ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 139 THE ISLAND OF ANEGADA AND ITS k'LORA by W. G. D'Arcy Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., U. S. A. February 16, 1971 THE ISLAND OF ANEGADA AND ITS n O R A The i s l a n d of Anegada i n t h e B r i t i s h Virgin Is lands i s of i n t e r e s t because o f i ts i s o l a t e d loca t ion i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e Ant i l lean i s l a n d arc , i ts unusual topography amongst t h e Virgin Is lands , and a l s o t h e f a c t t h a t i t has received very l i t t l e s c i e n t i f i c a t t e n t i o n . I t now seems des t ined t o jo in the l i s t of i s l a n d s which have succumbed t o modern "development". This c h e c k l i s t combines p a s t published r e p o r t s with t h e w r i t e r ' s own c o l l e c t i o n s and at tempts t o co r rec t t h e nomenclature formerly applied t o t h i s f l o r a . THE ISLAND Anegada i s t h e northeasternmost of t h e B r i t i s h Virgin I s l ands and of the e n t i r e West Indian a r c f o r t h a t matter , vying with t h e rocky l ighthouse, Sombrero, well t o t h e southeas t , a s t h e c l o s e s t An t i l l ean approach t o Europe. Its geographic coordinates a r e 18'45'N and 64?20'W, and it encompasses 14.987 square mi les (Klumb and Robbins 1960) o r about 33 square km. In shape i t is a r a t h e r lumpy crescent with i ts long a x i s running approximately west by nor th and e a s t by south . The nea res t land, Virgin Gorda, some t h i r t e e n mi les (ca 22 km) t o t h e south and s l i g h t l y west, i s a prominent f e a t u r e on t h e horizon (Fig. I ) , a s is the mass o f t h e o the r Virgins--Tortola, Camanoe and J o s t Van Dyke-- f u r t h e r t o the southwest. To t h e nor th and e a s t t h e r e i s no land f o r a long way. Unlike t h e o the r Virgin I s l ands which d i sp lay r a t h e r sharp r e l i e f , with an e l eva t ion o f 1,780 f e e t (450 m) on Tor to la and e l eva t ions of over 1,000 f e e t (300 m) on s e v e r a l o the r i s l ands , Anegada i s f l a t . On approaching i t by small boat from t h e west, one sees t h e four o r seven s tunted coconut t r e e s long before a c t u a l land can be perceived. Schomburgk (1832) mentions a he igh t of 60 f e e t a t t h e e a s t end o f t h e i s l and , and Br i t ton (1916) suggests a he ight of 30 f e e t . The g r e a t e s t e l eva t ion today would seem t o be l e s s than h a l f t h a t , and much o f t h e i s l a n d must be l e s s than ten f e e t above s e a l e v e l . The i s l a n d su r face i s o f an almost white coquina limestone which over much of t h e a r e a has a f la t , planed appearance a s i f some p r e h i s t o r i c workers had l e v e l l e d it t o make roads. Even i n sandy places, t h e r e i s considerable s c r e e o r broken rock ly ing about. Schomburgk mentions t ak ing "gravel" and no t s h e l l s a t depths of over t h i r t y f e e t (9 m) from t h e su r face , and it would be i n t e r e s t i n g t o know what s o r t of gravel t h i s i s . A considerable por t ion of t h e su r face of Anegada i s occupied by s a l t o r brackish ponds, which i n t h e west sometimes f lood l a rge a reas . In p laces , t h e r e is a depth of sand which has been s u i t a b l e f o r growing cot ton , tomatoes and provis ion crops a t var ious t imes i n the p a s t . In o ther p laces t h e su r face i s stony with l i t t l e s o i l o r sand cover. Here and the re , but e spec ia l ly a t t h e middle of t h e i s l a n d nea re r t o t h e At l an t i c coas t , a r e a number of s lobs , o r funne l - l ike n a t u r a l wells of f r e s h o r almost f r e sh water . There i s apparently one o r more l a r g e aqu i fe r s beneath t h e i s l a n d which have only minor connections with t h e sea . Although Schomburgk r e p o r t s f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e water t a b l e , ground water i s probably a v a i l a b l e t o shrubs and t r e e s a t most t imes. The o r i g i n a l vegeta t ion is d i f f i c u l t t o envision, but it must have been much more developed than it i s now. Schomburgk mentions c l ea r ing of the underwood, and s i n c e then t h e r e has been charcoal c u t t i n g and pas tur ing of goats and c a t t l e . Near The Set t lement , which i s i n t h e eas t e rn por t ion of t h e i s l a n d , t h e r e i s severe overgrazing s o t h a t with the exception of one o r two c a r e f u l l y kept yards, t h e landscape has the appearance of an unwholesome wasteland. Other p a r t s of the eas t e rn por t ion o f the i s l a n d c o n s i s t s of an open woodland with well d ispersed t r e e s of considerable b a s a l g i r t h but a l l evenly trimmed a t t h e top by t h e winds so t h a t only t h e few coconut t r e e s aIready mentioned manage t o surpass a he ight o f about 15 f e e t . Along the south coast which i s somewhat s h e l t e r e d from cur ren t s and winds t h e r e i s mangrove vegeta t ion . The 1960 populat ion of Anegada was 300 (Klumb & Robbins 1960), but was dec l in ing u n t i l i n 1967 it was only about 100 i n h a b i t a n t s . Most of them l ived i n The Set t lement , g e t t i n g t h e i r l i v i n g s by f i s h i n g o r remit tances from outs ide . According t o l o c a l legend, The Settlement was s i t u a t e d where it is, mi les from any deep-water landing, s o t h a t t h e r e could be time f o r warning t o hide the women when buccaneers landed. A more l i k e l y reason i s t h e attempt t o loca te away from occasional flood- ing t o t h e west near where t h e deep water i s t o be found. Another legend, perhaps of some charm t o ou t s ide r s but not t o Anegadians, is t h a t Anegada w i l l one day s ink beneath t h e sea . Proof of t h i s w i l l be unfortunate f o r vegeta t ion and r e s i d e n t s a l i k e . Impact of t h e ou t s ide world has been ga in ing f o r c e . Charcoaling and grazing have t r a d i t i o n a l l y taken t h e i r t o l l o f t h e vegeta t ion , and ma te r i a l s f o r t h e cons t ruc t ion o f f i sh -po t s before wire came i n t o general use were supplied by l o c a l spec ies . In t h e 1950's an American miss i l e t r ack ing s t a t i o n was operated on Anegada. A t about t h e same time, Mr. Norman Fowler, now a Road Town pe r sona l i ty , brought modern concepts t o bea r on tomato farming and shark f i s h i n g ; and f o r t h e p a s t t en o r f i f t e e n years t h e r e have been numerous, well-equipped v i s i t s by Puerto Rican duck hunters . With increased awareness of t h e i s l a n d by ou t s ide r s and t h e dec l in ing populat ion of Anegadians, i t is not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e i s l and is now being developed. Recent i s sues of the Is land Sun (Road Town) desc r ibe p lans f o r l a r g e s c a l e subdivis ion - including an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t . The p resen t entrepreneurs seem t o be well financed and t h e bul ldozers a r e a l ready a t work. Botanical Collect ions Anegada was v i s i t e d by N. L . B r i t ton , Direc tor of t h e New York Botanical Garden, and W . C . Fishlock, Curator of the Botanical S t a t i o n a t Road Town, Tor to la , on February 19-20, 1913, and t h e bo tan ica l c o l l e c t i o n s were described by Br i t ton (1916). Courtesy of t h e Government Medical Of f i ce r s , I was ab le t o v i s i t t h e i s l and i n 1959 and again i n 1967, when I was able t o t a k e some bo tan ica l specimens. Time on these v i s i t s was l imi t ed t o t h a t o f t h e two o r t h r e e hour c l i n i c conducted by t h e Medical Of f i ce r , but it d id permit a walk from The Settlement t o Loblolly Bay on t h e A t l a n t i c s i d e . Besides my account here and t h a t by Br i t ton , I know of no o the r published bo tan ica l records f o r t h e i s l and , but D r . R. A. Howard, T h e ' ~ r n o 1 d Arboretum, Jamaica Pla in , Mass., M r . Roy Woodbury, Agr icu l tu ra l Experiment S ta t ion , Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, and D r . E lbe r t L . L i t t l e , Jr., United S t a t e s Forest Service, Washington, D . C . , have each mentioned t o me i n t h e pas t t h a t they know of o the r small c o l l e c t i o n s now i n d i f f e r e n t he rba r i a . Acknowledgements Mr. Henry Milstrey and M r . Robert Nevin of Road Town provided as s i s t ance , and o f course t h e Government Medical Of f i ce r s , M r . Parker and D r . T a t t e r s a l l , provided t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . k. Parker, an outs tanding London surgeon, was of more than passing a s s i s t a n c e a t a l a t e r da te . M r . Roy Woodbury and D r . R . A. Howard were kind enough t o he lp with i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f specimens. THE FLORA The known f l o r a of Anegada comprises 139 spec ies of angiosperms, two mosses, one charophyte and e i g h t l i c h e n s . The f l o r a c o n s i s t s o f species capable of growing on limestone; i n var ious , but always some, element of s a l t spray; and under x e r i c s t r e s s from oceanic winds pass ing over a small , ho t land mass. Br i t ton considered t h e i s l and t o have one endemic genus and f i v e endemic species , a considerable number f o r an i s l a n d o f t h i s s i z e i n t h e West Indies . The p r i n c i p a l f l o r i s t i c r e l a t i o n s a r e with t h e o t h e r Virgins and with Puerto Rico, but t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s with the Bahamas and Hispaniola a r e a l s o of i n t e r e s t . Much o f t h e f l o r a i s o f widespread West Indian spec ies . The endemic genus Fishlockia consists of one species, F. anegadensis, which was f i r s t described as an Acacia. I t i s a p l en t i fu l t ree , with very dark green fol iage and large fascicles of strong, acicular spines t o 8 cm lonn on the trunk and main branches. In fol iage it closely - resembles a number of West Indian species of ~i thecel lobium, e.g.,.P. kewensis, and t o some extent the Mexican P. calostachys. resemble tha t of Acacia. An examination of a l l acacias a t the Missouri Botanical Garden, which included a good representation of African and other Old world species, disciosed no species which approached Fishlockia even remotely. As f o r the spines on the trunk, such spines are recorded on Acacia acuifera, a species endemic to the Bahamas, but one which has multi-pinnate leaves, as i s usual for West Indian acacias. The flowers closely resemble those of the pithecellobiums mentioned but have the Acacia character of f ree stamens. Britton & Rose (1928) may have had the same temptation as I , t o t ransfer the species t o Pithecellobium, but chose t o consider it a d i s t i nc t genus. Monographic work with a good circumscription of Pithecellobium would be useful in assigning t h i s taxon. In any event, it i s a highly d i s t inc t ive en t i t y with i t s c losest r e l a t i ve apparently i n the nearby Bahamas. The other endemics are not so dramatic. Chamaesyce anegadensis may be a synonym of C. t u rp in i i (see Burch 1966, p. 96). C . t u rp in i i a l so occurs on ~ i s p z i o l a , and I have collected it a t ~ a l i n a s de Ensenada on the south coast of Puerto Rico. I t i s a succulent l i t t l e species that hides i n holes i n the limestone a t the edge of the sea. The Astephanus mentioned by Brit ton (1916) was l a t e r described by him as a Metastelma and t ransferred t o Cynanchum i n 1963. This i s a large genus which includes many Antillean species of ra ther inconspicuous d i s t inc t ion . Britton referred t o a s t i l l undescribed species of Sabal which he thought was new, but he was unwilling t o describe it - because it lacked flowers and f r u i t . The f i f t h endemic was a lichen, Arthonia anegadensis, growing on bark of Pisonia subcordata. Thus, the endemism of the island reduces t o one endemic genus and two described - species of higher plants, plus one species of l ichen. The l i s t of species includes few exotics. Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cocos nucifera, - Aloe barbadensis and Nerium oleander were introduced by post-Columbian man, and it is known tha t Lyco ersicon esculentum and Gossypium spp. have been cul t ivated i n t Ti- e past Any non goat-proof introductions were not l ike ly t o p e r s i s t . A good par t of the Anegada f l o r a i s a l i t t o r a l element widespread throughout the Caribbean area, and about a dozen species are common t o the coasts of the New World and Africa (Guppy 1917). The closest relationship of the f l o r a is with Puerto Rico and the other Virgin Islands. Some twenty non-endemic species i n the Anegada l i s t have not been reported for the other Virgins, and only seventeen are not found on the island of Puerto Rico. Species which do not occur on the other Virgins o r on Puerto Rico have ranges north t o the Bahamas o r south t o the Leeward Islands, and a few reach others of the Greater Antil les. Fimbristylis inaguensis, Thrinax morrisi i , Salicornia perennis, Malpighia l inear i s , M. infestissima, Centaurium b r i t t o n i i , Jacquemontia cayensis, Evolvulus squamosus, Cordia bahamensis, Lycium tweedianum a l l miss Puerto Rico. They are be t t e r known from the f l a t islands t o the outside of the is land Hrc. A s t r i k ing feature of Anegada's f l o r i s t i c re la t ionship is the a f f in i ty with Hispaniola. Over 100 species of the Anegada f lo ra occur on Hispaniola, and of these seventy occur i n Barahona Province, Dominican Republic. Several species have been reported for Hispaniola in Barahona o r Azua provinces only, e.g., Pir iqueta dif fusa, Pi lea tenerrima, and Phyllanthus polycladus (Moscoso 1943), but fur ther col lect ing may show wider d i s t r ibu t ions on t h i s island. Anegada i s isolated not only i n terms of simple geography but a l so i n terms of the vectors which might enrich the f l o ra . Hurricanes are few and generally come from the south, perhaps never from the west o r north. The prevail ing winds are from the eas t and seldom pass over other land before reaching t h i s is land. Ocean currents come s tead i ly from the southeast o r eas t , the Antillean Stream mentioned by Guppy (1917). Winds and currents, when they do pass over land f i r s t , are associated with Sombrero, Anguilla o r Barbuda, similar islands of the outer arc, but t h i s is not usually the case, fo r the winds and currents from these islands most commonly pass more d i rec t ly t o the west. The continuous winds over Anegada must discourage most birds . Bond (1961) shows tha t the outer islands are on the migration routes of birds passing through the Bahamas on t h e i r way t o the Leeward Islands t o southward. Ocean currents moving t o t he west may do so i n two directions from Anegada. Schomburek describes the d r i f t t o the northwest as steadv a t about one knot, an; t h i s current moves i n the direct ion of Turks a;ld Caicos and the Bahamas, but must sometimes s h i f t southward and be deflected t o the north by the bulge i n Hispaniola near Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic. Ocean currents may also take a more southerly course t o the west from Anegada, e i t he r through the S i r Francis Drake Channel, where it causes a substant ia l r i p current a t the west end of Tortola, o r by way of the much larger Anegada Passage between Anegada Anguilla. These two currents uni te south of S t . Thomas and continue westward along the south coast of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola u n t i l directed sharply southward in to the Caribbean by Barahona Province. and The vectors re la t ing t o f l o r i s t i c interchange with Anegada make it feasible f o r propagules t o move from eas t t o west o r northwest, but with the exception of b i rd movements from the Bahamas southeastward t o Anegada, movements t o the eas t are less l ikely, especially over the distances considered. The Mona Passage between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola is over f i f t y miles across, and the distance from Barahona t o Anegada i s over f ive hundred miles. The grand c i rcu la r movements of currents t o shores of Anegada via the coasts of Central America and the coasts of Europe and Africa would disperse only those plants adapted t o long time periods on the water. As pointed out by L i t t l e (1969), as recently as 11,000 years ago Northern Hemisphere glaciations caused a lowering of sea level suf f ic ien t t o join a l l of the Virgins except St . Croix with Puerto Rico. A lowering of about 120 f ee t would be suf f ic ien t t o achieve t h i s , while it i s estimated (Clark & Stearn 1960) t ha t the actual lowering may have reached 350 f ee t . A continuous Puerto Rico-Virgin Island land mass must have pers is ted for several thousand years a t i ts l a t e s t occurrence (Wisconsin glaciat ion) , and t h i s no doubt allowed many plants t o move between the now recognized is lands by overland migration. A s seas rose, species which were not adapted t o dispersal over water became i so la ted on insu la r land areas. Those i n the eastern par t of the former area gradually ceased t o receive genes from the western par t , and with release from the larger gene pool, speciation was f ree t o favor plants adapted t o the special environments a t the eastern edge. Plants i n the west would for a long time, and do t o some extent st i l l , receive genes from the eastern populations in the form of pollen grains carried by wind-blown insects and off-course birds and as seeds and other propagules carried by winds and currents from east t o west. This one-way movement of the vectors from the easternmost islands, of which Anegada is the extreme example, is c l ea r ly important in accounting for the endemism that occurs there. The question i s why there i s not more. There has been a time span of some 5,000-10,000 years for independent speciation t o take place. There are many small islands which favor occurrence of populations varying as a resu l t of random d r i f t , as well as an environment which exerts important s t resses by wind, s a l t spray, drought and insolation, and perhaps formerly by now-extinct herbivores. The answer seems t o be the re turn of new genetic developments t o the la rger populations i n the west, obscuring the extent of d i f fe ren t ia t ion i n the eastern populations, and sometimes affect ing the parent s t r a in s on the western land mass. In other cases, species which developed suf f ic ien t ly t o be distinguished as such may have made the passage downhill (down wind o r down stream) in t ac t and taken t h e i r places i n the f l o ra of the area as a whole ra ther than as endemics t o the eastern edge only. With the sea level subsidence of Pleistocene glaciations, the Mona Passage may not have been above sea level, and i f it was, it was not for long. Puerto Rico and Hispaniola were essen t ia l ly d i s t i n c t land masses throughout most of t h i s period. Accordingly, we should not be surprised t o find cases where plants evolved on eastern islands and moved westward with wind or currents t o Hispaniola. Such i s perhaps the case with Chamaesyce t u r p i n i i , Croton discolor, C. betulinus, Cassine xylocarpa, Heliotropiwn crispiflorum and probably otFers. Much of the f l o r a of the Bahamas probably was received from the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and especial ly Anegada i n just such a fashion. The l i s t of the Anegada f l o r a as now known i s too short t o come t o more than ten ta t ive conclusions. Certainly it seems l ike ly t ha t enlargement of the l i s t by fur ther col lect ing i n the immediate future w i l l turn up a number of species and forms, throwing important l igh t on the evolution of many Greater Ant i l les taxa. The same considerations apply t o f resh water algae and fauna, t o insects and t o other animals. Thomas (1965) has already turned up unexpected pat terns in the worm snake genus Typhlops. CHECKLIST OF ANEGADA FLORA In the following list of species, nomenclature i s corrected from the now discarded American Code names as f a r as possible, but no recourse was made t o type material. Synonyms and wrong author c i ta t ions are mostly res t r ic ted t o names used by Brit ton, but i n some cases, other names i n current use have been added. A l l species named without c i ta t ion of specimens are taken from Brit ton (1916) or Brit ton & Wilson (1923-25) whose supporting collections are a t New York Botanical Garden (NY). The checklist proceeds i n t he order of Brit ton & Wilson, which is essen t ia l ly that of Dalla Torre & Harms. Specimens have been lodged i n several herbaria, e.g. Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), University of Florida, Gainesville (FLAS), Arnold Arboretum (A). Specimens were iden t i f ied by the author except where noted. Those sent t o Mr. Roy Woodbury f o r iden t i f ica t ion are a t the Agricultural Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. In a few cases, no specimens were taken, but the species was l a t e r ident i f ied from a color transparency. Citing such ephemeral sources is of course t o be frowned upon, but i n t h i s case it seems reasonable as only s t r ik ing ly d i s t i nc t ive plants are so named. A. ANGIOSPERMS POACEAE Arundo sp. Reported by Schomburgk (1832) but not collected since. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. D . aegyptium ( L . ) Willd. - Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link D'Arcy 2127 (FLAS) Eragrostis c i l i a r i s (L.) R. B r . E . c i l i a r i s (L.) Link - Eragrostis urbaniana Hitchc. Panicum geminatum Forsk. Panicum utowanaeum Scribn. Paspalum laxum Lam. P. glabrum Poir. - CY PERACEAE Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K. Cyperus elegans L. Cyperus fuligineus Chapm. Cyperus planifol ius Rich. C. brunneus Sw. - Fimbristylis inaguensis B r i t t . Fimbristylis monostachya (L). Hassk. Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl ARECACEAE Cocos nucifera L. D'Arcy photo Sabal sp. - Thrinax morr is i i Wendl. BROMELIACEAE Ti l landsia u t r icu la ta L . C O W LINACEAE Commelina elegans Kunth C. elegans H.B.K. - LILIACEAE Aloe barbadensis M i l l . - Aloe vulgaris Lam. - DfArcy photo. Naturalized around The Settlement. AMARYLLIDACEAE Agave missionum Trel . Furcraea tuberosa A i t . f . ORCHIDACEAE Spiranthes s t a h l i i Cogn. i n Urb. Mesadenus lucayanus ( B r i t t . ) Schlecht . Tetramicra elegans (Hamilt .) URTICACEAE P i l e a margaret tae B r i t t . P i l e a microphylla (L.) Liebm. P i l e a tenerr ima Miq. OLACACEAE Schoepfia obovata C. Wright LORANTHACEAE Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & Urb. Phthirusa car ibaea (Kmg & Urb .) Engl. POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba k r u g i i Lindau Coccolobis k r u g i i Lindau D'Arcy 2138, de t . R. Woodbury Coccoloba u v i f e r a (L.) L . Coccolobis u v i f e r a (L.) Jacq . D'Arcy photo CHENOPODIACEAE Sa l i co rn ia perennis M i l l . D'Arcy 2120 (FLAS). AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes por to r i cens i s (Ktze.) S tandl . Li thophila muscoides Sw. Philoxerus vermicular i s (L.) Beauv. P. vermicular i s (L.) Nutt. - NYCTAGINACEAE I Pisonia subcordata Sw. BATACEAE I 1 Batis maritima L. AIZOACEAE 1 Cypselea humifusa Turp. 1 PORTULACACEAE I Portulaca halimoides L. Portulaca oleracea L. CRASSULACEAE 1 Kalanchoe! pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz I MIMOSACEAE Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Acuan virgatum (L.) Medic. Fishlockia anegadensis (Br i t t . ) B r i t t . & Rose Acacia anegadensis B r i t t . I I D'Arcy 2124 (FLAS). 1 Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Mart. CAESALPINIACEAE I I Cassia !icaps;?aris L . , Adlpera lcapsularls (L.) B r i t t . & Rose Cassia glandulosa var. swartzii (Wickstr.) J . F . Macbr. Chamaecrista s w a r t ~ k s t r . ) B r i t t . Cassia occidentalis L . D'Arcy 2123 (FLAS). Cassia polyphylla Jacq. i Peiranis ia polyphylla (Jacq.) B r i t t . & Rose 1 Cassia sophera L. FABACEAE Centrosema virginianum (L. ) Benth. Bradburya virginiana ( L . ) Ktze. Crotalaria l o t i f o l i a L . Galactia dubia DC. D'Arcy 2116 (MO) P ic t e t i a aculeata (Vahl) Urb DIArcy 2135 (FLAS) Sophora tomentosa L . Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. MALPIMIACEAE Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC. B . cuneata (Turcz.) P . Wilson - Malpighia infestissima A. Juss . ex Ndz . M. infestissima (A. Juss . ) Rich. - Malpighia l inear i s Jacq. DIArcy 2121 (FLAS) Stigmaphyllon periplocifolium (Desf .) Juss. S. lingulatum (Poir.) Small - RUTACEAE Amyris elemifera L. D'Arcy 2126 (FLAS) SURIANACEAE Suriana maritima L. POLYGALACEAE Polygala hecatentha Urb. EUPHORBIACEAE Argythamnia candicans Sw . D'Arcy 2115 (MO) Arg~thamnia s t a h l i i Urb. I Chamaesyce a r t i cu l a t a (Aubl.) B r i t t . I Chamaesyce b lodget t i i (Engelm.) Small Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia (Jacq.) Dugand Chamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.) Small I * 1 Chamaesyce serpens (H.B.K.) Small I Chamaesyce tu rp in i i (Boiss.) Millsp. C. anegadensis Millsp. - Croton betulinus Vahl D'Arcy 2113 (ELM) I 1 Croton discolor Willd DIArcy 2125 (FLAS) I I Euphorbia pe t io l a r i s Sims Aklema pe t io la re (Sims) Millsp. D'Arcy 2137 (FLAS) Hippomane mancinella L. DIArcy, observation only -- one t r e e behind Loblolly Bay. J a t ro ha gossypifolia L . - - -%Enoropium gossypifolium (L.) Pohl D'Arcy photo I 1 Phyllanthus polycladus Urb. i CELASTRACEAE Cassine xylocarpa Vent. I Elaeodendrum xylocarpum (Vent.) DC. I i Crossopetalum rhacoma Cranz Rhacoma crossopetalum L. DIArcv 2139 (A). det . R.A. Howard Gyminda l a t i f o l i a (Sw.) Urb. DIArcy 2130 (MO) ~ SAPINDACEAE 1 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var spatulata ( J . E . Sm.) Benth. D. ehrenbergii Schl. - Serjania polyphylla (L . ) Radlk. I RHAMNACEAE Colubrina arborescens (Mill .) Sarg . C. colubrina (Jacq.) Millsp. - DfArcy 2128, det . R. Woodbury. Colubrina rec l ina ta (LfHer.) Brongn. Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urb . Reynosia uncinata Urb . Zizyphus rignonii Delp. Sarcomphalus domingensis (Spreng.) Krug & Urb. DfArcy 2180 (FLAS), de t . R. Woodbury; 2140 (MO) - VITACEAE Cissus t r i f o l i a t a (L.) L . C. t r i f o l i a t a L . - TILIACEAE Corchorus hirsutus L . MALVACEAE Sida c i l i a r i s L . Sida procumbens Sw. STERCULIACEAE Waltheria indica L. W . - americana L. CANELLACEAE Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. TURNERACEAE Turnera diffusa Willd. DfArcy 2112 (FLAS, MO) PASSIFLORACEAE Passif lora suberosa L. P. pa l l i da L. - CACTACEAE Melocactus in tor tus (Mill .) Urb . Cactus in tor tus M i l l . Opuntia a f f . d i l l e n i i (Ker-Gawl.) Haw. D' Arcy photo Pilosocereus royeni (L.) Byles & Rowley Cephalocereus royeni (L.) B r i t t . TERMINALIACEAE Conocarpus erecta L. Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f . MYRTACEAE Eugenia a x i l l a r i s (Sw.) Willd. RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L. THEOPHRASTACEAE Jacquinia arborea Vahl J. barbasco (Loefl.) Mez. - Jacquinia b e r t e r i i Spreng. DfArcy 2134 (FLAS) SAPOTACEAE Bumelia obovata (Lam.) A. DC. GENTIANACEAE Centaurium b r i t t o n i i Millsp . APOCYNACEAE Nerium oleander L . DtArcy photo, cul t ivated a t The Settlement Plumeria alba L . - Urechites lu tea (L.) Britt . - D'Arcy 2119 (FLAS) ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum anegadense (Br i t t . ) Alain Metastelma anegadense B r i t t . CONVOLWLACEAE Evolvulus glaber Spreng. Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Evolvulus squamosus B r i t t . Listed by Brit ton, but van Ooststroom (1934) d id not c i t e an Anegada specimen f o r t h i s species. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Roth DtArcy photo -- Loblolly Bay. Jacquemontia cayensis B r i t t . EHRETIACEAE Bourreria succulenta Jacq. Cordia bahamensis (Urb.) Millsp. Varronia bahamensis (Urb .) Millsp. BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium crispiflorum Urb. Heliotropium microphyllum Sw. H. inaguense Britt. - H. plumerii Urb. & Ekm. - DtArcy 2117 (FLAS) Tournefortia gnaphalodes (L.) R . B r . Mallotonia gnaphalodes (L.) B r i t t . Tournefortia microphylla Bert. ex Spreng. D l Arcy 2129 (MO, FLAS) VERBENACEAE Citharexylum fruticosum L. Clerodendrum aculeatum (L.) Schlecht. I Volkameria aculeata L. I Lantana involucrata L. LAMIACEAE I 1 Salvia serot ina L . I D'Arcy 2114 (FLAS). SOLANACEAE I I Lycium tweedianum var. chrysocarpum (Wb. & Ekm.) C.L . Hitchc. i L. americanum Jacq. - D'Arcy 2136 (FLAS) I Physalis angulata L. Solanum persicaefolium h n . i D'Arcy 2154 (FLAS) BIGNONIACEAE Tabebuia pa l l i da (Lindl.) Miers i Y h e t e r o p h y l l a - (DC) B r i t t . RUBIACEAE I Er i tha l i s f ru t icosa L . Ernodea l i t t o r a l i s Sw. I i Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) R. & S. Randia aculeata L. R. m i t i s L. - - I Spermacoce tenuior L. I I Strumpfia maritima Jacq. D'Arcy 2141 (FLAS) CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis anguria L . GOODENI ACEAE Scaevola plumieri (L.) Urb. COMPOSITAE Borr ichia arborescens (L.) DC. Gundlachia corymbosa (Urb .) Britt . DIArcy 2122 (MO) Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. Wedelia p a r v i f l o r a L.C. Rich. DIArcy 2131 (MO) B . BRYOPHYTES Bryum microdecurrens E . G. B r i t t . Hymenostomum b r e u t e l i i (C. Muell.) Broth. C . CHAROPHYTES Chara sp . - D. LICHENS Anthracothecium l ibr icolwn ( ~ g e ) Muel 1. -Arg . Arthonia in t e rduc ta Nyl. Arthonia anegadensis Riddle Arthopyrenia f a l l a x (Nyl.) Arnold Bue l l i a parasema var aeruginascens (Nyl.) Muell.-Arg. Glyphis c i c a t r i c o s a Ach. Pyxine meissneri Tuck. Ramalina den t i cu la t a (Eschw.) Nyl. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bond, J. 1961. Birds of t h e West Ind ies . Boston, New York. Br i t ton , N. L . 1916. The vegeta t ion o f Anegada. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6 : 565-580. Bri t ton , N . L . and Wilson, P. 1923, 1925. Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Is lands , In: S c i e n t i f i c survey o f Por to Rico and t h e Virgin Is lands , ~o1s.v & V I . New York. Burch, D. 1966. Two new species o f Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae), new combinations, and a key t o t h e Caribbean members of t h e genus. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 53: 90-99. Clark, T. H. and S t e a m , C . W . 1960. The geologica l evolut ion of North America. New York. Guppy, H. B. 1917. Plants , seeds, and cu r ren t s i n t h e West Indies and Azores. London. Klumb, H. and S. Robbins & Co., Inc. 1960. Development and land use program f o r t h e B r i t i s h Virgin I s l ands . Road Town. L i t t l e , E lbe r t L . , Jr. , 1969. Trees of J o s t Van Dyke ( B r i t i s h Virgin I s l ands ) . Forest Service Research Paper ITF 9, U.S. Department of Agr icul ture . Moscoso, R. M. 1943. Catalogus f l o r a e domingensis. New York. Ooststroom, S. J . van 1934. A monograph of t h e genus Evolvulus. Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 14: 1-267. Schomburgk, S i r R. H. 1832. Remarks on Anegada. Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond. 2: 152-170. Thomas, R. 1965. A reassessment o f t h e Virgin I s l ands Typhlops with a desc r ip t ion o f two new subspecies. Rev. Biol . Trop. 13: 187-201. P l a t e 1. View of Anegada from nea r Loblo l ly Bay looking t o t h e southwest. Virgin Gorda is t o be seen i n t h e d i s t ance . P l a t e 2 . View of t h e landscape a t The Set t lement showing t h e e x t e n t of overgrazing. Plate 3 . Large Pisonia t r e e showing planing of the top by the winds. I I i Plate 4. View of the rocky plain between Loblolly Bay and The I Settlement. A N E G A D A . ,. r : . r ." ,*. d SOMBRERO GORDA V~ w ST. C R O l X I " " ~ U R K S Is. Plate 5 . Map showing Anegada i n r e l a t i on t o the Virgin Islands. Plate 6 . Map showing Anegada i n r e l a t i on t o ocean currents and the islands t o the west.