Shrimps &Prawns if Southern Africa Brian Kensley South African Museum Published by the Trustees of the South African Museum Cape Town 1972 Contents Family Sergestidae 24 Family Gnathophyllidae 32.40 Family Alpheidae 32.52 Subfamily Sergestinae 24 Hymenodora 40 Synalpheus 54 Introduction 4 Acetes 24 Gnathophyllum 40 Betaeus 52 Key to the divisions of the Petalidium 24 Family Palaemonidae 32,40 Athanas 54 Macrura Natantia 6 Sergestes 24 Subfamily Palaemoninae 40 Arete 52 Subgenus Sergestes 26 Macrobrachium 42 Salmoneus 54 Division STENOPODIDEA 6 Sergia 28 Palaemon 42 Rncilius 54 Family Stenopodidae 6 Subfamily Luciferinae 30 Subgenus Palaennder 44 Alpheus 54 Stenopus 6 Lucifer 30 Nematopalaemon 42 Family Ogyrididae 32,60 Palaemon 44 Ogyrides 60 Division PENAEIDEA 8 Leander 40 Family Hippolytidae 32,60 Family Penaeidae 8 Division CARIDEA j2 Subfamily Pontoniinae 44 Saron 60 Subfamily Aristaeinae 10 Family Pasiphaeidae 32,34 Palaemonella 44 Merhippolyte 62 Plesiopenaeus 10 Pasiphae 34 Harpiliopsis 46 Leontocaris 60 4risteomorpha 10 Subgenus Phye 34 Periclimenes 46 A lope 60 Bentheogennema 10 Pasiphae 34 Subgenus Periclimenes 46 Eualus 62 Gennadas 12 Leptochela 34 Harpilius 48 Lebbeus 60 Subfamily Solenocerinae 18 Parapasiphae 34 Conchodytes 44 Gelastocaris 60 Hymenopenaeus 18 Family Stylodactylidae 32,34 Jocaste 44 Hippolyte 62 Solenocera 18 Stylodactylus 34 Coralliocaris 44 Thor 62 Haliporus 18 Family Rhynchocinetidae 32,34 Platycaris 46 Hippolysmata 62 Subfamily Penaeinae 18 Rhynchocinetes 34 Periclimenaeus 48 Latrel/tes 62 Penaeus 20 Family Nematoc arcinidae 32,36 Anchistos 46 TOZeUltl1l 62 Parapenaeus 22 Nematocarcinus 36 Ischnopontonia 46 Family Glyphocrangonidae 32,64 Metapenael/s 22 Family Atyidae 32.36 Family Pandalidae 32,50 Glyphocrangon 64 Macropetasma 20 Caridina 36 Heterocarpus 50 Family Crangonidac ]2,64 Funchalia 20 Family Oplophoridae ]2,36 Chlorotocus 50 Pontophiltls 64 Penaeopsis 20 Notostomus 36 Parapandalus 50 Crangon 64 Parapenaeopsis 20 Acanthephyra 38 Plesionika 50 ScleT&crangon 64 Metapenaeopsis 22 Meningodora 36 Pandalina 50 Pontocaris 64 Trachypenaeus 20 Hymenodora 38 Family Processidae ]2,52 Subfamily Sicyoninae 24 Systellaspis 38 Processa 52 Sicyonia 24 Oplophems 38 Nikoides 52 The terms 'shrimp' and 'prawn' do not reflect any zoological division, prawns being merely large shrimps. The group Natantia, i.e. the swimming forms of the decapod Crustacea may, however, be divided into three sections, the Penaeids, the Carids, and the Stenopodids. All are characterized by the possession of a carapace fused dorsally to the thorax, five pairs of walking legs (pereiopods) and a well-developed abdomen, which together with its appen- dages, the five pairs of pleopods or swimmerets and the tail fan, forms the main swimming organ. In this the shrimps and prawns differ from the crayfish and lobsters, which usually crawl on the bottom and can only swim backwards for short distances. Eggs are produced in all the forms; in the carids and stenopodids, these are attached to the pleopods of the female, where they undergo development. In the penaeids the eggs are released into the surrounding water. The penaeids are further distinguished from the other groups in the male possessing a plate-like and often complicated copulatory organ, the petasma. The two halves of this organ are outgrowths of the first pair of pleopods, and are usually joined in the midline by a row of hooklets. The Natantia are strictly confined to water. The vast majority are found in the sea, where they fill numerous ecological niches. Many forms are planktonic during their larval stages, but the tiny and delicate Lucifer of the Penaeidea remains planktonic when adult. A great many species are bathypelagic, inhabiting the middle and deep water masses. These forms are characteristically coloured a bright red, or are wholly or partially transparent, and often possess some form of light organ, either photophores or modified gastro-hepatic glands. Some forms such as the penaeid Solenocera and the carid Nematocarcinus are bottom dwelling, while a great many inhabit the shallower regions of the sea. The edible prawns of the genus Penaeus are usually taken in relatively 'shallow waters, the developing forms often entering estuaries and lagoons to feed. The intertidal region has numerous examples of the shrimps, many being found in sea-weeds, and often taking on the colour of their surroundings, e.g. Hippolyte. Several forms, especially amongst the pontoniids, have entered into a commensal relationship with other invertebrates such as corals, sponges, sea anemones, and clams, while amongst the alpheids, some species live with gobiid fish. Some forms such as the very common sand shrimp Palaemon pacificus are tolerant of varying salinities, and may be found in truly marine habitats, as well as in estuaries. True fresh-water forms are found amongst two families, the Atyidae and the Palaemonidae, the latter including the large river prawns. Amongst the penaeids, several forms are of commercial importance, being used as food and occasionally as fishing bait. In southern Africa, the genus Penaeus is of greatest importance, while Hymenopenaeus, Plesiopenaeus, and Trachypenaeus are of lesser importance. As far as possible, the keys and their accompanying figures have been drawn from actual specimens. Many of the terms used are explained in figures 2 and 14 of a generalized carid and penaeid prawn. Records of the species have been taken from several sources, the most important being Barnard, 1950 (Annals of the South African Museum, vol. 38). As with most keys, the present one does not make provision for new species or records, and this must be borne in mind when the keys are used. Animals included have been taken in the South African region, i.e. south of the Kunene River mouth (17.15S., 11.45E.) on the west, and south ofInhambane, Mo<;:ambique (23.51S., 35.29E.) on the east. Where a key character ends with a generic name only, and no specific name, this indicates that the genus contains more than one species in the southern African region, and that a key to the species is provided. If a genus contains a single species, this specific name is given with the generic name, e.g. Macropetasma africana. Where either a character in the key, or a specific name is followed by a digit and letter in parentheses, these refer to illus- trations, e.g. Hippolyte palliola (29K, L) refers to figure 29. My sincere thanks are due to Mrs C. Coetzee for assistance with the lay-out of this work, and for executing the cover and full-page illustrations. I. 3rd pair of pereiopods chelate Pleurae of 2nd abdominal segment not overlapping those of 1st and 3rd Abdomen lacking sharp bend or hump 2 3rd pair of pereiopod non-chelate Pleurae of 2nd abdominal segment overlapping 1st and 3rd Abdomen usually with bend or hump caridea (14) 2. One or both of 3rd pereiopods larger than 1st and 2nd pair Male lacking petasma Eggs carried by female stenopodidea (I) 3rd pereiopods not larger than 1st or 2nd pair Petasma present in male Eggs not carried by female penaeidea (2) Division STENOPODIDEA Family STENOPODIDAE Genus STENOPUS I. Carapace and abdomen spinose, carpi of 4th and 5th pereiopods multiarticulate hispidus (I) Division PENAEIDEA 1. 4th and 5th pereiopods well developed 1st pair of pereiopods chelate Fam. Penaeidae (a) Upper antennular flagellum inserted near posterior border of 3rd peduncle segment (3A) .. Subfam. Aristaeinae 7 pleurobranchs present, one or more podobranchs (3A) Upper antennular flagellum inserted at apex of 3rd peduncle segment (B) 2-6 pleurobranchs, podobranchs present or absent (b) Cervical groove reaching or nearly reaching dorsal midline (3B) Postorbital spine present Appendix masculina with 2 apical scales (3G) Podobranchs present or absent .. Subfam. Solenocerinae Cervical groove reaching about halfway to dorsal midline (3C) Postorbital spine absent (3C) Appendix masculina with single apical scale (3F) (C) (c) Prosartema present (3D) Podobranchs absent Exopods present on thoracic segments posterior to 1st maxilliped (3C) Subfam. Penaeinae Prosartema absent (3E) Podobranch present on 2nd maxilliped No exopods posterior to 2nd maxilliped 4th and 5th pereiopods reduced or absent 1st pereiopod non-chelate (a) Gills present - Gills absent Fam. Sergestidae Subfam. Sergestinae Subfam. Luciferinae C-~, podobranch, ' exopod3 rd maxillipecl " I pleopods I, ~ pereiopods !}' V UroPOd~ ag adrostral groove ak antennal keel as antennal spine bs branchiostegal spine cg cervical groove glk gastro-lrontal keel hk hepatic keel pas post-antennal spine pos post-orbital spine ps pterygostomial spine sbk supra-branchial keel shk sub-hepatic keel ss supra-orbital spine 1. Rostrum prominent, elongate, slender Rostrum short, bearing a single dorsal tooth 2. Rostral formula 3/0. Hepatic spine absent .. Rostral formula 9/0. Hepatic spine present .. 3. Hepatic spine present, antennal spine absent Hepatic spine absent, antennal spine present (4A) 1. 3rd abdominal segment dorsally keeled Carapace keels and grooves well developed 3rd abdominal segment dorsally rounded Carapace keels and grooves indistinct 3 Plesiopenaeus Aristeomorpha foliacea (3J) Bentheogennema intermedia(3K) Gennadas 1. Posteriorly directed tongue-like process on 5th thoracic sternite .. til1ayrei (4B) No tongue-like process on 5th thoracic sternite 2 2. Shield on 8th thoracic sternite bearing 2 anteriorly directed projections bouvieri (4C) Shield on 8th thoracic sternite absent, or if present, lacking separated, anteriorly directed lateral projections 3. Shield of 8th thoracic sternite with :mterior flap reaching 6th sternite scutatus (4D) Shield of 8th thoracic sternite not reaching 6th sternite 4 4. 7th thoracic sternite with 2 anteriorly directed projections 5 7th thoracic sternite lacking 2 projections .. 6 5. Projections of 7th thoracic sternite apically simple valens (4E) Projections of 7th thoracic sternite apically notched gilchristi (4F) 6. Leaf-like medially directed process arising in front of 4th pereiopods parvus (4G) No leaf-like projection in front of 4th pereiopods 7 7. Shield present on 8th thoracic sternite, posteriorly notched 8 Shield absent on 8th thoracic sternite, or if present, not posteriorly notched. . 10 8. Shield on 8th thoracic sternite anteriorly rounded brevirostris (4H) Shield on 8th thoracic sternite anteriorly emarginate or notched 9 9. Large concave depression on 6th thoracic sternite . . incertus (41) No large concave depression on 6th thoracic sternite, but broadly rectangular shield on 7th thoracic sternite talismal1i (4J) 10. 6th thoracic sternite with triangular/sub-triangular/truncated triangular shield with anteriorly directed apex. . II 6th thoracic sternite lacking shield, or with sub-circlJlar shield .. 12 11. 7th thoracic sternite with W -shaped process 7th thoracic sternite with rectangular process 12. 6th thoracic sternite with W-shaped process, no obvious shield on 8th thoracic sternite .. 6th thoracic stcrnite with sub-circular shield, pentagonal shield on 8th thoracic sternite clavicarpus (SA) kempi (SB) Genus GENNADAS (Adult Males) 1. Median lobe undivided 2 Median lobe divided .. S 2. External lobe divided, division indicated by widely separated (elegans) or closely approximate (tinayrei) blunt lobules External lobe undivided, or with small acute process on median margin 4 3. Median lobe broadly convex tinayrei (SE) Median lobe low, narrow elegans (sF) 4. Accessory lobe bipartite capensis (SG) Accessory lobe a single flap kempi (SH) S. External lobe undivided brevirostris (SI) External lobe divided .. 6 6. Lobules of external lobe elongate, sub-equal and slender. . incertus (sJ) Lobules of external lobe not elongate, sub-equal, slender. . 7 7? Lobules of median lobe hooked bouvieri (6A) Lobules of median lobe not hooked 8 8. Accessory lobe a mere ridge 0 0 parvus (6B) Accessory lobe well developed 9 90? External lobule of median lobe slender IO External lobule of median lobe not slender .II 'W IO. Apex of internal lobe acute 00 o 0 gilchristi (6C) '!Apex of internal lobe rounded 12 II. Inner lobule of median lobe slender 0 0 talismani (6D) f"Inner lobule of median lobe blunt valens (6E) ~.. 12. Inner lobule of median lobe apically acute clavicarpus (6F) Inner lobule of median lobe apically truncate 00 scutatus (6G) a -J. Fig6 1. Rostrum with ventral teeth (rostral formula 10/2) Hymenopenaeus triarthrus (7A, D) 2 1. Rostrum shallow, lanceolate, 5-7/0, 3-4 post-orbital rostral teeth present Post-rostral keel present Rostrum deep, cultrate, 4-5/0, 2 post-orbital rostral teeth No post-rostral keel present " 2. Apex of each half of petasma bilobed Apex of each half of petasma trilobed 3. Antennule Iilength of carapace (including rostrum) 5th pereiopod reaching to end of eyes Antennule twice length of carapace (including rostrum) 5th pereiopod reaching to end of antennular peduncle Rostrum lacking ventral teeth 2. Antennal spine present Never more than one lateral carapace keel .. Antennal spine absent Carapace with 3-4 lateral carapace keels I. Ventral rostral teeth usually present .. Ventral rostral teeth absent 2. Exopods present on pereiopods Carapace with or without longitudinal sutures Exopods absent from pereiopods Carapace with longitudinal sutures .. comatum (7C, E) 3 algoense (7F, G) Penaeus 2 3. Exopods not present on all perciopods Exopods present on all pereiopods .. 4. Exopods on pereiopods 1-4, epipods on pereiopods 1-3 Exopods on 1st pereiopods only, epipods on pereiopods 1-3 . MacropefaslIla africana (8A, B, C) Funchalia l/Joodwardi (8D, E, F) 6 7 Penaeopsis recfacufa (8G, H, I) 8 Parapenaeopsis acclilJirosfris (8J, K, L) 4 5 Mefapenaeus 5. Mandibles scythe-like .. Mandibles not scythe-like 6. Carapace with longitudinal sutures Carapace lacking longitudinal sutures 7. Ischial spine present on 1st perciopod No ischial spine on 1st pereiopods 8. 3rd maxilliped with basial spine Petasma assymmetrical 3rd maxilliped lacking basial spine Petasma symmetrical 1. Adrostral groove almost reaching posterior margin of carapace Gastro-frontal carina present .. Adrostral groove ending in region of 1st rostral tooth Gastro-frontal carina absent .. 2. Telson with 3 pairs of lateral spines Telson lacking lateral spines .. 3. Lateral telson spines short Rostral formula 8-10/1-2, anterior portion of thelycum rounded japonicus (8T, U, V, W) Lateral rei son spines long, easily visible Rostral formula 9-12/1, anterior portion of thelycum bifurcate lafisulcafus (8X, Y, Z, AA) 4 3 canaliculafus (8P, Q, R, S) 4. Sub-hepatic carina present Sub-hepatic carina absent 5. Antennular flagellum shorter than peduncle 5th pereiopod with exopod Antennular flagellum longer than peduncle 5th pereiopod lacking exopod 5 indicus (SBB, CC, DD) 1. Branchiostegal spine sub-marginal Branchiostegal spine marginal investigatoris (9G, H, I) fissurus (9J, K, L) 1. Prominent suprabranchial ridge present Almost entire carapace finely tomentose monoceros (9M, N, 0) No suprabranchial ridge Carapace tomentose only around epigastric tooth, post-antennal spine, and in post-orbital groove stebbingi (9P, Q, R) 1. Telson equal to, or longer than 6th abdominal segment 2 Telson shorter than 6th abdominal segment 2. 6th abdominal segment almost 3 times as long as depth at posterior end .. andamanensis (9S, T, U, V) 6th abdominal segment 11-2 times longer than depth at posterior end mogiensis (9W, X, Y, Z) 3. Rostrum extending to end of antennal scale Carapace tomentose philippi (9AA, BB, CC) Rostrum not reaching to end of antennal scale Carapace tomentose quinquedentatus (9DD, EE, FF) I. 2 post-rostral teeth 5-7 post-rostral teeth .. 2. Rostrum apically acute Rostrum apically truncate 2 lancifer (roA) longicaHda (loB) tmncata (roC) 1. Last 2 pairs of pereiopods absent Acetes Last 2 pairs of pereiopods present 2 2. Gills present above 4th pereiopods 3 Gills absent or rudimentary above 4th pereiopods PetalidiHlIlfoliacellm (roD, E) 3. No dermal photophores present Organs of Pesta present (luminous modifications of gastro-hepatic gland, visible through the carapace) . . Sergestes (Sergestes) Dermal photophores usually present Organs of Pesta absent Sergestes (Sergia) I. Telson apically acute, reaching beyond midpoint of inner uropod ramus erythraeHs (roF, G, K) Telson apically truncate, not reaching midpoint of inner uropod ramus natalerlSis (roH, I, J) Genus SERGESTES Subgenus SERGESTES 1. 3rd maxillipeds sub-equal to 3rd pereiopods (IoN) 2 3rd maxillipeds longer than 3rd pereiopods (lIN) 5 2. 2 distal segments of 5th pereiopod setose on both margins (roP) 3 2 distal segments of 5th pereiopod setose on only one margin (lIG) 4 3. Supraorbital spine present, lobus armatus of petasma straight disjunctus (roL, M) Supraorbital spine absent, lobus armatus of petasma strongly curved corniculul/J (roN, 0, P) 4. 3rd segment of antennular peduncle equal to or longer than 1st Petasma lobes short, stumpy. . atlanticus (lIA, B, C) 3rd segment of antennular peduncle shorter than 1st Petasma lobes elongate arcticus (lID, E, F, G) 5. 2 distal segments of 5th pereiopod setose on both margins 6 2 distal segments of 5th pereiopod setose on only one margin 7 6. Dactylus and distal half of propodus of 3rd maxilliped with numerous spines forming comb-like structure .. pectinatus (I IH, I, J) Dactylus and distal half of propodus of 3rd maxilliped armed with spines but not forming comb-like structure .. sargassi (11K, L, M) 7. Dactylus of 3rd maxilliped consisting of 4 segments .. arrnatus (lIN, 0, P) Dactylus of 3rd maxilliped consisting of 6 segments orienta lis (lIQ, R, S) 1. Dermal photophores present .. Dermal photophores absent .. 2. Photophores bearing cuticular lenses Photophores lacking lenses, of the opaque-spot type 3. Lower branchiostegite bearing row of at least 18 photophores Scaphocerite bearing about 12 photophores prehensilis (12C, D, E) Lower branchiostegite bearing row of 9-10 minute photophores Scaphocerite bearing 7 photophores scintillans (12F, G, H) 4? Rostrum elongate/lanceolate . . creber (12f, J) Rostrum not elongate/lanceolate 5 5. Rostrum strongly bidentate or bifid 6 Rostrum with single apical tooth 7 6. Strong post-cervical groove present Coxa of 3rd pereiopod in female with apically acute leaf-shaped process Pctasma of 6 lobes (excluding processus uncifer) regalis (12K, L, M) No post-cervical groove present Coxa of 3rd pereiopod in female with blunt process Petasma with 8 lobes (excluding processus uncifer) z laminatus (IzA, B) 3 4 _ ..------. .~...._-- ~ rr ~ .. ---~ f?~'-. 3 ---,- _.,- 0 , - 4 7. Rostrum broadly rounded Outer uropod ramus with two groups of photophores .. grandis (13A, B, C) Rostrum not broadly rounded, with hint of dorsal denticle Outer uropod ramus with single continuous row of small photophores splendens (13D, E, F) Subfamily LUCIFERINAE Genus LUCIFER 1. Eyestalk less than half the distance between bases of eyes and labrum .. 2 Eyestalk more than half the distance between bases of eyes and labrum 3 2. Petasma terminally expanded, processus ventralis brush-like penicillifer (13H, I) Petasma terminally acute, with needle-like processus ventralis chacei (13J, K) 3? Telson in male with ventral process some distance from apex Petasma with processus ventralis having transverse area between horns typus (13L,M, N) Telson in male with ventral process ending at apex Petasma with processus ventralis lacking transverse are between two horns orienta/is (130, P, Q) I. 1St pair of pereiopods chelate or simple 1st pair of pereiopods subchelate 2. Cutting edges of all chelae pectinate Family PASIPHAEIDAE Cutting edges of chelae not all pectinate 3 3. Carpus of 2nd pair of perciopods entire 1St pereiopods with well-developed chelae Carpus of 2nd pair of pereiopods usually subdivided into 2 or more segments If not, 1st pereiopods not chelate 4. Fingers of chelae long and slender Last 2 segments of 2nd maxilliped side by side Family STYLODACTYLIDAE Fingers of chelae not long and slender Last segment of 2nd maxilliped terminal on penultimate segment 5. 1st pair of pereiopods stronger and heavier, though often shorter than 2nd Rostrum movable . Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE 1st pereiopods usually more slender than 2nd Rostrum immovable 6. Pereiopods with exopods. If not, fingers of chelea with terminal brushes of long hairs .. Pereiopods lacking exopods Chelae without terminal brushes of long hairs 7. Last 3 pairs of pereiopods conspicuously lengthened Family NEMATOCARCINIDAE Carpus several times longer than propodus L~st 3 pairs of pereiopods not conspicuously lengthened 8 8. Fmgers of chelae with conspicuous terminal brushes Fresh-water forms .. Family ATYIDAE Fingers without terminal brushes Marine forms Family OPLOPHORIDAE 9. 3rd maxilliped expanded, leaf-like Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE 3rd maxilliped not expanded Family PALAEMONIDAE 10. Chelae of 1st pereiopods distinct, at least on one side' II Chelae of 1St pereiopods minute or absent Family PANDALIDAE II. Both pereiopods of the 1St pair chelate 12 One pereiopod of 1St pair chelate, the other simple Family PROCESSIDAE 1312. Eyes free .. Eyes partly or entirely covered by orbital hoods of carapace 1St pereiopods longer than 2nd, often swollen and unequal .. Family ALPHEIDAE 13. Eyestalks extremely elongate .. Family OGYRIDIDAE Eyestalks not extremely elongate Family HIPPOL YTIDAE 14. Carpus of 2nd pereiopods multiarticulate Family GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE Carpus of 2nd pereiopods not subdivided Family CRANGONIDAE I pleopods simple. dactyl .~multiarticulate carpus OhJ Family PASIPHAEIDAE 1. Mandible without palp Post-antennal spine present Mandible with palp 2. Telson apically notched Post-antennal spine present Telson apically truncate/rounded 3? Dorsal telsonic spines present Rostrum reaching beyond eyes Dorsal tel sonic spines absent Rostrum not reaching beyond eyes .. Pasiphae (Phyc) pacificus (lSA, B, C) Pasiphae (Pasiphae) sp. (lsD, E) 1. Post-antennal spine present Rostrum reaching well beyond eyes Post-antennal spine absent Rostrum reaching just beyond eyes .. Family STYLODACTYLIDAE Genus STYLODACTYLUS 1. Mandibular palp present, body 42-lSO mm in length - Mandibular palp absent, body 19-2S mm in length stebbingi (lSl, J) birnaxillaris (lSK, L) Family NEMATOCARCINIDAE Genus NEMATOCARCINUS 1. Rostrum if fully developed and undamaged, longer than rest of carapace Minimal abdominal length of male with 2 appendages on 2nd pleopod about 63 mm Minimal abdominal length of ovigerous female about 65 mm longirostris (16A) Rostrum shorter than rest of carapace, with slight sinuosity at base Minimal abdominal length of male with 2 appendages on 2nd pleopod about 42 mm Minimal abdominal length of ovigerous female about 58 mm parvidentatus (16B) Family ATYIDAE Genus CARIDINA 1. Carpus of 1st pereiopod deeply excavate Upper margin of rostrum smooth .. Carpus of 1st pereiopod not deeply excavate Upper margin of rostrum dentate 2. Rostrum equal to or longer than carapace .. Rostrum shorter than carapace 3. Rostrum at least It times longer than carapace Rostrum equal to or slightly longer than carapace 3 ,!fricana (I6E, F) indistincta (16G) nilotica (16H) Family OPLOPHORIDAE 1. 6th abdominal segment keeled 6th abdominal segment never dorsally keeled 2. More than 2 lateral carapace keels Less than 2 lateral carapace keels, or lacking keels .. 3. No keel running the entire length of carapace Single keel running entire length of carapace 4. At least one abdominal segment dorsally keeled Eyes well developed and pigmented 3 Notostomus westergreni (16J) 3 Acanthephyra Meningodora mollis (161) C7 CT (J No dorsally keeled abdominal segments Eyes tiny, feebly pigmented .. HYlIlenodora gracilis (17A) 5. Lateral margin of 4th and 5th abdominal segments denticulate Exopods of 3rd maxilliped and 1st pereiopod not foliaceous Systellaspis dehilis (17B, C) Lateral margin of 4th and 5th abdominal segments not denticulate 3rd maxilliped and 1st pereiopod with foliaceous exopods Oplophorlls I. 2nd to 4th abdominal segments terminating in long dorsal spine Tels~n with terminal spinose appendage spinicaHda (17D, E) 3rd to 5th abdominal segments terminating in long dorsal spine No spinose appendage on telson 2. Spine present on postero-lateral angle of carapace .. No spine on postero-Iateral angle of carapace 3. Outer margin of scaphocerite smooth, no barb on inner margin novaezeelandiac (17G, H) Outer margin of scaphocerite spinose, inner margin with distal barb grimaldii (171, J) 2 gradlirostris (17F) 3 Genus ACANTHEPHYRA I. Rostrum less than halflength of carapace Rostrum more than half length of carapace 2. Rostrum dorsally elevated Rostrum not dorsally elevated 3. 3rd abdominal segment with leaf-like dorsal tooth 3rd abdominal segment without leaf-like dorsal tooth 4. 3-6 lateral tel sonic spines More than 6 lateraltelsonic spines 5. Carapace with 2 lateral keels .. No carapace keels 4 stylorostrata (17K) 3 brevirostris (17M) grad lipes (17L) 5 7 coraUina (17N) 6 6. Distal portion of rostrum dorsally unarmed.. eximia (18A) eximia var. brachytelsonis (18B) Rostrum lacking large unarmed portion Telsol1 always with 4 pairs of lateral spines quadrispinosa (18C, D) pelagica (18E, F) acanthitelsonis (18G, H) 7. 7-II lateral telsonic spines 13-19 lateral tel sonic spines Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE 1. 4th to 6th segments of 3rd maxilliped, and outer flagellum of antennule, and propodus of 2nd pereiopod with foliaceous expansions 3rd and 4th segments of 3rd maxilliped fused Hymenodora elegans (181, J) Appendages lacking foliaceous expansions 3rd and 4th segments of 3rd maxilliped not fused Entire carapace, abdomen, and appendages with dark brown/black stripes Gnathophyllum fasciolatum (18K, L) 1. 3rd maxilliped with pleurobranch (18M) Posterior margin of telson with 2 pairs of spines, 2 or more setae (18N) Subfamily PALAEMONINAE 3rd maxilliped lacking pleurobranch Posterior margin of telson with 3 pairs of spines (180) Subfamily PONTONIINAE 1. Branchiostegal spine absent Branchiostegal spine present 2. Branchiostegal groove present, 2 median telsonic spines slender 6th segment of 5th pereiopod with transverse rows of setae distally Palaemon Branchiostegal groove absent, 2 median telsonic spines very strong 6th segment of 5th pereiopod lacking transverse rows of setae distally .. . . .. Leander tenuicornis (18P, Q) e \)V, i U ----....:: 9 I -'I) ~h ~ Q ~ Vd Fig 18 qW 1. Carapace smooth Carapace pitted or granulate .. 2. Spine present between ventral bases of uropods Scales present on pereiopods .. No spine between ventral bases of uropods Pereiopods lacking scales 3. 2nd pereiopods elongate, stout 2nd pereiopods elongate, slender 4. Carpus of large chela longer than merus Carpus of large chela equal to or smaller than merus 5. Rostrum shorter than scaphocerite Chela of 2nd pereiopod in male denticulate only at base of finger and thumb Rostrum equal to scaphocerite in length Finger and thumb of 2nd pereiopod in male denticulate along entire length 6. Finger of 2nd pereiopod in male longer than palm Palm densely pubescent Finger of 2nd pereiopod in male shorter than palm Entire 2nd pereiopod except fmger and thumb pubescent eqr;idens (19A) lepidactyllis (19E, F) vollenhoJlelli (19G) 5 6 1. Mandibular palp 3-segmented (19L) Mandibular palp 2-segmented (19M) 2. Dactyli of last three pereiopods ellormously lengthened Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) tenr;ipes (19N) Dactyli of last three pereiopods not enormously lengthened Pa/aemon (Pa/aemon) 2 Palaemon (Pa/aecmder) ~ p Genus PALAEMON Subgenus PALAEANDER I. Distal half of rostrum unarmed Rostrum slightly upturned, rostral formula 6/3 lIlawlatus (190) length, rostral .. cle,~alls (19P) Rostrum denticulate over entire formula 9/3 Genus PALAEMON Subgenus PALAEMON 1. Rostrum straight, 10/4, fresh-water form capensis (20E) Rostrum upcurved, marine or fresh-water forms 2 2. Fused part of outer flagellum of antennule equal to free part .. . . . . . . . . debilis (20A, F) Free part of antennule 3t-4 times longer than fused part 3. 2-3 post-orbital dorsal spine present 1st pelopod of male lacking appendix interna Marine or estuarine form . . pacifiws (20B, G, H) 2 post-orbital dorsal spines 1st pleopod of male with rudimentary appendix interna Marine, estuarine, or fresh-water form concinnus (20C, D) Subfamily PONTONIINAE I. Mandibular palp present, hepatic spine present Palaemonella rotl