PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 487
OIV THE FAMIIiY ANO !mJBFA:TII?,IX:S OF CARANOIDJC:.BY THEODORE OILL.The family of Carangidae, as limited by me iu the ''Arrangement ofthe lamilies of Fishes" (also as iu the Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc. Phila., for18C2, p. 430, after the exclusion of Pomatomns) is an exceedingly naturalone, notwithstanding the differences iu external form. I have examinedskulls of representatives of all the groups hereinafter named, and theircommon characters are so numerous, while their severally peculiar onesare so insignificant that the so-called subfamilies are scarcely entitled tothat rank. The most characteristic skull is manifested in Tracliynotus
;
in that form, the orbito-rostral portion is shorter in comparison, the post-frontal bones larger and more projecting, the inner lateral crests moreproduced forwards than in any others, and the ethmoid is abbreviatedand markedly and abruptly declined. Analagous characters in manyfamilies, however, are of inferior systematic value. It is to be also re-marked that the Caranginte and Seriolinse are especially nearly allied,so far as their crania are concerned, and there is even less superficialdifference between the skull of Seriola and most Carangina*
?
e. g. Car-angus?than between it and the related genus Elagatis.Greatly as the elongated Trachurus and the high Selene differ, eventhey essentially agree as to the structure of the skull, that of Selenediffering from the Carangine chiefly in being compressed, with its crestelevated and extended backwards and its rcstral portion attenuated andproduced forward. Its ethmoid especially is characteristic in being muchcompressed and carinated above instead of flattened and double-headed. If, therefore, the subfamilies already indicated are retainedin the present communication, it is rather in order to epitomize the his-tory expressed in their nomenclature than because I insist on or per-sist in their retention. The haernal canal is perhaps more characteristic.CARANGID^.Synonyms as families.X Centronotides, Bisso, Hist. Nat. de I'Europe Merid., t. 3, pp. 110, 426, 1826.> Carangoidei, Bleeker, Emim. Sp. Piscium Archipel. Indico, p. xxiii, 1859.X Lichioidei, Bleelcer, Enum. Sp. Piscium Arcliipel. Indico, p. xxii, 1859.X Serioloidei, Bleeker, Ennra. Sp. Piscium Arcliiiiel. Indico, p. xxiii, 1859.X Carangidse, GUnflier, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 417, 1860.X Carangid.-B, Guniker, Archiv fiirNatnrg., 28. Jahrg., B. 1, p. 59, 1862.< Carangoidffi, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14,] p. 430, 1862.< Carangida?, Cope, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 20, p. 342, 1872.= Carangida?, &ill, Arrangement Families Fishes, p. 8, 1872.= Carangida;, Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., t. 4 (Enum. Pise. Cub., p. 7), 1875.> Caranges, Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. K. .Akad. der Wissensch. (Wien), B. 67, 1 Abth.,p. 33, 1873.
488 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.> (Jliorineini, FUzbujer, Sitznugsbrr. K. Akail. dcr Wisseiisch. (Wieii), 11 fi7, 1. Abtli.,p. :?, 1873.X Niuicrnta", Flizinger, SitzniigHlier. K. Akad. dcr Wisscnscli. (\\'icu), J]. (i7, I. Abtb.,p. ;{;?, 1873.ZcidiL' gen., Swainson.Dr. Giinther {op. cit, p. 417) has claimed special merit for his familyof Carangidai, remarking "that several authors have also distinguisheda family Camuffidoe, but if they defined it at all tliey have applied char-acters very different from those given above [his remarks], and havenot paid attention to the structure of the skeleton." I am not aware thatany author except Bleeker hatl previously distinguished a family Ca-rangidje; the name "Carangida^," suggested by Agassiz, being merelyan orthographical substitute for subfamily names of the Caran^inj^.As is too often the case with that author, Dr. Giinther has withheld alldefinite information and means of verification of his statement. Itmay be added, too, in this connection, that Dr. Giinther had evidentlyalso "not paid attention to the structure of the skeleton" further thanas to the number of the vertebr;ie, for had he done so he would haveavoided the remarkable combination of genera he has assembled asconstituents of his "OarangidiT?."Tlie family may be briefly diagnosed as follows :Scombroidea* with the vertebrne in typical (10 +14), or nearly typi-cal, number, the skull not expanded backwards and outwards, but withthe internal as well as external lateral crests continued backwards tothe exoccipital condyles, and the frontal bones coalesced ; the bodymoderately elongated and more or less compressed; a short spinous dor-sal more or less developed, and a long soft dorsal and anal fins, the lat-ter preceded by a more or less detached and distinct finlet of two spines( SOI n etim es atrophied)
.
The more detailed characteristics are as follows
:
Body oblong, compressed, generally subfusiform (sometimes fusiform,sometimes elevated), highest below the first dorsal fin, and with a slen-der caudal i)eduncle. Anus anteromedian.Scales small, generally cycloid, and regularly imbricated.Lateral line continuous to and ending at the base of the caudal tin.Head compressed, oblong or short, and witli the crown generally de-curved or arched. Eyes moderate and submedian or anterior.Siihorhital bones small and not articulated with the preoperculum.Opercular bones normaWy develoi^ed; suboperculum forming most ofthe posterior border and the angle.Nostrils double, in front of each eye.Mouth moderate, with the cleft lateral and little oblique, generallypartly extending under the eyes.Upper jaw not protractile, formed above by the premaxillary bones,
* The Scombridai aud Corypbajuidse exhibit the peculiarities ofthe vertebrae (as com-pared with spariform aud perciform lishes, e. <j.) mauilest iu the Car.augidte.
PROCEEDINGS OP^ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 489whose posterior or ascending- processes are short, and on tlic sides l)ythe supraniaxilhxry liones, which are expanded towards the ends.Teeth acute, variable in position, and sometimes entirely obsolete orlost in old age.Branchial apertures very large and ample. Branchiostegal mem-brane deeply' emarginated, sustained generally by 7 rays on ea<'h side(rarely by 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10.)Sjiinous dorsal fin short, generally fully developed, but sonu'timesrepresented by free spines, which may be very small or eveu obsolete.Soft dorsal fin commencing near the middle of the length, and littleless than half as long as the trunk.Anal fin opposite to, and generally nearly equal to, the soft dorsal,with two (rarely obsolete) spines in front, detached from the fin.Caudal fin forked, and with its lobes slender and pointed.Pectoral fins inserted at the normal moderate height above the breaston the scapular arch ; they are generally pointed.Ventral fins thoracic and usually normally developed, each having a-spine and five branched rays, which are regularly graduated. (In theParopsincv they are obsolete.)The vertebrfB are in normal (10 + 14) number, with few deviations{e. r/., Naucrates, with 10 + 10) 5 they are much contracted at the middle(like an hour-glass), and most (the costiferous and last caudal excepted)have anterior as well as posterior zygapophyses above and below, andthe anterior pair of one vertebra are frequently interposed (or so tend)between the posterior pair of the preceding; the neurapophyses andhoemapophyses spring from near the middle or contracted portion of tlievertebra?, and are moderately curved backward; the costiferous verte-brte have pits behind or above the parapophyses for the reception of theribs ; the parapophyses are obsolete on the anterior vertebr;e, and onlymoderately developed backwards.The skull is oblong, inclining to triangular, seen from above; thebrain-case is not expanded backwards or outwards, but provided withextensions from the lateral external and internal crests towards theexoccipital condyles ; the internal crests are continued forwards in anearly or quite parallel direction ; the frontal bones are co-ossified ; thevomer projects forwards and downwards ; the post-frontals are more orless excavated or impressed on their inferior surface.SERIOLIN^.Siinonymy.> Centrouotini, Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad. dj Scieuze, t. 52 (Saggio Distrib. Metod. Aui-uiali Vertebr. a Saugae Freddo, p. 34), 1832.< Ceiitronotinc'B, Swainson, Nat. Hist, aud Class. Fishes, etc., v. 2, pp. 170,243,1839.> Centrouotini, Bonaparte, Nnovi Annali delle Sci. Nat., t. 2, p. 133, 1838; t. 4, p. 27r>,1840.< Seriolinae, GUI, Cat. Fishes E. coast N. A., p. 36, 1861 (n. d).
490 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.> Ccntronotiiiir, Cill, Cat. Fishes E. coast N. A., p. M, 1661 (u. d).
. = CentrouotiDti", GUI, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14,] p. 431, 1862.< Serioliuaj, Poet/, Aual. Soc, Esp. Hist, Nat., t. 4 (Enum. Pise. Cub., p. 7), 1875.The chief genera are the following
:
SERIOLA.Siinonijmy.< Seriola, Ciivier, Eeguo Auimal, 2e ed., t. 2 p. ? , 1829. (Not Seriola Cass.)< Seriola, Cur. .j- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous. v. 0, p. 200, 1833.< Seriola, Giinthcr, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 462, 1860.= Halatractus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. [v. 14], p. 442, 1862.Scomber sp., MitchiU, etc.In returning to the name Seriola and abandoning Ilalatractm, I deferto the majority of naturalists, who consider that the same name may beused without interference in zoology and botany.NAUCEATES.Synonymy.
? Ceutrouotus, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 3, p. 311, 1802. (Not Ceiiironoliis Bl.,Schu., 1801.)= Nancrates, Ctrvier, Regue Auimal, 2e ed., t. 2, li. ? , 1829.= Naucrates, Ciiv. <j- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, t: 8, j). 312, 1831 (adult).> Nauclerus, Cur. <f- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, t. 9, p. 247, 1833 (very youug).= Naucrates, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, ]). 374, 1860 (adult).> Nauclerus, Giinthcr, Cat. Fishes iu Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 469, 1860 (very youug).= Naucrates, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. [v. 14,] pp. 262, 440, 1862.Gasterosteus sp., Linn., Daldorf, etc.Scomber sp., Block, MitchiU. etc.Tbyunus sp., Gronow.Seriola sp.. Cur. cf' Tal., (?((?//ie)' (moderately youug).Even the partial synonymy of the pilot-fish is remarkable, viz
:
NA IJC IIATES DUCTOR.
'^ Pilot-fish:'Ist c.?Pouipilus, Oridius, Halieutica, 1. 5.1st c?Pompilus, FliniuR, Historiai Mundil. ix, c. 61 ; xxxii, c. 11.2d c.
?
UojirnXoc, Oppianvs iJjevTlKiov ih[ilin, i.3d c. T\i)H~'iAor, Athena U8 Deipnosophisticaruni, vii.3d c. Tlbii-nOMr, AeliannH, Ilf/it ^uuv 'i6i6ttitoq, ii, c. 1.^) ; xv, c. 2.15.^)8?Pompilus, Gesncr, Histori;e Auimalium 1. iv.1613?Pompilus, .tldrovandua Dc Piscibus 1. iii, c. 19.1667?Pilote, Dutertrc, Hist. Geu. des Antilles, 2e 6d., t. 2, p. 233.1()8G?Pompilus, Willoiighhy, Dc Hist. Piscjum. lib. p. 215, .app. pi. 8, f. 2.1713?Pompilus, Ihty, Synopsis Methodica Piscium, p. 101.1714?Pompilus, FeuilUe, .Journal d'Obsorvations de Physique, etc.1738?Coryphteua No. 3, Artcdi, Genera Piscium, p. 16.17.54?Gasterosteus spinis dorsalilnis quatiior, Linncciis, Museum Adolph. Frioderlci,p. 88.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4911755?Scombor ductor, Osheck, Acta Stockliolmense, p. 71?, (fide Limiii'i).1757?Scomber ductor, Rasselquist, Iter Palistiueuse, p. 336.1758?Gasterosteus ductor, Liniimis, Systema Nature, ed. x, t. 1, p. 295, 1758; (ed.xii, t. 1, p. 489, 1766).1763?Scomber sp., Gronow, Zoopbylacinm No. 309.1768?Scomber, LccjiuHj.1768?Gasterosteus ductor, Brunnich, Ichthyologia Massiliensis, p. 67.1770?Scomber sp., Koelrcuter, Novi. Coumieutar. Petrop., t. 9, p. 464, tab. 10, f. 4, ?5.1771?Scomber duc*or, Os&ec/.-, Voyage to China.178'2
?
Dulmmeldu Moncean, Traite Geu. des Pescbes, t. 2, sect. 4, ]^\. 4, f. 4, pi. 9, f. 3.1792?Gasterosteus ductor, Walhamn, Artedi Genera Piscium, p. ?
.
1793?Scomber ductor. Block, Ausliindische Fische, p. ?, taf. 338.1800 ??Gasterosteus antecessor, Daldorf, iil<.rivt. Nat. Selskab. Kjobcnbavn, t. 2, p.166.is ?Gasterosteus antecessor, Geoffroi/ >St. H'tlaire, Annales Mus. d'Hist. Nat., t. 9,p. 469.18 ?Pilote, Base, Diet. d'Hist. Nat. de Deterville.1801?Scomber ductor, Block, Syvstema Icbtbyologiaj, Schneider ed., p. 32.1801?Scomber Koelreuteri, Block, Systema Ichthyologise, Schneider ed., p. 570.1802?Centronotus conductor, Lacepecle, Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 3, p. 311.1803?Scomber ductor, Shaw, Gen. Zoology, v. 4, p. 586.1810?Naucrates fanfurus, Ilafincsquc, Caratteri de Aicuni Nuovi Generi e Nuove Spe-cie di Auimali e Plant _? dellaSicilia, p. 45.1810?Naucrates conductor, hUiJinesqiic, Caratteri de Aicuni Nuovi Generi e NuoveSpecie di Animali e Piante della Sicilia, p. 44.1810?Centronotus conductor, liisso, Ichthyologie de Nice, li. 428.1814?Scomber ductor, MitchUl, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. New York, v. 1, p. 4S4.1825?Centronotus conductor, Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc, v. 14, p. 82.1827?Centronotus conductor, lUsso, Hist. Nat. Europe M6rid., t. 3, p. 193.1829?Naucrates indicus, Lesson, Voyage sur la Coqnille, Zoologie, p. 157, pi. 14.1831?Naucrates ductor, Cuv. cf- Val, Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 8, p. 312.1831?Naucrates noveboraceusis, Cuv. if- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 8, p. 325.1831?Naucrates indicus, Cur <)' Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 8, p. 326.1831?Naucrates Keolreuteri, Cur. ij- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 8, p. 327.1833?Seriola Dussumieri, Cnr. .l'- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p. 217.1833?Seriola succincta. Cur. 4' Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p. 218.1833?Nauclerus compressus. Cur. .y- Vol., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 9, p. 2491833?Nauclerus abbreviatus, Cuv. <i- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v. 9, p. 251.1833?Nauclerus brachycentrus, Cuv. .f- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p. 253.1833?Nauclerus triacanthus, Cuv. iS' Vol., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p. 253.18.33^Nanclerus annularis. Cur. .f Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p. 254.1833?Nauclerus leucurus, Cuv. .(' Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. 9, p, 255.1834?Naucrates ductor, Cuvier, Animal Kingdom, Griffith ed., v. 10, p. 189, pi. 47, f. 1.1835?Centronotus ductor, .TvnijHS, Syst. Cat. Brit. Vertebr. Animals, p. 365.1839?Naucrates ductor. Sn-diiison, Nat. Hist, and Class. Fishes, v. 2, p. 412.1839?Naucrates cyanoi)hrys, Swaiuson, Nat. Hist, and Class. Fishes, v. 2, p. 412.1839?Naucrates serratus, Swainson, Nat. Hist, and Class. Fishes, v. 2, p. 413.1840?Gasterosteus ductor, Bennett, Narrative of a Whaling Voyage, v. 2, p. 274.1840?Nauclerus abbreviatus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, v. 8, p. 36; reprinted inTraus. Zool. Soc. London, v. 3, p. 3.1841?Naucrates ductor, Yarrell, Bvit. Fishes, 2de(l., v. l,p. 170; (3d ed., v. ? , p.?
)
1842?Naucrates noveboraceusis, DcEay, Nat. Hist, of New York, Fishes, p. 112.1842?Naucrates ductor, DeEay, Nat. Hist, of New York, Fishes, p. 113.1846?Naucrates indicus, Eickardson, Rep. 15th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 269.1846?Naucrates fanfarus, Bonai)arte, Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. 72.
492 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
l>S4(i?Niiucrates diutor, Bonaparte, Cat. Metod. Pesci Europei, p. Ti,184(i?NautTtites ductor, Storer, Mom. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. (2), v. 2, p. :;49 ; Syii.Fishes N. Am., p. 1)7. ,1846?Naucrates uoveboracensis, Storer, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts aud Sci. (2), v. 2, p. 349;Syu. Fishes N. Am., p. 97.1846?Naucrates indicus, Cuvier, Regue Animal, ed. de luxe, t. 2, p. ?, pi. 54, f. 1.1850?Naucrates ductor, Guichenot, Exploration Scieut. de I'Alg^rie, Poissons, p. 60.1854?Thyunus pompilus, Gronow, Systema Ichthyologicnm, pnbl. Gray, p. 123.1860?Naucrates ductor, Gllnther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 374.1860?Seriola Dussumieri, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 468.1S60?Seriola succiucta, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 462.1860?Nauclerus corapressus, GUnther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 469.1860?Nauclerus abbreviatus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 469.1860?Nauclerus brachyceutrus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 470.1860?Nauclerus triacanthus, GUnther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 470.I860?Nauclerus annularis, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 470.1860?Nauclerus leucurus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 470.1862?Naucrates ductor, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. [v. 14], pp. 262, 440. (Naucra-tes recognized as old and Nauclerus as young of same fish.)1868?Naucrates ductor, Poey, Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, t. 2, p.374.Habitat.?High seas.It will be thus seen that twelve uomiiial species were based on s])eci-niens of this one by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and nine by Dr. (xiin-tlier, who referred some to the family Carangidie because they were sup-posed to have 24 (10 + 14) vertebne, and one to the family Scombridae,because the skeleton in the B. M. had 2(5 (10 + 14) vertebrae, I dem-onstrated in 1SG2 that all such forms belonged to one species, and thetruth of this has been generally recognized since.SELENIN^.Si/nonymy.
^Seleuidi, liajinesque, Indice d' Ittiolog. Siciliaua, p. 15, 1810.<Vomerini, Boyiaparte, Nuovi Aunali dellc Sci. Nat., t. 2, p. 133, 1838; t. 4, p. 276,1840.<Vomeriui, Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad. di Scienze, v. 52 (Saggio Distrib. Method. AnimaliVertebr. a Sangue Freddo, p. 34), 1832.=Vomeriina-, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14,] pp. 431, 436, 1862.^Vomcrini, Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., t. 4 (Enum. Pise. Cub., p. 7), 1875.CARANGIN^.Synonymy.X Caranxia, Bafinesque, Analyse de la?Nature, p. ? , 1815.*<^Carancini, Bonaparte, Giorni. Aicad. di Scienze, t. 52 (Saggio Distrib. Method.Animali, Vertebr. a Sangue Freddo, p. 34), 1832.*
* Corrected to "Carangidie" (notCarangoida?) by Agassiz(Nom. Zool. Index Un., p.188, 1848), but without intending to adopt the group as a family.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 493<Carangini, Bonaparte, Nnovi Aiinali clelle Sci. Nat., t. 2, p. 133, 1838; t. 4, p. 275,1840.*<Carangma, Giinther, Cat. Fishes iu Brit. Mus., v. 2, pp. 417, 419, 1860.:=Carangina5, aUl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. [v. 14], p. 431, 1862.<Carangiui, Foey, Anal. Soc. Est. Hist. Nat., t. 4 (Euiim. I'isc. Cub., p. 7), 1875.< Centronotinie geu., Swainson.The synouomj' of the geuus Trachiirns is as follows
:
TEACHUEUS.Synonymy.
= TracJinrus, Bofinesque, Caratteri di Alcinii Nouv. (ieuereo Nuov. Specie di Auimalie Piante della Sicilia, etc., p. 41, 1H15.= Caraux (Traclmrus), Cuv. cj- Vah, Hist. Nat. desPoissous, 1. 1>, p. 6, 1833. (Section.)< Selar, Bleeker, Natuurknndig Tijdsclirift voor Nsderlandscli Indie, v. 1, pp. 343, 352,1850.<Tracliurus, (rirard, Expl. and Surv. for R. R. Route to Pac. Oc, v. 10, Fishes, p.107, 1858.=Trachurus, Gunther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mas., v. 2, p. 419, 1060.Scomber sp., Linn.Caranx sp., Lac. el al.Caranxomorus sp., Lac.Seriola sp., Bowditch. CHLOROSCOMBRIN^.Synonytny.= Chloroscombrina>, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 14,] p. 431, 1865.= Chloroscorabrini, Foey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., t. 4 (Enum. Pise. Cub., p. 7),1875. TRACHYNOTIN^.Synonomy.= Trachynotinte, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phihi., [v. 14,] p. 431, 1862.< Trachynotini, Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., t. 4 (I'uuiu. Pise, Cub., p. 7), 1875.CATALiOOUE OF A COLI.Et'TIOIV OF BIR]>!^ ITIAOE IIV THK IIVTE-RIOR OF ?0?TA RItA BY MK. C. V. IVl'TTIIVCJ.BV ROBERT RI?GWAY.On page 383 of the present volume, reference is made to a collec;-tion of birds from the interior of Costa Eica, but which at the time ofwriting- had not been received. This collection has lately come to hand,and a list of the species is presented herewith. The better to'aid ourknowledge of the geographical distribution of Central* American l)irds,the specimens coUectetl at the two principal i)oints of San Jose and theVolcau de Irazii, are given iu separate lists. The prominent character.