Review Article
Tropical Conservation Science
Volume 12: 1–30
Sustainability Agenda for the Pantanal ! The Author(s) 2019
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DOI: 10.1177/1940082919872634
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Decision-Making
Walfrido M. Tomas1 , Fabio de Oliveira Roque2, Ronaldo G. Morato4,
Patricia Emilia Medici3, Rafael M. Chiaravalloti3 , Fernando R. Tortato5,
Jerry M. F. Penha2 , Thiago J. Izzo8, Leticia C. Garcia2,
Reinaldo F. F. Lourival6, Pierre Girard8 , Nelson R. Albuquerque23 ,
Mauricio Almeida-Gomes2 , Maria H. da Silva Andrade2,
Flávia A. S. Araujo17 , Andréa C. Araujo2 , Erica C. de Arruda8,35 ,
Vivian A. Assunça~o2, Leandro D. Battirola8 , Maristela Benites10 ,
Fabio P. Bolzan2, Julia C. Boock17, Ieda M. Bortolotto2 ,
Marivaine da Silva Brasil23 , Andre R. Camilo42 , Zilca Campos1,
Maria A. Carniello21, Agostinho C. Catella1, Carolina C. Cheida34 ,
Peter G. Crawshaw Jr.4 , Sandra M. A. Crispim1, Geraldo A. D. Junior2 ,
Arnaud L. J. Desbiez7, Felipe A. Dias12, Donald P. Eaton17,
Gabriel P. Faggioni29, Maria A. Farinaccio23 , Julio F. A. Fernandes28 ,
Vanda L. Ferreira2, Erich A. Fischer2 , Carlos E. Fragoso24 ,
Gabriel O. Freitas23,42, Fabio Galvani1, Aurea S. Garcia28 ,
Carolina M. Garcia27, Gustavo Graciolli2 , Rafael D. Guariento2 ,
Neiva M. R. Guedes15,19 , Angélica Guerra2 , Heitor M. Herrera11,
Rafael Hoogesteijn5 , Solange C. Ikeda21, Raquel S. Juliano1 ,
Daniel L. Z. K. Kantek14 , Alexine Keuroghlian39 ,
Ana C. R. Lacerda38 , André L. R. Lacerda8, Victor L. Landeiro8 ,
Rudi R. Laps2, Viviane Layme8, Peter Leimgruber20, Fabiana L. Rocha26 ,
Simone Mamede10 , Débora K. S. Marques1, Marinez I. Marques8,
Lucia A. F. Mateus8 , Rosana N. Moraes20 , Thamy A. Moreira15,
Guilherme M. Moura~o1, Rafaela D. Nicola28 , Davidson G. Nogueira2,
Alessandro P. Nunes27, Catia da Nunes da Cunha8,9,35,
Marcia D. Oliveira1 , Maxwell R. Oliveira2,42 , Gecele M. Paggi23 ,
Aiesca O. Pellegrin1 , Guellity M. F. Pereira2 , Igor A. H. F. S. Peres1,
Joa~o B. Pinho8 , Joao O. P. Pinto2, Arnildo Pott2, Diogo B. Provete2 ,
Vanderlei D. A. dos Reis1, Letıcia K. dos Reis2 , Pierre-Cyril Renaud31 ,
Danilo B. Ribeiro2 , Onelia C. Rossetto8, José Sabino19, Damián Rumiz32,
Suzana M. Salis1 , Diego J. Santana2 , Sandra A. Santos1,
Ângela L. Sartori2, Michele Sato8 , Karl-L. Schuchmann40,
Edna Scremin-Dias2, Gláucia H. F. Seixas25 , Francisco Severo-Neto2,
Maria R. Sigrist2, Aguinaldo Silva23, Carolina J. Silva21,
André L. Siqueira16, Balbina M. A. Soriano1 , Laercio M. Sousa13,
Franco L. Souza2, Christine Strussmann8, Larissa S. M. Sugai22 ,
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2 Tropical Conservation Science
Nely Tocantins8, Catia Urbanetz1, Francisco Valente-Neto2 ,
Diego P. Viana2 , Alberto Yanosky30 and Wolfgang J. Junk8,9,35
Abstract
Building bridges between environmental and political agendas is essential nowadays in face of the increasing human pressure
on natural environments, including wetlands. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services for humanity and can generate a
considerable direct or indirect income to the local communities. To meet many of the sustainable development goals, we
need to move our trajectory from the current environmental destructive development to a wiser wetland use. The current
article contain a proposed agenda for the Pantanal aiming the improvement of public policy for conservation in the Pantanal,
one of the largest, most diverse, and continuous inland wetland in the world. We suggest and discuss a list of 11 essential
interfaces between science, policy, and development in region linked to the proposed agenda. We believe that a functional
science network can booster the collaborative capability to generate creative ideas and solutions to address the big
challenges faced by the Pantanal wetland.
Keywords
Pantanal, sustainability, wetlands, biodiversity, education, development
1Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Pantanal),
Corumbá, MS, Brazil
2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, 26Universidade Federal da Paraıba (UFPB), Jo~ao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
MS, Brazil 27
3 Independent researcher, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas Ecologicas (IPE), Nazaré Paulista, SP, Brazil 28
4 Mulheres em Aç~ao no Pantanal (MUPAN), Campo Grande, MS, BrazilInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservaç~ao da Biodiversidade – Centro 29Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS), Campus Corumbá,
Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservaç~ao de Mamıferos Carnıvoros (ICMBio/
Corumbá, MS, Brazil
CENAP), Atibaia, SP, Brazil 30
5 Associacion Guyra Paraguay, Assuncion, ParaguayPanthera, Poconé, MT, Brazil 31
6 UMR CNRS 6554 LETG-Angers, UFR sciences, UniversitéNature and Culture International (NCI), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
7 d’Angers, FranceInstituto de Conservaç~ao de Animais Silvestres – ICAS, Campo Grande, 32Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz de La
MS, Brazil
8 Sierra, BoliviaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil 33Fundacion Simon I. Pati~9 no, Santa Cruz de La Sierra, BoliviaCentro de Pesquisa do Pantanal (CPP), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil 34 ~ ~
10 Instituto de Conservaçao Brasil (ICB), Chapada dos Guimaraes,Instituto Mamede de Pesquisa Ambiental e Ecoturismo, Campo Grande,
MT, Brazil
MS, Brazil 35
11 Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em A
reas Umidas (INAU),
Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
12 Cuiabá. MT, BrazilInstituto Socioambiental da Bacia do Alto Paraguai SOS Pantanal (SOS 36Instituto de Pesquisa de Cananéia (IPeC), Canaéia, SP. Brazil
Pantanal), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil 37
13 Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) andRede de Reservas Particulares do Mato Grosso do Sul e do Mato Grosso
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University,
(REPAMS) Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
14 Cairns, AustraliaInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservaç~ao da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), 38Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), S~ao José dos Campos,
Diretoria de Manejo e Criaç~ao de Unidades de Conservaç~ao, Brasılia,
SP, Brasil
DF, Brazil 39
15 Peccary Project/Projeto Queixada; IUCN/SSC Peccary Specialist Group,Instituto Arara Azul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
16 Campo Grande, MS, BrazilEcologia e Aç~ao (EcoA), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil 40
17 CO.BRA Computational Bioacustics Research Unit, INAU- CNPq/UFMT,World Wildlife Fund – Brazil (WWF-Brasil), Programa Pantanal, Campo
Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
Grande, MS, Brazil 41Escola superior de Conservaç~18 ao Ambiental e Sustentabilidade (ESCAS/Instituto Homem Pantaneiro (IHP), Corumbá, MS, Brazil
19 IPE) and IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), Nazaré Paulista, SP, BrazilUniversidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo grande, MS, Brazil 42
20 Instituto Xarayes de Pesquisa, Educaç~ao e Comunicaç~ao emSmithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute,
Sustentabilidade (XARAYES), Corumbá, MS, Brazil
Front Royal, VA, United States
21Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, MT, Brazil Received 14 March 2019; Revised 19 June 2019; Accepted 3 August 2019
22Universidade Estadual de S~ao Paulo (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil/
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Corresponding Author:
23 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanal Walfrido M. Tomas, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária –
(UFMS-CPAN), Corumbá, MS, Brazil Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro 1880, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do
24Associaç~ao Onçafari, Miranda, MS, Brazil Sul 79320-900, Brazil.
25Fundaç~ao Neotropica do Brasil, Bonito, MS, Brazil Email: walfrido.tomas@embrapa.br
Tomas et al. 3
Introduction characterized by complexity and contradictions
(Colloff et al., 2017), rising political populism, and
Improving the integration of science into policy-making
increasing human pressure on natural environments, it
has been key to advancing science-based, environmen-
is imperative that we expand such efforts and build brid-
tally sound and sustainable development globally
ges between science and environmental agendas. In
(Ascher, Steelman, & Healy, 2010). Scientists and citi-
doing so, the conservation of natural areas (e.g., forests,
zens have increasingly been working in large collabora-
savannas, wetlands) could be part of a more comprehen-
tive networks to achieve science-based policy-making.
sive strategy aimed to reconcile human activities and
High-profile examples at the global level include the
biodiversity conservation.
United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
In May 2018, a group of scientists, educators, non-
Change, the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030
governmental organizations (NGOs), research institu-
(United Nations, 2015), and the Intergovernmental
tions, landowners, and other stakeholder met to
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem discuss how their work could be better linked to policies
Services (https://www.ipbes.net/; but see Koetz, Farrell, influencing biodiversity conservation and sustainable
& Bridgewater, 2012). These working groups continue to development in the Pantanal. The Pantanal is one of
play a fundamental role in tackling global challenges the largest, most diverse, and continuous inland wetland
(United Nations, 2015). Concurrently, scientists are in the world (Harris et al., 2005) and has been classified
increasingly engaged in translating their research into by Costanza et al. (1997) as one of the main hotspots for
policy recommendation in efforts to address the greatest ecosystem services worldwide. Wetlands, such as the
environmental challenges of the 21st century such as Pantanal, provide critical ecosystem services both glob-
species mass extinctions, climate change, and deforesta- ally and locally, such as the maintenance of regional
tion. A recent example is the article “World Scientists’ microclimates, regulation of river discharge, fishing,
Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice” (Ripple et al., water security, native pasture, habitat for threatened
2017), a rallying call to policy makers by more species, and wintering ground for migratory species
than 1,500 scientists from 184 countries. Ripple et al. (e.g., Clarkson, Ausseil, & Gerbeaux, 2013; Mitsch,
(2017) appeal for initiatives to limit population growth Bernal, & Hernandez, 2015; Nunes & Tomas, 2008;
and to drastically diminish per capita consumption of Turpie, Lannas, Scovronick, Louw, & Malan, 2010;
fossil fuels, meat, and other resources. The article Zedler & Kercher, 2005). Yet, wetland ecosystems have
found wide resonance across a wide range of environ- been subjected to heavy human-induced impacts. Since
mental sciences, including wetland scientists (Finlayson 1900, between 54% and 80% of all inland wetlands have
et al., 2018). lost their ecological functions (Davidson, 2014; Van
Unfortunately, socioecological systems (i.e., people Asselen, Verburg, Vermaat, & Janse, 2013).
and places) and institutional arrangements (e.g., UN, The group identified many ongoing threats as well as
EU, national, regional, and local governments) adapt many ongoing initiatives for addressing these threats.
to and resist changes in policies and practices (Karam- However, only few efforts seem to actually have found
Gemael, Loyola, Penha, & Izzo, 2018; Kayal, Lewis, their way into decision-making, policies, laws, and prac-
Ballard, & Kayal, 2018; Ostrom, 1990; Rose, 2015; tices. To address this issue, we developed this article, in
Rossetto & Tocantins, 2015). Overcoming such resis- which we aim to analyze the conservation context in the
tance and allowing for the development and implemen- Pantanal and synthesize the challenges, trends, and
tation of sustainable development, requires democratic opportunities for the promotion of sustainability in the
stability, political engagement by an educated public, region. This collective stakeholder effort aims to (a) out-
and science-informed policy (Dobrovolski et al., 2018). line current science and policy issues, (b) identify existing
Part of the problem has always been the difficulty of scientific research and data to address the issues, and (c)
scientists to engage a broader public in complex ques- develop strategies for mainstreaming existing and future
tions and research. Over the past few decades, new science into the policy-making for the Pantanal.
approaches such as citizen science have played a critical Ultimately, the authors hope to highlight the importance
role in creating both an educated and politically engaged of science for informing and developing sustainable-use
public and informing environmental policy (Dillon, practices in the Pantanal.
Stevenson, & Wals, 2016). However, with the expansion
of citizen science came the recognition that science needs
to be relevant to all stakeholders and needs to be cocre- The Pantanal
ated by all stakeholders. Civic science intends to do this, The Pantanal wetland is located in the center of the
by integrating scientists as one of the stakeholders in a Upper Paraguay River Basin in South America encom-
community-driven process of joint learning (Dillon passing 179,300 km2 across Brazil (78%), Bolivia (18%),
et al., 2016). Given the world’s current situation, and Paraguay (4%); an area larger than England
4 Tropical Conservation Science
(Figure 1; Adámoli, 1981; Mereles et al., 2000; Areas and comprise 4,528 km2 (2.9%). Figure 2 indicates
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, 2017). In Brazil, the protected areas partial or totally located in the
Pantanal is located inMato Grosso (MT; 35%) andMato Upper Paraguay River Basin and the Pantanal wetland
Grosso do Sul (MS; 65%) states. Well-defined dry and (see online Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 for the addition-
wet seasons, with rainfall concentrated in the summer al information on these protected areas). In addition,
(November–March), produce a seasonal flood pulse and two UNESCO Biosphere Reserves exist in the region
monomodal hydrological signature (Junk, Bayley, & of the Upper Paraguay River Basin: The Pantanal
Sparks, 1989; Junk & Wantzen, 2004; Penatti, Almeida, Biosphere Reserve in Brazil and the Chaco Biosphere
Ferreira, Arantes, & Coe, 2015). These seasonal floods Reserve in Paraguay, both containing several different
influence animal and plant communities, nutrient cycling, types of protected areas as nuclear zones and manage-
and primary productivity (Fischer et al., 2018b; Junk & ment areas. There are seven indigenous lands in the
Cunha, 2005; Junk & Da Silva, 1999). The landscape region encompassing 
11,724 km2 (7.4%), which
consists of a mosaic of floodable and nonfloodable should be considered as IUCN VI category of protected
grasslands, forests, open woodlands, and temporary or areas. The data on protected areas presented here are
permanent aquatic habitats. The Pantanal supports sig- not complete, as data on several private protected
nificant biodiversity with more than 2,000 plant (Pott, areas could not be obtained from federal and state envi-
Oliveira, Damasceno-Junior, & Silva, 2011), more than ronmental agencies in Brazil. However, we consider the
580 bird (Nunes, 2011; Tubelis & Tomas, 2003), 271 fish data a good approximation of the status of nature pro-
(Britski, Silimon, & Lopes, 1999; Souza et al., 2017), 174 tection in the Pantanal, indicating that the protected
mammal (Tomas et al., 2010), 131 reptile (Ferreira et al., area needs at least to triple to achieve the Aichi Goals.
2017), and 57 amphibian species (Piva, Caramaschi, & Cattle ranching in the Pantanal started in the 17th
Albuquerque, 2017; Souza et al., 2017; Strüssmann, century and is now the prevalent economic activity
Ribeiro, Ferreira, & Béda, 2007) and countless inverte- (Machado & Costa, 2018), and it is conducted by
brates and microorganisms. Butterflies, for example, approximately 3,000 ranches in the Brazilian side and
may encompass more than 500 species in an unknown number in Bolivia and Paraguay. Cattle
the floodplain and more than 1,000 species in the graze at relatively low densities averaging from 0.5 to
Upper Paraguay River Basin (Brown Jr., 1986). It also 0.8 heads per hectare in native and cultivated pastures,
harbors substantial populations of threatened species respectively. Figure 3 represents the variation in the
such as jaguar (Panthera onca), giant otter (Pteronura potential density of cattle head per ranch already
brasiliensis), marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), inscribed and certified in the Cadastro Ambiental
pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus; Mour~ao et al., Rural (Rural Environmental Cadaster) in the Brazilian
2000; Tomas et al., 2010, 2015), and hyacinth macaw side of the Pantanal wetland. Ranches are relatively
(Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus; Guedes, Bianchi, & large, with 36.2% with 5,000 to 10,000 ha, 29.3% with
Barros, 2008). 10,000 to 30,000 ha, 6.1% with 30,000 to 60,000 ha, and
Most of the Pantanal is held in private lands compris- 0.7% with more than 60,000 ha. Cattle densities are not
ing 93% of the land in the Brazilian side. The existing uniform, as it depends on the vegetation cover in each
protected areas network is far from the 17% advocated property. However, ranches located in higher regions
by the Aichi Goals for terrestrial ecosystems and poorly (central and border areas), as well as the ranches
represents Pantanal biodiversity (for Brazil: Oliveira mostly modified by the replacement of native vegetation
et al., 2017). For instance, strictly protected areas by cultivated pastures, present higher potential cattle
(International Union for Conservation of Nature densities. The total cattle herd in the Brazilian
[IUCN] Ia and II Categories of protected areas; see Pantanal has been estimated as 3.8 million heads, pro-
Dudley, 2008) cover 14,800 km2 (5.71%) of the ducing approximately 1 million calves per year (Oliveira
Pantanal wetland (Figure 2, online Appendix 1 and et al., 2016b).
Appendix 2). Private protected areas (Reserva Fishing continues to be an important social and eco-
Particular do Patrimônio Natural in Brazil, and nomic activity, providing subsistence to traditional com-
Reserva Natural Privada in Paraguay, also IUCN Ia munities in the Pantanal. Recreational fishing also is the
category) are scattered in the Pantanal floodplains, rang- basis for extensive tourism (Barletta et al., 2016; Mateus,
ing in size from less the 1.00 to 1,174.00 km2, covering Vaz, & Catella, 2011). Sport and amateur fishing asso-
3,046.53 km2 (1.7% of the Pantanal). In Brazil, there are ciated with this tourism has not led to overfishing, with
two Environmental Protection Areas, yet only one fully the exception of the pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus,
within the Pantanal boundaries (basically under the which is the most captured fish species (Barletta et al.,
IUCN IV category but often including restrict use cate- 2016; Mateus et al., 2011). Two other species seem to be
gories, such as Ia, Ib, and II); in Bolivia, two of such exploited sustainable way, as stock seem to be kept
areas are classified as Integrated Management Natural below its maximum sustainable yield, the catfish
Tomas et al. 5
Figure 1. Upper Paraguay River Basin (light gray) and the Pantanal wetland (dark gray) in South America.
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. reticulatum, and An Agenda for the Pantanal Wetland
Zungaro jahu (Mateus & Penha, 2007). In addition, the
The conservation of the Pantanal wetland requires an
analysis of the data obtained by the Sistema de Controle
agenda whose aims are shared by all stakeholders,
da Pesca (Fishing Control System) in Mato Grosso do
Sul indicates that sportfishing is stable since 2007 and including scientists, policy makers, politicians, land-
the professional fishing indicates stability since 2004 owners, local communities, educators, governmental
(Catella, Campos, & Albuquerque, 2016). This informa- organizations, tourists, and private companies. This
tion indicates also that the fish control measures have agenda is necessary to address major existential threats
been effective, such as a 4-month closure during the to the Pantanal, such as the land-use changes in
reproduction period, the minimum size for the different upstream areas (e.g., Brazilian Cerrado, Bolivian
species, the bag weight limit, and fishing hook as the Chaco), the intensification of cattle ranching, large infra-
only fishing tool. structure projects, and climate change to name a few. To
6 Tropical Conservation Science
Figure 2. Protected areas (darker gray areas) total or partially located in the Upper Paraguay River Basin (lighter gray area) and the
Pantanal wetland (medium gray area), in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. The numbers refer to the information on each area available in online
Appendix 1.
be effective, such an agenda must be comprehensive and 4. Increase of outdoor education to improve awareness
represent common ground to different stakeholders. on wetland values and sustainability;
Issues identified in the agenda need to be of broad 5. Promotion of conservation and wise, multiple-user
reach, present a positive impact perspective, and need management approaches by supporting ecologically
to be agreed upon as a guide for the use and conserva- sound while avoiding ecologically destructive invest-
tion of the Pantanal. Inspired by Finlayson et al. (2018), ments in the Pantanal;
we point propose the following agenda: 6. Promotion of green technologies for infrastructure
projects as well as the adoption of renewable
1. Expansion of the protected area network by including energy sources that help to avoid adverse environ-
ecologically relevant features, improving landscape mental impacts on the Pantanal ecosystems;
connectivity, and ensuring representation of the ecolog- 7. Protection of water resources against point-source
ical and biogeographic heterogeneity of the Pantanal; pollution (urban and industrial sewage, fish farming,
2. Maintenance of Pantanal Ecosystem Services by and swine farming effluents) and diffuse pollution
halting the conversion of wetlands to other types (sediments from soil erosion, fertilizers, agrochemi-
of land use while maintaining the flood pulse and cals, and toxic mining dumps) that may directly or
providing multiple cobenefits to biodiversity and indirectly impact Pantanal ecosystems;
human well-being; 8. Development of compensation programs (tax incen-
3. Prevention of species loss through the development tives, rewards for environmental services, etc.) for
and adoption of adequate policy instruments that landowners and local communities that adopt scien-
reduce and prevent overfishing, poaching, loss of tifically sound conservation strategies that are based
native vegetation, simplification of the landscape, on reliable sustainability indicators and are focused
exploitation and trade of threatened species, and on biodiversity conservation, ecological restoration,
introduction of exotic species; ecosystem services, and social responsibility;
Tomas et al. 7
Figure 3. Potential cattle head density per cattle ranch in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland, based on pasture and grassland vegetation maps
extracted from MapBiomas v 3.1 (http://storage.googleapis.com/mapbiomas-public/COLECAO/3_1/CONSOLIDACAO/PANTANAL.tif), the total
area of pasture per property, the occupation rate of cattle heads per municipality (Oliveira et al., 2016), and the size of the property.
9. Development of a marketing strategy for increasing opportunities. Here, we suggest and discuss a list of 11
the value of local labor and products, especially issues and threats, evaluate their significance, and pro-
those obtained from environmentally friendly pro- vide examples on how science is already being applied to
duction systems; and address the issue.
10. Implementation of long-term biomonitoring to
assess overall ecosystem health, including chemical
Land Use and Sustainability in the Pantanal
contamination and biodiversity, and to support
decision-making processes at a regional scale. Inside the floodplain, human interventions in the land-
scape may result in considerable environmental changes
This proactive agenda embraces interfaces of partic- (see Alho, Lacher, & Gonçalves, 1988; Calheiros,
ular interest regarding their challenging contexts and Oliveira, & Padovani, 2012; Harris et al., 2005; Junk &
8 Tropical Conservation Science
Da Cunha, 2012; Killeen et al., 2007; Miranda, Paranhos scale efforts to improve the interfaces between conserva-
Filho, & Pott, 2018; Pinto-Ledezma & Mamani, 2014; tion, policy, and economy.
Rossetto & Girardi, 2012; Tomas, Mour~ao, Campos, Bottom-up approaches may also be suitable in the
Salis, & Santos, 2009), raising the need for implementa- search of sustainable development and are on the imple-
tion of effective conservation measures and new restora- mentation process in the Pantanal. The first is focused
tion approaches in the region. Changes on land use are on the Model Forest initiative first implemented in
linked to Points 1, 2, and 3 of our proposed agenda for Canada in the 1980s (https://imfn.net/) and is presently
the Pantanal. Perhaps the most significant land-use implemented in more than 40 countries (6 initiatives in
change in the Pantanal over the past decades has been Brazil). For the Pantanal, the adoption of this approach
the intensification of the traditional extensive cattle has been discussed as a Model Landscape initiative, and
ranching to increase economic yields. This intensification the main goal is to unite different stakeholders of a spe-
has led to the replacement of native vegetation and cific region to discuss and adopt steps necessary to
grasses with exotic, African grass species (Miranda improve local sustainability, to establish local gover-
et al., 2018). The result is an increasing simplification nance without dependence on governmental regulation,
of the landscape, with loss, fragmentation, and degrada- to improve knowledge and experiences exchange, among
tion of natural habitats and severe negative impacts on other principles. The second is the Working Land and
biodiversity and ecosystem services (e.g., Barbosa da Seascapes program at the Smithsonian Institution, in the
Silva, Arieira, Parolin, Nunes da Cunha, & Junk, 2016; United States, in which researchers use science to under-
Dorado-Rodrigues, Layme, Silva, Nunes da Cunha, & stand critical ecosystems across the globe—and then
Strüssmann, 2015; Nunes, 2015; Silveira, Tomas, share that knowledge, working alongside communities
Fischer, & Bordignon, 2018; Thompson & Velilla, to improve conservation management practices and pol-
icies (https://wls.si.edu/). Both have no legal binding,
2017; Tomas, 2017; Tomas, Freitas, & Pereira, 2013).
and they are strongly based on the local stakeholders’
A fundamental question is how to balance economic
will to seek better management of the territory and may
activities with biodiversity conservation and mainte-
be adequate, unifying strategies that comprehend most
nance of ecosystem services. Several approaches have
of the key issues of conservation and sustainable
been developed by collaborative research networks,
development.
research projects, and conservation initiatives. Among
Beyond the development of solutions, scientific
these approaches, we may include the Fazenda
research is already informing current debates on policies
Pantaneira Sustentável and its component Fazenda
focused on land use and sustainability in the Pantanal,
Pantaneira Biodiversa, which are diagnostic systems
such as the Brazilian Senate proposition of a specific
based on indicators developed by Embrapa Pantanal
Federal legislation for the Pantanal (Senate Law
and its collaborators (Santos et al., 2017; Tomas et al.,
Project 750/2011). This legislation is required by the
in press). The Fazenda Pantaneira Sustentável system Brazilian Constitution from 1988 and should establish
may be a suitable tool in certification schemes, aiming the basis for the sustainable use of the Pantanal as
sustainability, value aggregation, and marketing pur- National Heritage. Specifically, scientific knowledge
poses and is linked to Point 9 of our proposed agenda has been the basis of several inputs to make sure those
for the Pantanal. Other examples, such as the initiative decisions and regulations are in agreement with the cur-
of Instituto Homem Pantaneiro aiming the recovery and rent understanding of ecosystem functions and services.
conservation of headwaters of the Upper Paraguay Also, scientists have contributed to the discussions con-
River Basin, the Wetlands International Blue Corridor cerning fisheries and conservation of fish resources in
Programme (“Corredor Azul”), and the PaCha MT (Law no. 9794, Estado de Mato Grosso, 2012)
(Pantanal-Chaco) Initiative supported by the and the creation of a Reserva de Desenvolvimento
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, coordinated Sustentável (Sustainable Development Reserve) in the
by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-NL) and Barra do S~ao Lourenço region near Corumbá, MS
IUCN-NL, and implemented by seven civil society (Chiaravalloti, 2017b, Chiaravalloti, Homewood, &
organizations in Bolivia (4) and Paraguay (3), have Erikson, 2017). Significantly, fisheries regulations have
potential positive impacts as their approach goes been based on the results from scientific research on fish
beyond local scale and involve several aspects of population dynamics and reproductive biology (e.g.,
conservation. Resende et al., 1995).
The Pantanal has been given the status of Biosphere A largely overlooked opportunity to advancing sus-
Reserve by UNESCO in 2000, and part of the tainable development in the Pantanal is the creation and
Paraguayan Pantanal is included in the Gran Chaco implementation of programs that provide payments for
Biosphere Reserve in Paraguay. These Biosphere ecosystem services, such as biodiversity conservation,
Reserves provide an excellent opportunity for broad- restoration, and other environmental services.
Tomas et al. 9
Paraguay developed a law for payment of environmental on Pantanal ecosystems. Sedimentation in river channels
services in the Pantanal under the voluntary mechanisms is one the most severe impacts resulting from nonsustain-
for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest able agriculture production outside the Pantanal, as the
Degradation (REDD) (http://www.reddprojectsdata profits yielded in one region (e.g., the Cerrado ecosystem)
base.org/view/project.php?id¼158). In Pantanal, the cause loss and degradation in another, pointing to the
only known policy Program for Environmental need of broader scale environmental and land-use plan-
Services Payment recently approved by the MS state in ning. Restoration of forests and Cerrado vegetation, con-
Brazil: (Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, 2018). However, trol of erosion, and best practices in the agriculture are
Schulz, Ioris, Martin-Ortega, and Glenk (2015) state the key issues to mitigate and solve the problem, and science
development of more and larger payments for ecosystem may play a key role in finding proper solutions.
services programs will require increasing awareness
among decision makers. Mining
Similarly, there may be opportunities to establish off-
setting compensation policies for conservation. This will Mining is of critical economic importance for the region
require the adoption of innovative approaches based on and occurs mainly at the fringes of the Pantanal. The
land prices, ecological knowledge, and conservation pri- iron and manganese mines Corumbá (MS) are among
orities as parameters to define the offset areas and mech- the largest in the region. In addition, large and valuable
anisms capable of achieving effective outcomes in deposits of iron ore are exploited in the Urucum moun-
conservation, with no net loss in biodiversity (Tomas tain range in Brazil. Iron ore deposits in El Mutun and
et al., 2018). Such a policy might generate a compensa- Cerro Rojo in Bolivia have largely been untouched but
tion market in the region, in favor of the landowners in are included in expansion plans for mining. Processing
the Pantanal that have conserved the natural landscape of the ore requires large amounts of water and usually
in their properties. leads to severe pollution of streams and groundwater.
Storage of heavily polluted mine tailings often fail, fre-
Outside Effects quently destroying downstream habitats and human set-
tlements, polluting rivers and lands, and sometimes
Agricultural Expansion causing large numbers of human fatalities. Large
dumps of rejected material, some already classified as
In the Pantanal floodplain, nearly 80% of the native veg- high risk of damage in case of collapse and irreversible
etation remains well conserved, yet more than 65% of the pollution of streams and wetlands, pose environmental
vegetation cover in the Cerrado at the surrounding pla- threats similar to the two worst mining disasters that
teaus have been converted into cultivated pastureland and
recently hit eastern Brazil (see Garcia, Ribeiro, Roque,
croplands (Roque et al., 2016). The same pattern is cur-
Ochoa-Quintero, & Laurance, 2017). In addition, the
rently under development in the Paraguayan Chaco, and
transportation through the Paraguay River, in the case
less intensively in the Chiquitano Forest of Bolivia, both
of increased exploitation, generates a demand for inter-
in the immediate region at the western fringe of the
ventions in the river to improve navigation/transporta-
Pantanal (Caldas, Goodin, Sherwood, Krauer, &
tion capabilities (see topic on Large Infrastructure
Wisely, 2015; Waroux, Garret, Heilmayr, & Lambin,
Projects in this article). Gold mining occurs in the north-
2016; Yanosky, 2013). These broad-scale agricultural
expansions are directly linked to Points 6 and 7 of our ern Pantanal, at the Poconé municipality, MT, in the
proposed agenda for the Pantanal, as they are already Bento Gomes River basin, very close to seasonally
disrupting natural avulsion process in the Taquari flooded areas. Risks of contamination due to the use
River, MS as well as other rivers that form the of the mercury from gold mining have been reported
Pantanal wetlands. Taquari is one of the main tributaries over two decades (Nogueira, Nascimento, Silva, &
of the Paraguay River and has been affected by soil ero- Junk, 1997; Nogueira, Silva, & Junk, 1997; Tümpling,
sion in the surrounding plateaus where agriculture has Wilken, & Einax, 1995; Vieira, Alho, & Ferreira, 1995).
been intensified since the 1970s. There has been almost In tropical wetlands, the rate of biomagnification of the
four decades of discussions, studies, and projects aiming mercury in the trophic web is high (Da Silva &
to solve the problem, without practical results (Assine, Estanislau, 2015; Oliveira, Hylander, & e Silva, 2004;
2005; Galdino, Vieira, & Pellegrin, 2006; Padovani, Vieira et al., 1995). Signs of this process have been
Carvalho, Galdino, & Vieira, 1998; Padovani et al., already found in the Pantanal (e.g., Callil & Junk,
2002; Safford, 2010). Dredging, channelization, and 2009; Ceccatto et al., 2016; Del Lama, Rocha, Jardim,
other direct interventions in the river channel that have Tsai, & Frederick, 2011; Fonseca, Malm, &
been proposed to alleviate the problems should be thor- Waldemarin, 2005; Hylander et al., 2000; May Junior
oughly evaluated to avoid irreversible, additional impacts et al., 2017; Pietro-Souza et al., 2017; Vieira et al., 2011).
10 Tropical Conservation Science
Exotic Species Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South
America (Iniciativa para a Integraç~ao da Infraestrutura
Two of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world
Regional Sul-Americana, 2011) an intended to link econ-
(Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, & De Poorter, 2000) are
omies across the continent.
already present in the Pantanal wetland: the African
Hydroelectric reservoirs may cause several impacts and
giant snail (Achatina fulica) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa;
examples include changes in hydrologic signature of
Alho, Mamede, Bitencourt, & Benites, 2011; Harris
aquatic ecosystems, nutrient cycle disruption, and frag-
et al., 2005). Besides these species, hybrids of the
mentation of river network (Girard, 2002; Gottgens
African honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) and et al., 2001; Souza Filho, 2013). An ongoing project coor-
European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) have dinated by Embrapa Pantanal in partnership with the
been present in the Pantanal for at least five decades; Brazilian Water Agency and several Brazilian universities
the Chinese mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) invaded the (Agência Nacional de Aguas, 2018) aims to understand
Rivers in the region carried by vessels (Sylvester, the potential impacts of the set of hydropower projects in
Boltovskoy, & Cataldo, 2007); two Amazonian fishes the Upper Paraguay River Basin and support the
have been introduced in the Upper Paraguay River decision-making processes needed to ensure long-term
Basin and reached the Pantanal itself: the tucunaré sustainable water use and management.
(Cichla piquiti and C. kelberi) and the tambaqui The Hydrovia entails navigational improvements
(Colossoma macropomum; Nascimento, Catella, & along the existing Paraná and Paraguay Rivers, linking
Moraes, 2001; Ortega, 2015; Resende, Marques, & five South American countries: Argentina, Bolivia,
Ferreira, 2008); one fish species from eastern Brazil has Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Zugaib, 2006).
been documented in the floodplain since 1990s, the Extensive interventions, such as channel straightening,
Gymnotus sylvius (Fernandes et al., 2005; Marques dredging, and rock removal, have been planned in the
et al., 2018; Sousa et al., 2017); free-ranging, untamed Paraguay River to create more than 3,400 km of naviga-
populations of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are ble river capable of accommodating large vessels and
already established in several areas in the floodplain barge convoys (Zugaib, 2006). Most of these irreversible
(Harris et al., 2005; Tomas et al., 2010); and lineages interventions will happen along the 1,270-km section of
of the wild boar (S. scrofa) interbred with domestic pig the river that crosses the Pantanal (Figure 4). Several
have been introduced in some regions of the Pantanal questions regarding the potential impacts of the
and its surroundings and is already actively invading the Hydrovia remain open (Assine & Silva, 2009; Bucher
floodplain. Among plants, the most invasive species & Huszar, 1995; Gottgens et al., 2001; Hamilton, 1999;
found in the Pantanal is the tanner grass (Urochloa dis- Lourival et al., 1999; Ponce, 1995; Wantzen et al., 2008),
tachya [L.] T. Q. Nguyen), despite other Urochloa species such as how the interventions in the river bed will modify
(U. humidicola [Rendle] Morrone & Zuloaga and U. the hydrological signature of floodplain ecosystems, and
decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster.), which are cultivated how the combination of climate change scenarios and
in the floodplain, may also be invasive. Other plant spe- hydrological changes will impact the Pantanal macro-
cies such as Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit have ecosystem in a long term. A thorough analysis of these
been also reported (Zenni & Ziller, 2011). The impacts of cascading impacts and their role in modifying the
such species on regional biodiversity are still largely Pantanal ecosystems and people’s livelihood is urgently
unknown. Surprisingly, evidences suggest that wild is needed. Such an analysis needs to involve experts on
pigs, for example, do not compete with the native pec- biodiversity, hydrology, sociology, economy, geomor-
caries, adjusting their foraging activity patterns when in phology, and climate.
sympatry (Desbiez, Keuroghlian, Piovezan, & Bodmer, Other additional infrastructure projects seem to com-
2009; Desbiez, Santos, Keuroghlian, & Bodmer, 2009; pete with the Hydrovia and with one another. For
Galetti et al., 2015; Oliveira-Santos, Dorazio, Tomas, instance, the southern portion of the Norte-Sul railroad,
Mour~ao, & Fernandez, 2011). which runs from Chapada dos Parecis (MT) to Santos
port in Sa~o Paulo state, and the Hydrovia Paraguay-
Paraná, will compete for soy cargo from central Brazil.
Large Infrastructure Projects
Other competing projects are (a) the Transoceanic
Some large infrastructure projects are currently under dis- Highway, a transcontinental road planned to connect
cussion or in the implementation phase in the Pantanal Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile, (b) the paving
watershed (Figure 4), including 113 hydroelectric power of the existing highway that starts at Cáceres (MT,
plants, the Paraguay River Waterway (Hydrovia), and Brazil), capable of offering suitable connection of MT
transoceanic roads and a railway. These plans are directly state (in Brazil) to Santa Cruz de La Sierra (in Bolivia),
linked to Points 3, 6, and 7 of our proposed agenda for and (c) the railroad planned by Bolivian and Brazilian
the Pantanal. The projects are part of the Initiative for the governments, all of them set to improve the
Tomas et al. 11
Figure 4. Large transportation and energy infrastructure projects crossing the Pantanal wetlands (dark gray area) or set to the
surrounding plateaus of the Upper Paraguay River Basin (light gray area). White dots represent implemented hydroelectric power plants
and small hydroelectric centrals; black dots are the planned hydroelectric power plants and small hydroelectric centrals: (a) North-South
railway; (b) the BR-070 highway; (c) the planned waterway (Hydrovia) project along the Paraguay River; (d) road linking Puerto Bush to El
Mutun mine and Puerto Suarez; (e) the BR-262 highway; (f) the existing railroad planned to cross the Andes in Bolivia; and (g) the
Transoceanic highway (BR-267 in Brazil); the fine black lines are the paved roads.
transportation of commodities from Central Brazil to (Ascens~ao, Desbiez, Medici, & Bager, 2017; Catella,
the Pacific Ocean by reaching the Peruvian and Tomas, & Mour~ao, 2010; Fischer, Godoi, & Paranhos
Chilean coasts (see Figure 4). It is a compelling idea Filho, 2018a). The Instituto de Conservaça~o de Animais
that these competing transportation projects crossing Silvestres has found more than 500 medium to large
the Pantanal would be good justifications for an eventu- mammals belonging to 18 species, including vulnerable
al abandonment of the heavy interventions in the ones such as the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridac-
Paraguay River to improve the Hydrovia, given the tyla, n¼ 124), killed by vehicles along a stretch of 350 km
potential impacts in the entire ecosystem. Additional to BR-262 between 2013 and 2014 (Ascens~ao et al., 2017).
these projects, there is a planned harbor and accessing Moreover, more than 320 reptiles and 350 birds were
roads at Puerto Bush, Bolivia to export iron from El killed by vehicles along 210 km of this road during 4
Mutun mine and soybean from Santa Cruz de La years of monitoring (Fischer et al., 2018a). These studies
Sierra. The location of the harbor is on the banks of are examples of the needed information to support mit-
the Paraguay River, within the Otuquis National Park igation strategies in the existing and on the planned
area, and fills the Bolivian aspiration for a connection transportation infrastructure in the region.
to ocean.
Road kills are an additional consequence of an
The Impacts of Global Climate Change
increased transportation infrastructure. The main
paved road inside the wetland is the BR-262, from Climate change has a broad implication to the conser-
which nearly 200 km cross the southern Pantanal, vation of the Pantanal, but it is linked mainly to Point 10
where accidents involving wildlife is a daily issue of our proposed agenda. The UNPCC climate change
12 Tropical Conservation Science
models suggests a 5C to 7C increase in the average air Focusing on adaptation at this moment is likely to be
temperature until 2100, whereas changes in rainfall the most productive strategy for the region. Among the
remain remarkably uncertain for the Pantanal strategies advocated to adapt to climate change is the
(Marengo, Alves, & Torres, 2016; Marengo, Oliveira, intensified agricultural systems. However, there are seri-
& Alves, 2015). Some of the most pessimist scenarios ous questions on the outcomes of the proposed intensi-
indicate a decrease of 30% in the average rainfall at fication of the cattle production, as the intensified
the Upper Paraguay River Basin until the end of this production system concepts are often wrongly applied,
century (Marengo et al., 2016). So far, there are few for example, to production systems that does not reduce
studies evaluating the extent of climate change impact their environmental footprints (e.g., Cambareri &
on the Pantanal wetland (e.g., Bergier et al., 2018; Grant-Young, 2018; Cook, Silici, Adolph, & Walker,
Girard, Boulanger, & Hutton, 2014; Ioris, Irigaray, & 2015; Martin et al., 2018; Pretty & Bharucha, 2014;
Girard, 2014; Pereira, 2016). Conversely, extreme Wezel, Soboksa, McClelland, Delespesse, & Boissau,
floods and droughts are expected (Benitez & Domecq, 2015). In Pantanal, for instance, cattle intensification
2014; Marengo et al., 2016). Up to this date, neither production is often viewed as the implementation of
federal- nor state-level initiatives are in place aiming mit- large-scale replacement of native vegetation by cultivat-
igation and adaptation to climate change in the region in ed pastures, which still presents a relatively low carrying
Brazil. The exceptions are projects related to the citizen capacity for cattle and causes profound impact on
science program led by the EcoA to alert people in case the ecosystems.
of extreme environmental conditions; the GeoHidro- Meteorological networks in the tropics still lack
Pantanal flood forecast system conducted by Embrapa detailed data on temperature and precipitation, which
Pantanal (https://www.embrapa.br/geohidro-pantanal); may lead to biased climate predictions (Deblauwe
the fire risk alert system also developed by Embrapa et al., 2016; Fernández, Hamilton, & Kueppers, 2013).
It is noteworthy the fact that the meteorological station
Pantanal (Sistema de Alerta de Risco de Incêndio para
network in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, and espe-
o Pantanal, in a implementing phase); and the Noleedi
cially in the Pantanal, is still very poor and lack long-
project that investigates effects of fire on biodiversity in
term, continuous data. This is a clear need requiring a
the biggest protected area in Brazilian Pantanal (the
governmental investment given the uncertainties of cli-
Kadiweu Indigenous Land). These initiatives, although
mate change scenarios for the region. Meteorological
not sufficient to fulfill the needs for adaptation and mit-
stations make available key data for modeling contem-
igation of environmental impacts, may provide data for
porary potential distribution of species and biomes
the construction of reliable models to support decisions.
(Elith et al., 2011; Sobral-Souza, Lima-Ribeiro, &
Even though the emission of greenhouse effect gases
Solferini, 2015), as well as to forecast where suitable
by cattle in the Pantanal is essential to understand the
environments are likely to occur under global warming
contribution of this activity to the Pantanal ecosystem (Elith et al., 2011). In addition to climate data, long-term
emission budget (Bergier et al., 2018; Dalmagro et al., biodiversity monitoring is relevant, as time series data
2019; Rojas-Downing, Nejadhashemi, Harrigan, & make possible to model and predict the effects of climate
Woznicki, 2017), achieving this objective is unlikely to change on species, populations, and communities.
reduce the impacts of climate change in the Pantanal. As Initiatives such as the long-term monitoring of large
Brazil’s CO2 greenhouse gases represent less than 4% of vertebrates in the Pantanal, conducted by Embrapa
the global total (Den Elzen, Olivier, Ho€hne, & Janssens- Pantanal, have been able to show strong relationships
Maenhout, 2013) and the emission by cattle 18% of the between flood intensity and population abundance and
Brazilian total (Bogaerts et al., 2017), it is clear that reproductive performance in some species, such as the
zeroing the emissions of the Pantanal herd that represent Paraguayan caiman (Caiman yacare), marsh deer,

5% of the Brazilian heads (Araujo et al., 2018) will not Pampas deer, and Jabiru stork (Campos, Mour~ao,
substantially alter the current global emission scenario. Coutinho, Magnusson, & Soriano, 2015; Mour~ao,
The supposed neutrality of cattle emission in the Tomas, & Campos, 2010; Pereira, 2016). The Brazilian
Pantanal (Bergier et al., 2019) should be cautiously Biodiversity Research Program sponsored by the
viewed as natural emissions from wetlands should not Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and
be used when accounting for anthropogenic emission Innovation is also key to raise information and under-
(Desjardins et al., 2012; Steinfeld et al., 2006). In addi- standings on biodiversity, based on RAPELD perma-
tion, recent findings by Dalmagro et al. (2019) suggest nent sample plots and standard protocols (Magnusson
that the ecosystems may have a much more complex et al., 2005). Research teams from Mato Grosso do Sul
dynamic and contribution to the greenhouse effects, Federal University (UFMS), Embrapa Pantanal, Mato
and this should be addressed in deeper studies on the Grosso Federal University (UFMT), and Mato Grosso
cattle emissions balance. State University have adopted Brazilian Biodiversity
Tomas et al. 13
Research Program protocols, but linkage among these in a sustainable manner. At the moment, discussions
initiatives is still lacking, as well as adequate funding to regarding the creation of a Sustainable Development
support continued data collection. Reserve at the confluence of Sa~o Lourenço and
All these information gaps, relationships, uncertainties, Paraguay Rivers in the Western Border of the Pantanal
and research opportunities are key to evaluate the effects are taking place. Wetlands International leads a second
of climate change on the Pantanal wetland, and broad interesting initiative in partnership with Mulheres em
scientific-networks would facilitate integrative studies Aç~ao no Pantanal (MUPAN), the Blue Corredor initia-
aiming the proposition of conservation and adaptation tive (Corredor Azul). The main aim is to connect several
strategies, as well as solutions to mitigate impacts. The aspects of community sustainability in the La Plata River
Pantanal is in a crossroad situation, and decision should basin (which includes the Pantanal), linking indigenous
be taken now to address conservation issues aiming the and traditional communities.
mitigation of climate change impacts in the ecosystem.
Interfaces Among Energy, Water, and
Biodiversity and Local Communities Food Security
Social issues and use of biodiversity are linked in many Technologies that enable the sustainable use of water and
ways to Points 5 and 9 of our proposed agenda for the energy for food production are still costly, mainly for low-
Pantanal. Archaeological studies have found that the income families inhabiting the Pantanal. Therefore, there
first human occupation in Pantanal occurred in the
is a need for appropriate/humanitarian/social technology
Initial Holocene (Bespalez, 2015), but indigenous popu-
(Margolus, Nakashima, & Orr, 2010; Schumacher, 1973),
lations existing at the time of the first European explo-
which is based on the merging of traditional knowledge
rations in the 16th century have almost disappeared. Yet
and local materials with the external scientific/technologic
some remaining populations of Terena, Guato, the
information. Pilot projects based on the Water-Energy-
Kadiwéu, the Kinikinau, the Bororo, the Chiquitano,
Food-Biodiversity Nexus Program from the World Food
the Chamacoco, the Ishir, and the Mbyá are still present
and Agriculture Organization (Biggs et al., 2015; Stoy
in the Pantanal (Bortolotto & Amorozo, 2012;
et al., 2018) have been conducted in the Pantanal. For
Bortolotto, Amorozo, Guarim Neto, Oldeland, &
example, one project conducted by Embrapa Pantanal
Damasceno-Junior, 2015; Domingo & Maria, 2017;
and its partners focuses on traditional communities and
Mereles et al., 2000). Many of the indigenous groups
merged to “traditional populations,” today recognized rural settlements in the region. Another initiative by
by the Brazilian Policy on Traditional Peoples and EcoA, supported by the Nexans Foundation (https://
Communities (Brasil, 2007). Local “traditional pop- www.nexansfoundation.com/), brought solar panels to
ulation” in the Pantanal are composed by mixed indig- the Barra do Sa~o Lourenço Community, providing clean
enous groups and foreigners that still have strong roots energy to allow proper fish storage and household illumi-
with the area and undertake a sustainable livelihood, nation, enhancing local well-being. Another example is the
such as fishing, that are adapted to the ecological development of a pulping machine suited for “bocaiuva”
dynamics of the ecosystem (Chiaravalloti, 2019, 2017a, (fruits of the palm tree Acrocomia spp.) to help the Maria
2017b; Chiaravalloti et al., 2017). In spite of legal recog- Coelho community at Corumbá, MS. The pulp is tradi-
nition, most communities in the Pantanal are still invis- tionally used for ice creams, cakes, and other applications.
ible to policy makers, or have been oppressed and Before this development, women from the community had
displaced (Chiaravalloti, 2019). Scientific information to pulp fruits by hand, often resulting in a lesion-by-
indicate the existence of less than 10 local communities repetitive-effort syndrome.
(Chiaravalloti et al., 2017; Junk, Nunes da Cunha, Da Worthwhile to be mentioned is the strategic relevance
Silva, & Wantzen, 2011), but EcoA has recorded more of locally adapted domestic livestock, such as the
than 50 settlements in the Pantanal and in the Upper “Pantaneiro” horse, the “Pantaneiro” or “Tucura”
Paraguay River Basin that may be characterized as tra- cattle in Brazil, and the “Criollo” cattle in Paraguay.
ditional populations. The conservation of these breeds is strategic for food
Recent studies are defining some of traditional popu- security in the future, as they have developed rusticity
lations’ areas of use or territories (e.g., Chiaravalloti, and adaptations to a very unstable environment.
2017b, 2019; Chiaravalloti et al., 2017). The combination
of the several communities’ territories is helping to build Interface Between Biodiversity and the
what is called “Extractivism Corridor.” Led the by the
Sustainable Production Chains
NGO, EcoA, the “Extractivism Corridor” aims to secure
tenure rights, promote network between communities, The interface between biodiversity and sustainable pro-
and support the production of nontimber forest products duction chains is linked mainly to Points 3 and 6 of our
14 Tropical Conservation Science
proposed agenda for the Pantanal. The economy of the to products, monitoring programs, and use of biodiver-
Pantanal region consists mainly of cattle ranching, fol- sity products to diversify the property income is also
lowed by sportfishing and, more recently, ecotourism likely to require collaborative research between academ-
and mining. Collaborative research is underway aiming ic institutions and concerned stakeholders (Floto,
to achieve a higher degree of sustainability for these Yanosky, & Clay, 2013; Yanosky, 2013).
activities. Differentiated production models such as the Other emerging activities offer considerable economic
organic beef led by the Associaça~o Brasileira de Pecuária potential, but they need strong support from science and
Orgânica, the Sustainable Pantanal Ranch model led by policy to gain markets and scale. Among products, we
Embrapa, and the production of origin-linked honey are may cite the native rice (Oryza latifolia Desv., O. alta
good examples of collaboration between research, non- Swallen, and O. glumaepatula Steud.); native nuts (e.g.,
profit institutions and private sectors. However, persist- “cumbaru” Dipteryx alata Vogel); other native fruits
ing gaps prevent a fair remuneration for these (e.g., “jatobá” Hymenaea spp., “laranjinha-de-pacu”
conservation and sustainability practices in the Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk., “bocaiuva”
Pantanal. One gap is the lack of certifications or ecolab- Acrocomia spp., “guavira” Campomanesia spp., “acuri”
eling demonstration of the origin of products based on Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng., “pequi” Caryocar
the traceability that these standards require. The organic brasiliense Camb.); and medicinal plants (e.g., the
beef, despite its high-standard product based on cattle native “ginseng” Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen),
fed exclusively with vegetal items (at least 80% organic), as well as ornamental fish and the native shrimp
restricted use of allopathic medicine, prohibition of Macrobrachium pantanalense (Karim, Freitas, Lima,
agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers, is still lacking a Nascimento, & Hayd, 2015). A recent knowledge net-
more scientifically sound compromise on high-standard work to promote the use and valorization of wild food
biodiversity conservation strategies. plants in the Pantanal and Cerrado, led by UFMS, is a
Legislation is a critical aspect in need of a better con- good example of how to strengthen the cooperation and
formity with conservation goals. The Article 10 of the exchange of information among scientists and local
Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Act, law number people and to connect local and global markets
12.651/2012 (Brasil, 2012) considers the Pantanal as a (Bortolotto et al., 2016).
“restricted use” area, allowing “ecologically sustainable
use,” but it fails on the definition of the restrict use
Wildlife–Human Coexistence
concept as well as the limits that configure restricted
intervention in the ecosystem. On the other hand, the In the Pantanal, wildlife is exposed to a close contact
state-level legislation in MS allows the replacement of with human activities, often resulting in historical con-
native vegetation by cultivated, exotic grasses in cattle flicts such as the predation of cattle by large carnivores
ranches up to 60% in some cases, depending on the veg- (jaguars Panthera onca and puma Puma concolor;
etation types in the area to be managed through licens- Cavalcanti & Gese, 2010; Zimmermann, Walpole, &
ing (Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, 2015a). This Leader-Williams, 2005). When such conflict does
situation displays a conflict between the two pieces of occur, large carnivores are often killed (Inskip &
legislation, with the state level being more relaxed than Zimmermann, 2009). To overcome this situation, some
the federal law, as the allowed amount of vegetation projects have been developed in the Pantanal, such as
replacement being often comparable to other regions those conducted by the nonprofit Panthera (https://
outside the Pantanal, not classified as of restricted use. www.panthera.org/livingwithjaguars), the Onçafari
In contrast, the legislation of MT is highly restrictive to Association (https://oncafari.org/), the Onças do Rio
interventions in the native vegetation, resulting in a poor Negro initiative, and the ICMBio/CENAP, at different
development of the cattle ranching. This context indi- locations of the Pantanal. One of the main strategies
cates a clear need of scientific support to overcome con- adopted by these projects is the enhancement and valu-
flicting rules and concepts. ation of jaguar populations as a touristic resource (e.g.,
There are however opportunities linked to the eco- Tortato & Izzo, 2017; Tortato, Izzo, Hoogesteijn, &
nomic dimension of sustainability, such as the develop- Peres, 2017). In addition, the persistence of jaguars
ment of science-based frameworks for improving all and pumas over time at cattle ranches has been included
stages of beef production; the engagement of different as an indicator in the Biodiverse Pantanal Ranch system
stakeholders along the beef supply chain at regional and (Tomas et al., in press), developed by Embrapa Pantanal
global levels; and the improvement of communication, and its partners. It represents an attempt to secure the
transparency, and credibility of certification and coexistence with these species in certified cattle ranches
incentive schemes. The needs for search of landscape and the maintenance of species populations at regional
management/intervention thresholds, environmental scale. For this purpose, and to protect target species
certification systems and indicators to aggregate value under specific public policies, detailed distribution
Tomas et al. 15
maps are necessary to discriminate properties according surroundings (Elisei et al., 2010; Herrera, Abreu,
its location in relation to the species distribution in Keuroghlian, Freitas, & Jansen, 2008; Mathias, Girio,
the floodplain, which is often not uniform (e.g., & Duarte, 1999; Schabib-Péres, 2010, 2016, Tomich
Camilo, 2011; Cavalcanti, Azevedo, Tomas, Boulhosa, et al., 2009; Zimmermann, 2016), indicating potential
& Crawshaw, 2012). health risks for wildlife, livestock, and humans living
Recently, the MT and MS governments passed state- in the same environment. Owing to the evidences of
level legislation as an attempt to discipline the tourism interchange of disease among wild and domestic animals
based on wildlife observation: the Resolutions as well as environmental contamination, there is a great
CONSEMA 85/11 (Estado de Mato Grosso, 2011) and opportunity for collaborative epidemiological studies.
SEMADE n 08, 28/04/2015 (Estado de Mato Grosso The One Health approach (Schwabe, 1984; Zinsstag,
do Sul, 2015b), as the conflict in this case emerges from Schelling, Wyss, & Mahamat, 2005), which is an inter-
the touristic activity itself. The legislation from MS was disciplinary and integrative way of dealing with health
proposed by Instituto Homem Pantaneiro and Embrapa issues, may be adequate to manage risks of disease inter-
Pantanal and includes the rules for observation of free- change between wild and domestic animals, as well as
ranging large carnivores in the Pantanal, as well as pro- humans, integrating public health, wildlife diseases, herd
hibits the practice of baiting animals to increase sighting sanitary management, and conservation.
probabilities. Environmental contamination may affect wildlife
The capture of wild animals for illegal pet trade has populations, and it is a relevant, silent issue in the
been monitored by Fundaç~ao Neotropica do Brasil, with human-wildlife coexistence interface. May Junior et al.
focus on turquoise-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona (2017) demonstrated that mercury (Hg) contamination is
aestiva) in MS (Berkunsky et al., 2017; Seixas & already present in the jaguar population in the northern
Mour~ao, 2018). This is the most captured parrot in the Pantanal. One of the individuals evaluated had the high-
world and the most frequently seized species in MS State est Hg level (2,010.4 150.5 lg g–1) recorded in wild ani-
and in Brazil (Seixas & Mour~ao, 2000). More than mals in the world. Mercury also has been found in giant
10,000 turquoise-fronted Amazon chicks have been ille- otter from southern Pantanal, but at very low levels
gally captured in the past 30 years and sent to the (Fonseca et al., 2005). Fish and caiman (Caiman
Wildlife Rehabilitation Center/IMASUL at Campo yacare) in the Pantanal are also contaminated (Ceccato
Grande, MS. The number is likely to be only a small et al., 2016; Hylander et al., 2000; Vieira et al., 2011).
part of the total parrot chicks taken from natural Finally, it has been remarkably evident the relatively
nests. It is relevant also to mention the long-term efforts low impact of traditional cattle ranching on wildlife in
of Instituto Arara Azul in combating the poaching and the Pantanal. There is no notice of any species that
illegal international trade of hyacinth macaws in the became endangered solely due to cattle ranching in the
Pantanal, which is a well-known, successful initiative region, even considering the historical conflict between
(Guedes, 2002). cattle ranching and the large predator populations
Meanwhile, there are still several gaps in the wildlife– (Tomas et al., 2010). In contrast, the giant otter
human coexistence issue in the region. One of the chal- (Pteronura brasiliensis) was almost extinct in the region
lenges facing wildlife conservation is the epidemiological due to commercial hunting until the 1967 (Tomas et al.,
interface among domestic animals and native species. 2010). The traditional extensive cattle ranching usually
Ranches usually have dogs, which may pose several dis- maintain most of the landscape diversity and complexi-
eases likely to affect wild carnivores, such as canine dis- ty, as well as it increases habitat heterogeneity, favoring
temper virus, parvovirus, and parasites. Hence, there is a the biodiversity conservation. However, some research
considerable opportunity for initiatives focused on the have shown long-term cattle-related alterations of
responsible ownership of pet animals at the ranches. forest vegetation (burning, trampling, logging, and for-
Wildlife may be considered as “sentinel species” aging), resulting in hidden degradation and poorer hab-
(Rabinowitz et al., 2005) in the interface with domestic itat quality for wildlife (Eaton, Keuroghlian, Santos,
animals, especially regarding interchange of disease. For Desbiez, & Sada, 2017; Tomas et al., 2013). It is remark-
instance, Leptospira interrogans has been found in tapirs, able that most of the few endemic and rare plants of the
Pampas’s deer, feral pigs, and white-lipped peccary Pantanal (see Pott & Pott, 2009; Wood, Urbanetz, &
(Tayassu pecari; Freitas et al., 2010; E.P. Medici, per- Scotland, 2016) do occur in vegetation types that are
sonal communication, January 2019). Other diseases often affected by unsustainable management practice,
shared with domestic animals, such as Toxoplasma such as the replacement of the native vegetation by cul-
gondii, bluetongue virus, porcine parvovirus, tivated pastureland. The absence of adequate manage-
Brucelosis, Trypanosoma evansi, and T. cruzii have ment strategies for some rare and endemic species have
been found in several wildlife species (tapir, peccary, compromised the genetic diversity of their populations
and deer) and feral pigs in the Pantanal and its (Alves et al., 2018b). The challenge is to overcome the
16 Tropical Conservation Science
pressure for distorted “intensification” concept of land of Bodoquena-Bonito-Jardim area and Nobres allow
use in the Pantanal, often assumed solely as an increased successful snorkeling and diving-based tourism, besides
extension of cultivated pastures, with consequential sim- cave visiting. However, there is a variety of environmen-
plification of the landscape and decrease habitat quality tal threats caused by the tourism itself that include
and availability for wildlife. In this aspect, the resource consumption, waste generation, infrastructure,
Sustainable Pantanal Ranch and the Biodiverse and, by its very nature, increased people access to natu-
Pantanal Ranch systems may serve as adequate tools ral areas (Bessa, Silva, & Sabino, 2017), as well as those
as the set of indicators impose limits and reference index- threats caused by agricultural expansion.
es for landscape diversity conservation and the mainte- Inside Pantanal, there are also attractive sites such as
nance of habitat quality (Santos et al., 2017; Tomas the Pantanal National Park, the contrasting Amolar
et al., in press). Adaptative management and rotational mountain range, the Encontro das Aguas State Park,
grazing may also be good practices to decrease impacts the private reserve and its resort owned by Serviço
(Eaton, Santos, Santos, Lima, & Keuroghlian, 2011). Social do Comércio – Pantanal Bureau (SESC-
Hence, together with the adoption of available antipre- Pantanal), the historical Coimbra fortress, and the pale-
dation strategies, schedules of payment for ecosystem ontological site where the fossils of the oldest multicel-
services, and environmental compensation via proper lular animal on Earth were found (Corumbella werneri),
offsetting policies, these sustainable management strate- as well as other Ediacaran fauna such as Cloudina lucia-
gies may compose a comprehensive and effective system noi (Adorno et al., 2018), and dolostones with stroma-
to guarantee the conservation of wildlife at cattle tolites (Walde et al., 2015). Archeological sites scattered
ranches and at regional scale. Certification schemes, in the Pantanal have high potential impact for tourism
with conservation being mostly paid by the market, once they are rich in rock inscriptions (petroglyphs;
may be a relevant strategy as the consumer’s awareness Bespalez, 2015; Girelli, 1994). Nonetheless, most of
and aspirations may represent one of the strongest forces them are still little valued as touristic products or pack-
driving changes in attitudes nowadays. ages. Costs, lack of infrastructure, access difficulties,
lack of formatted routes and products, absence of man-
agement plans, as well as preference of the tourism trade
Tourism as a Sustainability Inductor
to invest only in sportfishing, are some of the barriers
The Pantanal is well known by the abundance of its that must be overcome to make the tourism a more rel-
wildlife, which is a result of the high primary productiv- evant industry in the Pantanal. Presently, there is a pres-
ity and conservation status of the ecosystems in the sure to reduce or even eliminate the amount of fish
floodplain. Populations of several endangered species allowed for sportfishing, despite nothing indicates overf-
are still abundant, mainly due to the almost pacific coex- ishing (Catella et al., 2016). However, the MS govern-
istence between wildlife and cattle ranching (Tomas ment just passed a Decree n 15166 (Estado de Mato
et al., 2010). The easy observation of rare, iconic, and Grosso do Sul, 2019), regulating the fisheries in the
endangered species, such as the giant otter, the jaguar, state and reducing gradually the bag size for sportfishing,
the hyacinth macaw, the marsh deer, the jabiru stork until it is eliminated. Politically, this type of top-down
(Jabiru mycteria), among others, make the region attrac- restrictions may have an appeal in the society and espe-
tive for tourists. The recreational fishing is a traditional cially to the interests of the sportfishing sector. In this
activity due to the high productivity of the Pantanal context, soon the tourism industry will need to rely on a
Rivers. The landscape is equally attractive, composed catch–release system. In contrast, policies do not address
by a mosaic of forests, savannas, grasslands, and several enhancement in the protection of Rivers and wetlands
types of aquatic habitats. The 577 endorheic, brackish against degradation, damming, agrochemical pollution,
water ponds (“salinas”) distributed amid 17,000 freshwa- sewage, sedimentation, erosion, and deforestation,
ter ponds (Oliveira et al., 2016) in a matrix composed by which affect habitat quality and productivity, the most
forest patches, savannas, and natural grasslands create a relevant factors influencing fish stocks.
unique landscape at the Nhecolândia region of the south- Some current initiatives deserve to be highlighted
ern Pantanal. because of their potential to be amplified and to strength-
In addition, the Pantanal is located in a privileged en the tourism in the Pantanal. Among them, we may cite
crossroad in the center of South American continent, the Panthera initiative on jaguar-focused tourism at Porto
with touristic routes crossing the region and linking Jofre region, MT (Tortato et al., 2017), the Onçafari ini-
the Andes with eastern Brazil. Pantanal is also close to tiative on habituating wild jaguars for observation by
two relevant touristic areas located in the Upper tourists at Estância Caiman, MS, as well as the well-
Paraguay River Basin: Bonito, Jardim, and Bodoquena developed organization of tourism in Bonito, Jardim,
in MS, and Chapada dos Guimara~es and Nobres in MT. and Bodoquena region, MS. A relevant aspect of the
The crystal clear waters created by the karstic outcrops tourism is capacity building. The Environmental
Tomas et al. 17
Education and Citizen Science based on birdwatching Proteç~ao a Pesquisa, Educaça~o e Cultura-IAPPEC,
training led by Instituto Mamede, as well as the WWF- and the Brazil Foundation) are good examples of
Brasil program on capacity-building addressed to owners public, private, and third sector collaboration in the
of private protected areas to promote tourism, and to Pantanal. The challenge is to define strategies to amplify
develop a supply chain for local consumption by the tour- these experiences and reach large coverage of the com-
ism trade, are good examples of ongoing experiences in munities living in the Pantanal.
the Pantanal region. As we are nowadays dealing with a Nature Deficit
These are examples of actions that require science Disturb (Louv, 2008), it is also necessary to approach
background to safely increase the quality and the rele- the causes and motivations of the problem, to achieve a
vance of the tourism in the region, which must be ampli- gradual rupture with these causes (Dickinson, 2013).
fied to include other species, locals, and types of tourism. Programs such Citizen Science would be excellent strat-
In addition, as many lodges and hostels are associated egies to better integrate local communities to their envi-
with traditional cattle ranches (Tortato & Izzo, 2017), it ronment (Forrester et al., 2017; Gouraguine et al., 2019).
creates a protection network capable of maintaining the The proper environmental education represents the
habitat diversity and its associated wildlife (Junk, 2017), desired link between science and community, and it is
especially when associated with sustainable production a relevant tool to support the goals of the Conservation
chains and remuneration for conservation strategies dis- Biology and Sustainability (Benites & Mamede, 2008).
cussed before. Finally, stakeholder engagement with a Schulz et al. (2019) already call for a integrative perspec-
biocultural design that facilitates the integration of tive on environmental education engaging between
more-than-biodiversity is required to promote sustain- researchers, policy makers, and citizens to foster envi-
ability of the entire social-ecological system in which ronmental awareness, scientific literacy, and public par-
tourism is inserted (Arts et al., 2018). In our understand- ticipation. In the Pantanal, participatory processes
would promote environmental education (Sato, Silva,
ing, the tourism is linked to Point 8 of our proposed
& Jaber, 2014), taking into account the existing experi-
agenda for the Pantanal.
ences and the close relationship between people and
environment.
Education and Communication for Currently, three environmental formal education initia-
Sustainability tives are already in place, such as the Environmental
Education Network in MT, Environmental Education
Education and communication have a wide influence in
Network in MS, and the Aguapé Pantanal Network,
the conservation context, and as such, they may be con-
which integrate the Brazilian Environmental Education
sidered as linked to all points of our proposed agenda
Network. However, those initiatives have been limited in
for the Pantanal, despite Point 4 is obviously related to
their capability of reaching the communities in the
the education aspect. However, local communities in the Pantanal. One good example of effective capacity-
Pantanal experience challenges for improving education building program is the Gender, Water & Environmental
in general. First, these communities are usually scattered Education, carried out by MUPAN during 2013 and 2014,
over large areas, often poorly connected by public trans- created by demand of local communities of Pantanal. The
portation and, sometimes, completely isolated, when the program was prized with “Good practices in training for
lower areas flood during the wet season. In addition to Gender Equality” of United Nations Women in 2016.
transportation difficulties and costs, the limited number In an even broader view of education for the conser-
of public schools with adequate infrastructure and well- vation in the Pantanal, efforts should be made on
prepared education professionals hampers access to improving communication for sustainability, with the
basic education inside the floodplain. Also, the dynamic goal of reaching a larger portion of the society through
physical changes of the environment pose additional creative and accessible language to deliver critical scien-
demands on education professionals in Pantanal schools tific information. Most of the available communication
which discourage government personnel from persever- material about the Pantanal focuses solely on attracting
ing there, creating a high turnover rate of professionals tourists. Effective information, education, and commu-
and discontinuity of the programs. nication materials are an important components of any
Several socioeducational initiatives emerged in comprehensive education campaign and should include
response to the needs of Pantanal’s population, as pri- not only aspects related to economic activities (e.g., fish-
vate, NGO, and governmental collective efforts. The ing) but mainly deliver accurate information on the eco-
Jatobazinho School (sponsored by the ACAIA Institute system, its biodiversity, threats, values, and conservation
and the Corumbá Municipality, MS) and the Escolas das challenges. Some ongoing species conservation projects
Aguas (conducted by EcoA in partnership with the in the Pantanal, such as Arara Azul Project, Peixes de
Corumbá Municipality, MS, the Instituto de Apoio e Bonito Project, Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative,
18 Tropical Conservation Science
and Panthera initiative, are good examples of effective scientists to present and discuss the Pantanal with the
communication programs, as they are constantly releas- whole society, with language and editorial profile ade-
ing informs using several media and the press, thus quate to this purpose. One interesting experience in
becoming well known by the general public. One exam- Paraguay is the community-run radio station at Bahıa
ple is the booklet published by Panthera containing a Negra, supported by Guyra Paraguay and World Bank,
compilation of scientific information about the jaguar, providing information on wildlife and nature.
directed to the Pantanal workers, farmers, schools, and Ongoing programs, such as the BIOTA-MS, which is
communities (Tortato, Bonanomi, & Hoogesteijn, 2015). a partnership between the Brazilian Studies and Project
The Center of Environmental Interpretation conducted Financing Agency and the MS government, would be
by SESC-Pantanal is another good example of a more ideal a platform to include an effective communication
comprehensive education. In addition, the Pantanal initiative to meet the objectives of the project, as other
region has a science communication magazine (Ciência similar successful initiatives in Brazil. Under a unified
Pantanal), initially supported by the Wildlife perspective, it would be interesting the establishment of
Conservation Society, and currently sponsored by the a BIOTA-Pantanal program, involving the MT and MS
WWF-Brasil, which is the main media vehicle for states, similar to the most effective model in Brazil, the
Figure 5. Infrastructure to support research in the Pantanal wetland (dark gray area) and its surroundings. Field stations—7: UFMT Field
Base, Poconé, MT; 9: Taiam~a Ecological Station facilities; 11: Panthera field station, Poconé, MT; 10: Pantanal National Park facilities,
Poconé, MT; 14: ECOA Field Base at Amolar mountains, Corumbá, MS; 15: IHP field station, Corumbá, MS; 17: Embrapa’s Nhumirim field
station, Corumbá, MS; 21: UFMS Field Base, Miranda, MS; MT; 30: Estacion BiologicaTres Gigantes. Universities: 1: UFMT campus and CPP
headquarters at Cuiabá, MT; 3: UNEMAT Campus at Cáceres, MT; 5: UFR campus at Rondonopolis, MT; 16: UFMS Campus Pantanal,
Corumbá, MS; 25: UFMS, Uniderp, UEMS, and UCDB campuses at Campo Grande, MS; 26: UFMS campus at Bonito, MS; 27: UFGD
campus at Dourados, MS; 28: Universidade Nacional de Asuncion and Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay at Asuncion; 29:
Universidad Gabriel René Moreno and Museo Noel Kempff Mercado, at Santa Cruz de La sierra. Research institutions: 16: Embrapa
Pantanal headquarters at Corumbá, MS; 25: Embrapa Beef Cattle research center at Campo Grande, MS. Private land open to field
research: 4: Pirizal, Poconé, MT; 5: Fazenda Experimental, Cáceres, MT; 6: Baıa de Pedra ranch, Cáceres, MT; 8: SESC-Pantanal, Poconé,
MT; 10: S~ao Francisco do Perigara ranch, Bar~ao de Melgaço, MT; 13: Acurizal ranch, Corumbá, MS; 16: UCDB field base at APA Baıa Negra,
Corumbá, MS; 18: Alegria ranch, Corumbá, MS; 19: Baıa das Pedras ranch, Aquidauana, MS; 20: S~ao Bento ranch, Corumbá, MS; 22:
Barranco Alto ranch, Aquidauana, MS; 23: Caiman Ecological Refuge, Miranda, MS; 24: San Francisco ranch, Miranda, MS.
Tomas et al. 19
BIOTA-Fapesp Program from Sa~o Paulo state. Perhaps, Constraints to Tropical Social-Ecological Systems”) is
this type of program may eventually involve Bolivian a long-term program involving UFMS, the University
and Paraguayan institutions, with consistent scientific of Angers (France), and the Sustainable Research Unit
communication to help the buildup public awareness at the Nelson Mandela University (South Africa) to
on biodiversity and conservation. investigate the interfaces between nature and society,
particularly between wildlife and agricultural practices
around protected areas. The integration of most of
Collaborative Use of Research
these initiatives is an open avenue that needs the devel-
Infrastructure opment of common agendas, decreased bureaucracy,
The scientist network engaged in this article has pub- long-term funding, and improvement of the interfaces
lished more than 1,000 articles on the Pantanal in differ- with the policy and decision-making agendas.
ent knowledge areas, such as environmental impacts,
biodiversity, economy, social science, hydrology and Concluding Remarks
limnology, climate, cattle ranching, sustainability indica-
tors, fisheries, tourism, and education. They compose an In summary, facing these timely demands and perspec-
initial group of 116 researchers from more than 40 insti- tives, it is necessary to favor the strengthening and a
tutions located in the Pantanal region as well as other closer approximation of the interface between science
institutions in Brazil and abroad, including members and policy-making processes, aiming the sustainable
use of the Upper Paraguay River Basin and the
from at least 9 countries (Brazil, United States,
Pantanal wetland. The difficulties for such initiatives
Germany, France, Australia, Bolivia, Paraguay,
are historical in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. The sci-
Colombia, and United Kingdom). There is still room
entific community has been largely ignored by decision
to increase collaborative research on the Pantanal
makers when drafting laws and other types of public
issues, taking advantage of the existing partnerships
policies (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2017). If the current
and infrastructure in the region.
gap between science and conservation policies is not
“Research infrastructure” involves facilities, resour-
filled out, the countries will threaten the maintenance
ces, and related services that are used by the scientific
of their natural capital and, consequently, the sustain-
community to conduct science, technology, and innova-
ability of essential social activities in the long term
tion projects. Taking into account just the facilities
(Azevedo-Santos et al., 2017). Unfortunately, the
already existent in the Pantanal (Figure 5), we can high-
Brazilian science on environment sustainability and bio-
light many opportunities to improve the connection diversity conservation is under a strong cutback by the
between people and organizations. Brazilian government (Dobrovolski et al., 2018;
At least five Zoological and six Botanical collections Fernandes et al., 2017; Magnusson et al., 2018), and
are consolidated in the region (see Alves et al., 2018a; this stringent funding policy is likely to affect research
Moraes, 2006; Sabaj, 2016; Tomas et al., 2017), aiming in the Pantanal as well.
basic research on biodiversity. However, these collec- The challenges in conserving the Pantanal wetland
tions deserve support for enhancement, informatization, would require a suitable level of organization by scien-
interchange, and continued capacitation of their person- tific community, as well as the construction of an effi-
nel to improve their relevance, in accordance to the cient and bold relationship with the governments and
directions elaborated by Peixoto et al. (2006). Several legislators, landowners, and local communities. For
institutions own field stations in the Pantanal (Figure this, a common agenda must seek the establishment of
5), composing a considerable network of infrastructures a bridge over the gap among these sectors of the society,
to support field research and monitoring programs at in a collaborative approach. Trust and credibility are
large scale in the region. In addition, but not less impor- two of the main aspects that should be the basis of this
tant, there are many ranches that continuously provide approach to overcome the dilemma between economic
support for field research (see Figure 5). growth and environmental conservation in the Pantanal,
Networks such as the BIOTA-MS Program for as pointed by Ioris (2013). An enhanced stakeholder
Biodiversity in MS, the Long-Term Ecological involvement in the definition of a research agenda in
Research Program, the Rios-Vivos Network, as well as the Pantanal has been defended by Schulz et al. (2019)
the Zona de Integracion del Centro Oeste de América del to strengthen the practical relevance of research in
Sur, and the Model Forest network are examples of col- addressing environmental management challenges in
laborative initiatives capable of connecting different the Pantanal.
expertise in search for solutions addressing conservation, To inform and act toward integrated political action
economic, and social issues in the region. The CASEST and sustainability policies, scientists have to overcome
network (French acronym for “Anthropogenic the historical barriers that have restricted them to their
20 Tropical Conservation Science
nations and research fields and produce good sustain- Andréa C. Araujo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-2012
ability science. The steps suggested by Miller (2013) Erica C. de Arruda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-0961
and Miller et al. (2014) are a possible guidance, and Leandro D. Battirola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-
scientists should maintain a clear view of how and why 5997
the science may contribute to the move toward what is Maristela Benites https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-1122
collectively defined as sustainability and at same time Ieda M. Bortolotto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-7051
avoid the risks inherent to transformations for sustain- Marivaine da Silva Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-
4599
ability pointed out by Blythe et al., (2018). Scientists
Andre R. Camilo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2987
should also be aware of the societal transformations pro-
Carolina C. Cheida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3032-2057
posed by such an agenda and needed shifting in the Peter G. Crawshaw Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2922-
burden of response to sustainability threats from those 6241
who have caused them to those who are the most affect- Geraldo A. D. Junior https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-
ed by them. In addition, it would be necessary to evalu- 9369
ate the possible outcomes of this agenda intermediated Maria A. Farinaccio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-5247
by the views and experiences of different social groups. Julio F. A. Fernandes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-
Failure to recognize that political processes underpin the 8667
changes proposed by this agenda will undermine the Erich A. Fischer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8722-9876
capacity of scientists help in the mobilization of the soci- Carlos E. Fragoso https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-2896
ety for the conservation of the Pantanal. Aurea S. Garcia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4976-6042
We truly believe that a functional science network, as Gustavo Graciolli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-3486
well as stakeholder involvement, can booster the collab- Rafael D. Guariento https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-2030
orative capability of the participants to generate creative Neiva M. R. Guedes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2887-
ideas and solutions for addressing the big challenges 133X
Angélica Guerra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6399-8507
faced by the Pantanal wetland.
Rafael Hoogesteijn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7326-788X
Raquel S. Juliano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-4801
Acknowledgments
Daniel L. Z. K. Kantek https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-
The authors thank SOS Pantanal, UFMS, Embrapa Pantanal, 1503
and Smithsonian Institution for the organization of the work- Alexine Keuroghlian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-4276
shop “Developing a Pantanal Conservation Network— Ana C. R. Lacerda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-8589
Identifying Conservation Priorities for the Pantanal,” held in Victor L. Landeiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-6050
Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, in August 8, 2018. During the Fabiana L. Rocha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-6290
workshop, this article was set a first follow-up step on orga- Simone Mamede https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7785-320X
nizing a research network in the Pantanal. Lucia A. F. Mateus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-9533
Rosana N. Moraes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0816-4371
Declaration of Conflicting Interests Rafaela D. Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4524-977X
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with Marcia D. Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5000-6898
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of Maxwell R. Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-1173
this article. Gecele M. Paggi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-8471
Aiesca O. Pellegrin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2049-9238
Funding Guellity M. F. Pereira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3519-
0724
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support Jo~ao B. Pinho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1830-0509
for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Diogo B. Provete https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-0651
This work was financially supported by Alexandre Bossi. Letıcia K. dos Reis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-2223
Pierre-Cyril Renaud https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-4923
ORCID iD Danilo B. Ribeiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5343-9979
Walfrido M. Tomas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-7415 Suzana M. Salis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4141-8070
Rafael M. Chiaravalloti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271- Diego J. Santana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-3061
3749 Michele Sato https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-4642
Jerry M. F. Penha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4437-092X Gláucia H. F. Seixas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-9135
Pierre Girard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8411-0690 Balbina M. A. Soriano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-
Nelson R. Albuquerque https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8711- 1244
0506 Larissa S. M. Sugai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6248-291X
Mauricio Almeida-Gomes https://orcid.org/0000-0001- Francisco Valente-Neto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-
7938-354X 3753
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