Morphology of Cypretta kawatai
Sohn and Kornicker, 1972
(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a
Discussion of the Genus
I. G. SOH
and
LOUIS S. KORNICKER
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 141
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 141
Morphology of Cypretta kawatai
Sohn and Kornicker, 1972
(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a
Discussion of the Genus
/ . G. Sohn and
Louis S. Kornicker
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1973
ABSTRACT
I. G. Sohn and Louis S. Kornicker. Morphology of Cypretta kawatai Sohn and
Kornicker, 1972 (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a Discussion of the Genus. Smith-
sonian Contribution to Zoology, number 141, 28 pages, 18 figures, 1973.?All 34
species previously referred to Cypretta are reviewed, and four of these are re-
moved from the genus because they lack the characteristic anterior septate mar-
gins. The morphology of septa along the anterior margins is discussed and
illustrated. The life cycle of C. kawatai was observed in the laboratory, where
the species proved to be parthenogenetic. Ontogenetic studies showed the follow-
ing: in dorsal view the outline changes from pointed ends and greatest width
at approximate midlength in early stages to a blunter posterior end and greatest
width at a distance of approximately one-third Irom the posterior end in adults;
the lateral outline changes from subtriangular in early stages to subovate in
adults. The following characters are restricted to adults: septate anterior margins;
ventroposterior nodes on the right valve and opposing scalloped structures on
the left valve; columns on the anterior margin of both valves that are either
superposed on or adjacent to the septa and are present on the ventroposterior
margin of the right valve only. A lectotype is designated for Cypretta globulosa
(Sharpe, 1910), considered here to be a valid species.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4771. SERIES COVER
DESICN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Sohn, Israel Gregory, 1911-
Morphology of Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) .
(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 141)
1. Cypretta kawatai. 2. Cypretta. I. Kornicker, Louis S., 1923- joint author. II. Title.
III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 141.
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Morphology of Cypretta kawatai
Sohn and Kornicker, 1972
(Crustacea, Ostracoda), with a
Discussion of the Genus
/ . G. Sohn and
Louis S. Kornicker
Introduction
We have previously described (Sohn and Korn-
icker, 1972a) laboratory experiments demonstrating
that the species Cypretta kawatai is an effective
predator of 1- to 3-day-old Biomphalaria glabrata
(Say, 1818), a vector snail of the blood fluke that
causes the tropical and subtropical disease schisto-
somiasis.
Because of the growing interest in the biological
control of trematode diseases, additional studies of
the predation behavior of ostracodes may be under-
taken; consequently, we present here a detailed
morphologic analysis of C. kawatai. Our study of
the genus Cypretta Vavra, 1895, disclosed certain
species that we do not consider to belong in this
genus. Cypretta globulosa (Sharpe, 1910) is rede-
fined and a lectotype is designated.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?We wish to thank Dr. F.
Ferguson, Tropical Disease Section, U.S. Public
Health Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico, for the in-
formation that the strain of snails that we used
originated in Brazil, and Mr. Ichiro Okubo, Okay-
ama Shujitsu Junior College, Japan, for an un-
/. G. Sohn, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242
[Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological
Survey.] Louis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate
Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
identified species of Cypretta for comparison. We
thank Prof. R. V. Kesling, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, for specimens of Cypridopsis vidua and
Prof. G. Hartmann, Hamburg, Germany, for a copy
of a paper by W. Klie (1941). Our colleagues R.
H. Benson and J. M. Berdan reviewed the paper,
and J. E. Hazel made available photographic equip-
ment for transmitted light. W. R. Brown, Smith-
sonian Institution, made the scanning electron
microscope pictures; R. P. Christian, U.S. Geolog-
ical Survey, made the electron microprobe picture;
and H. E. Mochizuku printed all the negatives.
Carolyn B. Gast prepared the drawings of appen-
dages and Elinor Stromberg composed the figures.
Family CYPRIDIDAE Baird, 1845
Tribe CYPRETTINI Hartmann, 1964
Hartmann (1964:128) included in this tribe
Paracypretta Sars, 1924, and "Prionocypris." The
latter is probably a typographical error for Piono-
cypris Brady and Norman, 1896, because Prionocy-
pris Brady and Norman, 1896, has a well-developed
furca.
McKenzie (1971a: 159) elevated the tribe Cypret-
tini Hartmann, 1964, to subfamily status as Cypret-
tinae and established the tribe Bradycyprini to
include the two genera Bradycypris Sars, 1924, and
Paracypretta Sars, 1924. He based this elevation
1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
on the presence of very slender furcae, better de-
veloped than those in the Cypridopsinae, and the
presence of radial septa along the anterior margins
of one or both valves. Although it is reasonable
to have a subfamily category between the tribe and
family categories, the morphology of the genera
involved is as yet too poorly known to accept the
Cyprettinae as a subfamily. Cypridopsis hartwigi
Miiller, 1900, for example, has radial septa on the
anterior margin, a character diagnostic of the Cy-
prettini, but the furca is reduced and character-
istically cypridopsid.
Genus Cypretta Vdvra, 1895
Cypriodopsis (Cypretta) Vavra, 1895:6.
Cypretta Vavra.-Muller, 1898:283.-Furtos, 1934:279 [part].?
Gauthier, 1939:226, 228.
TYPE-SPECIES.?By monotypy: Cypriodopsis (Cyp-
retta) tenuicauda Vavra (1895:7, fig. 2, pts. 1-3.)
Zanzibar.
TABLE 1.?Appendages that have been illustrated in species of Cypretta in addition to C. kawatai.
Species and reference
baylyi McKenzie, 1966
bilicis Furtos, 1936
brevisaepta Furtos, 1934
brevispina Farkas, 1959
cordata Klie, 1938
costata Muller, 1898
dubiosa (Daday, 1901)
(ontinalis Hartmann, 1964
foveata Hartmann, 1964
globula (Sars, 1889)
globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)
hirsuta Henry, 1923
infesta Klie, 1941
intonsa Furtos, 1936
judayi Tressler, 1937
kenyensis Klie, 1939
lindbergi Hartmann, 1964
lutea McKenzie, 1966
margaleft Brehm, 1949
minna (King, 1855)
Sars (1894)
tnurati Gauthier, 1939
nigra Furtos, 1936
nukuliix'ana Furtos, 1934
oxyuris Daday, 1910
Uapuana Vavra, 1901
raciborskii (Grochmalicki, 1915)
remota (Vavra, 1906)
reticulata Lowndes, 1932
tarsi Brady, 1902
%chnbarti Farkas, 1959
seurati Gauthier, 1929
Petkovsky (1957)
tenuicauda Vavra, 1895
turgida (Sars, 1896)
Sars (1924)
Chapman (1963)
ridis (Thomson, 1879)
Sars (1894)
Chapman (1963)
Antenna Antenna
1 2 Mandible Maxilla Leg 1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Furca
Males
known
NUMBER 141
DIAGNOSIS.?Small, less than 1 mm in greatest
length, globulose, smooth, punctate or reticulate
ostracodes; right valve larger, with septate anterior
margins in adults; furca with two narrow elongated
claws, ventral seta present or absent, one dorsal
seta (except Cypretta judayi Tressler, 1937, which
has two); ovary coiled at its inception.
DISCUSSION.?Furtos (1934:279) listed 14 species
referable to Cypretta. Later, Furtos (1936:494) ex-
panded the dichotomous, 11-species key constructed
by Mtiller (1912:204) to include 21 species and
excluded Cypridella lemurensis Vavra, 1895. In ad-
dition to Cypretta kawatai, 34 species are referred
herein to Cypretta. Unfortunately, the appendages
of only a few species have been illustrated (Table
Table 1 shows that all the appendages of only
one species, C. globula (Sars, 1889), were illustrated.
In order to gain some insight concerning the range
of variability of the individual appendages, we
have dissected more than 10 individuals of C.
kawatai in various stages of growth and two syn-
types of C. globulosa (Sharpe, 1910). All of our
dissections are of parthenogenetic species; conse-
quently, we have no data on the variation in the
male genitalia. On the basis of dissections and the
available published information, there appears to
be no interspecific variation in the basic construc-
tion of the appendages in Cypretta. We did, how-
ever, note some minor variations in the details of
the second antenna, mandible, and furca that may
be of specific value.
Second antenna: We noted interspecific differ-
ences in the length of the "sense club" (Kesling,
1951:20, 22) on the ventral side of the first podo-
mere of the endopodite (Figures 1, life; Table 2).
Mandible: The outline of the outer surface of
the basal podomere appears to be constant within
each species and variable between species. This
outline cannot be used because its orientation in
dissections cannot be controlled; it rotates when
the cover glass is placed on the dissection. We
noted that the seta on the basal podomere differs
(Figure Wc-e) in C. kawatai and in C. globulosa
(Sharpe, 1910), but the discrimination of this seta
also depends on the orientation of the mandible
in the dissection.
Furca: The furca has been illustrated for all
the species known in Cypretta. This appendage
TABLE 2.?Length of "sense-club" of second an-
tenna in eleven specimens of five species of Cypretta
in the National Museum of Natural History.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
Species
globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)
intonsa Furtos, 1936
judayi Tressler, 1937
kawatai Sohn and
Kornicker, 1972
nukuhivana Furtos, 1934
USNM number
39514
139854
71380
71517
140955
140960
139850
140993a
140993b
140993c
68067
Sense clubs
(mm)
0.052. 0.052
0.052. 0.052
0.048, 0.049
0.040, 0.041
0.040. 0.044
0.040, 0.044
0.042. 0.042
0.044, 0.044
0.046, 0.046
0.046. 0.046
0.050, 0.051
has been used in keys as a criterion for discrim-
inating many of the species in Cypretta (Miiller,
1912; Furtos, 1936; Tressler, 1959). This organ,
consisting of two thin terminal claws and two
thinner setae, is one of the characteristic features
of Cypretta, but the setae are subject to damage
during dissection (McKenzie, 1966:274; and our
experience) and possibly also in nature. The pres-
ence or absence of one or the other seta, therefore,
is not a good criterion for specific determination
unless intraspecific variability is known. Gauthier
(1939:221, figs. 19e,f) illustrated the furca of two
individuals of C. murati Gauthier, 1939, of which
one did not have the dorsal seta and the other did
not have the ventral seta. However, the relative
sizes of the claws and setae, when present, may be
used in discriminating the species.
Shell structure: Triebel (1963) discussed the
various interpretations of the "septate" structure
characteristic of the anterior margins of Cypretta
and concluded that they are indeed vertical struts
that connect the infold with the outer lamella. We
have determined that the septate anterior margins
are present in C. kawatai only in the adult stage,
as can be seen in Figures 2, 4, bd-f, 8, 9, 14, 17, 18.
We examined valves of C. kawatai with transmitted
light, with scanning electron microscope, and de-
termined the calcium content of the septa with an
electron probe. We concur with Triebel that the
septa connect the inner sides of the outer lamella
and the infold. Figure 3 shows that calcium is
present at the contact of the septum with the outer
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
lamella and the infold. In lateral and medial views
the septa appear to be connected to each other at
their proximal ends by an arch (Figures 8/,&).
The arch is caused by a slight thickening of the
inner surface of the infold between the proximal
ends of the septa (Figure 4).
Triebel (1953, 1963) noted that Stenocypris Sars,
1889, also has septate anterior margins. These, how-
FIGURE 2.?Cypretta kawatai. Series of inside views of anterior
and posterior margins showing differences between instars
and adults and between left and right valves. A-3? instar:
a, right anterior; b, left anterior; c, right posterior; d, left
posterior. A-l instar: e, right anterior; /, left anterior; g, right
posterior; h, left posterior. Two adult paratypes (USNM
140961) : i, m, right anterior; /, n, left anterior; k, o, right
posterior; I, p, left posterior.
0.1mm
a
FIGURE 1.?"Sense club" of second antenna: a, Cypretta kawatai, holotype (USNM 139850) ; b, C.
globulosa (Sharpe, 1910), lectotype (USNM 39514), habitat in doubt; c, C. intonsa Furtos, 1936,
paratype (USNM 71380) from Florida; d, C. nukuhivana Furtos, 1934, paratype (USNM 68067)
from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands; e, C. judayi Tressler, 1937, holotype (USNM 71517), from
northern Celebes Island. (Magnification in 6-e is the same.)
NUMBER 141
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 3.?Cypretta kawatai. Electron probe photograph (ap-
proximately X 5500) of a polished surface through the an-
terior of the left valve of an adult carapace showing the dis-
tribution of calcium in the septa wall, shell, and infold.
ever, differ from those in Cypretta in that they are
present around the entire free margins and do not
have arches between them at their proximal ends
when viewed laterally or medially. Study of the
growth stages of C. kawatai, here illustrated, dis-
closed the fact that the infold is strongly calcined,
that the inner margin is well defined by the list
in all the preadult stages (Figures Sa,c-f; 14, 17),
and that the infold in adults differs in that the
inner margin is not well defined along the anterior
(Figures 5a-/; 8k; \$a,b,f,i,l). We assume that
the loss of a well-defined inner margin along the
anterior is the result of the infold becoming pro-
gressively less calcified proximally. This is per-
mitted by the development of the septate structure
(Figure 46). The subconcentric striae on the ex-
ternal surface of the infold are reflected also on
the internal surface of the infold, and they appear
to be present only in adults (compare Figures 14
and 17 with Figure 18). These striae are present
in other genera in the Cyprididae. Triebel (1953,
pi. 1: fig. 4) showed these striations in Stenocypris
major (Baird, 1859), and we illustrate them (Figure
5a-c) in Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Miiller, 1776).
These photographs show that in Cypretta the first
two striae proximal to the list are concentric and
subparallel to the list and do not anastomose, and
those proximal to the first two striae anastomose.
Kesling (1951:66, fig. 7) described and illustrated
the anastomosing striae (which he called "grooved
area") in Cypridopsis vidua.
Nodes along the ventroposterior margin of the
right valve were originally illustrated for Cypretta
lutea McKenzie, 1966, Cypridella remota Vavra,
1906 [=Cypretta remota (Vavra, 1906)], Cypretta
reticulata Lowndes, 1932, C. sarsi Brady, 1902, and
C. seurati Gauthier, 1929. Similar nodes were orig-
inally illustrated on the left valve of C. baylyi
McKenzie, 1966, and were recorded in Cypridopsis
globulus Sars, 1889 [=Cypretta globula (Sars,
1889)]. In C. kawatai, nodes along the ventropos-
terior margin of the right valve were not observed
by us on juvenile specimens as large as 0.65 mm
in greatest length; they are poorly developed in
some adults but well developed in others (Figures
2k,o; bd; lSb,l,m).
SPECIES REMOVED.?Gauthier (1939:229) noted
that the left valve overlaps the right valve in C.
brevisaepta Furtos, 1934, C. bilicis Furtos, 1936,
and C. nigra Furtos, 1936, and he suggested that
these species might be referred to a new genus. To
these should be added C. schubarti Farkas, 1959,
and Cypridopsis raciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915.
Although Brehm (1949:104) did not agree with
this concept, our examination of Furtos' three
species indicates that they indeed do not belong
in Cypretta.
Cypretta brevisaepta brevisaepta Furtos, 1934, is
represented by many paratypes (USNM1 68159),
and we opened a gravid female in order to examine
the marginal structures. The anterior margin does
not contain septa that are typical of Cypretta; it
contains funnel-shaped radial pore canals, each
with a hair passing through it (Figure 6). The
"nine to thirteen short, inconspicuous, radiating
septa" that Furtos (1936:495) ascribed to this spe-
cies are represented in the valve by 22 circular
expressions of the diameters (about 0.02 mm) of
the funnel-shaped radial canals and are not typical
septa of Cypretta as shown in Figure 4.
Cypretta nigra Furtos, 1936, is represented only
by the holotype, a female (USNM 71379), the
1
 Specimen numbers with the abbreviation USNM are in
the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural
History, formerly the United States National Museum.
NUMBER 141
infold
FIGURE 4.?Cypretta kawatai. a, Medial view (x 330) of fragment of anterior of left valve with
part of the infold removed. Note normal pores on shell continuing into septate area, infold with
concentric striae, and edges of septa as darker areas. Paratype, USNM 140962: b, oblique view
(X 625) into fragment of anterior of left valve showing septa. Note striae and collapsed proximal
thinner part of infold. The thickening of the infold at the proximal end of the second septum
from the right represents the arch shown in c. The five mounds on the infold subparallel and
removed from the margin may be due to the pillars within the anterior margin, c, Diagram
showing our interpretation of the septate structure.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
valves of which are preserved in alcohol. The right
valve has 24 funnel-shaped radial pore canals that
are similar to those of the previously illustrated
species.
Cypretta bilicis Furtos, 1936, is represented by
the holotype, an undissected female (USNM 71377),
and by a dissected male paratype without the valves
preserved (USNM 71378). The vial with the holo-
type, however, contained also fragments of shell
of a male, determined by fragments of testes ad-
hering to part of the anterior and ventral margins.
The holotype does not show any septa when viewed
from the outside, but the fragment of the male,
possibly belonging to the dissected paratype, has
at least 16 funnel-shaped radial pore canals sim-
ilar to those illustrated for "Cypretta" brevisaepta
(Figure 6).
On the basis of the absence of a septate anterior
margin and of the left-over-right valve overlap
along the anterior, we conclude that these three
species do not belong in Cypretta and should be
removed to a distinct genus.
FIGURE 5.?Inside views of right valve: a-c, Cypridopsis iridua (O. F. Miiller, 1776), adult (USNM
140963) from Ann Arbor, Michigan; d-f, Cypretta kawatai, adult paratype (USNM 140964) .
(Magnification: a, d, X 65; b, X 250; c, x 1000; e, X 125, /, X 500.)
NUMBER 141
FIGURE 6.?Cypretta brevisaepta brevisaepta Furtos, 1934,
adult paratype (USNM 139290) from Florida: Anterior of
right valve showing marginal canals.
Cypretta schubarti Farkas, 1959, was described
as "Auf dem vorderen Teil der rechten Schale sind
Chitinverdickungen, Septa zu finden, die auf der
linken Schale, sowie auf den Schalen den Mannchen
fehlen oder kaum wahrnehmbar sind" (Farkas,
1959:277). Illustrations by Farkas do not show any
septa but clearly indicate that the left valve over-
laps the right along the anterior. The same is true
for Cypridopsis reciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915,
which was referred to Cypretta by Furtos (1936:
494).
Males have been recorded in the following spe-
cies: Cypretta bilicis Furtos, 1936, C. brevisaepta
Furtos, 1934, C. nigra Furtos, 1936, C. schubarti
Farkas, 1959, C. reticulata Danforth, 1948, not
Lowndes, 1932 ( = C. brevispina Farkas, 1959), C.
foveata Hartmann, 1964, C. lindbergi Hartmann,
1964, and C. margalefi Brehm, 1949. Petkovski
(1957:53) identified males in C. seurati Gauthier,
1929. The first four of these species were elimi-
nated from Cypretta in our discussion of left-over-
right overlap, and C. brevispina Farkas, 1959, also
does not belong in Cypretta. The holotype and
allotype of C. brevispina are in the collections of
the National Museum of Natural History (USNM
90718, 90719) and we have examined them. The
presence of ovaries and eggs proves that the holo-
type is an adult. However, because the valves of
both holotype and allotype have no vestige of septa
along the anterior margins, this species has to be
removed from Cypretta, and from the Cyprettini.
Incidentally, Danforth's (1948, pi. 2) illustration of
C. reticulata is mislabeled "Cypriconcha barbata
Sars 1926 (non Cypris barbatus Forbes 1938)."
Hartmann's two species apparently belong in Cy-
pretta, but the information is inadequate to con-
firm Brehm's species and Petkovski's males of C.
seurati Gauthier, 1929.
ONTOGENY.?The only mention of juveniles in
Cypretta is by McKenzie (1966:273), who exam-
ined, but presumably did not dissect, a juvenile
of Cypretta sp. McKenzie, 1966. Ghetti (1970)
pointed out the importance of distinguishing be-
tween adult freshwater ostracodes and preadult
stages and cited examples of preadult stages that
had been described as distinct species and referred
to genera other than the ones to which the adults
belong. In addition to the presence of fully devel-
oped genitalia, adults in Cypretta have septa along
the anterior margins of both valves (Figures 2, 18).
Cypretta nukuhiirana Furtos, 1934, is represented
in the National Museum of Natural History by
many paratypes (USNM 68066). The recorded
length for this species was 0.60 mm (Furtos, 1935:
281), but a right and left valve with septate an-
terior margins that we examined were 0.63 mm
and 0.65 mm in greatest length. A smaller right
valve with a greatest length of 0.48 mm had no
septa on the anterior margin; this valve probably
represents the A-2 stage. The ontogeny of C.
kaicatai will be discussed later, but the fact that
septate anterior margins do not form until late in
the ontogeny is important because a completely
septate anterior margin is an additional criterion
for determining adults in this genus. All the previ-
ously described species that we consider to belong
in Cypretta have septate anterior margins regard-
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
less of their size. The lack of septate anterior mar-
gins in preadults may, in part, explain the paucity
of published data on young stages of Cypretta.
SPECIES RETAINED.?Table 3 lists all the species
that we assign to Cypretta, the recorded greatest
length, and the recorded geographic occurrences.
GEOLOGIC RANGE.?There are only two records of
fossil Cypretta?those of Cypris viridis Thomson,
1879, by Hornibrook (1955), and Cypretta} U 146
by Grekoff (1960). Hornibrook (1955:273, figs. 5,
19, 32) illustrated a specimen as Cypridopsis viridis
(Thomson) with a septate anterior that was found
in a late Pleistocene white limy clay at 7 feet below
the top of the Pyramid Valley Swamp of New Zea-
land. He very generously sent us a right valve
which enabled us to confirm that this species be-
longs in Cypretta, the genus to which Henry (1923:
273) assigned it. Grekoff (1960:39, fig. 4, pi. 7:
figs. 49, 50) illustrated a left valve (from the Lower
Cretaceous Wealdian-B in the Congo Basin, Africa)
TABLE 3.?Species of Cypretta in addition to C. kawatai.
(Measurements in parentheses are from Hartmann, 1964.)
Original name Greatest length (mm) Geographic distribution
Cypretta baylyi McKenzie, 1966
C. cor data Klie, 1938 ....
C. costata Miiller, 1898
Cypridella dubiosa Daday, 1901
Cypretta fontinalis Hartmann, 1964
C. foveata Hartmann, 1964
Cypridopsis globulus Sars, 1889
Cypris (Cypris) globulosa Sharpe, 1910
Cypretta hirsuta Henry, 1923
C. infesta Klie, 1943
C. intonsa Furtos, 1936
C. judayi Tressler, 1937
C. kenyensis Klie, 1939
C. lindbergi Hartmann, 1964
C. lutea McKenzie, 1966
C. margalefi Brehm, 1949
C. minna King, 1855
C. murali Gauthier, 1939
C. nukuhivana Furtos, 1934
C. oxyuris Daday, 1910
C. papuana Vavra, 1901
?Cypridopsis raciborskii Grochmalicki, 1915
Cypridella remota Vavra, 1906
Cypretta reticulata Lowndes, 1932
C. sarsi Brady, 1902
?C. schubarti Farkas, 1959
C. seurati Gauthier, 1929
C. tenuicauda Vavra, 1895
Cypridopsis turgida Sars, 18%
Cypris viridis Thomson, 1879
0.50
0.68
0.66 (0.50-0.72)
0.60
0.83-0.86
0.62-0.64
0.70
0.77
0.88
(0.7)
0.55
0.60
0.60
0.58-0.63
0.52
0.95
0.92
0.63-0.68 (0.61-0.71)
0.6
0.73
0.78
0.85
0.98
0.77
0.63-0.66
0.6
0.89
0.95
Western Australia and Northern Territory,
Australia.
Near Panga, Belgian Congo.
Majunga, Madagascar; Juan de Nova, Mo-
zambique; Brazil.
New Guinea.
Falni Mountains, southern India.
Kathiavar Peninsula, northwestern India.
Lagoon 4 miles from Rockhampton and
water hole 20 miles from Cattle Station,
Australia; Cape Province, South Africa.
Introduced on plants in greenhouse, Univer-
sity of Wisconsin.
Kosciusko, New South Wales, Australia.
Peru.
Near Childs, Riverview, and Okeechobee,
Florida.
Pinelang Pond, northern Celebes.
Nairobi.
Coast of Persian Gulf.
Northwestern Australia.
Cuba.
Australia; Madagascar; South Africa; Ceylon;
Bulgaria.
Lake Tchad, Africa.
Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, South Pacific.
East Africa.
Bismarck Archipelago.
Java.
Sumatra.
Abyssinia.
St. Thomas Island, West Indies; South
Africa.
Pernambuco, Brazil.
North Africa; Jugoslavia; Italy.
Zanzibar; Bali.
Australia; New Zealand; South Africa; Mada-
gascar; Sumatra; China; Beaufort, North
Carolina.
Australia; New Zealand.
NUMBER 141 11
in lateral and dorsal views with photographs and
line drawings. The generic affinities of the Creta-
ceous species cannot be determined from the
discussion and illustrations. Because Grekoff ques-
tioned his generic assignment, the geologic range of
Cypretta is Early Cretaceous (?), Pleistocene to
Holocene.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.?Cypretta has been
considered a tropical and subtropical genus (Fur-
tos, 1935; Danforth, 1948:352), although a few
species are recorded from temperate climates.
Thomson (1879:258) collected Cypris viridis [=Cy-
pretta viridis] in blocks of ice and recorded that
the ostracodes were quite lively as soon as they
thawed. Figure 7 shows that species of Cypretta
were recorded between latitudes of about 45? north
and 50? south. Fox (1965:211, fig. lh) reported
C. seurati Gauthier, 1929, in northern Italy as part
of the highly adaptable rice-field biota. McKenzie
(1971b:224) cited an unpublished record of Cy-
pretta from sub-Antarctic islands.
Our experience with C. kawatai tends to support
Sharpe's hypothesis that the northern record of C.
globulosa is spurious. We collected our specimens
in aquaria maintained for the breeding of the red
mutant (albino) strain of the schistosomiasis vector
snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) at The
Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Mary-
land, and also at the Department of Medical Zool-
ogy, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Washington, D.C. The Baltimore snails were ob-
tained about five years ago from the Washington
laboratory; consequently, we believe that the ostra-
code was introduced with the snails in the breeding
aquaria in Baltimore. According to Dr. F. Fergu-
son, Tropical Disease Section, U.S. Public Health
FIGURE 7.-Map showing latitudes (stippled area) within which species of Cypretta have been
reported. Species live only in freshwater habitats.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico (verbal communi-
cation, September 1971), the albino strain of B.
glabrata was first used by Dr. Lobato Paraense in
Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and snails for breeding
were imported from that area. We conclude that
Cypretta kawatai was introduced to the United
States with the snails, just as it was transported
from Washington to Baltimore.
Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972
FIGURES la, 2-4, 5d-f, 8-18
Cypretta kawatai Sohn and Kornicker, 1972a: 1258 [deliberate
nomen nudum]; 1972b:313, figs. 1-3.
HOLOTYPE.?USNM 139850. Female.
PARATYPES.?USNM 139851, 140953-140962,
140964-140993. Ontogenetic series.
MATERIAL.?Several hundred specimens in all
stages of growth.
TYPE-LOCALITY.?Aquaria in The Johns Hop-
kins University, Baltimore, Md.
HABITAT.?Presumed to be freshwater ponds and
ditches in Belo Horizonte, Brazil (see discussion).
DIAGNOSIS.?Ends pointed in dorsal outline;
length of "sense club" of second antenna 0.040 to
0.048 mm; dorsal seta of furca less than one-fourth
of adjacent claw. Males unknown.
DESCRIPTION.?The adult carapace is subovate in
lateral outline, the dorsal margin is arched with
the apex at approximate midlength, the ventral
margin is straight to gently concave, the end mar-
gins are convex, and the dorsoanterior margin is
long and sloping. The right valve is larger and
overlaps and also overreaches the left valve with a
protruding flange along the free margins, more
so along the anterior margin. Along the midventral
margin, the right valve overlap is sinuous with a
wide lip, and along the posterior margin the over-
reach is narrowest; the left valve is slightly curved
inward to form a distinct narrow concave nick that
is seen best in dorsal and ventral outlines. The
dorsal outline is subelliptical with the anterior nar-
rower; the greatest width is slightly behind mid-
length, from which point the valves curve more
sharply toward the anterior and more roundly to-
ward the posterior. In end views the carapace is
slightly wider than high, the greatest width ap-
proximately at midheight. The surface is finely
punctate and sparsely covered with relatively long
hairs that do not seem to originate from centers of
punctae. A narrow groove is present subparallel to
and slightly removed from the edge of the free
margins of the right valve.
The adductor muscle-scar consists of six discrete
scars: an elongated cap scar (Benson, 1967:217) is
oblique and trends toward the ventroposterior; be-
low are three elongated subparallel scars and two
shorter scars. Ventrad and anterior to the muscle-
scars are two elongated mandibular scars (Figures
&b,l, 9).
The hinge is bipartite. The part in front of the
approximate greatest height consists of the edge of
the left valve that fits into a wide shallow groove in
the right (Figure 9a); the part behind the approxi-
mate greatest length is straight, about twice the
length of the anterior part, and consists of a nar-
row groove in the left valve into which the dorsal
edge of the right valve fits. Below the dorsal edge
of the right valve is a narrow accommodation
groove for the reception of the ridge along the ven-
tral boundary of the groove in the left valve (Fig-
ure 9b).
The right valve has a relatively wide flange along
the anterior margin. This flange narrows along the
anteroventral margin and then widens to form a lip
at approximately midlength; it then narrows again
and continues along the ventroposterior, posterior,
and dorsoposterior margins up to the end of
the hinge. A narrow list extends from the an-
terodorsal margin around the entire free margins
to the posterior end of the hinge. Along the an-
terior margin, the list is just proximal to the an-
terior margins of the septa. An outer wider ridge,
which tends to split into ventroposterior nodes,
FICURE %.-Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140953, left
valve of instar A-3, greatest length 0.45 mm: a, inside view;
b, view focused on muscle scar. Paratype, USNM 140954, in-
star, either A-l or A-2, greatest length 0.55 mm, inside views:
c, right valve; d, left valve; e, right anterior of right valve;
/, posterior of right valve. Adult paratype, USNM 140955,
right valve, greatest length 0.70 mm: g, anterior in outside
view; h, inside view. Adult paratype, USNM 140956: i, an-
terior half of left valve, greatest length 0.69 mm, inside view.
Holotype, USNM 139850: /, anterior portion of left valve
showing septa, inside view; k, right valve, greatest length
0.75 mm, inside view of anterior; I, same right valve, inside
view showing muscle-scar pattern. (Magnification: d-f, X
240; a-c, g-l, x 120.)
NUMBER 141
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 9.?Cypretta kawatai, paratype, USNM 140959, adult carapace, greatest length 0.66 mm, showing the hinge, marginal
structures, and muscle scars: a, left valve; b, right valve.
branches from the list just posterior to the ventral
lip of the flange.
The left valve does not have a flange. The list
is absent along the anterior half of the valve. On
the posterior half, the list divides at approximately
the same point as on the right valve and forms a
wide outer ridge that has scallops along its inner
margin. These scallops may serve as sockets for
the nodes along the ventroposterior of the right
valve.
Along the ventroanterior part of the infold of
the right valve, the list branches to form a V-shaped
groove, and the ventroanterior infold of the left
valve bears a short ridge which fits into the V-
groove on the opposing valve. A similar structure
is present also in Cypridopsis (Figure 5a) and it
probably is a family character.
Free margins: The free margins of both valves
have branching pore canals (Figure 10). Hairs are
present along the end margins of both valves (Fig-
ure 2a,c). Both valves have characteristic septate
anterior margins, but in C. kawatai these septate
margins are quite variable in degree of develop-
ment (Figures 2i,j,m,n, Sg-k). The septa may be
well developed on one valve and poorly developed
on the other. The morphology of the septa has
been discussed under the genus. We have observed
and illustrated short pillars, less than half the
length of the septa, within the anterior margins of
each valve (Figure 2j,m,ri). These structures may
have been overlooked in previously described spe-
cies because each is either superimposed on or
slightly offset from a septum. Similar pillars also
are present along the inner margin of the ventro-
0.03 mm
FIGURE 10.?Cypretta kawatai, showing branching pore canals
on lip of ventral margin of right valve of adults.
NUMBER 141 15
posterior of only the right valve (Figure 2o,p). On
some valves (Figure 2k) we have observed a pore
canal transversing each pillar.
First antenna (Figures lla, 12a): The limb has
seven joints. The first podomere has one dorsal
bristle and two ventral bristles, each with short
marginal spines. The second podomere has one
short dorsal bristle with short marginal spines and
a small, faint sensory organ on the ventral margin.
The third podomere has two subterminal bristles?
one at the dorsal margin, the other at the ventral
margin. Both the fourth and fifth podomeres have
two long natatory dorsal and two short ventral
bristles. The sixth podomere has four long nata-
tory bristles, and the seventh or terminal podomere
has three long natatory bristles and one shorter
bristle that bears short marginal spines. Podomeres
4-7 have rows of very short spines near the distal
margin. The natatory bristles are probably setose,
but we could not observe them in ordinary trans-
mitted light, even with oil immersion.
Second antenna (Figures 116, 12b): The pro-
topodite has two joints. The first podomere has
three short spinose bristles. The second podomere
has one long spinose bristle medially near the ven-
tral margin and short spines distally on the medial
surface.
The exopodite is small and is located laterally
near the middle of the terminal margin of the sec-
ond podomere of the protopodite. It bears three
terminal bristles that progressively increase in
length from the venter to the dorsum, the dorsal
two being spinose.
The endopodite has three joints. The first po-
domere bears a "sense club" near the ventral mar-
gin about two-thirds from the distal end and six
distally located bristles near the dorsal margin; five
of these bristles are long, plumose, and reach past
the terminal claws, and the other bristle is less
than half as long and appears to be bare. The
medial surface of the podomere is spinose, with
longer spines near the base of the bristles. The
second podomere has four ventral bristles distal to
the middle; the dorsal bristle is short and the
other three are about five times longer. The dor-
sal margin of the second podomere has two bris-
tles near the middle and three long subterminal
bristles. Two stout claws bearing marginal teeth
are on the terminus of that podomere, and the
medial surface bears short spines that form clus-
ters near the base of the bristles. The third or
end podomere has one short bristle near the mid-
dle of the ventral margin, two stout terminal claws,
one slender terminal claw, and one short lateral
terminal bristle.
Mandible (Figures llc-e, I2c-e): The protopo-
dite has two joints. The podomere has teeth in
seven rows on the inner distal end and spinose
bristles between the rows of teeth. Two longer
spinose bristles are present at the inner edge of
the toothed end. One short, stout spinose bristle is
on the anterior surface proximal to the teeth. The
ventral margin of the second podomere has one
short, bare bristle, one long, slender bristle with
short marginal spines, and two broad, long plumose
bristles.
The exopodite is platelike, with one anterior
spinose bristle and five terminal spinose bristles.
The endopodite has three joints. The dorsal
margin of the first podomere has three subterminal
bristles, and the ventral margin has three long
spinose bristles near the middle, one broad long
terminal bristle, and one short, very stout spinose
process with pointed tip. The medial surface of
the second podomere has four distal bristles near
the dorsal margin. The ventral margin has three
terminal bristles, some with marginal spines. The
lateral surface of the second podomere has three
stout subterminal bristles, and the one nearest to
the venter has marginal spines. The third or end
podomere has three stout terminal claws. The
medial surfaces of the second and third podomeres
bear short spines.
Maxilla (Figures ll/,g, 13a): The maxilla con-
sists of a branchial plate, three masticatory proc-
esses, and a two-jointed palp. The first joint of
the palp has one short lateral bristle and four
longer terminal bristles that are near the dorsal
margin. The end joint of the palp has five bristles.
The outer masticatory process has on the lateral
surface a short, broad spinose process. The termi-
nal end of the outer masticatory process has three
stout pectinate bristles that are separated by sutures
from short pedestals; in addition, there is a slender
bristle with marginal spines and there are five bare
bristles. The middle masticatory process has seven
terminal bristles, which are either smooth or pec-
tinate. The inner masticatory process has two bare
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 141 17
bristles proximally on the inner margin. The ter-
minal end of the inner masticatory process has two
long pectinate bristles on the inner edge and six
shorter bare bristles.
First leg (Figures Hg,h, ISb): The limb consists
of a protopodite, an endopodite, and an exopodite
plate. The distal end of the protopodite has one
proximal bristle, three subterminal and ten termi-
nal bristles, all with marginal spines. The ventral
margin of the distal part of the protopodite bears
hair. Hairs are present also near the base of the
three subterminal bristles.
The endopodite has three plumose terminal
bristles. The exopodite plate is obscured in our
dissections, but it appears to have several faint
bristles.
Second leg (Figures \\k-m, 13c): The protopo-
dite has two fused joints. The first podomere is
bare; the second podomere has a short, spinose
bristle in the middle of the ventral margin.
The endopodite has four joints. The ventral
margin of the first podomere is spinose and bears
one spinose subterminal bristle. The second podo-
mere has on its ventral margin a long terminal
spinose bristle that is about twice the length of the
bristle on the first podomere. The third podomere
has a short bristle on its ventral margin that reaches
just past the distal end of the terminal joint. The
terminal or end podomere has a claw slightly
longer than the combined three joints of the endo-
podite. This claw has teeth along the distal part
of the concave margin. Near the base of this claw,
the terminal podomere has a cluster of spines and
FIGURE W.?Cypretta kawatai: a, left first antenna of adult,
lateral view; b, left second antenna of adult, lateral view;
c, left mandible of adult, protopodite and endopodite, lateral
view; d, complete left mandible of adult, medial view; e, com-
plete right mandible of instar A?1, lateral view; /, left maxilla
of adult, lateral view; g, right maxilla of first leg of instar
A-l, lateral view; /;, right first leg of instar A-l, lateral view;
i, left first leg of instar A-l, medial view; ;', rake organs; k,
left second leg of adult, distal part, medial view; /, right sec-
ond and third legs and furca, medial views; m, right second
legs of adult, lateral view; n, right third leg of adult, lateral
view; o, furca of holotype; p, furca of adult paratype; q, furca
of instar A-l, left lateral view. (Specimens: a, paratype,
USNM 140957; b, d, f, I, o, holotype, USNM 139850; c, j ,
paratype, USNM 140958; e, g, h, q, paratype. USNM 140954;
i, paratype. USNM 140956; k, paratype, USNM 140959; m, p,
paratype, USNM 140960; n, paratype, USNM, 140955. Magnifi-
cation: a-d, I, m, x 120; e-l, n-q, x 240.)
one short bristle that is about the same length as
the terminal bristle on the previous podomere.
Third leg (Figures lln, I3d,e): The protopodite
has two fused joints. The distal end of the first
podomere has one medial bristle. The second po-
domere has one ventral subterminal bristle and one
dorsal terminal bristle.
The endopodite has three joints. The ventral
margin of the first podomere has one short termi-
nal bristle. The ventral margin of the second
podomere has one bristle near the middle of its
length and a toothlike terminal process. Short
spines are present along the dorsal margin, on the
medial surface, and near the base of the toothlike
terminal process. The third podomere is short and
has a long backward-pointing, spinose bristle and
a short, stout, curved terminal claw with teeth
along its concave edge. At the base of the claw is
a short lateral bristle. A short toothlike process is
present on the third podomere near the ventral
edge of the claw. This process appears to be the
opposing tooth of the toothlike process on the
second podomere.
Furca (Figures Wo-q, 13/): The furcal lamellae
are slightly sigmoidal and are relatively slender,
with a slight taper toward the distal end. They
are 15 times as long as they are wide at their mid-
dle. One short spinose dorsal seta is removed by
approximately its length from the base of the ter-
minal claw. Each lamella has short spines along
the dorsal margin proximal and distal to the dorsal
seta. A shorter spinose seta is located ventrad to
the terminal claw. The subterminal claw is spinose
and about two-thirds the length of the terminal
smooth claw.
Rake organs (Figure 11;): The vertical shafts of
the rake-shaped organs are about twice as long as
the toothed horizontal bar. Each bar bears nine
teeth, of which the three teeth nearest the median
plane are fused at their bases.
ONTOGENY.?On Nov. 15, 1971, we obtained
three gravid females from the aquarium in Dr.
Chiang's office in Baltimore, Md., and placed them
on the sill of a south-facing window in a culture
dish 75 mm in diameter filled with distilled water,
to which CaCO:{ slurry, distilled water, and pieces
of lettuce were added when needed. On Dec. 29,
1971, we counted all the living ostracodes in the
colony; the results are shown in Table 4. On Feb.
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 12.?Cypretta kawatai, paratype, USNM 140960: a, right first antenna, lateral view; b,
right second antenna, medial view; c, right mandible, medial view, except first podomere of
protopodite which is in lateral view; d, teeth of right mandible, lateral view; e, second joint
of protopodite and endopodite of right mandible, medial view. [Closely packed bristles and
claws on several appendages were drawn as they would appear if separated. Magnification same
in a-c; same in d, e.\
NUMBER 141 19
15, 1972, the same colony consisted of a few adults
and numerous young in various stages of growth.
We believe that the adults and young listed in
Table 4 represent the first generation. This could
explain the absence in the colony on Dec. 29, 1971,
of very young growth stages and the presence of
eggs.
We obtained a suite of molted valves for measur-
ing by filtering the residue. Many of the valves
were decalcified, and they crumpled when touched
with a wet brush on the dry filter paper, a phe-
nomenon that we have experienced in working with
this species. We did, however, obtain a sufficient
variety of solid valves for measurement. Table 5
shows the greatest length, greatest height, and
growth stage obtained by measuring selected speci-
mens from this colony. The first three growth
stages were not represented by single valves, pre-
FIGURE 13.?Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140960: a, right maxilla, lateral view; b, left first
leg, medial view; c, left second leg, medial view; d, right third leg, medial view; e, detail of
tip of right third leg. Holotype, USNM 139850; /, furca, right lamella, lateral view. [Closely
packed bristles and claws on several appendages were drawn as they would appear if separated.
Magnification same in a-d; same in e, /.]
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
TABLE 4.?Number of individuals and stages of
growth of live ostracodes produced by three gravid
females in 44 days.
Number of
individuals
Stages
of growth
common
1
4
7
94
eggs
A-3
A-2
A-1
adult
sumably because in these stages the valves are
weakly calcined (Ghetti, 1970:104) and also possi-
bly because they are subject to rapid destruction by
both ostracodes and bacteria. We were, however,
able to measure the right valve on carapaces that
represent the third or A-6 growth stage by drying
live individuals in this stage. In order to obtain
the size of adults, a gravid female was dissected and
the right valve measured. Later, we obtained from
the same colony a solid right valve of the A-6
growth stage that measured 0.19 mm in greatest
length (Figure lia-c). The individual represented
a generation later than the ones shown in Table 5.
We measured four eggs in a clutch obtained when
TABLE 5.?Length and height measurements (in
mm) of right valves of Cypretta kawatai in a single
colony.
Growth stage
A-6 (carapace only) ...
A-5
A-4
A-3
A-2
A-1
Adult
Greatest
length
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.78
Greatest
height
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.28
0.29
0.34
0.34
0.37
0.43
0.44
0.43
0.51
we counted the specimens in the colony derived
from three adults. These eggs had an average di-
ameter of 0.12 mm.
Figure 15 shows the length-height distribution of
the specimens listed in Table 4 and of additional
right valves and carapaces. Using the average length
of each cluster, which we interpret to represent a
single growth stage, we applied the method of cal-
culating growth factors previously described (Sohn,
1950). Table 6 shows the calculated growth factors
obtained by using the specimens in Table 4 only
and also by using all the specimens on the graph.
TABLE 6.?Calculated growth factors for
Cypretta kawatai.
Growth
stages
A-6
A-5
A-4
A-3
A-2
A-1
Adult
Single
No.
specimens
2
2
3
4
3
2
1
colony
Growth
factor
1.24
1.21
1.25
1.21
1.31
1.22
All
No.
specimens
2
5
5
6
4
7
13
data
Growth
factor
1.33
1.27
1.24
1.20
1.24
1.15
FICURE H.-Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140974: a-c,
right valve, interior views of instar A-6, greatest length 0.19
mm. Paratype, USNM 140975: d-f, left valve, interior views
of instar A-5, greatest length 0.27 mm. Paratype, USNM
140976: g-i, right valve, interior views of instar A-5, greatest
length 0.27 mm. Paratype, USNM 140977: /, right valve, in-
terior view of instar A-4, greatest length 0.32 mm. Paratype,
USNM 140978: k, left valve, interior view of instar A-4, great-
est length 0.36 mm. Paratype, USNM 140979: I, left valve of
carapace, outside view of instar A-4, greatest length 0.36 mm.
Paratype, USNM 140980: m, right valve, interior view of in-
star A-3, greatest length 0.41 mm. Paratype, USNM 140981:
n, right valve, interior view of instar A-2, greatest length
0.50 mm. Paratype, USNM 140982: o, p, left valve, interior
view of instar A-2, greatest length 0.47 mm. Paratype, USNM
140983: q-s, right valve, interior view of instar A-1, greatest
length 0.55 mm. Many of the valves contain debris. (Magnifi-
cation: a, X 250; b, c, e, f, h, i, X 625; d, X 175; p, r, s,
X 315; g, j-o, q and insets of a and d, X 65.
NUMBER 141 21
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
This table tends to support Sohn's (1950:431,
433) hypothesis that no single growth factor need
apply to all the growth stages in a given species and
that it may be difficult to differentiate between
growth stages on size alone. Szczechura (1971) re-
viewed the literature on ostracode growth stages in
her study of Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr,
1808). She concluded that the growth factor be-
tween all the growth stages is constant, and that it
is approximately 1.26 for H. incongruens. She
further concluded that when measurements of
height-length fall in distinct groups on a graph the
species lived under stable ecological conditions, and
that unstable ecological conditions, such as tem-
perature changes due to seasonal fluctuations, result
in indistinct groupings on the graph.
Although we are dealing with few specimens in
each growth stage, the presence of both adult and
A-l individuals at the same length of 0.65 mm
indicates that Szczechura's conclusions do not apply
to C. kawatai, and, by inference, possibly do not
apply to some other freshwater species. Figure
16/ shows a carapace of an adult on which we have
seen septa along the anterior margin, whereas Fig-
ure \lg is of a right valve without septa.
In C. kawatai the dorsal outline changes during
the ontogeny of the individual. The probable A-6
instar has pointed ends (Figure 16a), and its great-
est width is at approximate midlength; the adult
has the anterior end more pointed than the pos-
terior, and its greatest width is at approximately
one-third the distance from the posterior end. The
lateral outline (Figures 14-18) also changes in the
probable A-6 instar from subtriangular (Figure
Ha-c) to subovate (Figure 18) through the progres-
sive increase in height of the posterior margin.
Septate anterior margins do not form until the
adult stage. The detailed morphologic changes of
the valves during ontogenetic development are il-
lustrated in Figures 2, 14, 16-18.
LIFE CYCLE.?Eighteen newly hatched larvae
were placed in water in individual containers, each
with an area of 20 square centimeters. Eighteen
days later, 5 of the 12 surviving specimens had
Fig.l8h-JO
Fig.lSg oF ig 8 k,l
OO*-Fig. I8k-m
O OFig.5d-f
? F i g 16 k-mO Fig I7h,i
OFig. I4q-s + ^ o
F | Q l7
? Q^ o Fig. 16
Fl9
^
d
-
f
 F,g^6r9'eb"d
o o
Fig 16d oFig. I6e
? - * ?
?Fig. I6c
+ Fig. 14m
Fig. 14)
o Fig. 14 1
-Fig
Fig I4a-c
+ Fig I6a
+ R.Vfrom colony started with 3 adults
oR.V. and carapaces from main colony
o Adult
Eggs
Length in DB,
FIGURE 15.?Length-height distribution of growth stages of Cypretta kawatai. Crosses represent
the specimens listed in Table 4; circles represent additional right valves and carapaces.
FIGURE 16.?Cypretta kawatai. Ontogenetic series showing outlines: a, Dorsal outline of instar,
probably A-6, greatest length 0.20 mm (paratype, USNM 140965); b, dorsal outline of instar,
probably A-5, greatest length 0.24 mm (paratype, USNM 140966); c, dorsal outline of instar,
probably A-4, greatest length 0.41 mm (paratype, USNM 140967); d, dorsal outline of instar,
probably A-3, greatest length 0.45 mm (paratype, USNM 140968) ; e, dorsal outline of instar,
probably A-2, greatest length 0.48 mm (paratype, USNM 140969); /, dorsal outline of adult,
greatest length 0.65 mm (paratype, USNM 140970) ; g, dorsal outline of adult (toothlike object
near the anterior is an artifact) , greatest length 0.67 mm (paratype, USNM 140971); h, posterior
portion of the same carapace (note distribution of hair and double nick at the posterior end;
the left portion of this nick is the indentation along the left valve, and the right portion marks
the line of the overreaching right valve); i, dorsal outline of an adult carapace (hairs were
removed with Clorox) , greatest length 0.70 mm (paratype, USNM 139851) ; ;, anterior view of
adult, greatest length 0.70 mm (paratype, USNM 140972); k-m, posterior, left lateral, and ven-
tral views of adult carapace, greatest length 0.72 mm (paratype, USNM 140973) . (Magnification:
h, approximately X 125; all others approximately x 65.)
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
laid eggs. Four days later young ostracodes had
hatched from some of the eggs. These experiments
show that C. kawatai is capable of reproducing
parthenogenetically. Ovaries were observed in
specimens 14 days after hatching, indicating that
this species can mature in as little as 14 days under
laboratory conditions. As many as 30 juveniles
developed from eggs produced by one individual.
A single individual was observed to lay 60 eggs
during an 8-day period. According to our ob-
servations in the laboratory, the life span of an
individual is about 2 months.
EGGS.?The eggs are whitish and have an average
diameter of 0.12 mm. They are deposited in
FIGURE M.?Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140984: a-c: interior views of left valve of instar
A-l, greatest length 0.57 mm. Paratype, USNM 140985: d-f, interior views of right valve of
instar A-l, greatest length 0.60 mm. Paratype, USNM 140986: g, interior view of right valve,
anterior, of instar A-l, greatest length 0.65 mm. Paratype, USNM 140987: h, i, interior views
of right valve of instar A-l, greatest length 0.65 mm (note the absence of septa along the anterior
margin and of nodes along the posterior margin) . (Magnification: a, d, h, X 65; b, c, e, f,
X 315; g, X 200; i, x 300.)
FIGURE 18.?Cypretta kawatai. Paratype, USNM 140959, adult carapace, greatest length 0.66 mm:
a, left valve, interior view; b, c, right valve, interior and lateral views; d, anterior of right valve,
lateral view. Paratype, USNM 140988: e, f, left valve of adult, greatest length 0.69 mm. Paratype,
USNM 140989: g, right valve, carapace of adult, greatest length 0.70 mm. Paratype, USNM
140990: h-j, right valve of adult, greatest length 0.70 mm, interior views. Paratype, USNM
140991: k-m, right valve of adult, greatest length 0.71 mm, interior views. (Magnification: a-c,
f, g, ', I, X 65; d, X 170; e, m, X 250; h, j , X 125; k, x 325.)
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
clutches on floating objects such as plants, pieces
of lettuce, and strips of plastic and on the sides
and bottom of the aquaria. In the laboratory, the
eggs hatched in a minimum of four days at room
temperature and in a minimum of twelve days at
18?C.
Cypretta globulosa (Sharpe, 1910)
FIGURE lfe
Cypris (Cypris) globulosa Sharpe, 1910:335, fig. la-d.
Cypretta dubiosa (Daday).-Furtos, 1935[1934]:280.
LECTOTYPE.?USNM 39514, female; appendages
and carapace on slides.
PARALECTOTYPES.?USNM 139854; four specimens
in alcohol, one specimen dissected.
DIAGNOSIS.?Differs from C. dubiosa (Daday,
1901) in being more rounded and having a higher
posterior margin in lateral outline and in having a
more pointed posterior in dorsal outline. Differs
from C. kawatai in having a longer "sense club."
DISCUSSION.?Sharpe described this species from
specimens collected by Miss Effie J. Rigden from
a tub containing several freshwater plants in the
greenhouse at the University of Wisconsin. At
present there is no record in the University of Wis-
consin as to origin and kind of plants that were
kept in the greenhouse (Prof. Hugh Iltis, January
1972, written communication); consequently, the
habitat of this species is unknown. Furtos (1935:
280) stated that this species "should undoubtedly
be referred to Cypretta dubiosa (Daday)" and
pointed out that the species can hardly be con-
sidered native to Wisconsin.
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28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
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