958I1, p. 66. (Australia, Canberra, againstNasutitermes exhiosus, 5% DDT failedafter 7 years; against Coptotermes lacteus,5% pentachlorophenol and 5% DDTfailed after 6 years.)19581, pp. 1-7. (U.S., Forest Service recom-mendations.)1958I, pp. 112-118. (U.S., FHA recommen-dations.19580, p. 63. (Australia, Canberra, against
"Nasutitermes exitiosus as soil poisons lin-dane, chlordane, and tetrachlorobenzenehave given complete protection for 3years; against Coptotermes lacteus, diel-drin and chlordane have given completeprotection for 4 years, and aldrin and
tetrachlorobenzene for 3 years. Similartests against a termite complex in theRiverina, pentachlorophenol, sodium pen-tachlorophenate, chlordane and creosotehave given complete protection for 5years. After 2 years weathering chlor-dane, lindane, aldrin and dieldrin usedin surface treatments were still effective.)1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S., Forest Service rec-ommendations.)1959c, p. 50. (U.S., "chlorohepton" soilpoison said to combine chlordane withheptachlor.)i959g, p. 62. (U.S., California, termite con-trol operator "not responsible" for deathcustomer following treatment chlordane,latter not registered as "ultra-hazard-ous.")i959h, p. 58. (U.S., combination of aldrinand dieldrin to compete with Orkin'scombination of chlordane and heptachloras soil poisons.)1959J, pp. 30, 32, 34. (U.S., Kentucky, FortCampbell, 1958-1961, preconstruction ter-mite control specifications, cost estimateson inside and pad, stud, and outside soilpretreatments, monthly payments, con-sulting engineer coordinated work, 3operators, crew 8 to 10 laborers housed onjob site. Soil poison 6.6% dieldrin watersolution, 550 gal. applied each housingunit, pump 50 gal. per min. First appli-cation after footings poured, in trench12 in. wide, 8 in. deep, 1 gal. per 4 linearft., Vi at bottom, Vi applied to backfill as
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 43
replaced, tamped with air compressor.Chemical applied around all pipes andducts. All exposed soil or pad treated,1 gal. per 10 sq. ft. Slab areas coveredwith gravel after treatment, then poly-ethylene vapor barrier, next steel rein-forcement, finally concrete poured. Afterhouses constructed, soil adjacent to out-side foundation treated in 6-in.-wide, 12-in.-deep trench, 4 gal. to 10 linear ft. Noresponsibility for retreats. Insurance,thorough preparation, and supervisor onjob at all times essential.)1959s, p. 66. (Western Australia, soil treat-ment tests have been continued and allchemicals mentioned in 1958 report re-main effective.)1960b, pp. 23-25. (U.S., St. Louis, Mo., Getzexterminators pretreats house 80% fullbasement and 20% crawl space. 0.3%dieldrin solution in trench with rodding.2 lA gal. per 5 linear ft., backfill treated,surface soil sprayed 1 gal. per 10 sq. ft.Debris removed.)1960c, p. 25. (U.S., in Memphis, Tenn., pre-treatment with soil poisons costs 40% ofcost control in slab houses, 5% less thancorrection in crawl space houses; in Okla-homa City 25% less.)1960c, pp. 44, 58. (U.S., Oklahoma, 19 ter-miticides are approved as soil poisons in-cluding chemicals that have been elimi-nated by Federal agencies for ineffective-ness or other reasons.)i96oh, pp. 54, 62, 64-65. (U.S., H. R. John-ston (Forest Service) warns to discon-tinue downward trend in reducing con-centrations of soil poisons for economicreasons. Many pest control operators feelFederal Housing Administration's concen-trations for soil poisons are too low. In theCanal Zone, Panama, twice as much in-secticide required for same results as inMississippi; high rainfall may have bear-ing. Ethylene dibromide an effective soilfumigant in California for 4 years; BillButz (Purdue) stated when a residualchlorinated hydrocarbon is used with afumigant, the residual will not reach asfar as the fumigant will to get the initialtoxicity. Joe Kahn (Purdue) stated re-search shows that ethylene dibromide willnot move through the soils of midwest-ern United States because of the textureand compactness of these soils.)Beesley, J., 1957, pp. 1-3, 3-4, 4-6. (Australia,Melbourne, treated soil barriers, sodiumarsenite, chlordane, dieldrin, benzenehexachloride.)
Bollen, W. B., Roberts, J. E., and Morrison,H. E., 1958, pp. 214-219. (U.S., Oregon,variation in toxic effect in soil led to dis-covery after 21 months nearly half aldrinlost, significant amount recovered asdieldrin.)Boswell, V. R., et al., 1955, pp. 1-59. (U.S.,Washington, New Jersey, Illinois, andGeorgia, investigations 1950-1953 on in-jury to plants by soil insecticides and re-siduals, varies with soil type.)Brif.gleb, P. H., 1954, pp. 73-76. (U.S., Mis-sissippi, Forest Service tests.)Butts, W. L., 1961, pp. 44-52. (U.S., termiteresistance may crop up at any time.)Byerly, T. C.j i960, pp. 1-4, in U.S. Dept.Agric, ARS, Publ. 20-9, i960. (U.S.,use heptachlor severelv limited by factthat under some conditions resulted insmall residues of its epoxides.)Coaton, W. H., 1958, pp. 1-112. (SouthAfrica, Hodotermes mossambicus andMicrohodotermes viator, sodium fluosili-cate grass bait less toxic to grazing ani-mals than sodium arsenite.)Conley, B. E., 1958, p. 18. (U.S., first aidfor poisoning.)Dean, L. A., i960, pp. 63-69, in U.S. Dept.Agric, ARS, Publ. 20-9, i960. (U.S.,persistence of organic substances in soildepends on physical, chemical, or biologi-cal processes.)DnxoN, R. M. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-60. (U.S.,Forest Service tested and approved soilpoisons, proprietary poisons, percentages,dosages for various types houses, whereto apply.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J., 1958, pp. 207-211. (U.S., California, laboratory evalua-tion insecticide-treated soils against Re-ticulitermes hesperus.)Eno, C. F., 1958, pp. 348-351. (U.S., effectof insecticides in soil and germinationand yield plants, especially chlorinatedhydrocarbons.)Ferrero, F., 1959, pp. 30-31. (France, Banyuls,Eastern Pyrenees, Calotermes flavicollisdamages grapevines. Manv have to be re-placed each year. DDT, HCH (BHC),heptachlor, and aldrin have been usedbut without success. Dieldrin used as adust (20% of active material) or a sus-pension with 1.5 1. of dieldrin per 100 1.of water has given effective control whenthe soil was thoroughly treated especiallyaround the roots and the dust or spraywas applied under pressure. Wounds inthe grapevine stock should be dusted.This method is a curative rather than pre-ventive method. Control of the adults be-
44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
fore flight would prevent new coloniesfrom forming. Sealing galleries wouldprevent flight and use of an attractantfor the adults should furnish means forcapturing the adults. These termites at-tack not only the woody grapevine stocksbut also other woody plants.)Foster, A. C, et al., 1956, pp. 1-36. (U.S.,rapid deterioration chlorinated hydrocar-bons in soil, at dosages used, residues willnot accumulate in soil to the extent ofimpairing growth of plants.)Gannon, N., and Bigger, J. H., 1958, pp. 1-2.(U.S., Illinois, conversion aldrin and hep-tachlor to their epoxides in soil. Aldrinconverted to dieldrin more rapidly thanheptachlor to heptachlorepoxide, hencetoxicity due to dieldrin, heptachlor ex-ceeded quantity epoxide but latter moretoxic, hence epoxidation advantageous in-creasing both toxicity and residual effect.)Gillespie, B. B., 1959, p. 34. (U.S., Indiana,topical application and laboratory soiltests, former showed aldrin and dieldrinmost toxic, then heptachlor and chlor-dane, higher dosage required for Reticu-litermes flavipes than for R. hageni; lattershowed aldrin and heptachlor most toxic,then dieldrin and chlordane, no differ-ence between species termites.)Gunther, F. A., and Blinn, R. C, 1955,pp. 1-708. (Analysis of insecticides andacaricides.)Heal, R. E., 1957, pp. 73-76. (U.S., chemicalsin termite control.)1957a, pp. 118-120. (U.S., chemicals inbuilt-in protection.)Hetrick, L. A., 1956, pp. 28-29. (U.S., Re-ticulitertnes flavipes, organic insecticides,benzene hexachloride and chlordane de-creasing speed action.)1957, pp. 316-317. (Benzene hexachlorideeffective more than 10 years in sandy soil,Reticulitermes flavipes.}1957a, pp. 343-348. (Evaluation new chemi-cals, Reticulitermes flavipes!)India Ministry Food and Agric, 1958, p. 748.(India, treating soil with chemicals.)Johnston, H. R., 1956, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Missis-sippi, and Canal Zone, Panama, tests soilpoisons.)1958, pp. 9, 11-16. (Mississippi and CanalZone, 10- to 13-year tests.)1958a, pp. 423-431. (Mississippi and CanalZone, tests soil poisons (chlorinated hy-drocarbons most effective.)1959, p. 32. (Mississippi and Canal Zone,tests of soil poisons: aldrin 0.5%, 100%
effective after 9 years; BHC (benzenehexachloride) 0.8% gamma isomer, 80%after 10 years; chlordane 1%, 100% after10 years; DDT 5%, 90% after n years;dieldrin 0.5%, 100% after 9 years. Hepta-chlor promising; duration increased byincreased concentration.)i960, pp. 44-45. (U.S., Mississippi, volatili-zation, vaporization, evaporation, andtemperature major factors in disappear-ance of termiticides from soil. Types soilimportant, 96% heptachlor applied tomucky soil remained, after 56 days only45% in sandy soil. Alternate wettingand drying causes chemical to disappearrapidly.)1960a, pp. 1-6. (Tests of soil poisons inMississippi and the Canal Zone, Panama.Later data than 1956 report, chlorinatedhydrocarbons most effective.)1961, pp. 40, 42. (U.S., Mississippi, break-down of chemicals in soil includes de-composition, alkalies decompose benzenehexachloride, iron DDT; volatilizationis evaporation, is big factor instability.Chemicals with high vapor pressureevaporate more rapidly. Temperatureand formulation affect volatilization, asdo soil types, moisture, rate application,alkalinity or acidity of soil.)Johnston, H. R., and Osmun, J. V., i960,pp. 62-63. (U.S., Forest Service and Pur-due Univ. tests show soil poisoning effec-tive, but narrow margin exists betweenprotection and no protection, standardsof formulation and dosages should notbe lowered.)Katz, H., 1958, p. 49. (U.S., soil near oldwoody shrubs should have nearby soiltreated with aqueous solution toxicant.)1958a, p. 6. (U.S., termites will not live insoil so alkaline that chlordane or dieldrinwould break down, but might survive insoil alkaline enough to destroy DDT.)1961, pp. 40, 43. (U.S., paradichloroben-zene and naphthalene, old standbys, willsuppress posttreatment swarmers, but notused for long-time control, based onA. E. Lund's tests and commercial use.)1961a, pp. 9, 11-12, 64. (U.S., treatment ofgravel fill material more important thantreatment of soil, 1 gal. toxicant per 10sq. ft. Weight of toxicant/volume of soilmore exact, degree wetness of soil willvary dosage.)Kiigemagi, U., Morrison, H. E., Roberts,
J. E., and Bollen, W. B., 1958, pp. 193-204. (U.S., Oregon, aldrin, dieldrin, and
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 45
heptachlor gave good control of Scuti-gerella immaculata in some field tests, notin others. Where not successful, rapiddecline in soil of all three compounds.)Lichtenstein, E. P., 1959, PP» 3 x -32< (U.S.,factors affecting termite resistance: soiltypes; application rate; presence or lack ofcultivation; soil temperature, soil mois-ture; soil microorganisms affect persist-ence of insecticide; persist longer: insoils high organic content, high applica-tion rate, noncultivated, low temperature,dry soil, sterilized soils.)1959a, pp. 40, 42, 56. (U.S., factors affect-ing insecticide persistence in various soils:soil type, soil temperature, moisture, mi-croorganisms, chemical application rate,chemical conversion in soil.)Lichtenstein, E. P., Beck, S. D., and Schulz,K. R., 1956, p. 936. (U.S., colorimetricdetermination of lindane in soils andcrops.)Lichtenstein, E. P., De Pew, L. J., Eshbaugh,E. L., and Sleesman, J. P., i960, pp. 136-142. (Midwestern U.S., amount organicmatter within a particular soil type andclimatic conditions of area major factorsaffecting persistence of DDT, aldrin, andlindane in soils, DDT most persistent,lindane least, all disappeared most rapidlyin Kansas experiment soils.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Medler, J. T., 1958,pp. 222-226. (U.S., Wisconsin, alfalfatreated with heptachlor and aldrin atrates % to Vs lb. per acre, 7 days aftertreatment both were recovered at rate of0.1 part per million by chemical analysis.2 weeks after treatment no heptachlorfound, 3 weeks after treatment no aldrinfound.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Polivka, J. B., 1959,pp. 289-293. (U.S., top dressings (turfsoils), 15% of applied chlordane recov-ered after 12 years by chemical analysis,12% by bioassay. 11 years after applica-tion, 41% BHC of applied dosage recov-ered by chemical analysis, 8% by bioassay.After 9 years no heptachlor recovered byanalysis, but 4 to 5% by bioassay. Mostaldrin had disappeared during 4 years,part converted to dieldrin to extent 8 to10% of applied dosage.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Schulz, K. R., 1958,pp. 848-849. (U.S., colorimetric deter-mination of heptachlor in soils andcrops.)
x959> PP- 1 18-124. (U.S., lindane brokedown, within 2 weeks, to nontoxic com-
pound, aldrin converted to dieldrin, moredieldrin formed in a sandy loam soil andin soils treated at lower concentrationsand at higher temperatures.)1959a, pp. 124-131. (U.S., 3V2 years aftertreatment 1.43 times more DDT, 4.25times more aldrin, and 8.45 times morelindane were recovered from a muck soilthan from Miami silt loam. Temperatureimportant factor. No loss in frozen soil.Loss 16 to 27% at 6° C. of aldrin andheptachlor, only 2 to 14% persisted at46 C. after 56 days.)i960, pp. 192-197. (U.S., aldrin readilytransformed into dieldrin in wet, non-autoclaved Carrington loam, less rapidlyin muck soil; amounts aldrin and diel-drin recovered equal 16 months aftertreatment in field. In soils containinglow number microorganisms (autoclavedloam, Plainfield sand), or in dry soilsamount dieldrin found small. Heptachlorapplied to Carrington loam persistedlonger than aldrin, but amount of hepta-chlorepoxide formed smaller than that ofdieldrin. Lindane most persistent in drysoil and least in wet, nonautoclaved soil.)Lund, H. O., i960, pp. 32, 44, 36. (U.S.,Georgia, tests show termites will tunnelup through foundation voids. Whentreated with dieldrin, aldrin, and chlor-dane emulsions, tunnels were only builtover 0.002% of chlordane after 7 weeks,over the lowest concentrations of aldrinor dieldrin or 0.02% chlordane after 9months.)Malina, M. A., Kearny, J. M., and Polen,P. B., 1959, pp. 30-32. (U.S., determina-tion chlordane in air of habitationstreated for insect control.)Martinez, T- B., 1958, pp. 1-29. (Spain, arse-nic and chlorinated hydrocarbons used assoil poisons.)Metcalf, R. L., 1955, pp. 1-402. (Organicinsecticides.)Metcalf, R. L. (Ed.), 1957, pp. 1-523.(Chemistry, uses, hazards in insect pestcontrol, references, etc.)1958, pp. 1-426. (Application pesticides,isotope dilution for determination resi-dues, spread, insect resistance, etc.)Milsum, J. N., 1959, pp. 425-428. (World,termites attacking mango controlled by20 lb. 5% chlordane dust per acre.)Nelson, J. A., i960, p. 5. (U.S., editorial,5-year guarantee for soil poisoning dis-criminatory, 10 years experience proves it
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
effective, other approved methods not in-spected as to proper installation.)Newsam, A., and Rao, B. S., 1957, p. 98.(Malaya, aldrin preferred, less costly, diel-drin superior, chlordane less persistent,attack on rubber trees by Coptotermescurvignathus.)1958, pp. 209-215. (Malaya, chlordane, al-drin, dieldrin effective, prevent reattack.)Osmun, J. V., 1956b, p. 29. (U.S., laboratorytechniques for evaluation effect soil in-secticides on Reticulitermes flavipes.)1957, pp. 9, 11-12, 16, 19, 48. (Better con-trol through research.)1957a, pp. 592-593. (Responses Reticuli-termes flavipes to certain insecticides.)1958, pp. 23-24, 56. (Ethylene dibromide asfumigant in different types soil, factorsaffecting dispersion in soil, subslab.)Parcher, J. V., and Means, R. E., 1959,pp. 29-30, 32. (U.S., characteristics ofsoils, cohesion, plasticity, strength, voidratio, loads on sand, clay, shrinking andswelling.)1959a, pp. 57-58, 60. (U.S., chemical appli-cation, structural safeguards, penetration
soils, soaking for coarse-grained soil,pressure injections for fine-grained soils,effect of building on water content ofclay and dry soils.)1959b, pp. 50, 52, 54. (U.S., texture revealspermeability, cohesionless soils—sand,gravel, silt; cohesive—clay, latter low per-meability. Moisture content, macroscopicstructure.)Powell, J. M., Jr., 1959, pp. 20, 22, 24. (U.S.,National Assoc. Homebuilders state 5-yearwarranty required for soil poisoning byFHA unreasonable since not required forother 4 methods termite control, builderresponsible. FHA requires guarantee be-cause work cannot be checked. Guaran-tee should be removed or pretreatmentdropped.)i960, pp. 32, 42, 44. (U.S., Baton Rouge,La., southern builder believes homeowner should have responsibility, recom-mends pipes for later retreatment.)Rhode Island Dept. Agric. and Conserva-tion, Drv. Entomology and Plant In-
dustry, 1958, pp. 1-4, (U.S., Rhode Island,soil poisoning against subterranean ter-mites.)Sapp, D. R., i960, p. 68. (U.S., Gainesville,Fla., termite control operator eliminates5-year warranty for soil poisoning by pre-treating and also installs cheap shields tosatisfy FHA; 90% buildings pretreatedaround Gainesville.)Shepard, H. H., 1958, pp. 1-355. (Effectchemicals on physiology insects, techniquefor tests, screening, etc.)Shepard, H. H. (Ed.), i960, pp. 1-250.(Methods of testing soil insecticides,chap. 6, W. E. Fleming.)Smith, M. W., et al., 1956, pp. 34, 36, 38, 42.(U.S., what effect soil texture has onpenetration and retention chemicals.)1957, pp. 36, 38, 40. (U.S., new approachesto "sub" treatment of slab houses.)Spitz, W. J., 1958, pp. 38, 40, 43, 51. (U.S.,Texas, complete coverage by drilling un-der slab from side, chlordane emulsion.)U.S. Dept. Agric, ARS, i960, pp. 1-221.(U.S., nature and fate of chemicals ap-plied to soils, plants, and animals.)Ward, J. C, 1958, pp. 14-16. (U.S., use pesti-cides with care.)Westlake, W. E., and San Antonio, J. P.,i960, pp. 105-115, in U.S. Dept. Agric,ARS, Publ. 20-9, i960. (U.S. degradationand products formed of chlorinated hy-drocarbons and organic phosphorus com-pounds. Persistence.)Young, W. R., and Rawlins, W. A., 1958,pp. 11-18. (U.S., New York, relative per-sistence heptachlor in 4 different soiltypes, Dunkirk sandy loam, silt loam, andsilty clay loam and muck, not significant,rapid losses, especially in soil surfaces ex-posed to sun, less from emulsion thanfrom wettable powder, will not accumu-late to dangerous levels in cultivatedsoils.)Zavon, M. R., 1958, pp. 9-12. (U.S., are com-parative toxicities meaningful—today'spesticides?)Zimmern, A., 1957, pp. 32, 34, 36, 50. (U.S.,soil penetration by chemicals.)SOUNDBlandford, H. F., 1881, p. 32. (Sound-produc-ing ants, Termitidae sound producing).Bristowe, W. S., 1924, pp. 475-504. (Sound-producing Termitidae.)1925, pp. 640-641. (Sound-producing Ter-mitidae.)
De Baisieux, P., 1938, pp. 79-302. (Blattoidea:Isoptera, p. 124, scoloparia on femora andtibiae termites from Congo, chordonotalorgans register vibrations.)Fotheringham, J., 188 1, p. 55. (Sound-pro-ducing Termitidae.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 47
Frings, M., and Frings, H., i960, p. 101.Bibliography of sound-producing andsound-receiving termites.) Gibb, G., 1859, pp. 121-130. (Sound produc-tion by Canadian insects.)Gravely, F. H., 1915, pp. 483-539. (India,sound-producing termites.)SUPERORGANISMLuscher, M., 1958c, pp. 48-65. (Colony asan organism.)TAXONOMYAhmad, M., 1955, pp. 25-27. (East Pakistan,Microtermes pafystanicus, n. sp., soldier.)1955a, pp. 202-264. (West Pakistan, Keys,Neotermes pishinensis, n. sp.; Microcero-termes baluchistanicus, n. s.p., M. sa\esa-rensis, n. sp., M. longignathus, n. sp.;Eremotermes neoparadoxalis, n. sp., E.malfy, n. sp.; Amitermes paradentatus;Angulitermes hussaini, vs.. sp.; etc.)1958, pp. 33-118. (Key to Indomalayan ter-mites, 176 of 394 species.)1958a, pp. 1 19-198. (Key to Indomalayantermites, 218 of 394 species.)Ahmad, M., and Khan, M. A., 1955, pp. 28-30.(Pakistan, imago Kalotermes beesoni.)Anonymons, 1959, pp. 17-19. (Number spe-cies in world (2,100) and in Smithsoniancollection (1,322).)Becker, G., 1955, pp. 393-404. (Italy, Sicily,Kalotermes flavicollis, juscicollis, n. var.)Bradley, J. C, 1946, pp. 111-126. (Classifica-tion termites.)Calaby, J. H., and Gay, F. J., 1956, p. 20.(Coptotertnes raffrayi reduced to subspe-cies of acinaciformis.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1955, pp. 109-136. (Africa,Belgian Congo, Neotermes aburiensis,soldier, N. collarti, n. sp., 2V. leperson-neae, n. sp.; Glyptotermes ueleensis, n. sp.,etc.)1958, pp. 1-112. (South Africa, synonymyHodotermes mossambicus, Microhodo-termes viator.)Emerson, A. E., 1956a, pp. 98-101. (Africa,Katanga, Apicotermes rimulifex, n. sp.)1956b, pp. 1-31. (Africa, Apicotermes gur-gulifex, n. sp., A. holmgreni, n. sp., A.aburiensis transferred to Allognatho-termes.)
x 959> PP- x"42 - (Africa, new combinations,Firmitermes abyssinicus, ?F. tripolitanus;Hoplognathotermes subterraneus, ?H.submissus; Acutidentitermes osborni, n.
sp., sold.; Duplidentitermes jurcatidens,D. jurioni, n. sp., sold., D. latimentonis,n. sp., sold.; Heimitermes moorei, n. sp.,sold.)
i960, pp. 1-28. (Oriental, Malagasy andAustralian regions, new genera related toSubulitermes. Oriental region: Leucopi-termes, n. gen., type species leucopsHolmgren, Malacca, sold., work. Aciculi-termes, n. gen., type species aciculatusHaviland, Sarawak, imago, sold., work.Ceylonitermelius, n. gen., type specieshantanae Holmgren, Hantana, Ceylon,imago, sold., work. Oriensubulitermes
,
n. gen., type species inanis Haviland,Malaya, sold., work.; O. inaniformis(Holmgren), n. comb. Malagasy region:Malagasitermes, n. gen., type species mil-loti Cachan, Madagascar, sold., work.Australian region: Occultitermes, n. gen.,type species occultus Hill, N. Terr., Aus-tralia, imago, sold. Macrosubulitermes,n. gen., type species greavesi Hill, N.Queensland, Australia, imago, sold.; M.perlevis (Hill), new combination, PortDarwin, N. Terr., Australia, sold. Aus-tralitermes, n. gen., type species dilucidusHill, Queensland, Australia, sold.)1960a, pp. 1-21. (Africa, Belgian Congo,new genera and species on Subulitermesbranch Nasutitermitinae: Verrucosi-termes, n. gen., type species tuberosus,n. sp., Leopoldville, imago (king), sold.Ajrosubulitermes, n. gen., type speciescongoensis, n. sp., Stanleyville, sold.,work. Postsubulitermes, n. gen., type spe-cies parviconstrictus, n. sp., Yangambi,imago (queen), sold., work. Tarditermes,n. gen., type species contracolor, n. sp.,Camp Putnam (on Epulu River), imago,sold.)1960b, pp. 1-49. (Africa, Belgian Congo, 6new genera of Termitinae: Nitiditermes,n. gen., type species berghei Keyberg,imago (king), sold., work., close toLepidotermes. Mucrotermes, n. gen., typespecies osborni, n. sp., near Camp Put-nam, sold., work., close to Procubitermes.Furculitermes, n. gen., type species wini-jredae, n. sp., Camp Putnam, imago(queen), sold., work., close to Euchilo-
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
termes; other species, F. hendric\xi, n. sp.,Camp Putnam, sold.; F. brevilabius,Camp Putnam, imago (queen), sold.; F.cubitalis, n. sp., Stanleyville, sold., work.;F. soyeri, n. sp., Keyberg, sold., work.;F. parviceps, n. sp., Camp Putnam, sold.,work.; F. longilabius, n. sp., Camp Put-nam, sold., work; F. brevimalatus, n. sp.,Stanleyville, sold., work. Pilotermes, n.gen., type species langi, n. sp., near CampPutnam, imago, sold., work., close toBasidentitermes. Profastigitermes, n. gen.,type species putnami, n. sp., Camp Put-nam, sold. Forficulitermes, n. gen., typespecies planifrons, n. sp., Sona Mpangu,sold., work., not close to Basidenti-termes.)Emerson, A. E., and Banks, F. A., 1957,pp. 1-17. (Revision Neotropical genusArmitermes, A. brevinasus, n. sp., A. lati-dens, n. sp., A. parvidens, n. sp., A. sny-deri, n. sp., A. spissus, n. sp., redescrip-tion A. silvestrii.)Esaki, T., 1956, p. 87. (Hodotermopsis japo-nica imago.)Gay, F. J., 1956, pp. 207-213. (Australia,Ahamitermes pumilus winged; Paracapri-termes hesperus, n. sp., queen and sold.;Termes iridipennis, winged and sold.)Gesell, S. G., 1959, pp. 1-6. (U.S., somewood-boring insects mistaken for ter-mites.)Ghidini, G. M., 1955, pp. 69-82. (Africa,Ethiopia, Sagan-Omo, Bellicositermesjeanneli, goliath distinguishing charac-ters; Microtermes vadschaggae var. grasset,n. n. for var. dubius Grasse preocc;figured Termes (Cyclotermes) male-dictus, Trinervitermes eldirensis.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1955a, pp. 345-388. (Africa, Allognathotermes ivoriensis,n. sp.; Coxotermes, n. gen., C. bou\o-\oensis, n. sp.; Hcimitermes, n. gen.,H. laticeps, n. sp.; Jugositermes tubercula-tus, queen.)Harris, W. V., 1956a, pp. 926-937. (Africa,French Cameroons, Microcerotermesprogrediens alate female; Pericapritermesamplignathus, n. sp., sold.; Odonto-termes silvaticus, n. sp., sold.; etc.)1957a, pp. 421-433. (Southwest Arabia,Amitermes stephensoni, n. sp., A. harleyi,n. sp., sold.; Eremotermes sabaeus, n. sp.,sold.; Trinervitermes arabiae, n. sp.,sold.1"2.)1957c, pp. 20-32. (Malaya, list of species,Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termiti-
dae, field key to sold., heads and mandi-bles, figured for some.)1958a, pp. 59-60. (Solomon Islands, Schedo-rhinotermes browni n. sp., sold., Guadal-canal.)1958c, pp. 3-26. (Belgian Congo, Crene-termes fruitus, n. sp., winged, sold.,Lusinga; Thoracotermes lusingensis, n.sp., winged, sold., Lusinga; Cubitermesmuneris, winged, C. oblectatus, n. sp.,winged, sold., Lusinga; Noditermesjestivus, n. sp., winged, sold., Kenia;Microtermes upembae, n. sp., winged,Riv. Lupiala, 15 species listed.)i960, pp. 17-21. (East Africa, Odonto-termes montantts, n. sp., sold., Kenya;O. lacustris, n. sp., winged, sold., North-ern Rhodesia; O. fiammifrons (Sjostedt),Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland.)1960b, pp. 253-256. (Eremotermes nanus,n. sp., soldier, Sudan; Termes melindae,n. sp., soldier, British Honduras.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-75°'• (Solomon Islands, 12 specieslisted, key to sold.)Hunt, R., 1958, p. 31. (U.S., how to distin-guish Embioptera from termites.)Karaman, Z., 1954, pp. 21-30. (Yugoslavia,Reticulitermes lucifugus and Calotermesflavicollis, key to separate.)Khan, M. A., and Ahmad, M., 1955, pp. 28-30. (Pakistan, Kalotermes beesoniwinged.)Krishna, K., 1956, pp. 1-5. (Malaya, Copto-termcs sepangensis, n. sp., sold., C.bentongensis, n. sp., sold.)Kushwaha, K. S., 1960a, pp. 54-65. (India,chaetotaxy of Odontotermes assmuthi,soldier.)Machado, A. de.B., 1959, pp. 205-207. (Apico-termes, Africa, concept of ethologicalspecies.)Mathur, R. N., i960, pp. 79-85. (SouthIndia, Glyptotermes nigrijrons, n. sp.,sold., nymph.)Mathur, R. N, and Chhotani, O. B., 1959,pp. 40-53. (India, revision Stylotermes,description S. fletckeri Holmgr. andHolmgr. and S. bengalensis, n. sp., sold.,work., Darjeeling, West Bengal.)Mathur, R. N., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1958,pp. 233-241. (India, Anacanthotermesrugijrons, n. sp., sold, and work., key.)1958a, pp. 1-9. (India, imago Globitermesaudax, Microcerotermes burmanicus,Odontotermes parvidens?)1959a, pp. 66-78. (India, Emersonitermesthe\adensis, n. gen., n. sp., sold., work.,
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 49
South India: Thekaday (Travancore),close to Subulitermes; Trinervitermesnigrirostris, n. sp., winged, sold, (major,intermediate), Madras; Nasutitermesbec\eri, n. sp. (Baini Prashad and P. K.Sen-Sarma) described elsewhere.)i960, pp. 79-85. (South India, Glypto-termes nigrijrons, n. sp., sold, andnymphs, Madras, type sold., Forest Re-search Inst., Dehra Dun.)196 1, pp. 401-406. (Tinnevelly Distr., So.India, Angulitermes acutus, n. sp., sold,and workers.)Moszkowski, L. I., 1955, pp. 15-41. (Mada-gascar, Cryptotermes kjrbyi, n. sp.)Noirot, C, 1955, pp. 139-150. (Angola,Macrotermes angolensis, n. sp., sold.1-2 ;Basidentitermes trilobatus, n. sp., winged,sold.1-2 ; Pericapritermes machadoi, n. sp.,sold.; Coarctotermes brunneus, n. sp.,sold.)Obenberger, J., 1955, pp. 576-637. (Theoriesclassification, systematic section Isoptera.)Oldroyd, H., 1958, p. 225. (Family Termopsi-dae.)Rhode Island Dept. Agric. and Conserva-tion, Div. Entomology and Plant In-dustry, 1955, pp. 1-4. (U.S., how to tellants from termites.)Roonwal, M. L., and Bose, G., i960, pp. 38-39. (India, Rajasthan, Psammotermesrajasthanicus, n. sp., sold, (holotype),work., first record of genus for India.)Roonwal, M. L., and Chhotani, O. B., 1959,PP- 325-326 - (Southern India, new speciesOdontotermes, \ul\arni, sold, and work.,Bijapur; tneturensis, sold., work., MeturDam.)1959a, pp. 1967-1968. (India, Anoplotermes,n. sp., first record in India, to be de-scribed elsewhere.)1959b, pp. 57-68. (India, further descrip-tions of Odontotermes \ul\arnii and O.meturensis.)1960a, p. 701. (Assam, India, Anoplotermesshillongensis, n. sp.)1960b, pp. 143-144. (India, soldier castefound in Mysore in Speculitermes cyclopssinhalensis places genus in Amitermiti-nae.)Roonwal, M. L., and Krishna, K., 1955, pp.143-152. (Ceylon, Coptotermes gaurii.)Roonwal, M. L., and Sangal, S. K., i960, pp.1-22. (India, near Dehra Dun, Odonto-termes obesus, variability in size of sol-dier mandibles.)Roonwal, M. L., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1956,pp. 1-38. (India and Burma, new species
and subspecies, Parrkinotermes \hasii,Macrotermes serrulatus hopini, Hypo-termes nongpriangi, Hospitalitermesblairi, and Parrhinotermes new forIndia.)1958, pp. 1-406. (India and Burma, Eremo-termes dehraduni, n. sp., and Indotermesmaymensis, n. sp., in new family Indo-termitidae.)Sands, W. A., 1956, pp. 83-84. (Africa, GoldCoast, Mimeutermes edentatus. n. sp.,sold.)I957> PP- I3"24- (Soldier mandibles Nasuti-termitinae, specific difference in somegenera, lend support to Ahmad's phylo-genetic conclusions, with minor excep-tions.)I957a> PP- 1-28. (East Africa, revisionNasutitermitinae.)I959> PP- 127-156. (Ethiopian Region, Ami-termes, 13 species, 3 new, keys, distribu-tion map, Amitermes acinacifer, n. sp.,sold., Kenya; A. importunus, n. sp., sold.,Nyasaland; A. truncatidens, n. sp.,winged, sold., Tanganyika; descriptionwinged species known only fromsoldiers.)Snyder, T. E., 1955b, p. 30. (U.S., need fundsfor Isopterist, U.S. Nat. Mus.)l955h P- 300. (Bolivia, Anoplotermes brucei,n. sp., winged.)I956d, pp. 189-202. (Keys to termites WestIndies, Bahamas, Bermuda.)I957a> P- 352. (Panama, Neotermes setifer,n. sp., winged.)I957d, pp. 81-82. (Bolivia, Rugitermeslaticollis, n. sp., winged.)!957g> PP- 42, 44- (U.S. and Europe, deaththinning out ranks world's foremostisopterists.)1958, pp. 229-231. (Philippines, Glypto-termes jranciae and magsaysayi, n. sp.,sold, and winged and sold., keys toPhilippine species.)J959c> PP- 313-321. (Venezuela, new spe-cies, 'Neotermes araguaensis, wingedAnoplotermes franciscoi, winged, Veloci-termes bolivari, sold.1-2, pwinged, keysto Venezuelan species.)Snyder, T. E., and Francia, F. C, 1961, inpress. (Keys to Philippine termites.)Thurich, L., i960, pp. 145-160. (Palearctic,comparative morphological studies ofsold, of Reticulitermes from Europe andthe Near East.)Weidner, H., 1955, pp. 63-68. (Anterior Asia,Microcerotermes gabrielis, n. sp., wingedand sold.)
50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
1955a, pp. 201-207. (Africa, Angola, Apico-termes machodoensis, n. sp.)1955b, pp. 247-254. (Types in Zool. Mus.Hamburg, 98 species listed.)I955e> *B Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b, pp. 5-81. (Systematic, keys to families, genera.)1956a, pp. 55-105. (Africa, Angola, Syna-canthotermes angolensis, n. sp., Odonto-termes (O.) chicapenensis, n. sp., Peri-capritermes minimus, n. sp., keys.)1958, pp. 4-16. (Iraq, keys to winged, sold.)1960a, pp. 43-70. (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraqdistribution, descriptions and keys towinged and sold, of Anacanthotermesahngerianus, baechjnannianus, macro-cephalus, tnurgabicus, septentrionalis,ubachi, vagans; Hetetotermes indicola;Reticulitermes clypeatus, lucijugus; Ami-
termes vilis; Angulitermes dehraensis;Microcerotermes diversus, gabrielis.)Wilkinson, W., 1958, pp. 109-115. (WestAfrica, Kcdotermes spinicollis, n. sp.,imago, sold., Nkpoku; K. exsertijrons,n. sp., imago, sold., Nkpoku.)1959, pp. 61-72. (East Africa, Kalotermessylvaticus, n. sp., winged, sold., Uganda,Kenya; K. angulatus, n. sp., winged,sold., Tanganyika; Neotermes aridus, n.sp., winged, sold., Kenya; Glyptotermesignotus, n. sp., winged, sold., Uganda.)Williams, R. M. C, 1956, p. 128. (EastAfrica, erratum Williams, 1954, Proc. Roy.Ent. Soc. London (B), vol. 23, pp. 215-227, figs. 2 and 5, pp. 218 and 225 trans-posed, fig. 2, Noditermes wasambaricus,fig. 5, Cubitermes umbratus.)TEMPERATUREAnonymous, 1958b, p. 66. (Australia, Can-berra, in hardwood forests presencelarge colony Coptotermes jrenchi re-sults in increased temperature withininfested tree, maximum increase occursin "nursery" region.)1960X, pp. 41-42. (U.S., Wisconsin, evolu-tionary change, termites more frequentin northern U.S.; termites can becomewinter- or cold-hardy. In tests, termitescollected in summer entered "cold stupor"at 38 ° F.; collected in late August andSeptember, survived temperature near 38 °for 2 months longer. Termites in soilin December in upper 6 in. soil, samedepth as frost line.)
Huff, G. E., 1959, p. 61. (U.S., Indianapolis,Ind., subterranean termites in refrigerateddisplay case, moisture in bottom due toleak.)Pesson, P., 1959, pp. 77-79. (General, tem-perature habitats never fall below 15 C.,go below ground to escape cold or heat,regulate temperature nests.)Skaiffe, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, temperature inmounds less than surrounding air.)IO
-57> PP- 373-39°- (South Africa, Kalo-termes durbanensis, temperature exposure36 C. for 24 hr. not harmful but — io°C. for 2 to 3 hr. harmful to protozoa.)
TERMITOPHILES *
Boyer, P., 1956, pp. 111-113. (Africa, Belli-cositermes natalensis, relation betweenintestinal flora and soil.)Briton, E. B., 1957, pp. 1-185. (Australianchafers, Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae.)Dieuzeide, R., 1930, pp. 569-571. (NorthAfrica, Tyroglyphid Caloglyphus withReticulitermes.)Fernando, W., 1957, pp. 81-84. (Ceylon,Sphecophila ravana, n. sp., cockroach incolony Coptotermes ceylonicus.)Hindwood, K. A., 1959, pp. 1-36. (Australia,birds in termite nests, 23 species king-
fishers, 13 species parrots, 4 trogons, 2puffbirds, a jacamar, and a cotinga.)Kistner, D. H., 1958, pp. 1-198. (Africa, Bel-gian Congo, India, Staphylinidae, p. 84,Typhloponemya \handalae, n. sp., withOdontotermes (O.) obesus; p. 88, T. ter-mitophilus (Wasm.) with Cubitermesfungifaber, accidental, probably guest ofants Dorylus; p. 107, Odontoxenus but-teli (Wasm.) with Odontotermes (Hypo-termes) obscuriceps; p. 108, O. transjuga(Wasm.) with Odontotermes (O.) obe-sus; O. longesetosus (Cameron) ; O.proximus (Cameron); p. no, O. brevi-
* Fauna and flora of nests including symbiotic forms, as well as casual seekers of shelter; some maybe predacous on the host termites, or parasites.
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 5 1
cornis (Cameron); O. termitophilusWasm.) with Odontotermes (O.) obe-sus; p. 112, O. triarticulatus (Kemner)with Odontotermes (O.) javanicus; O.ceylonicus (Wasm.) with Odontotermes(O.) redemanni; p. 113, O. eutermitis(Wasm.) with Trinervitermes bijormis;O. peradenyiae (Wasm.) with Odonto-termes (O.) redemanni; O. splendidus(Wasm.) with Odontotermes (Hypo-termes) obscuriceps. Odontoxenus moreprimitive than myrmecophile Dory-loxenus, not found with Odontotermesin Africa, transfer to Odontotermes aftergenus reached India during Miocene ex-tension of grasslands.)Leleup, N., 1955, pp. 374-375- (Africa, Bel-gian Congo, beetles and flies.)i960, pp. 197-206. (Africa, Belgian Congo,morphological classification insects foundin nests.)Reichensperger, A. von, 1956, pp. 81-91.(Africa, Congo, new species Coprinae.)
x957> PP- 323-324- (Africa, a new speciesof Coprinae.)Salmon, J. T., 1941, p. 348. (CollembolanSinella termitum, Australia, New Zea-land.)Schmitz, H., 1954, pp. 514-519. (Africa, Bel-gian Congo, Phoridae, Aenigmatistes andTermitostroma, n. gen.)1955, pp. 33-60. (Africa, Angola and SW.Africa, 6 new phorid termitophiles.)
1955a, pp. 229-239. (Africa, phorid, Thau-matoxena, n. sp.)1955b, pp. 48-66. (Africa, Belgian Congo,Termitomyia, n. sp.)Seevers, C. H., 1957, pp. 1-334. (Termitophi-lous Staphylinidae, world, host relation-ships, phylogeny, classification, maps dis-tribution.)i960, pp. 825-834. (New termitophilousStaphylinidae of zoogeographic signifi-cance, Madagascar Spirachthodes firstOld-World genus with exudatory ab-dominal appendages shared only withneotropical Spirachtha.)Skaife, S. H., 1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa,Amitermes atlanticus, sarcophagid flyTermitometopia s\aijei, n. gen., n. sp.;springtail Collembola Cyphoderus ar-cuatus; white mite Termitacarus cunei-formis, red mite Cosmoglyphus \ramerii;green protea beetle cetonid Trichostethafascicidaris scavenger beneath mounds;solpugid; termites Microcerotermes mal-mesburyi, Termes winifredae live inouter parts mounds, former not trueinquiline.)Torrealba, J. F., and Riccardi, B., 1941, p.248. (Venezuela, Zaraza, Triatoma groupnot found in termite nests.)Womersley, H., 1939, p. 174. (South Aus-tralia, Sinella termitum.)TOXICOLOGYAnonymous, 1952, pp. 1-45. (U.S., fire andexplosion hazards of thermal insecticidalfogging; experiences; safety precautions;flammability chemicals, toxicity, impedefire extinguishing.)I956d, pp. 1-78. (U.S., clinical memorandaon economic poisons, aldrin, allethrin,benzene hexachloride, chlordane, chloro-thion, DDT, demeton, dieldrin, diazinon,dilan, kerosene, parathion, sodium fluoro-acetate, toxaphene, warfarin, xylene;formulae, formulation, uses, routes ofabsorption, physiological action, danger-ous acute and chronic doses in man,signs and symptoms of poisoning inman, laboratory findings, pathology, dif-ferential diagnosis, treatment, reporting.)1959, p. 62. (U.S., California, termite con-trol operator "not responsible" for deathcustomer following treatment chlordane,latter not registered as "ultrahazardous.")
I959r j PP- 1~21 - (U.S., toxicity dieldrin toman.)
i960, pp. 9-1 1. (U.S., precautions in pesti-cide usage; 75% accidents occurredamong children less than 10 years old,90% under 5. Less than 0.9 persons perhundred thousand population die due topesticides. 65% of accidental adult deathsdue to failure to read label. Protectiveclothing, creams, gloves, masks, respira-tors. Residues, allergies, 1 min. of pre-cautions may save life.)i96on, pp. 51, 54-56. (U.S., safety in ter-mite control.)1960s, p. 10. (U.S., Georgia, South Caro-lina, and Arkansas, homes commerciallytreated with 1% chlordane; samples aircollected 2 weeks to 6 months aftertreatment, living portions homes treatedfor termites contained no chlordane.)Beechem, H. A., 1955, pp. 36, 50. (U.S.,methyl bromide left in applicator nearlethal dosage for 20 min. in auto, op-erator recovered.)
52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Conley, B. E., 1958, p. 18. (U.S., first aidfor poisoning.)Du Bois, K. P., and Geiling, E. M. K., 1959,pp. 1-3 13. (U.S., textbook of toxicology.)Gaines, T. B., i960, p. 88. (Compares toxi-cology /LDso values and symptomatol-ogy/ of 42 pesticides and 2 metabolitesof DDT administered by single doseorally and dermally to Sherman strainadult rats. Includes chlorinated hydro-carbons, organic phosphates, and a groupof miscellaneous pesticides.)Hayes, W. J., 1959, p. 891. (Reports on asurvey of human illnesses during anti-malaria spray program in Kenya, Tan-ganyika, Indonesia, India, and Iran.Based on this and pertinent literatureconcludes that hazard of dieldrin is pro-portional to degree of exposure as de-termined by concentration of spray, areaof bare skin, duration of contact, andlack of personal hygiene.)i960, pp. 379-404. (Safety records newercompounds good because of careful label-ing in the United States. Safety shouldbe improved in all countries. Investiga-tion required of those exposed to manytimes greater dosages than the generalpublic.)Ingle, L., 1956, pp. 1-11. (U.S., toxicityaldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, en-drin, heptachlor, lindane, methoxychlor,toxaphene: acute oral and dermal lethaldosages, tests on animals, case historiesman.)Kerr, S. H., and Brogden, J. E., i960, p. 19.(U.S., relative acute oral doses of para-thion and malathion compared withDDT. Acute dermal toxicity higher thanoral—takes more to kill. Toxicity ofmost insecticides given in Florida Agric.Res. Inst. Exten. Ent. Mimeogr. No. 10,rev. Apr. 1, i960.)Knipling, E. F., i960, pp. 28-36, in U.S.Dept. Argic, ARS, Publ. 20-9, i960,pp. 1-221. (U.S., soil insecticides for con-trol termites. Insecticides responsible forfewer accidental deaths than are manyother household chemicals.)Lehman, A. J., 1951, pp. 122-133. (Acutetoxicity of 86 pesticides. Single dose oraltoxicity to rats, with symptomatology.)1952, pp. 3-9. (Dermal toxicity of pesti-cides. Single 24-hr. exposures of rabbitsto 39 pesticides, and multiple exposuresof rabbits to 35 of these, with toxicityvalues and symptomatology.)Mellan, I., and Mellan, E., 1956, pp. 1-150.
(Symptoms and antidotes for poisons
—
soil poisons, wood preservatives.)Metcalf, R. L. (Ed.), 1957, pp. 1-38. (Healthhazards in use of pesticides; manufac-ture and distribution; user; medical con-trol, treatment; accidental poisoning;residues in food.)National Acad. Sci.—National Res. Counc,Div. Medical Sci., 1954, pp. 1-16. (Safehandling of pesticides employed in pub-lic health.)National Safety Counc, i960, in SafetyEducation, i960, pp. 1-4. (Safe use ofpesticides in home and garden.)Negherbon, W. O., 1959, pp. 1-854. (A com-pendium of information including toxi-cological data for insecticides. Arrangedalphabetically, mostly by chemical names,occasionally by trade names, each sectionincludes a general statement; physical andchemical properties; toxicological data;pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, andphysiology; symptoms; phototoxicity;toxicity for insects; precautions.)Pesticides Regulation Branch, U.S. Dept.Agric, i960, pp. 1-5. (Pesticides can beused safely, read and heed the label,causes of accidents, precautions.)School Public Health, Univ. Michigan,1954, pp. 1-50. (Industry and publichealth points of view of toxicology. Pestcontrol operational hazards and precau-tionary measures, discussion hazards.)Sollman, T., 1957, p. 48. (Treatment ofpoisoning, pp. 172-181; insecticides andpesticides, specific chemicals; see index.)Stilwell, H, i960, pp. 34-36, 76-78. (U.S.,dangers to man in use of chlorinatedhydrocarbons as insecticides on the farm;advocates congressional investigation.)U.S. Public Health Service, 1956, p. 78.(General summary of available toxico-logical data on pesticides, with symptom-atology and suggestions for treatment ofpoisoning.)i960, p. 31. (Entire U.S. Lists location,telephone number, and officer to be con-tacted at Poison Control Centers, facilitieswhich provide to the medical professionon a 24-hr. daily basis information con-cerning the prevention and treatment ofaccidents involving ingestion of or con-tact with poisonous or potentially poison-ous substances. Treatment is available atmost of the centers.)1961, pp. 1-38, idem, revised, April.Ward, J. C, 1958, pp. 14-16. (U.S., use pesti-cides with care.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES IQ55-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 53USES IN INDUSTRY, ARTS, AND RELIGIONTreat, I., 1957, p. 40. (Africa, Abyssinia,Somali huts built of red-brown earthtaken from termite mounds, ant-proofand hard as mortar.)WOOD PRESERVATIONAllouard, P., 1956, pp. 96-97. (France, pro-tection wood against termites and decayby simple cheap methods.)Anonymous, 19531, p. 70. (Australia, Can-berra, low percent pentachlorophenol,0.75% dry weight of board, added tolocal hardboard resistant to termites.)I954d, pp. 68-69. (Australia, plywood madefrom karri {Eucalyptus diversicolor) ter-mite-proofed by dipping in sodium penta-borate or mixture zinc chloride and ar-senic pentoxide before bonding; aldrinsuperior to chlordane or dieldrin as pre-servative.)1956, pp. 1-4. (U.S., availability of pressure-treated lumber, list localities, pictorialsampling, list lumber companies.)1956a, pp. 1-22. (U.S., how to prevent de-cay and termite damage in houses.)1956b, pp. 1-24. (U.S., how to build homesthat will outlive the mortgage.)I956i, p. 67. (Australia, Canberra, plasticsresistant to termites, polystyrene, unsatu-rated polyesters, epoxylenes, and phenoliclaminates, polyvinyl chloride and cellu-lose acetate become susceptible whenplasticized.)I957g> PP- I-26. (U.S., Mississippi StateHighway Dept., southern yellow pinestakes, coal tar creosote 1934-1957, 100%perfect; pentachlorophenol 1938-1957,100% perfect; chemonite 100% perfect;crewood, 1933-1957, 90%, i934- J957»100%; osmosar, 1935-1951, o%.)I957 ri , pp. 1-15. (U.S., Mississippi, StateHighway Dept., southern yellow pinesquare posts, coal tar creosote 1931-1957,90% perfect; I933-I953. 100%; 1938-1957,95%; 1939-1957, 100%; Douglas firsquare posts, 1944-1957, coal tar creosote,100%.)1958c, pp. 16-19. (U.S., 1957 industry pro-duction 6.5% increase over 1956, whichwas 4% over 1955; volume 274.5 millioncu. ft., 95% treated products pressuretreated, lumber and timber increased 2%,creosote used for 80% all material, penta-chlorophenol 13%.)I958f, p. 4. (U.S., Georgia, all large lumberusers, responsible for maintenance prop-
erties, use treated wood, homeownersignorant and not concerned until now.)1958I1, p. 66. (Australia, Canberra, surfacetreatments with creosote, sodium arsenite,chlordane, dieldrin and pentachloro-phenol have given at least 2 years' pro-tection against Nasutitermes exitiosus.)1958I, pp. 113-119. (U.S., FHA minimumproperty standards, protection against ter-mites and decay, treated lumber alternatecontrol method.)19560, p. 63. (Australia, as surface treat-ment pentachlorophenol effective for 3years against Nasutitermes exitiosus, othermaterials failed after 2 years.)J959h PP- 30, 32, 34- (U.S., Kentucky, FortCampbell, pretreatment studs for outsidewalls, dipped up to 4 ft. high in 5% oilsolution pentachlorophenol solution dyedred, rest of studs sprayed.)1959I, pp. 19, 22, 24. (U.S., 15% decline intreated lumber products (41.7 millioncu. ft.) from 1957; fire-retardant treat-ment showed a 13% increase from 7.8million bd. ft. to 8.9 million. Use liquidpreservatives declined 41.5 million gal.or 18%, solid declined 5%. Straight creo-sote declined 14% (14 million gal.); creo-sote petroleum solutions declined 26%,creosote and coal tar declined 18%. Vol-ume creosote-pentachlorophenol solutionsrose from 300,000 gal. in 1957 to 2.3 mil-lion gal. in 1958. Use pentachlorophenoldecreased 3%; water-borne preservatives,except for Tanalith and Osmosalts, de-clined 1% for Celcure, 40% for Bolidensalt. Tanalith gained 1%, Osmosalts20%. Creosote or solutions were usedfor 76% of all material treated, penta-chlorophenol for 16%, all other preserva-tives for 8%. 95% material pressuretreated. Lumber and timbers treated de-clined 7%. Creosote and creosote solu-tions used for 50% total. Volume treatedwith Tanalith increased 3%, with penta-chlorophenol increased less than i%,withOsmosalts increased 48%. Treatmentpiles declined 10%, plywood increased55%> highway posts 9%. Fire-retardanttreatments for lumber and plywood in-
54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 143
eluded 1,019,963 lb. of Minalith; 705,042lb. Protexal and Pyresote; 232,062 lb.chromated zinc chloride, 98,063 lb. ofother chemicals.)1959m, pp. 12-14, 16. (U.S., Jacksonville,Fla., building constructed of untreatedlumber in 1954, inspected by VA badlydamaged by decay. Hidden value ofhouse built in 1956 of pressure-treatedlumber. Cost allowed in mortgage loanand loan insurance, protected against bothtermites and decay, estimated in U.S.Dept. Agriculture's Wood Handbook at500 million dollars per year.)19590, pp. 6-7. (U.S., Augusta, Ga., homedamaged by termites, protection pressure-treated lumber.)1959P, pp. 1-24. (U.S., Jackson, Miss., StateHighway Dept., open grain southern yel-low pine, coal tar creosote, 16 lb. per cu.ft., 1934-1959, 100% perfect; pentachloro-phenol 5%, 10.72 lb. per cu. ft., 1938-1959, 100% perfect; chemonite 1938-1959,100% perfect.)I959q, pp. 1-15. (U.S., Mississippi StateHighway Dept., yellow pine square posts,coal tar creosote 1931-1959, 90% effective;1939-1957, 100% perfect—test closed;1938-1959, 95% perfect; i938-i957> 100%perfect—test closed; Douglas fir roundposts, coal tar creosote, 1944-1959, 100%perfect.)1959s, p. 66. (Western Australia, dip-dif-fusion treatments of Pinus radiata withsodium arsenite or fluoroborate-chro-mium-arsenic mixture protect againstCoptotermes as best available pressuretreatments. Chlordane or white arsenicadded to glue line of karri plywood atall levels effective against termites. Plas-tic, gypsum plaster boards and insecticidetreated hardboards with small additionsof aldrin or dieldrin effective. Bothdense and "no-fines" concrete termite-proofed by adding small amount dieldrin.Surface treatments with 5% pentachloro-phenol only effective wood preservativeagainst Nasutitermes exitiosus after 3years. Tests of more than 30 types ofplastic-covered, lead-sheathed, or bitimum-served cables have been under way againstMastotermes at Rollingstone, Queens-land.)1960a, pp. 14-17. (U.S., 3 types houses, base-ment, crawl-space, slab-on-ground, (1)limited protection: for basement houses,pressure preserved sills (cost $20 to $40more) ; for crawl-space houses, pressure
preserved lumber in substructure (cost$i20-f>i50 more); for slab-on-groundhouses, pressure preserved sills, plates,sleepers, columns, studs, porch lumber.(2) full protection: pressure preserve allframing lumber, cost 2% total price. Sillsmust be preserved, condensation leads todecay, setding. Shields repudiated, be-come racket, no protection against decay.Soil poisoning only short-term protec-tion, will not prevent decay. Pressure-treated wood safest.)1960J, p. 4. (U.S., homes up to 45 years oldprove pressure-treated lumber providesmost efficient protection.)1960m, p. 4. (U.S., properly pressure-pre-served lumber most effective protectionagainst decay and termites, low cost in-surance. For limited protection, cost $20to $40 for average-sized home in areaswhere termites and decay range fromslight to moderate; where range frommoderate to heavy (28 States and D.C.)$120-$ 1 50. For full protection necessaryin 8 States, especially in Florida and Cali-fornia, use pressure-treated lumber from
sills to roof boards, cost 2 to 2/4 percentadditional.)1960c,1 pp. 20, 24. (Hawaii, termites con-trolled by use pressure-treated wood andkiln drying, local plants, Wolman saltsfor lumber and plywood, pentachloro-phenol for millwork and trim, 80% woodtreated Douglas fir, 10% Philippine ma-hogany.)Barnacle, J. E., 1959, pp. 1-3. (Australia, apole test against Mastotermes darwinien-
sis.)Becker, G., 1958, pp. 123-142. (Germany,organic solvents; preparations added toglues, especially Kaurit glue, successfulin protecting against termites in Tropics.)Behr, E. H., i960, pp. 9-10, 12, 14, 16, 19-20.(U.S., describes wood rots, how to treat,types of preservatives, penetration.)Blew, J. O., Jr., 1956, pp. 1-7. (U.S., com-parison wood preservatives in staketests.)1957, pp. 1-48. (U.S., comparison woodpreservatives in stake tests.)1958, pp. 1-8. (U.S., comparison woodpreservatives in stake tests.)1959, pp. 1-8. (U.S., comparison wood pre-servatives in stake tests. Mississippi, Wis-consin, Louisiana, Florida, Canal Zone,Panama, superficial treatments by dippingand brushing with coal tar creosote andpetroleum oils containing copper naph-
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 55
thenate, zinc naphthenate, phenyl mer-cury oleate have added a few months to4 years to the life of untreated stakes.Some water-borne preservatives have pro-vided less protection than standard pre-servative oils, when retentions have cor-responded to commercial usage, otherscompare favorably.)i960, pp. 1-8. (U.S., In Mississippi stakesimpregnated with 0.2 lb. fluor chromearsenate phenol (Tanalith) per cu. ft.had an average life of 10 years; stakespressure treated with the fire-retardingformulation containing ammonium phos-phate and ammonium sulfate lasted 2 to3 years; with these salts plus borax andboric acid stakes lasted 6 years; coppernaphthenate is more effective than zincnaphthenate; stakes pressure treated withphenyl mercury oleate in naphtha havelasted 5 to 9 years. In Canal Zone, Panama,stakes pressure treated wtih chromatedzinc arsenate (Boliden salt) 0.33 lb. percu. ft. had an average life of 9 years,while those with 1.0 lb. had an averagelife of 15.3 years; stakes treated with0.6 lb. per cu. ft. of Tanalith had anaverage life of 14 years; 5% solution ofpentachlorophenol in light fuel oil—5-10lb. per cu. ft. have lasted 14 years; 8 to 16lb. per cu. ft. of coal tar creosote havelasted over 13 years.)1961, pp. 1-8. (Mississippi, stakes pressuretreated with ammonium phosphate andsulfate lasted on the average 2-3 years.With these salts plus borax and boric acidthe life on an average was 4 years.)Blew, J. O., Jr., and Johnston, H. R., 1956,pp. 272-281. (International termite ex-posure test, 22d progress report.)1957, pp. 225-234. (International termiteexposure test, 23d progress report.)Blew, J. O., Jr., and Kulp, J. W., 1956,pp. 1-13. (U.S., Mississippi, comparisonwood preservatives in post study.)1957, pp. 1-16. (U.S., Mississippi, compari-son wood preservatives in post study.)1958, pp. 1-14. (U.S., Mississippi, compari-son wood preservatives in post study.)1959, pp. 1-14. (U.S., Mississippi, compari-son wood preservatives in post study, un-treated southern yellow pine posts in-stalled from 1936-1938 had an averagelife of 3.3 years. Untreated longleaf pineposts installed in 1949 had an average lifeof 2.3 years, those treated with No. 2 fueloil or Wyoming residual petroleum oilretention 5 to 7 lb. per cu. ft. have an
average life of 8 to 9 years. Of southernyellow pine posts, installed from 1936-1941, treated with borax-boric acid allfailed after 20 years, average life 10.6years. Posts treated with the followingpreservatives have had failures totalingless than 10% and should last 33 yearsor longer on an average: water gas tar;50-50 solution of creosote—crankcase oil(latter may contain chlorinated naphtha-lenes which injure cattle on contact)
;
tetrachlorophenol 4.8% in crankcase oil;pentachlorophenol 3% and 4.8% incrankcase oil; copper sulfate and sodiumarsenate applied by double diffusion andzinc meta arsenite. Posts in test in 1936-1941 treated with other preservatives havean estimated average life of 13 to 32years.)i960, pp. 1-16. (U.S., Mississippi, poststreated with the following preservatives(installed from 1936-1941) have had fail-ures totaling 10% or less, should last 36years or longer on an average; water gastar; 50-50 solution of creosote—crankcaseoil; pentachlorophenol 3% and 4.8% incrankcase oil; copper sulfate and sodiumarsenate applied by double diffusion andzinc meta arsenite. Posts treated withother preservatives have an estimatedaverage life of 13 to 35 years.)1961, pp. 1-14. (U.S., Mississippi, experi-mental untreated southern yellow pineposts installed from 1936 to 1938 at theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier,Miss., had an average life of 3.3 years.Untreated longleaf pine posts installedin 1949 had an average life of 2.3 years,while those treated with a No. 2 fuel oiland with Wyoming residual petroleum
oil have an estimated average life of5 and 8 years, respectively. Of southernyellow pine posts installed from 1936 to1941, those treated with borax-boric acidhave all failed with an average life of10.6 years and those treated at thegroundline and top with Osmoplastichave all failed after an average life of1 1.2 years. Posts treated with the follow-ing preservatives and installed from 1936to 1941 have had failures totaling 10 per-cent or less of the number installed andshould last 38 years or longer on an aver-age. Pentachlorophenol, 3% and 4.8%in crankcase oil; copper sulfate andsodium arsenate applied by double diffu-sion; and zinc meta arsenite. Posts intests in 1936 to 1941 treated with other
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
preservatives have an estimated averagelife of 8 to 37 years.Brown, G. E., and Alden, H. M., i960,pp. 434-438. (U.S., pentachlorophenoland sodium pentachlorophenate to pro-tect particle board.)Bulman, R. A., 1959, p. 15. (Africa, protec-tion buildings by efficient wood preserva-tives for timber.)Carr, D. R., 1957, pp. 1-19. (New Zealand,decay and subterranean termites not asinjurious as native drywood termite Calo-tertnes brounii. Boric acid treatment satis-factory for weather boards but not forwood in contact with ground. Pressuretreatments with coal tar creosote, 5%pentachlorophenol, zinc and copper naph-thenates or boric acid used in New Zea-land.)Chapman, A. W., 1958, pp. 1-9. (U.S., Feroxprocess for insulation boards.)Clagg, C. F., and Keck, C. B., i960. (Hawaii,Coptotermes jortnosanus entered anddamaged commercially pressure-treatedlumber.)Clements, W. B., 1956, pp. 18-20, 31-34.(U.S., Florida, termite damage increasingdue to scarcity virgin timber, turpentin-ing, poor construction, land clearing andslab construction. Treated lumber willprotect.)Dillon, R. M. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-60. (U.S.,protection against decay and termites inresidential construction, Nat. Acad. Sci.
—
Nat. Res. Counc. for FHA.)1958, pp. 1-33. (Addendum A, all struc-tural lumber must be treated to give fullprotection against termites.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. }., 1958a, pp. 1-16.(U.S., California, treating all rough lum-ber in house would add 3% to cost, orless expensive, treat all wood up to andincluding subfloor, cost 10 cents per sq.ft.)Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G.,and Wetherly, A. H., 1955, pp. 1-60.(Australia, method maintaining labora-tory colonies Nastttitermes exitiosus,Coptotermes lacteus, and C. acinaci-jormis.)1957, pp. 1-31. (Australia, field testingtechniques.)Gay, F. J., Harrow, K. M., and Wetherly,A. H., 1958, pp. 1-14. (Australia, anti-termite comparative studies in laboratory,value over 1.09%, boric acid, zinc chlo-ride, 1.8%, "Tanalith U," 0.90%.)
Gay, F. J., and Wetherly, A. H., 1958,pp. 1-14. (Australia, antitermite valuesome chlorinated naphthalenes and phe-nols, low percentages 1 to 2.16% did notgive complete protection.)1958a, pp. 1-13. (Australia, hardboardswith 0.75% by weight pentachlorophe-nol or 0.9% arsenious oxide resistant.)Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1959, pp. 268-278. (Germany, termite proofing textiles,laboratory tests with Kalotermes flavi-coilis.)1959a, pp. 257-278. (Idem.)Graf, J. E., 1956, pp. 16-17 (Canal Zone,Panama, Barro Colorado Island, wood-preservative tests.)Halsted, C. T., 1958, pp. 116-117. (U.S.,termite proofing plywood.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958,pp. 737-750. (Solomon Islands.)Hartman, C. F., i960, pp. 1-7. (U.S., fire-retardant lumber is an ancient buildingmaterial, Greeks used vinegar in 4th cen-tury B.C.; ammonium sulfate and am-monium phosphate combination patentedin 1893 by Max Bachert in New YorkCity. Combination chromated zinc chlo-ride with fire retardant salts patented in1935 by Protexol Corp. Control by liber-ated water of crystallization, creationglazed surface, emission noncombustiblesmothering gas, creation clinkerlike char-coal, insulation against flame. Discussionvarious tests, such as tunnel, etc.)Hatfield, I., 1958, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44,(U.S., most economical combined fungi-cide and wood insect control chemical
—pentachlorophenol, "Woodtreat TC,"10% pentachlorophenol by weight oil inwater emulsion, coating for wood, pene-tration equal to 20 brush coatings.)Hatfield, I., and Allen, R. van, 1956, pp. 32,34, 78. (U.S., Woodtreat TC, containingpentachlorophenol.)Hopkin, M. S., 1958, p. 15. (Africa, life ofbuildings prolonged by efficient woodpreservation.)Hrdy, I., 1959, pp. 193-207. (Raising theresistance of wood-fiber boards by theuse of pentachlorophenol, sodium penta-chlorophenate, trichlorobenzene, and lin-dane.)In press. (Czechoslovakia, methods oflaboratory testing of the resistance ofmaterials against termite attack.)Hunt, R. W., i960, pp. 1211-1212. (U.S.,Southern California, damage to buildingsby Kalotermes minor surpassing that
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 57
caused by either subterranean termitesor decay. Use of even small amountwood preservatives worth while; coppercomponent desirable.)Isherwood, H. R., 1957, pp. 32-33. (U.S.,pressure-treated wood in home mechani-cal termite control.)Jackson, W. F., 1957, pp. 49-50. (Malaya,termite resistance test on resin-bondedwood waste containing BHC.)Klem, G. G., 1957, pp. 20A-21A. (U.S., newmethod for testing.)Lund, A. E., 1957, pp. 363-367. (U.S., accel-erated study, wood preservatives reten-tions—water-borne—used to determineapproximate threshold killing concentra-tions for subterranean termites.)1958, pp. 1-9. (U.S., relationship subter-ranean termite attack to varying reten-tions water-borne preservatives, from0.500 lb. per cu. ft. for copper-zinc com-pound to 0.031 lb. per cu. ft. for copper-arsenic preservative.)1959, pp. 220-223. (U.S., Douglas fir ply-wood treated resistant.)Lund, H. O., 1959, pp. 533-534- (U.S.,Georgia, laboratory tests prove Reticuli-termes flavipes can build tubes over woodtreated by pressure or soaking with creo-sote, osmose salts, Wolman salts, andcopper naphthenate.)i960, pp. 32, 34, 36. (U.S., Georgia, testsshow termites can tunnel over woodfreshly treated with creosote, copper naph-thenate, Wolman salts, osmose saltswithin a month; or over wood treated24 months with pentachlorophenol; 16months with copperized chromated zincchloride.)1961, pp. 63-64. (U.S., termites built tun-nels to top of wood treated with Osmosein 9 days; over creosoted wood in 19days; wood protected with copper naph-thenate spanned in 27 days; with Wol-man salts 28 days; copperized chromatedzinc chloride 16 months; with penta-chlorophenol 24 months.)Martinez, J. B., 1952, pp. 1-550. (Conserva-tion of wood, studies of oleaginous anti-septics.)Mellan, L., and Mellan, E., 1956, pp. 1-150.(Dictionary of poisons, wood preserva-tives included.)Merrick, G. D., 1955, pp. 319-352. (U.S.,quantity of wood treated and preserva-tives used in 1954, 250.7 million cu. ft.,14% less than in 1953.)
1956, pp. 289-320. (U.S., 3% more treatedwood used in 1955 than in 1954.)IO
-57> PP- 281-314. (U.S., industry produc-tion in 1956 4% over 1955.)1958, pp. 259-293. (U.S., 16.6 million cu.ft., or 6.5% more wood treated in 1957than in 1956, use creosote increased 4%,pentachlorophenol decreased 9%.)J959> PP- 253-287. (U.S., in 1958 volumewood treated the smallest in many years,a decrease of 15% from 1957, only 232.8million cu. ft., a decrease of 41.7 millioncu. ft. from 1957. Use of liquid preserva-tives declined 18%. Creosote decreased14%, creosote petroleum 26%, creosotecoal tar 18%, creosote pentachlorophenolsolutions increased to 2.3 million gal.,pentachlorophenol decreased 3%. Water-borne preservatives decreased exceptTanalith and Osmosalts, former increased1%, latter 2%. Creosote or creosote solu-tions used for 76% of all treated wood,pentachlorophenol 16%; others 8%. 95%treatments by pressure. Preservative-treated lumber and timber decreased7%-)i960, pp. 249-283. (U.S., the volume ofwood products treated by the wood-pre-serving industry in 1959 was 214.5 millioncu. ft, a decrease of 18.5 million cu. ft.or almost 8% from 1958, and to the low-est level since 1935. Changes from 1958are: poles +6%, crossties —29%, lum-ber and timbers +13%, fence posts+ 6%, piles —9%, switch ties —33%,cross arms +6%, miscellaneous +3%.The use of liquid preservatives de-creased 12 million gal. or 6%, while theuse of solids increased 3.8 million lb., or18%The use of creosote decreased 7%, creo-sote in pentachlorophenol-creosote solu-tions more than tripled; the use of penta-chlorophenol increased nearly 19%; theuse of all water-borne preservatives exceptMinalith increased.)Meyer, F. J., and Spalding, D. H., 1958,pp. 1-10. (U.S., treatments for fiber-board, hardboard, particle board.)Moore, R. F., 1958, pp. 6, 8. (U.S., NewOrleans, La., $60,000 plantation home,southern yellow pine, umbrella roof, wellabove ground, wood pressure preservedwith 8 lb. pentachlorophenol per cu. ft.,Ricciuti Associates.)Page, R. H., 1958, pp. 7, 14. (U.S., Georgia,Georgia Forestry Commission and U.S.Forest Service adopt recommendations
5« SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
in "Wood preservation in home con-struction.")Putnam, R. B., 1957, pp. 360-362. (U.S.,how and what to specify in the preserva-tive treatment of wood for buildings.)Reid, L., 1955, pp. 1-2. (U.S., build in decayinsurance, 10 tips to avoid decay.)Roberts, L., 1957, p. 496. (U.S., propolis
—
bee glue—vs. wood preservation for bee-hives.)Sandermann, W., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 208-244. (Chemical basis woodprotectants for use against termites andmethods application.)Selbo, M. L., i960, pp. 10-14. (U.S., lami-nated timbers properly glued with re-sorcinol or phenyl resorcinol adhesivesand adequately treated with a suitablepreservative effective; treating wood afterglueing most practical, with certain spe-cies—preservatives feasible to glue al-ready treated lumber. Tanalith showedleast interference with bonding.)Shepard, H. H. (Ed.), i960, pp. 1-250. (U.S.,testing resistance chemically-treated tex-tiles to insect damage, chap. 7, M. M.Walton and H. H. Shepard.)
Snyder, T. E., 1956b, p. 18. (Canal Zone,Panama, Barro Colorado Island, 30-yeartest proves treated wood building is ter-mite proof.)1956c, pp. 20, 22. (Summary results "In-ternational Termite Exposure Test.")Stolloy, I., 1958, pp. 1-6. (U.S., treatments,particle board, to increase resistance tofungi and termites.)Tamblyn, N., Da Costa, E. W. B., and Gay,F. J., 1959, pp. 1-8. (British Common-wealth, Australia, most effective momen-tary dipping process for plywood sodiumpentaborate, zinc chloride—arsenic mix-ture.)Tu, T, 1957, pp. 13-18. (Formosa, bluecamphor oil effective wood preservative.)Wakeman, C, 1959, p. 12. (U.S., Los An-geles, Calif., pressure-treated sills andstructural framing (Douglas fir) protectshouse against termites and decay.)Wolcott, G. N., 1955a, pp. 1 15-149. (PuertoRico, organic repellents tested againstCryptotermes brevis.)1956, pp. 85-86. (Puerto Rico, 1% penta-chlorophenol protects wood against dry-wood termite attack for more than 11years.)ZOGGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: AUSTRALIANAnonymous, i953t, p. 70. (Australia.)i954d, pp. 68-69. (Australia.)19561, p. 67. (Australia.)1958I1, p. 66. (Australia.)I958n, pp. 2-10. (Australia.)19580, p. 63. (Australia.)1959s, p. 66. (Australia.)Barnacle, J. E., 1959, pp. 1-3. (Australia.)Beesley, J., 1957, pp. 1-3, 4-6. (Australia, Mel-bourne.)Briton, E. B., 1957, pp. 1-185. (Australia.)Calaby, J. H., 1956, pp. 89-92. (WesternAustralia.)1956a, pp. 93-96. (Western Australia.)1956b, pp. m-124. (Western Australia.)i960, pp. 79-80. (Western Australia.)1960a, pp. 143-146. (SW. Australia.)1960b, pp. 183-207. (SW. Australia.)Calaby, J. H., and Gay, F. J., 1956, pp. 19-39.(Western Australia.)1959, pp. 211-223. (Australia.)Carr, D. R., 1957, pp. 1-19. (New Zealand.)Casimir, M., 1957, pp. 68-78. (Australia.)Emerson, A. E., i960, pp. 1-28. (Australia.)Gay, F. J., 1955, pp. 58-59.1956, pp. 207-213.1957, pp. 86-91.i960, pp. 228-231. (Australia.)
Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G.,and Wetherly, A. H., 1955, pp. 1-60.(Australia.)1957, pp. 1-31. (Australia.)Gay, F. J., Harrow, K. M., and Wetherly,A. H., 1958, pp. 1-14. (Australia.)Gay, F. J., and Wetherly, A. H., 1958,pp. 1-14. (Australia.)1958a, pp. 1-13. (Australia.)1959, pp. 26-28. (Australia.)Greaves, T., 1959, pp. 1 14-129. (Australia.)Harris, W. V., 1955a, pp. 12-13. (Australia.)Hindwood, K. A., 1959, pp. 1-36. (Australia.)Jenkins, C. F. H, i960, pp. 1 17-123. (West-ern Australia.)McKeown, K. C, and Calaby, J. H, 1958,pp. 462-465. (Australia.)Main, A. R., and Calaby, J. H., 1957, pp. 216-228. (NW. Australia.)Miller, D., 1956, pp. 477-478. (New Zea-land.)Morgan, F. D., 1959, pp. 155-195. (New Zea-land.)New South Wales Dept. Agriculture, En-tomological Branch, 1958, pp. 1-19.(Australia, N. S. Wales.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: AUTHORS—SNYDER 59
Riek, E. F., 1952, pp. 15-22. (Queensland.)Rudman, P., and Da Costa, E. W. B., 1958,pp. 1-8. (Australia.)Rudman, P., Da Costa, E. W. B., Gay, F. J.,and Wetherly, A. H., 1958, pp. 721-722.(Australia.)Salmon, J. T., 1941, p. 348. (Australia andNew Zealand.)Tamblyn, N., Da Costa, E. W. B., and Gay,F. J., 1959, pp. 1-8. (Australia.)
Tracey, M. V., and Youatt, G, 1958, pp.70-72. (Australia.)Waterhouse, D. F., Hackman, R. H., andMcKellar, J. W., 1961, pp. 96-112. (Aus-tralia.)Wilson, H. B., 1959, pp. 35, 37, 39, 41, 43,45, 47-49, 5i, 53, 89-91, 93-95- (Australia.)Womersley, H., 1939, p. 174. (South Aus-tralia.)Zondag, R., 1959, pp. 15-17. (New Zealand.)ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: ETHIOPIANAubreville, A., 1959, pp. 21-24. (Africa,Winneba and Ghana.)Barros-Machado, A., 1957, pp. 80-81.(Africa.)Beier, M., 1930, pp. 47-48. (West Africa.)Boyer, P., 1956, pp. 95-103. (Tropical.)1956a, pp. 105-110. (Tropical.)1956b, pp. 111-113. (Tropical.)1956c, pp. 801-803.1958, pp. 479-482.1958a, pp. 488-490.Bulman, R. A., 1959, p. 15. (Africa.)Coaton, W. G. H., 1955, pp. 109-136. (Bel-gian Congo.)1958, pp. 1-112. (South Africa.)i960, pp. 6-9. (South Africa.)1961, pp. 39-54. (Africa.)Cufodontis, G., 1955, pp. 501-519.Desneux, J., 1956, pp. 1-12.1956a, pp. 92-97.1956b, pp. 277-281.1958, pp. 281-285.1959, pp. 286-292. (Belgian Congo.)Emerson, A. E., 1956, pp. 248-258.1956a, pp. 98-101. (Katanga.)1956b, pp. 1-3 1.1959, pp. 1-42. (Africa.)1960a, pp. 1-21. (Belgian Congo.)1960b, pp. 1-49. (Belgian Congo.)Ernst, E., i960, pp. 203-206. (Africa.)Fonseca, J. P. C. da, 1959, pp. 701-704.(Portuguese Guinea.)1959a, pp. 705-719. (Portuguese Guinea.)Gardner, J. C. M., 1957, p. 46. (East Africa.)Ghinidi, G. M., 1955, pp. 69-82. (Ethiopia.)Graham, J. F., 1957, p. 64. (Kenya.)Grasse, P. P., 1956, in Autori, 1956, pp. 561-575-1959, pp. 41-83. (French Equatorial Africa.)1959a, pp. 385-389.Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1948, pp. 869-871.1955, pp. 213-219.i955a, PP- 345-388.T 957» PP- 974-979- (French EquatorialAfrica.)
1957a, pp. 1 845-1 850.1958a, pp. 1-28.1958b, pp. 1 13-128.1958c, pp. 515-520.Gunther, J., 1953, pp. 291, 429, 680. (Africa,Bantu, Uganda, Congo.)Harris, W. V., 1954-1955, p. 35. (Angola.)1956, pp. 261-268. (Eastern Africa.)1956a, pp. 926-937. (French Cameroons.)1957, in Gardner, 1957, p. 46. (East Africa.)1957a, PP- 421-433- (SW. Arabia.)1958, pp. 161-166. (East Africa.)1958c, pp. 3-26. (Belgian Congo.)i960, pp. 17-21. (East Africa.)1960b, pp. 253-256. (Sudan.)Hartwig, E. K., 1955, pp. 361-366. (SouthAfrica.)Heinzelin, J. de, 1955, pp. 1-37. (BelgianCongo.)Hepburn, C. A., 1959, pp. 14-16. (SouthAfrica.)Hesse, P. R., 1955, pp. 449-461. (East Africa.)
x957, PP- 104-108. (East Africa.)Hickin, N, 1957, p. 23. (East Africa.)Hopkin, M. S., 1958, p. 15. (Africa.)Jongen, P., and Oosten, M. van, 1956, p. 247.(Ubang:, French Equatorial Africa.)Jottrand, M., and Detilleux, E., 1959, pp.111-129. (Belgian Congo, Elizabethville.)Kay, D., i960, p. 90. (Africa, Nigeria.)Kevan, D. K. McE., 1956, pp. 498-499. (Oga-den, SE. Ethiopia.)Leleup, N., 1955, pp. 374-375. (BelgianCongo.)i960, pp. 197-206. (Belgian Congo.)Le Pelley, R. H. (Compiler), 1959, pp. 62-66.(East Africa.)Luscher, M., 1955a, pp. 289-307. (Ivory Coast,Uganda.)1956a, pp. 273-276. (Ivory Coast, Uganda.)1956c, pp. 28-316 to 29-317. (Ivory Coast.)Machado, A. de B., 1959, pp. 205-207.Maldague, M., 1959, pp. 343-359. (BelgianCongo.)
6o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Noirot, C, 1955, pp. 139-150- (Angola.)i955as PP- 399-595-1956, pp. 145-158.Noirot, C, and Kovoor, J., 1958, pp. 439-471.(Africa.)Noirot, C, and Noirot-Timothee, C, 1959,PP- 775777-Odhiambo, T. R., 1958, pp. 167-175.(Uganda.)Ossowski, L. L. J., and Wortmann, G. B.,1958-1959, pp. 32-49. (Soudi Africa.)Parry, M. S., 1949, pp. 287-292. (Africa,Tanganyika.)Pearson, E. O., and Maxwell-Darling, R. C,1958, pp. 61-63. (Tropical Africa.)Pierre, F., 1958, p. 149. (Africa, NW. Sa-hara.)Pochon, J., Barjac, H. de, and Roche, A.,1958, PP- 352-355- (Africa.)Reichensperger, A., 1956, pp. 81-91. (Congo.)1957, PP- 323-324.Robinson, J. B. D., 1958, pp. 58-65. (Kenya.)Roonwal, M. L., 1956a, pp. 454-455. (SouthAfrica.)Salmond, K. F., 1956, pp. 149-150. (Nyasa-land.)Sands, W. A., 1956, pp. 83-84. (Gold Coast.)1956a, pp. 531-536.1957a, pp. 1-28. (East Africa.)1959, pp. 127-156. (Africa.)i960, pp. 106-108. (West Africa.)Schmidt, R. S., 1955, pp. 344-356.1955a, PP- 157-181.1958, pp. 76-94.
Schmitz, G., 1956, pp. 1551-1556. (BelgianCongo.)1957, pp. 133-136. (Belgian Congo.)Schmitz, H., 1954, pp. 514-519. (BelgianCongo.)1955, pp. 33-60. (Angola and SW. Africa.)1955a, pp. 229-239.1955b, pp. 48-66. (Belgian Congo.)Shipman, R. F., 1958, pp. 23-24. (Rhodesia.)Skaife,_S. H., 1954, pp. 345-353. (SouthAfrica.)1955, pp. 1-134. (South Africa.)1957, PP- 373-390- (South Africa.)Treat, I., 1957, p. 40. (Abyssinia.)Varley, G. C., 1956, pp. vii-viii. (SouthAfrica.)Villiers, A., i960, pp. 1446-1448. (Uganda.)Von Porat, C. O., 1894, p. 25. (Cameroon.)Weidner, H., 1955a, pp. 201-207. (Angola.)1955b, PP- 247-254. (Angola.)1956a, pp. 55-106. (Angola.)i960, pp. 30-39. (East Africa.)Werner, F., 1935, p. 470. (PortugueseGuinea.)Wilkinson, W., 1958, pp. 109-115. (WestAfrica.)1959, pp. 61-72. (East Africa.)Willcocks, F. C, and Bahgat, S., 1937,p. 217. (Egypt.)Williams, R. M. C, 1956, p. 128. (EastAfrica.)1959, pp. 203-218. (East Uganda.)1959a, pp. 291-304. (Uganda.)Zuberi, H. A., 1959, pp. 288-291. (Africa.)I959a,# PP- 334 x-3343- (French EquatorialAfrica.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS—INDO-MALAYANAgarwala, S. B. D., 1955, pp. 533-537.(India.)Agarwala, S. B. D., and Haque, M. W., 1955,PP- 345, 347, 348. (India.)Agarwala, S. B. D., and Sharma, C, 1954,pp. 78-79. (India.)Ahmad, M., 1955, pp. 25-27. (East Pakistan.)1955a, pp. 202-264. (East Pakistan.)1958, pp. 33-118. (Indo-malaya.)1958a, pp. 1 19-198. (Indo-malaya.)Ahmad, M., and Khan, M. A., 1955, pp. 28-30.(Pakistan.)Anonymous, 1955a, pp. 63-67. (Malaya.)1960Z, pp. 1-5. (Philippines.)Ansari, M. A. R., 1955, p. 62. (Pakistan.)Arora, G. L., and Gilotra, S. K., 1959,pp. 247-255. (Pakistan, Panjab.)Banerjee, B., 1956, p. 742. (India.)1956a, pp. 203-204. (India.)
1956b, pp. 204-206. (Calcutta.)1957, pp. 288-289. (India.)1958, pp. 56-57. (India.)Bhasin, G. D., Roonwal, M. L., and Singh,B., 1958, pp. 1-126. (India, and adjacentcountries.)Capco, S. R., 1956, pp. 9, 17, 32, 44, 51, 53,55, 56, 64, 66. (Philippines.)Capinpin, R. I., 1955, pp. 170-172. (Philip-pines.)Ceylon, Coconut Research Inst., 1958, pp.1-2. (Ceylon.)Chakravarty, M. M., and Banerjee, A. K.,1956, pp. 35-44- (India.)Chatterji, S., Sarup, P., and Chopra, S. C,1958, PP- 399-405- (India.)i960, p. 108. (India.)Chaudhry, G. U., 1955, pp. 40-43. (Pakistan.)Chhotani, O. B., 1959, pp. 43-44. (India.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 6l
Das, G. M., 1958, pp. 553-560. (NE. India.)1959, pp. 493-498. (NE. India.)Emerson, A. E., i960, pp. 1-28.Esaki, T., 1956, pp. 86-88. (Formosa.)Easki, T., Bryan, E. H., Jr., and Gressitt,
J. L., 1955, pp. 1-68. (Micronesia.)Easki, T., Hori, H., and Yasumatsu, K.,1938, PP- 30-32- (Japan.)Fernando, W., 1957, pp. 81-84. (Ceylon.)Francia, F. C., 1957, pp. 27-30. (Philippines.)1957a, PP. i5-!7, 19- (Philippines.)Francia, F. C., and Valino, A. J., i960, pp.21-25, 31. (Philippines.)Garcia, M. L., 1958, pp. 25-27. (Philippines.)Gravely, F. H., 1915, pp. 22-25. (India.)Gupta, B. D., 1955, pp. 1-80. (India.)Gupta, S. D., in press. (India.)Harris, W. V., 1957c, pp. 20-32. (Malaya.)1958b, pp. 87-97. (Malaya.)Herfs, A., 1959, pp. 148-150. (India.)Ikehara, S., 1957, p. 87. (Ryukyu Islands.)India, Ministry Food and Agriculture, p.748. (India.)Jackson, W. F., 1957, pp. 49-50. (Malaya.)Janjua, N. A., and Khan, M. H., 1955, pp.69-70. (West Pakistan.)Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1955, pp. 313-321.(Java.)1956, pp. 269-272. (Java.)1956a, pp. 455-461. (Java.)1957, PP- 7-12. (Java.)1958, pp. 9-30. (Java and Sumatra.)1959, pp. 138-143. (Java.)1959a, pp. 231-242. (Java, Central.)i960, pp. 34-40. (Java, Sumatra.)1960a, pp. 263-272. (Indonesia.)Kalyanaraman, V. M., Narayanaswamy,P. S., and David, A. L., i960, pp. 166-171.(India.)Kapur, A. P., 1953, pp. 12-13. (India.)Khan, M. A., and Ahmad, M., 1954, p. 140.(Pakistan.)1955, pp. 28-30. (Pakistan.)Krishna, K., 1956, pp. 1-5. (Malaya.)Kushwaha, K. S., 1955, pp. 203-204. (India.)1959, pp. 298-299. (India.)1959a, pp. 415-417. (India.)i960, pp. 39-40. (India.)1960a, pp. 54-65. (India.)Latif, A., and Jilani, S. G., 1957, pp. 11-12.(Pakistan.)Lee, P. G. M., 1959, pp. 34-35. (Malaya.)Manzanilla, E. B., and Ynalvez, L. A., 1958,p. 36. (Philippines.)Mathur, R. N., i960, pp. 79-85. (SouthIndia.)1960a, pp. 376-378. (India.)
Mathur, R. N., and Chhotani, O. B., 1959,pp. 40-53. (India.)i960, pp. 623-624.Mathur, R. N., and Sen-Samara, P. K., 1958,pp. 233-241. (India.)1958a, pp. 1-9. (India.)1959, pp. 3-9. (India, Dehra Dun.)1959a, pp. 66-78. (India)i960, pp. 79-85. (South India.)1960a, pp. 23-27. (India.)1961, pp. 401-406. (South India.)Mathur, R. N., and Singh, B., 1959, pp. 1-163. (India and adjacent countries.)i960, pp. 1-45. (India and adjacent coun-tries.)1960a, pp. 1-91. (India and adjacent coun-tries.)Mukerji, D., and Banerjee, B., 1955, pp. 289-290. (India.)Nakajima, S., and Shimizu, K., 1959, pp. 261-266. (Japan.)Newsam, A., and Rao, B. S., 1957, p. 98.(Malaya.)1958, pp. 209-215. (Malaya.)Nirula, K. K., Anthony, J., and Menon,K. P. V., 1953, pp. 26-34. (India.)Nirula, K. K., and Menon, K. P. V., 1957,pp. 1-5. (India.)Noirot, C, 1959, pp. 179-184. (Vietnam.)1959a, pp. 259-269. (Vietnam.)Pathak, A. N., and Lehri, L. K., 1959, pp.87-90. (India.)Pierce, W. D., 1930, pp. 99-104. (Philippines,Negros.)Purushotham, A., Sebastian, V. O., andGrover, P. N., 1959, pp. 15-19. (India.)Roonwal, M. L., 1955, pp. 103-104. (India.)1955a, pp. 22, 23, 26, 30. (India.)1958, pp. 320-321. (India.)1958a, pp. 77-100. (India.)1959, pp. 511-523. (India and West Paki-stan.)i960, pp. 211-215. (India, Burma, Ceylon,Nepal, East and West Pakistan.)Roonwal, M. L., and Bhasin, G. D., 1954,pp. 5-93. (India and adjacent countries.)Roonwal, M. L., and Bose, G., i960, pp.38-39. (India, Rajasthan.)Roonwal, M. L., and Chhotani, O. B., 1959,pp. 325-326. (Southern India.)1959a, pp. 1967-1968. (India.)1959b, pp. 57-68. (India.)1960a, p. 701. (Assam, Tndia.)1960b, pp. 143-144. (India.)Roonwal, M. L., and Krishna, K., 1955, pp.143-152. (Ceylon.)Roonwal, M. L., and Sangal, S. K., i960,pp. 1-22. (India, Dehra Dun.)
62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Roonwal, M. L., and Sen-Sarma, P. K., 1955,pp. 234-239. (India.)1956, pp. 1-38. (India and Burma.)1958, pp. 1-406. (India and Burma.)Saleem, M., 1955, pp. 34-39. (Pakistan.)Sastry, K. S. S., 1956, pp. 77-83. (India.)Seguy, E., 1935, p. 181. (China.)Senior-White, R., et al., 1940, pp. 188-189,192-194, 198. (India.)Sen-Sarma, P. K., and Mathur, R. N., 1957,p. 399. (India.)Sharma, D. K., 1959, pp. 18-19, 22. (India.)Shimizu, K., 1959, pp. 267-271. (Formosa.)Singh, S., and Sharma, P. L., 1957, pp. 91-95.(India.)Singh, S. H., Sandhu, J. S., and Arora, K. S.,1958, pp. 331-332, 335-336. (India, Pun-jab.)Singh, S. S., 1957, pp. 19-20. (India.)Snyder, T. E., 1958, pp. 229-231. (Philip-pines.)
Snyder, T. E., and Francia, F. C, 1961,in press. (Philippines.)Srivastava, J. C, 1957, p. 743. (India.)Tang, C, and Li Shen, 1959, pp. 477-482.(China, Hangchow.)Thakur, C, Prasad, A. R., and Singh, R. P.,1958, pp. 155-163. (India.)1961, pp. 127-131. (India, Pusa.)Tu, T., 1953, pp. 277-287. (Formosa.)1954, pp. 17-27. (Formosa.)(China.)(Formosa.)(Formosa.)(Formosa.)(Formosa.)and Puttardraiah, M., 1955, pp.(India, Mysore State.)
1955, PP- 30-39-1955a, PP- 80-87.1956, pp. 12-18.1956a, pp. 19-221957, PP- 13-18.USMAN, SIO-II.Vayssiere, P., 1957, pp. 473-480. (Malaya.)Vishnoi, H. S., 1955, pp. 143-144. (India.)1955a, pp. 291. (India.)1956, pp. 1-18. (India.)1956a, pp. 45-46. (India.)J957» PP- 792-793- (India, Delhi.)ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: MALAGASYBuchli, H., 1960a, pp. 3365-3367. (Madagas-car.)Emerson, A. E., i960, pp. 1-28. (Madagascar.)Gregg, R. E., 1958, pp. 111-121. (Madagas-car.)Lefevre, F., 1956, pp. 47-50. (Mauritius.)Mamet, J. R., 1955, pp. 46-47, 74, 79. (Mauri-tius.)
Moszkowski, L. I., 1955, pp. 15-41. (Mada-gascar.)Moutia, L. A., 1955, pp. 48-51. (Mauritius.)Paulian, R., 1957, p. 29. (Madagascar, Re-union Island.)Seguy, E., 1955, pp. 166-167. (Madagascar.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: NEARCTICAnonymous, 1949, (Mississippi and Louisi-ana.)1952, pp. 1-11. (U.S.)1955, PP- 44, 46-48, 50. (U.S.)1956, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)1956a, pp. 1-22. (U.S.1956b, pp. 1-24. (U.S.)1956c, pp. 76-86. (U.S.)I956d, pp. 1-78. (U.S.)i956e, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)19561*, p. 186. (U.S.)i956g, pp. 18, 20, 22. (U.S.)I956h, pp. 1-3. (U.S.)1957, PP- 24-25. (U.S.)1957a, pp. 66, 68. (U.S.)1957b, p. 85. (U.S.)I957d, pp. 6-8, 23, 25. (U.S., Florida.)1957c, p. 20. (U.S., Washington, D.C.)1957*, PP- 39, 41- (U.S.)I957g, pp. 1-26. (U.S., Jackson, Miss.)i957h, pp. 1-15. (U.S., Jackson, Miss.)I957i, PP- 3°, 32, 34- (U.S.)
1957J, p- 46. (U.S.)1957k, p. 1. (U.S.)1957m, pp. 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68. (U.S.,California, Indiana, Ohio.)i957n, pp. 19-20. (U.S.)19570, p. 37. (U.S., Oklahoma.)I957P, PP- !6, 18, 20, 30. (U.S.)1958, pp. 36, 49, 50. (U.S., Texas.)1958a, pp. 8-10. (U.S., Illinois, Chicago.)1958b, p. 48. (U.S., Indiana.)1958c, pp. 34, 36, 38, 40. (U.S.)I958d, p. 48. (U.S., New Jersey.)1958c, pp. 16-19. (U.S.)I958f, p. 4. (U.S., Georgia.)i958g, pp. 8, 10. (U.S., California.)19581, pp. i-7- (U.S.)1958), p. 86. (U.S.)1958k, p. 22. (U.S., California.)1958I, pp. 113-119. (U.S.)1958m, p. 42. (U.S., Trenton, N.J.)1959, pp. 17-19. (U.S.)1959a, p. 17. (U.S.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 63
1959b, pp. 19-20, 22-23 (U.S., Savannah,Ga.)1959c, p. 22. (U.S., California.)1959a!, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)1959c, p. 50. (U.S.)I959f, P. 54- (U.S.)I959g, p. 62. (U.S., California.)1959K, p. 58. (Southern U.S.)I959i, P- 20. (U.S.)I959J, PP- 30, 32, 34- (U.S., Kentucky, FortCampbell.)1959k, p. 34. (U.S., Texas, Houston.)1959I, pp. 19, 22, 24. (U.S.)1959m, pp. 12-14, x6- (U.S., Florida, Jack-sonville.)19590, pp. 6-7. (U.S., Georgia, Augusta.)1959P, pp. 1-24. (U.S., Mississippi, Jackson.)I959q, pp. 1-15. (U.S., Mississippi, Jackson.)I959r, PP- 1-21. (U.S.)i960, pp. 9-1 1. (U.S.)1960a, pp. 14-17. (U.S.)1960b, pp. 23-25. (U.S., St. Louis, Mo.)1960c, p. 25. (U.S., California, Louisiana,Mississippi, Texas, Tennessee, Oklahoma.)1960c, pp. 44, 58. (U.S., Oklahoma.)i96of, p. 46. ( U.S., California.)i96og, p. 5. (U.S.)1960b, pp. 54, 62, 64-65. (U.S.)i96oi, pp. 60, 62. (U.S., Houston, Tex.)1960J, p. 4. (U.S.)1960k, pp. 56, 58. (U.S.)1960I, p. 182. (U.S.)1960m, p. 4. (U.S.)i96on, pp. 28, 34, 36, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54-56.(US.)19600, pp. 62, 64-69. (U.S.)1960P, p. 70. (U.S.)i96or, p. 1. (U.S., California.)1960s, p. 10. (U.S., Southern States.)i96ot, p. 5. (U.S.)1960U, p. 46. (U.S.)1960V, pp. 56-57. (U.S.)1960W, pp. 28-30. (U.S.)1960X, pp. 41-42. (U.S., Wisconsin.)i9<5oy, pp. 42-43. (U.S.)1960a1 , pp. 34, 36. (U.S.)1960b1 , pp. 1-15. (U.S.)Beal, J. A., 1958, pp. 20, 22. (U.S.)Beechem, H. A., 1955, pp. 36, 50. (U.S.)Behr, E. H., i960, pp. 9-T0, 12, 14, 16, 19-20.(U.S.)Bender, A. H, 1959, p. 68. (U.S.)BlEBERDORF, G. A., I958, pp. 52-53. (U.S.,Oklahoma.)Blew, J. O., Jr., 1956, pp. 1-7. (U.S.)1957, PP- 1-48. (U.S.)1958, pp. 1-8. (U.S.)1959, PP- 1-8. (U.S.)
i960, pp. 1-8. (U.S.)1961, pp. 1-8. (Mississippi and the CanalZone.)Blew, J. O., Jr., and Kulp, J. W., 1956,pp. 1-13. (U.S.)1957, PP- 1-16. (U.S.)1958, pp. 1-14. (U.S.)1959, PP- I-I4- (U.S.)i960, pp. 1-16. (U.S.)196 1, pp. 1-14. (U.S., Mississippi.)Bollen, W. B., Roberts, J. E., and Morrison,H. E., 1958, pp. 214-219. (U.S., Oregon.)Boswell, V. R., et al., 1955, pp. 1-59. (U.S.,Washington, New Jersey, Illinois, Geor-gia-)Bower, C. A., 1959, p. 15. (U.S., Oklahoma.)Bowser, C. A., 1955, pp. 9-10, 12. (U.S.)Brackbill, H., 1955, pp. 260-261, 282. (U.S.)Bready, J. K., i960, pp. 43-44. (U.S.)Brehm, W. L., 1955, pp. 44, 46-48, 50. (U.S.)Brickey, P. M., 1957, pp. 33, 36. (U.S.)Briegleb, P. H., 1954, pp. 73-76. (U.S., Mis-sissippi.)Brinkman, G., 1956, pp. 199-202.Brock, P., i960, p. 15. (Canada, Toronto.)Brown, G. E., and Alden, H. M., i960, pp.434-438. (U.S.)Bruce, E. L. Co., 1961, pp. 1-8. (U.S.)Bruer, H. L., i960, pp. 66, 68, 70-72. (U.S.,Tennessee.)Bullock, T. H., 1947, pp. 483-484.Buswell, W. S., Jr., 1955, p. 44. (U.S.)Butts, W. L., 1959, p. 32. (U.S.)1961, pp. 44, 52. (U.S.)Byerly, T. C, i960, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)Carasso, M., 1959, PP- 21-24. (U.S.)Chapman, A. W., 1958, pp. 1-9. (U.S.)Clark, E. W., and Craig, R., 1953, pp. 101-107. (U.S.)Clement, M. L., 1959, pp. 1-15. (U.S., South-ern States.)i960, sects, ior-2612. (U.S.)Clements, W. B., 1955, p. 32. (U.S., Florida.)1956, pp. 18-20, 31-34. (U.S., Florida.)Cleveland, L. R., 1955, pp. 511-542. (U.S.)1958, pp. 47-62. (U.S.)1958a, pp. 63-68. (US.)1958b, pp. 105-115. (U.S.)1958c, pp. 1 15-122. (U.S.)Cleveland, L. R., and Burke, A. W., 1956,pp. 74-77. (U.S.)Cleveland, L. R., and Nutting, W. L., 1954,pp. 785-786. (U.S.)1955, pp. 485-513- (u.s.)Collins, M. S., 1958, pp. 423-424. (U.S.)1959, PP- 341-352- (U.S.)Concienne, E. A., 1959, pp. 40, 44. (U.S.,Louisiana.)
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
CONKLIN, E. G., 1951, pp. 433-434.Conley, B. E., 1958, p. 18. (U.S.)Cronin, J. E., 1959, pp. 1-257. (U.S.)Davis, J. J., 1955, pp. 1-3. (U.S.)Davis, S. H., 1954, pp. 35-43. (U.S.)Dean, L. A., i960, pp. 63-69. (U.S.)Dick, W. E., 1957, pp. 1-150. (U.S.)Diller, J. D., 1958, pp. 1-3. (U.S.)Dillon, R. M. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-60. (U.S.)1958, pp. 1-33. (U.S.)Doering, K. W., 1958, pp. 46, 48, 50. (U.S.)Dorsey, C. K., 1958, pp. 1-10. (U.S., WestVirginia.)Dorward, K., 1956, p. 57. (U.S., Houston,Tex.)Du Bois, K. P., and Geiling, E. M. K., 1959,pp. 1-313. (U.S.)DuChanois, F. R., i960, pp. 37-39. (U.S.,Florida.)1960a, p. 84. (U.S., Florida.)Ebeling, W., 1959a, pp. 24-25, 46-47. (U.S.,California.)1959b, p. 4. (U.S.)Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J., 1956, pp. 46,50, 52, 54-58, 62, 64. (U.S., California.)1957, pp. 690-692. (U.S., California.)J957a > PP- 637-638. (U.S., California.)1958, pp. 207-211. (U.S., California.)1958a, pp. 1-16. (U.S., California).Ebeling, W, Pence, R. J., and Wagner, R. E.,1958, pp. 50-52. (U.S., California.)Ebeling, W, and Wagner, R. E., 1959, pp. 40,42, 44-46. (U.S., California.)1959a, pp. 5-8. (U.S., California.)1959b, pp. 190-207. (U.S., California.)Eno, C. F., 1958, pp. 348-351. (U.S., Florida,Gainesville.)Essig, E. O., 1958, pp. 112-119. (WesternNorth America.)Forest Products Journal, 1957, pp. 23A-27A.(U.S.)Foster, A. C, et al., 1956, pp. 1-36. (U.S.,New Jersey, Mississippi.)Gaines, T. B., i960, pp. 1-88.Gannon, N, and Biggs, J. H., 1958, pp. 1-2.(U.S., Illinois.)Garlick, G. G., 1956, pp. 485-488. (U.S.)Gesell, S. G., 1959, pp. 1-6. (U.S.)Gibb, G., 1859, pp. 121-130. (Canada.)Giles, D. T., i960, pp. 20, 22. (U.S., Del-Mar-Va Peninsula.)Gillespie, B. B., 1959, p. 34. (U.S., Indiana.)Glick, P. A., i960, p. 5. (U.S., southernStates.)Gouse, D., i960, pp. 30, 64. (U.S., Indiana,Muncie.)Gray, H. E., i960, pp. 43-46. (U.S.)Grimstone, A. V., 1959, pp. 480-482. (U.S.)
Gunderson, H., 1957, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Iowa.)Gunther, F. A., and Blinn, R. C, 1955,pp. 1-708.Gutierrez, J., 1956, pp. 39-42. (U.S., Cali-fornia.)Halstead, C. T., 1958, pp. 116-117. (U.S.)Hartman, C. F., i960, pp. 1-7. (U.S.)Hassler, K., i960, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42. (U.S.)Hatfield, I., 1958, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 50,52-54, 56-58, 60. (U.S.)Hatfield, I., and Allen, R. van, 1956, pp. 32,34,78. (U.S.)Heal, R. E., 1957, pp. 73-76. (U.S.)1957a, pp. 1 18-120. (U.S.)Hendee, E. C, 1937, pp. 275-278, in Galtsoff,et al. (U.S.)Henderson, L. S., 1958, pp. 14, 16. (U.S.)Hetrick, L. A., 1956, pp. 28-29. (U.S.,Florida).1957, pp. 316-317. (U.S., Florida.)i957a, PP- 343-348. (U.S., Florida.)1961, pp. 53-54. (U.S., Florida.)Hoag, R., 1959, pp. 3-5, 9. (U.S., California.)Hobbs, K. R., 1961, pp. 14, 16, 18. (U.S.)Holdsworth, H. P., 1959, PP- 1_6. (U.S.,Ohio.)Howell, D. E., i960, pp. 12, 14, 16. (U.S.)Huff, G. E., 1959, p. 61. (U.S., Indiana,Indianapolis.)Hunt, F., 1958, pp. 1-93. (U.S., Florida.)Hunt, R., 1958, p. 31. (U.S.)1958a, p. 58. (U.S., California.)Hunt, R. W., i960, pp. 1211-1212. (U.S.,Southwest.)Ingle, L., 1956, pp. 1-11. (U.S.)Isherwood, H. R., 1955, pp. 12, 14. (U.S.)1957, PP- 32-33- (U.S.)Johnston, H. R., 1956, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Mis-sissippi, and Canal Zone.)1958, pp. 9, 11-16. (U.S., Mississippi, andCanal Zone.)1958a, pp. 423-431. (U.S., Mississippi, andCanal Zone.)1959, p. 32. (U.S., Mississippi, and CanalZone.)i960, pp. 44-45. (U.S., Mississippi.)1960a, pp. 1-6. (U.S., Mississippi, and CanalZone.)1961, pp. 40, 42. (U.S., Mississippi.)Johnston, H. R., and Osmun, J. V., i960,pp. 62-63. (u.s.)Jones, G. D., 1958, pp. 1-2. (U.S., NordiCarolina.)Katz, H., 1958, p. 49. (U.S.)1958a, p. 6. (U.S.)1959, p. 46. (U.S.)1961, pp. 40, 43. (U.S.)1961a, pp. 9, 11-12, 64. (U.S.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 65
Kenage, E. E., 1957, pp. 1-6. (U.S.)Kerr, S. H., and Brogdon, J. E., i960, p. 19.(U.S.)Kiigemagi, U., Morrison, H. E., Roberts,
J. E., and Bollen, W. B., 1958, pp. 193-204. (U.S., Oregon.)Klem, G. G., 1957, pp. 20A-21A. (U.S.)Knipling, E. F., i960, pp. 28-36. (U.S.)Koppenhafer, W. D., i960, pp. 54-55. (U.S.,Albany, N.Y.)Kowal, R. J., 1957, pp. 155-156. (U.S.)i957a» PP- 9, ™> 36. (U.S.)1958, p. 401. (U.S.)Krantz, G. W., 1958, pp. 127-131. (U.S.,Oregon.)Kyle, C. V., 1958, pp. 32, 34, 36, 38, 49.(U.S.)Lance, W. D., 1958, pp. 9-10. (U.S., Cali-fornia.)i960, p. 6. (U.S., Houston, Tex.)Lehman, A. J., 1951, pp. 122-133.1952, pp. 3-9-Lemire, E. H., 1959, pp. 36, 38. (U.S.)Lewis, J. W., i960, p. 7. (U.S., New York,Buffalo.)Lewis, R., 1958, p. 33. (U.S., Indiana.)LlCHTENSTEIN, E. P., I959, pp. 3I-32. (U.S.)1959a, pp. 40, 42, 56. (U.S.)Lichtenstein, E. P., Beck, S. D., and Schulz,K. R., 1956, p. 936. (U.S.)Lichtenstein, E. P., De Pew, L. J., Eshbaugh,E. L., and Sleesman, J. P., i960, pp. 136-142. (Midwestern U.S.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Medler, J. T., 1958,pp. 222-226. (U.S., Wisconsin.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Polivka, J. B., 1959,pp. 289-293. U.S.)Lichtenstein, E. P., and Schulz, K. R., 1958,pp. 848-849. (U.S.)1959, pp. 1 18-124. (U.S.)1959a, pp. 124-131. (U.S.)i960, pp. 192-197. (U.S.)Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1955, pp.347-354- (U.S., California.)Lobsenz, N. M., 1959, pp. 25-28. (U.S.)Long, E. J., 1955, pp. 14-16. (U.S.)Lund, A. E., 1957, pp. 363-367. (U.S.)1958, pp. 1-9. (U.S.)1959, pp. 220-223. (U.S.)1959a, pp. 320-321. (U.S.)i960, pp. 26-28. (U.S.)1960a, pp. 40, 42, 44. (U.S.)Lund, H. O., 1959, pp. 533-534. (U.S., Geor-gia-)i960, pp. 32, 34, 36. (U.S., Georgia.)1961, pp. 63-64. (U.S., Georgia.)Lyons, F. H., 1958, pp. 1 12-14. (U.S.)1956a, pp. 203-206. (U.S.)
Maher, P., 1955, pp. 18, 20, 44. (U.S.)Malina, M. A., Kearny, J. M., and Polen,P. B., 1959, pp. 30-32. (U.S.)Mallis, A., i960, pp. 219-324. (U.S.)Manuel, W. W., 1958, pp. 36, 38, 40. (U.S.,California.)Mason, N. P., 1958, pp. 1-18. (U.S.)1958a, pp. 19-20. (U.S.)Mayer, P., 1955, pp. 18, 20, 44. (U.S.)Merrick, G. D., 1955, pp. 319-352, reprintpp. 1-18. (U.S.)1956, pp. 289-320, reprint pp. 1-18. (U.S.)1957, PP- 281-314. (U.S.)1958, pp. 255-287, reprint pp. 1-16. (U.S.)I959> PP- 255-287, reprint pp. 1-16. (U.S.)i960, pp. 249-283, reprint pp. 1-16. (U.S.)Mesecher, R. B., 1957, pp. 20, 22, 45. (U.S.)Metcalf, R. L., 1955, pp. 1-402.Metcalf, R. L. (Ed.), 1957, pp. 1-522.1958, pp. 1-426.Meyer, F. J., and Spalding, D. H., 1958,pp. 1-10.Meyer, M. T., i960, p. 52. (U.S., Philadel-phia, Pa.)Moore, R. F., 1958, pp. 6, 8. (U.S., NewOrleans, La.)Nat. Acad. Sci.—Nat. Res. Counc, Div.Medical Sci., 1954, pp. 1-16. (U.S.)National Safety Council, i960, pp. 1-4.(U.S.)Nelson, J. A., i960, p. 5. (U.S.)1960a, pp. 6-7. (U.S.)North Carolina Structural Pest ControlCommission, i960, pp. 1-15. (U.S., NorthCarolina.)Nutting, W. L., 1956, pp. 83-90. (U.S.)Nutting, W. L., and Cleveland, L. R., 1954,p. 747. (U.S.)1954a, P- 786. (US.)1955, pp. 485-513- (U.S.)1958, pp. 13-27. (U.S.)Oldroyd, H., 1958, pp. 225-226. (U.S.)Orr, L. W., 1959, pp. 639-640. (U.S.)Osmun, J. V., 1956, pp. 141-143. (U.S.)1956a, p. 21. (U.S.)1956b, p. 29. (U.S.)1957, PP- 9, 11-12, 16, 19, 48. (U.S.)1957a, pp. 592-593- (U.S.)1958, pp. 23-24, 56. (U.S.)Osmun, J. V., and Pfendler, D. C, 1955,pp. 479-480. (U.S.)Packard, H. R., 1955, pp. 25-26, 28. (U.S.,California.)Padget, L. J., i960, pp. 11-14. (U.S., Houston,Tex.)Page, R. H., 1958, pp. 7, 14. (U.S., Georgia.)Parcher, J. V., and Means, R. E., 1959, pp.29-30, 32. (U.S.)
66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
1959a, pp. 57-58, 60. (U.S.)1959b, pp. 50, 52, 54. (U.S.)Parsons, H. L., and Ehrlich, A., 196 1, pp. 20,23-24. (U.S.)Pence, R. J., 1955, pp. 28-30. (U.S.)1956, pp. 553-554. (U.S., California.)1957, pp. 44, 58. (U.S., California.)I957a» PP- 9*-95 (U.S., California.)1957b, pp. 238-240. (U.S., California.)1958, p. 56. (U.S., California.)Penn, L. A., i960, p. 7. (U.S., Wisconsin,Milwaukee.)Pepper, J. O., and Gesell, S. G., 1959, pp. 1-8.(U.S., Pennsylvania.)Pest Control Operators California, 1953,pp. i-ii. (U.S., California.)Pesticide Regulation Branch, U.S. Dept.Agriculture, i960, pp. 1-5. (U.S.)Pickens, A. L., 1956, pp. 233-238. (U.S.)Pierce, W. D., 1958, pp. 13-24. (U.S., Cali-fornia, Miocene.)1959, pp. 72-78. (U.S., California, Miocene.)Plummer, J. M, i960, p. 6. (U.S., Texas, Gal-veston, La Marque.)Popham, W. L., i960, pp. 4-7. (U.S.)Powell, J. M., Jr., 1959, pp. 20, 22, 24. (U.S.)i960, pp. 32, 42, 44. (U.S., Baton Rouge,La.)Putnam, R. B., 1957, pp. 360-362. (U.S.)Redd, J. C, 1957, pp. 37-38, 46. (U.S.)Reid, L., 1955, pp. 1-2. (U.S.)Reno, J., i960, pp. 27-28. (U.S.)1960a, p. 77. (U.S.)Rhode Island Dept. Agric. and Conserva-tion, Div. Entomology and Plant In-dustry, 1955, pp. 1-4. (U.S., RhodeIsland.)1955a, PP- i-4-1956, pp. 1-4.Ritter, H. T. M., 1956, pp. 209-210. (U.S.)Roberts, L., 1957, p. 496. (U.S.)Robinson, M. C, i960, p. 6. (U.S., Arizona,Maricopa County, Phoenix.)Roemhild, G., i960, pp. 1-7. (U.S., Montana.)Rosen, H. J., 1958, p. 127. (U.S.)Russell, R. M., 1958, pp. 74, 76, 78, 80. (U.S.)St. George, R. A., 1957, pp. 38, 40, 42, 44.(U.S., Maryland.)St. George, R. A., Johnston, H. R., andKowal, R. J., i960, pp. 1-30. (U.S.)Sapp, D. R., i960, p. 68. (U.S., Gainesville,Fla.)Schmitt, J. B., Libby, J. L., and Wilson,B. R., i960, pp. 1-16. (U.S.)School of Public Health, Univ. Michigan,1954, pp. 1-50. (U.S.)Scott, K. G., i960, pp. 35-36, 38. (U.S.,Southern California.)
Selbo, M. L., i960, pp. 10-14. (U.S.)Sheboygan, City of, 1957, p. 1. (U.S., She-boygan, Wis.)Shepard, H. H., 1958, pp. 1-355. (U.S.)i960, pp. 1-250. (U.S.)Simeone, J. B., 1956, pp. 1-3. (U.S., NewYork State.)Sims, L., 1957, pp. 312, 322-323. (U.S.)Smith, C. F., 1954, pp. 16-17. (U.S.)i960, pp. 40-41. (U.S., North Carolina.)Smith, D. N, 1954, pp. 1-12. (Canada, BritishColumbia.)Smith, M. W., et al., 1956, pp. 34, 36, 38,42. (U.S.)Smith, M. W., 1956a, pp. 36, 38, 40. (U.S.)1957, PP- 36, 38, 40. (U.S.)Snyder, T. E., 1955^ pp. 50, 66. (U.S.)I955& PP- 28, 30. (U.S.)i955h,p. 30. (U.S.)1956a, p. 26. (U.S.)1957, P- 30. (U.S.)1957b, p. 3. (U.S.)1957c, pp. 38-39- (U.S.)i957e,P-92- (U.S.)i957f, p. 294. (U.S., California.)i957g, PP- 42-44. (U.S.)I957h, P- 70. (U.S.)I957», PP- 1-16. (U.S.)1959, p. 6. (U.S., Houston, Tex.)I959a, P. 4°- (U.S., New Jersey, Trenton,New York, Long Island.)1959b, p. 50. (U.S.)Snyder, T. E., Graf, J. E., and Smith, M. R.,196 1, pp. 68-73. (U.S.)SOLLMAN, T., 1957, pp. I72-l8l.Spear, P. J., 1956, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)1958, pp. 49-50. (U.S.)Spector, W. S. (Ed.), 1956, p. 491. (U.S.)Spencer, G. J., 1957, p. 13. (Canada, BritishColumbia.)1958, pp. 8-9. (Canada, British Columbia,Coastal.)Spitz, W. J., 1958, pp. 38, 40, 43, 51. (U.S.,Texas.)Stewart, D., 1957, pp. 7-1 1. (U.S., Cali-fornia.)Stilwell, H, i960, pp. 34-36, 76-78. (U.S.)Stolloy, I., 1958, pp. 1-6. (U.S.)Strong, V. E., 1956, pp. 38-40.Structural Pest Control Board California,1953, pp. 1-26. (U.S., California.)Taylor, A. F., i960, p. 6. (U.S., Texas,Pasadena.)Thornhill, F., 1955, pp. 16, 18.U.S. Dept. Agric, ARS, i960, pp. 1-221.(U.S.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Plant Pest Control Div.,1957, p. 651. (U.S., Oklahoma.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 67
1957a, p. 853. (U.S., Texas.)1958, p. 119. (U.S., Minnesota, St. Paul.)1958a, p. 982. (U.S., Minnesota, St. Paul;Oregon, Corvallis.)1959, p. 6. (U.S., New Jersey, Trenton.)1959b, p. 239. (U.S., Oklahoma, PoncaCity, Tulsa.)1959c, p. 288. (U.S., Utah, Logan, PleasantGrove, Provo.)195901 , p. 362. (U.S., West Virginia, Monon-galia County; Idaho, Twin Falls; Oregon,central and eastern.)
I959e> P- 393- (U.S., Idaho, Lewiston toLapwai.)
I959g> P- 813. (U.S., Rhode Island, Provi-dence.)I959h, p. 922. (U.S., California, Vallejo,Solano County.)1961, p. 326. (U.S., Wisconsin.)U.S. Public Health Service, 1956, pp. 1-78.i960, pp. 1-31.1961, pp. 1-38, idem, revised, April.
Vance, A. M., 1956, pp. 10, 18, 24. (South-west U.S.)Wagner, R. E., and Ebeling, W., 1959, pp.208-211. (U.S., California.)Wakeman, C, 1959, p. 12.Ward, J. C., 1958, pp. 14-16. (U.S.)Weesner, F. M., 1955, pp. 323-345. (U.S.,Arizona.)l95^> PP- 253-3 r 4- (U.S., California.)Westlake, W. E., and San Antonio, J. P.,i960, pp. 105-115. (U.S.)Wolfenberger, D. O., 1958, pp. 36-38. (U.S.,Florida.)Wybourn, J., 1958, pp. 171-172.Yeager, P., 1957, pp. 26, 28, 30, 43, 55. (U.S.)1958, pp. 70, 72, 98-99. (U.S.)Young, T. R., 1955, pp. 45-46. (U.S.)Young, W. R., and Rawlins, W. A., 1958,pp. 11-18. (U.S., New York.)Zavon, M. R., 1958, pp. 9-12. (U.S.)Zim, H. S., and Cottam, C, 1956, pp. 30-31.(U.S.)Zimmern, A., 1957, pp. 32, 34, 36, 50. (U.S.)ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: NEOTROPICALAlphonse, E. S., 1957, p. 280. (Panama.)Anonymous, 1957c, p. 5. (Panama.)Araujo, R. L., 1958, pp. 185-217. (Brazil,State Sao Paulo.)1958a, pp. 219-236. (Brazil, State MinasGerais.)Asenjo, C. F., Amoros-Marin, L., andTorres, W., 1958, p. 183. (Puerto Rico.)Asenjo, C. F., Amoros-MarIn, L., Torres, W.,and Del Campillo, A., 1958, pp. 185-195.(Puerto Rico.)Barth, R., 1955, pp. 257-263. (Brazil.)Blew, }. O., Jr., 1956, pp. 1-6. (Canal Zone,Panama.)1957, pp. 1-48. (Canal Zone, Panama.)1958, pp. 1-8. (Canal Zone, Panama.)1959, pp. 1-8. (Canal Zone, Panama.)i960, pp. 1-8. (Canal Zone, Panama.)1961, pp. 1-8. (Mississippi and Canal Zone.)Bristowe, W. S., 1924, pp. 475-504. (Brazil.)Carasso, M., 1959, pp. 21-24. (Panama.)Chamberlin, R. V., 1925, pp. 35-44. (CanalZone.)1926, p. 10. (Canal Zone.)DeMello, I. F., 1952-1954, pp. 127-133.(Brazil.)Dinther, J. B. M. van, i960, p. 21. (Suri-nam.)Emerson, A. E., and Banks, F. A., 1957,pp. 1-17. (South America.)Fonseca, J. P. C. da, 1952-1954, pp. 13-19.(Brazil.)
Graf, J. E., 1956, pp. 16-17. (Panama.)Grasse, P. P., 1958, pp. 189-200. (Brazil.)Gregoire, C, 1957, p. 9. (Canal Zone.)Guagliumi, P., 1958, p. 218. (Venezuela.)Guido, A. S., and Ruffinelli, A., 1958, p.919. (Uruguay, Montevideo.)Harris, W. V., 1959, pp. 181-185. (BritishHonduras.)1959b, p. 30. (British Honduras.)1960b, pp. 253-256. (British Honduras.)Hill, R. L., 1958, pp. 271-272.Johnston, H. R., 1956, pp. 1-8. (Canal Zone.)1958, pp. 9, 11-16. (Canal Zone.)1958a, pp. 423-431. (Canal Zone.)1960a, pp. 1-6. (Mississippi and CanalZone.)R^ngel, J., Gomes, J., and Souza, H. D.,1952-1955, pp. 1-10. (Brazil.)Sanderson, M. W., and Farr, T. H, i960,p. 1313. (Dominican Republic.)Shaw, H. R., 1959, p. 13. (Panama.)Snyder, T. E., 19551, p. 300. (Bolivia.)1956, p. 36. (Venezuela. )1956b, p. 18. (Panama.)i956d, pp. 189-202. (West Indies, Bahamas,Bermuda.)1957a, p. 352. (Panama.)I957d, pp. 81-82. (Bolivia.)
x959c> PP- 3 I 3-321 - (Venezuela.)i960, pp. 493-494. (Mexico, Oligocene.)Snyder, T. E., Wetmore, A., and Porter,B.A., i960, pp. 1231-1232. (Panama.)
68 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Torrealba, J. F., and Riccardi, B., 1941,p. 248. (Venezuela.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Plant Pest Control Div.,i960, p. 1069. (Bolivia, Santa Cruz.)1961a, p. 392. (Peru.)Vanetti, F., 1959, pp. 437-443- (Brazil.)Williams, E. C, 1941, pp. 76, 92. (Panama.)
Wolcott, G. N., 1955, pp. 157-172. (PuertoRico.)1955a, pp. 115-149. (Puerto Rico.)1956, pp. 85-86. (Puerto Rico.)
x957> PP- 259-311 - (Puerto Rico.)1958, pp. 417-421. (Puerto Rico.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: PALAEARCTIC
Alibert, }., 1959, pp. 1040-1042. (France.)i960, pp. 4205-4206. (France.)Allouard, P., 1956, pp. 96-97. (France.)Anonymous, 1957I, p. 22. (U.S.S.R., Moscow.)I957q, pp. 1-70. (Italy, Venice.)I959n, p. 16. (Italy, Venice.)Ayoub, M. A., 1959, pp. 429-432. (SaudiArabia.)Becker, G., 1955, pp. 393-4°4- (ItaIy> Sicily.)1957, pp. 403-410. (Northern Italy.)1958, pp. 123-142. (Germany.)Bletchly, J. D., and Fisher, R. C, 1957,p. 160. (England.)Bonaventura, G., 1956, pp. 465-467. (Italy,Naples.)Bournier, A., 1956, pp. 384-388. (France.)Boyer, P., 1955, pp. 569-571. (France.)Buchli, H., 1956, pp. 131-143. (France.)1956a, pp. 395-401. (France.)1958, pp. 264-429. (France.)i960, pp. 1320-1321. (France.)1960b, pp. 308-315. (France.)1960c, pp. 494-499. (France.)Chaaraoui, A. M., and Chahouan, A. A. M.,1955, pp. 286-297. (Egypt.)Clement, G., 1956, pp. 98-103. (Algeria.)1956a, pp. 148-153. (North Africa, Sahara.)Cortesi, A., i960, pp. 1, 4. (Italy, Rome,Oriago.)Davletshins, A. G, and Bogolyubova, A. S.,i960. (U.S.S.R.)1960a. (U.S.S.R.)Denis, C, 1958, pp. 171-188. (France.)1958a, pp. 240-247. (France.)1959. PP- 7 I2"7 I 3- (France.)Dieuzeide, R., 1930, pp. 569-571. (NorthAfrica.)Ernst, E., 1956, pp. 229-231.1957, PP- 97-156.Ferrero, F., 1959, pp. 30-31. (France.)Feytaud, J., 1955, pp. 32-38. (France.)i955-!957> PP- i-«7- (France.)Field, H., 1956, p. 488. (Iraq, Baghdad.)French Standards Association, 1957, pp.1-12. (France.)Gallo, F., 1955, pp. 134-142. (Italy.)Geigy, R., and Striebel, H., 1959, p. 474.(Europe.)
Georgevitch, J., 1929. (Yugoslavia.)1931. (Yugoslavia.)Georghiou, G. P., 1957, p. 4. (Cyprus.)Giraldi, G., 1955, pp. 487-498. (Italy, Venice.)Gosswald, K., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 165-192. (Europe.)1956, pp. 65-70. (Europe.)1958, pp. 129-151. (Europe.)Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1959, pp. 268-278. (Europe.)1959a, pp. 257-278. (Europe.)Grasse, P. P., 1954, pp. 17-21. (France.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1958, pp. 1789-1795. (France.)Harris, W. V., 1954.1955a, p. 44. (Germany,Hamburg.)1955, PP- 366-367- (England.)I955e> PP- 366-367. (England.)1955^ PP- 36-37- (England.)1957a, pp. 421-433. (SW. Arabia.)Heisterberg, W., 1958, pp. 66-67. (Austria.)1959, pp. 142-143. (Austria.)Herfs, A., 1956, pp. 2-5. (Europe.)1956a, pp. 481-487. (Europe.)1959a, pp. 178-181. (Europe.)Hickin, N., i960, pp. 459-461. (France.)1961, pp. 26-27. (England.)Hrdy, I., 1958, p. 12. (Czechoslovakia.)1959, pp. 193-207. (Czechoslovakia.)In press. (Czechoslovakia.)In press. (Czechoslovakia.)Hrdy, I., and Hrda, J., i960, pp. 209-215.(Czechoslovakia.)Hrdy, I., and Novak, V. J. A., in press.(Czechoslovakia.)Hrdy, I., Novak, V. J. A., and Skrobal, D.,i960, pp. 172-174. (Czechoslovakia.)Ionescu, M. A., 1932, pp. 1-6. (Rumania.)1936. (Rumania.)1936a, pp. 1-7. (Rumania.)1939. (Rumania.)1951, pp. 1-22. (Rumania.)1959, pp. 107-116. (Rumania and Balkans.)Ionescu, M. A., and Murgoci, A., 1949, pp.618-623. (Rumania.)1950, p. 1. (Rumania.)Jacquoit, C, 1957, pp. 1-7. (France.)
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 69
Jakobi, H., and Loyola E. Silva, J. de, 1959,pp. 113-117. (Portugal.)Jucci, C, 1956, pp. 283-284. (Italy.)1958, pp. 475-479- (Italy.)
_Karaman, C, 1954, pp. 21-30. (Yugoslavia.)Kassab, A., Chaarawi, A. M., Hassan, M. L,and Shahwan, A. M., i960, pp. 1-91.(Egypt.)Kempry, P., 1905. (Rumania.)Khalaf, K. T., 1959, pp. 18-19. (Iraq.)Klee, O., 1958, p. 20. (Germany.)Kurir, von A., 1956, pp. 1-3. (Europe.)1958, pp. 1-15. (Austria, Hallein and Cen-tral Europe.)1958a, pp. 84-87. (Austria.)1959, pp. 101-104. (Austria.)Lambinet, F., 1959, pp. 163-177. (France.)Lavette, A., 1959, pp. 474-476. (France.)Luscher, M., 1956, pp. 1 19-128. (Europe.)1956b, pp. 261-267. (Europe.)1958, pp. 69-70. (Europe.)1958b, pp. 144-150. (Europe.)i960, pp. 549-563- (Europe.)Luscher, M., and Karlson, P., 1958, pp. 341-345. (Europe.)Luscher, M., and Springhetti, A., i960, pp.190-212. (Europe.)Luppova, A. N., 1955, pp. 55-56. (U.S.S.R.,Turkmenia.)1955a, pp. 1-28. (S.S.R., Turkmenia.)1958, pp. 8-141. (S.S.R., Turkmenia.)Mal'ko, B. D., 1934, pp. 34-35. (U.S.S.R.)Marotta, A., 1954, pp. 337-338. (Italy.)1957, pp. 1-15. (Canary Islands.)Martelli, M., and Arru, G. M., 1957-1958,p. 11. (Sardinia.)Martinez, J. B., 1956, pp. 102-107. (Spain.)1957, pp. 147-161. (Canary Islands.)1958, pp. 1-29. (Spain.)Mathieu, H., 1957, pp. 87-91. (France.)
*959> PP- I "92 - (France.)Moneo-Trallero, M., 1959, pp. 21-22.(Spain.)Neves, C. M. B., 1956, pp. 156-158. (Portugal.)Noirot, C, 1957, pp. 743-745. (France.)1958, pp. 557-559. (France.)Novak, G. B., 1890, pp. 1 19-128. (Yugoslavia,Dalmatia, Island of Lesina.)Novak, P., 1928. (Yugoslavia, Dalmatia.)Oudemans, A. C, 1928, p. 313. (North Africaand Spain.)Perez, C, 1908, p. 631. (France.)Petersen, E., 1910. (Rumania.)Richard, G., 1956, pp. 487-489. (France.)1956a, pp. 502-527. (France.)I957> PP- 107-111. (France.)1958a, pp. 571-575- (France.)Rui, D., 1956, pp. 1-2. (Italy, Venice.)
Sandermann, W., and Dietrichs, H. H.,1957, pp. 281-297. (Germany.)Schefer-Immel, V., i960, p. 128. (Europe.)Schmidt, H., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 193-207. (Europe.)1955a, pp. 222-224. (Europe.)1956, pp. 129-130. (Europe.)1956b, pp. 325-328. (Germany, Hamburg-Altona.)1957, pp. 217-222. (Germany, Hamburg.)1957a, pp. 99-101. (Germany, Hamburg.)1958, pp. 226-228. (Europe.)i960, pp. 59-63. (Germany.)Schmitz, G., 1957, pp. 133-136. (France.)Schultze-Dewitz, G., 1957, pp. 933-941.(Germany.)1958, pp. 248-251. (Germany.)Sebald, M., and Mellis, V. de, 1958, pp. 357-360. (France.)Seguy, E., 1953, p. 9. (Morocco.)Silva, J. M. Barata da, 1952. (Portugal,Lisbon.)Sinel'nikov, N. A., 1950, pp. 38-48. (U.S.S.R.)Snyder, T. E., i957g, pp. 42, 44. (Europe.)I957n> P- 7°- (France and Italy.)1957), pp. 1-16. (Europe.)1959a, p. 40. (Europe, France, and Italy.)Soares, J., 1958, pp. 230-232. (Portugal.)Springhetti, A., 1957, pp. 1-13. (Italy.)1957a. PP- I-I4- (Italy-)i957b> PP- 333-349- (Italy.)1957c, pp. 1-20. (Italy.)1959, pp. 1-4. (Italy.)Springhetti, A., and Frizzi, G., 1957, pp.395-396. (Italy.)Stella, E., 1953-1954, in Zavattari, 1953-1954,p. 229. (Italy, Pontine Islands.)Tenisonas, A., 1955, pp. 13-15. (Europe.)Thurich, L., i960, pp. 145-160. (Europe andNear East.)Toumanoff, C, and Toumanoff, T. C, 1959,pp. 216-218. (France.)Tsvetkova, V. P., 1950, pp. 95-96. (Russia.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Plant Pest Control Drv.,Coop. Econ. Insect Rep., 1959a, p. 74.(Iran.)Verron, H., 1957, pp. 25-30. (France.)1958, PP- 309-3M- (France.)i960, pp. 2931-2932. (France.)Weidner, H., 1954, pp. 55-61. (Germany,Hamburg.)1955, pp. 63-68. (Anterior Asia.)1955c, pp. 157-164. (SE. Europe.)1957, p. 109. (Germany, Hamburg.)1958, pp. 4-16. (Iraq.)1959, pp. 28, 32-33. (Yugoslavia; Greece,Corfu.)1960a, pp. 43-70. (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq.)
7o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Werner, F., 1920, pp. 189-234. (Yugoslavia,Dalmatia.)Wichmann, H. E., 1957, pp. 183-185. Zehel, J. D., 1958, pp. 110-111. (Austria.)Zuberi, H., i960, pp. 3506-3508.ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: PAPUANAnonymous, 1960a1 , p. 28. (Hawaii, Hono-lulu.)i96oq, pp. 23-24. (Hawaii, Honolulu.)1960c l, pp. 20, 24. (Hawaii, Honolulu.)Bess, H. A., and Ota, A. K., i960, pp. 503-510.(Hawaii.)Chamberlin, R. V., 1944, p. 187. (NewHebrides.)Chilson, L. M., i960, p. 171. (Hawaii, Molo-kai.)Clagg, C. F., 1958, pp. 338-339. (Guam, Mid-way Island, Marshall Islands.)Clagg, C. F., and Keck, C. B., i960, p. 162.(Hawaii.)Cohic, F., 1956, pp. 1-91. (New Caledonia.)Dumbleton, L. J., 1954, pp. 1-202. (SouthPacific Territories.)Forde, E. L., 1958, pp. 18, 20. (Hawaii.)Fullaway, D. T., and Krauss, N. L. H., 1945,pp. 21-23. (Hawaii.)
Harris, W. V., 1957b, pp. 25-30. (RennelIsland, Solomon Islands.)1958a, pp. 59-60. (Solomon Islands.)Harris, W. V., and Brown, E. S., 1958, pp.737-750. (Solomon Islands.)Krauss, N, 1957, p. 186. (Canton Island.)McMahon, E. A., i960, pp. 270-272. (Hawaii.)Pemberton, C. E., i960, pp. 332-333. (Ha-waii.)1960a, pp. 182-185. (Hawaii.)Rand, A. L., and Brass, L. J., 1940, p. 358.(New Guinea, Mabadauan savannas.)Suehiro, A., i960, p. 291. (Midway Atoll.)Szent-Ivany, J. H., 1956, pp. 82-87. (NewBritain, center distribution Papua, AroaIsland near Kieta, Bougainville district.)J959> PP- 423'429- (Papua and NewGuinea.)Zimmerman, E. C, 1957, p. 179. (Hawaii.)ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: GENERALAUTORI, 1956, pp. 561-575.Bavendamm, W, 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, PP- 245-306.Blandford, H. F., 1 88 1, p. 32.Blew, J. O., and Johnston, H. R., 1956,pp. 272-281; reprint, pp. 1-10. (Inter-national.)1957, pp. 225-234; reprint, pp. 1-10. (Inter-national.)Boettger, C. R., 1957, pp. 105-121.Bradley, J. C, 1946, pp. 111-126.Brian, M. V., 1957, pp. 107-120.Buchsbaum, R., 1938, pp. 34, 47, 253, 292-10,11, 292-28, 296, 332-6.7.Cleveland, L. R., i960, pp. 326-341. (Gen-eral.)Coste, R., 1955, p. 241. (World.)De Baisieux, P., 1938, pp. 79-202. (General.)De la Rue, E. A., Bourliere, F., and Harroy,
J. P., 1957, pp. 1-208. (Tropics.)Dickinson, L. E., 1961, pp. 40-43. (General.)Dogel', V. A., in Poltev, and Pavel'eva (Ed.),1956, pp. 47-62.Ebeling, W, 1959, pp. 155, 325. (Subtropics.)Edent, T., 1958, pp. 40, 130-131. (Tropics.)Eidmann, H., 1941, pp. 385, 391, 431, 433,440, 474. (General.)Emerson, A. E., 1958, in Weyer (Ed.), 1958,pp. 2798-2807.
1958a, In Roe and Simpson (Ed.), 1958,PP- 3H-355-1959a, pp. 1-8. Reprint. (World.)1959b, pp. 1416-1417. (General.)1960c, pp. 307-348. (General.)i96od, pp. 1-27. (General.)Ernst, E., 1959, pp. 289-295. (General, Trop-ics.)Farb, P., 1959, pp. 4, 13, 14, 35, 82-91, 109,134, 157. (World.)Fenton, C. L., and Fenton, M. A., 1958,p. 247.Fotheringham, J., 1881, p. 55.Frings, M., and Frings, H., i960, p. 101.(General.)Garrison, W. B., 1954, pp. 73-76. (General.)Gelmetti-Bonomi, L., 1958, pp. 48-54. (Gen-eral.)Gosswald, K., and Kloft, W., 1958, pp. 743-745-Grasse, P. P., 1959b, pp. 482-483.Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1958a, pp. 1-28.1959, PP- 365-372.
.Grzimek, B., 1956, pp. 146-159. (Tropics.)Harris, W. V., 1955b, pp. 1-16. (BritishCommonwealth.)1955c, pp. 160-166. (Tropics.)1956b, pp. 1-13.1956c, pp. 145-177-
no. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES I955-60: SUBJECTS—SNYDER 7 1
1958c!, pp. 435-439. (General.)1959a, pp. 47-50. (World.)1960a, pp. 73-76.1960c, pp. 103-106. (World.)Heslop-Harrison, G., 1958, pp. 59-79.Hayes, W. J., 1959, pp. 891-912. (World.)i960, pp. 379-404.Henry, T. R., 1958, pp. 21, 45, 49, 115-117,137-138.Herfs, A., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b,pp. 121-130.1955a, Loc. cit., pp. 131-159.Hickin, N. E., 1954, pp. 71-77.1959, p. 273.Imms, A. D., 1957, pp. 366-395.Jacobson, M., 1958, pp. 1-229. (World.)Jucci, C., 1959, pp. 16-28. (General.)i960, pp. 1-24. (General.)Kaiser, P., 1955, pp. 303-304.1956, pp. 651-653.1956a, pp. 129-178.Karlson, P., and Butenhand, A., 1959, pp.49-51.Kevan, D. K. McE., et al. (Ed.), 1955, pp.1-512.Kirkpatrick, T. W., 1954, pp. 125-132. (Brit-ish Commonwealth.)IQ57> PP- 3> 4> 10, 28, 61, 71, 91, 99, 103,121, 134, 139, 143, 146, 171, 194-196,198, 228, 238, 241, 271, 276. (Tropics.)Kistner, D. H., 1958, pp. 1-198. (Africa,India.)Lasker, R., 1959, in Ray, 1959, pp. 348-355.(General.)Lee, P. G. M., 1959a, pp. 63-64. (World.)Leopold, B., 1952, p. 784.Luscher, M., 1955, pp. 62-67.1958a, pp. 372-377-1958c, pp. 48-65.1959, PP- 55-56.Luscher, M., and Muller, B., i960, p. 503.(General.)McBee, R. H., in Ray, 1959, pp. 342-347.(General.)Maeterlinck, M., 1939, pp. 1-142.Marcus, H., 1958, pp. 61-77.Martinez, J. B., 1952, pp. 1-550. (General.)Martynova, O., 1961, pp. 285-294. (General.)Mellan, I., and Mellan, E., 1956, pp. 1-150.(General.)Mercader, C., 1956, pp. 11, 37.Milsum, J. N., 1959, pp. 425-428. (World.)Monro, H. A. U., i960, pp. 1-13. (General.)Mosconi, P. B., 1958, pp. 77-90. (General.)1958a, pp. 129-139. (General.)Necherbon, W. O., 1959, pp. 1-854. (Gen-eral.)
Noirot, C., 1958, pp. 557-559. (General.)1958-1959, pp. 151-169. (General.)Noirot, C., and Noirot-Timothee, C., i960,pp. 2779-2781. (General.)Obenberger, J., 1940, pp. 255-402. (Tropics.)1949, pp. 1-175. (Tropics.)1952, pp. 10, 23, 25, 29, 54, 128, 137-139,154, 295-296, 322-324, 326, 436, 492, 498,688-689, 7", 753-754-i955> PP- 576-637.Oldroyd, H, 1958, pp. 225-226. (General.)Pesson, P., 1959, pp. 41, 55, 78-79, 99, 104,109, 132, 137-138, 152, 167. (General.)Ray, D. L. (Ed.), 1959, pp. 1-536.Richard, G., 1958, pp. 521-524.Roeder, D. K. (Ed.), 1953, pp. 94, 130, 277,307, 323-324» 337-338, 344. 385, 482, 667,677, 697, 748, 751-753, 755, 757, 761, 765,768-770, 774-777, 779, 827, 853. Termitephysiology, general.)Roonwal, M. L., 1955b, pp. 107-114.In Tuxen, S. L. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 34-38.Roonwal, M. L., and Chhotani, O. B., i960,pp. 125-132. (World.)Sanderman, W., 1955, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),1955b, pp. 208-244.Sands, W. A., 1957, pp. 13-24. (General.)Schmidt, H., et al., 1955b, p. 309. (World.)Schmidt, H., 1956a, pp. 1 15-125.1956c, pp. 269-275.1959, PP- 79-86.1960a, pp. 261-263.Seevers, C. H., 1957, pp. 1-334. (World.)i960, pp. 825-834. (World.)Snodgrass, R. E., 1957, p. 19.Snyder, T. E., 1956c, pp. 20, 22. (Tropics.)i956f, pp. 1-305. (World.)1960a, pp. 284-288. (World.)Striebel, H., i960, pp. 193-260. (General.)Stuart, A. M., 1961, p. 419.Tuxen, S. L. (Ed.), 1956, pp. 1-284. (Gen-eral.)U.S. Dept. Agric, Plant Pest Control Drv.,19591", p. 473. (Tropics.)Vayssiere, P., in Coste, 1956, p. 241. (World.)Weesner, F. M., i960, pp. 153-170. (General.)Weidner, H., 1955c, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.),i955b, pp. 5-81.i955f, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b, pp.82-120.I955g, in Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b, pp.160-164.Wilkinson, W., 1957, pp. 441-443, 446.(World.)i957a, PP- 493-494- (World.)Wolcott, G. N., 1958, pp. 417-421. (General.)
LIST OF AUTHORS AND TITLESAgarwala, S. B. D.1955. Control of sugarcane termites (1946-1953). Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 48, No. 5,PP- 533-537- Oct.Agarwala, S. B. D., and Haque, M. W.1955. Toxicological studies with insecticideswith special reference to sugarcane. 2.Effects of BHC treatment of soils inrespect of protection against termites[Odontotermes assmuthi] and growthof sugarcane. Indian Sugar [Calcutta]
,
vol. 5, pp. 345, 347-348- Oct.Agarwala, S. B. D., and Sharma, C.1954. Aldrin and dieldrin as outstandingagents in the control of Microtomesobesi Holmg. on maize in Bihar. In-dian Journ. Ent., vol. 16, pt. 1, pp.78-79.Ahmad, M.1955. A new termite from East Pakistan.(Isoptera, Termitidae). Biologia, vol. 1,No. 1, pp. 25-27, 1 fig., 1 table. Lahore,Pakistan. June.1955a. Termites of West Pakistan. Loc. cit.,vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 202-264, 45 figs -j 45tables. Lahore. Dec.1958. Key to Indomalayan termites. Loc.
cit., vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 33-118. Lahore.June.1958a. Key to Indomalayan termites (con-cluded). Loc. cit., vol. 4, No. 2, pp.1 19-198. Lahore. Dec.Ahmad, M., and Khan, M. A.1955. The imago of Kalotermes beesomGardner. (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae.)Biologia, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 28-30, illustr.Lahore. June.Alibert, J.1959. Les echanges trophallactiques chezle termite a cou jaune (Calotermesflavicollis Fabr.) etude a aide du phos-phore radioactif. C. R. Acad. Sci.,Paris, vol. 248, No. 7, pp. 1040-1042.Feb. 16.i960. Les echanges trophallactiques entretermites sexues et larves de jeunes fon-dations de colonies et de societes plusagees (Calotermes [i.e., Kalotermes]flavicollis Fabr.). Loc. cit., vol. 250,No. 25, pp. 4205-4207. June 20.
Allouard, P.1956. (Protection of wood against termitesand decay by simple and cheap meth-ods.) (In French.) Bois et Scieries,vol. 62, pp. 96-97, 165, 167-168.(Cont'd.) Jan. 19, Feb. 2.Alphonse, E. S.1957. Language of the Guaymi. Journ.Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 47, No. 8,p. 280.Anonymous.1949. Deep in Dixie. Termites debut. DixieRoto Magazine, Times Picayune Publ.Co., New Orleans, La.1952. Fire and explosion hazards of thermalinsecticidal fogging, pp. 1-45. Comm.Fire Prevention and Engineering Stand-ards Res. Div., Nat. Board Fire Under-writers, New York.I953t - 5tn Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1953.Entomology (termites, p. 70). Can-berra.I954d. 6th Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1954.Entomology (termites, pp. 68-69). Can-berra.1955. Proper care and maintenance of ter-mite equipment pays off. Pest Control,vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 44, 46-48, 50. July.(U.S.)1955a. Termites. Planters' Bull., RubberRes. Inst. Malaya, n.s., No. 19, pp. 63-67, illustr. July.1956. The availability of pressure treatedlumber. Amer. Wood Preservers Inst.,pp. 1-4, 1 map, illustr., lists wood-pre-serving plants and retail lumber com-panies. Jan.1956a. How to prevent decay and termitedamage in houses. Loc. cit., pp. 1-22,11 pis. Feb.1956b. How to build homes that will out-live the mortgage. Loc. cit., pp. 1-24,illustr.1956c. Dept. Army Techn. Man. TM 5-632.Insect and rodent control, pp. 42-56,figs. 47-56. Feb. 1.i956d. Clinical memoranda on economicpoisons. Communicable Disease Center,
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U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Wel-fare, Public Health Serv., Atlanta, Ga.,pp. 1-78. Apr. 1.1956c National Better Business Bureau Rep.Dry-Cure Engineering Co., 74 BayviewAve., Manhasset, N.Y., pp. 1-4. May 20.I956f. Here is the best termite advice youcan get. Techn. Notes, House andHome, vol. 10, No. 3, p. 186, illustr.Sept.I956g. Research benefits outlined; BRABreport praised, criticised at NPCA con-vention termite sessions. Pest Control,vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 18, 20. 22. Dec.1956b. Supplemental Rep. National BetterBusiness Bureau Rep. Dry-Cure Engi-neering Co., 74 Bayview Ave., Man-hasset, N.Y., pp. 1-3. Dec. 20.19561. 8th Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1955-1956. Entomology (termites, p. 67).Canberra.1957. Entomologists give estimates, data ontermite incidence and damage in theirStates in 1956. Pest Control, vol. 25,No. 2, pp. 24-25. Feb.1957a. Questions and answers: 1. Termitecontrol. Loc. cit, vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 66,68. Feb.1957b. Cryptotermes, the drywood termite.Timber Technol. and Mach. Wood-work, Wood Preserv. and Seasoning,vol. 65, No. 2212, p. 85. Feb.1957c. Kill or cure treatment. SmithsonianTorch, Smithsonian Inst., No. 25, p. 5.Mar.I957d. Why Florida home owners needprotection. Pt. 1. Wood PreservingNews, vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 6-8, 23, 25,illustr. Apr.1957c Anteater eradicates termites in zoooffice. Loc. cit., vol. 35, No. 4, p. 20.Apr.I957f. NPCA taking stand on use of EDBand MB as termite soil fumigants. PestControl, vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 39, 41. June.I957g. Twenty-second report of inspectionof wood preservatives in the MississippiState Highway Department's test gar-den 8-9-'57, sheets 1-26. Jackson, Miss.June.i957h. Mississippi State Highway Dept.,Testing Div., service records on guardrail posts, pp. 1-15. Jackson, Miss. June.1957L NPCA now recognizes EDB as soilfumigant; warns against MB. Pest Con-trol, vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 30, 32, 34. Aug.
1957J. Notebook. "Unspoken" termitefraud. Loc. cit., vol. 25, No. 9, p. 46.Sept.1957k. 'Tis termites. Nat. Roofer, Siding,and Insulation Contractor, 1 p. reprint,illustr. Sept.1957I. Termites, dry rot eat away at seatsof mighty. Wood Preserving News,vol. 35, No. 9, p. 22. Sept.1957m. "Black sheep" in termite control.Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 10, pp. 56,58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68. Oct.I957n. PCO certification board for soil pre-treatment. Loc. cit., vol. 25, No. n,pp. 19-20. Nov.19570. Oklahoma PCO association haltsState's first drywood termite infesta-tion gratis. Loc. cit., vol. 25, No. 11,p. 37, 1 fig. Nov.1957P. UCLA, Purdue termite research sug-gest new control methods possible,NPCA convention hears. Loc. cit., vol.25, No. 12, pp. 16, 18, 20, 30. Dec.I957q. Le termiti a Venezia. Prefetturia diVenezia, pp. 1-70, 55 figs., 2 tables,map.1958. Demonstration of slab-treating brings120 to Texas PCA convention. PestControl, vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 36, 49-50.Jan.1958a. Termites infest Chicago homes.Wood Preserving News, vol. 36, No. 1,pp. 8-10, illustr. Jan.1958b. Purdue termite pretreatment testsinclude granular chemicals. Pest Con-trol, vol. 26, No. 2, p. 48. Feb.1958c. PCO equipment directory—termites.Loc. cit., vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 34, 36, 38,40. May.i958d. Termite damage in New Jersey. Loc.
cit., vol. 26, No. 9, p. 48. Sept.1958c Wood preservation statistics. WoodPreserving News, vol. 36, No. 9, pp.16-19, illustr. Sept.i958f. Editorial. Loc. cit., vol. 36, No. 9,p. 4. Sept.i958g. Excerpts from Structural Pest Con-trol Act of California. Branch 1. Fumi-gation. P.C.O. News, vol. 18, No. 9,pp. 8, 10. Los Angeles. Sept.1958I1. 9th Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1956-1957. Entomology (termites, p. 66).Canberra.19581. Soil treatment an aid in termite con-trol. U.S. Dept. Agric. Leaflet 324. Re-vised Sept. 1958, pp. 1-7, illustr.; re-vised Sept. 1959; Jan. i960, pp. 1-8.
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19583. Infestation report. Termites. FloridaPest Control, vol. 26, No. 10, p. 86. Oct.1958k. Convention report. Pest Control,vol. 26, No. 11, p. 22. Nov.19581. Minimum property standards for oneand two living units. Federal HousingAdministration, No. 300, Nov. 1, pp.1-315, 4 figs., 93 diagr., 11-9 tables.(Termite protection, sect. 815-1-3, pp.113-118, fig. 2; decay, sect. 815-4, p. 119,fig. 3.) General Revision No. 1, chaps.2-7, July 1959; No. 2, pp. 57-58, Jan.i960; No. 3, pp. 197-240, Dec. i960.)1958m. Infestation report. Reticulitermeshagen'i Banks, swarming in a buildingat Trenton, N. J. Pest Control, vol. 26,No. 12, p. 42. Dec.1958m The termite problem. Rural Re-search in Counc. Sci. Industr. Res.Org., No. 26, pp. 2-10, illustr. Dec.19580. 10th Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1957-1958. Entomology (termites, p. 63).Canberra.1959. Termites. Changing Times. The Kip-linger Magazine, Washington, D.C.,Feb., pp. 17-19, illustr.1959a. How to sell soil pretreatment tobuilders. Pest Control, vol. 27, No. 2,p. 17. Feb.1959b. How Savannah termite operatorOliver pretreats 1,100-unit Navy proj-
ect. Loc. cit., vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 19-20,22-23, illustr. Feb.1959c. Review. Prevention and control ofthe western subterranean termite. W.Ebeling and R. J. Pence. CaliforniaAgric. and Exper. Stat., Extension Serv.Circ. 469, pp. 1-16, 4 figs. 1958, May.Wood Preserving News, vol. 37, No. 2,p. 22. Feb.I959d. Termite quackery. National BetterBusiness Bureau Service Bull. No. 284,pp. 1-4. Feb.1959c Orkin "chlorohepton" soil poisonsaid to combine chlordane with hepta-chlor. Pest Control, vol. 27, No. 4,p. 50. Apr.I959f. Termite damage deductible. Loc.
cit., vol. 27, No. 4, p. 54. Apr.I959g. California TO (termite operator)found "not responsible" for death ofcustomer following soil treatment. Loc.
cit., vol. 27, No. 4, p. 62. Apr.1959k "Trukil," "Aldiel": Southern PCO'sanswer to "Orkil." Loc. cit., vol. 27,No. 6, p. 58. June.
1959L Review. Advances in pest controlresearch. R. L. Metcalf, 1957, 1958.Loc. cit., vol. 27, No. 9, p. 20. Sept.1959]. Abbott Exterminating pretreats 837-unit Fort Campbell project. Loc. cit.,vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 30, 32, 34, 2 figs.Sept.1959k. U.S. Dept. Agric. fumigates drydock for foreign termites. Loc. cit.,vol. 27, No. 9, p. 34. Sept.1951I. Review. Official wood preserving sta-tistics 1958. Preliminary wood preser-vation statistics 1958. G. D. Merrick.Wood Preserving News, vol. 37, No. 9,pp. 19, 22, 24. Sept.1959m. Which house has hidden values.Loc. cit., vol. 37, No. 11, pp. 12-14, *6,2 figs. Nov.1959m St. Mark's, Venice church infestedby termites. Loc. cit., vol. 37, No. 11,p. 16. Nov.19590. Protected lumber delivers distin-guished service. Loc. cit., vol. 37, No.12, pp. 6-7, 9, 20, 2 figs. Dec. (Ter-mites, pp. 6-7.)1959P. Twenty-third report of inspection ofwood preservatives in the MississippiState Highway Dept.'s test garden.io-27-'59, sheets 1-24. Jackson, Miss.I959q. Mississippi State Highway Dept.,Testing Div. Service record on guard
rail posts, pp. 1-15. Jackson, Miss. Dec.I959r. The toxicity of dieldrin to man.Communicable Disease Center, Techn.Development Labs., Reprint No. 267,pp. i-2i. Savannah, Ga.1959s. nth Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.and Industr. Res. Org. Australia, 1958-1959. Entomology (termites, p. 66).Canberra.i960. One minute to live. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 9-1 1. Jan.1960a. How to get "health insurance" foryour home. Wood Preserving News,vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 14-17, illustr. Jan.1960b. Getz pretreats basement type houseduring construction. Pest Control, vol.28, No. 2, pp. 23-25, 13 figs. Feb.1960c. Sales ammunition for pretreaters.Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 2, p. 25. Feb.i96od. Radiation tracers show how termitesfeed colonies. Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 2,p. 28. Feb.1960c Oklahoma OK's 19 termiticides. Loc.
cit., vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 44, 58. Feb.i96of. Obituary. Karl Hassler (1898-1960).Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 2, p. 46, photo.Feb.
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ig6og. Editorial. Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 3,p. 5. Mar.i$6oh. Purdue University termite talks. Loc.
cit., vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 54, 62, 64-65.Mar.1960L Admiral sucessfully fumigates float-ing drydock for termites. Loc. cit.,vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 60, 62, 2 figs. Mar.1960J. Concrete will not stop termites.Wood Preserving News, vol. 38, No. 3,p. 4. Mar.1960k. Attempts to establish pretreat ARPsbrings out procedures commonly used.Pest Control, vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 56, 58.Apr.1960I. The trouble with termites. BetterHomes and Gardens, vol. 38, No. 3,p. 182, 1 fig. Mar.1960m. Low cost insurance. Wood Pre-serving News, vol. 38, No. 4, p. 4. Apr.i96on. Pest control equipment. Pest Con-trol, vol. 28, No. 5, termites, pp. 28,34, 36, 46, 48, 50; fumigation, pp. 50,51, 56; safety, pp. 51, 54-56. May.19600. How to choose efficient equipmentand methods for drilling masonry. Loc.
cit., vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 62, 64-69. May.1960P. NPCA launches State-by-State ter-mite publicity program, members alsousing releases. Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 5,p. 70. May.i96oq. Hawaii termite infested; repairs ofdamage costly. Wood Preserving News,vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 23-24. May.i96or. Operators financial responsibility.P.C.O. News, vol. 20, No. 5, p. 1. May.1960s. Special tests. Loc. cit., vol. 20, No. 5,p. 10. May.i96ot. Termite warranties for smaller firms.Pest Control, vol. 28, No. 7, p. 5. July.1960U. NPCA board approves insured con-trol service program. Loc. cit., vol. 28,No. 7, p. 46. July.1960V. To sell pretreat, get into the build-ing huddle. Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 8,pp. 56-57. Aug.1960W. First NPCA workshop readies newARP pretreat addition. Loc. cit., vol.28, No. 9, pp. 28-30, 32-34, illustr. Sept.1960X. Winter-hardy termites. Loc. cit., vol.28, No. 9, pp. 41-42. Sept.19607. Free inspections on way out. Loc.
cit., vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 42-43. Sept.1960Z. Protecting buildings from termiteand fungus damage. Forest ProductsRes. Inst., College, Laguna, Philippines.Techn. Note No. 10, pp. 1-5. Aug.
1960a1 . Concrete block foundation voids:should they be treated at grade levelor near footing? Pest Control, vol. 28,No. 11, pp. 34, 36. Nov.1960b1 . Design of wood structures for per-manence. Nat. Lumber Manuf. Assoc.AIA File No. 19-B, pp. 1-15, 19 figs.1960c1 . How Hawaii combats tropical ter-mites. Wood Preserving News, vol. 28,No. 11, pp. 20, 24, 3 figs. Nov.Ansari, M. A. R.1955. The genus Retortamonas Grassi (Mas-tigophora: Retortamonidae.) Biologia,vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 40-69, 59 figs., 2 tables.Lahore. June.Araujo, R. L.1958. Contribuicao a biogeografia dos ter-mitas de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Insecta-Isoptera. Arq. Inst. Biol., Sao Paulo,vol. 25 (art. 17), pp. 185-217, 1 map.1958a. Contribuicao a biogeografia dos ter-mitas de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Insecta-Isoptera. Loc. cit., vol. 25 (art. 18),pp. 219-236, 1 map.Arora, G. L., and Gilotra, S. K.i960. The biology of Odontotermes obesus(Rambur). Panjab Univ. Res. Bull.,vol. 10, pts. 3-4, Dec. 1959, pp. 247-255,illustr. i960, May.Asenjo, C. F., Amoros-Marin, L., andTorres, W.1958. Chemistry of West Indian mahogany{Swietenia mahagont) wood and ter-mite (Cryptotermes brevis) repellentactivity. (Abstr.) Federal Amer. Socie-ties Exper. Biol. Federation Proc, vol.17, No. 1, pt. 1, p. 183. Mar.Asenjo, C. F., Amoros-Marin, L., Torres, W.,and Del Campillo, A.1958. Termite-repellent activity and chemi-cal composition of West Indian ma-hogany wood {Swietenia mahagoniJacq.) with special reference to the Pafraction. Puerto Rico Univ. Journ.Agric, vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 185-195, 2figs. Rio Piedras. July.AUBREVILLE, A.1959. Les fourres alignes et les savanes atermitieres buissononnantes des plainesde Winneba et d'Accra (Ghana). Boiset Forets Trop., vol. 67, pp. 21-24. Sept.-Oct.AUTUORI.1956. L'instinct dans le comportement desanimaux et de l'homme. Masson et Cle.(Ed.), Paris, pp. 1-796. (Termites, pp.56I-575-)
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Ayoub, M. A.1959. Studies on the distribution, behaviour,feeding habits and control of Micro-cerotermes diversus Silv. attacking liveplants in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Soc. Ent.Egypte, vol. 43, pp. 429'432 - JulY-Banerjee, B.1956. Interesting observations on themounds of the termite Odontoterm.esredemanni (Wasmann). Journ. Bom-bay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 53, p. 742. Aug.1956a. Some interesting observations on theroyal chamber in the mound of the ter-mite Odontotermes redemanni (Was-mann). Loc. cit., vol. 54, No. 1, pp.202-204. Dec. 20.1956b. Some common termites of Calcutta.Loc. cit., vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 204-206.Dec. 20.1957. Haploid chromosome numbers in thetestis of the termite king Odontotermesredemanni (Wasmann). Current Sci.(India), vol. 26, No. 9, pp. 288-289.Sept.1958. Cytochemical studies on the oocytesof the termite queen Odontotermesredemanni (Wasmann). Loc. cit., vol.27, No. 2, pp. 56-57, illustr. Feb.Barnacle, J. E.1959. A pole test against Mastotennes dar-winiensis. Counc. Sci. Industr. Res.Org. Forest Products Newslett., vol.254, pp. 1-3. July.Barros-Machado, A.1957. [Architecture and evolution of thenests of African termites of the genusApicotermes]. (In Portuguese.) (Sum.)Soc. Portug. Cien. Nat., B (ser. 2),vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 80-81.Barth, R.1955. Ueber die tergitalen Druesenfeldervon Syntermes dims (Isoptera). Rev.Brasileira Biol., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 257-263, 6 figs. Sept.Bavendamm, W.1955. In Schmidt, H., 1955b, NatiirlicheDauerhaftigkeit der Holzer gegen Ter-mitenfrass, pp. 245-306.Beal, J. A.1958. Wood destroying insects. Pest Con-trol, vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 20, 22. Oct.Becker, G.1955. Eine Farbmutation mit verandertemokologischen Verhalten bei Calotermesflavicollis Fabr. (Isoptera). Zeitschr.Angew. Zool., vol. 42, Heft 3, pp. 393-404, illustr.
1957. Holzzerstorende Insekten im Hafen-bau- und Werftholz von Chioggia(Norditalien) . Zeitschr. Angew. Ent.,vol. 41, Heft 2-3, pp. 403-410, illustr.Nov.1958. On some organic solvent types oftimber preservatives in Germany. Ann.Conv. British Wood Preservers Assoc.1958, pp. 123-142. (Termites, p. 131.)Beecham, H. A.1955. Methyl bromide mystery. Pest Con-trol, vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 36, 50. Feb.Beesley, J.1957. Eradicating termites (white ants)from buildings. I. Counc. Sci. Industr.Res. Org. Australia, Forest Prod. News-lett., 234, pp. 4-6, Sept.; II, 235, pp. 1-3,Oct.; Ill, 236, pp. 3-4. Nov.Behr, E. H.i960. When PCO's should use fungicidesto treat buildings. Pest Control, vol. 28,No. 2, pp. 9-10, 12, 14, 16, 19-20, 11 figs.Feb.Beier, M.1930. Nuovi Pseudoscorpioni dell'Africatropicale. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, vol.25, PP- 44-48, 6 figs.Bender, A. H.1959. 'Equipment issue" for termite jobs.Pest Control, vol. 27, No. 5, p. 68,1 fig. May.Bess, H. A., and Ota, A. K.i960. Fumigation of buildings to controlthe dry-wood termite Cryptotermesbrevis. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 53, No.4, pp. 503-510, 5 figs., 3 tables. Aug.Bhasin, G. D., Roonwal, M. L., and Singh, B.1958. A list of insect pests of forest plantsin India and adjacent countries. (Ar-ranged alphabetically according to theplant genera and species.) Pt. 3. Listsof insect pests of plant genera "A"(Appendix only), "B" (Baccaurea toBuxus) , and "C" in (part) (Cadaba toCitrus). Indian Forest Bull. No. 171(2), n. s. Entomology, pp. 1-126. Delhi.(Termites, Isoptera, pp. 10, 17, 18, 63,86,95,99, 102, 115, I24-)BlEBERDORF, G. A.1958. Kalotermcs minor Hagen in Okla-homa. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., vol.38 (1957), PP- 52-53-Blandford, H. F.1881. Sound producing ants. Nature, vol.25, p. 32.Bletchly, J. D., and Fisher, R. C.1957. Use of gamma radiation for the de-struction of wood-boring insects. Na-
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ture (London), vol. 179, p. 670. Mar.30.Blew, J. O., Jr.1956. Comparison of wood preservatives instake tests. 1956 progress rep. ForestProducts Lab., Forest Serv., U.S. Dept.Agric. Rep. No. 1761, pp. 1-7, 1 fig., 33tables. Mar.1957. Comparison of wood preservativesin stake tests. 1957 progress rep. Loc.cit., pp. i-48, 1 fig., 34 tables. Mar.1958. Comparison of wood preservatives instake tests. 1958 progress rep. Loc. cit.,pp. 1-8, 1 fig., 35 tables. Mar.1959. Comparison of wood preservatives instake tests. 1959 progress rep. Loc. cit.,pp. 1-8, 1 fig., 36 tables. Mar.i960. Comparison of wood preservatives instake tests, i960 progress rep. Loc. cit.,pp. 1-8, 1 fig., 37 tables. Mar.1961. Comparison of wood preservatives instake tests. 1961 progress rep. Loc. cit.,pp. 1-8, 1 fig., 39 tables. Mar.Blew, J. O., Jr., and Johnston, J. R.1956. An international termite exposure test.22nd progress rep. Proc. Amer. WoodPreserver's Assoc, vol. 52, pp. 272-281,10 tables; pp. 1-10, 10 tables (preprint).Apr.1957. An international termite exposure test.23d progress rep. Loc. cit., vol. 53, pp.225-234, 10 tables; pp. 1-10, 10 tables(preprint). Apr.Blew, J. O., Jr., and Kulp, J. W.1956. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study. 1956 progressrep. Forest Products Lab., Forest Serv.,U.S. Dept. Agric. Rep. No. 1757 (rev.),pp. 1-13, 2 tables. Jan.1957. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study. 1957 progressrep. Loc. cit., pp. 1-16, 1 fig., 2 tables.Jan.1958. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study. 1958 progressrep. Loc. cit., pp. 1-14, 1 fig., 2 tables.Jan.1959. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study. 1959 progressrep. Loc. cit., pp. 1-14, 1 fig., 2 tables.Feb.i960. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study, i960 progressrep. Loc. cit., pp. 1-16, 1 fig., 2 tables.Jan.1961. Comparison of wood preservatives inMississippi post study. 196 1 progress
rep. Loc. cit., pp. 1-14, 1 fig., 2 tables.Jan.BOETTGER, C. R.1957. Termiten als Schadlinge von Nutz-holz und ihre Abwehr. Die technischeHochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zuBraunschweig. Berichtsband 1957, pp.105-121.Bollen, W. B., Roberts, J. E., and Morri-son, H. E.1958. Soil properties and factors influenc-ing aldrin-dieldrin recovery and trans-formation. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 51,No. 2, pp. 214-219, 1 graph.BONAVENTURA, G.1956. [Antitermite reclamation of the planetree "of San Benedetto" in Naples.](In Italian.) (Abstr.) Nuovo Gior.Bot. Ital. (n.s.), vol. 63, Nos. 2-3, pp.465-467.Boswell, V. R., et al.1955. Effects of certain insecticides in soilon crop plants. Techn. Bull. No. 1121,U.S. Dept. Agric, and State Agric.Exper. Stat., pp. 1-59, 11 figs., 27 tables.Aug.BOURNIER, A.1956. Alerte au termite lucifuge (Reticuli-termes lucijugus) . Prog. Agr. et Vitic,Dec 16/23, pp. 384-388.Bower, C. A.1959. Termite control jobs rise in Okla-homa. Wood Preserving News, vol. 37,No. 1, p. 15. Jan.Bowser, C. A.1955. Federal Housing requirements in ter-mite control. Pest Control, vol. 23,No. 2, pp. 8-10, 12. Feb.Boyer, P.1955. Premieres etudes pedologiques et bac-teriologiques des termitieres. C. R.Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 240, pp. 569-571.Jan. 31.1956. Action des termites constructeurs surcertains d'Afrique tropicale. 6th Congr.Internat. Sci. Sol., Rapports 1956 (C),vol. 100, Comm. 3, pp. 95-103, illustr.1956a. Les bases totales dans les materiauxde la termitiere de Bellicositermesnatalensis (Hav.). Loc. cit., pp. 105-110.1956b. Relations entre la flore intestinal deBellicositermes natalensis et celle du
sol. Loc. cit., pp. 111-113.1956c Etude pedologique de la repartitionet du dosage des bases totales dans lesmateriaux de la termitiere de Belli-cositermes natalensis (Hav.). C. R.Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 242, pp. 801-803.
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1958. Influence des remaniements par letermite et de l'erosion sur revolutionpedogenetique de la termitiere epigeede "Bellicositermes rex." Loc. cit., vol.247. PP- 479-482-1958a. Sur la materiaux composant la ter-mitiere geante de "Bellicositermes rex."Loc. cit., vol. 247, pp. 488-490.Brackbill, H.1955. Birds and termites. Audubon Mag.,vol. 57, pp. 260-261, 282. Nov./Dec.Bradley, J. C.1946. The classification of insects. Ithaca,N.Y. (Termites, pp. 111-126.)Bready, J. K.i960. Nutritional studies on subterraneantermites. Pest Control, vol. 28, No. 6,pp. 43-44. June.Brehm, W. L., et al.1955. Care and maintenance of equipmentin termite control. Loc. cit., vol. 23,No. 7, pp. 44, 46-48, 50. July.Brian, M. V.1957. Caste determination in social insects.Ann. Rev. Ent., vol. 2, pp. 107-120.Ann. Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.Brickey, P. M.1957. We must adjust our prices. Pest Con-trol, vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 33, 36. June.Briegleb, P. H.1954. 1954 Ann. Rep. Southern Forest Ex-periment Station. Forest insects. U.S.Dept. Agric, Forest Serv., SouthernForest Exper. Stat. Rep., pp. 73-76.Brinkman, G.1956. Control termites. Pop. Mech. Mag.,vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 199-202. Mar.Bristowe, W. S.1924. Notes on the habits of insects andspiders in Brazil. Trans. Ent. Soc.London, vol. 72, pp. 475-504, pi. 48.1925. Sound production by insects. Nature,vol. 115, pp. 640-641.Briton, E. B.1957. A revision of the Australian chafers(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolon-thinae). British Mus. (Nat Hist.),Dept. Entomology, vol. 1, pp. 1-185.London.Brock, P.i960. Secrets of the termite underground.The Globe Mag., Toronto, Canada,Mar. 12, p. 15, illustr.Brown, G. E., and Alden, H. M.i960. Protection from termites: penta forparticle board. Forest Prod. Journ.,vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 434-438. Sept.
Bruce, E. L. Co.196 1. How to build out termites, pp. 1-8,illustr. Mar.Bruer, H. L.i960. Finances, personnel, operations stifleenforcement of termite laws. Pest Con-trol, vol. 28, No. 10, pp. 66, 68, 70-72.Oct.Buchli, H.1956. Die Neotenie bei Reticulitermes. Bull.Union Internat. Etude Insectes Sociaux,vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 131-143, 3 figs., Paris.Feb.1956a. Le cycle de developpement descastes chez Reticulitermes. Loc. cit.,vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 395-401, 1 fig. June.1959. I'origine des castes et les potenti-alites ontogeniques des termites Euro-peans du genre Reticulitermes Holm-gren. Thesis Ser. A No. 3207. No.D'Ordre 4079, pp. 263-429, 27 figs., 12tables. Paris. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., vol.20, No. 3, 11 ser., fasc. 3, 18-28, pp.263-429, 26 figs., 12 tables. (1958.)i960. L'effet du champignon parasite An-tennopsis gcdlica sur les jeunes coloniesde termites. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris,vol. 250, pp. 1320-1321. Feb. 15.1960a. Une nouvelle espece de champignonparasite du genre Antennopsis Heimsur les termites de Madagascar. Loc.
cit., vol. 250, pp. 3365-3367. May 16.1960b. Les tropisms lors de la pariade desimagoes de Reticulitermes lucifugus R.Vie et Milieu, vol. 11, fasc. 2, pp. 308-315. Aug.1960c. Le premier accouplement et lafecondite de la jeune reine imaginalechez Reticulitermes lucifugus santo-nensis Feyt. Vie et Milieu, vol. 11, fasc.3, pp. (494) -499. Sept.Buchsbaum, R.1938. Animals without backbones. Univ.Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. (Termites,PP- 34> 47, 253, 292-10, 11, 292-28, 296,332-6, 7.)Bullock, T. H.1947. Obituary. (Light, S. F., 1886-1947.)Science, Nov. 21, pp. 483-484.Bulman, R. A.1959. Timber versus termites; protectionof buildings by efficient wood pre-servatives. African World, Apr. 1959,p. 15.Buswell, W. S., Jr.1955. Termites on a wet tin roof. Pest Con-trol, vol. 23, No. 9, p. 44. Sept.
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Burrs, W. L.1959. Termite chemical dispersion in con-crete blocks. Pest Control, vol. 26,No. 3, p. 32. Mar.196 1. Termites, too, might become resist-ant. Loc. cit., vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 44, 52.Jan.Byerly, T. C.i960. In U.S. Dept. Agric, ARS Public.20-9, i960, Sept. Research in U.S.D.A.on chemicals in agriculture, pp. 1-4.Calaby, J. H.1956. Additions to the termite fauna ofWestern Australia. Western AustraliaNaturalist, vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 89-92.May 29.1956a. The food habits of the frog (Myo-hatrachus gouldi (Gray)). Loc. cit.,vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 93-96, 1 table. May29.1956b. The distribution and biology of thegenus Ahamitermes (Isoptera). Aus-tralian Journ. Zool., vol. 4, No. 2, pp.111-124, illustr. Oct.i960. A note on the food of Australiandesert frogs. Western Australian Natu-
ralist, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 79-80. Jan. 20.1960a. The numbat of South-Western Aus-tralia. The Australian Mus. Mag., vol.13, No. 5, pp. 143-146, illustr. Sydney.Mar. 15.1960b. Observations on the banded ant-eater Myrmecobius f. fascialus Water-house (Marsupialia), with particularreference to its food habits. Proc. Zool.Soc. London, vol. 135, pt. 2, pp. 183-207, 1 fig., 1 pi., 3 tables. Oct.Calaby, J. H., and Gay, F. J.1956. The distribution and biology of thegenus Coptotermes (Isoptera) in West-ern Australia. Australian Journ. Zool.,vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-39, illustr. Mar.1959. Aspects of the distribution and ecol-ogy of Australian termites. Monogr.Biol., vol. 8, pp. 211-223, 1 table.Capco, S. R.1956. A list of plant pests of the Philip-pines, with especial reference to fieldcrops, fruit trees and vegetables. Bur.Plant Industry, Dept. Agric. and Natu-ral Resources, Republic Philippines,Manila, Oct. 19. Processed. (Termites,PP- 9, 17, 32, 44, 5i, 53, 55-56, 64, 66.)Capinpin, R. I.1955. Termite-proofing of building foun-dations. Proc. Conv. Philippines SugarTechnol., pp. 170-172.
Carasso, M.1959. The termite's place in nature. NatureMag., vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 21-24, illustr.Washington, D.C. Jan.Carr, D. R.1957. Timber preservation in New Zealand.Techn. Pap. Forest Res. Inst., NewZealand Forest Serv., vol. 14, pp. 1-19.Casimir, M.1957. Detection and control of termites.Agric. Gaz. N.S. Wales, vol. 68, No. 2,pp. 68-78. Feb.Ceylon, Coconut Research Institute.1958. Paradichlorobenzene in the controlof termites in planting holes. CeylonRes. Inst. Leaflet 30, pp. 1-2.Chaaraoui, A. M., and Chahouan, A. A. M.1955. [Termites and their control.] (InArabic.) Egypt. Agric. Rev., vol. 33,pp. 286-297. July, Sept.Chakravarty, M. M., and Banerjee, A. K.1956. Observations on the holomastigotidand trichonymphid flagellates from anIndian termite. Proc. Calcutta Zool.Soc, vol. 9, pp. 35-44. Mar.Chamberlin, R. V.1925. Notes on chilopods and diplopodsfrom Barro Colorado Island and otherparts of the Canal Zone, with diag-noses of new species. Proc. Biol. Soc.Washington, vol. 38, pp. 35-44.1926. Two new American chilopods. Loc.
cit., vol. 39, p. 10.1944. Chilopods in the collection of theField Museum of Natural History. Zool.Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 28,No. 4, p. 187. Apr. 26.Chapman, A. W.1958. The Ferox process—a protective treat-ment of insulation boards against ter-mites and fungi. Internat. Consulta-tion Bd. Hardbd. and Particle Bd.Techn. Pap., vol. 3, Nos. 5, 24, pp. 1-9.(i957.)Chatterji, S., Sarup, P., and Chopra, S. C.1958. Effect of some modern organic in-secticides on termite damage to wheatcrop. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, sect.B, vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 399-405.i960. Insecticidal trials against termites in-festing wheat plants under unirrigated("barani") conditions. Curr. Sci., vol.29, No. 3, p. 108. Mar.Chaudhry, G. U.1955. Notes on a collection of termitesfrom Pakistan. Pakistan Journ. For-estry, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 40-43. Jan.
8o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Chhotani, O. B.1959. Biological observations on the ter-mite Kalotermes beesoni Gardner. 1stAll India Congr. Zool. (Jabalpur, Oct.1959). Calcutta. (Abstr.), pp. 43-44.Chilson, L. M.i960. New insect records from Molokai.Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc, vol. 17, No.2, p. 171 (1959)- July.Clagg, C. F.1958. Termites from western Pacific islands.Loc. cit., vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 338-339(1957). July.Clagg, C. F., and Keck, C. B.i960. Note. Coptotermes jormosanus Shi-raki. Loc. cit., vol. 17, No. 2, p. 162(1959). July.Clark, E. W., and Craig, R.1953. The calcium and magnesium con-tent in the haemolymph of certain in-sects. Physiol. Zool., vol. 26, pp. 101-107.Clement, G.1956. Observations sur l'essaimage d'Ana-canthotermes ochraceus Burm. (Isop-tera). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 61,Nos. 5-6, pp. 98-103. May-June.1956a. Premieres etapes du developpementde la colonie chez Anacanthotermesochraceus Burm. (Isopt.). Loc. cit.,vol. 61, Nos. 7-8, pp. 148-153. Sept.-Oct.Clement, M. L.1959. The Southern Building Code Con-gress, pp. 1-15. Birmingham, Ala.i960. Idem. 1957-1958 rev. Sects. 101-2612.Clements, W. B.1955. Chimney dwellers. Pest Control, vol.23, No. 12, p. 32. Dec.1956. How to protect homes from decayand termites. Wood Preserving News,vol. 34, No. r, pp. 18-20.Cleveland, L. R.1955. Hormone-induced sexual cycles offlagellates. XIII. Unusual behavior ofgametes and centrioles of Barbula-nympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 97, No.3, pp. 511-542.1958. A factual analysis of chromosomalmovement in Barbulanympha. Journ.Protozool., vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 47-62,illustr.1958a. Movement of chromosomes in Spiro-trichonympha to centrioles instead ofthe ends of central spindles. Loc. cit.,vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 63-68, illustr.
1958b. Photographs of fertilization in thesmaller species of Trichonympha. Loc.
cit., vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 105-115, illustr.1958c. Photographs of fertilization inTrichonympha grandis. Loc. cit., vol.5, No. 2, pp. 1 15-122, illustr.i960. The centrioles of Trichonymphafrom termites and their functions inreproduction. Loc. cit., vol. 7, No. 4,pp. 326-341. Nov.Cleveland, L. R., and Burke, A. W.1956. Effects of temperature and tension onoxygen toxicity for the protozoa ofCryptocercus. Journ. Protozool., vol.3, PP- 74-77- May.Cleveland, L. R., and Nutting, W. L.1954. Protozoa as indicators of develop-mental stages in molting of the roachCryptocercus. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec, vol.120, pp. 785-786. Nov.1955. Suppression of sexual cycles anddeath of the protozoa of Cryptocercus[punctulatus] resulting from change ofhosts during molting period. Journ.Exper. Zool., vol. 130, pp. 485-513. Dec.Coaton, W. G. H.1955. New Isoptera from Belgian Congo(with redescriptions of some namedspecies). Journ. Ent. Soc. SouthernAfrica, vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 109-136, 5figs. Pretoria. Dec. 31.1958. The hodotermitid harvester termitesof South Africa. Sci. Bull. No. 375,Ent. Ser. 43, pp. 1-112, frontispiece and51 figs., 10 tables.i960. Destruction of grazing by harvestertermites. Results in Rapid Karoo en-croachment. Farming in South Africa,vol. 25, No. 10, pp. 6-9, illustr. Jan.1961. Association of termites and fungi.African Wild Life, vol. 15, No. 1, pp.39-54, 17 figs., March. Johannesburg.Cohic, F.1956. Parasites animaux des plantes cul-tivees en Nouvelle-Caledonie et de-pendences Noumea, Inst. Franc.d'Oceanie, pp. 1-91 (mimeogr.). Sept.Collins, M. S.1958. Differences in toleration of dryingand rate of water loss between speciesof termites (Reticulitermes, Kalotermes,Neotermes, Cryptotermes) . (Abstr.)Anat. Rec, vol. 132, No. 3, pp. 423-424. Nov.1959. Studies on water relations in Floridatermites. I. Survival time and rate ofwater loss during drying. Quart.
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Journ. Florida Acad. Sci., vol. 21, No.4, pp. 341-352, 1 fig., 6 tables (Dec.1958). May 28.Concienne, E. A.1959. Lack of entomology degree does notbar PCO's in Louisiana. Pest Control,vol. 27, No. 11, pp. 40, 44. Nov.Conklin, E. G.1951. Obituary. (Heath, Harold, natural-ist, 1868-1951.) Science, vol. 114, pp.433-434. Oct. 26.CONLEY, B. E.1958. First aid for poisoning. Pest Control,vol. 26, No. 1, p. 18. Jan.Cortesi, A.i960. Termites endangering Italian arttreasures. New York Times, Feb. 16,pp. 1, 4, illustr.Coste, R.1955. Les cafeiers et les cafes dans lemonde, vol. 1, pp. 233-318, illus. Nov.25.Cronin, J. E.1959. Biography. Hermann von Schrenk,pp. 1-257, 8 illustr. Chicago.Cufodontis, G.1955. Kritisches Referat iiber die Bedeutungder Termiten fur das Verstandnis derafrikanischen Savannenvegetation. Os-terreich. Bot. Zeitschr., vol. 102, Heft4-5, pp. 501-519. Oct. 26.Das, G. M.1958. Observations on the termites affectingtea in northeast India and their control.Indian Journ. Agric. Sci., vol. 28, pt. 4,PP- 553-56o. Dec.1959. Problems of pest control in tea. Sci.and Cult., vol. 24, pp. 493-498. May.(Termites, p. 8, reprint.)Davis, J. J.1955. Facts you should know about ter-mite prevention and control. WoodConstruction and Building Materialist,vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1-3, illustr. Oct.Davis, S. H.1954. Termite proofing injuries to shadetrees and shrubs. Proc. Nat. ShadeTree Conf., vol. 30, pp. 35-43.Davletshina, A. G., and Bogolyubova, A. S.i960. [Termites in Golodnaya Steppe andhow to control them.] (In Russian.)Termity v golodnoi stepi i mery bor'bys nimi.1960a. [Results of experiments of Anacan-thotermes tur\estanicum Jacobs, con-trol in Golodnaya Steppe.] (In Rus-sian.) RezuFtaty opytov po bor'be s
turkestanskim termitom Anacantho-tertnes turkestanicus Jacobs.Dean, L. A.i960. In U.S. Dept. Agric, ARS Publ.20-9, i960, Sept. Chemistry of pesti-cides in soils, pp. 63-69, 4 figs., 1 table.Debaisieux, P.1938. Organes scolopidiaux des pattes d'in-sectes. II. Cellule, vol. 47, pp. 79-202,28 figs., 12 pis.De la Rue, E. A., Bouriere, F., and Har-roy, J. P.1957. The Tropics. A. A. Knopf, NewYork, pp. 1-208, 80 pis., 34 color pho-tos, and text illustr. (Termites, pp. 27,48, 100, 127, 139, 147, 148, 151.)De Mello, I. F.1952-1954. Sobre a estrutura da Stephano-nympha havilandi (Grassi, 1917) dointestino do Cryptotertnes havilandi(Sjostedt, 1900), termita africano en-contrado no Brasil (Protozoa-Calonym-phidae; Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) . Arq.Inst. Biol. (Sao Paulo), vol. 21, 1952-1954, pp. 127-133, illustr. Mar. 1954.Denis, C.1958. Contribution a l'etude de l'onto-genese sensori-nerveuse du termiteCalotermes flavicollis Fab. Bull. UnionInternat. Etude Insectes Sociaux, vol.5, No. 2, pp. 171-188, 4 figs., 3 tables,June.1958a. Cytologic des terminaisons nerveusesau cours de l'ontogenese de Calotermesflavicollis Fab. (insecte isoptere). Bull.Biol. France et Belg., vol. 92, No. 3,pp. 240-247. 3d quart. 1958.1959. Aspect et evolution des groupes decellules sensorielles peripheriques ob-servers chez le termite Calotermesflavicollis Fab. Proc. Internat. Congr.Zool., vol. 15, pp. 712-713 (1958).Desneux, J.1956. Coordination du travail collectif desouvriers et structures "atypiques" dansles nidifications souterraines d'Apico-termes lamani Sj. (Isoptera, Termi-tidae). Rev. Zool. et Bot. Africaines,vol. 53, fasc. 1-2, 6 pis. Bruxelles.Apr. 14.1956a. (The nest of Apicotermes rimulijexEmerson.) (In French.) Loo cit., vol.53, fasc. 1-2, pp. 92-97, 2 figs. Apr. 14.1956b. Structures "atypique" dans les nidi-fications souterraines $Apicotermeslamani Sj. (Isoptera, Termitidae) misesen evidence par la radiographic Bull.
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Union Internat. Etude Insectes Sociaux,vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 277-281, 3 figs., 3 pis.June.1958. Lcs nids "jumeles" d''Apicotermesarquieri Gr. et Noir. (Isoptera, Ter-mitidae). Rev. Zool. et Bot. Africaines,vol. 58, fasc. 3-4, pp. 281-285, illustr.Dec. 29.1959. Le nid a carateres primitifs d''Apico-termes rimulifex Emerson (Isoptera,Termitidae) . Bull. Ann. Roy. Ent. Soc.Belg., vol. 95, Nos. 9-10, pp. 286-292,1 fig., 2 pis. Oct. 31.Dick, W. E.1957. Atomic energy in agriculture. Philo-sophical Library, New York, pp. 1-150.(The Atoms for Peace Series.)Dickinson, L. E.1961. Natural hazards and the utility in-dustry. Electric Light and Power, Feb.15, pp. 40-43. (Termites, 42-43.)Dieuzeide, R.1930. A propos de quelques acariens com-mensaux des termites dans TAfriquedu Nord. C.R. Assoc. Francaise Ad-vanc. Sci. Alger., 54** session 1930, pp.569-571.DlLLER, J. D.1958. Moisture-barrier performance ofground covers in basementless homes.Forest Res. Notes, Northeastern For-est. Exper. Stat., Upper Darby, Pa.,No. 85, pp. 1-3, 1 fig., 1 table.Dillon, R. M. (Ed.).1956. A study of protection against decayand termites in residential construction.Building Res. Advis. Board for FederalHousing Administr., Nat. Acad. Sci.
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Nat. Res. Counc, Div. Engineeringand Industr. Res., No. 448, pp. 1-60, 2figs. May 10.1958. Addendum A, pp. 1-33, 1 fig. Feb. 11.DlNTHER, J. B. M. VAN.i960. Insect pests of cultivated plants inSurinam. Surinam Landproefsts., Bull.No. 76, p. 21. Feb.Doering, K. W.1958. How termites affect approval of Vet-erans Administration home loans. PestControl, vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 46, 48, 50.May.Dogel', V. A.1956. (Protozoan symbionts of termitesand their general biological significancein the life of their hosts.) (In Rus-sian.) In Poltev and Pavel'eva (Ed.),Infektsionnye i protozoinye boleznipolezmykh i vrednykh nasekomykh,
pp. 47-62. Ref. Moskva, Gosudarsten-noe Izdate l'sto Sel'skokhozia Istven-nol Literatury, 1956.Dorsey, C. K.1958. Termites and carpenter ants in WestVirginia. West Virginia Agric. Exper.Stat. Circ. 105, pp. 1-10, 4 figs.Dorward, K.1956. Spread and new finds of some in-sects in the United States in 1956.Agric. Chem., vol. 11, No. 12, p. 57.Du Bois, K. P., and Geiling, E. M. K.1959. Textbook of toxicology. Oxford Univ.Press, New York, pp. 1-313.Du Chanois, F. R.i960. Some notes on the recently enactedFlorida Structural Pest Control Act of1959. Florida Entomologist, vol. 43,No. 1, pp. 37-39. Mar.1960a. Non-PCO structural pest controlcommissions are more effective. PestControl, vol. 28, No. 10, p. 84. Oct.Dumeleton, L. J.1954. A list of insect pests recorded inSouth Pacific Territories. South Pa-cific Coram. Techn. Pap. No. 79, Dec.(Isoptera, pp. 50-51.)Ebeling, W.1959. Subtropical fruit pests. Univ. Cali-fornia, Los Angeles, Div. Agric. Sci.,pp. 1-436, illustr. (Isoptera, pp. 155,224, 263, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 274,277, citrus pests; 317, avocado pests;325, grape pests.)1959a. Termites! A warning to homeowners. Los Angeles Times, HomeSection, pp. 24-25, 46-47, 1 fig. LosAngeles, Calif. Aug. 16.1959b. Home owners need protection.Wood Preserving News, vol. 37, No.11, p. 4. Nov.Ebeling, W., and Pence, R. J.1956. UCLA entomologists evaluate re-search data on drywood, subterraneantermite control. Pest Control, vol. 24,No. 10, pp. 46, 50, 52, 54-55, 56-57, 58,62, 64, 1 fig., 4 tables. Oct.1957. Relation of particle size to the pene-tration of subterranean termites throughbarriers of sand or cinders. Journ.Econ. Ent., vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 690-692,1 fig. Oct. 31.1957a. The use of pesticides in the prepara-tion of insects for photography. Ann.Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, No. 6, pp.637-638, 2 figs. Nov.1958. Laboratory evaluation of insecticide-treated soils against the western sub-
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terranean termite. Journ. Econ. Ent.,vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 207-211, 3 figs., 4tables. Apr.1958a. Termite control. Prevention andcontrol of the western subterraneantermite. California Agric. Exper. Stat.,Extens. Serv. Circ. 469, pp. 1-16, 4 figs.May.Ebeling, W., Pence, R. J., and Wagner, R. E.1958. UCLA termite research with chemi-cal, physical barriers; inert diluents.Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 50, 52,1 fig. Mar.Ebeling, W., and Wagner, R. E.1959. Two newer weapons for drywoodtermite control. Pest Control, vol. 27,No. 2, pp. 40, 42, 44-46, 2 figs., 1 table.Feb.1959a. Control of drywood termites, in-festation or reinfestation after eradi-cation prevented by treatment with in-ert dusts nontoxic to humans or ani-mals. PCO News, vol. 19, No. 2, pp.5-8, illustr. Los Angeles, Calif. Feb.(Reprinted from California Agricul-ture, vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7-9, Jan. 1959.)1959b. Rapid desiccation of drywood ter-mites with inert sorptive dusts andother substances. Journ. Econ. Ent.,vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 190-207, 5 figs., 11tables. Apr.Eden, T.1958. Tea. Longmans, Green & Co. (Ter-mites, pp. 40, 130-131.)ElDMANN, H.1941. Lehrbuch der Entomologie. PaulParey, Berlin. (Termites, pp. 385, 391,43i» 433, 44°. 474-)Emerson, A. E.1956. Regenerative behavior and social ho-meostasis of termites. Ecology, vol. 37,No. 2, pp. 248-258, 6 figs., 2 tables.Durham, N.C. Apr.1956a. A new species of Apicotermes fromKatanga. Rev. Zool. et Bot. Africaines,vol. 53, fasc. 1-2, pp. 98-101, illustr.Apr. 14.1956b. Ethospecies, ediotypes, taxonomyand evolution of Apicotermes and Al-lognathotermes (Isoptera, Termitidae).Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1771, pp. 1-31,7 figs., 7 tables. May 31.1958. In Weyer (Ed.), 1958, Illustrated li-brary of natural sciences. Simon andSchuster, New York. The termite prob-lem, vol. 4, pp. 2798-2807, illustr.1958a. In Roe and Simpson (Ed.), 1958.Behavior and evolution. Yale Univ.
Press, New Haven. 15. The evolu-tion of behavior among social insects,PP- 3H-355-1959. The African termite genera Firmi-termes, Hoplognathotermes, Acutiden-titermes, Duplidentitermes, and Heimitermes (Termitidae, Termitinae).Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 1947, June 11,pp. 1-42, 12 figs., 8 tables.1959a. Social insects. Encyclopaedia Bri-tannica, 1959, pp. 1-8, 7 figs., reprint.(Termites, pp. 6-7.)1959b. Evolution of the structure and be-havior of termites with a re-examina-tion of the concepts of vestiges reca-pitulation and caenogenesis. Abstr.Autumn Meeting, Nov. 16-18, 1959,Nat. Acad. Sci., Bloomington, Ind.Science, vol. 130, No. 3386, pp. 1416-1417. Nov. 20.i960. New genera of termites related toSubulitermes from the Oriental, Ma-lagasy, and Australian regions (Isop-tera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)
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Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1986, pp. 1-28,11 figs., 2 tables. Mar. 1.1960a. New genera on the Subulitermesbranch of the Nasutitermitinae fromthe Ethiopian region. (Isoptera, Ter-mitidae.) Loc. cit., No. 1987, pp. 1-21,11 figs., 7 tables. Mar. 1.1960b. Six new genera of the Termitinaefrom the Belgian Congo (Isoptera,Termitidae). Loc. cit., No. 1988, pp.1-49, 17 figs., 17 tables. Mar. 1.1960c. The evolution of adaptation in popu-lation systems. In Evolution afterDarwin, pp. 307-348. Univ. ChicagoCentennial, Univ. Chicago Press.i96od. Vestigial characters of termites andprocesses of regressive evolution. Abstr.mimeogr., pp. 1-27, 1 table. Presiden-tial address, Soc. for Study Evolution,Amer. Assoc. Advanc. Sci., sect. FG10.Dec.Emerson, A. E., and Banks, F. A.1957. Five new species and one redescrip-tion of the neotropical genus Armi-termes Wasmann (Isoptera, Ter-mitidae, Nasutitermitinae). Amer. Mus.Nov. No. 1 841, pp. 1-17, illustr. Sept.12.Eno, C. F.1958. Insecticides and the soil. Agric. andFood Chemistry, vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 348-351, illustr. May.Ernst, E.1956. Die Reaktionen von Vier Termi-
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tenarten in der Feuchtigkeitsorgel.Bull. Union Internat. Etude InsectesSociaux, vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 229-231.June.1957. Der Einfluss der Luftfeuchtigkeit aufLebensdauer unter verhalten ver-schiedener Termitenarten. Acta Tro-pica, vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 97-156, illustr.1959. Beobachtungen beim Spritzakt derNasutitermes Soldaten. Rev. SuisseZool., vol. 66, fasc. 2, No. 13, pp. 289-295. Aug.i960. Fremde Termitenkolonien in Cubi-termes Nestern. Loc. cit., vol. 67, Nos.8-25, pp. 203-206, 1 fig. July.Esaki, T.1956. Notes on Hodotermopsis japonicaHolmgren (Isoptera, Hodotermitidae)
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"Alfonso Gallo," 1955-1956, pp. 1-117,34 figs. Roma.Field, H.1956. Termites from near Baghdad, Iraq.Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 53,No. 3, p. 488. Apr.Fonseca, J. P. C. DA.1952-1954. (Control of subterranean whiteants (Termitidae) [Syntermes] harm-ful to Eucalyptus seedlings with or-ganic insecticides.) (In Portuguese.)Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo, vol. 21, pp.13-19-1959. Breve noticia sobre algumas termitesda Guine Portuguesa. Bol. CulturalGuine Portuguesa, No. 56, Ano XIV,pp. 701-704. Bissau.1959a. As termites na paisagem da Guine.Loc. cit., No. 56, Ano XIV, pp. 705-715, 13 figs. Bissau.Forde, E. L.1958. Fumigation of Hawaii's Makikichurch for termites. Pest Control, vol.26, No. 2, pp. 18, 20, 2 figs., 1 table.Feb.Forests Products Journal.1957. A practical approach to the preven-tion of decay and termites in buildingconstruction, panel discussion. ForestProducts Journ., vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 23A-27A. June.Foster, A. C, et al.1956. Some effects of insecticide spray ac-cumulating in soil on crop plants.Techn. Bull. No. 1149, U.S. Dept.Agric. and New Jersey and MississippiAgric. Exper. Stat., pp. 1-36, 1 fig., 16tables.Fotheringham, J.1 88 1. Sound-producing ants. Nature, vol.25, p. 55.Francia, F. C.1957. Subterranean termites and their con-trol. Forestry Leaves (Univ. Philip-pines), vol. 10, No. 1, Arbor WeekIssue, pp. 27-30, illustr.1957a. Drywood termites and their control.Loc. cit., vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 15-17, 19.Nov.Francia, F. C, and Valino, A. J.i960. Wood destroying termites, their eco-nomic significance and control. Lum-berman, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 21-25, 31,illustr. June-July.
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French Standards Association.1957. (Protection of structures against ter-mites in France.) (In French.) FDXNo. 40-501, pp. 1-12, 2 pis., 2 figs.Assoc. Frangaise Normalisation. Paris.Frings, M., and Frings, H.i960. Sound production and sound per-ception by insects. A bibliography.Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, pp. i-108. (Isoptera, p. 101.)Fullaway, D. T., and Krauss, N. L. H.1945. Common insects of Hawaii. TonggPubl. Co., Honolulu. (Termites, pp.21-23, pi. 1, figs. 12, 13.)Gaines, T. B.i960. The acute toxicity of pesticides torats. Toxicol, and Appl. Pharmacol.,vol. 2, No. 1, p. 88. Jan.Gallo, F.1955. [T. easel, a new parasite of termites.](In Italian.) Bol. 1st. Pat. Libro, vol.14, fasc. 1-2, pp. 134-142, 2 pis. Rome.Galtsoff, P. S., et al.1937. Culture methods for invertebrateanimals, 590 pp., 85 figs. ComstockPubl. Co., Ithaca, N.Y.Gannon, N., and Biggs, J. H.1958. The conversion of aldrin and hepta-chlor to their epoxides in soil. Journ.Econ. Ent., vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1-2,1 graph.Garcia, M. L.1958. A case of termite damage to a liv-ing avocado tree. Forestry Leaves(Univ. Philippines), vol. 10, No. 3,Moving-up Day Issue, pp. 25-27, illustr.Gardner, J. C. M.1957. An annotated list of East Africanforest insects. East African Agric. andForestry Res. Org., Forestry Techn.Note No. 7. Harris, W. V., OrderIsoptera, p. 46.Garlick, G. G.1956. Report regarding Building Res. Ad-
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1956. New species of termites from Aus-tralia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales,vol. 80, No. 379, pp. 207-213, illustr.1957. Termite attack on radiata pine tim-ber. Australian Forestry, vol. 21, No.2, pp. 86-91.i960. Some aspects of the life of the ter-mite. Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 13,No. 7, Sept. 15, i960, pp. 228-231,illustr.Gay, F. J., Greaves, T., Holdaway, F. G.,and Wetherly, A. H.1955. Standard laboratory colonies of ter-mites for evaluating the resistance oftimber, timber preservatives, and othermaterials to termite attack. AustralianCommonwealth Sci. and Industr. Res.Org. Bull. No. 277, pp. 1-60, illustr.1957. The development and use of fieldtesting techniques with termites inAustralia. Loc. cit., Bull. No. 280, pp.1-31, 3 pis., 7 tables. Melbourne.Gay, F. J., Harrow, K. M., and Wetherly,A. H.1958. Laboratory studies of termite resist-ance. III. Comparative study of theanti-termitic value of boric acid, zincchloride and "Tanalith U." AustralianCommonwealth Sci. and Industr. Res.Org., Div. Ent., Techn. Pap. No. 4,pp. 1-14, 6 tables. Melbourne.Gay, F. J., and Wetherly, A. H.1958. Laboratory studies of termite re-sistance. I. The anti-termitic value ofsome chlorinated naphthalenes andphenols. Australian CommonwealthSci. and Industr. Res. Org., Div. Ent.,Techn. Pap. No. 2, pp. 1-14, 6 tables.Melbourne.1958a. Laboratory studies of termite re-sistance. II. The termite resistance ofuntreated and treated hardboards. Loc.
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de Yougoslavie. C. R. Seances Soc.Biol., 1929.1931. Proucavanje flagelata nasih termita.Glas Srpske Kraljevske AcademijeNauka, CXLV.Georghiou, G. P.1957. A catalogue of Cyprus insects. Cy-prus Dept. Agric. Techn. Bull. No. 7,pp. 1-65. July. (Termites, p. 4.)Gesell, S. G.1959. Some wood boring insects mistakenfor termites. Pennsylvania State Univ.Extens. Leaflet 217, pp. 1-6. July.Ghidini, G. M.1955. Missione biologica Sagon-Omo di-retta dal Prof. Edoardo Zavattari.Termitidae. Riv. Biol. Colon., Rome,vol. 15 (1955), pp. 69-82, 7 figs.Gibb, G.1859. On the generation of sounds by Ca-nadian insects. Canadian Nat. andGeol., vol. 4, pp. 121-130, 2 figs.Giles, D. T.i960. Termites attack homes on Del-Mar-Va Peninsula. Wood Preserving News,vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 20, 22, 4 figs. July.Gillespie, B. B.1959. Relative toxicity of insecticides totwo species of termites. Proc. 14thAnn. Meeting North-Central Branch,Ent. Soc. Amer. (38th Ann. Conf.North-Central States Entomologists),vol. 14, p. 34. Columbus, Ohio. Mar.25-27.GlRALDI, G.1955. (Termite concentrations of Reticuli-termes lucifugus (Rossi) in Venice.)(In Italian.) Agricultura Venezie,an. 9, No. 9, pp. 487-498, 4 figs. Sept.Glick, P. A.i960. Collecting insects by airplane, withspecial reference to the dispersal of thepotato leafhopper. Techn. Bull. No.1222, U.S. Dept. Agric, pp. 1-16, Apr.Gosswald, K.1955. In Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b. DieGelbhals termite (Calotermes flavicol-lis Fabr.) als Versuchstier, pp. 165-192,5 figs. Leipzig.1956. Laboratory testing of termite resist-ance with the yellow-necked termiteCalotermes flavicollis Fabr. Comp.Wood, vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 65-70. July.1958. Zum Wirkungsmechanismus vonThiodan. Zeitschr. Angew. Zool., vol.45, No. 2, pp. 129-151, 5 figs., 12 tables.
Gosswald, K., and Klojt, W.1958. Radioaktiv Isotope zur Erforschungdes Staatenlebens dcr Insekten. Um-schau, vol. 58, No. 24, pp. 743-745.Dec. 15.1959. [Laboratory experiments on the re-sistance of various materials, especiallytextiles, to Kalotermes fiavicollis Fabr.J(In German.) Ent. Exper. and Appl.,vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 268-278, illustr.1959a. Idem. Entomologica, vol. 2, Heft 4,pp. 257-278.Gouse, D.i960. Muncie, Indiana, PCO designs owntruck for termite work. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 30, 64, 1 fig. Feb.Graf, J. E.1956. Canal Zone Biological Area. Amer.Inst. Biol. Sci., Nov., pp. 16-17.Graham, J. F.1957. Destruction of termite nests. CoffeeBd. Kenya, Monthly Bull, vol. 22, No.255, p. 64. Mar.Grasse, P. P.1954. Origine et repartition geographiquedes termites francaise. Ann. Ecole Nat.Agric. Montpellier (Hommage au Prof.G. Kuhnholtz-Lordat), vol. 29, fasc.3-4, PP- 17-21.1956. In Autuori, 1956. L'instinct dans lecomportement des animaux et del'-homme. Masson et Cle (Ed.), pp. 1-796. Paris. La regulation des activitesinstinctives considered surtout chez lesinsectes, pp. 561-575.1958. Sur le nid et la biologie de Corni-termes cumulans (Kollar), termitesBresilien. Bull. Union Internat. EtudeInsectes Sociaux, vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 189-200, 6 figs., 4 pis. (1 color). June.1959. La reconstruction du nid et les co-ordinations interindividuelles chez Bel-licositermes natalensis et Cubitermessp. La theorie de la stigmergie: essaid'interpretation du comportement destermites constructeurs. Loc. cit., vol. 6,No. 1, pp. 41-83, pis. 1-7, figs. 1-4. Aug.1959a. Une nouveau type de symbiose: lameule alimentaire des termites cham-pignonnistes. La Nature, No. 3293,pp. 385-389, 9 figs. Sept.1959b. Les chromosomes des protozairesetudies au microscope electronique.Proc. Internat. Congr. Zool., vol. 15,pp. 482-483. (1958.)Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C.1948. La "climatisation" de la termitiere par
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Gutierrez, J.1956. The metabolism of cellulose-digesting,symbiotic flagellates of the genus Tri-chonympha from the termite Zooter-mopsis. Journ. Protozool., vol. 3, pp.39-42. Feb.Halsted, C. T.1958. How to make plywood termite proof.Lumberman (Seattle), vol. 85, No. 13,pp. 116-117. Dec. 29.Harris, W. V.1954-1955. (Note. Nests of a species ofApicotermes from Angola.) Proc. Roy.Ent. Soc. London, ser. A, Journ. Meet-ings, vol. 19, No. 7, 1954, p. 35.1954-19553. (Note. Distribution Reticuli-termes flavipes (Kollar) and var. san-tonensis of R. lucifugus). Loc. cit.,vol. 19, No. 9, 1954, p. 44.1955. In Nottingham Univ., Easter SchoolAgric. Sci., 2, 1955. Soil Zool., pp. 62-72. Butterworth. London.1955a. The war on white ants. AustralianDairy Rev., vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 12-13.Apr.1955b. The prevention of termite damageto buildings. Colonial Building Notes,Dept. Sci. and Industr. Res., No. 26,pp. 1-6.1955c. Termites and forestry. Empire For-estry Rev. (London), vol. 34, No. 2,pp. 160-166, illustr. June.i955d. The persistent termite. GlikstenJourn., vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 9-1 1, 1 fig.London. Autumn.1955c An American termite in importedtimber. Wood, vol. 20, pp. 366-367,1 fig. Sept.1955L Exhibit of living Kalotermes nearjouteli and preserved Zootermopsisangusticollis from imported timber.Proc. Roy. Soc. London, ser. C, vol. 20,PP- 36-37-1956. Termite mound building. Bull.Union Internat. Etude Insectes Sociaux,vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 261-268, 3 figs. June.1956a. Results from the Danish Expedi-tion to the French Cameroons, 1949-1950. 12. Isoptera. Bull. Inst. Fran-caise Afr. Noire, ser. A, vol. 18, No. 3,pp. 926-937, 4 figs. July.1956b. Field tests for termite resistance, etc.Colonial Building Notes, Dept. Sci. andIndustr. Res. No. 39, pp. 1-13, 6 figs.,2 tables. Sept.1956c. Termites destructive to timber.British Wood Preserving Assoc, RecAnn. Conv. 1956, pp. 145-177, 5 figs.
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Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 49, pt. 4, pp. 737-750, 14 figs., 1 table, 2 pis. Dec.Heslop-Harrison, G.1958. On the origin and function of thepupal stadia in holometabolous insects.Proc. Durham Univ. Philos. Soc, ser.A, Sci., vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 59-79.Hartman, C. F.i960. The past and future of fire retardantlumber. Proc. Amer. Wood PreserversAssoc, vol. 56, pp. 107-113, preprintpp. 1-7. Apr.Hartvvig, E. K.1955. Control of snouted harvester termites.Farming in South Africa, vol. 30, No.353. PP- 361-366, illustr.1956. The determination of the populationdistribution of Trinervitermes nests asa basis for control measures. Boll. Lab.Zool. Gen. Agr. Portici, vol. 33, pp.629-639, illustr. Naples.Hassler, K.i960. Procedures for, precautions to ob-serve with sub-slab fumigation forsubterranean termites. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42. July.Hatfield, I.1958. Information on wood-destroying or-ganisms for commercial pest controloperators. Pt. II. Diagnosing causesfor wood deterioration. Pest Control,vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 50, 52-54, 56-58, 60,figs. 4-9. Apr. Pt. III. Application ofknowledge and skill to control prob-lems. Loc. cit., pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44.June.Hatfield, I., and Allen, R. van.1956. Termite-repelling wood preservative.Pest Control, vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 32,34, 78, 4 figs., 2 tables. Oct.Haupt, H.1956. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der eozanenArthropodenfauna des Geiseltales. NovaActa Leopoldina (Halle), n.s., vol. 18,No. 128, pp. 1-90, illustr. Dec. 29.Hayes, W. J.1959. The toxicity of dieldrin to man. Bull.World Health Org., vol. 20, No. 5, pp.891-912.i960. Pesticides in relation to public health.Ann. Rev. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 379-404, 4tables, bibliography. Palo Alto, Calif.Heal, R. E.1957. Chemicals in termite control. Soapand Chemical Specialties, vol. 3, No. 8,pp. 73-76, 109, illustr. Aug.1957a. Chemicals in built-in protectionagainst termites. Proc. Chem. Spec.
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x937- Order Isoptera. Laboratory coloniesof termites, pp. 275-278. In Galtsoff,Lutz, Welch, and Needham, 1937. Cul-ture methods for invertebrate animals.Comstock Publ. Co.Henderson, L. S.1958. Stored product insects. Pest Control,vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 14, 16. Oct.Henry, T. R.1958. The strangest things in the world.Public Affairs Press, Washington, D.C.(Termites, pp. 21, 45, 49, 115-117, 137-138.)Hepburn, C. A.1959. Wood borer insects in properties.Journ. South African Building andTimber Trades, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 14-16. Feb.Herfs, A.1955. In Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b. Schwar-men und Koloniegrundung der Ter-minten, pp. 121-130, 4 figs. Leipzig.1955a. Loc. cit. Termiten und Pflanze, pp.i3™59> 9 pk., 26 figs.1956. Wie Verhalt sich Gebirgslarchenholzgegen iiber Termitenfrass? Anz. Schad-lingsk., vol. 29, pp. 2-5. Jan.1956a. Neue Forschungsergebnisse an Ter-miten. Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 39,pp. 481-487. Nov.1959. The termite problem in India. Anz.Schadlingskunde, vol. 32, pp. 148-150.1959a. Termiten und Silberfischen alsPapier-bzw. Biicherschadlinge. Loc. cit.,vol. 32, Heft 12, pp. 178-181, illustr.Dec.Hesse, P. R.1955. A chemical and physical study of thesoils of termite mounds in East Africa.Journ. Ecol., vol. 43, pp. 449-461. July.
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1957. Fungus combs in termite mounds.East African Agric. Journ., vol. 23, No.2, pp. 104-108, illustr. Oct.Hetrick, L. A.1956. Ten years of testing new organic in-secticides as soil poisons against theeastern subterranean termite, Reticuli-termes jlavipes (Kollar). (Abstr.) Bull.Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 28-29. Sept.1957. Ten years of testing organic insecti-cides as soil poisons against the easternsubterranean termite {Reticulitermesflavipes). Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 50,No. 3, pp. 316-317, 2 tables. June.1957a. Evaluation of new chemicals forcontrol of the subterranean termite,Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). OhioState Univ. Abstr. Doct. Diss., 1950-I95i (67). PP- 343-348.1961. Kalotermes approximates Snyder in-fests Roseaceous trees (Isoptera: Kalo-termitidae.) Florida Ent., vol. 44, No.i, PP- 53-54- Mar.Hickin, N. E.1954. Woodworm, its biology and exter-mination. 84 pp. illustr. London. (Ter-mites, chap. 10, pp. 73-75, figs. 71-77.)1957. West comes east: an unwelcometourist. The West Indian drywood ter-mite in East Africa and some notes forits extermination. African World, Apr.,p. 23, illustr.1959. An introduction to the study of wooddecay. Pest Technol., vol. 1, No. 12,pp. 270-273, illustr. Sept. (Isoptera,P- 273-)i960. Collecting species found in Europe;termites in France. Timber Technol.,vol. 68, No. 2258, pp. 459-461, 7 figs.Dec.1961. Isoptera in England: a record of ac-cidental importation. Timber Technol.,vol. 69, No. 2259, pp. 26-27, illustr. Jan.Hill, R. L.1958. Fumigation techniques in structuralinsect control. Mil. Eng., vol. 50, No.336, pp. 271-272. July-Aug.Hindwood, K. A.1959. The nesting of birds in the nests ofsocial insects. Emu, vol. 59, pt. 1, pp.1-36, 7 pis. Mar.Hoag, R.1959. Rules and regulations Structural PestControl Board (California). P.C.O.News, vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 3-5, 9. Oct.
Hobbs, K. R.1961. A key to help PCO's [Pest ControlOperators] identify wood-destroyingorganisms. Pest Control, vol. 29, No.2, pp. 14, 16, 18, illustr. Feb.HOLDSWORTH, H. P.1959. Getting rid of termites. Ohio Agric.Coll. Extens. Bull. 389, pp. 1-6, folder.May.Hopkin, M. S.1958. Protection of timber against termites;life of buildings prolonged by efficientwood preservation. African World,Apr., p. 15.Howell, D. E.i960. How insecticides kill. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 12, 14, 16, 2 figs.Jan.Hrdy, I.1958. (Termites in Czechoslovakia.) (InCzechoslovakian.) Vedecka Kniha(Nakladatelstvi Ceskoslovenske Akade-mie ved), No. 1, p. 12, 1 fig.1959. (Versuch um Erhohung der Resistenzder Faserholzplatten gegen Termiten-beschadigung. I. Beitrag zum Studiumder Resistenz verschiedener Materialiengegeniiber Insektenschadlinge.) (InCzechoslovakian.) Zool. Listy, vol. 8,No. 3, pp. 193-207.In press. Contribution to the knowledge ofEuropean species of the genus Reticuli-termes (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Rhino-termitidae). Acta faunistica entomolo-gica Musei nationalis Prague.In press. Pnspevek k metodice laborator-nich zkousek odolnosti materialuproti vsekazum.—Zur Methodik derLaborpriifungen von Materialfestigkeitgegen den Termitenfrass. Drevarskyvyskum, Bratislava. Czech, with Ger-man and Russian summary.Hrdy, I., and Hrda, J.i960. Srovnani ucinnosti DDT a yHCHna termity Kalotermes flavicollis a Re-ticulitermes lucifugus. (Effect of DDTand Lindane on termites Kalotermesflavicollis and Reticulitermes lucifu-gus.) Zoologicke Listy (Folia zoolo-gica), Brno, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 209-215.Czech, and English.Hrdy, I., and Novak, V. J. A.In press. A contribution to the questionof nonspecificity of the exohormones.Proc. nth Internat. Congr. Ent., Symp.Insect Chemistry.
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Hrdy, I., Novak, V. J. A., and Skrobal, D.i960. Influence of the queen inhibitory sub-stance of honeybee on the developmentof supplementary reproductives in thetermite Kalotermes flavicollis. TheOntogeny of Insects (Acta symposii deevolutione insectorum, Praha, 1959),pp. 172-174.Huff, G. E.1959. Cold-blooded termites. Pest Control,vol. 27, No. 2, p. 61. Feb.Hunt, F.1958. Florida home owners termite guide,pp. 1-93, 81 figs. St. Petersburg, Fla.Hunt, R.1958. Which is which [Embioptera or ter-mite]? Pest Control, vol. 27, No. 2,p. 31. Feb.1958a. Dermestids on termite diet. Loc. cit.,vol. 26, No. 2, p. 58. Feb.Hunt, R. W.i960. Wood preservatives as deterrents todrywood termites in the Southwest.Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 52, No. 6 (Dec.1959), pp. 1211-1212. Jan.Hurd, P. D., Jr., and Smith, R. F.1957. The meaning of Mexico's amber.Pacific Discovery, vol. 10, No. 9, pp.6-7, illustr. Mar.-Apr.Hurd, P. D., Jr., Smith, R. F., and Usinger,R. L.1958. Cretaceous and tertiary insects in Arc-tic and Mexican amber. Proc. 10thInternat. Congr. Ent., Montreal, Aug.17-25, 1956, vol. 1, p. 851. Dec.Ikehara, S.1957. The termite fauna of the RyukyuIslands and its economic significance.(1.) Bull. Arts and Sci. Div. RyukyuUniv. No. 1, pp. 44-61, 8 figs., I table.Dec.Imms, A. D.1957. A general textbook of entomology.(Revised by Richards, O. W., andDavies, R. G., 1957.) Metheun andCo., London. (Termites, pp. 366-395,figs. 289-314.)India, Ministry Food and Agriculture.1958. White ant trouble; treating soil withchemicals. Indian Forester, vol. 84,No. 12, p. 748. Dec.Ingle, L.1956. The toxicity of chlorinated hydro-carbon insecticides. Ann. MeetingOhio Pest Control Assoc, Springfield,Ohio, Dec. 3, processed pamphl., pp.1-11.
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Reticulitames(Leucotermes) lucijugus Rossi. [Habitsand distribution in Rumania.] Rev.stiint. Adamachi 1936, No. 3, reprintpp. 1-7, 7 figs. Jassy.1939. Sur l'ecologie du Termite lucifuge.C. R. Inst. Sci. Roum., vol. 3, No. 2.1951. Isoptera of Rumania. Fauna Rep.Pop. Romane Insecta, vol. 8, fasc. 2,pp. 1-22, 10 figs.1959. La repartition geographique etl'ecologie des termites dans le sud-est del'Europe. Acad. Rep. Pop. Roumanie,Rev. Biol., vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 107-116,8 figs. Bucarest.Ionescu, M. A., and Murgoci, A.1949. Recherches sur la fauna intestinaledes termites en Roumania. Bull. Sec.Sci. Acad. Rep. Pop. Roumania, vol. 30,1947-1948, pp. 618-623.1950. Noi contributiuni la studiul fauneiintestinale la Reticulitermes lucijugusin R.P.R. Bull. St. Acad. Rep. Pop.Roumania, vol. 2, p. 1.Isherwood, H. R.1955. Subterranean termite control. PestControl, vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 12, 14. July.1957. Pressure-treated wood tops shields inhome mechanical termite control. Loc.
cit., vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 32-33, 1 dia-gram. Nov.Jackson, W. F.1957. Termite resistance test on resinbonded wood waste containing BHC.Malayan Forester, vol. 20, No. r, pp.49-50. Jan.Jacobson, M.1958. Insecdcides from plants. A review ofthe literature, 1941-1953. U.S. Dept.Agric, Agric. Handbook No. 154, pp.1-229. Sept.Jacquiot, C.1957. Les termites de France. Centre Tech.Bois, Apr., pp. 1-7 (new ed.).Jakobi, H., and Loyola E. Silva, J. de.1959. [Control of parasites of termites bybiochemistry.] (In Portuguese.) Rev.Brasil. Biol., vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 113-117.Aug.
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Janjua, N. A., and Khan, M. H.1955. Insect pests of wheat in West Pakis-tan. Agric. Pakistan (Karachi), vol. 6,No. 3, Dec. [corrected to Sept.], pp.67-74.Jenkins, C. F. H.i960. Termites"or white ants. Journ. West.Australian Dept. Agric, ser. 4, vol. 1,No. 2, pp. 117-118, 121-123, illustr. Feb.Johnston, H. R.1956. Soil poisons for subterranean ter-mites. U.S. Forest Serv., South. For-estry Exper. Stat. Occas. Pap. 152, pp.1-8.1958. Tests with soil poisons for controllingsubterranean termites. Pest Control,vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 9-16, 3 figs., 3 tables.Feb.1958a. Soil poisons for the prevention andcontrol of subterranean termites inbuildings. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr.Ent., Montreal Aug. 17-25, 1956, vol. 4, jpp. 423-431, 3 tables. Dec.1959. Soil poisons. Pest Control, vol. 27,No. 3, p. 32. March.i960. Note on persistence termiticides in
soil. Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 44-45.Sept.1960a. Soil treatments for subterraneantermites. U.S. Forest Service, South.For. Exp. Stat. Occas. Pap. 152 (re-vised), pp. 1-6.1961. Volatilization is big factor in stabilityof termiticides in soil. Loc. cit., vol. 29,No. 1, pp. 40, 42. Jan.Johnston, H. R., and Osmun, J. V.i960. Good-by termite control. Pest Con-trol, vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 62-63. May.Jones, G. D.1958. Control of termites and powder postbeetles. North Carolina State Agric.Coll. Extens. Leaflet 27, pp. 1-2. Feb.Jongen, P., and Oosten, M. van.1956. Les sols de "replat a termitiere" del'Ubangi. (Abstr.) Congr. Internat.Sci., Sol., Rap. 6(A), p. 247.Jottrand, M., and Detilleux, E.1959. Le probleme des termitieres dans laregion d'Elizabethville. Inst. Nat.Etude Agron. Congo Beige, B, vol. 8,No. 2, pp. 111-129. In B. Agric. CongoBeige, vol. 50, No. 2. Apr.Jucci, C.1956. Ricerche sulle ghiandole endocrinenelle termiti un nuovo campo di stu-dio: La endocrinologia comparata degliisotteri. Bull. Union Internat. Etude
Insectes Sociaux, vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 283-284. June.1958. Physiogenetic researches on resistanceof insects (mosquitoes, flies, termites,and silkworms) to insecticides. IndianJourn. Malariol., vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 475-479. Dec.1959. Ricente ricerche sulla biologia delletermiti. Symposia Genetica, vol. 7, pp.16-28. Pavia.i960. Le societa. degli insetti. SymposiaGenetica et Biologica Italica, vol. 7, pp.1-24. Pavia.Kaiser, P.1955. Die Inkretorgane der Termiten imKastendifferenzierungsgeschehen. Na-turwissenschaften, vol. 42, pp. 301-304.May 31.1956. Hormonalorgane steuern die Kasten-entwicklung der Termiten. Umschau,vol. 56, pp. 651-653. Nov. 1.1956a. Die Hormonalorgane der Termitenmit der Enstehung ihrer Kasten. Mit-teil. Hamburgischen Zool. Mus. undInst., vol. 54, pp. 129-178, 10 text figs.,2 figs., pi. 2. Dec.Kalshoven, L. G. E.1955. Observations on Macrotcrmes gilvusin Java. Bull. Union Internat. EtudeInsectes Sociaux, vol. 2, No. 4, pp.313-321, 2 pis. Dec.1956. Observations on the inner structureof Macrotermes gilvus mounds in Java.(1.) Loc. cit., vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 269-272,4 figs., June.1956a. Observations on Macrotermes gilvusin Java. Accumulations of finely cutvegetable matter in nests. (1.) Loc.
cit., vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 455-461, 1 pi.,1 table. June.1957. Further observations on the dispersaland settling of Neotermes alates inteak forests in Java. Idea, vol. 10, No.4, pp. 7-12. Djakarta.1958. Observations on the black termites,Hospitalitermes spp., of Java and Su-matra. Bull. Union Internat. EtudeInsectes Sociaux, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 9-30, 4 figs., 3 pis. Jan.1959. Investigations of the initial infesta-tion of new teak plantations by thetrunk-inhabiting termite, Neotermestectonae Damm., in Java. Ent. Berich-ten, vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 138-143. July.1959a. Observations on the initial coloniesof Neotermes tectonae Damm. in teaktrees. Bull. Union Internat. Etude In-
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sectes Sociaux, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 231-242, 1 fig., 1 table. Nov.i960. Data on the occurrence of Glypto-termes and Neotermes species in Javaand Sumatra. Ent. Berichten, vol. 20,No. 2, pp. 34-40. Feb. 1.1960a. Biological notes on die Cryptotermesspecies of India. Acta Trop., vol. 17,No. 3, pp. 263-272.Kalyanaraman, V. M., Narayanaswamy,P. S., and David, A. L.i960. Insecticidal control of termites at-tacking sugarcane. Madras Agric.Journ., vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 166-171. Apr.Kapur, A. P.1953. Entomological Section. Pests of hosttrees. Indian Lac Res. Inst., Ann. Rep.,1951-1952, pp. 12-13.Karaman, Z.1954. Uber die Termiten Jugoslaviens.Fragmenta Balcanica, vol. 1, No. 3,pp. 21-30, illustr. Jan. 5.Karlson, P., and Butenhand, A.1959. Pheromones (ectohormones) in in-sects. Ann. Rev. Ent., vol. 4, pp. 49-51.Palo Alto, Calif.Kassab, A., Chaarawi, A. M., Hassan, M. I.,and Shahwan, A. M.i960. The termite problem in Egypt withspecial reference to control. UnitedArab. Rep. Minis. Agric, Agric. Ex-tens. Dept., pp. 1-9 1.Katz, H.1958. Root subway for sub-termites. PestControl, vol. 26, No. 7, p. 49. July.1958a. Hydrocarbons and alkaline soils.
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Stability. Loc. cit., vol. 26, No. 9, p. 6.Sept.1959. Threshold of termite control. Loc.
cit., vol. 27, No. 1 1, p. 46. Nov.1961. Old standbys, PDB and naphthalene,will suppress posttreatment swarmers.Loc. cit., vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 40, 43. Jan.1961a. Some new ideas on soil poisoning.Loc. cit., vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 9, 11-12, 64.Feb.Kay, D.i960. Termites [Neotermes aburiensis] at-tacking living tissues of Theobromacacao L. in Nigeria. Proc. Roy. Ent.Soc. London, Ser. A, Gen. Ent., vol. 35,Nos. 4/6, p. 90. July 15.Kempry, P.1905. Beitrag zur NeuropteroidenfaunaRumaniens. Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucuresti,vol. 14.
Kenaga, E. E.1957. Some biological, chemical and physi-cal properties of sulfuryl fluoride as aninsecticidal fumigant. Journ. Econ.Ent., vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 1-6, 1 fig., 10tables. Feb.Kerr, S. H, and Brogden, J. E.i960. What does relative toxicity of pesti-cides mean? Pest Control, vol. 28, No.12, p. 19. Dec.Kevan, D. K. McE.1956. Massive termitaria in the Ogaden.Proc. 14th Internat. Congr. Zool., Co-penhagen, 1953, vol. 14, pp. 498-499.Kevan, D. K. McE., et al. (Ed.)1955. Soil zoology, pp. 1-512, illustr. Lon-don.Khai.af, K. T.1959. A collection of insects from Iraq.Iraq. Nat. Hist. Mus. Publ. No. 17,pp. 18-19, Isoptera. Dec.Khan, M. A., and Ahmad, M.1954. The termites of Lahore. Proc. 6thPakistan Sci. Conf. Lahore, pt. 3, p.140 (Abstr.). (List.)1955. The imago of Kalotermes beesoniGardner (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)
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Klem, G. G.1957. A new method for testing treatedwood specimens. Forest ProductsJourn., vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 20A-21A.Sept.Knipling, E. F.i960. In U.S. Dept. Agric, ARS Publ. No.20-9, i960, Sept. Use of insecticides,attractants and repellents, pp. 28-36.KOPPENHAFER, W. D.i960. Quotation sheet Abalene uses to es-timate and justify its bids. Pest Con-trol, vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 54-55. Aug.Kowal, R. J.1957. The National Research Council'sstudy of protection against decay andtermites in residential construction.(Abstr.) Proc. Assoc. South. Agric.Workers, vol. 54, pp. 155-156.1957a. Index to your cooperating publicagencies. Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 12,pp. 9, 10, 36. Dec.1958. Forest entomology in southern UnitedStates. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Ent.,Montreal, Aug. 17-25, 1956, vol. 4, pp.399-406, 1 fig. Dec. (Termites, p. 401.)Krantz, G. W.1958. Lobogyniella tragardhi, a new genusand species of diplogynid mite asso-ciated with dampwood termites in Ore-gon. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol.60, No. 3, pp. 127-131, 3 figs. June.Krauss, N.1957. Notes and exhibitions. Proc. HawaiianEnt. Soc. for 1956, vol. 16, No. 2,p. 186. May.Krishna, K.1956. Two new species of CoptotermesWasmann from Malaya (Isoptera,Rhinotermitidae, Coptotermitinae)
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Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 1809, pp. 1-5,2 figs., 2 tables. Dec. 7.Kurir, von A.1956. Europe's termite problem and inter-national cooperation. (Proc. Internat.Union Forest Res. Org. Congr.), vol.12, 2, sect. 24, pp. 290-292, publ. 1958.Oxford.1958. Termitengefahr fur Osterreich undsomit fur Zentraleuropa durch die gelb-fiissige Termite {Reticiditermes flavipesKollar). Holzverwertung, 10 Jahrg.,Heft 1, pp. 1-15, 14 figs. Wien.1958a. Bemerkungen zum Thema 'Ter-mitengefahr in Osterreich." Loc. cit.,10 Jahrg., Heft 5, pp. 84-87.1959. Termitenvorkommen in Osterreichund die Moglichkeit einer radikalen
Ausrottung. Prakt. Schadlingsbekamp-fer, vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 101-104. Sept.Kushwaha, K. S.1955. External morphology of the soldierof Odontotermes obesus (Rambur).Curr. Sci. (India), vol. 24, No. 6, pp.203-204. June.1959. A preliminary account of externalmorphology of the worker and alateof Odontotermes obesus (Rambur).Loc. cit., vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 298-299.July.1959a. Chaetotaxy of the soldier, workerand alate of the termite Odontotermesobesus (Rambur). Loc. cit., vol. 28,No. 10, pp. 415-417. Oct.i960. A note on infestation of termites (In-secta: Isoptera) around Udaipur (Ra-jasthan) . Sci. and Cult., vol. 26, No. 1,pp. 39-40, illustr. July.1960a. Chaetotaxy of the termite, Odonto-termes assmuthi Holmgren (Isoptera:Termitidae), pt. I, soldier. IndianAcad. Sci. Proc, sect. B, vol. 52, No. 2,pp. 54-65, illustr. Aug.Kyle, C. V.1958. Removal and replacement of floortile on termite jobs. Pest Control, vol.26, No. 7, pp. 32, 34, 36, 38, 49. July.Lambinet, F.1959. Le glande mandibulaire du termite acou jaune (Calotermes flavicollis) . Bull.Union Internat. Etude Insectes Sociaux,vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 163-177, 9 figs., 2tables. Nov.Lance, W. D.1958. New proposed fumigation specifica-tions. P.C.O. News, vol. 18, No. 12, pp.9-10. Los Angeles, Calif. Dec.i960. Below waterline termites. Pest Con-trol, vol. 28, No. 5, p. 6. May.Lasker, R.1959. In Ray (Ed.), 1959. Cellulose di-gestion in insects, pp. 348-355, 3 tables.Latif, A., and Jilani, S. G.1957. Control of white ant on chillies.(Abstr.) Proc. Pakistan Sci. Conf.,vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 11-12.Lavette, A.1959. Les phosphatases acides chez lesflagelles symbiotiques des termites.C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 248, No. 3,PP. 474-476- Jan. 19.Lee, P. G. M.1959. Termite control in Malaya. Pest Con-trol, vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 34-35, 1 fig.Feb.
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1959a. Operation termite. World Crops,vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 63-64. Feb.Lefevre, F.1956. (The control of termites at StationI.F.A.C. of date palms of Kankossa,Mauritius.) (In French.) Fruits, vol.11, pp. 47-50. Feb.Lehman, A. J.1951. Chemicals in foods: A report to theAssociation of Food and Drug Officialson current developments. Pt. II. Pesti-cides. Bull. Assoc. Food and DrugOfficials, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 122-133.Oct.1952. Chemicals in foods: A report to theAssociation of Food and Drug Officialson current developments. Pt. II. Pesti-cides. Sect. II. Dermal toxicity. Loc.
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pp. 1-1100, 250 illustr. McNair-DorlandCo., New York. (Termites, pp. 219-324, figs. 45-78.)Mamet, J. R.1955. A revised food-plant catalog of theinsects of Mauritius. Dept. Agric.Mauritius Bull. No. 90, Port Lewis.July. (Termites, pp. 46-47, 74, 79.)Manuel, W. W.1958. Legal requirements of a termite re-port. Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 8, pp.36, 38, 40. Aug.Manzanilla, E. B., and Ynalvez, L. A.1958. Essential amino acid content of sometropical termites. Philippine Agric,vol. 42, No. 1, p. 36. June.Marcus, H.1958. Uber die Polymorphic Zool. Anz.,vol. 161, Heft 3-4, pp. 61-77, JI %s -»1 table. Leipzig.Marechek, G. I.1951. (Termite pests of buildings in Uzbe-kistan and methods of their control.)(In Russian.) Izdat. Anuz. SSR Ta-shent, Str. 1-29.Marotta, A.1954. (Root rot and Reticulitermes lucif-ugus cause the death of plants.) (InItalian.) Agr. Sarda, vol. 31, pp. 337-338. Nov.-DecMartelli, M., and Arru, G. M.1957-1958. Ricerche preliminari sull' en-tomofauna della Quercia da sughero("Quercus suber" L.) in Sardegna, B.di Zool. Agr. e Bachicolt., ser. 2, vol.1, pp. 5-49, illustr.Martinez, J. B.1952. (Conservation of wood in theoretical,industrial, and economic aspects, vol. 1.Technical studies of oleaginous anti-septics.) (In Spanish.) Inst. Forestales.Investig. Experience, pp. 1-550, 113 pis.,90 figs. Madrid.1956. Los termites en Espafia: biologia,dahos y metodos para combatirlos.Montes, vol. 12, pp. 102-117, illustr.Madrid.1957. El termes de madera seca {Crypto-termes brevis) en las islas Canarias.Loc. cit., vol. 13, No. 75, pp. i47-l6l »4 pis. May-June.1958. Los termes en Espafia. 2d. ed. Minis-teria de Agricultura. Direccion Gen.de Montes, Casa y Pesca Fluvial Ser-vicio de Plagas Forestales. Ser. B, No.6, Afio 1958, pp. 1-29, 11 figs. Madrid.
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Martynova, O.196 1. Palaeoentomology. In Ann. Rev.Ent., vol. 6, pp. 285-294.Mason, N. P.1958. FHA home owner's guide. FederalHousing Admin., Washington, D.C.,pp. 1-18, illustr.1958a. MPS (Minimum Property Stand-ards) of FHA for termite protection.Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 12, pp. 19-20, photo. Dec.Mathieu, H.1957. Le peril des termites en France. Boiset Seieries, vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 87-91.Jan. 17.1959. Ce fleau meconnu, le termite. 92 pp.,illustr. Paris, Bailliere. Feb. 18.Mathur, R. N.i960. Glyptotermes nigrijrons sp. n. fromSouth India (Insecta: Isoptera: Kalo-termitidae). Entomologist, vol. 93, No.1 163, pp. 79-85, illustr. Apr.1960a. Timber pests and their control inhouses. Indian Forester, vol. 86, No. 6,pp. 374-380, 5 figs. Dehra Dun. June.(Termites, pp. 376-378.)Mathur, R. N, and Chhotani, O. B.1959. Revision of Stylotermes Holmgrenand Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinoter-mitidae: Stylotermitinae) . Zool. Anz.,vol. 163, Heft 1-2, pp. 40-53, illustr.July.i960. Three queens in mounds of Odonto-termes wallonensis (Wasmann). (Ter-mitidae: Isoptera). Indian Forester,vol. 56, No. 10, pp. 623-624, 3 figs.Dehra Dun.Mathur, R. N, and Sen-Sarma, P. K.1958. A new species of Anacanthotermesfrom South India (Insecta: Isoptera:Hodotermitidae) . Entomologist, vol.91, No. 1 146, pp. 233-241, illustr. Nov.1958a. Hitherto unknown imago caste ofthe species of Globitermes, Microcero-tertnes and Odontotermes from Indo-Malayan Region. (Isoptera: Termi-tidae). Indian Forest. Bull., No. 213(n. s.), Ent., pp. 1-9, illustr.1959. Notes on the habits and biology ofDehra Dun termites, pt. 1. Journ.Timber Dryers and Preserver's Assoc.India, vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 3-9, illustr.July.1959a. Two new termites, Emersomtermesthe^adensis gen. et sp. nov. and Tri-nervitermes nigrirostris sp. nov. fromIndia (Insecta: Isoptera). Zeitschr.Angew. Ent., vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 66-78,5 figs-, 3 tables.
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17 tables; preprint, pp. 1-18, 13 tables.Apr.1957. Wood preservation statistics 1956.Proc. Amer. Wood Preserv. Assoc, vol.53, pp. 281-314, 1 map, 17 tables.1958. Wood preservation statistics 1957.Loc. cit., vol. 54, pp. 259-291, 1 map,17 tables; preprint, pp. 1-16, 14 tables.Apr.1959. Wood preservation statistics 1958.Loc. cit., vol. 55, pp. 255-287, 16 tables,1 map; preprint, pp. 1-16, 14 tables.Apr.i960. Wood preservation statistics 1959.Loc. cit., vol. 56, pp. 249-283, 17 tables,1 map; preprint, pp. 1-16, 12 tables.Apr.Mesecher, R. B.1957. How to remove, repair, replace base-boards. Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 2,pp. 20, 22, 45. Feb.Metcalf, R. L.1955. Organic insecticides, pp. 1-402, 7illustr., 70 tables. Interscience Publish-ers, Inc., New York.(Ed.), 1957. Advances in pest control re-search, vol. 1, pp. 1-522, 5 figs., 2 tables.Interscience Publishers, Inc., NewYork.(Ed.), 1958. Idem, vol. 2, pp. 1-426.Meyer, F. J., and Spalding, D. H.1958. Anti-termite and anti-fungus treat-ments for fiberboard, hardboard andparticle board. Internat. Consultation,Insulation Bd., Hardbd. and ParticleBd. Techn. Pap., vol. 3, Nos. 5, 24( IO-57), PP- J -I0> refer.Meyer, M. T.i960. Exposed second floor termites in fotostudio. Pest Control, vol. 28, No. 2,p. 52, 1 fig. Feb.Miller, D.1956. Bibliography of New Zealand ento-mology. Partly annotated. 1775-1952.Monogr. New Zealand Dept. Sci. andIndustr. Res. Bull. 120, pp. 1-492, 1map. (Termites, pp. 477-478.)MlLSUM, J. N.1959. The luscious mango. World Crops,vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 425-428. Dec.Moneo-Trallero, M.1959. Las termitas. Cult. Mod., vol. 42, No.1, pp. 21-22. Jan.Monro, H. A. U.i960. Modern fumigants for the control ofpests. Proc. Ann. Conf. Assoc. PublicHealth Inspectors, pp. 1-13, 2 figs., 5tables. Scarborough, England. Sept.
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Roonwal, M. L., and Krishna, K.1955. Systematics of Oriental termites. 2. Anew species Coptotermes gaurii fromCeylon. Indian Journ. Agric. Sci., vol.25, pt. 2, pp. 143-152, 3 figs., 3 ap-pendices. June.Roonwal, M. L., and Sangal, S. K.i960. Variability in the mandibles ofsoldiers in the termite Odontotertnesobesus (Rambur). (Isoptera, familyTermitidae.) Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 55,pts. 1-4, pp. 1-22, 7 figs., 10 tables.Sept. 26.Roonwal, M. L., and Sen-Sarma, P. K.1955. Biology and ecology of Orientaltermites (Isoptera). 3. Some observa-tions on Neotermes gardneri (Snyder)(family Kalotermitidae). Journ. Bom-bay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 53, No. 2, pp.234-239, illustr. Dec.1956. Systematics of Oriental termites(Isoptera). No. 3. Zoological Surveyof India collections from India andBurma, with new termites of thegenera Parrhinotermes, Macrotermes,Hypotermes and Hospitalitermes. In-dian Journ. Agric. Sci., vol. 26, pt. 1,pp. 1-38, 9 figs., 5 tables. Mar.1958. Contributions to the systematics ofOriental termites. Indian Counc.Agric. Res., Ent. Monogr. No. 1, pp.1-406, 65 pis. New Delhi.i960. Idem. Indian Counc. Agric. Res., Ent.Monogr. No. 1, p. 407.Rosen, H. J.1958. Review. Protection against decay andtermites. Rep. No. 448, Building Res.Advis. Bd., May 10, 1956. ProgressiveArchitecture, Jan. 1958, p. 127.Rudman, P., and Da Costa, E. W. B.1958. The causes of natural durability intimber. The role of toxic extractivesin the resistance of silver top ash{Eucalyptus sieberiana F. Muell.) todecay. Div. Forests Prod. Techn.Pap. No. 1, pp. 1-8. Canberra, Aus-tralia.Rudman, P., Da Costa, E. W. B., Gay, F. J.,and Wetherly, A. H.1958. Relationship of tectoquinone to dura-bility in Tectona grandis. Nature, vol.181, pp. 721-722, 3 tables. Mar. 8.Rui, D.1956. Die Termitenherde in Venetien(Italien) . Anz. Schadlingsbekampfung,Jahrg. 29, Heft 1, pp. 1-2. Berlin. Jan.Russell, R. M.1958. Relationship of construction to sub-
termite infestations. Pest Control, vol.26, No. 10, pp. 74, 76, 78, 80, 2 figs.Oct.St. George, R. A.1957. Protecting yews from termitedamage. Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 4,pp. 38, 40, 42, 44, illustr. Apr.St. George, R. A., Johnston, H. R., andKowal, R. J.i960. Subterranean termites. Their pre-vention and control in buildings. U.S.Dept. Agric. Home and Garden Bull.No. 64, pp. 1-30, 22 figs. Jan.Salmon, J. T.1941. The collembolan fauna of New Zea-land, including a discussion of its dis-tribution and affinities. Trans. Roy.Soc. New Zealand, vol. 70, pt. 4,p. 348—termitophile. Mar.Salmond, K. F.1956. Arthropods associated with storedgroundnuts in Nyasaland. East Afri-can Agric. Journ., vol. 21, No. 3, pp.148-151, illustr. Jan.Saleem, M.1955. Two new genera of hypermastigoteflagellates from the termite Archo-termopsis wroughtoni (Desneux). Bio-logia, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 34-39, 3 figs.Lahore. June.Sandermann, W.1955. In Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b. (Thechemical basis of wood protectants foruse against termites and methods ofapplication.) (In German.) Pp. 206-244, 19 figs., 10 tables.Sandermann, W., and Dietrichs, H. H.J957- (Research on termite-resistantwoods.) (In German.) Holz als Roh-und Werkst., vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 281-297. July.Sanderson, M. W., and Farr, T. H.i960. Amber insect and plant inclusionsfrom the Dominican Republic. Science,vol. 131, No. 3409, p. 1313. Apr. 29.Sands, W. A.1956. A new species of Mimeutermes fromthe Gold Coast (Isoptera: Nasutiter-mitinae) . Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London,
ser. B, vol. 25, pts. 5-6, pp. 83-84, 1 fig.June 15.1956a. Some factors affecting the survivalof Odontotertnes badius. Bull. UnionInternat. Etude Insectes Sociaux, vol.3, No. 4, pp. 53 I"536, 1 fig-, 1 taWe.Oct.
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1957. The soldier mandibles of the Nasuti-termitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae). Loc.
cit., vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 13-24, 5 figs. Jan.1957a. A revision of the East AfricanNasutitermitinae (Isoptera) . Bull.British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomology,vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-28, 6 figs. London.Mar.1959. A revision of the termites of thegenus Amitermes from the Ethiopianregion. (Isoptera, Termitidae, Amiter-mitinae.) Loc. cit., vol. 8, No. 4, pp.127-156, 6 text figs. Aug.i960. Termite control in West Africanafforestation. Rep. Seventh Common-wealth Entomological Conference, 6thto 15th July i960, pp. 106-108. London.Dec.Sapp, D. R.i960. Combines shields-pretreat avoidsFHA warranty clause. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 2, p. 68. Feb.Sastry, K. S. S.1956. Some common insect pests of sugar-cane in the Visvesvaraya Canal Tract.Mysore Agric. Journ., vol. 31, No. 2,pp. 77-83. Apr.-June.Schefer-Immel, V.i960. Review. "Zur Laboratoriumprufungvon Textilen auf Termitenfestigkeitmit Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr." Goss-wald and Kloft Entomologica, vol. 2,Heft 4, pp. 257-278, 1959. Anzeig.Schadlingskunde, Schadlingsbekam-pfung, 33 Jahrg., Heft 8, p. 128. Aug.Schmidt, H.1955. In Schmidt, H. (Ed.), 1955b. Ter-mitenangriff und Holz, bit besondererBerikksichtigung des Bau- und Werk-holzes, pp. 193-207, 5 figs.1955a. Bemerkungen zur Methodik vonTermitenversuchen an Holzerzeugnis-sen. Zeitschr. Weltforstwirt, vol. 18,pp. 222-224. Dec.1955b. (et al., Ed.). Die Termiten, ihreErkennungsmerkmale und wirtschaft-liche Bedeutung. Akademische Ver-lagsgesellschaft, pp. 1-309, 120 figs.Leipzig.1956. Einige Bemerkungen fiber die Ersatz-geschlechtstiere von Reticulitermes.Bull. Union Internat. Etude InsectesSociaux, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 129-130.Paris. Feb.1956a. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Ernahr-ungsorgane und Ernahrungsbiologiede Termiten. I. Kauapparat und Nah-rungsaufnahme. Zeitschr. Angew. Ent.,
vol. 39, Heft 1, pp. 1 15-125, illustr.Apr.1956b. Die Termitenfrass-schaden in Ham-burg-Altona. Holz als Roh- undWerkst., vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 325-338.Sept.1956c. Studien an darmbewohnenden Fla-gellaten der Termiten. II. Zeitschr.Parasitenk., vol. 17, pp. 269-275.1957. Die Holznahrung der BodentermiteReticulitermes in Hamburg. Nat. undVolk., vol. 87, No. 7, pp. 217-222.IQ57a ' (The colony foundation by the"Hamburg termite.") (In German.)Naturw. Rundschau, Heft 3, pp. 99-101.1958. Erfahrungen mit eingeschlepptenHolzinsekten. Holz als Roh- undWerkst., vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 226-228.June.1959. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Ernah-rungsorgane und Ernahrungsbiologieder Termiten. 2. Mitteilung. Kauma-gen und Vorverdauung. Zeitschr.Angew. Ent., vol. 45, Heft 1, pp. 79-86,5 figs. Sept.i960. Ein Termiten-Test an Sagespanenverschidener Holzarten. Holz als Roh-und Werkst., vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 59-63.Feb.1960a. Die Lebensgemeinschaft Termitenund Mikroorganismen. Umschau, vol.60, No. 9, pp. 261-263. May 1.Schmidt, R. S.I955* Termite {Apicotermes) nests—im-portant ethological material. Behavior,vol. 8, pt. 4, pp. 344-356, illustr.1955a. The evolution of nest-building be-havior in Apicotermes (Isoptera). Evo-lution, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 157-181, 5 figs.,1 table. June.1958. The nest of Apicotermes tragardhi(Isoptera). New evidence on the evo-lution of nest-building. Loc. cit., vol.12, pts. 1-2, pp. 76-94, 4 figs., map.Leiden.Schmitt, J. B., Libby, J. L., and Wilson, B. R.i960. The prevention and control of ter-mite damage. New Jersey State Agric.Coll. Extens. Bull. 331, pp. 1-16. Apr.Schmitz, G.1956. (Termites and the methods of de-stroying them.) (In French.) BelgiumMin. Colon. B. Agric. Congo Beige, vol.47, pp. 1551-1596, 2 color pis., 11 figs.Brussels. Dec.1957. (Termites and methods of dieir de-struction.) (In French.) Rev. Inter-nat. Bois, vol. 2, pp. 133-136. June-July.
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SCHMITZ, H.1954. Uber afrikanischen Phoriden derGattungen Aenigmatistcs und Ter-mitostroma (Diptera). Mus. CongoBeige Ann., Nouvelle ser. in 4 . Sci.Zool., vol. 1, pp. 514-519.1955. Sechs neue termitophile Phoriden ausAngola und SW. Africa (Phoridae,Diptera). Mus. Dundo, Subsid. Estud.Biol. Lunda, Estud. Divers., vol. 10,No. 24, pp. 33-60, 40 figs. Lisboa.J955a ' (A new species of Thaumatoxena,Phoridae, Diptera.) Rev. Zool. et Bot.Africaines, Brussels, vol. 51, pp. 229-239, 8 figs.X955D - (About the genus TermitomyiaWasm., with description of a newspecies from the Belgian Congo,Phoridae, Diptera.) Loc. cit., vol. 52,pp. 48-66. Oct. 12.School Public Health, University Michi-gan.1954. Health aspects of pest control. In-dustry and official agency relations, pp.1-50. Ann Arbor, Mich.Schultze-Dewitz, G.1957. Verschiedenartige Termitenangriffean Pappel- und Douglasienholz (Popu-lus and Pseudotsuga tnenziesii) . Arch.Forstw., vol. 6, Nos. 11-12, pp. 933-941.1958. Vergleichende Untersuchungen dernaturlichen Frassresistenz einiger ein-heimischer Kernholzarten unter Ver-wendung von Calotermes flavicollisFabr. und Reticulitermes lucijugusRossi als Versuchstiere. Holz als Roh-und Werkst., vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 248-251. July.Scott, K. G.i960. Southern California TO's (TermiteOperators) view of FHA preconstruc-tion preventives. Pest Control, vol. 28,No. 1, pp. 35-36, 38. Jan.Sebald, M., and Mellis, Y. de.1958. Etude du pouvoir pathogene experi-mental sur le lapin d'un Spherophorussp. de l'intestine du termite. Ann. Inst.Pasteur, vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 357-360.Sept.Seevers, C. H.1957. A monograph on the termitophilousStaphilinidae (Coleoptera). Zoology,vol. 40, pp. 1-334, 42 figs- Chicago Nat.Hist. Mus. Apr. 9.i960. New termitophilous Staphilinidae ofzoogeographic significance (Coleop-tera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 53,No. 6, pp. 825-834, 14 figs. Nov.
Seguy, E.1935. Notes Ent. Chinoise, vol. 2, fasc. 9,p. 81.1953. Dipteres du Maroc. Encyclop. Ent.,ser. B, II, Diptera, vol. n, p. 9. Nov.15.1955. Un remarquable Calliphoride para-site des termites Madagascar. Bull. Inst.Franc. Afr. Noire, vol. 17, No. 1, pp.166-167. Jan.Selbo, M. L.i960. Successful treatment of glued lami-nated wood. Wood Preserving News,vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 10-14, illustr. Abstr.Aug.Senior-White, R., et al.1940. The fauna of British India. Dip-tera. Vol. 6. London. Mar. 28. (Para-sites of termites, pp. 188-189, 192-194,I97-)Sen-Sarma, P. K., and Mathur, R. N.1957. Further record of occurrence ofCryptotermes dudleyi Banks in India(Insecta: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae).Curr. Sci., vol. 26, No. 12, p. 399. Dec.Sharma, D. K.1959. Termites must be tackled. IndianFarming, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 18-19, 22.May.Shaw, H. R.1959. Tessie the termite. Panama—ThisMonth, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 13, 1 fig. May.Sheboygan, City of.1957. Common Council of the City ofSheboygan (Wisconsin). Subs, of Gen.Ord. No. 52-57-58. By Aldermen Schildand Browne, p. 1. Oct. 27.Shepard, H. H.1958. Methods of testing chemicals on in-sects, vol. 1, pp. 1-355. Burgess Publ.Co., Minneapolis, Minn.i960. Idem., vol. 2, pp. 1-250.Shimizu, K.1959. (On the expiration of carbon dioxideby Formosan white ants.) (In Japa-nese.) Miyazaki Univ. Facul. Agr. B,vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 267-271. Mar.Shipman, R. F.1958. Anthills in sandy soil are a valuableasset. Rhodesian Tobacco, vol. 17, pp.23-24. Aug.Silva, J. M. Barata da.1952. Contribuicao para o estudo da for-miga branca Leucotermes (Reticuli-termes) lucijugus Rossi em Portugal.
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Relatorio Final do curso de EngenheiroSilvicultor. Inst. Super. Agron. Lisboa.
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SlMEONE, J. B.1956. Subterranean termites. College ofForestry in Syracuse, State Univ. NewYork, Leaflet No. 5, pp. 1-3, frontis-piece, map.Sims, L.1957. Those fabulous wreckers—termites.Better Homes and Gardens, vol. 35,No. 4, pp. 312, 322-323. Apr.Sine'lnikov, N. A.1950. (The use of DDT in termite control.)(In Russian.) Izvestiya Turkm. F. anSSSR, No. 3, str. 38-48. Ashkhabad.Singh, S. H., Sandu, J. S., and Arora, K. S.1958. Further studies on the control oftermites in sugarcane fields in Punjab.Indian Sugar (Calcutta), vol. 8, No. 5,PP- 331-332, 335-336- Aug.Singh, S. S.1957. Report on low cost housing, 1954.Buildings Organization, Ministry ofWorks, Housing and Supply, Govt, ofIndia. New Delhi. (Termite proofing,pp. 19-20.)Singh, S., and Sharma, P. L.1957. Destruction of nests of mound-form-ing termites. Indian Journ. Ent., vol.19, pt. 11, pp. 91-95, 4 tables. NewDelhi. (June) Nov.Skaife, S. H.1954. Caste differentiation among termites.Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, CapeTown, vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 345-353,2 figs.1955. Dwellers in darkness; an introduc-tion to the study of termites, pp. 1-134,14 pis., 40 text figs. Longmans, Green,London.1957. The Durban dry-wood termite Kalo-termes durbanensis Haviland. Journ.Ent. Soc. Southern Africa, vol. 20, No.2, PP- 373-39°, 6 figs., 3 tables. Dec. 31.Smith, C. F.1954. Stop termites at work. Farm andRanch—South. Agriculturist. UpperSouth Ed., vol. 84, No. 11, pp. 16-17.i960. North Carolina finds 3-year old in-spection form still acceptable. PestControl, vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 40-41,illustr. Sept.Smith, D. N.1954. Termites and their control in BritishColumbia. Canada Dept. Agric. Publ.919, pp. 1-12. Oct.Smith, M. W., et al.1956. What effect does soil texture have onpenetration and retention of chemicals?
Pest Control, vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 34, 36,38, 42. June.1956a. Where are we going in our controlmethods for subterranean termites?Loc. cit., vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 36, 38,40. Nov.1957. New approaches to "sub" treatmentof slab houses. Loc. cit., vol. 25, No. 7,pp. 34, 36, 38, 42. July.Snodgrass, R. E.1957. A revised interpretation of the ex-ternal reproductive organs of male in-sects. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 135,No. 6, pp. 1-60, 15 figs. Dec. 3. (Isop-tera, p. 19.)Snyder, T. E.1955L Colonizing termites. Pest control,vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 50, 66, 1 fig. July.i955g. Termite northward migration? Loc.
cit., vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 28, 30. Sept.1955I1. Help wanted. Loc. cit., vol. 23, No.n, p. 30. Nov.19551. Anoplotermes brucei n. sp. fromBolivia (Isoptera, Termitidae). Proc.Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 57, No. 6,p. 300. Dec.1956. Termite control in Venezuela. PestControl, vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36. Jan.1956a. Warning! Rackets. Loc. cit., vol.24, No. 2, p. 26. Feb.1956b. 30-year test proves treated woodbuilding is termite proof. Wood Pre-serving News, vol. 34, No. 6, p. 18,1 fig. June.1956c. Termite exposure test. Loc. cit.,vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 20, 22. June.i956d. Termites of the West Indies, theBahamas and Bermuda. (Isoptera.)Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol.40, No. 3, pp. 189-202. July.i956f. Annotated, subject-heading bibliog-raphy of termites, 1350 B.C. to A.D.1954. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol.130, Publ. 4258, pp. iii, 1-305.1957. Subterranean termites and ships.Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 1, p. 30, Jan.1957a. A new Neotermes from Panama.Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 58,No. 6, p. 352. (Dec. 1956) Jan. 31.1957b. Termite control. Bull. Ent. Soc.Amer., vol. 3, No. 1, p. 3. (Mar.) Apr.1957c. Colony formation by supplementaryreproductives of eastern Reticulitermes.Loc. cit., vol. 3, No. i, pp. 38-39.(Mar.) Apr.19570!. A new Rugitermes from Bolivia.Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 59,No. 2, pp. 81-82. (Apr.) May.
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1957c Note. Subterranean termites andships. Loc. cit., vol. 59, No. 2, p. 92.(Apr.) May.1957L Review. The biology of colonyformation in Reticulitermes hesperusBanks, F. M. Weesner. Ann. Ent. Soc.Amer., vol. 50, No. 3, p. 294. May.I957E- Death thinning out ranks of world'sforemost isopterists. Pest Control, vol.25, No. 6, pp. 42, 44. June.1957I1. Authority cites northern spread oftermites abroad. Loc. cit., vol. 25, No.10, p. 70. Oct.1957L Termites. Fifth Ann. Cal. Poly. PestControl Conference, California StatePolytechnic Coll., Pomona, Dec. 13-14,1957, PP- 1-16.1958. Two new Glyptotermes from thePhilippines (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)
.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 60,No. 5, pp. 229-231. (Oct.) Nov. 10.1959. Letters. Alien termite infests Hous-ton waterfront. Pest Control, vol. 27,No. 2, p. 6. Feb.1959a. Note. Northward spread Reticuli-termes species in United States andEurope. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,vo.l 61, No. 1, p. 40. Feb.1959b. Review. The Minimum PropertyStandards, Federal Housing Adminis-tration. Anon., 1958I. Bull. Ent. Soc.Amer., vol. 5, No. i, p. 50. Mar.1959c. New termites from Venezuela withkeys and a list of the described Vene-zuelan species. Amer. Midland Nat.,vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 313-321. (Apr.)June.i960. Fossil termites from Tertiary amberof Chiapas, Mexico. Journ. Paleontol.,vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 493-494, pi- 7°, figs.1-3. May.1960a. Isoptera. In McGraw-Hill Encyclo-pedia of Science and Technology, pp.284-288, 7 figs. Oct. 3.Snyder, T. E., and Francia, F. C.1961. The termites of the Philippines.Philippine Journ. Sci., in press.Snyder, T. E., Graf, J. E., and Smith, M. R.1961. Obituary. Mann, William M. (1886-1960). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,vol. 63, No. 1 (Mar.), pp. 68-73, 1 fig.photo. Apr.Snyder, T. E., Wetmore, A., and Porter,B. A.i960. Obituary. Zetek, James (1886-1959).Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 52, No. 6 (Dec.1959), PP- 1231-1232, 1 fig. photo. Jan.
SOARES, J.1958. (Methods of controlling termites.)(In Portuguese.) Gaz. Agr., vol. 10,No. 11, pp. 230-232. Aug.Sollman, T.1957. Manual of pharmacology, 8th ed.,pp. 1-1531. W. B. Saunders, Philadel-phia.Spear, P. J.1956. Recent developments in pest control.Farm Chemicals, Nov., pp. 1-4, 1 fig.1958. Recent developments in structuralpest control in the United States. Proc.10th Internat. Congr. Ent., Montreal,Aug. 17-25, 1956, vol. 4, pp. 49-50. Dec.Spector, W. S. (Ed.).1956. Handbook of biological data. Div.Biol, and Agric, Nat. Acad. Sci.—Nat.Res. Counc. WADC Techn. Rep. 56-273, ASTIA Doc. No. AD 110501. Oct.(Wright Air Developm. Center. Ter-mites, p. 491.)Spencer, G. J.1957. An unusual flight of termites. Proc.Ent. Soc. British Columbia, vol. 54,p. 13. Dec. 16.1958. The insects attacking structural tim-bers and furniture in homes in coastalBritish Columbia. Loc. cit., vol. 55,Dec. 22, pp. 8-13. (Termites, pp. 8-9,Zootermopsis angusticollis, Z. neva-densis, Reticulitermes hesperus.)Spitz, W. J.1958. How we get complete coverage ofsub-slab soil with termite chemicals.Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 38, 40,43, 5i, 8 figs. Feb.Springhetti, A.1957. Contrubuti alio studio delle termitiin Italia per 1'impostazione razionaledella lotta antitermitica. IV. Primaesplorazione nel Veneto. Boll. 1st.Patologia del Libro "Alfonso Gallo,"pp. 1-13. Gennaio. June.1957a. Idem, V.—Seconda esplorazione nelVeneto. Loc. cit., pp. 1-14. Gennaio.June.1957b. Ghiandole tentoriali (ventrali, pro-toraciche) e corpora allata in Kalo-termes flavicollis Fabr. Genetica edEntomologia, vol. 5, pp. 333-349-Pavia.1957c. Su alcune infestazioni di termiti neivigneti id Manduria (Puglia). Bull.1st. Patologia del Libro "AlfonsoGallo," pp. 1-20, 4 figs., 11 tables, 1map. Luglio. Dec.
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1959. Mortality in colonie dc termiti (C.fiavicollis e R. lucifugus) trattate conacqua salmastra. Loc cit. pp. 1-4. Gen-naio-Giugno.Springhetti, A., and Frizzi, G.1957. Primi Tentativi. Di trapianti diorgani endocrini (ghiandole tentoriali)in Kalotermes fiavicollis Fabr. Geneticaed Entomologia, vol. 2, pp. 395-396,23 figs., 4 tables, 2 diagr. Pavia.Srivastava, J. C.1957. Protection of sugarcane from ter-mites. Indian Sugar (Calcutta), vol. 6,No. 12, p. 743. Mar.Stella, E.1953-1954. In Zavaratti (Ed.) Biogeografiadell'Isola Zannone (Archip. Pontino).R. C. Accad. Naz. Dei XL Rome (4),vols. 4 and 5, 1953-1954, Insecta, p. 229.Stewart, D.1957. Sulfural fluoride—a new fumigantfor conrtol of the drywood termiteKalotermes minor Hagen. Journ. Econ.Ent., vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 7-1 1, 4 figs.,3 tables. Feb.Stilwell, H.i960. Farm fallout can kill you. True, theMan's Magazine. Mar., pp. 34-36, 76-78, illustr. New York.Stolloy, I.1958. Some methods for treating particleboards to increase their resistance tofungi and termites. Internat. Consulta-tion Insulation Bd., Hardboard andParticle Board Techn. Pap., vol. 4,No. 5.38, pp. 1-6. 1957.Striebel, H.i960. Zur embryonal Entwicklung der Ter-miten. Acta Trop., vol. 17, No. 3, pp.193-260, illustr.Strong, V. E.1956. What does it cost to make a routinetermite inspection? Pest Control, vol.24, No. 8, pp. 38, 40. Aug.Structural Pest Control Board, Cali-fornia.1953. Structural pest control act of Cali-fornia, pp. 1-26. Effective Sept. 9, 1953.Los Angeles.Stuart, A. M.1961. Mechanism of trail-laying in twospecies of termites. Nature (London),vol. 189, No. 4762, p. 419. Feb. 4.Suehiro, A.i960. Insects and other arthropods fromMidway Atoll. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. |
Soc., vol. 17, No. 2 (1959), p. 291.July.SZENT-IVANY, J. J. H.1956. New insect pest and host plant rec-ords in the Territory of Papua andNew Guinea. Papua and New GuineaAgric. Journ., vol. n, No. 3, pp. 82-87.Dec.1959. Host plant and distribution recordsof some insects in New Guinea. PacificInsects, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 423-429,illustr. Dec. 25.Tamblyn, N., da Costa, E. W. B., and Gay,F.J.1959. Preservative treatment for plywoodby momentary dipping of green veneer.Commonwealth Sci. Industr. Res. Org.,Div. Forest Products Technol., Pap.No. 6, pp. 1-8, 4 tables. Melbourne.Tang, C, and Li Shen.1959. (Forecasting the swarming of theyellow-thorax termite Reticulitermesfiaviceps Oshima in Hangchow.) (InChinese.) Acta Ent. Sinica, vol. 9,No. 5, pp. 477-482.Taylor, A. F.i960. Note. New ordinance regulating pestcontrol in Pasadena, Tex. Pest Control,vol. 28, No. 4, p. 7. Apr.Tenisonas, A.J955- (Termites attack Europe.) (InLithuanian.) Girios Aidas, vol. 6, pp.13-15.Thakur, C, Prasad, A. R., and Singh, R. P.1958. Use of aldrin and dieldrin againsttermites and their effects on soil fer-tility. Indian Journ. Ent., vol. 19, pt.3, pp. 155-163, 5 tables. Sept.1961. Residual effect of aldrin and dieldrinin soil. Loc. cit., vol. 21, pt. 11, pp. 127-131, 2 tables, June 1959. (Jan. 1961.)Thornhill, F.1955. Fumigation for dry wood termites.Pest Control, vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 16, 18.July.Thurich, L.i960. Vergleichende morphologische Be-trachtung der Soldaten der europai-schen und vorderasiatischen Reticuli-termes Arten. Ent. Mitteil. Zool.Staatinst. u. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, i960,No. 30, pp. 145-160, 2 figs., 6 tables.Torrealba, J. F., and Riccardi, B.1941. Mas notas clinicas epidemiologicasacerca de la enfermedad de Chagas.VI. Busquedas negativas de Triatomi-deos en viviendas de termitas (come-
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112 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
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INDEX
Acacia acuminata, resistant wood, 40Acanthaspis petax, reduviid predator, 37Acetarson, 13Aciculitermes aciculatus, 47Actttidentitermes osborni, 47Adriatic coast, 23Aenigmatistes, termhophile, 51Aerogel, precipitates, 16; SG 67, treated silica,nontoxic sorptive dust, 9, 10, it; silica, 11, 12,16Afghanistan, 25, 50, 69Africa, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 22, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35,36, 38, 40, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 59, 60, 71; Abys-sinia, 53, 60; Algeria, 27, 68; Angola, 8, 34,35. 37. 49. 50, 51. 59. 60; Arabia, 23, 48, 59, 68,Bantu, 59; Belgian Congo, 9, 15, 34, 36, 47,48, 50, 51, 59, 60; (Camp Putnam on EpulaRiver, 47, 48; Elisabethville, 13, 59; Kenia, 48;Keyberg, 47, 48; Leopoldville, 47; Lusinga, 48;Riv. Lupiala, 48; Sona Mpangu, 48; Stanley-ville, 47, 48; Yangambi, 47); Cameroon, 37,60; Cameroons, French, 23, 48, 59; Congo, 25,27, 46, 51, 59, 60 (Lower, 25); East, 5, 13,18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 40, 48, 49, 50,59, 60; (Tanganyika, 14, 21, 50, 52, 60);Egypt, 11, 16, 23, 25, 60, 68, 69; Ethiopia, 23,34, 48; French Equatorial, 3, 26, 34, 59, 60;Gabon, 38; Ghana (Accra), 33, 59; Gold Coast,49, 60; Guinea, 30; Ivory Coast, 5, 30, 36, 38,59; Katanga, 47, 59; Kenya, 12, 30, 48, 52, 59,60 (Nairobi, 29); Madagascar, 31, 35, 36;Morocco, 36, 69 (Maroc saharien, 36); Nigeria,21, 59; North, 36, 50, 68; Nyasaland, 18, 48,60; Oubangui-Chari, 30, 38; PortugueseGuinea, 37, 59, 60; Rhodesia, 30, 60 (Northern48); Sahara, 4, 36, 68 (Northwest, 24, 60);savannas, 5, 23, 30, 37; South, 4, 8, 12, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 34, 35, 36,37. .39. 43. 47. 50, 59. 60, 71 (Durban, 19;Rapid karoo, 20); Southwest, 51, 60; Sudan,16, 48; tropical, 6, 14, 30, 34, 37, 59, 60, 71;Ubangi, 34, 37, 59; Uganda, 8, 27, 30, 36, 37,50, 59, 60 (Eastern, 3, 27, 60; Jinja, 27); West,15. 34. 37. 50, 59. 60 (Nkpoku, 50); Win-neba, 59Afrosubulitermes congoensis, 47Age of reptiles, 27Ahamitermes, 4, 22; genus, biology, distribution,4 pumilus, 48Air, 7; chlordane in habitations, 45, 51; cooled,rises, 30; need for fresh, 30Airplane, specimen collected by, 27Alabama, 32Alate, imago, winged, chaetotaxy, 33; morphol-ogy. 32 5 sexually mature in nest, 7
Aldrin, 9, 14, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54; con-version to dieldrin, 43, 44; dust, 15, 16; emul-sion, 12, 14, 15, 16; failed, 43; less cosdy, 46;toxicity, 52; wood preservative superior to chlor-dane or dieldrin, 53Alimentation, 4Allethrin, 51Allognathotermes aburiensis, 47ivoriensis, 48AM-9, American Cyanamid Co. 10% mixtureacrylamide and N, N-methylene-bisacrylamidein water with 2 catalysts gel to solidify soil, 14Amber, Baltic, 28; Dominican Republic, 28; Ger-many, Hamburg, Geological States Inst., 28;Mexican, 28; pellets, 28; world deposits, 28America, North, 12, 31, 64; South, 31, 67American Society Testing Materials, 17Amino acid, 9Amitermes,acinacifer, 49arizonensis, 20atlanticus, 7, 9, 26, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 39,50, 51
.beaumonti, 37belli, 19harlcyi, 23, 48importunus, 49meridionalis, 34mounds, 9n. sp., 22paradentatus, 47sp., 24stephensoni, 23, 48truncatidens, 49vilis, 19, 23, 25, 50Amitermitinae, 6, 49Amoebae, xylophagous, 5Anacanthothermes ahngerianus, 6, 24, 50baeckmannianus, 25, 50macrocephalus, 25, 32, 50murgabicus, 25, 50ochraceus, 4, 23, 25, 27, 33rugifrons, 48;septentrionalis, 25, 50sp, 23tur\estanicus, 11ubachi, 50vagans, 23, 25, 50vagans septentrionalis, 19, 25Analysis, bioassay, 45; chemical, 45; chlordane inair habitations, 45; colorimetric, 45Ancestors, roachlike, 27Ancistrotermes crucijer, 33latinotus, 33Angulitermes acutus, 49dehraensis, 6, 50hussaini, 47n. sp. 22
"5
ii6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Anoplotermes, 7, 16, 30brucei, 49franciscoi, 49gracilis, 37parvus, 37shillongensis, 49Ant(s), 37; forest, 37; how to tell from termites,49; predators, 37; societies, 6Anteaters, aardvark, 37; numbat, 37; pangolin,37; Tamandua, 37; white, 37Antennae receptors, 42Antennopsis gallica, 35grassei, 35Ant hills, Bantu dead buried in, 27; chemicalchanges in soil, caused by, 27, 30; giant, 27; insandy soil, valuable asset, 30Antibiotics, 13; eliminate microorganisms inter-fering with termite diet, 29, 35Apicotermes, 3, 48abttriensis, transferred to Allognathotermes 47arquieri, 34etiological species, 48gurgulifex, 47holmgreni, 34, 47lamani, 25, 34, 36machodoensis, 35, 50nest building behavior, 3, 25, 26, 34, 35occultus, 34rimulifex, 34, 47trdgardhi, 26, 34, 35Apicotermitinae, 30, 38Apilitermes, 33Appendages, abdominal, exudatory, 51Approved Reference Procedure, (ARP) by Na-tional Pest Control Assoc, 10Arabia, Southwest, 23, 48, 68Architermes simplex, 28Archotermopsis, wroughtoni, 19, 38Arginine, 9Arizona, 30, 67; Maricopa Co. requires license forpest control operators, 32, 66; Phoenix, requireslicense for pest control operators, 32, 66Arkansas, 27, 32, 51Armitermes brevinasus, 48latidens, 48parvidens, 48silvestrii, 48snyderi, 48spissus, 48Aroa Island, Bougainville district, 70; near Kieta,21, 24, 70ARP, approved reference procedures for termitecontrol-National Pest Control Assoc, 10Arsenic, 45; termites thrive on, 35; white, 12, 54Arsenic mixture, 53Arsenic pentoxide, 53; and zinc chloride, 53Arsenious oxide, 56Asia, anterior, 49, 69Asphalt paper, 20Asphalt vapor barrier, 9Attractant, 6, 43Attraction, 3; difference in responses betweensexes, 26; nymphs, 3; olfaction part reciprocal,26, 42; to rotten wood, 6
Australia, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23,34> 35. 40, 48, 50, 5i> 53. 58-595 Canberra, 19,40, 42, 50, 53; Cape York Peninsula, Weipaarea, 22; coastal forests, 20; Dinmore, 28;mainland, 20; Melbourne, 43, 58; New SouthWales, 14, 19, 20, 58; Northwest, 37, 58; NorthQueensland, 47; Northern Territory, 47 (PortDarwin, 47); Queensland, 47, 58 (Dinmore, 28;Rollingstone, 54); Riverina, 52; savanna wood-land, 20; South, 51, 59; Southwestern, 37, 58;Tasmania, 20; Victoria, 19, 20; Western, 4, 6,13, 19, 22, 37, 40, 43, 54, 58 (Pingrup, 19)Australian zoogeographical region, 25, 36, 47, 58-59Australitermes dilucidus, 47Austria, 12, 13, 16, 18, 31, 39, 68, 70; Hallein(Salzburg), 12, 13, 18, 31, 39, 69; Vienna, 31Autoclaving, 45 B
Backfill, importance of treating gravel fill, 43, 44Bacteria, 3, 22; existence termites, prolonged notnecessary, ?, 29; interfere with termite diet, 29,35; intestinal flora, Termitidae, 3; in posteriorintestine, 3; principal agents in fermentationcellulose for fungus-growing Sphaerotermessphaerothorax, Ruminococcus, same group as inpaunch of ruminants, 3; sulphite-reducing in-testinal, 26Bacteriocytes, 5Bahamas, 49, 67Baits, poison, 14; sawdust poisoned with parisgreen, 14; tree branches, teak, 40Balkans, 23, 68Barbulanympha, protozoan in Cryptocercus, 37Barriers, 1, 13, 14; building paper, asphalt im-pregnated, 16; chemical, 13, 14; cinders, 5, 9;mechanical, physical, 13, 14; moisture, 11;sand, 5, 9, 15; slabs, concrete, no, 17; vapor,11, 16Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama,chemically treated wood building termite-proof,58; wood preservative tests, 56, 58Baseboards, 14; remove, 14; repair, 14; replace, 14Basement houses, 14Basidentitermes, 33, 48trilobatus, 49Bee societies, 6Beehives, chemical protection, 58Beetle(s), Coleoptera, borers, New Zealand, 17;green protea, 51; powder-post, 17Behavior, nest-building, 3, 25Behavior, social, in insects, 3, 25; regeneration, 3;vestigial, in Apicotermes, 3Belgrade, 23Bellicostiiermes, 7jeanneli, goliath, 23, 48natalensis, 3, 5, 9, 30, 34, 50nests, 34rex, 9, 30, 34Benzene hexachloride (BHC), 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,I5> 43> 44» 5*> 575 DDT mixture, 19; emul-sion, 12; failed, 43; gamma, 13, 44; groundapplication, 14, 43, 44; injures vegetation, 13;in kerosene, unsuccessful, 15; soil, alkaline de-composes, 44; soil poison, 43, 44
no. 3 INDEX II 7
Bermuda, 49, 67BHC, see Benzene hexachlorideBibliography, 47; annotated, subject-heading, 3;of sound-producing and sound-receiving ter-mites, 47Bioassay, 45Biochemistry, 13Biogeography, Brazil, Minas Gerais, 22; SaoPaulo, 22Biography, 3Biology, ecology, natural history, life cycle or lifehistory, 4-8; general, world species, 8; morediverse than supposed, 8; nutrition, 6, 7, 33Birds, as predators, 27, 37; sea gulls, Bonaparte's,27. 37Blattidae, Blattids, cockroaches, 5, 32Blattoidae, 33, 46; affinity with termites, 33; isop-tera, sound, 46; sound production and recep-tion, 46Blattotermes, n. gen., 28neoxenus (fossil), 28wheeleri (fossil), 28Blattopteroidea, 5Boards, fiber, 56, 57; hardboard, 53, 54, 56, 57;insulation, 56; particle, 56, 57, 58; weather, 56Boliden salt, chromated zinc arsenate, 55Bolivia, 49, 67; Santa Cruz, 21, 25, 68Books, damage to, in libraries in Rome, National,17; Vatican, 17Borax-boric acid, 55Borbororhina bivittata, dipterous parasite, attractedto freshly opened Eutermes mounds, 36Boric acid, 55, 56Boxes, wooden, 18BRAB, Building Research Advisory Board, 9, 12,13, 15; reports, 56Brain, architecture, 33; structure in relation topolymorphism, 33Brazil, 14, 16, 20, 32, 67, 68; Minas Gerais, 22,67; Sao Paulo, 5, 22, 34, 67Brei, food rich in carbohydrates, 33British Columbia, 15, 19, 27, 37, 66; coastal, 24;gulf islands, 24; Kamloops, 19, 24; Kelowna,19, 24, Lillooet, 24; Lytton, 24, mainlandcoast, 24; Nanaimo, 24; Okanagan Valley, 24;Osoyoos, 24; Prince Rupert, 24; Quesnal Lake,24; Revelstoke, 24; Salmon Arm, 24; Van-couver Island, 24; Victoria, 24; west coast, 24British Commonwealth, 12, 13, 23, 58, 70, 71Bruce-Terminix Insured Protection Contract, 4Bucharest, 23Building Codes, 8; southern standard buildingcode of Southern Building Code Congress,shields, resistant woods, pressure-treated wood,8Building Research Advisory Board, BRAB, 9, 12,13, 15; criticism, 9, 12; recommendations, 15;report, 12, 15Buildings, collapse of, 19; damage to, 16, 18, 19,54, 56; types: basement, 14, 54; brick veneer,46; concrete block, 17; conventional, 13; crawl-space, 11, 17, 43, 54; row, 18; slab-on-ground,13, 14, 15, 17, 43, 46, 54; subslab, 46; sus-pended floor, 17; various, 43; wood preserva-tion timber prolongs life, 56
Built-in protection, chemicals in, 44Burma, 24, 49, 61, 62Burning, control by, 31
Cables, aerial, damage control, 11; ducts, blowpoisons into, 11; jute fillers, 11; lead-sheathed,11, plastic-sheathed, 11, 40; rubber synthetic,11; tests of plastic-covered, lead-sheathed orbitumen-served cables, Queensland, 54; under-ground, damage, control, 11; vaseline-basedserving containing arsenic, 11Calcium, in haemolymph, 36; in termite soil, 30Calcium chloride, absorbs water-vapor in nest, 30California, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29, 32, 42, 43,54, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67; Los Angeles, 32,58; Pasadena, 32; Pest Control Operators, 29;San Diego, 37; San Fernando Valley, 17; SanFrancisco, 17, 31; Southern, 15, 17, 56, 66;Structural Pest Control Board, 13, 28; Vallejo,Solano Co., 21, 67Calling attitude, 3, 27Callhris spp., resistant woods, 40Caloglyphus, 36, 50jeytaudi, 36Calotermes-Kalotermes brounii, 17, 21, 56dispar, 24Calotermes flavicollis, 3, 5, 7, 12, 16, 21, 22, 24,26, 28, 32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48Calotermitidae, 30, 32Camphor 16; byproducts, 16Camphor oil, blue, wood preservative, 58Canada, 4, 15, 19, 27, 31, 37, 47, 64; BritishColumbia, 15, 19, 27, 37, 66; Toronto, 4, 63;western, 31Canal Zone, Panama, 18, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 54,55> 56, 58, 6^, 64, 67; Barro Colorado Island,37, 56, 58Canary Islands, 13, 18, 69; tests of resistantwoods, 40Canton Island, 24, 70Capritermes, 33dunensis, 24,hutsoni, 19nitobei, 8Caps, concrete, 10Carbon dioxide, CO2, expiration, 30; percent innest, 30Carburetted hydrogen gas, 12, 28Castanospermum anstrale, black bean, resistantwood, 40Caste(s), 33; evolution polymorphism, 7; linksand gaps in common castes, 7, 9; longevity, 4;neuter castes, character of, 7; nutrition, preferen-tial controls production various castes, 7; origin,8; presoldier, 9; relative proportion, 47; work-ers, production per first year, 8Caste development, determination, differentiation,formation, 4, 6, 7, 8-9; corpora allata, 6, 9;crowding, 8; ectohormones 8, 9; endocrinalgland secretion, 8, 9, 41; extrinsic causes, 4, 9;hormone organs, 8, 9, 26; inhibition theory, 4,5, 8; nutrition, 8; prothoracic gland hormone,26; social insects, in, 8Caste system, 5
n8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Cedar(s), Japanese, 21; red, eastern, 40; red,western, 40Cellulase, in Australian termites, 35; Isoptera donot secrete, 5; of protozoan origin, fermenta-tion involved by hydrolosis of cellulose, 22Cellulose, digestion of, by Protozoa, 5, 22, 38; bybacteria, 3, 5, 22; by fungi, 22; fermenting, 3Cement, clay base cement mounds, 9; digestion of,22, 35, mounds, 9Centipede(s), 37Centrioles, protozoa, 37; function in reproduction,38; movement chromosomes to, 38; unusual be-havior, 37Ceratotermes, 33Cetonidae, green protea beede, scavenger, 51Ceylon, 11, 24, 49, 50, 60, 61; Hantana, 47Ceylonitermellus hantanae, 47Chaetotaxy, arrangement hairs, 33; alate, 33;soldier, 33, 48; worker, 33Chafers, 50; Australian, 50; Scarabaeidae, Melo-louthinae, 50Chambers, subterranean, 5Chemical analysis, 9, 30, 45; termite soil materialhigher percent calcium plus magnesium andhigher pH value than topsoil or subsoil, 30Chemical change, earth ant hills, 27, 30Chemicals, fate of, applied to soils, plants andanimals, 46; high vapor pressure evaporatemore rapidly, 44; pressure injection for fine-grained soil, 14; soaking or low-pressure in-jection for coarse-grained soil, 14Chemonite, 53, 54Chilopods, centipedes, predators, 37China, 24, 36, 62; Hangchow, 27, 62Chitin, undenatured broken down, 22Chitinase in Australian termites, 35Chlordane, 11, 14, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 53; dust,16, 45; emulsion, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 46; im-proves growth, 13; in air habitations, 45, 51;less persistent, 14; not ultrahazardous, 42, 51;wood preservative, 53Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 15, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46;as soil poisons, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52; deteriora-tion rapid, 44; do not impair plant growth, 13;effectiveness, 44; enter body, manner, 36;granules, 42; oil solutions, 36; prevent attack,46; suspensions, 15; toxicity, 43, 44; use,danger in, 52; water solutions, 36Chlorinated naphthalenes, 55, 56; injury to catde,55Chlorohepton or "Orkil," combination chlordaneand heptachlor, soil poison, 42Chlorophorin, iroko, African preservatives, 40Chlorothion, 51Chordonotal organs, register vibrations, 46Chromated zinc chloride, 54, 56; copperized, 57Chromosomes, 16, 37, 38; factual analysis chro-mosomal movement in protozoa, 37; haploid,16; movement to centrioles, 38; protozoa de-scription of, 38Ciliates, 38; humus-feeder, 5; infusoria, 38Cities, termite, tropical bush, 5Classification termites. See TaxonomyClay(s), attapulgite, 16; base mound cement, 9,3°i 345 inert, sorptive, as preventives, 9, 10, 11,
16; montmorillonite, 16; soil nests chiefly clay,34; upward transport, 30, 34Clearance from grade to timbers, 8; proper, 14;real estate "clearance" should be replaced bytermite report, 10Climatization of nest by inhabitants, 34Coarctotermes brunneus, 49clepsydra, 36Cobalt-60, 13; curies, 26; radioactive, 26Cockroaches, 5, 30, 38, 50; Cryptocercus, 5, 38;development, 30; in colony, 50Coconut palms, damage to, 21; seedlings, 14Cocos nucifera, coconut, 14, 21Coffee plantations, 16, 21, 30; control, 16; dam-age, 16, 21
"Cold stupor," 50Collembola, springtails, 51Colonies, 6; age, 8, 35; aged, 35; experimental, 6;formation, 3, 5, 6, 8; incipient, 8; increasetemperature of tree, 19, 20; initial, 8; labora-tory, 39; life, 5, 39; size, 20; variation in, 8;young, 35, 44;Colonizing termites, 15Colony foundation, 5, 27; by winged, 5, 27; partof existing colony, 5Colorimetric analysis, 45Colorado, 27; Florissant, 28Commensal, infusoria, 38Concrete, dieldrin added, 12, 54; digested, 17;dissolved, 18; foundations, 9; penetrated, 18;reinforced caps, 10Concrete blocks, dispersion in, 11; drilled, 10;foundation, 9, 10, 12; where to drill, 10Conidia eaten, 29Connecticut, 32Construction, 10, 11, 12, 15; pre-termite control,10, 11; post-termite control, 10, 11; relation-ship infestation, 15; residential, 10, n, 12Construction timber, protection, 11Control, 7, 9-16, 45; Africa: Belgian Congo, 12, 15;East 13; South, 11, 12; Tanganyika, 14; tropi-cal, 14; Agriculture, U.S. Dept., 10, 15; America,Western, North, 12; Australia, 10, 11, 12, 14,16, West, 13; Austria, 12, 13, 16; baits, poison,14; barriers, chemical, 13, 14; physical (struc-tural), 13, 14; sand, 9; vapor, 9; Better BusinessBureau, National, how to judge, 10; biochem-ical, 13; biological, 16; BRAB, National Re-search Council, Acad. Sci., 9, 12, 15; Brazil, 14,16; British Columbia, 15; British Common-wealth, 12; builder cooperation with, g, 10, 11;California, 11, 13, 14, 16 (Southern, 15); Calo-termes ftavkollis, 12; Canary Islands, 13; Cey-lon (Coconut Research Inst.), 11; chemicals,16; clearance, proper, 10, 14; concrete caps, 10;construction, residential, 11; cost, 13, 15; Czech-oslovakia, 13; dampwood termites, 15; DefenseDept., U.S., 9; drainage, 10, 14; drilling, 10;drywood termites, 9, 11; dusts, poison, 11, 12,43; Egypt, 11, 16; equipment directory, 9, 10;equipment, how to choose efficient, 10, 13;equipment maintenance, 9; even age standforest trees, 12; experiments on, 11; FHA, Min-imum Property Standards, 10, 11, 13; Florida,11, 16; Formosa, Taiwan, 8, 11, 16; founda-
no. 3 INDEX II9
tions, concrete, 10, 12; foundations, impervious,sound, 10, 14; France, 12, 16; fumigation, 10,11, 12, 13, 15; general, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15;Georgia, 10; Germany, 13, 54, 56; grading,14; handbook, 15; Hawaii, 11; houses, 14, 16;India, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15; Indiana, 12, 13; in-secticides, 11, 12, 13; inspections, periodic, 10,13, 14; insurance, 10; (slabs, 14); Iowa, 12;Italy, 12; Kalotermes, 11; Kentucky, 10; lawns,16; leveling mounds, 13; longterm, 13, 44;Malaya, 13, 14, 16, 46; Maryland, 15; Mau-ritius, 13, 14; methods, 15; Mississippi, 16;National Association Home Builders, 46; Na-tional Better Business Bureau, 10; NationalLumber Manufacturers Assoc, 10; National PestControl Assoc, 10 (how to judge, 10); war-ranty program, 10); nests, destruction, poison-ing, 14; New York, 13; North Carolina, 13, 15;Ohio, 13; organic insecticides, 12, 16; Pakistan,I3> I 5> parasites, 13; Pennsylvania, 14; Philip-pines, 10, 12; Portugal, 13; practical approach,12; pretreatment, 10, 13, 15; publicity program,10; questions and answers, 9; radiation, 12, 13;radical methods, 12, 13, 31; reinforced con-crete caps, 10; resistant woods, 10, 13, 14, 15,16; Reticulitermes, 11, 13, 15; roof on, 11;safety equipment, 29; sanitation, 10, 13, 14(clean-up equipment, 11); Saudi Arabia, 10;shields, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15; silica aerogels, 9, 10,11; silvicultural methods, 12; soil poison, 10,13, 14; Solomon Islands, 12; solidified soils,14; spacing, closer, 14; Spain, 13; specifications,14 (Agriculture Dept. 10; BRAB 10, 11; De-fense Dept., 9; FHA, 11); statistics, 10; struc-tural alterations, 11, 12; subterranean termite,11, 13, 15; symbiosis with protozoa, disturb-ance, 14; termite-proofing, 10, 13, 14; Texas,42, 46; tillage land and cost, 13; timber, 12;timber logs, 14; treated lumber, 10; treatedwood, 10, 11; truck, 12, 13; USSR; 11, 15;United States, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16(soudiern, 3; southwestern, 16); Venezuela, 15;ventilation, 10, 13, 14; Veterans Administra-tion, 11, 15; warranty, 5-year, 46; Wisconsin,32; wood preservation, 11, 13; world, 13, 15,16Copper-arsenic, preservative, 57Copper naphthenate, 54, 57; in petroleum, 54;more effective than zinc naphthenate, 55Copper sulfate, 55Copper-zinc, preservative, 57Copperized chromated zinc chloride, 57Coprinae, termitophiles, 51Coptotermes, 31, 33, 54acinaciformis, 12, 19, 20, 23, 31, 56subsp. raffrayi, 23, 47bentongensis, 48brunnens, 19, 23ceylonicus, 19, 50crassus, 28, 29, 31curvignathus, 14, 19, 46jormosanus, 17, 23, 24, 27, 31, 56frenchi, 19, 20, 23, 50functional neoteinics in, 5gaurii, 49
genus, biology, distribution, 4havilandensis, 24heimi, 6, 7, 18hyaloapex, 8, 21, 24lacteus, 5, 20, 22, 40, 42, 56niger, 20, 23sepangensis, 48sp., 20vastator, 20, 21Copularium, mating cell, 5Copulation, 8Corfu, Greece, 25, 69Corks, damage to, 17Cornitermes cumtilans, 5, 16, 34sp., 25Corpora allata effect on origin substitute repro-ductives, 6, 9; implanting, determination molt-ing supplementary reproductives, 26; morphol-
°gy> 33
.Cosmoglyphus \ramerii, red mite, termitophile, 51Counter attack, termite, 13Court rulings, 16Cow dung, pats, flies beneath termite infested, 36;eaten, 35Coxotermes bou\okpcnsis, 48Crankcase oil, 55Crawl-space houses, 11Crenetermes, 33fruitus, 48Creosote, 42, 53, 57; coal tar, 53, 54; in crankcaseoil. 555 -pentachlorophenol solutions, 53; solu-tions, 53Cretaceous, mid-, 46Crewood, 53Crowding, reaction to, 26Cryptocercus , 5, 38; effects of temperature andtension, on oxygen toxicity for protozoa, 38;protozoa as indicators of developmental stagesin molting, 38punctulatus, 38Cryptocheilis sp., predaceous wasp, 37Cryptops, centipedes, predators, sp., 37zeteki, 37Cryptotermes, 4, 6, 9, 18, 22, 36brevis, 4, 6, 13, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31,33. 4«» 58crassus, 28, 29domesticus, 23iudleyi, 23, 24, 25, 29havilandi, 24, 31, 38ktrbyi, 24, 31, 49ryshroffi, (fossil), 28spp., 40Cubitermes, 3, 33jungifaber, 50mounds, 9muneris, 48oblectatus, 48testaceus, 3, 27ugandensis, 3, 8, 27umbratus, 50Cultivation, mechanical, 15Cupipes ungulatus, centipede, predator, 37Curies, dosage, 26, 39Cycle, life, primitive, 5
120 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Cyclotermes, malcdictus, 23, 48Cyphoderus arcuatus, collembolan termitophile, 51Cypress, resistant wood, tidewater red, heart-wood, 40Cyprus, 23, 68Cytology, 16Czechoslovakia, 5, 13, 23, 26, 41, 56, 68DDamage (by species), Amitermes arizonensis, 20;A. belli, 19; A. vilis, 19; Anacanthotermesochraceus, 13; A. tur\estanicus, 11; A. vagansvar. septentrionalis, 19; Archotermopsiswroughtoni, 19; Calotermes brounii, 17, 21; C.flavicollis, 12, 21; Capritermes, htttsoni, 19;Coptotermes, 20; C. acinaciformis, 19, 20; C.brunneus, 19; C. ceylonicus, 19; C. curvig-nathus, 14; C. formosanus, 17; C. frenchi, 19,20; C. heimi, 18; G\ hyalopex, 21; C. lacteus,20; «/g*r, 20; C sp., 20; C. vastator, 20, 21;Cornitermes cumulans, 16; C. sp. 21; Crypto-termes, 18, 22; C. brevis, 6, 20; dampwood, 10,13, 15, 21; drywood, 17, 18; Euryterm es ceyloni-cus, 19; Glyptotermes coorgensis, 19; G. dilatalus,Gnathamitermes, 16; G. perplexus, 20; harvester6, 11, 20; Heterotermes, 18; H. aureus, 20; H.convexinotatus, 20; H. crinitus, 20; H. indicola,18, 19; //. sp., 21; Hodotermes, 11, 14; H.mossambicus, 20, 21; Hospitalitermes mono-ceros, 6; Kalotermes approximatus, 20; X. /><ff-jon/', 4; K. durbanensis, 19; K. flavicollis, 17,18, 19; .K. jepsoni, 19; .K. minor 20, 56, 57;X. sp., 19, 20; X. tabogae, 20; Leucotermeslucifugus, 18; Macrotermes, 18; M. gilvus,20, 21; M. natalensis, 21; Macrotermitinae,18; Mastotermes darwiniensis, 20; Micro-cerotermes, 11, 20; A/. £/ro;, 21; diversus, 10,19; M. los-banosensis, 21; Microtermes anadi,18; M. mycophagus, 19; M. otao, 9, 15,20, 21 sp., 21; Nasutitermes brevioculatus, 14;2V. ceylonicus, 19; N. corniger, 20; 2V. costalis,20; IV\ globiceps, 21; Af. nigriceps, 20; 2V. no-tarum-hebridarum, 21; Neotermes aburiensis,21; A7. castaneus, 16, 20, 21; Af. dilatatus, 19;2V. gardneri, 7, 21; TV. greeni, 19; AT. malaten-sis, 20; Af. militaris, 19; N. sp., 21; N. tectonae,20; Odontotermes (O.) assmuthi, 9, 15, 21; O.bangalorensis, 18, 19; O. brunneus var. «/<*/-lonensis, 19; 0. /«w, 18; O. formosanus, 20;O. gurdaspurensis, 15, 18; 0. Ao/k/, 19; O.obesus, 4, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21; O. redemanni, 16,O. taprobanes, 19; 0. wallonensis, 6; Odon-totermes (Hypotermes) obscuriceps, 19; P«-raneotermes simplicicornis, 20; Porotennesadamsoni, 12, 19, 20; Psammotermes assuanen-
sis, 13; P. fuscofemoralis, 13; Reticulitermes, 11,12, 19; J?, flavipes, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20; J?. /i«-pm«, 19, 20, 21; /?. lucifugus, 12, 13, 15, 17,18, 20, 21; i?. /. var. santonensis, 12, 18, 20;Reticulitermes virginicus, 20; Schedorhinotermeslamanianus, 20; subterranean, 12, 13, 15, 17,18, 20, 21, 29; Syntermes, 12, 20; Tenuiro-stritermes incisus, 20; Termes feae, 19; T.obesus, 20; Trinervitermes biformis, 18; T.heimi, 21; Zootermopsis angusticollis, 20
Damage (geographical), 16-21; Africa: Congo,11, 12, 15; East, 13, 14, 18, 21; Egypt, 16;Nigeria, 21; Nyasaland, 18; South, 8, 11, 12,17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (Durban, 19); Tanganyika,21; tropical, 14, 21. Aroa Isld., 21; Australia,10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 23 (Canberra, 19);western, 19; Austria, 12, 13, 16 (Hallein, 18);Bolivia, 21; Brazil, 12, 14, 16, 20; BritishColumbia, 15, 19, 23; British Commonwealth,12, 13; California, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21 (SanFernando Valley, 17; Southern, 15, 17); Can-ada, 19; Canal Zone, Panama, 18; CanaryIslands, 13, 18; Ceylon, 11; Cuba, 11; Czecho-slovakia, 13; Del-Mar-Va Peninsula, 18; Europe,18, 19, 20; Florida, 11, 16, 17, 21; Formosa,8, 11, 16, 19, 21; France, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20;General, 5, 15; Georgia, 10; Germany, 18, 19(Hamburg, 18, 19; Hamburg-Altona, 18);Hawaii, Honolulu, 17; Honduras, British, 20;Illinois, Chicago, 17; India, 4, 7, 9, II, 13, 14,15, 18, 19, 20, 21 (northeast, 20; Punjab, 15,18; Visvesaraya Canal Tract, 15, 21); Indiana,12 (Indianapolis, 20, 50); Iowa, 12; Iran, 19(Khuzistan Prov., 19); Italy, 12 (Manduria,Naples, 19; Puglia, 21; North Chioggia, 17; Ori-aggo, 17, 18; Padova-Venezia-Oriago-Mira, 19;Rome, 17; Sardinia, 21; Venice, 17, 18, 21;Verona-Vicenza-Treviso-Rovigo, 19); Java, cen-tral, 6; Kentucky, 10; Louisiana (Alexandria,17; Lake Charles, 17); Malaya, 13, 14, 16, 18,19; Maryland, 15 (Annapolis, 17); Mauritius, 13,14, 18, 21; Michigan, 16; Mississippi (AdamsCo., 16; Jackson, 17); New Britain, 21; NewCaledonia, 20; New Guinea, 21; New Hebrides,23; New Jersey, 17; New York, 15 (Albany,13; danger zone, 19); New Zealand, 17, 21;North Carolina, 13, 15; Northern U.S., 17;Ohio, 13; Oklahoma, 17; Pacific, South, Terri-tories, 20; Pakistan, 4, 13, 21 (West, 20); Pan-ama, 11 (Canal Zone, 18); Papua, 21; Penn-sylvania, 12 (Philadelphia, 18); Philippines, 10,12, 18, 19, 20, 21; Portugal, 13, 15, 21(Lisbon, 17, 18); Sardinia, 21; Saudi Arabia,10, 19; Solomon Islands, 12, 18; SouthCarolina, Charleston, 17; South Pacific Ter-ritories, 20; Spain, 13, 18; Surinam, 20;Texas, 17 (Texarkana, 17); Tropics, 17, 18, 20;USSR, 15, 18, 19; Golodnaga Steppe, 11; Mos-cow, 16; Odessa, 16; Turkmenia, 18; UnitedStates, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. I5» 16, 17, 18, 19, 20;(northern, 17; region: heavy, 10, 17; moderate,light, 10, 17; western States, 16, 20); Vene-zuela, 15, 20; West Virginia, 17; Wisconsin,Sheboygan, 32; world, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21;Yugoslavia, Dalmatia, 18Damage, losses from, California, 17; Del-Mar-Va-Peninsula, or Eastern Shore, 18; Hawaii, 17;New Jersey, 17; Southern California, 56, 57;United States, 10, 15Damage to living vegetation, 19-21; apple, 20;avocado, 16, 20; 21; Bassia latifolia, 19; Bassialongifolia, 19; bamboo, 19; banyan, 4; barley,20; beans, 20; cacao, 21; Cassia multijuga, 19;Casuarina equisetifolia, 19; cedar, Japanese, 21;Cedrela toona, 19; Cedrus deodara, 19; chillies,
no. 3 INDEX 121
13, 21; Cistanche tubulosa, 19; citrus trees, 19,20; coconut seedlings, 14; coffee: fields, 30;plantations, 16, 21; seedlings, 21; cork oak, 21;cotton, 14 (plant, 16; seedlings, 21); crops, 15(field, 19, 20; standing, 20; world, 12, 13, 21);Eucalyptus: plantations, 14; seedlings, 12, 20;trees, 19; Ficus, 4; flower beds, 20; flowergardens, 21; flowers, chrysanthemum, 21 (roots,21; stems, 21); food crops, 21; food plants, 21;forest trees: Australia, 19; Honduras, 20; India,20, 21; forests; alpine, 20; hardwood, 19; fruittrees, 15, 19, 20, 21; fruit(s), subtropical, 20;grain, 20; grapevines, 12, 18, 20, 43; grassland,4; grazing, 20; groundnuts, 20; lawns, 16, 20,21; lichens, 6; maize, 9; Mangijera indica, 7,ax; mango, 7, 21, 45; oak, cork {Quercussuber) ax; oats, 20; orchards, 21; palas, 21;palm date, 13; peanuts, 20; peas, 20; pine,radiata, timber, in plantations, 20; Pinus radiata,21; plane tree, 19; plantations, 19, 215 (Euca-lyptus, 14; new teak, 20); plants, 20, 21 (forest,19, 21; living, 10, 16, 19, 20, 21); potato, 20;Quercus suber, 21; rubber, 14 (new plantings,16, 19; trees, 46); rye, 20; sugarcane, 4, 9, 13,15, 20, 21 (cuttings, 12, 14; seed, 21; setts, 15);tea bushes, 19, 20; teak trees, 6, 20; trees, 4,17, 18, 20 (apple, 20; forest, 20, 21; green,19; living, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21); vegetables, 19,21; veld, 20; vines, 12, 21; vineyards, 18, 20;watde, 21; wheat, 11, 20; woody plants, 43;yew, 15Damage, to materials, 7, 9-19; art treasures,Rome, 17; books, 17, 18; buildings, 16, 17, 18,19, 54; cable, underground, 11; church, St.Mark's, Venice, 17; clothes, 4, 17; constructiontimbers, 11, 19; control jobs, increase, 17;corks, 17; cost, 10, 15, 17; cotton, 17; cracks inconcrete widened, 13; docks, dry, floating, 28,29, 31; documents, important, 19; Doge's Pal-ace, 17; doorposts, 18; flooring, 18; frames,window, 18; furniture, 17; groundnuts, stored,18; homes, 17, 54; houses, 16, 18, 54; house-hold, 18; increasing, 56; kinds, 17; linen, 17;logs, 19; mortar, lime, 17; paper, 18, 20; (mat-ting, 17); photograph file, 37; piling, 17; prop-erties, 18; records, valuable, 16; refrigerator dis-play case, 20, 50; roofs, thatched, 17; sleepers,18, 19 (railway, 18); textiles, 56; ties, railroad,19; timbers, 12, 17, 18; type, 18; vapor bar-riers, 9; wall paper, 17; walls, 17; wood, 18,19 (fallen, 19, products, 18); wooden articles,4 (boxes, 18; structures, 19)Dampwood termites, 10, 13, 15, 21, 39; control,15; damage, 10, 13, 15, 21; rearing, 39DDT, dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane, 11, 13, 14,15, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52; BHC mixture, 19; doseorally and dermally, 52; emulsion, 12; failed,14, 42, 43; nervous system affected by, 36; soil,iron in, decomposes, 44; toxaphene mixture, 19Debris, chemical treatment brick and mortar, 13;removal cellulose, 13, 14Decay, rot, io, 13, 16, 17, 18, 40, 53, 54, 56, 57;description wood rots, 54; insurance, treatedlumber, 54, 58; Lentintts lepideus, wood de-stroying fungus, treated lumber, protection
against, in FHA Minimum Property Standards,13; methods protection against, 53, 56; types,29; wood preservation, 56Defaunation, 13Delaware, Wilmington, 1Del-Mar-Va Peninsula, or Eastern Shore, 18, 64Demeton, 51Depth, 5Desiccation, removal of lipids of epicuticle, 11Detection, 11, 12, 14, 22; damage, 22; dampwood,22; drywood, 22; earth in galleries, 22; excre-ment on wood, 22 (yellow, clayey, 6, 22);flight, 22; pellets: large, 22; small, 22; subter-ranean, 22; tubes, 22 (putty-colored, 21, 22);wood-destroying organisms, key to, 22Deterrent, See RepellentDevelopment, cockroaches, 30; embryological, 8,25; incipient colonies, 8; Orthoptera, 30; ter-mites, 30Development cycle, Reticulitermes, 4Diatomites, 16Diazinon, 51Dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane, DDT, 11, 13,14, 15, 16; emulsion, 12; failed, 14Dieldrin, 9, n, 12, 19, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51,54; as dust, 12, 15, 16, 43; as soil poison, 9,11, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 (leads to damage byother insects, 11); as spray, 12; emulsion, 14,15, 16; hazard, 52; most persistent, 14, 46;residual effect longer, 16; soil fertility not af-fected, 15, 43; toxicity, 52; water solution, 42;water suspension, 43; wood preservative, 53Digestion, 22; bacteria, 22; cellulase, 22; cellulose:by symbiotic flagellates, 22; by bacteria, 3, 22;cement, 22, 35; chitin, 22; concrete, 17; flagel-lates, 22; fungi, 22; fungus-growing termites,22; Macrotermitinae, 22; protozoa intestinal, 22,39; stucco, 22, 35; symbiosis, 22; time to, 22Digestive tract, two types, 33; variation corre-spond to two lines of evolution, 33Dilan, 51Dimethyl parathion, powder, 12Diptera, flies, parasites: calliphorid, 36; muscid,36Discipline, study in, 8Distribution, 22-25, 47, 48, 49; Adriatic Coast, 23;Afghanistan, 25, 50; Africa: Belgian Congo,47, 48; East, 21, 23, 24, 25, 48, 49 (Kenya, 48,49; Tanganyika, 14, 21, 49); Egypt, 23, 25;Ethiopia, 23; French Cameroons, 23, 48; Sa-hara, NW, 24; savannas, 23; South, 8, 23, 24,47; West, 59; Arabia, southwest, 23, 48; AroaIsland, 24; Australia, 4, 23 (Cape York Penin-sula; Weipa area, 22; mainland, 20; west, 22);Austria, 69; Balkans, 23, Belgrade, 23; Brazil,22; British Columbia, 24; British Common-wealth, 23; British Honduras, 23; Bucharest,23; Burma, 24; Canary Islands, 69; CantonIsland, 23; Ceylon, 24; China, 24; Cyprus, 23;Czechoslovakia, 23; Dniester River, 23; Ethio-pian region, 24; Europe, 23, 24 (southwest,25); Formosa, 24; France, 23; general, 70-71;Greece, 25; Guam, 23; Guinea, Portuguese, 23;Hawaii, 25 (Molakai, 23); India, 24 (Calcutta,22, Dehra Dun, 24; Mysore State, 25, Rajasthan,
122 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Udaipur, 24); Indo-Malaya, 22; Indonesia, 22;Iowa, 22; Iran, 25, 50; Iraq, 25, 50 (Baghdad,23); Italy, 24 (Pontine Island, Zannone, 24;Venice, 22, 23, 24); Java, 23; Kichinev, 23;Kwajalein Naval Stat., 23; Madagascar, 24 (Re-union Island, 24); Malaya, 23, 25; MarshallIslands, 23; Mauritius, 62; Micronesia, 23; Mid-way Island, 23, 24; Minnesota, 24; Montana,24; Nepal, 24; New Guinea, 24; New Britain,24; New Hebrides, 23; New Jersey, Trenton,22, 25; New York, 24; New Zealand, 24;northward, 24, 50; Oklahoma, 22, 25; Oregon,Corvalis, 24; Pacific Islands, western, 23; Pakis-tan, 23 (East, 22; West, 22, 24); Panamarainforest, 25; Papua, 24; Peru, 25; Philippines,12, 24; Portugal, 24; Puerto Rico, 24; Rumania,23, 24; Ryukyu Islands, 23; Sardinia, 24; SaudiArabia, 22; Solomon Islands, Rennell Island, 23,South Africa, 23, 24; Spain, 24; Sumatra, 23;Texas, 24; Trieste, 23; Turkey, 23; USSR, 23(Moscow, 22; Turkmenia, 24); United States,22, 24 (northern, 24); Utah, 25; West Virginia,25; Western Pacific Islands, 23; world, 25;Wisconsin, 25; Yugoslavia, 23, 24, 25District of Columbia, legislation, 32; zoo, 37Diverticulum, blind, 33Dniester River, 23Docks, pine, 17Do it yourself, danger, 11Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, 31, 67; fos-
sils, 28Doryloxenus, myrmecophile, 51Dorylus, ant; (A) kphli, predator, 8; guest, 50Dorylus (Typhlopone) julvus dentifrons, ant, 37;soldier struggle with soldier Vseudacanthotermesmilitaris, 37Double diffusion, method wood preservation, 55Douglas fir, 31, 54, 58; digestion, 22; plywood,57Drainage, 14Drilling masonry, 10, 46; methods for, 10, 46Dry-Cure Engineering Co., reports on, 39Drying, toleration to, 4Drywood termites, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 57,58; damage surpasses that by decay or sub-terranean termites, 57; New Zealand, native,17Duboscquia, lezer't, microsporidian parasite, 36Duplidentitermes jurcatidens, 47jurioni, 47latimentonis, 47Dusts, abrasive, 11; aldrin, 15, 16; inert, 11;poison, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16; sorptive, non-toxic,9, 10, 11; tobacco, 12; white arsenic, 12;wounds, treat with, 12
Ecological factors, 5Economic importance, 7Ectohormone, pheromone, 41; inhibition, 41;inhibition, lacking in Reticulitermes, 4Egg(s), laying, 4, 7, 8; rate egg laying, 4, 8,Embioptera, how to distinguish from termites, 48Embryology, 25
Emersonitermes (near Subulitermes) the\adensis,48Emulsions more favorable than dusts, 14Endocrine organs, gland, secretion, 41; system,33; transplantation, 26Endrin, 52; toxicity, 52England, 31, 39, 68Enteric valve, complex, 33; simple, 33Entomologists, graduate, in commercial work,number, 15Enzymes, inhibition by parathion, 36Eocene, 27, 28Eotermes multivenosus, 28Epicuticle, lipids removed, 11Epizootic, 3, 36Epoxidation, aldrin converted to dieldrin, 44;heptachlor to epoxide, 44 (more toxic, 44);increased residual effect, 44Epoxides, aldrin converted to dieldrin, 44; hepta-chlor, 43, 44Equipment, care of, 9; directory, 9, 10, 28Eremotermes dehraduni, 6, 24, 49mali\i, 47nanus, 48neoparadoxalis, 47n. sp., 22paradoxal!*, 23sabaeus, 23, 48Ethiopia, Sagan-Omo, 23; SE., Ogaden, 34Edtiopian zoogeographical region, 24, 25, 49, 59-60Ethology, nests, 3, 35, species termites, 48Ethylene dibromide, EDB, 9, 42, 43, 46; slabs, 9;soil fumigant, 42, 43, 46; subslab, 46Eucalyptus (resistant woods) creba, 40diversicolor, Karri, 53eugeniodes, 40grandis, 40marginata; jarrah, 40micrantha, 40paniculata, 40propinqua, 40punctata, 40rostrata, 40saligna, 40salubris, 19sieberiana, silver top ash, 40tereticornis, 40Euchilotermes, 33, 47Eucryptotermes, 13Europe, 9, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 49, 68, 69;Central, 18, 69; Southeast, 69; Southwest, 25(tests endemic hardwoods, 40; tests resistantwoods, 40)Eurytermes ceylonicus, 19Eutermes, mounds, 36; sp., 37Evolution, 25-26; adaptive, 3, 25; digestive tract,33; nest-building behavior in Apicotermes, 3,25, 26; society, 26; symbiosis, 5,Expansion joints, 15Experimental animal, 26Experimentation, 8, 26Exterminator, when to call, 13; require license inStates, cities, 32
no. 3 INDEX I23
Extractives, 40; chlorophorin, African iroko, 40;pinosylvin, Scots pine, 40; Pa, mahogany, 9;Ryania speciosa, wood, toxic, 40; substance #1Osage orange, 40; taxifolin, Douglas fir, 40;tectoquinone, Tectona grandis, teak, 40; tetra-hydroosajin, Osage orange, 40; toxic, 40
Family unit, 8Fastigitermes, 33Fat body reserve, 4Fauna, Dalmatia, 25; intestinal, 38Federal Housing Administration, FHA, 56Feeding, 4; organ, 33Femur, 46Ferox, wood preservative, 56Fertilization in protozoa, 38FHA, Federal Housing Administration MinimumProperty Standards, 10, n, 13Fiberboard, 53, 54, 56; wood preservation, raisingresistance, 56Film recordings, 6Fire hazards, 51Fire retardants, 53, 54, 55; ammonium phosphate,55. 56; ammonium sulfate, 55, 56 (plus boraxand boric acid, 55; plus chromated zinc chlo-ride, 56); control by, detailed, 56; chromatedzinc chloride, 54, 56; history, 56; Minalith, 54;Protexol, 54; Pyresote, 54; tests, tunnel, etc., 56;vinegar, 56Firmitermes abyssinicus, 47?tripolitantts, 47First aid for poisoning, 43, 52Flagellates, 5, 13, 22, 38; holomastigotid, 37;hypermastigote, 38; intestinal, 38; symbiotic, 22,38; trichonymphid, 37Flies, parasites, termitophiles, calliphorid, 36;muscid, 36; sarcophagid, 51Flight, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 27; atmospheric pressure,effect, 27; behavior worker, 27; calling attitude,27; distance, 27; first, 5, 27 (not all leave, 27);height, 27; humidity, effect, 27; not indispen-sable for copulation and egg laying, 8; preda-tors, 27; pressure, effect, 27; rain, after, 27;survival, small percentage, 27, 37; swarm, 27(forecasting, 27; seasonal, 27; several, 27);temperature, effect, 27; time, day, 27 (lasts, 27;year, 27); wing shedding, 27Flooring, beech, 18Flora, bacterial, 5Florida, 4, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 32, 42,54» 55> 56, 63, 64, 66, 6y, central, 17; Gaines-ville, 42, 46, 64, 66; home-owners guide, 13;Jacksonville, 54; Miami, 31Fluorescence, adipose tissue, 7, 26; chitin, 7, 26;differentiation internal organs, 26Fluorides, contact insecticides, 12; water soluble,12Fogging hazards, 51Folklore, 27Food, 8; brood, dead and living, 8; cellulose,rotten, 6; exuviae, 8; humus, 34; lichens, 6;kind, 35; newsprint, 26, 35; preferences, 7, 26,35; soil, 8; stomodeal, 7; termites as, 25, 27;volume, 35; white anteater, 37; wood fragmentsreserve, 34
Foraging, 4, 6, 11Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India, 49Forest termites, alpine forest, 19; Australian, 19Forficulitermes planifrons, 48Formosa, Taiwan, 8, 11, 16, 19, 21, 24, 30, 58,60, 61, 62Fossil, 5, 27-28; age, 27; amber, 27, 28 (Baltic,28; Mexican, 28); Eocene, 27, 28; Geiseltales,28; general, 28; Geological States Inst., 28;Miocene, 27, 28; Oligocene, 27, 28; Permian,Pleistocene, 28; shale, 28; Tertiary, 28Foundations, concrete, 19, 12; impervious, 10, 14;sound, 10, 14France, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26,33. 35. 36, 39. 4i» 42, 43. 53. 68, 69; Banyuls,Eastern Pyrenees, 12, 20, 43; termites hazardin, 18Fraud, See RacketFrogs, Australian desert, 37Fumigation, 10, 11, 15, 28-29; business cost, 15,drydock, floating, 28, 29; drywood termites, 28,29; ethylene dibromide, 28, 42; evil spirits, 27;fans, 28, 29; hazards, 10; heat exchanger, 29;methyl bromide, 28, 29; precautions, 10, 28,29; slabs, 28; soil, 28; specifications, California,28, 29; subterranean termites, 28, 29; sulfurylfluoride, superior to methyl bromide, latter su-perior to ethylene dibromide, 28, 29; tarps, 28,29; techniques, 28, 29; tents, 28; U.S. Dept.Agric, 29; Vikane, sulfuryl fluoride, 28 (quali-ties, 28, 29); waterline, 29Fumiseal tents, 28Fungi, association with, 29; decreasing compatibil-ity to Reticulitermes flavipes, Porta incrassata,Lenzites trabea, Polyporus versicolor, Portamonticola, Lentinus lepideus, last definitelyantagonistic, 29Fungi, wood-destroying, see also Decay, Rot.antagonistic, 29; compatibility degrees with ter-mites, 29; not necessary for prolonged existencetermites {Reticulitermes)}, 29; wood preserva-tion prevents, 58Fungicides, 56Fungus, fungi, antagonistic to termites, 29; asso-ciation with, 29; compatible with termites, 29;interfere with termite diet, 29, 35; only para-sites, 29; subterranean termites, mutualism, 29Fungus comb, pH acidic, 29; maintains high hu-midity, heat, 29, 30Fungus cultivation, growing termites, 7, 22, 29:Africa, 29; agaric, 29; association between, andmushrooms, 5; conidia eaten, 29; food foryoung, 7; Java, 29; Macrotermitinae, 3, 29;vegetation, finely cut in nest, 29Fungus garden, bed, 5; construction of, 29, 34;fruiting bodies brought to surface, 29; reservefood supply during floods, 34; vegetation,macerated in, 34Furculitermes brevilabitts, 48brevimalatus, 48cubitalis, 48hendric\xi, 48longilabius, 48parviceps, 48soyeri, 48winifredae, 47
124 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Furrows, dust, 12, 15Fusiformes (bacteria) Fusiformis hilli, 3; ter-mitidis, 3
Galleries, length of, 19, 20Gametes, protozoa, 37; difference in fusion, 38;unusual behavior, 37Gas, lethal, 28; measuring concentrations, 29;toxic, 29Gaseous environment, 30; aeration system, 30; aircirculation, 30; behavior to air, 30; carbon di-oxide expiration, 30; need for fresh air, 30;oxygen supply, 30; undisturbed atmospherenecessary, 30Geiger counter, 26Geiseltales, 28Genes, replicating, molecular identity, 25Genetic elements, 25Genitalia, 30; external, 30 (sex characters, 33);heterologous gonoducts, 30; internal, 30; phal-lic organs greatly reduced, 30; RNA, ribo-nucleic acid, drops, 30; seminal vesicules, spher-ules, 30Geologic agents, 30; action nests on soils, 30;activities decrease length effective mulch life,30; mining influence fauna and flora soils, 30Georgia, 32, 43, 45, 51, 53, 57, 62, 63, 65; At-lanta, 42; Augusta, 54; lumber companies usetreated wood, 53; Savannah, 10, 62Geotropism, 7Germany, 26, 40, 68, 69; Geological States Insti-tute, 28; Hamburg, 7, 18, 19, 31, 37, 39, 50,69; Hamburg-Altona, 18, 69; tests: resistantwood, 40; wood preservatives, 54, 56Gizzard, grinding effect, 33; simple, 33; withlongitudinal folds, 33Gland, endocrine, 33, 41 (secretion, 41); extirpa-tion, 38; mandibular, 41; tentorial, 32, 33Glandular extirpation, effect on Cryptocercus, 38Glauconidae, snakes, 37Globitermes audax, 48sulphurens, 34Glue, Kaurit, toxic added to, 54; phenol resor-cinol, 58; resorcinol, 58; timber, laminated, 58Glyptotermes, 23coorgensis, 19dilatatus, 19jranciae, 49ignotus, 50longiceps, 35magsaysayi, 49nigrifrons, 48, 49ueleensis, 47Gnathamitevmes, 16magnoculus rousei (fossil), 28perplexus, 20Gonoducts, heterologous, 30Grading, 14Grasslands, damage to, II, 20; termite control,«, 43Greece, 56; Corfu, 25, 69Group integration, 25; system, 25; unit, 25Grouping, density of, 26Guam, 23, 27, 70
Guarantee, builder responsible, 46; FHA, 46; 5-year warranty, 46; 5-year impractical, 15, 45Guatemala, 31Guide, Florida home-owners, 13Guinea, Portuguese, 23, 34; savannas, 30, 34Gun, portable dust, 12Gut, hind, second pouch of, 33Gypsum plasterboards, 54H
Habitats, 7; temperature range, 7Haemolymph coagulation, 36; content, 36Hardboards, aldrin or dieldrin added, 54; insecti-cide treated, 54; funiperus stock, 40; wood pre-servative for, 53, 56Harvester termites, 4, 6, 11, 33; hodotermitid, 4,11, 17, 20; Hospitalitermes monoceros, 1,000termites to each meter of column, 6; primitive,33Hawaii, 11, 17, 25, 28, 31, 33, 54, 56, 70;Honolulu, 17, 39, 70; Molokai, Camp Halena,23. 70Hazard(s), 10, 18, 22, 45; Australia, 22; damp-wood termites, 10; drywood termites, 10;France, 18; fumigation, 10, 28; health, 45; in-creased, 18; soil poisons, 45; toxicology, 52Heimitermes laticeps, 48moorei, 47Hemiptera, termitophile, predator, Reduviidae, 37Heptachlor, 10, 16, 32, 43, 44, 45, 46; dust, 16;emulsion, 46 (losses, 46) ; = epoxide, 44, 45;toxicity, 52; wettable powder, 46 (losses, 46);will not accumulate to dangerous levels in culti-vated soils, 46Herds, development supplementary reproductivesin Reticulitermes in form of, 7Heterotermes, 18aureus, 20convexinotatus, 20, 23crinitus, 20Indian, 37indicola, 6, 18, 19, 25, 50primaevus (fossil), 28sp., 21Histidine, 9Hodotermes mossambicus, 20, 21, 23, 27, 34, 43,47ochraceus, 36Hodotermitidae, 30Hodotermopsis japonica, 5, 48Holomastigotes (protozoan) elongatum, 38Holometabolous insects, 5Homeostasis, social, 3; nests, 34Honduras, British, 20, 23, 48, 67Honey bee, queen inhibitory substance, 26Hoplognathotermes subterraneous, 47?submissus, 47Hormone (s), 8, 9; differentiation, 26; gonado-tropic, 9; growth, 26; juvenile, 9; organs, 9;prothoracic gland, 6, 26Hospitalitermes blairi, 49monoceros, 5Host(s), 21; change of, 38; parasites, 20; plant, 20Humidity, 30; behavior and duration life, influ-ence on, 30; fungus comb maintains high, 29:
no. 3 INDEX I25
humid atmosphere in nest sought, 30; increased,12; reactions termites to, 30Hylemyia cana, muscid parasite, 36Hypermastigines, protozoa, 38Hypotermes nongpriangi, 49
IIdaho, Lapwai, 25, 67; Lewiston, 25, 67; TwinFalls, 25, 67Idia flavipetmis, calliphorid parasite, 36Idomastotermes mysticus, 27, 28Illinois, 43, 44, 6^, 64; Chicago, 17, 62India, 4, 7, 8, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21,24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 44, 47, 48,49. 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 71; adjacentcountries, and, 61; Assam, 37, 49, 61; Bengal,West, 48; Bihar, 9; Bijapur (Mysore), 49;British, 36 (Telinkheri, Nagpur, 36); Calcutta,22, 60; Darjeeling, 48; Dehra Dun, 6, 24, 49,61; Delhi, 27, 62; Madras, 49; Metur Dam(Madras), 49; Mysore State, 25, 49, 62; Nagpur,36; North East, 11, 20, 61; Punjab, 61, 62;Pusa, 15, 62; Rajasthan, Udaipur, 18, 24, 49,61; Sambalpur (Orissa), 6; South, 48, 49, 61;Southern, Metur Dam, 49 (Thekaday, Travan-core, 49); Telinkheri, 36; Tinnevelly Distr.,49; Tropics, 71; Visvesvaraya Canal Tract, 15,21Indiana, 62, 64, 65; Indianapolis, 20, 50, 64;Muncie, 12, 13, 64Indians, Guaymi, Panama, folklore, 27, 32Indo-China, Vietnam, Cambodge, 34Indomalaya, 22, 60Indo-Malayan zoogeographical region, 25, 36, 60-62Indonesia, 6, 22, 52, 61Indotermes maymensis, 49Indotermitidae, 49Infestation (s) California, 17; construction, rela-tion to, 15; cracks in concrete, 17; Del-Mar-Va.Peninsula, 18; drydock, 28, 29, 31; lime mortar,17; Louisiana, 17; Maryland, 17; Mississippi,16, 17; New Zealand, 21; northern, 17; roof,from, 15; sources, 21; South Carolina, 17; tea,20; teak, 6, 20; Texas, 28 (general, 17; oldforested areas, 17); threshold, 13; through:cracks, 15, 17; knots, 19; snags, 19; wounds,19; vine, 12, 21; without ground contact bysubterranean termites, 15, 18; wood-destroyingorganisms, 22; yellow pine, sound, 29Infusoria, ciliate, 38Inhibition, social regulation, 4, 5, 6, 7; ecto-hormonal, 4Inhibitory honey bee queen substance, 26Insecticidal action, camphor, byproducts of, 16;chemicals of, 16Insecticides, n, 12, 13, 14, 16, 36, 39, 44, 45, 46;analysis, 44; contact, 12; diluents, 16; organic,12, 45 (phosphorous, 14); radioactive, 39, 45;resistance of termites to, 36, 43, 45; responseto, 14, 46; synthetic, 12Insecticides and soil, 43, 44, 45, 46; testing, 45,46Insect(s), Canadian, 47; injurious, 18; pestsplants, 19, 20; underground, locating, 26
Inspection, 10, 13; cost, 15; form, North Caro-lina, 15; free, 10; periodic, 10, 13, 14Instars, stages, 4Instinct, building, 26; feeding, 20Insulating material, tests of, 10, 11, 26Insulation, boards, 56; cable, 11; neoprene, n;resistant, 11, 26; rubber, 11; synthetic, 11; wire,11, 26; wood preservative for, 56, 57Insurance, 43; control, 10; financial responsibility,31; liability, 13, 31; Lexington Insurance Co.,Wilmington, Del., 10; loans, 54; low cost, pres-sure impregnated lumber, 54; personal, 31;property, 31, 58; termite control warranty pro-gram, N.P.C.A., 10Integument, nature of, 5Intestinal associates, biology, 5, 8, 22, 37-39;fauna, 38; flagellates, 22, 37, 38, 39; flora, 5;flora, relation between soil, 50Intestine, posterior, infusoria in, 38; structure of,16Intraspecies group system, 3, 25Introduced, or intercepted, 12, 22, 24, 31; cir-cumstances of importation, 31; Coptotermesformosanus present in Hawaii since 1913, 31;Coptotermes crassus in drydock, Houston, Tex.,since 1956, spread to waterfront piling in 1958,fumigated 1959, 31; Cryptotermes brevis pres-ent in Hawaii since 1904, 31; Cryptotermesbrevis to East Africa from West Indies 1957,31; Cryptotermes brevis to England fromTrinidad i960, 31; Cryptotermes havilandifrom Africa to Brazil, 38; Cryptotermes havi-landi from Africa and C. kirbyi from Mada-gascar introduced into Madagascar, India, andSouth America 1955, 31; Europe, 31; Kalo-termes jouteli in Lignum vitae lumber to Eng-land from Santo Domingo 1955, 31; Kalo-termes minor to Oklahoma 1957, 31; Kalo-termes nigritus in logs from Guatemala to SanFrancisco, Calif., U.S. 1945, 31; Nasutitermesnigriceps in dead orchid pseudopods to Miami,Fla., 1958, 31; Reticulitermes flavipes in woodenboxes to Hallein (Salzburg), Austria fromHamburg, Germany, by way of Vienna 1955,31; subterranean termites in ships 1957, 31;Zootermopsis angusticollis in Douglas fir fromNorth America to England 1955, 31Iowa, 12, 22, 64Iran, 19, 25, 50, 52, 69Iraq, 23, 25, 50, 69; Baghdad, 23, 68Iroko, African preservatives, 40Isoptera, termites, 5, 49; systematics, 49Isopterists, death thinning out, 49; funds fortraining needed, 49Isotopes, 5, 39, 45; dilution, 39, 45; radioactive,5, 39Italy, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 33, 36, 41,68, 69; Chioggia, North Italy, 17; Manduria(Puglia), 21; Naples, 19, 68; Northern, 68;Oriago, 17, 19, 68; Padova-Venezia-Oriago-Mira, 19; Pontine Isld., 24, 69; Rome, 17, 68;Sardinia, 21, 24, 69; Sicily, 47, 68; Venice, 5,12, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 68, 69; Verona-Vicenza-Treviso-Rovigo, 19; Zannone Isld.(Pontine Islds.), 24
126 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
JJam (Acacia acuminata), resistant wood, 40Japan, 61Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), 40Java, 6, 20, 23, 29, 34, 61fugositermes tuberculatus, 38, 48Juniperus hardboards, 40KKalotermes, 4, n, 41angulatus, 50approximates, 20beesoni, 4, 47, 48durbanensis, 8, 19, 24, 26, 35, 39, 50exertifrons, 50flavicollis, 6, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26,30, 33. 35. 36, 56flavicollis, var. fuscicollis, 47immigrans, 23, 33jepsoni, 19jouteli, 4, 31ra/nor, 7, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 37, 56nigritus, fossil, 28; living, 28, 31snyderi, 4sp., 20spinicollis, 50sylvaticus, 50tabogae, 20, 23Kalotermes (Neotermes) sanctaecrucis, 23, 37Kalotermitidae, 22, 31Kansas, 32, 45Kentucky, 10, 32; Fort Campbell, 42, 53, 63;pretreatment studs with pentachlorophenol,dyed red, 53Kerosene, 15, 51Keys to termites, Afghanistan, 50; Africa: Angola,50; East (Kenya, 50; Tanganyika, 50); Uganda,50; Anacanthotermes, 48; Bahamas, 49; Ber-muda, 49; European, 48; families, 50; field keyto soldiers, 48; genera, 50; Indo-Malayan, 47;Iran, 50; Iraq, 50; Malaya, 48; Philippines, 49;soldiers, 48, 50; Solomon Islands, 48; species,49; Venezuela, 49; West Indies, 49; winged,49. 50; wood-destroying organisms, 22Kichinev, 23King, 16; imaginal, macropterous, 41; neoteinic,brachypterous, apterous, 6, 7, 26, 41Kwajalein Naval Station, 23
Laboratory, colonies, 29; cultures, 39; rearing, 39;techniques, 46; testing, 46Lac cultivation, 21Laminated timbers, glued timbers treated withwood preservatives, 58Larix, wood, test, 40Lawns, damage to, protection, 16, 20Lead, eaten, 18, 35Lead-sheathed cables, 11, 40Leg, femora, 46; tibiae, 46Legal liability, 13, 31Legislation, regulation, 31-32; Arizona, 32; Cali-fornia: Assembly Bill, 31; Structural Pest Con-trol Act, 28, 31; Structural Pest Control Board,
31, 32; new rules, 31, 32 (cities, 32; costhigher, 31); court rulings, 16; enforcementdifficult, 31; Florida Structural Pest ControlBoard, 31, 32; Health, Education, and Welfare,32; liability: personal, 31; property, 31; listStates licensing pest control operators, 32;Louisiana, 31; Michigan, 16; New York, Buf-falo, 1944 law flouted, 32; North CarolinaStructural Pest Control Commission, 32; PestControl Operators California, accepted stand-ards, 32; Sheboygan, Wisconsin, 32 (compul-sory control, 32); State, 15, 32; suppressingmaterial fact, fraud, 16, 31, 32; Tennessee, 31;termite control industry should be self-regulat-ing, 31; Texas, 32 (Galveston, 32; La Marque,32; Pasadena, 32); U.S. Dept. Agric, 32; Wis-consin, 32 (penalties for violation, 32);Lepidotermes, 47Lentinus lepideus, wood-destroying fungus, 29Leucopitermes leucops, 47Leucotermes lucifugus, 18tenuis, 37Leucotermes (Reticulitermes) lucifugus, 18, 24Licensed operator, California, 11Licenses, new, increased, 17Light, 7, See also PhototropismLignum vitae lumber, 31Lindane, 11, 13, 42, 45, 56; toxicity, 52Lipoid layer, 11Loan, 54; cost, 54Lobogyniella, mite, tr'dgardki, 37Locust, black, 40Losses, California, 17; Hawaii, 17; U.S., 10Louisiana, 27, 32, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63; Alex-andria, 17, 31; Baton Rouge, 46, 66; LakeCharles, 17; New Orleans, 57, 65Lysine, 9 MMaaosubulitermes greavesi, 47perlevis, 47Macrolermes angolensis, 49gilvus, 6, 20, 21, 29, 34mound-building by, 5, 36natalensis, 21, 30, 33, 36serrulatus hopini, 49Macrotermitidae, 25Macrotermitinae, 7, 9, 18, 22, 30; fungus-grow-ing, 3, 22, 29Madagascar, 24, 31, 35, 37. 47, 49. 5*» 62 5 Re-union Island, 24, 62Magnesium in haemolymph, 36; in termite soil,3°Mahogany, Philippine, 54; West Indian, Swieteniamahagoni, resistant wood, 9, 40Malacca, 47Malagasitermes milloti, 47Malagasy zoogeographic region, 47, 61Malathion, 15; acute oral and dermal dosagescompared with DDT, 52; toxicity, 52Malaya, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23* 25, 46, 47. 48,57, 60, 61, 62Mandibles, imago-worker in taxonomy, 36;phylogeDy, 49; soldier, lost apical points inSubulitermes, 36; soldier, Nasutitermitinae, 49;variability in soldier, 49; vestigial, soldier, 36
no. 3 INDEX I27
Mangifera indica, mango, 3, 21Marshall Islands, 23, 70Maryland, 66; Annapolis, 17; Baltimore, 10Mastigophora, protozoa, Retortamonidae, 37Mastotermes, 5, 54darwiniensis, 20, 23, 33, 54wheeleri (fossil), 28Mastotermitidae, 22, 28, 32Mate for life, 7Mauritius, 13 14, 18, 21, 62Mecistocephalus consocius, centipede, 37Medicine, uses in, 32; smoked termite nest cureyaws, 32Megagnathotermes, 33Megaponera, ant, 37Mercury, corrosive sublimate, 16Metamorphosis, holometabolous, 5Metapone, ant, 37emersoni, 37madagascarica, 37Methoxychlor, toxicity, 52Methyl bromide, fumigant for drywood termites,28, 29; poisoning, 10, 51; soil fumigant, 42Mexico, 67; Chiapas, 28Michigan, 16, 66Microcerotermes, 11, 20, 21amboinensis, 7baluchistanicus, 47beesoni, 6, 24biroi, 21, 24burtnanicus, 48championi, compared with burtnanicus, 48diversits, 10, 19, 22, 23, 50gabrielis, 25, 49, 50longignathus, 47los-banosensis, 21malmesburyi, 51n. sp., 22progrediens, 23, 48sahjssarensis, 47wood, live, eater, 20Microcerotermitinae, 6Microclimate, nests, 7, 34Microhodotermes viator, 23, 27, 34, 43, 47Micronesia, 3, 23, 61Microorganisms, association with, 29, 39; elimina-tion of, 29, 35; in termite intestines, 29, 39;in soil, 30, 45; interfere with termite diet, 29,35Microtermes anandi, 6, 18, 24mycophagus, 19obesi, 9, 15, 20, 21pakistanicus, 22, 47sp., 21unicolor, 6, 24upembae, 48vadschaggae, var. grassei, 23, 48; var. ditbins,23, 48Midway Island, Atoll, 23, 24, 27, 70Migration reproductives, 5Mimeutermes edentatus, 49Mining by termites, 34; mass per unit surfacearea equal to one-half entire microfauna, earth-worms excluded, 30, 34Minnesota, St. Paul, 24, 67Miocene, 28, 51, 66
Mirotermes panamaensis, 37Mississippi, 27, 32, 40, 43, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63,64, 67; Adams Co., 16; Jackson, 17, 53, 54, 62;Saucier, 54, 55, 56; State Highway Dept., 40,53. 54Missouri, St. Louis, 43Mite, acarine, 36; diplogynid, 37; parasite, 36;predator, 37; red, 37, 51; tyroglyphid, 50;white, 37, 51Moisture, 7; minimum, 39; optimum, 7, 30, 39;reservoir, 13Molt(s), 26Molting, change of hosts during, 38; corpora allatadetermines 26; retrograde, 7Montana, 24, 66Morphology, 32-33; alate, 32; Anacant/iotermesmacrocephalus, 32; body structure, 33; brain,33 (structure in relation to polymorphism,minor and major soldiers and workers, 33);cephalic musculature, 33; chaetotaxy, 33;corpora allata, 33; digestive tract, 33; entericvalve, 33; external, 32, 33 (sex characters, 33);feeding apparatus various castes, 33 (muscu-lature and mechanism, 33); ganglion, 33;glands, endocrine, 33, 41; mouthparts, 33;nasus, 32; nerves 33; neurosecretory cells, 33;nourishment organs, 33; nutrition, biology of,33; oocytes, 32; proventriculus, "social feedingorgan," 33; soldiers, 32, 33 (ReticulitermesEurope and Near East, 49); sterna, 33; styles,33; tentorial gland, 32, 33; tergite glandularareas, 32; Termitinae, 33; tibial spurs, 33;tracheae, 33; worker, 32, 33Mortality, killed by parasites, 35; period, 11;treated with saline solutions, 26Mortgage, how to build homes outlive, 53; loan,cost, 54Mound(s), 30; chemical analysis, 9; control, 12,14, 15; iron oxide concretions, 9; soil, texture,9, 30; Somali huts built of red-brown moundearth, 53; structure, inner, 34; Tropics, Africa,5. 30, 34. 35Mound -building termites, 9, 21, 34, 35; affect soilfertility, 21Mouthparts, 33Mucrotermes osborni, 47Musculature, cephalic, 33Mushrooms, 5Mutualism, subterranean termites and fungi, 29Myobatrachus gouldi, frog, white anteater, 37Myrmecobius f. fasciatus, banded anteater, num-bat, marsupial, 37Myrmecophile Doryloxentts, 51Odontoxenus, termitophile, more primitivethan Doryloxentts, 51N
Naphthalene, soil poison, 44Nasus, 32Nasutitermes, 30, 32, 37arborum, 6, 30beckeri, 49branch, 36brevioculatus, 14ceylonictts, 19
128 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
columbicus, 37corniger, 20, 23costalis, 20exitiosus, 40, 42, 53, 54, 56jumigatus, 5globiceps, 21, 25mounds, 9nigriceps, 20, 23, 31novarum-hebridarum , 21, 24thanensis, 6, 24Nasutitermitinae, 6, 30, 36, 47; collect food, 30;revision, 49National Academy of Sciences, 9, 12, 13, 15, 56National Association Home Builders, 46National Better Business Bureau, 39National Lumber Manufacturers Assoc, 10National Pest Control Assoc., N.P.C.A., approvedreference procedures, termite, control, 42; pre-treatment certification board, 42; pretreat pro-cedure, 10, 13, 15; termite control warrantyprogram, 10, 46National Research Council, 9, 12, 13, 15, 56;Building Research Advisory Bd., 9, 12, 13, 15,56; Div. Medical Sci., 52National Safety Council, safe use pesticides, 52National Science Foundation, 1Natural selection, 25Nearctic zoogeographical region, 62-67Near East, 49, 69Neoteinics, 4, 5; apterous, 4; brachypterous, 4;functional, 5Neoteinia, neoteny, 7Neotermes, 4, 23aburiensis, 21, 47ampltts, 35araguaensis, 49aridus, 50bosei, 6, 27castaneus, 16, 20, 21collarti, 47desneuxi, 35dilatatus, 19gardneri, 7, 21greeni, 19lepcrsonneae, 47tnalatensis, 20megaocttlatas, 6, 24microculatus, 6, 24milltaris, 19n. sp., 22pishinensis, 47reunionensis, 24sanctaecrucis, 37setijer, 49sp., 2i, 24tectonae, 6, 20Neotropical zoogeographical region, 25, 36, 48,63-68Nepal, 24, 61Nerves, 33; terminal, 16Nervous system affected by DDT, 36Nests, 33-35, 36; African, 34; age, 7, 26, 35; an-cestral type, 34; Apicotermes, 34, 35, 36; archi-tecture, 34; atypical, 25, 34, 36; climatization,34; destruction of, 12, 14, 15; double, 34;dumps, soil, 34; during floods, 34; ethological
material, 3, 35; evolution, 3, 25, 26, 34, 35;giant, 34; height, 26, 34, 35, 36; homeostasis,34; Hospitalitermes, 6; influence fauna, flora,34; ingredients of, 9, 27, 34; landscape in, 34;logs, in, 19; Macrotermitinae, Asian, African,6; magnetic, 34; mass, per unit surface area, 3;material used in road repair, 27; medicine, usein, 27; microclimate, regulation, 7; mound, 5,13, 34; mushroom-shaped, 34; Odontotermes,33; parts of, 34; phylogeny, 35; pinnacled, 34;primitive Apicotermes, 3, 26, 34, 35; rate ofgrowth, 26; region differences, 34, 35; size, 26,34> 355 soil of, 3, 34; structure of, 34; stumpsin, 19; subterranean, 34; system, 34; temperateregions, 35; temperature regulation, 7; tree, 34;trees fallen, in, 19; types, 34, 35 (Macro-termitinae, 29); underground, 34; vegetation in,29; ventilation, 34; volume, 34; walls, types of,26, 34. 355 young and old, contrast, 5Neurosecretory cells, 33New Britain, 21, 24, 70New Caledonia, 20, 70New Guinea, 8, 21, 24; southern Mabadauansavannas, 34, 70New Hebrides, 23, 37, 70New Jersey, 43, 62, 63, 64; Trenton, 22, 25, 62,66, 67New York, 67; Albany, 13, 65; Buffalo, 32, 65;danger zone, 19; Long Island, 66; New YorkCity, 32; State, 8, 15, 22, 24, 46, 66New Zealand, 6, 17, 21, 24, 33, 51, 56, 58, 5959Nitiditermes berghei, 47North America, 12, 31, 64
~Noditerm.es, 33jestivus, 48wasambaricus, 50North Carolina, 13, 15, 32, 64, 65, 66Northward spread, Europe, 24; United States, 24Nourishment organs, feeding apparatus, 33Numbat, See MyrmecobiusNursery, area, temperature higher, 20; beds ofpalas, 21; poison, 12; region, maximum in-crease in heat in, 19, 20Nutrition, 6, 35; biology of, 33, 35; degrees com-patibility fungi and termites, 35; needs, 29, 35;organs of, 35; preferential controls productionvarious castes, 7; relationship termites andfungi, 35; sound yellow pine attacked, 35;trophallactic exchanges between sexual andlarvae, 35Nyctothertts silvestrianus, protozoa, probably un-important in digestion cellulose, 39
Oak, cork, 21; piles, 17Obituary, 35Obtusitermes bijormis, 37Occultitei-mes occultus, 47Odontotermes (O.), 7, 51assamensis, 23assmuthi, 9, 15, 21, 48badius, 7, 29, 30bangalorensis, 19, 24brunneus, var. wallonensis, 19chicapenensis, 50
no. 3 INDEX I29
jeae, 18flammifrons, 48jormosanus, 20gurdaspurensis, 15, 18, 24horni, 19javanicus, 51ktdkprni, 49lacustris, 48meturensis, 49montanus, 48nests, 34, 35o£«w, 4, 8, 18, 19, 21, 24, 29, 32, 33, 35,49. 50, 51parvidens, 23, 48redemanni, 4, 16, 19, 32, 33, 51silvaticus, 23, 48taprobanes, 19wallonensis, 6Odontotermes (Hypoteitnes) obscuriceps, 19, 50,51Odontoxenus, termitophile, 50, 51brevicornis, 51butteli, 50ceylonicus, 51eutermitis, 51longesetosus, 50paradenyiae, 51proximus, 50splendidus, 51termitophilus, 51transfuga, 50triarticulatus, 51Ohio, 13, 62, 64; Cincinnati, 32; Cleveland, 32;Columbus, 32Oklahoma, 17, 22, 28, 31, 32, 62, 63, 66; Okla-homa City, 43; Ponca City, 25, 67; Tulsa, 25,67Oleaginous antiseptics, 57Olfaction, reciprocal attraction between differentindividuals and density groupings, 26, 41, 42Oligocene, 27, 28, 67Ontogeny, terminal nerves in course of, 16, 41Oocytes, 32Ophiotermes, 33Oregon, 37, 43, 44, 63, 65; central, 25, 67; Cor-vallis, 24; eastern, 25, 67Organophosphates, 36Oriensubulitermes inanis, 47inaniformis, 47Oriental region, 36, 47. See also Indo-MalayanOrientation, temporary, 7Orphnaeus brevilabiatus, centipede, predator, 37Orthoptera, development, 30Orthotermes, 33Osmose salts, 53, 57Osage orange, extractives, substance 1, 40; terra -hydroosajin, 40Ovaries, mature queen, 32Oxygen, toxicity, effect of temperature and ten-sion for protozoa, 38
Pacific Islands, Western, 23Pakistan, 4, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 47, 48,60, 62; East, 22, 24, 47, 60, 61; West, 20, 22,
24, 47, 60, 61 (Hoshiarpur, 4; Lahore, 23, 37;Panjab, 24, 60)Palaearctic zoogeographical region, 33, 49, 68Palas, nursery beds of, 21Pallothyreus, ant, 37Panama, 4, 29, 32, 34, 37, 49, 67, 68; CanalZone, 18, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 54, 55, 56, 58, 63,64, 67; rainforest, 25; western, 27Paper, asphalt, 20; building, 16; newsprint, 26, 35Papua, 8, 21, 24; center distribution, 70; Terri-tory, 70Papuan zoogeographical region, 25, 36, 70Paracapritermes hesperus, 48Paracharon caectis, whipless whipscorpion, 37; intermite nest, predator? 37Paradichlorobenzene, n; soil poison, 44Paralysis, 11, 37Paraneotermes simplicornis, 20Parasites, 35-36; control by, 16; control of, 13;ectoparasite, 35; eggs, on, 35; flies, 36; hostsof, 20; mite, 36; nest, white ants, 36Parastylotermes calico (fossil), 28Parathion, 14, 36, 51; acute oral and dermaldosages compared with DDT, 52; inhibitionenzymes, 36Paris green, 14; poison bait, applied at time thin-ning cotton, 14Parrhinotermes bjiasii, 49Parthenogenesis, 8Particle board, 56; wood preservatives for, 56, 58Particle size, 5; relation to penetration, 5Paste on trunks, 15Pellets, 22; fossil, 28Pennsylvania, 14, 22; Philadelphia, 18, 65Pentachlorophenate, sodium, 56Pentachlorophenol, 11, 26, 42, 53, 54, 55, 57;dilution affects results, 11; failed, 42; in pe-troleum oil, 55, 56; most effective chemical, 12Pericapritermes, 33amplignathus, 23, 48chiasognathus, 38machadoi, 49minimus, 50urgens, 38Peru, 25, 68Pest(s) avocado, 16, 20; citrus, 20; control busi-ness, 15 (cost, 15; operators, 14, 31, 32); grape,20; mango, 21; tea, 20; termites, 3; families as,20; termites as, ignored, 6; wheat, 20Pesticides, 14, 16, 32, 39, 45; application of, 14,45; as repellents, 14; chemicals as, 14; regula-tion by U.S. Govt., 32; residues, 39; use withcare, 16, 52Petroleum oil, No. 2, 55; Wyoming, 55pH, fungus combs acidic, 29; value in termitesoil higher, 30Phenols, wood preservatives, 56Phenylalanine, 9Phenyl mercury oleate, 55; in naphtha, woodpreservative, 55Pheromone, ectohormone, secretion, acts throughmouth functional reproductives, inhibit produc-tion supplementary reproductives, 41Philippines, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 49, 60, 61,62; Negros, 21
130 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Phoridae, termitophiles, Aenigmatistes, 51 j Termi-tomyia, 51; Termitostroma, 51; 7'haumatoxena,5i
"Phosphatase" acids in symbiotic flagellates, 38Phosphorus compounds, organic, 46, 52; insecti-cides, 14; radioactive, 26Phototropism, variation in light, effect, 3Phylogenetic persistence, 25Phylogeny, 36; Nasutitermes, 36; new genera, 36;Subulitermes, 36Physida nuda, centipede, predator, 37Physiology, 36; general, 71Pilanus (pseudoscorpions) pilatus, 37pilifer, 37Piles, oak, 17; treated, 53Pilotermes langi, 48Pine, Australian native (Callitris, spp.); 40;docks, 17; longleaf, 55; radiata, 20, 21; Scots,40; southern yellow, 53, 54, 55; yellow, soundattacked, 29Pinosylvin, 40Pinus radiata, 20, 21; wood preservative treat-ments, 54Planting hole, treating, 14, 15Planting pot, polythene, 15Plants, injury to, control, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 19, 20, 21; paradichlorobenzene inplanting holes, 11; stems, decayed, eaten, 35Plastics, 40, 53, 54; cellulose acetate, 40, 53 (sus-ceptible, plasticized, 53); epoxylines, 40, 53;gypsum plaster boards, 54; phenolic laminates,4°> 535 polyesters, unsaturated, 40, 53; poly-ethylene, 53; polystyrene, 40, 53; polyvinylchloride, 40, 53; polyvinylidene chloride, 40;resistant to termites, 53Pleistocene, 28Plywood, addition chlordane or white arsenic toglue line, 54; damage by termites, 5; Douglasfir, resistance, 57; Karri, 53; preservative treat-ment, 53, 58; prevention termite damage, 5;treatment, 53; wood preservation, 56, 57Poison baits, 11, 14, 40; paris green, 14Poison Control Centers, location, telephone num-ber, officer, treatment available on 24-hour dailybasis for poisoning, 52Poison dusts, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16Poisoning, by mediyl bromide, 10, 28; deathcustomer not caused by soil poisons, 42, 51;orally, dermally, 52; treatment of, 52Poisons, compendium information on, 52; diction-ary of, 52, 57; economic, 52; wood preserva-tives, 57Pole test, 54Polymorphism, 6, 7, 33Polythene, 15Population, basis for control, 12; coordination col-lective workers, 36; distribution in nests, 34,36; in winter, 36; nests, 20, 36; tropical, 36Populus, resistant wood, 18Porotermes adamsoni, 12, 19, 20Portugal, 13, 15, 24, 69; Lisbon, 17, 18, 69Post-construction treatment, 10Posts, black locust, 40; Douglas fir, 40, 53, 54;guard rail, 40; highway, treatment, 53; longleafpine, 40; red cedar, 40; round, 40, 54; south-
ern yellow pine, 40, 53, 54; square, 40, 53, 54;tests, Mississippi, 40, 53; U.S., 53, 54, 55Postsubulitermes parviconstrictus, 47Predators, 5, 6, 7, 27, 37; anteators, 37; ants, 37;beede, carabid larvae: Harpalus aeneus,Pterostichus vulgaris?, 37; birds, 37; Bona-parte's sea gulls, 27, 37; carabid larvae, 37;centipedes, 37; do not disturb foraging columns,6; frogs, 37; lizards, 37; rats, 37; reduviid, 37;Reticulitermes, flying, 37; snakes, 37; solpugid,37; swarm, few termites survive, 37; wasp, 37Pretreatment, pretreat, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 42, 46;California, 15; certification board NPCA, 42;dyes, 10; Fort Campbell, Ky., 10; how to sellto builders, 10; Navy project, 10; soil poisons,10, 13; when to sell to home building market,13; wood preservatives, 10, 11Prevention damage, 9-16Price adjustment, 11Probositermes, 33Procryptotermes, 24Procubitermes, 33, 47Projastigitcrmes putnami, 48Promirotermes, 33Propolis, bee glue, protects beehives, 58Prorhinotermes inopinatus, 23Prothoracic gland, hormones, 6, 26Protexol Corp., fire-retardant salts,Protozoa, 6, 8, 37-39; absent, 22; amebae, 5;beneficial, not all, 22; cytology chromosomes,electronic microscope study, 16; diet, interferewith termite, 29, 35; effect glandular extirpa-tions on Cryptocercus on sexual cycle, 38; effecttemperature on, 26, 38, 39; effect temperatureon oxygen toxicity, 38; effect tension on oxygentoxicity, 38; effect reciprocal transfaunationsbetween roach and termite, 38; effect trans-faunations on sexual cycle, 38; flagellate, 22, 37,38, 39; indicators of developmental stages inmolting of Cryptocercus, 38; number, 5; phos-phatase acid, 38; reciprocal transfaunationsbetween roach and termite, 38; suppression sex-ual cycles and death resulting from changehosts during molting, 38; symbionts, flagellate,38; symbiotic, 38; weight of, 22Proventriculus, gizzard, 33; social feeding organ,33Psammotermes assuanensis, 13, 23fuscofemoralis, 13, 23hybostoma, 24, 25rajasthanicus, 49Pseudacanthotermes militaris, 37Pseudoergates, 4, 9, 26, 41Pseudonymph, 8Pseudoscorpions, 37Pseudostuga menziesii, resistant wood, 18Pseudoworker, 8P2 fraction, repellent in West Indian mahogany, 9Public agencies cooperating in control, 13Puerto Rico, 9, 24, 40, 67, 68; tests resistantwoods, 40; wood preservatives, 58Pupa, function pupal stadia in holometabolousinsects, 5Purdue University, conference report, 12; tests, 42,43
no. 3 INDEX 131
Queen, imaginal, macropterous, 4, 41; movesabout in nest, 5, 34; neoteinic, brachypterous,apterous, 6, 7, 26, 41; numbers in colony, 6;ovaries, 32; secretes liquid, 4; size, 6; young,primary, first copulation, fecundity, 4
Racket, 39; Dry-Cure Engineering Co., 39; intermite control, 16, 32, 39; National BetterBusiness Bureau's reports, 39; quackery, 39;shields, 54; warning against, 39Radiation, cobalt-60, 13, 39; colony life, effect on,39; curies, 39; dosages, 39; rontgens, 39;strontium-90, 13; ultraviolet, 26; woodborerstreated by, 39Radioactive: ashes, 39; cobalt, 26; isotopes, 39;phosphorus, 26, 39; tagging, 39Rain, effect on flight, 12, 27Rainforest, Panama, 25Ratio, workers and soldiers, 4, 7Reaction, attraction, olfactory, 26; larvae, nymphs,neoteinics, soldiers, olfaction, crowding, 26;light, 26; temperature, 26Real estate agencies, cooperation with, 14Rearing, 8, 39; cork, sheet, with cells, 39; damp-wood termites, 39; drywood termites, 39; mois-ture gradient tubes, end-slotted, 7, 39; mois-ture, minimum, optimum, 39; plaster paris,with sawdust, 39; subterranean termites, 39;temperature, 39; termite houses, 39; Termitidae,culture methods must be developed for, 8;tubes, glass, 39; wood, moist in glass jars, 39;wooden nests, 39Redwood, California, foundation grade, 40Regeneration behavior, 3, 40; nest structures, 34,40Regions, temperate, 27; tropical, 17, 18, 20, 35,54. 70, 71Regression, 41Repellents, termite, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16; aerogels,silica, 9, 10, 11, 12; chemicals as, 14; organic,16, 58; phosphorous, 14; Ps refraction, 9; soilpoisons, 42-46; waxy-white substance, 9; woodpreservatives, 53-59Reproductives, sexuals, apterous formation, 7, neo-teinic, 8; origin, 7, 9; primary, functional, 41;replacement, 7; supplementary, 6, 7, 26, 41Report, termite, 10, 13; must not misrepresent, 13Research, 7, 13; data evaluated, 11; mediods,wood products, 15; results, new, 5; southernU.S., 13Residues, 14, 29, 39, 44, 45, 51Resistance in termites to insecticides, 14, 36, 43Resistance in woods, 8, 10, 13, 14; natural, 8, 10,13, 14, 40; treated, 53-59Resistant woods, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 40;cost, 15; extractives, 40; natural: Africa, 40;Australia, 13, 40; California, 40; Canary Is-lands, 40; hardwoods, 40; Puerto Rico, 40;United States, 8; West Indies, 40; world, 40;tests: Australia, 40; Europe, 40; field, 40; Ger-many, 40; Mississippi, 40Responsibility, builder's, 46; home owner's, 46
Rcticulitermes, 4, 7, 11, 12, 19, 27, 36, 37, 50clypeatus, 50eastern U.S., 4, 8European, 5flaviceps, 27flavipes, 4, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25,27, 29, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 46, 57jukjensis, 36hageni, 4, 22, 24, 25, 44hesperus, 5, 6, 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26,30, 35, 39, 43laurae (fossil), 28lucifugus, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18,20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 30, 36, 38, 40, 48, 50subsp., var. santonensis, 4, 12, 18, 20, 23, 35santonnensis, 3, 8, 16, 36spp., 29spp., morphology soldiers, Europe and NearEast, 4, 9tibialis, 25tibialis dubitans (fossil), 28virginicus, 7, 20, 24, 27, 29, 35western, 11Retortamonidae, protozoa, 37Retortamonas termitis (protozoa), 37Reviews, 41Rhinotermitidae, 22, 25, 30, 31Rhode Island, 27, 46, 66; Providence, 27, 67Rhodiatox, 14Rhynchoestus weissi, 36; ectoparasite, 36Rhynchomyia anterotes, calliphorid parasite, 36Rhynchotermes nasntissimits, 25Ribonucleic acid, RNA, 30, 32RNA, ribonucleic acid, 30, 32Rodding holes, 14Rodiaclor, 14Roof, from, 15; in, 11Rostrotermes cornutus, 38Royal chamber, or cell, 4, 34; composition, 34;with unusually large openings, 8, 35Rubber, insulation, 1
1
Rubber trees, control, 14; damage to, 14; newplantings, 19Rugitermes laticollis, 49Rumania, 3, 6, 23, 24, 38, 68, 69Ruminococcus, 3Russia, Union Soviet Socialist Republics, U.S.S.R.,15, 19, 68, 69Ryania speciosa, wood toxic, 40Ryukyu Islands, 23, 61
Saline solutions, mortality when termites treatedwith, 26Saliva cements clay of nests, 34Sand barrier, 15Sanitation, 10, 13, 14Santo Domingo. See Dominican RepublicSarawak, 47Sardinia, Sardegna, 21, 69Saudi Arabia, 10, 19, 22, 68Savanna, Africa, 5, 23, 30, 37; New Guinea, 34;role of termites in, 5; vegetation, Africa, 5;woodland area, Australia, 20Sawdust, test of, from different species wood, 40
U2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Scavengers, 37, 51Schedorhinotermes browni, 23, 48lamanianus, 20S. (Schendylotus) integer, centipede, 37Schisophytes, bacteria, 3; Spirochaeta hilli, 3; 5.minei, 3; S. termitis, 3; Fusiformis termitidis,3; F. hilli, 3Scoloparia, sound detecting organs on legs, 46Scutigerella immaculata (milleped), 45Secretion(s), ectohormones, 41; endocrinal gland,41; exohormones, nonspecificity, 41; neurosecre-tion and sexuality, 41; olfaction, reciprocal at-traction between castes, 41; pheromones, 41;trail forming by gland, 8, 41Seminal vesicles, 30Sense organs, 41-42; chordotonal organs, anten-nal, 42; cytology terminal nerves, 41; neuro-sensorial organs, on legs, 41; olfaction, 41, 42;on feet, 41; peripheral sensorial cellules, 41;regression number and size accompanies de-velopment pseudoergates, 41Serratia marcescens, 3, 16, 36Sex, phallic organs. See GenitaliaSexual cycles, flagellate protozoa, hormone in-duced, 37; suppression of and death protozoa,38Sexualized, sexual maturation, 7Sheathings, cable, 11Shields, metal barriers, 8, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 42,46, 54; Australia, 13; BRAB recommendations,11, 12; California, not necessary, 15; designs,42; FHA recommendations, 42; Florida, war-ranty eliminated by installing cheap, 46; instal-lation, 42; material, 42; Solomon Islands, 12,42; southern U.S., 8Ships, introduced in, 31Silica, aerogel, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16; gels, 16Sinella termitum, springtail, 51Slab(s), concrete, type house, 13, 14, 15, 17;concrete, no barrier, 17; device for subslab in-jection, 14; floating, 15; monolithic, 15; pre-treating, 14; supported, 15; treating, 13, 14Snakes, eggs, 6; predaceous, 37Sodium arsenate, 55Sodium arsenite, 10, 43, 53Sodium fluoroacetate, 51Sodium fluosilicate, 11, 43Sodium pentaborate, 58Sodium pentachlorophenate, 26, 42, 56Soil, acidity, 44; application rate chemical high,longer persistence in, 45; calcareous, 15; char-acteristics, 14, 46; chemical application, 14,cohesive, 14, 16; cohesionless, 46; conver-sion chemical in, 43, 44, 45; cultivation, lackof, longer persistence chemical in, 45; dry,chemical persists longer in, 45; dumps, 34;evolution, 9, factors affecting persistence chemi-cals in, 44; fertility: effect chemicals on,15; effect mound-building termites, 21, 30;frozen, 45; fumigant, 28, 29; iron in de-composes DDT, 44; loads on clay, sand, 14,46; loam, 45; macroscopic structure, 46;microorganisms in, 30, 45; moisture, 45, 46;mounds not altered chemically, 9; organiccontent high, chemicals persist longer in, 45;
particle size, 5; penetration, chemicals, 14;permeability, 46; persistence chemicals in, fac-tors, affecting, 42, 43, 44; plasticity, 14, 16;shrinking, 14, 46; solidify, 14; sterilizationmicroorganisms in, cause chemicals to persistlonger in, 45; strength, 14, 46; structural safe-guards use chemicals, 14, 46; swelling, 14, 46;temperature low, chemicals persist longer in,44, 45; termites and, 5, 6, 30, 43, 44; texture,43, 46 (in mounds, 9, 30) ; types, 45, 46 (alka-line, 44; clay, 16, 43, 46); gravel, 46; loam, 45,46; muck, 44; sand, 43, 45, 46; sandy, 44, 46;silt, 45, 46; turf, 45; void ratio, 14, 46; watercontent, clay, dry, 46Soil poisons, barriers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,19, 26, 42-46, 51; action, decreasing speed, 44;Africa, 43; aldrin, 9, 12, 14, 15, 42, 43, 44,45 (and dieldrin 42); alkaline soil, effect, 44;alternate drying and wetting soil, 44; analysis,45; application, 42, 43, 45, 46; aqueous solu-tion, 42, 44; arsenic, 12, 54; Australia, 13, 42,43; benzene hexachloride, BHC, II, 14, 19, 43,44; care in, use, 16, 46; certification board,N.P.C.A., pretreatment, 42; chemicals, 43, 44,45, 46; chemical conversion in soil, 43, 44, 45,46; chlordane, 11, 14, 42 (dust, 16, 45; emul-sion, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 46); chlorinated hydro-carbons, 15, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 (deteriora-tion, 44, 46); chlorohepton, 42; climatic factors,45; clinical memoranda, 42; collar around,14; concentrations, 42, 43, 44 (increased, 44;decreased, 43); creosote, 42; cultivated soils, 46;DDT, 11, 14, 42, 44, 45 (and BHC mixture,19; and toxaphene mixture, 11, 19); deathnot result use, 42, 51; decomposition, 44, 45,46; dieldrin, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 42, 43, 44(dust, 43; emulsion, 14, 15, 16; and DDTand BHC mixture, 11); disappearance, factorscausing, 44; dispersion: in soil, 44, 45, 46; inconcrete blocks, 11; dosages, 10, 42, 43, 44, 45(should not be lowered, 44); drilling, 10, 46;effect on physiology insects, 46; ethylene dibro-mide, 42, 43; 46; evaluation, 44, 46; evapora-tion of, 44; FHA recommended, 42, 43; fine-grained soil, injection, 14, 46; Forest Service,43 (approved, 42, 43; tested, 44); fumigants,with, 43, 46; granularize coarse sand, soaking,14, 46; grass bait, 11, 43; hazards, 45; hepta-chlor, 43, 44, 45, 46; India, 44; laboratory eval-uation, 43; lindane, 42, 45; losses, 46; methylbromide, 42; organic insecticides, 43, 44, 45,46; parathion, 14; penetration, 44, 46;pentachlorophenol, 42; percentages, 42, 43;persistence, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46; physiology in-sect, effect on, 46; pipes for retreatment, 46;poisoning, first aid, 42, 43; pretreament soil,42, 43, 46 (cost, 42, 43); products of degrada-tion, 46; proprietary, 42, 43; recommendations,42, 43; research, 45, 46; residual, 43, 44, 45;resistance, 43, 45 (factors affecting, 45); re-sponses, 46; retention, 46; rodding, 14, 43; safe-guards, structural, 46; screening, 46; slabhouses, 42, 43, 46; slab-treating demonstration,42; sodium arsenite, 43; sodium fluosilicategrass bait, 11, 43; sodium pentachlorophenate,
no. 3 INDEX r 33
42; soil, dispersion in, 45 (moisture, 45, temper-ature, 45; texture, 43, 46; types, 44, 45);spread, 45; surface treatments, 42, 43; tech-nique for tests, 46; tests: Forest Service (CanalZone, 44; Georgia, 45; Kansas, 45; methods for,46; Mississippi, 43, 44; Purdue, 44; U.S. mid-western, 45; Wisconsin, 45); tetrachloroben-zene, 42; toxic to animals, plants, 43, 44; tox-icity, 43, 44, 46 (comparative, 44; variation in,43); trench, 42, 43; trunk, about, 14; vapori-zation, 44; vegetation, effect on, 43; volatiza-tion, 44; water content of clay and dry soils,effect of building on, 46; water solution, 42, 44(suspension, 43); wetness soil will vary dosage,44; world, 45Soldiers, brain, 33; chaetotaxy, 33; major andminor, 33; morphology, 32, 33; origin, 69;production, 6; ratio to workers, 4; replacement,6; struggle with ant soldier, 37; suppression, 6;transform from workers, 8Solomon Islands, British, 12, 18, 34, 42; Guadal-canal, 48; Rennell Island, 23, 70; wood preser-vation, 56Solpugid, predator, 37Solvents, 16; organic. 54Sound, 3, 46-47; production, 3, 46-47 (Isoptera,46; Termitidae, 46); reception, 3, 46-47South America, 31, 67South Carolina, 51; Charleston, 17Southern Building Code Congress, 8South Pacific Territories, 20, 70Spacing, closer, for control, 14Spain, 13, 18, 24, 36, 45, 69Species termites, ethological, 48; importance, Phil-ippines, 18; number: Africa, 49 (BelgianCongo, 48; East, 24; Kenya, 49; Nyasaland, 49;Tanganyika, 49); Australia, 20; Brazil, 22;Guinea, Portuguese, 23; India, 27; Indo-Malaya,47; Malaya, 48; Pakistan, Lahore, 23; Philip-pines, 49; Smithsonian collection, 47; SolomonIslands, 48; Venezuela, 49; West Indies, 49;world, 47; Zoological Museum, Hamburg, 50Specifications, special, 14. See also Building codes,Control, Wood preservationSpeciditermes cyclops cyclops, 49cyclops sinhalensis, 49Sperms, trophic material for, 32Sphaerotermes, nests, 34; sphaerothorax, 3, 22Sphecophila rai/ana, cockroach, in colony, 50Spherophorus, intestinal bacterium, French ter-mite, 3, 26; toxic or allergenic, not infectious,3, 26Spherules, 30; anucleated, in seminal vesicles,reproductives, 30, 32Spirachtha, termitophile, 51Spirachthodes, termitophile, 51; Old World, withexudatory abdominal appendages, 51Spirochaetes, bacteria, 3Spirotrichonympha, protozoan, 38crinita, n. sp., 38flagellate, 38segmentata, 38Spraying trunks, 15Spurs, tibial, formula (3:2:2), 33Stadia, stages, function of pupal, holometabolousinsects, 5
Stakes, tests, Canal Zone, Panama, 54, 55, 56;Florida, 54, 55, 56; International Termite Ex-posure, 55, 58; Louisiana, 54, 55, 56; Missis-sippi, 53, 54, 55, 56; southern yellow pine, 53;Wisconsin, 54, 55, 56Standards, control, raised, 11Staphylinidae, termitophilous, 50, 51State, human, 6; insect, 6Statistics, wood preservation, 53, 57Stephanonympha havilandi, 38Stigmergy, 3Stimuli, olfactory, 3Stolotermes ruflceps, 6, 33Stomorhina (Calliphorid parasite) discolor, 36lunata, 36luteigaster, 36Strontium-90, 13Structural alterations, 11Structural Pest Control Act, Board, Commission,California, 28, 31, 32; Florida, (1959), 31;fumigation, 28; North Carolina, 32Stucco, digestion, 22Stylotermes, 48bengalensis, 48fletcheri, 48revision, 48Stylotermitinae, 48Subslab injection, pressure device, 14Subterranean termites, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20,21, 28, 29, 46, 56, 57; Africa, 21; BritishColumbia, 15; eastern U.S. group, 4; fumiga-tion, 28; Hawaii, 17; introduced in ships, 31;mutualism with fungi, 29; Philippines, 18;western, 11Subulitermes, 47, 49; branch, 36, 47; new generarelated to, 47Sugarcane, damage to, control, 4, 9, 13, 14, 15,21; cuttings, 12, 14; setts, 15Sulfuryl fluoride gas, Vikane, 28, 29Sumatra, 6, 23, 61Superorganism, colony as, 47Supplementary reproductives, neoteinics colonyformation by, 8; development influenced neitherby diet nor ectohormones, 7; inhibition, 26, 41;Kalotermes flavicollis, 26; molting, 26; Retiadi-termes, 7, 8, 41Surinam, 20, 67Swarm. See FlightSwarmers. See Alates, wingedSwietenia mahagoni, mahogany, West Indianresistant wood, 9, 40Symbionts, 22, 38; flagellates, 38; protozoa, 38Symbiosis, 7, 13, 22; bacteria, 22; double, 5;evolution of, 5; fungi, 22; with intestinal pro-tozoa, 5, 22Synacanthotermes angolensis, 50Syncarpia laurifolia, resistant wood, 40Syntermes, 12, 20dims, 32Synthesis, 25, 38Systemarics. See Taxonomy
Tamandua, anteater, 37
"Tanalith U," fluor chrome arsenate phenol, 53,55, 58
134 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
Tarpaulins, 28; plastic films as, 29Tarditermes contracolor, 47Tax, loss deductibility, 16, 17; greater leniency,16, 17Taxifolin extractive, 40Taxonomy, 7, 47-50; classification, 47, 49; fossil,27, 28; living, 7, 47; synonymy, 47Teak, colonies in dead branches in crown, 6; re-sistant wood, 40Tectona grandis, teak, 40Tectoquinone not entirely responsible for dura-bility teak, 40Teleonomic processes, 25Temperature, 8, 50; adjust to, 7, 50; ambient, 20;cold, 7, 50 (stupor, 50); colony, 8; effect onprotozoa, 26, 39, 50; heat, 7, 50; in moundsless, 5, 50 (regulation, 50); "nursery" area inliving trees, heat increase in, 19, 20, 50; soil,45; variation in, effect, 50; warmer in moundsin winter, 5; winter- or cold-hardy, 50Tennessee, 28, 31, 32, 63; Memphis, 43Tension, effect on oxygen toxicity for protozoa, 38Tenuirostritermes incisus, 20tenuirostris, 26Termes feae, 19juhiensis, 36hospes, 7iridipennis, 48lucifugus, 36(C.) maledictus, 23, 48melindae, 48obesus, 20winifredae, 51Termitacarus cuneiformis, white mite, termito-phile, 51Termitaria {see also Nests), bacteria of, 3; brush,in, 335 do not communicate directly with ex-ternal air, 30; giant, 26; ingredients of, 9, 30;massive, 34; no fungus garden, 34; no ventila-tion, 30; plains, on, 33; savanna, 33; soil, actionon, 34; soil of, 3; walls, air diffused through, 30Termite(s), alien in Cubitermes nests, 5; biology,4-8; colonizing, 15; desert, 5; destroyer, the,18; Formosan, 21; French, 26; Hamburg, 7;ignored pests, 6; Japanese, 5; life of, 4-8, 12;numerous, where least and most, 22; origin,probable, 5; persistent, 18; pest, 20; primitive, 5,32; problem, 18; relax, 26; tropical, 19; turnblack, 26; types, different, world, 12; war on,12; waterline, 29; whole, extracts of, breakdown undenatured chitin, 22; winter location,below frost line, 50Termite control firms, number, 17Termite control operator, cooperation with realestate agencies, 14; "not responsible" for deathcustomer following treatment chlordane, 5 1
;
State license requirements, 31, 32 (cost, 31)Termite-proofing, 10, 11, 13; building founda-tions, 11, 13; built in, 14, 58; injures shadetrees and shrubs, 20; plywood, 56, 57; textiles,56, 58; treated wood building, Barro ColoradoIsland, Canal Zone, Panama, 58; wood preser-vation, 53, 54Termiticides. See Soil poisons.
Termitidae, 5, 7, 22, 25, 30, 31; African, 30;culture methods must be developed for, 8;humivorous, 30; most primitive, 7Termitina, 27Termitinae, 7, 25, 30, 33, 36, 38, 47Termitometopia, (termitophile) styifei, 51Termitomyces, 5; agaric, 29; microcarpus, 7;mushroom, 5; source of vitamins, 7; symbiosis,7, 29Termitomyia, 51Termitophiles, commensal, guests, inquilines, 5,7; beetles, 51 (cetonid, 6, 51; chafer, 50;Coprinae, 51; ptinid, 6; staphilinid, 50, 51);birds, 50 (cotinga, 50; jacamar, 50; king-fishers, 50; parrots, 50; puff-birds, 50; trogon,50; classification, 51; cockroach, 50; collem-bolan, 51; distribution, 51; flies, 51 (phorid,51; sarcophagid, 51); Hemipteron, 37; hostrelationships, 51; insects, morphological classi-fication, 51; mites, 51; phylogeny, 51; relationbetween intestinal flora and soil, 50; snake eggs,6; solpugid, 51; termites, 51; Triatoma, 51;world, 51; zoogeographical significance, 51Termitophilus, 50Termitophrya, ciliate infusoria, 38; africana, 38;commensal ciliate infusoria, 38; humus-feederciliate, 5Termitostroma, termitophile, 51Termopsidae, 49Test(s), 26; animal, 26; antitermite, 56; field,soil poisons: Australia, 42; Canal Zone, Pan-ama, 44; Georgia, 45; Kansas, 45; Mississippi,43, 44; Purdue Univ., 44; U.S., midwestern,45; Wisconsin, 45; field, wood preservatives,53-59: Australia, 53, 54, 56 (Canberra, 53;Queensland, 54; western, 54); Canal Zone,Panama, 54, 55, 56 (Barro Colorado Island,56, 58); International Termite Exposure, 55:Mississippi, 54, 55, 56; United States, 53-59;laboratory, wood preservatives, 53, 54, 56:Australia, 53, 54, 56; Czechoslovakia, 56;Georgia, 57; Germany, 56; Puerto Rico, 58;new method, 57; textiles, 58Testis, king, 16Tetrachlorobenzene, 42Tetrachlorophenol, 55Tetrahydroosajin, 40T'haumatoxena, 51Theobroma carao, 21Thiodan, carburetted hydrogen gas, 12, 26; toxiceffect, 26Tkoracotermes brevinotus, 30, 34lusingensis, 48type, 33Texas, 17, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 42, 46, 62, 66, 67;city ordinance, 32; forested areas, old, 13; Gal-veston, 32, 66; Houston, 28, 29, 31, 32, 63, 64,65, 66; La Marque, 32, 66; La Porte, 32;Pasadena, 32, 66; San Antonio, 32, Texarkana,17Threshold infestations, 13; killings, 57Tibia(e), 33, 46; spurs, 33Ties, railroad, 19Tile, floor, removal, 13; replacement, 13Time, duration, appreciation of, 7
no. 3 INDEX 135
Toxaphene, 11, 51; DDT mixture, 19; failed, 14;toxicity, 52Toxicity; acute dermal higher than oral, 52; al-drin in, 52; chlordane, 51, DDT, 52; dieldrinto man, 51, 52; malathion, 52; oxygen forprotozoa, 38; parathion, 52Toxicology, 51, 52; acute oral and dermal lethaldoses, 52; antidotes, 52; clinical memorandaon economic poisons, 51; first aid, 52; hazards,52 (fogging, 51; manufacturer, 10, 28, 52;user, 10, 28, 52); label, read, 52; physiologicalaction, 51, 52; precautions, 51, 52; protection,51; relative, 52; residues, 51; safety, 52; symp-tomatology, 52; textbook, 52; toxicity, 51, 52(relative, 52); treatment, 51, 52Trachaea, 33Trade, restraint of, 16Trade associations, California, 9Trade secrets must not be disclosed, 16Trail laying, 8Transcaspia, 6Transfaunations, effect on sexual cycle protozoa,37i 38; reciprocal protozoan between cockroachand termite, 38Transplantation endocrine organs, 26Treated lumber, 8, 10; in FHA Minimum Prop-erty Standards, 56; southern standard buildingcode, 8Treated wood, 10, 11, 53-59Triatoma, 51Trichonympha (protozoan), agilis, 38a. var. danubica, 38a. var. japonica, 38chattoni, 38fertilization in smaller species, 38grandis in Cryptocercus, fertilization, 38most effective digesting wood, 22serbica, 38Trichlorobenzene, 56Trichostetha fascicularis, green protea beetle,scavenger, 51Trichotermes villifrons, 38Trieste, 23Trinervitermes, 34arabiae, 23, 48biformis, 18, 24, 51eldirensis, 48heimi, 15, 21nests, 12, 36nigrirostris, 49tckadensis, 33Trinidad, 40; Port-of-Spain, 31Trogoderma ornatum, 37; scavengers, 37Trophallactic exchanges, 26, 35, 39Trophallaxis, 7, 35Tropic(s), 17, 18, 20, 35, 54, 70, 71; African, 6,14, 30, 34, 37, 71; general, 70; India, 31;region, 36Tropisms, 3, 23; geotaxis, 7; phototaxis, 7Truck, equipment, 12, 13, tank, 12Trunks, paste on, 15; spraying, 15Tuberculitermes, 33Tubes, tunnels, destroy, 13; in Tropics, Africa, 5,35; over chemically treated wood, 57Turkey, 23
Turkmenia, 6, 18, 24, 69Types, Zoological Museum, Hamburg, 50Typhlopidae, snakes, 37Typhloponemya (staphilinid termitophile) hjian-dalae, 50Itermitophiltts (ant guest), 50Tyroglyphid parasite, 36; termitophile, 50Tyrolichus casei parasitic mite on Kcdotermesflavicollis, 36 UUnion Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), Rus-sia, 15, 19, 68, 69; Golodnaya Steppe, 11, 23;Moscow, 16, 22, 68; Odessa, 16; Turkmenia, 6,18, 24, 69United States, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49,50, 5i» 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57» 58, 62-67;midwestern, 43, 45, 65; northern, 17, 50;southern, 13, 15, 63, 64; southwestern, 16, 21,64, 67; western, 20, 21United States Government, 32, 43; Dept. Ag-riculture, 32, 43 (Forest Service, 57, 58);Health, Education, and Welfare, 32Uruguay, Montevideo, 37, 67Uses, in industry, arts and religion, 53; Africa,Abyssinia, Somali huts built of earth termitemounds, hard, ant-proof, 53Utah, Logan, 25, 67; Pleasant Grove, 25, 67;Provo, 25, 67
Veterans Administration, approval home loans, 1 1
;
inspection form, wood-destroying organisms,15, 54Vapor barriers, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 43; asphalt, 9(impregnated building paper, ineffective, 16;saturated felt, 11; treated, chlorinated hydro-carbons, 14); cost, 11, 15; crawl-space houses,11; poisoned, 10; polyethylene, 43; roll roofing,45 lb., 11Vapor toxicity, dieldrin, 9Vaseline-based serving containing arsenic forcables, 1
1
Vegetation, in nests, 6, 29, 34; African savanna,5; living damage to, soil poisons, 43Veld, Africa, damage to grassland, 11; poisonbaits, 11; reclamation, 11Velocitermes bolivari, 49Venezuela, 15, 20, 40, 49, 67, 68; Zaraza, 51Ventilation, in control, 10, 13, 14; in nests, 34Verrucositermes tuberosus, 47Veterans Administration, 11, 15Vietnam, 61; Cambodge, 34; Mekong plain, 34;Mekong paddy fields, 34Vikane, sulfuryl fluoride (SOjFa), 28, 29Vineyards Ccdotermes flavicollis, 20; Kalotermesflavicollis, cuts life vine stock from 80 to 40years, 18, 20Vitamins, 7; 7'ermitomyecs microcarpus, source of,7Vulnerable houses, slab on ground 10 times more,17; suspended floor, next, 17; crawl-space housewith piers 3 ft. above ground least, 17; con-
136 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I43
crete block, 75% infested within 3-5 years;Eastern Shore, Del-Mar-Va. Peninsula, crawl-space less susceptible, 2% slab-on-groundtype, 18 WWarfarin, 51Washington (State), 43, 63Washington, D.C., 37, 62Wasp societies, 6Water, 7; accumulation of, 13; building, effect ofon water content of clay and dry soils, 14, 46;loss of, 4, 12, 30; suspensions, 15; transporta-tion in nest, 34Water gas tar, 55Wax disrupted, 12Weight, loss of, 12; protozoa, percent of termite,22Weight volume more accurate soil toxicant dos-ages, 44West Indies, 31, 49, 67West Virginia, 17, 64; Monongalia County, 25, 67Whipscorpion, whipless, 37White ants. See TermitesWing shedding, 32Winged. See AlateWire, resistant insulation, 11, 26Wisconsin, 32, 45, 50, 54, 55, 56, 63, 65, 66, 67;Douglas County, 25; Madison, 54, 55, 56;Milwaukee, 32, 66; Sheboygan, compulsorycontrol, 32, 66; Superior, 25Wolman salts, 54, 57; Minolith, 54, 57; Tanalith,53Wood(s), 15, 18, 19, 34; black dyed preferred bytermites, 7, 35; burning, 13; decayed, 35;fallen, 19; in contact with ground, 56; listworld, 40; live woodeater, 20; products, 18;resistant to termites, 8, 10, 13-16, 18, 40; soundattacked, 29; pest of, 18; termites don't eat, 39;pest of, 18; water-soaked, 29Wood-boring insects, control by radiation, 39; re-sembling termites, 48Wooden articles, 4; structures, 19Wood Handbook, U.S.D.A., 54Wood preservation, 11, 12, 13, 14, 31, 52, 53-59;availability treated lumber, 53; board: hard-board, 53; particle, 56; Building Research Ad-visory Board, reports, 56; chemical basis, 58;concentrations, 57; conservation wood, 57; cost,54, 56; dip-diffusion, 54; double diffusionprocess, 55; FHA Minimum Property Stand-ards, treated lumber alternate control, 53, 56;home construction, 57, 58; impregnation, 53,54, 55, 56; length life, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58;licensed, should be, 31; list companies, 53; loca-tion plants, 53; lumber, 53, 54, 56, 57; mainte-nance properties, 53; methods application, 57,58; penetration, 54; piles, 53; plastics, 53, 54;plywood, 53, 57, 58; poles, 57; pressure im-pregnation process, 53, 54, 57; production byindustry, 53, 57; prolonging life buildings, 53,56; protection homes, 44, 56 (outlive mortgage,53); recommendations, 57, 58; retention, 55,57; sills, pressure treated, 54, 58; simple cheapmethods, 53; specifications, 58; statistics, 53, 57;
study, accelerated, 57; substructure, pressurepreserved lumber, 54; superficial methods:brushing, 54, 56; dipping, 53, 54, 57, 58;spraying, 53; surface treatments, 53, 54; tests:Australia, 53, 54, 56; Barro Colorado Island,56; Canal Zone, Panama, 56; Florida, 54, 55,56; International Termite Exposure, 55, 58:Louisiana, 54, 55, 56; Mississippi; 53, 54, 55,56; Puerto Rico, 58; Wisconsin, Madison, 54;55, 56; textiles, 56, 58; ties, cross, 57; timber,53, 56, 57, 58; toxicity chemicals, 52; water-borne preservatives, 53, 55, 57; wood pressure-treated in home, mechanical control, 57; woodproducts, volume, 57, 58; wood waste, resinbonded, 57Wood, preservatives, 15, 53-59; aldrin, 53; ar-senic pentoxide, 53 (white, 54); arseniousoxide, 56; blue camphor oil, 58; Boliden salt,53, 555 borax-boric acid, 55; boric acid, 55, 56;camphor oil, 58; Celcure, 53; Chemonite, 53,54; chlordane, 53; chlorinated naphthalene, 55,56; chromated zinc chloride, 54, 56 (copper-ized, 57); coal tar, 53; coal tar creosote, 53, 54,55, 56; comparison, 54, 55, 56; copper com-ponent desirable, 57; copper naphthenate, 55,57 (in petroleum oil, 54; sulfate-sodium ar-senate, 55), crankcase oil, 55; creosote, 53, 57(coal tar, 53); solutions, 53); creosote and coaltar, 53, 57; crankcase oil, 55; pentachoro-phenol, 53, 57; petroleum oils, 53, 57); cre-wood, 53; dieldrin, 53; Ferox process, 56; fireretardants, 53, 54, 55 (history, 56, 57); fluoro-borate-chromium-arsenic mixture, 54; fuel oil,No. 2, 55; liquid, 53, 57; oil solvent, 55, 56,57; oleaginous antiseptics, 57; organic solvents,54; Osmosalts, 53, 55, 57; Osmose, 55; penta-chlorophenol, 53, 54, 55; pentachlorophenoland crankcase oil, 56, 57 (and petroleum oils,55); percentages, low, 56; petroleum oil, 55;phenols, 56; phenyl mercury, oleate, 55 (innaphtha, 55); preservatives, other, 55; propolis(bee glue), 58; sodium arsenate, 55; sodiumarsenite, 53, 54; sodium pentaborate, 53, sodiumpentachlorophenate, 56; study, accelerated,57; Tanalith U, 53, 56, 57, 58; tests posts, 40,53, 54, 55 (stakes, 53, 54, 55, 56); tetrachloro-phenol and crankcase oil 55; toxicity, 52; types,54; vinegar, 56; water-borne, 53, 55, 57; watergas tar, 55; Wolman salts, 53, 57; Woodtreat-T.C., 11, 56; Wyoming residual petroleumoil, 55; zinc chloride, 53, 56; zinc chloride andarsenic pentoxide, 53; zinc meta arsenite, 55,57; zinc naphthenate, 55Woodtreat-T.C, 11, 13, 56Woodworm, 5Worker, 16; Anoplotermes, 16; chaetotaxy, 33;length life, 8; major and minor, 33; morphol-ogy, 32, 33; nest construction, coordinationwork, 36; pseudoworker, 8; sexualized: inReticulitermes, 8; in Termitidae, 7; stimulationof, 3World, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 25, 40, 45, 51,70-71, amber deposits, list, 28; control, 13, 15,16; crops, 12, 13, 45; damage, 15, 16, 18, 19,21; different types termites, 12; distribution,
no. 3 INDEX m
25; international, 70; publications, 70-71; re-sistant woods, 40Wounds dust, 12, 43X Y ZXylene, 51Yew, damage to, control, 15Young, care of, males more active, 8Yugoslavia, 23, 24, 25, 38, 48, 68, 69; Dalmatia,18, 25, 69, 70 (Island of Lesina, 69)Zinc chloride, 56 (-arsenic mixture, 53, 57, 58)
Zinc meta arsenite, 55, 57Zinc naphthenate, 55Zoogeographical regions: Australian, 47, 58-59;Ethiopian, 59-60; Indo-Malayan, 60-62; Malag-asy, 47, 62; Nearctic, 62-67; Neotropical, 67-68; Oriental, 47; Palaearctic, 68-70; Papuan,70; General, 70-71; World, 70-71Zootermopsis, 12, 24, 27, 38, 41angusticollis, 26, 27, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38; en-docrine system, 33ncvadensis, 8, 25, 30