25 May 2001 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOC1KTY OF WASHINGTON 1I4(2):497 500. 2001. Parmops echinatus, a new species of flashlight fish (Beryciformes: Anomalopidae) from Fiji G. David Johnson, Johnson Seelo, and Richard H. Rosenblatt (GDJ) Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0109, U.S.A.; (.IS) Marine Studies Programme, The University of the South Paciiie, Suva, Fiji; (RHR) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La .Tolla, California 92093, U.S.A. Abstract. A second .species of the genus Parmops is described from two specimens collected in 440m and 550m respectively in Fiji. Parmops echinatus n.sp. is distinguished most prominently from P. coruscans in lacking midven- tral scutes and an external tooth patch on the lateral face of the dentary, and in having papillose ridges on the gular isthmus, 15 dorsal-fin soft rays, 12 anal- fin soft rays, 15 or 16 pectoral-fins rays, 34 pored lateral-line scales and 14 + 17 vertebrae. The species of the family Anomalopidae were reviewed most recently by McCoskcr & Rosenblatt (1987). Shortly thereafter, Johnson & Rosenblatt (1988) described the anatomy of the mechanisms of light-organ occlusion in the family, introduced a new genus, and proposed a phytogeny of the family. Since that time two additional gen- era and species have been described (Ro- senblatt & Johnson 1991, Baldwin et al. 1997) bringing the total to six genera and seven species. Except for the two monotyp ic New World genera, one each in the west- ern Atlantic and eastern Pacific, all known anomalopids have Indo-Wesi-Pacilic distri- butions. Material from Fiji that has become available recently contains a second and larger specimen of Parmops coruscans and two specimens of an undescribed species that we refer to Parmops. The purposes of this paper are to describe the new species, compare it with and amplify the description of P. coruscans, and to modify the generic- diagnosis of the genus Parmops. Parmops echinatus, new species Fig. I Halotype.? USNM 361379, 46.0 mm SL( sex unknown, off Viti Levu, Fiji, west of fieqa Island and north of Yanuca Island, from a prawn trap in 250 fathoms (440 m) 20 Sept 1983, University of the South Pa- cific (USP) R/V Aphareus. Paratype.?XJNSM 361380, 88.5 mm SL, sex unknown, off the Suva Barrier Reef, from a prawn trap in 300 fathoms (550m), 9 Jul 1981, USP R/V Nautilus. Both specimens now faded and in poor con- dition. Diagnosis.?A Parmops without mid- ventral scutes or an external tooth patch on antcrolateral face of dentary near tip, gular isthmus with papillose ridges, posterior su- pramaxilla comprising one or two autoge- nous pieces posteriorly, and 5 dorsal-Hn spines, 15 dorsal-fin soft rays, 12 anal-fin soft rays, 15 or 16 pectoral-fin rays, 14 117 vertebrae, and 34 pored lateral-line scales. Description.?Counts and measure- ments, in mm, of the holotype and (para- type): dorsal-fin rays V-I,15 (VI, 15); anal- fin rays 11,11(11,11); pectoral-fin rays iil2ii (iillii); pelvic-fin rays 1,5 (1,5); caudal-fin rays 8, J 0+9,8 (8,10+9,8); btanchiostegals 8 (8); gill rakers 8 { 22 (8 1 21); pored lat- eral-line scales 34 (34); scales above lateral line 8 (8); scales between pelvic girdle and anus 12 (12); vertebrae 14+17. Head length 498 PROCEEDINGS Oh'THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY Of WASHING TON Fig. I. Holotype or Parmops cofuscans, USNM 361374, 46 mm SL, right side reversed. 18.8 (28.6); head depth 17.4 (29.4); head width 10.0 (19.9); hilerorbit width 5.0 (8.8); predorsal length 20.8 (36.5); prepelvic length 18.1 (33.5); body depth 18.3 (38.5); caudal-peduncle depth 4.9 (10.0); caudal- peduncle length 11.8 (28.6); snout length 4.6 (7.0); orbit diameter 8.2 (13.7); light- organ length 8.6 (11.7); light-organ depth 2.7 (5.4); pectoral-fin length 9.5 (23.4); pel- vic-fin length 7.9 (15.3). Body compressed, width of head 1.8 in depth, body depth 1.7 in post-head length. Snout blunt, profile sloping forward with little curvature from occiput. Nostrils above anterodorsal margin of eye, the posterior approximately twice as large as anterior. Mouth strongly oblique, tip of lower jaw at level of mid orbit, upper jaw slightly in- cluded. Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior % of eye; postcr- oventral corner not dentigerous, but lightly papillose. Posterior suprainaxilla ovoid, with an anterior process; posterior end of suprainaxilla comprising one autogenous plate in the holotype, two in the paratypc. Anterior suprainaxilla much smaller, com- prising one piece in the holotype, two in the paratype. No enlarged external teeth on dentaries. Vomer toothless, palatines with bands of teeth. Posterior margin of supra- cleilhrum smooth. Inl'raorbitals 1-4 en- larged and laterally flared to form vent.ro- medially sloping shelf effectively widening and deepening subocular pocket that ac- commodates light organ. Lacrima] with two pores and three larger cavities. Postorbital with two skin-covered openings at corner, followed by three openings, the central the largest. Prcopercular canal without bony bridges, except, at corner. Mandibular canal with two pores anteriorly followed by trough roofed by bone only at junction with prcopercular canal. Canals of cranium ap- parently entire but not in good condition. A single lleshy papilla on rear margin of orbit. Subocular light organ and shutter as in P. corns-cans (Jonhson & Rosenblatt 1991, fig. 2). Ovoid organ free except at anterior end, rot at able so that luminous face can be ro- tated dowward into pocket formed by flared inl'raorbitals. Outer margin of adpresscd or- gan well below infraorbital rim. Black elas- tic shutter membrane attached along lateral margin of suborbilal pocket, lying Hat on lloor of pocket when relaxed, with free margin medially. Scales strongly spin old, with rows of almost erect spines on exposed portion. Scales on ventral mid line not en- larged or scute-like. Head scales is in P. cormcans, Gular isthmus with well-devel- oped papillae on transverse ridges. Basal scale sheaths on dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays strongly developed, with a distal en- larged row, covering about 40% of fin. Pseudobranch with about 23 filaments. Spi- nous dorsal fin low, most spines and soft VOI.UMH 114, NUMKHK 2 499 rays damaged, as are the anal-fin rays. Pec- toral fin ungulate, its ventral margin sloping anteriorly. Pelvic (ins extending to within about 40% of eye diameter of anus. Color now faded to brown, but undoubtedly black in life. Etymology.?From the Latin, echinatus, spiny, with reference to the strongly ctenoid scales and well-developed spination on head and fin rays. Occlusion mechanism.?The light organ and associated structures are as in P. co- ruscans. (Sec Rosenblatt and Johnson, 1991, pp. 331-332, fig. 2). Generic placement.?PamtopS echinatus agrees with the character slates defining P. coruscans given in tables I and 2 of Ro- senblatt & Johnson (1991), except that there are more cpincural bones (sec Remarks be- low), 14+17 vertebrae (vs. 14+16), no ex- ternal patch of enlarged teeth on dentary, and no midventral scutes. The latter feature requires modification of the diagnosis of the genus provided by Rosenblatt & Johnson (1991), which included "a row of enlarged scutes on the belly." P. echinatus is the only member of the family (indeed, lor thai matter, of the Trachichthyoidci) without midventral scutes or external teeth on the dentary. The latter can he interpreted as a mailer of degree, as there are leeth on the dorsal surface of the dentary that are visible anteriorly with the mouth closed, but they do not extend around the anterolateral tip to contact the serrate ridges along the ven- tral surface of the dentary as in P. corus- cans. The midventral scales arc neither ridged nor enlarged. Considering the ubiq- uity of scutes and external dentary teelh in Irachiehthyoids, their absence in P. echin- atus is most parsimoniously interpreted as the result of independent reversals. With reference to the most recent cladogram of anomalopid genera (Baldwin ct al. 1997, fig. 4), P. echinatus exhibits four of the five synapomorphies uniting the Protohlephar- on - Phoioblepharon clade (the exception being the external dentary tooth patch), the four uniting the Purmops - Phoioblepharon clade, and lacks the two uniting Phthano- phaneron with Kryptophanaron and the one uniting the I alter two genera. Its placement as the sister taxon of P. coruscans (and thus within the genus Parmops) is supported by the apomorphic expanded infraorbitals and the resultant subocular pocket configuration it shares with that species. Remarks.?The Fiji material includes the second known specimen of P. coruscans (USNM 361381), which is considerably larger than the holotype. It was caught off Suva Barrier Reef in 240 fathoms (440 m) in August 1983 in a prawn/Nautilus trap from the USP R/V Nautilus. Its counts and measurements in mm are: Dorsal-fin rays VI, 16; anal-fin rays II, 12; pectoral-fin rays iil3ii; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; caudal-fin rays 10,10+9,10; branchios- tcgal rays 8; gill rakers I 1+23; lateral-line scales 31; scale rows above lateral line 8; vertebrae 14+16. Standard length 66.5; head length 25.2; predorsal length 30.5; prepelvic length 34.5; body depth 34.0; caudal-peduncle length 21.9; caudal-pedun- cle depth 8.4; head length 25.2; snout length 6.4; eye diameter 11.4; orbit diam- eter 13.1; light-organ length 8.3; light-organ depth 3.1; pectoral fin length 17.0; pelvic- fin length 15.2; first dorsal spine length 4.5; fifth dorsal spine length 6.4; upper caudal- lobe length 17.6; middle caudal-lin ray length 8.3. The larger specimen agrees well with the description of the much smaller holotype, except that the pectoral lin is proportionate- ly longer, (about 1.2, rather than 1.5, in the head), the second anal-fin spine is fully transformed and unsegmented, the poster- oventral corner of the maxilla is strongly dentigerous, and the anterior supramaxilla is fused to the maxilla. The median fins of the holotype are damaged. In the present specimen the borders of the soft dorsal and anal fins slope evenly backward and the caudal fin is forked, as is typical for the family. Johnson & Rosenblatt (1988, table 1) re- ported incorrectly that Phthanophaneron, 500 PKOCKKPINGS ()l I'HH tUOLOGICAl, SOCIKTY Oh' WASHINGTON Kryptophanaron, and Photoblepharon have epineural bones (their "cpiplcural ribs") on only the first two vertebrae. There is con- siderably more variability. Patterson & Johnson 1995 (table 7) recorded additional ossified epineurals on V8-12 in Photoble- pharon and Baldwin et al. (1997) reported them on V9-I4 in Protoblepharon. Kryp- tophanaron may have cither no ossified epi- neural ligaments or partial ossification of those on V12 or VI2-13. Roth species of Parmops have ossified epineurals extending to V13-14; in both specimens of P. echin- atus and the hololype of P. coruscans, they begin on V8 whereas in the larger specimen of P. coruscans they appear lo form a con- tinuous series from VI to VI4. Acknowledgments C. C. Baldwin and H. J. Walker read and commented on the manuscript. Literature Cited Baldwin, C. C, G. D. Johnson, & ,1. Paxtoa. 1997. Protoblepharon rosenhlani. a new species of flashlight fish (Beryei formes: Anomakmidae) from the tropical South Pacific, with comments on anomalopid phytogeny. Proceedings of the Biological Society Washington. 110:373-383. Johnson, G. D , & R. II. Rosenblatt, 1988. Mecha- nisms of lighl organ occlusion in flashlight fish- es, family Anomaiopidae (Teleostei; Berycit'or- mes), and the evolution of the group. Zoolog- ical Journal of the l.innean Society of london, 94:65-96. MeCosker, J. E.. & R. II. Rosen hi att 1987. Notes on the biology, taxonomy, and distribution of an- omalopid fishes (Anomaiopidae: Berycit'or- mes).?Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 34: 157-164. Pulicrson, C, & G. D. Johnson, 1995. The imermus- cular bones and ligaments of teleostean fish- es.?Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 559:1 83. Rosenblatt, R. H., & G, D. Johnson, 1991, Parmops coruscans', a new genus and species of flashlight fish (Beryeiformes: Anomaiopidae.) from the South Pacific.?Proceedings of the Biological Society Washington. 104:328-334.