MORMAX MARSTON Revision of New World * Species of Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae), k Other than the Anthrax albofasciatus Group SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? 1970 NUMBER 43 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to ^oology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. Each publica- tion is distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, institutes, and interested specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smith- sonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 43 Norman Marston Revision of New World Species of Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae), Other Than the Anthrax albofasciatus Group SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON I97O ABSTRACT Marston, Norman. Revision of New World Species of Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyli- idae) other than the Anthrax albofasciatus Group. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 43:1-148. 1970. A key is given to the species groups of Anthrax in North and South America. Four of the five groups are described and keys are given for included taxa. Each taxon is fully described, its synonymy is compiled, and its dis- tribution is illustrated or summarized. Important taxonomic characters are illustrated. Sixteen taxa comprise the oedipus group, including peruvianus, cordillerensis, and insulanus, new species; and irroratus striatipennis, oedipus aquilus, and pluto nigriven- tris, new subspecies. Twenty-nine taxa comprise the cephus group, including innubilipennis, inaquosum, nitidus, xanthomeros, hylaios, cathetodaithmos, snowi, costaricensis, koebelei, austrinus, clinopictus, and laticellus, new species; and argyropy- gus painteri, new subspecies. Nine species comprise the trimaculatus group, including baliopteros, latibasis, and caatingensis, new species. Five taxa comprise the tigrinus group, including xylocopae, new species, and simson habrosus, new subspecies. Evolution of the cephus and tigrinus groups is discussed. Contribution Nos. 897, 898, and 931, Department of Entomology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.75 (paper cover) Norman Marston Revision of New World Species of Anthrax (Diptera: Bombyliidae) 3 Other Than the Anthrax albofasciatus Group Introduction The genus Anthrax is one of many poorly known taxa of Bombyliidae (Diptera) in the New World. Most of the species are based on inadequate descriptions, which resulted in misconceptions of the species and in many synonyms. It often has been impossible to determine identities of species except by studying the types (Painter and Painter, 1962). Additionally, many undescribed species have confused later authors attempting to determine identities of named species. The genus is separated into five species groups for convenience in treatment. The albofasciatus group was revised earlier (Marston, 1963), leaving the cephus, oedipus, trimaculatus, and tigrinus groups to be treated here. A future study will deal with the known pupae. A description and the synonymy of the genus were given in the previous paper, while the key to the species groups is given herein. The author wishes to thank the many people who have given advice and encouragement during the course of this study. Particular thanks are due to the late Dr. Reginald H. Painter of Kansas State Univer- sity, whose enthusiasm and patient guidance were a continuous source of inspiration throughout the study. In addition, much of the basic taxonomic work was done with specimens in Dr. Painter's collection. Valu- able assistance also was given by my wife, Barbara, and by Dr. Carl W. Rettenmeyer of Kansas State University. Norman Marston, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA ARS ENT, P.O. Box A, Research Park, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Thanks are also due to Prof. R. Defretin of the Musee d'Histoire Naturellc, Ville de Lille, for search- ing for the type of Spogostylum mystaceum Macquart, to Mr. Luis Pena of Santiago, Chile, for searching for the types of Philippi's species, to Dr. Karl-Johan Hedqvist of the Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden, for furnishing information on types of Nemotelus tigrinus DeGeer, and especially to Dr. R. H. Painter for supplying notes on type specimens in European museums. I am grateful to the following institutions and indi- viduals for lending material on which the major por- tion of this study was based (abbreviations used in the text follow the name of each institution or individual): Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Brit- ish Museum (Natural History) (BM), California Academy of Sciences (CAS), Canadian National Col- lection (CNC), Chicago Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Cornell University (CNLL), Florida State Plant Board (FSPB), Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Museu de la Plata (MLP), Museu de Historia Natural de San- tiago (MHNS), Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Oregon State University (OSU), Riksmu- seum of Stockholm (RIKS), Secretaria da Agricultura do Sao Paulo (SASP), Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde of Stuttgart (STUT), United States Na- tional Museum (USNM), Universidad de Tucuman (TUC), Universidade do Parana (PAR), University of Arizona (ARIZ), University of California at Davis, Berkeley, and Riverside (UCAL), Snow Entomolog- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ical Museum at the University of Kansas (KANS), University of Michigan (MICH), University of Ne- braska (NEBR), Washington State University (WSU), Messrs. Lawrence R. Ertle (ERTLE), Jack C. Hall (HALL), Karol Lenko (LENKO), R. H. Painter (RHP), Luis Pefia (PENA), John Poorbaugh (JP), and Wolfgang K. Weyrauch (WEYRAUCH). The author's collection is designated (NLM). In addition to support from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, portions of this study were sup- ported by National Science Foundation Grant G-21291 (Dr. Painter, principal investigator), a Fulbright Fel- lowship for study in Brazil, and National Science Foundation Cooperative Graduate Fellowships. The maps were made on Goode Base Map series No. 2, published by the University of Chicago, which owns the copyright. Anthrax Species Groups The species groups segregated in this paper are poorly denned and may be polyphyletic in some cases, or at least with some different species complexes arising from different Old World ancestors. No good diagnos- tic characters have been found to fit all species in a given group and the limits of some of the groups are open to question. The groups are used here only for convenience in separating the bulk of species in the genus into workable units and should not be construed as being equivalent to subgenera. A worldwide revision of the genus would be required to ascertain the rela- tionships between Old World and New World species, and to learn the true identity and limits of the higher taxa for which some names have been proposed. The following key separates the groups of the genus present in North and South America. Key to the Species Groups of the Genus Anthrax in North and South America 1. Pigmentation of wings solid, not broken into spots (Plate 2r); if wings nearly hyaline then setae on face extending almost to antenna (Plate lm) cephus group Wings with isolated or coalesced spots or with bands along veins; if mostly hyaline, then setae on face restricted to lower half and lateral margins (Plate In) 2 2(1). Cell 2Ma divided by a crossvein between m crossvein and vein Cui, wing veins margined with brown, discs of cells mostly hyaline (Plate 2p) tigrinus group Cell 2Ms not divided by a crossvein; wings without bands along veins 3 3(2). Medial angle of m crossvein with a short spur and usually with a distinct spot, vein R? with a sharp medial angle and short spur (except in A. cybele Coq.); numerous spots usually present besides those at bases of cells (Plate la-;; Plate 2a?o). . . oedipus group Medial angle of m crossvein curved, without a spur or spot; medial angle of vein R? sinuate or evenly curved, without a spur. Spots on wings restricted to bases of cells (sometimes expanded), except sometimes medially in cell Ri and medially on vein 2A (indistinct spots at tips of veins Cui and Cua and pigment extending along vein R< and m crossvein in one species) 4 4(3). Neotropical species trimaculatus group Nearcitc species albofasciatus group Nomenclatorial History Most of the descriptions of species of Anthrax by early authors were based on one or a few specimens and were so brief that it has often been impossible to determine the true identity of the species. The lack of communica- tion among the early authors also resulted in the crea- tion of many synonyms, which has further inhibited the work of recent students. Only since a study of the types of North and South American Bombyliidae was made by Painter and Painter (1962 and unpublished notes) has it been possible to undertake a complete revision of the genus Anthrax. The species Anthrax midas Fabricius, for example, had not been recognized from the time it was described and had been placed in the genus Villa (Anthrax, auctt.) in catalogs until it was studied by Painter and Painter. Outside the albofasciatus group, the first New World species of Anthrax was described as Nemotelus tigrinus by DeGeer (1776). During the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century most authors placed their species in the genus Anthrax, which was then interpreted more widely than at present. The first five species to be de- scribed were oedipus, simson, cephus, midas, and gideon by Fabricius in 1805. All were from South America. These were followed by Say's (1823) de- scriptions of analis from Georgia, irroratus from the NUMBER 4 3 Rocky Mountains, and scriptus, a synonym of tigrinus, from Pennsylvania. Wiedemann (1828) described several species in the genus Anthrax, among which were acroleucus and hyalacrus from Brazil, argyropy- gus for which he gave the locality "Vaterland?," and pluto from Kentucky. He was confused as to the range of variation of gideon, and acroleucus is a syno- nym of it. Macquart (1834) described georgicus, a synonym of analis, from Georgia, added angustipennis and luctuosus from French Guiana, funebris from the Dominican Republic in 1840, and "irrorata," a synonym of irroratus Say, from Carolina and Georgia. Also in 1840, he described mystaceus from Brazil or Chile in the new genus Spogostylum. In 1845 he de- scribed binotatus, which has been shown to be the female of angustipennis, in 1848, trimaculatus from Brazil, and in 1849, Exoprosopa punctata, a synonym of oedipus Fabricius from "Amer. Merid." In 1855, Macquart named leucopygus from South America, apparently without realizing that this was a homo- nym of leucopygus Macquart, 1840, from Timor. D'Andretta and Carrera (1952) proposed the name macquarti to replace the junior homonym. Among the many species described by Walker in the cephus group were delicatulus in 1849 from Jamaica, followed by repertus from South America, cedens from the United States and punctum and aequa from Brazil in 1852, and inexactus from the Amazon in 1857. It is shown here that cedens is simply a form of analis and that inexactus is only a variant of repertus, while punctum and aequa are synonyms of oedipus Fabricius. Blanchard (1852) described vicinus from Chile, but the name was preoccupied by vicinus Macquart (1840). Rondani proposed the name inordinatus for the same species in 1863. Philippi added squalidus, bellulus, and deodecimpunctatus from Chile in 1865. The latter is regarded as a synonym of mystaceus (Macquart). During the last third of the nineteenth century most authors placed the present species of Anthrax in Argy- ramoeba and several species were described in this genus. Schiner (1868) described propinqua, caloptera and imitans from Venezuela, and poecilophora from Chile. Anthrax propinquus is now applied to a form of gideon from northwest South America, while caloptera is a synonym of oedipus, imitans is a synonym of trima- culatus and poecilophora is a synonym of inordinatus. In 1869, Loew described contigua from Virginia, a synonym of argyropygus, along with delila from Cali- fornia and stellans from Oregon. Osten Sacken (1886) described sereipunctatus from "N. Sonora." Bigot (1892) added albosparsa from "Colorado," aterrima from Maryland, melanopogon from Washington, and plurinota, crinita, and inappendiculata from Chile. It is shown here that crinitus is a synonym of squalidus while inappendiculatus is a synonym of bellulus. Bigot also described a headless specimen as Hemipen- thes latelimbatus from "Carolina." The latter is a synonym of the form cedens of analis. The last species described in the 1800s was Argyramoeba cybele Coquillett (1894) from southern California. From 1900 to 1920, species of Anthrax were placed in either Argyramoeba or Spongostylum. Williston (1901), however, placed his new species, pluricellus, from Vera Cruz, Mexico, in Anthrax, which then was interpreted as Villa is now. Johnson (1913) studied the species of Anthrax (then Spongostylum) related to analis and described slossonae from Kentucky, occi- dentalis from the western United States, and gross- becki from Florida. It has been shown that slossonae is a synonym of aterrimus, occidentalis is a synonym of analis, and grossbecki is only a form of analis. In 1919, Cole added Spongostylum argentatum from Oregon. The last species to be described were Anthrax guianicus Curran (1934) from British Guiana, minimaculatus Oldroyd (1937) from Argentina, and cintalpa and mexicanus Cole (1952) from Chiapas, Mexico. Anthrax guianicus and mexicanus are synonyms of midas Fabricius. Taxonomic Characters and Techniques The characters used for separation of species vary be- tween groups and are therefore discussed under each group. In general, the wings offer the most useful char- acters and these are illustrated for almost all species. The Comstock-Needham system is followed in naming the veins and cells for the most part. The male and female genitalia present useful char- acters in most groups and are therefore illustrated. The terminology is artificial in part, so the specific structures are named in Figures 8,50, and 128. The techniques for preparing the genitalia may be useful to other students. First, the specimens to be studied are placed in a relaxing jar for approximately six hours. This is long enough to preclude breakage during handling, yet is not so long that the insects become wet, thus destroying the patterns of scales and pollen. The specimen is grasped with forceps near the apex of the abdomen and the genitalia are removed SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY with an insect pin. Care should be taken to remove all of the sixth sternum of the female or the bulbs of the spermathecae may be broken off. The genitalia are then placed in a solution of potassium hydroxide (about 10%) in a shell vial and left to soak at room temperature for 24 hours. At the end of this time the softer tissues are removed and the genitalia are ready for study. By this method, a relatively large number of specimens may be handled at one time. The genitalia are glued to the tip of an insect pin with clear fingernail polish?the male genitalia at- tached ventrally at the junction of the gonocoxites and the female genitalia exteriorly just below the cerci. The pin is then placed in a dish of glycerine on two paper clips. A third paper clip is placed over the pin to hold the pin in place after the specimen has been positioned for drawing. The glycerine prevents the nail polish from hardening so that the specimen's position may be adjusted on the pin, and it may be easily re- moved. After the drawings are completed the genitalia may be preserved in a small vial pinned below the specimen. Maps illustrate the distribution of species that are known from more than a few specimens. Each dot rep- resents a locality from which one or more preserved specimens have been seen. The hypothetical ranges (shown by shading) indicate areas ecologically similar to areas from which specimens have been recorded and were drawn primarily from vegetation maps of the areas under consideration. Biology and Ecology Species of the genus Anthrax are all parasitoids on larvae of holometabolous insects living in tubular nests or cells as far as is known. Life histories of the species are probably similar to that of Anthrax limatulus fur (Osten Sacken) described by Marston (1964), with eggs deposited in openings of cells in a variety of nest locations, depending upon the species. Specimens have been collected in almost every conceivable ecological area from the northernmost extensions of the Arctic forests to south Chile. The oedipus group is composed of two distinct species complexes distinguishable by differences in wing pat- tern. The oedipus subgroup occurs throughout North and South America and contains well-defined species, which seem to have been distinct for a relatively long time as evidenced by the diversity of morphological structures, especially the male and female genitalia. The pluto subgroup, on the other hand, is found only in North America and the West Indies. The species seem to be very closely related, except for A. cybele, and show only minor differences in morphological structures. It seems probable that the two subgroups were derived from separate Eurasian ancestral stocks with the oedipus subgroup arriving in North America much earlier. Anthrax cybele probably also was de- rived from a separate ancestor, but it is included within the pluto subgroup for convenience. The species of the oedipus group, primarily inhabi- tants of open forested areas with some adapted to desert areas with xerophytic shrubs, parasitize a wide range of higher Hymenoptera nesting in old logs and stumps, in banks, and in soil. The species collected by the author seldom leave their local habitat and never have been taken on flowers. Females often are seen ovipositing on old stumps and logs, in cracks and holes in vertical banks, and occasionally in holes in open, flat areas. They sometimes are attracted to the collector and will oviposit on dark spots on clothing. Little is known about the biology of the species other than host records. The little information available indi- cates that their life history is similar to that of A. limatulus fur (Osten Sacken) (Marston, 1964). With the exception of analis and argentatus, the species of the cephus group occur predominantly in warm temperate and tropical climates. By far the great- est number of species occur in the area between south- ern Mexico and southeastern Brazil. Anthrax argen- tatus probably was derived from an ancestral form adapted to a cold temperate climate, since related spe- cies occur in the Palaearctic region, and it now occupies a range from southwestern Canada south in the moun- tains to central California and Colorado. Anthrax analis, on the other hand, probably has become adapted secondarily to cold climates as well as warm ones, since its closest relatives are Neotropical and it now may be found into north-central Canada. Apparently no spe- cies of the cephus group has been able to adapt itself to the temperate climates of southern South America. The southernmost record is for gideon from Monte- video, Uruguay. Ecologically, the species of the cephus group pre- dominantly are found in forest habitats (including forest glades), although several species have become adapted to drier areas. Anthrax nitidus is found in the desert area of southern California and southwestern Arizona, although its closest relative, argentatus, is found in forested areas. Several species have become NUMBER 4 3 adapted to the dry climate of northeastern Brazil, but these usually also occur in forest areas, indicating that the adaptation is relatively recent or that they occupy habitats that are similar in the two areas. The latter may be the case with repertus, which has been collected in grassy areas in the tropical forest of southeast Brazil. Anthrax inaquosum is the only species restricted to the desert of northeast Brazil as far as is known. Anthrax analis is unique in the group (with the pos- sible exception of funebris) in that it has become adapted to sandy areas where it has been reared from the larvae of tiger beetles (Cicindellidae). Little is known of the biology of the species. With the exception of analis, the only records of hosts are from wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). The species probably parasitize a wide range of holometabolous insects within the limits of their preference for oviposition sites. The trimaculatus group is restricted to South and Central America as far as is known. The species ap- parently are found throughout the continent, although, due to lack of collecting, large gaps occur in such areas as southern Argentina. The species have been collected in a variety of habitats, along paths, in clearings, and flying over vertical banks, where wild bees were nesting. They seem to fill niches similar to those occupied by the species of the albofasciatus group in North America. Biological notes are available only for trimaculatus, a specimen of which was reared from the nest of a species of Diadasia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). The species of the tigrinus group occupy a variety of habitats, although each is apparently restricted to a broad ecological zone. All reared specimens have been taken from the nests of species of Xylocopa (Hymenop- tera: Apoidea), although they may also parasitize species of related genera with similar nesting habits. The facts known of the biologies of the species are discussed by Hurd (1959), although he considered the entire group to be a single species, Anthrax simson Fabricius. Anthrax tigrinus is known from the eastern decidu- ous forests so that its range is limited on the north by the coniferous forests and on the west by the Great Plains. Similarly, delila is found in broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forests in southern and central Cali- fornia, although it occurs in areas dominated by conif- erous forests in northern California. A relict popula- tion also occurs in southern Baja California. Both tigrinus and delila have been reared from species of Xylocopa nesting in structural timbers. Anthrax xylocopae has become adapted to drier areas than are inhabited by tigrinus and delila, since it occurs in pinion-juniper forests and grasslands from eastern Arizona and north-central Mexico to central Texas. It has been reared from Xylocopa nests in dead-flower stalks of Yucca and probably parasitizes bees nesting in deadwood as well. In central Arizona xylocopae is allopatric to simson habrosus, the latter occurring in desert areas from southern California and Arizona south along the Pacific coast of Mexico and in dry tropical forests in southern Mexico as far east as Chi- apas. No reared specimens of s. habrosus have been studied, but it probably parasitizes Xylocopa brasil- iorum varipuncta Patton, which nests in a variety of woods throughout southern California, western Ari- zona, and northwestern Mexico. Anthrax simson sim- son occurs in wet tropical forests in eastern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Noth- ing is known of its biology; the record cited by Hurd of a bombyliid taken from the nest of Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier at Araucaria, Parana, Brazil, might refer to simson. Anthrax oedipus Group The oedipus group is a well-defined aggregate of species in North and South America. They generally are characterized by numerous spots on the wings at the bases of the cells, on apices of veins, and often scattered along veins and expanding into the cells. Setae on the face are concentrated along the epistomal margin with a few along the eye margins (Plate In) . Light and dark scales on the thorax and abdomen are formed in a complex pattern with some enlarged and truncate along the posterior and lateral margins of the abdomi- nal terga. The gonocoxites of the male genitalia taper apically and are not lobed; the distal segment of the gonostylus is flat, quadrangular basally, and ends in a deflexed hook. The base of the third antennal segment is wider than the second segment, hemispherical, and more or less as long as the styliform part. Group Description Body generally black, blue gray or brown pruinose, gray or silvery pollinose along eye margins; femora, tibiae, male genitalia, and basal antennal segments sometimes dark red or orange. Front with black setae and, on lower half, lanceolate scales. Face retreating, epistomal margin abrupt; upper half of face bare ex- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY cept for some setae and a few scales along eye mar- gins; lower half of face with coarse black setae and linear or oblanceolate white or yellowish scales ex- tending along eye margins into oral cavity (Plate In) . Occiput with short, semirecumbent black setae and linear and lanceolate scales; fringe of pile on posterior margin dark brown or black, sometimes with light tips. First antennal segment narrow basally, enlarged mesad apically, slightly shorter to slightly longer than apical width. Second segment lenticular with apical margin rounded (Figure 15; Plate Ik) or saucer shaped with apical margin produced as a sharp flange (Figures 14, 16; Plate 1/); base of third segment bulbous, slightly wider than second segment in male, distinctly wider in female; styliform part arising medially or toward lateral margin, slightly shorter to distinctly longer than basal part; style short, about one- fourth as long as styliform part, tuft of hairs about as long as style. Disc of mesonotum with sparse, fine black setae and linear, mostly black scales; white scales in transverse line in front of bases of wings, in submedial longitu- dinal lines on anterior half, along anterior edge, and in a triangle extending forward from posterior margin; brown scales sometimes intermixed with white and occasionally predominating on disc. Lateral margins of mesonotum with black setae and bristles and linear or elongate, threadlike, white or brown and white scales. Scutellum with linear or lanceolate black scales on disc and lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate white scales on anterior and posterior margins; brown scales often intermixed with white, white or brown scales sometimes in medial patch on disc, black scales occa- sionally restricted to submedial spots. Sternopleuron, lower half of mesopleuron, and anterior half of ptero- pleuron with black setae and linear or lanceolate, recumbent to erect scales; some coarse setae on ptero- pleuron. Upper half of mesopleuron with coarse black or gold setae, and curly scales; pile sometimes present. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum white, black or mixed, some brown hairs often present, black setae present on anterior margin of mesonotum. Postalar tuft of pile black, white or yellowish brown, occasionally mixed, usually a few white scales at base. Hypopleuron bare, metapleuron usually bare, sometimes with a few scales behind and below spiracle. Coxae with black setae and black or white lanceolate or oblanceolate scales, occasionally with some brown scales. Wing with basal infuscation extending into basal cells and with numerous spots in apical part of wing at bases of cells and usually at angles and apices of veins, sometimes also at other points on veins; spots often more or less coalesced into medial and subapical bands and sometimes elongated into transverse striae. Cells C and Sc with alternating hyaline and pigmented areas or entirely hyaline, subhyaline, or infuscated. Spurs at bases of cells R2+3 and R4, and at medial angle of m crossvein, and often at medial angle of vein R4 and basal angle of m crossvein; spur at base of cell R4 sometimes connected to vein R2+s to form a sectoral crossvein. Anal cell slightly open or closed in margin; r-m crossvein at basal third or two-fifths of discal cell; junction of cells 1M2 and Cux one to three times length of base of cell Cui. Cell 2A one to 1.5 times as wide as cell 1A; alula well developed; calyptere unpigmented, fringe of hairs white (Plate la-;'; Plate 2a-o). Stem of halter brown, base of knob dark brown, apex of knob white. Femora with oblanceolate-cuneate or obovate-cune- ate scales, usually black anteriorly and white posteri- orly on fore and middle pairs, entirely black or white posteroventrally and black anterodorsally on hind pairs; black scales sometimes more or less replaced by brown. Scales on tibiae usually white posteriorly and black anteriorly on fore and middle pairs, entirely black on posterior pairs. Fore femora with anteroven- tral row of bristles strongest toward base; middle femora with posteroventral row of bristles and occa- sionally with one or more bristles postmedially on anterior surface; hind femora with anteroventral row of bristles in female and additional posteroventral row in males. Lateral margin of first abdominal tergum with white pile and a few black setae, occasionally some black pile, sides of second tergum with black setae and linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate-cuneate scales of variable color, occasionally some black pile; sides of posterior terga with oblanceolate and obovate-cuneate scales of variable color, occasionally some black pile; sides of posterior terga with oblanceolate and obovate- cuneate scales and black setae. Posterior margins of first tergum with a few black setae and with light scales laterally and dark scales medially; discs of remaining terga with sparse setae and complex pattern of linear or threadlike to ovate-cuneate scales; usually with broad white scales in submedial or medial and sublateral patches on posterior margins, less distinct posteriorly; smaller scales cover remainder of disc, NUMBER 4 3 brown or white in basal and subapical, poorly defined bands on second segment and basally on posterior segments, black elsewhere. Sterna with sparse black setae and linear or threadlike to ovate scales; light scales usually predominate posterolaterally and dark scales anteromedially. Apex of gonocoxites of male genitalia simple, not elongated into lobes. Basal segment of gonostylus platelike, rounded dorsally, not produced apically; dis- tal segment laterally flattened, quadrangular basally, apex a deflexed hook. Apex of epiphallus small, curled upward at tip dorsally, slightly flared laterally, with a basally produced spine just after junction of dorsal bands; epiphallus sometimes atrophied. Apex of aedea- gus acute with gonopore ventral, or flared with gono- pore apical, sometimes trilobed. Base of aedeagus bulbous, narrowing abruptly to apical part. Epandrium simple or with dorsal margin apically produced and with cerci produced ventrad. Tenth tergum of female with four to twelve spines on each side. Sclerite on each side of gonopore hatchet shaped; lateral lobe acute, clavate or broad and blunt; dorsal or dorsomedial lobe short, acute or obtusely rounded; ventral lobe narrow and parallel sided or broadened medially, curving inward at apex. Ducts of spermathecae uniting medially into common duct or sometimes emptying separately into genital chamber, with one to seven convolutions before expanding to bulbs; bulbs elongate, expanded medially, postmedially or sometimes apically, sometimes bent medially or basally. Taxonomic Characters The wings of the species of the oedipus subgroup show many differences between taxa, but the differences in pattern are subtle and difficult to describe (Plate la-;). That difficulty apparently has led some authors to lump all the species together in despair, although other less readily observed characters will separate the species. Discrete differences in the pattern of the wings often are obscured by variation in intensity of the pat- tern in different localities. That is especially true of irroratus irroratus where the wings vary from lightly to heavily pigmented in different parts of North America (Plate \a-c). In the pluto subgroup the wing pattern remains almost the same (except for cybele), while differences between the species are due to restriction or extension and coalescence of spots (Plate 2a-o). The sexes vary in this subgroup with females having darker wings. The spur at the base of cell R? may be connected to vein R2+3 to form a complete sectoral crossvein in the oedipus group. The character is stable in some species; in others it varies. In most species of the oedipus group the second antennal segment is saucer shaped with the apical mar- gin produced as a sharp flange (Figures 14, 16; Plate 1/), a character shared with many Palaearctic species. Only two species in the group, irroratus and cybele, have the second segment lenticular (Figure 15; Plate Ik) as it is in all other groups of the genus in North and South America except the tigrinus group. This is another character used to separate the "genera" segre- gated in the Old World by Sack (1909) and Bezzi (1924), but which is not applicable to New World species. The chaetotaxy of the legs seldom has been found useful to separate species in the Bombyliidae and that is generally true in the genus Anthrax. Anthrax oedi- pus and peruvianus, however, have a distinctive bristle on the middle femur postmedially on the anterior side, which has not been noted in other species in the group (Figure 30). That is one of the qualitative characters that lead to the conclusion that the oedipus subgroup has evolved longer in the New World than has the pluto subgroup. The male genitalia are of little practical use to separate species in the oedipus group, contrary to the situation in the albofasciatus group. While some good internal differences exist, external aspects of the geni- talia are quite similar for almost all of the species. The most striking differentiation is in cordillerensis and inordinatus of the oedipus subgroup in which the apex of the epiphallus is atrophied and the apex of the aedeagus trilobed. Females of the species appear to be adapted to the trilobed aedeagus in that they have three spermathecal ducts emptying separately into the genital chamber rather than uniting into a common duct. Those two species also have the epandrium elongated over the cerci so they project ventrad. Female genitalia have several good internal characters, the shape of the spermathecae, the number of convolu- tions in the spermathecal ducts, and the shape of the sclerites on each side of the apex of the spermathecal ducts, but a part of the abdomen has to be destroyed to examine them. Variation in vesture of the body is extensive. In general, there appear to be four types of ectodermal processes in the genus?macrochaetae (or bristles), SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY setae, pile (hairs), and scales?although the cellular origins of the different types have not been investi- gated. While both setae and macrochaetae are tapered, macrochaetae usually are larger, few in number, and found in well-defined locations, whereas setae are finer, more numerous, and more or less scattered where they occur. Pile is formed of erect, parallel-sided hairs with minutely bristly apices. No intermediate structures have been found between pile and scales in the genus Anthrax. Scales are the most variable component of the vesture, in color, shape, and size, and often present useful characters. They may be white, black or various shades of brown, and vary from short and linear or lanceolate to long, ovate-truncate. Some of the various shapes discriminated are illustrated in Figures 17-26. An accurate classification is impossible since all sizes and shapes intergrade. "Tomentum" has been used in other genera of Bombyliidae for dense, woolly, hairlike scales, but such have not been observed in the genus Anthrax. Key to the North and South American Species of the oedipus Group of the Genus Anthrax Scopoli 1. Cells C and Sc of wing with alternating pigmented and hyaline areas (except rarely in A. cordillerensis from Chile). Veins in outer part of wing with numerous spots other than at bases of cells and at apices of veins (Plate la-;) . North and South America. Anthrax oedipus subgroup 2 Cells C and Sc of wing without alternating pigmented and hyaline areas, either evenly infuscated or partly or wholly hyaline or subhyaline. Veins in outer part of wing without spots other than at bases of cells, apically on some veins, subapically on vein Rj+s and submedially on R? (Plate 2a-o). North America and West Indies. Anthrax pluto subgroup 10 Anthrax oedipus subgroup 2(1). Second antennal segment lens shaped, rounded apically (Figure 15; Plate Ik). North America 3 Second antennal segment saucer shaped, produced apically as a sharp flange (Figures 14, 16; Plate 1/). North and South America 4 3(2). Wing with some independent rounded spots, usually many (Plate la-c). Usually numerous white scales anteriorly on second and following abdominal sterna. Small subspecies, wing length 4.9-9.2 mm. North America other than Arctic tundra, coastal plain of southeastern United States and Central America (Map 1) irroratus irroratus Say Wing with dense pattern of transverse striae; with few, if any, independent rounded spots (Plate Id). Abdominal sterna without white scales anteriorly. Large subspecies, 7.4-9.8 mm. Florida north to South Carolina and west to Alabama (Map 1) irroratus striatipennis, new subspecies 4(2) . Cell Sc of wing evenly infuscated or subhyaline, or with indistinct spots. Chilean and Peruvian species 5 Cell Sc of wing with distinctly alternating pigmented and hyaline or subhyaline areas. Southwestern United States, Mexico, West Indies, and South America other than Chile 7 5(4). Middle femur without bristles above anteroventral row (Figure 36). Abdominal terga without golden brown scales, wing with complete sectoral crossvein. Chile 6 Middle femur with distinctive bristle or bristles on anterior side above anteroventral row (Figure 37). Abdominal terga with large patches of golden brown scales. Wing without complete sectoral crossvein. Southwestern Bolivia (?) to Ecuador (Map 4) . peruvianus, new species 6(5). Wing with complete sectoral crossvein (Plate li) . Femora orange. Abdomen with large patches of golden brown scales. Central Chile and southwestern Argentina (Map 5) . inordinatus (Rondani) Wing without complete sectoral crossvein (Plate 1;). Femora black. Few, if any, golden brown scales on abdomen. Andes Mountains in central and southern Chile, and southwestern Argentina (May 4) cordillerensis, new species NUMBER 4 3 7(4). Middle femur with distinctive bristle on anterior side above anteroventral row (Figure 37). Postalar tuft of pile white or black. Mexico and West Indies through South America other than Chile 8 Middle femur without bristles anteriorly above anteroventral row (Figure 36). Postalar tuft of pile usually black or with few white hairs. Southwestern United States to Venezuela and Colombia (Map 2) cintalpa Cole 8(7) . Dorsum of abdomen with black and white scales, no large patches of brown scales. Abdominal sterna three, four, and five with numerous black scales. Lateral margins of second tergum with only black scales and pile. Mexico and West Indies through South America other than Chile and Peru (Map 3) 9 Large patches of golden brown scales on abdominal terga. Few, if any, black scales on third, fourth, and fifth sterna. Lateral margins of second tergum with tuft of brown and white scales posteriorly. Southwestern Bolivia (?) to northern Peru (Map 4) peruvianus, new species 9(8) . Wing with complete sectoral crossvein (Plate In) . Postalar tuft of pile black. Southern Brazil and adjacent areas (Map 3) oedipus aquilus, new supbspecies Wing without complete sectoral crossvein (Plate lg) . Postalar tuft of pile white. Southern Mexico to southern Brazil and northern Argentina (Map 3) oedipus oedipus Fabricius Anthrax pluto subgroup 10(1). Second antennal segment saucer shaped, apical margin produced as a sharp flange (Figures 14, 16; Plate 1/). Independent spots usually present apically on vein Ra+? or medially on R* 11 Second antennal segment lens shaped, apical margin rounded (Figure 15; Plate Ik). Independent spots absent apically on vein R2+J and medially on R* (Plate 2o) cybele (Coquillett) 11(10). Cell 2M of wing hyaline except at extreme base and apex. Vein 2A with at most a faint cloud submedially in some females (Plate 1c?d) 12 Cell 2M of wing partially or completely infuscated medially. Vein 2A with at least a small cloud submedially in males and with a distinct spot in females (Plate la-b, e-n) 13 12(11). Abdominal sterna one through three with long, linear, white scales predominating. Sternopleuron and lower halves of mesopleuron and pteropleuron with white scales only. Terga two through five usually with linear white scales across entire posterior margins or narrowly broken medially by black scales. Texas to southern California, south into Sonora and Baja California (Map 8) seriepunctatus (Osten Sacken) Abdominal sterna one through three with few, if any, linear white scales. Sternopleuron, and lower halves of mesopleuron and pteropleuron with mixed black and white scales. Posterior margins of terga two through five with submedial and sublateral patches of lanceolate or cuneate white scales interrupted by areas of black scales. Texas to southern' California, south into Mexico and north into Great Basin (Map 9) atriplex, new species 13(11). Scales on hind femur entirely black or with few white ones posteriorly at base. Under- side of abdomen with few, if any, golden brown scales; numerous black scales often present 14 Hind femur with golden brown scales ventrally and black scales dorsally. Long, curly scales on abdominal sterna two through seven white on posterior margins, golden brown subapically and sometimes basally; few, if any, black scales present. Canada south in Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to southern California, in Rockies to Colorado and in Appalachians to Georgia (Map 8) stellans (Leow) 14(13). Upper half of mesopleuron with mixed black, white, and often brown hairs, and black setae. Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum often yellowish white or with some black hairs posteriorly. Continental North America 15 Upper half of mesopleuron with dense, snowy white pile and few yellow or black bristles, no black or brown hairs present. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with snowy white pile. West Indies (Map 7) insulanus, new species 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 15(14). Cell 2M entirely infuscated or with at most a small medial subhyaline area in some males. Submedial spot on vein 2A broadly connected to base (Plate 2e-f). Eastern United States, Texas, and eastern and southern Mexico (Map 6) 16 Cell 2M with at least a small subhyaline area in females, largely hyaline in males. Submedial spot on vein 2A separated from base (Plate 2k-n). Western United States, Texas, and northern Mexico 17 16(15). Abdominal sterna one through three with threadlike, mostly white scales, with a few black ones on two and three. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with white pile ventrally, with few black hairs posteriorly. Mississippi valley from Appalachians to Great Plains, south to Oklahoma and Tennessee (Map 6) pluto pluto Wiedemann Scales on abdominal stema two through seven entirely black, or few white ones present on posterolateral margins. Ventral part of lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with black pile or with few white hairs intermixed. Texas to Florida, south along Gulf coast to south-central Mexico (Map 6) pluto nigriventris, new subspecies 17(15). Scales on abdominal sterna two through seven mostly black, few white or yellow ones sometimes present along posterior margins. Postalar tuft of pile usually predominantly white. Dry oak or mesquite forests from southern California to Texas and into northern Mexico (Map 9) atripUx, new species Abdominal sterna with long, threadlike white scales, sometimes with few black scales medially on three through seven. Postalar tuft of pile usually predominantly black. Coniferous forests from southern California to British Columbia and south in Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico (Map 10) melanopogon (Bigot) Anthrax irroratus irroratus Say Anthrax irroratus Say, 1823, p. 46.?Osten Sacken, 1858, p. 40 [irrorata].?Say, 1859, p. 61.?Curran, 1927, p. 85 [irrorata].?Maughan, 1935, p. 33 [part] [irrorata].? Priddy, 1939, p. 45 [irrorata].?Brooks, 1952, p. 370 [irrorata].?Painter and Painter, 1965, p. 432.?Krombein, 1967, p. 403. Anthrax irroratus Macquart, 1840, p. 60 [irrorata].?Mac- quart, 1848, p. 34 [irrorata].?Osten Sacken, 1858, p. 40 [irrorata]. Anthrax oedipus.?Wiedemann, 1828, p. 262.?Osten Sacken, 1858, p. 41 [part].?Johnson, 1925, p. 108.?Curran, 1927, p. 85.?Edwards, 1930, p. 173 [part].?Brimley, 1938, p. 341.?Strickland, 1938, p. 195.?Hall, 1954, p. 146 [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Argyramoeba oedipus.?Osten Sacken, 1877, p. 243 [part].? Osten Sacken, 1878, p. 90 [part].?Osten Sacken, 1886, p. 102 [part].?Townsend, 1893, p. 60.?Coquillett, 1894, p. 95 [part].?Davidson, 1894, p. 170.?Baker, 1895, p. 173.?Kertte, 1909, p. 66 [part].?MaUoch, 1917, p. 392.?Rau, 1926, p. 231 [Argyromoeba] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Spongostylum oedipus.'?Aldrich, 1905, p. 223 [Spogosty- lum].?Cole and Lovett, 1921, p. 244 [Spogostylum].?Cole, Malloch, and McAtee, 1924, p. 185 [Spogostylum] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. MALE.?Head with black setae and lanceolate, black and white scales. Second antennal segment len- ticular, apex not produced as sharp flange (Figure 15; Plate Ik); base of third segment bulbous, about 1.33 times wider than second segment, styliform part about 1.33 to 1.5 times longer than base, about 2 to 3 times longer than style. Mesonotum and scutellum with linear, black and white scales, curly along margins, brown scales some- times present. Anterior half of pteropleuron, meso- pleuron, and sternopleuron with black setae, and black, white, and sometimes brown pile and scales. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of meso- notum white or mixed black and /or brown and white. Postalar tuft of pile black, often with some white or brown hairs, rarely completely white. Metapleuron sometimes with patch of lanceolate white or yellowish- white scales in specimens from western United States. Coxae with black setae and white or mixed black and white scales. Cells C and Sc with distinct spots alternating with hyaline areas; remainder of wing with dark brown spots varying greatly in number and extent (Plate la-c), specimens from eastern United States with spots coalesced into broad subapical, medial, and basal bands and with some independent spots elongated transversely; specimens from western United States usually with spots smaller, rounded and not coalesced into bands; specimens from Canada grading from heavily pigmented eastward to lightly pigmented west- ward; specimens from Mexico with spots sometimes coalesced into bands, but with independent spots rounded. Spur at basal angle of cell R4 rarely con- nected to vein R2+3 to form a sectoral crossvein. Basal NUMBER 43 11 part of vein Cux 0.33 to 0.5 as long as complete vein. Scales on fore and middle femora usually black an- teriorly, white or yellowish white posteriorly, some- times with few black scales posteriorly, often with white scales anteriorly; scales on hind femur varying from entirely black to predominantly white. Middle femur without a bristle anteriorly above anteroventral row. Sides of first abdominal tergum with white pile and some black setae; posterior margin with black scales medially and white scales laterally. Lateral margins of remaining terga with short, obovate-truncate to long oblanceolate black scales and few black setae and hairs, with white scales posteriorly on three, sometimes on four and five, and predominating on six and seven. Discs of terga with linear black scales anteriorly, and with sub- medial and sublateral patches of ovate-truncate white scales on posterior margins; lanceolate white, yellowish- white and/or brown scales often present anteriorly; white scales on posterior margins often coextensive on posterior terga and spreading over discs of sixth and seventh terga. Venter with sparse black setae and sparse lanceolate scales, usually entirely white or yellowish white, sometimes partly or entirely black. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Base of third antennal segment more enlarged, about 1.5 times wider than sec- ond segment. White scales on posterior abdominal terga less extensive. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 9).?Apical part of gono- coxites about three times longer than basal part; distal segment of gonostylus about twice as long as wide. Apex of epiphallus with sharp flange dorsally; no medial process above apex of aedeagus. Apex of aedeagus not flared; gonopore ventral. Epandrium rounded apically in dorsal view; cercus projecting apically beyond epandrium. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 38).?Tenth tergum with nine spines apically on each side; ventral extension from base narrowed apically. Dorsal part of sclerite on each side of gonopore strongly produced above lateral lobe and broadly rounded; lateral lobe truncate, apex acute dorsally, obtuse ventrally; ventral extension nar- rowed apically and strongly curved mesally. Ducts of spermathecae united into medial tube before emptying into genital chamber, with four or five convolutions be- fore expanding to bulbs; neck of bulbs slightly re- curved, remainder geniculate submedially and post- medially, and enlarged apically. BODY LENGTH.?3.9 to 9.2 mm. WING LENGTH.?4.1 to 10.1 mm. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax irroratus irroratus occurs in forested areas throughout North America except in southern Mexico, Central America, and Florida and the coastal plain in southeastern United States. It is allopatric to irroratus striatipennis in the last area (Map 1). TYPES.?Anthrax irroratus irroratus was described by Say (1823) from material collected in the Rocky Mountains. The specimen or specimens have since been destroyed. The types of Anthrax irrorata Macquart (1840) were not mentioned by Painter and Painter (1962). Macquart's species may be synonymous with irroratus striatipennis since his specimens were from Carolina and Georgia, but the name is a primary homonym of irroratus Say. BIOLOGY.?This species seems to be a nonspecific parasite of a variety of hymenopterous insects nesting in logs, banks, and open, flat areas. Females often are observed ovipositing in openings of tunnels in stumps and logs and are sometimes attracted to the collector, flipping eggs at dark spots on clothing. Townsend (1893) described the pupal skin of A. irroratus irroratus (as Argyramoeba oedipus (Fabricius) from a specimen reared from a species of Odynerus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) taken in Colo- rado. Davidson (1894) reared this species from the nest of a small bee "made 6 inches deep in adobe soil." Baker (1895) recorded A. irroratus irroratus as a parasite of several species of Odynerus; Brooks (1952) described and figured the pupa reared from Megachile nivalis Friese (Hymenoptera: Mega- chilidae); and Hall (1954) reared it from a "Hy- menopteran nesting in an old anobiid burrow in a log." Recently, Krombein (1967) recorded this species as a parasite of Megachile gentilis Cresson, Dianthid- ium heterulkei fraternum Timberlake, Ashmediella bucconis denticulata (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), and Hylaeus asininus (Cockerell and Casad) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), as well as an unidentified vespid wasp. In collections studied by the author there are specimens reared from Megachile nivalis Friese, M. rotundata (Fabricius), M. sp., Osmia rostrata Sandh., and Osmia clarescens Ckll. (Hymenoptera: Mega- chilidae) ; Anthophora sp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ; Odynerus sp. and Pseudomasaris coquilletti Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Vespidae); and Sceliphron sp. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Others were reared from "Tapoxylon albitarsi" "solitary wasp cocoon" and "from mud wasp in cocoon of moth." 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY iVroratus stratipennis, n. ssp. = irroratus irroratus Say m MAP 1.?Distribution of Anthrax irroratus irroratus and A. irroratus striatipennis. NUMBER 43 13 DISCUSSION.?Anthrax irroratus irroratus and ir- roratus striatipennis differ from other species in the oedipus subgroup in having the second antennal seg- ment lenticular rather than saucer shaped with the apical margin produced as a sharp flange. Specimens from southwestern United States and Mexico also are usually smaller than those of cintalpa, have the wings more lightly infuscated, and have oblanceolate and obovate rather than linear and lanceolate scales on the sides of the second abdominal tergum. Characters separating irroratus irroratus from irroratus striati- pennis are discussed under the latter. Anthrax irroratus irroratus is an extremely variable taxon. Specimens from western United States have less heavily pigmentcd wings and lighter pile and scales than those from eastern United States. There is an even cline across Canada, however, indicating that the two populations are consubspecific, although the two extremes are quite different. Specimens from Mexico also vary in degree of pigmentation of the wings and extent of dark scales. Darkest specimens are from wetter areas while the lightest specimens are from drier areas, which may indicate that differences in color are due to climatic factors. Anthrax irroratus striatipennis, new subspecies Argyramoeba oedipus.?Johnson, 1895, p. 325.?Kert&z, 1909, p. 66 [part] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Spongostylum oedipus.?Johnson, 1913, p. 55 [Spogostylum] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. MALE.?Head with black setae, and black and white scales. Second antennal segment lenticular, not pro- duced as sharp flange apically (Figure 16; Plate Ik). Mesonotum and scutellum with sparse black setae; scales black and white, curly along margins. Pile on prosternum and propleuron black, on anterior portion of mesonotum, dorsal part of mesopleuron, and anter- odorsal part of pteropleuron mixed black and white; postalar tuft of pile black with few white hairs. Mesopleuron and sternopleuron with sparse black and white scales. Scales on coxae black and white. Cells C and Sc of wing (Plate Id) with alternating hyaline and pigmented areas; remainder of wing pig- mented with dark brown, transverse striae, most dense and coalesced from basal cells out to bases of cells R-2+3, Rs, and 2M2, and in broad preapical band. Basal section of vein Cux two-fifths as long as entire vein. Scales on fore and middle femora mixed black and white; on hind femur black; middle femur without a bristle above anteroventral row. Scales on hind margin of first abdominal tergum black medially, white laterally; scales on discs of re- maining terga black anteriorly, white submedially and laterally on hind margins, white scales more extensive posteriorly. Lateral margins of first tergum with white pile intermixed with black setae and few brown hairs; remaining terga with lanceolate-truncate and ovate- truncate black scales, and black setae. Venter with sparse black setae and linear black scales, few linear white scales present on first sternum. FEMALE.?Propleuron with some white hairs; scales on mesopleuron white. Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum light yellow. VARIATION.?The prosternal pile may be partially white. The scales on the coxae and pleurae may be entirely black. The number of white scales on the fore and middle femora varies; a few white scales may be present on the posterior femur. The basal part of vein Cux varies from two-fifths to one-third the length of the entire vein. The pile on the lateral margins of the first tergum varies from yellow to white. MALE GENITALIA.?Similar to irroratus irroratus Say. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 39).?Similar to irror- atus irroratus. Tenth tergum with 15 spines apically on each side. Lateral lobe of dorsal part of sclerite on each side of gonopore acute. Spermathecae less strongly geniculate subapically. BODY LENGTH.?7.4 to 9.8 mm. WING LENGTH.?8.1 to 11.2 mm. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax irroratus striatipennis occurs in Florida and the coastal plain of southeastern United States as far west as Alabama and as far north as South Carolina. It is allopatric to irroratus irroratus (Map 1). HOLOTYPE.?cf, Billy's Island, Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia, VI-1912 (Cornell U. Lot. 482, Sub. 148). ALLOTYPE.?Same data as holotype (in copula). PARATYPES.?Alabama: Lee Co., cf, $ 5 Auburn, VII-9-1917 (J. Bequaert). Florida: Alachua Co., d, Gainesville, VI-4-1958 (J. W. Perry) (in light trap) ; ? , VI-19-1961 (H. A. Denmark) (in black light trap). Brevard Co., $ , Titusville, IV-25-1923 (F. 4676). Duval Co., MAP 3.?Distribution of Anthrax oedipus oedipus and A. oedipus aquilus. The type is now headless, lacks all but one leg, has the vesture rubbed off one side of the abdomen, has the left wing glued on, and has the body and wings dirty. The description and photographs of the type made by Painter and Painter indicate that this species is a synonym of oedipus oedipus. The type of Argyramoeba caloptera Schiner (1868) was found and marked by Painter and Painter in the Vienna Museum. According to their notes, it is a male, quite well preserved except that its head is covered with fungus obscuring the antennae, and only one mid- dle leg and one foreleg remain. The type carries the labels "Lindig 1864 Venezuela," "Calopterus alte sammlung" and "Argyramoeba calopterus Schin." The photographs and redescription of the type indicate that the species is a synonym of oedipus oedipus. The type of Anthrax punctum Walker (1849) was not found in any European museum visited by Painter and Painter. The description leaves little doubt, how- 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ever, that the species is a synonym of oedipus oedipus. The type-locality is "Brasil." BIOLOGY.?The only reared specimens in collections seen by the author emerged from cells of Odynerus guadelupensis Sauss. at St. Vincent, B.W.I. Specimens of this species have been collected by the author in Parana and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and Guer- rero, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, along paths through forested areas and around stumps and sandy paths in drier areas. Two specimens were ob- served ovipositing on a stump at Sao Martinho, Parana, Brazil. DISCUSSION.?Anthrax oedipus may be distin- guished from all other species in the oedipus subgroup except peruvianus by the presence of a postmedial bris- tle on the anterior side of the middle femur above the anteroventral row. Characters separating oedipus oedi- pus from oedipus aquilus and peruvianus are discussed under those taxa. Anthrax oedipus aquilus, new subspecies Argyramoeba oedipus.?Kertlsz, 1909, p. 66 (part). Anthrax oedipus.?Edwards, 1930, p. 173 (part). MALE.?Scales on head black and white. Basal an- tennal segments black; second segment saucer shaped, apical margin produced as sharp flange. Mesonotum and scutellum with black setae and black and white scales; scutellum with golden-brown scales in large medial patch on anterior half. Meso- pleuron, pteropleuron, and stemopleuron with black setae and mixed black and white scales, some black and white pile on mesopleuron. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum mixed black and white; postalar tuft of pile black. Coxae with black setae and white scales. Cells C and Sc of wing (Plate \h) with alternating pigmented and hyaline areas. Remainder of wings with numerous irregular dark brown spots, mostly coalesced into preapical, submedial, and basal transverse bands. Submedial and basal bands not distinctly separated; preapical band extending unbroken from tip of vein Sc to tip of vein Cux; submedial band continuous in cell Cu! on basal half of vein Cu2. Spur at basal angle of cell R4 connected with vein R2+3 to form a com- plete sectoral crossvein. Basal part of vein Cuj about one-fourth as long as entire vein. Femora black, tibiae reddish brown. Scales on fore and middle femora mixed black and white posteriorly, black anteriorly; scales on hind femur entirely black. Middle femur with distinctive bristle three-fifths of way to apex on anterior side in addition to antero- ventral row. First abdominal tergum with white pile and few black setae laterally; sides of second tergum with black setae and dense black pile and scales; third, fourth, and fifth terga with black setae, hairs, and scales laterally, some obovate-truncate white scales posterior- ly on two and four; sixth and seventh terga with white scales laterally. Posterior margin of first tergum with white scales laterally, and black scales medially and among white scales; discs of remaining terga with black scales anteriorly and white scales along posterior margins in submedial and sublateral patches, white scales united medially on five and spreading over discs on six and seven. Venter with black setae, and linear and lanceolate scales, white on first sternum, anteriorly on second sternum and laterally on posterior margins of second and following sterna, black elsewhere. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Postalar tuft of pile with few golden-brown and white hairs. VARIATION.?The basal antennal segments vary from black to reddish brown. The spur at the basal angle of cell R4 may not be connected to vein R2+3 in one wing or rarely in both wings; the subapical band of spots may be broken on the m crossvein; the sub- medial band is rarely broken on vein Cu2. The femora may be reddish brown or black, the tibiae vary from reddish brown to yellow. White scales on venter of abdomen may be slightly more extensive than in the type, but usually are not more numerous than the black scales on segments three through seven. MALE GENITALIA.?Similar to oedipus oedipus. Distal lobe of gonostylus sometimes less than three times as long as wide. FEMALE GENITALIA.?Similar to oedipus oedipus. BODY LENGTH.?6.3 to 11.0 mm. WING LENGTH.?6.7 to 9.7 mm. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax oedipus aquilus occurs in the plateau of southern Brazil and adjacent areas as far north as southern Minas Gerais and west into Para- guay (Map 3). A specimen from Buenos Aires may indicate that this subspecies has a more extensive south- ern distribution than shown on the map. Specimens collected by the author were found in rather dense forested areas. HOLOTYPE.?0% Jacarezinho, Parana, Brazil, I I - 14-1961 (N. Marston-9). ALLOTYPE.? $ , Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, III-1-1961 (N.Marston-1). NUMBER 4 3 19 PARATYPES.?Argentina: Missiones, Parambi, I-II- 1950(J.H.Jibson). Brazil: Santa Catarina, $, Nova Teutonia, II?2? 1938 (F. Plaumann); $, Nova Teutonia, XII-1955 (F. Plaumann); ? , Nova Teutonia, 1-14-1956 (F. Plaumann); $, Nova Teutonia, X-1956 (F. Plau- mann) ; 2 ? , X-31-XII-7-1956 (F. Plaumann); 2 ? , Nova Teutonia, 1-27-30-1957 (F. Plaumann); $, Nova Teutonia, IX-22-1957 (F. Plaumann); 2 ? , Nova Teutonia, 1-21-11-2-1959 (F. Plaumann); ? , Nova Teutonia, XII-4-1959 (F. Plaumann). Sao Paulo, $, Barueri, IV-19-1955 (K. Lenko); d, 2 ? , Barueri, III-31-V-24-1957 (K. Lenko); ? , Embu, IX-1949 (F. Lane) ; c?, 3 ? , Faz. do Bonito, Serra da Bocaina, S. Jose do Barreiro, I-1-II-10-1960 (Vul- cano); d, Itii, 111-22-1961 (N. Marston-6); d, Osasco, IX-1951 (M. A. V. A.); +i extending more than three-fourths of way to base of cell R? (Plate 51). Dorsum of thorax and abdomen with some orange-brown linear scales. Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil austrinus, new species, 9 Wing pigment not projecting along vein Cu? forming a semi-isolated hyaline area apically in cells 1A and 2A; pigment in cell Ra+i extending less than two-thirds of way to base of cell R* (Plate 5k). Dorsum of thorax and abdomen without orange- brown scales. Southeastern Brazil to the Andes Mountains in northwestern South America (Map 21) macquarti d'Andretta and Carrera, 9 18(15). Middle femur without a bristle postmedially on anterior side (above anteroventral row). Eastern North America and Mexico 19 Middle femur with a distinctive bristle or bristles postmedially on anterior side. Jamaica and Dominican Republic. (If specimens from Mexico key to this species, see A. innubilipennis) delicatulus Walker, 9 19 (18). Mesonotum, scutellum, and anterior terga with patches of gold scales (except specimens from Florida). Pile on mesopleuron and sternopleuron largely black or gold. Extreme southeastern Canada, eastern United States, and eastern Mexico (Map 20) argyropygus argyropygus Wiedemann, 9 Mesonotum, scutellum, and anterior terga without patches of gold scales. Pile on mesopleuron and sternopleuron largely pure white. South-central Mexico (Map 20). argyropygus albosparsus (Bigot), 9 20(4). Anterior corner of hypopleuron with a tuft of setae and/or scales. Middle femur with a postmedial bristle or bristles above the anteroventral row 21 Anterior comer of hypopleuron bare. Middle femur without bristles above anteroventral row 24 21 (20). Wing entirely pigmented or with only a narrow hyaline area apically 22 Apical half of wing hyaline 23 22(21). Discs of cells subhyaline, pigment darker along veins (Plate Ad). Southeastern United State (Map 18) aterrimus (Bigot) Pigment in discs of apical cells as dark as that along veins (Plate Ac), apical margin of wing sometimes hyaline. Central America, Amazon Basin, and southern and eastern Brazil (Map 17) cephus Fabricius NUMBER 43 43 23(21). Pile on lateral margins of first tergum predominantly white. Pile on pleura white, brown, or mixed. Pigment on wing light brown (Plate 4?). Southern Mexico to southern Brazil (Map 15) midas Fabricius Pile on lateral margins of first tergum black. Pile on pleura black. Pigment on wing dark brown (Plate 4/). Southern Panama, Amazon Basin, and southern and eastern Brazil (Map 16) hyalacrus Wiedemann 24(20). Pigment filling base of wing at least out to bases of cells Rs, 1M?, and Gui 25 Wing nearly hyaline, small yellowish-brown spots present at bases of cells R M and Rs, in cell R below base of cell Ri and at bases of cells 1M* and Cui (Plate 3Jt). North- eastern Brazil inaquosum, new species 25(24). Body densely pruinose; if integument is shining, then pigment of wing dark brown or more extensive than in 25b 26 Body mostly shining black with sparse pruinosity. Pigment of wing light brown, trans- lucent, extending out to bases of cells R*+s and Rs, 2M? and Cut, and leaving apices of cells 1A and 2A broadly hyaline (Plate 3;). Arizona and southern California (Map 1J) nitidus, new species 26(25). Apical margin of wing pattern irregular or wing entirely pigmented; apical part of cells C and Sc pigmented 28 Apical margin of wing pattern straight, perpendicular to wing axis; apical part of cells C and Sc not pigmented (Plate 41) 27 27(26). Posterior part of pteropleuron bare; setae, pile, and scales on mesopleuron and sterno- pleuron black. Fringe of hairs on posterior margin of occiput black. South-central Mexico to Peru (Map 13) cathetodaithmos, new species Posterior part of pteropleuron with linear, woolly, gold or yellowish-white scales; pile, setae, and scales on mesopleuron and stemopleuron white or yellowish white, a few black setae sometimes present. Fringe of hairs on posterior margin of occiput white or yellowish white. Southern Mexico to southeast Brazil (Map 12) luctuosus Macquart 28(26). Pigment on wing not extending almost to apex of cell Ri or, if so, then not extending across cell R M to vein R*, not leaving a hyaline area before the base of cell R?. First antennal segment dark red or black; femora, tibiae, and pleura black (femora rarely yellow). Base of third antennal segment usually constricted abruptly to styliform part in mesal view 29 Pigment on wing extending apically almost to apex of cell Ri and thence across cell Rut to vein R?, leaving a hyaline area before base of cell R? (Plate 4g). First antennal segment yellow; femora, tibiae, and lower pleura yellow. Base of third antennal segment tapering gradually to styliform part in mesal view (Figure 103). Tropical forests in southern and eastern Brazil (Map 14) hylaios, new species 29 (28). Femora black or dark red or, if yellow, then cell 2A more than one-half pigmented.. 30 Femora orange, with five to seven strong macrochaetae on middle and hind pairs. Wing pattern as in Plate 3g, cell 2A less than one-half pigmented. Margins of mesonotum, scutellum, and posterior margins of abdominal terga with rusty brown scales. British Honduras xanthomeros, new species 30(29). Wing at least slightly hyaline apically 32 Wing entirely pigmented 31 31(30). Third antennal segment with styliform part at least 1.5 times as long as base (Figure 116). Southeast United States analis Say, f. grossbecki (Johnson) Third antennal segment with styliform part about equal in length to base. Arizona koebeUi, new species 32(30). Posterolateral margins of terga two and three without white scales, linear yellow scales sometimes present; silver scales on posterior terga of male parallel to axis of body. Styliform part of third antennal segment more than 1.5 times longer than basal part in dorsal view (Figure 116) (analis complex) 33 Posterolateral margins of terga two and three with patches of lanceolate, truncate, white scales; silver scales on posterior terga of male diagonal to axis of body. Styliform part of third antennal segment about equal in length to basal part (Figure 102). Mountainous areas from Colorado north to British Columbia and south into southern California (Map 11) argentatus (Cole) 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 33(32). Cells 1A and 2A of wing completely pigmented or with only extreme tip of cell 1A subhyaline. Nearctic and Neotropical species 34 Cells 1A and 2A of wing hyaline apically for a distance equal to length of r-m cross- vein. (If from United States, see analis Say). Neotropical species 39 34(33). Cell 1M? of wing more than three-fourths pigmented; cell Re pigmented beyond base of cell Mi 35 Cell 1M? of wing less than three-fourths pigmented; cell Rs not pigmented beyond base of cell Mi, or, if so, then cell 1M2 less than half pigmented 37 35(34). Apex of cell Mi more or less hyaline; apical third or fourth of cell Cui hyaline 36 Wing of female entirely pigmented (Plate 3c); wing of male with a narrow hyaline area along apical margin from apex of vein Rs+s to apex of vein Cui; cell Cui entirely pigmented or with a small subhyaline area at anteroapical margin (Plate 3b). Florida analis, f. grossbecki (Johnson) 36(35). Hyaline area apically in cell lMa of wing more or less surrounded by pigment extending from cell Rs across cell Mi into cell 2Mi. Pigment extending from apex of cell Ri across tip of cell R!+s leaving a preapical hyaline spot in cell Rs+?; base of cell R? narrowly hyaline or subhyaline (Plate 4*). West Indies (Map 24) funebris Macquart Hyaline area apically in cell lMa open posteriorly and usually open apically, if pigment extends from Ri into cell Mi, then pigment not extending from tip of cell Ri across apex of cell Rjtj; base of cell R? not narrowly hyaline or subhyaline (Plate 3d-e). (Males from West Indies, see funebris Macquart). Coastal plain of southeastern United States, north as far as New York, and west as far as Alabama analis, f. cedens Walker 37(34). Pigment on wing extending into cell 2M? less than length of r-m crossvein; usually one-half or less of cell lMi pigmented; cell Rs usually pigmented as far as base of cell Mi; pigment dark brown to velvet black (Plate 4i). Mesonotum, scutellum, and abdominal terga usually velvet black pollinose. Abdominal terga six and seven of male without silver scales. Tropical forest in rocky hills and mountainous areas from southern Mexico into northwestern South America, and in the Serra do Mar along the southeast coast of Brazil (Map 23) 38 Pigment on wing extending into cell 2M? more than length of r-m crossvein; usually three-fifths or more of cell 1M2 pigmented; cell Rs not pigmented as far as base of cell Mi or, if so, then cell 1M? more than two-thirds pigmented; pigment light brown to dark brown (Plate 3a). Mesonotum, scutellum, and terga brownish pollinose. Terga six and seven usually with overlapping silver scales. Sandy areas from southern Canada to Central America (Map 24) analis Say (typical) 38(37). Cell Rs of wing pigmented along posterior margin for twice length of r-m crossvein beyond base of cell Mi. Colombia and Venezuela... .gideon, i. propinquus (Schiner) Cell Rs of wing pigmented along posterior margin for length of r-m crossvein or less beyond base of cell M, (Plate 4?) gideon Fabricius (typical) 39(33). Cell Rx of wing entirely pigmented (Plate 4fc). Body with numerous gold and dark yellow scales and pile. Femora orange. Sao Paulo, southern Minas Gerais and north- western Parana in Brazil to northern Argentina clinopictus, new species Cell Ri of wing hyaline apically (Plate 4;) or, if pigmented, then body without yellow or gold scales, or femora black or dark red. Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil into Central America and south along west side of Andes into Ecuador and Peru 22) repertus Walker NUMBER 4 3 45 Anthrax argentatus (Cole) Spongostylum argentatum Cole.?Cole and Lovett, 1919, p. 227 [Spogostylum].?Cole and Lovett, 1921, p. 244 [Spogostylum]. Anthrax argentatus.?Maughan, 1935, p. 32 [argentatum]. MALE.?Integument generally black; brown to gray pruinose; tibiae, proximal tarsal segments, and geni- talia reddish. Front covered with coarse black setae and linear black scales; a few white scales usually present ventrolaterally. Face bare just below antennae, with coarse black setae and a few linear white scales on lower two-thirds; oral margin with linear and lanceo- late yellowish-white scales laterally. Occiput with sparse, short black setae and sparse, linear black scales. Fringe of pile on posterior margin of occiput black. Second antennal segment rounded or with a sharp ridge apically; base of third segment hemispherical, slightly flattened; styliform portion and style slightly shorter than first two segments (Figure 102). Scales on mesonotum linear, mostly black; some curly, white or yellowish-brown scales laterally and on humeral and postalar calli. Scales on pleura black, a few yellow and white scales sometimes on sterno- pleuron; scales on coxae black, yellow, and white. Post- alar tuft of pile and that on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum black; a few white hairs intermixed, especially on mesonotum. Scutellum with linear and lanceolate, mostly black scales; white scales on posterior margin and laterally on anterior margin. Wing (Plate 3/) translucent brown basally, hyaline apically, the color filling cell C, all except the apex of Sc, the basal half of R, the extreme bases of R2+3 and R8, the basal third of 1M2, the extreme base of 2M2 and Cux and all but the extreme apices of 1A and 2A. Stigmatic area anterodistally in cell 2M not pig- mented. Calypter not pigmented, fringe of pile black. Alula well developed, posterior margin rounded. Scales on femora lanceolate and ovate-truncate, black; a few white ones sometimes posteriorly on fore and middle pairs; scales on tibiae linear, black. Middle and hind femora with four to six setae anteroventrally. Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum white, a few brown or black hairs posteriorly; lateral margins of second, third, fourth, and fifth segments with dense black hairs, setae and erect linear scales. Terga two, three, four, and anterior half of five with linear and lanceolate black scales except for small sub- medial patches of lanceolate white scales and large lateral patches of ovate-truncate, silvery-white scales on posterior margins of two and three; posterior half of fifth, and sixth and seventh sloping ventrally on each side of meson at a 45? angle, covered with dense, over- lapping, elongate-truncate, laterally projecting silver scales except for a few lanceolate black scales and black setae medially on six and seven, and on medial half of five. Abdominal sterna with lanceolate scales except for some lanceolate-truncate, white or yellow scales along posterior margins. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 50).?Gonocoxites short and broad, upper margin rounding to lower margin apically in lateral view; apices rounded and slightly emarginate medially in ventral view, with sparse, evenly distributed setae extending two-thirds of way to base. Basal segment of gonostylus convex dorsally, ex- tending to base of distal segment; distal segment with a flat footlike part slightly emarginate apically, from which a curved, styliform part arises dorsomedially; footlike part with fine setae. Apex of epiphallus with a triangular, acuminate dorsal process extending slightly basad; apically rounded ventrolateral parts. Dorsal bands of epiphallus joined medially, without setae. Base of aedeagus large, bulbous, tapering to junction with ventral bands slightly before junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Only a few white scales laterally on six and seventh abdominal terga. Middle and hind femora sometimes with only three macro- chaetae anteroventrally. Fore and middle tibiae with white scales posteriorly. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 84).?Tenth tergum with 10 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth ter- gum narrow, slightly expanded and unequally bilobed apically. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore not greatly produced, bent interiorly; lateral arm formed in same plane as dorsomedial angle, slightly bent upward and truncate apically; ventral arm narrow, parallel sided and bent sharply mesad ven- trally. Spermathecal ducts about two-thirds as long as bulbs, strongly contorted just before joining bulbs; middle section about twice as long as basal section, slightly shorter than apical section before contortions; bulbs of spermathecae elongate, tubular, tapering at base, slightly narrowed to apical "nipples" which are one-fifth as long as base. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax argentatus occurs in mountainous areas from southern California north into British Columbia and south in the Rocky Moun- tains into Colorado (Map 11). It is generally allopat- 46 MAP 11.?Distribution of Anthrax argentatus (horizontal lines) and A. nitidus (vertical lines). ric to A. nitidus Marston in southern California, although the two species were collected together at Sur- prise Canyon in the Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY TYPES.?The holotype and allotype are in the col- lection of the California Academy of Sciences. The type-locality is Hood River, Oregon. Two paratypes have been seen by the author. DISCUSSION.?Anthrax argentatus appears to be most closely related to nitidus, to which it is allied by the structure of the antennae and male genitalia, and the chaetotaxy of the legs. The two may be readily distinguished by the wing pattern. In the past, argen- tatus often has been confused with analis. Besides the characters listed in the key, analis differs in having only one or two weak macrochaetae anteroventrally on the middle and hind femora, rather than four to six strong ones. Anthrax nitidus, new species MALE.?Integument black, shining under thin gray and brown pruinosity; margins of eyes and lower part of occiput white pruinose. Front and face with black setae, extending almost to antennae on latter. Occiput with black setae; fringe of pile on posterior margin black, a few white hairs behind vertex. First antennal segment much shorter than apical width, surrounding base of second segment; second segment lenticular; base of third segment flattened laterally, narrowing abruptly to styliform part; styliform part about 1.5 times longer than base^ about 3 times longer than very short style. (Figure 101). Mesonotum and scutellum with fine black setae and linear black scales; some linear white scales laterally on mesonotum. Sternopleuron, mesopleuron, and an- terior half of pteropleuron with black setae and sparse, linear white scales, some black scales on last two. Prosternum and propleuron with black pile; anterior margin of mesonotum with mixed black and white pile; postalar tuft of pile black, Hypopleuron and meta- pleuron bare. Coxae with black bristles and mixed black and white, linear scales. Wing (Plate 3;) translucent, light brown basally, hyaline apically; pigment filling cells C and Sc (sub- hyaline apically) and basal part of wing from vein Ri above r-m crossvein across bases of cells R2+3, RB, 1M2, and Cui; pigment fading apically and posteriorly in cells 1A and 2A. Base of cell R4 angled, not spurred; r-m crossvein at basal fourth of cell 1M2; vein R2+s arising slightly basad of r-m crossvein; contact of cells 1M2 and Cux about 1.5 times width of base of cell Cux. Cell 1A punctiform at margin. Posterobasal part of wing enlarged, cell 2A distinctly wider than cell 1A; NUMBER 43 alula rounded posteriorly. Stigmatic area unpigmented. Calypter unpigmented, fringe of hairs white. Halter yellow, knob yellow. Scales on legs black. Middle femur with three macro- chaetae anteroventrally; hind femur with five or six macrochaetae anteroventrally. Fore tibia without macrochaetae anterodorsally; hind tibia with single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. First abdominal tergum with white pile laterally; posterior terga with sparse black setae and hairs later- ally. Posterior margin of first tergum and discs of two through four with linear black scales; posterior margin of second tergum and lateral part of posterior margin of third tergum with linear white scales. Fifth tergum mostly with linear black scales, some lanceolate white scales posterolaterally; terga six and seven with linear black scales medially and lanceolate white scales later- ally. Venter with sparse, fine, black setae. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 51).?Gonocoxites very broad, dorsal margin falling almost at a right angle to ventral margin in lateral view; apices broadly rounded in ventral view; mesal margins bluntly angled, medial sulcus narrow; setae sparse, evenly distributed three- fourths of way to base. Basal segment of gonostylus slightly convex in lateral view, with a few fine setae apically. Distal segment of gonostylus oval in cross sec- tion basally, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; styli- form part arising from dorsomedial margin and ex- tending upward and outward, apex slightly curved dorsally; base with sparse, short setae. Apex of epi- phallus with a sharp dorsal projection and a sharp, slightly recurved flange on each side. Dorsal bands of epiphallus not joined medially, without setae. Base of aedeagus'broad, bulbous with upper margin curv- ing downward and apically to junction with ventral bands before approximation of dorsal bands; ventral bands with a pouchlike protuberance halfway to apex. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Seventh abdominal ter- gum without white scales. VARIATION.?The contact of cells 1M2 and Cux may be as much as twice the width of the base of cell Cui. Cell 1A may be slightly open or closed and short peti- olate. The postalar tuft of pile may be black or yellow. DISTRIBUTION.?The few specimens available of A. nitidus indicate that the species occurs in desert areas in southern California and western Arizona. Its range probably also includes Sonora and Baja California (Map 11). 369-673 O?70 A HOLOTYPE.?cfj Surprise Canyon, Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., California, IV-24-1957 (P. D. Hurd) (UCAL). ALLOTYPE.? $, 10 mi. W Blythe, Riverside Co., California, X-2-1954 (J. C. Hall) (UCAL). PARATYPES.?Arizona: o*; "Palm Canal," V-29- 1955 (G. D. Butler and D. Tuttle) (ARIZ). California: Inyo Co., cf, Surprise Canyon, Panamit Mts., IV-24-1957 (P. D. Hurd) (NLM). DISCUSSION.?Structure of the male genitalia indi- cates that the closest relative to nitidus is argentatus. These two species seem to have no other close relatives in North and South America. Anthrax nitidus is unique among the species of Anthrax in North and South America in having the integument shining black. In this respect it closely resembles certain species of Aphoebantus occurring in southwestern United States. Anthrax luctuosus Macquart Anthrax luctuosus Macquart, 1840, p. 70 [luctuosa].?Para- monov, 1947, p. 95. Argyramoeba luctuosa.?Schiner, 1868, p. 123 [Argyro- moeba].?Kert&z, 1909, p. 65. MALE.?Integument mostly black; femora, tro- chanters, tibiae, metapleura, lateral margins of abdominal terga, and abdominal sterna yellow; discs of mesonotum, scutellum, and abdominal terga velvety black pruinose; face, lateral margins of front, and lower part of occiput silver pruinose; remainder of integument grayish or brownish pruinose. Front with fine, black setae and sparse linear black scales; face with dense, white setae extending to antennae and a few black setae. Occiput with short setae, white below, black above, and a few linear, recumbent black scales; fringe of pile on posterior margin white on lower two- thirds, yellowish white on upper third. First antennal segment about as long as wide; second segment globu- lar, subequal in diameter to first segment and basal part of third segment; basal part of third segment flattened laterally, tapering gradually to styliform part; styliform part about three times as long as style (Figure 99). Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with sparse, fine black setae and linear, recumbent black scales; lateral margins with linear, woolly scales, white anteriorly, black posteriorly, and brown medially. Pile, scales, and setae on mesopleuron and sternopleuron white; black setae and hairs sometimes present. Pile on propleuron, prosternum, and anterior margin of mesonotum white. 48 Pteropleuron with white or mixed black and white setae and scales anteriorly, with woolly, linear, gold or yellowish-white scales posteriorly. Fore coxa with white setae and scales; middle and hind coxae with coarse, white or mixed black and white setae and scales. Postalar tuft of pile black. A tuft of white hairs behind spiracle on metapleuron. Hypopleuron bare. Wing (Plate 4/) hyaline apically, velvet black basally out to a line perpendicular to wing axis run- ning from tips of cells 1A and 2A through extreme bases of cells R2+3 and R5 to vein Rx and slightly fur- ther apically in cells Sc and C. Cells C and Sc yellow- ish beyond margin of black. R-m crossvein at basal one-fifth to one-third of vein Mi+2. Contact of cells 1M2 and Cux less than half of width of base of cell Cui. Cell 1A closed at wing margin. Cell 2A enlarged posteriorly, more than 1.5 times as wide as cell 1A. Stigmatic areas in cell M pigmented. Alula well de- veloped, posterior margin slightly convex. Calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs light brown. Stem of halter reddish brown, knob yellow. Scales on femora and tibiae black. Middle femur without distinct bristles anteroventrally; hind femur with three to five short bristles anteroventrally. Hind tibia with a single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with dense, silvery-white pile; pile on sides of second to fourth terga brown, black, or mixed. Posterior margin of first tergum with a dense patch of lanceolate, truncate, medially-directed, silvery-white scales later- ally. Discs of terga two, three, and four, mesal half of posterior margin of first tergum, and mesal half of fifth tergum with sparse, fine black setae and linear, recum- bent black scales. Lateral parts of fifth tergum and all of terga six and seven with dense, overlapping, truncate, posterolaterally directed, silvery-white scales. Venter with sparse, fine white setae and linear scales. MALE OENITALIA (Figure 54).?Gonocoxites broad, dorsal margin attenuating abruptly to sharply rounded tips in lateral view, mesal margins curving outward and recurving inward to widely separated, sharply rounded apices in ventral view; a few setae toward the base and some scattered setae apically. Basal seg- ment of gonostylus convex dorsally, not extending past distal segment in ventral view; distal segment with an acuminate ventral lobe from which the structure curves upward and curls over dorsally. Apex of epiphallus narrow, with an acuminate, nearly vertical dorsal spine and ventrolateral lobes rounded apically in lateral view; dorsal bands narrowly separated mesally. Base SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY of aedeagus narrow, gradually tapering to junction with ventral bands below approximation of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Posterolateral margins of terga five and six with overlapping, truncate, silver scales, and white setae; remainder of posterior terga with black setae and scales. Sterna with black, white, or mixed black and white setae and scales. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 81).?Tenth tergum with about 14 spines. Ventral arm of ninth tergum narrow, parallel sided, not enlarged apically. Dorso- medial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore ex- tending mesally as a short, broadly rounded lobe as wide as lateral arm; lateral arm parallel sided, slightly enlarged at obtusely angular apex; ventral arm broad- ened medially parallel to meson, straight and narrow in dorsointerior view. Spermathecal ducts about twice as long as bulb; first and second sections short, about equal in length; third section about as long as basal two; second divisional collar enlarged, about twice as wide as first; bulb globoid, symmetrical, slightly longer than wide. DISTRIBUTION.?Specimens of A. luctuosus have been collected from southern Mexico through the Amazon Basin into southeastern Brazil (Map 12). l\ 11 V\ MAP 12.?Distribution of Anthrax luctuosus. This is one of the few species that seems to be adapted to areas of tropical or equatorial forest as well as desert areas. TYPE.?According to Painter (personal notes) the type female of A. luctuosus is in the Paris Museum. It is headless, mostly denuded, and has only part of one NUMBER 43 49 hind leg present. It carries the green museum label "A. luctuosa Macqt. Cayenne" and "16103" and pin labels "No. 898 Anthrax luctuosa" and "128,38." Although Macquart wrote "Patrie inconnue," in his personal copy in the Paris Museum this has been crossed out with "Cayenne" written in. Thus, the type- locality is probably Cayenne, French Guiana. DISCUSSION.?Only one male has been found among the 27 specimens of this species available for study. A female from Pambal, Paraiba, Brazil, dif- fers from the normal type in having the scales and hairs on the body almost entirely light yellow. Characters for the separation of luctuosus from cathetodaithmos and other species in the cephus group are given under cathetodaithmos. Anthrax cathetodaithmos, new species FEMALE.?Body black, legs reddish; integument brown and velvet-black pruinose. Setae on front black; scales lanceolate, black above, mixed black and yellow- ish white below. Setae on face extending almost to antennae, yellowish white below, mixed yellowish white and black above. Setae on occiput black, fringe of hairs on posterior margin black. First antennal seg- ment about as long as apical width; second segment globular, about as wide as first segment; base of third segment compressed laterally, narrowing abruptly to styliform part, styliform part slightly longer than base, about twice as long as style (Figure 99). Scales, setae, and pile on mesonotum and scutellum black. Mesopleuron and sternopleuron with black hairs, setae, and scales; anterior half of pteropleuron with mixed black and yellowish-white setae and hairs, pos- terior half bare; hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum black. Postalar tuft of pile black. Setae and scales on coxae black. Wing (Plate 4/) dark brown basally, hyaline apically, pigment margin running perpendicularly to wing axis from tip of vein 2A to anterior margin slightly beyond r-m crossvein; apices of cells C and Sc not pigmented, disc of cell 2A hyaline. Stigmatic area not pigmented. Base of cell R4 without a spur, base of cell R2+3 with a short spur. R-m crossvein at basal fourth of cell 1M2; contact of cells M1+2 and Cux less than half as long as base of cell Cux. Cell 1A as broad as cell M; cell 2A greatly broadened, about 1.5 times wider than cell 1A medially; alula well developed, posterior margin slightly convex. Calypter pigmented dark brown, fringe of hair brown. Stem of halter light brown, extreme base of knob brown, remainder yellow. Scales on fore and middle femora black, on hind femur and tibia mixed black and white. Middle femur without macrochaetae; hind femur with four weak macrochaetae anteroventrally. Hind tibia with a single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. First abdominal tergum with black pile laterally; lateral margins of terga two through four with mixed black and yellowish-white pile and setae, the black predominating anteriorly; lateral margins of terga five and six with yellowish-white pile and setae; seventh tergum with black setae. Linear scales on posterior margin of first tergum and on second tergum black; scales on posterior terga black medially and anteriorly, yellowish white posteriorly and laterally, the area of black scales decreasing posteriorly. Setae and scales on venter mostly white, some black setae present medially on first tergum. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 80).?Tenth tergum with 16 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum broad basally, narrow apically, apex not en- larged. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore projecting dorsomedially as a short, sharply rounded lobe; lateral arm widened to middle, falling obliquely to sharp ventroapical angle; ventral arm nar- row, parallel sided, bending slightly inward at apex. Ducts of spermathecae about 3 times longer than bulbs; first section very short; second section about two-thirds as long as third which is about 1.5 times longer than bulb and gradually expanded apically; bulb globoid, symmetrical, but distinctly broader than long. MALE.?Similar to female. Setae on face entirely black. Pile and scales on thorax entirely black. Pile and scales on abdomen entirely black. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 53).?Gonocoxites broad basally, dorsal margins attenuating abruptly to sharply rounded tips in lateral view; mesal margins curving outward and recurving slightly inward to broadly sep- arated, sharply rounded tips in ventral view; fine setae along mesal margins apically, coarse setae scat- tered over remainder. Basal segment of gonostylus not evident in lateral view, tip sharply rounded in ventral view; distal segment of gonostylus with a sharp, later- ally produced spine arising from a knoblike apex above a constricted medial portion. Apex of epiphallus nar- row in dorsal view, with a sharp, nearly vertical dorsal spine; ventrolateral part rounded apically, not pro- jecting beyond apex of aedeagus; base of aedeagus broad, tapering to junction with ventral bands below 50 approximation of dorsal bands; dorsal bands narrowly separated almost to dorsal spine. VARIATION.?The pile on the face, prosternum, propleuron, anterior margin of mesonotum, and lateral margins of the first abdominal tergum may be entirely black or predominantly white. The scales on the hind tibia and femur may be entirely black or mixed black and white. The scales on the posterior abdominal terga may be entirely black, partly yellowish white, or in patches of silver laterally on terga five and six. The scales on the abdominal sterna may be black or pre- dominantly white. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax cathetodaithmos appar- ently occurs in mountainous areas covered with tropi- cal forest from Peru to southwestern Mexico (Map 13). It is sympatric to luctuosus, however, which MAP 13.?Distribution of Anthrax cathetodaithmos. occurs eastward into the Amazon Basin and south- eastern Brazil. Further collecting may show that cathetodaithmos occurs in more rocky terrain and per- haps at greater altitude. HOLOTYPE.? $ , 3 mi. E Colima, Colima, Mexico, VIII-27-1962, 1100 feet (R. H. and E. M. Painter), "hovering over Bembex nesting place near Punte el Saldo" (RHP). ALLOTYPE.?cf, 75 mi. E Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru, X-4^1954 (E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross) (CAS). PARATYPES.?Colombia: Boyaca, 2$, Muzo, VI, VII-1936, 900 m (J. Bequaert) (NLM, MCZ). Panama: $ , Bella Vista, 111-23-1926 (C. T. Greene) (AMNH); cf, "Sabanas," XI-17-1923, F4860 (AMNH). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Peru: Pasco, $ , Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, V I I - 18-1920 (AMNH). DISCUSSION.?Anthrax cathetodaithmos, although very closely related to luctuosus, may be readily dis- tinguished by the absence of woolly, linear scales on the posterior part of the pteropleuron. It also differs in having the pile and scales on the anterior pleura black rather than white, in having the setae and scales on the anterior coxa black rather than white, in lack- ing silver scales laterally on the first abdominal ter- gum, and in having the fringe of pile on the posterior margin of the occiput black rather than white. The variation shown among the few specimens of cathetodaithmos and luctuosus may indicate that ad- ditional species are included in this complex. Anthrax luctuosus and cathetodaithmos may be readily separated from the other species in the cephus group by their distinctive wing pattern in which the apical margin is perpendicular to the axis of the wing and the apices of cells C and Sc are not pigmented. Anthrax hylaios, new species MALE.?Legs, coxae, lower half of pleura except lower half of sternopleuron, underturned edges of ab- dominal terga, abdominal sterna, genitalia, and first antennal segment orange, remainder of body black; dark area of integument grayish or brownish pruinose, margins of eyes silver pruinose. Front with black setae and lanceolate black scales, some white scales laterally below; face with black setae extending almost to an- tennae, some white hairs and setae below. Occiput with black setae and sparse, linear black scales; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black exteriorly and yellow interiorly above, becoming white below. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment globoid, somewhat flattened distally and somewhat inserted in apex of first segment; basal part of third segment slightly broader than second seg- ment, flattened mesolaterally, tapering gradually to styliform part which is about as long as base and slightly longer than style (Figure 103). Anterior part of mesonotum and posterior edge with fine black setae and mixed golden-brown and black, linear scales; posterior half of mesonotum and disc of scutellum with linear black scales; lateral margins of mesonotum and posterior margin of scutellum with golden-brown scales. Sternopleuron and anterior half of pteropleuron with fine black setae and linear yellow scales; mesopleuron with fine black setae, white pile, NUMBER 4 3 51 and linear scales, some golden-brown hairs postero- dorsally; prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum with white pile, some black setae on latter; postalar tuft of pile black. Fore coxa with black setae and white, linear and lanceolate scales; middle and hind coxae with black setae and mixed black and white scales. Hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Pigment of wing (Plate 4g) dark brown, filling all except extreme tip of cell Ri and extending from apex of cell Ri across cell R2+3 to medial angle of vein R4; cell R2+3 and cell R5 pigmented basally two-thirds of distance to base of cell R4, a narrow hyaline area along posterior margin of cell R s ; basal one-fourth of cell 1M2 and extreme base of cell Cut pigmented; cells 1A and 2A hyaline apically for twice width of r-m crossvein. Base of vein R4 angular; r-m crossvein lo- cated at basal third of cell 1M2, base of vein R2+3 located opposite r-m crossvein; contact of cells 2M 2 and Cuj about equal to width of base of cell Cux; apex of cell 1A punctiform. Posterior margin of alula rounded. Stigmatic area pigmented; calypter pig- mented, fringe of hairs yellowish white. Halter light brown, knob light brown basally and yellow apically above, yellow below. Fore and middle femora with light-brown scales anterodorsally and light-yellow scales posteroventrally; fore and middle tibiae with light-yellow scales poster- iorly and light-brown scales anteriorly; scales on hind femur and tibia mostly brown. Middle femur with one or two macrochaetae anteroventrally; posterior femur with an incomplete row of macrochaetae anteroven- trally; anterodorsal surface of fore tibia with macro- chaetae apically; hind tibia with single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. First abdominal tergum with white setae laterally; lateral margins of terga two through four with dense black pile and erect, linear scales above with sparse yellow hairs below; fifth, sixth, and seventh terga with long, overlapping, lanceolate-truncate, yellowish-white scales above and sparse yellow hairs below, some black hairs present above on anterior part of five. Posterior margin of first tergum and discs of other terga with fine black setae and linear black scales, some linear gold scales on posterior margin of terga one, two, five, and six. Abdominal sterna with sparse black and yel- low setae and sparse, linear yellow scales. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 52).?Gonocoxites broad, undulating ventrally in lateral view, dorsal margins straight, tapering to sharply rounded apices; apices with sharp lateral angles, with sharp mesal ridges and a broad medial sulcus in ventral view; setae present on apical third, densest in a basomedial tuft. Basal segment of gonostylus convex dorsally in lateral view, with a narrow, truncate basal lobe dorsally; apex angled, with fringe of setae. Distal segment formed upright, with broad distobasal lobe covered with dense, coarse setae; apex with distal flattened area with sharp tooth interiorly, and with sharp ridge basally. Apex of epiphallus flattened, with narrow, apically truncate medial part with sharp, basally directed medial spine basally; lateral part curved downward laterally and apically, apex broadly rounded in lateral view, sharply rounded in dorsal view; apex of epiphallus connected to aedeagus by transverse, flexible band. Dorsal bands narrow, united medially, without setae. Aedeagus nar- row basally, tapering irregularly to junction with ven- tral bands beyond junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Setae on lower half of face mixed black and white. Base of third antennal segment distinctly wider than second segment in lateral view. Hairs and setae on sternopleuron and pteropleuron mostly white. Pigment of wing filling base of cell Cux and all of cells 1A and 2A except extreme apices. Silver scales on abdominal terga restricted to sides of sixth tergum. Abdominal sterna with black setae and brown scales. FEMALE OENITALIA (Figure 79).?Tenth tergum with 19 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum enlarged apically and bent mesointeriorly at almost a right angle. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore curved upward and mesally as a broad, rounded lobe; lateral arm curved upward and rounded apically in dorsointerior view, forming a broad plate emarginate apically and rounded laterally in ventral view; ventral arm expanded parallel to meson, acuminate apically. Ducts of spermathecae about 3 times as long as bulbs; first section short, about half as long as third section; second section about 4 times as long as third section which is about two-thirds as long as bulb and slightly expanded at extreme apex; bulb globoid, about 1.5 times longer than wide and tapered to junction with duct. VARIATION.?The specimens examined show little variation from the holotype and allotype. The setae on the face may be white, black, or mixed. The first antennal segment may be orange or dark brown. The setae on the lower pleura may be either white or black in the male. 52 DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax hylaios occurs in tropical forests in the Serra do Mar of eastern Brazil, and in lowland areas in southern Brazil and southeastern Para- guay (Map 14). MAP 14.?Distribution of Anthrax hylaios. HOLOTYPE.?cf, Itatiaya, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, X-16-1949, 700 m (W. Zikan) (IOC). ALLOTYPE.? 9) Itatiaya, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, VII-3-1935, 700 m (J. F. Zikan) ( IOC). PARATYPES.?Brazil: Guanabara, $ , Rio de Janeiro, XI-28-1933 (Dr. Zikan) ( IOC); ? , Rio de Janeiro, XI-10-1936 (Dr. Zikan) (NLM). Mato Grosso, tf, Maracaju, VII-1937 (Servicio Febre Amarela, M.E.S., Brazil) (SASP). Minos Gerais, $ , Calado, Rio Doce, 11-12-15-1939 (Martins and Lopes) (IOC). Rio de Janeiro, $ , Grajahu, VIII-20-1939 (S. Lopes) ( IOC) ; $ , Itatiaya, 700 m, 11-19-1945 (J. F. Zikan) ( IOC) ; $ , Itatiaya, 700 m, 111-18-1945 (J. F. Zikan) ( IOC); $ , Itatiaya, 700 m, II-7-1947 (J. F. Zikan) (IOC). Santa Catarina, d, Nova Teutonia, 27? 11' S, 52?23' E, XI-29-1938 (Fritz Plaumann) (BM). Sao Paulo, $ , Porto Cabral, Rio Parana, X - 6 - 15-1941 (L. Travassos Filho) (SASP); $ , Porto Cabral, Rio Parana, XI-1-10-1941 (L. Travassos Filho) (NLM). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Brazil: Rio de Ja- neiro, $ , Itatiaya, 700 m, XI-27-1953 (J. F. Zikan). DISCUSSION.?There appear to be no close relatives to hylaios in either North or South America. The dis- tinctive wing pattern will serve to separate it from other species. Anthrax xanthomeros, new species FEMALE.?Body mostly black, femora, tibiae, apices of abdominal sterna, and lateral margins of terga orange; integument mostly brown and gray pruinose, margins of eyes and lower two-thirds of occiput silver pruinose. Front with black setae and lanceolate black scales; face with white setae extending almost to an- tennae. Setae on occiput black on upper third, white below; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black ex- teriorly and white interiorly on upper third, white be- low. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment lenticular; base of third seg- ment flattened mesolaterally, distinctly wider than sec- ond segment, tapering gradually to styliform part which is shorter than basal part and slightly longer than style. Mesonotum with linear, rusty-brown scales laterally and anteriorly, extending inward from in front of base of wings, extending backward submedially from an- terior margin, and extending forward in a triangle from posterior margin; scutellum with linear rusty- brown scales on posterior margin, some lanceolate yel- low scales medially; remainder of mesonotum and scu- tellum with linear black scales. Sternopleuron with fine white setae and linear white and yellow scales; ventral and posterior parts of mesopleuron and anterior half of pteropleuron with fine white setae and linear gold scales, some coarse black setae above. Prosternum, pro- pleuron, anterodorsal part of mesopleuron, and an- terior margin of mesonotum with white pile; postalar tuft of pile mixed yellow and brown. Metapleuron with several white scales just above coxa; hypopleuron bare. Fore coxa with black and white setae and linear white scales; middle and hind coxae with black setae and mixed gold and white linear scales. Wing (Plate 3g) light brown basally, hyaline apical- ly; pigment filling most of cells C and Sc (apices sub- hyaline) and extending out to a line running from vein Ri just beyond base of cell R2+3 to base of cell Cux and thence basally, filling basal two-thirds of cell 1A and anterobasal fourth of cell 2A. Base of cell R4 angled, with rudiment of spur; r-m crossvein arising at basal two-sevenths of cell 1M2; vein R2+3 arising slightly NUMBER 43 53 basad of r-m crossvein; contact of cells 1M2 and Cux about one-fourth longer than width of base of cell Cui; cell 2A broadly open. Stigmatic area broadly pig- mented. Alula not narrowed, rounded posteriorly. Galypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs yellow and brown. Halter yellow, knob brown anterobasally, yel- low elsewhere. Scales on femora and fore and middle tibiae yellow, some black scales anteriorly at apex of fore and middle femora and apically on hind femur; hind tibia with black scales. Middle femur with five macrochaetae anteroventrally; hind femur with anteroventral row of macrochaetae incomplete basally; fore tibia with complete row of macrochaetae anterodorsally; hind tibia with single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. First abdominal tergum with yellowish-white pile laterally; posterior half of second tergum, and third and fourth terga with black pile laterally, anterior half of second tergum with linear rusty-brown scales. Pos- terior margin of first tergum with short, lanceolate white scales laterally and linear rusty-brown scales medially; discs of remaining terga mostly covered with linear black scales, posterior margins with linear rusty- brown scales. Venter with fine setae, yellow basally and black apically. First sternum, and anterior and lateral parts of second sternum with lanceolate white scales; middle of posterior margin of second sternum and re- maining sterna with short, lanceolate-truncate, yellow scales. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax xanthomeros is known from only the holotype, although it probably also oc- curs throughout northern Central America and into southern Mexico. HOLOTYPE.? ?., Benque Vie jo, British Honduras (Father Stanton) (MCZ). The type lacks one middle and one hind leg and the third segment of the left antenna. The head is covered with fungus. DISCUSSION.?Anthrax xanthomeros has no close relatives in North and South America. It has in common with hylaios its orange femora, strong femoral macrochaetae, and antennal structure, but the dis- tinctive wing pattern of hylaios clearly sets them apart. Species with a wing pattern similar to xanthomeros may be distinguished readily by their reddish-brown or black femora and by the lack of rusty-brown scales on the margins of the mesonotum and on abdominal terga two through seven. Anthrax midas Fabricius Anthrax midas Fabricius, 1805, p. 124.?Kertdsz, 1909, p. 46. Anthrax guianicus Curran, 1934, p. 362 [guianica]. Anthrax mexicanus Cole, 1957, p. 202. MALE.?Integument generally black; femora, tibiae, and sometimes pleura reddish brown; eye margins silver pruinose, remainder of body brown to gray pruinose. Front with black setae and scales; setae on face mostly black, a few white setae below. Occiput with short black setae and linear scales, black above, white below; fringe of pile on posterior margin black above, white below. First antennal segment about 1.5 times longer than its apical width; second segment globular; third segment flattened mesolaterally, taper- ing gradually from base to styliform part, styliform part about equal to base; style about two-thirds as long as styliform part (Figure 95). Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with fine black setae and linear black scales; lateral margins with woolly black scales and coarse black setae. Sterno- pleuron, mesopleuron, and anterior half of pteropleu- ron with fine black setae and brown, white, or mixed, linear scales and hairs. Prosternum and propleuron with white or mixed brown and white pile; anterior margin of mesonotum with mixed black setae and white or brown and white pile; postalar tuft of pile black. Anteroventral corner of hypopleuron with some fine, black or white hairs; metapleuron sometimes with fine brown or white hairs extending from behind spiracle to coxa. Anterior coxa with fine, brown and white hairs and scales, and black setae. Middle and hind coxae with linear brown scales and black setae, a few white scales sometimes present. Wing (Plate 4e) brown basally, hyaline apically; pigment fading apically. Pigment filling all of cells C and Sc, and extending out to a line curving from vein Ri before tip of vein Sc through bases of cells R2+3, Rs, and Cui to tip of vein 2A. Stigmatic area lightly pigmented. Basal angle of vein R2+3 with short spur; basal angle of cell R4 with long spur. R-m cross- vein located at basal third of cell 1M2; contact of cells 1M2 and Cux slightly longer than width of base of cell Cui. Wing not narrowed basally; cell 2A slightly wider than cell 1A. Calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs brown. Alula rounded posteriorly. Halter brownish black, knob yellow apically. Scales on femora and tibiae entirely black, or pos- terior margins of fore and middle pairs with white scales; scales on hind tibia and basitarsus sometimes 54 semierect. Middle femur with four to seven macro- chaetae anteroventrally; anterior side with one or more macrochaetae postmedially. Hind femur with a com- plete row of macrochaetae anteroventrally and partial rows posteroventrally and anterodorsally. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with dense white pile, a few black setae and recumbent white scales sometimes present posteriorly; lateral margins of terga two through five with dense black pile and setae. Posterior margin of first tergum and discs of terga two through five with sparse, fine black setae and linear black scales. Terga six and seven and sometimes lateral margins of five with dense, over- lapping, elongate, posteriorly projecting, silver scales. Venter with sparse white scales and fine setae, white anteriorly, black posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 58).?Gonocoxites long and narrow, dorsal margins tapering gradually to ventral margins apically; apices narrowed in ventral view, infolded mesally to form flat lobelike structures; setae on gonocoxites evenly distributed basally beyond medial fold, apices bare. Basal segment of gonostylus oblong in lateral view, with dense tuft of setae internally at apex. Distal segment of gonostylus pyriform in ven- tral view, ovoid in lateral view, apex extending out- ward and downward; lateral and ventral surfaces with fine setae. Apex of epiphallus flattened dorsoven- trally, apex broad and bluntly angled in dorsal view, short, sharp, recurved lobes present on each side mid- way between junction of dorsal bands and apex. Dorsal bands proximate mesally, with some setae before junc- tion. Base of aedeagus narrow, tapering to junction with ventral bands before lateral lobes of epiphallus. FEMALE.?Similar to male. White scales more exten- sive on pleura and fore and middle femora. Fringe of hairs on calypter often white. Scales and setae on anterior sterna white, on posterior sterna black. Pig- mentation of wing slightly more extensive, reaching base of cell 2M2. White scales on abdominal terga restricted to sides of five and six. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 76).?Tenth tergum with 21 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth ter- gum more or less parallel basally, irregularly margined, and slightly expanded distally. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore produced dorsally as short, sharply rounded lobe; lateral arm broad, parallel sided, and truncate distally, ventral arm broad, twisted parallel to meson, and slightly curved outward. Sper- mathecal ducts about as long as bulbs; first section very short; middle section about two-thirds as long as apical SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY section which is about two-thirds as long as bulb and broadened apically; bulb elongate tubular, about 2.5 times longer than wide, tapering basally and with a slightly enlarged, darker apical part. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax midas occurs in equato- rial and tropical forests from southern Mexico to south- eastern Brazil (Map 15). MAP 15.?Distribution of Anthrax midas. TYPES.?The holotype female of Anthrax midas Fabricius is in the Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, collection. According to Painter and Painter (unpublished notes) it is in fairly good condi- tion although the antennae are missing. It carries the red type label and "A. midas, ex Am. Merid. Schmidt." A homotype has been seen by the author. The types of Anthrax guianicus Curran are in the American Museum of Natural History. The holotype is lacking its head; the allotype lacks one wing, four legs and its abdomen, and has its head glued on. The para- type female is in excellent condition. Curran reversed the sexes in his description. The types of Anthrax mexicanus Cole are in the col- lection of the University of California at Berkeley. A paratype male in excellent condition has been seen by the author. DISCUSSION.?The specimen which d'Andretta and Carrera (1952) referred to as Anthrax leucopygus Macquart, 1855 (not Macquart, 1840), and on which they based their new name, macquarti, has been seen by the author. The specimen belongs to midas rather than leucopygus. NUMBER 43 55 Anthrax midas differs from hyalacrus in having the pile on the lateral margins of the first abdominal ter- gum white rather than black and in having the pile on the pleura white or brown rather than black. It differs from other species in the cephus complex in having the wings only one-half pigmented. Anthrax hyalacrus Wiedemann Anthrax hyalacrus Wiedemann, 1828, p. 315. Anthrax acroleuca.?Curran, 1934, p. 363, [not Wiede- mann, 1828]. MALE.?Integument black; velvety black pruinose on discs of mesonotum, scutellum, and abdominal terga; silvery pruinose along margins of eyes, grayish or brownish pruinose elsewhere. Setae and scales on front black; face with black setae above extending to bases of antennae, with black or mixed black and white setae below. Setae and scales on occiput and fringe of hairs on posterior margin black. First antenna! seg- ment about as long as apical width, second segment globular; third segment flattened mesolaterally, taper- ing gradually to styliform part; style about half as long as styliform part (Figure 98). Setae, pile, and scales on thorax and coxae black. A few black hairs usually behind spiracle. Anterior corner of hypopleuron with a small patch of hairs. Wing (Plate 4/) velvet black basally, hyaline api- cally. Pigment extending out to a line running from tip of cell Sc along vein Rx to a point about halfway be- tween bases of cells R2+3 and R4 and thence posteriorly through base of cell 2M2 to tip of cell 1 A. Veins in pig- mented portion black, in hyaline portion light brown. Cell 2A slightly wider than cell 1 A. Stigmatic area pig- mented. Calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs black. Halter black with light-tipped knob. Femora and tibiae with dense, black scales; hind femur, tibia, and tarsus sometimes with dense, overlap- ping, cuneate white scales. Middle femur with one or two large postmedial bristles anteriorly and up to three bristles anteroventrally; posterior femur with five to seven short bristles anteroventrally. Pile and scales on first five abdominal terga black; pile dense laterally. Sixth and seventh terga and pos- terolateral margins of fifth with laterally produced, dense, overlapping, truncate silver scales, or silver scales restricted to posterolateral margins of sixth and seventh terga. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 57).?Gonocoxites very narrow apically, tapering to acute apices in lateral view, apices sharply rounded and separated mesally by a distinct sulcus; setae on gonocoxites evenly distrib- uted, extending beyond medial fold. Basal segment of gonostylus long and thin in lateral view, with a number of coarse setae apically; distal segment elongate, oval, basal part bent slightly outward dorsally, with fine setae laterally on lower two-thirds. Apex of epiphallus flattened dorsoventrally, with a recurved, sharp lobe on each side and a short, triangulate apical plate above apex of aedeagus. Dorsal bands narrow, widely sepa- rated medially, without setae. Aedeagus very broad and bulbous basally, tapering apically to junction with ventral bands before lobes of apex of epiphallus. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Apical margin of pig- ment on wing sometimes running apically along vein R4+5 for a distance of half width of cell R5. Posterior abdominal terga without silvery scales. FEMALE OENITALIA (Figure 78).?Tenth tergum with about 31 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum undulating, not enlarged apically. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore not pro- duced, right angled; lateral arm narrow, not tapering, sharply rounded distally; ventral arm broadened paral- lel to meson and twisted. Spermathecal ducts about half as long as bulbs; first section very short; middle section about two-thirds as long as apical section which is about one-third as long as bulb, expanded apically and bent at almost a right angle medially; bulb elon- gate, tapering from apex to base, about three times longer than maximum width and with an enlarged, darker apical par t DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax hyalacrus occurs in equa- torial and tropical forests from the Amazon Basin north into Panama and south into southern and eastern Brazil (Map 16). TYPES.?Painter (unpublished notes) found two fe- males of Anthrax hyalacrus at the Vienna Museum, one carrying the labels "Brasilia," "hyalacra Coll. Winthem" and "hyalacra Wied. Brasilia" in Wiede- mann's handwriting, the other carrying the labels hy- alacra Coll. Wiedem." and "A. hyalacra in Amer. mer. Brasil." Both specimens are abraded and the first lacks most of the antennae while the second is covered with fungus but has the left antenna complete. Because of the condition of the syntypes, no lectotype was chosen. A homotype compared by Painter leaves little doubt as to the identity of this species. BIOLOGY.?Two specimens of hyalacrus were reared by Dr. Carl W. Rettenmeyer from nests of a Trypoxy- 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY MAP 16.?Distribution of Anthrax hyalacrus. lonidwasp (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) on Barro Colo- rado Island, Canal Zone. The wasps were nesting in a cardboard carton in a clearing at the Biological Station. DISCUSSION.?One male from Rio Caiary-Uaupes, Amazonas, Brazil, has the lower two-thirds of the front covered with linear, semierect, white scales and white setae. The setae on the face are mixed black and white. This specimen also has the anterodorsal part of the hind legs covered with overlapping white scales. Other males with white scales on the hind legs are from Porto Cabral, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Azupizu to Miriantiri- afii, Cam. del Pichis, Peru. The specimens from Sao Paulo were collected with a male with only black scales on the legs. Anthrax hyalacrus may be readily distinguished from midas by the entirely black pile on the pleura and first abdominal segment. It differs from cephus and aterri- mus in having the apical half of the wing hyaline. NUMBER 43 57 Anthrax cephus Fabricius Anthrax cephus Fabricius, 1805, p. 124.?Wiedemann, 1828, p. 297.?Macquart, 1840, p. 59.?Walker 1849, p. 266. Argyramoeba cephus.?KertSsz, 1909, p. 62. MALE.?Integument generally black; legs, pleura, and genitalia reddish brown; integument mostly gray- ish or brownish pruinose, margins of eyes and lower part of occiput silvery pruinose. Front with black setae and a few black scales below; face with black setae ex- tending upward to antennae, a few white hairs and scales below. Scales and setae on occiput black; fringe of pile on posterior margin black above, white or mixed brown and white below. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment globular; base of third segment flattened mesolaterally, tapering gradually to styliform part which is about equal to base; style one-half to three-fourths as long as styliform part. Mesonotum and scutellum with fine black setae and linear black scales, sometimes brown or white scales in front of base of wings and white scales rarely present at apex of scutellum. Sternopleuron, mesopleuron, and anterior part of pteropleuron with fine black setae and black and/or white, threadlike scales; upper half of mesopleuron and pteropleuron with some coarse black setae and black and/or white pile. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum black, white, or mixed; postalar tuft of pile black. A few black or white hairs behind spiracle; anteroventral corner of hypopleuron with a few black or white hairs or threadlike scales. Fore coxa with black setae and black and/or white pile and scales; middle and hind coxae with black setae and black or mixed black and white scales. Wing (Plate 4c) entirely black pigmented or sub- hyaline apically. Stigmatic area lightly pigmented; calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs brown. R-m cross- vein located one-third or two-fifths of way from origin to bifurcation of vein Mi+2; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui one to two times as long as base of cell Cu^ Vein R4 with long spur at base. Cell 2A as wide as cell 1A. Scales on legs black. Middle femur with one to four macrochaetae anteroventrally and one to several mac- rochaetae postmedially on anterior side; hind femur with four to seven macrochaetae anteroventrally. Hind tibia with double row of macrochaetae anterodorsally; scales mostly recumbent. Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum white, sometimes a few black hairs posteriorly; lateral margins of terga two through four, and sometimes five and six with dense black pile. Posterior margins of first tergum, discs of terga two through four and sometimes five and six with sparse black setae and linear black scales. Seventh tergum and sometimes all or lateral parts of terga five and six with dense, over- lapping, posteriorly-produced, silver-white scales. Setae and scales on sterna entirely black, or white (or yel- low) anteriorly and black posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 59).?Gonocoxites long and narrow, narrowing abruptly before very narrow tips in lateral view, apices infolded mesally, forming narrow, acuminate, incurved lobes in ventral view, setae evenly distributed basally beyond medial fold, extreme apices bare. Basal segment of gonostylus ob- long, with a few setae apically; distal segment bulbous in ventral view, with a diagonally truncate tip, dorsal margin tapering to ventral margin in lateral view; fine setae present on basal part. Apex of epiphallus flattened dorsoventrally, apex rounded, sharp, recurved lateral lobes present preapically. Dorsal bands narrow, proxi- mate medially, with a few setae before junction. Base of aedeagus narrow, but bulbous, tapering to junction with ventral bands after junction of dorsal bands, with enlarged area before junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. White pile and scales sometimes more extensive on pleura. Fore and middle femora and tibiae sometimes with white scales poste- riorly. Hind femur sometimes with complete row of macrochaetae anteroventrally. Apex of wing some- times hyaline as far back as a line running from tip of subcosta to tip of M2 in specimens from Central America. Silver scales on apex of abdomen restricted to lateral parts of fifth tergum and sometimes to the sixth and seventh. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 77).?Tenth tergum with about 21 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum undulate, not expanded apically. Dorsc- medial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore pro- duced dorsally as a short, rounded lobe about as long as broad; lateral arm short, broad, parallel sided and truncate apically; ventral arm broadened medially parallel to meson, narrowing below and slightly curved toward meson. Spermathecal ducts about as long as bulbs; first section very short; second section slightly shorter than third which is slightly expanded and bent at a right angle apically; bulb elongate elliptical, broad- est submedially, slightly constricted postmedially, with- out differentiated distal section. 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax cephus occurs in tropical forests from southeastern Brazil through the Amazon Basin (Map 17). TYPE.?According to notes supplied by R. H. and E. M. Painter, the type male of Anthrax cephus is in the Copenhagen Museum. Tips of the wings are broken off, the antennae are missing, and the body is greasy. It carries the label "A. cephus ex Am. Mer. Schmidt." The description of the type agrees with typical specimens of A. cephus. Fabricius gave "Amer- ica Meridionali" as the type-locality. DISCUSSION.?Two specimens from Chauguinois District, Panama, and La Suiza, Costa Rica, differ from specimens from Brazil in having a vertically de- fined hyaline area at the apex of the wing. Since specimens from northern and western Brazil tend to have the tip of the wing hyaline or subhyaline, it seems probable that the Central American specimens rep- 17.?Distribution of Anthrax cephus. NUMBER 4 3 59 resent only an extreme manifestation of this character- istic and that they are the same species. Since the tops of the wings of the type are broken off, it is not possible to ascertain whether it showed this condition. A specimen from Porto Cabral, Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, Brazil, differs from other specimens in the same series in having the tip of the wing hyaline and areas in the preapical and posterior cells subhyaline. It seems probable that this specimen is a hybrid between cephus and midas, since a specimen of the latter was collected at the same locality. For characters separating cephus from aterrimus see the latter species. Anthrax cephus differs from other species in the cephus complex in having the wing entirely pigmented or with only a small area apically hyaline, rather than with the apicoposterior half hyaline. Anthrax aterrimus (Bigot) Argyramoeba aterrima Bigot, 1892, p. 349 [Argyromoeba]. Anthrax aterrimus.?Painter and Painter, 1962, p. 72.? Krombein, 1967, p. 400. Argyramoeba cephus.?Osten Sacken, 1877, p. 243.?Coquil- lett, 1894, p. 95.?Johnson, 1895, p. 325 [part] [not Fabri- cius, 1805; misidentification]. Spongostylum cephus.?Aldrich, 1905, p. 222 [Spogostylum] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Spongostylum slossonae Johnson, 1913, 55.?Cole, Malloch, and McAtee, 1924, p. 186 [Spogostylum]. Anthrax slossonae.?Brimley, 1938, p. 341. MALE.?Integument entirely black or legs and geni- talia reddish brown; integument generally grayish and brownish pruinose, margins of eyes and lower part of occiput silvery pruinose. Setae and scales on front black; face with black setae extending up to antennae, few white setae along oral margin. Setae on occiput black, scales black above, white below; fringe of pile on posterior margin black exteriorly and white in- teriorly above, white below. First antennal segment slightly longer than apical width; second segment globular; base of third segment flattened mesolaterally, tapering gradually to styliform part which is about equal to base in length; style one-half to three-fourths as long as styliform part of third segment (Figure 96). Setae and scales on mesonotum and scutellum mostly black; a few white or brown, threadlike scales in front of bases of wings and apically on scutellum. Sterno- pleuron, mesopleuron, and anterior half of ptero- pleuron with fine black setae and threadlike white scales; some white pile and some brown and/or black scales, setae, and hairs dorsally on mesopleuron and pteropleuron. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum white or with some brown and black hairs intermixed; postalar tuft of pile black with some hairlike white scales basally. A few white hairs behind spiracle; a few black setae and hair- like white scales anteroventrally on hypopleuron. Fore coxa with white scales and hairs and black setae; mid- dle and hind coxae with mixed black and white scales and black setae. Wing (Plate 4rf) entirely pigmented with brown or black, discs of apical cells sometimes subhyaline, apical part of wing rarely entirely subhyaline. Stig- matic area lightly pigmented, calypter lightly pig- mented, fringe of hairs brown. R-m crossvein located one-third to two-fifths of way from base to bifurcation of vein Mi+2; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui slightly shorter to slightly longer than base of cell Cux. Vein R* with long spur at its basal angle. Scales on legs entirely black; scales on hind tibia often semirecumbent. Middle femur with complete row of macrochaetae anteroventrally and one to several post- medial bristles on anterior side; posterior femur with complete rows of macrochaetae anteroventrally, pos- teroventrally, and anterodorsally. Posterior tibia with double row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum white; terga two through four with dense black pile laterally, a few white hairs posteriorly on fourth ter- gum. Posterior margin of first tergum, discs of terga two through four, and medial part of five and some- times six with sparse black setae and linear black scales. Remainder of posterior terga with dense, overlapping, posteriorly produced, silvery-white scales. Hairs and scales on venter sparse, black, white, or mixed, the white usually predominating anteriorly, the black posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 56).?Gonocoxites long, apical part narrow, dorsal margins tapering to ventral margins apically; apices rounded and slightly curved mesally in ventral view, folded inward mesally to form deep mesal sulcus; long setae covering entire surface almost to base. Basal segment of gonostylus oblong in lateral view, extending to base of distal segment, with dense tuft of setae apically; distal segment small, ovoid in ventral view, with short, truncate process extend- ing outward near the apex and twisted apically, entire segment except styliform part with fine short setae. Apex of epiphallus flattened dorsoventrally, apex bluntly angled in dorsal view; a short, sharp recurved 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY lobe present on each side midway between junction of dorsal bands and apex; dorsal bands proximate mesally, with some setae before junction. Base of aedeagus small and narrow, almost tubular, tapering slightly to junc- tion with ventral bands below lateral lobes of epiphallus. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Pile and scales on thoracic pleura usually more predominantly white. Fore and middle femora and tibiae usually with white scales posteriorly; hind femur sometimes with a few white scales posteriorly at base. White scales and hairs on abdominal venter usually restricted to first three sterna. Silvery-white scales apically on abdominal terga restricted to posterolateral margins of five and six. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 75).?Tenth tergum with about 27 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum enlarged apically, irregularly margined. Dorsomedial corner of sclerite on each side of gonopore greatly produced dorsally as a rounded lobe; lateral arm short, broad and emarginate apically, extending posterolaterally; ventral arm broad evenly margined and twisted mesally on lower half. Each duct of spermathecae greatly elongated, about 6 times longer than bulb; first section very short; second section about two-thirds as long as apical section which is about 3.5 times longer than bulb and gradually expanded from base to apex; bulb slightly longer than wide, rounded, not well defined from duct. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax aterrimus occurs in for- ested areas in southeastern United States as far north as Connecticut and the southern tip of Illinois, and as far west as central Texas (Map 18). TYPES.?According to Painter and Painter (1962) the type of Argyramoeba aterrima, a female rather than a male as stated by Bigot, is in the Bigot collection of the British Museum. It is heavily draped with fungus but otherwise in good condition. It carries the label "Argyromoeba aterrima cf n. sp. Inedit. Quincy Juin 1886 J. Bigot Baltimore." Bigot's description agrees well with typical specimens of the species, including the paratype series of slossonae (Johnson). The types of Spongostylum slossonae are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer- sity. The entire series from which the species was described, with the exception of the types, has been examined by the author. The type-locality is Cumber- land Gap, Kentucky. BIOLOGY.?Anthrax aterrimus was recorded (as cephus Fabricius) as being "bred from the nest of a Mud-wasp in Texas, forming tubes of clay five or six MAP 18.?Distribution of Anthrax aterrimus. inches long, pasted together like organ-pipes," very probably Trypoxylon politum Say (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), by Osten Sacken (1877). An additional specimen in the collection of R. H. Painter carries the label "bred from mud dauber nest." Krombein (1967) reared this species from nests of Trypargilum striatum (Provancher), T. collinum rubrocinctum (Packard), T. clavatum, Isodontia auripes (Fernald) (Hymen- optera: Sphecidae), Euodynerus megaera (Lepele- tier), Monobia quadridens (Linnaeus), and Ancistro- cerus spinolae (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). DISCUSSION.?Anthrax aterrimus often has been confused with cephus, a South American species to which it is closely related. Specimens of cephus usually are darker, without subhyaline areas in the posterior cells of the wing, and with numerous black hairs and scales on the mesopleuron and sternopleuron. There is much variation, however, especially among specimens of cephus, so that the only certain diagnostic character is the male genitalia. In aterrimus the distal segment of the gonostylus is ovoid in ventral view with a short, twisted process extending outward near the apex (Fig- ure 56). In cephus this structure is slightly larger, bulbous basally in ventral view, with a longer styli- form process with a diagonally truncate tip (Figure 59). Anthrax aterrimus may be separated readily from other members of the cephus complex by the presence of pigment in the outer part of wing. Anthrax aterrimus has also been confused with NUMBER 4 3 61 analis, f. grossbecki. It may be distinguished readily by the presence of a small patch of hairs at the anterior corner of the hypopleuron and by the presence of a postmedial bristle on the anterior side of the middle femur. Anthrax pluricellus Williston Anthrax pluricellus Williston, 1901, p. 277 [pluricella].? Kertesz, 1909, p. 51 [pluricella].?Painter and Painter, 1962, p. 79. Exoprosopa capucina.?Rau, 1940, p. 594 [not Fabricius, 1805, misidentification]. MALE.?Body mostly black, tibiae and femora yel- low; integument blue gray and brown pruinose; eye margins, face, and lower half of occiput white pruinose. Front with black setae and linear black and yellow scales; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black ex- teriorly, white interiorly above, white below. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; sec- ond segment globoid, slightly flattened apically; base of third segment flattened mesolaterally, narrower than second segment in lateral view, tapering abruptly to styliform part which is slightly longer than base and about 1.5 times as long as style (Figure 105). Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with linear black scales; rust-brown scales broadly over anterior and lateral margins and in triangular patch posteriorly on mesonotum, and anteriorly and laterally on scutellum. Sternopleuron, lower half of mesopleuron, and anterior half of pteropleuron with black and gold setae, white and yellow scales, and sometimes a few black scales. Prosternum, propleuron, dorsal half of mesopleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum with white pile, some black setae and hairs on last two areas. Postalar tuft of pile black, some white or yellow scales often present basally. Fore coxa with white bristles and gold scales. Hypopleuron bare; metapleuron with a few hairlike white scales behind spiracle. Wing (Plate 4a) light brown with hyaline areas at apex and extending inward from posterior margin, pigment filling cells C, Sc, and R1} extending beyond base of cell R4 in cells R2+3 and R5, filling base of cell R*, and extending from cell R5, broadly across base of cell Mx and apex of cell 1M2 onto spurious vein in cell 2M2; extreme base of cell 2M2 and basal fourth of cell Cui pigmented; extreme apex of cell M and apical spot in cell 2A hyaline. Vein R4 angled basally, with a short spur; r-m crossvein at basal two-fifths of cell 1M2, vein R2+3 arising slightly basad; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui slightly shorter than width of base of cell Cui; cell 1A punctiform apically; cell 2A not reduced, wider than cell 1A postmedially; alula reduced, posterior margin straight; a spurious vein extending from apical angle of m crossvein to posterior margin. Stigmatic area lightly pigmented. Calypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs white. Halter light brown, apical margin of knob yellow, base dark brown. Bases of legs mostly with light-yellow scales, some black scales dorsally on femora at apex and dorsally on hind tibia. Middle femur with two or three macro- chaetae anteroventrally toward apex; anterodorsal side of fore femur with a few weak macrochaetae; hind tibia with single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Sides of first abdominal tergum with white pile, a large or small area of light or dark brown pile anteriorly; lateral margins of terga two through four with black pile, setae, and scales, numerous light brown hairs mixed with scales anteriorly on second tergum and posteriorly on terga two through four. Posterior margin of first tergum with sparse black or rusty-brown linear scales; discs of terga two through four and cen- tral half of five with linear black scales; rusty-brown scales present anteriorly on two and posteriorly on two through five; centers of terga six and seven with black scales anteriorly and rust-brown scales posteriorly. Sides of terga five through seven with patches of elongate, posteriorly produced, overlapping, lanceolate-truncate, white scales and with tufts of black and yellow setae and pile. Venter with fine white and yellow setae, and linear white and yellow scales, darkest posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 60).?Gonocoxites broad, dorsal margins broadly rounded to truncate apically in lateral view, apices broadly rounded in ventral view, medial sulcus not defined, setae sparsely distributed ventrally and along dorsal margin. Basal segment of gonostylus convex above in lateral view, with a few fine setae apically. Distal segment of gonostylus oval basally, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally with a broad mesal lobe in ventral view; styliform part curved out- ward, apex flattened apically; fine setae present dor- sally and laterally at base. Apex of epiphallus broad, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; dorsal part with a raised, basally projecting central lobe and truncate apex; lateral part with long, flat lobes projecting baso- laterally. Dorsal bands meeting mesally, but not coalesced, with numerous short setae. Base of aedeagus large and bulbous, dorsal margin curving downward to junction with ventral bands below approximation of dorsal bands. 62 FEMALE.?Similar to male. White scales on posterior abdominal terga restricted to lateral margins of fifth segment. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 83).?Tenth tergum with about 16 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum slightly enlarged and undulate distally. Dorsomedial corner of sclerite on each side of gonopore produced dorsally as a dactylate lobe; lateral arm slightly broader than dorsal lobe and rounded apically; ventral arm narrow, tapering to apex which is evenly curved mesad. Each duct of spermathecae about as long as bulb; first segment very short; second segment about as long as third which is bent at about a right angle before expanding apically to bulb; bulb about 2.5 times longer than maximum width, tapering to junction with duct and with dark, slightly enlarged apical section. DISTRIBUTION.?The specimens referred to by Rau (1940) 2&Exoprosopa capucina (Fabricius) have been studied by the author and are almost certainly A. pluricellus, since they agree closely with the descrip- tion of the type given by Painter and Painter. These specimens were collected 40 km south of Ciudad Vic- toria, Tamulipas, Mexico. The type-locality is "Atoyac in Vera Cruz," Mexico. The species probably occurs all along the eastern coast of Mexico east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and perhaps inland on the central plateau. TYPE.?Painter and Painter (1962) state that the type of Anthrax pluricellus, a female rather than a male as Williston indicated, is in the British Museum. It is in good condition except that the hind legs, one middle leg, and the left antenna are missing. Williston (1901) placed this species in Anthrax (auctt.) (Villa Lioy) since he believed that the head, which had been glued on, did not belong to the body. BIOLOGY.?The specimens referred to by Rau were reared from the nests of Chalybion zimmermanni'Dahl- bom (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). DISCUSSION.?Anthrax pluricellus, snowi, and costaricensis differ from other species in having cell 2M2 divided by a spurious vein extending from the m crossvein to the wing margin. Only a single series of each species has been collected (with the exception of the type of pluricellus) and each appears to be distinct, although subsequent collecting may show that the taxa are only subspecies or variants of a polymor- phic species. Because the taxa differ in several un- related characters, and there is no significant variation SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY within the series available, they are regarded here as distinct species. Anthrax pluricellus differs from both costaricensis and snowi in having yellow rather than black femora and in having rusty-brown scales on the mesonotum, scutellum, and abdominal terga. Anthrax snowi, new species MALE.?Body mostly black, legs reddish black, in- tegument blue green and brown pruinose; eye margins, face, and lower part of occiput white pruinose. Front with black setae and sparse black scales, a few white scales laterally below; face with mixed black and white setae extending almost to antennae. Occiput with black setae and a few black scales; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black exteriorly, white interiorly. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment globoid, flattened apically; base of third seg- ment flattened mesolaterally, about as wide as second segment in lateral view, tapering sharply to styliform part which is slightly longer than base and about 1.5 times longer than style (Figure 104). Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with linear black scales, some white scales laterally in front of base of wings and along posterior margin of scutellum. Sternopleuron with white setae and hairlike scales, lower part of mesopleuron and anterior part of pteropleuron with black setae and hairlike white scales. Prosternum, propleuron, dorsal part of mesopleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum with white pile; some black hairs and numerous black setae on last two. Fore coxa with white bristles and white scales, some black bristles apically; middle and hind coxae with black bristles and black and white scales. Hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Wing (Plate 4a) light brown with hyaline areas at apex and extending inward from posterior margin; pigment filling cells C, Sc, and R1} extending beyond base of cell R4, in cells R2+3 and R5, filling base of cell R4, extending from cell R5 broadly across base of cell Mi and apex of cell 1M2 onto spurious vein in cell 2M2, but not quite reaching posterior margin; base of cell 1M2 out to base of cell 2M2 and extreme anterior mar- gin pigmented; extreme base of cell 2M2 and basal fourth of cell Cu! pigmented; extreme apex of cell M and large apical spot in cell 2A hyaline. Vein R4 angled basally, with a short spur; r-m crossvein at basal two-fifths of cell 1M2, vein R2+3 arising slightly basad; contact of cells 1M2 and Cux slightly shorter NUMBER 4 3 63 than width of base of cell Cux; cell 1A punctiform apically; cell 2 A not reduced, wider than cell 1A post- medially; alula reduced, posterior margin straight; a spurious vein extending from apical angle of m cross- vein to posterior margin of wing. Stigmatic area lightly pigmented. Calypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs white. Halter light brown, apical margin of knob yel- low, base dark brown. Scales on fore and middle femora black anteriorly and mixed yellow and white posteriorly; hind femur with mixed yellow and white scales on basal half pos- teriorly; hind femur with mixed yellow and white scales on basal half posteriorly and extreme base anteriorly, remainder with black scales. Fore and middle tibiae with black scales anteriorly and white scales posteriorly; hind tibia with black scales. Middle femur with two or three macrochaetae anteroventrally toward apex; an- teroventral row of macrochaetae on hind femur incomplete basally; anterodorsal surface of fore tibia with a few weak macrochaetae apically; hind tibia with a single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Sides of first abdominal tergum with white pile, a large area of light-brown pile anteriorly; lateral mar- gins of terga two through four with black pile, setae, and scales. Posterior margin of first tergum with sparse, black linear scales; discs of terga two through four and central half of five with linear black scales; lateral fourth of fifth tergum, and sixth and seventh with elongate, posteriorly produced, overlapping, lanceolate-truncate, white scales. Venter with fine white and yellow setae, and linear white and yellow scales, darkest posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 61).?Gonocoxites broad, dorsal margins tapering convexly to blunt ventral angles in lateral view; apices broadly rounded in ven- tral view, inner margins rounded to broad, shallow mesal sulcus; setae evenly distributed, extending almost to base mesally. Basal segment of gonostylus sinuate dorsally in lateral view, acutely angled posteriorly, with short, rounded lobes covered with fine setae apically in ventral view. Distal segment of gonostylus broad basally with a short mesal projection, tapering to lat- erally curved styliform part; apex with oval flattened area; basal part with fine setae. Apex of epiphallus flattened dorsoventrally, projecting upward at a low angle; medial part broadly rounded apically in dorsal view, with a short, rounded projection basally, with shallow longitudinal sulci between medial and lateral parts; lateral parts rounded apically and curved down- ward, extending basally to middle of medial part. 369-673 O?70?6 Dorsal bands narrow, united mesally, without setae. Base of aedeagus broad, bulbous, tapering dorsally to junction with ventral bands below junction of dorsal bands; ventral bands narrow, at a right angle preapically. VARIATION.?The paratype male, the only other specimen available, is similar to the holotype. DISTRIBUTION.?This species is known only from the type-locality. HOLOTYPE.? $ , Oak Creek Canyon, Cococino Co., Arizona, August, 6000 feet (F. H. Snow) (KANS). PARATYPE.?cT, Oak Creek Canyon, Cococino Co., Arizona,?July, 6000 feet (F. H. Snow) (RHP). DISCUSSION.?Anthrax snowi may be distinguished from pluricellus by the reddish brown rather than yellow femora and the absence of rust-brown scales on the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen. It may be distinguished from costaricensis by the entirely pigmented apex of cell Rx and the hyaline apices of cells 1A and 2 A as well as by the lighter pigmentation of the wings. Anthrax costaricensis, new species FEMALE.?Body black, legs dark red; integument mostly gray and brown pruinose. Front with black setae and linear scales; face with mixed black and yellow setae. Occiput with black setae above and white setae below; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black ex- teriorly and white interiorly above, white below. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; sec- ond segment globoid, apical margin flattened; base of third segment flattened mesolaterally, slightly wider than second segment in lateral view, tapering abruptly to styliform part which is slightly longer than base and about 1.5 times longer than style (Figure 106). Discs and margins of mesonotum and scutellum with linear black scales. Sternopleuron, lower half of meso- pleuron, and anterior half of pteropleuron with fine black setae and linear white scales, some white setae on sternopleuron. Prosternum with white pile; pro- pleuron and anterior margin of mesonotum with white and brown pile, numerous black setae on latter; upper half of mesopleuron with white pile and black setae. Postalar tuft of pile black. Fore coxa with white bristles and scales, some black bristles apically; middle and hind coxae with black bristles, and black and white scales. Hypopleuron bare, metapleuron with a few white scales behind spiracle. 64 Wing (Plate 4b) dark brown basally and anteri- orly, and in a preapical band extending toward posteri- or margin; cells C and Sc filled, cell Ri filled beyond apex of vein Sc and along anterior margin to apex; cells R2+3 and R5 filled beyond base of cell R4, cell R* filled; pigment extending from cell R5 broadly across apex of cell 1M2 and base of cell Mx almost to posterior margin on vein M2 and spurious vein on m crossvein; base of cell 1M2 out to base of cell 2M2 and along extreme anterior margin, extreme base of cell 2M2 and basal fourth of cell Cui pigmented; cells 1A and 2A completely pigmented. Base of cell R4 angled, with short spur; r-m crossvein at basal two-fifths of cell 1M2 vein R2+3 arising opposite; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui slightly longer than width of base of cell Cui; cell 1A punctiform apically; cell 2A not reduced, wider than cell 1A postmedially; alula reduced, posterior margin concave; a spurious vein extending from apical angle of m crossvein to margin of wing. Stigmatic area lightly pigmented. Calypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs white. Stem of halter light brown; knob dark brown basally, yellow at extreme apex. Femora and hind tibia with black scales; a few white scales posteriorly on fore and middle femora; fore and middle tibiae with black scales anteriorly and white scales posteriorly. Middle femur with three or four small macrochaetae anteroventrally toward apex; anteroventral row of macrochaetae on hind femur incomplete basally; fore tibia with one or two macro- chaetae anterodorsally; anterodorsal row of macro- chaetae on hind tibia with double row of macrochaetae. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with a large patch of black pile anteriorly surrounded by white pile; terga'two through four with black pile and setae laterally. Posterior margin of first tergum with a few black scales; discs of terga two through seven with linear black scales, patch of lanceolate-truncate white scales laterally on five. Sterna one and two with fine white setae and linear white scales, a few black setae laterally on two; remaining sterna with black setae and scales. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 82).?Tenth tergum with about 15 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum undulating, expanded parallel to meson api- cally. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore elongated dorsomedially as a narrow, sharply rounded lobe; lateral arm short, narrow in dorsoin- terior view, curled under below; ventral arm narrow, parallel sided, almost straight. Each spermathecal duct about two-thirds as long as bulb; basal section very SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY short; middle section about as long as distal section which is curved and expands distally to bulb; bulb elongate tubular, about four times longer than wide, with a lighter, slightly broader apical section about one-third of entire length. VARIATION.?The two female para types do not vary appreciably from the type. The anterodorsal row of macrochaetae on the hind tibia is single in the paratypes. DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax costaricensis is known only from the type-locality, although it probably also occurs throughout much of Central America. HOLOTYPE.? ? , La Suiza, Costa Rica, III?3 (F. Schild) (A. L. Melander collection) (USNM). PARATYPES.?Costa Rica: 2 ? , La Suiza, VII-18, 19 (F. Schild) (A. L. Melander coll.) (USNM, NLM). DISCUSSION.?Anthrax costaricensis differs from pluricellus in having the femora black rather than yel- low and in lacking rust-brown scales on the dorsal sur- face of the body. It differs from both pluricellus and snowi in having the wings pigmented with dark rather than light brown, in having the posterior edge of cell Ri hyaline and in having cells 1A and 2A entirely pig- mented rather than with subapical or apical hyaline areas. Anthrax laticellus, new species MALE.?Body black, femora and tibiae red; integ- ument blue gray and brown pruinose. Front with black setae and linear white scales; face with black setae extending almost to antennae. Occiput with black setae and scales on upper three-fifths, with some white scales below; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black exteriorly, white interiorly on upper two-thirds, white below. First antennal segment shorter than apical width; second segment lenticular; base of third seg- ment flattened mesolaterally, about as wide as second segment in lateral view, narrowing abruptly to styli- form part which is slightly longer than base and about 1.5 times longer than style (Figure 120). Discs and lateral margins of mesonotum and scutel- lum with linear black scales, a few white scales in front of base of wing. Sternopleuron, lower half of meso- pleuron, and anterior half of pteropleuron with white setae, and few black setae present, especially on ptero- pleuron. Prosternum, propleuron, upper half of meso- pleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum with white pile, some white setae on mesopleuron and numerous NUMBER 43 65 black setae on anterior margin of mesonotum. Postalar tuft of pile black. Coxae with black setae and black scales, some white scales on anterior pair. Hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Wing (Plate 5/) light brown basally and anteriorly, hyaline posteriorly. Pigment filling cells C and Sc, cell Ri to base of cell R4, and extending along anterior margin almost to apex, a short band extending across cell R2+3 to base of cell R4; cell R2+3 filled two-thirds of way to base of cell R4, a broad triangular band extend- ing across cell R5 halfway to base of cell R4; extreme bases of cells R5 and Cux and anterobasal corner of cell 1M2 pigmented, a small spot present at base of cell 2M2; cell R entirely filled; margin of pigment extend- ing from base of cell Cux to posterior margin at extreme base of cell 2A. Cell R4 angled at base, with a short basal spur; r-m crossvein at basal third of cell 1M2, vein R2+3 arising slightly apicad; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui about 1.5 times longer than base of cell Cux; cell 1A punctiform apically. Cell 2A not reduced, wider than cell 1A postmedially; alula vestigial, pos- terior margin straight. Stigmatic area lightly pig- mented. Calypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs brown. Halter light brown, knob dark brown. Legs mostly with black scales, some white scales pos- teriorly on fore and middle femora and tibiae. Middle femur with one anteroventral bristle; row of macro- chaetae on hind femur incomplete basally. Antero- dorsal surface of fore tibia with a few weak macrochaetae anterodorsally; hind tibia with a single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. First abdominal tergum with white pile laterally; lateral margins of terga two through four with black pile and linear black scales. Posterior margin of first tergum with dense, linear, white scales. Discs of terga two through four and a medial spot on five with linear black scales; remainder of fifth tergum and sixth and seventh with dense, posteriorly produced, lanceolate, truncate, overlapping, white scales. Venter with white and yellow setae anteriorly and black setae posteriorly, a few white scales anteriorly and a few black scales posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 72).?Gonocoxites broad basally, tapering apically; apices with flat digitate areas ventrally defined by sharp lateral and mesal carinae. Basal segment of gonostylus rounded dorsally and acute apically in lateral view, extending little past the bases of the distal segments in ventral view. Distal segment of gonostylus triangular basally in ventral view, cy- lindrical and gradually tapering in lateral view, extend- ing dorsolaterally with a preapical dorsolateral blunt tooth, and with the distal part angled sharply outward forming a sharp tooth and a flat apical surface; setae fine, on ventral and interior surfaces toward base. Dor- sal part of apex of epiphallus with a medial sharp tooth extending upward and backward at a 60? angle, curving downward laterally, apex deeply emarginate in dorsal view; ventrolateral part bluntly rounded apically in lateral view. Dorsal bands narrow, not united mesally toward apex, without setae. Base of aedeagus broad but not bulbous, tapering gradually to junction with ventral bands beyond dorsal bands in lateral view. VARIATION.?The only additional specimen of this species, a male, is similar in almost every respect to the holotype. The contact of cells 1M2 and Cui is slightly shorter than the width of cell Cu^ DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax laticellus is known only from the holotype and paratype. It may occur through- out the forested areas of northern and eastern Arizona. HOLOTYPE.?<$, "Gr. Can." (Grand Canyon?), VII-11 (Adams collection) (RHP). PARATYPE.?Arizona: Cochise Co., d, Texas Pass, Dragoon Mts., VII-21-1917 (C.U.Expedit.) (NLM). DISCUSSION.?The holotype is in rather poor con- dition. The left antenna is missing, and the front and face are covered with dirt. Part of the right wing is missing. The paratype lacks the apical segment of both antennae and five legs. Despite the poor condi- tion of the types, this species is being described in or- der to make this revision as complete as possible. Anthrax laticellus differs from other members of the argyropygus complex in having cell 2A of the wings as broad as cell 1A with its posterior margin strongly convex and having spots of darker pigment at the bases of cells R4, R2+3, R5, and Cui. Anthrax angustipennis Macquart Anthrax angustipennis Macquart, 1840, p. 64. Argyramoeba angustipennis.?Kert6sz, 1909, p. 60. Anthrax binotatus Macquart, 1846, p. 113. MALE.?Body black, femora and tibiae dark red; integument brown and gray pruinose. Front with black setae and a few black scales; setae on face black or mixed yellow and black. Occiput with black setae and a few black scales; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black exteriorly and white interiorly above, mostly white below. First antennal segment about as long as apical width; second segment globular; base of third 66 segment flattened laterally, tapering abruptly to styli- form part, about as broad as second segment in lateral view; styliform part slightly longer than base, about twice as long as style (Figure 107). Discs of mesonotum and scutellum with linear black scales, gold scales sometimes present laterally. Sterno- pleuron, lower half of mesopleuron, and anterior part of pteropleuron with fine black setae and linear yellow, black, or white scales. Pile on prosternum, propleuron, dorsal half of mesopleuron, and anterior margin of mesonotum white, some black hairs and setae on last two, or with predominantly black pile on last three. Postalar tuft of pile white. Fore coxa with black or white bristles and yellow, white, or black scales; mid- dle and hind coxae with black bristles and black and/or yellow, or white scales. Hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Wing (Plate 5d) pigmented anteriorly and basally, hyaline posteriorly; pigment filling cells G, Sc, and Ri, filling cell R2+3 to base of cell R4 and along apical mar- gin to apex; margin of pigment extending posteriorly from base of cell R4 to base of cell R5; and thence to posterior margin at basal third of cell 2A. Base of cell R? angled, with short spur; r-m crossvein at basal two- fifths of cell 1M2, base of vein R2+3 slightly basad; con- tact of cells 1M2 and Cux about 2.5 times longer than width of base of cell Cui; cell 1A puncuform apically; cell 2A somewhat narrowed, narrower than cell 1A postmedially; alula reduced, posterior margin straight. Stigmatic area heavily pigmented; calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs black. Stem of halter brown, knob brown basally, yellow apically. Fore and middle femora with black scales anteriorly and a few white scales posteriorly; hind femur with black scales; fore and middle tibiae with black scales anteriorly and white scales posteriorly; hind tibia with black scales. Middle femur with three or four weak macrochaetae anteroventrally; fore tibia with complete row of macrochaetae anterodorsally, hind tibia with single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with yel- low or white pile ventrally and black and brown pile dorsally; lateral margins of terga two through five with black setae, hairs, and scales. Posterior margin of first tergum with linear black scales; discs of terga two through four and sometimes center of five with linear black scales. Remainder of terga with dense, overlap- ping, posteriorly produced, lanceolate-truncate, white scales. Venter with yellow or black setae and white or black scales. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY MALE OENITALIA (Figure 69).?Gonocoxites long and narrow, slightly folded inward along mesal line apically; apices obtusely angled in ventral view; upper margins lined with setae, ventral parts with setae four- fifths of way to base. Basal segment of gonostylus nor- mally developed, evenly rounded dorsally in lateral view, with a few fine setae mesally in ventral view; dis- tal segment of gonostylus ovoid, with blunt tooth api- cally, with fine setae ventrally toward base. Dorsal part of apex of epiphallus bluntly rounded apically in dorsal view, evenly rounded laterally, with sharp projection basally; ventrolateral part evenly rounded outward, downward and inward from dorsal part and apex of basal bands, rounded basad apically. Dorsal bands with numerous setae both before and after their junction. Basal part of aedeagus long and slender, almost tubular, tapering slightly to junction with ventral bands beyond junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Wing (Plate be) less extensively pig- mented; pigmented area extending out to a line extend- ing from tip of vein R t across cells R! and R2+3 to a point on vein R4+5 one-half to four-fifths of way to its bifurcation, diagonally across cell R5 to a point on vein M1+2 one-fifth to one-half of way to its bifurcation, and then basally in a straight line to tip of vein 1 A, or curv- ing across apex of cell 1A to hind margin midway in cell 2A. Contact of cells 1M2 and Cui only slightly longer than width of base of cell Gu!. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 85).?Tenth tergum with about 21 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum relatively broad, apex bilobed and turned in- ward distally. Dorsomedial corner of sclerite on each side of gonopore with very small dorsal angle; lateral arm very short, apically rounded; ventral arm long, broadened parallel to meson and tapering to sharp, mesally curved apex. Each duct of spermathecae about 3 times as long as bulb; first section very short, middle section about 1.5 times longer than third section which is slightly longer than bulb, expanded distally and with small expansions postbasally; bulb long and slender, symmetrical, about 3 times longer than wide and dis- tinctly darker than duct DISTRIBUTION.?The few specimens available of this species indicate that it occurs in the tropical rain forest of northern South America and in the Serra do Mar in eastern Brazil (Map 19). TYPES.?The type male of Anthrax angustipennis is in the Paris Museum. According to notes supplied by R. H. and E. M. Painter, it carries the labels "No. 905 Anthrax angustipennis" and "Sources de l'oyapok 2896, NUMBER 4 3 67 jA ' SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION f t ) > ?-?.-...x.- MAP 19.?Distribution of Anthrax angustipennis. 68 9?." It is badly rubbed, and the third antennal seg- ments are missing. Specimens from the Amazon region of Brazil agree well with the redescription of the type given by Painter and Painter. The type-locality given in Macquart's description is "De la Guyane, aux sources de l'Oyapock." The river Oiapoque separates French Guiana from the Territorio do Amapa, Brazil. According to notes supplied by R. H. and E. M. Painter, the two female types of Anthrax binotatus Macquart are in the Bigot collection of the British Museum under the label "Anthrax binotatus, n. sp." in Macquart's handwriting, pasted on a larger label with "Nova Grenada Nomm. par Macq." One of the speci- mens is headless but otherwise in good condition; the other has the third segments of the antennae missing, part of the head eaten, and a dense covering of fungus. Specimens from northern South America agree well with a redescription prepared by Painter. The type- locality is probably the island of Grenada in the British West Indies. DISCUSSION.?Females of angustipennis may be readily distinguished from females of related species by the absence of pigment in cell R t beyond the apex of vein Ri and by the absence of a postbasal spot in cell R5. Males may be distinguished by the ovoid, flattened distal segment of the gonostylus of the male genitalia and by the distinctive wing pattern. Anthrax angusti- pennis may distinguished from other species in South America by the greatly reduced, straight-margined alula. An interesting male specimen from Jatai, Goias, Brazil, appears to be a hybrid between angustipennis and macquarti. The wings are like those of angusti- pennis except that a patch of pigment extends into cell R5 postbasally as in macquarti. The genitalia are nearer those of macquarti, the gonocoxites being short and broad, and the distal segment of the gonostylus styliform, although broadened in lateral view. The apex of the epiphallus has a dorsal plate as in mac- quarti, but the ventrolateral part projects laterally and posteriorly. The dorsal bands have setae as in angustipennis. This suggests that macquarti and aus- trinus are more closely related to angustipennis than to the analis complex. Anthrax argyropygus argyropygus Wiedemann Anthrax argyropygus Wiedemann, 1828, p. 313 [argyro- Pyg<*]-?Curran, 1927, p. 85 [argyropyga].?Brimley, 1938, p. 341 [argyropyga].?Painter and Painter, 1962, p. 71.? Krombein, 1967, p. 397. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Argyramoeba argyropyga.?Osten Sacken, 1877, p. 242.? Osten Sacken, 1878, p. 89.?jCoquillett, 1894, p. 95.? Johnson, 1895, p. 325.?Kertesz, 1909, p. 61. Spongostylum argyropyga.?Aldrich, 1905, p. 222 [Spogo- gostylum].?Johnson, 1913, p. 54 [Spogostylum].?Cole, Malloch, and McAtee, 1924, p. 185 [Spogostylum]. Argyramoeba contigua Loew, 1869, p. 30; 1872, p. 144. MALE.?Body black, tibiae red; integument mostly gray and brown pruinose, eye margins silver pruinose. Front with black setae and linear scales; setae on face mixed black and white, extending almost to antennae. Setae and scales on occiput entirely black, or black above and white below; fringe of hairs on posterior margin black above and mixed black and white below, or black exteriorly and white interiorly above and white below. First antennal segment about 1.5 times longer than apical width; second segment lenticular; base of third segment flattened laterally, about as wide as sec- ond segment, narrowing abruptly to styliform part which is about equal in length to base and style (Figure 110). Disc of mesonotum with linear black scales; mar- gins with black scales, or often with linear gold scales in front of wing or along entire margin, in a posterior triangular area, and along anterior margin; white scales sometimes in front of wing when gold scales are absent. Disc of scutellum with linear black scales; posterior margin usually with gold scales, often with white scales medially and sometimes along entire mar- gin; anterior margin often with gold scales. Sterno- pleuron, lower half of mesopleuron, and anterior half of pteropleuron with yellow, black, or mixed, fine setae, and yellow and white linear scales. Dorsal part of mesopleuron with black, or mixed gold and black, setae and white, or mixed white and yellow pile. Pro- sternum with white pile, some black hairs rarely inter- mixed, propleuron with white pile, or often with yellow hairs intermixed and rarely with some black hairs; anterior margin of mesonotum with white and black, or white, yellow and black pile. Anterior coxa with black and white, or black, yellow, and white bristles and yellow, white, or mixed, scales; middle and hind coxae with black, or black and gold bristles, and gold, yellow, black, white, or mixed, scales. Metapleuron sometimes with a few scdles posteroventral to spiracle. Wing (Plate 5i) pigmented brown anterobasally, hyaline posteriorly; pigment filling cells C and Sc, cell Ri entirely pigmented except a crescent-shaped area along posterior margin preapically, and rarely a linear hyaline area submedially and basally; pigment usually extending from apex of cell Rx across cell R2+3; cell NUMBER 43 69 R2+3 filled to base of cell R4 except for a triangular area along posterior margin before base of cell R4, entire posterior part of cell rarely hyaline, a triangular area of pigment usually extending from cell R2+3 into cell R5 between bases of cells R2+3 and R4; extreme base of cell R4 often pigmented; cell R entirely pig- mented, or often with subhyaline or hyaline area pre- apically; cell M entirely pigmented; cell 1M2 usually filled out to a line from r-m crossvein to near base of cell Cui, rarely only at extreme base; base of cell Cui pigmented or rarely entirely hyaline; apical margin of pigment running from base of cell Cux to posterior margin, leaving apical one-third to two-thirds of cell 2A hyaline. Base of cell R4 angled, often with short spur; r-m crossvein at basal two-fifths of cell 1M2, base of cell R2+3 at or slightly before r-m crossvein. Contact of cells 1M2 and Cui 2.0 to 2.5 times as long as width of base of cell Cui; cell 1A narrowly to broadly open apically. Cell 2A narrower than cell 1A postmedially, posterior margin incurved; alula vestigial, posterior margin straight. Stigmatic area moderately pigmented. Calypter pigmented, fringe of hairs yellow and white. Halter dark brown or black, knob black or yellow at extreme apex. Scales on fore and middle femora black anteriorly, white, yellow or mixed posteriorly, rarely entirely black, hind femur with yellow and white scales postero- basally, and black scales anteroapically, scales rarely entirely black. Scales on fore and middle tibiae black anteriorly, white posteriorly; scales on hind tibia black. Middle femur with five or six macrochaetae antero- ventrally; hind femur with complete row of macro- chaetae anteroventrally. Anterodorsal margin of fore tibia with weak macrochaetae on apical half; hind tibia with a single row of macrochaetae anterodorsally. Sides of first abdominal tergum with white pile, usually with some yellow hairs and black setae, rarely predominantly brown and yellow; sides of terga two through four with black setae, hairs, and linear scales. Posterior margin of first tergum with long, gold or white scales, or with white scales laterally and gold scales medially. Discs of terga two through four and center of five with linear black scales; linear gold scales usually in lateral bands posteriorly on two through four and on anterolateral corners of two, some- times extending entirely across segments; abdomen rarely without gold scales. Lateral thirds of fifth ter- gum, and six and seventh with dense, overlapping, posteriorly produced, lanceolate, truncate, white scales. Venter with sparse, fine setae, white anteriorly, yellow posteriorly and sometimes on first sternum; scales on sterna usually white; yellow or black scales sometimes present. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 66).?Gonocoxites long, broad basally, tapering apically beyond middle; apices bluntly angled dorsally in lateral view and apically in ventral view. Basal segment of gonostylus rounded dor- sally in lateral view, with two short setaceous, mem- branous lobes mesally in ventral view; apical segment of gonostylus short, extending outward and slightly apicad, triangular basally in ventral view, with a short styliform part, apex slightly bent dorsoapically. Apex of epiphallus with a convex, transverse shieldlike strur- ture above, with sharp dorsolateral angles, without a medial angle, and shallowly emarginate apically below; ventrolateral area rounded below, diagonally truncate apicoventrally. Dorsal bands united apically, with numerous setae both before and after junction. Base of aedeagus narrow and tubular, tapering slightly to junction with ventral bands well before junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Thoracic pleura with mostly white scales and pile; coxae with white scales and mostly with white bristles. Pigment on wing (Plate 5;) more extensive, cell Rs filled to base of cell R4, a crescent-shaped hyaline area sometimes present post- basally; pigment sometimes extending along base of cell Mi ; cell 1M2 pigmented out to base of cell 2M2; cells 1A and 2A entirely pigmented except for apices; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui about 1.5 times as long as width of base of cell CUL Light scales on legs usually mostly white rather than yellow. Gold scales on abdom- inal terga usually less extensive, sometimes absent; white scales on posterior terga restricted to lateral margins of fifth tergum. Venter usually with numerous linear black scales posteriorly, sometimes with black setae posteriorly. FEMALE OENITALIA (Figure 86).?Tenth tergum with about 18 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum parallel sided, not enlarged apically. Dorsomedial corner of sclerite on each side of gonopore not produced, with a sharp angle dorsally; lateral arm short and acute; ventral arm narrow and parallel sided. Each spermathecal duct about 3.5 times longer than bulb; first section very short; second section about 2.5 times longer than third, which is about as long as bulb and expanded apically; bulb cylindrical, about 3 times longer than wide, broadest subapically and not well defined from duct. 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY DISTRIBUTION.?Anthrax argyropygus argyropygus occurs in forested areas throughout eastern United States and along the east coast of Mexico (Map 20). The few specimens available from Mexico seem to indicate that it is allopatric to argyropygus albosparsus. TYPES.?According to Painter and Painter (1962), the apparent type male of Anthrax argyropygus Wiede- mann is in the Vienna Museum. The specimen is in good condition except that it lacks the third segment of the right antenna. It carries the labels "America" and "argyropyga Alte Sammlung" which are not in Wiedemann's handwriting. Wiedemann recorded the type-locality as "Vaterland?." The redescription of the specimen agrees well with typical males from southeastern United States. The type female of Argyramoeba contigua Loew is presumably with the remainder of Loew's types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer- sity. The type-locality is Virginia. The description agrees well with typical specimens from that area. BIOLOGY.?One reared specimen has been seen in the collections examined by the author. It emerged from the nest of a "Trypoxylonid" (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Krombein (1967) reared this subspecies from Trypargilum collinum collinum (Smith), T. c. rubrocinctum (Packard), T. striatum (Provancher), T'. tridentatum archboldi (Krombein) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), Ancistrocerus catskill catskill (Saussure), Stenodynerus fulvipes fulvipes (Saussure), S. pulvina- tus surrufus Krombein, S. saecularis rufulus Bohart, S. beameri Bohart, and Pachodynerus erynnis (Lepele- tier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). SCALE 00 ZOO 300 400 5OO 600 700 6O0 900 1000 MILES 200 AOO 800 800 I0O0 1200 I?OO KILOMETERS x - LAMBERT'S AZIMUTHAL EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION MAP 20.?Distribution of Anthrax argyropygus argyropygus (vertical lines), A. argyropygus albosparsus (horizontal lines) and A. argyropygus painteri (diagonal lines). NUMBER 4 3 DISCUSSION.?Specimens from southeastern United States are usually darker than those from other regions, having the gold scales on the thorax and abdomen less extensive or absent. Two variant specimens in poor condition from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, appear to belong to this subspecies. They have more exten- sive patches of gold scales on the thorax and abdomen than the other specimens available from Mexico. The genitalia of the male have the dorsolateral corners of the apex of the epiphallus acutely angled rather than bluntly angled as in specimens from the United States. The female has the pigment in cell R8 of the wing ex- tending broadly along the base of cell M^ Another male labeled Tehuantepec has genitalia like those of a. albosparsus (Bigot). The interrelationships of the subspecies of argyropy- gus are not well understood. Anthrax a. painteri seems to be isolated in the mountainous area of eastern and southern Arizona. Anthrax a. argyropygus and a. albo- sparsus, on the other hand, seem to be allopatric or perhaps even partially sympatric in southern Mexico. Specimens that appear related to each species have been seen from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Many more specimens from critical areas in southern Mexico will be required to determine the true relationships of the taxa. Both a. argyropygus and a. albosparsus may be dis- tinguished from a. painteri by the presence of pigment in cell M in the male and in the apical half of cell 1A in the female. Mexican specimens of a. argyropygus may be separated from a. albosparsus by the presence of linear gold scales on the mesonotum, scutellum, and anterior abdominal terga, and by the numerous black and gold hairs and setae on the pleura of the females. Anthrax argyropygus painteri, new subspecies MALE.?Body black, tibiae red; integument blue gray and brown pruinose, eye margins silver pruinose. Front with black setae and a few black and white scales; face with mixed black and white setae. Occiput with black setae on upper two-thirds, with white setae below; scales on occiput mostly white, a few black ones dorsally; fringe of pile on posterior margin black ex- teriorly and white interiorly on upper third, white on lower two-thirds. First antennal segment about 1.5 times longer than apical width; second segment lentic- ular; base of third segment flattened laterally, nar- rowing abruptly to styliform part, about as wide as second segment in lateral view; styliform part slightly 71 longer than base, 1.0 to 1.5 times longer than style (Figure 112). Disc of mesonotum with linear black scales; a few linear gold scales on lateral margin in front of base of wing, and on anterior half and posterior part of disc. Scutellum with linear black scales on disc and linear white scales on posterior margin, a few gold scales laterally. Sternopleuron, mesopleuron, and anterior half of pteropleuron with white setae and scales, a few coarse black and gold setae on mesopleuron and ptero- pleuron; upper half of mesopleuron with white pile. Prostemum, propleuron, and anterior margin of meso- notum with white pile; postalar tuft of pile black. Coxae with coarse white and black bristles, white scales, and a few yellow bristles. Hypopleuron and metapleuron bare. Wing (Plate 5g) mostly hyaline, cells C and Sc pigmented light brown; bases of cells R2+3 and R5 nar- rowly surrounded by pigment; vein R2+3 narrowly lined with pigment as far as base of cell R?; a small spot pres- ent apically in cell Ri; spur at base of cell R* narrowly lined with pigment; small spots present at bases of cells Cui and 1M2 and in cell R below base of Ri; base of wing filled out to base of cell M. Base of cell R4 angled, with long spur; r-m crossvein at basal third of cell 1M2; base of vein R2+3 slightly basal to r-m crossvein; contact of cells 1M2 and Cui about four times as long as width of base of cell Cu*; cell 1A broadly open; cell 2A reduced, narrower than cell 1A; alula vestigial, posterior margin straight. Calypter lightly pigmented, fringe of hairs white. Halter brown, knob yellow posteriorly at tip. Fore and middle femora with black scales anteriorly and some white and yellow scales posteriorly, posterior femur with yellow scales covering basal third poste- riorly and extreme base anteriorly, remainder with black scales. Fore and middle tibiae with black scales anteriorly and white scales posteriorly, hind tibia with black scales. Middle femur with three macrochaetae anteroventrally; hind femur with a complete row of macrochaetae anteroventrally; fore tibia with a few weak macrochaetae anterodorsally. Lateral margins of first abdominal tergum with white pile; lateral margins of terga two through four with black setae, hairs and linear scales, some gold scales and hairs anteriorly on second. Posterior margin of first tergum with long, lanceolate white scales; discs of terga two through four and middle of five with linear black scales, narrow bands of linear gold scales on anterior and posterior margins of two and posterior 72 margin of three. Lateral thirds of fifth tergum and sixth and seventh with dense, overlapping, posteriorly produced, lanceolate, truncate, white scales. Venter with yellow and white setae and white scales, some black setae and scales posteriorly. MALE GENITALIA (Figure 68).?Gonocoxites short, broad basally, tapering, relatively broad apically; apices with sharp dorsal angles in lateral view, concave laterally and bluntly angled apically in ventral view. Basal segment of gonostylus sharply curved dorsally in lateral view, with narrow, membranous lobe medially in ventral view, lobe covered with fine setae; distal seg- ment of gonostylus triangular basally, tapering outward to a short styliform apex which is slightly expanded and truncate. Setae on gonocoxites extending back as far as medial fold, densest apically below; base of distal seg- ment of gonostylus with fine setae. Dorsal part of apex of epiphallus formed as a transverse convex shield with sharp lateral angles and a very small medial angle dor- sally, with a deep, right-angled apical emargination below; ventrolateral part extending beyond dorsal part as narrow truncate lobe. Dorsal bands with numer- ous setae, united mesally, broadly curved to junction with apex of epiphallus. Base of aedeagus narrow and tubular, tapering gradually to junction with ventral bands well before junction of dorsal bands. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Wing (Plate 5h) more extensively pigmented; cell Ri filled except for a cres- cent-shaped hyaline area preapically along posterior margin, pigment extending apically into cell R2+3; cell R2+3 filled to base of cell R4 except for a small hyaline area before base of cell R4 posteriorly; a triangular area extending from cell R2+3 into R5 midway between bases of cells R2+3 and R4; bases of cells R5, 1M2, and Cut pigmented; cells R and M completely filled, anter- obasal part of cell 1A filled. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 88).?Tenth tergum with about 16 spines on each side. Ventral arm of ninth tergum narrow basally, broadened apically to form a flat, mesally projecting flat plate. Dorsomedial angle of sclerite on each side of gonopore not projecting, obtusely rounded; lateral arm tapering to sharp, slightly upcurved apex; ventral arm parallel sided on basal two-thirds before tapering to sharp apex. Each duct of spermathecae about 3.5 times longer than bulb; basal section very short; middle section about 1.75 times longer than apical section which is slightly longer than bulb and expanded apically; bulb sym- metrical, elongate elliptical, slightly wider postbasally. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY VARIATION.?The additional specimens examined do not vary significantly from the holotype and allotype. DISTRIBUTION.?The few specimens available of painteri were collected in mountainous areas in south- eastern Arizona (Map 20). It may also occur in ad- jacent areas of similar habitat in central Arizona, western Texas and extreme north-central Mexico. HOLOTYPE.? o*, Southwest Research Station, 5 mi. W Portal, Pima Co., Arizona, VIII-13-1959, 5400 feet (H. E. Evans) (RHP). ALLOTYPE.? ?., Washington, Santa Cruz Co., Ari- zona, VIII-6-1932 (R. H. Painter) (RHP). PARATYPES.?Arizona: Cochise Co., y Dr. C. D. Michener and Padre J. S. Moure to contain larvae and pupae of an undetermined bombyliid (Hurd, 1958). This is the first record of beefly parasitism of a South American Xylocopa. Since An- thrax simson is known to occur in the vicinity where the nest was located, it quite possibly may have been the species in- volved. Since no specimens have been seen from south of Venezuela, validity of this record cannot be verified. DISCUSSION.?One specimen of s. simson, from Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, lacks the crossvein between the in crossvein and vein Cu! which is characteristic of species of the tigrinus group. Anthrax simson simson differs from (ielila, xyloco- pae, and tigrinus by having the veins of the wing light reddish brown, contrasting with the surrounding pig- ment, rather than dark brown or red and not con- trasting. The pigment also is distinctly lighter in s. simson. The relationship of s. simson to s. habrosus is discussed under the latter. Anthrax simson habrosus, new subspecies Argyramoeba simson.?-Williston, 1901, p. 275 [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Spongostylum simson.?Aldrich, 1905, p. 223 [part] [Spogo- stylum] [not Fabricius, 1805; misidentification]. Argyramoeba tigrina.?Kertesz, 1909, p. 67 [part] [not De- Geer, 1776, misidentification]. Anthrax tigrinus.?Painter and Painter, 1965, p. 432 [part] [not DeGeer, 1776, misidentification]. MALE.?Setae on face and front reddish brown. Scales on front mostly yellowish white and tan, darker above; scales on face yellowish white and tan. Setae and scales on genae tan. Fringe of pile on posterior mar- gin of occiput yellowish brown basally, white apically. Setae on mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum with large anteromedial patch of gold scales. Gold and white scales more extensive than black scales on mesonotum. Pile on prosternum and propleuron light brown. Setae on mesopleuron, sternopleuron, and anterior part of pteropleuron light reddish brown; scales white, upper part of mesopleuron with dense white pile. Coxae with dark reddish-brown setae and gold scales. Wing pigmented as in Plate 6/. Pigment brown, veins light brown, contrasting. Spur at base of cell R+ connected to vein R2+3 to form complete sectoral cross- vein. Spot at base of cell 3M2 broadly connected along vein Cux to spot at base of cell 2M2, but not connected to spot at base of cell Mj. NUMBER 4 3 121 Pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum reddish brown posteroventrally to black anterodorsally on anteroventral nine-tenths. Dark setae on terga red- dish brown; few light brown scales intermixed with black scales. Setae on venter reddish brown. Scales light brown basally and white apically on proximal segments, entirely white on distal segments. MALE GENITALIA.?See generic description and Fig- ure 127. FEMALE.?Similar to male. Setae on front mostly black; some black setae intermixed on face. Setae on mesonotum, thoracic pleura, and coxae black. Pile on prosternum and propleuron dark reddish brown and black. Scales on mesopleuron, sternopleuron, and an- MAP 27.?Distribution of Anthrax tigrinus (triangles and vertical lines), simson simson (squares and diagonal lines), and A. simson habrosus (circles and horizontal lines). 122 terior part of pteropleuron mixed gold and white. Dark pile on lateral margins of first abdominal tergum black: setae black on anterior parts of terga. Setae on venter dark reddish brown; scales mostly black, some white scales laterally along posterior margins of sterna. FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 121).?Ninth tergum with about 22 spines on each side. Middle sections of ducts of spermathecae lightly sclerotized, slightly darker than other sections; smaller bulbs slightly asym- metrical, obovate in outline, about 2.0 times longer than maximum diameter, larger bulb only slightly broader than smaller ones. VARIATION.?Males may have numerous black setae intermixed with reddish brown ones on the front, mesonotum, and abdomen. The setae on the pleura may be partly or entirely black and there may be numerous black scales, especially on the mesopleuron. The pile on the prosternum and propleuron varies from light brown to black. The dark pile on the lateral margins of the first abdominal tergum varies from light tan to black, being darker on females. Gold or brown scales may be absent on the scutellum and abdominal terga. The white scales on the abdominal sterna may be less extensive in both sexes. The sectoral crossvein on the wings is incomplete in some specimens, in which case the spur at the base of cell R4 is about twice as long as the r-m crossvein. The pigmented area at the base of cell 3M2 often is connected to that at the base of cell Ma. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY.?Anthrax simson hab- rosus occurs in desert and semidesert areas from Ari- zona, southern California, and Baja California south along the Pacific coast to Chiapas, Mexico, and pos- sibly into western Guatemala (Map 27). It is allo- patric to delila in southern California. Although the two have been collected together at several localities, A. s. habrosus and A. xylocopae are generally allo- patric in east-central Arizona. In southeastern Mexico, s. habrosus appears to be allopatric to s. simson, the former occupying drier areas on the Pacific side; the latter, wetter areas on the Atlantic side. HOLOTYPE?cf, Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona, VI-17- 1954 (R. S. Beal) (A taken in copulation with speci- men "B") (UCAL). ALLOTYPE.? 9 , Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona, VI-17- 1954 (R. S. Beal) (B taken in copulation with speci- men "A") (UCAL). PARATYPES.?Arizona: Coconino Co., 2cf, Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon, VIII-4-1917 (E. C. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Shannon) (Cornell U. Lot 869, Sub. 2) (CNLL, RHP) ; d, Oak Creek Canyon, VIII-4-1961, 3500 feet (G. C. Eickwort) (MSU) ; rf, duct of spermatheca; ssc, sclerite on each side of spermathecal duct; 9 th T, ninth tergum. 132 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 55 FIGURES 50-61.?Male genitalia of Anthrax, lateral view (at right: above, dorsal view of the apex of epiphallus and below, ventral view of apices of the gonocoxites and gonostyli): 50, argentatus; 51, nitidus; 52, hylaios; 53, cathetodaithmos; 54, luctuosus; 55, koebelei; 56, ater- rimus; 57, hyalacrus; 58, midas; 59, cephus; 60, pluricellus; 61, snowi. Abbreviations: aae, apex of aedeagus; age, apex of gonocoxite; ags, apical segment of gonostylus; bae, base of aedeagus; bap, basal apodeme of aedeagus; bgs, basal segment of gonostylus; dae, dorsal part of apex of epiphallus; drb, dorsal band; lap, lateral apodeme of aedeagus; vae, ventrolateral part of apex of epiphallus; vrb, ventral band. NUMBER 43 133 FIGURES 62?74.?Male genitalia of Anthrax. (At right: above, dorsal view of apex of epiphallus and below, ventral view of apices of gonocoxites and gonostyli): 62, clinopictus; 63, gideon; 64, analis; 65, repertus; 66, argyropygus argyropygus; 67, argyropygus albosparsus; 68, argyropygus painteri; 69, angustipennis; 70, macquarti; 71, austrinus; 72, laticellus; 73, innubilipennis; 74, delicatulus. 134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 10 T FIGURES 75-94.?Anthrax, dorsointcrior view of female genitalia: 75, aterrimus; 76, midas; 77, cephus; 78, hyalacrus; 79, hylaios; 80, cathetodaithmos; 81, luctuosus; 82, costaricensis; 83, pluricellus; 84, argentatus; 85, angustipennis; 86, argyropygus argyropygus; 87, argyropygus albosparsus; 88, argyropygus painteri; 89, macquarti; 90, repertus; 91, clinopictus; 92, funebris; 93, analis; 94, gideon. Abbreviations: jg, sclerite on each side of gonopore; J^ fc, bulbs of sper- mathecae; j?;, spines on tenth tergum; 97", ninth tergum; 707", tenth tergum. NUMBER 43 135 120 FIGURES 95-120.?Anthrax, dorsal (left) and mesal (right) views of antennae: 95, midas; 96, aterrimus; 97, cephus; 98, hyalacrus; 99, luctuosus; 100, inaquosum; 101, nitidus; 102, argentatus; 103, hylaios; 104, snowi; 105, pluricellus; 106, costaricensis; 107, angustipennis; 108, delicatulus; 109, innubilipennis; 110, argyropygus argyropygus; 111, argyropygus albosparsus; 112, argyropy- gus painteri; 113, macquarti; 114, austrinus; 115, funebris; 116, analis; 117, gideonj 118, clinopictus; 119, repertus; 120, laticellus. 369-673 O?70 10 136 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURES 121-127.?Anthrax, female genitalia: 121, simson habrosus; 122, caatingensis; 123, bellulus; 124, latibasis; 125, trimaculatus; 126, mystaceus. Anthrax simson habrosus; 127, male genitalia. Abbreviations: sg, sclerite on each side on gonopore; spb, spermathecal bulb; sps, spines on tenth tergum; spt, spermathecal tubes; 9T3 ninth tergum; 10T, tenth tergum. NUMBER 4 3 137 epm FIGURES 128-135.?Anthrax, male genitalia: 128 latibasis; 129, minimaculatus; 130, squalidus; 131, baliopteros; 132, trimaculatus; 133, bellulus; 134, mystaceus; 135, plurinotus. Abbreviations: aae, apex of aedeagus; age, apex of gonocoxite; ags, apex of gonostylus; bae, base of aedeagus; bap, basal apodeme of aedeagus; bgs, basal segment of gonostylus; cer, cercus; doe, dorsal part of apex of epiphallus; drb, dorsal band; epm, epandrium; lap, lateral apodeme of aedeagus; vae, ventrolateral part of apex of epiphallus; vrb, ventral band. PLATES 369-673 O?70 11 142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY PLATE 2.?Wings of Anthrax: a, stellans, 3 ', h, stellans, $ ; c, seriepunctatus, $ ; d, seriepuncta- tus, $ ; e, pluto pluto, $ ; f, pluto pluto, $ ; g, pluto nigriventris, $ ; h, pluto nigriventris, $ ; i, insulanus, $ ; j , insulanus, $ ; k, atriplex, $ ; I, atriplex, 9 ; m, melanopogon, $ ; n, melano- pogon, $ ; o, cybele; p, tigrinus; q, varicolor varicolor; r, luctuosus; s, trimaculatus. NUMBER 4 3 143 PLATE 3.?Wings of Anthrax; a, analis, typical form, 9 ; b, analis, form grossbecki, $ ; c, analis, form grossbecki, 9 ; d, analis, form cedens, $ ; e, analis, form cedens, 9 ; f, argentatus, $ ; g, xanthomeros, 9 ; h, argyropygus albosparsus, $ ; i, argyropygus albosparsus, 9 ; j , nitidus, 9 ; k, inaquosum, 9 ? 144 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY g PLATE 4.?Wings of Anthrax: a, snowi, $ ; b, costaricensis, $ ; c, cephus, $ ; d, aterrimus, $ ; e, midas, $ ; /, hyalacrus, $ ; g, hylaios, 9 ; h, clinopictus, $ ; i, gideon, $ ; ;, repertus, S ; k, funebris, $ ; /, luctuosus, 2 . NUMBER 4 3 145 9 PLATE 5.?Wings of Anthrax: a, delicatulus, S ; b, delicatulus, $ ; c, innubilipennis, $ ; d, angustipennis, $ ; e, angustipennis, 5 ; f, laticellus, S ; g, argyropygus painteri, $ ; h, argyropygus painteri, 9 ; i, argyropygus argyropygus, $ ; j , argyropygus argyropygus, $ ; k, macquarti, 9 ; /, austrinus, $ . g PLATE 6.?-Wings of Anthrax: a, plurinolus; b, baliopteros; c, trimaculatus; d, caatingensis; e, minimaculatus; f, latibasis; g, bellulus; h, squalidus; i, mystaceus; j , delila; k, simson simson; I, simson habfosus; m, xylocopae; n, tigrinus. Index Anthrax Species (Synonyms and homonyms are in italics, pages with principal accounts are in boldface.) acroleucus, 3, 85, 87 aequa, 3, 16, 17 analis, 2, 3, 4, 5, 37, 38, 40, 44, 46, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 133, 134, 135, 140 analis, form cedens, 3, 44, 89, 91, 92, 140 analis, form grossbecki, 3, 43, 44,61, 89,91, 92, 93, 140 angustipennis, 3, 40, 41, 42, 65, 66, 67, 68, 77, 80, 133, 134, 135,142 argentatus, 3, 4, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 91, 132, 134, 135, 140 argyropygus albosparsus, 3, 40, 42, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 133, 134, 135,140 argyropygus argyropygus, 3, 37, 40, 42, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 96,133, 134,135,142 argyropygus painteri, 40, 41, 42, 70, 71, 72, 133, 134,135, 142 aterrimus, 3, 39, 42, 56, 59, 60,61, 93, 132, 134, 135, 138, 141 atriplex, 9, 10, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 130, 131, 139 austrinus, 40, 41, 42, 68,80, 81,84, 133, 135,142 baliopteros, 95, 96, 97, 105, 106, 107, 137, 143 bellulus, 3, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 136, 137, 143 binotatus 3, 65,68 caatingensis, 95, 97, 106,108, 136, 143 calopterus,3,16,17 cathetodaithmos, 37, 39,43,49,50, 132, 134 cephus, 2, 39, 42, 56, 57,58, 59, 60, 89, 91, 93, 132,134, 135, 141 cintalpa, 3, 9,13,14,15,16,129,130,131,138 clinopictus, 40,44, 80, 84, 85, 133,134, 135, 141 contiguus, 3,68, 70 cordillerensis, 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 129, 131, 138 costaricensis, 38,40,41, 62,63,64, 134, 135, 141 crinitus,3, 109, 110 cybele, 3, 4, 7, 9, 34, 35,130, 131, 139 delicatulus, 3, 37,39,41, 42, 76, 77, 133,135, 142 delila, 3, 5, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 143 duodecimpunctatus, 3, 107,108, 110 funebris, 3,5,40,44,88,90,91,92, 134,135, 141 georgicus, 3, 88,89 gideon, 2, 3, 4, 37, 40, 44, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 133, 134, 135, 141 gideon, form propinquus, 3,44,87, 88 guianicus, 3, 53,54 hyalacrus, 3, 43, 55, 56, 132, 134, 135,141 hylaios, 39, 43, 50,51, 52, 53, 132, 134, 135, 141 imitans, 3,98, 99 inappendiculatus, 3,102,103 inaquosum, 5, 40,43,93, 94,107, 135, 140 inexactus, 3, 81, 82 innubilipennis, 37,40, 41, 74, 75, 76, 77,133,135,142 inordinatus, 3, 7,8, 22, 23, 129, 131,138 insulanus, 9, 26, 27, 28,130,131, 139 irroratus.3, 10,11 irroratus irroratus, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 35, 129, 131, 138 irroratus striatipennis, 8, 11, 12,13,14, 131, 138 koebelei.40,43,91,92,132 latelimbatus, 3, 89, 91 latibasis, 95, 96, 97,99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 136, 137, 143 laticellus, 40,41, 64,65, 133, 135, 142 leucopygus, 3, 54, 77, 78 leucopygus, 3, 54, 77, 78 limatulus fur, 4 luctuosus, 3, 37, 39, 43,47,48,49, 50,132,134, 135,141 macquarti, 3, 40, 41, 42, 68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 133, 134, 135,142 melanopogon, 3, 10, 32, 33, 130, 139 mexicanus, 3, 53,54 midas, 2, 3, 5,43, 53,54, 55,56, 78,132,134,135,141 minimaculatus, 3, 96,97,104,105, 129,143 mystaceus, 3, 96,97,102,107,108, 109,136,137,143 nitidus, 4, 38, 40, 43,46,47,132, 135,140 occidentalis, 3,88,89 oedipus aquilus, 9,17,18,19, 138 oedipus oedipus, 2, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 129, 130, 131, 138 pauper, 94 peruvianus, 7, 8, 9, 16, 18,19, 20, 21, 23, 129,131,138 pluricellus, 3, 37,40,41,61,62, 63,64, 132,134 plurinotus, 3, 35, 94,96,97,110, 111, 137, 143 pluto nigriventris, 10, 24, 25, 26, 130, 139 pluto pluto, 3, 10, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 130, 131, 139 poecilophora, 3, 22, 23 punctatus, 3,16, 17 punctum, 3,16, 17 repertus, 3, 5, 37, 38, 40, 44, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 133, 134, 135, 141 scriptus,3, 111, 118,119 seriepunctatus, 3, 9, 29, 30, 31, 33,34, 130, 131, 139 147 148 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY simson habrosus, 5, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 136, 143 simson simson, 2, 5, 111, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 143 slossonae, 3, 59, 60 snowi, 40, 41,62, 63, 64, 132, 135, 141 squalidus, 3,96,97,109,110, 137, 143 stellans, 3, 9, 24,28,29, 34,130,139 tigrinus, 2, 3, 111, 113, 114, 115,118,119,120, 139, 143 trimaculatus, 3,5, 94, 95, 96, 97,98, 99, 136, 137, 139, 143 varicolor varicolor, 139 vicinus, 3, 22 vicinus, 3, 22 xanthomeros, 40, 43, 52, 53, 140 xylocopae, 5, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 143 Insect Hosts Ancistrocerus catskill catskill, 70 spinolae, 60 Anthophora species, 11 Ashmediella bucconis denticulata, 11 Chalybion zimmermanni, 62 Cicindela scutellaria, var. lecontei, 89 Diadasia species, 99 Dianthidium heterulkei fraternum, 11 Dianthidium species, 16 Euodynerus megaera, 60 Hylaeus asininus, 11 Isodontia auripes, 60 Megachile chilopsidis, 16 concinna, 16 gentilis, 11,33 nivalis, 11 rotundata, 11 Melitoma euglossoides, 16 Monobia quadridens, 60 Odynerus guadelupensis, 18 Odynerus species, 11 Osmia clarescens, 11 rostrata, 11 Pachodynerus erynnis, 70 Pseudomasaris coquilletti, 11 Sceliphron species, 11 Stenodynerus fulvipcs fulvipcs, 70 pulvinatus surrufus, 70 saecularis rufulus, 70 Trypargilum clavatum, 60 collinum collinum, 70 collinum rubrocinctum, 60, 70 striatum, 60, 70 tridentatum archboldi, 70 Trypoxylon politum, 60 Xylocopa augusti, 5,120 brasiliorum varipuncta, 5 californica arizonensis, 118 tabaniformis orpifex, 116 virginica, 119 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970 O?360-673 Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Manuscripts for serial publications are accepted by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to substantive review, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums. Non- Smithsonian authors should address inquiries to the appropriate department. If submission is invited, the following format requirements of the Press will govern the preparation of copy. (An instruction sheet for the preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.) Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with 1/4" top and left margins, submitted in ribbon copy with a carbon or duplicate, and accompanied by the original artwork. Duplicate copies of all material, including illustrations, should be retained by the author. There may be several paragraphs to a page, but each page should begin with a new paragraph. Number consecutively all pages, including title page, abstract, text, literature cited, legends, and tables. The minimum length is 30 pages of typescript and illustrations. The title should be complete and clear for easy indexing by abstracting services. Taxonomic titles will carry a final line indicating the higher categories to which the taxon is referable: "(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Include an abstract as an introductory part of the text. Identify the author on the first page of text with an unnumbered footnote that includes his professional mailing address. A table of contents is optional. An index, if required, may be supplied by the author when he returns page proof. Two headings are used: (1) text heads (boldface in print) for major sections and chapters and (2) paragraph sideheads (caps and small caps in print) for subdivisions. Further headings may be worked out with the editor. In taxonomic keys, number only the first item of each couplet; if there is only one couplet, omit the number. For easy reference, number also the taxa and their corresponding headings throughout the text; do not incorporate page references in the key. In synonymy, use the short form (taxon, author, date, page) with a full reference at the end of the paper under "Literature Cited." Begin each taxon at the left margin with subsequent lines indented about three spaces. Within a taxon, use a period-dash (.?) to separate each reference. Enclose with square brackets any annotation in or at the end of the taxon. For references within the text, use the author-date system: "(Jones, 1910)" or "Jones (1910)." If the reference is expanded, abbreviate the data: "Jones (1910, p. 122, pi. 20: fig. 1)." Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy. For measurements and weights, use the metric system instead of (or in addition to) the English system. Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively; however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the individual components should be indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: "Figure 9b." If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on pages separate from the text and not attached to the artwork. In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." (For capitaliza- tion of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.) Underscore (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, and page citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures" and "plates" (or "pages" when used alone). For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on "Form 36" (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive 50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be supplied when page proof is forwarded.