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Ctenuchid Moths of
Ceramidia Butler,
Ceramidiodes Hampson, and
the Gaca Species Group of
Antichloris Hiibner
WILLIAM vD. FIELD
m
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 198
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 1 9 8
Ctenuchid Moths of
Ceramidia Butler,
Ceramidiodes Hampson, and
the Caca Species Group of
Antichloris Hiibner
William D. Field
(i>SU?D
3 0 1975
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1975
ABSTRACT
Field, Wililam D. Ctenuchid Moths of Ceramidia Butler, Ceramidiodes Hamp-
son and the Caca Species Group of Antichloris Hubner. Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Zoology, number 198, 45 pages, 105 figures, 1975.?The Neotropical
ctenuchid genera Ceramidia and Ceramidiodes and the Caca species group of
the genus Antichloris are revised. A key to the genera, species groups, and species
based upon habitus and male and female genitalia is provided. The natural
history, distribution patterns, and classification are discussed. The species are
reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, identity, morphology, and distribu-
tion. Photographs of the adults including most of the holotypes of the valid
names and their junior synonyms are offered. Drawings of the male and female
genitalia are included.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5272. SERIES COVER DESICN:
The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Field, William Dewitt, 1914-
Ctenuchid Moths of Ceramidia Butler, Ceramidiodes Hampson, and the Caca Species Group of
Antichloris Hubner.
(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 198)
Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 157:198
1. Ceramidia. 2. Ceramidiodes. 3. Antichloris. 4. Insects?Latin America. I. Title. II. Series:
Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 198.
QL1.S54 no. 198 [QL561.C8] 591'.08s [595.7'81] 74-28346
Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Natural History 2
Geographical Distribution 5
Key to the Genera and Species Treated in This Paper . 6
Classification 7
Genus Ceramidia Butler 7
Ceramidia fumipennis (Walker) 8
Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler) 10
Genus Ceramidiodes Hampson 11
Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler), new combination (required change
in ending) 11
Genus Antichloris Hiibner 13
The Caca Species Group 14
Antichloris viridis Druce, resurrected combination . 14
Antichloris caca Hiibner, resurrected combination 16
Annotated List of Species Removed from Ceramidia and Transferred to
Other Genera 18
Amycles cupreus (Schaus), new combination (required change
in ending) 18
Amycles dolosus (Walker), combination sustained (required change
in ending) 18
Eriphioides purpurinus (Dognin), new combination (required
change in ending) 19
Eriphioides simplex (Rothschild), new combination 19
Antichloris chloroplegia (Druce), new combination . 19
Antichloris affinis (Rothschild), new combination 20
Antichloris steinbachi Rothschild, resurrected combination 20
Antichloris metallica Rothschild, resurrected combination 20
Antichloris zernyi (Forster), new combination 20
Antichloris viridisaturata (Rothschild), new combination 21
Antichloris flammea Dognin, resurrected combination 21
Antichloris ornata (Druce), new combination . . 21
Antichloris pinguis (Zerny), new combination 21
Antichloris bricenoi (Rothschild), new combination 21
Antichloris phaiodes (Dognin), new combination 22
Antichloris painei (Rothschild), new combination 22
Antichloris chalcoviridis (Hampson), new combination 22
Antichloris albipunctata (Lathy), new combination 22
Antichloris scotoptera (Hampson), new combination 22
Literature Cited 23

Gtenuchid Moths of
Ceramidia Butler,
Ceramidiodes Hampson, and
the Caca Species Group of
Antichloris Hiibner
William D. Field
Introduction
This study was inaugurated primarily to identify
one of the more destructive pests of banana in
Central America and northern South America.
During times of large populations, this pest as a
caterpillar feeding upon the leaves of banana
plants can so reduce the leaf surface and shorten
the leaf life that fruit weight and size are consider-
ably reduced (Harrison, 1959). Upon taking up the
task of identifying this species, the author quickly
ascertained that many misidentifications were cur-
rent both in the literature and in the various col-
lections placed at his disposal. Through the years
this ctenuchid moth has been identified as Cerami-
dia musicola Cockerell (1910), as Ceramidia butleri
(Moschler) (Cockle, 1904; Zerny, 1912; Harrison,
1959; Ostmark, 1974), and as Ceramidia viridis
(Druce) (Cevallos, 1957). The correct name for
this species is Antichloris viridis Druce, as will be
shown later.
As usually happens in any study of, or attempted
identification of, species in a group of moths upon
which little careful work has been done and upon
which a great deal of careless attention has been
William D. Field, Department of Entomology, National Mu-
seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20560.
lavished, this examination soon enlarged to a re-
view of all of the species that had been originally
described in Ceramidia Butler or that had been
later placed in Ceramidia. It extended to a study of
species in other closely related genera in order to
carefully and accurately define Ceramidia and its
species and their closest relatives.
An examination of the literature revealed that
up to the present time, some 34 species were
thought at one time or another to belong to
Ceramidia. This study first, because of newly dis-
covered synonymy, reduced the number of valid
species involved to 24 species and second, because
of the resulting redefinition of the genera Cera-
midia, Ceramidiodes Hampson, and Antichloris
Hiibner, reduced the number of species assigned to
Ceramidia to 2 species, recognized as valid the
single species and its genus Ceramidiodes, and
increased the number of species assigned to Anti-
chloris by 17 species. Among the latter is the ba-
nana pest, which was responsible for starting this
study. In addition, two former Ceramidia species
were found to belong to Amycles Herrich-Schaffer
and two were found to belong to Eriphioides
Kirby.
The scope of this paper is the treatment of the
genera Ceramidia, sensu stricto, and Ceramidiodes
and the Caca species group of Antichloris, where
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
the banana feeding pest A. viridis belongs. The
correct generic assignments of 19 former species of
Ceramidia and several synonyms of a few of these
species are given in the annotated list at the end of
this paper. The type-specimens of all species have
been studied (and most of these are illustrated
herein) for habitus and other characters and have
been dissected for a study of the male and female
genitalia. The genitalia and habitus, as often in
studies of Lepidoptera, again proved to show the
strongest generic and specific characters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?I thank Dr. Francisco Fer-
nandez Yepez of the Central University of Vene-
zuela in Maracay, Dr. H. Eugene Ostmark of the
Division of Tropical Research, Tela Railroad
Company, La Lima, Honduras, and Dr. Louis M.
Roth, formerly of the Department of Research,
United Fruit Company, Norwood, Massachusetts,
and now of the United States Army Natick Lab-
oratories, Natick, Massachussets, for study material.
I especially thank the last two gentlemen for prod-
ding me into making this study in the first place.
I am especially grateful to Mr. Allan Watson of
the British Museum (Natural History) for the loan
of a great amount of material and for numerous
photographs of type-specimens under his care,
without which I could not have made this study.
I greatly appreciate the courtesy shown to me by
Dr. F ederick H. Rindge during my study at the
American Museum of Natural History and for the
loan of material in his charge. I am especially
thankful for the loan of two Moschler types made
to me by Dr. H. J. Hannemann of the Zoological
Museum of the Humboldt-University of Berlin.
For the loan of a Zerny type, I am similarity thank-
ful to Drs. F. Kasy and Richard Imb of the Zoo-
logical Collection of the Natural History Museum
in Vienna. Mr. Robert Dietz, in the course of bor-
rowing material from Dr. Walter Forster of the
Zoological Collection of the Bavarian States, Mu-
nich, Germany, for his own study, secured the loan
of a type that I needed for study and I thank both
of these gentlemen for their cooperation.
I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs.
Vera Milbank, Museum Technician, for biblio-
graphic aid. Mrs. Elsie Froeschner of our staff of
professional artists prepared most of the drawings
of the male and female genitalia (Figures 75-100)
and, after her recent retirement, Mr. Lawrence
M. Druckenbrod prepared the remainder (Figures
101-105). Mr. Victor E. Krantz of the Smithsonian
Institution photo laboratory made many of the
photographs.
Natural History
Ctenuchid moths are day fliers and therefore
readily and easily observed in the field; in addition
many are heavy bodied and are relatively slow
fliers. In spite of this, there is no recorded informa-
tion concerning disperal (except that Antichloris
viridis moths can fly as far as a kilometer or more
from their emergence site), mate selection, court-
ship behavior, or even the time of adult activity
(except that adults are active during the daylight
hours). Nothing is known about the food plants,
the life history, or life habits of the species of
Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, and of the vast majority
of Antichloris species.
Fortunately and only because of its economic
destructiveness, the life history of Antichloris vir-
idis Druce has been described at some length by
both M. A. Cevallos (1957, under the name Cer-
amidia viridis) and by James O. Harrison (1959,
under the name Ceramidia butleri).
FOOD PLANTS.?The only known food plant of
Antichloris viridis is banana, Musa saepientum
Linnaeus, and I suspect that Antichloris caca also
feeds upon this plant. A third species, Antichloris
eriphia (Fabricius), is known to feed upon banana
(see: d'Araujo e Silva, et al., 1968:219; Ostmark,
1974:163). The related Amycles dolosus (Walker)
of Brazil has also been reported feeding upon
banana (Bondar, 1938).
Jan Sepp (1848:145-146, pi. 69) illustrates a
larva of Antichloris eriphia (under his name Sesia
melanochloros) feeding upon the underside of the
leaf of a species of Canna (Cannaceae), which he
calls by the name "Taye Indien au Surinam." He
also states that he has seen this caterpillar feeding
upon the leaves of "Jurca-bessies" but that he does
not know the Latin name of either of these two
plants. His illustration (1848, pi. 69) definitely
shows a flower stalk and leaves of Canna, according
to a personal communication from Dr. Lyman B.
Smith, Department of Botany, National Museum
of Natural History. The plant "Jurca-bessies" re-
mains unidentified. Although A. eriphia belongs
to a different species group, it is possible that A.
NUMBER 198
viridis and other species of Antichloris have Canna
as their endemic host plant.
Banana is thought by almost all botanists who
have studied the problem to have been introduced
into the New World probably not before 1516,
when one clone was taken from the Canary Islands
to Hispaniola (Haiti). This was perhaps the first
of many separate introductions into the Caribbean
and to Central and South America where most of
the world bananas are now raised for export. Spe-
cies of the moth genus Antichloris are solely New
World species occurring only in Central and South
America except for A. quadricolor Walker and A.
dementi Schaus from Jamaica and Cuba, respec-
tively. These last two species are not known to feed
upon banana. It is certain that A. eriphia expanded
its choice of food plant from Canna to banana as
the latter became available, and it is probable that
A. viridis did likewise. Interested workers who wish
to control the ravages of these ctenuchid banana
pests would do well to look for these pests upon
Canna and perhaps other plants on or near banana
plantations.
ADULT.?The moths of Antichloris viridis are
very active and may often be seen flying in open
sunny areas. They fly long distances and if helped
by the wind can reach a kilometer or more from
their emergence site (Cevallos, 1957). According
to Harrison (1959) they are short lived in the
laboratory, living for from three to six days. He
ascribes this to lack of proper food, because it
apparently wasn't until after completion of his
laboratory rearings that he observed adults in the
field feeding upon the nectar of the blossoms of
orange and lemon trees. The adults require only
a few minutes after eclosion from the pupa to
emerge from their cocoons. They immediately, as
do all winged Lepidoptera, climb to a convenient
place where they remain still until their wings ex-
pand and dry. This process usually takes about an
hour or slightly more, after which they are ready
and capable of flight.
The males of all Antichloris species and of
Ceramidia and Cermidiodes have an eversible gland
on the ventral surface of the abdomen between the
seventh and eighth segments in front of the geni-
talia. This gland takes the form of hair pencils
that arise from a large bilobed pocket, which can
be forcibly extruded. In addition both sexes of A.
viridis have a slightly retractable area covered with
red scales on the prothorax behind the head. This
structure has been responsible for overnaming in
this species, separate specific names having been
given to specimens with red scales exposed and to
specimens with red scales hidden because of this
pouchlike process being in the retracted position.
1 suspect that both this prothoracic pouch and the
abdominal eversible glands of the male have great
influence upon mate selection and mating; how-
ever, no information concerning these types of
activity has been recorded for these species. Mating
takes place after the adults are about two days old
(Cevallos, 1957).
OVIPOSITION.?Eggs are laid singly or in groups
of from two to four, sometimes in a line or some-
times in a mass on the undersides of mature young
leaves of the food plant. According to Harrison
(1959), his laboratory-reared females usually began
oviposition on the second or third day after emer-
gence. Not more than 10 eggs were deposited by
any single female in the laboratory; however, under
normal conditions in the field the female can prob-
ably deposit upward of 30 eggs.
T H E EGG.?The egg is described by Harrison
(1959) as "subglobose, greenish in color, and
averages 0.81 mm. in diameter." The egg stage
lasts five or six days and about 24 hours before
hatching, the egg changes from green to almost
transparent milk-white color through which the
reddish-brown mandibles of the larva can be seen.
THE LARVA.?It takes the larva about 12 hours
or more to eat its way through the eggshell, where-
upon it soon begins to eat the remainder of the
shell, this taking from four and one-half hours to
six hours. Next it begins feeding upon the leaf
near where the egg had been attached. This is on
the underside of the leaf, where, because of the
small size of its mouthparts during the first three
instars, it only eats partway through the leaf. Later
the larva, when larger, eats completely through
the leaf. In the field and upon small potted plants
in the laboratory, its existence is entirely spent on
the undersurface of the leaf. When reared in petri
dishes in the laboratory, it showed no preference
for the lower surface of pieces of banana leaves.
In feeding, the larva moves gradually backward
and parallel to the small veins, and according to
Harrison (1959) it leaves holes as large as three
and one-half inches long and one-half inch in
width. After each molt and at the beginning of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
each successive instar, the larva completely con-
sumes its own exuviae before feeding on the leaf
again.
The larva molts five or six times, undergoing
six or seven instars. Harrison (1959) reports that
90 percent of the larvae he raised passed through
seven instars and 10 percent through only six in-
stars. The duration of the first instar was from two
to four days, that of the second through sixth in-
stars was only two to three days each unless the
sixth instar was its last before pupation, in which
case this instar fed for from four to six days, as does
the seventh instar for those larvae that went
through a seventh instar before pupating. As
would be expected, the last instar consumed more
food than the total of all the other instars.
The fully grown larva has a yellow head with a
white body that is nearly iridescent and slightly
pink with small lateral red spots and is covered by
abundant creamy white and long silky hairs, which
arise from verrucae. Cevallos (1957) reports that
these hairs are urticating, and caused a sharp pain
and a rash when they came in contact with his
skin.
THE PUPA.?Pupation takes place in the shade of
leaves upon which the larvae fed or behind the
leaf sheaths on the side of the pseudostem. Some
larvae also pupate under the curling and drying
tips of older leaves and some pupate on the stalks
of the fruit and between the fruit, as is evidenced
by numerous records of this moth being taken
from banana stalks in ports of entry all over the
world where bananas are imported. Mostly from
its own hairs and silk, the larva forms a weak and
very thin cocoon that is whitish yellow in color.
The naked pupa is cocoa colored and measures
about 15 mm. In Ecuador, according to Cevallos
(1957), the pupal life lasted from 6 to 10 days,
while in Costa Rica, according to Harrison (1959),
this pupal life was from about 8 to 10 days and for
one individual was 16 days (dry environment?).
LONGEVITY.?In Ecuador the whole life cycle
takes place during the winter season and lasts
about six weeks. There may be as many as three
generations of larvae during this season (Cevallos,
1957). In Costa Rica this ctenuchid reproduced
throughout the year and in the laboratory, accord-
ing to Harrison (1963), the egg stage lasts from 5
to 6 days, the larval stage of from six or sometimes
seven instars lasts from 16 to 26 days, the pupal
stage may be as short as 6 days (Cevallos, 1957)
but normally lasts from 8 to 10 days; however, in
one instance (as reported above) it lasted 16 days
(Harrison, 1959).
PARASITES.?The thorough observations of James
O. Harrison (1963) in Costa Rica are the source of
most of the recorded information on the parasites
of the egg, larva, and pupa of A. viridis (recorded
by him under the name Ceramidia butleri). He
reports that all stages of this species are attacked
by natural enemies, which become more noticeable
during periods of high host populations. Cevallos
(1957) states that in Ecuador the larval and pupal
stages of A. viridis are so heavily parasitized by
other insects and fungus that by the end of the
rainy season the population of this host is deci-
mated by about 90 percent, too late, however, to
be of help to the banana growers, as the ctenuchid
has already done its damage by this time.
In Costa Rica the only known parasite to attack
the eggs of A. viridis is Trichogramma minutum
Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae, recorded
under the name of its junior synonym, T. pretiosum
Riley, Harrison, 1959). Harrison states that this
parasite often parasitized these eggs and that of
763 eggs collected at Goto, Costa Rica, in the sum-
mer of 1959, 51 percent were parasitized. These
eggs turn black 24 to 48 hours before the emer-
gence of these tiny wasps.
The larvae are parasitized by a number of
Hymenoptera and by one Diptera. The latter,
Achaetoneura aletia Riley (Diptera:Tachinidae),
was the most abundant parasite on this ctenuchid
larva in Costa Rica. A braconid, Meteorus laphyg-
mae Vierick, is a widespread parasite of A. viridis
and during November of 1960, 20 percent or more
of these larvae collected each month were para-
sitized by this insect. Two other braconids, Apan-
teles sp., and Macrocentrus sp., near koebelei
Vierick, and an ichneumonid, Carinodes sp., have
been reared from larvae of A. viridis. Dr. Z. Boucek
(1962) described and recorded Elachertus cerami-
diae (under the name Stenomesius ceramidae,
Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a parasite of larvae
of A. viridis in Ecuador. The same year, the range
of this parasite was noted to include larvae of this
host in Panama, Costa Rica, and Honduras (Burks,
1962). Harrison (1965) states that it is an impor-
tant parasite of A. viridis in Central America. His
observations showed that the adult females of this
NUMBER 198
parasite were often observed on caterpillars in the
held, with as many as eight on a single caterpillar,
and that most of them had their ovipositors inserted
into the cuticle of the host. With the increase of
the parasite population, the caterpillar population
rapidly decreased, so that starting on 27 June there
were 5.8 caterpillars per banana leaf, with about
43 percent of these parasitized by a maximum of
40 parasites (eggs and larvae) on each caterpillar.
By 3 August there were 1.7 caterpillars per leaf,
with 90 percent of these parasitized by a maximum
of 118 parasites for each caterpillar and by 6 Sep-
tember there remained only 0.5 caterpillars per
leaf, with no parasites observed.
Burks (1960) gave a number of records of
Brachymeria comitator (Walker) (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidae) reared from pupae of A. viridis in
quarantine in the United States and from pupae
originating in Mexico and Central America.
It is uncertain whether or not a parasite directly
attacks the pupal stage, according to Harrison
(1963), but there are two parasites that emerge
from pupae of the hosts in Costa Rica. These are
this same chalcid mentioned above, Brachymeria
comitator (Walker) and Carinodes sp. (Hymenop-
tera: Ichneumonidae). The chalcid acted also as
a secondary parasite since six pupae of Achaeton-
eura aletiae (Riley) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which
had emerged from larvae of A. viridis, were them-
selves victims.
In one area near Coto, Costa Rica (Harrison,
1963), a large percentage of the host ctenuchid
were attacked by two species of fungi, one being
Entomophthora sp. and the other an unidentified
species.
Parasites of the adult ctenuchid are unknown.
PREDATERS.?Three spiders, Thiodina pseustes
Chamberlin and Ive, Eriophora edax Blackwall,
and Eustala fuscovittata Keyserling, and one small
lizard (unidentified) have been observed feeding
upon small larvae of A. viridis. Birds have not been
observed attacking either the adult moths or the
larvae; however, these larvae with their habit of
feeding and resting on the undersides of the leaves
are probably not easily observed by birds. There
has been only one observation reported which
would indicate predators of the adult stage of this
ctenuchid moth?the one by Harrison that he has
occasionally seen adults entangled in the webs of
the orb-weaving spider, Gasteracantha cancriformis
(Linnaeus).
MIMICRY.?Forbes (1960:56) and others state
that many species of the family Ctenuchidae are
mimics, mostly of Hymenoptera. Schrottky (1907)
mentions Ceramidia as a mimic of Hymenoptera.
While this conclusion could be drawn from a super-
ficial examination of Ceramidia and Antichloris
species and relatives because of their narrow fus-
cous or black wings, one must not forget that black
and fuscous are common basic colors in many
groups of insects. Certainly the abdomens of these
moths with their relatively wide bases, which ap-
pear even wider because of the firm attachment of
their thoracic tympanic hoods to their basal abdom-
inal segments, do not seem to resemble the abdo-
mens of the majority of wasps. No one has as yet
suggested exact models among the wasps for Anti-
chloris and Ceramidia species. Careful observa-
tions in the field might confirm this presumed
mimicry and Antichloris viridis, because of its
frequent large populations over a large geograph-
ical area, would be a likely candidate to observe.
Geographical Distribution
The genera Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, and Anti-
chloris are restricted to the tropical regions of the
New World. The genus Ceramidia with two species
is found over a great part of tropical America from
Venezuela and Trinidad east into French Guiana
and south through a large part of Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Ceramidiodes with a
single species is widely distributed in humid, low-
land, tropical Brazil but apparently does not range
outside of that country.
Antichloris is a genus of 27 known species that I
divide into three species groups: (1) the Quadri-
color species group with two species that occur only
in Jamaica and Cuba; (2) the Caca species group
(the only group of this genus that I am attempting
to treat thoroughly in this paper), with two widely
spread species that have a combined distribution
ranging from Mexico south throughout Central
America and over most of the northern half of
South America as far as Colombia, Ecuador, and
Brazil; and (3) the Eriphia species group with 23
species that range collectively over much of the
same general area as the Caca species group and
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
even farther south through Peru and Bolivia into
Argentina.
In the Eriphia species group only two species,
A. eriphia and A. chloroplegia, have broad distri-
butions, A. eriphia being found from Venezuela
into Trinidad and French Guiana south through
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil into northern
Argentina and A. chloroplegia more or less rang-
ing in the same general area as far south as Peru
and Brazil. Twenty-one of the 23 species in this
group are at present known only from one or two
localities in a single country or sometimes from only
a single locality in each of two separate countries.
Five of these 21 species are found only in Venezu-
ela, four are found only in Brazil, three each are
found in Ecuador and Costa Rica, two separate
Key to the Genera and Species Treated in This Paper
1. Ventral surface of abdomen entirely white from base through most or all of seventh segment
(Figures 8, 26); male genitalia with each valva slender, without teeth on ventral margin
and with a long, narrow pulvinus from inner face of its base (Figure 77); female genitalia
with anterior genital plate heart shaped and with deep pockets opposite the base of this
genital plate (Figure 85) Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler)
Ventral surface of abdomen, male and female genitalia not as described above 2
2. Ventral surface of abdomen with a solid white band along each side of a median band of
fuscous (Figures 2, 4, 6, 24); male genitalia with each valva slender, having at least one
tooth on ventral margin and lacking both a pulvinus on inner face of base and a subapical
fleshy lobe on its outer face (Figures 75, 76); female genitalia with anterior genital plate
large and bilobed, cupules absent (Figure 84) Ceramidia Butler, 3
Ventral surface of abdomen fuscous except for a series of three or more separate white spots
on basal segments near spiracular line or with basal three segments (1+2, 3, 4) entirely
white (Figures 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22); male genitalia with each valva broad through
basal one-half or more, lacking a pulvinus on inner face at base and with a long fleshy
subapical lobe on outer face (Figures 78-82, 92-102); female genitalia with anterior genital
plate broad and lipped and with a pair of cupules or lateroventral depressions present
Antichloris Hubner, 4
3. Hind tibiae entirely white in the male (female unkown); male with upper surface of hind
wing having white or pale gray color of costal area extending only to the lower margin
of cell and outward to the margin above the outer angle (Figures 1, 3); male genitalia
with each valva having a single large tooth near middle of ventral margin (Figure 75)
Ceramidia jttmipennis (Walker)
Hind tibiae in both sexes with outer surface fuscous; male with upper surface of hind wing
white or pale gray color of costal area extending to below the lower margin of cell and
outward to well below the outer angle, nearly to vein Cu2 (Figure 5); male genitalia with
each valva having ventral margin with several large teeth (Figure 76)
Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler)
4. Ventral surface of abdomen fuscous except for a series of three or more separate white spots
on basal segment near spiracular line (Figure 44, 48, 52); male genitalia with valva having
a broad triangular-shaped lobe at lower angle (Figures 92-102)
Eriphia species group (not fully treated in this paper)
Ventral surface of abdomen with basal three segments (1+2, 3, 4) entirely white or with
large white spots in the middle of these segments (Figures 10, 12, 28, 30, 32, 34); male
genitalia with valva broadly and evenly rounded in this area, lacking triangular lobe
described above (Figures 78-82) Caca species group, 5
5. Male with lower half of each tympanic hood white and with a small white spot on base
of each tegula; female with segment in front of ostium fuscous to blue-black, dark metallic
blue or green or bronze green (Figures 28, 30), occasionally dark tan and fuscous in the
center (Figure 32); male genitalia with ventral margin of valva rounded and ending in a
triangular projection near apical process (Figures 78-80) Antichloris viridis (Druce)
Male with each tympanic hood entirely fuscous and without white spot on base of each tegula;
female with segment in front of ostium light tan in color (Figure 34); male genitalia with
ventral margin entirely rounded, lacking triangular projection described above
Antichloris caca Hubner
NUMBER 198
species are found only in Bolivia, and one species
each is found in Ecuador and Guatemala. One
species is found in both Ecuador and Peru and one
species is found in both Ecuador and Bolivia.
I believe that one should not form any general
conclusions about the place of origin, area of
diversity, and dispersal for the genus Antichloris
at present because much more collecting and much
more study is necessary for those 21 species that
have such an apparently limited distribution. Are
they really this limited in distribution? A number
of these species are still known only from their
original type-series. One should not at present draw
the conclusion, for example, that because
there are five species known to be exclusively en-
demic to Venezuela and two additional species more
broadly ranging but abundantly present there, that
Venezuela is the primary area of diversity and
dispersal.
Many of these Antichloris species of all three
species groups seem to prefer the hot, humid low-
lands, but others are found at higher elevations
ranging up to 2000 meters.
Classification
Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, Antichloris, Amycles
Herrich-Schaffer, and Eriphioides Kirby represent
five genera in the Ctenuchidae that form a branch
of closely related genera, which Hampson (1898:
table facing page 22) in his phylogenetic tree shows
diverging from Sciopsyche Butler. I have found no
reasons to alter this concept and in fact believe
that these five genera will probably be considered
to form a tribe or subtribe within the subfamily
Euchromiinae when that subfamily is subdivided.
These five genera have many characters in com-
mon, especially in the male and female genitalia.
In the males all have a deeply divided uncus that
forms two long entirely separate arms, a broad and
relatively short and downwardly bent aedeagus, a
sturdy saccus supporting the valvae, and a very
similar and peculiarly shaped anellus supporting
the aedeagus. Antichloris, Ceramidia, and Cerami-
diodes have a pseuduncal lobe in front of each
uncal arm; these lobes are shorter than the uncal
arms and arise from the tegumen. All of these
genera except Ceramidia have a soft hairy sub-
apical lobe on the outer side of each valva. Char-
acters for separating these genera were found
mainly in the shape and armature of the valvae
and in the female genitalia in the shape of the
anterior genital plates, in the position of or pres-
ence or absence of cupules for receiving the
clasping organ of the male, and in the internal
elements of the ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix.
Genus Ceramidia Butler
FIGURES 1-6, 23, 24, 75, 76, 84
Ceramidia Butler, 1876:412, 433, pi. 29: fig. 3.?Kirby, 1892:
158 [in part].?Hampson, 1898:27, 395-396 [in part].?
Klages, 1906: 548 [in part].?Zerny, 1912:114-115 [in
part].?Draudt, [1916]a: 113-135 [in part]; [1916]b: 113-135
[in part].?Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9 [in part].?Zerny,
1931a: 18 [in part]; 1931b:250 [in part].?Hoffman, 1936:446
[in part].?Hagmann, 1938:193 [in part].?Fleming, 1950:
212, 216 [in part].?Bryk, 1953:235.?Fleming, 1959:87, 89,
91, 94.
Passineura.?Kirby, 1892:158 [not Butler; a misidentification].
?Hampson, 1898:395 [not Butler].?Zerny, 1912:114 [not
Butler].
Type-species: Euchromia ftimipennis Walker.
Type by original designation.
Ceramidia is restricted here to the species C.
fumipennis (Walker) and C. phemonoides (Mosch-
ler). Nineteen species formerly placed in Ceramidia
are transferred to other genera (see list at end of
paper). In habitus this genus is easily distinguished
from the related genera Antichloris and Ceram-
idiodes by the color pattern of the underside of the
abdomen and by characters in the male and female
genitalia. In Ceramidia the underside of the abdo-
men has a broad, median fuscous band running
from its base through the seventh sternum, with a
white band along each side of this fuscous band
(Figures 2, 4, 6, 24). In the valva of the male gen-
italia (Figures 75, 76) this genus lacks the pulvi-
nus found in Ceramidiodes (Figure 77) and the
subapical fleshy lobe found in Ceramidiodes and
Antichloris (Figures 78-82, 92-102). In the female
genitalia (Figure 84) the anterior genital plate is
entirely different from those found in Ceramidiodes
(Figure 85) and Antichloris (Figures 86, 87, 89).
Male genitalia (Figures 75, 76) with uncus com-
pletely divided, forming two long, entirely separate
arms, each semispatulate at tip. Behind each of
these arms is a pseuduncus lobe arising from tegu-
men, these lobes much shorter than the uncal arms.
Saccus in ventral view broad posteriorly, sharply
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
and suddenly narrowed and greatly projected an-
teriorly, so that it is about as long as broad or
longer. Center of posterior margin of saccus dis-
tinctly convex. Aedeagus long and slightly down-
ward curved in lateral view. Valva in lateral view
long and relatively slender, with one or more
teeth on ventral margin and with apex pointed
and sharply curved downward. Valva entirely with-
out the large subapical fleshy lobe found in
Ceramidiodes and Antichloris and lacking the
pulvinus found in Ceramidiodes on base of inner
face.
Female genitalia (Figure 84) with seventh ster-
num forming a large bilobed anterior genital plate
and with a large triangular lobe on each side
slightly posterior to this plate. The cupules found
posterior to these triangular lobes in Antichloris
and the deep pockets found at the base of the heart-
shaped anterior genital plate in Ceramidiodes are
absent in Ceramidia. Ductus bursae with dorsal
surface divided into three schlerotized elements:
the posterior element tapering and extending
anteriorly almost to the central element and pos-
teriorly forming the two parts of the wing-shaped
posterior genital plate; the middle element long
and forked on its posterior margin and the ante-
rior element somewhat crescent shaped and lying
at the opening of the bursa copulatrix.
MISIDENTIFICATION.?Butler (1876:412-413) de-
scribed as new the genus Passineura with Pampa
fusiformis Walker as its type-species. Moschler
(1878:640) shows that Butler's species was not
P. fusiformis Walker but a misidentification of
that name, and Moschler identifies Butler's species
as his (Moschler's) new species, Antichloris phe-
monoides. Kirby (1892,158), ignoring Moschler's
statement about this misidentification, uses the
generic name Passineura for the species P. fusi-
formis (Walker) and P. phemonoides (Moschler).
Hampson (1898:397) and Zerny (1912:114) agree
with Moschler that Butler misidentified Pampa
fusiformis Walker but list Passineura Butler as a
synonym of Ceramidia Butler.
Article 70 of the International Code of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature (2nd edition, 1964) on the
"Identification of the type-species" [of a genus]
states that: "It is to be assumed that an author
correctly identifies the nominal species that he . . .
designates as the type-species of a new or of an
established genus." In paragraph (a), article 70,
zoologists are asked to refer such cases as the above
to the International Commission of Zoological
Nomenclature so that it can use its plenary powers,
if necessary, to settle the issue. Since the question
here is of small importance for the moment, being
whether Passineura Butler is a synonym of Cera-
midia Butler or of Hyaleucera Butler (1875)
(where Pampa fusiformis Walker now resides), I
see no need to appeal to the International Com-
mission of Zoological Nomenclature at the present
time, and I treat Passineura as a synonym of
Hyaleucera. The last-named genus has as its type-
species Hyaleucera erythrotelus (Walker) (= Glau-
copis erythrotelus Walker, 1854:147). As long as
H. fusiformis (Walker) is considered to be con-
generic with H. erythrotelus then Passineura is
best treated as a synonym of Hyaleucera. If a future
reviser decides that these two species are not con-
generic then an appeal to the International Com-
mission of Zoological Nomenclature would be
both desirable and necessary to allow for the
availability of the name Passineura.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name Ceramidia is a femi-
nine noun derived from the Greek classical word
keramidis (genitive of keramis, a roof-tile, potter's
earth, or clay) and from the feminine (diminu-
tive ?) ending ia.
Ceramidia fumipennis (Walker)
FIGURES 1-4, 75
Euchromia fumipennis Walker, 1854:241.
Ceramidia fumipennis?Butler, 1876:412.?Kirby, 1892:158 ?
Hampson, 1898:395, 396, pi. 14: fig. 26.?Draudt, [1916]a:
134, pi. 20: fig. h [5]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [5].?Bryk,
1953:235?Zerny, 1912:115.
Ceramidia cataleuca Butler, 1876:412.?Kirby, 1892:158 ?
Hampson, 1898:396, 397, pi. 14: fig. 5.?Zerny, 1912:115.?
Strand, 1915:26.?Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [4];
[1916]b: 134, pi. 20: fig. h [4].?Hagmann, 1938:193. [New
synonymy.]
Ceramidia fumipennis is easily distinguished
from C. phemonoides in the male sex in having
the pale gray to white area on the costal area of
the upper surface of the hindwing never extending
below the lower margin of the cell and the outer
angle of this wing (Figure 1). On the undersur-
face of the forewing the pale gray area is smaller
NUMBER 198
than in C. phemonoides, not extending nearly to
vein Cu2, nor extending as far outward toward
the outer margin. In C. phemonoides the outer
surface of the hind tibia is fuscous; in C. jumipen-
nis the hind tibia is entirely white.
MALE (Figures 1-4).?Head with occipital area
metallic blue-green, frons with two large white
spots, palpi white except for fuscous at the tip,
neck with red scales behind eyes. Thorax fuscous
and metallic bronze or blue-green, patagia and base
of tegulae metallic blue-green. A small red area be-
hind each eye. Forelegs with white on coxae and
femora, midlegs and hind legs with white on coxae,
femora, tibiae, and tarsi. Each tympanic hood large,
bloated, and fuscous and bronze green in color
except for white on lower margin near opening.
Abdomen above fuscous and bronze or blue-green,
ventral surface fuscous and bronze or metallic blue-
green with two large white bands below the spirac-
ular line extending nearly to the terminalia.
Wings above fuscous. Forewing with a small
metallic blue-green or bronze spot on base oppo-
site base of tegula. Hind wing above with pale
gray to white of costal area extending through
the cell and not covering the outer angle. Fore-
wing below with a narrow streak of white in middle
of costal margin and with an area of pale gray on
its base below the cell, extending outward toward
outer margin for more than two-thirds of the wing.
Hind wing below variable, from nearly entirely
fuscous with a small streak of white running from
the base through middle of wing to nearly all
white or yellowish white except for outer margin
and base of costal margin.
Length of forewing, 15-17 mm (average 16 mm).
Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 75 (drawn
from preparation of holotype of C. catalenca
Butler, a junior synonym of C. jumipennis
(Walker)), with valva rather long and slender and
having a greatly prolonged, sharply pointed, and
downwardly bent apex; with ventral margin having
a single large centrally placed, downwardly directed
tooth and lacking a similar tooth from costa, thus
easily distinguished from C. phemonoides.
FEMALE.?Unknown.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 1, 2) from "Ega, on
the Amazon" = Teffe, Amazonas, Brazil, col-
lected by H. W. Bates and in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History).
SYNONYMICAL NOTE:.?Ceramidia cataleuca But-
ler, 1872: Type-locality, "E. Peru (Degand)."
Described from a single male specimen, the holo-
type (Figures 3, 4) is in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History). A comparison
of the genitalia of this holotype with the holotype
of C. jumipennis shows them to be nearly identical,
thus placing C. cataleuca as a junior synonym of
the former. This species was thought to be distinct
by its describer because of the large amount of pale
yellowish white on the underside of the hind wing.
The holotype of C. jumipennis (Figure 2) shows
only a little of this white on costa and in the cell,
while the holotype of C. cataleuca (Figure 4)
shows a great amount of this white. This character
is very variable in this species.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name fumipennis is an adjec-
tive in the nominative singular with a feminine
ending and agreeing in gender with the generic
name. It has the following gender endings: is,
masculine; is, feminine; e, neuter. The name is
derived from the Latin words fumidus (smoky) and
penna (wing) and the Latin suffix is (having).
DISTRIBUTION.?This species occurs from Manaus,
Brazil, on the Amazon River southwest into the
low tropical areas of Bolivia and west and north
of Manaus into the tropical areas of Peru, Ecuador,
and Colombia.
MATERIAL STUDIED.?Sixty-one males were studied
from the following localities: BRAZIL: Allianca,
below Santo Antonio, Rio Madeira (November,
December); Fonte Boa, Amazonas (October);
Humayta, Rio Madeira; Igarape Preto, upper
Amazons (August, September); Manaus; Manicore,
Rio Madeira; Rio Tapajos, Amazonas; Rio Ucay-
ala, Amazonas; San Juan, Solimoens; Sao Paulo
de Olivenca (June, July, November, December),
Teffe, Amazonas (June, September, October, No-
vember); Tonantins, upper Amazons (July).
BOLIVIA: Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; Province
del Saram, Department de Santa Cruz; Reyes Beni;
Serjali (October). PERU: Cavallo-Cocho, Ama-
zones; Pebis Loreto; Perene; Rio Maranon.
ECUADOR: Coca, upper Rio Napo; Limoncocha,
Rio Napo (240 meters, February, December);
Sarayaco. COLOMBIA: Charco San Jose, Vaupes,
Rio Guayabero (January).
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler)
FICURES 5, 6, 23, 24, 76, 84
Antichloris phemonoides Moschler, 1878:639-640, 699, pi. 8:
fig. 10.
Passinura phemonoides.?Kirby, 1892:158.
Ceramidia phemonoides.?Hampson, 1898:395, 396, 397-398.?
Klages, 1906:548.?Rothschild, 1912:153.?Zerny, 1912:115 ?
Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. i [1]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20:
fig. ,- [l]._Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9.?Zerny, 1931a: 18;
l931b:250?Hagmann, 1938:193.?Fleming, 1950:212, 216;
1959:92.
Passineura fusiformis ?Sutler, 1876:412, 413 [not Walker; a
misidentincation].
In the male sex C. phemonoides differs from C.
fumipennis in having the pale gray to white area
on the costal area of the upper surface of the hind
wing extending to well below the cell and to well
below the outer angle of this wing (Figure 5). On
the undersurface of the forewing the pale gray area
is larger than in C. fumipennis, extending nearly
to vein Cu2 and extending farther outward
toward the outer margin. In C. fumipennis the
hind tibia is entirely white; in C. phemonoides
the outer surface of the hind tibia is fuscous.
MALE (Figures 5, 6).?Head and thorax similar
to C. fumipennis except the metallic color is usu-
ally bronze green. Legs with white on coxae and
femora of all three pairs, tibiae and tarsi of all
legs mainly dark brown and metallic blue-green or
bronze green. Tympanic hood of thorax and abdo-
men as in C. fumipennis with large white bands
below the spiracular line as in that species.
Wings above fuscous. Forewing with a small
metallic bronze green or blue-green spot on base
opposite base of tegula. Hind wing above with pale
gray and white of costal area extending to well
below the cell and completely covering the outer
angle and outer margin down to vein Cu^ Fore-
wing below as in C. fumipennis with a narrow
streak of white in middle of costal margin and with
an area of pale gray on its base below the cell,
extending outward toward outer margin slightly
farther than in C. fumipennis. Hind wing below
with a white band extending from the base of wing
outward through the cell and with costal area above
this distinctly blue or green.
Length of forewing, 15-17 mm (average 16 mm),
exactly the size and variation of C. fumipennis.
Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 76 (drawn
from preparation of lectotype), with valva rather
long and slender and having a short, sharply
pointed, and downwardly bent apex; with ventral
margin having several large downwardly directed
teeth and in having a single similar tooth project-
ing downward from costa, thus differing from C.
fumipennis in all of these characters.
FEMALE (Figures 23, 24).?Head and thorax
similar to the male with the amount of white
greatly reduced, especially on the legs, which are
fuscous except for a few white scales on coxa of
foreleg and femora of hind leg. Thorax with
tympanic hood as in the male. Abdomen very
similar to the male except white bands are even
larger.
Wings above and below fuscous except for a
small, short streak of white on base of forewing
underneath and for a narrow stripe of white in
lower one-half of cell on hind wing. Forewing be-
low lacking the pale gray area found on its base
below the cell in the male sex. Hind wing above
without the large pale gray area found in upper
one-half of wing in the male sex, sometimes area
above cell a lighter fuscous color.
Length of forewing, 16 and 18 mm (only two
known examples).
Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 84
(drawn from preparation number 6567) and as
described above in the generic description. Since
the female of the only other species in Ceramidia
(C. fumipennis) is unknown to me, I cannot offer
specific characters for the present species.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from two syntypes from
Surinam (sex not stated in the original descrip-
tion). This locality is not specifically mentioned in
the original description (Moschler, 1876:639-640),
but we know from the title of the author's paper
that he was specifically treating the fauna of
Surinam. One of the two syntypes was loaned to
me for study and I designate it the lectotype
(Figures 5, 6); it is a male and a designating lecto-
type label has been placed on the pin of this
specimen.
MISIDENTIFICATION.?As mentioned under this
heading in the discussion of the genus Ceramidia,
Butler, the author of this genus, designated as type
of his new genus Passineura the species Pampa
fusifortnis Walker. Moschler (1878:640) correctly
points out that this is a misidentification and that
the species Butler actually had is the species he
NUMBER 198 11
(Moschler) describes as Antichloris phemonoides
= Cermidia phemonoides.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name phemonoides is an ad-
jective in the nominative singular with a feminine
ending and agreeing in gender with the generic
name. It is derived from the Greek, word Phemonon
(the daughter of Apollo) and the Greek suffix
oides (a likeness of form). It has the same ending
in all three genders.
DISTRIBUTION.?This species is found from French
Guiana west through Surinam, Guyana, and Trin-
idad into central Venezuela. Two specimens la-
beled "Brazil" (if correctly labeled) place this
species also in that country, considerably east, how-
ever, of the known distribution of C. fumipennis.
MATERIAL STUDIED.?Forty-four males and two
females were studied from the following localities:
FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne; St. Jean, Maroni
(July, August). SURINAM: Aroewawa Creek,
Maroewijne Valley (February). GUYANA: Ida
Sabina, Rio Berbrice (March, April). TRINIDAD.
VENEZUELA: Caura Valley (May, June); Coro-
sita, Caura Valley; La Union, Caura Valley (Sep-
tember, October). BRAZIL: Rio Tapajos; State of
Minas Geraes.
Genus Ceramidiodes Hampson
FICURFS 7, 8, 25, 26, 77, 85
Ceramidia Butler, 1877:40, pi. 16: fig. 5.?Kirby, 1892:158 [in
part].?Hampson, 1898:395, 396 [in part].?Zerny, 1912:115
[in part].?Rothschild, 1912:153 [in part].?Draudt, [1916]a:
133 [in part]; [1916]b:133 [in part].
Ceramidiodes Hampson, 1914:255, fig. 36?Draudt, 19l7a:2O7;
1917b:207.
Type-species: Ceramidia mathani Rothschild, a
junior synonym of Ceramidiodes obscums (But-
ler), new combination. Type by original designa-
tion and by reason of being the sole included
species.
Ceramidiodes contains the single species C.
obscurus (Butler) and differs from both Anti-
chloris and Ceramidia in habitus and by characters
in the male and female genitalia. In Ceramidiodes
(Figures 8, 26) almost all the sterna of the abdo-
men are white; the male genitalia has each valva
slender, without teeth on the ventral margin, and
has a long narrow pulvinus on inner face of its
base; the female genitalia has a heart-shaped an-
terior genital plate with deep pockets opposite the
base of this plate.
Male genitalia (Figure 77) with uncus com-
pletely divided, forming two long, entirely separate
arms, each spatulate at tip. Behind each uncal arm
is a shorter pseuduncus, lobelike and arising from
tegumen. Saccus in ventral view somewhat broader
than long, not suddenly narrowed as it is in
Ceramidia and only slightly projected posteriorly.
Center of posterior margin of saccus straight to
slightly concave. Aedeagus short and evenly and
strongly bent downward near middle. Valva long
and slender in lateral view, without teeth on ven-
tral margin but with a single short, rounded lobe
from just before its middle. Apical one-half or
more of valve slender, long, and inwardly curved,
with a short fleshy and hairy lobe on outer face
just before apex. Valva with a long narrow pul-
vinus, projecting inwardly from inner face at base.
Female genitalia (Figure 85) with a large, bulg-
ing heart-shaped anterior genital plate, with deep
pockets on each side at its origin, and with a small
triangular lobe on each side along posterior margin
of seventh sternum. The cupules or lateroventral
depressions found above these lobes in Antichloris
are absent in Ceramidiodes, their probable holding
or grasping action being taken over by the pockets
described above. The posterior genital plate found
in related genera is absent and the ductus bursae
is large and weakly sclerotized.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name Ceramidiodes is a mas-
culine noun derived from the genus name Ceramidia
and the Greek adjectival suffix odes (like). This
ending is specifically assigned the masculine gender
as one of the examples given under Article 30 (a)
ii of the International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature (1961 and 1964).
Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler), new combination
(required change in ending)
FIGURES 7, 8, 25, 26, 77, 85
Ceramidia obscura Butler, 1877:x, 40, pi. 16: fig. 5.?Kirby,
1892:158.?Hampson, 1898:395, 396?Zerny, 1912:115.?
Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g [2]; [1916]b:133, pi. 20:
fig- g [2]-
Ceramidia mathani Rothschild, 1912:153?Draudt, [1916]a:
133; [1916]b:133. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidiodes mathani.?Hampson, 1914:255, fig. 36.?Draudt,
1917a:207; 1917b:2O7.
12
Cerarnidiodes obscurus being the sole species in
the genus is of course easily distinguished from
Ceramidia and Antichloris by the generic char-
acters given in the key and in the description
above. Ceramidia phemonoides and Ceramidia
fumipennis, the species it most closely resembles in
habitus, are easily distinguished from it by having
the ventral surface of the abdomen divided through
the middle by a median band of fuscous.
MALE (Figures 7, 8).?Head with occipital area
dark fuscous with a metallic blue-green sheen,
frons nearly entirely white. Palpi dark fuscous with
white on outer surface of basal segment, neck with
an eversible shallow pocket covered with red scales
opposite each eye. Thorax foscous with tegula
lightly scaled with metallic blue-green on base and
patagia heavily scaled with this color. Legs fuscous
except for the white coxae of all three pairs of
legs. Each tympanic hood large and entirely fus-
cous in color. Abdomen above fuscous with bronze
green sheen and with ventral surface white from
the base through most of seventh segment.
Wings above fuscous. Forewing with bronze
green along base of costa and along each side of
base of anal vein. Hind wing above with silvery
white of coastal area extensive, extending from
costal margin clear through the cell and to the
outer margin except for a small amount of fuscous
on outer margin opposite end of cell. Forewing
below fuscous in color with a narrow streak of
androconial scales through the middle one-third of
costal margin and with pale gray or white on base
covering one-half or more of wing and with a
bronze green sheen on subapical part of wing.
Hind wing below fuscous with metallic bronze
green sheen on base, sometimes with a large white
area below cell and between there and hind margin
of wing.
Length of forewing, 16.5-17 mm (average 16.90
mm).
Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 77 (drawn
from preparation of the lectotype of C. mathani,
a junior synonym of C. obscurus and since this
is the sole included species in Cerarnidiodes, the
characters are as described above in the generic
description.
FEMALE (Figures 25, 26).?Head and thorax
similar to the male except frons has two metallic
green spots and the tympanic hood is entirely fus-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
cous. Ventral surface of abdomen as in the male is
entirely white from the base through the seventh
segment.
Wings above fuscous with overlying bronze sheen
and with light color of costal area of hind wing
found in the male greatly reduced in this sex.
Forewing below almost entirely bronze green with
a large submarginal brownish area and lacking the
white androconial scales found along the middle
of the costal margin in the male. Hind wing below
fuscous with an overall bronze green sheen.
Length of forewing 17 mm.
Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 85
(drawn from preparation of holotype of C. obs-
curus) with characters as given in the generic de-
scription and key.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single specimen,
the holotype (Figures 25, 26). The sex of this speci-
men was not indicated in the original description
but upon examination was shown to be a female.
Described from "Forest near Sobral, Rio Purus
. . . (J. W. H. Trail)" [Brazil]. Holotype in the
collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).
SNYONYMICAL NOTES.?Ceramidia mathani Roths-
child, 1912: Type-locality, "Teffe, Amazons . . .
(M. de Mathan)." Described from two male syn-
types, to one of which an appropriate lectotype
label has been pinned. This specimen also bears
the holograph label "Ceramidia mathani Type
Rothsch." and is the specimen here illustrated as
the male of C. obscurus (Figures 7, 8). The great
similarity in habitus of the abdomen of the male
lectotype of C. mathani to the abdomen of the
female holotype of C. obscurus is the reason the
former is treated here as a junior synonym of the
latter.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name obscurus (dark and ob-
scure) is a Latin adjective in the nominative
singular, agreeing in gender with the generic name.
It has the following gender endings: us, masculine;
a, feminine; um, neuter.
DISTRIBUTION.?This species is known only from
several widely separated localities in Brazil.
MATERIAL STUDIED.?Five male and one female
specimens are the only specimens I have had for
study. They are from Manicore, Rio Madeira; St.
Catherine; Sao Paulo; Teffe.
NUMBER 198 13
Genus Antichloris Hubner
FIGURES 9-22, 27-34, 43-74, 78-82, 86, 87, 92-102, 104, 105
Antichloris Hubner, 1818:9, 24.?Butler, 1876:413, 433, pi. 29:
fig. 5?Moschler, 1878:639-640.?Druce, 1884:68.?Kirby,
1892:158-159.?Dognin, 1894:72, 82, pi. 8: fig. 2.?Hampson,
1898:399-401?Klages, 1906:548-549.?Rothschild, 1912:154-
155.?Zerny, 1912:116.?Draudt, [1916]a: 136-137; [1916]b:
136-137.?Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9.?Hambleton and
Forbes, 1935:219.?Hemming, 1937:154.
Illipula Walker, 1854:237.?Druce, 1883:380?Kirby, 1892:
157.?Hampson, 1898:399 [as a synonym of Antichloris].?
Zerny, 1912:116 [as a synonym of Antichloris].
Copaena Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: cover, pi. [40]: fig. 260. [New
synonymy.]
Eriphia Herrich-Schaffer, 1856:16, 17.?Hampson, 1898:399
[as a synonym of Antichloris].?Zerny, 1912:116 [as a syno-
nym of Antichloris].
Ceramidia.?Dognin, 1891:clv [in part]; 1894:72, 82 [in part];
Hampson, 1898:395-398 [in part]; 1901:172 [in part].?
Druce, 1905:462.?Dognin, 1912:122.?Rothschild, 1912:152,
153 [in part].?Zerny, 1912:115 [in part].?Hampson, 1914:
240, 248-253 [in part]; 1915, pi. 13.?Draudt, [1916]a:134,
135, pi. 20 [in part]; [1916]b:134, 135, pi. 20 [in part];
1917a:207 [in part]; 1917b:2O7 [in part]; [1919]a, pis. 28, 29
[in part]; [1919]b, pis. 28, 29 [in part].?Zerny, 1931a: 18,
27 [in part].?Fleming, 1950:212, 216?Forster, 1950:62.?
"Beebe and Fleming, 1951:246.
Type-species: Zygaena eriphia Fabricius. Type
by subsequent designation by Kirby, 1892. Hubner
included in this genus A. eriphia (Fabricius), his
new species A. phemone (later synonymized by
Butler to A. eriphia) (1876:413), and A. caca.
In habitus Antichloris is easily distinguished from
the related genera Ceramidia and Ceramidiodes
by the color pattern of the abdominal sterna and
by characters in the male and female genitalia. In
Antichloris only the basal sterna of the abdominal
segments are entirely white (Figures 8, 10, 12),
with at least large white spots in the middle of
these sterna (Figures 28, 30, 32, 34) (the Caca
species group), or this area is fuscous and there
are several pairs of white spots on the basal seg-
ments near the spiracular lines (the Eriphia species
group).
Male genitalia (Figures 78-82, 92-102) with
uncus completely divided, forming two long en-
tirely separate arms, each spatulate at tip. Behind
each uncal arm is a shorter pseuduncus arising
from tegumen. Saccus in ventral view about as
broad as long, not projected as far posteriorly as
in Ceramidia, and with posterior margin nearly
straight, sometimes slightly concave and sometimes
slightly convex. Aedeagus short and evenly and
strongly bent near middle with a long, single dorsal
needle-like projection from posterior end. Valva
not at all slender, broad through basal one-half
or more, and base with a rounded outer margin
(Caca group) or with this margin produced form-
ing a broad lower posterior angle (Eriphia group).
Valva with a long apical finger-like projection
greatly curved downward or inward and with a
long fleshy and hairy lobe on outer face just before
apex. Valva lacking the pulvinus found in
Ceramidiodes.
Female genitalia (Figures 86, 87, 89, 104, 105)
with anterior genital plate formed into a broad,
bulging lipped lobe, with a large triangular lobe
on each side along posterior margin of seventh
sternum and with a shallow cupule or lateroventral
depression just dorsal of each of these lobes. Pos-
terior genital plate absent. Ductus bursae near
ostium bursae forming two subtriangular plates,
one dorsal and the other ventral. Ductus bursae
either not sclerotized at all (except as described
above), sometimes weakly sclerotized, and some-
times with a large sclerotized element along its
dorsal surface for its entire length.
SYNONYMICAL NOTES.?Illipula Walker was
erected for Sesia melanochloros Sepp, the sole in-
cluded species. Sesia melanochloros is a synonym of
Antichloris eriphia (Fabricius) and Illipula is
therefore a junior synonym of the older name
Antichloris, as was pointed out by Hampson (1898:
399).
The name Copaena Herrich-Schaffer first ap-
peared in 1855 with the sole included species
Copaena scapularis Herrich-Schaffer, which is
therefore the type of the genus. Copaena scapularis
is a junior synonym of Antichloris eriphia and thus
Copaena is a junior synonym of Antichloris.
Eriphia Herrich-Schaffer, with its type-species
Antichloris eriphia (Hubner), designated by
Hampson (1898:399), is also a junior synonym of
Antichloris. In addition it is preoccupied by the
name Eriphia Latreille (1817) in the Crustacea.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name Antichloris is a femi-
nine noun derived from the Greek classical prefix
anti (against or opposed to) and from the Greek
personal female name Chloris (especially the god-
dess of flowers).
Except for the treatment of the Caca species
group (below), the generic description given
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
above, and the list of 15 species herein transferred
from the genus Ceramidia to the Eriphia species
group, it is beyond the scope of the present paper
to further treat the latter group.
The Caca Species Croup
This group contains the two species Antichloris
viridis Druce and Antichloris caca Hiibner. In
habitus they are distinguished easily from the
species of the Eriphia species group in having the
sterna of the basal three abdominal segments
(1+2, 3, 4) entirely white or with large white spots
in the middle of these sterna. They are further
distinguished from that group by characters in the
valvae of the male genitalia as given in the key
and as pointed out above in the generic
description.
Antichloris viridis Druce, resurrected combination
FIGURES 9-16, 27-32, 78-80, 86
Antichloris viridis Druce, 1884:68, pi. 7: fig. 25.?Kirby, 1892:
159.?Hampson, 1898:396 [as a synonym of Ceramidia but-
leri (Moschler)].?Druce, 1900:xiii.
Ceramidia viridis.?Cockerell, 1910:61.?Zerny, 1912:115;
1931a: 18.?Cevallos, 1957:13-14.?Harrison, 1950:251.?Til-
den, 1968:187.?Osimark, 1974:163.
Ceramidia butleri viridis.?Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g
[4]; Draudt, [1916]b:133, pi. 20: fig. g [4].?Zerny, 1931b:250.
Antichloris eriphia.?Druce, 1884:68 [not Fabricius].?Hamp-
son, 1898:396 [in synonymy of Ceramidia butleri].?Draudt,
[1916]a:133; [1916]b: 133.?Zerny, 1931b:250.
Ceramidia eriphia [sic].?Zerny, 1912:114 [a misspelling of
the Druce misidentification].
Ceramidia butleri.?Hampson, 1898:396, fig. 200 [not Mosch-
ler; in part].?Cockle, 1904:202.?Zerny, 1912:114 [in
part].?Hampson, 1914:246 [in part].?Draudt, [1916]a:133,
pi. 20: fig. g [3] [in part]; [I916]b: 133, pi. 20: fig. g [3]
[in part].?Zerny, 1931a: 18; 1931b:250 [in part].?Harrison,
1959:331-354, figs. 1-5?Ostmark, 1974:163.
Ceramidia musicola Cockerell, 1910:60-61.?Zerny, 1912:115 ?
Draudt, [I916]a:135; [1916]b: 135.?Ostmark. 1974: 163 [as
a synonym of Ceramidia butleri (Moschler) ]. [New synon-
ymy.]
Ceramidia butleri form musicola.?Hampson, 1914:246.?
Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:207.
Ceramidia cyanopasta Dognin, 1911:10.?Zerny, 1912:115.?
Hampson, 1914:246-247; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 9?Draudt,
[I916]a:l34; [I9l6]b:134; 1917a:207; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi.
28: fig. A [10]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. k [10] [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia scintillocollaris Rothschild, 1912:152.?Hampson,
1914:247; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 12.?Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:
134; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [4];
[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. in [4]. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia underwoodi Rothschild, 1912:152.?Hampson,
1914:247; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 10.?Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:
135; 1917a:2O7; 19l7b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [7];
[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [7]. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia butleri forma caerulescens Draudt, 1917a:207;
1917b:207.?Zerny, 1931b:250 [in synonymy of Ceramidia
butleri].
Ceramidia butleri ab. importata Strand, 1920:225; 1927:50.?
Zerny, 1931b:250 [in synonymy of Ceramidia butleri].
Antichloris viridis is distinguishable from A.
caca in the male sex by having the lower half of
each tympanic hood white and in having a small
white spot on base of each tegula. In A. caca the
tympanic hoods and tegulae are entirely fuscous.
In the female of A. viridis the ventral surface of
the segment in front of the ostium varies from
fuscous to blue-black, dark metallic blue, or metal-
lic green to bronze green. A few specimens have
this segment tan except for a darker central area.
In the single female specimen of A. caca available
to me for study, this entire segment ventrally is
light tan in color.
MALE (Figures 9-16).?Head with occipital area
dark fuscous, sometimes metallic blue or green,
frons similar, and often but not always with a large
central white spot. Palpi dark fuscous, neck with
an eversible but shallow pocket, covered with red
scales opposite each eye. Thorax with tegulae and
patagia fuscous and metallic bronze, green, or blue
and each tegula with a small white spot on base.
Legs entirely fuscous and blue or green except for
coxae of forelegs, which are white. Each tympanic
hood large and fuscous in color except for lower
half, which is white. Abdomen above fuscous with
dark blue, bronze, or blue-green sheen. Ventral
surface of abdomen similar except for a large white
band extending through segments 1+2, 3, 4, this
white covering entire ventral surface of these seg-
ments except on segment 4, where it is often
rounded or tapered caudally.
Wings above fuscous, often entirely so, but also
often with forewings covered from base to middle
or beyond with a sheen of metallic blue, green, or
bronze green. Hind wing above with about three-
fourths length of wing on costal area and to middle
of cell pale silvery gray and with a very faint
streak of white along vein defining bottom of cell.
Forewing below fuscous with a narrow streak of
white androconial scales through middle one-third
NUMBER 198 15
of costal margin, with pale gray on its base cover-
ing basal one-half or more, and with a metallic
blue or green sheen immediately above this gray
area. Hind wing below fuscous with metallic blue
or green sheen on base.
Length of forewing, 14-19 mm (average 16.55
mm).
Male genitalia as illustrated by Figures 78
(drawn from preparation of holotype of the junior
synonym C. cyanopasta), 79 (drawn from prepara-
tion of holotype of the junior synonym C.
musicola), and 80 (drawn from preparation of
holotype of A. viridis), with valve having a large,
downwardly bent costal arm and with a weakly
sclerotized lobe from near middle of the dorsal
surface of this arm; with a broad and caudally
directed sacculus ending in a dorsally directed ob-
tuse projection.
FEMALE (Figures 27-32).?Head and thorax sim-
ilar to the male except that the white color is
absent from the occipital area of the head and from
the tegula and reduced or absent on the coxae of
forelegs. This white is also greatly reduced on the
ventral surface of the basal abdominal segments.
The ventral surface of the segment in front of the
ostium varies from fuscous to blue black, dark
metallic blue, or metallic green or bronze green.
In a few specimens this segment is dark tan and
darker in the central area.
Wings above similar to the male, with light color
on costal area of hind wing more reduced in size
and darker. Forewing below without the white
androconial scales found along the middle of the
costal margin in the male and with base of this wing
much darker than in that sex.
Length of forewing, 14.50-20 mm (average 18.53
mm).
Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 86
(drawn from holotype of the junior synonym C.
underwoodi) not distinctly different from A. caca.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 9, 10) from "Panama,
Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion)," in the collection
of the British Museum (Natural History).
SYNONYMICAL NOTES.?Ceramidia musicola Cock-
erell, 1910: Type-locality, "Among bananas at
Boulder, Colorado, doubtless imported from Cen-
tral America." Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 13, 14), in the collection
of the National Museum of Natural History. This
specimen bears the red type label "Type No.
33493." The genitalia of this holotype (Figure 79)
shows it to be a junior synonym of A. viridis.
Ceramidia cyanopasta Dognin, 1911: Type-
locality, "Merida, Venezuela." Described from sev-
eral pairs, now in the collection of the National
Museum of Natural History. One of these speci-
mens is labeled "Type $ " and another is labeled
"Type $." Since Dognin did not include a type-
specimen designation in his original description,
I designate as the lectotype (Figures 11, 12) the
specimen he labeled "Type <j," and have placed
an appropriate lectotype label upon its pin. This
specimen also bears the red type label "Type No.
30790." A comparison of the genitalia of this lecto-
type (Figure 78) with the holotype of A. viridis
shows them to be the same species, thus placing
C. cyanopasta as a junior synonym of the former.
Ceramidia underwoodi Rothschild, 1912: Type-
locality, "Costa Rica (Underwood)." Described
from a single specimen, the holotype, in the col-
lection of the British Museum (Natural History).
This specimen (Figures 31, 32), described by Roths-
child as a male, upon dissection proved to be a
female. It is a junior synonym of A. viridis.
Ceramidia scintillocollaris Rothschild, 1914:
Type-locality, "San Ramon, Rio Wanks, Nicaragua
. . . (M. G. Palmer)." Described from a single male,
the holotype (Figures 15, 16), in the collection of
the British Museum (Natural History). The gen-
italia of this holotype show it to be another junior
synonym of A. viridis.
Ceramidia butleri forma caerulescens Draudt,
J9I7: One of the additions to the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature adopted at
Monaco in 1972 was that the use of the term "form"
by an author before 1961 is "to be interpreted as
denoting subspecific rank" (Article 45 (e) (i)).
This form name is therefore available as a trino-
men. It was described as a form with blue instead
of green coloring on the forewings and on the
anterior body. This character is quite within the
normal individual variation of the species, and I
consider the name Ceramidia butleri caerulescens
to be a junior synonym of A. viridis. No type-
locality was given by Draudt in the original de-
scription, and the holotype is presumed to have
been destroyed along with the rest of the Draudt
collection in Darmstadt, Germany, during the
second World War.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Ceramidia butleri ab. importata Strand, 1920:
This name proposed as an aberration, I consider
to be a name excluded from zoological nomencla-
ture {International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature: Article 1; Article 45 (d) (iii) and glossary,
definition of the term infrasubspecific.)
ETYMOLOGY.?The name viridis (green) is a
Latin adjective in the nominative singular, agree-
ing in gender with the generic name. It has the
following gender endings: is, masculine; is, femi-
nine; e, neuter.
DISTRIBUTION.?This species occurs from Ecuador,
Colombia, and Venezuela northward through Cen-
tral America into Mexico. As it is a common pest
upon bananas, this species occurs and can be ex-
pected to occur wherever the plant is grown in
this large area. It is not known to occur in the
Guianas or in the Antilles.
Individuals of this species turn up in localities
outside their normal distribution at ports of entry,
markets, and even in grocery stores, probably
wherever Central American bananas are imported.
I have seen adults (and cocoons) taken from
bunches of bananas from many places in the
United States (Alachua County, Florida; Balti-
more, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Boulder,
Colorado; Champagne, Illinois; Granville, Ohio;
Laredo, Texas; Lincoln, Rhode Island; Riverside,
California; Sanford, North Carolina; San Fran-
cisco, California; Seattle, Washington, and Wil-
mington, Delaware), Canada (Kaslo and Victoria,
British Columbia), England (Lincolnshire, Man-
chester and Sussex), and Germany (Hamburg).
MATERIAL STUDIED.?Two hundred males and 106
females were studied from the following localities:
ECUADOR: Balzapamba, Province of Bolivar
(February); Barranca Chico (September); Buen-
vecino (September); Loja; Macas; Mantalvo (Sep-
tember); Tenguel. COLOMBIA: Andagoya, Rio
Condoto, Choco; Cacagualito; Caldas (June); Jun-
tas, Department of Cauca; Rio Dagua; Santa
Marta; Turbo (September). VENEZUELA: El
Cienego, State of Trujillo (March); Merida, State
of Merida. PANAMA: Armvelles (August); Bocas-
delton (January); Bugaba; Changuinola (June,
July, October); El Valle (January); Lino.
PANAMA CANAL ZONE: Balboa (November);
Las Casadas (September); Tabernilla. COSTA
RICA: Banana River (March); Coto (June, Aug-
ust); Esparta; Juan Vinas; La Florida (March);
Limon (February); Palmar (April, August, Octo-
ber); Peralta, Avangerez (October); Port Limon
(January, February); Santa Clara District, Prov-
ince of Limon; Tres Rios (January); Tuis (Feb-
ruary). HONDURAS: La Lima (January, Sep-
tember, October, December); San Pedro Sula.
GUATEMALA: Cayuga (February, May, Sep-
tember); Champerico; Esquintla; Olas de Maka;
Department of Solola (September); Quirigua (Feb-
ruary, March, May, July); San Cristobal (Sep-
tember); San Sebastian, Department of Retalhuleu).
MEXICO: Camacho, State of Puebla; Tampico
(April).
Antichloris caca Htibner, resurrected combination
FIGURES 17-22, 33, 34, 81, 82, 87
Hiibner [1809]-[1813], pi. [23]: figs. 133, 134 [illustrations
without a name].
Antichloris caca Hiibner, 1818:24 [above illustrations referred
to and species named and described].?Butler, 1876:413.?
Moschler, 1878: 640?Kirby, 1892:159.?Druce, 1884:86.
Ceramidia caca.?Hampson, 1898:395, 396-397.?Zerny, 1912:
115.?Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [1]; [1916]b:134, pi.
20: fig. h [1].?Zerny, 1931a: 18.?Hoffman, 1936:446.
Eriphia butleri Moschler, 1878:640-641, 699, pi. 8: fig. 12.
[New synonymy.]
Eriphioides butleri.?Kirby, 1892:159.
Ceramidia butleri.?Hampson, 1898:395, 396, fig. 200.?Zerny,
1912:114.?Hampson, 1914:246.?Draudt, [1916]a:l33, 135,
pi. 20: fig. g [3]; [1916]b:133, 135, pi. 20: fig. g [3]; 1917a:
207; 1917b: 207?Zerny, 1931b:250.?Hagmann, 1938:193.
Ceramidia caurensis Klages, 1906:549.?Cockerell, 1910:61.?
Zerny, 1912:115.?Hampson, 1914:246.?Draudt, [1916]a:
134, pi. 20: fig. g [5]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. g [5]; 1917a:
207; 1917b:2O7. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild, 1912:151-152.?Draudt, [1916]a:
135; [1916]b:135; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig.
m [9]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [9]. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia clagesi.?Hampson, 1914:247-248 [an invalid emen-
dation]; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 12.
Antichloris caca is distinguished from A. viridis
in the male sex by having each thoracic tympanic
hood entirely fuscous and in lacking the small
white spot found on base of each tegula. As men-
tioned above under the description of A. viridis,
the female of A. caca (according to the single fe-
male specimen available to me for study) differs
only by having the entire ventral surface of the
segment in front of the ostium light tan in color.
MALE (Figures 17-22).?Head with frons dark
fuscous, metallic blue or green, and entirely lack-
NUMBER 198 17
ing the large centrally placed white spot often
found in A. viridis. Palpi dark fuscous, neck with
an eversible, shallow pocket, covered with red
scales opposite each eye. Thorax with tegulae and
patagia fuscous and1 metallic blue, green, or bronze,
with the white spot found on base of each tegula
in A. viridis lacking in this species. Legs entirely
fuscous and blue or green except for coxae of fore-
legs, which are white. Each tympanic hood large
and entirely fuscous in color. Abdomen above
fuscous with dark green, bronze, or blue-green
sheen. Ventral surface of abdomen similarly col-
ored except for a large white band extending
through segments 1+2, 3, and 4, this white covering
entire ventral surface of these segments.
Wings above fuscous, with a faint allover sheen
of blue or green, and lacking the bright sheen of
metallic blue, green, or bronze sometimes found in
the basal one-half or more of the forewings of A.
viridis. Hind wing above, as in A. viridis, with
about three-fourths length of wing on costal area
extending to middle of cell pale silvery gray and
with a faint white streak along vein defining
bottom of the cell. Wings below quite similar to
those of A. viridis with forewing below fuscous,
with a narrow streak of androconial scales through
the middle one-third of costal margin, with pale
gray or white on its base covering basal one-half
or more, and with a metallic green or blue sheen
immediately above this gray area. Hind wing below
fuscous with metallic blue or green sheen on base.
Length of forewing, 14-20 mm (average 18.64
mm).
Male genitalia as illustrated by Figures 81
(drawn from preparation of holotype of Ceramidia
caurensis, a junior synonym of A. caca) and 82
(drawn from preparation of holotype of the junior
synonym Eriphia butleri), with valva similar to
that of A. viridis, differing in having the large
sacculus broadly rounded and lacking the dorsally
directed obtuse projection.
FEMALE (Figures 33, 34).?Head and thorax
similar to the male except that the white is greatly
reduced on the coxae of the forelegs. This white is
also greatly reduced on the ventral surface of the
basal abdominal segments. The ventral surface of
the segment in front of the ostium is entirely light
tan in color.
Wings above similar to the male with light area
on costal margin of hind wing greatly reduced in
size. Forewing below without the white androconial
scales found along the middle of the costal margin
in the male and with base of this wing much darker
than in the male.
Length of forewing, 19 mm (from the single
available specimen).
Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 87
(drawn from preparation number 6569) not dis-
tinctly different from A. viridis.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from the male sex (num-
ber of specimens not stated in the original de-
scription but apparently described from a single
specimen which served as the model for the orig-
inal colored illustrations, "aus Brasilien. Vom
Herrn Grafen von Hoffmansegg erlangt." Holo-
type not in the collection of the Naturhistorisches
Museum, Vienna, where the Hiibner types were
quite early deposited (Horn and Kahle, 1935:119)
and probably destroyed by fire in 1848. Because
of the quite adequate original colored figures, I
see no need to designate a neotype.
SYNONYMICAL NOTES.?Antichloris caca Hiibner,
1818: The illustrations of this species (Hubner
[I809]-[1813]:pl. [23]: figs. 133, 134), issued with-
out a name being applied until Hiibner's text ap-
peared (Hubner, 1818:24), show the three charac-
ters (each tegula lacking small white basal spot,
each thoracic tympanal hood entirely fuscous, and
basal abdominal segments entirely white under-
neath) that specifically show the name A. caca to
be the senior synonym of this species. This identi-
fication is further borne out by the type-locality,
Brazil, which is within the range of the species
here being discussed and outside of the range of
A. viridis, the only other species with which it
could possibly be confused.
Eriphia butleri Moschler, 1878: Type-locality,
"aus dem Innern" [Surinam (from the title of the
paper by Moschler)] = from the interior of Surinam.
Described from a single male specimen, the holo-
type (Figures 19, 20). The white basal segments
of the abdomen underneath in this holotype, the
lack of the small basal white spot on each tegula,
and the entirely dark fuscous color of the tympanic
hood, as well as the genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 82), show it to be a junior synonym of Anti-
chloris caca.
Ceramidia caurensis Klages, 1906: Type-locality,
"Suapure, Venezuela." Described from the male
sex with the number of specimens not indicated
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
in the original description. The E. A. Klages col-
lection, now in the National Museum of Natural
History, contains two syntypes of this species, both
with the red type label, "Type No. 8426." I select
as the lectotype (Figures 21, 22) the specimen
bearing the holograph label, "Ceramidia caurensis
mihi E. A. Klages." An appropriate lectotype
label has been pinned to this specimen. Its thoracic
and abdominal coloration and genitalia (Figure
81) show it to be a junior synonym of Antichloris
caca.
Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild, 1912: Type-
locality, "Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewym Valley,
Surinam . . . :S. M. Klages)." Described from four
males, now in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History). One of these specimens was
dissected for my study by Alan Watson. It bears a
type label and the holograph label: "Ceramidia
klagesi Type Rothsch." I designate this specimen
as the lectotype (Figures 17, 18) and an appro-
priate label has been pinned to this specimen. A
study of its genitalia shows it to be a junior syno-
nym of Antichloris caca.
Ceramidia clagesi: Hampson (1914) thought it
was best to emend the spelling of the name
"klagesi" to "clagesi." The original spelling is cor-
rect (see Article n (b) (i), International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature), and Hampson's spell-
ing is an incorrect subsequent spelling without
standing in nomenclature (see Article 19, Inter-
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature).
ETYMOLOGY.?The name caca is a feminine per-
sonal noun in the nominative singular in apposi-
tion to the generic name. In Greek mythology it
is the name of the sister of Cacus (a giant of im-
mense physical strength) and daughter of Vulcan.
DISTRIBUTION.?This species occurs from central
Venezuela (state of Bolivar) east through the
Guianas and in several widely separated localities
in Brazil.
MATERIAL STUDIED.?Thirty-eight males and one
female were studied from the following localities:
VENEZUELA: Caura Valley; Corosito, Caura
Valley (May, June); La Union, Caura River (May,
September, October); La Vuelta, Caura River
(May, June); Suapure, Caura River. GUYANA:
Confluence of Oronoque and New Rivers. SURI-
NAM: Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewijne Valley (Feb-
ruary). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne; Nouveau
Chantier; St. Jean Maroni. BRAZIL: Cuyaba,
Matto Grosso; Para (January); Teffe (September).
Annotated List of Species Removed from Ceramidia
and Transferred to Other Genera
Amycles cupreus (Schaus), new combination
(required change in ending)
FICURES 35, 36, 83. 90
Ceramidia cuprca Schaus, 1901:42-43.?Zerny, 1912:115.?
Hampson, 1914:251; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 22?Draudt, [1916]a:
134, pi. 20: fig. h [3]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [3].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 35, 36, 83) from
"Coatepec, Mexico" type number 10769 in the
collection of the National Museum of Natural
History.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 83) show that this species has been incor-
rectly placed in the genus Ceramidia. It belongs to
the genus Amycles Herrich-Schaffer. The genus
name Amycles has to be regarded as a masculine
noun since its ending es is unequivocally mascu-
line in gender. The species name has to be spelled
with the us ending in order to agree in gender
with Amycles.
Amycles dolosus (Walker), combination sustained
(required change in ending)
FIGURES 37, 38, 103
Euchromia dolosa Walker, 1854:238-239.
Illipula dolosa.?Butler, 1876:410.?Kirby, 1892:157.
Amycles dolosa.?Hampson, 1898:398, 399, pi. 14: fig. 6.?
Klages, 1906:548.?Zerny, 1912:116.?Draudt, [1916]a:136,
pi. 20: fig. i [6]; [1916]b:136, pi. 20: fig. i [6].?Travassos,
1940:291.?d'Araujo e Silva, 1968:219.
Ceramidia dolosa.?Hampson, 1914:249.?Draudt, 1917a:207;
1917b:207.
Ceramidida [sic] dolosa.?Bondar, 1938:22.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single female
specimen (mistakenly stated to be a male in the
NUMBER 198 19
original description), the holotype (Figures 37,
38, 103) from "Pernambucco," Brazil, in the
collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 103) show that Hampson incorrectly placed
this species in Ceramidia in 1914 and that he was
correct in 1898 in placing it in Amycles Herrich-
Schaffer. As stated above and for the reason given
there, the genus Amycles has to be regarded as a
masculine noun. The species name has to be
spelled with the us ending in order to agree in
gender with Amycles.
Eriphioides purpurinus (Dognin), new combination
(required change in ending)
FIGURES 39, 40, 88
Ceramidia purpurina Dognin, 1923:1-2.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single female
specimen, the holotype (Figures 39, 40, 88) from
"Villavincencio, Colombie (Frere Apollinaire-
Marie)," type number 30762, in the collection of
the National Museum of Natural History.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 88) show that this species belongs to the genus
Eriphioides Kirby. The genus name Eriphioides
has to be regarded as a masculine noun since its
ending es is unequivocally masculine in gender.
The species name has to be spelled with the us
ending in order to agree in gender with
Eriphioides.
Eriphioides simplex (Rothschild), new combination
FIGURES 41, 42, 91
Ceramidia simplex Rothschild, 1912:152.?Hampson, 1914:
248-249; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 15.?Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:
135; 1917a:207; 19l7b:2O7; [19l9]a, pi. 28: fig. m [8];
[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [8].?Dognin, 1923:2.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from two specimens, one
of each sex, now in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History). Rothschild designated
the male specimen as the type (= holotype) in
the original description. The type-locality is
"Cachabe, Western Ecuador (low country), Jan-
uary 1897."
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 91) show that this species belongs to Eriphi-
oides Kirby, not to Ceramidia Butler.
Antichloris chloroplegia (Druce), new combination
FIGURES 43, 44, 47, 48, 92
Ceramidia chloroplegia Druce, 1905:462.?Zerny, 1912:115.?
Hampson, 1914:251; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 23.?Draudt [1916]a:
135, pi. 20: fig. i [3]; [1916]b:135, pi. 20: fig. i [3]; 1917a:207;
1917b:207? Fleming, 1950:212, 216.
Antichloris nigrolineata Rothschild, 1912:154.?Hampson,
1914:251 [as a synonym of Ceramidia chloroplegia].?
Draudt, [1916]a:136, pi. 20: fig. k [5]; [1916]b:136, pi. 20,
fig. k [5]; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7.
Antichloris intensa Rothschild, 1912:154.?Draudt, [1916]a:
136; [1916]b:136. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia intensa? Hampson, 1914:252; 1915, pi. 13: fig.
25.?Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n
[9]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [9].
TYPE-DATA.?Ceramidia chloroplegia Druce was
described from a single male specimen, the holo-
type (Figures 43, 44), from "Venezuela, Carosita,
Caura Valley (T. M. Klages, Mus. Druce)," now
in the collection of the British Museum (Natural
History).
Antichloris nigrolineala Rothschild was described
from 35 males, one of which was designated the
type (= holotype) in the original description and
which is now in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History). The type-locality and
data are "La Union, Caura River, March 1902."
Antichloris intensa Rothschild was described
from four males (= syntypes), none of which were
designated as a type in the original description.
These specimens are now in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History). I designate as
the lectotype the specimen labeled "type" in this
collection. An appropriate label has been placed
upon this specimen. The type-locality and data are
"Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewym Valley, Surinam,
February 1905 (S. M. Klages)."
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype of
Ceramidia chloroplegia show that it belongs to the
genus Antichloris Hiibner, the Eriphia species
group. A study of the male genitalia of the lecto-
type of Antichloris intensa (Figure 92) shows this
species to be a synonym of Antichloris chloroplegia.
I have accepted the synonymy of Hampson (1914)
in placing Antichloris nigrolineata as a junior
synonym of Antichloris chloroplegia.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Antichloris affinis (Rothschild), new combination
FICURES 45, 46, 49, 50, 93
Ceramidia affinis Rothschild, 1912:153.?Hampson, 1914:251-
252; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 24.?Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:135;
1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n [6]; [1919]b, pi.
28: fig. n [6].
Antichloris atrinervis Rothschild, 1912:155? Draudt, [1916]a:
136; [1916]b:136. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia atrinervis.?Hampson, 1914:252; 1915, pi. 13: fig.
26.?Draudt, 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a
[2]; [1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [2].
TYPE-DATA.?Ceramidia affinis Rothschild was
described from a single male specimen, the holo-
type (Figures 45, 46), from "Teffe, Amazons, Sep-
tember 1907 (M. de Mathan)," now in the collec-
tion of the British Museum (Natural History).
Antichloris atrinervis Rothschild was described
from four males (= syntypes), none of which were
designated as a type in the original description.
These specimens are now in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History). The type-
locality and data are "Teffe, Amazons, October
1907 (M. de Mathan)." I designate as the lectotype
(Figures 49, 50) the specimen labeled "type" in that
collection.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype of
Ceramidia affinis (Figure 93) show that it belongs
to the genus Antichloris Hiibner, the Eriphia
species group. A study of the male genitalia of the
lectotype of Antichloris atrinervis shows this spec-
ies to be a synonym of Antichloris affinis.
Antichloris steinbachi Rothschild,
resurrected combination
FICURES 51, 52, 94
Antichloris atrinervis steinbachi Rothschild, 1912:155.?
Draudt, 1916a: 136; [1916]b:136.
Ceramidia steinbachi.?Hampson, 1914:252-253; 1915, pi. 13:
fig- 27.?Draudt, 1917a:207; I917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig.
a [3J; [1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [3].
TYPE-DATA.?This species was described from two
male specimens, one of which was designated the
type (= holotype) in the original description. The
type-locality and data are "Buenavista, East Bolivia,
750 metres, August 1906-April 1907." This speci-
men is now in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History).
REMARKS.?This species originally described as a
subspecies was elevated to specific rank by Hampson
(1914) and incorrectly placed in the genus Cera-
midia. The male genitalia of the holotype show it
to belong to the genus in which Rothschild orig-
inally placed it, Antichloris Hiibner. It belongs to
the Eriphia species group.
Antichloris metallica Rothschild,
resurrected combination
FIGURES 53, 54, 55, 56, 95
Eriphioides viridis Lathy, 1899:118 [preoccupied].?Zerny,
1912:114.?Draudt, 1916a:132; 1916b:132. [New synonymy.]
Ceramidia viridis? Hampson, 1914:250; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 21 ?
Draudt, 19l7a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n [5];
[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [5].
Antichloris metallica Rothschild, 1912:155.?Draudt, [1916]a:
136; [1916]b:136.
Ceramidia metallica? Hampson, 1914:250-251; 1915, pi. 21:
fig. 32?Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig.
n [8]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [8].
TYPE-DATA.?Eriphioides viridis Lathy was de-
scribed from a single male specimen, the holotype,
from "Ecuador," now in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History).
Antichloris metallica Rothschild was described
from two males and two females (= syntypes)
from "Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, and
November-December 1898, dry season (W. Rosen-
berg)," now in the collection of the British Mu-
seum (Natural History). I have selected one of the
two males as the lectotype (Figures 53, 54, 95) and
an appropriate label has been placed on the pin
with this specimen.
REMARKS.?A comparison of the genitalia of the
holotype male of Eriphioides viridis with the geni-
talia of the lectotype of Antichloris metallica
(Figure 95) shows that they are synonyms of a
single species belonging to the Eriphia species
group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner. Anti-
chloris viridis (Lathy), 1899, is the oldest name
for this species; however, it is a homonym of Anti-
chloris viridis Druce, 1884, a species of the Caca
species group.
Antichloris zernyi (Forster), new combination
FICURES 57, 58, 96
Ceramidia zerny [sic] Forster, 1950:62, pi. 1: fig. 9.?Beebe
and Fleming, 1951:246.
Ceramidia zernyi Forster, 1950:67.
NUMBER 198 21
TYPE-DATA.?Described from the holotype (Fig-
ures 57, 58), which is stated to be a male in the
original description but which is a female, from
"Maracay vm 36," Venezuela and in the Zoolog-
ical Collection of the Bavarian State Museum,
Munich, Germany.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype female
and of a male topotype (Figure 96) show this
species to belong to the Eriphia species group of
Antichloris Hiibner. This species was named after
Dr. H. Zerny as is stated in the original descrip-
tion. Since the spelling of this name is given as C.
zernyi, both on one of the pages in the original
description (p. 67) and on the name label of the
holotype, I accept this spelling as correct and at-
tribute the spelling C. zerny as being a typograph-
ical error.
Antichloris viridisaturata (Rothschild),
new combination
FICURES 59, 60, 97
Ceramidia viridisaturata Rothschild, 1912:153.?Hampson,
1914:249; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 16.?Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:
135; 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [6]; [1919]b,
pi. 28: fig. m [6].?Hoffmann, 1933:214.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 59, 60, 97) from "?
probably Province of Rio," now in the collection
of the British Museum (Natural History).
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype show
it to belong to the Eriphia species group of the
genus Antichloris Hiibner.
Antichloris flammea Dognin,
resurrected combination
FIGURES 61, 62, 89, 98
Antichloris flammea Dognin, 1891 :clv; 1894:72, 82, pi. 8: fig. 2.
Ceramidia flammea.?Hampson, 1898:396, 398.?Zerny, 1912:
115.?Draudt, [1916]a:135, pi. 20: fig. i [2]; [1916]b:135. pi.
20: fig. i [2].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single female
specimen, the holotype (Figures 61, 62, 89) from
"environs de Loja, 1890," Ecuador, type number
30761 in the collection of the National Museum of
Natural History.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 89) and of a compared male specimen (Figure
98) show that Hampson incorrectly placed this
species in Ceramidia. It belongs to the Eriphia
species group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.
Antichloris ornata (Druce), new combination
FICURES 63, 64, 104
lllipula ornata Druce, 1883:380.?Kirby, 1892:157.
Ceramidia ornata.?Hampson, 1898:395, 397, pi. 14: fig. 16.?
Zerny, 1912:115.?Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [2];
[1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [2].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single female (sex
not stated in the original description) specimen,
the holotype, (Figures 63, 64, 104) from "Ecuador,
Intaj (Buckley)," in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History).
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype (Fig-
ure 104) and of compared male specimens show
that this species belongs to the Eriphia species
group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.
Antichloris pinguis (Zerny), new combination
Ceramidia pinguis Zerny, 1931a: 18, 27, pi. 1: fig. 30.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype from "Bolivien, Coroico (1400
m) (Fassl)," in the Zoological Collection of the
Natural History Museum, Vienna.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype show
that this species belongs to the Eriphia species
group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.
Antichloris bricenoi (Rothschild), new combniation
FIGURES 65, 66, 99
Ceramidia bricenoi Rothschild, 1912:152.?Hampson, 1914:
248; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 13.?Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:
134; 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [5];
[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [5].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 65, 66, 99) from "Mon-
tan, Sierra de Merida, Venezuela, 3000 metres,
July 20, 1898 (Briceno coll.)," in the collection
of the British Museum (Natural History).
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype show
that this species belongs to the Eriphia species
group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Antichloris phaiodes (Dognin), new combination
FICURES 73, 74, 100
Ceramidia phaiodes Dognin, 1912:122.?Hampson, 1914:240;
1915, pi. 13: fig. 20?Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:134;
1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a [8]; [1919]b,
pi. 29: fig. a [8].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype (Figures 73, 74, 100) from
"Canon del Tolima, Colombie (2,000 metres); un
,5 pris par Fassl en octobre 1909," type number
30792 in the collection of the National Museum of
Natural History.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of the holotype show
that this species belongs to the Eriphia species
group of the genus Antichloris Hubner.
Department of the Oxford Museum. Dr. Ernest
Taylor of that museum has made a thorough
search for this type and has not been able to locate
it.
REMARKS.?Hampson's published illustration of
the type-specimen (1915, pi. 13: fig. 18), taken to-
gether with his statement "abdomen . . . with sub-
lateral white faciae except on terminal segments,"
seem to indicate that this species belongs to the
Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris
Hubner. I have seen no specimens that I would
identify with his name. It differs from all described
species in the genus on the upper surface of the
hind wing in having the light area of the costal
margin extending into the upper half of the cell
and with the costal margin outlined with black.
Antichloris painei (Rothschild), new combination
FIGURES 67, 68, 102
Ceramidia painei Rothschild, 1912:152.?Hampson, 1914:248;
1915, pi. 13: fig. 14.?Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b: 134;
1917a:207; 1917b: 207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [3]; [1919]b,
pi. 28: fig. m [3].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from several (number
not stated in the original description) males from
"Corinto, Cauca, May-July 1906 (Paine and Brink-
ley)," in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History). I select as the lectotype the
syntype figured here (Figures 67, 68, 102). An
appropriate label has been placed upon the pin
with this specimen.
REMARKS.?The genitalia of this lectotype (Fig-
ure 102) show that this species belongs to the
Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris
Hubner.
Antichloris chalcoviridis (Hampson),
new combination
Ceramidia chalcoviridis Hampson, 1901:172; 1914:249; 1915,
pi. 13: fig. 18.
Ceramidia chalcoviridis.?Zerny, 1912:115; Draudt, [1916]a:135;
[1916]b:135; 1917a:2O7, 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a [1];
[1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [1].
TYPE-DATA.?Described from a single male speci-
men, the holotype from "Brazil, Minas Geraes
(Birchall)." Hampson says that type of this species
is in the "Mus. Oxon," which would be the Hope
Antichloris albipunctata (Lathy), new combination
FIGURES 71, 72, 101
Eriphioides albipunctata Lathy, 1899:119.?Zcrny, 1912:114.?
Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g [1]; [1916]b:133, pi. 20:
fig- g [I].
Ceramidia albipunctata.?Hampson, 1914:250; 1915, pi. 13:
fig. 19.?Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7.
TYPE-DATA.?Described from two male speci-
mens now in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History). Lathy designated one of these
as the type (= holotype) (Figures 71, 72, 101) in
the original description. The type-locality is "Ecua-
dor, Balsapamba."
REMARKS.?The genitalia of this holotype (Fig-
ure 101) show that this species belongs to the
Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris
Hubner and not to Eriphioides Kirby.
Antichloris scotoptera (Hampson),
new combination
FICURES 69, 70, 105
Amycles klagesi Rothschild, 1912:154 [preoccupied].?Hamp-
son, 1914:249.?Draudt, [1916]a:156; [1916]b:156.
Ceramidia scotoptera Hampson, 1914:249; 1915, pi. 13: fig.
17.?Draudt, 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n
[7]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [7].
TYPE-DATA.?Amycles klagesi was described from
two male and one female specimens from "San Este-
ban, Venezuela, June and July 1909 (type)," "S. M.
NUMBER 198 23
Klages," and one male from "La Vuelta, Caura
River, June, 1903," "S. M. Klages." Rothschild in-
dicated that one of the three San Esteban specimens
was the type (= holotype), and this turns out to
be the female specimen (Figures 69, 70, 105) in the
collection of the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). As shown below, Ceramidia scotoptera was
proposed as a substitute name, and the holotype of
Amycles klagesi is also the holotype of the former
name.
REMARKS.?Rothschild (1912) described in the
same paper the two species Ceramidia klagesi (p.
151) and Amycles klagesi (p. 154). Hampson (1914:
247, 249), referring both of these species to the
genus Ceramidia and therefore making the latter
a secondary homonym, recognized the problem of
homonymy and proposed the name Ceramidia
scotoptera as a substitute name for Rothschild's
Amycles klagesi. In this paper Rothschild's two
names are both transferred to the genus Antichloris
so that the problem of homonymy still remains.
Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild (1912:151) is listed
in the present work as a synonym of Antichloris
caca Hiibner (p. 16). The name Antichloris scotop-
tera is the correct name for the present species, as
is shown by a study of the genitalia of the holotype
(Figure 105). This species belongs to the Eriphia
species group.
Literature Cited
Beebe, William, and Henry Fleming
1951. Migration of Day-flying Moths through Portachuelo
Pass, Rancho Grande, North-central Venezuela.
Zoologica, 36(4):243-254, 1 plate.
Bondar, Greg6rio
1938. Notas Entomologicas da Bahia II. Revista Ento-
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[1914]a-[1919]a,c. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 33-194, 195-
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24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
[1914]b-[1919]b,d. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 33-194,
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[1916]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 33-192, plates 10-26,
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[1916]b. [Family Syntomidae]. Pages 33-192, plates 10-26,
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[1917]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 193-216, in volume
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Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. (12 November.)
[1917]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 193-216, in volume
6, The American Bombyces and Sphinges, of Adal-
bert Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the
World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
[1918]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 217-224, plate 27,
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[1918]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 217-224, plate 27, in
volume 6, The American Bombyces and Sphinges,
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the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
[1919]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 225-240, plates 28,
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[1919]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 225-240, plates 28,
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doptera of the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
[1919]c. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 241-248, plates 30,
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Schwdrmer, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die Gross-
Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
[1919]d. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 241-248, plates 30,
31 in volume 6, The American Bombyces and
Sphinges, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, The Macro-
lepidoptera of the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.
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1883. Descriptions of New Species of Zygaenidae and
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1884. Pages 33-112, plate 7, in volume 1, Lepidoptera,
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Fabricius, Johann Christian
[1777]. Genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales,
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1959. The Ctenuchidae (Moths) of Trinidad, B. W. I.,
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1939. The Lepidoptera of Barro Colorado Island, Pan-
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1960. Euchromiidae. Pages 56-58, figures 88, 89, in part
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1938. Syntomideos (Amatideos = Euchromideos) do Estado
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anniversario de suas actividades scientificias (1913-
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NUMBER 198 25
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Herrich-Schaffer, Gottlieb August Wilhelm
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1856. Plates 89-94 (and covers) in volume 1 of Sammlung
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[1819]. Page 124 in Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge
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26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Fevereiro a Marco de 1940. Arquivos de Zoologia
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1858. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in
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ausgefuhrt von Dr. H. Zerny. VII Teil, Lepidoptera
III: Die Syntomiden des Staates Para. Annalen des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 45:225-263.
NUMBER 198 27
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
w j e aO *"" 3 &
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NUMBER 198 29
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30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 198 31
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 198 33
34
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURES 75, 76.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral view (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, an outline drawing of this valva in tilted position
(Figure 75), and the acdeagus in lateral view: 75, Ceramidia fumipennis (drawn from holotype
of junior synonym C. cataleuca); 76, Ceramidia phemonoides (drawn from lectotype).
NUMBER 198
77
FIGURES 77-80.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral view (on the left side of each figure), lateral
view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 77, Ceramidiodes obscurus
(drawn from holotype of junior synonym C. mathani); 78, Antichloris viridis (right valva of
lectotype of junior synonym C. cyanopasta); 79, Antichloris viridis (right valva of holotype of
junior synonym C. tnusicola); 80, Antichloris viridis (drawn from holotype).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
82
83
FIGURES 81-83.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 81, Antichloris caca
(drawn from lectotypc of junior synonym C. caurensis); 82, Antichloris caca (right valva slightly
turned to the right; drawn from holotype of junior synonym E. butleri); 83, Amycles cupreus
(drawn from holotype).
NUMBER 198 37
FIGURES 84-86.?Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors, show-
ing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa
copulatrix: 84, Ceramidia phemonoides (drawn from preparation number 6567); 85, Ceramidi-
oides obscurus (drawn from holotype); 86, Antichloris viridis (drawn from holotype of junior
synonym C. underwoodi).
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
87
FIGURES 87-89.?Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors,
showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa
copulatrix: 87, Antichloris caca (drawn from preparation number 6569); 88, Eriphioides pur-
purinus (drawn from holotype); 89, Antichloris flammea (drawn from holotype).
NUMBER 198 39
90
FIGURES 90-92.?Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors,
showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa
copulatrix, and male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 90, Amycles cupreus
(drawn from preparation number 6515); 91, Eriphioides simplex (drawn from holotype); 92,
Antichloris chloroplegia (drawn from lectotype of junior synonym C. intensa).
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
1 mm
FIGURES 93, 94.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 93, Antichloris affinis
(drawn from the holotype); 94, Antichloris steinbachi (drawn from the paratype).
NUMBER 198
FIGURES 95, 96.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 95, Antichloris
metallica (drawn from the lectotype); 96, Antichloris zernyi (drawn from preparation number
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURES 97, 98.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 97, Antichloris
viridisaturata (drawn from holotype); 98, Antichloris flammea (drawn from preparation number
6511).
NUMBER 198 43
100
FIGURES 99, 100.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 99, Antichloris bricenoi
(drawn from holotype); 100, Antichloris phaiodes (drawn from holotype).
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
101
1 mm
102 1 mm
FIGURES 101, 102.?Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),
lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 101, Antichloris
albipunctala (drawn from holotype); 102, Antichloris painei (drawn from lectotype).
NUMBER 198 45
103
104
FIGURES 103-105.?Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segment and ovipositors,
showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostiurn bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa
copulatrix: 103, Amycles dolosus (drawn from holotype); 104, Antichloris ornata (drawn from
holotype); 105, Antichloris scotoptera (drawn from holotype).
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