SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
IS^o. 5 0.
Paht II.
WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.1902.

i THE BIRDS
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOaUE
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDSKNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THEARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA,THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDSOF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THEGALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
t'UHATOR, DIVISION OF BIKDS.
Part II.Family TANAGRID^?The Tanagers.Family ICTERID^?The Troupials.Family CffiREBIDiE?The Honey Creepers.Family MNIOTILTIDJl?The Wood Warblers.
WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.1902.

PREFACE.
The present volume is the second of a series which will probablj^require eight volumes for completion. It contains the following- fami-lies: Tanagridffi (Tanagers), Icteridte (Troupials), Ccerebidte (HoneyCreepers), and Mniotiltidas (Wood Warblers). Part I, issued in 1901,included the Family Fringillidie (Finches) alone. Part III. which iswell under wa}'. will include the Motacillida; (Wagtails and Pipits),Hirundinid^ (Swallows), Yireonidas (Vireos), Ampelidte (Waxwings),Ptiliogonatidfe (Silken Chatterers), Dulidee (Palm Chatterers), Laniid^(Shrikes), Corvidaj (Crows and Jays), Paridje (Titmice), Sittidee(Nuthatches), Certhiid^ (Creepers), Troglodytidte (Wrens), Cinclidje(Dippers), Chamoeiid^ (Wren-tits), and Sylviidas (Kinglets, etc.), andwill probably go to press some time during the present 3'ear. Theremaining volumes are all in a more or less advanced stage of prepara-tion, and it is hoped that these may follow at the rate of two a 3'ear.Acknowledgments for the loan of material for use in the prepara-tion of the present volume are due to the persons and public institu-tions mentioned in Part I (pages xii, xiii), and also to Dr. A. K. Fisher,Mr. William Palmer, and Mr. Paul Bartsch, of Washington, Districtof Columbia. Both Dr. Fisher and Mr. Palmer should have beenmentioned in Part I in this connection, and the inadvertent omissionof their names is much regretted.Most of the measurements of specimens for the present volume weremade by Mr. J. H. Riley, Mr. Sidney S. Wilson, and Miss Frances E.Swett. Robert Ridgway.September 6, 1902.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.Family Taxagrid.e. The Tanagers 1Key to the Genera of Tanagridfe 2Genus 1. Chlorophonia Bonaparte 4Key to the Species of Chlorophonia 5J . Chlorophonia occipitalis ( Du Bus) 62. Chlorophonia callophrys { Cabanis) 7Genus 2. Euphonia Desniarest 8Key to the Species of Euphonia 93. Euphonia elegantissima ( Bonaparte ) 124. Euphonia niusica { Gmelin ) 135. Euphonia selateri Sundevall 156. Euphonia flavifrons ( Sparrman) 157. Euphonia annexe Cassin 178. Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater 189. Euphonia gracilis (Cabanis) '. 1910. Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis) 2011. Euphonia afKnis (Lesson) 2112. Euphonia minuta humilis (Cabanis i 2313. Euphonia godniani Brewster 2414. Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte 2515. Euphonia crassirostris Sclater 2816. Euphonia goukli Sclater 29Genus 3. Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte 3117. Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica (Linnanis) 31Genus 4. Buthraupis Cabanis 3218. Buthraupis arcan Sclater and Salvin 3319. Buthraupis caeruleigularis Cherrie 34Genus 5. Calospiza Gray 34Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calospiza 8620. Calospiza icterocephala (Bonaparte) . 3721. Calospiza florida florida ( Sclater and Salvin ) 3922. Calospiza florida arcyei Eidgway 4023. Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (Sclater ) 4024. Calospiza cabanisi ( Sclater) 4225. Calospiza gyroloides ( Lafresnaye) 4326. Calospiza lavinia ( Cassin ) 4627. Calospiza dowii ( Salvin ) 4628. Calospiza larvata larvata (Du Bus) 4729. Calospiza larvata fanny (Lafresnaye) 4930. Calospiza inornata (Gould) 5131. Calospiza cucullata (Swainson) 5232. Calospiza versicolor (Lawrence) 53Genus 6. Tanagra Linnaeus 54VII
VllI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.Key to the Species of Tanagra 5533. Tanagra i-ana Swainson 5534. Tanagra pahnaruni melanoptera (Sclater) 5835. Tanagra abbas Lichtenstein 60Genus 7. Spindalis Jardine and Selby 62Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spindalis 6336. Spindalis nigricephala (Jameson) 6437. Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant) 6538. Spindalis multicolor ( Vieillot) 6739. Spindalis pretrei (Lesson) 6840. Spindalis zena zena ( Linna?us ) 7041. Si:)indalis zena townsendi Ridgway 7242. Spindalis benedicti Ridgway 7243. Spindalis salvini Cory 74Genus 8. Piranga Vieillot 75Key to the Species and Subspecies of Piranga 7644. Piranga rubra rul;)ra ( Linnaeus ) 7945. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway 8346. Piranga hepatica Swainson 8447. Piranga testacca testacea Sclater and Salvin 8648. Piranga testacea figlina (Salvin and Godman) 8749. Piranga erythromelas (Vieillot) 8850. Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson ) 9151. Piranga bidentata bidentata Swains< ?n 9552. Piranga bidentata flammea- Ridgway 9653. Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta ( Lafresnaye) 9654. Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Cabot 9855. Piranga roseo-gularis cozumelfe Ridgway 9956. Piranga leucoptera leucoptera Trudeau 9957. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway 10158. Piranga erythrocephala (Swainson) 102Genus 9. Heterospingus Ridgway 103Key to the Species of Heterospingus 10359. Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater) 10460. Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence) 104Genus 10. Hemithraupis Cabanis 10561. Hemithraupis chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin ) 106Genus 11. Ramphocelus Desmarest 107Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ramphocelus 10862. Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte 10963. Ramphocelus costaricensis Cherrie Ill64. Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucard 11265. Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte 11366. Ramphocelus inexpectatus Rothschild 11467. Ramphocelus fest;e Salvadori 11568. Ramphocelus dunstalli Rothschild 11569. Ramphocelus luciani Lafresnaye - 11570. Rami)hocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye 11671. Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway 11872. Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus ( Bangs ) 11973. Ramphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte 119Genus 12. Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin 12074. Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta (Lesson ) 120Genus 13. Lanio \'ieillot 122
TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX
Page.Key to the Species of Lanio 12275. Lanio aurautius Lafresnaye 12376. Lanio leucothorax Salvin 12477. Lanio melanopygius Salvin and Godman 125Genus 14. Phsenicophilus Strickland 126Key to the Species of Phaenicophilus 12778. Phaenicophilus palmarum ( Linn;eus ) 12779. Phisnicophilus i:)oliocephalus ( Bonaparte ) 128Genus 15. Tachyphonus Vieillot 129Key to the Species of Tachyphonus 18080. Tachyphonus rufus ( Boddaert ) 13081. Tachyphonus luetuosus Lafresnaye and !)'( )rbigny 13282. Tachyphonus axillaris Lawrence 134
? 83. Tachyphonus nitidissimus Salvin 13684. Tachyphonus delattrii Lafresnaye 136Genus 16. Eucometis Sclater 138Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eucometis 13885. Eucometis cristata ( Du Bus) 13986. Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala ( Bonaparte ) 13987. Eucometis spodocephala ]>allida Berlepsch 14088. Eucometis epodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch 141Genus 17. Phoenicothraupis Cal^anis 141Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phaniicothraupis 14289. Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye) 14490. Phoenicothraupis rubica nelsoni Ridgway 14591. Phoenicothraupis rubica vinacea ( Lawrence ) 14692. Phoenicothraupis rubica affinis (Nelson ) 14793. Phoenicothraupis ruljica rosea ( Nelson ) _ 14794. Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini Berlepscli 14895. Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis ( Nelson ) 14996. Ph(Tenicothraupis salvini discolor Ridgway 15097. Phoenicothraupis salvini peninsularis Ridgway 15198. Phoenicothraupis .salvini insularis ( Salvin ) 15299. Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda Cabanis 152Genus 18. Chlorothraupis Ridgway 154Key to the Species of Chlorothraupis 154100. Chlorothraupis olivacea ( Cassin ) 154101. Chlorothraupis carniioli ( Lawrence ) 155Genus 1 9. Nesospingus Sclater 156102. Nesospingus speculiferus Lawrence 156Genus 20. Chlorospingus Cabanis 157Key to the Species of Chlorospingus 158102. Chlorospingus olivaceus (Bonaparte) - 159103. Chlorospingus postocularis Cabanis 160104. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus ( Du Bus ) 1 60105. Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ridgway 162106. Chlorospingus albifrons Salvin and ( iodman 162107. Chlorospingus albitempora ( Lafresnaye) 163108. Chlorospingus piieatus Salvin 165109. Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvni 166110. Chlorospingus olivaceiceps Underwood 166111. Chlorospingus hypophteus Sclater and Salvin. 167Genus 21. Mitrospingus Ridgway 167112. Mitrospingus cassini (Lawrence) . 168
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.Family Icterid.e. The Troupials 169Key to the Genera of Icteridai 173Genus 1 . Zarhynchus Oberholser 1751. Zarhynclius wagleri wagleri ( ( Iray ) 1762. Zarhynchus wagleri mexicanus Ridgway 178Genus 2. Gymnostinops Selater 178Key to the Species of Gymnostinops 1793. Gymnostinops montezuma (Lesson ) 1804. Gymnostinops cassini Richmond 1815. Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte I 182Genus 3. Ostinops Cabanis 1836. Ostinops decumanus ( Pallas ) 184Genus 4. Cacicus Lacepede 186Key to the Species of Cacicus 1887. Cacicus vitellinus Lawrence 1888. Cacicus microrhynchus (Selater and Salvin i 189Genus 5. Cassiculus Swainson 1909. Cassiculus melanicterus ( Bonaparte ) 191Genus 6. Amblycercus Cabanis 19210. Amblycercus holosericeus (Lichtenstein ) 194Genus 7. Cassidix Lesson 196Key to the Subspecies of Cassidix oryzivora 19711. Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs 19712. Cassidix oryzivora mexicana ( Lesson ) 199Genus 8. Callothrus Cassin 200Key to the Species and Subspecies of Callothrus 20113. Callothrus rol:)Ustus (Cabanis) 20114. Callothrus aeneus feneus ( Wagler ) 20315. Callothrus teneus assimilis Nelson 204Genus 9. Molothrus Swainson 205Key to the Species and Subspecies of Molothi-us 20716. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert) 20717. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin ) 21018. Molothrus atronitens (Cabanis) 211Genus 10. Quiscalus Vieillot 212Key to the Species and Subspecies of Quiscalus 21419. Quiscalus quiscula quiscula ( Linn;eus ) 21520. Quiscalus quiscula agheus (Baird ) 21721. Quiscalus quiscula a^neus ( Ridgway ) 219Genus 1 1. Holoquiscalus Cassin 222Key to the Species of Holoquiscalus 22422. Holoquiscalus gundlachii ( Cassin) 22623. Holoquiscalus jamaicensis (Daudin) 22724. Holoquiscalus niger ( Boddaert ) 22825. Holoquiscalus l)rachypterus (Cassin ) 22826. Holoquiscalus caymanensis (Cory) 22927. Holoquiscalus fortirostris ( Lawrence ) 22928. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris (Swainson) 23029. Holoquiscalus martinicensis Ridgway . 23130. Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis ( Lawrence ) 23231. Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawrence) 23232. Holoquiscalus rectirostris ((^assin) 233Genus 12. Megaquiscalus Cassin 233
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI
Page.Key to the Species and Subspecies of Megaquisoalns 23533. Megaquisealus major major ( Vieillot ) 23634. Megaquisealus major macrourus (Swainson ) 23S35. Megaquisealus major obscurus ( Nelson ) 24136. Megaquisealus major graysoni (Selater) 24137. Megaquisealus major nelsoni Ridgway 242^38. Megaquisealus tenuirostris ( Swainson ) 243-39. Megaquisealus nicaraguensis (Salvin and Godman ) 244Genus 13. Scoleeophagus Swainson 244rKey to the Species of Scoleeophagus 24540. Scoleeophagus carolinus ( Miiller ) 24&41. Scoleeophagus cyanocephalus ( Wagler ) 248-Genus 14. Ptiloxena Chapman 25142. Ptiloxena atroviolacea (D'Orbigny ) 252"Genus 15. Dives Cassin 253-43. Dives dives ( Lichtenstein ) 254Genus 16. Icterus Brisson 255Key to the Species and Subspecies of Icterus 25744. Icterus icterus ( Linnaeus ) 263^45. Icterus oberi Lawrence 26546. Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin 26547. Icterus northropi Allen 266-48. Icterus wagleri Selater 26749. Icterus prosthemelas ( Strickland) 269-50. Icterus hypomelas ( Bonaparte) 27151. Icterus portoricensis (Bryant) 272^52. Icterus dominicensis (Linmeus) 273-53. Icterus laudabilis Selater 27454. Icterus spurius (Linnaeus) 27555. Icterus bonana (Linnaeus) 27956. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus ( Wagler ) 28057. Icterus melanocephalus audubonii (Giraud ) 28258. Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler ) 28359. Icterus pectoralis espinachi Ridgway 28460. Icterus gularis gularis ( Wagler) 28461. Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway 286>62. Icterus gularis j'ucatanensis Berlepscli 28763. Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson 28764. Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway 28965. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway 290'66. Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway 29167. Icterus cucullatus cozumel;e Nelson 292"68. Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson 292'69. Icterus giraudii Cassin 29370. Icterus gualanensis Underwood 295-71. Icterus pustulatus (Wagler) "
?
29572. Icterus sclateri Cassin 29773. Icterus graysonii Cassin 29874. Icterus auratus Bonaparte 29975. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus (Gmelin ) 30076. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis Ridgway 30377. Icterus leucopteryx (AVagler) SOS-78. Icterus lawrencii Cory 305
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.79. Icterus bairdi Cory 30480. Icterus mesomelas mesomelas ( Wagler ) 30581. Icterus mesomelas salvinii (Cassin) 30782. Icterus parisorum Bonaparte 30883. Icterus galbula ( Linn:eus) 31084. Icterus bullockii ( Swainson) '. 31485. Icterus all)eillei (Lesson) 318Genus 1 7. Agelaius Vieillot 319Key to the Species and Subspecies of Agelaius 32286. Agelaius tricolor (Audubon) 32487. Agelaius gubernator gubernator ( AVagler ) 32688. Agelaius gubernator californicus Nelson 32789. Agelaius gubernator grandis (Nelson) 32990. Agelaius phoeniceus phceniceus ( Linnaeus ) 33091. Agelaius phreniceus floridanus ]Maynard 33392. Agelaius ^jhceniceus bryanti Ridgway 33493. Agelaius ph(X>niceus richmondi Nelson 33594. Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway 33795. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway 33896. Agelaius phceniceus neutralis Ridgway 33997. Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway 34198. Agelaius assimilis Gundlach 34299. Agelaius humeralis ( Vigors ) 343100. Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater) 344Genus 18. Nesopsar Sclater 344101
.
Nesopsar nigerrimus ( Osburn) 345Genus 19. Xanthocephalus Bonaparte 346102. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ( Bonajiarte) 347Genus 20. Leistes Vigors 350103. Leistes militaris (Linnpeus) 351Genus 21. Sturnella Vieillot 353Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sturnella 356104. Sturnella magna magna (Linnams) 357105. Sturnella magna argutula Bangs 360106. Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone - 361107. Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater 362108. Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway 364109. Sturnella neglecta Audubon 365110. Sturnella hippocrepis (Wagler) 368Genus 22. Dolichonyx Swainson 369111. Dolichonyx orj^zivorus (Linnjeus) 370Family Ccerebid.e. The Honey Creepers 374Key to the Genera of Cterebidje 377Genus 1. Diglossa AVagler 378Key to the Species of Diglossa 3801
.
Diglossa baritula ^Vagler 3802. Diglossa i)hmibea Cabanis - 381Genus 2. Chlorophanes Reichenbach 3823. Chlorophanes spiza guatemaU'usis ( Sclater ) 383Genus 3. Cyanerpes Oberholser 384Key to the Species of Cyanerpes 3854. Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnaeus ) -
.
3865. Cyanerpes lucidus (Sclater and Salvia ) 389Genus 4. Dacnis Cuvier 390
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII
i'age.Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dacnis 3916. Dacnis cayana cayana ( Linnams ) 3927. Dacnis cayana ultramarina ( Lawrence ) 394:8. Dacnis viguieri Oustalet 3969. Dacnis vennsta Lawrence 396Genus 5. Coereba Vieillot 398Key to the Species of Coereba 39810. Ccereba bahamensis (Reiclienbach) 40111. Coereba caboti ( Baird ) 404-12. Ccereba sharpei Cory 40413. Coereba tricolor ( Ridgway ) 40514. Ccereba luteola (Cabanis) 40615. Ccereba cerinoclunis Bangs 40816. Ccereba mexicana (Sclater) 40917. Coereba bananivora (Gmehn) 41118. Ccereba portoricensis ( Bryant ) 41219. Ccereba flaveola ( Linna?us ) 41420. Coereba saccharina ( Lawrence ) 41521. Ccereba newtoni (Baird) 41622. Coereba dominicana (Taylor) 41723. Ccereba bartolemica (Sparnnan ) 419'24. Ccereba barbadensis ( Baird) 420'25. Ccereba uropygialis Berlepsch 42026. Ccereba martinicana ( Reichenbach) 42127. Ccereba atrata ( Lawrence ) 42228. Ccereba wellsi Cory 423Genus 6. Glossiptila Sclater 42329. Glossiptila ruficollis (Gnielin) 424Family Mniotiltid^e. The Wood AVarblers 425Key to the Genera of Mniotiltidfe 428Genus L Mniotilta Vieillot 4311
.
^hiiotilta varia ( Linnicus ) 432Genus 2. Helinaia Audubon 4362. Helinaia swainsonii Audubon 436Genus 3. Helmitheros Rafinescpie 4383. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin) 439Genus 4. Protonotaria Baird 4424. Protonotaria citrea ( Boddaert) 442Genus 5. Helminthophila Ridgway 445Key to the Species and Subspecies of Helminthophila 4465. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linnfeus) 4486. Helminthophila lawrencii ( Herrick ) 4527. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewster) 4538. Helminthophila pinus (Linufeus) 4559. Helminthophila bachmani (Audubon ) 45810. Helminthophila peregrina (Wilson) 46011. Helminthophila celata celata (Say) 46j?12. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgway 46613. Helminthophila celata sordida Townsend 46714. Helminthophila rubricapilla rubricapilla (Wilson) 46815. Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis Ridgway 47016. Helminthophila virginiai (Baird) 47117. Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman 47318. Helminthophila luciaj (Cooper) 473
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.Genus 6. Oreothlypis Ridgway 475Key to the Species of Oreothlypis 47619. Oreothlypis gutturahs (Cabanis) 47620. Oreothlypis superoiliosa ( Ilartlaub) 477Genus 7. Conipsothlypis Cabanis 478Key to the Species and Subspecies of Compsothlypis 47921. Conipsothlypis americana aniericana (Linnieus ) 48122. Conipsothlypis americana usneai Brewster 48423. Conipsothlypis americana ramalinje Ridgway 48624. Conipsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ridgway 48725. Compsothlyiiis pitiayumi inornata ( Baird ) 48826. Conipsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora ( Coues) 49027. Conipsothlypis pitiayumi jiulchra (Brewster) 49128. Conipsothlypis i^itiayumi insularis ( Lawrence ) 49229. Compsothlypis graysoni Ridgway 492Genus 8. Peucedramus Coues 49330. Peucedramus olivaceus (Giraud) 494Genus 9. Dendroica Gray 496Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendroica 49931. Dendroica jestiva sestiva (Gmelin ) 50832. Dendroica pestiva sonorana Brewster 51233. Dendroica a?stiva dugesi (Coale) 51334. Dendroica testiva rubiginosa ( Pallas) 51435. Dendroica petechia petechia ( Linna?us ) 51536. Dendroica petechia auricapilla Ridgway 51737. Dendroica petechia flaviceps Chapman 51738. Dendroica petechia bartholemica Sundevall 51839. Dendroica petechia gundlachi ( Baird ) 52040. Dendroica petechia aureola ( Gould) . 52141. Dendroica ruficapilla ruficapilla (Gmelin) 52342. Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex Ridgway 52443. Dendroica rnticapilla flavida (Cory ) 52444. Dendroica ruficapilla rufoi)ileata Ridgway 52545. Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis ( Lawrence ) 52646. Dendroica rufigula Baird 52647. Dendroica erithachorides Baird 52748. Dendroica bryanti bryanti Ridgway 52949. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway 53050. Dendroica eoa ((lOsse) 53151. Dendroica maculosa ( Gmelin) 53252. Dendroica tigrina ( Gmelin) 53753. Dendroica carbonata ( Audubon ) 54054. Dendroica ca?rulescens cterulescens (Gmelin) 54155. Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi Coues 54556. Dendroica coronata ( Linn;eus) 54657. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend) 55158. Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons (Brewster) 55559. Dendroica auduboni goldmani (Nelson) 55660. Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend) 55661. Dendroica townsendi (Townsend ) 55962. Dendroica virens (Gmelin) 56263. Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin 56564. Dendroica occidentalis ( Townsend ) 56765. Dendroica rara (Wilson) 570
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV
? Page.06. Dendroica blackburnise ( Gmelin) 57467. Deiiilroica dominica dominiea (Linnaeus) 56868. Dendroica dominiea albilora Ridgway 58269. Dendroica gracite gracipe Coue.s 58470. Dendroica gracite decora Ridgway 58671. Dendroica adelaida3 Baird 58772. Dendroica delicata Ridgway 58873. Dendroica pensylvanica ( Linnaeus ) 58974. Dendroica castanea ( Wilson ) 59275. Dendroica striata ( Forster) 59576. Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii ( Audubon ) 59977. Dendroica vigorsii achrustera ( Bangs ) 60278. Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Ridgway 60379. Dendroica kirtlandii Baird .' 60380. Dendroica pityophila pityophila (Gundlach ) 60581. Dendroica pityopbila bahamensis Cory 60682. Dendroica discolor ( Vieillot ) 60783. Dendroica vitellina Cory. 61084. Dendroica palmaruin palmarum ( Gmelin ) 61285. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway 61586. Dendroica plumbea Lawrence 61787. Dendroica pharetra (Gosse) 618Genus 10. Catharopeza Sclater 61989. Catharoiaeza bishopi ( Lawrence ) 620Genus 11. Oporornis Baird 621Key to the Species of Oporornis 62290. Oporornis formosa ( Wilson ) 62291
.
Oporornis agilis ( Wilson ) 62592. Oporornis Philadelphia (Wilson ) 62893. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend ) 631Genus 12. Seiurus Swainson 634Key to the Species and Subspecies of Seiurus 63494. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) 63595. Seiurus motacilla ( Vieillot) 63996. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin) 64297. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway 645Genus 13. Teretistria Cabanis 648Key to the Species of Teretistris 64898. Teretistris fernandinie ( Lembeye ) 64999. Teretistris fornsi Gundlach 649Genus 14. Leucopeza Sclater 650100. Leucopeza semperi Sclater 651Genus 15. Microligea Cory 651101. Microligea palustris Cory 652Genus 16. Geothlypis Cabanis 653Key to the Species and Subspecies of Geothlypis 657102. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linna?us) 661103. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla ( Swainson ) 664104. Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman 667105. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster 668106. Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser 670107. Geothlypis trichas modesta Nelson 672108. Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell 672
XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page.109. Geothlypis trichais melanops (Baird) 673110. Geothlypis rostrata Bryant 674111. GeothlypiH inayiiardi Bangs 676112. Geothlypis tanneri Ridgway 676113. Geothlypis ineompta Ridgway 677114. Geothlypis exigua Ridgway 677115. Geothlypis coryi Ridgway 677116. Geothlypis flavida Ridgway 678117. Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway 679118. Geothlypis flavovelata Ridgway 680119. Geothlypis flavieeps Nelson 680120. Geothlypis chiriquensis Salvin 681121. Geothlypis semiflava bairdi { Nutting ) 682122. Geothlypis speciosa Sclater 683123. Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni Richmond 685124. Geothlypis nelsoni microrhynrha Ridgway 685Genus 17. Chamtethlypis Ridgway 686Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chamsethlypis 686125. Cham;ethlypis poliocephala poliocephala (Baird) 687126. Chania'thlypis poliocephala palpebralis Ridgway 689127. Chaniccthlypis caninucha Ridgway 689Genus 18. Icteria Vieillot 691Key to the Subspecies of Icteria 691128. Icteria virens virens (Linnteus) 692129. Icteria virens longicauda ( Lawrence ) 695Genus 19. Granatellus Bonapafte 697Key to the Species and Subspecies of Granatellus 698130. Granatellus venustus Bonaparte 699131. Granatellus francescte Baird 700132. Granatellus salliei salla?i Bonaparte 701133. Granatellus salbei boucardi Ridgway 703Genus 20. Wilsonia Bonaparte 703Key to the Species and Subspecies of Wilsonia 704134. Wilsonia initrata (Gmelin) 705135. Wilsonia microcephala Ridgway 709136. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla ( Wilson) 710137. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas) 712138. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway 714139. Wilsonia canadensis ( Linnteus) 716Genus 21. Cardellina DuBus 719140. Cardellina rul^rifrons (Giraud ) 720Genus 22. Setophaga Swainson 722Key to the Species and Subspecies of Setophaga 723141. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnwus) 724142. Setophaga picta picta (Swainson) 728143. Setophaga picta guatemake Sharpe 729Genu3 23. Myioborus Baird 730Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myioborus 731144. JMyioborus miniatus miniatus (Swainson) 731145. Myioborus miniatus flammeus ( Kaup) 733146. INIyiohoru.s aurantiacus (Baird) 733147. Myioborus tonjuatus ( Baird ) 735
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII
Page.Geuus 24. Euthlypis Cabanis 735148. Euthlypis laehrymosa lachrymosa Cabanis 736149. Euthlypis lachrymosa tephra Ridgway 738Genus 25. Basileuterus Cabanis 738Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ba.'jileuterus 741150. Basileuterus belli belli (Giraud) 743151. Basileuterus belli scitulus Nelson 744152. Basileuterus belli clarus Ridgway 745153. Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons (Swainson) 745154. Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi Ridgway 746155. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi Ridgway 747156. Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus Nelson 748157. Basileuterus rufifrons flavigaster (Nelson) 748158. Basileuterus rufifrons salvini ( Cherrie ) 749159. Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii ( Bonaparte ) 749160. Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus (Sclater) 750161. Basileuterus melanogenys Baird 751162. Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence 752163. Basilexiterus culicivorus culicivorus ( Lichtenstein ) 753164. Basileuterus culicivorus brasherii (Giraud) 755165. Basileuterus culicivorus flavescens Ridgway 755166. Basileuterus culicivorus godmani Berlepsch 756167. Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis (Sharpe ) 756168. Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius (Sclater and Salvin) 757Genus 26. Ergaticus Baird 758Key to the Species of Ergaticus 759169. Ergaticus ruber (Swainson) 759170. Ergaticus versicolor ( Salvin ) 760Genus 27. Certhidea Gould 761Key to the Species of Certhidea : - -
.
762171. Certhidea olivacea Gould 763172. Certhidea luteola Ridgway 764173. Certhidea ridgwayi (Rothschild and Hartert) 765174. Certhidea mentalis Ridgway 766175. Certhidea fusca Sclater and Salvin 766] 76. Certhidea becki Rothschild 767177. Certhidea drownei Rothscliild 767178. Certhidea cinerascens Ridgway 768179. Certhidea bifasciata Ridgway 768Genus 28. Rhodinocichla Hartlaub 769Key to the Species and Subspecies of Rhodinocichla 770180. Rliodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway 770181. Rhodinocichla schistacea Ridgway 772Addenda 775Index 787List of figures illustrating generic details xix3654?VOL 2?01 II

LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS.
Plate. Figure.
XX LIST OF FIGUKES.
Genus. Plate. Figure. Pageoftext.
48. Coereba Vieillot49. Glo.ssiptila Sclater50. Mniotilta Vieillot51. Helinaia Audubon52. Helmitheros Rafinesque
.
53. Protonotaria Baird54. Helminthophila Ridgway55. OreothlypisRidgway56. Compsothlypis Cabanis .57. Peucedramu.s Coues58. Dendroica Gray59. Catharopeza Sclater60. Oporornis Baird61. Seiurus Swainson62. Tcretistris Cabanis63. Leufopeza Sclater64. Microligea Cory65. Geothlypis Cabanis66. Chama'thlypis Ridgway..67. Icteria Vieillot68. Granatellus Bonaparte...69. Wilsonia Bonaparte70. Cardellina Du Bus71. Setophaga Swainson72. Myioborus Baird73. Euthlypis Cabanis74. Basileuterus Cabanis75. Ergaticus Baird76. Certhidea Gould77. Rhodinocichla Hartlaub.
XVIIIXVIIIXVIIIXIXXVIIIXIXXIXXIXXIXXIXXIXXXXXXXXXXXIXXXXXXXXIXXIXXIIXXIIXXIXXIXXIIXXIXXIIXXIIXXII
3984234314364384424454754784934966196216346486506516536866916977037197227307357387587G1769
THE BIRDSNORTH AND MH)DLE AMERICA.
By Robert Ridgw ay,Curator, Division of Birds.
Part II.
Family TANAGRID^.THE TANAGERS.Non-granivorou.s (fruo'ivorous and insectivorous), conirostral, " nine-primaried,'' acutiplantar Oscines, with the commissure not abruptlyangulated or detiexed basally. and with the mandibular tomium notdistinctly ang'ulated (never toothed) sul)]msally.As stated under the head of family Fring-illidte, the division heremade (like all preceding ones) between the Tanagers and the Finchesis an arliitrary one. The Tanagrida% as here restricted, are withoutnuich dout)t a more or less artificial group, and I am very doubtful asto whether the fruit-eating Eujyhonke (genera Euplionia^ Pyrrhuplwnia^and Chloix)plioni(i) should not be separated from the others as a dis-tinct family. This question, however, can only be settled after theinternal structure of all the genera has been carefully studied.From the Tanagrida^ as given by Dr. Sclater in his latest monographof the group' I have alread}- removed the genera Pitylns (includingCaryothraustes^ RhodotJimupis^ and Periporphyrus) and Saltator^ whichare referred to the Fringillidse. Another genus must also be removed.This is Oalyjjtophilus Cory, usually placed next to JVicmiicophilus; but,being a ''ten-primaried" bird, it obviously does not belong here.^
'Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or Perching Birds, | in the | Collection j ofthe I British Museum. | ? | Fringillifornies: Part II | containing the Families |Coerebidae, Tanagridae, and Icteridte. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater. | London: |Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1886. |
^ Calyptophilus is of very doubtful position, but probably is a member of the ]Mimid?e.3654?VOL 2?01 1 1
2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Other supposed Tanagridae which it seems to me must be removed fromthis group are the more slender -bill'ed species referred to the genusChlorosj?mgus^ constituting numbers 16 to 32 of Dr. Sclater's "cata-logue." These I would place in the family Mniotiltidfe under thegeneric name IIemisj)ingus Cabanis. At the same time, I would addto the Tanagridte a species hitherto placed in the Coerebida, namely.
"Z>?2(m?^" jpidcherrima^ the tj^pe of a new genus, Iridophanes.^ Towhat further extent the limits of the Tanagridte may require readjust-ment I have not at present any opinion to express.The following '"kej^" to the genera found from the Panama Railroadnorthward is mainly artificial and is chiefly based on Central Americanspecies. KEY TO THE GENERA OF TANAGRID^.
a. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill short, triangular in vertical profile(width at base greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla) , compressedterminally, the maxillary tomium distinctly dilated or convex basally or elsegonys very conspicuously upcurved; plumage chiefly uniform bright green, orblue and green, above, without markings on back or wings or chestnut on head,or else silky, blended and metallic, dark steel blue, violet-black, metallic olive-green, or steel gray above, with or without light blue, yellow or rufous on head
;
stomach a membraneous sac.^ {Euphonur.)h. Bill more depressed, its basal depth less than its width at rictus; breast yellow,rufous, glossy blue-black, or green.
c. Upper parts green or green and blue; throat green CMoroplionia (p. 4)cc. Upper parts dark steel blue, glossy violet-black, metallic olive-greenish, orgreenish gray (with or without yellow, blue or rufous on pileum); throatblack, dark steel blue, violet-blackish, gray, olive-greenish, or yellow.Euphonia (p. 8)hh. Bill thicker, its basal depth equal to its width at rictus; breast gray.Pyrrhuphonia (p. 31)aa. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, or else {Chlorochrysa^) the bill veryslender; bill exceedingly variable in shape, but never as in "o;" if short andtriangular {Procnopis* and Calospiza, part), its width at base not greater thandistance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the maxillary tomium not distinctlyconvex or dilated subbasally, and the gonys not conspicuously upcurved;plumage exceedingly variable, but not as in section "a;" stomach a muscular
'
' gizzard. ' ' ( Tanagrse. )b. Tail but little more than half as long as wing Buthraupis '" (p. 32)bb. Tail much more than half as long as wing.
r. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than innermost (first).
^ Iridophanes Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 150. (Type, Dacnispulcherrima Sclater.)Iridophanes pideherrima is certainly not a Dacnis, but seems to be related to the
"Tanagrine" genera Chlorochrysa and Hemithraupis, especially the latter.2 See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1880, pp. 143-147.'An extralimital genus. {Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76;type, Callospiza calUpar,ra Tschudi.
)
* An extralimital genus. {Procnopis Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Natiirg.,1844, pt. i, 284; type, P. atrocwruleaTschndi.)^Central American species only; the South American species have the tail longerand would be excluded bv the character mentioned.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3d. Outermost primary much longer than third, usually equal to or longer thanfourth; if wing less than 71.1 the outermost primary equal to fifth.e. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw./. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, more than one-thirdas long as tail Calospiza ( p. 34
)
ff. Tarsus not decidedly, if at all, longer than middle toe with claw, notmore than one-third as long as tail.
>j. Head unicolored (blue, gray, or olive); maxillary tomium nearlystraight Tanagra (p. 54)gg. Head conspicuously striped w ith black and white; ' maxillary tomiumconcave anteriorly, convex posteriorly Spindalis (p. 62)ee. Exposed culmen not shorter than middle toe without claw./. Bill stouter, more or less tumid basally; maxillary tomium with a moreor less distinct median tooth, or else plumage unicolored (red inadult males, yellowish in females and young) ; adult males with moreor less of red Piranga (p. 75)//'. Bill more slender, compressed, the culmen .sharply ridged; maxillarytomium without trace of median tooth, and plumage parti-colored;adult males without any red (except sometimes a supra-auricularstripe).g. Larger (wing more than 76.2); bill deeper (depth at base nearly halfexposed culmen); outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth;under parts black or gray, with white axillary patcli.Heterospingus (p. lOo)gg. Smaller (wing less than 76.2) ; bill shallower (depth at base decidedlyless than half exposed culmen ) ; outermost (ninth ) primary longerthan fifth; under parts yellow or partly yellow.Hemithraupis (p. 105)dd. Outermost (ninth) primary little, if any, longer than third, or else {Tachy-phonas, part ) wing less than 71.1, and outermost primary shorter than fifth.e. Loral and frontal feathers stiff, erect, dense, plush-like./. Mandibular rami enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys; sexes differ-ent in color (adult males black and red or black and yellow, adultfemales much duller) Ramphocelus (p. 107)//'. Mandibular rami not unusually developed, shorter than gonys; sexesalike in color (black and red) Phlogothraupis (p. 120)ee. Loral and frontal feathers normal./. Maxilla strongly hooked at tip, its tomium with a conspicuous median"tooth" Lanio (p. 122)//'. Maxilla not strongly hooked at tip, its tomium without a conspicuous(if any) "tooth."g. Bill larger, the exposed culmen two-thirds, or more, as long as tarsus.h. Bill more slender (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nos-trils less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip).i. Tail even, shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips ofsecondaries; ninth primary longer than third; color olive-greenabove, gray or gray and white below; head bhu-k and white;sexes alike in color Phaenicophilus (p. 126)ii. Tail rounded, equal to or longer than distance from bend of wingto tips of secondaries; ninth primary shorter than third; adultmales black, usually with white on wing coverts (sometimeswith red, yellow, etc., on pileum); adult females rufousbrownish, olive, or yellowish Tachyphonus (p. 129)
' Except in females and young.
4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
/(//. Bill stouter (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nostril morethan one-third the distance from nostril to tip),i. Tail equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries;pileum with a bushy crest.
,;'. Bill smaller, more slender; maxillary tomium without mediantomial tooth; occipital crest (and rest of head) gray; sexesalike (yellowish olive-green above, yellow below).Encometis (p. 138)jj. Bill larger, stouter; maxillary tomium with a more or lessdistinct median "tooth;" vertical crest red; sexes very dif-ferent (adult males mostly, or largely, red ; adult femalesbrown or olive above, including head, yellowish below).Phoenicothraupis (p. 141)ii. Tail decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tipsof secondaries; pileum not crested.j. Bill stouter, much broader basally (basal width greater thanbasal depth, and equal to length of gonys); tarsus not morethan one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plain olive-green,more yellowish below Chlorothraupis (p. 154)jj. Bill more slender, narrower basally (basal width less thanbasal depth, decidedly less than length of gonys); tarsusmuch more than one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plaingrayish brown above, whitish below. ..Nesospingus (p. 156)gg. Bill much smaller, the exposed culmen much less than two-thirdsas long as tarsus Chlorospingus (p. 157)cc. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (first).Mitrospingus (p. 167)Genus CHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte.Chlorophonia (not ChloroplKmeus Cabanis, 1850)' Bonaparte, Rev. etMag.deZool., Ill, 1851, 137. (Type, Tanagm rirklis Vieillot.)Chloreuphonia (emendation) Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 94.Triglyphidia'' Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 63. (Type, Tanagra viridisVieillot.) (See Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, 1860, 331.)Acrocompsa^ Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 88, 89. (Tj'pe, D^igh/phldiacallophrys Cabanis.
)
Small broad-gaped, short-tailed, friigivorous Tanagers with theplumage mainly pure grass green.Bill small but broad at ])ase, triangular in vertical profile, its basalwidth equal to length of maxilla from nostril {C. viridis) to nearly equallength of exposed culmen (other species); exposed culmen about halfas long as tarsus (or a little more or less), nearly straight basally, moreor less strongly convex terminally; gonys nearly or quite equal to dis-tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, more or less strongly convex,ascending terminally; maxillary tomium more or less strongly notchednear tip (sometimes distinctly toothed behind the notch), thence nearly
' Chlorophoneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 70. Type, MalaconaluK rubiginosus Sun-devall. (Laniidse.)
''"Diminutive Ableitung von xAvqji^, iSo^, die Kerbe." (Cabanis, Journ. fiirOrn., 1860, 331, foot note.)
^ "Von ccKpo^, obenauf, und Kojuipoi^, geschmiickt."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5
straight {C. mridis) or more or less strongly sinuated, the posteriorconvexity (beneath nostril) more decided than the anterior concavity;mandibular tomium nearly straight. Nostril exposed, small, roundish.Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing rather long (more than three anda half to about four and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), pointed(ninth to sixth primaries longest and nearly equal, ninth decidedlyshorter than sixth only in C. pretrii) ; primaries exceeding secondariesby about length of tarsus or a little more. Tarsus longer than middletoe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw;hind claw decidedly shorter than the digit.Coloration.?Chiefly or largely uniform bright grass green, withmore or less of yellow on under parts, the upper parts often partly blue.Range.?Tropical America (except West Indies), from southernMexico to southern Brazil and Bolivia.There is considerable variation in details of form among the difl^er-ent species of this genus. The type, C. viHdis., has the bill far moreslender than any of the others, with the culmen and gonys lessstrongl}^ curved, the maxillary tomium nearl}' straight and very indis-tinctly notched subterminally; the tip of the maxilla scarcely decurvedor uncinate, and the mandibular tomium slightly concave anteriorly,the tip of the mandible being thus obviously recurved and acuminate.The tarsus is also relatively shorter, and the upper parts are mainlyblue. C. occlp'daJlx represents the opposite extreme in shape of bill,all the other species being much nearer to it, however, than to V. oirl-dis. All have the four outermost primaries nearly equal and longest,except C. pretrii., which has the ninth much shoi'ter than the sixth,the eighth being longest. The last-named species is unique in havinga yellow patch on the rump.KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOEOPHONIA.
a. A patch of blue on occiput and hinder part of crown.h. Breast bright yellow, margined anteriorly by a semicircular narrow band orcollar of blackish or dark brown. (Adult males.
)
c. Forehead and superciliary region green; occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue;hindneck green. ( Southern Mexico ; Guatemala.
)
Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult male (p. 6)cc. Forehead and superciliary region yellow; occipital spot large, campanulablue; hindneck cerulean or turquoise blue. (Costa Rica; Veragua; Chiri-qui. ) Chloroplioiiia callophrys, adult male (p. 7)hh. Breast green, not margined anteriorly by blackish or dark-brown collar.(Adult females.)c. Occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue; hindneck entirely green, without dis-tinct, if any, blue collar across lower i)art.Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult female (p. 6)cc. Occipital spot larger, campanula blue; hindneck mostly blue, with distinctcollar of turquoise blue across lower portion.Chlorophonia callophrys, adult feniale (p. 7)aa. No blue on pileum, or else this merely indicated. (Immature males and femalesand voung.
)
6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS (Du Bus).MEXICAN CHLOROPHONIA.Adult maZtf.?General color plain bright grass green or parrot green,rather lighter on chin, throat, and chest; a large oval spot or patch ofbright turquoise blue on occiput; a l)ar of .turquoise blue across pos-terior margin of sides of neck, sometimes continued across lowerhindneck; breast, abdomen, anal reg-ion, and under tail-coverts brightyellow (h'nion or gamboge), the former margined anteriorly bj^ a narrowsemicircular band of chestnut-brown, darkening into almost black nextto green of chest; sides and flanks bright yellowish green; bill (indried skins) grayish brown or horn color, becoming ])lackish termi-nally; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),124.5-134.6 (125.7); wing, 76.2-7S.T (77.7); tail, 46.2-40.7 (46.5);exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.1; tar-sus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.2 (13.7).^Adadt female.?Similar to the adult male, but breast and otherunder parts light yellowish green, becoming light greenish yellow onabdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts; no dark brown collaracross upper breast; length (skins), 120.7-138.4 (126.2); wing, 75.9-78.2(77); tail, 43.2-t6.2 (44.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.7 (9.4); depth ofbill at ba.se, 6.4-7.1 {'^^.<6)\ tarsu.s, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe,13.2-14.7 (14).~Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba),Mexico (Valley of Mexico;!), and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains), andhighlands of Guatemala (Coban, Cboctum, etc.).^Euphonla occipitalis Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1847, pi. 14 (= female; Mexico).?Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.
?
Sclater, Jardine's C'ontr. Orn., 1851,90.?Jardine, Ibis, 1860, 103.Chlorophonia occipitalis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, 138.
?
Cassin,Rep. U. S. Astr. Exp. (GillLss), ii, 1855, 182, pi. 20, fig. 2 (Mexico).?Scla-ter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 270 (s. Mexico); 1857, 205 (Jalapa, VeraCruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr.,1856, 96; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 55 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban,Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 57 (Choctum, Guatemala,etc.).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala); Exotic Orn., 1869,83, i.l. 42 (male and female).
?
Sumiciirast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,550 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,1876, 18 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 253.[Chlorophonia'] occjjsitoZw Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.T[rigf!i]>hidia'] occipitalis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, 1860, 331, in text.Alcrocuiiipsa'] occipitalis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.
^ Three specimens, all from Guatemala.^Five specimens; four from Guatemala, one from Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
'I am unable to state whether there is any difference between Mexican and Guate-malan exami)les of this species, the only specimens of the former that I have seenbeing cage birds, and not in proper condition of plumage for satisfactory comparison.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7Euphonia cyaneidorsalis Dubois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xi, 1859, 49, pi. 2(Guatemala; type last).^Euphonia cyanodorsalis Jakdine, Ibis, 1860, 103 (crit. ).
?
Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus. xi, 1886, 53, footnote.{^Euphonia] cyanodorsalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 79, no. 7163.A\_crocompsa'] cyanodorsalis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.C{hlorop}ionia'\ cyanodorsalis Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. vi, April, 1868,83, 84, in text.Chloroph\onia'] cyanodorsalis Dubois, Ibis, 1881, 179, in text (crit.; considers it anaccidental variety of C. occipitalis).Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,255. CHLOROPHONIA CALLOPHRYS (Cabanis).COSTA RICAN CHLOROPHONIA.A(kilt male.?Forehead and broad superciliary stripe (extending tosides of occiput) bright yellow (gamboge or rich chrome), the foreheadsometimes tingec' or mixed with yellowish green; anterior portion ofcrown yellowish green; rest of crown, with occiput, clear campanulablue, forming a large oblong or oval patch; hindneck azure blue,becoming more turquoise blue below, where sending off lateral branchesacross posterior margin of sides of neck; rest of head and neck, with
( best, uniform bright yellowish green, the eyelids tinged with blue;whole breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts brightyellow (lemon or gamboge), the yellow of the breast separated fromthe green of the chest by a semicircular narrow band of brownish blacktinged with chestnut; sides and flanks uniform bright yellowish green;back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail plain brightyellowish grass green, the primaries blackish, edged with green; billgrayish brown or horn color basally, blackish terminally; legs andfeet light horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 133.4-135.9 (134.6);wing, 76.2-79.2 (77.5); tail, 43.2-46.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.7(9.4); depth of bill at base, 5.8-6.4 (6.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.1 (18.5);middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).'Adult female.?Similar to adult male but with forehead and super-ciliary region j^reen instead of yellow; occipital patch slightly darkerblue; blue of hindneck mixed with green; breast green instead of yellow,and yellow of abdomen, etc., paler and less sharply defined againstgreen of sides and flanks; length (skins), 121.9-138.4 (130.8); wing,72.4-74.9 (73.4); tail, 40.6-42.9 (41.7); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.7);depth of bill at base, 6.4-7.1 {Q.Q); tarsus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middletoe, 13.2.'Immature male andfemale.?Similar to the adult female, but colorsduller, and without any blue on pileum or neck, or with onl}" scatteredblue feathers.
^See Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 53, footnote.
^ Five specimens.
8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Highlands of Costa Rica (Raiicho Redondo; San Jose; Birris; Cer-vantes; Candelaria; Navarro; Irazu), Veragua (Chitra; Calovevora;Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre), and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui).Triglyphidin caUophri/s Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Sept., 18(30, 331 (Costa Rica;coll. Berlin Mas.).A(rocomps(i callopknjs Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 88.Cfilorophoniu callophrys Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Rancho Redondo,San Jose, and Birris, Costa Rica) .?Salvadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv,1868, 173 (Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Cervantesand Candelaria, Costa Rica).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185(Volcan de Chiriqui; Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Vera-gua).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro and Candela-ria, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 254(Irazii, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus.,xi, 1886, 58.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (SanJose, Cartago, Alajuela, Rancho Redondo, and Naranjo de Cartago).[f'hiovophonia] cnUopkrys Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.Cltlorophonia calophrys Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., Dec, 1868, 84, pi. 68(male and female).Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest.Euphonia Desmarest, Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, 1805, sub pi. 19. (Type, Pipramusica Gmelin?)Euphone {emendntkm) "Citv[ier], Aves, 1829" (fide Scudder's Nomencl. Zool.,Univ. Index, p. 120).Euphona (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31.
?
Bonaparte, Conso.Gen. Avium, 1850, 232.Cyavophonia Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., iii, March, 1851, 138(Type, Pipra musica Gmelin.)Acroleptes "Schiff" Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, i, 1854, 127. (Type, Tana-gra chloroticn Linna?us?; see Cal)anis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 90.)IHolopha Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, i, 1854, 127. (Ty})e, Tanagra cayanaLinnanis?
)
Ypophaea "Schiff " Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., s^r. 4, i, 1854, 127. (Type, Tana-gra chalybm Mikan?)Hypophaea (emendation) Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91.Phonasca Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330. (Type, Tanagra riolacea Linnseus.
)
Very small, short-tailed, broad-gaped, frugivorous Tanagers, withthe plumage never bright grass green, nor with blue on upper parts,or else with only the pileum and hindneck })lue, the remaining uppersurface plain dark steel blue, glossy blue-black, or olive-green.Bill short (exposed culmen about half us long as tarsus), triangularin vertical profile, ))ut extremely variable as to proportionate length,breadth, and depth, the extremes, connected by intermediate forms,being represented by three types, as follows: (1) Bill very broad anddepressed, its width at base equal to length of exposed culmen, itslateral outlines distinctly sinuate (convex basally and concave ter-minally); depth of bill at base equal to only about half its width.(E. musica, type of the genus.) (2) Bill slender, almost terete, its
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9
width at base less even than half the distance from the nostril to tip ofmaxilla, its lateral outlines nearly straight, but less rapidly converg-ing for terminal third; depth of bill at base about etjual to its widthat nostrils. {E. minuta.) (3) Bill extremely thick and swollen, withlateral outlines nearlj^ straight, its width at base nearly equal toexposed culmen, and basal depth exceeding distance from nostril totip of maxilla; culmen and gonys both very strongly convex. {E. cha-lyhma, type of Ypophwa Bonaparte.) Wing long (more than threeand a half to four and a half times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninthto sixth primaries longest and usuall}" nearly equal, the ninth some-times longest and never as short as the fifth) ; primaries exceedingsecondaries by not less than length of tarsus. Tail short (never morethan two-thirds nor less than half as long as wing), even, slightlyrounded or slightly emarginated, the rectrices rather broad, withrounded tips. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw;lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw shorterthan its digit; all the claws well curved and sharp. Plumage soft,silk}^, and blended.Coloration.?Adult males glossy, more or less metallic, above, theprevailing color usually black glossed with violet, steel ])lue, or green,with the head above usually with more or less of bhie, yellow, orrufous; if not glossy black above, the color semimetallic olive-greenor bluish gray; under parts usually mainly yellow (sometimes orange-rufous, rarely grayish), with or without black throat and chest.Females with olive-green and yellowish (sometimes with gray andwhite also) replacing the l)lack and l)righter hues of the males. Youngessentially similar to adult females, wholly unstreaked.Notwithstanding the vast difference in the form of the bill exhibitedby the three extremes described above, the remaining thirty-odd spe-cies show every possible intermediate condition, and consequently,being unable to discover any other segregative characters, I am dis-posed to ignore the so-called genus Ypojjha'a., recognized l)y Dr.Sclater in the eleventh volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the BritishMuseum. Dr. Sclater says that this lacks the notch near the tip ofthe maxillary tomium; but I find it quite as distinctly indicated inspecimens examined as in some examples of true Exiphonia. ShouldYpojjJujea be recognized as a genus it would be quite necessary torestrict Euplionkt to E. irmsica and its nearer allies, make E. 'ininutathe type of another genus, and perhaps carry the subdivision stillfurther. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUPHONIA.
a. Crown, occiput, and hindneck light blue.6. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black.c. Rump black like back; forehead chestnut. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of
I Panama. ) Euphonia elegantissima, adult male (p. 12)cc. Rump yellow; forehead yellow.
10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Chin and throat glossy blue-black; under parts of body and lower rumporange-ochraceous. (Haiti. ) Euphonia musica, adult male (p. 13)dd. Chin and throat yellow; under parts of body and whole rump yellow.(Porto Rieo. ) Euphonia sclateri, adult male (p. 15)hh. Back olive-green.
c. Forehead chestnut; throat pale cinnamon.Euphonia elegantissima, adult female (p. 12)cc. Forehead not chestnut; throat yellow.d. Forehead ochraceous; crown, occiput, and hindneck azure blue.Euphonia musica, adult female (p. 14)dd. Forehead gamboge yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck light ceruleanor turquoise blue.
e. Sides of head greenish dusky; back glossed with metallic bluish green.(Lesser Antilles, St. Bartholomew to Grenada.
)
Euphonia flavifrons, adult male (p. 15)ee. Sides of head yellowish olive-green, like back; back without distinctmetalic gloss./. Bill larger (exposed culnien 7.4 or more, depth at base 4.8 or more);under parts less yellowish olive-green.Euphonia flavifrons, adult female (p. 16)ff. Bill smaller (exposed culmen 6.7, depth at base 4.6); under partsmore yellowish olive-green Euphonia sclateri, adult female (p. 15)aa. Crown, occiput, and hindneck not light blue.h. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black or violet-black.
c. Throat black or dark steel blue or violet.d. Throat black; forehead, crown, and occiput rufous-tawny. (Costa Rica;Veragua. ) ? Euphonia anneas, adult male (p. 17)dd. Throat dark steel blue or glossy ^^olet-black; forehead yellow.
e. Under tail-coverts tawny-ochraceous; abdomen yellowish ochraceous.( Northern Colombia to Isthmus of Panama.
)
Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult male (p. 18)ee. Under tail-coverts not tawny; abdomen pure yellow./. Under tail-coverts lemon or canary yellow.g. Inner webs of outermost rectrices wholly black or with only a small
'spot of white on edge near tip; whole crown yellow.h. Larger (wing 55.9-61); occiput dark steel-blue, like hindneck, theyellow of crown extending much farther backward mediallythan laterally, the yellow feathers with triangular central spotsof black. (Costa Rica; Veragua.)Euphonia gracilis, adult male (p. 19)hh. Smaller (wing 55.1-55.9) ; occiput yellow, like crown and fore-head, the yellow with straight or truncated posterior margin,the yellow feathers without central spots of black. (Costa Rica;Veragua. ) Euphonia luteicapilla. adult male (p. 20)gg. Inner webs of outermost rectrices extensively (more than one-half)white. (Southern Mexico to Costa Rica.)Euphonia affinis, adult male (p. 21)ff. Under tail-coverts white (sometimes tinged with yellow).g. Bill shorter, much stouter (exposed culmen 6.9-7.4, depth at base4.6-5.1); yellow of forehead paler, extending to posterior angle ofeye; yellow of under parts lighter, without dusky clouding on sidesand tlanks. ( Western Mexico.
)
Euphonia godmani, adult male (p. 24)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11
gg. Bill longer and more slendei" (exposed culmen 7.1-7.6, depth at base3.3-3.7); yellow of forehead deeper (bright lemon), not extendingbeyond middle of eyes; yellow of under parts deeper, with duskyclouding on sides and ilanks. ( Guatemala to Isthmus of Panama.
)
Euphonia minuta humilis, adult male (p. 23)dd. Throat yellow, like rest of under parts.('. Yellow of forehead not extending beyond middle of eyes, its posterioroutline directh^ transverse or truncated. (Southern Mexico to CostaRica.) Euphonia hirundinacea, adult male (p. 25)ee. Yellow of forehead extending much beyond eyes, with strongly convexor rounded posterior outline. (Costa Rica to Colombia.)Euphonia crassirostris, adult male (p. 28)hh. Back olive-green or olive-gray,
c. Abdomen or under tail-coverts (or both) tawny or ochraceous; back, etc.,strongly glossed with metallic greenish.d. Forehead and fore part of crown lemon yellow. (Southern Mexico to CostaRica. ) Euphonia gouldi, adult male (p. 29)dd. Forehead chestnut.
e. Abdomen deep olive-yellowish Euphonia gonldi, adult female (p. 29)ee. Abdomen tawny or ochraceous./. Larger (wing 57.4-58.4); whole abdomen tawny.Euphonia gracilis, adult female (p. 20)ff. Smaller (wing 48.8) ; only median line of alxlomen tawny or ochraceous.Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult female (p. 18)cc. Neither abdomen nor under tail-coverts tawny or ochraceous.d. Back bright olive-green.
e. Occiput olive-green, like back./. Median under parts (broadly) grayish, in strong contrast with yellowisholive-green of sides and flanks.g. Under tail-coverts grayish brown with whitish tips; forehead stronglytinged with rusty; gray of median under parts much darker.Euphonia anneae. adult female (p. 17)gg. Under tail-coverts light olive-yellow; forehead and crown yellowisholive-green, like rest of upper parts; gray of median under partsmuch paler Euphonia hirundinacea, adidt female (p. 26)ff. Median under parts yellow, like sides and flanks, or at least so on chest.g. Under parts entirely yellow or olive-yellow; under tail-coverts yellow.h. Larger (wing 59.7-63.5), with much stouter bill; inner webs ofoutermost rectrices with a subterminal white spot.Euphonia crassirostris, adult female (p. 28)hh. Smaller (wing 51.0-51.8); inner webs of outermost rectrices with-out any white Euphonia luteicapilla, adult female {-p. 21)gg. Under parts with lower throat pale gray, lower abdomen and undertail-coverts white. Euphonia minuta humilis, adult female (p. 24)ee. Occiput grayish, more or less distinctly different from olive-green of back./. Abdomen and under tail-coverts white.Euphonia godmani, adult female (p. 25)ff. Under parts wholly yellowish, the under tail-coverts clear lemonyellow Euphonia afl&nis, adult female ? (young male ?) (p. 22)dd. Back olive-grayish.Euphonia aflB.nis, young female ? (adult female ?) (p. 23)
12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bonaparte).BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA.Adult nude.?Forehead (more or less ])roadly) chestnut, marg^inedbehind by a bar of ))lack; crown, occiput, hindneck, and sides of neckuniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers dusky grayishbeneath the surface; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, andupper tail-coverts uniform dark steel blue, more or less tinged withviolet, especially on l)ack; wings and tail black with steel blue edgings,these broader and more violet on middle and greater wing-coverts, ver}'indistinct and (when obvious) more greenish on primaries; loral, sub-orbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, and throat, uniform black,more or less glossed with steel blue or violet; rest of under parts deeporange-ochraceous or orange-tawny, deeper, more chestnut-tawny, onchest; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or Avhite tingedwith yellow or l)utfy; bill black with basal portion of mandible gray-ish; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.3-116.8(108.5); wing, 68-71.1 {idQ)\ tail, 37. 6-15. 2 (10.1); exposed culmen,6.6-7.1 (6.9); tarsus, 12.2-15.2 (11.5); middle toe, 9.7-12.2 (11.2).^Adult female.?Pileum and hindneck as in adult male, but black barseparating chestnut of forehead from blue of crown less distinct; restof upper parts bright olive-green, more or less glossed with metallicbluish green; remiges and rectrices blackish or dusky edged with olive-green (very narrowly on primaries, very broadly on tertials, which haveouter webs mostly or wholly olive-green); auricular, suborbital, andloral regions olive-green, the malar region similar but paler or moreyellowish; chin and throat light ochraceous or cinnamon-bull'; rest ofunder parts light yellowish olive-green, more olive-yellowish medially;bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 99.1-111.3(110.2); wing,61-61.3 (62.7); tail, 33.3-39.6 (36.8); exposed culmen, 6.1-7.6 (6.9);depth of bill at base, 4.3-1.6; tarsus, 13.7-15.7 (15); middle toe,10.2-11.9 (11. 7).'^Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Ori-zaba); Puebla (Chachapa); Mexico (City of Mexico); Oaxaca (Juquila;La Parada), Guanajuato, etc., to Veragua (Calovevora).
' Nine specimens.
^ Seven specimens.
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13Euphone tibicen Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2; Journ. fiir Orn.1863, 56 (Jalapa, Yera. Cruz;= nomen midum!)
.
Pipra elegantmima Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (Mexico).Eluphonia] eleganlissima Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 18-19, 17.?Ridgway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 453.{Evphonfi] elegcmtissima Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.E\_uphona] elegantissima Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Mexico).Euphoria elegantissima Sai^yadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868,173 (CostaRica).Euphonia elegantissima Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1850, pi. 8 (San Pedro).?Sclater,Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 83 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1855, 66(sub Pipra galcrimlata) ; 1856, 272 (monogr.), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz);1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Juquila,Oaxaca; descr. nest and eggs); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 1856, 98; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 (s. Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 62 (near City of Mexico; Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; ridgeabove Calderas, Choctum, and Coban, Guatemala; Volcan de Cartago, Iraziidistr., and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua).?Bairu, in Stans-bury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 ("Texas"); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 304; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 71, figs. 2, 3; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 224.?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guate-mala) .?Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 331.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 98 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i,1869, 550 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions. Vera Cruz).?Frantzius, Journ.fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185(Calovevora, Veragua).?Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato) .?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Jose, Costa Rica; food;song).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 160.?Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 256.?American Ornithologists'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 606.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,ix, 1886, 140 (Chachapa, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz) .?Zeledon, Anal.Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago and San Jose, Costa Rica).?Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 24 (San Jose;descr. abnormally colored male).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x,1898, 27 (Jalapa).[Euphonia] ekgantissima Sclater and ^Ahxi-N, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.Euphonia coelestis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 42 ( Mexico).-Du Bus, Esquis. Orn.,Orn., 1847, pi. 14.Pipra galericulata Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 21, pi. 5, fig. 2("Texas;" type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; see Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1855, 66). EUPHONIA MUSICA (Gmelin).HAITIAN EUPHONIA.Adult 7nale.?Forehead yellow (dull lemon to saffron or dull cad-mium), bordered behind by a bar of black or glossy blue-black; crown,occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck plain azure blue, the feathersdusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapukrs, and upper tail-coverts dark violaceous steel blue, or blue-black glossed with violet;wings and tail black with dark violaceous steel bkie edgings; upperrump lemon yellow, passing into ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous onlower rump; lores black; suborbital, auricular, and malar regions,
14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
chin, and throat uniform dark viohiceous steel blue, or black glossedwith that color; rest of under parts bright j^ellowish ochraceous, more3^ellowish on breast and chest, where becoming deeper, more tawn}^next to l)lack of foreneck, and gradually l)ecoming deeper posteriorly,the under tail-coverts orange-tawny; thighs light olive-yellow, thefeathers dusky beneath the surface; bill black, the mandible brownishbasally ; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),105.4^108 (106.7); wing, 63; tail, 35.8-37.6 (36.6); exposed culmen,6.1-6.6; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.8 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7-15; middletoe, 10.2-10.9 (10.4).^Adultfemale.?Pileum as in adult male, but black bar between yel-lowish of forehead and blue of crown narrower; back, scapulars,lesser, middle, and greater wing-coverts, plain olive-green, slightlyglossed with metallic bluish green; rump and upper tail-coverts simi-lar, but more yellowish olive-green; secondaries and rectrices duskywith olive-green edgings; primaries dusky, narrowly edged with paleglaucous or w^hitish, passing into olive-green basally; auricular andsuborbital regions dusky olive-green, slightly tinged with blue, themalar region lighter and more bluish; chin and throat canary yellow;rest of under parts deep olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green
;
bill and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 61.7; tail,36.1; exposed culmen, 6.1; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15; mid-dle toe, 10.4.Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.[^Pipra] musica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1004 (based on L' Onjaniste, de St. Do-mingue Buffon, PI. Enl., pi. 809, fig. 1).Tanagra musica Vilillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 783.
?
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (Santo Domingo).E[^uphoiua] musica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 367.[Euphonia'] musica Sclater and Salvin, Nona. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
?
Cory, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 11.[Euphona'] musica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.Euphonia musica Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 82 (St. Domingo; "Cay-enne?"); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 271 (monogr.; St. Domingo; "Cuba");Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97; Cat. Birds Brit. Mua., xi, 1886, 59 (Samana,Santo Domingo).
?
Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 ^Santo Domingo;Haiti) .?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti; descr. youngmale); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 61, pi. (10); Auk., iii, 1886, 192(synonymy, descr., etc.); Birds W. I., 1889, 79; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16,113, 131.?Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).?Cherrie, Contr.Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Honduras and Maniel, Santo Domingo).Euphone musica Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 42 (Cuba; error; seeGundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 409).Euphoria musica Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476.E[uphonia'] cxriileocephala Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 286, part (quotes PI.Enl. 809, fig. 1).
^ Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15EUPHONIA SCLATERI Sundevall.PORTO RICAN EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Forehead saffron yellow, marg-ined behind by a bar ofblack across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum, hindneck, and sidesof neck uniform cerulean blue; back scapulars and upper tail-covertsuniform glossy blue-black, with a slight violet tinge; wings and tailIjlack with glossy blue-black or dark steel blue edgings; entire rumpand under parts of body rich saffron yellow, the chin and throat simi-lar but rather paler; lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and partof malar region uniform glossy black; maxilla black, paler beneathnostrils; mandible grayish basally, blackish terminallj^; legs and feethorn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 97.8-102.9 (99.6); wing.58.1-60.5 (59.1:); tail, 33.5-31: (33.8); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.1 (6.9);depth of bill at base, 4.1?1.6 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7-15.2 (15); middle toe,10.7-10.9 (10.7).'Adult female.?Forehead gamboge yellow, margined posteriorly l;)yan indistinct dusky bar across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum,hindneck, and sides of neck uniform light greenish blue (turquoise);loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and most of malar region plainolive-green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts plaindeep olive-green, with a slight gloss of metallic bluish green: rumpyellowish olive-green; remiges and rectrices blackish, the latter and thesecondaries with broad edgings of olive-green, the primaries with narrowedgings of the same or pale greenish gray; under parts deep olive-yellow, becoming purer yellow on chin, throat, abdomen, anal region,and under tail-coverts, the last with central portion more olive; bill andfeet as in adult male; length (skin), 121.9; wing, 59.2; tail, 32.8; exposedculmen, 6.9; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe, 10.9.^Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.Pipra musica (not of Gmelin) Vieillot, Gal. Ois., Suppl., 1834. pi. s. n.Cyanophonia musica Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, 2d ser., iii, March, 1851,138; Note sur les Tangaras, 1851, 12.Euphonia flavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons S'parnnann) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1856, 271 (Porto Rico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (Porto Rico).[Euphonid] flavifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 77, no. 7121.
?
Sclater and Sal-viN, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Euphonia sdateri Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 596 (PortoRico; coll. Stockholm Mus. ; ex Bonaparte, manuscript).
?
Gundlach, Journ.Mr Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 191.?Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and description); Birds W. I., 1889, 81; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 132.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 60.EUPHONIA FLAVIFRONS (Sparrmann).GREEN EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Forehead lemon or gamboge yellow, margined pos-teriorly by a transverse line or bar of black; crown, occiput, hind-
^ Three specimens. ^ One specimen.
16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
neck, and sides of neck uniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, thefeathers dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-green, glossedwith metallic bluish green; rump yellowish olive-green, or brightolive-yellowish; secondaries, primaries, and rectrices ])lackish or dusky,edged with olive-green, the edgings on primaries narrower and inclin-ing to pale grayish; lores blackish; suborbital, auricular, and malarregions dusky olive-green, the last sometimes partly yellow; chin andthroat lemon yellow; rest of under parts uniform yellowish olive-green;under wing-coverts whitish, tinged with yellow; axillars light yellow;bill black, with basal portion of mandible grayish; iris brown; ^ legsand feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 106.7-120.7 (112.8);wing, 60.2-65.3 (63); tail, 37.6-41.1 (39.1); exposed culmen, 7.1-7.9(7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.3); middletoe, 10.2-11.9 (11. 2).*^Adult female.?Similar to adult male, but olive-green of back, wings,etc., decidedly lighter and without metallic bluish green gloss; rumpmuch less yellowish; yellow of chin and throat paler and less stronglycontrasted with color of cheeks and auriculars, the latter yellowisholive-green instead of dusky bluish olive-green; under parts usuallypaler and less yellowish olive-green; blue of hood usually slightly palerand duller, sometimes more greenish blue; black bar between yellowof forehead and blue of crown much less distinct, sometimes obsolete;length (skins), 101.6-121.9 (111); wing, 58.9-67.6 (62.2); tail, 37.1-40.6(3S.4); exposed culmen, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.8);tarsus, 15.7-17 (16..5); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).'Lesser Antilles (islands of St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica,Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada).
' "Iris hazel;" (Ober, manuscript).
'^ Ten specimens.
^ Ten specimens. Specimens from different islands average as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17Emberiza Jianfroiin. Sparrmann, Mu8. Carln., iv, 1789, no. 92 (= female; coll.Mus. Carlsonianum; no locality given).ITanagra} farifrons Latham, Index Orn., 8uppl., 1802, -47.Tanagra flmnfrons Vieillot, Enc. Meth., iii, 1823, 775.Euphoniaflavifrons Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1856, 271, part ( in synonymy)
;
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 ("Cayenne;"
"Trinidad"); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 63 (Martinique; Santa Lucia;Guadeloupe; St. Bartholomew; Dominica; Grenada); Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).?Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,1869, 583 (St. Bartholomew)-?Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,56 (Dominica), 190 (St. Vincent), 269 (Grenada); i, 1879, 354 (Martinique;habits), 455 ((Tuadeloupe; habits; crit. ); iii, 1880, 256 (Dominica); ix, 1886,613 (Grenada).?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 ( Santa Lucia).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 193 (synonymy, part, and description); iv, 1887, 95(Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 80 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113.\_Eup}ionia'\ favifrons Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
?
Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.EUPHONIA ANNEXE Cassin.TAWNY-CAPPED EUPHONIA.Adult maJe.?Entire pileum rich tawny, lighter, more ochraceous,anteriorly, deeper posteriorly, where having a rounded outline; restof head and neck, including lores, chin, and throat, l)lack, with a slightviolet tinge, more pronounced on postocular region and nape; rest ofupper parts rich dark semimetallic purplish black or very dark metal-lic purplish violet, becoming more bluish violet posteriori}^ the remigesand rectrices ])lack with })luisli violet edgings; inner web of outermostrectrix with a large subterminal subquadrate space of white; underparts of body rich yellow (deep lemon yellow to Indian yellow); undertail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with yellow; Inll black, the basalportion of mandible grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horncolor (in dried skins); length (skins), 87.6-109.2 (107.4); wing, 62.2-68.8 (65); tail, 34.5-31J.y (87.1); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); depthof bill at base, 4.8-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.9-12.2(11.4).^Adult female.?Above yellowish olive-green, the forehead and crownstrongly tinged with tawny or light rusty; beneath pale gray medi-ally, yellowish olive-green laterally, with distinct line of demarcationbetween the two colors; under tail-coverts whitish at tips, light brown-ish beneath surface; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skin),102.9;' wing, 59.9; tail, 33.3; exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill atbase, 5.1; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11.7.^Costa Rica (Angostura; Santa Rosa; Turrialba; Naranjo de Cartago;Rio Sucio) and Veragua (Calovev^ora; Calobre; Cordillera del Chucu;Santiago).
1 Six specimens. ^ Length before skinning 127. ' One specimen.365tl?VOL 2?01 2
18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Euphonia annex ^ Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Santa Rosa, CostaRica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98(Angostura and Santa Rosa, Costa Rica).Euphonia ann:c Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa F6, Veragua;crit. ); 1870, 186 (Calovevora and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ibi.s, 1874,329 (Veragua).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).
?
Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 265 (Calobre, Veragua, etc.).
?
ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 72 (Turrialba, Costa Rica, etc.).?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago; RioSucio)
.
[Euphonia'] annx Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 17.Euphonia rufivertex Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 71, pi. 7 (Santiago,Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godnian)
.
EUPHONIA FULVICRISSA Sclater.FULVOTJS-VENTED EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Forehead and anterior part of crown lemon yellow,with posterior outline truncate or nearly ,so, the feather.s with partiallyexposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts glossygreenish bluish blaciv or dark greenish steel blue, more greenish pos-teriorly, sometimes faintly tinged with violet on occiput and hindneck;remiges and rectrices black, with greenish steel blue edgings; innerwebs of remiges with about the basal half aV)ruptly white; outermostrectrix with a large, more or less oblique, subterminal spot or patch ofwhite; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and foreneck dark greenishsteel blue, like upper parts, but less strongly glossed; rest of underparts deep yellow (Indian yellow or saffron), })ecoming deep gallstoneyellow or light ochraceous on abdomen, and deep ochraceous on undertail-coverts; maxilla black; mandible bluish gray, with dusky tip;legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),86.4-92.7 (88.4); wings, 52.6-53.8 (53.1); tail, 27.2-28.7 (27.10; ex-posed culmen, 7.6-7.9; depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 14.7-15.7(15.2); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).'^Adult female.?Forehead deep russet or cinnamon-riifous, thefeathers with partially exposed central ti'iangular spots of dusky; restof upper parts olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly and on wings,strongly glossed with metallic 1)luish green, changing to yellowishgreen posteriorly; remiges, rectrices, and greater wing-coverts duskywith broad gloss}' or semimetallic yellowish olive-green edgings; underparts bright yellowish olive-green, the abdomen mixed yellow andlight ochraceous, the under tail-coverts deeper ochraceous; a blackishline separating the cinnamon-rufous of forehead from the yellowisholive-green of lores; bill, legs, and feet as in the male; length (skin),S3.8; wing, 48.8; tail, 25.1; exposed culmen, 8.4; depth of bill atbase, 4.6; tarsus, 14.7; middle toe, 10.2.^
^ Named for Mrs. D. G. Elliot. Tour specimens. ' One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19The female of E. fuhiicrissa closely resembles that of E. gracilis incoloration, but is much smaller (wing- less than 50.8 instead of 57.2 ormore), has the rust}' forehead flecked with dusky and margined laterallywith a dusky line, the abdomen less extensively ochraceous, and theunder tail-coverts much deeper ochraceous.Northern Colombia (provinces of Santa Marta, Antioquia, etc.),including Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua (Bugaba) and Chiri-qui (Volcan de Chiriqui).Euphonia falvicrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 276 (Santa Marta,Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 349 (Panama; descr. female); Synop.Av. Tanagr., 1856, 102; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 58 (Santa Marta); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 73 (Santa Marta, Remedios, Nichi, and Bogota, Colom-bia; Lion Hill and San Pablo station, Panama R. R. ; Volcan de t!hiriqui;Bugaba, Veragua).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc-i. Phila., 1860, 143 (Rio Tru-ando, Colombia); 1865, 171 (Angostura and Pacuare, Costa Rica).
?
Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. );1879, 498 (Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 264, pi. 16, fig. 2.?Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 288(Antioquia, Colombia; descr. female)
.
lEupho7iia^ fiilvia-issa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 18.Phlonasca^ fulvicrissa Cabanis, Journ. fiir Oi'n., 1860, 330, in text.A[croleptcs'] fuliyicnssiis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.Euphonia gouldi (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (LionHill, Panama R. R.).?Salvin, Proc. Z(x)l. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba,Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).EUPHONIA GRACILIS (Cabanis).CABANIS' EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Forehead and crown lemon yellow, the feathers withpartiall}^ exposed central triang-ular spots of black, the yellow arearounded posteriorly, sometimes almost pointed on median line; rest ofupper parts, together with sides of head and neck, chin, throat, andupper portion of chest (the latter with strongly convex posterior out-line) glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, more or less tinged withviolet anteriorly, sometimes more greenish posteriorly; remiges andrectrices black with greenish steel blue or dark bluish green edgings,these broad on tertials and rectrices, very narrow on primaries; innerwebs of secondaries with basal half abruptly white, the inner webs ofprimaries (except two to four outermost) abruptly white basally; nowhite on rectrices; under parts of body and under tail-coverts clearrich yellow (rich lemon, sometimes approaching Indian yellow); billblack, the mandible apparently more grayish basally; legs and feetdusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 96.5-101.6 (98.8);wing", 55.9-61 (58.4); tail, 30.5-32.5 (31.5); exposed culmen, 8.6-8.9;depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 16-16.3; middle toe, 10.7-11.4 (10.9).^
^ Four specimens.
20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult female.?Forehead (extending backward laterally to abovemiddle of eyes) chestnut-rufous; rest of upper parts plain olive-green,more yellowish on lower rump and upper tail-coverts, the crown,occiput, hiiidneck, back, upper rump, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts glossed with metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices duskywith yellowish olivo-green edgings, broadest on tertials, narrowestand more yellowish on primaries; sides of head and neck and most ofunder parts yellowish olive-green or deep olive-yellowish, lighter andmore decidedly yellowish on chin, throat, and anterior portion ofmalar and loral regions; entire abdomen light tawny or deep ochraceous;anal region and under tail-coverts similar. l)ut more orange-ochra-ceous; maxilla black, mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feetdusky horn color; length (skins), iM-100.3 (07); wing, bAA-hSA (57.9);tail, 29.2-32 (30.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill atbase, 4.8-5.1 (4.9); tarsus, 15.5-15.7 (15.7); middle toe, 10.7-10.9(10.9).'In the metallic olive-green color of the upper parts and tawny abdo-men the adult female of E. gracUis presents a strong resemblance tothe adult male of K. <jouldi; but the latter may at once be distinguishedby the yellow instead of chestnut forehead, the deeper tawny of theabdomen and under tail-coverts (especially the latter), the formerbeing margined laterally with yellow and the decidedly less bluish-green gloss of the upper parts.Costa Rica (San Jose; Pozo Azul de Pirris) and Chiriqui (Volcan deChiriqui; Bugaba).Phonasca gracilis Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., viii, Sept. 1860, 333 (San Jose, (/ostaRica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).Euphonia gradlix Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Costa Rica); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mu8., xi, 1886, 69 (Costa Rica; Bugaha and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiri-qui).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18()5, 172 (Costa Rica).?Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San Jose).
?
Frantzits, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,297 (San Jose).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chi-riqui; Bugaba).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 259,pi. 16, fig. 3.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Pozo Azulde Pirris).?Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 530 (Pozo Azul;descr. female; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San Jos^).{Euphonia] gracilis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.A^croleptes] gracilis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.EUPHONIA LUTEICAPILLA (Cabanis).YELLOW-CROWNED ETJPHONIA.Advlt nude.?Forehead and entire crown deep lemon or gambogeyellow, the former with a narrow anterior margin of black (inter-rupted at base of culmen); lores black; sides of head (below the yel-low pileum), chin, throat, upper chest (the latter with a strongly
^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21
convex posterior outline), back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts,and wing-coverts gloss^^ blue-black or dark steel })lue, more or lesstino-ed with violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, withdark greenish steel blue edgings; no white on inner webs of rectrices;under parts of body clear Indian yellow, the under tail-coverts paler(lemon yellow); bill light grayish (bluish gray in \itei) basally, black-ish terminally; legs and feet dark horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 94-95.3 (9-1.5); wing, 55.1-55.9 (55.6); tail, 31.2-33.5 (32);exposed culmen, 7.-l:-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.6 (4.4);tarsus, 14.2-14.7 (14.5); middle toe, 9.7-10.2 (9.9).^Adult female.?Ahoye plain yellowish olive-green, the remiges andrectrices dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts dullyellow (intermediate between wax yellow and gamboge), rather clearermedially, slightly more olivaceous laterally; bill and feet as in adultmale; length (skins), 86.4-92.7 (89.4); wing, 51.1-51.8 (51.3); tail,
^8.2-30 (29); exposed culmen, 7.1-7.6 (7.4); depth of bill at base. 4.1-4.3; tarsus, 13.5; middle toe, 9.4."Luinature male.?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult female and adult male, the black beginning first on lores andchin and covering throat and foreneck before appearing on upperparts; the forehead and superciliary region in this stage yellow, thecrown olive-green, like rest of upper parts.Young male.?Similar in coloration to adult female.Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) to Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station,Panama Railroad).Phonasca luteicapiUa C'ABANit^, .Tonrn. fiir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 332 (Costa Rica;coll. Berlin Mus.).Euphonia luteicapiUa Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete deChitra,Vera-gua).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-.\m., Aves, i, 1883, 260, pi. 16, fig. 1(Turrialba, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua;Paraiso Station and Chepo, Isth. Panama) .?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. INIus.,xi, 1886, 68.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San Jose,Las Trojas de Puntarenas, Pacaca, and Monte Redondo de San Jose).?Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San Jose, Costa Rica; plumage of young male) .?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).lEuphonia'] Zu^eicopiiZa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.A[croleptes'] luteicapillus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.EUPHONIA AFFINIS (Lesson).LESSON'S ETJPHONIA.Adult 7nale.?Forehead and anterior portion of crown lemon yellow(extending farther backward laterally, or to beyond eyes), the lirstnarrowly bordered anteriorly with black; rest of head, all round, with
1 Three specimens. ' Two specimens.
2'i BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.upper foreneck, unifonii dark metaliic violet or black with a strongviolet gloss; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, runip, and upper tail-coverts dark steel ])lue or glossy l>lu(?-l)lack, the first three usually moreor less tinged (sometimes sti'ongly) with violet; larger wing-coverts,remiges, and rectrices black; middle and greater wing-coverts, tertials,and rectrices broadly margined with dark steel bluish; two outermostrectrices with a large su))terminal patch of white on inner web;inner webs of secondaries a})ruptly white for basal half or more;under parts of l)()dy pure yellow (rich lemon to chrome or sometimesalmost Indian 3'ellow); luider wing-coverts and axillars white, usuallytinged with yellow, especially the latter; maxilla black, binoming gray-ish beneath nostril; mandible grayish (light bluish gray in life), thetip blackish; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 86.4-98.0 (93.2); wing, 49.:3-54.4 (51.8): tail, 28..5-35.6 (32);exposed culmen, 6.9-7.6 (7.4); depth of bill at base. 4.3-4.8 (4.6); tar-sus, 12.2-13.5 (13); middle toe, 8.4-10.2 (9.7).'Adtdt female.-^YoYehi'ACi yellowish olive-green, passing into grayisholive or olive-gray on crown, occiput, and hindneck, this into grayisholive-green on ])ack, scapulars, wings, and upper rump, the lowerrump more yellowish olive-green; under parts olive-yellowish or lightgrayish yellow anteriorly, passing into brighter and purer yellow pos-teriorly (under tail-coverts lemon or canary yellow, the a])domennearly the same); bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 86.4-96.5 (92.2); wing, 49-53.6 (51.3); tail, 29.5-32.5 (31.2); exposed cul-men, 6.6-7.6 (7.1); depth of bill at l)ase, 3.8-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 13.2-14(13.5); middle toe, 9.7-9.9 (8.9).^'
^ Twenty-two specimens.^Ten specimens, many of them in the phimage described as that of the immaturefemale.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
Birds of north and middle America. 28Immature {f) /e/r/?/^^?Similar to the adult female, as described, Initgrayer above, the occiput and hindneck distinctly ashy; under partsless yellowish anteriorly, the throat, chest, and sides of breast some-times yellowish gray. {Irmnature males are variously intermediate incoloration, according to age, between the adult male and female.)Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), VeraCruz (Orizaba, etc.), Oaxaca (Barrio; Tehuantepec), Yucatan (Merida),and southward to Costa Rica (San Juan; Liberia; Alajuela).Tanagra {Euphojiia) ?#?;.s Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 175 (Realejo, Nicaragua).lEuphomt'] affinis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.Elinjhonift] (iffinis Gray, Gen. Birdie, ii, 1849, 367.Euphonia atfinis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 274 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz),303 (Orizaba); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 100; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 57(Orizaba; " Central America") ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 65 (Orizaba;n. Yucatan; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Calderas, Duenas, Savana Grande, andRetalhuleu', Guatemala).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala).
?
SuviN and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Duenas, Guatemala) .?Lawrence, Ann.Lvc N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San Juan, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida,Yucatan)- Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Barrio and Tehuantepec,Oaxaca).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica) .?Sumichrast,Mem Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).-SALViNand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 257.-Zeledon, Anal. Mus.Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Liberia and Alajuela, Costa Rica).-Richmond,Proc U S Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).Phonru^ca affinis Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1860, 332 (San Jose, Costa Rica).Alcroleptes'] affinis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text^[Euphonia] affinis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.EUPHONIA MINUTA HUMILIS (Cabanis).WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Yovehead (as far backward as middle of eyes, withtruncated posterior outline) deep yellow (bright chrome or cadmium);rest of head, with neck and chest, uniform dark violaceous steel blue,with strongly convex or semicircular posterior outline on chest;upper parts '(except as described) dark steel blue, sometimes with aslio-ht greenish tinge, the upper l)ack, however, tinged with violet;inner webs of three lateral rectrices with a large subtermmal patchof white, that on the outermost occupying approximately one-half theweb; inner weljs of secondaries with basal half (approximately) white;under parts of body bright chrom3 or cadmium yellow, paler on sidesand flanks, where the feathers have a subterminal spot or bar of dusky(the basal portion gravish) producing a mottled or clouded appearance;lower abdomen, anal region, and under wing coverts white, the lasttinged with pale yellow and with central (mostly concealed) spots otdusky orayish; bill blackish terminally, grayish basally, the basal por-tion o? mandible sometimes whitish; iris dark brownjMegs and feet
1 Zeledon, manuscript.
24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dusky (dark i)luin))eoiLs in life); length (skins), S0.4:-95.S (91.7);wing, 51. 8-55.4 (53.1); tail, 27.4-31 (29.5); exposed culnion, 6.9-7.6(7.1); depth of bill at l)ase, 3.3-3.6; tarsus, 12.7-13.5 (13); middle toe,8.6-9.7 (9.1).^Adult female.?Above deep yellowish olive-green, l)ecoming moreyellowish on forehead, where the feathers show darker central spots;cheeks and chin pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; throat palegray, in strong contrast with j^ellowish of chin, etc., and the deepolive-yellow or dull gaml)oge ^^ellow of chest, breast, sides, and flanks(the latter more olivaceous); abdomen white; under tail-coverts palebrownish gray; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7-93.5 (91.9); wing, 53.1-55.9 (54.1); tail, 28.2-30.5 (29.5); exposed cul-men, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.6-3.8 (3.8); tarsus, 13.2-13.5 (13.2); middle toe, 9.4-9.7 (9. 4).-Guatemala to Jsthnuis of Panama.Phonasea JmmiliK Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica;coll. Berlin Mus.).Acroleptes humilis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 89 (Costa Rica; c-rit. ).Euphonia JtumUis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).
?
Frant-zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).
?
Nitttincj, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vi, 1883, 373 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; song).Euphonia minuta (not Euphona minuta Cabanis) Salvin and Sclater, Ibis,1860, 275 (Coban, Guatemala).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332(Panama R. R. ).
?
Salvin; Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 186(Buga])a, Chiriqui;Calovevora,Veragua).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1878, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 71, part(Bugaba, Chiriqui; Calovevora,Veragua;Costa Rica; C'hontales, Nicaragua; Colian, Vera Paz, Guatemala). Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 258, part (Guatemala; Nica-ragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Panama R. R.).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.Costii Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xiv, 1891, 531 (Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San Jos6, CostaRica).{^EupJionial j^t/M/Za Sclater and Salvin, Nom. \\. Neotr., 1873, 17, part.EUPHONIA GODMANI Brewster.GODMAN'S EUPHONIA.Similar to J^. mluuta JiumiUs^ but decidedly larger and with l)ill muchstouter; adult male with yellow of forehead and under parts muchpaler, the former much ])roader; head and neck more })rightly viola-ceous, upper parts more violaceous steel blue, and inner webs of outermost rectrices more extensively white; adult female paler and nuichgrayer olive-green above, with occiput and hindneck liluish gray, thechest and sides much paler olive-yellowish, and the throat olive-yellowish instead of pale gray.Ackdt male.?Forehead and anterior portion of crown (as far backas posterior angle of ey^es) pale lemon or canar}' j^ellow; rest of head
* Four specimens from Costa Rica. ' Three specimens from Costa Rica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25and neck bright violaceous .steel blue or glossy violet-black; rest ofupper parts dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet, especiallyon upper back; remiges and rectrices black edged with steel blue;inner webs of secondaries with more than basal half abruptly white;inner web of outermost rectrix most!}" or almost wholly white; secondrectrix with more than terminal half of inner web white; third withmuch less white, sometimes very little; under parts of body, includ-ino- chest, pure rich lemon or chrome yellow, the lower abdomen some-what mixed with whitish; under tail-coverts white, the shorter ones, atleast, tinged with yellow; bill blackish terminally, grayish or w^hitish(bluish gray in life?) basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in driedskins; length (skins), 96.5-99.1 (97.8); wing. 53.0-56.9 (55.1); tail,30.7-35.3 (33); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base,4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 13.5-14.5 (13.7); middle toe, 10.2-10.4.^Adult ft-male.?Forehead light olive-green, passing into slate-grayon crown, occiput, and hindneck, the rest of upper parts dull olive-green, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts and on edges of largerwing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices, the two last mainly dusky; underparts, including throat, pale olive-yellowish, ])ecoming more stronglyand purely yellow on flanks; al)domen, anal region and under tail-coverts white; ])ill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 87.6-94 (90.2); wing, 51.6-53.1 (52.3); tail, 29-29.7 (29.5); exposed culmen,6.6-6.9; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.3; tarsus, 12.7-13.2 (13); middletoe, 9.9-10.2 (9.9)."Western Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan;Plomosas), and Colima (Sierra Madre), and Territory of Tepic (SanBias; Rosa Morada).Euphonia affinis (not Tanagm (Euphonia) affinis Lef^son) Lawrence, Mem. Bost.Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 273 (Sierra Madre, Colima; Mazatlan).Euphonia godmani Brewster, Descr. Supposed New Birds from W. N. Am. andMex., Jan., 1889, 90; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 90 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico;coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).EUPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA Bonaparte.BONAPARTE'S EUPHONIA.Adult 'male.?Forehead and anterior portion of crown (back toabout middle of eyes) and entire under parts yellow, deepest on underparts of body, where deep gam)>oge or Indian yellow, paler on forehead,chin, throat, and under tail-coverts, where more lemon yellow; poste-rior portion of crown, occiput, hindneck, auricular, suborbital, andmalar regions, back, scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, I'ump, and uppertail-coverts plain dark steel blue, more or less tinged with or incliningto violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, with steel blueedgings; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for more than basal
^ Four specimens. '^ Three specimens.
26 BULLEllN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.half; inner woh of outermost rectrix with more than terminal halfwhite, that of the second witli about (or a litth> less than) terminal halfwhite; maxilla black, becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandiblegrayish (bluish gray in life?) with blackish tip; iris brown; legs andfeet dusky (plumbeous in life)^ length (skins), S7J)-108.7(102.1); wing,55.6-64.8 (60.07); tail, 31-3l?.0 (85.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 {>>.6);depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 1-4. 2-15. 7 (15); middle toe,10.4-11.9 (11.2)."'Adult female.?Above plain olive-green faintly glossed with metallicgreenish, the forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightl}' moreyellowish olive-green; inner web of outermost rectrix with a terminalspot of white; lores pale grayish, margined aV)Ove by an indistinctdusk}^ line; suborbital and auricular regions olive-green, passing intomore yellowish olive-green on anterior })ortion of malar region, thechin light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish; throat and medianportion of chest and l)reast very pale gray or grayish white, passinginto purer wdiite on a])domen, the chest usually more tinged with gray;postauricular and postmalar region deeper gra}"; sides of breast, sides,and flanks bright yellowish olive-green, strongly contrasted with whit-ish of median under parts; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellowish; bill,etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7-109.2 (97.8); wdng, 55.1-60.5(57.7); tail, 29.7-35.3 (32.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 (7.9); depth ofbill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 14.2-15.2 (14.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.9(11.2).-^Young inale^fI'd X'^ummie.?Similar to adult female, but plumageof looser texture, and olive-green of upper parts without gloss.
' Zeledon, inanuscript.
- Sixteen specimens.
^ Six specimens.Specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica average, respectively, inmeasurements as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 27(Immature males lirst assume j-ellow feathers on the throat and medianunder parts, the whole under surface becoming yellow before the blackbegins to appear. This is first seen on the head, which becomes e:cactlyas in the adult male before the color of the back, wings, etc., changesfrom olive-green.)Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; AltaMira),Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Orizaba), Puel)la (Rinconada), Oaxaca(Playa Vicente; Guichicovi), and Yucatan (Chichen-Itza), and south-ward to Costa Rica (San Jose; Naranjo de Cartago; San Juan; Turri-alba, etc.); Chiriqui?; Veragua?.Euphonia hinmdinacea Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guate-mala;=immature male) ; Nuov. Ann. Se. Nat. Bologna, ii, 1839, 345 (Mexico)
;
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854,98, pi. 65,fig. 1 (Guatemala; Chiriqui; Veragua; Colombia?); 1856, 278 (mon'ogr.),303 (Guatemala; Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378(Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; Tanagr. Cat. Spec, 1854, 14, 16; Synop. Av. Tanagr.,1856, 104; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 59 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Mexico;"New Granada"); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 75 (Orizaba, Vera Craz;n. Yucatan; Corosal and Belize, Brit. Honduras; pine ridge of Poctun andChoctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Costa Rica).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond^,1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1865,172 '(Turrialba, Costa Rica).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98(Turrialba and San Juan, Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., iio.^4, 1876,18 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).?Frantzi us, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 297 (CostaRica).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H , i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente.Vera Cruz).?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Yucatan).?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 180 (Guatemala).?Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 261 (Coban, Cajabon, etc., Guate-mala; Hato Viejo, Nicaragua, etc.).?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. CostaRica, i, 1887, 109 (San Jose, Naranjo de- Cartago, and Monte Redondo deSan Jose, Costa Rica) .?Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San Jos^, etc., CostaRica; descr. nest and eggs).?Richmond, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua); xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 297 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan;song).?Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Rinconada,Puebla).E[tiphoni(t^ Urundmacea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 367.iEuphonki:] hirundinacea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 78, no. 7145.?Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.Phonasca hirundinacea Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica).Euphonia lanm-ostris (not of Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) Sclater, Jardine'sContr. Orn., 1851, 86, part (Chiriqui).(?) Phonasca gnafho Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., Sept., 1860, 335 (Costa Rica; coll.Berlin Mus.); 1861, 90.(?) Euphonia gnatho Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).-Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).?Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 262 (Tempate, Gulf of ^icoya, Costa Rica).?Scl.^ter, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76 (Tempate and Turrialba, CostaRiea) .?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).(?) \_Euphonia:] gnatho Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
28 BULLETIN 50, tTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.EUPHONIA CRASSIROSTRIS Sclater.THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA.Similar to E. hir^indinacea^ but adult male with yellow of foreheadextending much farther ])ackward (over anterior half of crown) andwith rounded instead of truncate posterior outline, and adult femaleentirely yellow beneath.Adult male.?Forehead and anterior half of crown lemon 3'ellow,this extending much behind eyes, and with a strongly convex orrounded posterior outline; entire und(>r parts rich yellow (deep gam-boge or Indian yellow), becoming paler (lemon or canary yellow) onunder tail-coverts; head (except as described) and upper parts darlisteel blue, usually more or less tinged with or inclining to violetanteriorly; remiges and rectrices black with steel blue or greenishsteel blue edgings; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for morethan basal half; inner web of two lateral rectrices with a large sub-terminal patch of white, larger on the outermost; maxilla black,becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandible grajdsh (bluish gray inlife?) on basal half or more, blackish terminally; iris brown; legs andfeet horn color or dusk}^ (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 99.1-111.8(103.6); wing, 60.2-61.8 (62.2); tail, 33.5-38.6 (35.3); exposed culmen,7.9-10.2 (9.1); depth of bill at base, 5.3-6.6 (5.8); tarsus, 11.7-16(15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.9 (10.7).'Adult female.?Above plain yellowish olive-green; beneath oliva-ceous yellow, purer yellow medially, more olive-greenish laterally;length (skins), 3.90-1.10 (4.03); wing, 59.7-63.5 (61.2); tail, 33-38.1(35.1); exposed culmen, 8.4-8.9 (8.6); tarsus, 15-15.5 (15.2); middletoe, 10.7-12.2 (11.4).'Costa Rica (Angostura; Cartago) and southward through Colombiato western Ecuador (to Peru and Venezuela?).\E,u'ph(md\ laniirostru (not Euphonia laniirostris Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny)Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Colombia).
^ Eleven specimens.
'^ Three specimens. Specimens vary in average measurements according to local.ity, as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29Euphonia laniirostris Salvin and Godman, Ibi.?, 1879, 119 (Atanques, prov.Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.; crit.); 1880, 119 (Atanques); Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 262, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Voloan deChiriqui, Bugaba, and David, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, andCordillera de Tole, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.
;
Colombia; Ecuador; Peru?).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76,part, excl. syn. part (Costa Rican and Colombian localities and references).^Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).Ph[o))asca'\ laniirostris Cabanis, Journ. fvir Orn., 1860, 331; 1861, 90.Euphonia crassirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1856, 277 (Santa Marta,Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 19 (Bogota, Colombia); (?) 1860, 275(Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av., Tanagr., 1856, 103; Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 58, part (Bogota; Babahoyo?; Caracas, Venezuela?).
?
Sclater andSalvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Chitra, Boquete deChitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,54 (Cartage, Costa Rica).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. ftir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucara-manga, Colombia).
?
Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1891, 161 (MagdalenaR., Colombia).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,Colombia), 179 (Palomina, prov. Santa ]\Iarta); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit.).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.N. H., xiii, 1900, 170 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta; crit.).Euphonia crassirostrisf Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David,Chiriqui; crit.).E[uphonia^ crassiroslris Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. IL, ii, 1889, 91 (Bogota;crit); iii, 1891, 351 (crit).Eu])honia Mrundivacca (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861,298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).Euphonia sp.? Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (('ordillera de Tole,Veragua)
.
EUPHONIA GOULDI Sclater.GOULDS EUPHONIA.Adult male.?Forehead (sonietiiiie.s forepart of crown also) yellow,the feathers with partially exposed central triangidar spots of dusky;rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the feathers with broad metallicmargins, producing- a strong metallic sheen to the plumage; remigesand rectrices dusky with olive-green or yellowish olive-green edgings;lores dusky, becoming black along upper margin next to yellow offorehead; sides of head (except lores) and neck, chin, throat, and chestplain yellowish olive-green, without metallic gloss; sides and flanksolive-green, the feathers with broad margins of yellow; median portionof breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts uniform deeptawny; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with dusky tip; legs andfeet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4:-102.9 (92.7);wing, 50.8-57.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-31.5 (29.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.4(8.4); depth of bill at base, 5.3-5.6 (5.6); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); mid-dle toe, 9.7-11.7 (10.7).^Adult female.?Forehead dark rusty or chestnut, the feathers withdarker central spots, partly exposed; rest of upper parts plain olive-
^ Fourteen specimens.
30 BULLETIN aO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.green, the feathers \Yith broad semiraetallie inarj^iiis, producing a dis-tinct nietallio gloss or sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices duskywith olive-green edgings, narrower and more yellowish on primaries;under parts deep olive-yellowish, darker (more yellowish olive-green) onsides and flanks; under tail-coverts deep ochraceous or tawn^- bill andfeet as in adult male; length (skins), 83.8-99.1 (95); wing, 49.5-58.7(54.6); tail, 22.4-32(28.2); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.6(8.4); depth of bill atbase, 4.8-5.8 (5.3); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.7 (10.9).'Southern Mexico, in States of Vera C'ruz (Santecomapan), Oaxaca,etc.. and southward to Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Tucurriqui; SanCarlos; flimenez; Pacuare; Dota Mts.).Enphonia ? Sclater, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lond., 1856, 803 (Mexico).Euplionia gouldi Sclater, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lond., xxv, 1857, 66, pi. 124 (Guate-mala; coll. J. Gould), 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; Mosquito coast, Nica-ragua); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xx, 1857, 319; Journ. fiir Orn., vi,1858, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, ii, 1862, 60 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala)
;
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 81 (Choctum and Kamkhal, (iuatemala;Belize, Brit. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Valza, CostaRica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala).
?
Salvin, Iliis,1860, 194 (Cohan, Guatemala); 1872, 315 (Chontales, Ni(;aragua).?Fraxt-zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica).?Bou-CARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).
?
Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 263.
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 585 (Sego\'ia R., Honduras).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Jimenez, Costa Rica).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).\^Euphonkt'] </ohW/ Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 18.Euplionia gouMii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Pacuare,and Dota Mts., Costa Ric;a).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,550 (hot region, Vera Cruz).
' Twelve specimens.Specimens vary in measurements according to locahty, those from Costa Rica andNicaragua l)eing the smallest. The series examined is not sufficient, however, tosliow whether there are constant local differences iri either measurements or colora-tion. Following are average measurements:
Locality.
MALKS.Two adult males from eastern MexicoFive adult males from GuatemalaThree adult males from uortliern Honduras.Two adult males from southern Honduras. .
.
One adult male from NicaraguaOne adult male from Costa RicaFEMALES.One adult female from MexicoFour adult females from GuatemalaFour adult females from northern HondurasTwo adult females from Costa RicaOne adult female from Panama
Wing.
56.455.
9
56.452.
1
51.653.6
56.1
.55.155.
4
5055.6
Tail.
3129.729.7
25.
1
27.9
29.729. 229. 523. 626. 7
Exposedculmen
9.1S. 68.48.18.18.1
8.48.48.48.18.1
Depthof billat base.
5.65.
6
5.35.35.3
5.5.85.34.8
.5.1
15.
5
15.515.1514.714.7
1.5.
2
15.5151515.2
Middletoe.
10.711.210.49.99.710.9
10.710.911.29.911.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte.Pyrrhnphonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 423; Rev. Zool., iii, 1S51,137. (Type, FrbujUht jamaka Linmtus.
)
Similar to Euphontd ])ut bill much stouter, its depth at base equalto its width at rictus and greater than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla; g'onys very strongl}^ ascending terminally, its basal anglevery prominent; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct^and without smaller notches or serrations posterior to the notch.Coloration.?X^niiovm, slightly metallic, greenish gray above, palergray beneath, becoming yellowish on abdomen.^aw^t'.?Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)PYRRHUPHONIA JAMAICA (Linnaeus).JAMAICAN ETJPHONIA.AduUmale,?Above, uniform greenish plumbeous, with a strong glossof metallic bluish green; remiges dusky, with greenish plumbeous edg-ings, broadest on tertials; beneath nuich paler gray, without greenishtinge or metallic gloss; abdomen light yellow (canary yellow or palelemon yellow); anal region and under tail-coverts pale cream-buff, thelatter with central or median portion duller, sometimes pale gray;axillars pale yellow (primrose or pale sulphur); under wing-covertswhite; maxilla black with portion below nostril bluish gray (grayishblue in life?); mandible bluish gray for ba^al half or more, blackishterminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),101.6-114.3 (105.9); wing, 66-66.5 (66.3); tail, 39.-l-l:0.1 (39.6);exposed culmen, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 17.5-17.8 (17.7); middle toe,10.9-12.7 (12.2).^Adult female.?Fileum and hindneck greenish gray, with a slightmetallic gloss; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, slightly moreyellowish posteriorly; under parts pale gray, paler andduller medially;abdomen Inift'y whitish; otherwise like the male; length (skins), 101.6-113 (107.2); wing, 61.8-66 (65.3); tail, 38.6; exposed culmen, 8.9-9.4(9.1); depth of bill at base, 7.1; tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 12.2-12.7(12.1).^Island of Jamacia, Greater Antilles.[Fringilla] Jamaica Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 323 (Jamaica; based onGrey Grosbeak Brown, Illustr., 62, pi. 26) .?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii,1788, 920.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 443.Eujyhonia Jamaica GoH?E, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 238; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi.59._SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 60.?Albrecht, Jonrn. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1863, 296.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I.,1889, 81.?Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 180.iThe notch is by no means wanting, as stated on page 53 of the Catalogue of theBirds in the British Museum, vol. xi.
=? Three specimens. ' Two specimens.
32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.[Euphoiin] Jamaica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.[Eiiphonia] Jamaica Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.Eluplioitiit] Jamaica Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.KitphoiiiajamaicfciivLATER, Jardiiie's Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.Euphoniajamaicenxix SchXTEK, Prot'. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 280 ( nionogr. ) ; Synop.Av. Tanagr., 185(3, 106.[Euplionia^ jamaicensifi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica Bon.\parte, Rev. Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 137.
?
Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 85 (Moneague, Metcalf Parish, and St. Ann's,Jamaica).?Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 130.Euphonia cinerca Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., ix., Aug., 1846, 277 ("Columbia").
?
Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.E[uph(?iia] cinerca Gray', Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.[Eupliona} cinerca Bonaparte, Cijnsp. Av., i, 1850, 235.Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis.Buthranpis^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850,29. (Type, 7V(?a(7racuc?/tota Jardine.)Large, short-billed, Tanagers, with the plumage chietiy blue and3'ellow, wing rather long and pointed, and tail much shorter thanwing, even, or very slightly rounded.Hill short (length of maxilla from nostril not more? usually muchless?than half the length of the tarsus), stout (both depth and width atbase equal to or exceeding gonys), usually deeper than )>road, rapidlytapering to the distinctly uncinate tip; culmen gently convex, its terminalportion sometimes more strongly curved and produced into a distinctuncinate point, with a distinct tomial notch behind it; gonys aboutequal to length of maxilla from nostril (or sometimes a little shorter),gently convex, strongly ascending, contracted and strongly ridgedterminally; conmiissure nearly straight or (usiuiUy) slightly sinuated.Nostril exposed, nearly circular, occupying most of anterior end ofnasal fossa?. Rictal bristles rather distinct. Wing rather long (threeand one-half to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), ratherpointed (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth longer than third);primaries exceeding secondaries by not more (usually less) than lengthof tarsus. Tail a little more than half {B. arco'l and B. ca'ndelguhd'is)to nearly five-sixths {B. eximia) as long as wing, even or very slightlyroimded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tips. Tarsiis longer thanmiddle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching to or slightly beyondbase of middle claw.Coloration.?Uniform dull blue or green above, the remiges andrectrices (except sometimes on margins) blackish, the head also some-times black; chin, throat, and chest black or very dark blue, theremaining underparts yellow, or else yellowish olive with an orange-yellow pectoral patch.Range.?Qo^iSi Rica to Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador, inmountains.
* "Von (iov6 zur Bezeichnung der Grosse und dpavTfid, nom. prop."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 33There is great difference in the form of the 1)111 between B. cucullata,B. montana^ B. arcmi (and its close ally B. cmruleigularis) on the onehand and B. chloronota and B. eximia on the other, the two lastnamed having this member much shorter and proportionall}^ deeperat the base, the extreme abbreviation existing in B. exi-mia. In thelast-named species the gonys is sharply ridged, and there is a veryslight development of the uncinate tip to the maxilla, which inB. chloronota is quite as well developed as in B. cucullata^ the gonysat the same time lacking the well-delined ridge of B. eximia. On theother hand B. arcmi and B. ccBrulelgularis^ with even a more slenderbill than B. cuciiUata^ have the tip of the maxilla even less uncinatethan B. eximia. It will be seen, therefore, that the genus can not besubdivided on the shape of the bill alone without making four groups,the first to include B. cucuUatu and B. montana., the second B. arcceiand B. cmruleigularis, the third B. chloronota, and the fourth B. eximia.The first-mentioned of these groups is further characterized byhaving the plumage of the upper parts (the head excepted) remarkablyglossy. The others have the upper plumage normal in this respect,except that represented by B. eximia, which has the pileum glossyand the rump partially so. The group containing B. arca^i and B.cmruleigularis {B. edwardsi also^) has the tail veiy much shorter inproportion to the wing than the others.It ma}^ eventualh" prove necessary to separate one or more of thesegroups on account of the characters mentioned, but for the present Iprefer to leave the genus with usually assigned limits.BUTHRAUPIS ARCiEI Sclater and Salvin.AKCE'S TANAGER.AdAilt male.?Above dull grayish indigo Ijlue, the wings and tailblackish with dull indigo blue edgings; lores, chin, and throat dullblackish, tinged with dull indigo bluish; rest of under parts richyellow (saffron or Indian yellow on chest, gradually fading to lemonyellow on under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks mottled or cloudedwith dusk}^; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with concealed duskyspaces on outer webs; bill blackish; legs and feet horn brownish;length (skin), 147.3;' wing, 85.6; tail, 72.6; exposed culmen, 15.2;depth of bill at base, S.6; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 16.Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre).Bulhraupis arcm Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Sof. Lond., 1869, 439, pi. 31(Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).?Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lend., 1870, 187 (Cordillera del Chucu).? Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 276 (Cordillera del Chucu and Calobre,Veragua).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 149.[Buthraujm'] arcsd Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 20.
1 The total length is actually much greater, the skin being greatly shortened.3654?VOL 2?01 3
34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.BUTHRAUPIS CiERULEIGULARIS Cherrie.CHERRIES TANAGER.Similar to B. arccei^ but larg^er; sides and flanks extensivcl}^ anduniformly dusky bluish; chin and throat dull indigo blue, scarcelydarker than pilemn, and under wing-coverts light yellow without con-cealed dusky spots.Adult male.?Head (all round), hindneck, sides of neck, entire upperparts, sides, and flanks, uniform dull indigo blue, the larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices, however, dull black, except on edges;chest and breast (except laterally), belly, anal region, and under tail-coverts bright yellow, changing gradually from rich Indian 3^ellow onthe chest to lemon yellow on the under tail-coverts; axillars canaryyellow; under wing-coverts mixed primrose yellow and white; innerwebs of remiges dull brownish gray, paler on edges, these becomingwhitish toward base; thighs uniform dusky indigo blue; bill entirelvblack; legs dusky horn color; feet dull blackish; length (skin), about142.2 (tail imperfect); wing, 86.9; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of billat base, 8.9; tarsus, 21.6; middle toe, 15.2.Although apparently very different from B. arccei in the exten-sively and uniformly dusky sides and flanks, this form is so closelysimilar in other features of coloration that possibly it may only repre-sent an extreme variation of that species. At any rate, additionalspecimens will be necessary to establish its validity.Central Costa Rica (Buena Vista).Buthraupis cxruleigularis Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 956, Oct. 28,1893, 609 (Buena Vista, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Genus CALOSPIZA Gray.
Oilliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Boie, Isis, 1826, 974. (Type, Tanagra tricolorLinnpeus.
)
Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804, nor of Eschscholz, 1825) Swainson, Zool. Jour., iii,1827,347. (Type, Tanagra tatao hmnsens.)Calospiza Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 44. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnseus.)Callospiza (emendation) Cabanis, Wiegman's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 317.Gyrola Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 77. (Type, Tanagra gyrola Lin-n;eus.
)
Taiao Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 80. (Type, Tanagra tatao Lin-naeus. )Chrysothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, ]\Iar., 1851, 142. (Type,Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye.
)
Ixothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 143. (Type,Tanagra punctata Linnaeus.
)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35Chalcofhraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144. (Type,Tanagra {Aglaia) labradnridcs Lafresnaye.
)
Euschemon Sclatek, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra flavaGmelin.)Euprepiste Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra brasiliensisLinnseus.
)
Small, very brilliantly colored Tanagers with the bill shorter thanmiddle toe without claw, the tarsus decidedly longer than middle toewith claw and more than one-third as long as tail; if not brilliantlycolored in adult plumage, the lesser wing-coverts glossy bright blue.Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, sometimesa little more or less), varying from rather stout, with decidedly curvedculmen and basal depth equal to basal width (equal also to length ofgonys), to rather slender, with culmen nearly straight and basal depthmuch less than basal width or than length of gonys; commissure nearlystraight, the maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched neartip; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) equal to length of maxilla fromnostril, slightl}^ convex, and decidedly ascending terminally, the tipof the mandible acute. Nostril partly (sometimes almost entirely)concealed by frontal plumules?rarely fully exposed?nearly circular,in lower anterior portion of nasal fossse. Rictal bristles minute, ofteno])solete. Wing long (a])out three and one-third to four and one-fourthtimes as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to sixthprimaries longest, th3 ninth usually longer, rarely shorter, than fifth);primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly (sometimes quite) thelength of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by length of tarsus or(usually) more, usually more or less emarginate, sometimes even, therectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsusdecidedly (sometimes very much) longer than middle toe with claw;lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw or slightly beyond;hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit.Coloration.?Usually extremely brilliant and varied, in man}^ casesbeyond any other known birds, thus fully entitling the genus to thename by which it has usually been known {CalUste., i. e., most ])eauti-ful), but which unfortunately can not be retained. Onl}^ one of thesixty-odd species is plainly attired, this (well named C. inornatci)being plain gray (paler below), with lesser wing-coverts bright glossyblue. The sexes are usually alike in color, or nearly so, but the young-are quite different, being very plain, never streaked.Range
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?Tropical America, from southern Mexico to southernBrazil and Peru. Wanting from the West Indies, except in St.Vincent and Grenada.Although very marked variations in the shape of the bill and inother details of external structure occur among the numerous speciesof this genus, I am unable to subdivide it into groups with definite
36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
characters. The species may ])e comeniently assorted according totheir style of coloration, as has ])een done l)y Dr. Sclater, though Iwould give some of his groups dift'erent limits. For example, C. -flor'ida^which both he and Messrs. Salvin and Godman consider most nearlyallied with C. sc/intiil-/ and place in the same subdivision (true Calliste),seems to me to b(^ a typical ^'' Chrysothraiq^is^-^ having exactly the samepattern of coloration as C. aurulenta^ C. pulclu'd^ etc., but with theirbrilliant orange and yellow replaced by glossy green.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOSPIZA.
a. Back streaked with black or dusky.h. Under parts green or yellowish, without streaks or spots.c. General color yellow, the throat pale silvery buff or grayish. (Costa Rica toEcuador. ) Calospiza icterocephala ( p. 37
)
cc. General color green, including throat; a large black auricular patch. {Calo-spiza florida.)d. Larger (wing of adult male 68.1, tail 48.7); general color purer green; adultmale with a large occipital i)atch of pure yellow. (Costa Rica.)Calospiza florida florida {\). 39)dd. Smaller (wing of adult male 64.5-66.5, tail 40.1-41.1); general color moreyellowish green; adult male without distinct, if any, occipital jiatch ofyellow. (Veragua.) Calospiza florida arcsei (p. 40)hb. Under parts white or pale greenish blue, spotted with black anteriorly.
c. Smaller (wing of adult piale 68.6); lesser wing-coverts green, with ci-ntralspots of l)lack; pileum green, the feathers with central spots of bhu-k.(Costa Rica to Ecuador, etc.) Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (p. 40cc. Larger (wing of adult male 86.4); lesser wing-coverts plain blue; pileumblack, the feathers margined with blue. (West coast of Guatemala.)Calospiza cabanisi (p. 42)aa. Back without streaks.h. Back bright green.
c. Head (except throat) bright rufous-chestnut or orange-maroon.d. Rump, throat, and breast blue; outer webs of primaries green; anteriorlesser wing-coverts yellow; hindneck green, except a narrow band at pos-terior margin of chestnut hood (sometimes obsolete). (Costa Rica toBolivia. ) Calospiza gyroloides, adults (p. 43)dd. Rump, throat, and breast green; outer webs of primaries cinnamon-rufous;anterior lesser wing-coverts green; whole hindneck saffron yellow.(Nicaragua to Isthmus of Panama.) Calospiza lavinia, adults (p. 46)cc. Head green.d. Under wing-coverts white or whitish Calospiza gyroloides, young (p. 46)dd. Under wing-coverts brownish gray Calospiza lavinia, young (p. 46)bit. Back not l)right green.
c. Back black, dusky, or dull grayish green; rump blue or green.d. Head mostly black; under i)arts of body light cinnamon; back greenishblack or dusky.
e. Lesser wing-coverts ultramarine or cobalt blue; rump bright yellowishgreen, changing to bluish green; back greenish black. (Costa Rica;Veragua. ) Calospiza dowi, adults (p. 46)ee. Lesser wing-coverts greenish blue; rump dull grayish green; back dusky.Calospiza dowi, young (p. 47)
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 37dd. Head not black; under parts of body not light cinnamon; back not green-ish black nor dusky.
e. Head changing from golden buff to silvery yellowish green, the foreheadand cheeks blue, the lores and chin black; back deep black; rumpbright blue; chest and sides of breast black. ( Calospiza larvatn, adults.
)
/. Deeper colored (sides bright ultramarine, becoming l)right cerulean orturquoise blue on flanks, the throat cinnamon-rufous); greater wing-coverts, remiges and rectrices more broadly edged with greenish;slightly larger. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras.
)
Calospiza larvata larvata, adults (p. 47)ff. Lighter colored (sides cerulean blue, becoming pale greenish blue orliluish green on flanks, the throat orange-buffy or ochraceous) ; greaterwing-coverts, remiges and rectrices more narrowly edged with green-ish (the edgings sometimes wanting on greater wing-coverts) ; slightlysmaller. (Southern Honduras to Isthmus of Panama.)Calospiza larvata fanny, adults (p. 49)ee. Head grayish green, becoming whitish on throat; l)ack dull or grayishgreen, clouded with blackish or dusky laterally; rump dull green; sidesof chest and breast grayish or dusky.Calospiza larvata larvata, yoimg (p. 48)Calospiza larvata fanny, young (p. 49)cc. Back neither black, dusky, nor dull green; rump neither blue nor green.d. Pileum, back, scapulars, and rump i)lain slate-gray; under jjarts pale gray,becoming whitish on abdomen ; lesser wing-coverts bright blue. ( Veraguato central Colombia. ) Calospiza inornata, adults ( p. 51dd. Pileum rufous-tawny to very dark chestnut; back, scapulars, and rumpopalescent, dull greenish or buffy; under parts dull buffy or greenish,more or less opalescent; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish or bluishgreen.
e. Smaller (wing 70.4?75.2) ; coloration darker, the pileum dark chestnut.(Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Venezuela.)Calospiza cucullata, adults (p. 52)ee. Larger (wing 75.7-78.7); coloration lighter, the pileum light chestnut torufous-tawny. ( Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
)
Calospiza versicolor, adults (p. 53)CALOSPIZA ICTEROCEPHALA (Bonaparte).SnVER-THROATED TANAGER.Adult male.?Pileum, nape, sides of head, and whole rump plainglossy deep saffron or indian yellow; l)ack and scapulars similarbut rather paler yellow (sometimes slightly tinged with greenish),broadly streaked with black; wings and tail black, the lesser and mid-dle wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellow or greenish yellow, thegreater coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with yellowish green;chin, throat, and malar region and rather indistinct collar across hind-neck pale buffy greenish or greenish buffy, more or less changeablewith different inclinations to the light; under part of body and undertail-coverts plain saffron or indian yellow, slightl}^ tinged with olive-greenish laterally; anterior portion of lores and a streak from rictusalong lower edge of suborbital and malar regions (widening more or
88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.less at posterior extremity) black; bill black; iris brown; legs andfeet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-137.2 (124.2);wing, 69.6-80 (74.7); tail 44.7-53.1 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7{9.9)1 depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 17-19.1 (17.S); middletoe, 11.4-12.7 (12.2).^Adultfemcde.SimWuY in color to the adult male and not alwaysdistinguishable, but usually more or less duller in color; length (skins),127-132.1(129.5); wing, 70.1-78.2 (72.6); tail, 43.9-53.1 (47.2); exposedculmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.3); tarsus,17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.2.-'Ymmg m?Ze.?Much duller in coloration than the dullest adultfemales; aboye oliye-green, slightly tinged with yellow on sides ofhead, more decidedly yellowish on rump; feathers of pileum withsmall triangular or sagittate central spots of blackish, the interscapularsand scapulars with large dusky markings of similar position and shape;wings and tail blackish with yellowish green edgings; malar region,chin'', and throat dull greenish buffy; rest of under parts buffy yellow(naples or maize), medially more yellowish, more oliye-greenishlaterally.Young female.?SimWar to the young male but still duller in color.Costa Rica (San Jose; Dota; Turrialba; Barranca; Candelaria Mts.
;
Naranjo; Orosi; Cartago; San Marco, etc.), southward through Colom-bia to Ecuador (Punta Playa, near Quito; Nanegal; Pasto; Napo; Boisde Bagnos; Tongaragua, etc.).Callwte icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Punta Playa,near Quito, Ecuador).?Sclatek, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 53, pi. 70, tig.1; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 251 (nionogr.; Punta Playa, Ecuador);1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 77; Monogr. Cal-liste 1857, 37, pi. 17 (Quito, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 65 (Nanegal);Cat.' Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 110 (Nanegal, Pasto, and Napo, Ecuador;Frontino, Colombia; Volcan de Chiriqui; Santa Fe, Calovevora, and Cor-dillera de ToM, Veragua; San Jose, Dota, Turrialba, and Barranca, CostaRica).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tol6 andSanta Fe, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete deChitra, Cordillera del Chuca, and Calovevora, Veragua).?Lawrence, Ann.
1 Seven specimens.
^ Four specimens from Costa Rica.Costa Rican and Ecuadorean males compare in average measurements as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Dota, Turrialba, Barranca, and San Jose, CostaRica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 298 (Candelaria Mts., etc., CostaRica).?ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 498 (Antioquia,Colombia).
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Boucard, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo and Orosi,Costa Rica).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 188.3, 269(Vivalva, Calobre, etc., Yeragua; etc.).
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Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. CostaRica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota).
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Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (San Marco).[Callisle] icierocephala Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Chrysothraupis icterocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851,129 (Bois de Bagnos, Tonguaragua, Ecuador), 445; Note sur les Tang.,1851, 17.CaUispiza icterocephala Salvadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175(Costa Rica).CaUispiza {Chrysothraupis) franlzii Caba-nis, Journ. fiirOrn., ix, March, 1861, (S7(Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).Calliste frantzii Sclater, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Costa Rica); 1868, 72, in text (CostaRica; crit. ).CALOSPIZA FLORIDA FLORIDA (Sclater and Salvin).EMERALD TANAGER.Adult male.?General color above pure yellowish green (nearlyapple g-reen), the back and scapulars broadly streaked with black;lower anterior portion of lores and a large quadrate oblique patchacross auricular region black; entire occiput pure lemon yellow; ruuipplain bright greenish yellow, more decidedly yellow below; lesserwing-coverts bright yellowish green with black (mostly concealed)bases; rest of wings black, the middle coverts broadly tipped withbright yellowish green, the greater coverts broadly and secondariesmore narrowl}" edged with the same; tail black with narrow greenedgings to middle rectrices; under parts plain light green (duller andless yellowish than upper parts), the abdomen, anal region, and undertail-coverts light maize or naples 3"ellow; bill black; legs and feet (indried skin) horn color; length (skin), 130.8; wing, 68.1; tail, l-S.T;exposed culmen, 10.1; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 16; middletoe, 10.7.'Adult female.?Similar to the male, but rather duller in color andwithout the yellow occipital patch.Costa Rica (Carrillos, on Rio Sucio).CaZZisie^^oridlo Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 416, pi. 28 (CostaRica; coll. Salvin and Godman).^Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Costa Rica).?Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part, pi. 17, fig. 1 (CostaRica). Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).\Ca}lhte'\ florida Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Calospiza florida florida Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii. Ajar., 1901, 149,in text.
*One specimen, no. 108276, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Rio Sucio (Carrillos), 1884;I\L Carranza.
40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CALLISTE FLORIDA ARCiEI Ridgway.ARCE'S EMERALD TANAGER.Similar to C. f. florida^ but smaller, with larger feet; adult malewithout a distinct occipital patch of yellow (sometimes with none), andfeathers of pileum marked with a distinct central V-shaped spot ofblack or black beneath the surface (partly exposed), and with the gen-eral green color of upper parts slightly more yellowish; adult femaleslightly duller and less yellowish green than the male, with pileumand rump less yellowish.Adult iiiale.?Length, (skins), 101.6-104.1 (102.9); wing, 64.5-66.5(65.5); tail, 40.1-41.1 (40.6); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); depth ofbill at base (one specimen), 5.1; tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).^Adult female.?hengih (skins), 104.6-106.7(105.7); wing, 61-63.5(62.2); tail, 36.8-39.4 (38.1); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,17.3-17.5; middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.7).'Veragua.Callistc florida (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sclatek, Ibis, 1876, 409 (Veragua);Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Veragua).
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,.i, 1883, 267, part (Veragua).Calospiza florida arctel Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 149(Veragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).CALOSPIZA GUTTATA CHRYSOPHRYS (Sclater)?YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER.Adult male.?Upper parts bright yellowish green, liecommg moreyellowish on forehead, superciliary, suborbital, and auricular regions,and sides of neck, the anterior portion of forehead, supraloral region,and eyelids pure canary yellow; lores black; feathers of crown, occiput,sides of head, back, and scapulars with central spots of black, theselarge and very conspicuous on back and scapulars, the latter withmargins of bluish green or greenish blue; wings and tail black, thesmaller wing-coverts broadly margined with light ])luish green (mala-chite green), the greater coverts and remiges edged with the same, theprimary coverts with narrower and more bluish edgings; rectrices blackedged with yellowish green, the middle pair mostly green; malarregion, chin, throat, chest, and breast glaucous-white, each feather(except on chin and throat) with a median elliptical spot of black, thethroat with small and inconspicuous streaks of the same; abdomenwhite anteriorly, passing posteriori}^ into light yellow on anal region and
^ Two specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41
under tail-coyerts, the latter with central wedge-shaped or sagittate spots(mostly concealed) of dusky; flanks plain yellowish green, tinged withyellow; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish or horn color with duskytip; legs and feet horn color or dusky in dried skins; length (skins),119.4-142.2(130.8); wing, 68.6-70.6 (69.6); tail, 52.1; exposed culmen,10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.3): middletoe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).^Adultfemale {?).?Similar to the adult male, as described above, butduller in color; head much less ^^ellowish (quite concolor, in fact, withback, etc.), without pure 3^ellow on forehead, supraloral region, oreyelids; black spots on scapulars and interscapulars much less distinct;length (skins), 107.2-115.6 (110.7); wing, 64.8-71.1 (68.8); tail, 45.7-53.3 (50); exposed culmen, 9.i-10.2 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (5); tarsus, 17.8-18 (17.9); middle toe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2).^Immature {F) nude.?Similar to the adult female, as described above,but wing-coverts margined and edged with yellowish green, contrast-ing strongly with the greenish blue edgings of remiges; feathersof throat with large and distinct central spots of black; length (skin),125.7; wing, 66.8; tail, 49.5; exposed culmen, 10.7; depth of bill atbase, 5.6; tarsus, 19.3; middle toe, 11.7.^Having a very small and unsatisfactory series of this species forexamination, I am in doul)t as to the proper name which the birdsfrom Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panama should bear. The onlyspecimen I have been able to examine is from Dota, Costa Rica, and,judging from the loose texture of the plumage, seems to be an imma-ture, though full-grown, bird. It is marked as a male. If the birds ofthis species are the same from Costa Rica to Venezuela, then it so hap-pens that all the Colombian specimens which I have seen (three from
"Bogota") are females, for none of them have yellow about the head,while all of those seen from Venezuela (only two in number, however),are males, the head being bright yellowish green (much yellower thanthe back), becoming pure canary yellow on the anterior portion of theforehead and thence backward to and including the upper eyelid, thelower e^yelid also being pure yellow; the black spots on back andscapulars being at the same time far larger, more sharply defined, anddeeper black. Four specimens from Trinidad agree in all these char-acters with the two Venezuelan specimens, but have shorter wings andare easily distinguished by the larger and relatively broader blackspots on the chest. I have not seen examples from British Guiana,but these (the true C. gidtata) are said by Salvin and Godman to bedistinguished by having the under parts "much less spotted, the spots
^ Two specimens from Venezuela.
^ Three specimens from "Bogota," Colombia.^Onft s-nftp.imfin frnm Dotft. Costa Rica.' xn i --isogot \^o* ne peci e o a, ,
42 BUliLETlK 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.being almost confined to the chest, the throat and abdomen beingplain."Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Dota; Turrialba) and south-ward through Colombia to Ecuador (Valle de Mindos), Venezuela(Caracas; Puerto Cabello; San Cristo])al) and Trinidad.Calliste chrysophrys Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 24, 54, pi. 69, fig. 2(Venezuela; coll. P. L. Selater).Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Mindos, n. w.Ecuador).?Sclater, Tanagr. Cat. Specif., 1854, 11; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 19, part (Venezuela; Trinidad.)Ixothraupis guttulata Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144;Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18.Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 249, part (monogr. ; Venezuela; Trinidad; Bogota, Colombia; "Ecua-dor);" Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 75; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 21, part, pi.10 (Trididad; Caracas, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; valley of Mindos,Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 64 (Venezuela; Trinidad; Anolaima,Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 105, part (Puerto Cabello, Cara-cas, and San Cristobal, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; s. slope Volcan deChiriqui; Tucurriqui and Angostura, Costa Rica, etc.).
?
-Taylor, Ibis,1864, 82 (Trinidad).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,627 (Venezuela); 1875, 237 (do.).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868,98 (Angostura, Turrialba, and Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).?Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 579(Trinidad).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 ( VolcandeChiriqui).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Ocaiia, Colombia).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part (Turrialija, etc., Costa Rica; Volcan de C'hiriqui;Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela; Trinidad).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn.,1884, 289 ( Bucaramanga, Coloml)ia).
?
Zeledon, Anal. INIus. Nac. Costa Rica, i,1887, 109 (Turrialba).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 29 (Trini-dad) .lCalliste'\ guttata, Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (Vene-zuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Costa Rica).C lalliste'] guttata Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (5) (crit. ).[Calliste punctata^ var. a. guttata Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July,1874 (7), part (Venezuela; Trinidad).CALOSPIZA CABANISI Sclater.CABANIS TANAGER.Adult {malef).?"Above greenish blue; wings and tail black, mar-gined with l)hie; interscapulium green; cap ])lack, margined with blue;beneath pale greenish blue, middle of belly whitish; breast-feathersspotted with black; bill black, at base plumbeous; feet black; wholelength, l-i4.8; wing, 86.4; tail, 58.4.'
"//ffJ.? Costa Cuca district of Guatemala.
" The characters are taken from the unique specimen in the Museumof Berlin, which I examined in 1868." (Sclater.)
^ Original measurements given in inches and tenths.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 48The above veiy imperfect description ma}^ be supplemented l)y thefollowing-, taken from the colored plate cited:Pileum with feathers black centrall}-, margined with light l^lue,becoming- light green on nape; interscapular region light green, thefeathers with black central spots (partly exposed); wings black, thegreater coverts and secondaries edged with blue, the lesser covertswholly blue (more greenish along posterior margin) ; beneath very palegreenish, the feathers of lower throat and sides of chest (not the breast,as in the description quoted) with large central spots of black; loresblack,Callisle s. Callispiza sdateri (not Calliste sdaterl Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ. fiirOrn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.).Calliste cabanisi Sclater, Ibis, 2d ser., iv, Jan., 1868, 71, pi. 3 (Costa Cuca,w. Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 123.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271.{^Callistel cahanm Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.CALOSPIZA GYROLOIDES (Lafresnaye).BLUE-RUMPED GREEN TANAGER,Adult male.?Head, except throat, uniform bright reddish chestnutor bay; general color of upper parts bright yellowish grass green,separated from liav of head by a more or less distinct nuchal band orhalf-collar of yellow; rump cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathersgreen immediately beneath surface, gray basally; lesser wing-covertsmostl}' yellow; under parts cerulean or turquoise blue (the feathersgreen immediatel}" beneath surface and gray at base), passing into yel-lowish green on upper part and sides of throat, the sides and flanksmore or less tinged with green; under tail-coverts and posterior por-tion of flanks clear 3'ellowish green; thighs cinnamon; bill blackishbrown, becoming paler on basal portion of mandible; legs and feethorn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 121.9-141 (128.8); wing,71.1-82.6 (77); tail, 47.5-54.0 (51.3); exposed culmen, 9.9-12.2 (10.7);depth of bill at base, 4.8-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-19.6 (17.8); middle toe,11.4-12.7 (11.9).^Adult female.?Similar in coloration to the adult male, but uuichduller; head much duller chestnut, sometimes strongly olivaceous onpileum, the color without the sharp delinition of the male; blue ofrump more restricted, sometimes obsolete; lesser wing-coverts withless yellow, sometimes merely tinged with yellow; blue of under partspaler, more greenish (nile blue, more turquoise on breast); length(skins), 121.9-139.7 (131.8); wing, 69.6-76.2 (73.2); tail, 47.8-50.8
^ Fifteen specimens.
44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(48.8); exposed ciilmen, 9.7-10.9 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8(5.6); tarsus, 16.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.7-12.7 (11.9).^Immature female.?Entirely green above, including- head and neck,the color duller than in the adult female; beneath pale green, brokenb}^ more or loss exposed buti'v whitish, this forming a subterminalspot or })ar to each feather, the middle portion of feathers of chestmore grayish, with a darker grayish l)ar between the light gray andthe green tip; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, tingedwith pale green.Immature male.?Similar to immature female, but green of headinterspersed with orange-chestnut feathers and abdomen largely paleblue.Costa Rica (Guaitil; Turrialba; Barranca; Dota; Savanilla de Pirris;Navarro; Cartago; San Marcos; Sarche de Alajuela, etc.) and south-ward through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru (Chyavetas; Cosnipata;Rio Javarri; Mapoto), western Bolivia (Mapiri) and upper Amazons(Ega; Maribatanas).Aglaia gyrola (not Tanagra gyrola Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny, Mag.de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, i, p. .32).Tanagra gyrola (not of Linnaeus) D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., 1839, 272.Callospiza gyrola Tschudi, "Wiegmann's Arcliiv. fiir Naturg., 1844, 286 (Peru);Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 202.Aglaia penumna (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest) Swainson, Auini. inMenag., 1838, 356 (Peru; colL W. Hooker).C\_alliste\ cyanovevtrh (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii,1844, 366.
' Nine specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Four adult males from Costa RicaThree adult males from Veragua and PanamaFive adult males from Colombia (Bogota)Throe adult males from eastern EcuadorKEMALE.S.Two adult females from Costa RicaTwo adult females from Veragua and ChiriquiFour adult females from eastern EcuadorOne adult female from Peru
Wing.
8075.777. .T72.9
74.973.272. (>69.6
Tail. Exposedculmen.
.52. 851.151. S48.
5
49.848. S50.347. S
11.410.910.210.4
10.710.410.410.2
Depthof billat base.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45Gyrola cyanoventris Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, iii, Mar., 1851, 139;Note sur les Tang., 1851, 13.Aglaia gyroloides Lafresnaye, Rev. ZooL, x, Sept., 1847, 277, in text (CentralAmerica).C{alUste\ gyroloides Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 17.[Calliste] gyroloides Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 234.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Calliste gyroloides Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 67; Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1854, 115 (prov. Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia);1856, 142, 255 (monogr.); 1857, 264 (up. Amazon); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e.Ecuador), 453 (Zamora, e. Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador);1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, \v. Ecuador); Synoj). Av.Tanagr., 1856, 81; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 57, pi. 26 (David, Chiriqui;Bogota; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; wood region e. Peru; e. base BolivianAndes); Cat. Am. Birds; 1862,67 (Bogota; e.Peru); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi,1886, 117 (GuiatilandTurrialba, Costa Rica; Santa Fc, Calovevora, Veragua,Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ; Bogota, Remedios, and Con-cordia, Colombia; San Jose, Sarayacu, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ega, up.Amazon; e. Peru).^
?
Cassin, in Gilliss's Rep. U. S. Astr. Exp., ii, 1855, 182,pi. 19, fig. 1 (Peru).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (PanamaR. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Barranca, Guiatil, and Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Panama R. R.); 1867, 749Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, e. Peru), 261 (Rio Javari andChyavetas, e. Peru); 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia), 599 (Bolivia).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Savanilla de Pirris, etc., CostaRica).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fe, Veragua; David,Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete deChitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,325 (bet. Bucaramanga and Rio Magdalena, Colombia).
?
Pelzeln, Orn.Bras., 1871, 207 (Maribatanas, up. Amazon).
?
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru); 1882, 11 (Huambo, Ecuador); Orn. duPerou, ii, 1885, 463.?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro,Costa Rica).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colom-bia).
?
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545(Chimbo, w. Ecuador).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i,1883, 270.
?
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 78(INIapoto, centr. Ecuador).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Sarche de Alajuela,and Los Anonas de San Jos6, Costa Rica).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,ii, 1889, 71 (Quito, Ecuador), 81 (Mapiri, BoHvia). Cherrie, Anal. Inst.Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul del Pital and San Mar-cos, Costa Rica).
?
-Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. ZooL, etc., Torino, xv,no. 357, 1899, 15 (San Jose and Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador; Gualea, w.Ecuador; crit.).C[rt?fete] gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (6), (crit.).[Calliste gyrola] var. a. gyroloides Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July,1874 (8).Callispiza gyroloides Salvadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 174 (CostaRica).Calospiza gyroloides Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr.Colombia):
46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin).LAVINIA'S TANAGER.Adult ?waZ6.?Head, except chin and throat, bright glossy orange-maroon, or madder brown; rest of upper parts mainly bright glossyyellowish grass green, or parrot green, the feathers of the hindneckbroadly tipped with saffron yellow, producing a more or less con-spicuous half-collar; wings yellowish grass green, the middle andgreater coverts tinged with rusty, the remiges (except tertials) edgedfor basal half or more with orange-brown or rufous; under parts,including throat, clear bright yellowish green, the abdomen turquoiseblue; chin tunjuoise blue, or tinged with that color, margined ante-riorly with brownish red; thighs russet; maxilla horn brown, man-dible paler; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),120.7-135.9 (125); wing, 69.9-71.9 (70.6); tail, 45.2-17.2 (15.7);exposed culmen, 9.7-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at l)ase, 5.6-6.6 (6.1);tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.5); middle toe, 12.4-12.7.'Adult female.? ^hxi^h duller than adult male, and without thebrownish red head; above plain glossy yellowish grass green, some-times tinged anteriorly with dull orange, especially on pileura; edgesof remiges more or less tinged with yellowish olive basally; underparts light green, changing to light turquoise or nile blue on abdo-men; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3; wing,65.8-66.8 (66.3); tail, 43.2-43.4; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4);depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 16.5-17.8; middle toe, 1.04-12.7(11.4).^Nicaragua (Chontales) to Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando, etc.).Calliste lavinia Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., x, 1858, 178 (Rio Truando, n.Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); I860, 142, pi. 1, fig. 1 (do.).?ScLATER, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Isth. Panama); 1876, 409 (Chontales, Nicaragua;Costa Rica; Veragua) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 116 (do.).?Salvin,Ibis, 1872, .315 (Chontales; crit.).?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i,1887, 109 (Costa Rica).[Calliste'] Zawi/a Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Calliste lavinise Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271.CALOSPIZA DO\A^II (Salvin).DOW'S TANAGER.Adults {sexes alike).-?Bead, neck, and chest black, the feathers ofthe latter broadly margined with light green (becoming more ochra-ceous posteriorly, especially on sides of chest), producing a conspicu-ously scaled appearance; feathers in center of occiput tipped withrusset, forming a small spot; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, andauricular region tipped with light green (changing to pale buffy),these markings larger on hindneck; back and scapulars plain greenish
1 Four specimens. ''' Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4?black; rump bright opalescent greeu, chang-ing to l)lue on upper tail-coverts, all the feathers blackish beneath the surface; lesser wing-coverts rich blue (varying from cobalt to light smalt); rest of wingsand tail black with ])lue edgings; under parts of body, and under tail-coverts, plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler next to squa-mately marked feathers of chest; maxilla black, mandible blackishterminally, horn color basally (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color(in dried skins).Young [Jirst iMimage).?Head, neck, back, and scapulars dull black,broken on sides of neck and on auricular region l>v pale greenish butfyor buffy greenish tips to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts dull greenishblue; rest of wings and tail dull blackish with greenish blue or bluishgreen edgings; rump and upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the featherstipped with pale dull greenish; under parts of bodv and under tail-coverts plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler on chest, Avherespotted with dusky.Adult m?^6.?Length (skins), 137. 2-144:. 8 (l-tl); wing, 68.6-70.6(69.6); tail (one specimen), 19; exposed culmen (one specimen), 9.1;depth of bill at base. 5.6-5.8; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12. 2-12. 1.^Adult female.?\^^\\^\h (skins), 129.5-132.1 (131.3); wing, 68.6-70.1(69.3); tail, 16.5?1:9.3 (48); exposed culmen, 9.4; depth of bill at base,6.1-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 18.8-19.6 (19.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.2 (12.1).'Costa Rica (San Jose; Rancho Redondo; Turrialba; NaA^arro; Guad-alupe; Cartago; Irazii; Quebrada Honda) and Veragua (Cordilleradel Chucu).Calliste doudi Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 168 ("San Jose," i. e., EanchoRedondo de San Jose, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin-Godman?) ; 1870, 187 (Cor-dillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xiii,1864, 104.?ScLATER, Ibis, 1863, 451, pi. 12 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Law-rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San Jose, Turrialba, and Navarro,Costa Rica).?Fraxtzius, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1869, 298 (Guadalupe and SanJose, Costa Rica).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro,Costa Rica).?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago?and Rancho Redondo de San Jose)
.
ICalliste'] dowii Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Calliste dowi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 272 (Irazii,etc., Costa Rica, etc.).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124 (Que-brada Honda, etc., Costa Rica, etc.).CALOSPIZA LARVATA LARVATA (Du Bus).GOLDEN-MASKED TANAGER.Adult male.?Anterior portion of forehead and malar region, chin,lores, and eyelids black; posterior portion of forehead, suborbitalregion, and most of malar and auricular regions campanula blue, witha narrow posterior margin of light greenish blue (nile blue); crown,
1 Two specimens. ^ Three specimens.
48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
occiput, hiiuliiock. and sides of nock oolden huff, changing from deeporangc-l?urt' to oil given, according to inclination of the light; throatcinnamon-rufous, usually separated from lilack of chin l)y a narrowline of pale bluish; l)ack, scapulars, chest, and sides of breast uniformdeep black; lesser wing-coverts rich campanula l)lue, the middle cov-erts ))right nile blue; rump glossy light l)luc (changing from nile blueto turquoise); upper tail-coverts black, broadly margined Avith lightbluish green; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, thegreater coverts edged with light blue and greenish, the remiges andrectrices with light yellowish green, more ])uffy on tertials; abdomenand median portion of breast white; anal region and under tail-covertspale l)uff'y, tht^ latter Avith concealed central portion dusky; sides richcampanula ))lue, passing into light greenish blue (turquoise or nile))lue) on flanks; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length(skins), 110.8-132.1 (122.9); Aving, 68.1-72.6 (71. 1); tail, 45.7-50.8(48.8); exposed culmen, 8.9-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3(5.1); tarsals, 16.3-18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 10.4-12.7 (11.7).'Adidt female.?Very similar to the adult male and apparenth' notalways distinguishable, but usually slighth' duller in coloration; length(skins), 116.8-132.1 (123.2); wing, 65.5-69.9 (67.8); tail, 45.2-49.5(47.2); exposed culmen, 10.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tar-sus, 17-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.9).'Youmj
.^ JiI'd jdiniKKje.?Head and neck (except chin and throat) dulllight green (chromium green), each feather Avith a small central spotof dusky; lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chindusky; throat, median line of chest (narrowly), median portion ofbreast, and abdomen dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellowish; apatch on each side of chest and breast greenish dusky; sides dull gray-ish, becoming more buffy on flanks; anal region and under tail-covertspale bufly; back dull dusky greenish, AA'ith a blackish patch on eachside; lower back and rump dull greenish; lesser wing-coverts dull,light greenish blue; middle coverts dusky basally. dull light bluishgreen terminally; rest of wings and tail dusky, Avith yelloAvish greenedgings.
' Ten specimens, those from different areas averaging as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. Exposedculmen. Depthof billatba.se. Middletoe.MALES.Four adult males from .southern MexicoFive adult males from Guatemala (some of doubt-ful sex)One adult male from northern Honduras , 70.671.6 47.250.3 9.99.9
5.1
5.1 17.818.3 11.711.4
^ Three specimens, all from southern Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49Southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Ocuilapa; Palenque) andTabasco (Teapa), to northern Honduras (Rio Blanca; RioChamelecon;San Pedro).Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845 (?), pi. 9 (Tabasco, s. e. Mexico).?Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,19, 260; (nionogr.; Tabasco; Rio Chamelecon, Honduras); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 1856, 86; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 81, pi. 36; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,70 (Choctum, Guatemala) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part.?SclaterandSALviN, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Rio Chamelecon); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,836 (San Pedro, Honduras).-Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 467 (Yzabal, Guatemala).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Yzabal, Guatemala).?Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Tabasco, s. Mexico; Belize,Brit. Honduras; Yzabal, Choctum, and Chisec, Guatemala; Rio Chameleconand San Pedro, Honduras).[Calliste larvatci] Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, jmrt (s. Mexico;Guatemala; Honduras).C[allisie] larvata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.
?
Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy.Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), (s. Mexico).Ta/oo Zarra^MS Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 42; Note surlesTang., 1851, 16.Calliste larvata typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text.[Calliste larvata'] a. subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, inlist of specimens (localities in Guatemala, Brit. Honduras, and Honduras).[Calliste larvata'] var.fa7iny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy.Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), part (Guatemala).(?) Calliste lavinise (not C. lavinia Cassin) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97(1899), 223 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala).CALOSPIZA LARVATA FANNY (Lafresnaye).MRS. WILSON'S TANAGER.Similar to C. I. larvata^ but averaging slight!}^ smaller, colors ofhead and sides paler, and greenish edgings to remiges, rectrices, andgreater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes altogether wanting ontail and greater wing-coverts; general color of head lighter goldenbuffy with more pronounced greenish and less pronounced reddishhue in opposite positions to the light, and not conspicuously darker onthroat; blue of forehead and cheeks paler; that of sides and iianksalso paler, with very little purplish blue anteriorly (sometimes none);blue of rump and smaller wing-coverts also paler.Ymmg, first plumage.?^Head and neck light bluish green (mala-chite), the feathers dusky grayish basally, producing a minutelj" mot-tled appearance; back and scapulars dusky grayish green, becomingnearly black on outermost scapulars; rump light bluish green (mala-chite); under parts dull whitish, becoming grayish laterally, the throatand chest freckled with grayish; anal region and under tail-covertspale brownish buffv; wings and tail as in adults, but lesser and mid-dle wing-coverts light grayish green instead of blue.3654?VOL 2?01 4
50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult m?Zt^?Length (skins), 105.4-130.8 (118.1); wing, 66.8-71.4(69.6); tail, 45.5-50,3 (47.5); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.7); depth ofbill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 11.2-12.2 (11.7).'Adidt female.?\jQx\g\h (skins), 113-123.2 (117.3); wing, 64.3-70.4(66.3); tail, 43.9-46.7 (45.2); exposed culmen, 8.4-10.2 (9.7); depthof bill at base. 4.6-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.7-16.8 (16.5); middle toe,10.4-11.7 (10.9).''Southern Honduras (Rio SegoVia) to northern Colombia (provinceof Antioquia).Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., x, ^lar., 1847, 72 (Colombia; coll.Lafresnaye )
.
C[alUste'] famiy Gray, (len. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.
?
Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy.Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (7), part (crit. ).[CaUiste] fanny Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236. Des Ml:r.s, Icon. Orn.,1876," pi. 56, fig. 1.[CaUiste larvatu] var. fanny Dubois, Bull Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874, 8,part (Colombia).CaUiste larvata var. fanny Boucard, Cat. Avium, 1876, 242, no. 7560 (Veragua).Calospiza larvata fanny Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).CaUiste frandscfe Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142, 261 (David, Chiri-qui); Synop. A v. Tanagr., 1856, 87;Monogr. CaUiste, 1857, 83 (Chiriqui); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298, 332(Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, San Jose, and Turri-all)a, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350(Lion Hill).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Toleand Santa Fe, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui;Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Laguna del Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Eight specimens. Specimens from different areas average as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51
Callistc francescsc Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 176 (David, Chiriqui),180 (Greytown, Nicaragua).Calliste larvata francescse Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text.[Calliste larvata^ b. suhs-p. francescx Sclater, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,125, in list of specimens (Chontales, Nicaragua; Turrialba and Angostura,Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tole, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, Santa Fe, andCastillo, Veragua; Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Remedies,prov. Antioquia, Colombia).Call.ispiza franciscsc Salvadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci, Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (CostaRica)
.
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Sclater, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 64 (Chi-riqui; Veragua).
?
Cassin, in Rep. U. S. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182,part, pi. 18, fig. 2 (Central America; Colombia).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 316(Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Na-ranjo, Orosi, and San Carlos, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, andColombian localities and references).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi,1886, 124, part.
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjode Cartago, Jimenez, Trojas de Puntarenas, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, CostaRica).?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Hon-duras) .?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido,Nicaragua). CALOSPIZA INORNATA (Gould).PLA.IN-COLORED TANAGER,Adult male.?Above plain slate-gray, paler and more bluish on rumpand upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts bright cerulean or tur-quoise blue, more purplish blue on lower portion and along posteriormargin; rest of wings and tail dull black or dusky, with slate-grayedgings; sides of head and neck like pileum, etc. ; lores, apex of malarregion, and anterior margin of chin blackish; lower chin, throat, chest,sides, and flanks dull light gra3% the first inclining to white; medianportion of breast and abdomen white, the lower portion of the lattertinged with buffy; under tail-coverts dull white or pale bufl'y, thelonger feathers with concealed portion mostly grayish; maxilla black;mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins);length (skins), 109.2-130.8 (119.1); wing, 66.5-68.1 (67. 3); tail, 45.2-48.3 (46.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.4 (8.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6; tarsus, 16-17.3 (16.8); middle toe, 11.7-11.9 (11.8).^Adultfemale.?Similar to the male and not always distinguishable,but usually (?) very slightly duller in color; length (skins), 114.3-119.4(116.8); wing', 63-64(63.5); tail, 41.7-43.2 (42.4); exposed cul-men, 8.9; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 16-16.8 (16.3); middle toe,11.9-14 (13).^
^ Five specimens. ^ Two specimens.
52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Yerag'uu to central Colombia (Bogota; Kemcdios; Nichi; Biicara-manga, etc.).Calliste inornata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., LS55, 158 (Bogota, Colombia;coll. J. Gould).?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 258 (monogr. );Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 84; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 103, pi. 45; Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Miis., xi, 1886, 121 (Veragua;Panama, Lion Hill, and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R. ; Bogota, Remedios,Nichi, and Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (LionHill, Panama R. R.).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,350 (Lion Hill) ; 1879, 499 (Antioquia).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 273.
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara-manga, Colombia).[Callisfel mornato Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.Calliste ornata [lapsu] Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.
;
crit.).Caloqnzd hiornatd Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sejit. 20, 1900, 30(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).CALOSPIZA CUCULLATA (Swainson).HOODED TANAGER,AdiiU imdc.?Pileuni uniform very dark chestnut or rich seal brown;loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the feathers sometimesindistinctly tipped with dull grayish blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back,scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain buffy, with golden gloss,or grayish green, according to position with reference to the light;wing- coverts grayish green (nearly french green), the lesser covertssomewhat more bluish (terre-verte green); remiges and rectrices blackedged with green (broadly on secondaries and rectrices, the outer websof tertials almost wholly green); chin and upper throat light greenishbuffy, the bases of feathers dusky; lower throat and chest grayishblue changing to silveiy buif, the color becoming gradually more cin-namomeous posteriorly, the under tail-coverts being wholly lightcinnamon; maxilla blackish, mandible horn brownish (in dried skins)with blackish tips; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins);length (skins), 128.3-141 (134.6); wing, 73.2-73.9 (73.4); tail, 52.6-52.8; exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4(7.1); tarsus, 19.6-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 13. 2. ^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, butpileum lighter, inclin-ing more to chestnut (sometimes bright chestnut); back, scapulars,etc., much greener (bright grayish green, lighter and sometimesslightly more buffy on lower rump; under parts dull greenish, withlittle if any of the blue and violet sheen of the adult male; length(skins), 123.2-143.5 (137.2); wing, 70.6-75.2 (73.2); tail, 51.8-52.8(52.6); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.1(6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 12.2-13.5 (13).
~
' Two specimens, both from island of Grenada.
^Six specimens, all from the island of Grenada.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53Venezuela^ (Angostura); island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.
.Alglaiii] CMCwZZato SwAiNSON, Orn. Drawings, 1841, pi. 7.C\_aUiste'\ cucuUata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.[Calliste] cucuUata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 284.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.CalUste cucuUata Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, iii, 1851, 140; Note sur lesTang., 1851, 14.?Sclater, Jardine'y Contr. Orn., 1851, 63 (" Brazil ") ; Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 253 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 79;Monograph Calliste, 1857, 45, pi. 20 (Angostura, Venezuela); Ibis, 1876,410; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886 113, part (Venezuela).
?
Burmeister,Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 183 ("Brazil").?Cory, Cat. Birds W. I.,1892, 114, 151 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles).CaUiste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,1879, 269 (Grenada); ix, 1886, 613 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, jjart (Grenada; Venezuela).[CaUiste^ versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11, part.CALOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Lawrence).
ST. VINCENT TANAGER.Similar to C cucuUata., but larger and lighter colored, the pileunlclear light chestnut or chestnut-tawny instead of very dark chestnutor seal brown.Adult male.?Pileum clear, bright, light chestnut or tawny-chestiuit;loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the last with featherstipped with dull green or grayish green; hindneck, back, scapulars,and rump opalescent, changing from light silvery green to golden l)uffor even pinkish, according to direction of the light; upper tail-covertsdull grayish green; lesser and middle wing -coverts dull grayish bluishgreen; outer webs of greater cov^erts similar butmore decidedly green;remiges and rectrices black broadly edged with dull green or grayishgreen, the outer webs of tertials and the middle rectrices almost whollyof this color; chin and upper throat pale greenish grayish, the feathersdarker basall3% producing an indistinctly freckled appearance; rest ofunder parts opalescent, changing from blue to lilac and golden accord-ing to direction of the light; under tail-coverts cinnamon, and more orless of this color showing on under parts of the l)ody where plumageis disarranged; maxilla brownish black, mandible horn color (in driedskins); iris brown; legs and feet dusk}' horn color (in dried skins);length (skins), 144.8-157.5 (149.4); wing, Y6.7-T8.T (77.5); tail, 54.4-55.9 (55.1); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.2 (12.7); depth of bill at base(one specimen), 6.9; tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe, 14-14.7 (14.5).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, moretawny; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump dull opalescent green,changing to bright yellowish green and golden buft'y; under parts
^ I have not seen specimens from Venezuela; they may, or may not, be identicalwith Grenada examples.^Four specimens.
54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.mainly dull light green, without the blue, lilac, or strongly goldenchangeable hues of the adult male; edgings to wings and tail moreyellowish green; length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.2); wing, 75.7-77.7 (76.5);tail, 53.6-54.6 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.4(12.2); depth of billat base (two specimens), 7.6; tarsus, 20.8-21.16(21.3); middle toe, 14.2-15.2 (14.7).^Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
Callisle versicolor Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June, 1878, 153 (St. Vin-cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 190,487 (St. Vincent).?Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 16, 114, 134, 151.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part(St. Vincent).ICMliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (St. Vincent).Culliste cucullata (not Aglaia cvcuUaia Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1878,357 (crit.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (St. Vincent); v, 1888, 157.[^CalUste] cucullata Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11 (St. Vincent).Genus TANAGRA Linnagus.
Tanagra Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 313. (Type, by elimination, T.episcoputi Linnseus or T. sayaca Linnaeus.)THraupis Boie, Isis, 1826, 947. (Type, Tanagra archepiscopus Desmarest, = T.ornata Sparrmann.
)
Medium-sized Tanagers with exposed culmen decidedly shorter thanmiddle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-third as long astail, maxillary tomium nearly straight, and with the head unicolored.Bill varying from slenderly conoid {T. ornata) to turgid conoid {T.honariensis)^ but usually intermediate between these extremes; exposedculmen more than half as long as tarsus, nearly straight for basal halfor more, more or less strongly convex terminally, the tip slightlyuncinate; gonys a little shorter than length of maxilla from nostril,
-slightly convex or nearly straight, more or less ascending terminally;maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally;mandil^ular tomium slightly convex or nearly straight; width of bill atbase equal to or exceeding its basal depth. Nostril exposed, small,nearly circular or horizontall}' oval, with narrow anterior and superiormembrane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing rather long (a littlemore than four to about four and three-fourths times as long as tar-sus), rather pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest, ninth longerthan fourth, sometimes longer than sixth); primaries exceeding sec-ondaries usually by more than length of tarsus (b}^ less in T. damoini).Tail shorter than wing by about or more than length of tarsus, evenor slightly emarginate, the rectrices of medium width, with roundedtips. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw;
^ Three specimens.
BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw: hind clawdecidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage silky, blended.Coloration.?{I) Plain bluish gray, with blue or greenish wings andtail; (2) purplish olive or grayish, with light-colored wing-coverts andblack remiges; (3) with bluish head and greenish-yellow lesser wing-coverts, or (4) with blue head and yellow or orange rump and underparts.
^^,^^^^,,._Continental tropical America, from southern Mexico toArgentina and Peru.Notwithstanding the great difference in the form of the bill betweenr. ornata and T. lonariensis, other species are so variously intermedi-ate in this respect that, taking into consideration also the fact thatother considerable differences between the various species (both as tostructure and style of coloration) are not correlated with one another,I am unwilling to subdivide the genus as here defined. I must, how-ever, expunge the Aglaia cijanocephala D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,usually placed in Tauagm, on account of its narrow nostrils withbroad superior operculum, broad and depressed bill, shorter and morerounded wing, and longer tarsus.^KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TANAGRA.
c(. Wings and tail blue, blue-green, or green; under parts pale gray, grayish blue, orgrayish green. (Southern Mexico to Venezuela, and northern Peru.)Tanagra cana (p. 55)an. Wings and tail blackish, at least in part; under parts olive (sometimes glossedwith purplish blue).
1^. Lores pale gray; bases of remiges light olive; adults without blue on head orneck. (Costa Rica to Amazon Valley.
)
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (p. 58)hh. Lores black; bases of remiges yellow; adults with head and neck blue. (South-ern Mexico to southern Honduras. ) - - -Tanagra abbas (p. 60)TANAGRA CANA Swainson.BLUE TANAGER.Adult 7y?a?6^?Head, neck, and under parts plain pale grayish blue,sometimes faintly tinged with greenish; ])ack and scapulars darkergrayish blue, usually more or less strongly tinged with glaucous-green,the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but brighter; lesser andmiddle wing-coverts bright campanula blue; rest of wings greenishl)lue (intermediate between glaucous-blue and turquoise), the tertialsiThis I have made the type of a new genus, for which I inadvertently used (Auk,XV, July, 1898, p. 226) Cabanis's name Hemithraupis, afterwards (Auk, xv, Oct.,1898, pp. 330, 331) correcting the error and renaming the genus Sporathraupiti, butunfortunately committing another in giving a false derivation (at secondhand) forthe name.
56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.more greenish and the terminal portion of primaries blackish; tailgreenish blue, like wings, with black shafts; maxilla black, mandiblemore grayish (bluish graj^or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet black-ish or blackish gray (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 146.1-161.3(153.7); wing, 83.6-91.9 (89.4); tail, 59.2-67.1 (65); exposed culmen,11.7-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 6.6-8.1 (7.1); tarsus, 19.1-20.3(19.8); middle toe, 14.2-15.5 (14.7).'Adult female.?Similar to adult male and not always distinguishable,but usuall}' duller in color, more decidedly greenish, with lesser wing-coverts less purplish blue (cerulean or light cobalt instead of cam-panula); length (skins), 142.2-165.1 (152.1); wing, 82.3-88.1(83.8); tail,58.2-63.8 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11.2-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill atbase, 6.6-7.6 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-16 (14.7).'Iminature.?Similar to adults, but colors much duller; upper parts(except wings and tail) greenish gray, brighter or more decidedlygreenish posteriori}^; wings and tail bluish green, or gla^^cous-green,the lesser wing-coverts cerulean blue; under parts pale grayish green,tinged with 3^ellowish.Yoiuig {fird plmnage).?Plain greenish gray, paler beneath; wingsand tail dull green (bice green or chromium green), the edges of pri-maries more bluish; lesser wing-coverts greenish gray or grayisligreen.Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba; Cordova),and southward through Central America to Venezuela, western Ecua-dor, and northern Peru.T \anagra'\ cnna Swainson, Ornith. Drawinjis [Birds of Brazil], part iii, 1834,pi. 37. (Locality not given.)
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Twelve specimens. Si)ecimens froiii different localities average as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. Ex-posedculmen, Depthof billat base. Middletoe.MALES.One adult male from Mexico (State of Vera Cruz) .
.
Two adult males from HondurasOne adult male from NicaraguaThree adult males from Costa RicaOne adult male from PanamaFour adult males from ColombiaFEMALES.Three adult females from MexicoTwo adult females from HondurasOne adult female from NicaraguaTwo adult females from Costa RicaOue adult female from PanamaThree adult females from Colombia
8(1.
1
,S7.691.789.790.790.
2
87.185.987.983.886.485.1
65.302.
2
040.5.506.805.3
60.76163.862.561.261.7
12.712.412.712.212.212.2
12.212.413.21313.212.7
8.16.67.17.16.66.9
7.16.9
7.17.47.4
19.819.320.320.119.620.1
20.119.620.119.319.020.3
14.514.214.714.71514.7
1514.515.214.714.214.2
BIBDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57Tanagra cana ScLATKU, Tmc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia);1856, 232, part (Venezuela?; Bogota); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador);1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop.Av. Tanagr., 1856, 58; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75, part (Venezuela?; SantaMarta and Bogota, Colombia; Pallatanga and Babahoyo, w. Ecuador) ; Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156, part (s. Mexico to Venezuela and n. Peru).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Colombia).?Lawrence,Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Isthmus Panama); ix, 1869, 236 (Puna I.,Guayaquil, w. Ecuador).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Colombia, up to 8,000ft.).?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Jos^, Costa Rica).?ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colom-bia).
?
Salvin and Goodman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 277.
?
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo and Guayaquil, w. Ecuador); 1884, 290 (Cayan-deled, w. Ecuador).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 ( Bucaramanga,Colombia).
?
Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 486.
?
Taczanowski andBerlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1885, 81 (Yaguachi, w. Ecuador).
?
RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580, 585 (Truxillo and Segovia R.,Honduras). Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Alajuela,San Jos^, Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Cherrie, Auk,ix, 1892, 25 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; food).
?
Robinson,Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 ( Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas,Colombia).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,Colombia). Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no.357, 1899, 17 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).
?
Allen,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta,Colombia).[Tanagra^ cana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.(?) Til [raupis'] cana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Venezuela).(?) T [nnagra'] calestis (not of Spix) Swainson, Ornith. Drawings, 1841, pi. 41{= young).Tanagra swainsoni Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.Tanagra episcopus (not of Linmeus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837,116 (Guatemala; descr. ).? (?) Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit. Gui-ana, iii, 1848, 670.Tanagra sayaca {not ol Linnseus) Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., 1851, 170; Note surles Tang., 1851, 21.Tanagra cyanoptera {not Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1877, 320 (n. Peru).Tanagra {Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, June, 1842, 175 (Realejo,Nicaragua)
.
Clalliste'] diaconus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.Tanagra diaconus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (David, Chiriqui),233 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala; Realejo, Nicaragua; Chiriqui; SantaMarta, Colombia; monogr. ); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, BritishHonduras; Peten, Guatemala), 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (City ofMexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 59; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75 (Colom-bia; Honduras; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350(Isth.Panama); 1870, 836 (Honduras).?Salvin and Scl.^ter, Ibis, 1860, 33(Duefias, Guatemala).
?
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).
?
Cassin, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence, Ann.
58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES KATIONAL MUSEUM.Lyo. X. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui) , 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua);ix, 1868, 99 (San Jose and Angostura, Costa Rica) .
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fe, Yeragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187; Ibis, 1872,316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,550 (hot region, Yera Cruz, up to 3,350 ft. ).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,1869, 298 (Costa Rica.)Tanagra eiuin diaconus Ridgway and Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5,1882, 391 (LaPalma, Costa Rica; habits).?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,V, 1883, 499 (San Jose, Costa Rica); vi, 1888, 399 (Los Subalos, Nica-ragua).
?
Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loina del Leon,Panama R. R.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 32 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).Tdnagra diacomus [typographical error] Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,303 (Cordova, Yera Cruz).Thraupis diaconus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).TANAGRA PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater).BLACK-WINGED TAKAGER.Adult male.?General color plain glossy olive, glossed with purplishblue, darker on back and scapulars, and passing into light olive-greenish on forehead and crown, the auricidar region also inclining tothe same color; abdomen, anal region, and vinder tail-coverts tingedwith yellowish olive; lores, chin, and anterior portion of malar regionpale gray; lesser wing-coverts dull grayish purplish ])lue, passinginto yellowish olive on middle and greater coverts; primary'- covertsdull blackish or dusky, edged with greenish olive; remiges brownishblack or sooty, faintly edged (especially on primaries) with olive, the])asal portion abruptly and more or less extensively light greenisholive or yellowish olive in strong contrast; tail brownish black orsooty, with greenish olive edgings; bill blackish; legs and feet dusky(in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.6); wing, 89.9-99.3(95.5); tail, 68.8-78.2 (72.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-14.5 (13.2); depthof bill at base, 6.1-7.1 {<d.Q)\ tarsus, 20.1-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 15-17.5 (16.8).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-able, but usually with less of the purplish blue or violet gloss, the])ack lighter olive, the yellowish olive of forehead and crown less dis-tinct, and the remiges more distinctly edged with olive; length (skins),157.5-175.3 (166.9); wing, 90.9-96.5 (93.7); tail, 63.8-72.9 (69.3);
^ Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59exposed culmen, 13-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (0.6),tarsus, 19.8-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 11.7-17.5 (16..5).^Tmmg {in first 2)lumage).?Plain, rather light, olive, slightly paler,and decidedh^ tinged with yellow on under parts; remiges, primarycoverts, and tail brownish black or sooty, the former indistinctlj'' lightolive basall3\The series of specimens examined is much too imperfect to enable meto define very accurately the geographic range of this form. Indeed,I am doubtful whether the bird from Colombia and Costa Rica is reallythe true T. palmaruTninelanoptera, the type locality of which is easternPeru. The National Museum possesses two specimens from that coun-try (headwaters of the Rio Huallaga). These have the wing and taildecidedlj^ longer than any specimen seen from other localities. Incoloration they agree closel}^ with some specimens from the LowerAmazon (Diamantina), both having the back darker and the generalviolet gloss stronger than in any examples from Colombia and CostaRica with which I have been able to compare them.One perplexing circumstance is the occurrence in the same locality1*1 the Lower Amazon district of specimens representing, as to colora-tion at least, both the typical T. j>. 2Mlriuf.rum and T. p. inelanoptera.Eastern Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Naranjo;San Jose, Santa Rosa; Angostura; Turrialba) southward throughColombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc., to eastern Peru, Bolivia, AmazonValley, and Trinidad.Tanagra olivascens (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) D'Okbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid.,Ois., 1839, 274.?TscHUDi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 204.? (?) Leotaud,Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 295.
^ Eleven specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Tanagra ])ahnarum (not of Maximilian) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,177 (Bogota, Colombia) ; 1856, 234, part (Bolivia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856,60, part (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76, part (do.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 159, part.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R.).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185(s. Peru), 262 (upper and lower Ucayali, etc., e. Peru; habits); 1879, 500(Antioquia, Colombia), 600 (Bolivia).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1878, 55 (Naranjo and San Jos6, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and Godman, Ibis,1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia) ; Biol. Centr.-Ara., Aves, i, 1883, 279, part(mostly).
?
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 13 (n. e. Peru).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad).
?
Zeledon, Anal.Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago).
?
Richmond, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown, Nicaragua).[Tanagral palmarum Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.Thraupis palmarum Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 580 (Trinidad).Tanagra melanoptera Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 235 (e. Peru; Bogota,Colombia; ex Hartlaub, manuscript); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador);453 (Ecuador); 1860, 292 (Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Bogota, Colombia; Esmeraldas and Rio Napo, Ecuador;Trinidad).?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.) ; 1866, 180 (Ucayali,e. Peru); 1867, 749 (Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 627 (Venezuela).?Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171.?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,138 (Santiago, Veragua) .
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (SantaRosa, Angostura, and Turrialba, Costa Rica). Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn.,1869, 298 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, Turrialba, and Tucurrique, Costa Rica).Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 209 (Forte de Rio Branco; Forte de Rio Negro;Rio Murio) .
?
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Bucaramanga, Aguachica, and Ocaiia,Colombia).
?
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 513 (centr. Peru).Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara-manga, Colombia).
?
Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885, 486.
?
Chapman,Auk, vii, 1890, 267 (Santarem, lower Amazon; crit.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,vi, 1894, 30 (Trinidad; habits).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii,1896, 677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii,1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., ii, 1900, 30(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900,169 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).[Tanagra pabnarum'] b. subsp. melanojjiera Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 160, in list of specimens (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago, Veragua;Pai-aiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R. ; Minca, Santa INIarta, Remedios,and Bogota, Colombia; Rio Napo, Sarayacu, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador;Yquitos and Sarayacu, e. Peru; Cangalli, Bolivia).(?) Tanagra palmarum violilavata. Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).TANAGRA ABBAS Lichtenstein.ABBOT TANAGER.Adult 7nale.?Head and neck dull purplish (campanula) blue, becom-ing much paler and duller (more grayish) blue on throat; lores Ijlack;back olive (with a ])luish gloss in certain lights), the feathers duskycentrall}^, producing a spotted appearance; scapulars, rump, and upper
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61tail-coverts plain yellowish olive, the rump and upper tail-covertsmore or less tinged with gray; under parts (except throat) lighter,much more j^ellowish, olive, more or less glossed with purplish ])]ueanteriorh" and laterall}^; lesser wing-coverts olive-bluish; middle andgreater coverts yellowish olive, the former with slightly hluish tips;alula, primary coverts, and remiges black, the first* two edged withbluish olive or olive-bluish, the last (except outermost and one to threeinnermo.^t primaries) extensively and abruptl}' clear light yellow (sul-phur or light canary) basally, that on secondaries mostly concealedby greater coverts; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with a broadexterior border of bluish olive or olive-bluish; tail blackish, with darkolive edgings, broader basallj^; bill black, the mandible gra3dshbasall}^; legs and feet dusky (grayish in life?); length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (168.1); wing, 94-102.4 (97.8); tail, 64-73.4 (68.3); exposed cul-men, 11.2-12.7(11.9); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8-22.6 (21.8); middle toe, 14.7-17.3 (16).^Adult female.?Similar to adult male, but blue of head and neekslightly duller, especially on throat, under parts less strongl}' twingedwith blue, and black of wings and tail rather duller; length (skins),163.8-167.6 (166.4); wing, 93.5-96.5 (95.3); tail, 65-68.8 (66.8);exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.1 (8.1);tarsus, 20.8-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-16 (15..5).'Young {first plumage).-?No blue on head or neck; upper parts,except wings and tail, plain grayish olive, darker on back; under partsnmch paler olive, tinged with yellow posteriorly; wings and tail as inadults, but remiges, etc., and rectrices duller black, or dusky, the sec-ondaries with the basal yellow less pure and less sharply defined.Southern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz(Jalapa; Cordova; Orizaba), Mexico (valley of Mexico), Oaxaca, etc.,
' Ten specimens.
^ Four specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
62 BULLETIN 50, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.southward through Guatcmahi, British Honduras and Honduras to theSegovia Kiver.Tanagra ahhm Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; coll. BerlinMus.) ; Journ. ii\r Orn., 1863, 57.
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,235 (nionogr.; Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Honduras; Guatemala),303 (Cordova); 1858, 358 (Lake of Yojoa Honduras); 1859, 364 (Jalapa,Vera Cruz), 378 (Teotalcingo and Villa Alta, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley ofMexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Mexico);Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 162 (Oriza>)a and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize,Brit. Honduras; Cahabon, Coban, Chisec, Duenas, and Retalhulen, (iuate-mala; San Pedro, Honduras).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,550 (hot and temperate regions Vera Cruz, up to 4,000 ft.).
?
Sclater andSalvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Law-rence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (GuicMcovi, Oaxaca).
?
Salvin,Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 189 (Guatemala).?Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 278.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., ix,1886, 140 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,580 (Truxillo, Honduras), 585 (Segovia P., Honduras).
?
Richmond, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas) .?Chapman, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa).[Tanagra] abbas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.Tanagra (Aglaia) mcarms Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 206, pi. 68 (Mexico).Tanagra vicarius Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala)
;
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 238; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 171; Note sur lesTang., 1851, 22.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 16, pi. 5, fig. 1, egg(Duenas, Guatemala; descr. eggs).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,59 (Belize, British Honduras).?Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Lake Yojoa,Honduras).Th[ranpis'] wcaruw Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Mexico).Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby.Spindalis Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pi. 9. (Type, S. bili-neatus Jardine and Selby', Tanagra nigrlcephala Jameson.
)
Spizampelis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 253. (Type, Tanagra jyrelreiLesson.
)
Medium-sized to rather small Tanagers, with exposed culmen decid-edly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-third as long as tail, and maxillary tomium distinctly sinuated; adultmales with head conspicuously striped with black and white, theplumage otherwise varied with black, yellow, orange (sometimestawny or chestnut), and white; females with wing-coverts and second-aries edged distinctly with whitish or pale olive.Bill rather short (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less thanthat from same point to anterior angle of eye), varying from stout torather slender, triangular in vertical profile; culmen distinctly (usuall}^strongly) convex ; gon^^s slightlv convex, shorter than length of maxillato nostril, about equal to or a little less than Avidth of mandible atbase; depth of l)ill at base less than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla; maxillary tomium rather distinctly notched subterrainally,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63then nearly straight or faintly concave, more or less convex beneathnasal fossie; mandibular tomium lirst a little concave, then more orless convex to about the middle, thence nearly straight to the slightsubbasal angle. Nostril exposed, broadly horizontally oval, withrather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but notconspicuous. Wing a little less than four to about four and one-thirdtimes as long as tarsus, rather pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth tofifth primaries longest, the ninth longer than fifth); primaries exceed-ing secondaries by a little less to a little more than length of tarsus.Tail shorter than wing by less than length of tarsus, slightly divari-cate and emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs androunded or very slightly pointed tips. Tarsus less than twice as longas exposed culmen, equal to or slightly exceeding middle toe withclaw; lateral claws scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; hindclaw decidedly shorter than its digit, strongly curved.Coloration.?Adult males with head black, relieved b}- broad super-oil iarj^ and malar stripes of white; wings and tail black, conspicuouslymarked with white; under parts with more or less yellow or orange,or both, sometimes with chestnut on chest; throat black laterally,white or yellow centrall}^ or medially. Females and young muchduller, with black replaced l)y olivaceous, the head without conspicu-ous (if any) stripes.Range.?Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico,
.Jamaica, Grand Cayman) and Cozumel Island, Yucatan.S. pretrei has been separated generically, doubtless on account ofits slender bill, which is very different in form from that of aS'. nlgri-ce])hala and S. Ixmedicti,' V>ut other species are intermediate, and I cansee no good reason for subdividing the genus.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINDALIS.
a. Head black, with conspicuous white superciliary and malar stripes. (Adult males.
)
h. Rump yellowish olive-green, similar to back, but slightly more yellowish; innerwebs of lateral rectrices not extensively white.
c. Larger (wing 92.2-100.6); hindneck olive-green, like back; lesser wing-covertsblack; abdomen and flanks yellow. (Jamaica.)Spindalis nigricephala, adult male (p. 64)cc. Smaller (wing 82.5-87.6) ; hindneck orange, forming a sharply defined col-lar; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; abdomen white, flanks grayish olive-green, indistinctly streaked with darker. (Porto Rico.)Spindalis portoricensis, adult male (p. 65)hh. Rump rufous-orange, orange-rufous, or chestnut very different from color(olive-green or black) of back; inner webs of lateral rectrices extensivelywhite.
c. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla); nuchal collar yellow or rufous-orange; whole rump rufus-orangeor orange-rufous.d. Nuchal collar yellow; upper tail-coverts chestnut or chestnut-rufous; chestchestnut. (Haiti.) Spindalis multicolor, adult male (p. ()7)
64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(/(/. Nuchal collar rufous-orange; ujiper tail-coverts rufous-orange, like mnip;chest rufous-orange. (Cuba; Isle of Pines.
)
Spindalis pretrei, adult male (]>. 68)re. Bill stouter (depth at base nearly ecpial to distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla) ; nuchal collar chestnut, at least the upper portion; upper rumpolive-green or ))lack, like T)ack; lower rump chestnut.d. Smaller (ving 7:14-81.0, tail 57.9-65.0) ; l)ill much narrower (depth at l)ase6.1-7.9). {Sj)i)idalis zena.)
e. Back and scapulars uniform black (rarely very slightly mixed with olive-green). (Bahamas, except Abaco island.
)
Spindalis zena zena, adult male (p. 70)ee. Back and scapulars dark yellowish olive, or at least much mixed withthis color or olive-yellowish. (Abaco Island, Bahamas.)Spindalis zena townsendi, adult male (p. 72)d(J. Larger (wing 76.2-86.4, tail 63.0-6S.1); bill much stouter (depth at base,7.6-8.9) ; \)&(ik. and scapulars always yellowish olive.('. Median throat-stripe lemon yellow; lower rump chestnut. (CozumelIsland, Yucatan) Spindalis benedicti, adult male ( p. 73)ee. Median throat-stripe "yellowish orange;" lower rump "brownishorange." (Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea.)Spindalis salvini, adult male (p. 74)aa. Head olive-grayish, without distinct (if any) white superciliary or malar stripes.(Adult females.^)h. Larger (wing 97.8, tail 74.7); a])domen yellow.Spindalis nigricephala, adult female (p. 65)hb. Smaller (wing less than 85. L t^iil less than 66) ; abdomen not yellow.r. Under parts streaked Spindalis portoricensis, adult female (ji. 66)cc. Under parts not streaked.d. Larger (wing 76.2-81.5, tail 59.9-63.5) ; bill stouter (depth at base 7.6-8.1).Spindalis benedicti, adult female (p. 73)dd. Smaller (wing 68.6-76, tail 53.3-60.7) ; bill more slender (depth at base notmore than 7.4).
*'. Larger (wing 71.1-76.4, averaging more than 72.4; tail 53.3-60.7, averag-ing 55.6 or more); bill stouter, averaging 7.1-7.4 in basal depth; colorless strongly olivaceous./. Grayer Spindalis zena zena, ailult female (p. 71)ff. More olivaceous. .-. Spindalis zena townsendi, adult female (p. 72)ee. Smaller (wing 68.6-71.1, averaging 70.1, tail 50.8-54.1, averaging 52.6);bill more slender (averaging 5.6 in basal depth) ; color more stronglyolivaceous. . .' Spindalis pretrei. atlult female (p. 69)SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson).JAMAICAN SPINDALIS.Adult male.?Head and upper neck black, relieved by a broad super-ciliary stripe (extending to nape), a broad malar stripe, and a patchcovering chin and upper throat, of white: back, scapulars, rump, andupper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, more yellowish poste-riorly; under parts deep saffron or Indian 3^ellow, deepening intoorange, or cadmium orange, on median portion of chest and foreneck,
^ Females of ?S'. midticolur and ?S'. salvini have not been seen by me.
BIRDS OE' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 65
slighth' tinged with olive laterall}', especially on flanks; anal regionand under tail-coverts white, the feathers grayish basally; axillars andunder wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with yellow; wings and tailblack, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other secondariesand the primaries narrowly, margined with white; inner webs of lat-eral rectrices with a large terminal blotch of white on inner half; max-illa black, mandible bluish gray with blackish tip; legs and feetgrayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 165.1-186.7 (177);wing, 92.2-100.6 (07.3); tail, 71.6-79.2 (75.7); exposed culmen, 12.2-U (13.5); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1:); tarsus, 21.8-23.9 (22.6);middle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.3). 'Adult ^female.?Pileum and sides of head plain dull olive-grayish,the feathers with indistinctly darker margins; chin, throat, and sidesof neck plain light brownish gray; otherwise like the adult male, butlesser and middle wing-coverts greenish olive, l)lack of greater coverts,remiges, primary coverts, and tail duller (the last with middle pair ofrectrices dusky brownish gray), yellowish olive-green of upper partsduller, and yellow of under parts slightly less intense; white terminalpatch of inner web of lateral rectrices smaller; length (skin), 181.6;wing, 97.8; tail, 74.7; exposed culmen, 13.5; depth of bill at base, 8.1;tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 16.8.^Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.Tanagra nigricepJiala Jameson, Edinburgh New Philos. .Tourii., xix, 1835, 213(Jamaica); L'Institut, iii, 1835, 316.-
?
Gosse, lUustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849,pi. 56.{_Spindalis'} nigricephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 240.^
?
Sclatek and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Spindalis nigricejjhala SchATER, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1856, 230 (monogr.) ; 1861,74; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 77, excl. syn. part;Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 166(Moiieague and 8panishtown, Jamaica).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1863, 296.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889,85; Cat. AV. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 130.?Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 180./^[pmcZrtZis] nigricephala A. and E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby, lllustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pi. 9.Tanagra zena (not FringiUa zcna Linnteus) Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 231.Tanagra zenoides Des Murs, Icon. Orn. , 1847, pi. 40.SPINDALIS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).PORTO RICAN SPINDALIS.Adult male.?Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a whitesuperciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a white malar stripe (some-times also a small white spot in middle of forehead); a large blackspace on each side of lower throat; back, scapulars, rump, and upper
^ Five specimens. ^ One specimen,3654?VOL 2?01 5
G() BULLETIN oO, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
t;iil-c<)\"(U'ts plain olivc-yroeii, more yellowish posteriorly; a conspicu-ous coUiir ol" oninge, commencing' at posterior end of the white malarstripe and extending thence across sides of neck and hindneck; lesser
"wing--coverts chestnut-rufous; middle coverts olive-green; rest of wingdull hlackish or dusky, the greater coverts and secondaries (especiallythe tertitds) edged with grayish white, the secondaries sometimesedged with olive-greenish basally; outer webs of primaries more orless extensively white at base, this sometimes entirely concealed bj^primary coverts, sometimes extending beyond them; tail olive-dusky(the middle pair of rectrices paler, more olive or olive-grayish), withedges of rectrices olive-greenish basally, grayish terminally; innerwebs of lateral rectrices usually edged terminally with white; chinand sides of upper throat white, flecked with black; median portionof throat (more or less broadly) clear yellow, passing into cadmiumorange on median portion of foreneck (between posterior half, approxi-mately, of the lateral black spaces); chest, breast, upper abdomen,and anterior portion of sides yellow (lemon or gamboge) tinged witholive laterally; rest of under parts white medially, light grayish oliveor olive-grayish laterally, the flanks indistincly streaked with darker;under tail-coverts with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate space ofolive-grayish; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray orplumbeous in life); iris dark reddish brown ^; legs and feet graj^shdusky (plumbeous in life^); length (skins), 147.3-168.9 (157); wing,83.6-87.1: {S-1,.6); tail, 61.7-6S.6 (64.8); exposed culmen, 11.1-13 (13.3);depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9 (8.1); tarsus, 18.8-21.6 (20.1); middletoe, 14-1.5.5 (15).'-Adult female.?Very diflerent from the male. Above plain gray-ish olive, the rump, upper tail-coverts, edges of rectrices (basally),lesser wing-coverts, and edges of secondaries (sometimes also anindistinct collar across hindiieck and sides of neck), yellowish olive-green; greater wing-coverts Ijrownish gray, edged with pale olive-graj'ish or pale olive-greenish, passing into whitish terminally; rest ofwings darker l)rownish gray, or dusk}', the tertials edged witli paleolive-grayish or olive-whitish, the other secondaries with yellowisholive-green, the primaries (more narrowly) with olive-whitish or paleolive-gra3'ish or olive-greenish; sides of head plain grayish olive orolive-grayish like pileum, sometimes with a very indistinct supercil-iary stripe of paler; a broad whitish malar stri])e, usually flecked witholive-graAnsh; l)eneath this, on sides of lower throat, a more or lessextensive and distinct patch of olive-grayish; under parts whitish,more or less tinged with yellow on chest and breast and shaded witholive-grayish across chest and on sides and flanks, more or less dis-tinctly streaked with dusky, except on lower abdomen and anal region;bill, iris, legs, and feet as in male; length (skins), 147.3-154.9 (150.9);wing, Ts. 7-84.3 (81.5); tail, 59.3-65 (?>3.,5); exposed culmen, 11.4-
'C. W. Richmond, manuscript. ^ Seven specimens.
BIRDS OK NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. G713.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.-I-S.1 (T.<)); tarsus, 20.1-22.1(20.6); middle toe, 13-15.2 (14. 5).
'
Immature male.?Similar to the adult male, but black (?t" headreplaced by olive, more or less lilotehed or mixed with l)lai'k; whitehead-stripes less distinct, less purely white; orange patch on foreneckabsent or slightly indicated, and yellow of breast, etc., paler; orangenuchal collar narrower, more yellow; wings and tail much as in adultfemale.Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, 252 (PortoRico).[Sjyindalinl porturkensls Sclatek and Balvin, Noin. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
?
Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.SpindaUsj)ortoricensisGviim,Acu, iiowvn. fiirOrn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159, 168; Anal.Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 188.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 197 (synonymy;descr.); Birds W. 1., 1889, 84 (do.); Cat. AV. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 132.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.Tanagra [Spindalu) portoricensis Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,1869, 596. SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieillot).HAITIAN SPINDALIS.Adult male.?Pileiun and sides of head black, i-elieved b}" a super-ciliary stripe and lirotider malar stripe of white, the former extend-ing to the nape; chin and up]^er throat also white; entire hindneckand sides of neck rich yellow (indian yellow); back yellowish olive-green, the scapulars similar hut darker and somewhat mixed -withdusky anteriorly; whole rump orange-tawny, Ijecoming yellowish nextto olive-green of back, the upper tail-coverts rather deeper orange-tawn}^ sometimes inclining to yellowish chestnut; lesser wing-covertschestnut; rest of wings black, the middle coverts narrowly marginedwith olive-green, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged withwhite, the other secondaries and the primaries more narrowly edgedwith white, the latter (except the outermost) wdiite at base of outerweb, forming a more or less extensive patch; tail black, the outermostrectrix with al)out the terminal half of inner web white (except at tip),the corresponding part of outer web also mostly white; next rectrixwith a similar but slightly shorter patch of white on inner welj; thirdwith a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; median line oflower throat canary yellow, bordered along each side ])y a large patchof black (narrow and pointed anteriorly, broad and rounded posteriorly),extending posteriorly nuich be^^ond the yellow, or as far as the pos-terior extremity of the white malar stripe; space between posteriorhalf of these black patches, extending considerably upon median por-tion of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, whole breast, and upper alxlo-men bright A^ellow (lemon or gamboge); lower abdomen, anal region,
^ Seven specimens,
r>8 BULLETIN 50, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.and under tiul-cDVcrts white, the last with eoneealed ba.sal portion ofthe feathers abruptly Ji"i'ay; tlaid-cs liyht grayish olive, indistinctlystreaked with darker; maxilla bhick; mandible paler (bluish gray inlife?); legs and feet dusk}^ (bluish gviiy in life?); length (skins), 157.5;wing, 83. 1-86.4 (84.6); tail, 69.9-71.9 (70.9); exposed cuhnen, 10.7-11.2(10.9); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.8; tarsus, 20,8-21.1; mid-dle toe, 13.7.^Adult female.?'"Olive on the })ack and yellowish on the rump;under parts grayish, whitening at the vent" (Cory). ""Above olive;back slightly striated; wings and tail blackish ])rown, edged with olive;outer margins of wing-coverts whitish; beneath grayish white, cleareron the belly, with blackish shaft-stripes on the breast" (Sclater).Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.T\<intKjr<i\ multicolor yiEii.un', Enc. Metli., ii, lS2o, 775 ( "Floridew, les iles Baha-ma et (le Saint-Domingue " )
.
Tanagra nmUicolor YiEihi^OT, Gal. Oiy., i, 1834, 1(X">, i>\. 76.ISpindalls'l inuliicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.
?
Sclatkk and Salvin,Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Spindalis inultkolor Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 230 (inonogr. ); Synop.Av. Tanagr., 1856, 57; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.?Salle, Prof.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231.?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C'lnl), vi, 1881, 152(Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 54, pi. (7); Auk, iii, 1886, 196(synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 83 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16,114, 131.
?
Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Catare and Aguacate,Santo Domingo ; crit. )
.
Tanagra duin'micensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (St. Domingo;crit.). SPINDALIS PRETREI (Lesson).CUBAN SPINDALIS.Similar to A', //n/lficolo/'^ but l?ill still more slender; adult male withnuchal collar rufous-orange (instead of yellow), lower rump rufous-orange (instead of deep orange-tawny), chest tawny-orange instead ofchestnut, middle wing-coverts more broadly tipped with olive-green,greater coverts more broadly edged with white, and black stripe onsides of throat nmch narrower.Adult iiiide.?Pileiun and sides of head black, relieved by a whitesuperiiliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader white malarstripe; chin white (confluent laterally with white malar stripes); medianportion of throat clear rich yellow (canary or Indian yellow), mar-gined on each side by a black stripe (narrow and pointed anteriorly',broader and roundtnl or subtruncate posteriorly); whole chest, lowerforeneck (between posterior i)ortion of lateral black throat-stripes),sides of neck and band or collar across hindiieck orange-tawny or deeptawny-orange, that on the chest fading posteriorly into clear lemon3^ellow on median portion of breast and upper abdomen; sides andflanks pale olive-grayish; lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-
^ Two speciuiens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69
coverts white, the last with concealed basal portion of longer feathersabruptly gray; back and scapulars plain yellowish olive-green; rumptawny-orange or orangc-tawny, more 3'ellowish toward back; upper tail-coverts black basally, gray and olive-greenish terminally; lesser wing-coverts orange-chestnut; middle coverts black, broadly tipped with olive-green; rest of wings black, the greater coverts and tertials broadl}- edgedwith white, the other secondaries more narrowly edged with white or paleyellowish, the primaries still more narrowW edged with white or veiypale grayish, the longer primaries with basal portion of outer webswhite, forming more or less of a patch beyond tips of primary coverts;tail black, with more than terminal half of inner web of lateral rectrixwhite, the second with a little less white (about the terminal half), thethird with a large white terminal space; inner webs of middle rectricesbroadly edged with white; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray; legsand feet blackish gray (bluish grav in life?); length (skins), 132.1-147.3(138.2); wing, 70.6-71.9 (73.1); tail, 53.8-58.2 (56.1); exposed culmen,10.7-11.4 (10.9); depth of bill at base, 6.6-6.4 (5.8); tarsus, 17.5-19.6(18.8); middle toe, 13.2-14.5 (13. 5).
^
Adultfemale.?Very different in coloration from the male. Above(including pileum, sides of head, and hindneck) phiin olive, ])ecomingslightly lighter on rump; beneath much paler olive, slightly tingedwith yellowish, the chin and a broad but not very distinct malar stripewhitish; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, tingedwith yellowish, the last with concealed portion abruptly l)rownish gray;wings and tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadlyedged with white, very pale gray, or olive-whitish, the secondariesedged with light olive, the primaries verv narrowly edged with palegray, and the rectrices rather liroadly edged with greenish olive; innerwebs of two lateral rectrices with an indistinct paler space or ])lotchnear tip; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 133.4-142.2 (140); wing. 68.6-71.1 (70.1); tail, 50.8-.54.1 (52.6); exposed cul-men, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 5.3-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 17.5-19.6 (18.3); middle toe, 12.7-14 (13. 5). -^Island of Cuba (including the Isle of Pines), '' Greater Antilles.
^ Seven specimens.
^ Five specimens.
^ Three adult males from the Isle of Pines, although in somewhat worn plumage,appear to be identical in coloration with Cuban specimens, but are somewliat larger.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.TdiKKjra jtrctrei Le.ssox, Cent. Zool., ISol, 122, pi. 45 ("Brazil" )?
?
Lafkesnaye,Rev. Zool., 1839, 103 (Cuba; crit.).Tlanagra} j/retrei Gka.y, Gen. Birdy, ii, 1844, 365.\^Spindaliii'] pretrei'BoNAPARTB, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 248.SpbulaliH im'trei Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 328; 1862, 189; 1872,419; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 237.?Brewer, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H.,vii, 1860, 307.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 196 (synonymy; descr.) ; Birds W. I.,1889, 83 (do.).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (Trinidad,Cuba)
.
SphidaliK prctrii Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 168 (San Cristobal,Cuba).?CoKY, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 129.[Spind<dis} pretru Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
?
Cory, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 11.Tanagra {Spyindaln) pretrei Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 266, 275.Tamujra zena (not Fringilla zena Linnteus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, Dec,1827, 441 (Cuba).?D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839,65, excl. syn. part, pi. 11.T'ianagrd'] zena Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365 part.Spltidalifi zena ScLXTKR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231 (monogr. ); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 1856, 57, i)art (Cuba).SPINDALIS ZENA ZENA (Linnaeus).BLACK-BACKED SPINDALIS.Adult male.?Pileuni and sides of head ])lack, relieved by a broadsuperciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader malar stripeof white; chin white; a ])and across hindneck (extending- across sidesof neck to posterior extreniit}' of white malar stripe) chestnut, becom-ing lighter and more yellowish (sometimes dull orange-yellow) pos-teriorly; l)ack and scapulars uniform black (rarely slightly intermixedwith olive-greenish); upper rump dull yellowish (gallstone or ocher yel-low), passing into bright chestnut on lower rump; upper tail-covertsblack; wings and tail l)lack; lesser wing-coverts partly dark chestnut;greater coverts and tertials very broadly edged with white, the othersecondaries less broadly and primaries very narrowly edged with thesame, the last with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a moreor less extensive spot or patch; inner we})s of middle rectrices edged(more or less broadly) with white; inner web of outermost rectrixwith more than terminal half white, the next with nearly the terminalhalf white, the third usually with a terminal white spot of greater orless extent; throat with two broad lateral stripes of black (narrowerand more or less pointed anteriorly, much broader and rounded or sul)-truncate i)osteriorly), these inclosing a median stripe (of varyingextent) of rich yellow (Indian yellow or rich lemon yellow); spacebetween broad posterior extremities of black lateral throat stripes, andmore or less of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, breast, and upper por-tion of abdomen yellow, usually more or less suffused with chestimt;flanks ])al(^ olive-grayish, sonu^tiuK^s broadly streaked or longitudinall}"
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLP] AMERICA. 71clouded with hhicki.sh, rarely with these broad black streaks veiyheavy; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the last with concealedsubbasal spots of dusky; maxilla l>lack. mandible l)luish gray withblackish tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length(skins), 137.2-152.4 (147.3); wing, 73.4-81 (77.5); tail, 57.9-65 (61.5);exposed culmen 9.7-13 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.9 (6.9);tarsus, 18.3-20.3 (19.8); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).^Adult female.^?Above plain, rather light, olive or olive-grayish,the feathers of the pileum very indistinctly darker centrally; wingsand tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly' edgedwith dull whitish or very pale olive, the secondaries more narrowlyedged with pale olive, the primaries with outer webs narrowly edgedwith pale grayish or grayish white and a))ruptly white at base, forminga more or less extensive spot or patch ; rectrices edged (quite ])roadlytoward base) with light greenish olive; sides of head like upper parts,sometimes with an indistinct paler superciliary sti'ipe, the auricularregion with narrow paler shaft-streaks; under parts very pale olive orolive-grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with yellowish), the chin, malarregion, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish(the last sometimes inclining to bull'y); throat sometimes with a medianspace of pale dull yellowish; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish withdusky tips; legs and feet grayish dusky; length (skins), 129. .5-149.
9
(143.3); wing, 72.4-76.5 (74.2); tail, 53.8-60.7 (56.9); exposed culmen,10.9-12.7 (11.7); depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 17.8-20.3(19.6); middle toe, 13-15 (13.5).'
' Eighteen specimens.^The female of this species is very similar in coloration ti? that of S. pretrel, hut isdecidedly grayer and has the bill much stouter.
* Eight specimens.Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Locality.
72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Bahama Islands, except island of Abaco. (Recorded -from BerryIslands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Lono'Island, Green Cay, and Marihuana islands.)[FringiUa] zeua I^inn.euh, >Syst. Nat.,ed. 12, i, 1706, 320 (based on Bdhaina Finch,Frhiifilla hahamemis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 42).2'[""",'/'""] zcna Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365, part.Tanagra zena Bryant, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 111 (New Providence,Bahamas).hSpindidis] zf-zMi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.?ScLATERand Salvin, Nom.Av. Neotr.. 1873, 21.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Sj'iiKhdis zena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231, part, excl. syn. part;Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 169 (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas).
?
Cory, Birds l^ahama I., 1880, 92; Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (synonymy; descr.) ; viii,1891, 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands); ix, 1892, 48 (Mari>,niana)
;
Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114,127 (Berry Islands,New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, J.,ong I., Green Cay, and Mariguana,Bahamas).
?
Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.; food, etc.).
?
Ridu-way, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337 (Cat I.or San Salvador), 339 (Green Cay).Spind(d\s zena stejnegeri Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348, 351 (Eleuthera Island,Bahamas; coll. C. B. Cory); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 126, 152 (Eleu-thera; San Salvador?).SPINDALIS ZENA TOWNSENDI Ridgway.ABACO SPINDALIS.Similar to S. z. zena, but adult male with back either wholly olive ormvich mixed with that color, instead of uniform black, the adult femalemore decidedly olive or olive-greenish.Adalt m?/t^.?Length (skin.s), 149.9-162.6 (154.7); wing, 74.2-78.7(76.7); tail, 61.2-62.7 (62); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth ofbid at base, 5.8-7.1 {'o.^); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 18.7-14.5A<h(U fern ale. ^Ijexy^th (skins), 141-147.3 (144); wing, 71.1-73.7(72.9); tail, 53.3-57.9 (55.6); exposed culmen, lO.J-11.7 (11.2); depthof bill at base, 6.9-7.1 (7.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.1); middle toe,13.5-15 (14.2).'~Island of Abaco, Bahamas.Spitidal is zena toumsendi Ridgway', Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, Apr. 25, 1887, 3 (AbacoIsland, Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) ; Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).?Cory,Auk. V, 1888, 157; viii, 1891, 298, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco) ; Birds W. I.,1889, 292; Cat. \V. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 127, 152 (Abaco; Great Bahama;Andros?). SPINDALIS BENEDICTI Ridgway.COZUMEL SPINDALIS.Similar in coloration to S. zena tornm^endi (the back and scapularsalways olive) })ut much larger and with much thicker bill.
?Five specimens. ^Three specimens.
BIRDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73Adult male.?Pileum and side.s of head black, relieved b_y a broadsuperciliary stripe (extending to nape) and broader malar stripe ofwhite; chin white; throat with a median stripe of bright yellow,inclosed between two broad lateral stripes (narrower and more pointedanteriorly, broader and rounded or subtruncate posteriorly) of l)lack;space between posterior portion of these black lateral throat-stripes,more or less of the chest, sides of neck, and band across hindneckchestnut, the nuchal collar broken below by deep olive-3-ellowish tipsto the feathers; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive-green, passinginto olive-yellowish on upper rump and this into chestnut on lowerrump; feathers of lower hindneck and upper back with a concealedblack transverse spot or bar, separating the terminal yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish portion from the basal gray part; scapularssometimes partly blackish; upper tail-coverts black, with tips some-times extensively gray or olive; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; middlecoverts black, narrowly margined at tips with yellowish olive-green;rest of wing black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the othersecondaries more narrowly, the primaries very narrowly, edged withwhite; primaries (except outermost) with outer webs abruptly w^hiteat base, forming a more or less extensive spot or patch; tail black, theouter webs of rectrices very narrowly edged with white, inner webof middle pair broadly edged with white, and inner webs of two outer-most extensively white terminally (nearly the terminal half on outer-most rectrix), the third sometimes with a white spot at tip of innerweb; outer web of lateral rectrix mosth' white; breast and upperabdomen rich yellow (lemon, sometimes approaching indian, yellow);lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, the last witha large concealed spot of grayish on each web; sides and flanks lightgrayish olive; maxilla black, mandi))le grayish (bluish gray in life ?)with dusk}' tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (])luish gray in life ?);length (skins), 152.4-1(35.1 (159); wing, 76.2-86.1 (SI. 5); tail, 63-68.1(66); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.1 (12.2); depth of l)ill at base, 7.6-8.9(8.1); tarsus, 20.6-22.6 (21.1); middle toe, 11.5-15.2 (15).'Adult female.?Similar in coloration to the same sex of S. zenatoumsendi^ but larger and bill nuich stouter. Al)ove plain olive; wingsdusky, the greater coverts and tertials edged with whitish or very paleolive, the other secondaries edged with light greenish olive, theprimaries with pale grayish; primaries with basal portion of outer webswhite, forming a small spot; tail dusky or dark olive-grayish with lightgreenish olive edgings, the inner webs of lateral rectrices marginedterminally with white; under parts pale olive, paler and more grayishon chin and malar region, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish or yellowish white, the longer under tail-covertslargely pale olive or light gra3nsh brown; bill, legs, and feet as in the
' Six specimens.
74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dialc; leno-th (skin.s), l-i-t.S-lOS.l (153.7); wing, 70.2-81.5 (78.2); tail,58.9-63.5 (61.5); exposed culinen, 12.2-12.9 (12.7); depth of bill atbase, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 19.3-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, U.5-15.2(14.7).^Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.SpindaUs henedidl Ridgway, I'rof. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii (pub. Mar.), 1885, 21(Cozumel I., Yucatan; c-oll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii,1885, 507 (detailed descr.).SpindtdU exsul Salvix, Ibii^, otli ser., iii, Apr., 1885, 189, j)!. 5 (Cozumel; coll.Salvin and Godman).SPINDALIS SALVINI Cory.SALVIN'S SPINDALIS.Similar to S. henedicti, but median throat-stripe "j^ellowish orange"instead of yellow, and lower rump "brownish orange" instead ofchestnut.Adult male.?"Top of the head and cheeks })lack; a supercilaryand malar stripe of white; a patch of yellowish orange on the upperthroat, separated from the white malar stripe b}^ a line of black whichreaches the breast; chin dull white; lower throat and breast chestnut;back dark olive, separated from the black of the head by a chestnutcollar; lower back yellowish; a patch of chestnut on the carpus; rumpbrownish orange; bell}' and under tail-coverts dull white; tail black,the two outer feathers heavily marked with white; the third feathertipped with white on the inner web, the two central feathers narrowlyedged with white on the inner webs; bill horn color, feet slate brown.General appearance of Spindalis pretril, but having the ])ill heavierand throat markings unlike those of that species, besides other minordifferences.
"Length, 139.7; wing, 85.1; tail, 69.9; tarsus, 17.8; bill, 12.7."'Island of Grand Cayman, Cari])l)ean Sea (near Cuba).This form 1 have not seen. Judging from the description it seemsto be more like S. henedicti than any other, and to differ from thatspecies chiefly in the more orange median throat-stripe and i)aler("brownish orange" instead of chestnut) lower rump. A direct com-parison should be made.Spmd(diii s(dnni Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 499 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;coll. C. B. Cory); v. 1888, 157; Birds W. I., 1889, 289; Cat. AV. I. Birds,1892, 16, 114, 129, 152 (Grand Cayman).
' Six specimen.s.
^Original description; niea.suri!uient.s in original given in inches and tenths.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. iOGenus PIRANGA Vieillot.Piranga Yieili.ot, Oi.s. Am. Sept., i, 1807, ji. iv. (Type, Mmdcapa rubraLinnieus.
)
Pyranga (emendation) Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32.Phanuoma Swainsox, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284. (Type, by elimination,Tanajra rubra Linn?eus,== Pyranga eyrfhromelds Vieillot.
)
Phmrirnsoma (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein;, i, 1850, 24.Medium .sized or rather small Tanagers with expose'd culmen notshorter than middle toe, without claw; bill rather ntout to very stout,more or less swollen, the maxillary tomiuni with more or less of amedian tooth or else the plumage unieolored (red in adult mules, yel-lowish in adult females and young); adult males with at least thehead red.Bill subconical, decidedly longer than broad or deep at l)aso, theculmen more or less strongly curved and uncinate at tip; exposedculmen loss than two-thirds to nearly as long as tarsus, distinctlyridged, gradually convex from base or nearly straight for basal halfor more; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) twice as long as mandibularrami, nearly as long as maxilla from nostril, nearly or quite straight;maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, then gently con-cave or nearly straight, usually with a more or less distinct tooth-like projection in or near middle portion; mandil)ular tomium nearlystraight, or somewhat convex near tip, the basal portion ratherabruptly deflected, or sometimes even distinctly angulated. Nostrilexposed, rather large, oval or roundish, sometimes slightly pointedanteriorly, in anterior end of nasal fossa\ Rictal bristles oln'ious ))utnot conspicuous. Wing moderate or long (about three and two-thirdsto five and one-third times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to seventhor sixth primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth) or rounded(eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth); pri-maries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus, exceptin round-winged species. Tail shorter than wing l)y not less thanhalf length of tarsus, sometimes by much more than length of tarsus;emarginate, even or slightly rounded, slightly divaricate terminally,the rectrices of medium width, rounded at tips. Tarsus equal to orlonger than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to baseof middle claw, or falling slightly short; hind claw decidedly shorterthan its digit, strongly curved.Coloration.?Adu\t males with more or less of red (sometimes whollyred) with or without l)lack wings and tail, the wings sometimes withwhite, yellow, or reddish bands. Adult females with red replaced byolive-greenish above, yellowish beneath, the wing pattern as in themale. Young streaked beneath (always in first plumage.
76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Bange.?Temperate North America .southward through Mexico andCentral America and tropical South America to Argentina, Bolivia,and Peru.The species with longer and more pointed wing comprise all exceptP. leucoptera^ P. ardens, P. erythrocephala^ and P. roseo-gidains. Theselatter differ further in having a shorter and more turgid bill, especiallythe two last named; but I am not inclined to consider the differencessufficient to justify generic separation, especially since P. hidentata isintermediate with respect to the wing-formula. P. ruh'a is the longestwinged member of the genus, and is the only one without a commis-sural tooth, though this is indicated b}^ a more or less obvious convex-ity of the maxillary tomium where the usual tooth-like projection islocated.^ P. erytlirohielas comes next in length of wing, and the com-missural " tooth," though present, is less developed than in any otherspecies except P. ruhra and P. ludoviciana, the latter agreeingwith P. hidentata in having the bill more slender than other species,with the culmen nearly or quite straight for the greater part of itslength. The commissural tooth is most developed in P. Jiejxdica^ P.testacea.) and their allies.The wing-tip is at least as long as the tarsus and usuall}" much longerin all the species except those with rounded wnng and short, turgid bill,in which the distance from the tip of the shortest secondary to that ofthe longest primar}^ is very much less than the tarsus, in fact but littleif any more than half the length of the exposed culmen. In these,too, the tail is nuich longer in proportion to the wing, but this is duemore to abbreviation of the wing than elongation of the tail.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SXTBSPECIES OF PIRAXGA.
a. Wing more than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary longerthan tifth.h. Back not streaked,c. General color red, or at least the head red. (Adult males.)d. Under parts entirely red; back reddish.
e. Wings and tail dull red; back duller or darker red than under parts;under wing-coverts red or pinkish./. Maxillary tomium without a distinct median " tooth; "^ color purevermilion below, dull vermilion above. {I'imnga rubra. )g. Smaller and darker colored; wing averaging 95.5, tail 72.4, exposedculmen 17.5. (Eastern United States, soutli in winter to Peru,etc. ) Piranga rubra rubra, adult male (p. 79)g(j. Larger and lighter colored; wing averaging 100.3, tail 80.5, exposedculmen 19.3. (Southwestern United States and western Mexico.)Piranga rubra cooperi, adult male (p. 83)
' The National IVIuseum collection contains several specimens in which this so-calledtooth is very distinctly indicated.
" Very rarely indicated.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 77
JJ. Maxillary toiniuiu with a diHtinrt nieilian "tooth;" color orange-red,or dull orange-vermilion l)elow, grayish red or brownish red above.g Wing 100.6 or more, averaging 102.6; back grayish red or reddishgray; under parts light orange-red or flame scarlet. (SouthwesternUnited States and plateau of Mexii-o.
)
Piranga hepatica, adult male (p. 84)gg. Wing not more than 99.1, averaging less than 95.2; back brownishred; under parts deep dull orange-red. {PInnigd tedacea.)h. Coloration darker, with ear-coverts deep brownish red likepileum;wings and tail shorter (wing averaging 91.9, tail 75.4). (Nic-aragua to Colombia, etc. ).Piranga testacea testacea, adult male (p. 86)hh. Coloration lighter, with ear-coverts more grayish than pileum;wings and taillonger (wing averaging 96.5, tail 78.2). (Guate-mala to Honduras. ) . .Piranga testacea figlina, adult male (p. 87)ee. Wings and tail l)lack; back pure red, like under parts; under wing-coverts white, becoming l)lack on edge of wing. (Eastern NorthAmerica, south to northern South America in winter.
)
Piranga erythromelas, adult male in summer (p. 88)(id. Under parts of body yellow; back not reddish.
e. Back black. (Western United States and British Columbia, south toGuatemala in winter.)Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in summer (p. 91)ee. Back yellowish olive-green. (Colombia; accidental in California?)Piranga rubriceps, adults (extralimitaP)cc. General color olive-greenish above (back sometimes black), yellow below;no red, except sometimes a tinge on forepart of head. (Females andyoung males.
)
d. Back olive-green or grayish.
e. Wings without yellow bands./. Under wing-coverts yellow, without dark outer margin.g. Bill light brownish, the mandible paler; maxillary tonuum withoutdistinct median tooth. {Piranga r-ubra. )h. Smaller and deeper colored; wing averaging 91.9, tail 70.1, exposedculmen 18 Piranga rubra rubra, adult female (p. 79)/)/i. Larger and paler; wing averaging 98.5, tail 78.9, exposed culmen19.8 Piranga rubra cooperi, adult female (p. 83)gg. Bill dusky, the mandible more bluish gray; maxillary tomium witha distinct median "tooth."'h. Back olive-grayish or light grayish olive-green; under parts i>aleyellow, becoming pale olive-grayish on flanks.Piranga hepatica, adult female (p. 85)hh. Back bright yellowish olive-green; under parts deep olive-yellow,the flanks light olive-green. {Piranga testacea.)i. Ear-coverts yellowish olive-green, like pileum; wings and tailshorter (wing averaging 84.6, tail 73).Piranga testacea testacea, adult female (}). 87)ii. Ear-coverts more grayish than pileum; wings and tail longer( wing averaging 87. 1, tail 78.7).Piranga testacea figlina, adult female (p. 87)
' Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pi. 89; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 192. (A Coloml)ian species said to have been taken in California;Bryant, Auk, iv, 1877, 78.)
78 BULLETIN 50, UNITKI) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Jl'. Under \ving-covert.s wliite, with <^live, dusky, or blat-k I'xterior l)()rder.[/. Winjis and tail black.Piranga erythromelas, adult male in winter (p. S9)
</</. W'm^v and tail dusky grayish with olive-jireenish edsi;in^',s.Piranga erythromelas, adult female and innnature male (p. 00)ce. AVings with two yellow (or one yellow and one white) bands./. Back and tail black... Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in winter (p. 92)
.//". Back olive-greenish or grayish, tail grayish brown with yellowish olive-green edgings Piranga ludoviciana, adult female (p. 92)bb. Back streaked with black. { Piranga Jndentata.)
c. (leneral color red or orange (darker above).d. Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange.('. Smaller (wing averaging 96.3, tail 79.5; white at tip of inner web of lat-eral rectrices more extended. ( Western IMexico.
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Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult male (p. 95)ef. Larger (wing averaging 97, tail !^0.7); white at tip of inner web of lat-eral rectrices more restricted. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)Piranga bidentata flammea, adult male (p. 96)(Id. Ileail, neck, and under parts orange red or scarlet. (Eastern Mexico toChiri(|ui. ) Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult male (p. 96)cc. '^Teneral color yellow, more olive-greenisli on upper j)arts.d. Paler, the back more grayish olive-green; yellow of under parts lighter.c. Smaller (wing averaging 9o, tail 77.5, exposed culmen 16; white tip toinner webs of lateral rectrices Ijroader.Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult female (p. 95)ee. Larger (wing averaging 93.7, tail, 80.7, exposed culmen, 17.5; white ter-minal margin to inner web of lateral rectrices narrower.Piranga bidentata flammea, adult female ( p. 96)dd. Deeper colored, the back more yellowish olive-green.Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult female (p. 96)<ui. Wingless than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) jn'imary shorterthan fifth.h. Lores grayish; a whitish orbital ring; sides of head, breast, sides, back, andrump gray. {J'iram/a rusco-(/tdaris.)
r. Pileum, wdngs, and tail brownish red; throat and under tail-coverts pinkishred. (Adult males.
)
(/. Red of pileum brighter; wing longer (averaging 79.5), tail shorter (aver-aging 65.5) . (Yucatan.
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Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult male (p. 98)dii. Red of pileum duller; wing shorter (averaging 79.2), tail longer (aver-aging 68). (Island of Cozumel.
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Piranga roseo-gularis cozuraelse, ailult male (p. 99)cf. Pileum, wings, and tail dull olive-greenish; throat and under tail-coverts ]ia]eyellowish. (Females and immature males.
)
(/. Olive-green of pilemn and yellow of throat brighter; wing averaging 78,tail 62.5.Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult female and immature male (p 98)
*/(/. Olive-green of ])ileum duller, yellow of throat jmler; wing averaging 75,tail 64.Piranga roseo-gularis cozumelae, adidt female and immature male (p. 99)hl>. Lores black or dusky; no white orbital ring; sides of head and neck red orolive-green (ear-coverts sometimes grayish), breast and sides red or yellow;rump red, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish,r. Wing with two whitt* bands; edge of wing dusky. (I'irani/a leiwoptera.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMKRIOA. 79
d. General color l)right red; winus, sca|inlar8, tail, forehead, lores, and or))its(usually chin also) black.
e. Wing-bands narrower, the antei'ior one 3-4. (> wide, the posterior oneincomplete (on innermost greater coverts only). (Southern Mexico toBritish Honduras and Salvador.
)
Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult male (p 99)ee. Wing-bands broader, the anterior one 5. 1-7.6 wide, the posterior one com-plete (extending across all the greater coverts). (Costa Rica, Chiriqui,and Veragua. ) Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult male (p. 101)dd. General color olive-green aliove, yellow below; wings, scajtulars, and taildusky grayish, more or less tinged or edged with olive-green.
e. Wing bands narrower. .Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult female (p. 100)ee. Wing bands broader. .Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult female (p. 101)cc. Wing without white bands; edge of wing yellow. [I'mnign eri/throcephala.)d. Pileum scarlet; throat and sides of head pinkish red; rest of plumage yel-lowish olive-green above, bright yellow below. (Mexican plateau.)Piranga erythrocephala, adult male (p. 102)dd. Pileum yellowish olive-green, rest of upper parts duller (more grayish)olive-green; under parts dull yellow, much paler posteriorly.Piranga erythrocephala, adult female (p. 102)PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linnaeus).SUMMER TANAGER.Adult male {surniiier and aunter).?Above plain dull red (dark dullpoppy red), brig-hter or clearer on pileum, rump, and upper tail-coverts; remiges, primary coverts, and alula grayish brown (hairbrown) edged with dull red; under parts clear rich vermilion or poppyred, the axillars and under wing-coverts paler, more pinkish; bill lightbrownish with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (indried skins); length (skins), 162.6-182.9 (170.7); wing, 92.5-99.6 (95.5);tail, 71.1-74.7 (72.4); exposed culmen, 16.8-19.3 (17.5); depth of bill atbase, 9.4-10.4(9.9); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 12.7-14.7 (14).^Adult female {summer and vyinter).?Above plain yellowish olive-green, more yellowish on pileum, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts,the back and scapulars sometimes tinged with grayish; primariesgrayish brown with light yellowish olive-green edgings; lores paleyellowish gra}"; an indistinct orbital ring of light dull yellow; underparts dull yellow (wax yellow or didl maize yellow), the under tail-coverts purer yellow (chrome yellow); bill and feet as in adult male;length (skins), 165.1-182.9 (173.5); wing, 88.9-95.8 (91.9); tail, 66.-5-73.9(70.1); exposed culuien, 17.5-18.3 (18); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7(10.2); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 13.2-14 (13. 5).''Young male in first autumn.?Similar to the adult female, but morerichly colored, the under tail-coverts deep chrome or pale cadmiumyellow, the general color of upper parts more ochraceous, with pileum,upper tail-coverts, tail, and edges of primaries tinged with dull orangeor orange-ochraceous.
^ E"ght specimens. '^ Five specimen.^,
80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Young nude in. )i<'^tJ i ng piuniage}?Pileum and hindneck dull olive-buffy, distinctly and l)roadly streaked with dusk}^; back and scapularsmore olivaceous, more broadly and less distinctly streaked with dullgra^'ish dusky; rump pale dull butiy, changing to a more fulvous hueon upper tail-coverts, both distinctly streaked with dusky; tailcinnamon-brown, the edges of the feathers more reddish; middle wing-coverts grayish dusky, broadly margined with light 3^ellowish butf;greater coverts dull grayish, edged with olivaceous and broadly tippedwith light yellowish butf, producing a distinct band across Aving;secondaries olivaceous, their terminal margins paler and more yellow^-ish, the inner webs dusky; primaries similar, but outer webs becom-ing orange-brownish basally; auriculars uniform olivaceous; sides ofneck dull light butf', streaked with dusky grayish, like nape; underparts white, stained here and there with butfy yellowish, and every-where streaked, most conspicuously on chest, l)reast, and sides, withgrayish dusky; lower tail-coverts orange-butf', with narrow dusk3'mesial streaks.Yoimg feinalo In nestling jylumagc.?Similar to the young male, asdescribed above, but tail olivaceous and edgings to primaries withoutreddish tinge.[The only seasonal difference of color in this species is the greaterintensity of the colors in autumn and winter, the opposite extremebeing represented in midsummer specimens. Immature males arevariously intermediate in plumage between the plumage of the adultfemale and that of the adult male, the relative proportion of red andyellowish varying according to age, several years being required forattainment of the full plumage. Adult females not unfrequently showtouches of red, sometimes a considerable amount of this color, butsuch females may be distinguished from immature males by the dullercolor of the red.]Eastern United States in summer, breeding from the Gulf States(Florida to eastern Texas) north to southern New Jersey and south-eastern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, central Indiana (north to Vigo,Parke, Vermilion, and Franklin counties), central Illinois, southernIowa, etc.; casual or occasional visitant north to Nova Scotia, NewBrunswick (Grand Manan), Maine (Wiscasset), Connecticut (Port-land; Saybrook), Ontario (Hamilton; Listowell), etc.; in winter southto Bahamas (New Providence and Andros islands), Cuba, easternMexico, Central America, and to Ecuador (numerous recoixls), easternPeru (Rio Huallaga), Trinidad, and British Guiana (Roraima).\Fr%ng\lla\ rubra Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 181 (haf^ed on Summer Red-bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, \A. 56.
)
\_Muscicaj)a'\ rubra Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 326.
' Described frona no. 2084, coll. C. W, Beckham, Bardstown, Kentucky, June 21,1886.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81Piranga r?6*-a Vieillot, Gin. Am., Sept., i, 1807, j). iv.
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American Ornitholo-gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 610.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., ix., 1886, 140 (Chietla and Huexotitla, Puebla, Dec, Nov.).?Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (West Indian references); Birds W. I,, 1889, 85 (do.);Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 131 (New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba).?DuTCHER, Auk, iii, 1886, 442 (Long Island records).
?
Beckham, Auk, iii,1886, 487 (Bardstown, Kentucky; descr. young male).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus.Nac, Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Jimenez, San Jose, San Mateo, Alajuela, etc.,Costa Rica; Chiriqui; Panama).
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Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon Springs,s. w. Florida, breeding; Key West and Pimta Rassa, migr. ).
?
Mearns, Auk,vii, 1890, 55 (Highland Falls, s. e. New York, 1 spec. May 12, 1883).
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LooMis, Auk, vii, 1890, 125 (Chester County, South Carolina, up to 2,000ft.).
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Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 252 (W^est Chester, 3 specs.. May25 and Oct. 10).
?
Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I., Bahamas, 1 sjiec,Apr. 19).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 499 (summer resid., rare in w. part).McIlwkaith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 335 (near Hamilton, 1 spec. May, 1885).Kells, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 35 (Listowell, County Perth, Ontario,rare) .
?
Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Oct. 7 to Jan. 10).?Sage, Auk, x, 1893, 303 (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec, Apr. 28, 1893).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,late Oct. to Apr. 13).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 30 (Trini-dad). Clark, Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Saybrook, Connecticut, 1 spec, Apr.27).?Nehrlixg, Our Native Birds, etc, ii, 1896, 12, pi. 19.?Knight, Bull.Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (Wiscasset, Lincoln County, Maine, Ispec).Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 988 (north to Vigo, Parke, and Vermilioncounties; Brookville).
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Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (SantaMarta, Colombia).P[^iranga\ rubra Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.Tanagra misisipplca Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., 1783, 214 (based on Tangara, duMississippi BuUon, PI. Eni., pi. 741).[Tanagra] mississijypiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Tangara, duMississippi Buffon, PI. Enl., pi. 741).
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L.vtham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421.Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 30. Brehm, Handb. Stub. u. Hausvog.,1832, 392.P[yranga'] missisippensis Maximilian, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1858, 272 (crit. ; habits).Tanagra cocdnea Boddaert, Tabl. Pi. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Tangara, du Mis-sissippi Bufion, PL Enl., pi. 741).Plyrangal coccinea Gray', Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.[io.ria] virginica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 849 (based on Yellovhbellii'd Gros-beak Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 1783, 125; =male in transitionplumage)
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Loxia virginica Daudin, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 383.[Tanagra} nestiva Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Summer Red-bird,Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, pi. 56) .
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Latham,Index Orn., ii, 1790, 422.'Tanogrra c-es^/wa Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 95, jjI. 6, figs. 3, 4. Bonaparte, Journ.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 53; Ann. Lye N. Y., ii, 1826, 205.?Lichten-stein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56).Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 232, pi. 44; v, 1839, 518.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 469.Pyranga lestiva Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xxviii, 1819, 291;Enc Meth., ii, 1823, 799.?Bonaparte, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117(Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 136;Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 222, pi. 208.?P'Obbigny, in La Sagra's Hist.3654?VOL 2?01 6
82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 76.?Cassin, Proc. Ac-. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 90(Jalapa, Vera Cruz); xii, 1860, 140 (Turbo, n. Colombia, Apr.).
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Jardixe,Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas).
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Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 123 (monogr.), 142 (Boquete, Chiriqui), 303(Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 73 (Ecuador), 358 (Honduras); 1859, 364(Jalapa), 377 (Oaxaca); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 293 (Esmer-aldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 47; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,80 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 182 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Cozumel I., Yucatan; Dueiias, Choctum,Chisec, Tactic, Savana Grande, and Livingston, Guatemala; San Pedro, Hon-duras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Nicoya, Atiro, and Irazu, Costa Rica; Chiriqui;Calovevora and Santa Fe, Veragua; Chepo and Panama, Isth. Panama;Santa 3Iarta, INIedellin, prov. Antioquia, and Bogota, Coloml:)ia; Sarayacu,Rio Napo, and Pallatanga, Ecuador; Roraima, Brit. Guiana).
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Baird, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 301; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 221; Rep.U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (San Antonio and Browns-ville, Texas, etc.).
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Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Rio Dulce, Yzabal,Quirigua, Duenas, etc., Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (LionHill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 502 (Colom-bia).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).?Guxdlach,Journ. fiir Orn., 1861,328 (Cuba); 1872,421 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat.Cuba, i, 1866, 237.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); ix, 1868, 99 (Costa Rica);Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,Nov., Jan.).
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Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 479 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).
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Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 290. Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,139 (Santa Fe, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (localities in Veragua);1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).?Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,149 (Laredo, Texas, Aug.).?Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 130(crit. ); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164.
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,1869, 299 (Costa Rica).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost, Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548(Vera Cruz).?Maynard, Naturalists' Guide, 1870, 109 (Massachusetts);Birds, E. N. Am., 1885, 87.?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia).?Coues,Check List, 1873, no. 108; 2d ed., 1882, no. 155; Birds N. W., 1874, 82, part.--Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway', Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, pi. 20, figs. 5, 6.
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Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877.27 (Connecticut; Rhode Island).
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McCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog.Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 662 (Wolf and Canadian rivers, n. Texas).
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Pcrdie,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (near Providence, Rhode Island; onespec).
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Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 14(Hidalgo, Texas, Apr., May); v, 1879, 388 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).Merrill, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 126 (Ft. Brown, Texas, breeding).?Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 213 (Chester, South Carolina,breeding; descr. nest and eggs). Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879.235 (accidental near Philadelphia).
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Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 200(Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 4,000 ft., Feb.); 1880, 121(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 289.?Nehkling, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. Texas; breeding).
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Batchelder, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Grand Manan, New Brunswick, 1 spec, May12 or 14, 1881).?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1883, 443 (Valladolid,Yucatan).
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Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Ix)nd., 1883,546 (Chimbo, w. Px'uador, Oct. to Dec).
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Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn.,1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). McIlwraith, Auk, i, 1884,390 (Hamil-ton, Ontario, 1 spec. May 20). Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Feb. ).
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Taczanowski, Orn. du
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLK AMERICA. 83Perou, ii, 1885, 494.?Salvadoki and Fest.v, Boll. Mas. Zool., etc., Torino,XV, no. 357, 1899, 18 (Pun, e. E 'uador, Feb.; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w.Ecuador, Nov. )
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[Fi/nmga:] xstiva Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241, part.?Ooue's, Key N. Am.Birds, 1872, 111.?Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Piyranga] xstiva Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (n. e. Illinois; raresummer resid.).
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 818.\_Piranga] lestiva Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6836.Pyranga xstiva var. xstiva Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds,i, 1874, 441.[^Pyranga sestival a. xstiva Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy).[Pyranga xstiva cooperi] a. xstiva Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 353 (synonymy).Pyranga xstiva xstiva Goode, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339.\_Phoenisoma'] aestiva Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284.Phoenisoma aestiva Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 329 (Costa Rica).Phloenicosoma'] aestiva Cabasis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25.Phoenicosoma. aestiva Gundl.vch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 477 (Cul)a); 1861, 409(Cuba).[Phoenicosoma'] acstivum Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 109.[Tanagra'] rariegata Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421 (based on Tanagra missis-sippiensis and Loxia virginica Gmelin; =male in transition plumage)
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Pyranga livida Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte,Hidalgo, Mexico).PIRANGA RUBRA COOPERI Ridgway.WESTERN SUMMER TANAGER.Similar to J^. r. ruhra^ but decidedly larger, with coloration paler;adult male dull vermilion above (clearer on pileum, rump, and uppertail-coverts), clear lig-ht vermilion beneath; adult female pale olive-grayish above, tinged with olive-3xllowish on back and scapulars, palechrome or pale gamboge 3"ellow beneath.Adult wirtZt?.?Length (skins), 107. 6-190. 5 (179.6); wing, 93-106.2(100.3); tail, 75.7-85.9 (80.5); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); depthof bill at base, 9.7-10.9 (10.1); tarsus, 18.3-21.3 (20.3); middle toewith claw, 14-15.5 (15).^Adultfemale.?l^^wgi^L (skins), 177.8-199.1 (188.5); wing, 96.5-102.1(98.6); tail, 74.9-82.8 (79); exposed culmen, 19.3-20.3 (19.8); depth ofbill at base, 10.7; tarsus, 19.8-21.1 (20.6); middle toe, 11.5-16 (15.2).*^Southwestern United States, from middle Texas through westernTexas, New Mexico and Arizona to the lower Colorado Valley, Cali-fornia; south through western Mexico to the state of Colima; north,casually (?) to Colorado (Denver).Pyranga xstiva (not Tanagra xstiva Gmelin) Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves'Expl. Zufii and Colorado, 1853, 82, part (Texas; New Mexico).
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Henry,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 312 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106(do.).?HEER.MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 1, 1859, 17 (Texas).?Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861, 162 (Ft. Yuma, Arizona).
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Coues, Ibis,1865, 159 (New Mexico); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Ari-zona).?FiNSCH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan).
^ Ten specimens, ' Six specimens.
84 BITLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Plir<t)trjci hepatica (not of Swainson) Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866,71, part (Los Pinos, New Mexico).
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Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 508 (Tucson, Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).Pyranga cooperi Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 130 (LosPinos, New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Coopek, Orn. Cal., 1870, 142(Ft. Mojave, California; Los Pinos; Mazatlan, Colima).
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Baikd, Brewer,and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2.
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Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 188.3, 290 (]\Iazatlan; Presidio, nearMazatlan; Colitna).
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Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184 (Presidio).[Piranga'] cooperi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 61, no. 6847.Pyranga .vstiva . . . var. coojjeri Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 108o.
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Henshaw,Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 60 (Denver, Colorado), 108 (Gila R.,Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 239, pis. 2, 3 (Denver; Gilaand San Francisco rivers, Arizona).Pyranga ;rMira, var. cooperi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 444.Pyranga irntiva var. cooperi Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 273(Mazatlan).[Pyranga .rsiiva'] b. cooperi Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy).Pyranga <rstiva cooperi Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 352, part (excl. synonymyunder "a. ivdira''); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 156.
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Ridgway, Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164o.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 147(near Tucson, Arizona; Rio Grande and Gila R., New Mexico; measure-ments, etc. ); Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Camp Lowell, Arizona; descr. young, etc.).P \_yranga'] al^estiixi] cooperi Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 610a.
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Morco.m,Bull. Ridgw. Orn. CI., no. 2, 1887, 50 (Yuma, Arizona).
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Scott, Auk, v,1888, 30 (Tucson, Riverside, Florence, Mineral Creek, San Pedro Valley,and Sierra Santa Catalina, Arizona, up to 4,000 ft.)
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P [iranga'l rubra cooperi Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Bii'ds, 1887, 454PIRANGA HEPATICA Swainson.HEPATIC TANAGER.Adult male in sninmer.?Pilcum dull scarlet or orano-e-verinilion,brightest on forehead and superciliar}' region, duller toward hindneck;back and scapulars light gra3'ish brown, tinged with red; lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts more reddish than back (dullbrownish orange-red); wings gra3ash brown with pale reddish edgings(nearly vinaceous-cinnamon on greater coverts and tertials, diluteorange-rufous on primaries); tail light brown with edgings of lightdull orange-red; lores dusky grajash; auriculai's light reddish gray(mi ^h like color of back and scapulars) with narrow shaft-streaks ofwhitish anteriorly; under parts Hame scarlet, passing into pale reddishgray on flanks; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish (light bluish grayin lifeO; ii'is brown, legs and feet horn color in dried skins, bluishgray in life.Adult male in autumn and vinter.?Plumage softer; back and scap-ulars more strongly tinged with brownish gray; red of under parts less
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85bright, rather pale vermilion than orange-scarlet, some of the feathers(especially on breast) with paler tips.Adultfemale in. saiainet'.?Pileum yellowish olive-green, becomingyellow on supraloral region, passing gradually into dull olive-grayishon back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the last more tingedwith olive-yellowish; wings darker brownish gra}" with paler edgings,these pale olive-graj^ish (tinged with yellowish) on greater coverts andtertials, light yellowish olive-green or almost yellow on primaries andproximal secondaries; tail dull grayish olive with yellowish olive-greenedgings; loral, sul)orbital, and auricular regions dull grayish; underparts mainly yellow, brightest (gamboge or chrome) on throat, palest(canar}' yellow) on under tail-coverts, the sides tinged with grayisholive, passing into light yellowish gray on flanks; bill, feet, etc., as inadult male.Adultfemale in autumn and winter.?Similar to the summer female,but plumage softer and coloration rather l)righter.Young., nestling ]jlumage.?Conspicuously streaked beneath withdusky on a pale bufi^y ground, more indistinctly streaked above on agrayish olive ground; middle and greater wing-coverts margined ter-minallv with bufl'; otherwise like adult female.^Adult mrt/(>.?Length (skins), 175.3-198.1' (186.2); wing, 100.6-104.9 (102.6;; tail, 79.2-85.6 (81.5); exposed culmen, 16.8-18.5 (17.5);depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.1 (10.1); tarsus, 22.1-23.9 (22.6); middletoe, 15.2-17.5 (16).=*Adultfemale.^\jQ\^g\k (skins), 175.3-196.9 (186.9);* wing, 97.8-101.3(99.3); tail, 71.7-81.8 (79.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth ofbill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.1); tarsus, 21.8-23.1: (22.6); middle toe,15.5-16.8 (16).'Mexican plateau, and northward to northwestern Arizona (confluenceof Beaverdam River and Rio Virgin) and southern New Mexico;highlands of Guatemala.Pyranga hepatica Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte,Hidalgo, Mexico).
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Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr. );1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364(Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Talea, Villa Alta, and Choapam, Oaxaca); 1864,373 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 48; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,81 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 186.?Baird, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv. ix, 1858, 302 (Zuni and Fort Thorn, New Mexico); ed.1860 (" Birds N. Am." ), atlas, pi. 31; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 222.?Ken-NERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 30, pi. 31 (San Francisco Mts., Ari-zona).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala)
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Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat.
^ The specimen described lacks the head.^Length before skinning about 208.3
^ Seven specimens, from Arizona and New Mexico.
* Lengtn before skinning about 198.1-205.7.
^ Five specimen, from Arizona and New Mexico.
86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sci. Phi'a., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 109; 2(1ed. 18S2, no. 157; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 355.?RiiniWAv, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1869, 132 (crit.) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 163.?Sumichrast,Mem. Bost. See. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (Vera Cruz, from coast up to 10,000 ft.)?DiTGEs, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).
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Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870,144 (Arizona, etc.).
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Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (SierraMadre, bet. Mazatlan and Durango); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19((iuichicovi, Oaxaca, Sept.; Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan. ).^
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Baibd, Brewer,and RiDOWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 440, pi. 20, figs. 9, 10.?Henshaw,Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Sarv., 1874, 108 (Apache, etc., Arizona; habits);Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 237 (Apache, Willow Springs, RockCanon, Bowie i*gency,Cami) Crittenden, etc., Arizona; liabits; descr. nest).
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Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 68, (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona);vii, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; measurements, et<!.) ; Auk, ii, 1885,197 (Santa Rita Mts. ; descr. young female).
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Salvix, Cat. Strickland Coll.,1882, 192 (Guatemala).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1883, 291.[Pyninga] hepalica Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112.Plyi-anga] hrjHifica Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.[rimnga] hepatka Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6838.Piranga hepatica American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 609.Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Tezuitlan, Puebla,Nov.).?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 30 (Sierra Santa Catalina, oak belt, 5,000 ft.;remarks on plumage, etc.).
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Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (Mogollon Mts.,Arizona, breeding in pine belt).
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Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 366 (Apache, s.w. New Mexico).
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Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 779 (BarrancaIbarra, Jali.sco, Mar. 10).?Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 109 (con-fluence of Beaverdain and Rio Virgin, n. w. Arizona).?NEHRLiNti, OurNative Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 17.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898,40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).P\^irangci] htpatlca Ridgway, Man. X. Am. Birds, 1887, 455.[Pyranga hepatica'] var. hepatica Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 434.Phloenicosoma] hepatica Cabanis, ]Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Jalapa).[Phoeiricofioma^ hepatinun Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.Pyranga azar.v (not of D'Orbigny) Woodiioise, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zmii andCol. R., 1853, 82 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona).PIRANGA TESTACEA TESTACEA Sclater and Salvin.BRICK-RED TANAGER.Adult male.?Above uniform rich brownish rod/ most intense onpiloum; remio-cs dusky grayish ])rown, edged with lighter red (dragon'sblood) ; under jKirts ])right orange-A'ermilion. shaded laterally and (moreslightly) across rhest with darker 1)rownish red; lores dull brownishgra}'; eyelids light red; maxilla blackish with pahn- tomia; mandiblegrayish, becoming dusky at tip; legs and feet horn color (in driedskins): length (skins), 175.3-188 (181.6); wing, 89.4-93.5 (91.9); tail,72.4-77 (75.4); exposed culmen, 18.3-18.8 (18.5); depth of bill at ba.se,10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 20.6-22.6 (21.3); middle toe, 13.5-15.7 (14. 7).'^
' About intermediate between madder brown and burnt sienna.
" Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87Adult fe/iK/Ie.?Ahoxe In-ight yellowish olivc-o-reen, below yellowisholive-green laterally :ind on chest (the latter paler and more yellowish),the throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clear yellow (lemon yellow),the tirst sometimes tinged with orange; length (skins), 157.5-177.8(169.4); wing, 81.3-88.1 (S4. 6); tail, 60.8-74.9 (72. -t); exposed culmen,16.5-20.1 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.-1 (10.9); tarsus, 20.3-22.9 (21.3); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).^Nicaragua (Chontales) to Colombia (''Bogota"). (South to centralPeru and Bolivia P)Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139(Santa Fe, Veragua).Pynmga tcMdceu Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 388 (Chitra,Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1879, 502 (Antioqiiia, Colombia).?RuxiWAY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133, part (Angostura, Costa Rica;Veragua).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Chitra, Boquete deChitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).?Zeledox, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica,1882, 7.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 292, part,pi. 19, figs. 1, 2 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Costa Rica; localities inVeragua; Colombia).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184, part(Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Chitra and Santa Fe, Veragua; Concor-dia and Antioquia, Colombia).[Pyranga'] testacea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.[Pyranga saira] var. testacea Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua).Plranga testacea Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pozo Azulde Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago and Cartago, Costa Rica).Plirangal testacea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455.[Phccnicosoma'] tesiacemn Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 111.PIRANGA TESTACEA FIGLINA ( Salvin and Godman).BELIZE TANAGER.Similar to P. t. testacea, but wing and tail longer and colorationduller; adult male with red of upper parts lighter (approachingchestnut-rufous), that of under parts lighter and duller (approach-ing orange-rufous), with the darker shading on chest and sides lesspronounced; auricular region more or less brownish, with tine shaft-streaks of paler, instead of uniform or nearly uniform dark red, likepileum; adult female rather lighter yellowish olive-green above, withauricular region much duller and with tine shaft-streaks of whitish,instead of uniform vellowish olive-green, like pileum.Adult male.?Length (skins), 170.2-182.9 (174.8); wing, 88.4-99.1(94.7); tail, 70.9-79.5 (76.7); exposed culmen, 17.8-19.3 (18.3): depthof bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 21.1-22.6 (21.3); middle toe,15.2-16.3 (15.7).=*
^ Six specimens.2 1 have not seen specimens from south of Bogota, but there are rather numerousrecords for Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. I suspect that the bird from Chontales, Nic-aragua, may be P. /. figlm^^, or '^^ least an intermediate between the two forms.
^ Seven specimens.
88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATP:S NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult fimale.?l^ength (skins), 167.6-177.S (171.7); wing-, SO.8-95.8(s7. 1); tail, 64.8-78.7 (70.6); exposed culinen, 17-17.5 (17.3) depthof hill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe,15-15.2 (15.2).^Guatemalan specimens have the wing and tail longer, average measurements beingas follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89outer margin of black; ]?ill (in life) gTa34,sh blue l)asally, dull yellow-ish green terminally; iris brown; legs and feet (in life) pale lavendergray or lilaceous grayish blue.Adult male In fall and whder.?Wings and tail Idaek, as in summer;rest of upper parts yellowish olive-green, more yellowish on foreheadand crown; under parts yellow (gamboge), shaded with olive-greenlaterall3\Adidtfemale in spring and summer.?Above yellowish olive-green,usuall}^ somewhat more grayish on back and scapulars, especially thelatter; wings (except lesser coverts and tail) dusky brownish graywith olive-greenish edgings; under parts light yellow (about interme-diate between citron or sulphur and canary), shaded laterally witholive-greenish; under tail-coverts clear canary yellow; under wing-coverts gra3dsh white (sometimes slightl}^ tinged with pale yellow),w^ith broad outer margin of grayish olive-green or dull olive-grayish;bill (in dried skins) horn color, the mandible paler; iris brown; legsand feet (in dried skins) grayish horn-color (bluish gray in life?).Young male in first autumn.?Similar to adult female l)ut yellow ofunder parts rather clearer, and middle and greater wing-coverts mar-gined terminally with light yellow; the black first appearing (by mid-dle of September) on lesser and middle wing-coverts and S(;apulars.Young male., nestlimg plumage.?Alcove olive-greenish, faintly mot-tled with dusky; wings and tail grayish dusky with olive-green edg-ings, the middle wing-coverts and outer webs of greater coverts tippedwith olive-yellowish, producing two rather distinct bands; underparts white, tinged with sulphur yellow posteriorly (the under tail-coverts canary yellow), the chest, upper breast, and sides broadlystreaked with gravish dusk3^Adult male.?Ij^rxgih (skins), 158.8-171.5 (163.6);^ wing, 91.9-99.3(95.8); tail, 65-71.6(68.3); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15.2); depth ofbill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.4); tarsus, 19.6-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-15.5 (14).'Adultfemale.?Length (skins), 157. 5-170. 2 (165. 1)
;
' wing, 87. 6-94.
5
(92.7); tail, 64-70.4 (67.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth ofbill at base, 8.1-9.4 (8.9); tarsus, 17.8-20.8 (19.6); middle toe, 13-14.7(13.7)/Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, northto New Brunswick (Grand Falls), Nova Scotia, northern Ontario (Parr3'Sound, Muskoka, etc.), Manito})a (Winnipeg, Assiniboine River, etc.),breeding southward at least to Virginia, Kentuck3\ Missouri, etc. (inAllegheny Mountains to South Carolina); in winter migrating south-ward to West Indies (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados; Antigua),and through Mexico, Central America, and northern South America
'Length before skinning, about 184. 2-1 90. 5. ^Fourteen specimens.
'Length before skinning, about 7-7.25. ?'Ten apeciniens.
90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.to Bolivia (Pillon) and central Peru; west, casually or occasionall}' toeastern Colorado and Wyoming; accidental in Bermudas.Average measurements of eastern and western specimens are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91
Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 435, pi. 20, figs. 7, 8.?Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.Soc, Loml., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,55 (San Jose,- Costa Rica, Apr.); 1883, 443 (Yucatan).?Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (plumages of adult male).
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Ridgway, Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 161.?Chamberlain, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,111 ((xrand Falls, New Brunswick). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves,,i, 188?, 287.?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 326 (song).?Berlepsch, Journ.fiir Orn., 1884, 292 ( Bucaramanga, Colombia).
?
Taczanowski and Ber-lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Dec. )?Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding.)[Pirmigd'] rubra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6835.[Pyrcn^ga'] rubra Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 111.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Plyranga^ rubra Newton (A. and E. ), Handl). Jamaica, 1881, 104.
?
Coues, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318.Piranga rubra M-E^m Ail, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 283 (Bermudas, 1spec., Apr. 18, 1881).P[ha'nisoma'] rubra Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284.Ph\_oenicosoma'] rufera Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 18,50, 24.Plioeuicosoma ru6ra Gundlach, Journ. fiirOrn., 1855, 477 (Cuba).{^Phoenicosomal rubrum Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 293, pi. 22,fig. 1 (based on Tanagra rubra, Latham, etc.).Pyranga etythrornelas [err. typ.] Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 800.Piranga erythromelas American Ornithologists' Union, Check List., 1886, no.608.
?
Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 110 (mountains of w. North Carolina,breeding up to 5,000 ft.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 199 (West Indian references;Cuba; Jamaica; Barbadoes); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); Birds W. I., 1889, 86;Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 152 (New Providence and Andros, Bahamas;Cuba; Jamaica; Tortola; Barbados) .
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Dota, and Barranca, Costa Rica).
?
Bond, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 2 specs.. May 28).
?
Scott,Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida, migr. ; Key West, Apr.27 and 29); x, 1893, 180 (Jamaica) .?Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 215.?LooMis, Auk, vii, 1890, 125 (mountains of South Carolina, breeding above2,000 ft.); viii, 1891, 329 (Greenville Co., South Carolina, 2,000 ft.); x, 1893,154 (remarks on plumage).
?
Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891,608 (Winnipeg, Assiniboine R., etc., Manitoba, rare summer resident).Goss, Birds, Kansas, 1891, 497 (summer resid. e. and mid. Kansas). Rich-mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,Sept. 27; Rio Frio, Costa Rica, Mar. 1, both in scarlet and black plumage!) .Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 2, pi. 25, fig. 1.?Cooke, Bull.Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 (near Newcastle, Colorado, 2 specs, spring,1892; Del Norte Valley, 1 spec. Sept., 1883).?Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901,42 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, common summer resident).P[iraiiga'] erythromelas Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson).LOtriSIANA TANAGER.Adult male in summer.?Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, thefirst sometimes slightly mixed with 3'ellow; posterior row of lesserwing-coverts, middle coverts, ))road tips to outer webs of greatercoverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, hindneck, and under parts of body
92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.yellow (lemon or guniboo-e to canary 3'ellow), the tips to greater wing-coverts usually paler yellow, sometimes whitish, and the hindnecksometimes tinged with red; head (at least anterioi'ly), all round, red(varying from orange-chrome to almost crimson on pileum, paler onthroat);^ under wing-coverts light yellow, bill (in life) dull wax yel-lowish, darker and more brownish toward culmen; iris brown; legsand feet (in life) bluish gray.Adult male in w'inte)\?Similar to the summer male but with headyellow (or but slightlv tinged w4th red), more or less obscured onocciput and hindneck with olive-greenish or dusky tips to the feathers;feathers of back usually more or less distinctly margined with yellow-ish olive; tertials broadly margined terminalh' with white or paleyellow, the rectrices also more or less broadly margined at tips withwhite. ^Adultfemale in summer.?Above olive-greenish, the back and scapu-lars usuall}^ more or less tinged with gray, the rump and upper tail-coverts more yellowish; wings grayish dusk}' with light olive-greenishedgings (usually more grayish on primaries, primary coverts, andalula); middle coverts broadly tipped with light yellow and outerwebs of greater coverts broadl}' tipped with paler yellow or white,forming two distinct bands; tail grayish brown or olive, with yellowisholive-green edgings; under parts dull 3'ellowish (varying from palebuffy 3-ellow to almost gamboge), the under tail-coverts clear canaryyellow or lemon yellow; anterior portion of head sometimes tingedwith red; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male.Young male in first autumn.?Similar to the adult female, butclearer yellow below, and rump more decidedly 3'ellowish.Youngfenude In first autumn.?Much duller in color than the adultfemale, the upper parts more brownish olive, the under parts muchobscured by light brownish olive; wing-bands much narrower, paleyellowish bull', instead of 3'ellow.Young male, first ])lwnage.?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars,rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green; wings dull blackish,the middle and greater coverts margined terminally with 3'ellow, thegreater coverts and tertials broadl}^ edged with olive-green, the alula,primary coverts, and primaries narrowly edged with grayish olive,the olive-green on edges of tertials passing into white terminallv; tailgrayish dusky, with outer webs of rectrices edged with olive-green;lores, orbits, malar region, and chin pale olive-yellow; throat andchest pale grayish, the latter nmch tinged with olive-3'ellow; under
* Usually the red of the throat is of an orange hue and does not extend beyond thethroat; but sometimes (in specimens from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains)it is of a bright, poppy red hue and extends over the chest.
'^ These white or pale yellow markings on tertials and rectrices are also present inspring, or until worn off by exposure.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93tail-coverts sulphur yellow; rest of under parts white, stained withsulphur yellow, the breast streaked with dusky g-rayish,AduJt male.?luQwgih. (skins), 157.5-176.5 (i67.9)V wing, 91.2-07.3(95.8); tail, 67.1-75.7(71.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth ofbill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 19.6-21.3 (20.3); middle toe, 11-15.2(11.7).^Adult female.?luewgth (skins), 160-175.3 (169.2); ^ wing, 89.9-98.6(92.7); tail, 68.1-73.1(70.6); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (11.7); depth ofbill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 20.1-20.8 (20.6); middle toe, 11-15(11.5).=^Western United States, from eastern base of Rocky Mountains toPacific coast, northward to British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Atha-basca (Lake Athabaska; Chippewyan), Idaho, Montana, and westernDakota. South in winter over greater part of Mexico to highlands ofGuatemala (Duenas; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenango).Straggling eastward during migration to more northern AtlanticStates (Lynn, Massachusetts, January 20, 1878; Fort Montgomery,New York, December 21, 1881; New Haven, Connecticut, December15, 1892; Bangor, Maine, October 1, 1897), and near New Orleans,Louisiana (March 19, 1898).Tanagra ludoviciana Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 27, pi. 20, fig. 1 ("Louisiana,"i. e., some part of the territory at that date thus designated).
?
Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 54 (crit); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,105.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 471.
?
OrnithologicalCommittee, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia E. ).
?
Audubon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 385; v, 1839, 90, pi. 354, figs. 1, 2, and pi.400, fig. 4.?Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 154.Pyranga ludoviciana Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v, 1837, 175.Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Mexico); Geog. and Comp.List, 1838, 35; Nuov. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, ii, 1839, 344.
?
Audubon, Synop.,
^ Length before skinning, about 190.5.
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Eight specimens.Specimens from the Rocky Mountain district have, as a rule, larger wings and tailsthan those from California, and l)righter coloration. Average measurements are asfollows:
Locality.
94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NA.TIONAL MUSEUM.1839, 137; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 231, pi. 210.?Sclater, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr.); 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 377(Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Southern United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 191 (Vancouver I.; Orizaba; off San Bias; Dueiias, Guatemala).
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Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 303; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.223.?Xantcs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (FortTejon, California).?Heermanx, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 52 (Posa Creek andTejon Valley, California).
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Sclater and Salvix, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Alotenango,Volcan de Agua, Volcan deFuego, alt. 5,000 ft., and Vera Paz, Guatemala).Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. vSurv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 182 (FortSteilacoom, Puget Sound, etc., Washington; habits).
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Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 110;2d ed., 1882, no. 158; Birds N. W., 1874, 83, 232; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 358.?Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).?Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 33 (e.base Rocky Mts., Montana) ; Orn. Cal., 1870, 145.?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost.Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (Vera Cruz).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 437, pi. 20, figs. 3, 4.
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Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 78 (Garland and Rio Grande, Colorado, up to 10,000ft.), 107 (Neutria, New Mexico; Apache, GilaR., Goodwin, etc., Arizona);Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 235 (Provo, Utah; localities in Colorado,New Mexico, and Arizona; habits) .
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,1876, 19 (Ishautlan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec, Jan.).
?
Ridgway, Orn.40th Parallel, 1877, 454 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.);Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 162.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1878,304 (Lynn, Massachusetts; 1 spec, Jan. 20, 1878); Ibis, 1878, 205 (do.).?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).?Williams, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).?Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, May 18).?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 297. Belding, Proc U. S.Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 ( Victoria Mts. and La Paz, Lower California, winter).{^Pyrangu'] ludoviciann Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.?Cory, List Birds AV. I., 1885, 11 (Cuba).Pl^yranga'] ludoriciana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds 2d ed., 1884, 319.[Piranga'] ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6839.Piranga ludoviciana American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.607.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Chietla, Puebla,Dec).
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Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 29 (Santa Catalina and Pinal Mts., s. Arizona,breeding in pine belt; habits).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 222(South Concho R., Texas; Black Hills, Dakota, breeding); Bull. Col. AgricColl., no. 44, 1898, 167 (breeding in Colorado above 6,000 ft., in n. e. Wyo-ming down to 4,500 ft.). Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 55 (Fort ]\Iontgomery,s. e. New York, 1 spec, Dec. 21, 1881), 260 (Mogollon Mts.. Arizona, breed-ing in pine belt) .?Palmer (T. S.), Auk, vii, 1890, 310 (Chehalis R., w.Washington, Aug. 15).
?
Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 104 (LostR. Mts., etc., Idaho).
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Flint, Auk, x, 1893, 86 (New Haven, Connecticut,1 spec, Dec 15, 1892).?Kellogg, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kan-sas, May 20, June 1).? Neiirling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 8, pi. 20,fig. 3.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. IMus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamau-lipas, Jan., Feb.).
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Knight, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (near Ban-gor, Maine, 1 spec, Oct. 1, 1889).
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Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 198 (OkanoganCo., e. Washington, summer resid.).
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Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.,1897-'99 (1900), 108 (near New Orleans, 1 spec, .March 19,P\iranga'] ludoviciana Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95IPhoenicosoma] Indovicianum Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.Pyranga erythropis Vieillot, -Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2(1 ed., xxviii, 1819, 291(based on Wilson, Am. Orn., pi. 20, fig. 1); Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 799.Tanagra columbiana Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 317 (Columbia R. ).Tanagra columbianus Brewer, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., 1840, 207.
. PIRANGA BIDENTATA BIDENTATA Swainson.SWAINSONS TANAGER.Adidt male.?Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange, thepileum more intense (nearer orange chrome, sometimes tinged withflame scarlet), the hindneck more or less tinged or clouded with olive,the color of under parts fading posteriori}^ to pale orange or orange-bufl' on under tail-coverts; lores and orbits pale dingy yellowish;auricular region much duller and lighter orange, obscured by olive ordull grayish, with a dusky spot or bar across posterior margin; backand scapulars light olive, more or less tinged with orange-3"elloAvish,broadly streaked with dusky; rump plain light olive; upper tail-coverts orange-olive; wings dusky graj^ish brown with pale oliveedgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white(usually more or less tinged with orange, especially on middle coverts),forming two distinct bands across wing; outer webs of tertials termi-nating in a white spot (unless worn oft); tail grayish brown with lightyellowish olive edgings, the inner webs of three outermost rectricestipped with white (about 1 inch in extent on outermost rectrix); underwing-coverts and axillars pale buffy orange; maxilla blackish withlight grayish tomia; mandible dark grayish (pale bluish gray in life?);legs and feet dusky horn-color (bluish gray in lifeO; length (skins),167.6-185.4 (178.8); wing, 96-96.5 (96.8); tail, 76.2-81.8 (79.5);exposed culmcn, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9);tarsus, 20.3-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 11.2-15.2 (14.7).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but orange replaced b}^yellow (lemon or gamboge on under parts, more tinged with olive onpileum and hindneck), the runip, wing edgings, etc., olive-greenish;length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (180.3); wing. 91.9-94 (93); tail, 77-78(77.5); exposed culmen, 16-16.3; tarsus, 20.8-21.1; middle toe, 14.7-15.2 (15).^Southwestern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Temascaltepec), Jalisco(Barranca Ibarra), Sinaloa (Plomosas), etc.Pyrangd hidenlata Swainson, Philos. Mag., newser., i, 1827, 428 (Temascaltepec,Mexico).?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126, part (Temascaltepec):Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 82, part (in synonymy); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (in synonymy).?Finsch,Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa) .?SALViNandGoDMAN,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Temascaltepec).{Pyranga] bidentata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av..Neotr., 1873, 22, part.
1 Three specimens. ^ Two specimens, one of them immature.
96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED SIATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I'll/nnnjiil lildrntata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.?Baikd, Bkkwek, andRiDOWAY, liist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part.rinnKja bidentata Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 779 (Barranca ll)arra,Jalisco).
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Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157, 158 (crit. ; description and synonymy)
.
Pliramjd] bidentata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456, part.[Phoenicosouta] ///(/cM/otom Giebel, Thesaurus <)rn., iii, 1876, 110, i)art.PIRANGA BIDENTATA FLAMMEA Ridgway.TRES MAKIAS TANAGER.Similar in coloration to J*, h. hldentata^ ))ut with white .spaces at tipsof inner webs of lateral rectrices much more restricted (not exceeding-O.SO in length on outermost rectrix and usually nuich less), and sizedecidedly greater.Adalimale.?laQx^^th (skins), 18L^. 9-193 (l!t<>); wing, 05.8-98 (97);tail, 7S-88.8 (80.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth of bill atbase, 1U.2-1U.7 (10.4); tarsus, 21.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 15.2-16.3(15.5).^Adult female.?ljQngt\i (skins), 188-193 (190.2); wing, 9l.7-9-l:.7(93.7); tail, 78.2-80.3(79.2); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.S); depthof bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.4); tarsus, 22.6-23.9 (23.1); middle toe,15-15.5 (15.2).'Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.Pijninga t>identata (not of Svvainson) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872,281 (Tres Marias).?LA^VRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (TresMarias). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part(Tres Marias) .?ScLATER, Oat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (TresMarias)
.
P\_mm<ja'] jtammm Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (Tres Marias Islands,n. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).P^rangaflammea'RlliG^WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed.,1896, 614.PIRANGA BIDENTATA SANGUINOLENTA ( Lafresnaye).LAERESNAYES TANAGER.Similar to 7*. h. hidentata., but much dai'ker and richer in color;adult male with head, neck, and under parts orange-red or scarlet^(deeper on pileum and hindneck), the ground-color of back and scap-ulars, in full plumage, also the rump and upper tail-coverts, brownishred (orange-rufous to dragon's blood red); wing-l)ands more or lesstinged with pinkish, sometimes decidedly pink, especially the one onmiddle coverts; adult female with ground-color of back, scapulars,and rump olive-green, the last also streaked with dusky.Adult //^r//(-.?Length (skins), 162.6-190.5 (179.6); wing. 94-102.9
' Six specimens.
-'Four specimens.
?' Younger individuals of this form are often hardly ilistin<:uisha])le in color fromtrue P. bidnitata, heing of a similar oranjie hue; ])ut adult males in full plumaire arcalways easily distinguished l)y their uuich more intense or redder coloration.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97(97); tail, 78.5-87.6 (81); exposed culmen, 16.3-17.3 (16.8); depth ofbill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 19.8-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 11-16Adult female.?l^ength (skins), 167.6-177.8 (177.3); wing, 90.2-93(91.7); tail, 76.2-80.5 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.5); depthof bill at base, 9.1-9.7; tarsus, 21.8-22.1 (22.1); middle toe, 14.5-14.7.'Eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Vera Cruz(Jalapa; Mirador), and southward through Central America to Chiri-qui and Veragua.Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proo. Zool. Soo. Lond., 1856, 126,part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1857, 205 (Jalapa); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); Synop.Av. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birdn, 1862, 82, part (Jalapa; Volcande Fuego, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (Jalapa andOrizaba, Vera Cruz ; Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, and Barranca Honda, Guate-mala; Irazu and Parita, Costa Rica; s. slope Volcan de Chiricjui, Chi-riqui).
?
Salvin and Sclatek, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Volcan de Fuego, 5,500 ft.)
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Dota Mts., Birris, San Jose, and Rancho Redondo,Costa Rica).
?
Salvador:, Atti Roy. Ac Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (CostaRica).?SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region,Vera Cruz). Frantzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 299 (Dota Mts., RanchoRedondo, SanJos^, Candelaria, and Cervantes, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volcan de Chiriqui).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Navarro and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica).
?
Nutting,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Irazu, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Volcande Fuego, Barranca Honda, and San Geronimo, Guatemala; Dota Mts.;Rancho Redondo, Barranca, San Jos6, Candelaria, Cervantes, and Birris,Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).IPyrangal twZoifota Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.P^yranga] bidentata Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,433, part.P[;iranga'] bidentata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456, part.Piranqa bidentata Zeledox, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (San Jos6,Cartago, El Zarcero de Alajnela, Volcan de Irazu, and Monte Redondo deSan Jos^, Costa Rica).
?
Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San Jos^, Costa Rica;resident).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa; song, etc.).Ph[oenicosoma] bidentata Cabanih, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa).
^ Seventeen specimens.
''Three specimens, frona Costa Rica (2) and Chiriqui (1^of adult males from different localities are as follows:
Locality.
Average measurements
Wing.
98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.[Phoenicomma'] bidentatum Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part.Pyrnnga scmgumolenta Lafresnaye, Rev. ZooL, 1839, 97 (Mexico; coll. CharlesBrelay).
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.Plyranga'] sanguinolenta Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.Piranga scmgiunolenta Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157, 158, 159 (crit. ; descr.
;
synonymy)
.
PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS ROSEO-GULARIS Cabot.ROSE-THROATED TANAGER.Adult male.?Pileum dull brownish red;^ wings grayish brown withbroad edgings of brownish red (nearly brick red), the lesser covertsnearly uniformly of this color; upper tail-coverts and tail brownishred (similar to color of wing-edgings); hindneck, back, scapidars, andrump brownish gray, the back and scapulars more or less tinged withdull red; sides of head and neck brownish gray (rather lighter thancolor of hindneck), becoming paler on malar and orbital regions, theeyelids dull white; anterior portion of chin dull white; lower part ofchin, throat, and upper part of chest light red (intermediate betweenpeach-blossom pink and flesh color); under tail-coverts and anal regionpaler, more flesh colored; rest of under parts light brownish gra}^,becoming dull white on abdomen; maxilla horn brown, paler alongtomia, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn In'ownish; length(skins), 144.8-160 (153.2); wing, 76.7-S2.6 (80); tail, 63.5-69.3 (67.1);exposed culmen, 14.5-15.2 (15); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.7);tarsus, 20.6-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 12.2-14 (13).'-Adtdtfemale.?SimihiY to adult male, but the reddish of pileum,wings, and tail replaced by yellowish olive-green, that of throat bypale yellow (naples yellow), the under tail-coverts pale buffy; length(skins), 150-154 (152.1); wing, 76.2-79 (77.4); tail, 62-64.8 (63.3);exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 20.3-21 (20.8); middle toe,12.7-15 (13.9).=*Immature male.?Identical in coloration with the adult female.Peninsula of Yucatan (Chichen Itza; Calotmul; between Chemaxand Yalahoo; Izalam; Chem Jonat forest; La Vega; Puerto Morelos).Pyranga roseo-gularis Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, Dec, 1846, 187(between Chemax and Yalahoo, Yucatan; coll. S. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost.Soc. N. H., V, pt. iii, 1846, 416; Am. Journ. Sci., iii, 1847, 436; Ann. andMag. N. H., XX, 1847, 143.Pyranga roseogularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 6; Ibis, 1873, 125,pi. 3.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 15.Pyranga roseigulark Ridgway, Ibis, 1873, 126 (description of type).
?
Salvin,Ibis, 1874, 327 (crit.).
?
Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.
' There is no hue in my Nomenclature of Colors which closely approximates tliisolor; that nearest to it is perhaps madder brown, though a mixture of madder brownand poppy red would probably come much nearer to it.
^ Seven specimens, from Chichen Itza and Calotmul, Yucatan.
^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434.
?
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, 1882, 247(description of female).
?
Boucard,. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443(Izalam, n. Yucatan).
?
Sala^n and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1883, 293.?ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (ChemJonat.forest and Izalam, Yucatan).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii,1896, 279 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; song).IPhoenicosoma] ruseogulare Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110.P[iranga] roscigularis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Yucatan).Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 149,in text.PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS COZUMELiE Ridgway.COZUMEL TANAGER.Similar to T*. r. roseo-gularis, but with shorter wing-, longer tail, andlarger bill and feet; adult male with red of pileum, wing.s, and tailduller, that of throat and under tail-coverts nmch paler, and the backwith little, if any, tinge of red; adult female with olive-green ofpileum duller, yellow of throat and under tail-coverts much paler, andgray of lateral under parts browner.Adult ;/^r^/t.?Length (skins), 153-lHl (156.7); wing, 78-80 (79.2);tail, 65-70 (68); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.2); tarsus, 21-23 (22); mid-dle toe, 1^15 (U. 5).^Adult female.?Length (skins), 152-155 (153.5); wing, 75; tail, 64;exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22); middle toe, 13-14(13.5).^Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. (Also Mugeres Island?)^Piranga rnseigularis (not of Cabot) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 190 (Cozumel I.), 258(Meco, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands; crit.).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 293, part (Cozumel, Mugeres, and Meco islands).
?
ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (Cozumel).Piranga roseigularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 568 (Cozumel I.).Pliraiigal roseigularis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Cozumel I.).Piranga roseo-gnlai'is cozianelic Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,149 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Mus.).PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LEUCOPTERA Trudeau.WHITE-WINGED TANAGER.Adult male.?General color ))right vermilion or poppy red, some-times inclining to scarlet; forehead (more or less broadl}-), lores, orbitalregion, anterior portion of malar region (sometimes chin also), scapu-lars, wings, and tail black; middle and innermost greater wing-covertsbroadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands, that acrossmiddle coverts about 3 to 4.6 mm. wide; axillars and under wing-covertswhite; maxilla blackish, mandible bluish gray (light grayish blue in
^ Four specimens.^Two specimens.
^See Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 258. The birds from Meco Island are said by Mr. Salvinto be " somewhat intermediate, being nearer to that from the mainland. '
'
100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
life.?); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins),123.2-14:7.3 (131.3); wing, 65.3-Y3.7 ((58.1); tail, 55.1-60.7 (58.4);exposed cubnen, 10.9-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9);tarsus, 18-20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7-12.4 (11.4).^Adult female
.
?Above (including sides of head and neck) yellowisholive-green, more decidedly 3'ellowish on head and neck; scapularsdark olive-grayish; wings and tail dusky grayish, the latter witholive-green, the former with paler grayish edgings (more olive-greenon secondaries); middle and innermost greater wing-coverts tippedwith white, forming one distinct and one indistinct band; under partsbright yellow (gamboge), slightly tinged with olive on sides and flanks;lores dusk}'; bill and feet as in the male; length (skins), 116.8-137.2(128); wing, 64.3-68.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.7 (55.6); exposed culmen,12.4-14 (13.2); depth of ])ill at base, 7.6-8.4 (7.9); tarsus, 17.8-19.1(18.3); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11. 4).
~
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; ,ralapa; Orizaba;Cordova), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), andChiapas (Tumbala; Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Volcan de Agua; SavanaGrande; Retalhuleu; Chisec; Rasche; Barranca Honda); Salvador(San Salvador); British Honduras (Belize)?.Tanagra rri/thrumelas (not Pi/ranga enjthromelas Vieillot, 1819) Lichtenstein,Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Lagunas, Mexico) ; Journ. fiir Or'n., 1863,57.Pyranga erythrnmelxna Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 126 (monogr.
;
Lagunas, Orizaba, Jalapa, and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala), 303 (Cor-dova); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tan-agr., 1856, 50; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Volcan deAgua, Savana Grande, Retalhuleu, Chisec, Rasche, and Barranca Honda,Guatemala; ? Belize, British Honduras).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859,15 ( Pacific slope and Vera Paz, Guatemala).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 100 (Pacificslope, Guatemala); 1861, 147 (mountains of Rasche, Guatemala); Cat.
^ Fourteen specimens.
* Seven specimens.I can discover no difference between Mexican specimens (of which, however, theseries examined is very unsatisfactory) and those from Guatemala and Salvador.Their average measurements are as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. Ex-posedculmen. Depthof billat base. Middletoe.MALES,Four adult males from Vera CruzThree udult males from ChiapasSeven adult males from Guatemala.One adult male from SalvadorFEMALE.S.One adult female from Vera CruzOne adult female from Chiapa.sSeven adult females from Guatemala.
69.370.466.57i.6
70.166.066.3
58.960.257. 260. 5
58.957.755.6
12.711.712.412.7
12.412.713.2
19.318.518.319.1
18. 818. 518.3
11.211.911.212.4
11.910.911.4
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region Vera Cruz, 2,000-4,000 feet).?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 295, part (Mexican andGuatemalan references and localities; ? Belize, British Honduras).[Pyra7iga^ cryihromehma Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr, 1873, 22, ])art.[Pyranga erythromchvna'] var. erythromelxna Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, andEidgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part.[Phoenicosoma] erythromelas Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part.Pyranga leucoptera Trudeau, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 160 (Mexico;coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.Pl^irartgii] leucoptera Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454.Piranga leucoptera Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, VeraCruz).Pyranga hivUtata Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 70 (no locality given).Ph[oenicosoma'] bmttata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa; excl. syn.Phoenicosorna ardens Tschudi).PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LATIFASCIATA Ridgway.BROAD-BANDED TANAGER.Similar to /^. I. leucoptera, but white wing-bands much broader,the anterior one 5.1-7.6 wide, the posterior one extending across tipsof all the greater coverts instead of the innermost onl3^Adult male.-?'Length (skins), 125-135 (129); wing, 67-72 (70); tail,57.2-60 (58.5); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.7); depth of bill at base,7.1-7.4; tarsus, 18-19 (18.4); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).
^
Adtiltfe7nale.?Length (skins), 125-130(126.6); wing, 65-68.5(66.6),tail, 51-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); depth of bill at base,7-7.5 (7.2); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe 11-12 (11.3).'Costa Rica (Barranca; Dota Mountains; Navarro; Tucurriqui), Chiri-qui (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui),andVeragua (Calovevora; Calobre).Pyranga erytJiromelxna (not P. erytltromehiii Vieillot, nor Tanagra erythromelasLichtenstein) Salvadori, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (CostaRica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Barranca, Dota Mts.,and Navai-ro, Costa, Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1869, 299 (CostaRica). Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1870, 187 (Volcan de Chiriqui;Calovevora, Veragua).-
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1883, 295, part (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Dota, Costa Rica; Volcande Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua)
.
[Pyranga'] erythromelxna Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.[Pyranga erythromelxnal var. erythromelxna Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, andRidgway' s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part.[Phoenicosomal erythromelas Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, ])art.P[;lra:iiga^ leucoptera latlfasciata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (CostaRica; Veragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Piranga leucoptera latifascluta Ridc;way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed.,1896, 614.Piranga leucoptera (not of Trudeau) Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,110 (Costa Rica).
?
Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
1 Seven specimens. ^ Four specimens.
102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.PIRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Swainson.)RED-HEADED TANAGER.Adultmale.?Pileum bright red (vermilion or orange-vermilion) ; restof upper parts uniform bright yellowish olive-green, the edges ofprimaries and rectrices more decidedly yellowish; lores blackish;auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, and throat pale vermilionor pinkish red, with a silvery gloss; rest of under parts rich lemonyellow, becoming paler posteriori}^ (under tail-coverts canary yellow),the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; edge of wing lemonyellow; bill blackish, the mandi])le more grayish (bluish gray in life?),legs and feet duskj^ (in dried skins), length (skins); 147.3-148.6 (147.8);wing, 67.3-74.4 (70.1); tail, 63-69.3 (65.5); exposed culmen, 11.9-12.2;depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 19.3-20.1 (19.8); middletoe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2.) 1Adult female.?Pileum yellowish olive-green, becoming j^ellow(safi'ron or dull gamboge) on supraloral region; hindneck, back, scapu-lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish olive-green, more stronglytinged with gra}' posteriorly; wings and tail clearer olive-green thanback, etc., the edges of primaries almost yellow; lores dusky grayish;lower eyelid whitish; auricular region dull gra3dsh; malar region, chin,throat, and chest dull lemon or gamboge yellow, the breast and upperabdomen similar but rather paler; flanks light grayish ])rown; undertail-coverts and anal region pale bufl'y; bill and feet as in adult male;length (skins), 132.1-142.2 (138.7); wing, 65.3-68.6 (67.1); tail, 58.9-60.7 (59.7); exposed culmen, 12.7-14 (13); depth of bill at base, 7.6;tarsus, 19.1-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 11.7-12.7 (12.2.)'Young female, nestling plumage.?Similar to the adult female, butplumage of looser texture, and colors duller; Imck. scapulars, rump,and upper tail-coverts more brownish olive; yellow of under partsmuch duller, tinged with olive.Western Mexico, in States of Oaxaca(Juquila; Totontepec), Mexico(Temascaltepee; Valley of Mexico), Guanajuato, flalisco (San Sebas-tian), Sinaloa (Plomosas), Chihuahua (Trompa), etc.Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827,437 (Temas-caltepee, Mexico).P{_yranga'\ erythrocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178;Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.
?
Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 433.Pyranga erythrocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 125 (monogr. );1859, 377 (Juquilaand Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico);Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Mexico); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192 (Juquila).?Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845(?), pi. 32.?DuGEs, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato) .
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 294, pi. 17, fig. 2.?Ridgway, Ibis, 1883, 400 (crit.).[Pyranga'] erythrocephala Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.Plirangal erythrocephala Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456.
* Three specimens. ^ Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103[Phoenicosoma^ erythrocephalum Giebel, Thesaurun Orn., iii, 1876, 110.Pyranga meiillata T>v Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 105 (Mexico;coll. Brussels Mus.) ; Rev. Zool., 1848, 245.?Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,1850, 241.Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway.Heterospingus Ridgway, Auk, xv, no. 3. July (pub. May 13), 1898, 225. (Type,Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence.
)
Similar to Tacliyplionm^ but nasal foss^ densely feathered, concealingthe nostrils; tail relatively much shorter, wing more pointed, tarsusshorter (scarcely exceeding middle toe with claw), and sexes eitheralike in color or nearl}^ so in pattern of coloration.Exposed culmen about six-sevenths as long as tarsus, straight formore than basal half, then strongly curved to the slightly uncinatetip; gonys much shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, slightlyconvex; depth of bill at base equal to decidedly more than half thedistance from nostril to tip of maxilla, about equal to its basal width;maxillary tomium concave anteriorly and subl)asally, faintly convexbetween, distinctl}' notched subterminally and slightly deflected ba-sally; mandibular tomium straight, the basal portion slightly convexand deflected. Nostril concealed by dense feathering of nasal foss?e,horizontall}^ oval. Rictal bristles scarcely obvious. Wing long (aboutfour times as long as tarsus), slightly rounded (eighth to sixth pri-maries longest and nearly equal, ninth a little shorter than flfth); pri-maries exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tarsus. Tailshorter than wing by length of tarsus, slightly double-rounded, therectrices broad, with compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus stout,very slightly longer tiian middle toe with claw; lateral claws reachingabout to base of middle claw, the inner toe a little shorter than theouter; hind claw shorter than its digit?all the claws strongly curvedand sharp.Coloration.?Rump bright ^^ellow, underwing-coverts and patch oneach side of breast white; rest of plumage black, with orange-redsupra-auricular tufts (77! xanthopyglm^ adult male), or dark slate-grayabove, lighter gray beneath {II. xantJiopygius, female, and both sexesof II rubrifron?).Range.?Costa Rica to Colombia. (Two species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES OP HETEROSPINGUS.
o. General color black, more sooty beneath; supra-auricular tufts orange-red.(Colombia and western Ecuador.)Heterospingus xanthopygius, adult male (p. 104)aa. General color slate-gray above, paler gray below; no supra-auricular tufts.(Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica.
)
Heterospingus rubrifrons, adult male and female (p. 104)Heterospingus xanthopygius, female.'
^Not having seen the female of H. xanthopygius, I am unable to state in whatparticulars, if any, it differs from //. rubrifrons.
104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.HETEROSPINGUS XANTHOPYGIUS (Sclater).ORANGE-BROWED TANAGER.Adult male.?Above black, relieved by a prominent and conspicuoussupra-auricular tuft of orange or orange-red, composed of still', hair-like feathers, and a triangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; underparts more sooty black, more grayish sooty on under parts of body,relieved by a white patch on each side of breast, confluent with whiteof axillars and under wing-coverts; bill blackish; legs and feet (indried skin) dusky; length (skin), 1T2.7; wing, 90.5; tail, 71.1; culmen(tip of bill broken off); depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 21.1; middletoe, 15.2.1Northwestern and central Colombia and western Ecuador; north tothe Kio Truando.Tachyphonus xanthopygius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 158, pi. 69(Bogota, Colombia; coll. Brit. Mus. ; = female) ; 1855, 83, pi. 90 (Bogota; adultmale, figured); 1856, 116 (monogr.; Bogota); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 40;Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Bogota and Remedios, prov.Antioquia, Colombia).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (RioTruando, n. Colombia).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,503 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Berlepsch and Taczanowski,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 547 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Rio Truando, Colombia).Tluchyphonus] xantliopyg'ms Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68.[Tachyphonus] xanthopygius Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23,part.Lanio aurit'us Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xxii, Feb., 1855, 153 (Colombia).HETEROSPINGUS RUBRIFRONS (Lawrence).LAWRENCE'S TANAGER.Adult nude.?Above plain sooty slate-color,' relieved by a largetriangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; wings and tail more black-ish, with brownish slaty edgings, except on lesser wing-coverts, alula,and primary coverts; upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, or muchtinged with this color; sides of head and neck and under parts dullslate-gray, tinged Avith olive-yellow posteriorly, especially on undertail-coverts; under wing-coverts, axillars, and a patch on each side ofbreast, white; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horncolor; length (skins), 117.8-160 (151.9); Aving, 81.3-83.3 (82.3); tail,59.7-63 (61.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.3); depth of bill at base,7.1-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 19.8-20.8 (20.3); middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).=^
' One specimen, from Rio Truando, Colombia, the only example I have seen of thisspecies. The adult female is described as being similar to both sexes of H. rubrifrons.2 In the type most of the feathers of the crown are tipped with a spot of dullbrownish red, whence the specific name; but as no other of the six adult malesexamined show a trace of this feature, it must be considered as accidental.
?^ Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105Ad/ult female.?Similar to the male, but gray of under parts dullerand rather lighter and less tinged with olive-yellow posteriorly, theunder tail-coverts usually with very little of this color, sometimesnone; length (skins), 144^8; wing, 77.Y-82.6 (80); tail, 57.2-61 (59.2);exposed culmen, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); depth of bill at base, 7.1-8.1 (7.9);tarsus, 19.8-20.1 (19.8); middle toe, 12.1-13.2 (12.7).^Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica (Angostura; Reventazon); southto the Panama Railroad.Tachyphonus xanOiopygms (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1864,331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. See.Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua; Lion Hill, PanamaR. R.).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Panama; Vera-gua).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).T \_achyphonus] xanthopygms Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 109, in text (crit. ).Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 106 (LionHill, Panama R. R. ; coll. G. N. Lawrence).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 610, 611 (Angostura and Reventazon, Costa Rica; crit.).T [achyphonus] rubrifrons Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68.Heterospingus rubrifrons Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900,29 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R. ).Tachyphonus propinguus Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1867, 94 (substitutefor T. rubrifrons, considered inappropriate as being based on an accidentalcharacter); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).?Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 109(crit.). Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis.Hemithraupis'^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 21. (Type, Nemosia ruficapillaVieillot.)Similar to Tachy^jhonus., but bill much more slender, its depth atbase decidedl}^ less than half the length of exposed culmen; wing morepointed (outermost primary longer than fifth); tail relatively shorter,tarsus relatively much longer, toes weaker, and style of colorationvery different.Exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, nearly straightto near the tip, where gently decurved; gonys decidedly shorter thanmaxilla from nostril, straight; maxillar}" tomium with slight subter-miiial notch, straight or very faintly concave lo beneath anterior endof nasal fosste, thence gentl}" deflected to the rictus; mandibulartomium straight to the decided though not abrupt basal deflection.Nostril exposed, broadly oval, with rather broad superior membrane.Rictal bristles distinct, but not conspicuous. Wing rather long (nearlyto more than four times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth orseventh primary longest, ninth not shorter than fifth, sometimes equalto seventh); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to much morethan length of exposed culmen. Tail shorter than wing h\ about two-
' Three specimens. ^ "Von ?'////, halb uud ^pavnid, nom. prop."
106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.thirds to much more than length of tarsus, slightly rounded, even, orfaintly emargiuate, the rectriees rather narrow, with compact websand rather pointed tips. Tarsus slender, decidedl}^ longer than middletoe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw;hind claw shorter than its digit, strongly curved.Coloi'ation.?Adult males with more or less of yellow, varied in uni-form areas with black, rufous, or olive-green, or with all these;females and j'oung very different?plain olive or olive-green above,3^ellowish beneath.Range.?Costa Rica to Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru.Although having the bill a little more slender, II. chrysomela.<< (theonly species known to occur north of the Isthmus) differs far less fromsome of the species of Ilemisplngus than certain of the latter do fromone another, and 1 have no doubt that here is its proper position. Itcertainh" is far more out of place in Tachyphonua., to which it wasoriginally assigned and where it has b}^ common consent been kept.Ileiiiithniuph differs from J^einosia^ in relatively longer wing andtail, more slender bill with straight instead of distinctly convex gonys,and very different stjde of coloration.HEMITHRAUPIS CHRYSOMELAS (Sclaler and Salvin).BLACK AND YELLOW TANAGER.Adult male.?Entire head, necik, rump, and under parts clear, richyellow, rather paler (lemon 3^ellow) below, sometimes inclining toorange on pileum and hindneck; a narrow orbital ring of black,l)roadest beneath posterior half of eye; back, scapulars, wings, uppertail-coverts, and tail uniform deep black; inner webs of rectriees edgedwith light yellow; under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; axil-lars and edges of inner webs of remiges white, usutill^^ tinged withpale yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color;length (skin), about 114.3; wing, 64.3-68.6 (66.8); tail, 47-49.5 (48.5);exposed culmen, 11.9-12.7(12.3); tarsus, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); middle toe,?\ 2-10.4.'Adult female.?Above plain yellowish olive-green; wings duskygrayish brown with ])road yellowish olive-green edgings; under partsgamboge yellow mediall}-, shading into yellowish olive-green (lighterthan that of upper parts) laterally; under tail-coverts pale buffj^;under wing-coverts Avhiti.sh; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins),dusky horn color; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 60.7; tail, 41.4; exposedculmen, 11.4; tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 10.4.*Costa llica (Talamanca) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu).TachypJionus chrymmelas Sclatek and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1869,440,pi. 32 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin andGodnian).
?
Salvin,
^ Nemosia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra p'deata Boddsert.)
^ Three specinieiiHi.
^ One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1870, 1S8 (Cordillera del Chucu).
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, pi. 21, fig. 1.
?
Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi,-1886, 210.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Eica, i, 1887, 110(Costa pica).\_Tachyphonus^ chrysomelas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23.Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest.Ramphocelus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., 1805, p. 5, sub pis. 28, 29. (Type,Tanagra hr<isilia Linna?us.
)
Ehamphoccelus (emendation) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.Ramphopis YiEiijhOT, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra jacapa L,innsens.)Jacapa Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 178. (Type, Tanagrajacapa Linnseus.
)
Medium .sized Tanagers with outermost (ninth) primaiy shorter thanthird, plumage of forehead still', erect, and plush-like, and with man-dibular rami more or less enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys;adult males richly colored Avith Ijlack and crimson, scarlet, orange, oryellow.Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical in vertical profile; culmenusuall}' about two-thirds as long as tarsus or a little more (consider-ably less in H. jxisserinil and allies), nearly straight for basal half ormore, distinctly convex terminall}^, the tip of the maxilla obviouslyuncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril,less convex than terminal portion of culmen; commissure nearlystraight; mmidlhidar rami 'remar]<:ahly enJarged (less so in R. jxisseriniiand allies), much longer than gonys (except in the species mentioned),developed into a broad thickened plate, more or less rounded behind,usually ditferentl}' colored (whitish or pale blue) from rest of bill.Nostril small, nearly concealed by plush-like frontal feathers. Rictalbristles not obvious. Wing rather short (about three and one-half tothree and four-fifths times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifthprimaries longest, ninth shorter than third) ; primaries exceeding second-aries by less than length of exposed culmen. Tail nearly as long as wing,rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with firm webs and rounded tips,less than the basal half overlaid by upper coverts. Tarsus equal to orlonger than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to baseof middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit?all the claws well-curved, sharp. Plumage soft, velvety; feathers of forehead erect,somewhat stifi'ened, plush-like.Coloration.?Adult males black and scarlet, black and maroon, black,crimson, and scarlet, or black and yellow, in large unicolored areas;females and 3'oung much didler, with the black replaced by l)rown,brownish-gray, or olive, the brighter colors obsolete or faintlyindicated.Range.?Continental Tropical America, from southern Mexico tosouthern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.KEY TO THE 8PECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RAMPHOCELUS.
((. Wings and tail black. (Adult males.
)
I). Under jjarts of body entirely black.
c. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet.d. Smaller (wing averaging 74.9). (Southeastern Mexico to Isthmus ofPanama. ) Ramphocelus passerinii, adult male (p. 109)(/(/. Larger (wing averaging 79.0). (Southwestern Costa Rica.)Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult male (p. Ill)cc. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellow or orange.d. Rump, etc., orange.
e. Under wing-coverts black. (Colombia.)Ramphocelus chrysonotus, adult male (extralimital) (p. 112')ee. Under wing-coverts orange?^ (Isthmus of Panama.)Ramphocelus chrysopterus, adult male (p. 112)dd. Rump, etc., lemon j^ellow. (Isthmus of Panama to Ecuador.)Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult male (p. 113)bb. Under parts of body partly red or yellow.0. Under parts, except chin, abdomen, and thighs, yellow. ( Isthmus of Panama.
)
Ramphocelus inexpectatus, adult male (p. 114)cc. Under parts, except chin, throat, chest, and abdomen, red, or else blackwith a red band across chest.d. Head and neck velvety black without any reddish tinge; under parts blackwith a red band across chest and the anal feathers red. (Chiriqui.)Ramphocelus festae, adult male (]>. 115)dd. Head and neck dark garnet red, or at least tinged or washed with thatcolor; under partj^ mostly red.
e. Red feathers of rump and under parts and tail-coverts without centralspots of black./. Back black or but slightly tinged with dark garnet red.g. LTnder parts of body scarlet ("orange-crimson") anteriorly, passinginto rufous-orange posteriorly ; basal half of feathers of rump andui:)per tail-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama?)Ramphocelus dunstalli, adult male (p. 115)yg. Under parts of bo<iy blood-red or orange-red laterally, black medi-ally; basal half of feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts yellow,white, and gray, successively.//. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts orange-red or scarlet;throat and chest dark brownish red, the first sometimes nearlyblack. (Isthmus of Panama to northeast coast of Colombia.)Ramphocelus luciani, adult male (p. 115)/(/(. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts bright poppy red or1 )lood red ; throat and chest crimson-maroon. ( Eastern Peru.Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult male (extralimital) (p. 116-^)ff. Back crimson-maroon, like liead, neck, and chest. {Ramphocelus dimi-diutn.^, adult male.)g. Abdomen extensively and distinctly black or dusky; general colora-tion darker; greater wing-coverts entirely black.h. Colors brighter, the abdomen deep black; tail shorter (averaging69.0). (Colombia north to coast of Chiriqui.)Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult male (p. 116)
' Footnote.
^ The original description of this supposed species is so vague that, in the absenceof specimens, it is almost impossible to tell what its characters really are.
^ In text and in footnote.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109hh. Colors duller, the abdomen brownish black or dark brown; taillonger (averaging 78.9). (Isthmus of Panama.)Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult male (p. 118)gg. Abdomen with dusky (not black) area much restricted, sometimesobsolete; general coloration lighter; greater wing-coverts edgedwith dusky red. (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.)Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult male (p. 119)ee. Red feathers of rump and under parts and tail coverts with central spotsof black. ( ' ' Guatemala. ' '
)
Ramphocelus uropygialis, adult male (p. 119)aa. Wings and tail dusky with lighter (grayish, lirownisli, dull reddish or light oliveor olive-greenish) edgings. (Adult females and immature males.)h. Throat grayish or pale brownish; rest of under parts yellowish olive or lighttawny-olive.
c. Rump and upper tail-coverts ligiit yellowish olive.Ramphocelus passerinii, adult female and young male (p. 110)cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous.Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult female and young male (p. Ill)hh. Throat not grayish; under parts of body not olive,c. Throat, under parts of body, and rump yellow (lemon or sulphur).Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult female and young male (p. 113)cc. Throat brown or maroon; under parts of body brownish red or ochraceous-orange.d. Rump and under parts ochraceous-orange; back light olive; head and neck(all round) olive.Ramphocelus luciani, adult female and young male (p. 116)(Id. Rump and under ])arts brownish red; back reddish ljrown;head and neck(all round) warm sepia brown or dark reddish brown.e. Throat maroon; back deeper reddish brown; rump and under parts ofbody deeper ])r(iwnish red.Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult female and young male (p. 116')ee. Throat dark sooty brown or seal brown; back lighter reddisli brown;rump and under parts of body lighter brownish red./. Head and neck dark sooty brown, the general coloration darker andricher.Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult female and young male (p. 117)ff. Head and neck seal brown, the general coloration lighter and duller.g. Larger (wing averaging 75.9, tail 72.1, tarsus 21.3).Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult female and young male (p. 118)gg. Smaller (wing averaging 74.4, tail 66.5, tarsus 20.1).Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult female and young male (p. 119)RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINII Bonaparte.PASSERINI'S TANAGER.Adult male.?Uniform glossy black; entire lower back, rump, andupper tail-coverts bright, intense scarlet, the feathers white for basalhalf, with yellow between the white and scarlet; bill light blue in life(grayish in dried skins) with tip black; iris brown; legs and feetdusky grayish in dried skins (grayish blue in life?); length (skins),148.6-165.1 (15T.2); wing, 71.1-78.2 (71.9); tail, 64-71.2 (68.3);exposed culmen, 12.4-11.7 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.9);tarsus, 21.3-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 13.5-16.8 (15).'
' In footnote. ^ Twenty-four specimens.
no BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adultfemale.?Pileuni and hindneck plain brownish graj' or gray-ish brown; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive, the feathers indis-tinctly darker centrally; lower back, rump, and upper tail-covertslighter, more yellowish olive, inclining to dull gallstone yellow; wingsand tail dusky with j-ellowish-olive edgings; sides of head and necksimilar to pileum and hindneck, but paler and rather browner, thechin and throat still paler (very nearl}^ hair brown); under parts light3"ellowish olive, l)rightest on chest, ^ duller on abdomen, where some-times inclining to hair brown; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male;length (skins), 154.0-172.T (1()0.3); wing, 72.1-78.7 (74.7); tail, G6.8-73.4 (69.6); exposed culmen, 12.7-15.2 (13.7); depth of bill at base,7.6-8.1 (7.0); tarsus, 21.6-22.9 (22.6); middle toe, 13.7-16 (14.7).'Young male {jird year).?Exactly like the adult female.Immature males variously intermediate in coloration between theadult male and female, according to age.^State of Tabasco (Teapa), southeastern Mexico, eastern Guatemala(Yzabal, Tucuru, Cahabon, etc.), and southward to Isthmus of Panama.Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte, Antologia, 1831, no. 130, p. 3 (Mexico orCuba); Isis, 1833, 755 (" Cuba ") ; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242 ("Bolivia").?Les-son, Rev. Zool., 1840, 133, excl. syn.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 130 (monogr. ; "Columbia River, Oregon"; "Mexico"; Guatemala;Nicaragua) , 142 (Chiriqui) ; 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr.,1856, 54; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Nicaragua; Honduras).
?
^Iooke, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras).?Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 467(Yzabal, Guatemala); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiricjui; Mina de Chorcha, Ver-agua) ; 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 5,16 (Yzabal, Atlantic coast, and Cahabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1867, 278 (Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro,
^ The chest and upper tail-coverts sometimes more or less tinged with orange.
^ Twelve specimens.Average measurements of si^ecimens from different localities are as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Five adult males from GuatemalaFive adult males from HondurasFour adult males from NicaraguaFour adult males from Costa RicaOne adult male from VeraguaFive adult males from Isthmus of PanamaFEMALES.Four adult females from GuatemalaThree adult females from HondurasTwo adult females from NicaraguaTwo adult females from Costa RicaOne adult female from Panama
Wing. Tail.
72.4OS. 166.367.369.1(W.l
70.970.467.869.
1
69.
Ex-posedculmen.
1313.613.713.5
13
l.'i13.713
Depthof billat base.
8.17.97.97.47.68.1
7.68.17.97.6
Tarsus.
22.
6
22.121.822.22.422.6
22.922.4L2.4L2.123.1
Middletoe.
151514.515.716.
3
15.2
1514.514.715.7IG
^The male requires several years to attain tlu- jierfect aduU jilumage, and ))reeds inthe plmnage indistinguishable from that of the adult female.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. IllHonduras).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Yzabal).
?
Cabanis, Journ.fur Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).?Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Atlantic coastHonduras). Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui),180 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; ix, 1868, 99 (Angostura, San Carlos, and Navarro,Costa Rica).?Stimpson, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1868, 128, pi. 16.?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Angostura, San Carlos, Navarro,Orosi, Sarapiqui, and Tueurriqui, Costa Rica).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1878, 55 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica). Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras). Zeledon, Anal.Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Navarro de Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago,Jimenez, and Esparto, Costa Rica).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893, 489 (Rio Escondido; habits; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Nuttinc;, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 391 (bet. San Jose and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica),499 (San Jose).IRamphocoelus'} passerinii Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.Eamphoccehis passerinii Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiri-qui).?BoucARD, Liste Ois. Gaut., 1878, 33.
?
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,vi., 1883, 399 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua ;habits).Rhampliocoelus jMsserinii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,281, pi. 18, fig. 1 (Belize and Belize R., British Honduras; Tucuru, etc., Guate-mala; Barranca, etc., Costa Rica; Vivala, etc., Veragua; etc.).
?
Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 176.IlhampJwcelMfi passermii LafresnayEj Mag. de Zool., 1837, 2" classe, not. 81 (p. 3)(description).
?
Salvadori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (CostaRica).Ramphojm jHisserinii Bot^APARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 52.Rhamj)hnpis flammigerus (not of Jardine and Selby) Baird, in Stansbury's Rep.Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 ("Columbia R., Oregon").RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS Cherrie.CHERRIES TANAGER.Similar to R.i)asserinii but larger; adult female and immature malever}^ different from those of R. passerinii^ having the lower back,rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the chest "ochraceous-rufous"or rufous-orange, the chest sometimes orange chrome.Adult ?/??Z6^?Intense velvety black, the whole lower back, rump,and upper tail-coverts bright, pure, intense scarlet, the feathers withbasal half pure white and with a yellow bar between the white andscarlet; bill grayish blue, with black tip; legs and feet grayish blue(dusky in dried skins).Adult female.?"Above, whole head varying from a dusky slateblack to a slate gray; back and scapulars dusky yellowish olive; rumpand upper tail-coverts ochraceous-rufous of varying intensity in thedifferent specimens. Wings dusky brownish black, inner webs ofquills darkest; tail blackish. Below, chin and throat grayish; breastochraceous-rufous like the rump; the rest of lower parts yellowisholive, darker along the sides. Bill black with plumbeous base. Feet,dark plumbeous." (Cherrie.^)
^ The description quoted is given for both the adult female and the immature (atthat time erroneously supposed to be the adult) male.
112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Imm.ature viale.?Similar in color to the adult female.^ Wing,77. 7-80. 3 (7S.7); tail, 67. 8-72. 1> (70.4); exposed ciilmen, 14.7-lB (15.5);nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus, 22.1-23.1 (22.9).'Admit female.?W'mg, 77.5-79.8 (78.5); tail, (59.6-71.2 (71.1);exposed culmen. 11.7-16 (15.2); nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus,21.6-23.9 (22.6).'Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; BuenosAires; Navarro).Bamphocelns costaricensis Cherrie, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 62 (Pozo Azul, h. w.Costa Rica; coll. Costa Rica Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,531 (Navarro, Costa Rica; crit. ).Ramphoco'hu costaricensis Cherrie, Auk, x, 1893, 278 (Boruca, Palmar, and BuenosAires, s. w. Costa Rica; habits, song, etc.; descr. adult male).RAMPHOCELUS CHRYSOPTERUS Boucard.GOLDEN-WINGED TANAGER.Adult wale.?"Upper and under side velvety black; tail and wing,brownish black underside [of wings and tail?], rump and upper tail-coverts magniticent topaz orange; bill, bluish. Total length, 158.7;wing, 82.5; tail, 76.2; bill, 19." (Original description.*)Isthmus of Panama.It is quite impossible to tell from the verv unsatisfactory descriptionquoted above just what the characters of this species are. Judgingfrom the name it would seem that there must be some orange or yellowabout the wings, Init the description does not say so; possibly by
"underside" (second mention of this term) is meant the under wing-coverts. Should there be reall^^ yellow on the wings, even on theunderside, the species would be distinct enough. Otherwise, it seemsto resemble H. chrysoiiotusj' from central Colombia, which, however,has the wings and tail wholly black, even on the "underside."Ramphocelus chrysoptenis Boucard, The Humming Bird, i, no. 7, July 1, 1891, 5.3(State of Panama, Colombia; coll. A. Boucard).
* According to Mr. Cherrie the bird breeds in this plumage. An immature male inthe collection of the United States National Museum differs from Mr. Cherrie' s descrip-tion in having the head hair brown (nuich deeper on pileum) instead of slate-black orslate-gray, in having the breast dull orange chrome instead of ochraceous-rufous, andthe rump light yellowish olive, with tips of the feathers broadly dull orpiment orange,tlie upper tail-coverts being uniformly of a rather deeper shade of the latter color.^Three specimens (breeding birds) ; two from Pozo Azul. measured by Mr. Cherrie,the other from Navarro.^Three specimens from Pozo Azul, measured by Mr. Cherrie.
* The measurements converted from inches.
^ R[amphocdus'] ckrysonotus Lafresnaye, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, v, June, 1853,246 (Colombia).
?
Rhainjthoco'.lus chrysunot us Sc\ater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,177 (Antioquia, Colombia).Adult male similar to that of R. ictcronotus, but much larger and with the rumpand upper tail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, tinged with orange, instead of lemon orcanary yellow; wing, 88.9; tail, 73.7; exposed culmen, 15.2; tarsus, 22.4.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 113RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS Bonaparte.YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER.Adult m'ale.?Intense glossy ])lack; whole lower back, rump, andupper tail-coverts rich pure lemon yellow, the yellow feathers withbasal half pure white; bill pale l)lue (darker, more plumbeous in driedskins) with black tip; iris red;' legs and feet gra^nsh dusky (bluish inlife); length (skins), 147.3-190.5 (169.9); wing, 78.7-8S.6 (84.1); tail,69.6-78.7 (73.9); exposed culmen, 11.7-16.8 (15.2); depth of bill at base,8.1-9.4 (8.9); tarsus, 22.9-24.9 (23.9); middle toe, 15.5-17.3 (16.5).'Adult female.?Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dusky olive,the scapulars and interscapulars, in fresh plumage, margined withyellowish olive; lower back, rump, and upper cail-coverts clear 3^ellow(lemon or canary), the feathers with basal portion grayish; wings andtail dusky, the wing-coverts and tertials margined with light olive oryellowish olive; underparts yellow (canary or sulphur), deeper (lemonor deep canary) on chest, paler (sometimes dull whitish) on chin; bill,iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 152.4-174 (160.3);wing, 75.7-82.8 (79.2); tail, 69.3-79 (72.4); exposed culmen, 13-15.5(14.7); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-24.4 (23.4);middle toe, 15.5-17 (16).=^Yoioig male in first year.?Exactly like the adult female in colora-tion.Immature male.?Variously intermediate, according to age, betweenthe adult male and female.Veragua (Santiago) through western and central Colombia to west-
1 According to Sclater, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 1859, 139.
^ Ten specimens.
?' Five specimens.Specimens from western Ecuador average larger than those from the Isthmus ofPanama, but the difference is \>y no means constant, and I am not able to detect anyconstant difference in coloration, though some adult males from Guayaquil have therump paler yellow (canary yellow) than any examined from the isthmus. Averagemeasurements are as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Six adult inales from Isthmu.s of PanamaFour adult males from western Ecuador (Guayaquil) FEMALES.Four adult females from Isthmus of PanamaOne adult female from western Ecuador (Guayaquil)
Wing.
82.8
86.4
78. .5
82.0
72. (i
7(1. 2
70.6
79.0
Ex-posedculmen.
l.-i.O
15.7
14.."S
1,5.
2
Depthof billat base.
8.6
8.9
8.1
8.1
Tarsus. Middletoe.
23.4 : 16.3
i24. 6 1 7.
23.
1
16.
23.9 ! 15.73654?VOL 2?01-
114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ern and central Ecuador (Gua5^aquil; Pallatanga; Babahoyo; Nanegal;Chimbo; Cayandeled; Pinampunga; Santa Rita; Quito), and centralPeru.Iiamp]iocelus icteronotus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 121 ("Mexicoand South America"); Rev. Zool., i, 1838, 8 (redescribed) .
?
Lafresnaye,Rev. Zool., ix, 1846, 365, 366 (redescribed; crit.; Colombia, Bolivia?).?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 131(monogr. ; Buenaventura and Choco Bay, w. Colombia; Guayaquil and nearQuito, Ecuador); 1859, 1.39 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga),86 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tan-agr., 1856, 55; Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 80 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador).?Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Rio Atrato, and Rio Truando,n. w. Colombia).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R. ). Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 250(Lion Hill).?Taczanoavski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 332 (centr. Peru).?Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Puerto Berrio, n. Colombia).R[h(nnphocelus'] icteronotus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Colombia).Ramphoccelus icteronotus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago,Veragua).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Antio-quia, Colombia). Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.); 1884, 298 (Cayandeled and Pinam-punga, w. Ecuador) .?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito,Ecuador).[Ramphoc(dus'] icteronotus SchATEB. and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.Rham2Jhoccelus icteronotus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 1883,282.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 177 (Santiago, Veragua;Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R. ; Choco Bay, Sallango, " Bogota,"Remedios, and Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; Guayaquil, Pallatanga,Nanegal, and Santa Rita, w. Ecuador).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1899, 307 (Ibague, centr. Colombia).
?
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 18 (Gualea, Vinces, Intac, and Foreste del RioPeripa, w. Ecuador; crit.).R[cimphopis'] icteronotus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.Ramphopis icteronotus Dv Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845, pi. 15 (Guayaquil).Rarnphoceles icteronotus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 292 (Esmeraldas,w. Ecuador).Ramphocelus ^ariaw.s' Lafre.snaye, Rev. Zool., x, 1847, 216, part.RAMPHOCELUS INEXPECTATUS Rothschild.ROTHSCHILD'S TANAGER.Ad/ult ??i7/.?.?""Chin, side.s of neck, head, hind neck, interscapulium,wings, with upper and under coverts, tail, center of abdomen, andthighs black; rest of plumage bright yellow. This yellow is muchdarker than that of the rump in Rh. icter'onotus^ Bp., but not orangeas in Bh. chrysopteinis, Bouc. On the occiput are a number of scat-tered feathers bordered with yellow; this may or ma}^ not be theremains of immature plumage. Total length, 155 mm.; wing, 82;tail, 70; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20.
'"''Habitat
.
?Panama." (Original description.)Rhamphocodus inexpectatus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xlii, Feb. 27,1897, p. xxxii (Panama; coll. Tring Mus.?).
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115RAMPHOCELUS FESTAE Salvadori.FESTA'S TANAGER.Adult- male.?Velvety black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet; upper breast with a broad transverse semilunar l)an(lof dull red; sides tinged with red; anal feathers scarlet; bill plum-beous, feet black. Total leng-th, 166; wing, 80; tail, 72; culmen, 15;tarsus, 22.Ilahitat.?Chiriqui, Central America.Similar to Raniphocehts 2)(isserinii^ but much smaller, and distin-guished by the transverse band of red on upper breast, the sides tingedwith red, and the anal feathers red. (Translation of original descrip-tion.)Rhamphocoelus festae Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xi, no.249, July 4, 1896, 1 (Chiriqui; coll. Turin Mu.s.).RAMPHOCELUS DUNSTALLI Rothschild.DTJNSTALl'S TANAGEE.Adult male.?"Head, neck, and throat black, washed all over with adull crimson flush. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brilliantcrimson orange; these feathers with their basal halves white. Wing-coverts, wings, and tail black. Chest orange-crimson. Abdomen,flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous orange; the center of abdomenhas the appearance of being intermixed with black, as the feathersthere have black instead of white bases, and a few also black tips.Thighs black. Wing, 80; tail, 73.7; tarsus, 20.3; culmen, 16.8.
"Received from Mr. K. Dunstall, after whom I have named it. Bythe make of the skin it evidently came from Central America, andprobably from Panama." (Original description.')Rhamphocoelus dunstalli Rothschild, Novit. Zool., ii, no. 4, Dec, 1895, 481(Panama?; coll. TringMus. ).RAMPHOCELUS LUCIANI Lafresnaye.BONAPARTE'S TANAGER.Adult male.?Head and neck all round, upper part of chest, back,scapulars, wings, tail, abdomen, and median portion of breast, chest,under wing-coverts, and axillars black, the neck (sometimes whole headalso) and back more or less tinged with dusky red or maroon, some-times the whole head, neck, upper chest, and back wholly maroon,except on concealed portion of the feathers; lower back, rump, uppertail-coverts, under tail-coverts, and lateral portions of under side ofbody (broadly) uniform glossy scarlet or scarlet-vermilion; maxillablack; mandible pale bluish gra}", with terminal third (approximately)black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-160
^ The measurements converted from inches and tenths.
116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(158.8); wing, 78.7-81.3 (80); tail, 72.4-74.2 (73.2); exposed cuimen,14-14.5 (14.2); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8);middle toe, 14.7-15.2 (15).^Admit female.?Head, neck, and upper chest uniform sepia brown;interscapulars, scapulars, and smaller wino--coverts dusky, broadlymar<;ined Avith lighter sepia ])rown, the back tinged with tawn^' olive;greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky, edged with lightsepia brow n ; lower l)ack, rump, and upper tail-coverts orpiment orange
;
under parts of body light butfy orange, slightly paler on abdomen,deeper (inclining to orpiment orange) on under tail-coverts; })ill bluishgray basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet dusky horn color (indried skins); length (skins), 152.4; wing, 79.8; tail, 72.4; exposed cui-men, 14.5; greatest width of mandibular rami, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; mid-dle toe, 15.^Northern Colombia (Cartagena) to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hillstation, Panama Railroad).T have not been able to examine a specimen from the type localityof this species (Cartagena), but the original description applies fairlywell to the Panama bird. The birds from eastern Peru, usuallyreferred to this species, however, are very distinct, and should proba-bly' bear the name Bamjihoeelus melanogmtcr Swainson.^Rhamphocelus luciani Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., i, Apr., 1838, 54 (Cartagena, Colom-bia; coll. Lafresnaye).
?
Bonaparte, Con.sp. Av., i, 1850, 242.
?
Sclater,Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 130 (monogr. ; Cartagena); Synop. Av. Tanagr.,1856, 54.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).Tanogra {Rhamphocelus) luciani Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, 1839, Ois.,p. 1, pi. 2.Rhamphocalus luciani Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 284,part (Lion Hill; Colombia).?Sclatek, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 173,part (Panama; Colombia).R[amjihopis] luciani Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS DIMIDIATUS Lafresnaye.CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER.Adult male.?Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars plaindark crimson-maroon, the feathers gra} basally and more or lessbroadly lilack medially, the subbasal black somewhat exposed on scap-ulars; wings and tail unifoi-m black; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of l)ody (except abdomen) blood red; abdomenblack; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray (pale blue in life?); legsand feet grayish dusky (bluish gra}" in life?); length (skins), 149.9-154.9 (151.9);* wing, 75.7-81.3 (77.5); tail, 66.8-71.6 '69.1); exposed
' Two specimens, both from Panama.
"^ One specimen, from Panama.
^ Ra7nphopis mckmogaster Swainsun, Anim. in Menag., 1838,359 (Peru; coll. .Sir AV.Hooker).
* Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 117
ciilmeii, 12.7-15.2 (13.7); greatest width of mandibular rami, -l.S-o.S(5.1); tarsus, 19.8-22.4 (20.6); middle toe, 13.5-15.2 (U).'Adult female.?Head and neck uniform dark seal ])rown, darker(almost brownish black) on pileum and hindneck, the forehead andlores slig-htl}^ tinged with dusk}' reddish; interscapulars and scapularsdusk}' centrally, broadly margined with dark brownish red or reddishbrown; lower l)ack, rump, and upper tail-coverts brownish red (dullvermilion, coral red, or dull popp}^ red); wings and tail blackish brown,the wing-coverts with distinct l)rown or reddish l)rown edgings, theremiges and rectrices with narrower and less distinct edgings of thesame, sometimes obsolete or altogether wanting; under parts of bodyand under tail-coverts dull brownish red; bill blackish, with mandibularrami grayish or brownish; legs and feet duskj^ (in dried skins); length,(skins), 145.3-163.6 (154.9); wing, 74.4-78.2 (76.2); tail, 66.3-74.7(70.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-14.7 (14); greatest width of mandibularrami, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 20.3-21.8 (21.1); middle toe, 13-14.7 (14).'Young.?Similar in color to adult female, but texture of plumagevery different (loose and " woolly").Colombia (Bogota; Santa Marta; Cartagena; etc.''), northward alongCaribbean coast to Chiriqui.Ramphocelus dimidiatus Lafeesnaye, Mag. de ZooL, ser. 7, 1837, classe ii, not-Ixxxi, pi. 81 (Cartagena, Colombia).
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,242.?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856,129 (monogr. ; Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Bogota, Colombia; Chiriqui?;Veragua ?; "Nicaragua"), 149 (Venezuela); 1858, 73 (Rio Najw, e. Ecua-dor); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 53; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Colombia).?Cassin, Proc. xVe. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, n. Colombia.? (?) Law-rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui).
?
Sclater andSalvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (do.).?(?) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187, part (Mina de Chorcha,Chiriqui).
?
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Magdalena R. and Guaduas,Colombia).
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta,Colombia), 159 (Puebla Viejo, prov. Santa Marta), 179 (Palomina and SanMiguel, prov. Santa Marta).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. IL, xiii, 1900, 168(Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta).
^ Ten specimens.
^ Seven specimens.^Specimens from central Colombia ( " Bogota" ) average larger than those from thenorthern coast district, average measurements being as follows:
Locality.
Three adult males from BogotaSeven adult males from Santa Marta and lowerMagdalena River
Wing.
118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Ramphocahiti dlmldiatus (?) Salvin, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138, part (David,Chiriqui).?ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Aiitioquia,Colombia).\_Ramphocoelus] dimidiatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.Ehamphoccelus dimidiatus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta,Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 283, part.
?
Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 172 (San Antonio and Remedios, prov. Antioquia, etc.,Colombia; Ziilia, Venezuela, etc.).
?
Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 191(Bogota).
?
Berlepsch, Jour, fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).R[}minpliocelus'\ dimidiatus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Colombia).RharnpJiorelus dimidiatus Sto'Ne, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la., 1899, 307 (Ambalemaand Ibague, centr. Colomlna).R^aynphopisl dimidiatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363.Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,1901, 150, in text.RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS ISTHMICUS Ridgway.PANAMA CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER.Similar to H. d. dimidiatus^ but tiiil loiioer; adult male with colorsle.ss bright, the red not so pure, the black abdominal patch morebrown; adult female with head and neck decidedly lighter brown andcoloration in general decidedl}' lighter and duller.Adult ma/6^?Length (skins), 156.2-160 (158); wing, 7S.Y-79.2(78.7); tail, 72.4-75.9 (73. 9);. exposed culmen, 13.5-U (13.7); greatestwidth of mandibular rami, 4.8-5.3 '(5.1); tarsus, 20.3-22.1 (21.1);middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.5).^Adult female.?-IjQngth (skins), 152.4-170.7 (163.1); wing, 73.7-78.7 (75.9); tail, 68.3-78.7 (72.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15.2 (14.2);greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.3-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 20.8-22.1(21.3); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.5).'Isthmus of Panama (Frijole and Lion Hill stations, Panama Rail-road; Panama).Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).?(?) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,187, part (Castillo, Chitra, Cordillera delChucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).(?) Ramphoco'lus diinidiatus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fe,Veragua)
.
Rhatnpltocelus dimidiatus Hangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (L(jmadel Leon, Panama R. R. ).[RampJiocxelus'] dimidiatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.Rluiinphocoelus dimidiatus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,283, part (Paraiso Station, Panama, etc., Panama R. R. ).Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,1901, 150 (Frijole Station, Panama R. R.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
^ Four specimens. * Seven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS LIMATUS (Bangs).SAN HIGUEL TANAGER.Similar to i?. d. isthmicm, but smaller; adult male with head, neck,and back lighter crimson-maroon, lesser and middle wing-covertsbroadly tipped with crimson-maroon, greater coverts and tertialsedged with a duller shade of the same, dusk}" of abdomen morerestricted, sometimes obsolete; adult female similar in coloration to^. d. isthmicKS^ but averaging rather paler and decidedly smaller,especially the tail.Adidt male.?l^&ngth. (skins), M8.6-152.4 (151.1); wing, 75.7-78.7(77); tail, 01-01). 3 (07.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-11.7 (13.7); greatestwidth of mandibular rami, 1.0-5.1 (1.8); tarsus, 19.1-20.8(20.1); mid-dle toe, 13-11(13.2).'Adultfetiude.?l^Qngih (skins), 110.1-117.3 (110.0); wing, 73.2-75.7(71.1); tail, 01.8-08.0 (60.5); exposed culmen, 11-11.7 (11.2); greatestwidth of mandibular rami, 1.1-1.0 (1.3); tarsus, 19.8-20.0 (20.1); mid-dle toe, 12.1-13.2 (12.7).''Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama.Ehamphocelus Umatus Bangs, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay ofPanama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).RAMPHOCELUS UROPYGIALIS Bonaparte.MAROON-HEADED TANAGER.Adult male.?"Above brownish ])lack; lower part of rump and uppertail-coverts bright crimson; head and neck all round dark crimson;abdomen bright crimson, with a central patch on the belly and slightfiammidations on the sides black; thighs black; bill black; lower man-dible except the tip bluish white; feet brown; whole length, 172.7;wing, 83.8; tail, 78.7.='
' ^Habitat.?Guatemala.
"This species is most like R. luciani, but at once recognizable bythe biood-red uropygium and upper tail-coverts, the rest of the backbeing dark brownish black. The type specimen is at present unique."(Sclater.)(?) llampliocelus affinis LiESSON, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 1 (Mexico).(?) R\_amphocelus] affinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 133 (Colom])ia; fullerdescription)
.
Eamphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178(Guatemala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.
?
Sclater,
^ Seven specimens.
^ Two specimens.^Measurements converted from inches and tenths.
120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 130 (inoiiogr. ); Synop. A v. Tanagr., 1856, 54;Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Guatemala).?Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 193.[Rampliocu'lus'] uropijgialiK Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.RJutmphocdelus uropygialis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883,284, pi. 18, fig. 2.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 173 (Guatemala).Genus PHLOGOTHRAU PIS Sclater and Salvin.Fldogothraupis'^ Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, 155. (Type, Tana-gra {Tachgplionus) sanguinolentus L,esson.)Similar to RarnphoGelxis^ but bill ditferent and sexes alike in color.Culmen broad, rounded, not ridged; maxilla deeper than mandible,its tip slightl}" luicinate but not notched; mandil)ular rami muchshorter than gon3^s, truncate posteriorly. Wing rather long (aboutfour and one-third times as long as tarsus), but rounded, as inHamphocehis. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, rounded, therectrices rather l)roader and more pointed at tips than in RampJujcelus.Coloration.?Black, with broad ring around neck (widening on chest)and extending over top of head to center of forehead), and tail-covertsblood-red; bill pale blue or bluish white.Range.?Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Monotypic.)PHLOGOTHRAUPIS SANGUINOLENTA (Lesson).CRIMSON-COLLARED TANAGER.Adults {sexes alike).?GqwqyixX color deep l)lack, with a faint bluishgloss, most apparent on back, scapulars, and margins of wing-coverts;occiput, greater part of crown, hindneck, sides of neck, entire chest,lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, blood red; under wing-coverts vermilion red; bill pale grayish blue in life, whitish basally,dark gra3dsh terminall}', in dried skins; iris red;*^ legs and feet grayishdusk}'' (in dried skins).Young {first phuniage).?SootjM^lack, without gloss; blood-red areasof the adult replaced by more broken areas of brownish red or dullvermilion, the chest with only scattered feathers with broad red tips;under wing-coverts pale brownish red; bill pale horn-color (in driedskins).Adtilt ?nrtZ6^?Length (skins), 160-186.7 (174.8); wing, 85.9-94.2(88.6); tail, 72.1-82 (79); exposed culmen, 15.2-17 (15.6); depth ofbill at base, 8.-J-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-17.3 (16.3).=*Adult female.?\j&xvgi\^ (skins), 166.4-193 (178.8); wing, 83.1-88.9(87.4); tail, 72.4-81.3 (79); exposed culmen, 15-15.7 (15.5); depth of
' " i\oyb<i, flamma et ^paavnii, nom. propr."2 C. C. Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 400.^Eleven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 121bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (0.1); tarsus, 20.8-22.1 (21.0); middle toe, 15.2-16.5 (16).^Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Cordova,Valle Real, Motzorongo, etc.), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente), and Tabasco(Teapa) southward through Central America to Costa Rica (Cartago,Navarro de Cartago, Angostura, Orosi, San Carlos, Sarapiqui, etc.).Tanagra {Tachi/pJionux) mngninolentus Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 107, pi. 39(Mexico).T[iichyp]iorMs] sungulnolentus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365.[Ramphoceliisi sanguinolentus "BotiAParte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,242.R[}iampliocelus] sanguinolentus Cabals, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Mexico).Ramphocelus sangulnolentus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,132 (monogr.
;
Valle Real and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala; Camalacan R., nearTruxillo, Honduras), 303 (Cordova); 1859,59 (Honduras and Guatemala),364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Synop. Av. Tanagr.,1856,56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Honduras; Vera Cruz).
?
Sclater andSalvin, Ibis, 1859,16 (coast Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1867, 278(Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870,836 (San Pedro, Honduras).
?
Moore,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Peten, Guatemala) .
?
^Lawrence, Ann. Lye,N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Navarro and Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius,Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Orosi, San Carlos, and Sarapiqui, Costa Rica).
?
SuMiCHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (hot region Vera Cruz, upto 4,000 ft).?Salvin, Ibis, 1872,316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).IPhlogothraupisI sangumolenUi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.Phlogothraujns snnguinolenta Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Orosi,Costa Rica); Liste Ois. Guat., 1877, 33.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1883, 285 (Belize and Belize R., British Honduras; near Coban,Choctum, Cahabon, and Yzabal, Guatemala; etc.) .
?
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vi, 1883, 400 (Los Siibalos, Nicaragua; food). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.
' Seven specimens.Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Four adult males from eastern Mexico (State ofVera Cruz)Four adult males from GuatemalaOne adult male from southern Honduras (SegoviaR.)Two adult males from Costa RicaFEMALES.Two adult females from eastern Mexico (State ofVera Cruz)Three adult females from GnatemalaOne adult female from northern HondurasOne adult female from Costa Rica
Wing.
90.2X8.4
86.487.1
88.187.688.483.1
Ex-Tail, j posedculmen.
81.378.5
78.28084.372.4
l.'i.215.5
1715.5
15.715.
2
15.715
Depthof billat base.
9.48.6
9.49.49.18.1
21.821. S
20. 822. 4
21.621. 821.320.8
Middletoe.
15.216.5
15.716.8
15.516.515.5
I am not able to discover any color differences between extreme northern andextreme southern specimens; the series of the latter is very small, however.
122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.]Mns., xi, 1886, 178.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Car-tage and Navarro deCartago, Costa Rica).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,X, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893,489 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits;descr. nest and eggs).Genus LANIO Vieillot.Lanio Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 40. (Type, Tanagra airicapUla Gmelin.
)
Pogonothraupis^ Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1S48, (569.(Substitute for Lanio Vieillot.
)
Medium sized to rather large Tanagers, with the maxilla compressedand abruptly hooked at tip, the tomium with a conspicuous mediantooth; adult males with the plumage mainly black and yellow.Bill nearl}" as long as the head, much compressed and strongly hookedterminally, the maxillary tomium with a conspicuous tooth-like pro-jection about, or a little less than, one-third the distance toward base;mandi])ular tomium obliquely beveled at tip, then faintly concave tobeneath the maxillary tooth, then slightly arched for about the basaltwo-thirds; culmen nearlj^ as long as tarsus, nearly or quite straightfor most of its length; gonys decidedlj- shorter than length of maxillafrom nostril. Nostril partly concealed by distinct antrorse frontalbristles, rather large, nearl}' circular. Rictal bristles conspicuous;mental bristles distinct, strongly recurved. Wing about five and one-third to live and three-fourths times as long as the short tarsus, rounded(eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth not longer than fourth); pri-maries exceeding secondaries by about length of tarsus or a littlemore. Tail shorter than wing by not more (usually much less) thanlength of tarsus, slightly rounded, the rectrices rather broad, withrounded or ver}^ slightl}^ pointed tips. Legs and feet comparativelyvery weak; tarsus little if any longer than exposed culmen; middletoe with claw about as long as tarsvis; lateral claws falling a littleshort of base of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit.Coloration.?Adult males with head, wings, and tail black, the restof the plumage mainh^ yellowish, with a white patch between scapu-lars and lesser wing-coverts; females brownish above, paler, some-times* tinged with yellow below, the throat sometimes grayish orwhitish.Range.?Southern Mexico to Trinidad, Bolivia, and Ecuador.KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LANIO.
a. Back and under parts of body yellow; head, wings, and tail black. (Adultmales.
)
h. Throat black. (Southern Mexico to Honduras.)Lanio aurantius, adult male (p. 123)hh. Throat white or buffy.
* ^'Ilchyoov, Bart; ?pafinii nom propr."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 123
c. Lower back and rump yellow. (Central Nicaragua to central Costa Rica.)Lanio leucothorax, adult male (p. 124)cc. Lower back and rump l)lack. (Veragua, Chiri(|ui, and southwestern CostaRica. ) Lanio melanopygius, adult male (p. 125)aa. Back, wings, and tail brown; head bnjwn or grayish, much paler on throat;under parts of body dingy yellow.h. Throat light gray; flanks yellow, tinged with olive-brown; under tail-covertsyellow or dull orange; rump yellowish.. Lanio aurantius, adult female (p. 123)hh. Throat light brown or grayish brown; flanks and under tail-coverts tawny oryellowish cinnamon; rump not yellowish.
c. More russet-brown above, the head undter brown, and throat wood brown, orIsabella color Lanio leucothorax, adult female ( p. 1 24)cc. More olive-brown al)ove, the head olive, and throat grayish l)rown or brown-ish gray Lanio melanopygius, adult female (p. 125)LANIO AURANTIUS Lafresnaye.MEXICAN SHRIKE-TANAGER.Adult male.?Head, neck (except lower foreneck), scapulars, wings(except part of lesser and middle coverts), tail, and thighs uniformblack; inner portion of lesser wing-covert area and innermost middlecoverts (except tips) white; back, rump, and under parts of body yel-low (grading from cadmium 3^ellow on back to canary yellow on pos-terior under parts); lower foreneck tawny, the chest more or lesstinged with the same; under wing-coverts white, with broad blackexternal border; upper tail-coverts black, the shorter ones yellow withblack central areas; bill black; legs and feet dusky; length (skins),179.1-205.7 (190.8); wing, 101:.-1-106.7 (105.1); tail, 89.2-96.5 (93);exposed culmen, 18-20.6 (19.6); depth of bill at base, 8.6-10.2 (9.1);tarsus, 19.3-20.6 (20.1) middle toe, 14-16 (15.2).'Adult ffinale.?Pileum and hindneck dark olive, usually more orless tinged with slate-gray, especiall}^ on forehead; back and scapularsolive-brown, the lower back lighter and more tawny, or ochraceous-olive, this passing into olive-ochraceous or dull gallstone-yellow onrump; wings and tail plain brown (intermediate between raw umberand mars brown); sides of head similar to pileum but not quite so darkand rather grayer, passing into smoke gray on chin, throat, and fore-neck; under parts of body lemon yellow, shaded with olive on chest,sides, and flanks; the latter slightly more fulvous; under tail-covertsfulvous-3^ellow or ochraceous-orange; maxilla blackish, mandible paler,more horn color; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length(skins), 175.3-196.9 (183.9); wing, 91-99.6 (97); tail, 79.8-91.2 (85.6);exposed culmen, 17.5-19.3 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1);tarsus, 18.8-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 13.5-11.2 (11).'Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Santecoma-pan, etc.), Oaxaca(Guichicovi), and Tabasco (Teapa),Guatemala (Coban,.Chisec, Choctum, Kampamak, Kamkhal, etc.), British Honduras(Belize), and Honduras.
^ Seven specimens. '' Five specimens.
124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Lanin (i>rr(mtii(s Lapresnaye, Rev. ZooL, iv, 1848, 204 (" Coloiiilmi;" coll. Lafres-iiaye').?Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845(?),pl. 21.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,1850, 240.?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 119, 303 (Orizaba, VeraCruz; Honduras); 1857, 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 1856, 43; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Guatemala; Vera Cruz) ; Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 202 (Santecomapan; Brit. Honduras; Coban,Choctum, Chisec, and Kamkhal, Guatemala; Honduras).?ScLATERand Sal-viN, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Honduras); Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 61, pi. 31.?Sumi-CHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).BouGARD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1873, 304 (Belize, British Honduras; Kampamak, Guatemala,etc.).i[(;*Mo] aurantius Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 16.ILanio'] aurantius Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.LANIO LEUCOTHORAX Salvin.WHITE-THROATED SHRIKE-TANAGER.Adult male. ?Head and neck (except throat and foreneck), scapulars,wings (except innermost lesser and middle coverts), tail, and thighsblack; throat and foreneck white, the first margined laterally with ])lack,the last tinged with l)utf or decidedlj^ of this color; innermost lesserand middle wing-coverts white, the former with basal half (concealed)abriiptlv ])lackish, the latter with terminal or subterminal roundish ortransverse spots of black; back bright chrome j^ellow, fading to lemonyellow on rump, the feathers of both grayish basally with a blackishbar })etween the gray and 3^ellow, this subterminal blackish broadeston rump; upper tail-coverts black, the shorter ones with yellowish orfulvous tips; under parts of body lemon yellow; under tail-coverts paleryellow, with concealed portion largel}" (sometimes mosth') blackish;bill black; iris brown;^ legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length(skins), 182.9-195.G (190); wing, 99.1-102.9 (100.0); tail, 86.4-89.4(87.4); exposed culmen, 17.8-19.3 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.7(9.1); tarsus, 18-19.6 (19.1); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.5).^Adult feinale.?Pileum uniform sepia brown; sides of head similarbut slightly paler; back, scapulars, wings, and tail plain i-ich brown(intermediate between tawnj^-olive and mummy brown), the colorfading gradually on rump into light tawny-olive or olive-tawny; chin,throat, and foreneck light wood brown; under parts of body yellow,pure on median portion of breast and abdomen, duller (more waxyellow) on chest and sides, passing into cinnamon-tawny on flanks;under tail-coverts lighter cinnamon-tawny, margined with yellow;maxilla blackish; mandible dusky terminally, horn color l)asally, legsand feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skin), 191.8; wing,
^ Types now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
^ Carmiol, manuscript.
'Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 12596.5; tail, 84.6; exposed culmen, IS. 5; deuth of bill at base, 9.1;tarsus, 17.5; middle toe, 11.Eastern Niearaoua (Chontales) to central Costa Eica (Angostura;Tueurrique; Pacuare).Lanio h'licotJioriLv Balvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 581 (Tucurricjui, CostaJiivii; coll. Salvin and (Todnian); Iliis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Angostura, Costa Rica).ScLATER and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 63, part, pi. 32 (fig. offemale).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Tucurrique, Angos-tura, and Pacuare, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299(Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 305.ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 203.?Zeledox, Anal. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).[jCa/wo] leucothorax SchATER And Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.LANIO MELANOPYGIUS Salvin and Godman.BLACK-RXJMPED SHRIKE-TANAGER.Similar to Z. Jeua>th(>r<i,v^ l)ut adult male with rump and tail-covertsblack, and throat duller white or buli'y; adult female with throat andchest grader and rump darker.Adult male.?Head and neck (except throat and foreneck), scapulars,wing's (except innermost lesser and middle coverts), lower back, rump,upper and under tail-coverts, thighs, and tail black; innermost lesserand middle wing-coverts white, the latter with black tips; interscapularregion rich lemon or chrome yellow; throat soiled white or dull bufl'ywhite, the lateral anterior portion and the chin black; whitish ofthroat passing into a more decided (sometimes strongly) bufl'y hue onchest; under parts of body lemon 3'ellow; under tail-coverts ])lack, moreor less margined (the shorter ones at least) with canary yellow; billblack; iris dark brown ;^ tarsi horn brownish (in dried skins), toesdarker; length (skins), 178-190 (181); wing, 96.5-102 (99.8); tail,83-93 (89.3); exposed cidmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); depth of bill at base,9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 13.5-15 (11).'Adult female.?Pileum olive, passing into olive-brown or deep rawumber on back, this into tawny-olive on rump, the wings and tail coloredmuch like the back; sides of head similar in color to pileum, butslightl}' grayer, passing into light hair l)r()wn on chin, throat, andchest; breast and sides light yellowish olive or olive-yellow, passinginto a more tawny-olive hue on flanks; median portion of breast andabdomen lemon yellow; under tail-coverts cinnamon; bill blackish,the maxilla becoming horn color basally ; legs and feet dusk}^ (in driedskin); length (skin), 170-182 (177); wing, 86-91:.5 (91.5); tail, 77.5-88(83); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 8.5-9 (8.6);tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.9); middle toe, 12.5-15 (13.9).^
^ Heyde, manuscript. ^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.
126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Southwestern Costa Rica (Pirris, Pozo Azul de Pital, etc.), southto Veragua (Cordillerra de Tole, Santiago, Cordillera del Chucu,Chitra, Calovevora, Santa Fe) and Chiriqui (Bugaba, Volcan de Chiri-qui, Divala, etc.)Lanio leucothorax (not of Salvin, 1864) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,139 (Cordillera (le Tole, Santiago, Calovevora, and Santa F6, Veragua; crit.);1870, 188 (Vok-an de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu,and Chitra, Veragua).?Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, 63,part, pi. 32 (tig. of male). ? onLanio melanopygius Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 3y,Dec. 1883, 305 (ex "Lanio leucothorax melanopygius, Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat.Mus 188'3-" Bugaba, Chiriqui; coll. Salvin and Godinan).?"Ridgway,Proc U S. Nat. Mus., vi, no. 26, Apr. 11, 1884, 412 (Pirris, Costa Rica;crit.).-Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 203.-ZELEnoN, Anal.Mus Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica).?Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul de Pital,
s. w. Costa Rica; descr. young).Genus PH^EN ICOPHILUS Strickland.Plurnicophilus Strickland, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 104. (Type, T^mluspalmarum Linnseus.)Medium sized, plainly colored Tanagers with the bill rather smalland slender (exposed cidmen, however, at least two-thirds as long astarsus), tail even, shorter than length of wing to tips of secondaries,and outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; adults olive-grcenabove, gray or gray and white beneath, the head chiefly black.Bill' nearly as long as head, slender-conoid, its depth at base muchless than half the length of exposed culmen, and about equal to orslightly greater than its basal width; exposed culmen about four-fifthsas long as tarsus, nearlv straight for about the basal half, then grad-ually decurved to the slightly uncinate tip; gonys a little shorter thandistance from nostril to tip of maxilla, nearly straight; maxillarytomium gentlv concave throughout, distinctly notched subterimnally;mandibular tomium faintlv convex terminally, then straight to thedecided but not abrupt l)asal deflection. Nostril wholly exposed,nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fossae, bordered behind bymembrane. Rictal bristles short, indistinct. Wing moderate (aboutthree and a half to three and three-fourths times as long as the ratherlong tarsus), rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, ninthshorter than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than lengthof maxilla from nostril. Tail shorter than wing by considerably lessthan length of tarsus, even or very slightly rounded, the rectricesrather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedlylonger than middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching to base of mid-dle claw, the inner claw not quite so far; hind claw shorter than its(jigit?all the claws well curved and sharp.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127Coloration.?Above plain olive-green; top and sides of head black,or gTay with white supraloral, supraauricular, and suborbital marks;beneath bluish gray and white. Sexes alike.Range.?Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Two species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHvENICOPHILUS.
a. Crown and occiput black; whole throat and median ])ortion of chest, breast, andabdomen white. (Haiti. ) Phaenicophilus palmarum, adults (p. 127)aa. Crown and occiiiut gray, like hindneck; median i^ortion of throat gray; whole ofchest, breast, and abdomen, as well as sides and flanks, gray. (Haiti. )Phaenicophilus poliocephalus, adults, (p. 128)PH.ffiNICOPHILUS PALMARUM (Linnaeus).PALM TANAGER.Adult {sexes alike).?Pileum and sides of head black, sharply definedbelow and posteriorly, relieved b}^ a large Avhite spot on each side offorehead, a white spot on lower e3^elid, and a broad white supraauricularstreak (beginning near of middle upper eyelid); malar region, chin,whole throat, and median portion of chest, breast, and al)domen white;hindneck and sides of neck slate-gray, passing into lighter gray (no. 7or cinereous) on sides of breast, sides, and flanks; rest of upper partsplain yellowish olive-green; edge of wing light yellow; maxilla black;mandible grayish or horn color (in dried skins), becoming black at tip;iris dark brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins).Adult maZd.?Length (skins), 157.5-160 (158.8); wing, 82.8-87.6(85.1); tail, 66..5-71.1 (68.8); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depthof bill at base (one specimen), 7.6; tarsus, 23.1-2-1.6 (23.9); middletoe, 15-16 (15. 5). 1Adultfemale.?Length (skin), 166.4; wing, 83.1; tail, 71.1; exposedculmen, 16; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 23.4; middle toe, 16.^Young.?""Similar to the adults, except that the black of the headis replaced b}^ dusky grayish or slate color, and the entire head, neck,and breast are washed with olive yellowish." (Cherrie.)Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.\Timlui(\ palmarum Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 295 (based on Le Pal-miste Brisson, Orn., ii, .301, and Lc Palmistc a, tt-tenoir Brisson, Orn., ii, 303).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 824.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 356.Tachyphonus palmarum Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 359;Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 803.Ar[remon'\ palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 16.Arremon palmarum Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92.Phaenicophilus palmarum Strickland, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 104.Phcenicophilus palmarum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 84 (monogr. );1857, 232; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 22; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 92; Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 234.?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 198.?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti; habits, etc.); Birds Haiti
^ Two specimens. '^ One specimen.
128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and San Dom., 1885, 56, pi. (21), fig. 5 (mountains of interior); Aiik, iii,1886, 200 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 87; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 16, 114, 131.PhoenicojMlus pnhnannn Citerrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 14 (habits,notes, etc.).[PJuenicophilux'] jxthnnniiii Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 25.
?
Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12.Ditlus palmarum Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, iii, 1851, 78; Note sur lesTang., 1851, 29.PHiiENICOPHILUS POLIOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte).GRAY-CROWNED PALM TANAGER.Similar to P. pal/iKirum, but .slightl}' larger; under parts deepergra}^, not becoming white medially, the gray extending over greaterpart of throat; crown and occiput gray, like hindneck.Adult male.?Forehead, lores, suborbital region, and auricular regionuniform black, the first with a large spot of white on each side; a smallwhite spot on lower eyelid and another on posterior half of upper eye-lid; crown, occiput, hindneck, and entire under parts of body uniformgray, deeper (slate-gray) on the first, paler (no. 7 gray) on the latter;rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; edge of wing lightyellow; chin, upper throat, and malar region white, extending later-ally to beyond end of auricular region, the space inclosed betweenthese white lateral stripes (including greater part of throat) deepergray than breast, etc., but slightly paler than hindneck; under tail-coverts light gray, broadl}^ margined with white; maxilla black; man-dible dark grayish (in dried skin), blackish terminally; legs and feetdusky horn color (in dried skin); length (skin), 167.6; wing, Gl; tail,70.4; exposed culmen, 17.8; depth of bill at base, 7.1; tarsus, 23.1;middle toe, 15.7.^Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.Dulus poliocephaln>i Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, iii, Apr., 1851, 178 ("His-paniola," i. e., Santo Domingo; coll. Paris Mus.) ; Note sur los Tang.,1851, 29.PhsenicophUus poUocrpJialus Strickland, .Tardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 104.Phognicophilns j'ioUocsph(du,s Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. IMns., xi, 1886, 234.
?
Cory,Birds AV. I., 1889, 87; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 131.Phcenirophilus jxilni/irnm (not Tiirdus palmaniui Linnanis) Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 84, })art (sup{)Osed female); Syiio]). Av. Tanagr,1856, 22.Phwnicophilus dominicensis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 129(Haiti; coll. C. B. Cory), 152 (s. coast Haiti, near Jacmel); Birds Haitiand San Dom., 1885, 58, pi. 8 (Jacmel, Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 200.PlioenicophUus domimrenm Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. fiirOrn., 1S84, 407(republication of orig. description).\^PhoRnicophilu!^'] dominicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12.
^ One specimen, from Jacmel, Haiti.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot.Tacliijphoii t(,s YiKiLLoT, Analyse', 1S1(3, 33. (Tyi)e, TaiK/ani //o/;- male, ]kiffon,=Tanagra rufa Boddaert.
)
Pyrroto Vieillot, Analyse, ISKi, 45. (Type, TniKjaroiu- VA\iii)\\, = T<mH<jru rufaBoddaert.
)
Comarophugns Boit, I?y, 1826, 'J74. (Tyi)e, (Jriolua Icacojdcnis Gnn'\i\i, = Taiia-gra rufa Boddaert.
)
Mediimi .sized or small Tanaoers with rather slender bill (but exposedculiuen at least two-thirds as long- as tarsus), tail rounded and ec^ualto or longer than length of Aving to tips of secondaries, and with theoutermost (ninth) i)riniary longer than third; adult males mostly uni-form black, usually relieved l)y white under wing-coverts, and some-times by a 3^ellow, tawny, or red crown-patch or crest; females plainrufous, ])rown, or olive, paler (sometimes j^ellow) below.Bill subconical, compressed terminally, shorter than head; exposedculmen not longer than middle toe with claw (usually shorter), straightbasally (sometimes for basal half or more), strongly convex terminally,the tip slightly (sometimes distincth') uncinate; gonys decidedly shorterthan length of maxilla from nostril, very slightl}^ convex or nearlystraight; maxillary tomium nearly straight, but middle portion appre-ciably convex, distinctl}^ but not abruptly, deflected basally, and moreor less distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium slightlysinuate, or quite straight to the decidedly, sometimes a))ruptly, deflectedbasal portion, the tip of the mandible acute; basal depth of bill equalto or slightly exceeding the basal width, and equal to about two-thirdsor three-fourths the lateral length of the mandible. Nostril exposed,roundish or horizontally oval, with moderately broad superior mem-brane. Rictal bristles moderately long, but very slender and incon-spicuous. AVing rather k)ng (about three and one-fourth to three andfive-sixths times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifth primarieslongest, ninth shorter than fifth, sometimes shorter than third); pri-maries exceeding secondaries usually by less than length of exposedculmen (b}^ more in T. surlnaraensls). Tail shorter than wing bymuch less than length of tarsus, rounded or nearly even, the rectricesmoderately broad, with compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsusdecidedl}^ longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reachingabout to base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than itsdigit.Coloratkm.?Adult males deep l)lack, usually with white on lesserwing-coverts or under wing-coverts, sometimes with a bufl", tawny,orange, or red crown-patch (occasionally developed into a crest), therump sometimes buffy; females and young very difi'erent?])lain l)rown-ish, olive, or rusty above, paler below.Range.?Southern Honduras to southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, andPeru. 3664?VOL 2?01 9
130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OK TACIIYPIIONUS.
?. General color black. (Adult males.
)
I). With white on lesser ami under wing-coverts.c. Larger (wing more than 82.5) ; middle wing-coverts and part of lesser covertarea black. (Costa Rica to southern Brazil, Trinidad, and Tobago.)Tachyphonus rufus, adult male (p. 130)cc. Smaller (wing less than 69.8); middle wing-coverts and all of lesser covertarea white.d. Middle wing-coverts greatly developed, (covering nuich more than basalhalf of greater coverts; crown without trace of central concealed spot ofyellow. (Veragua to Bolivia, southwestern Brazil, Venezuela, andTrinidad ) Tachyphonus luctuosus, adult male (p. 132)dd. Middle wing-coverts normally develoi)ed, covering not more than basalhalf of greater coverts; crown usually with more or less of a centralpatch of yellow or orange-rufous.
e. Crown-patch small, concealed, yellow, sometimes \\anting. (Costa Rica,to southeastern Honduras. ) . . .Tachyphonus axillaris, adult male (p. 134)ec. Crown-patch large, conspicuous, exposed, orange-rufous. (Veragua,Chiriqui, and southwestern Costa Rica.
)
Tachyphonus nitidissimus, adult male (p. 136)bb. Without white on wing-coverts (or elsewhere). (Costa Rica to Colombia;Ecuador?) Tachyphonus delattrii, adult male (p. 136)aa. (Tcneral c()lor rufous, yellowish olive, or brown. (Adult females and young.)/>. General color rufescent (deep cinnamon-rufous above, tawny-ochraceous below )
;
wing more than 76.2. .Tachyphonus rufus, a<lult female and young male (p. 131)bb. General color not rufescent; wing not more than 69.8.
c. Above yellowish olive-green, beneath yellow.'d. Sides of head distinctly gray; chin and throat white.Tachyphonus luctuosus, adult female and young male (p. 133)del. Sides of head not distinctly, if at all, gray; chin and throat pale l)uffy.e. Duller yellow below, especially across chest.Tachyphonus nitidissimus, adult female and young male (p. 136)ee. Brighter yellow below.Tachyphonus axillaris, adult female and young male (i)p. 134, 135)cc. Above deep soot}' l)r(>wn, beneath similar but lighter.Tachyphonus delattrii, adult female and young male (p. 137)TACHYPHONUS RUFUS (Boddaert).BODDAERT'S TANAGER.AduU tnale.?Gloss}" bkiish or violaceous black, the centers of *.hefeathers (mostly concealed) lusterless black, the basal portion grayish;remiges and rectrices black, without gloss; under wing-coverts, axil-lars. and lesser wing-coverts (except those near bend of wing) white;bill black, the basal half, or more, of mandible gra3'ish; legs and feetblack or dusky brown; length (skins), 149.0-182.9 (172); wing, 83.3-91.4 (87.4); tail, 75.2-86.4 (80.8); exposed culmen, 15.7-18.3 (17.3);
* The series of specimens examined of the three allied forms, C. lurtnusus, C. niti-dmimun, and C. axillaris is very small, and I am therefore doubtful a? to the relia-bility of the characters here given.
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 131depth of l)ill iit base, T.B-U.-i (8.1); tarsus, !32. 0-25.4 (23.9); middle toe,14.5-18 (16.8).^AduUfemale.?Above plain rufous-chestnut; beneath plain cinnamon-tawn}' or tawn^'-ochraceous; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins),157.5-185.4(173.5); wing, 78-86.1 (82.8); tail, 70.6-82 (77.5); exposedculmen, 16-11>.6 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.4 (8.6); Uirsus, 22.1-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).'Tropical South America in g-eneral, including islands of Trinidadand Tobago; south to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, norththrough Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica.Tanagra albirostrm (not of Liniifeiis) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 11 (basedon Tangara noir, cVAmenque, Buffon, PI. Enl., pi. 179, fig. 2; adult male).Tanagra rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 44 (based on Le Timgarovx, deCayenne, Buffon, PI. Enl., pi. 711; adult female).Tachyphonus i-iifas AhhEH, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, no. 2, Sept. 29, 1891,359 (Chapada, jirov. Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil; desiT. nest and eggs; crit.
;
iv, 1892, 52 (El Pilar, Venezuela; crit.).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,vi, 1894, 31, (Trinidad; habits).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898,160 (Pueblo Viejo, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia), 179 (Palomina, prov.Santa Marta).Oriolus mdaleucun Sparrmann, Mus. Carls., 1787, no. 31 ((iuiana).Tdchyphonus melaleucus ScLATER,Froc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 113 (monogr.Cayenne; Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago; Bogota, Colombia; Pinto-bandm, Peru; Goiaz, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Paraguay;
^ Twenty specimens.
^ Twelve specimens.Although the series of specimens examined in, in the aggregate, a large one, thenumber of specimens from separate geographic areas is in all cases small and notsufficient to show whether the species should be subdivided or not. Average meas-urements according to locality are as follows:
Locality. Willi;. Tail. 1 Ex-posed
I culmen. Depthof billat base. Tarsus. Middletoe.MALES.One adult male from VcraguaThree adult males from Isthmus of PanamaThree adult males from ColombiaTwo adult males from eastern PeruTwo adult males from TrinidadTwo adult males from TobagoSeven adult males from Brazil (Bahia and Chapada
)
FEMALES.Two adult females from Isthmus of PanamaTwo adult females from ColombiaOne adult female from eastern PeruTwo adult females from TrinidadTwo adult females from TobagoThree adult females from .southwestern Brazil(Chapada)
84.187.690.485.386.689.486.6
83.879.886.181.383.3
78.080.882.880.379. .580.381.3
79.873.481.575.274.4
80.0
16.516.816.317.517.517.817.8
18.016.817.018.817.5
8.17.98.48.1
24.623.924.624.423.97.9
132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CorrienU's, Arj^i-ntina); Synop. Av. Tanaf^T., 185t), 37; Cat. Am. Birds 1SH2,84 ((kyeiine; Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 206 (Costa Rica;Veragna; ranaina; Medellin, Remedios, and Bogota, Coloni))ia; Caracas,Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago; Cayenne; Bartica Grove, British Guiana;Para, lower Amazon; Baiao, Rio Tocantins; rernanibuco; Bahia; Rio Claro,prov. Goiaz; Rio Parana).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, ISlil, 331(Panama R. R. ).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351(Panama R. R.); 1867, 571 (Pard); 1868, 167 (Venezuela); 1876, 16 (Mar-anura, Huiro, and Protrero, s. Peru); 1879, 503, pi. 42, fig. 5 (Antioquia,Colombia; egg figured).
?
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).
?
Fixsch, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 582 (Trinidad).?PELZELN.Orn. Bras., 1871, 212.?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 327 (Colombia).?Layard, Ibis, 1873, 379 (Pan'i).?Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 333 (Parahyba, etc., n. e. Brazil).
?
Taczanowski, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 15 (n. e. Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885, 504.?Zele-DON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 7; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,110 (Brazil).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 309.
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia); 1887, 7(Lambare, Paraguay; crit. ), 115 (Paraguay).?Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 211 (BritishGuiana).?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad).?Kerr,Ibis, 1892, 124 (lower Pilcomayo, Argentina).?Robinson, Flying Trip toTropics, 1895, 161 (Guaduas, Colombia); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).?Ihering, Aves do Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 152.T[acht/phonKs'] mdaleucus Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., 1868, 68.[Tachyphonus'] melnleucus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 23.lOriolus'] leucopterus Gmeliu}, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 392, part.Tachyphonus leucopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 358;Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 803; Gal. Ois., 1834, 113, pi. 82.?D'Orbigny, Voy.Amer. Merid., Ois., 1839, 277.\_Pyrrofa'] leucoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 238.T[achyphonus\ leucopterus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 365.Tanagra nigerrima Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 899 (based on Tnngarn noir,d'Amerique Buffon, PI. Enl., pi. 179, fig. 2).
?
Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang.,1805, pis. 45, 46.?Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1830, 534.Tlachyphonus'] nigerrima D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837(Synop. Av., p. 29; Corrientes, Argentina).Tachyphonus nigerrimus Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1826, 62.
?
Cabanis. inSchomburgk's Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 669.?Burmeister, Syst. Ueb.Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 166.?Euler, Journ. fiir Orn., 1867, 408 (descr. eggs).Tlachyphonus'] nigerrimus Cabasis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 22 (Brazil; Guiana).Pyrrola valeryi Verreaux (J. and E. ), Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vii, 1855, 351(I'Amerique Centrale; coll. Paris Mus.).Tachy2)honus valerii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 114.Tachyphonus beauperthuyi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 82 (Vene-zuela).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 85 (Venezuela). Leotaud, Ois.,Trinidad, 1866, 299.TACHYPHONUS LUCTUOSUS Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.Adxilt male.?Uniform deep black; lesser iuicl middle wing-oovcrts,under wing-ooverts, and axillars, pure white, the middle covertsunusually developed, covering much the greater portion of greatercoverts; bill black, with a light bluish-gray or whitish wedge-shaped
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 133
space on sides of mandible, covering rami and projecting in an acuteangle more than halfway between g-onydeal angh^ and tip of mandible;iris brown; legs and feet bluish in life, dusky in dried skins; length(skins), 109.2-129.5 (121.9); wing, 00.2-68.1 (61.3); tail, 51.3-58.-1(54.9); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.7 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 5.1-7.1(5.8); tarsus, 15.5-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 9.7-10.9 (10. 1).!Adult female.?Above bright yellowish olive-green, darker and dul-ler on pileum; sides of head (sometimes forehead and hindneck also)gra}', paler toward malar region and on lores; eyelids dull white;chin and throat dull buffy white; rest of under parts gamboge or lightchrome yellow medially, shading into light yellowish olive-green lat-erally; under wing-coverts white slightlj^ tinged with j^ellow; axillarslight yellow; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3-121.9(118.1); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2); tail, 50.8-52.8 (51.8); exposed culmen,12.7-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 5.8-6.9 (6.4); tarsus, 15.7-16.5(16); middle toe, 9.7-10.2 (9.9.)
'
Imnriature male.?Similar to the adult female, but deeper and pureryellow below; wing, 60.5; tail, 51.8; exposed culmen, 12.7; depth ofbill at base, 6.9; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 10.2.''Veragua* to Trinidad, Guiana, Bolivia, and western Ecuador.T\ciclnjphonuiC\ luctuosus Lafeesnaye and D'(;^rbigny, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Syn-opsis Avium, i, p. 29; Guarayos, Bolivia).
?
Sclater and Salvin, ExoticOrn., 1868,68.Tnchyphonns luctuosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Sof. Lond., 1854, 115 (Quixos, e.Ecuador); 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 114 (monogr. ; Bolivia; e.
* Seventeen specimens, average measurements, according to locality, ])eing as follows:
Locality.
184 bullj:tin 50, united states national museum.Peru; Qiiixos, e. Ecuador; Bogotii an<l Santa Marta, Colombia; Tobago;Trinidad); 1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador)
;
Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 38; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 85 (Trinidad; Bolivia;Colombia; Esnieraldas, Ecuador); Cat. Birdw Brit. Mus., part, xi, 1886, 208(Panama and Chepo, Isthmus Panama; Santa Marta, Remedios, and Bogota,Colombia; Santa Rita and Esmeraldas, P^cuador; Bolivia; Engenho do Gama,Brazil; Trinidad; Bartica Grove, British Guiana) .
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1860, 141 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1861, 297 (Panama R. R. ).
?
Sclatek and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1864, .351 (Panama R. R.); 1868, 167 (Venezuela); 1879, 503 (Antioquia,Colom1)ia), 601 (Bolivia).?Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 582(Trinidad).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Veragua); Cat.Strickland Coll., 1882, 194 (Bolivia?; Trinidad); Ibis, 1885,211 (British Gui-ana).
?
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 332 (w. Ecuador).
?
Ber-LEPSCH and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 547 (Chimbo,w. Ecuador).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 310, part(Chepo, Isthmus Panama; South American localities and references). Ber-LEPSCH and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 574 (w. Ecuador).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fi'irOrn., 1884, i92 (Bncaramanga, Colombia); 1889, 297(Sarayacu and Ucayali, e. Peru; crit.).?Allen, Bull. Am. ]Mus. X. II.,ii, 1889, 82 (Reyes, Bolivia).?Rikek and Chapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 267(Santarem, lower Amazon).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 31(Trinidad).
?
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no.357, 1899, 18 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).[TacJii/j)}ioiu(i<'] /?r<?o.s-i(.s ScLATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23, part.Pyranga Iw-tuom D'Orbionv, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., 18.39, 2(53, j)!. 20, figs. 1(male), 2 (female).[Lani(i] tenuiroslris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.TiicliiiphoiuixiilliiKpi'ciilUtrix Leotai'd, Ois., Trinidad, 18()(j, ;!00.TACHYPHONUS AXILLARIS Lawrence.COSTA RICAN WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.Similar to T. ititkli.wuiniK^ hut adult male with colored erowu-patehmueli smaller, concealed, and yellow instead of orano-e-rufous; adultfemale apparently brighter yellow below.Adult male.?Uniform deep ])lack, with lesser, middle, and underwing'-coverts and axillars white; center of crown usually with a small,mostly concealed, spot of yellow; bill black, the mandible with a palebluish gra}" or whitish space on each side covering the rami and pro-jecting forward in an acute angle to about midway between gonydealangle and tip of mandible; iris brown; legs and feet dusk}' or darkbrownish in dried skins (bluish in life?); length (skins), 120. 7-134. <!(129); wing, 63.2-65.S (O-I-.S); tail, 56.9-.58.7 (57.7); exposed culmen,12.1-12.7; depth of bill at ])ase, 5.8-6.1; tarsus, 17-18.3(17.5); middletoe, 10.7-11.4 (10.9).'Adult female.?Above yellowish olive-green, slightly darker andduller on head, where sometimes slightly grayish on forehead and super-ciliary region; beneath lemon yellow medially shading into yellowish
' Thre(> specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135
olive-green laterally, the throat paler, sometimes whiti.sh; liill as in adultmale but more brownish; legs and feet horn brownish in dried skins,light heliotrope purple in life;^ length (skins), 121.9-132.1 (126.2);wing, .59.2-61.7 (60.5); tail, 51.9-56.1 (55.1); exposed culmen, 10.9-13.5 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 6.1-6.6 (6.1); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8);middle toe, 10.2-12.1 (11.2).'Young male.?Similar to the adult female, but mueh l)rowner olive-green aljove, without any gray on head or neck; middle and greaterwing-coverts narrowly tipped with light huffy; under parts muchduller yellow^ (decidedly butfy or deep maize yellow posteriorly), thechin and throat also 3'ellow (wax yellowish). (From type of Chloro-splngus ((.rlJhirts Lawrence; No. 61522, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; Talamanca,Costa Rica.)Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Talamanca) and Nicaragua (RioEscondido); southeastern Honduras (Rio Segovia)?."
T(i<-Iu/jj}t(jnus Juduusiu (not of Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) Cassin, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Lavvrenxe, Ann. Lye.X. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzu's, Journ.fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).? (?) Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 313, 317 (Chon-tales, Nicaragua).? (?) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (San Car-los, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and God.\ian, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 310,part (Valza, .Juiz, and Angostura, Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua?).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Talamanca, Dos Novillos, andJuiz, Costa Rica; crit.).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110,part (Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. -Mus., xvi, 1893,490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).(!) \^Tachyphonus'\ IucUioshk Sclatkr and Sai.vin, Noni. Av. Ncotr., 1873, 23, ])art(Nicaragua).TftrlnjpJionns nitidissimus (not of Salvin) Salvin and (todman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 312, part (Valza, "Irazu,"and Angostura, Costa Rica).ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 214, part (Valza, Costa Rica).?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110, part.
?
Cherrie, Anal.Inst. Fisico-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 14 (Naranjo, Costa Rica).T((e}iyphonus nitidisshnus? RinowAV, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 586 (SegoviaR., Honduras; crit.).Cldorospingus axillaris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x. Mar., 1874,395 ("Volcan de Irazii," i. e., Talamanca,* Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat.Mus.; young male).?Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 308 (crit.; refers it to Tacliyphonnsnitidissimus)
.
'Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490.
- Three specimens.
?' An adult female of a Tachnphoims from the Segovia River, Honduras, in the U. S.National Museum collection (No. 112099, Segovia River, .June IS, 1887, C. H. Town-send), is very similar in coloration to the adult female of T. nitidissimus, but has thethroat entirely yellow, like rest of under parts, and the sides of head yellowish olive-green. It may represent individual variation in this species or, possibly, a distinctform. Its measurements are as follows: Length (skin), 132.1; wing, 60.2; tail, 55.1;exposed culmen, 12.2; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.2.
* According to Jose C. Zeledon, collector of the type specimen.
13G BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.TACHYPHONUS NITIDISSIMUS Salvin.VERAGUAN WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.Similar to T. axillaris^ ))ut adult male with colored ci'own-pateh muchlarger, con.spicuousl}' exposed, and orange-rufous instead of yellow;adult female apparently duller yellow below.Adult male.?General color uniform deep y)lack; pileum with amedian, partlj^ concealed, patch or stripe of orange-ochraceous; lessi^rand middle wing'-coverts w^hite, excepting- those ])ord(M"ing- the carpalregion; axillars and under wing-covert region white, the latter witha broad ])lack exterior border; bill black, with rami whitish (extend-ing more than halfway to tip of mandible, the anterior extremitypointed); tarsi light horn color (in dried skins), toes darker; hnigth(skins), 124.5-134.6 (128.8); wing, 66-68.8 (67.6); tail, 58.4-60.2 (59.2);exposed culmen, 18-14.5 (18.7); depth of bill at base, 6.6-6.9; tarsus,17.8-19.3 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7.'Adult female.?Similar to the adult female of T. Ju,ctuom(ii. butwithout gray on sides of head, etc., and throat more l)uffy; above plainyellowish olive-green, including pileum and hindneck; sides of headlighter and duller olive-greenish, the feathers of auricular region withdull whitish or pale yellowish shaft-streaks; lores and malar regionpaler than auricular regi()n and inclining to dull l)rownish Inilfy; chinand throat pale butfy yellowish, the feathers whitish beneath surface;chest, sides, and flanks dull yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, passinginto 3'ellow on ])reast and abdomen; under tail-coverts paler and dulleryellow; under wing-coverts dull white, slightly tinged with yellow; billas in adult male ])ut more brownish; legs and feet pale brownish (indried skin); length (skin), 119.4; wing. 68.5; tail, 59.2; exposed cul-men, 14,5; depth of bill at })ase, 7.1; tarsus, 18; middle, 10.4.^Veragua, Cyhiriqui, and southwestern Costa Rica (Pirris).Tdchyphinms iiUidmhitux Salvin, Prot-. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1<S7(), 188 (Bugabu,Chiriqui; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibi.s, 1874, 308, in text.
?
Ridgwav,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Pirris, 8. w. Coata Rica; crit.).?Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1883, 312, part, pi. 21, fig.'!. 2, 3(Bugabu and Vivahi, Chiriqui).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1SS(>,214, part (l>u<fab;i, Chiricpii).
?
Zelkdon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Kica, i, 1887,110, part (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).\_T(U'hiiphnniiK'\ uitUlixxinivx Sclatrh and Salvin, Noui. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23.TACHYPHONUS DELATRII Lafresnaye.TAWNY-CRESTED TANAGER.Adult male.?Uniform sooty black, including under wing-coverts;median portion of crown and occiput with a patch of bright tawny ororange-ttiwny (more 3'ellowish basally), composed of stifl'ened and
^ Three specimens; two from Chiriqui, one from Pirris, Costa Rica.
'^Ono specimen, from Bugaba, Chiri(iui; this, from which the descrij)tion is taken,is in rather worn plumage.
BIRDS <>? NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137
elongated narrow t'eathcn-s. forming a bushy crest when erected; billblack, the rami and a little beyond dull whitish or pale grayish (indried skins); legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 142.2-149.9 (145.8); wing, 70.9-75.9 (74.2); tail, 63-65.8 (64.5);exposed culmen, 12.4-13.5 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.6-6.9 (6.6);tarsus, 19.8-20.6 (20.3); middle toe. 11.9-13 (12.4).'Adultfemale.?Head, neck, and chest light bistre brown, darker ordeeper on pileum and hindneck; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark bistre ])rown or sepia, passing into blackish brownor sooty on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail brownishblack or sooty with paler (bistre brown or olive) edgings; under partsshading gradually from light bistre (varying to almost raw umber)anteriorly to sooty brow^n on under tail-coverts; maxilla blackish, man-dible blackish or blackish l)rown, becoming indistinctly paler basally;legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 134.6-142.2 (138.4); wing, 65-69.6{m.^)\ tail, 59.4-60.7 (59.9); exposed culmen, 12.2-13.2 (12.7); depthof bill at base, 5.8-6.4 (6.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.1 (18.5); middle toe, 11.9-12.4 (12.2).'Costa Rica (Talamanca, Pacuare, San Mateo, etc.) and southward towestern Ecuador (Pallatanga, Pasto, etc.).Tdcliypliovvs ddatrii Lafuesnaye, Rev. Zool., x, Mar., 1847, 72 (San Buenaven-tura, Colombia).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 116 (monogr. ; SanBuenaventura andGorgona, n. w. coast Colombia); (?) 1859, 139 (Pallatanga,w. Ecuador); Synoi). Av. Tanagr., 1856, 40; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 86(Bogota; Pallatanga?); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 215 (Santa F6 andSantiago, Veragua; Panama; Gorgona I., Remedios, and Bogota, Colombia;Pallatanga (?) and Pasto, w. Ecuador).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1860, 142 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1865, 171 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill); 1879,503 (Antioquia, Colomlna) ; Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 67, pi. 34, fig. of male,not fig. of female.? Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 140 (Santa Fe andSantiago, Veragua).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (San Mateo, Costa Rica; habits).Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 312.
?
Zeledon, Anal.Mus. Nac, Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).Tachyphonus delatrei Lawrence, Ann. Lye, N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Payua, CostaRica)
.
[Tachyphanus] delattrii Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23.T{(ichyphonus] delairii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., 17.?Bonaparte, Consp.Av., i, 1850, 237.Chlorospingiis hrimnens Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Marcli, 1874,395 (" Volcan de Irazvi," i. e., Talamanca,'^ Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.;female; see Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 308).
' Six specimens.
^ Three specimens.^According to Jose C. Zeledon, collector of the type s])ecimen.
138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus EUCOMETIS Sclater.
^jJCOHirfi'.s ScLATEK, PrfK'. Zool. Soc. Loiid. , 1851), 117. (Typt% Trniagra pf?iri/l(ifaSpix.)Modiuin-sized, small-l)illed, plainh' colored Tanagers, with depth ofmaxilla in front of nostril more than one-third the distance from nostrilto tip of maxilla, tail equal to leno'th of wing from bend to tips ofsecondaries, and occiput with a slight bushy crest; colors yellowisholive-green above, yellow ))elow, the head gray (paler on throat).Bill subconical, compressed, much shorter than head; exposed cul-raen less than to more than two-thirds length of tarsus, nearly straightfor basal half or more, decidedly convex terminally, with tip slightl}"uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla, faintly convex; maxillary tomium straight, faintly deflectedl)asally ; mandi})ular tomium nearly straight to near base, where gradu-ally but rather strongly deflected; depth of bill at base about equal tothe basal width, and equal to or a little more than half the length of theexposed culmen. Nostril exposed, roundish, with narrow superiormem])rane. Itictal bristles hardly obvious. Wing rather long(al)outthree and three-fourths to four times as long as tarsus), rounded (eighthto fifth quills longest, ninth longer than first, sometimes longer thansecond); primaries exceeding secondaries by length of exposed culmenor more. Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, its feathers Avith com-pact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toewith claw; outer claw reaching about to base of middle claw; the innerclaw not reaching quite so far: hind claw decidedly shortci' than itsdigit. Occiput slightly crested.Coloration.?Plain l)righG yellowish olive above, saft'ron or Indian3'ellow beneath; head gray, paler (sometimes nearly white) on throat.Sexes alike in color.Range.?Yucatan and (niatemala to Bolivia.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SCBSPECIES OF EUCOMETIS.
a. Chest without streaks or flammulations.h. Crest more developed, the feathers blended, the color jialer than that nf loraland orbital regions. (Veragiia to Colomhia.)Eucometis cristata, adults (p. 139)h\>. Crest less developed, the feathers distinctly nutlined, the color not paler thanthat of loral and orbital regions. {Eurotiirtis sjxxhxrijliald.)c. Ri<;her, more golden, olive-green above, deep saffron yellow beneath; throatdeeper gray; bill larger (exjiosed cnhnen averaging 1.'!..t). (Costa Rica;Nicaragua.) Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala, adults (p. 139)cc. (-learer, less golden, olive-green above, lemon or gamboge yellow beneath;throat paler gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 12.7) (Yucatan;Guatemala? ; British Honduras? ; Honduras ?)Eucometis spodocephala pallida, adults (p. 140)aa. (!hest with streaks or flanuiuilations of olive-green. (Chiriciui.)Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax, adults (p. 141)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139
' EUCOMETIS CRISTATA (Du Bus).GRAY-CRESTED TANAGER.Aditli^ {i<exes alike).?Head and neck gray, paler, and usuallystreaked with whitish (sometimes inclining- to gi-ayish white) on malarregion, chin, and throat; crest slightly tinged with olive-yellowish;lores and eyelids dusky gray; rest of upper parts, including lowerhindneck, plain yellowish olive-green; under parts of Iwd}- saffronyellow, l:)ecoming gradually paler posteriorly, the under tail-covertsmore chrome yellow; l)ill black or brownish ])lack; legs and feet palebufty 1)rownish (in dried skins).Adult male.?Le.ngih (skins), 163.8-181.0 (l?;i?.l); wing, 86.9-91.7(9(?.l); tail, 75.^^80.5 (78.^); exposed culmen, 18.7-15.7 (11.7); depthof bill at base, 6.9-7.9 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-2;^.9 (22.6); middle toe,11.7-16.8 (15.5).^Adultfemale.?l^^xxgih (skins), 172.2-172.7 (172.5); wing, 88.1-91.9(89.7); tail, 71.2-81.8 (78.5); exposed culmen, 11.7-16 (15.2); depth ofbill at l)ase, 6.9-7.1 (7.1); tarsus. 21.3-21.6 (21.6); middle toe, 11.7-16(15.2).^Veragua (Chitra) to centi-al Colombia.Fipilopsis cristata Dv Bus, Bull. Ac. Ruy. Brux., xxxii, 1S55, 154.Eucometis cristata Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 185(3, US, part (monogr.
;
Santa Marta and Cartagena, Colombia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 42; Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 84 (Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 218, jjart (Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R. ; Ari-hueca, Santa Marta, Minca, and Bogota, Colombia).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia). Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).?Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 121(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 306, part (Colombian refer-ences and localities).
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 142 (SantaMarta).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 168 (Bonda, etc., prov.Santa Marta).\_Euco7netis'] cristata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23.Triehothraiipis peniciUata (not Tanngra penmllata Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota).EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA SPODOCEPHALA (Bonaparte).GRAY-HEADED TANAGER.Similar to E. (/?/'st(tta., ])ut gray of head and neck much darker; crestless developed, with feathers distinctly outlined instead of blended;tail shorter; bill nmch smaller.
' Six specimens. ^ Three specimens.
140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.AdHlti< {sexeM alike).?Head and neck plain gray, darker on pileum(dull slate-gray, slightly tinged with oliv(^), paler (smoke gray) on chinand throat; upper parts (except of head and neck) plain yellowish olive-green (as in Jt". cris/dta): under parts, posterior to throat, deep saffronyellow (as in Ji'. ('/isfatn), deeper on chest, lighter and purer yellow onabdomen and undcM- tail-coverts, the sides and flanks slightly tingedwith olive; bill black; legs and feet pale ])urty )>rownish (in driedskins).Adiflf ?;^r//.^?Length (skins), 151.1-1<;0 (150); wing, 8T.6-92.5(89.9); tail, U. 2-77. 7 (75.9); exposed culmen. 12.4-13.2 (12.7);depth of bill at Imse, 6. 0-7. 4- (0.9); tarsus. 21..S; middle toe, 14.7-15.2 (15).^Adult fciiKilc.?Length (skins), 153.7 (one specimen); wing, S8.1-84.0 (83.S); tail, 71.0-73.4 (72.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.2 (14);depth of bill at base (one specimen), O.'.t; tarsus, 21.8-22.1; middletoe, 15.7.'Costa Rica (Trojas de Puntarenas; Nicoya; Tempate; Volcan deMiravalles) and Nicaragua (Suciiya; Virgin Bay; Hato Viejo).CJilorospingtis sporlorrplKtla Bonaparte, C/ompt. Rend., xxxix, LS54, 922 (Nica-ragua; coll. Delattre); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 22.Chloroitpingiis K]iodocephaht.'< Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 91 (monogr.
;
Ni(;aragua) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 29.Eucometis spodocephala Sclater, Cat. Am. Birdn, 1862, 84 (Nicaragua); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219, part (Virgin Bay, Lake Nicaragua; Nicoya, CostaRica).
?
Salvin, Ibin, 1872, .316 (Virgin Bay, Lake Nicaragua).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 100 (Costa Rica).
?
Frantzics, Journ. fiir Orn.,1869, 299 (Costa Rica).?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 188.3, 44,3 (CostaRica).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 307, pi. 20,fig. 2, part (Virgin Bay and Hato Viejo, Nicaragua; Tempate, Costa Rica).
?
NcTTiNG, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus.,vi, 1884, .382 (Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits).Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Trojas <le Puntarenas,Costa Rica).
?
Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 435 (Volcan de ^liravidles, CostaRica; habits).\_En('<iiui't'iK'] sjt<)(l()ci'/>Ji<ihi Sclater and Salvin, Noul Av. Neotr., 1873, 23, part.EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA PALLIDA Berlepsch.YUCATAN GBAY-HEADED TANAGER.Similar to K .<^. spodocep/iahi, but lighter colored; gray of chin andthroat decidedly paler; olive-green of upper parts clearer, less
"golden;" yellow of under parts lighter and clearer, nearer lemonyellow than saffron yellow; length (skins), 153.7-102.0 (158); wing,k.8-S3.3 (82.0); tail, 71.1-73.4 (72.1); exposed culmen. 12.7-13; depth
' Two specimens, from Sucuya, Nicaragua. -
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141
of l)ill :it lutsc (one specimen), 5.6; tar.su.s, 22.4; middle toe, 13.5-14.2(13.7).^Yucatan; Guatemala?; British Honduras?; Honduras?(?) Eucomctis spodocephala (not (Jhlorospmgus spodocephalui^ Bonaparte) Salvinand ScLATER, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Guatemala).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 219, part (British Honduras; Coban, (Guatemala).Eucometis spodocephala Boucard, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (n. Yuca-tan).?Salvin and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 307, part (n.Yucatan; British Honduras?; Guatemala?; San Pedro, Honduras?).Eucomelis apodocephala 2>allAda Berlepsch, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 451,452 (Yucatan;coll. Count von Berlepsch).EUCOMETIS SPODOCEPHALA STICTOTHORAX (Berlepsch).STREAKED-CHESTED TANAGER.Similar to E. s. spodocej^hala but greener or less ^^ellowish olive-green above, and chest streaked or flammulated with olive-green; length(skins), 165-168 (166.5); wing, 85-89 (87.5); tail, 75-77(76.2); exposedculmen, 13-15 (14.4); tarsus, 22-23 (22.2); middle toe, 14-15 (14.7).'Chiriqui (Rugaba; Boquete); Veragua?^Eucometis spudocejjhala (not CJdorospingus spodoceph(das Bonaparte) Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fe, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 188 (Bugabd,and Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 307, part (Veraguan references and localities).
?
Sclater, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219, part (Santa Fe, Veragua; Mina de Chorchaand Bugabii, Chiriqui).Eucometis spodorepJiahi stictothora.r Berlepsch, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 451, 452 (Chi-riqui; coll. Count von Berlepsch).Genus PHCEN ICOTHRAUPIS Cabanis.Fhoenicothrnupis* Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24. (Type, Saltator ridncu.Vieillot.)Medium-sized Tanagers superhcially resembling the more uniformly
^ Two specimens, from Temax and Izalam, Yucatan. Two specimens, from Guate-mala and Belize, British Honduras, respectively, which I refer, at least i^rovision-ally, to this form, measure as follows:
Locality.
142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
colored species of Plrcmga^ but outermost (ninth) priniar}^ sliorter thansecond (instead of decidedly longer than third); adult males with ascarlet crown -patch and with more or less red on under parts (some-times conhned to the throat); females and 3"oung brown or oliveabove, paler below.Bill as in the more slender-billed species of Piranga^ but narrower(width at base scarcely if at all exceeding basal depth), the gonys rela-tively shorter, and distinctly, though slightly, convex, and maxillarytomium without any indication of a tooth-like projection. Nostrilsnarrower. Rictal bristles strong, conspicuous, and frontal bristles(over nostrils) well developed. Wing about three and three-fourths toa little more than four times as long as tarsus, much rounded (seventhto fourth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second); primariesexceeding secondaries hv much less than length of tarsus. Tail shorterthan wing by much less than length of tarsus, sometimes nearly aslong as wing, more or less rounded, the rectrices rather broad, withrather loose webs and somewhat pointed tips. Tarsus decidedly longerthan middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching about to or a littlebeyond base of middle claw, the inner claw falling short of the latter;hind claw shorter than its digit.Cokmition.?Adult males reddish brown, reddish gray, or dusky,with bright red throat and crown, the feathers of the latter sometimesdeveloped into a more or less obvious crest; females and young usuallybrownish above, paler beneath, with or without a yellowish-butiy ortawny crown-patch; adult female sometimes similar to the male, butduller.Range.?Southern Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia,and western Ecuador.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIIffiNICOTHRAUPlS.
a. General color red. ( Adult males.)h. Scarlet crown-patch margined laterally with a black or l)lackish brown line;lores and suborbital region not dusky or sooty; cliin and sides of upper throatnot grayish or sooty. {Pha'uicothraupis ruhica.)c. Darker, the back, etc., liver brownish.d. Throat concpicuously brighter red than chest. (Eastern ^lexico to north-ern Hciiduras. ) Phoenicothraupis rubica mbicoides, adult male (p. 144)dd. Throat net conspicuously brighter red than chest.
e. Darker above, paler below; smaller (wing averaging 90.S, tail 78.5, tarsus23.5, midd'e toe 14.7). (Yucatan and Campeche.
)
Phcenicothraupis rabica nelsoni, adult male (p. 145)ee. Paler above, darker below; larger (wing averaging !):>, tail 83.3, tarsus24.6, middle toe 16.3) . (Costa Rica to Isthmus of Panama.
)
Phoenicothraupis rubica vinacea, adult male (p. 146)cc. Paler, the back, etc;., reddish light chestnut or dull brick reddish.d. Under parts dull flesh color, purer flesh color on throat. (Pacific coast ofOaxaca and Guerrero. ) . .Phoenicothraupis rubica affinis, adult male (p. 147)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143
(id. Under parts (lull vinaceous-pink, clearer pink on throat. (Pacific coast,territory of Tepic.) Phoenicothraupis rubica roseus, adult male (p. 147)bh. Scarlet crown-patch not margined laterally with a line of black or blackishbrown; lores and suborbital region dusky or sooty grayish; chin and sidesof upper throat dusky or sooty grayish.
c. Back, etc., reddish dusky; tail not distinctly reddish. ( Southeastern Nicaraguato northeastern Colombia. ) . .Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda, adult male (p. 152)cr. Back, etc., brownish red, grayish red, or reddish brown. {Phccnicothraupissalvini, adult male.
)
d. Back, etc., brownish red or grayish red; under jiarts of body but slightlytinged with gray.
e. Paler; light grayish red al)ove.f. Paler and more grayish. (^lugeres and Meco islands, Yucatan.
)
Phoenicothraupis salvini insularis, adult male (p. 152)
_//'. Darker and less grayish. (Peninsula of Yucatan.
)
Phoenicothraupis salvini peninsularis, adult male (p. 151)ee. Darker; deep brownish red above./. Throat poppy red; more purplish red above and below. (Coast plainof eastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas to Tabasco.)Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis, adult male (p. 149)ff. Throat vermilion red or scarlet; more Ijrownish red above and below.(Southeastern Mexico, except coastal plain, to northern Honduras.)Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini, adult male (p. 148)dd. Back, etc., reddish brown; under parts of body strongly tinged withgrayish. (Southern Honduras to eastern Nicaragua.)Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor, adult male (p. 150)t. General color olive or brownish, the throat yellow or yellowish. (Adult femalesand immature males.
)
b. Center of crown and occiput distinctly yellowish, ochraceous, or tawny, or elsethroat not yellowish or salmon color.
c. Darker; moredecidedly olivaceous below ; crown-patch more tawny-ochraceous.d. Back, chest, etc., ochreous olive; crown-patch ochraceous or tawny.Phoenicothraupis rubica rubicoides, adult female and young male (p. 144)dd. Back, chest, etc., more greenish olive; crown-patch more yellowish ocher.
e. Darker above, paler below, the abdomen pale buff; smaller (wing aver-aging 82, tail 69.5). Phoenicothraupis rubica nelsoni, adult female {p. 146)ee. Paler above, darker below, the abdomen olive-buff or buffy olive; larger(wing averaging 85.3, tail 77.2).Phoenicothraupis rubica vinacea, adult female (p. 146)cc. Paler; mo"e ochraceous or buffy below; crown-patch more buffy, less dis-tinct (sometimes obsolete).d. Deeper colored; larger (wing 91.9, tail 85.1, exposed culmen 17.0).Phoenicothraupis rubica affinis, adult female and young male (p. 147)dd. Paler; smaller (wing 81.5-83.8, tail 78.2-80.0, culmen 14.7-15.2).Phoenicothraupis rubrica roseus, adult female and young male (p. 147)bb. Center of crown and occiput not yellowish, ochraceous, or tawny, but concolorwith rest of pileum, or else tinged with red; throat yellowish or salmon color,in more or less strong contrast with color of chest.c. Above brown; chest tawny brown or cinnamon-brownishd. Throat yellow; chest tawny brown; back darker brown; tail bistre or sepiabrown; occiput not tinged with red.Phoenicothraupis salvini salvini, adult female and young male (p. 148)Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor, adult female and young male (p. 150)
144 BULLETIN 51), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dd. Throat ochraceous-buff, ocliraceouy-rufous, or dull salmon color; backlighter l)ro\vn ; tail light luarM brown o" cinnaiiiou-l)ro\vii; occiput tingedwith red.Phoenicotliraupis salvini littoralis, adult female and young male (p. 149)CC. Above, olive or deei> olivt'-lirown; chest olive or yellowish olive.Phoenicotliraupis fuscicauda, adult female and ynmig male (]>. la-)PHGENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA RUBICOIDES ( Lafresnaye j.MEXICAN ANT TANAGER.Adult indlr.?Median portion of cnnvn and occi})ut .scarlet, forminga l)ushy erectile crest of elongated narrow feathers, this scarlet patchor crest bordered laterally by a narrow stripe of black or blackishbrown; forehead, sides of head, and upper parts (except as described)plain dull ])rownish red (deep brick red, liyer brown, or bay);under parts reddish, changing gradually from light yermilion or dullscarlet on throat to dull yinaceous on flanks and dull flesh color onmargins of under tail-coyerts, the central portion of which is duller,more grayish red; maxilla blackish brown; mandi))le horn brown; irisbrown; ^ legs and feet horn brown; length (skins), 165.1-184.2 (174.2);wing, {K).7-9S.() (1)4.2); tail, 7T-S6.1 (81.5); exposed culmen, 15-16.8(15.7); depth of bill at base, 8.4-1K9 (9.4); tarsus, 23.1-26.7 (24.4);middle toe 14.7-17.3 (16).'Admit female.?Pileum deep or dark oliye anteriorly or laterally,inclosing a more or less distinct elongated patch of ocher-yellowish,ochraceous, or tawny, the feathers of this patch more or less tippedwith oliye; rest of upper parts plain light oliye, oliye-brown, or slightlyochraceous oliye; under parts paler ochraceous-oliye, still paler andusually tinged with yellow on throat, the flanks browner or more oliye;bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (172.2);wing, 83.8-89.4 (86.9); tail, 73.9-79.5 (77.2); exposed culmen, 14.2-16.5 (15.7); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 22.4-25.4 (24.4);middle toe. 14.2-15.2 (14.7).'
' Sumichrast.
^ Fourteen specimens.
* Seven specimens.Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OB^ NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145Immature male.?Similar to the adult female, and not always dis-tinguishable, but usually more rufescent in coloring; sometimes russet-brown above, the primaries and rectrices decidedly russet, crown-patchdeep tawny, and under parts sti'ongly tinged with tawny, especially onthroat and chest.Young {first plumage).?Above plain olive-brown, the crown with-out any distinct patch, or none, of ochraceous; primaries and rectriceslighter, more yellowish olive or raw umber brown; under parts plainbuffy olive, the abdomen, under tail-coverts, and throat buffy woodbrown, the last paler.Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Paplanta, Cor-dova, etc.), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente, Guichicovi, etc.), and southwardthrough Guatemala to Honduras^ (San Pedro; Omoa to Chilomo).Salt[^i(tor^ ruMcoides Lafkesnaye, Rev. ZooL, vii, 1844, 41 (Mexico).Ph\_o(:nicothraupis\ rubkmdes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Mexico).PhoenicotJiraupis ruhicoides Sclater, Ann. & Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xiii, 1854, 25;Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 120, part (monogr. ; Papantla and Jalapa, VeraCruz; Guatemala), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377 (PlayaVicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856,44; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Mexico; (Tuatemala).
?
Sclater and Salvin,Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro,Honduras).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa to Chilomo,Honduras). Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Yzabal, Guatemala).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1866, 173 (City of Mexico).?Sum i-chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente. Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 193 (Guatemala). Salvin and (todman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 300 (Yzal)al, Choctum, Alotenango, SavanaGrande, Escuintla, Costa Grande, and Ketalhuleu, Guatemala; Omoa, Hon-duras, etc.)?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, VeraCruz).IFhcenicothraupis] rubicoides Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.PhaenicoOiraupis vhiacea (not of Lawrence) Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.FhxnicotJiraupis ruhicoides Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19(Guichicovi, Oaxaca).Fltaiilcothruupis r-uhicoidcs Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.Saltator rabicus (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1865, 90(foot of Cofre del Perote, Vera Cruz).Tanagra ignicapiUa Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 {nornai iiaduni;Papantla,^ Vera Cruz, Mexi(;o); Journ. fi'irOrn., 1863, 56.FlfKcnU-uihnmpisI ignlaqnlla Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 581, in text(Guatemala).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA NELSONI Ridgway.NELSON'S ANT TANAGER.Similar to P. r. ruhicoides but smaller and nuich duller in color, withunderparts much paler; adult male with back, etc., reddish chestnutinstead of deep brick red, liver brown, or bay, the throat pale coral
^ No Honduras specimens have been seen by me.^According to Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 300.3654?VOL 2?01 10
14() BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATP:S NATIONAL MUSEUM.
red or reddish flesh color instead of light vermilion or scarlet: adultfemale with l)ack. etc.. more olive, the abdomen very pale buftv.Adult malc.^hcngth (skins), 167.8-185 (178.2); wing, 88-i>7 (t>0.8);tail, 76-83 (78.5); exposed cuhnen, 16; tarsus, 22-24(23.5); middle toe,14-16(14.7.)^A<hilf fi imiJ,
.
?Length (skin). 166; wing, 82; tail. 6t^.5; exposedculmen. 16: tarsus. 23: middle toe, 15. '^Peninsula of Yucatan (Puerto ^Vlorelos) including Campeche(Apazote).Ph<rnlciillirinijiis riihicoidcx (not Sdltdtur rnhiruldcs Lafresnaye) Chapman, Bull.Am. 3Iu!^. N. II., viii, 1896, 279 (Chichen Itza, Yuratan).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA VINACEA (Lawrence).VINACEOUS-THROATED ANT TANAGER.Similar to /\ r. r>i})ic<)ides l)ut adult male with under parts dullerreddish, especially on throat, and adult female more greenish oliveabove, more yellowish olive below.Adult uiale.?Above exactly as in I\ r. ruhicoidt-^ but scarlet crestencroaching more on the forehead, where extending almost to l^ase ofculmen; beneath as in /'. /?. I'uhicoides, but throat duller red, obsoletel}^streaked with still duller l)rownish red; length (skifis), 170-188(17i).7); wing, t)1.9-97 (94.2); tail, 81.5-83 (82.5); exposed culmen,15-16 (15.7); depth of bill at base, 0.5-10 (9.8); tarsus. 24.4-24.9 (24.5);middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.1).'Adult fenade.?Above light ochraceous-olive. more greenish thanin P. r. j'uhicoidr.s; sides of pileum darker than back, the median por-tion dull ochraceous or ochre-yellowish; under parts light ochraceous-olive on chest, similar but duller on sides and flanks, the throat andabdomen light wax yellowish (the former indistinctly streaked withpale grayish olive); length (skins). 170-175 (173); wing, 82-90 (86.5);tail, 75.5-79.5 (76.9); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); depth of bill atbase, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 23-24.5 (23.<;): middle toe, 15.'Costa Rica to Isthmus of Panama.Phcenlcofhraiqiix nihicoidrs [not Saltatur rithicuides Lalresnaye) CA?^^I^?, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1865, 171 (Grecia, Costa Rica).PhpcnicofhraupiiK rluarcd T.,awkence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, lsti7, 94(Panama; coll. Ci. N. Lawrence); Aim. Lye. X. Y., i.\, 1868,99 ( (iuaitil an<l(Trecia, Costa Rica; descr. female).Plioe)iicotliraajms riiiacen Frantzixs, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).PfKcnicotliraupis cinaceu SALyiTsi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volcan deChiriqni; Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Salvin and (todman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 188:3, 301.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 197.?Under-wood, Ibis, 1896, 4:^5 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).[Pliferurdflirdiipls] rinacea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.
' Fonr specimens. ^ One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147
I'lurnicolhraiipis riiuicra Zei-edox, Anal. ^lus. Nac. Costa Rit-a, i, 1887, 110(Tamborde, Alajuela, and Guaitil, Costa Rica).Phcenicothraupw rubvcaf (not Saltator nihicus Vieill.)t) iS.M.viN, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fe, Veragua; crit. )?PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA AFFINIS (Nelson).OAXACA ANT TANAGER.Siniihir to I*, r. ruMcoides^ but much paler.Adult luidc.?CTra3dsh brick red above, dull flesh color below,
.slit^hth' brighter on throat, darker and duller on chest, the sides andflanks still duller and strongly tinged with l)rownish gray.Adult fei)talc.?Light olive above (more yellowish on tail and outerwebs of primaries) the crown with an indistinct dusk}" stripe alongeach side and the central portion, indistinctly, light ochraceous; under-parts nearly uniform brownish l)uii' or clay color, lighter, more decid-edly butty on throat, al)domen, and under tail-coverts, darker on flanks.Adult male.?Length (skin), 190.5; wing, 91.9; tail, 83.3; exposedculmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 15.5.AduUfemale.?Length (skin), 185.4; wing, 91.9; tail, 85.1; exposedculmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 15.2.Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Pinotepa) and CTuerrero(^).Plia'Hicothra'uph riihlcoide-s nffinis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, Bfci (Pinotepa,Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; coll. V. B. Nat. Mus. ).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA ROSEUS (Nelson).ROSY ANT TANAGER.Similar in coloration to /*. /'. uffiru'.s, but still paler, the adult malemore piidcish, the adult female more greenish above and more yel-lowish below.Adult male.?Above similar to P. r. ajjlnis, but crest poppy redrather than scarlet, and general color of back, wings, etc., ratherwarmer reddish; beneath deep vinaceous-pink, clearer and deeper onthroat and chest, paler on a])d()men and under tail-coverts, much grayeron sides and flanks; length (skin), 182.9; wing, 92.7; tail, 85.9;exposed culmen, 16.5; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 24.9; middletoe, 15.5.^Adult female.?Above light greenish olive, the median portion ofcrown indistinctly ochraceous (this sometimes obsolete); beneath vary-ing from pale dull clay color (more Inifiy on throat, abdomen, andunder tail-coverts) to pale dull bufi-yellowish, tinged on chest, sides,and flanks with pale grayish olive; length (skins), 175.3-177.8 (176.5);wing, 81.5-83.8 (82.6); tail, 78.2-80 (79); exposed cuhiien, 14.7-15.2(15); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 24.1; middle toe,15-15.2."
^ One specimen (the type). ^ Two specimens.
148 BULLETIN 50, ITNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PiU'itic coast district of western Mexico, in Territory of Tepic (SanSebastian; Arroyo de Juan Sanchez).Fhcenicuthraupiti rubicoides roiicus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soi;. Wash., xii, ^lar. 24,1898, 60 (Arroyo de Juan Sanchez, Jalisco, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI SALVINI Berlepsch.SALVINS ANT TANAGER.Similar to P. fiiKctcaudd in a))s(Mu c of distinct black lateral borderto the scarlet ci'(\st, bi'own or dusky tips to feathers of the lattei', andconspicuously yellow throat and a])sence of colored crown-patch inadult females, but coloration nuich redder in adult males, nmchbrowner, or less olivaceous in females.Adult ijude.?Above plain brick red or liver brown (more purplishthan in P. ruhleolda^), the remiges deep grayish ])r(nvn terminally;median portion of crown and occiput bright vermilion or scarlet, thefeathers tipped with dark reddish brown; lores, .suborl)ital region, andantei'ior portion of malar region dusky, the chin similar but paler(dull brown or grayish brown); throat clear vermilion red, changingon under parts of body to brownish red, this changing on Hanks tomuch duller grayish red or dusky vinaceous; under tail-coverts lightva'rmilion red, duller (pale grayish red) medially; bill black; legs andf.H't light horn brownish; length (skins), l7Y.8-209.(i (198.1); wing,93.7-10<) (1U2.1); tail, 85.6-99.0 (94.5); exposed culmen, 14.7-17.5(10.5); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.4 (8. (5); tarsus, 25.9-28.5 (20.9);middle toe, 10.3-18.8 (17.5).'Adult female.?Above, including sides of head, i)lain deep umberbrown, without lighter or ditt'erently colored sjiace in center ofpiK'um; lores, suborl)ital region, anterior portioji of malar region,chin, and lateral margin of upper throat brownish gray or dusky;throat ocher-yellow or didl cadmium yellow, sometimes approachingorange-ochraceous; chest tawny-olive, russet, or orange-russet, thesides and tlanks similar but duller, the abdomen paler (light tawny-olive or raw umber, sometimes tinged with yellow); under tail-covertscinnamon; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 180.3-190.5(182.4); wing, 80.9-97 (90.4); tail, 81-87.1 (83.0); exposed culmen.10-18 (10.8); depth of bill at base, 7.9-9.1 (8.4); tarsus, 25.1-20.9(25.7); middle toe, 10.3-17.3 (10.8).^Iiuiiiature male.?Similar in coloi'ation to the adult female and oftennot distinguishable.Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizab:i; Motzorongo),Oaxaca (Guichicpvi; Santo Domingo; Tuxtepec), and Chiapas (San
^ Eleven specimens.^Six specimens from southern Mexico (Vera Cruz and '. )axaca).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 149Benito; El Salto), and southward through Guatemala to northernHonduras.PhwiiicotltraupiK rubicus (not SaUator rubicus Vieillot) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost.Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz)-Phxnicothranph fuscicanda (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).(?) Phamicothraupis fascicauda (not of Lawrence) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad.Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Naranjo, Guatemala).Phcenicothraupis salvini Berlepsch, Ibis, 5th ser., i, Oct., 1883, 487, pi. 13 (Guate-mala; coll. Count von Berlepsch).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 303, j^art (Vera Cruz; Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Corosal andBelize, British Honduras; Chisec, Guatemala).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 200, part (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Belize and Corosal, BritishHonduras; Chisec, Guatemala).PlKjenicotliraupis mhiiii nalvini Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,1901, 150, in text.PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI LITTORALIS (Nelson).TABASCO ANT TANAGER.Similar to P. s. sahnru^ hut adult male nutoh more purplish or rosyred and adult female and immature male much more reddish, withthroat deep ochraeeous-buff or dull orange to ochraceous-rut'ous tingedwith red instead of yellow, and under parts of bod}' tawn3'-ochraceousto cinnamon-rufous, tinged with red medially.Adnit iiKiJe.?Above plain deep brick red; wings grayish brown(deep hair brown), v.ith brick red edgings, this color occupying wholeouter web of tertials; primaries edged for basal half with pale brickred, for terminal portion with pale grayish brown; median portion ofcrown and occiput poppy red, the feathers with tips extensively darkreddish brown; lores, suborbital region, anterior portion of malarregion, chin, and sides of upper throat dusky brownish gray or sooty;throat poppy red; rest of under parts changing from dark or dullpopp3^ red on chest to paler, more vinaceous, red on abdomen and todark vinaceous on flanks; under tail-coverts pale poppy red or deepflesh-pink, tinged with grayish on median portion of each feather; billblack, the mandible sometimes more brownish basally; legs light hornbrownish, the toes somewhat darker; length (skins), 205.7-21;^.!(208.3); wing, 101.6-106.7 (10J:.4); tail, lt0.4-*>9.8 (9.5.5); exposed cul-men, 17.8-19.8 (19.1); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus,25.4-28.2 (26.7); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).'Adult female.?Above deep mars brown, the center of crown andocciput more or less strongly tinged with brownish red; lores, subor-bital region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dull grayish orbrownish gray; throat varying from orange-])uti' to deep salmon-coloror dull Saturn red; chest cinnamon-rufous or deep tawn}^, fading intotawny-ochraceous or paler cinnamon-rufous on abdomen, the sides and
^ Six specdmens.
150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATp:;^ NATIONAL MliSEUM.flanks russet; under tail-eoverts clear tawny; maxilla hlackish, mandi-ble brownish or blackish, or the former basally, the latter terminally;leu-s and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 179.8-197.1(187.7);wino-, S9.4-98 (93.5); tail, 82-87.9 (84:.()); exposed culmen. 15.7-18(17.H); depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 25.1-2().4 (25.7);tarsus, 25.1-26.4 (25.7); middle toe, 1.5-1(15 (10).'liiniudiirc iii(ili\?Similar to the adult female, l)ut usually(^) morereddish (throat dull saturn red to pale dull vernulion), under partstinged with red, and median portion of crown and occii)ut dull reddish.Coast plain of eastern Mexico, from southern l''ainauli})as (AltaMira; Tampico) to Chiapas (El Salto) and Tabasco (Frontera).J^hwnicoUmi aj}l!< fHtieiv<ni(lit S(drinl liKHMoyiiy, Vroc U. 8. Nat. Mas., xviii, Aug.12, 1896, G'M (Alta Mira, Tainaulipas).Phcenicotliranpis littoralis Nelson, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1891, 48 (Frontera, Tal)aHco,
s. e. Mexico; coll. U. i^. Nat. Mus. ).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI DISCOLOR Ridgway.NICARAGUAN ANT TANAGER.Adult male.?Similar to I*, .v. st/lrhii, but upper parts much dullerin color (chocolate instead of ])urplish ])rick red or liver brown);throat paler vermilion or scarlet, and under parts of body paler andmuch more tinged with gray, the flanks decidedly g-rayish; length(skins). 180.3-190.5 (185.9); wing, 92..5-99.1 (9t).5): tail, 84.8-90.9(87.1); exposed culmen, 17.3-19.1 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7(8.9); tarsus, 25.4-26.2 (25.7); middle toe, 15.2-17.3 (16.5).'Adult ft'imde.?Not always distinguishable from that of P. x'. ml-vin.l, but sometimes a little more olive in coloring, espcn-ially the tail;length (skins), 170.2-195.6 (181.4); wing, 84.1-92.2 (8S.9); tail, 76.2-84.3 (81); exposed culmen, 16.3-17 (16..5); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.1(8.6); tarsus, 24.i?-27.7 (25.7); middle toe, 15.7-16.5 (16).'Young iiudr [jirxt j>luiiia<jr).?Pileum, liindiuH-k, and under partsbrownish vinaceous-cinnamon, darker on the flrst, the last indistinctlyclouded on chest, ])reast, etc., with vandykc^ brown; back and otherupper parts warmer sepia brown, becoming clearer sepia on tail andprimaries, the latter with nuich paler (>dges; feathers of back withpaler shaft-streaks; bill horn l)i'ownish, pahn- at tip.*Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia) and Nicaragua (Rio Kscondido;Los Siibalos; Managua).(?) I'kaenicotliraiipis fuscicdudd (not of Cahanis ?) Salvin, Ihis, IS?"-', 'Al'A. '.'>\(i(Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds l'.rit. Mns., xi, ISSH, 199,part (Chontales).
' Six specimens.
'* Five specimens.
' Four specimens.
* Probably not different from the same stage of P. .f. i^alrini, wliich, liowcver, Ihave not seen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 151
? PJicenicotJnrmptft riiliici)i(h's (not Saltalor ruliicoides Lafre^naye) Nutting, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mn8., vi, 18S;}, 882 (Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits).FlujenicotJiraupis salriui (not of Bei'lepsch) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893, 490 (Rio Escondido and Greytown, Nicaragua; habits).Plicenlcuthrnupifi scilnni iliscnlor .JiiDGWay , Proc Wash. AcaiL Sci., iii, Apr. 15,1901, 150 (Rio EscoiKhdo, Nicaragua: cull. V. S. Nat. Mus.).PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI PENINSULARIS Ridgway.YUCATAN ANT TANAGER.Adult male.?Similar ; > that of 7'. -. stt/r/'///, l)ut imich paler; abci'edull l)rick red, paler and more tiiii^ed with o-rayish on sides of pileiiinand on forehead, especially the latter; wing-s grayish l)rown or dral),tinged with dull reddish, the coverts and secondaries with more decid-edly reddish edgings, the primaries edged with pale reddish gray; tailsimilar in <'olor to back, but lighter (lig'htduU vinaceous-rufous) ; medianportion of crown and occiput scarlet, the feathers with brownish tips;lores, sul)or))ital region and anterior portion of malar i-egion sootybrownish; chin and lateral margin of upper throat sooty grayish;throat and chest light vermilion red, l)ecoming gradually duller pos-teriorly, when gradually becoming paler and moi'c tinged with gray,the flanks dull vinaceous; length (skins), 18t;-i>(>ti (I'.t.S.S); wing. J)8-101:(101.2); tail, S2-104 (90.1); exposed culmen, 15-17 (Kl); tarsus. -24-28(26.1); middle toe, 10-lS (17).'hiun<ii\(re male.?Very much paler than the inunatun^ male or adultfemale of P. s. mlviw' and much gra^'er above; upper pai'ts plain lightbrown (broccoli brown with a tinge of wood brown), becoming moreochreous or tawny brown (light raw umber) on rump and upper tail-coverts; pileum (except laterally) brighter, more ochraceous (odira-ceous-cinnamon); throat pale ocher yellow; rest of under parts dullochraceous, darker across chest, browner (grayish cinnamon) on sidesand flanks, paler (l^uff-yellowish) on abdomen.This form seems to be very close to 1\ 1nsidarix^ which I have notseen; but since the descriliers of P. /;/.sv/A//"/.s- compare it with Yucatanspecimens, which they refer to P. xalmnl., though the paler color ofYucatan specimens is alluded to, J can only conclude that the main-land and island l)irds are difl'erent.Peninsula of Yucatan (Izalam; Calotmul; Puerto Morelos; LaVega).I'lKfuicotltrnupia rubicniden (not Saltalor riihlroidrx Lafresnaye) Boucakd, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Izalam, n. Yucatan).PiKjenicoihrnupis salvini BKRLEPHcn, Ibis, 1883, 487, part (Izalam, n. Yucatan).
?
SALVixandGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 303, part (Izalam, n.Yucatan).?ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 200, part (Izalam).Phoenicothraupis salvlnl pen'msidaris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. 8ci., iii, Apr.15, 1901, 150 (Izalam, n. Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
^ Seven specimens. Two adult males from Canasayat, Campeche, average, wing,104.5; tail, 90.5; exposed cuhiicn, 1(>.5; tarsus, 25.5; middle toe, 16.5.
152 BT^LLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.PHCENICOTHRAUPIS SALVINI INSULARIS ( Salvin)
.
ISLAND ANT TANAGER.Similar to 1\ k. 2)etihisularis, but still paler and grayer.Adult iiiale.?Above grayish red, wings and tail more dusky, slightlyedged with olivaceous; vertical crest bright red, without black margin;})eneath pale red, the throat clearer, the breast and flanks tinged withgray; bill horn color; feet hazel. Total length, 198.1; wing, 101.6;tail, 91.1; bill to rictus, 21.6: tarsus 25.1. (Free translation oforiginal description.
)
Adult female.?Above cinnamon; throat and median portion ofabdomen fawn color. (Translation of original description.)According to Salvin this form is near P. salvivl. but is much i)alerand grayer above, and beneath ver}^ much paler.Meco Island and Mugeres Island, ofl" coast of Yucatan.Phcenicothraupis Inmlnris Salvin, Ibis, 5th ser., vi, Apr., ISSS, 2.'i5? (Meco andMugeres islands, Yucatan; coll. Salvin and Godnian).PJicenicoiJiranpiii S((lri)r) msula7-is Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Ajir. 15,1901, 150, in text.PHCENICOTHRAUPIS FUSCICAUDA Cabanis.DUSKY-TAILED ANT TANAGER.Adult iiiede.?Upper parts dark chocolate brown, varying to sealbrown; remiges dusky, the secondaries edged with dull chocolatebrown, the primaries with brownish gray; rectrices dusky edged withdark purplish l>rown or chocolate; median portion of pileum brightvermilion or scarlet, the feathers with chocolate-brown tips; sides ofhead dark chocolate ])rown posteriorly, becoming dusk}^ on malar,suborbital, and loral regions, the chin also dusky, at least laterally;throat vermilion red or scarlet, forming a more or less triangularpatch; rest of under parts changing from dull or dusky grayish redon chest to dark reddish gra}^ on flanks, the under tail-coverts dullgrayish red, like chest; bill black, the basal portion of mandible some-times more grayish; legs and feet dark horn-brownish; length (skins),180.3-205.T (191.5); wing, 91.7-103.9 (101.3); tail, 81.8-97.5 (91.1);exposed culmen, 16-18.3 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1);tarsus, 25.9-27.2 (26.2); middle toe, 16-17.8 (17.3).'Adult female.?Above plain deep l)istre ))rown, more olivaceous onpileum (where sometimes very faintly tinged with yellowish in centralor median portion), and on upper tail-coverts, the wings and tail moregrayish brown or .sepia; sides of head like pileum, becoming lighteror more grayish on malar region; chin and sides of upper throat dullgrayish; throat (except sides of upper portion) ochre-yellow or gall-stone yellow (varying to pale naples yellow or maize yellow), some-times verv faintly streaked with pale grayish; chest yellowish olive or
^ Twelve specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 153
ochraceou.s-olive, passing into lighter and more grayish oli\e on abdo-men and into deep olive-l)rown on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts;bill and feet as in adult male, the former sometimes more brownish;length (skins), 175.3-190.5 (18-t.7); wing, S6.6-95.3 (91.7); tail, 78.7-86.4 (83.1); exposed culmen, 16.3-18.3 (17.5); depth of bill at base,8.4-10.2 (9.1); tarsus, 24.9-26.9 (25.9); middle toe, 15.7-17.5 (16.5).^Southern Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos) to northern Colombia(Santa Marta).I'ltoenicothraujns fuscicmida Cabanir, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Mar., 1861, 86 (CostaRica; coll. Berlin Mus.).
?
Frantzh-s, Jonrn. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Angosturaand Sarapiqui, Costa Rica).Phu'iiicothraitpis fuscicaiuht Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 469 (LionHill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 179 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 99(Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1864, 350 (Lion Hill; crit.).?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55(San Carlos, Costa Rica). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1883, 302 (Bebedero, Gulf of Nicoya, and San Carlos, w. Costa Rica, etc.).
?
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, vi, 400 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).
?
Ridg-avay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 414 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).?Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 199, part (Nicoya, Costa Rica; Panama andLion Hill, Panama R. R. ; Santa Marta, Colombia).[Phcenicothraupis'] fusdcaudu Sclater and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.PhsemcotJirniqm fiisciCauda Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110(Panama).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Frio, CostaRica).rJifenicothraupis rabicoldes (not Saltalor rHbicoidc>^ Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).?Cassin, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Costa Rica).PJiauiicothraupis ery1hrola"ina Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 83 (Santa Marta,Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Bonaparte, manuscript).Phcenicothrauph fusclcauda erythrolvema Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Clul), ii,Sept. 20, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit.).
' Ten specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMGenus CHLOROTH RAU PIS Ridgway.CldoroOivdiipiit ' lii(lo;\vay, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mu.*., 1883," Salvin ami Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Dec, 188;',, 297.?Ridgway, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus.,vi, no. 2(), Apr. 11, 1884, 412. (Type, Phcenicothraiipu carmioll Lawrence.)Medium sized, plainly colored Tanagers related to PJicenicotJir<nipis.but with tail decidedly shorter than wing- from l)end to tips of second-aries, and with feathers of crown not elongated; sexes alike in color,olive-green al)o\'e, more yellowish ])elow.Bill strong, with nearh' straight outlines l)ut decurved at tip, ratherdeeper than l)road at ])ase, the l)asal depth nearly ecjual to length ofgonys; exposed culmen about tive-sixths as long as tarsus, slightlyconvex or nearly straight to ni>ar tip, where distinctly decurved andmoderately uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nos-tril to tip of maxilla, slightly convex, ascending terminally; maxillarytomium slightly notched subterniinally, nearly straight, but percep-tit)ly convex in middle portion. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, verysmall, narrow, with broad tfeuperior membrane. Rictal bristles dis-tinct. ^^'ing aliout four times as long as tarsus, rounded (seventh tohfth primaries longest, ninth shorter than third); primaries exceedingsecondaries by much less than length of tarsus. Tail about two-thirdsas long as wing or a little more, slightly rounded, the rectrices rathernarrow, with slightly pointed tips. Tarsus decidedly longer thanmiddle toe with claw; lateral clawN reaching a])out to l)ase of middleclaw; hind claw decidiHlly shorter than its digit.Colordthm.?I'niform dull olive-green above, lighter and more yel-lowish ]>elow.Range.?Costa Rica to Peru. (Three species.)This genus comes nearest, apparently, to P'traiKjd, from which itditi'ers chiefly in its more rounded wing, shorter, more rounded tail,and dull coloration of the adult male.KEY TO THE STECIKS OP CM LOKOTHKACPIS.
((. Siii)raloral streak ami ()rl)ital riiitr yellow. (Isthniu.s of Panama to Ecuador.}Chlorothraupis olivacea, adults ( ]>. ir)4)(w. No yellow on sides of head. (Costa llica to I'eru.)Chlorothraupis carmioli, adults (ji. ir)5)CHLOROTHRAUPIS OLIVACEUS (Cassin).YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER.Adultly {sexes' alil\>f).?Above plain bright olive-green. l)ecomingdarker on j)ileum; anterior margin of forehead, supraloral line, andorbital ring lemon yellow, the sides of head otherwise olive-green,like liindneck. becoming somewhat dusk}'' toward rictus and dull gray-ish olive on lores; an indistinct line of olive-yellowish along loweredge of malar region; chin and throat canary vellow medially, olive-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155
greeni.'^h laterally; I'cst of under parts plain liti'Iit ()liv(^-f^-reen, l)ecom-ing- .slig-htl}' more yellowish on abdomen.^Adult male.?I^Qngth (skin), 154.9; wing, SS.O; tail, OCO; depth ofbill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 22.1; middle toe, 14.7. '~Isthmus of Panama (Kio Truando) and southward throusfh Colom-bia to Ecuador (Pasto).ftrtJioc/onys olivaceus Gas8in, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila. , xii, ]S60, 140 (valley ofthe Eio Truando, n. Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); 1864, 287, pi. 2.?ScLATEE and Salvin, Prnr. Zool. Roc. Lond., 1879, 502 (Remedios, prov.Antioquia, Colombia; ci-it.).Clilorothranpis olivacea Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 38,Dec, 1883, 298 (valley of Truando; Pasto, Ecuador).?Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 195 (Remedios and Nichi, prov. Antioquia, Colombia;Pasto, Ecuador).CHLOROTHRAUPIS CARMIOLI (Lawrence).CARMIOLS TANAGER.A(lulti< {sexes aUl'e).?Above phiin 1 (right olive-erreen; beneath yel-lowish olive-o-reen medially, olive-g-reen (like upper parts) on sides andilanks, the throat yellow or olive-yellow, streaked with pale o-rayisholive; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler, more horn colored;iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins).Adult male.?l^Qwgih (skins) 157.5-170.5 (1<)7.1); wing, S8.9-91:MI0.9); tail, ()6-67.S (0().5); exposed culmen, 15. 7-17. S (10.8); depthof bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 22.^-21:. 1 (28.1); middle toe, 14-15.7 (15).^Adult female.?Length (skin), 157.5; wing, 85.1; tail, 01.5; exposedculmen, 17; depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 13.2.*Nicaragua (Ghontales), Costa Rica (Angostura; Turrialba; RioSucio; Valsa), and southward to northern Peru (valley of Cosnipata).Phrcmcothrauiyis carmioli Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, Apr., 1868,100 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 313(crit.).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1873, 186 (valley ofCosnipata, s. e. Peru).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 411(crit).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pi. 20,fig. 1. TaczanowskI, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885, 499.Plioenicothraupis carmioli Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).[Fha'nicothraujns'] mrmioK Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.fhlorothraupis carmioli Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 38,Dec, 1883, 299 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Volcan de Turrialba,Costa Rica; Cosnipata, s. e. Peru).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 194..?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Rio Sucio,Costa Rica).
'The bill and feet of the single specimen examin(>d are in a cDudition wliich doesnot permit of their color being described.
^ One specimen, the type. This has the tip of the bill broken off.
^ Three specimens.
* One specimen.
156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus NESOSPINGUS Sclater.Nt'^ospingas Sclater, Ibis, 5th ser. , iii, July, 1.S85, 27o. (Tj'i)e, Chlorosphiyu^ sjh'cu-liferu^ Lawrence.)Mediuin-.sized, plainly coloivd Tanag-ers with outovmost (ninth) pri-mary shorter than fourth (sonjctinies .shorter tiian third); colorationplain olive above with a .small white spot at base of primaries; whitishbeneath.Bill sulx'onical, ratlier stout; expo.sed culmen nearly tAvo-thirds aslong as tarsus, nearly straight basally, gradually convex for terminalhalf; gonys slightly convex, nearly as long as maxilla from nostril;depth of bill at base decidedly greater than its width; maxillarytomhmi nearly straight, slightly notched subterminally, g-raduall}' andslightly deflected l)asallv; mandiliular tomium slightly convex termi-nally, straight in middle portion, gradually though decidedly convexand deflected ba.sally. Nostril exposed, small, roundish, in anteriorend of na.sal fossa?. Rictal ])ristles very weak, hardly obvious.Wing about three and four-tifths times as long as tarsus, rounded(seventh, sixth, and flfth primaries longest, ninth .shorter than sixth,sometimes shorter than seventh), primaries exceeding secondaries 1)}'less than length of tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by al^out length oftarsus, verj" slightly rounded, the rectrices moderately broad, withArm webs and rounded, though rather narrow, tips. Tarsus decidedlylonger than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to baseof middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit, strongl}' curved.L'oloratkm.?Above plain grayish brown, with white spot at bast^ ofprimaries; beneath white, slightly flecked on breast with grayish.Mange.?Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)NESOSPINGUS SPECULIFERUS (Lawrence).PORTO RICAN TANAGER.AdaU.<<{fie:ees alike).?Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and sides of head(down to upper margin of malar region) dusk}' olive-grayish, the pileumand hindneck and .sides of head less dusky, the flrst more or less distinctly'streaked with ])lackish; back, scapulars, I'ump, upper tail-coverts, andtail plain olive; wing-coverts and secondaries similar but slightl}' moregrayish, especially the greater coverts; primari(\s dusk}', edged withgrayish olive or olive-grayish, the sixth, flfth, and fourth with outerwebs white at the l)ase, showing ))eyond the primary coverts as a smallspot; under parts, including malar region, white, changing to lightgrayish olive on sides and flanks; chest more or less flecked with olive-grayish; under tail-coverts pale fulvous, with central sagittate markingsof dusky olive or brownish; maxilla dark brown or brownish black,mandible paler horn brownish; legs and feet (in dried skins) grayishdusky (bluish gray in life^).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 157Adtilt male.?LQw^ih (skins), 159.3-171.2 (163.3); wing, 81.8-86.1(85.1); exposed culmen, 15.5-17.3 (16.3); depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9(9.9); tarsus, 22.6-24.9 (23.4); middle toe, 15-15.7 (15.5).^Adultfemale.?Length (skins), 152.1-154.9 (153.7); wing, 77.7-7S.2(78); tail, 60.5-62 (61.2); exposed culmen, 15.5-15.7; depth of bill atbase, 9.4-9.7; tarsus, 23.6-24.1 (23.9); middle toe, 14.7-15.2 (15).'Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.Cfdoroninngusf spcculiferus Lawrence, Ibis, 3(1 ser., v, July, 1875, 883, \A. 9, fig. 1(Porto Rico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Chlurosphujus spcculiferus Gundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1878, 108; 1882, Uil (deycr.nest and eggs); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, vii, 1878, 190.[^Cldarospingusl sjjeculifems Cory , List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.Nesospingus specuUferus ScLXTER, Ibis, 1885, 273; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,272.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 199 (synonymy and descr. ); lairds W. I., 1889,86 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 132.\^Xcs(}xpi)ign.y'] spcculiferus Couv, List Birds AV. I., revised ed., 1886, 11.Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis.Chlorospiiigus-^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, May, 1851, 139. (Tyi)e, C. leucophrysC-abanis, =.lrrt';?07i ophthalmicus Du Bus.)Small, plainly colored Tanagers, with small and not obviousl}' hookednor toothed bill, the exposed culmen much less than two-thirds as longas tarsus; colors plain olive or olive-green above (the pileum and hind-neck sometimes gray, ))rown, or sooty), light-colored below, sometimeswith yellow on throat or chest; sometimes with white markings on sidesof head.Bill much shorter than head, subconical, deeper than broad at base,where its width is decidedly less than length of gonys; exposed culmenabout half as k)ng as tarsus or a little more, slightly convex; gon^s alittle shorter than maxilla from nostril, less decided!}' convex than cul-men; maxiUar}' tomium straight or faintly concave, slightly defectedbasally; mandibvdar tomium straight, slightly deflected basally. Nos-tril exposed, small, longitudinally oval, with rather broad superiormembrane. Kictal bristles minute, hardly obvious. Wing ratherlong (a little more than three to about three and one-third tin'ies aslong as the rather long tarsus), rounded (eighth to fifth primarieslongest, ninth shorter than fourth); primaries exceeding secondariesby less than length of middle toe with claw. Tail shorter than wingby less than half the length of the tarsus ( C. olivaceus and C. pileatus)to nearly the length of the tarsus (6^. hypophmws). Tarsus much longerthan middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching al)out to base of middleclaw, the inner slightly shorter; hind claw shorter than its digit?allthe claws well curved, sharp.
' Five specimens.
^ Two specimens.
^ " Von XAcjpog, grunlich, und omyyoc,, noni. prop."
158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Coloration.?Plain olive or olive-brown above, lighter olive, yellow-ish , or dull g"rayit>h below, with or without yellow on throat; pileunitiometinies urayi.sh or blackish, and sides of head sometimes with whitepostocular spot or suj^erciliary stripe.Raw/c.?Southern Mexico to Bolivia. l*eru, and western Ecuador.I feel oblio-ed to exclude from this genus the species ranged by Dr.Sclater, in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum (XI, p. :^3S).under his Section B. {? HemispitK/n.s CaV)anis), some of which, at least,including the type of JIeinisp'm<ju><., almost certainly belong to theMniotiltida3. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOKOSI'INGUS.
a. Pileutu gray, l)row]i, ox sooty black, very different from olive-j^reen of back; chestami siiU'S yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow.h. Malar region, chin, and throat white or l)uffy; chest yellowish olive, olive-yellow or buffy yellow; whitish of alxlouien more extended,
c. Postaiiriciilar region light gray or brown; pileum brown, grayish, or sooty;white i)Ostocular mark a spot beginning at upper eyelid and extending back-ward not farther than end of auricular region (usually not so far)
.
d. Postauricular region (sides of neck) light gray; pileum gray.
a. Pileum and hindneck slate-gray, liecoming dusky laterally; auricularregion lighter gray. (Guatemala.) Chlorospingus olivaceus (p. 159)ee. Pileum and hindneck uniform dusky gray, the forelicad and crown some-times almost grayish black; auricular region darker gray, ((luatemala;Stateof Chiapas, southern Mexico.) . .Chlorospingus postocularis ( p. KiO)dd. Postauricular region (sides of neck) brown; pileum l)rown.
e. Postocular white spot large, extending to end of auricular region; malarregion white (sometimes tinged with buff posteriorly); chest paleyellowish olive./. Pileum darker or duller lirown; l)ack clearer olive-green; chest andsides brighter yellowish olive-green. (Southeastern Mexico, Statesof Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca.)Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (i>. IHO)ff. Pileum ligliter or brighter l)rown; liack more bro.vnish olive-green;chest paler and duller yi-llowish olive. (^It. Azul, Vera Cruz.)Chlorospingus sumichrasti [y. 162)ee. Postocular white sjxit small, not reaching nearly to end of auricularregion; malar region Iniffy; chest bright yellowish t)live, olive-yellowor buffy yellow./. Pileum lighter brown (deep broccoli or drab); forehead and lores dis-tinctly white anteriorly; throat wholly lirownish buff; chest buffy yel-low or ochre-yellow. (Southwestern Mexico, in Stateof Guerrero.)Chlorospingus albifrons (p. 162)ff. Pileum darker brown (sepia or grayish sepia); forehead and loreswholly brown; throat white or brownish white, flecked with dusky;chest l)right olive-yellow. (Costa Uica to Venezuela and Bolivia.)Chlorospingus albitempora (p. 163)vc. Postauricular region l)lack, like auricular icgion; pileum black or sooty black;jMjstocnlar white mark a broad streak heginning above the eye and con-tinued backward as far as taid of black of neck. (Costa Rica and Chiri-qui. ) Chlorospingus pileatus ( p. 165)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 159
}>f>. ]\Ia1ar rej^ion black, or mostly so; chin and throat yellow flecked with black;whitish of abdomen more restricted. ( Veragua.)Chlorospingus punctulatus (p. 166)art. Pileum olive-green like back; chest and sides light grayish brown.h. Throat gray; chest crossed b}^ a band of olive-j^ellow. (Costa Rica.
)
Chlorospingus olivaceiceps (p. 166)bb. Throat dull yellow; chest liglit grayish brown or drab. (Veragua.Chlorospingus hypophseus (p. 167)CHLOROSPINGUS OLIV/.CEUS (Bonaparte).OLIVACEUS CHLOROSPINGUS.Adults {selves alike).?Pileiim iind hindneck slate-gray, becomingblackish laterally, producing two rather broad but indistinct stripes;lores rather lighter gray; orbital region dusky, passing into dullgrayish on auricular region; postauricular region (sides of neck) palegray; a postocular (supra-auricular) spot of white, involving posteriorhalf of upper eyelid; rest of upper parts plain, slightly brownish,olive-green; malar region, chin, and throat grayish white, sometimesslightly flecked with grayish; chest, sides, and flanks and under tail-coverts pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; breast and al)domengrayish white; bill black, the mandible sometimes more brownish;legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins).Young.?Gray of head much tinged with olive-green, the whitepostocular spot tinged with yellow; olive-green of back, etc.,browner; grayish white of throat and abdomen tinged with olive-yellow; otherwise like adults.^Adult w?///.^?Length (skin), i:-i.5.H; wing, 71.1-72.6 (71.9); tail,58.9-59.-1 (59.2); exposed cidmen, 10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base,5.3-6.-t (5.8); tarsus, 21.8; middle toe, 11.9-12.2.'Adult fell)(dc?Length (skin), 134.6; wing, <oQ.?)\ tail, 60.2; exposedculmen. 9.7; tarsus, 21.1; middle toe, 10.9. (One specimen, fromTund)ala, Chiapas.)Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, San Geronimo, Kamkhal, etc.). andChiapas (Tumbala).Foospiza olivdced Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July la, 1850, 47o ("Brazil;" coll.Paris Mus. )
.
Clilor()spingu.'i oUvaceus HcLATER, TaivAgr. Cat. Specif., 1S54, 6; Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1866, 90 ("Central America" ) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 28.?Sal-vix and God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 315 (Coban, Kamkhal,and San Geronimo, Guatemala).
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Scl.\ter, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,240.?Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157 (Tumbala, Chiai)as).Chloromnnffus ophthalmicus (not Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus) Salvin andScLATEK, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
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Sclater, Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 88, part (Coban).
^ The specimen described is beginning to assume the adult plumage and tliereforeimperfectly represents the nestling plumage.
''Two specimens, from Tumliala, Cliiapas; none of the Guatemalan specimens aresexed.
160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.[Chloraxi>ln(jii!^] (iphtJidlruicus Sclatkk and .Salvix, Noin. A v. Neotr., 1873, 24,part (Guatemala).i'ldorosp'mgns ojtthahnicus Boucakd, Liste Ois. (^iuat., LS78, 15."!.CHLOROSPINGUS POSTOCULARIS Cabanis.DUSKY-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.Similar to C olivacctus, but pileiim much darker j^ray, the foreheadand crown approaching sooty black.Adults (sexes alike).?Pileum dusky gray or dull slate-])laekish,fading into dusky slate on hindneck, this into slate-gray on sides ofneck; suborbital region and auricular region similar in color to pileum,the lores rather gra3"er; a short white postocidar streak, involvingposterior half of upper eyelid and extending to about middle ofauricular region; malar region, chin, and throat grayish white, sparselyand indistinctly flecked with dusky; chest, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts light yellowish olive or olive-3'ellow; bill black; legs and feethorn color in dried skins.Adult //?//(^?Length (skins), 130.8-141 (135.9); wing, 68.8-73.7(71.1); tail, 56-9-63.5 (60.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.1); depthof bill at base, 5.8; tarsus, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 12.7-13.^Adult female.?Length (skins), 142.2; wing, 67.8; tail, 60.2; exposedculmen, 10.7; depth of bill at base, 6.4; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe, 13.(One specimen, from Pinabete, Chiapas.)Highlands of Guatemala (Duenas, Yolcan de Agua. Volcan de Fuego,etc.) and Chiapas (Pinabete, Chicharras, etc.).('hloruiipin(ja!< podocuhirls Cabanis, Jourii. fi'irOrn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guate-mala; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1883, 314 (Vok-an de Fuego, Guatemala, 3,000-8,000 ft.).?Sclater, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 240 (Duenas, Volcan de Fuego, and Yolcan deAgua, Guatemala).
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Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157 (Pinabete, Chiapas; crit.).ChloroKpirujKs afrlccpn Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 65 (Pinabete, Chiapas, s. e.Mexico; I'oll. U. S. Nat. :\rus.).CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS (Du Bus).BROWN-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS.Similai' to ('. jKjstoeuhirlx, but pileum, hindneck, and sides of neckgrayish ])rown instead of gray, anterior portion of foreh(^ad and loresdistinctly whitish, and white postocidar spot rather larger.Adults {se,f'es alike).?Pileum, hindneck, and sides of head and lu'ck(except malar region) plain gra3'ish ])rown (deep hair brown), darkeron suborbital region and posterior part of loral region, paler on sidesof neck; anterior portion of lores grayish white, this sometimesextending across anterior portion of forehead; a large white postocularspot, involving nearly whole of upper evelid and posterior portion oflower eyelid, and extending l)ackward nearly to end of auricular
^ Two specimens, from Pinabete, Chiapas. I have not seen a Guatemalan specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161
region; rest of upper parts clear olive-green; malar region, chin,throat, and upper chest dull white, the first usually more or lesstinged with pale brownish buliy, the last sometimes shaded with palegrayish brown, the middle throat usually minutely though sparselyand faintly flecked with dusky, most distinct laterally, beneath lowermargin of malar region; lower chest, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts light 3"ellowish olive-green ; breast and abdomen graj'ish whiteor very pale gray; bill brownish black, the mandible sometimes morebrownish basally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skin).Young.?Similar to the young of 61 ollvaceux^ but clearer (lessbrownish) olive-green above, with pileum lighter and more olivaceous;anterior portion of lores grayish white, tinged with olive-yellowish.Adult,nale.?l^(tw^\h. (skins), 129.5-135.9 (131.8); wing, 66.5-73.1(70.9); tail, 56.6-61 (58.9); exposed culmen, 10.1-11.7 (10.9); depthof bill at base, 5.6-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 20.3-21.3 (20.8); middle toe,12.1-13.2 (12.7).'Aduttfenude.^L(iw^ (skins), 121.9-135.9 (128); wing, 65.5-68.1(66.3); tail, 55.1-58.1 (56.1); exposed culmen, 10.7-l().t) (10.7); depthof bill at base, 5.3-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 11.9-12.7 (12.1).~Southeastern Mexico, in States of Puel)la (Huachinango), VeraCruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Oriza))a; Jico), and Oaxaca (Mount Zempoal-tepec).Arremoii, opIUhalmiciix Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, i>t. 2, 1847, 106 (Mex-ico; coll. Brussels Mus. ).
?
Lafkesnayk, Rev. Zool., 1S48, 247 (Mexico;quotes Du Bus's descr. ).
.l[;-/-e?no?] iipJdhalmicus Gr\y, Gen. Birds, iii, 1S4!?, Apj). , p. IH.[npilopsis'] opMhalmicus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 485, jiart.Odorospingus ophihcdmlcus Scl.\ter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 89, part(nionogr. ), 302 (Jalapa and Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377(Totontepec, Oaxaca); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 27; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,88, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,238 (Orizaba; Jalapa; Valley of Mexico).
?
C.S-Banis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866,162 (Mexico).?Slt.michrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549, part (hotand temperate regions of Vera Cruz, 2,000-3,700 ft.).
?
Salvin, Cat. Strick-land Coll., 1882, 196 (San Pedro, " Mexico").?Salvix and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 314.?Ciiap.man, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898,27 (Jalapa).[Cldorospinyus^ ophthahnicus Sclatek and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24,part (Mexico).('}i[lorospinguif\ Zeucop/o'y.s Cabaxis, Mus. Hein., i. May, 1851, 139 (Jalapa, VeraCruz; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Tanagra leucophnjs Lichtenstein, manuscrij^t).[Fijiilopisisi albitemporaUs (not Tachyphonus alhdemjiora Lafresnaye) Boxaparte,Consp. Av., i, 1850, 485, part.Vhlorospingus albitemporalis ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 89, part (Mexico).Chlorosjnngus olivaceus (not Poosjnza oliracea Bonaparte) Ferrari-Perez, Proc.TJ. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
^ The young of C. alhitempora not seen by me. ^ Five specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 -11
162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CHLOROSPINGUS SUMICHRASTI Ridgway.SUMICHRAST'S CHLOROSPINGUS.Sioiilar to ('. opJithdhnlcKs^ but nmoh browner above (the pileumeven .slightly browner than in C. alhlteiiijxiridJx); throat distinctlyflecked with dusky; yellowish olive-green of cliest, etc., paler andduller; upper chest pale buffy grayish l)rown.Adult male.?Pileum and hindn(>ck plain sepia brown, the sides ofneck paler, more hair l)rown; posterior portion of lores and su))-orbital region very dark sooty ])rown, passing into deep sepia l)rownon auricular region; a large, white, elongated postocular spot. in\-oi\'-ing whole of upper and posterior half of lower eyelid; anterior por-tion of lores dull white, continued narrowly and l)rokenly acrossanterior portion of forehead; rest of upper parts plain greenish ()li\'e(nuich l>r()wner than in ('. <)phfh(iliii!cii.s)\ malar region, chin, andthroat dull white, the first and last tinged witli pale brownish buffyposteriorly, the liuffy tint of lower thi'oat passing into a pale laiff}"grayish ])rown tint on upper chest; middle and lower throat distinctlyflecked with dusky, the flecks largest and most nmuerous laterally,,below lower margin of malar region; chest, sides, flanks, and undertail-coverts light yellowish <)li>'e, the first paler and tinged with palebuffy brownish; breast and al)domen very pale gray, almost wliitt^ oncenter of abdomen; bill blackish; legs and feet horn color (in driedskins); length (skins), l;^)o.4; wing, 66.5; tail. r)6.4; depth of bill atbase, 5.3;^ tarsus, 2o..S; middle toe, 11.7."State of Vera Cruz, southeastern Mexico (Mount Azul. nearOrizaba).Chlorofip'niguK ophtJialmicui^ (not Atrcmon ophthalmicus Du Bus) Scmichrast, Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549, part (temperate reg. Vera Cruz, part).Chlurosphigiis svmirhrasii Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. vSci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 150(IMount Azul, near Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. F. S. Nat. Mns. ").CHLOROSPINGUS ALBIFRONS Salvin and Godman.WHITE-FRONTED CHLOROSPINGUS.Most like ('. .KumicJira.st)\ but postocular white spot smaller andpointed, instead of 1)road and rounded, posteriorly; malar I'cgion,chin, and throat but!' instead of white; chest bufi'y 3'ellow; pileum.hindneck, and sides of neck uuich lighter brown, and back, etc.nuichclearer (less brownish) olive-green.Adult female.?Pileum, hindneck, and sides t)f neck plain broccolibrown, deeper on forehead and crown, paler on neck; anterior portion
^Tip of maxilla broken off.^One specimen, the type; Xo. .H7511, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mount Azul, near Orizaba,Vera Cruz, October, 1864; Prof. F. Sumichrast.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163
of lores (iiieotin^" narrowly across anterior part of forehead), upperej^elid and angular postocular spot (the two connected) white, the lastwith posterior extremity pointed; posterior portion of lores and sub-orbital region dark brown or blackish lirown, passing gradually intobroccoli brown on posterior portion of auricular region; rest of upperparts clear l)right olive-green; malar region, chin, and throat buff, theposterior portion of the first streaked with blackish brown; chest dullyellow, strongly tinged with buff laterally and anteriorly; sides andflanks yellowish olive-green, the under tail-coverts similar but palerand more yellowish; breast (medially) and abdomen pale gray; billblack, the mandible pale brownish (in dried skin) at gonydeal angle;legs and feet dusky horn-color (in dried skin); length (skin), 146.1;wing, 68.3; tail, 60.7; exposed culmen, D.O; depth of bill at base, 6.1;tarsus, 20.8; middle toe. V2A.^Southwestern Mexico, in State of (xuerrero (Omilteme, Sierra Madrcdel Sur, altitude 8,000 feet; mountains near Chilpancingo).Cliliiroifpingui^ dlhifronf! Sai.vix ami Godman, Ibii^, 6th ,?t'r., i, Apr., 1889, 237(Omilteme, "in Sierni Madre del Sur, Mexico," alt. 8,000 ft.; coll. Salviaand Godman).CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORA ( Lafresnaye).CARMIOL'S CHLOROSPINGUS.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileum, hindneck, and sides of head and nock(except malar region) plain sepia brown, varying" to grayish brown ordark sooty brown, paler on the neck, sometimes considerably darkerimmediately beneath eyes; a postocular spot of white, involving aboutthe posterior half of upper eyelid, and terminating posteriorly abouthalfway between posterior angle of 63^6 and extremity of auricidarregion or nearer to the former than to the latter; rest of upper partsplain olive-green; malar region pale brown or brownish bufty, fleckedwith sepia ))rown; chin and throat dull buff'y white or brownish white,the middle throat more or less flecked with sepia; chest, sides, flanks,and under tail-coverts bright olive-yellow (sometimes tinged withorange-huffy on upper chest), the sides and ffanks rather more yellow-ish olive-green; breast and abdomen white; under wing-coverts andaxillars white tinged with light yellow; bill brownish black, the mandi-ble usualh' somewhat more brownish; iris brown," legs and feet horncolor (in dried skins).Adult male.?hen^th (skins), 182.1-139.7 (136.4); wing, 67.3-71.1(69.3); tail, 56.4-60.5 (58.-1); exposed culmen, 10.4-12.2 (11.2); depth
'No. 143615, U. S. Nat. Mus. (No. 2454, U. S. Biol. Surv.), Chilpancingo, Guerrero,December 24, 1894; Nelson and <Toldnian. The adult male no doubt quite similar inplumage, but probably slightly larger.
^ Carmiol, manuscript.
104 BrLLP:TIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of l)ill :it l):i.se, O.-t-O.*); tursus, 2lJ>-2'2A (2i!.l); luiddlc Un\ 1-j!. 7-13.7(13.2).^Adult feniale.^'Len^th (^kin.s), 132.1-134.(> (133.-1); wiiio-, (il:.3-?)-t.8(64.5); tail, 52.1-57.2 (54.0); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.2 (11.4); depthof bill at base, 6.1-6.4; tarsus, 22.4-22.6; middle toe, 12.4-12.7.'Costa Rica (Navarro; Dota; Barranca; San Jose; Turrialba; SanMateo; Volcan do Cartago; Volcan de Irazu; Rio Sucio'') and Chiriqui(Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui); said also to inhabit Colombia, Venezuela,Ecuador, and Bolivia.*Tachijphonus (dbitemporn Lakresnayk, Rev. Zool., Jiin., 1S4S, 12 (Coloinl)ia;coll. Lafresnaye) ."^T\_achyp]tonus1 albitemjxmi. Gkav, Cien. iSinln, iii, 1841), App., p. 17.
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Bo.nai'akte,Consp. Av., i, 1850, 237.CJilorosphigns alhitempora Salvix, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, YM\ (llrazil ?).
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Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, Mar., 1889, 82 (Bolivia).Chlorospln<juf< (dbHemporalls Scl.\tek, Proc. Zool. Sof. Lond., 1855, 155 (Boojota,Colombia); 1856, 89, part (monogr.; Bogota; Bolivia); 1858, 293 (e. Peruor Bolivia; crit.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 28; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 89,part (Chillanep, Ec-uador; Bolivia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 239,part (Volcan de Cartago and Irazu distr., Costa Rica; VoU-an de Cliiritiui;Tilotilo, prov. Yungas, Sorato, and Nairapi, Bolivia).
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Cassix, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
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Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (San Jose, Turrialha, Barranca, Dota, andSan 3Iateo, Costa Rica).
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Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1870, 188 (Volcande Chiriqui).
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Wyatt, Il)is, 1871, 327 (Coloml)ia).
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Sclateu and Salvix,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., ]8()8, 627, 630 (Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela;(rrit.); 1879, 602 (Bolivia).?Boucakd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (La
' Four specimens; three from Costa Rica, one from Chiriiiui.
^ Two specimens, from Costa Rica.
?^ Two specimens in the National INIuseum collection from Rio Sucio are differentfrom any specimens from other Costa Rican localities with which I have been ableto compare them (eleven in number) in their richer coloration, the upper parts beinga deeper and more brownish olive-green, and the yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow color of the chest, sides, and flanks more saturated; neither are sexed; bothhave the tarsus longer than other specimens (22.9-23.4), while one of them (probablya male) has the wing 73.2, which also slightly exceeds the same measurement of anyother specimen in the series examined.A series of twenty-three adults from C"liiri(|ui ( P>o(|uete and Volcan de Chiriqui),kindl\- su])mitted to me for examination l)y Mr. Outram Bangs, shows that specimensfrom that district are more brightly colored than those from Costa Rica, the yellowof the chest, especially, being much clearer and, in many specimens, of a slightlyorange hue next to the dull whitish or buffy color of the throat. The series exhil)itsgreat,variation in the color of the pileum, some examples having the head coloredexactly as in ('. jmiididatus, except that the sooty blackish color does not extend overthe malar region, and the throat is not yellow. Possible intergradation (or hylirid-ism ?) between C. alhitonpora antl C punrtiilatvs is indicated l)v this series.
'I have not seen a specimen from any South American locality, and strongly doubtthe subspecific identity of the Costa Rican and South American birds. Doubtle-sswhen a sufficient series has been examined several subspecific forms may be sus-ce])tible of lefinitioii.*Type now in collection of tlie Boston Society of Natural History.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165
Lagniia, \ai-aiij(i, ami Navarro, Conta Kica).
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Saivin and (iodman, Biol.Centr.-Aiii., Avp.-i, i, 188.'), ;nr>.?Beklei'sch, .Tourn. fiir. Orii., 1884, 293(Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit. )
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Taczanowskt, Orii. du Pcron, ii, 1885,513.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (La Palina de SanJose and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Riea).
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Salvadoim, Roll. Mus. ZooL,ete., Torino, xii, 1897, 6 (San Lorenzo, Argentina).l^ChlorospingiDi] alhUempordlin Sci.ATEii and Sai.vix, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24,part.Chllowttpiiitjiis] oplillKthidcuA {not AiTi'indii- (iplilIiiiJniiriis Du Bus) Cabanis, Mus.Hein., i, 1851, 139, footnote (Colond^a).[PvjL)(7op.sv.s] (ip]ifji<iliiiicii.<: Boxai'akte, Consji. Av., i, 1850, 485, part (Colombia).CHLOROSPINGUS PILEATUS Salvin.SOOTY-CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS.Adults {sexes al?'ke).?Pilcuni, hindneck, sides of nock, aurieukirregion, su1)oi-l)ital region, and lores dark sooty slate-color or ^ery darksootj" brown; a conspicuous broad white stripe beginning al)ove eye(but separated from it by a nai'row space of dusky) and extendingbackward to sides of hindneck; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; malar region, chin, and throat white, or grayish Avhite, thelower margin of the former marked with a dusk}' streak, the adjacentportion of the throat faintly flecked with dusky; rest of under part.slight yellowish olive-green or oli\'e-yellowish, th(> median portion ofbreast and abdomen grayish whitt^; bill l)lack; legs and feet horncolor (in dried skin).Adult male.^Ijength (skins), 138-148 (138); wing, 67-72 (69.0);tail, 58-63.5 (61.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-lS (11. i?); depth of bill atbase, 6-6>.5 (6.2); tar.sus, 22-23.5 (22.7); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.3).^Adu/t female.^l^ength (skins), 130-139 (135); wing, 62.5-72.5(67.-t); tail, 56-64 (59.7); expo.sed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.8); depth ofbill at base, 6.5; tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).'Young.?Head as in adults, but th(^ dusky color duller and thewhite stripe on sides of occiput and nape less purely white and lesssharply defined; l)ack, etc., nuich duller and gray oi' olive-green; underparts mostlv pale grayish, the sides and flanks slightly tinged withlight olive-green, the chest very faintly tinged with pale Inifiy oliveand obsoletely streaked laterally with gra3'ish; throat, etc., as in adults,but more grayish; mandilile wholly light colored (bufiy whitish indried skins), and maxilla ^vith pale edge, except toward end.Highlands of Costa liica (Volcan de Cartago; Volcan de Irazu;Volcan de Poas; Rancho Redondo; Pirris), and Chiriipu (Volcan deChiriqui; Boquete).CJdorospitujus pilealu.-! Saia-is, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1864, 581 (Volcan de Car-tago, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman) .
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L.wvrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 101 (Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).
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Salvin and Godmax, Biol.
^ Seven specimens (five from Chiriqui, two from Costa Rica).
^ Five specimens from Chiri(jui.
166 BTTLLETTlSr 50, TTWTTED STATES NATTOISTAL MUSEUM.Centr.-Ain., Avcs, i. 1S83, 316, pi. 22, %. 2 (Irazu, Pojfe, and Raiu-ho Re-dondn, Cot^ta Kica; Volcan de Chiriqui).
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Ridgway, Proc. U. .S. Nat.Mus., vi, 18S4, 412 (Pirris, Costa Rica; descr. young, etc.).
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Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 241.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).?Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 531(Volcan de Irazu and Volcan de Pous, Costa Rica; descr. young).[Clil()r()fipi)ig>is'\ jjilratiis 'r^cLATER and Salvia, Nom. A v. Neotr. , 1873, 24.CHLOROSPINGUS PUNCTULATUS Sclater and Salvia.YELLOW-BREASTED CKLOROSPINGUS.Adults {sexes a1!l'().?Head, except throat, very dark sooty ])rown,incliniiijjf to brownish bhick on pileuni, the hindneek and sides of neeksimilar hut paler and tiny-ed with brownish olive; an (donoated whitepostociilar spot, involving- posterior half or less of up})er eyelid; rest ofupper parts yellowish olive-green; chin and throat yellow (the formermuch paler and duller), thickly flecked with Idackish brown or dusky:a])domen white or dull yellowish white; rest of undcM- parts grading-from bright wax yellow or dull saffron yellow on upper chest tolighter and clearer yellow on lower chest, and into yellowish olive-green or deep olive-yellow on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts;maxilla black, mandible more brownish; legs and feet horn color (indried skins).Adalt {in.alef).?Wing, 64; tail, 54.1; exposed culmen. V2.1\ depthol" bill at base, 6.9; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 18.5.'Adultfemale.?Wmg, 63.5; tail, 58.3; exposed culmen, 12.2; tarsus,22.4: middle toe, 12.7.'Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu) and Panama (Cascajal).Chlorospingus punchdaliiK f^chAfER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 440(Cordillera del Cluu-u, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).
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Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S70, 188 (Cordillera del" Chucu).
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Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 316, pi. 22, tig. 1.?Sclatek, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 241.[f'lilorosplngns] jtnnctiildftia ^chATEK and Sai.vix, Noin. Av. Neot?'., 1873, 24.CHLOROSPINGUS OLIVACEICEPS Underwood.OLrVE-CROWNED CHLOROSPINGUS.Similar to (*. eanl<ji(l(irls Lafresnaye,^ but distinguished by havingthe pileum olivaceous, concolor with the hack. To al length 127,culmen 11.4, wing 66, tail 52.1, tarsus 19.1. (Translation of originaldescription.)Eastern Costa Rica (Carrillo, near Volcan de Irazu).Clilorospingny oliraceiceps Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. Iv., June 30,1898, p. lix (Carrillo, Co.sta Rica; type ?).
' One specimen, from Cascajal, province Code, Panama; not sexed, but probably amale.
'^ One specimen, from Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua.
'^ TarJiyphonus eanigalaris hairesn-dyi^., Rev. Zool., xi, 1848,11.
?
Chlorospingns cnni-gnlttris Ciihania, AIus. Hein., i, 1850, 130; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,242.
BIRDS OF NORTH AKD MIDDLE AMERICA, 167CHLOROSPINGUS HY'^OPH^EUS Sclater and SalvinDRAB-BREAS"ED CHLOROSPINGUS.Adults {sexes alike).?Above, including pileiim, hindneck, sides ofneck, and auricular region, plain olive-g-reen; lores, subor])ital region,and malar region pale gray; chin ver}' pale grayish butiy; throat, dullyellow (light ocher yellow or wax yellow); chest, sides, and flankspale grayish brown, the tirst tinged with l)uffy; under tail-coverts lightolive, margined with paler and slightly tinged with pale yellowish;rest of under parts pale gray, becoming white on lower abdomen andanal region; maxilla dusky, mandible pale horn color (in dried skins)with tip more duskv; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins).Adult male.?Length (skins), 130-133 (131); wing, 71.4-80 (77.1);tail, 50-55.1 (53.1); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.6) depth of bill at base,7-7.1; tarsus, 21-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (11).'Adultfe77iale.?Length (skins), 136-141 (138); wing, 78.5-81.5(80);tail, 55-59 (57); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill at base,7-7.1; tarsus, 21-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14)."Veragua (Calovevora; Chitra; Bociuete de Chitra).Chlorospingus hyiwphgcus Sclater and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 389(Calovevora, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1870, 188 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Boquete de Chitra, Veragua).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i, 1883, 317, pi. 22, fig. 3.Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 243.\_Chlorosping\is] /(//poyj/ia'^.s- Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24.Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway.Mitrospingus Ridgway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July, 1898, 225. (Type, Tachyphonuscasmii Lawrence.
)
Nearest to Eucometis., but bill much longer (nearly as long as head),nostril very different, wing more rounded, tarsi relatively longer,claws stronger, occipital feathers very short (instead of the reverse),and stjde of coloration very different.Exposed culmen three-fourths as long as tarsus, or more, gentlyconvex except terminally, where strongly decurved; gonys decidedlyshorter than length of maxilla from nostril, nearly straight; maxillarytomium slightly concave, decidedly but graduall}' deflected basally;slightly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight tonear base where gently deflected; depth of bill at base decidedly lessthan half the length of exposed culmen, not much greater than basalwidth. Nostril exposed, narrow, longitudinal, with very broad supe-rior membrane. Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing moderate (about
' Four specimens, two from Chiriqui, two from Veragua; one of the latter notsexed, but, being the larger of the two, doubtless a male.^Two specimens, from Volcan de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope).
168 BTTLLETIN 50, T^NITED STATES NATIONAL MTtSEUM.three and one-third times as long as tarsus), niuch rounded (seventh tofifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second aries); primariesexeeeding secondaries by a little more than half the length of exposedcuhnen. Fail nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices moder-atel}' l)road, with rather pointed tips. Tarsus a little longer thanmiddle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middleclaw; hind claw shorter than its digit. Occipital feathers ver}- short.Coloration.?Above plain dark grayish l)rown, beneath, togetherwith a shield-shaped patch covering crown and occiput, j^ellowish olive;rest of head black, paling into grayish on throat.Range.?Costa Rica to western P^cuador. (Monotypic.)MITROSPINGUS CASSINI (Lawrence).CASSINS TANAGER.Adultx (.s'rtmv allh^.-?Occiput and median jmrt of crown yellowisholive-green, forming a triangular patch (with apex on anterior portionof crown); forehead, lores, superciliary region, auricular region, partof malar region, and chin grayish ])lack; throat gra}*, sometimes tingedwith brownish; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-covertsand lesser wing-coverts deep grayish olive, the hindneck more grayish,the back and upper tail-coverts slightly tinged with olive-green; wingsand tail similar hut slightlv more l)rownish; under parts of bod}"bright yellowish olixe-green, brightest or most yellowish on chest,duller and more olive on sides and flanks; imder tail-coverts russet-olive, more or less tinged with tawny; under wing-coverts an<l axillarslight broAvnish gray; maxilla brownish black or blackish brown withpaler tomium; mandible wholly light colored; iris ])rown;' legs andfeet horn color (in dried skins).Young.?Much duller in color than the adult, with none of the yel-lowish olive-green on top of the head, which is the same color as theback, with a very faint tinge of olive on the occiput; breast and sidesmerely tinged with olive-green, the middle line of the breast and ])ellybeing dull ])r()wiiish bull', the luider tail-coverts ])rownei"; foreheadand lores less black tiian in the adult. Otherwise the general colora-tion is similar to that of the adult.Adult ///</A.?Length (skins), 107.6-172.7 (170.1)); wing, 82-85.1(83.8); tail, 71. ()-74.-l: (73.1); exposed culmen, lT-18.5 (17.8); depth ofbill at base, 8.1-8.0 (8.1); tarsi s, 21.1-25.1 (21.9); middle toe. 16.5-17.3 (16.8).'Ailult ftniale.?'Low^^ih (skins), 162.6-172.7 (169.2); wing, 85.6-88.9(86.9); tail, 75.2-78.2 (76.5); exposed culmen, 18-18.3; depth of bill
'Heyile, luaauscript.
'^ Three specimens, all from istlimns of Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169
at base, 7.9-8.4 (S.l): tarsus, 23.6-27.2 (25.1); middle toe, 10-17.5(16.5).^Costa Rica (Angostura; .Jimenez) and southward through westernColombia to western Ecuador (Guayaquil).Tachyphomis, sp., Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1860, 142 ''Rio Truando, n.Colombia).TacJujphonm cassinli Lawrence, Ann. L}^c. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (LionHill, Panama R. R. ; coll. G. N. Lawrence); ix, 1868,101 (Angostura, CcstaRica).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).Evxometis cassinii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351, pi. 30(Lion Hill).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago, Veragua).Eucometis cassini Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 503 (Neche,prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 307.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219.?Zeledon,Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).?Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 473 (Jimenez, Costa Rica; descr. young).lEucoinetis'] cassini Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23.Mitrospingus cassini Bancjs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 29 (Loma delLeon, Panama R. R. ).Family ICTERID^.THE TROTJPIAIS.'^Nine-primaried, coni rostral, acutiplantar Oscines without obviousrictal l)ristles.^Bill very variable as to relative length and thickness, but never con-spicuously longer than the head and always more or less conical andacute; usually with nearly straight outlines. ))ut sometimes with thetip rather strongly, ])ut never (except in some Qn!s<'<(I!) abruptly,decurved; its depth at base never ecjual to distance from nostril to tipof maxilla, and thegonys always more or less shorter than the samemeasurement; culmen usually more or less elevated basally, some-times expanded or swollen into a conspicuous ""frontal shield" or
^ Three specimens, all from Isthmus of Panama. An adult female from Guayaquilis smaller than any of the Panama specimens, measuring as follows: Wing, 83.6;tail, 71.9; exposed culmen, 17.3; depth of lull at base, 8.1; tarsus, 26.2; middle toe,16.8. I can detect no differences in coloration.
'^A satisfactory vernacularname for this family has hitherto been wanting. The grouphas been known by the name of Hang-nests, but only species of certain genera buildpensile nests; as the American Orioles or American Starlings, on account of super-ficial resemblance of only a very small percentage of its members to the Old WorldOrioles (Oriolida?) and Starlings (Sturnidfe). Other names which have been used,either for the group as a whole or for particular genera, as Grackle, Crow Blackbird,etc., are equally nondistinctive or of limited jjertinence. The name Troupial, whichis here adopted^ has more general aj^plicability than any other term, with jjossiblythe exception of Cacique, but it seems best to restrict the latter to the grouj) to whichit specially belongs.
^ These are faintly developed, however, in the oropendolas and caciques (generaOcijalus, Clypicterus, Zarhynclius, (hjmnostinops, Cacicus, etc.).
170 BULLETIN .lO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
"(?usque, " or if not so developed the mesorhiiiiimi often distinctly flat-tened, with its edges sharply defined. C'oniniissure stron^-ly and usuallyabruptly deflexed for the basal portion, the maxillary tomium nevernotched near tip. Nostrils never concealed, though sometimes (as inthe genus MoJothrus) the feathering- of the loral antia? extends l)eneaththem and covers the membrane immediately l)ehind them; sometimes(in the oropendolas and caciques) bored directly into the horny rhino-theca, but usually situated in a more or less well-d(?fined nasal fossaand overhung by a more or less distinct (soiuetimes prominent andcorneous) membrane or operculum. Kictal ])ristles altogether obso-lete or (in oropendolas and caci<|ues) very faintly (levelo})ed. Wing veryvariable; usually with the tip moderately procUiced and subtruncate,in one genus {('assidir) long (several times exceeding length of ciil-men) and the outermost (ninth) primary longest?in another {Amhly-cerciis)X\ie longest primaries scarcely extending beyond the secondariesand the outermost (ninth) primary shorter than the innermost (iirst);tertials produced beyond secondaries only in some terrestrial genera{SturneUa^ Trupialls, Leisfes^ and Dolic/ioai/./'); outer webs of two tolive (eighth to seventh or fourth) primaries sinuated; inner webs ver}"variable, often not obviously sinuated, usually slightly so, sometimes (inIloloquiscahis and C'l/I/othrus) the middle portion expanded (toothed inCaJJothrus)\ longer primaries sometimes (as in Zarhynclm^) attenuatedterminally. Tail variable as to relative length, form of tip, and shapeof rectrices; always more than half as long as wing, never conspica-ousl}'^ longer than wing, never forked nor emarginate, usually more orless rounded, sometimes double-rounded, occasionally (in Qi(hcali)graduated and plicate;' usually the rectrices (alwaj^s twelve in num-ber) are of nearly equal width throughout, but sometimes (in Qidscalland Agelaii) ai'e wider terminally or (in some of the Cacir/\ and inSturnella) narrower terminally; in one genus {Dollchom/.i^ they area])rubtly acuminate and rigid at tips, another genus {Leistes) show-ing a slight approach to this charactei'. Acrotarsium always dis-tinctly scutellate. the divisions six to eight in number (the uppermostusually short and frecpiently hidden by overlapping feathers of thetibia); length of middle toe and claw usually about equal to or slightlyshorter than the ttirsus, never nuu-h longer nor cons})icuously shorter;claws of lateral toes usually reaching about to base of middle claw,sometimes slightly beyond, in one genus {X(()itJiovrp}i<iJns) considera-bly t)eyond, sometimes (in Sturndla^ Tnipiufix^ Lehtei<^ Xanthopxnrand most of the Qui^oili) falling decidedly short; hallux not longerthan lateral toes (except in Sifartwlhi)^ usually a little shorter, frecjuently
'This form of the tail in the (^luscali is, so far as known, unique among birds; thetwo halves of the tail are, at the bird's control, (?aj)abk' of l)eiiig folded tojjetlier sothat tlie edges are raised above the median line and brought more or less eloselytogether, a transverse section being V-shaped.
BIRDS OF IsrORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. l7ldecidedly so; etiual to or slig-htly exceeding- in length the coinhincdlength of basal and middle })halange.s of middle toe.The absence of obvious rietal Ijristles is the only external characterthat I am able to discover which will serve to distinguish the Icterid*,as a group, from the Fringillida?. It is ti'ue that none of the IcteridtBhave the bill notched (i. e., the maxillary tomium notched subtermi-nally), but neither do many genera of Fringillida\ With the lattergrouj) the Icteridte agree in the following characters:(1) The strongly deflexed or angulated rietal portion of the com-missure (not always found in Fringillida\ howe^'er).(2) The abortion of the first primary.(8) The complete, or nearly complete, separation of the basal pha-lanx of the middle toe from that of the inner toe (being united to theouter toe by about half the length of the basal phalanx, as in Cor^idffiand other groups).(4) In having the planta tarsi closely joined along their anterioredge to the acrotarsium, and with only the extreme lower portiondivided.In both groups the inner plate of the planta tarsi is depressed con-spicuously below the level of the acrotarsium, the posterior margin ofwhich stands out as a prominent ridge (more conspicuously so than inmost Corvid^), and those of opposite sides are in close contact along,th^ir posterior margin, forming a sharp posterior edge to the tarsus.In ])oth groups the proportionate length of the toes themselves and therelative development and curvature of the claws varies considerablyand to about the same extent.From the Sturnidte and the Ploceida% which are undoubtedly, nextto the Fringillidte, the most nearlv allied groups, the Icterida3 may bedistinguished l)y the complete abortion of the first pi'imary, both ofthose groups being "ten-primaried."From the Corvida% the Icteridt\> may ])e distinguished by morenumerous characters, among which may be mentioned (1) the posses-sion of only nine ol)vious primaries; (2) the absence of obvious rietalbristles, and (3) the undivided lower portion of the planta tarsi.Although so nearly allied to the Fringillidte that only a single exter-nal character seems available for its diagnosis, the Icteridas neverthe-less constitute a well-circumscribed group, there being not a singlegenus whose proper reference to it can be seriously questioned. At thesame time it is a group presenting most extreme types of teleologicaldevelopment or adaptive modification, the strictly arboreal oropendolasand caciques (genera (jrymriosthiopx^ Z((i'hynchus^ Clypicterus.^ Caclcus^etc.) representing one extreme and the terrestrial meadowlarks{SfwmeJhf, Trupial'ifi^ and Leistes) the other, peculiar specializationsbeing manifested in the boat-tailed Quitiml! and spiny-tailed Doll-cJiony.v. With its limited representation in North America it would
172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
not 1)(' (lillicult to divide the (^roup into .several shiirply eircuiiiseri))edand casil}' ehanieterized lesser groups; this has been attempted forthe family as a whole, and the "subfamilies"" Cassicina% Ao-ela?ina3,Sturnellina', Icterinse, and Quisealinre have long been adopted, even bythe latest authority.^ A careful comparison of all the forms, however,will soon convince one that such a subdivision can not be maintained,the ditferent supposed groups running into one another so graduallythat any sul)division of the family is most likely to be more or lessarbiti'ary. So far as 1 am able to discover, only two genera stand outprominentl}' from all the rest, these lieing Sfurnella and DoUclionyx;3^et each of these is obviously related to other genera
?
Sturiudhi toTrupialis, and this, through Leistes^ obviousl}' leading to the Agelaiinetype, the latter through Icterus to Cacicus^ and this in turn to theopposite extreme from StiirnelJa^ the larger caciques or oropendolas{(ji/inmJNtinojjs, Zarhynclius^ etc). The two "' lateral oH'shoots" repre-sented by DoUehonyx and the typical Quiscali (genera Quiscalus,Ilohxjawcalas^ and 2Iegaqii'iScalu.-<) are both obviously connected withthe more generalized t\'pes, though Doliclionyx evidently shows pointsof relationship to the Sturnelline end of the series.The following arrangement of the genera is far from satisfactor}' tothe author, but is the best he has been a))le to make without a fargreater amount of time tban is at his disposal, together with a carefulstudy of internal characters, not now practicable on account of aljseftceof the necessary material. While not entirely natural, the key hasbeen prepared to show as nearly as can be in a linear arrangement,what appears to be the most natural sequence of the genera, withoutobscuring the characters which serve to most readily identity them.The Icterida^ comprise l)irds of most various habits. Some arestrictly arboreal, and if placed upon the ground are almost incapable ofprogression; others are terrestrial (though more or less frequentlyalighting on trees and sometimes nesting there), and walk upon theground with the grace and dignity of a crow or starling; many inhabitreedy marshes, and these usually nest i n large colonies. The oropendolas(genera Ocycdus, Clyjncterus^ Zarhynchus^ Gymnosthiops^ and Osti-ifiop8)^\\\ cacicjues (genera Cacicuswc\^ Cas.nc(i/u.s")iiUo nest in colonies,but instead of building an open cup-shaped nest attached to the uprightstems of a(iuatic plants, attach their long pensile nests to the extremi-ties of ])i'anches of tall forest trees. The " American Orioles"' (genusIcterus) also build pensile nests, but, usualh' at least, are not gregarious.Many species are remarkable either for the fullness and richness orother remarkable character of their notes, some of them being song-sters of high merit, Avhile others utter only the most harsh and dis-cordant sounds. Some genern {3I(>I('f/i/'i(s, Callothnis, and Caxsldix)
' 1'. L. Sclater in Cat. Birds Brit. I\Ius., xi, 1886, pp. 308-405.^The nesting haliits of A)n}>hjcA!rcn>< are ap])arently nnknown.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ? - 173
are parasitic, like tlie European cuckoo, always laying their eggs inthe nests of other l)irds. The plumage varies from uniform black(sometimes with brilliant metallic gloss) or somber l)rown to the mostshowy combinations of yellow, orange, or scarlet, and black.The group is peculiar to America and is essentially Neotropical.Nearh' one hundred and lifty species are known, belonging to morethan thirty genera, of which by far the larger number are representedonly in South America.KEY TO THE GENERA OF ICTEHID.E.
(/. Three to five i)rimaries (tlie eighth to sixth or fourtli inclusive) with outer webssinuated; rectrices not acuminate; wing-tip less than twice as long as culmen(or else mesorhinium very broad, one-fourth as wide as length of culmen);middle toe with claw little if any longer than tarsus (or else tarsi very stoutand plumage entirely black), usually shorter; middle toe with claw shorterthan its terminal i)lialanx; hallux with its claw shorter than the digit.b. Nostrils without superior membrane or operculum, or if with the latter theoperculum t-ompletely coalesced with the mesorhinium.
c. Nostrils bored directly into the rhinotheca, the nasal fi)s,'<;t' completely oblit-erated; neck without ruff. {Cacicl.)d. Middle pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the next pair and differentin color from outer rectrices; rump neither scarlet, orange-red, noryellow, and if black the tail jiartly yellow; nostrils much below lateralmedian line of maxilla. ( " Oropendolas."
)
('. Frontal shield very broad, its width decidedly greater than distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla Zarhynchus (p. 175)cc. Frontal shield narrow, its width decidedly less than half the distancefrom nostril to tip of maxilla./. Cheeks and ^'ides of throat naked; wing-tip short, less than length ofculmen Gymnostinops (p. 178)ff. Whole head normally feathered; wing-tip long, much exceeding lengthof culmen Ostinops (p. 183)dd. Middle pair of rectrices not shorter than next pair, or else the tail uni-colored (black); rump scarlet, orange-red, or yellow, or else wholeplumage black; nostrils not conspicuously below lateral median line ofmaxilla. ("Caciques.")
<. Particolored (black, with patches of scarlet, orange-red, or yellow); wingmore pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary not shorter than inner-most (first)?usually much longer./. Not conspicuously, if at all, crested; ninth {irimary shorter than fifth.Cacicus (p. 186)ff. Conspicuously crested; ninth primary longer than fifthCassiculus (p. 190)ee. Unicolored (black); wing more roundetl, the ninth primary shorterthan first Amblycercus (p. 192)cc. Nostrils in anterior end of well-detined nasal fossa?, but the latter otherwisecompleteh- filled by feathering of the loral antife; neck ruffed. ( Ca.mdices.
)
Cassidix (ji. 196)bb. Nostrils with more or less distinct superior operculum or membrane.c. Hallux not longer than lateral anterior toes; middle phalanx of middle toeshorter than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) reaching to orbeyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe.
174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Longest tertials not produced beyond secondaries; outer toe (without claw)reaching l)cvon(l subterminal joint of middle toe.
e. Nostril small, roundish, much encroached upon l)eneath by feathering ofthe loral antiic; parasitic. {Moloihri.)f. Neck ruffed laterally and behind (as in Cassidlx); inner webs of threeouter primaries abruptly emarginated and angularly toothed; plumageof neck, breast, etc., peculiar (hair-like) Callothrus (p. 200)ff. Neck not ruffed; inner webs of primaries only slightly sinuated ; iilumageof neck, breast, etc., normal (blended) Molothrus (p. 205)ec. Nostril larger, narrower, more or less linear, oblong, or subcuneate, wellforward of the loral antise; nonparasitic./. (Oilmen more or less strongly and a])ruptly decurved terminally, orelse(1) bill stout and obtuse and ninth primary shorter than second, or(2) culmen less than one-fifth as long as tail, the latter longer thanwing and much graduated. ( Qnlsntli.
)
(J. Ninth primary not shorter than third, usually longer.Ii. Tail plicate^ and graduated (distance between tips of lateral andmiddle rectrices greater, usually much more, than distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla).
?'. Median palatal ridge truncated, angulateil, and highest ante-riorly Quiscalus (p. 212)ii Median palatal ridge beveled anteriorly, highest in middle.j. Graduation of tail less than one-third (about one-fourth) itslength; tail much shorter than wing Holoquiscalus (p. 222)jj. (Traduation of tail more than one-third its length; tail nearlyas long as wing (sometimes longer) . .Megaquiscalus (ji. 2o.'>)hit. Tail not plicate, slightly rounded or nearly even, the differencebetween tips of lateral and middle rectrices less than distancefrom nostril to tip of maxilla.i. Ninth j>rimary e(iual to sixth or longer; plumage of neck andchest normal (smooth); bill more slender, its depth at basedecidedly less than length of gonys Scolecophagus (p. 244)ii. Ninth primary shorter than sixth (equal to fifth) ; plumage ofneck and chest peculiar (hair-like); bill stouter, its depth atbase nearly equal to length of gonys Ptiloxena (p. 251){jg. Ninth primary shorter than second Dives (p. 253)/'. Culmen nearly straight, or if obviously decurved terminally the curvevery gradual and the bill slender and acute.g. Nasal fossa) broader and more rounded anteriorly, with nasal opercu-lum larger; tarsi and toes relatively shorter and stouter; arboreal.(Icferi) Icterus (p. 255)gg. Nasal fosste narrower, sometimes obtusely angled, anteriorly, withnasal operculum smaller; tarsi and toes relatively longer and moreslender; terrestrial and paludicoline. {Agclaii.)h. Ninth primary not longer than sixth (usually shorter); lateralclaws not reaching beyond base of middle claw.
^Capable of liaving the lateral halves folded together, the outer edges upward, sothat a transverse section would be V-shaped. This character is very strongly markedin Quiscalus, Holoquiscalus, and Megaquiscalus, and possibly the group Quiscali shouldbe restricted to these genera. Unfortunately this character is not evident in driedskins, and therefore we are as yet ignorant as to whether it exists in Pseudaghvus,Macmghrus, and Lampropsar. It certainly does not in Scolecophagus and Plihxena,and probably not in Dives.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175
i. Length of culmen much less than difference between length ofwing and length of tail Agelaius (p. 319)a. Length of ciilmen much greater than difference between length ofwing and length of tail Nesopsar (p. 344)hh. Ninth primary longest or equal to longest; lateral claws reachingbeyond base of middle claw Xanthocephalus (p. 346)d(L Longest tertials produced beyond tips of adjacent secondaries; outer toe(w"ithout claw) not reaching beyond subterminal joint of middle toe.( Trujnah's.) Leistes (p. 350)C(\ Hallux much longer than lateral anterior toes; middle jihalanx of middletoe longer than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) not reachingto second (subterminal) joint of middle toe. {Sturnelhr. ) .Sturnella (p. 353)aa. Only two primaries (the eighth and seventh) with outer web sinuated; rectricesconspicuously acuminate; wing-tip more than twice as long as culmen; middletoe, with claw, much longer than tarsus; claw of middle toe longer than theterminal phalanx; hallux with its claw longer than the digit. (DoUcJiony-ces. ) - Dolichonyx ( y>. 369)Genus ZARHYNCHUS Oberholser.Eucorystes^ (not of Bell, 1862) Sci.atek, Ibis, 5tli ser., i, Apr., 1883, 147. (Type,Cacicus wagleri Gray).Zarhynchus^ OBERHOLiiiiR, Yroc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Thila., .lune 2, 1899, 215. (ForEucorystea, preoccupied.
)
Larg-e arboreal Icteridse with the hill iiiueh lonovr than the head,much swollen Ija.sall}, forming a broad rounded frontal shield; theprimaries long and attenuated terminally; coloration gloss}" black anddark chestnut, the tail )nostly yellow.Bill much longer than head, elongate-conical, doclinate, acute, muchswollen basally, its depth at base decidedl}^ less than half the length ofculmen, decidedly less than length of gon3's, its basal width about one-third the length of culmen, or a little less; culmen straight or nearlyso in middle portion, gently decurved terminall}^, more or less archedand sometimes slightly elevated basally where broadly expanded, form-ing a rounded frontal shield, the posterior end of which reaches as farbackward as middle of eye, its greatest width equal to about half thedistance from nostril to tip of maxilla; gon\-s nearly straight, decid-edly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; mandibularrami much widened and swollen posteriorly, the posterior outlineoblique, slightly convex; commissure nearly straight, but slightlydecurved both basally and terminallv. Nostrils situated much belowthe lateral median line of the maxilla, small, broadly oval or roundish,bored into the horny rhinotheca, beveled otf anteriorly, and separateddistinctly from the loral feathering. Wing long (about three and one-third times length of culmen), with long and pointed tip (much longerthan culmen); outermost (ninth) primaiy intermediate between fifth andfourth, the seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; four outer primaries
1 "Ev, bene, et Kopv6ri)<i, galeatus." '^ From ?a, valde, and pvyxoi, rostrum.
176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
?attenuated terniinully. especially the outermost, which is alnuptlyemaiyiiiated on inner web. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing,rounded or slightly graduated, with the middle pair of rectrices abruptlyshorter than the next (intermediate 1)etween second and third from out-side), the rectrices contracted terminalh' and obtusely pointed. Tarsusnearly as long as maxilla from nostril, stout, the upper portion coveredby projecting tibial feathers, the anterior scutella ver}^ distinct; middletoe. with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw reachinga little lieyond base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; halluxdecidedly shoi-ter than lateral toes l)utmuch stouter, its claw decidedlyshorter than the digit. A spai'se crest of ver}' narrow elongatedfeathers springing from middle of crown.Coloi'df'ion.?Back, scapulars, wings, middle pair of rectrices, breast,abdomen, and thighs black, more or less glossy; tail (except middlepair of rectrices) ^^ellow; rest of plumage dark chestnut; bill lightcolored.R<in<ic.?Southern Mexico to Venezuela and northwestern Peru.(Monotypic.)ZARHYNCHUS \A^AGLERI WAGLERI (Gray).WAGLER'S OROPENDOLA.Adult male.?Head, neck, and upper chest dark chestnut-brown orseal brown, somewhat darker on the crown and slender crest-feathers,the plumage pure white basally; back, scapulars, and wing-covertsblack, the feathers broadlv margined with glossy greenish black (morenarrowly on the greater coverts); rest of wings, together with upperchest, breast, and upper abdomen uniform l>lack, more or less stronglyglossed wnth bluish green; flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts deepchestnut or chocolate brown, the lower abdomen similar but ratherlighter; anal region and undeV tail-coverts light chestnut; thighs dullblack, usually more or less tinged with chestnut; tail clear chromeyellow, the luiddle pair of rectrices black, except at extreme base, theoutermost pair with outer web blackish; bill pale greenish yellow(sometimes drying dusky or olive), usually showing some oliv(> ordusky on terminal half of mandible; legs and feet (in dried skins)dusky; length (skins), 334-381 (349.5); wing, 188-228.1 (214.1); tail,121.4-136.7 (131.6); culmen. 65.5-71.1 (68.1); depth of bill at base,26.7-29 (27.9); greatest width of frontal shield. 19.8-22.4 (21.3);tarsus, 38.4-41.1 (39.6); middle toe, 28.5-32.5 (29.7).'Adult female.?Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration,but black of breast, etc., less intense, less glossy, blending graduallyinto the deep chestnut of adjoining parts; bill darker; length (skins),251.5-289.6 (267.7); wing, 149.1-156.2 (152.9); tail, 94.7-105.4 (101.6)
^Eleven specimens (basal depth of bill measured in only four).
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 177
culmen, 48.3-53.3 (51.3); depth of ])ill tit base, 22.6-23.9 (23.1); widthof frontal shield, 15.2-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 31.5-33.3 (32.8); middle toe,23.1-25.4 (23.6).^Young.?Similar to adult female, but colors duller and 1)ill lightbrownish.Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido) to Colombia (Pocune; Ner-cua; Rio Truando); Venezuela; western Ecuador (Balzar Mountains;Foreste del Rio Peripa) ? ; northwestern Peru (Piura) ? ^C[acicus\ wagleri Gray, (leu. Birds, ii, 1847, 342 (neither type locality nor loca-tion of type given).-'Cacieus tvagleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, pi. 84.\_Ocyahu'\ wagleri Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427 (Venezuela).
?
Hclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35, part.Oryalns wagleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1855, 153 (Bogota). Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138 (Rio Truando and Rio ^^ercua, n. C-olom-l)ia).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (PanamaR. R.); 1879, 508, pi. 43, tig. 3 (near Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 9 (Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Prf>c. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Calobre, Vera-gua); Ibis, 1872,317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1861, 297 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 104 (San Jose, Turrialba, and SanCarlos, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (Orozi, San Carlos, and Naranjo,Costa Rica).?Nutting, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 393 (near PuntaArenas, w. Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.Cassicas wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Central America;Colombia)
.
Eneorystes wagleri Sclater, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (monogr. ; Chontales,Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Colond)ia; Balzar INIts., w. Fcuador);Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Tucurrique,Costa Rica; Santa Fe and Chitra, Veragua; Chiriqui; Isthmus Panama;Pocune, Colombia; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 436, part (localities and references from Nicaraguasouthward; w. Ecuador; Piura, n. w. Peru).
?
Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. CostaRica, i, 1887, 112 ( Alajuela and Cartago, Costa Rica).
?
Ciierrie, Auk, ix, 1892,249 (San Jose, Costa Rica; descr. young).
?
Richmond, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus.,xvi, 1893, 493 (San Juan R., and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Rio Escondido, Nica-ragua).
?
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 28(Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).Zarhynchus tragleri Obevhiolukr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 215.Zarhynchus wagleri ivagleri Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,151, in text.
^ Seven specimens (basal depth of bill measured in only two).
^I have not seen specimens from Nicaragua nor from any part of northern SouthAmerica south of the Panama Railroad. Judging from other sjiecies which varysimilarly between southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, Nicaraguan speci-mens are most likely referable to the southern form. Specimens from western Peruand Ecuador, on the other hand, may prove on critical comparison to be separableas a third form, and those from Venezuela should also be carefully compared.^Judging from the colored plate, Gray's bird seems to have been the southernform. 3654?VOL 2?01 12
178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.ZARHYNCHUS WAGLERI MEXICANUS Ridgway.MEXICAN OROPENDOLA.Similar to Z. ir. irayh r! but avoragintr ,sli<^htly smaller, especiallythe bill; frontal shield narrower and less arched; chestnut of headand neck slightly, that of rump and flanks decidedly, darker; blackof breast and abdomen more restricted, duller, less glossy.Adult ;y^rt/t.?Length (skins), 83(?.!>-;3(>8.3 (344:.4); wing, 207-218.!)(213.6); tail, 124.5-132.6 (127.3); culmen, 61-67.3 (6.5..5); greatest widthof frontal shield, 18.3-20.3 (19.6); tarsus. 37.6-38.6 (38.1); middle toe,27.4-30(28.7).'Adultfemale.?IjQngih (skin), 243.8; wing, 147.3-154.2 (150.6); tail,98.8-99.1; culmen, 48-48.3 (48.1); greatest width of frontal shield,14.5-15.2 (14.7); tarsus, 31.8-32.5 (32); middle toe, 24.1-25.4 (24.6)."'Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Motzorongo, Cerro deDefensa, etc.) to Guatemala; British Honduras^; Honduras ^'^Ocyalus ivagleri (nut Qtcirns irag/nri Gray) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1857,228 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Guatemala).?ScL.vTERandSALviN,Ibis, 1859, 19 Cahahon, Guatemala); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras)?Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57, (Chilomo, Honduras).?Salvin,Ibis, 1861, 141 (Lanquin, (Uiatemala).Cassiciis wnglcrl CAinu's, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Mexico).{Oci/alus} ivagltri Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, H5, part.Ocyalus waglerii Sumichrast, Mem. Bo.st. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot region,Vera Cruz).
?
Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35.Eucorystcs wagleri Scl.vter, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala;Honduras; monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Coban andChoctum, Guatemala; s. Mexico).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1886, 436, part (Cerro de la Defensa, Vera Cruz; Cahabon, Lanquin,and Clioctum, Guatemala; Chilomo and San Pedro, Honduras).Zarhynclms vaglcri inexicanus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15,1901, 151 (Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Genus GYMNOSTINOPS Sclater.Gyniiiostinoj?f* Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, .309, 312. (Type, ('acintsinontezuma Lesson.
)
Very large arboreal Icteridte with bill longer than head, straight,acute elongate-conical, with basal outline of mandibular rami nearlyvertical, straight or slightly concave, the basal portion of culmen moreor less expanded, forming a somewhat flattened frontal shield; cheeksand space on sides of throat naked; coloration black and chestnut, orolive-3'ellowish, with tail mosth' yellow.
^ Five specimens.^Two specimens.
?''I have not seen specimens from any portion of the district between tniatemalaand Costa Rica. Judging, however, from the case of other sjx'cies which varybetween southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, specimens from British Hon-duras and Honduras are most likely to l)e referable to the northern form; those fromNicaragua to the southern one.
* ^^ yvf-ivoc, naked, ddzeivoi bony, c^ip face."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLP: AMERICA. 179
Bill loiig-er than head, elongate-conical, acute, ('ompressed, withnearl}' straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than distancefrom nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width less than half that dis-tance ; culmen straight, ascending but not conspicuously elevatedbasally, forming a broad, nearly flat, frontal shield, with rounded pos-terior outline, the extreme posterior portion of which extends aboutas far as the anterior angle of the eye; gonys straig"ht, decidedl}^ morethan half as long as culmen, but about as much shorter than distancefrom nostril to tip of maxilla; mandibular rami widened, but notswollen, posteriorly, with terminal outline truncate or faintly concave;commissure nearly straight. Nostril much below lateral median linoof maxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, bore4 directly intothe horny rhinotheca, beveled ofl' anteriorh% posteriorly touching theloral feathering. Wing moderate (more than three times as long asculmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by less thanlength of culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary intermediatebetween fifth and fourth; seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; fourouter primaries broad and rounded at tips (the first slightly contractedterminally), their inner webs faintly sinuated. Tail about three-fourths as long- as wing, graduated, with middle pair of rectricesabruptly abbre^'iated (intermediate in length between outermost andthe next), the rectrices rather narrow, but not obviously contractedterminally nor pointed. Tarsus about as long as the maxilla fromnostril, or a little longer, stout, its anterior scutella ver}' distinct;middle toe, with claw, about as long as tarsus; outer toe with clawreaching about to base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter;hallux shorter than lateral toes, l)ut conspicuously stouter, its clawslightly shorter than the digit; all the claws strongh' curved. Acrescentic patch inunediately ])ehind frontal shield, rictal and sub-orbital regions, anterior and middle portion of malar region, and sidesof chin and throat naked, the last separated from the naked cheek-space by a narrow line of feathering; a sparse crest of narrow elon-gated feathers springing from middle of crown.Coloration.?Black and chestnut, or yellowish olive-green, with tailmostly yellow.Range.?Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil. (Fivespecies, only one of them north of the Isthuuis of Panama.)KEY TO THE (SPECIES OF GYMNOSTIXOPiS.
n. Wings, upper tail-coverts, and flanks chestnut.h. Breast, abdomen, and thighs chestnut. (Southern Mexico tolsthrausof Panama.
)
Gymnostinops montezuma (p. 180)hh. Breast, abdomen, and thighs black. (Northern Colombia.)Gymnostinops cassini (p. 181)
n.<t. Wings (except a small area next to scapulars), upj)er tail-coverts, and flanksblack. (Northern Colombia. ) Gymnostinops guatimozinus (p. 182)
180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.GYMNOSTINOPS MONTEZUMA (Lesson).MONTEZUMA OROFENSOLA.Adult ///a/t'.?Head, neck, and upper part of chest unifonii l)lack;tail rich lemon yellow, the middle pair of rectrices brownish black;rest of pluinao-e rich purplish chestnut, or ])ay, darker on under partsof the body, especially the thighs, the feathers of breast and abdomenbeing black beneath the surface; tips of longer primaries (beyondemarginations) and whole under surface of wings ])rowniish l)lack;basal half, or more, of bill l)lack, the terminal portion yellowish (more orless orange or orange-red in life); naked skin around ])ase of culmenand bare suborbital and malar spaces flesh color, pale l>luish, or rose-pink in life; iris brown; legs and feet l)lack; length (skins), 450.0-520.7 (491); wing. 245.1-278.1 (2d0.1)); tail, 185.9-205.2 (197.4); cul-men, 73.7-78.7 (77); greatest width of culmen near l)ase, 13.7-10.3(14.7); tarsus, 54.6-0O.2 (56.0); middle toe, 39.9-44.5 (42.4).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but much smaller; blackof head and neck duller or browner; middle rectrices blackish brown,instead of black, and the median under parts and thighs darker, some-times approaching brownish black; length (skins), 368.2^06.4 (381.3);wing, 188-205.7 (196.3); tail, 144.8-159.5 (152.4); culmen, 56.4-61(58.9); width of culmen near base, 10.2-12.4 (11.2); tarsus, 44.5-46.2(45.2); middle toe, 31.2-33.5 (32.5).-Y<>u)ig.?Similar to adults, but dark portion of bill not so deep ])lackand pale terminal portion less distinctl}- 3^ellowish; the line of demar-cation between the two areas less distinct.Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) and VeraCruz (Santa IVIaria, Orizaba, Cordova, flalapa, Actopam, Barra deSanta Ana, Paso de la Milpa, etc.), south through Central America toIsthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad).
^ Seven .speciment-.
'-' Five specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 181
Caciciis moriiezunia LESf^oN, Cent. ZouL, 1830, 33, pi. 7 (Mexico).
?
Gervais,Atlas Zool., 1844, pi. 33.Cacicus rnontezamx Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Boc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras), 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
?
ScLATER and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Atlantic coast, Guatemala, and Hon-duras).?MooRE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).
?
Tay-lor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Taulevi, Honduras).Cassicus montezumss CASsiii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71 (monogr. ).Ostinops montezumte Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente,Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 128 (Jalapa); Ibis, 1883, 148 (throughout s.Mexico to Panama).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139, footnote(Mexico; Nicaragua; descr. ).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297(Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); ix, 1868, 104 (San Carlos and Angostura, CostaRica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill);1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Salvin, Ibis, 1865, 195 (not on Pacific coast of Guatemala).
?
^^Frantzius,Journ. liir Orn., 1869, 302 (San Carlos, Angostura, Serapiqui, Tucurriqui, SanMateo, Aguacate, and Orosi, Costa Rica).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,1878, 58 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica; descr. nest, etc.). Zeledon,Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884,383 (Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits, etc.), 401 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).Ostinops montezumae Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35.Ostinops montezuma Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot region.Vera Cruz).
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Actopam,Barra de Santa Ana, and Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz)
.
lOstinops'] riiontezumx Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35.Gymnostinops montezumx Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 313.
?
SalvinandGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886,437.
?
Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Jimenez and Cartago, Costa Rica).?Goss, Auk, v,1888, 27 (breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., X, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus.,xvi, 1893, 494 (Nicaragua; habits, song, etc.); xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira,Tamaulipas).C[?ss/ct(.<;] hifasciatux {not oi Spix) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427, part(Mexico).0\_stinops'\ hifasciata GABAms, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187, excl. syn. part (Mexico).GYMNOSTINOPS CASSINI Richmond.CASSIN'S OROPENDOLA.Similar to G. montezuma., l)ut bill longer, much deeper and broaderat ba.se, more attenuated terminally, with light-colored tip occup^dng-less than terminal third, and with the basal portion of the frontal
"casque'' light-colored; under parts (except under tail-coverts),including thighs, deep black; chestnut of upper parts and under tail-coverts darker (rich deep bay). Much larger than G. yuatimozinus,with the entire back, scapulars, wings (except terminal portion oflonger primaries), rump, and tail-coverts (upper and lower) entirelydeep chestnut or bay; black of head, neck, and under parts less intense;basal portion of frontal "casque" light-colored, and naked skin ofcheeks light-colored instead of dusk}". Bill black, with about 25.4
182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.mm. of the terminal portion and u))out5.1 mm. of the basal portion ofthe frontal shield (extendino- forward laterally) dull ytdlowish (orangein life^); naked skin of forehead and cheeks light-eolored (pinkish orflesh-colored in life?); leg's and feet black.Adult male.?Length (skin), about 583.5; wing, 270.5; tail, 208.2;culmen, 85.9; greatest width of culmen near ))ase, 21.0; depth of billat base, 35.6; tarsus, 61.5; middle toe, 13.7.Northern Colombia (Rio Truando).Ostinops guaiitjiozinus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1860,138, 139 (Rio Tniando, n. Colombia; descr. ; crit. ).Cassicus gnatiinozinus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1867, 71, part (RioTruando).Gymnosiinops r/aatimozinu^ Salvi}^ and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ani., .\vefe, i, 1886,439, part (Rio Truando).Gymnost'mops cassini Ricumond, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 327 (Rio Truando, n. Colom-bia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).GYMNOSTINOPS GUATIMOZINUS (Bonaparte).BLACK OROPENDOLA.Adult male.?Head, neck, upper back, and entire under parts,except under tail-coverts, uniform deep black, with a faint l)luishgloss; wings black, with innermost coverts dark chestnut or bay;lower back and scapulars dark chestnut or bay, the feathers l^lackbeneath surface; rump and upper tail-coverts black, tinged with darkchestnut or bay; under tail-coverts similar, l)ut the longer ones uni-form bay; bill black, with the tip 3'ellowish for about 15?.l mm. ; nakedskin on forehead light-colored (apparently pinkish or flesh-colored inlife), but that of cheeks dusky; legs and feet black; length (skin),about 163.6; wing, 261.6; tail, 207; culmen, 65.5; greatest width ofculmen near base, 13.2; depth of bill at l)ase, 27.9; tarsus, 59.7; middletoe, 11.1.'Adult female.?Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration,but the black rather less intense; length (skin), loo.l; wing, 200.7;tail, 153.7; culmen, 52.8; greatest width of culmen near l)ase, 11.4;depth of bill at base, 23.4; tarsus, 44.5; middle toe, 33.
~
Northern Colombia (Guaripata; Turbo; lower Magdalena River;Remedios, Antioquia).Ostinops guattmozinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 833 (Guaripata,Colombia); Note.s Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1853, 10.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; descr.eggs).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 149, part (northern parts of Colombia; Guari-pata; Remedios, Antio(iuia)
.
[Ostinops'] guatemozinus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, o5.iNo. 128113, U. S. Nat. Mus., Lower Magdalena River, Colombia, June 28, 1892;Lieut. AVirt Robinson, U. S. A.^No. 17846, U. S. Nat. Mus., Turbo, northern Colombia; Dr. A. Schott.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183Cassicus gi(nii)ii()zinus CasvSin, Pror. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71, part (Turbo, n.Colombia).Gymnostinojis guatbnozhms Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 314 (Reme-(lios).
?
Salvin and Godmax, fiiol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 439, pi. 32.
?
RoBiNsox, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 ( lower Magdalena R. , Colombia).Genus OSTINOPS Cabanis.Ostinopii^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187. (Type, Oriolus cristatusGmelin, =Xnnthornus decumanns Pallas.
)
VeiT larg-e arboreal Icteridiv with bill long-ei than head, straight,acute elongate-conical, with l)asal outline of mandibular rami nearlyvertical, truncate, the basal portion of culmen elevated and expanded,forming a narrow but prominent frontal .shield; head completelj^feathered.Bill slightly longer than head, elongate-conical, acute, compressed,with nearlv straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than dis-tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width nearly half thatmeasurement; culmen straight, slightly decurved terminallj^, the basalportion, slightly elevated, arched, and expanded, forming a narrowfrontal shield, the rounded posterior extremity of which is about online with anterior angle of eye; gonvs straight, decidedly more thanhalf as long as cuhnen but shorter than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla; commissure straight to behind nostril, where decidedlydellexed to the rictus; mandibular rami posteriorly widened andtruncate, but not swollen. Nostril miu-h below lateral median line ofmaxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, ])ored directly into thehorny rhinotheca, slightl}^ beveled anteriorly, posteriorly touchingthe loral feathering. AVing long (more than four times as long asculmen), the tip long (nmch longer than culmen) and wedge-shaped;ninth (outermost) primarv intermediate between fifth and fourth;seventh or sixth primary longest; four outer primaries gradually con-tracted terminally and pointed, their inner web faintly sintiated.Tail between three-fourths and four-fifths as long as wing, graduated,with middle pair of rectrices shorter than third pair and dift'erentlycolored from the others, the rectrices rather narrow but not contractedterminally. Tarsus longer than maxilla from nostril, very stout, itsanterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedlyshorter than tarsus (about equal to maxilla from nostril); outer toewith claw reaching slightl}" beyond base of middle claw, the innerslightly shorter; hallux nearly as long as inner toe, much stouter, itsclaw decidedly shorter than the digit. Head completely feathered, asparse crest of narrow elongated feathers springing from middle ofcrown.(Joloratton.?Black and chestnut, or olive-green, olive-brown, orrusset, with the tail mostly yellow
.
^''osrzj'oc?, knochern, und o3^, WTto6, rj Gesicht, Autlitz."
184 BULLETITSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Range.?Isthmus of Panama (Chiriqui) to Boli\ia and southornBrazil. (Eight species, all South American, one of them ]>arel3' pass-ing the Isthmus of Panama.)OSTINOPS DECUMANUS (Pallas).CRESTED OROPENDOLA.Adult male.?General color uniform, rather glossy, black, or brown-ish black (sometimes with a slight purplish reflection in certain lights);rump and upper tail-coverts dark purplish chestnut or baj^ the undertail-coverts similar but lighter (more burnt sienna); tail rich lemonyellow, with middle pair of rectrices black; bill pale greenish yellow;legs and feet black; length (skins), 416.6-463.6 (433.1); wing, 215.9-250.2 (236); tail, 185.4-221 (202.2); culmen, 55.9-66.5 (62.2); depth ofbill at base, 25.9-30 (28.2); width of maxilla between lores, 10.2-13(ll.Y); tarsus, 48.3-55.4 (51.3); middle toe, 34.3-40.6 (37.6).^Adult femcde.?Similar in coloration to the adult male but muchsmaller, with crest less developed; length (skins), 317.5-355.6 (326.6);wing, 158.8-186.7 (169.2); tail, 134.6-177.8 (151.9); culmen, 42.9-50.8(46.7); depth of bill at base, 20.3-22.9 (21.8); width of culmen betweenlores, 7.9-9.9 (9.1); tarsus, 38.6-43.2 (41.1); middle toe, 27.2-30.5(29.2).^Young.?Similar to adults, but the black duller, the chestnut ofrump, etc., less bright and much less sharply defined, and the bill paleyellowish brown or dull brownish white instead of pale greenish
^ Eleven specimens.
^ Ten specimens.Specimens from eastern Ecuador average larger, tliosefrom southern Brazil smaller,averages being as follows:
Middletoe.
M.\LES.Six adult males from Colombia (includingPanama and Chiriqui) 226.8 199.1 62.5 28.2 11.2 51.1 38.4Three adult males from Rio Napo, easternEcuador 252 216.9 64.8 27.9 12.7 53.3 36.6Two adult males from Chapada, Matto-Gros.so, southwestern Brazil 239 188 57.7 28.7 11.9 49.8 35.8FEMALES.Five adult females from Colombia 176.3 161.5 49.8 22.1 9.4 42.7 29.7One adult female from Rio Napo, easternEcuador 170.9 149.9 45.7 22.4 9.7 43.2 30Four adult females from Chapada, Matto-Grosso, southwestern Brazil 159.8 139.7 37.1 21.1 8.6 39.1 27.7
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185yellow, (Some speeiiiKMis ;ij)p:ircntly nearly or <[uite iiiature haveindistinct brownish margins to posterior sca[)uhirs and intin'scapulars.)Chiricjui (Buuaha) and Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo, RioLara) to eastern Peru (Pebas, Santa Cruz, Yurimag-uas, Rio Ucayali,Chvavetas, Chamicuros, etc.), Bolivia (Tilotilo), Paraguay (Lambare),southern Brazil (Chapada. province of Matto-Grosso; Blumenau, prov-ince of Santa Catarina; Piquete, province of Sao Paulo; Ypanema;Bahia, etc.), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Trinidad, and Tobago.Xanthornus decurnanus FallAS, Spicil. Zool., fasc. vi, 1769, 1 ("America").Ostinops decumamis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 200 (San Jose and Atanques,prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; crit. nom. ); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886,440(Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Turbo, n.Colombia; Guiana; Bolivia; s. e. Brazil).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, Antioquia).?Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 151(monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 315 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; LionHill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Atanques, Bogota, and Antioquia,Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Pebas and Santa Cruz, e. Peru; Tilotilo,Bolivia; Barra do Rio Negro, Ypanema, and Bahia, Brazil; Bartica Grove,British Guiana; Tobago) .?Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885, 404.
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 217 (Bartica Grove, British Guiana).
?
Berlepsch, Journ.fiir Orn., 1887, 10 (Lambare, Paraguay), 116 (Paraguay); 1889, 299 (Yuri-maguas, n. e. Peru).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 84 (lower Beni R.,Bolivia) ; iii, 1891, 376 (Chapada, prov. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil; descr. nestand eggs, etc.).
?
Chapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem, lower Amazon);Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 35 (Trinidad; habits; notes).?Cory, Auk,X, 1893, 220 (Tobago).?Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magda-lena R., Colombia).
?
Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Cumanacoa, Venezuela) .Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 177 (Palomina, prov, Santa Marta,Colombia).?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Honda, Rio Com-beima, and Nevada del Tolima, centr. Colombia).
?
Salvadori, Boll. Mus.Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, 5 (Rio Lara, Isthmus of Panama); xv, no. 378,1900,6 (Urucuin, prov. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil).?SALVADORiand Festa,Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 28(Gua1aquizaaud Valle del Zamora,e. Ecuador).
?
Ihering, Aves de S. Paulo, 1899, 169 (Piquete, prov. S.Paulo, s. Brazil).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Ouaca,prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).
?
Robinson and Richmond, Pi-oc. U. S. Nat.Mus.,xxiv, 1901, 175 (Cucuruti and San Julian, Venezuela).(?) Xanthornus maximus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. vi, 1769, 3 pi. 1 (America).Oriolus citrius MtJLLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Cnssiqve Jiupjx', deCa?/enne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 344).Cassicus ciireus Cassin, Froc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 68 (monogr.).Oriolus crisiatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 21 (based on Cassiqne huppc, deCayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 344). ^[Oriolus'} cristatus GwELia , Syst. Nat., i, 1788,387.
?
Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790,174.Icterus crisiatus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 46.Cassicus crisiatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 362; Enc. Meth., ii,1823, 721.?Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1220.?Tschudi,Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 232.
?
Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit.Guiana, iii, 1848, 680.?Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 275.?Descourtilz, Orn. Bres., 1854-56, pi. 45, fig. (3). Berlepsch, Journ. fiirOrn., 1873, 248 (Blumenau, prov. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; localities, ref-erences, etc.).
186 BULLETIN r,0, IGNITED STATES "NATIONAL MTTSEUM.
Clo.ssiau'] (Ttstoiws SwAix.soN, Birds Brazil, etc., 1841, pi. 32.[Cd.sxirvs] i-ristnliin Bonapakte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427 (Guiana; Brazil).P.slarociiHii-^] cris/ittiiK Waolek, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, fip. 3.0[.^tinu])s'] rrislnliisC\n.\siii, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187 (Brazil; (iuiana; Vene-zuela).(Minops cristoi us SchATER, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 153 (Bogota); 1858, 455(Gualaquiza Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Bogota).
?
Cassin, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138 (Turlx) and Rio Atrato, n. Colombia).?Law-rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama P. R. ).
?
Rein-H-\RDT, Fuglef. Bras. Camj)., 1870, 211 (Guacheand Japui, Brazil).
?
Taylor,Ibis, 1864, 83 (Trinidad) .?Sclater and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,354 (Panama R. R. ); 1866, 182 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 750 (RioHuallaga, e. Peru), 978 (Pebas, upper Amazon); 1S73, 265 (Pebas, lowerUcayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, e. IVru) ; 1879, 608 (Prov.Yungas, Bolivia).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 (Bugal)a,Chiriqui).
?
Fixsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad). Wvatt,Ibis, 1871, 328 (lower mountain dists., Colombia).
?
Pei.zelx, Orn. Bras.,1871, 191.
?
Ai.lex, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon).[Os(!noj)s'] ertstaius Sclater and Salvin, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35.Genus CACICUS Lacepede.CdrlcKs Lacepede, Ta))leau metbod. des ]Mammif. ct des Oiseaux, 1799, 6. (Type,
"Cacique," = Ca8sicus (iffinis Swainson.?)Casmais Illiger, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 214. (Type, Oriolux Jnnnorrhous IJn-ngeus.
)
(?) Archiplanus^ Cabaxis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 186. (Type, ('assicus <ilbi-rastrh Vieillot.
)
Medium-sized to rather large arboreal Icteridie with l)ill elongate-conical. acute, the culnien more or less widened, sometimes decidedlyswollen, 1)asally; nostrils on or below lateral median line ot" maxilla,small, bored directly into the horin-rhinotheca; tarsus not longer thanculmen, equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw; coloration black,with scarlet or 3'ellow patch on rump (the tail-coverts, base oi" tail, anda patch on wing-coverts sometimes also yellow), the ])ill whitish orpale yellowish.Bill variable as to relative length and thickness, usually about aslong as head (never conspicuously longer nor shorter), elongate-conicalor cuneate, with the acute tip more or less decurved, its basal depthless than half the length of culmen, its basal width decidedly less thanhalf (sometimes less than one-third) the length of culmen; culmennearly straight (sometimes faintl}' depressed) in middle, slightlydecurved terminally, more or loss elevated and arched (sometimes ver}'fainth' so) basalh', broad and rounded, esp(H'ially the basal portion,which is sometimes developed into a rather conspicuous "frontalshield;" gonys straight or faintly concave terminally, shtn'ter thanmaxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight for most part, slightlydecurved terminall}', the basal portion slightly deliexed from behind
\ ' " Von apxiTt^avoi, 6 nom. prop."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187loral iintiiv to the rictus tlic ])()rti()n iinmediiitel}^ beneath the loniljintite .somotinie.s sliohtly convex. Nostril on lateral median line of max-illa or below (in typical species decidedly below), narrow, lonoitudinal,bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, usually more or less beveledanteriorh^ the posterior end in contact with feathering- of the loralantia?. Wing moderate to long (about four to nearly live times aslong as culmen, about four and one-third to five times as long as tarsus),its tip rather short to long (much less than length of culmen to muchmore), rounded; ninth (outermost) primar}' shorter than fifth (shorterthan third in C. leucorhamphus^ equal to first in C. chrysonot'Us)\ eighthto sixth or (in C. chrymnotvf<) seventh to fifth longest, the eighth,seventh, and sixth or (in C. eJirysonotus) seventh, sixth, and fifth nearlyequal; in typical species the longer primaries gradually, but not con-spicuously, narrowed terminally. Tail nearly two-thirds to more thanseven-eighths as long as wing, or (in C. chrysonotus) longer than wing,subemarginate, double-rounded, or graduated (graduation always lessthan length of culmen). Tarsus shorter than culmen to slightl}^ longer,about one-fifth to two-ninths as long as wing, its anterior scutella dis-tinct; middle toe. with claw, slightly to decidedly shorter than tarsus;lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middleclaw; hallux shorter than lateral toes or (in C. leucorham/phiis andC. cJirysonotus) about as long, but much stouter, its claw decidedlyshorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved, acute.Coloration.?Black, with a scarlet or yellow patch on rump; someof the yellow-rumped species with a yellow patch on wing-coverts,some with also the tail-coverts and base of tail yellow; sexes alike incoloration.Biiuijc.?Nicaragua to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, andsouthern Brazil. (P^leven species, all South American, only two ofthem reaching the Isthmus of Panama.)I have been strongly tempted to sul)divide this genus by removingat least C. chrysonotus^ which difiers strikingl}" in its weak bill, short-tipped and much-rounded wing, long tail, and apparently different pro-portionate length of the toes; but the only sj)ecimen of this speciesthat 1 have been. able to examine is a young bird, and I can not besure that the peculiarities observed would be equally evident in theadult. C. leucorhamplius agrees in some characters with C. ehrysonotus,though not to the same degree, and seems, on the whole, to be struc-turally intermediate between that species and those with the tail-covertsand base of tail yellow ( C. j^ersicuSj C. vitellinus^ and C. flavicrissits).Cassicus alMrostris Vieillot is also probably not a member of thisgenus, and should without much doubt be placed in the genus Archi-plmius Cabanis, of which it is the type and only known species. Ofthis species I have seen only the female, which is a very small bird(less in size than the average Tctcrus), with a decidedly wedge-
188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.shaped l>ill. dciinite though slight superior opercuhun to the ratherhirge and high nostrils; weak feet, slightly rounded tail, and roundedwing (ninth primary intermediate ])etween fourth and third). Exce})tin its very small size it comes rather near the aberrant species {('. l<.n-cm'hampkm and C. chri/sonotHs) in structural details, l)ut has the billmore perfectly wedge-shaped, with the cuhnen tjuite straight, insteadof distinctly decurved terminally.Without better specimens of C. chrymnof^ix and O. alhirosfrLs^ how-ever, I am not able to quite satisfy myself as to the proper limits ofthe genus, and therefore for the present leave them as defined byDr. Sclater. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CACICUS.
a. Rump (also tail-coverts, base of tail, and patch on wing-coverts), yellow; culnicu31.8 or more. (Colombia, includiiig Isthmus of Panama. )Cacicus vitellinus (p. ISS)aa. Rump orange-red or scarlet; culmen not more than 30.5. (Isthmus of Panamato Nicaragua. ) Cacicus microrhynclius (p. 18H)CACICUS VITELLINUS Lawrence.LAWRENCE'S CACIQUE.Adult male.?General color uniform deep black, with a slight bliushgloss in certain lights, the plumage of neck and body white at base(concealed); lower l)ack, rump, upper and under tail-eoverts, and smallwedge-shaped patch on inner portion of wing, rich saflfron yellow vary-ing to orange-yellow; l)asal portion of tail (mostly concealed ])y thecoverts) paler yellow, the shafts of middle rectrices, wdthin the yellow-portion, nearly or quite white; innermost secondaries a])ruptly whiteat concealed ))ases; l)ill pale grayish yellow or greenish yellow, some-times darker (more olivaceous) basally; legs and feet black; length(skins), 260.dt-2iU. 0(275.8); wing, 162.6-180.3 (172.2); tail, !(?(;. 7-117.5(111.8); culmen, 36.5-40.6 (39.1); depth of bill at base, 15.7-17.5 (16.8);width of culmen between loral antite, 7.9-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 31-35.1(32.8); middle toe, 21.6-25.4 (23.9).'Adidt feinale.?Similar to the male but decidedly smaller, and theblack duller, especially on the under parts where usually more or lesstinged with olive on abdomen and llanks; length (skins), 226.1-254(234.2); wing, 130-136.7 (133.4); tail, 88.4-96.5 (92.2); cuhnen, 31.8-33 (32.3); depth of l)ill at base, 13..5-15 (14.2); width of culmen ])etweenloral antiiw 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 27.4-29.7(28.5); middle toe. 20.3-20.8(20.3).^'Immatwre 'male.?Similar in coloration to adult female, t>ut larger.Northern Colombia (lower Magdalena Valley; Remedios. provinceof Antioquia; Turbo; Rio Atrato, etc.), including Isthnms of Pantuna(Lion Hill, Panama, etc.).
* Five specimens. ? Six specimens.
HIRD8 OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189Althouyh united by Sclater and others to C. fiamcrhsim Sclater,this bird is nevertheless quite distinct, at least subspecitically. It isdecidedly larj^er than C. flavwrlssim^ especially the bill, which is muchdeeper and broader at the base and otherwise different in shape, andthe yellow patch on the wing is conspicuously^ smaller (much less thanhalf as large) in ])oth sexes. Whether. the two forms intergrade or notI am unable to state, not having been able to examine specimens fromintermediate territory.Cassicus icteronot'us (not of Vieillot) C/AS,sin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1860, 139(Turbo and delta of Rio Atrato, n. Colombia).Cassiculus icteronotus Laweence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R. )
.
Cassiculus chrysonotnsf (not Cassicus rlir[/sovotvs Lafresnaye and D'Orliijiny)Oas?in, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139 (Turbo).Cassicus persims (not Oriolits jK'rsiciis Linnieus) Sclater and 8alvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 107 (Lion Hill).Ckissicus ritellinus Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1864, 107 (LionHill, Panama R. R. ; coll. (t. N. Lawrence; also "Nicaragua").
?
Caskin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 6(^ (monogr. ; Turbo, Rio Atrato, andPanama, Colombia; "Nicaragua"; " Mexico?").CW.s.s'/e(/.v Jiamcrmus (not Cassiculus flavicrissus Sclater) Wyatt, Ibin, 1871, 329(Lake of Paturia, Colondiia) ; 1872, 468 (syn.).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,1871, 329 (crit.).?Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 158, part (monogr.); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 322, part (Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.
;
Remedios, prov. Antioquia, and Magdalena Valley, Colombia).
?
Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, i, 1886, 441, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.Turbo, n. Colombia).?Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Mag-dalena R. , Colombia)
.
[r Vy.s.5((:>hs] _fi(tricrissus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35, part(Colombia; Panama).CACICUS MICRORHYNCHUS (Sclater and Salvin).SMALL -BILLED CACIQUE.Adult ))uile.?Uniform deep black, relieved by a large triangularpatch of flame-scarlet on the rump; bill pale grayish green or didlgreenish white; iris white or pale blue; legs and feet black; length
^ Average measurements of the two are as follows:
Locality.
1*,K) BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(skins), 212.1-228.6 (211>.T); win^^, l2!?-i84.6 (lyi.G); Uiil, 88.1MK5.3(91.4); culmen, 28.5-30.5(30); depth of biU at base, 10.7-12.4(11.1:);tarsus, 27.2-;i8.5 (27.7); middle toe, 18-20.3 (19. 1).^Adult female.? Similar to the adult male, but smaller, with theorange-red rump patch more restricted and usually rather more orange;length (skins), 194.3-195.6 (194.8): wing, 109.7-121.4 (115.8); tail,79.2-81.3 (80.3); culmen, 27.7-30.5 (28.5); depth of bill at base,10.9-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (25.9); middle toe, 17.8-20.3(19.1)."Nicaragua (Greytown, Rio Escondido, Chontales, etc.), throughCosta Kica, Chiriqui, Veragua, and Isthmus of Panama, to northernColombia (Turbo).Cassicus uru])!/gialis (not of Lafresnaye) Cassin, Proc. Ac Nat. Sri. I'liila., IstU),139 (Falls of Rio Truando, n. Colombia).Cassiculus uropyf/ialis L.vweexck, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1S()1, :.'H7 (Limi Hill,Panama R. R. ).Casi<iculus iiiicrorhjjnclnii^ >^VLATER and Sai.vi.n, Proc. Zool. Sor. Loud., ]St;4, 8o.'i(Lion Hill, Panama R. R., Coloni))ia; roll. P. L. Sclater).
?
La whence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua).CfiKi^irKx nikrorhi/iichns CAHsiy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18(i7, 65 (monogr.).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Tucurriqui, C'oHta Rica).
?
Zeledox,Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mas. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112(Pozo Azul de Pirris and Pacuare, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 162(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 325 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Peje,Costa Rica; Santiago, Cordillera de Tole, and Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hilland Panama, Panama R. R. ).?SALvixand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1886, 442.?Chekrie, Expl. Zool. Val. Naranjo, 1893, 15; Expl. Zool. Co.staRica, 1893, 30 (Lagarto).?Richmond, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits, nest, song, etc. ).[ C?.s.s(?i.s] microrhynchns SchATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Cacieiix mlcrorhynchus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Cordillera deTol^, Santiago, and Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Bugaba, Veragua) ; Ibis,1869, 319 (Peje, Costa Rica); 1872, 313, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).Genus GASSICULUS Swaiiisori.
(W.s.s'/Vv//ii).v SwAiNsoN, Zool. Uhistr., iii, lSi'7, 352; Philus. Mag., new ser., i, 1827,436. (Type, Idcras mekinicterns Vieillot.
)
Medium-sized or rather large arboreal Icterida\ with head conspicu-ously crested, l)ill wedge-shaped, tail nearly as long as wing, graduated;the plumage bla,ck and yellow.Bill equal to or longer than head, cuneate, acute, with straight out-lines, its basal depth less tiian one-third the length of culmen (al)outone-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the basal widthmuch less than the depth; culmen straight, rounded, not elevated norexpanded basally, terminating posteriorly in an obtuse j^oint; gonysstraight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure straight tobehind nostril, where decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed to the
'Six specimens. ''Four specimen.*.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLP] AMERICA. 191
rictus. Nostril slightly below lateral median lino of maxilla, l)roadlyoval, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, not beveled anteriorly,the posterior end nearly or ({uite touchino- feathers of loral antife.Wing rather long (nearly four times as long as culmen), the tip ratherlong (about as long as culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primaryintermediate l)etween fourth and third, the sixth, or seventh and sixth,longest, the lifth but little shorter; inner webs of three or four outerprimaries rather suddenly narrowed toward tips l>ut not appreciablysinuated. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, much rounded orgraduated (graduation equal to about one-half the length of culmen,or slightly more), the rectrices rather narrow\ Tarsus shorter thanculmen, its anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw,decidedly shorter than tarsus, but longer than maxilla from nostril;outer toe with claw reaching to base of middle claw, the inner decidedlyshorter; hallux nearl}^ as long as inner toe, much stouter, its clawshorter than the digit. A conspicuous crest of long, rather broad,soft feathers springing from middle of crown.Coloration?Black (olive-slaty in female), with whole rump, tail-coverts, most of tail, and a large patch on wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow.Range.?Western Mexico. (Monotypic.
)
CASSICULUS MELANICTERUS (Bonaparte.)MEXICAN CACiaUE.Adult male.?General color deep black; rump, upper tail-coverts,most of the tail,^ posterior lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, inner-most greater coverts, and under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow; billlight grayish green or yellowish green (greenish white in life), some-times drying darker, especially on basal portion; iris brown; legs andfeet blackish; length (skins), 274.3-323.9 (203.9); wing, 149.9-163.1(155.2); tail, 126.5-13T.2 (131.3); culmen, 10.1-13.2 (11.9); depth ofbill at base, 11.7-15 (15); tarsus, 33.5-35.6 (31.8); middle toe, 23.6-21.1 (23.9).'Adult female.?Decidedly smaller than the male and with the blackreplaced by dark olive-slate above, deep sooty graj- below; sides offorehead usually more or less spotted with yellow; yellow of uppertail-coverts tinged with olive; all the yellow rectrices more or lessedged with dusky or olive; length (skins), 236.2-261.6 (216.4); wing,121.9-116.1 (132^3); tail, 106.2-126.5 (113); culmen, 34.8-40.6 (36.8);
^The middle pair of rectrices (except concealed base), and greater part of outer webof outermost pair, ai'e black; the remainder of the tail is yellow, though some ofthe yellow rectrices have more or less dusky near tip of outer webs, the terminalportion of inner web of outermost rectrices also sometim; s partly dusky next to theshaft.
^Five siDecimens.
192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.depth of bill at l):i80, L2.2-ir).2 {18); tarsus, 30.2-34:.8 (31.5); middletoe, 19.8-24.1 (i>l.(;).'Western Mexico, north to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Rosario, etc.),south through territory of Tepic and States of Jalisco, Colima, Guer-rero, andOaxaca (Barrio, Chihuitan, Tehuantepec City, etc.) to Chiapas(Tonala).Icleriix tiidaiiicteruf! Bonaparte, Jdui'ii. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 3S9 (Mex-ico).Clncims'} melanictcrun (tKAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 342.[Castiiculus'] mehmicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428.
?
Sclatek and Sal-viN, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1878, 35.C [rt.s.sic?/iu.S'] melanictems C\B\'si?, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 186.CnK><iri(lns vu'lanicterns^CLXTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Rio (Trande,Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Oaxaca); Ibis, 1883, 156 (nionogr.);Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 328 (Tonala, Chiapas; Acapidco, (Jnerrero;Presidio and Mazatlan, Sinaloa).
?
Dcges, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, L39 (Guer-rero, Mexico).?FiNscH, Abb. Nat. Ver. Brem., 1870, 263 (Mazatlan).
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 (Mazatlan; Tepic; Colima;Rio de Coahuyana; habits; descr. n(>st and eggs).
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Tehuantepec City, Oax-aca).
?
Salvin and (tooman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 443.
?
Fkkrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 ( Yanhuitlan?, Oaxaca).Cassicm vuiamrterm Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S67, 66 (nionogr. ; Mazat-lan; Acapulco).Ps{cirocolms\viel(tnict(:ruii'\\ XGi^EK, Isis, 1829, 752 (Mexico).Icterus diadematus Temminck, PL Col., 1829, pi. 482 and text (Mexico;=female).Casslculus coronatus Swainson, Philos. Mag, new ser., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepee,Mexico); Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 353.Xantliormis roronatni^ Jardine and Selhy, Illustr. Orn., 1828, j)l. 45 (Mexico).Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis.
AmhlijccrcuH''' Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190. (Type, Cassicus nir/er-rbnna Spix,= C mlitarivK Yieillot.)Medium-sized or rather small uniformly black Icteridie with shortand excessively rounded Avino" (outermost primary shorter than inner-most) and ti[) of the wedge-shaped, light-colored bill broad and con-spicuously flattened.Bill al)out as long as head or a little shorter, cimeate-conical, com-pressed, with tip broad and truncate in vertical but acute in lateralprofile, its basal depth a little less than half the culmen, its basal widtha little less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; cul-men straight, broad, and flattened, with parallel edges of flattenedsurface not ridged, the ])ase not elevated; commissure straight tobeneath nostril, where gradually deflexed to the rictus. Nostril ])elowlateral median line of maxilla, small, narrowly oval or slit-like,
^ Five specimens.
^ " ajit/JAvs, stumith, u. KepKu^, Schwanz."
BIRDS OV NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193overhung by a convex horny operculum (nearly hiding- the nostril inA. holo.^e7'iceiis)\ posterior end of nostril touching feathering of loralantiffi. Wing short (a little more than three to about four times aslong as culmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by lessthan distance from nostril to tip of maxilla ^), excessiv^ely rounded;ninth primary .shorter than tirst, the fourth to sixth longest; innerwebs of outer three or four faintly sinuated. Tail nearly as long aswing, much rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at ends. Tarsuslonger than culmen, stout, the anterior scutella very distinct; middletoe, with claw, shorter than tarsus but equal to or slightly longer thanculmen; outer toe with claw reaching to or beyond^ base of middleclaw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux slightly shorter than inner toebut much stouter, its claw slightly shorter than the digit, stronglyarched.Coloration.?Uniform black (more slaty black in females), the billlight colored.Range.?Southern Mexico to Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, and south-ern Brazil. (Three species.)While much alike in general appearance, the two commonly knownspecies of this genus arc really very distinct in certain structural detailsand may not be truly congeneric, ji.- solitarius has the nostrils muchmore open, those of A. holosericeits being nearly closed by the muchmore developed convex overhanging horny operculum; A. solitarkishas a well-developed crest of soft, decumbent, elongated feathers,while in A. holosericeus there is no crest; A. soUtarius has the wing-tip much longer, the primaries exceeding the secondaries b}^ about thedistance from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla, while in A. holoseri-ceus they project for not more than the basal depth of the bill; in A.soUtarius the outermost (ninth) primary is about equal to the seconda-ries, the eighth being longer than the third, while in A. holosericeusthe ninth is very much shorter than the shortest secondaries, theeighth being shorter than the first and about equal to the shorter sec-ondaries. The remiges and rectrices are also more firmly webbed inA. soUtarius.A. holosericeus "is a bird of singular habits, suggesting both anOriole and a Woodpecker. It hunts along limbs as patientl}^ as aCreeper, tapping here and there or pouf.ding vigorously in its effortsto secure food from cracks and crevices. In short flights it presentsa laughable appearance. It progresses by jerky wing-beats, and atthe end of each stroke the tail is thrown forward over the head." *
^ Very slightly exceeding secondaries in A. holosericeus.
'^In A. soUtarius.
=? Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 280.3654?VOL 2?01 13
194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.AMBLYCERCUS HOLOSERICEUS (Lichtenstein).PREVOST'S CACiaUE.Adult nude.?Entirely black, most intense anteriorly, duller, andusually more or less tinged with slate color, on rump, tail-coverts, andposterior under parts; bill light olive-yellowish (pale yellowish greento pale sulphur 3'^ellow in life), sometimes partly dusky in dried skins;iris white or light yellow; legs and feet dusky horn color in di'iedskins, plumbeous in life; length (skins), 200.7-264.2 (225); wing,93.5-109.2 (101.6); tail, 91.4-114.3 (100.3); culmen, 28.5-33.3 (31);depth of bill at base, 13.5-17.5 (15); tarsus, 31.8-35.6 (33); middle toe,19.1-23.4(21.3).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but decidedly smaller andthe black rather duller; length (skins), 190.5-233.7 (206.8); wing,82.6-97(91.9); tail, 88.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, 27.9-31.8 (30); depth ofbill at base, 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 20.2-31.8 (30.7); middle toe, 19.8-21.1 (20.3).-Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz(hot and temperate zones), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley ofMexico), Oaxaca (Teotalcingo, Playa Vicente, Santa Eligenia, etc.),Chiapas (Guichicovi, Huehuetan), and Yucatan, through CentralAmerica to Colombia, Venezuela, and western Ecuador (Babahoyo,Gua3"aquil, Foreste del Rio Peripa, etc.).Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 1 (Mexit-o);Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint).Cacicus holosericeus Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala).
^ Eighteen specimens.
^ Seven specimens.There is a remarkable range of individual variation of dimensions in this species,and some variation with locality, but the series is not nearly large enough to showwhether the latter is important or not. Averages of the specimens examined are asfollows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195Casdctis holosericeus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 163 (monogr.).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).?Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885,415.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).Amblycercus holosericeus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 327 (Jalapa, VeraCruz; Tonala, Cliiapas; n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Choctum,Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Irazu, Costa Rica; Santa Fe and Cal-ovevora, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R. ; Bogota,Colombia; Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Aragua, Venezuela).
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1886, 446 (Valley of Mexico: Teotalcingo,Playa Vicente, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas; YzabalandPeten, Guatemala; Greytown, Sucuya, and Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua; San Jose,Turrialba, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Calobre, Veragua; etc.).
?
Zeledon,An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, LasTrojas, Ala-juela, and Jimenez, Costa Rica).
?
Ridcjway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,588 (Segovia R., Honduras) .?Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 249 (Costa Rica, bothsides up to 6,000 ft.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Palmar, Boruca, andBuenos Aires, s. Costa Rica.
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,494 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, etc.); xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira,Tamaulipas).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza,Yucatan; habits).Amblyrampkus prevostii Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 159, pi. 54 (Mexico). Gervais,Atlas Zool., 1844, pi. 34.\_Cassiculus'] prevosti Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428 (Mexico).Cassicidus prevosti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 365(Jalapa), 380 (Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; 1860, 276 (Babahoyo,w. Ecuador), 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico);Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duenas, Guatemala) ; 1860, 34 (Dueiiaaand Ysabal, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R. ); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1859, 57 (Peten, Guatemala).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,1861, 297 (Lion Hill); viii, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua).
?
Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fe, Veragua) ; 1870, 190 (Calovevora andCalobre, Veragua).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hotand temp, regions Vera Cruz).Amblycercus prevosti GABAiiis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 10 (Costa Rica).
?
Laavrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San Jose and Turrialba, Costa Rica).Fkantzius, Journ. fixr Orn., 1869, 302 (San Jose, Turrialba, and Tucurriqui,Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.
?
Salvadori andFesta, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 29 (Foreste del Rio Peripa,w. Ecuador).Amblycercus prevostii Cassi's, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 73 (monogr.).{^Cassicus'] prevosti Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Cassicus pirevosti Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi,Chiapas; Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).
?
Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1877, 322 (Tumbez, Peru) .?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,58 (SanJose, Costa Rica). Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1883, 552 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).
?
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi,1883, 383; 1884, 402 (Sucuyd and Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).?Taczanowskiand Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 86 (Banos, Ecuador, 6,200 feet)
.
Cassicus, sp. ?, Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Guatemala).Ps\_arocolius'\ nigerrirnus (not Cassicus nigerrimus Spix) Wagler, Isis, 1829, 752(Mexico).A\_mblycercus'\ nigerrimus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190, footnote, part.
196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus CASSIDIX Lesson.
Cassidi.r LiESsoN, Traite d'Om., i, 1831, 433. (Type, Cnmis (('(isKidix) mcxiranusLesson.
)
(?) tScaphidurns (not of Swainson, 1827') Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,494. ( ' ' Type, Oriolus niger Auct. ) " ^Scaphidura Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 272.Larg-e, wholly black terrestrial or semiterrestrial (i) Icteridaj withlong- and pointed wing, rather long and rounded tail, stout black billwith broad and flattened mesorhinium. and feathers of sides of neckdeveloped into erectile lateral ruffs.Bill about as long as head, stout, subconical, much more curvedabove than below, its basal depth equal to about one-half the culmen,its basal width decidedly less; culmen decidedl}- convex from base,very l)road and flattened basalt}^, forming a more or less conspicuous" frontal shield," with rounded or obtusely pointed posterior extremity;gonys nearly straight, about half as long as culmen, decidedly lessthan length of maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight orfaintly concave to beneath the nostril, where strongly deflexed, witha gradual curve, to the rictus. Nostril rather large, broadly oval,horizontal, in lateral median line of maxilla or slightl}' below, its uppermargin formed by the overhanging edge of the broad mesorhinium,posteriori}' extending somewhat Itehind the frontal antia.'. Wing long(more than five times as long as culmen, about four and a half times aslong as tarsus), the tip well produced {more than twice as long as cul-men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary longest or at least equal toeighth, the seventh nuich shorter; inner webs of outer primariesgradually narrowed terminally, but not appreciably sinuated. Tailabout three-fourths as long as wing, rounded, the rcctrices broad atends. Tarsus nuich longer than culmen (about two-fifths as long aswing), its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, about aslong as tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly l^e^'ondbase of middle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but nmchstouter, its claw much shorter than the digit. Feathers of neck greatlydeveloped laterally and posteriorly, forming a conspicuous ruft' (lessconspicuous in female), with a bare or downy space immediately l>ehindon sides of neck.Coloratkm..?Wholly black, more or less strongly glossed withviolet, purple, or bronze.
' =: Quhcalus Vieillot.
^ Oriolus niger (Boddaert, 1783) is nut a .synonym of any form of Cussidis, but is aQuiscalus; and Swainson's diagnosis of his genus Scapkidiirus certainly fits Quisatjusin part, the expression "tail graduated, boat-shaped" being exclusively pertinent.The description of the bill and wing, however, seem to fit Cassidix better thanQuiscalus.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197Ramje.?Southern Mexico to Parag-uay aud southern Brazil. (Mon^otypic/)Notwithstanding- resemblance to the Caciques and Oropendolas inthe broad and flattened basal portion of the culmen, the relationshipsof this very strongly characterized genus are evidently much nearerto Odlot/i.rus^ with which it agrees in the remarkable neck-ruft' (pres-ent o)dy in these two genera), and its parasitic habits. It difi'ers fromCaJlnfJirus^ however, in its relatively much longer primaries with theirdifl'erently shaped inner webs, longer tail, relatively longer bill, withbroad and flattened mesorhinium, very much larger size, and othercharacters. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP CASSIDIX ORYZIVOKA.
a. Plumage strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult males.
)
h. Metallic gloss bronzy throughout (inclining to violet only on pileum and underparts. (Tropical South America, except Colombia.
)
Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora (extralimital)'^hb. Metallic gloss chietly or wholly violet.
c. Back Ijronzy; violet tips to feathers of under parts narrower; larger (wingaveraging 201.2, tail 152, culmen 37.8). (Colombia, including Isthmus ofPanama; Veragua?; Costa Rica?; Nicaragua?.)Cassidix oryzivora violea (p. 197)cc. Back violet, like rest of plumage; violet tips to feathers of under partsbroader; smaller (wing averaging 189, tail 146, culmen 37). (SouthernMexico to British Honduras. ) Cassidix oryzivora mexicana (p. 199)aa. Plumage not strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult females and imma-ture males. ^)CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA VIOLEA Bangs.COLOMBIAN RICE GRACKLE.Similar to C. <>. oryzivora^^ t)ut decidedly larger, and plumage of adultmale glossed with violet instead of In'onze (bronzy on back or back andneck-ruffs only).Adult male.?General color black, ])ut feathers of head, neck, andbody more or less broadly tipped with glossy violet, this uniform onhead, neck, and back (the last inclining decidedly to bronzy), but onthe under parts forming a sharply defined terminal l)and or margin toeach feather, the basal black conspicuously exposed, these violet tipsbecoming narrower posteriorly, and less distinct on rump than on
^ The single known species differentiated into three or more geographic forms orsubspecies.
^ \_Oriolus\ oryzivorus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386 (Cayenne).
?
C[assidix-']OT[jzu'ora Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 19-4.
?
Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora Bangs,Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii., June 30, 1900, 11 (in text). This form is introducedinto the key for sake of comparison.
^ The series of adult females and imuiature males is very imperfect, and thereforeI am unable to distinguish those of the several forms in the key.
198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.under parts; smaller wing-coverts, tail-coverts, and thighs uniformblack, or with indistinct bluish violet margins; larger wing-coverts,remiges, and rectrices faintly glossed with bluish; bill, legs, and feetblack; iris yellow or 3^ellowish white; length (skins), 303.5-355.6(344.2); wing, 179.3-208.3 (201.2); tail, 135.4-159.3 (152.4); culmen,from base, 36.6-39.9 (37.8); depth of bill at base, 17-18.5 (17.8);tarsus, 45-48 (44.2); middle toe, 33.5-36.6 (35.6).^Adult female.?Much smaller and duller colored than adult male.Black, with tips of the feathers of head, neck, and body indistinctlytipped with more glossy violaceous-black; bill, legs, and feet black;length (skins), 275.6-308.6 (284.2); wing, 154.2-161.3 (157.5); tail,112.5-122.4 (117.3); culmen, from base, 31.2-34 (40.9); depth of billat base, 15.2-15.7 (15.5); tarsus, 39.9^0.9 (40.4); middle toe, 27.^31.2 (29.5).'Immature male.?Similar in coloration to adult female, but larger,slightly more glossy, and with neck-ruffs better developed.Colombia (Bogota; Manuare, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, La Concepcion,and Palomina, province of Santa Marta; Remedios, province ofAntioquia), north to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Panama, etc.*);Costa Rica ? ; Nicaragua ? *Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,142, part (Bogota, Colombia); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr. ); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Minca, Manuare,Bogota, and Remedies, Colombia).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1864, 354 (Isthmus of Panama); 1879, 510 (Remedios, Colombia).
?
Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Manuare, Prov. Santa Marta, Colom-bia, 2,700 ft.); 1880, 123 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 444,part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ; Colombia).
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,xii, 1898, 159, 178 (Pueblo Viejo, 8,000 ft., and Palomina, prov. Santa Marta,Colombia).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Valparaiso, prov.Santa Marta)
.
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Four specimens.
^ Panama specimens are not typical, but incline more or less toward C. o. mexicana.Their average measurements, compared witli those of specimens from Santa INIarta,Bogota, etc., are as follows:
Locality. Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199
lCassidi.T'\ oryzivora Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part.Cassidix barita (not Scaphidura barita Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1861, 296 (Isthmus of Panama).Casmiix oryzivora violea Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Jmie 30, 1900, 11(La Concepcion, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, 3,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. andO. Bangs)
.
The following citations are doubtfully referable to this form, nospecimens from the localities mentioned having- been seen b}^ me:Cassidix oryzivora Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 140 (Pallatanga, w.Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Pallatanga); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Jima, Sical, andPallatanga, w. Ecuador).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,279 (Blewtields R., Nicaragua).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191(Veragua).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus.Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Costa Rica).
?
Taczanowski and Berlepsch,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 117 (Pallatanga).
?
Richmond, Proc. TJ. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
?
Salvadori and Festa,Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 30 (Foreste del Rio Peripa andSponde del Rio Daule, w. Ecuador).Cassidix ater (not Cassiciis ater Vieillot?) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1877, 323 (w. Peru).CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA MEXICANA (Lesson).MEXICAN RICE GRACKIE.Similar to C. o. violea but smaller, with more slender bill; adultmale with more glossy and uniformly violet plumage, even the backbeing violet (not bronzy), and the violet tips to feathers of underparts broader, almost (sometimes quite) concealing the black basalportion of the plumage; iris red.^Adult male, S^^xigXh (skins), 330.2-355.6 (343.4); wing, 177-202.7(189); tail, 133.4-151.6 (145.8); culmen, from base, 35.8-37.6 (37.1);depth of bill at base, 16.3-17.3 (17); tarsus, 40.6-43.9 (42.9); middletoe, 31.8-34.5 (33.3).'Adultfemale.?\jQ\\g\h (skin), 293.4; wing, 160; tail, 118.9; depthof bill at base, 14.7; tarsus, 38.9; middle toe, 28.7.^Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtla, Santa Maria,Mata Bejuco, Orizaba, etc.), and south to British Honduras (possiblyto Nicaragua).^Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1858, 98 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Orizaba, VeraCruz); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329,part (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,
^Sumichrast, manuscript.
^ Six specimens.^One specimen.
* No specimen of this genus seen by me from the region between British Hondurasand the Isthmus of Panama.
200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.57 (Chilomo, Honduras).
?
Salvin, Ibis, ISfil, 353 (Honduras).
?
Boucard,Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36 (Guatemala).[CoAsu/u] on/2(Vora 8cLATER and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part.Corvus [Cassidix] niexicanus (not Corcus nifxicfonis Gmelin) Lesson, Traitsd'Orn., 1831, 433 (ex Corvus incxicanus Gnwlin).Cassidix niexicanus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 416 (Mexico; CentralAmerica; monogr. ).C^assidix'] oryzivora mexicana Bangs, Proc. New Eno;l. Zool. Club, ii, June 30,1900, 11 (in text).Cassidix oryzivora mexicana Ba^gs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui).Cassidix crassirostr Is f {not Scapliidnra crasslrostris ^wainson) Moore, Proc. Zool.Soc. Loud., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).Genus CALLOTHRUS Cassin.CaUothnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1866, 18. (Type, Psarocoliuswneus Wagler).Rather small unicolored terrestrial leterida^ with bill shorter thanhead, stout (basal depth more than half the length of ciilmen), themaxilla shallower subbasally than the mandible; inner web of prima-ries conspicuousl}' widened beyond middle portion, the widened por-tion terminating- on second and third quills in a conspicuous tooth -likepoint; adult male with a conspicuous erectile ruflf on sides of neck.Bill shorter than head, stout-conical, with upper outline decidedlythough slightly curved, its basal depth decidedly more than half thelength of culmen, its basal width nearly half the length of culmen;culmen straight in middle, slighth' convex terminally and basally, dis-tinctly but not sharp!}' ridged; gonys straight, decidedly shorter thanmaxilla from nostril; commissure straight or nearl}^ so about as far asbeneath nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly deflexed to therictus. Nostril small, roundish, partly surrounded posteriori}^ bydense feathering of the frontal antise, with membrane visible aboveposterior portion only, and this nearly covered by the frontal feathers.Wing moderate or rather long, more than four times as long as cul-men, nearly live times as long as tarsus, its tip moderately produced(about as long as tarsus), pointed or subtruncate; ninth, eighth, andseventh primaries equal and longest, the sixth but little shorter; innerwebs of longer primaries conspicuous!}' expanded beyond middle, thewidened portion on second and third ending in a distinct tooth-likepoint or projection. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, slightlyrounded, the retrices broadest terminally, with rounded or nearlytruncate tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen, its anterior scu-tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or very slightly longerthan tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyondbase of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as lateral toes and muchstouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Feathers of hind-neck aad sides of neck elongated, developed in adult males into a very
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201
conspicuous erectile ruff with a naked or sparsely downy space (con-cealed) immediately behind the lateral portions of the ruff.Coloration.?Adult males bronzy black with a soft, silky luster, thewings and tail gloss}' bluish green; adult females dull black or grayish.Range.?Southern Texas and northwestern Mexico to northern SouthAmerica. (Three species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALLOTHRUS.
a. Wings and tail strongly nietallit- (bluish or greenish). (Adult males.)b. Plumage of head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy.
c. Rump bronzy, like back, etc. ; plumage of head, neck, and body roughlysilky; bill more slender. (Southern Texas, through eastern Mexico toVeragua. ) Callothrus robustus, adult male (p. 201
)
CO. Rump violet; plumage of head, neck, and l)ody smoothly silky; bill stouter.d. Larger (wing averaging 119.1, tail S4.8, culmen 23.1). (NorthwesternMexico. ) Callothrus aeneus aeneus, adult male (p. 203)dd. Smaller (wing averaging 10S.7, tail 77.5, culmen 21.3). (SouthwesternMexico. ) Callothrus aeneus assimilis, adult male (p. 204)hi). Plumage of head, neck, and body lustrous silky brown. (Caribbean coast ofColombia. ) Callothrus armenti, adult male (extralimital)^aa. Wings and tail not strongly metallic. (Adult females and young.)h. General color black or very dark sooty,
c. Wings and tail glossed with bluish green.Callothrus robustus, adult female (p. 202)cc. Wings and tail not glossed Callothrus robustus, young male (p. 202)hh. General color grayish sooty or sooty grayish,
c. Faintly glossed above, the feathers of back, etc., with darker centers.Callothrus aeneus aeneus, adult female (p. 204)cc. Without gloss above, and feathers of back without darker centers.d. Darker, especially the under }>arts, which are unstreaked.Callothrus robustus, young female (p. 202)dd. Paler, especially the under parts, which are indistinctly streaked withpaler, more yellowish, gray. .Callothrus aeneus aeneus, young male (p. 204)CALLOTHRUS ROBUSTUS (Cabanis).RED-EYED COWBIRD.Adult male.?Head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy, theplumage soft and silky, but not smooth, presenting the appearance ofhaving been wet and imperfectly dried; tail-coverts blue-black, theupper ones glossed with violet; wings glossy dark greenish blue,brightest on greater coverts and tertials, less bright, as well as moregreenish, on primaries, primary coverts, and alula; lesser wing-covertsdark metallic violet, the middle coverts violet-bluish; tail dark metallicbluish green or greenish blue; bill black; iris red; legs and feet black orbrownish black; length (skins), 196.8-223.5 (206.5); wing, 111.8-120.1(116.3); tail, 75.7-82.3 (79.2); culmen, from base, 22.3-23.9 (23.1);
^ M\_olot}irus] armenti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Cartagena,Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus.). This species, which I have not seen, is introducedinto the key for sake of comparison. It is the only known extralimital form.
202 BULLETIN 50, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 29.7-32.0 (30.8); middletoe, 21.1-23.^ (22.()).'Adult female.?Dull Ijlack, the under parts, especially throat, some-times dark sooty brownish; back and scapulars very faintly, the wings,upper tail-coverts, and tail strongly, glossed with bluish green; neckrufl's much less developed than in the male; length (skins), 165.1-205.7(186.4); wing, 97.5-106.7 (102.9); tail, 64.0-74.7 (73.1); culmen, frombase, 19.8-21.3 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.9); tarsus,26.2-29.7 (27.9); middle toe, 19.8-21.8 (20.8).'Young male.?Dull sooty black or dark sooty, the feathers of theunder parts of the body with more or less distinct narrow margins ofpaler; mandible brownish basally.Young female.?Paler and grayer than the young male; above sepiaor grayish sepia, beneath paler and grayer, with indistinct paler nar-row margins to the feathers.Southern Texas (breeding north to San Antonio), through easternMexico (States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Puebla, northern Oaxaca,and Yucatan) and Central America to Veragua (to Isthmus ofPanama?).Molothrus xneus (not Psarocolius xneus Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); (?) 381(Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135 (Jalapa); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 334, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan;Choctum and Dueiias, Guatemala; Orosi, Costa Rica; Calobre and Chitra,Veragua).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duenas, Guatemala).
?
Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San Geronimo, Guatemala; descr. eggs).
?
Cabanis,Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 81 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Cassix, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Jalapa; Yucatan; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Pan-ama).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San Jose, Costa Rica).SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot and temp, regions,Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Calobre and Chitra,Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 265 (Guatemala).
?
Merrill, Bull.
' Fourteen specimens.
^ Fourteen specimens.Yucatan specimens compare in average measurements with those from other locali-ties as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 203Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 88 (Fort Brown, Texas); ii, 1877, 85 (do.; habits);Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130 (do.).?Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878,36; Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1878, 59 (San Jose, Costa Rica); 1883, 445 (n.Yucatan).
?
Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs).
?
RiDGWAY, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130, part (synonymy; diagnosis);ix, 1886, 151 (crit. ; Chietla, etc., Puebla; Jalapa); Nom. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 259.
?
Coues and Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,iv., 1878, 23 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, synonymy, diagnosis,etc. ).?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 396 (Lometa,Texas; habits, measurements, etc.) .
?
Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,90.?CouEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 315.?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., v, 1882, 392 (La Palma, w. Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Ayes de CostaRica, 1882, 10.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Izucarde Matamoras, Chietla, and Acatlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz) .
?
Ameri-can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 496.
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (all localities except Mazatlan,Presidio, Manzanillo Bay, and mountains of Colima).[Molothrus'] seneus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.M[olothrus] wneus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 403.?Ridgway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.Agelaius seneus Cxssiyi, Ftoc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Puente Nacional,Vera Cruz).Icterus bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala).M[o(othrus'] rohustus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 193, footnote (Mexico;coll. Berlin Mus.?); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 81.?Ridgavay, Man. N. Am,Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 367, part.C[_allothrus'] robmtus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589; 2d ed., 1896, 600.Callothrus robustus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594.
?
Zeledon, An. Mus.Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San Jose, Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, andAlajuela, Costa Rica).?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Yucatan),212 (Orizaba).
?
Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix,1892, 250 (do.) Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breed-ing).
?
Richmond, Proc. XJ. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (San Carlos, Nica-ragua).
?
Bendire, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, 599 (descr., geogr. range,habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 443, pi. 6, fig. 9.?Singley,Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Rio Grande City; Hidalgo).
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 496.
?
Chapman, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; habits).?Nehr-ling. Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 246.CALLOTHRUS iENEUS i^NEUS {VJagler).BRONZED COWBIRD.Similar to O. rohustus, but slightly larger, ))ill relatively stouter, andfemale very different in coloration.Adult male.?Hardly distinguishable in coloration from the adultmale of O. rohustus, but rump violet, like the upper tail-coverts,instead of bronzy, like the back, and plumage of the head, neck, andbody smoother and more glossy; length (skins), 198.1-228.6 (216.-1);wing, 117.1-121.9 (119.1); tail, 81.8-87.9 (84.8); culmen, from base,
204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of ])ill at ))ase, 13-14 (13.2); tarsus, 27.9-30.2(29.5); middle toe, 22.1-23.4 (22.9)-'Adult fein ale.?Above dark mouse gray, the feathers with darkercenters, especially on back and scapulars, where slightly glossed withgreenish blue; wings and tail graA^sh dusky, faintly glossed withgreenish, the feathers with narrow paler gra34sh margins, most dis-tinct on smaller wing-coverts; under parts paler mouse gray, some-times indistinctly streaked with darker, the chin and throat paler; bill,legs, and feet black; length (skins), 193-210.8 (194.8); wing, lol. 3-107.4(104.6); tail, 69.1-76.2 (73.4); culmen, from base, 19.3-20.3 (19.8);depth of bill at base, 11.7-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (27.4); middletoe, 20.1-21.1(20.6):'Young male.?Similar to the young female of (J. rohuMus l)ut decid-edly paler, especiall}' ))elow; upper parts deep sooty grayish (similarto under parts of j^oung female of C. rohastas), the wing-coverts withterminal margins of paler gray; under parts similar but rather paler,indistinctly streaked with dull olive-^^ellowish, the abdomen incliningto the latter color. (Young female not seen.)Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Hermosilla) and Sinaloa(Culiacau, Mazatlan, etc.) and Territor^^ of Tepic (San Bias, Acapo-ueta, etc.).Fsarocol'iKS aeneus Wagler, Isis, 1829, 758 ("Mexico"; ex Icieras aenetis Lichteii-stem, manuscript; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426.Algelaiusi leneus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 346.M[olothr%s] ssneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Mexico).
?
RiDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.Molothrus xneus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Mazatlan).Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Mazatlan; habits).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan;Mazatlan).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part(Mazatlan; Presidio).[Molothrus'] leneus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.Clullothrus'] leneus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896,600, part.CALLOTHRUS iENEUS ASSIMILIS Nelson.LESSER BRONZED OOWBIRD.Similar to O. ce. (eneics, but smaller.Adult male.?l^ength (skins), 190.5-200.7 (196.1); wing, 105.2-111.8(108.7); tail, 74.4-81.5 (77.5); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.6 (21.3);depth of bill at base, 12.4-13 (12.7); tarsus, 27.9-29.5 (28.5); middletoe, 20.3-22.1 (21.3).'(Adult female and young not seen.)Southwestern Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra), Colima
I
' Six specimens. '^ Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205(Manzanillo), Giiererro (Acapulco), and Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Ta-pana, province of Tehuantepec).Molothrvs irneus (not. Psarocolius aenms Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1866, 18, part (Manzanillo Bay, Colima).?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.N. H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Manzanillo Bay; mountains of Colima); Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Tapana, prov. Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).?Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (Manzanillo Bay, etc., Colima; Tapana, Oaxaca).[3Iolothrus] c-eneMS Sclater and Salvin, Noni. A v. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.M[olothrus'] ameus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part.ClaUothrus] eeneus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896,600, part.Callothrus xneus assimilis Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266 (Acapulco, Guerrero,s. w. Mexico; coll. IT. S. Nat. Mus.).Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson.Molothrus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277; App., 1, 494. (Type, Frin-gillapecoris Gmelin, = Or/o;?.s (iter Boddaert.)Molobrus (emendation) Sternbekc;, Journ. fiir Orn., xvii, 1869, 125.Hypohletis Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfsb. d. Nat., 1842, 260. (Type, Fringilln iwcorisGmelin, = Oriolus ater Boddaert.
)
Cyanothrus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Mar., 1866, 19. (Type,Tanagra honariensis Gmelin.
)
Cyrtotes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 73. (Type, Lierm maxillarisLafresnaye .and D'Orbigny, = 7'a?a(7r(f honarienm Gmelin.)(?) Agelaioides Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 15. (Type, Agelaiushadius Vieillot.
)
Small, semiterrestrial, parasitic Icterida? with short conical bill,rather long and pointed wings, and plain or uniform coloration.Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, with straight ornearh^ straight outlines, its depth at base about equal to distance fromnostril to tip of maxiihi, or a little less, its basal width decidedly less;culmen straight or very slightly convex, sometimes elevated andslightly arched posteriorly, more or less flattened, especially betweenthe nostrils; gonys straight or faintly convex, slightly shorter thandistance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight tonear base, where deflexed to the rictus, the maxillary toiuium some-times more or less convex in middle portion. Nostril small, roundish,or oblong, with membrane above and behind, its posterior end touch-ing feathering of frontal antiaj. Wing moderate or rather long (lessthan five to nearly seven times as long as culmen, three and a half tomore than four times as long as tarsus), pointed; wing-tip variable inlength, from less than length of culmen (in 3L hadius) to more thantwice as long (in M. n(fo-axillarls)\ tertials not produced; ' ninth (outer-most) primary longer than fifth, usually longer than sixth, sometimes
^ The drawing of generic details is incorrect in showing a projection of the longesttertial.
206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.longest; longest primaries ma}^ be the ninth, ninth and eighth,eighth and seventh, or seventh, sixth, and fifth; longer primaries usu-ally with inner webs not appreciably sinuated, though sometimes thefirst and second are faintly so; in one species {M. atronitens) the innerwebs of first four have minute angular projections, much as in Callo-thrus. Tail from two-thirds to five-sixths as long as wing, even orslightly rounded. Tarsus much longer than culmen, less than one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, the anterior scutella dis-tinct; middle toe, with claw, a little shorter than tarsus; lateral toewith claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux slightlyshorter than lateral toes, much stouter, its claws shorter than thedigit; Jill the claws acute and strongly curved.Coloration.?Adult males uniform l)lack, more or less glossy, withor without brown head and neck; adult females plain grayish or brown-ish (usually indistinctly streaked below), that of one species uniformblack; young distinctly streaked below. (In two South Americanspecies both sexes are plain brownish gra}^ or light brown, with wingslargely rusty.)Range.?Temperate and tropical America in general, except WestIndies^ and Central America.With the exception of three or four species, the members of thisgenus agree very well with one another in structural characters, thedifferences being slight and immaterial. Of these aberrant species M.rvfo-axillaris is most different, the wing and tail being proportionallylonger, the latter more rounded, and the bill rather shorter and thicker.In this species, only, the female is black, like the male.In M. hadim and its near relative, M.fringiUarlus., the wing is veryshort and rounded, exceeding the tail in length by less than the lengthof the culmen; the ninth primary is shorter than the fourth, the fifthbeing nearly if not quite equal to the longest, and the nostrils linearinstead of rounded. In these two species the coloration is very differ-ent from that of any other, both sexes being light brown or brown-ish gray with the wings mostly cinnamon-rufous, and the}' are said tobe nonparasitic, building their own nest and rearing their young inthe usual fashion.M. atronitem has the bill relatively longer and narrower than theother species, and the inner webs of the three outer primaries insteadof being very faintl}^ or not at all sinuated have an angular projectionof the margin, much as in the species of Callothrus, but much lesspronounced, and there seems also to be a slight development of theneck-ruffs of that genus.The habits of some species are scarcely, if at all known; but, while ofthe three species of the Argentine Republic two {3L honariensis and
^A South American species {M. honariensis or M. atronitem) is said to have beenintroduced into St. Thomas and Vieque.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207M. 7'ufo-axiUaris) always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, theirhabits in this respect being quite the same as those of the t3^pical NorthAmerican species {3?. ater), the third {M. hadkis) always builds itsown nest and rears its own young in the usual fashion. This fact,taken in connection with the very different proportions of the prima-ries and the peculiar coloration, alluded to above, may necessitate theadoption of the name Aglaioides Cassin for a genus containing M. hadiusand M. fringillarius.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MOLOTHRUS.
a. General color glossy black.b. Head and neck brown. {Molothrus ater, adult male.)
c. Larger (wing averaging 110.5, tail 75.2, culmen, from base, 18). (Moresouthern British provinces to plateau of Mexico.)Molothrus ater ater, adult male (p. 207)cc. Smaller (wing averaging 100.3, tail 68.8, culmen, from base, 16.3). (Mexicoand adjacent portion of United States.
)
Molothrus ater obscurus, adult male (p. 210)bh. Head and neck glossy violet-black, like rest of plumage. (Guiana; Venezuela;Trinidad; Tobago; Grenada and Grenadines.
)
Molothrus atronitens, adult male (p. 211)aa. General color grayish or brownish. (Adult females and young.)b. Longest jirimaries exceeding secondaries by much more than length of tarsus.{Molothrus ater, adult female.)
c. Larger (wing averaging 101.1, culmen 16.)Molothrus ater ater, adult female (p. 207)cc. Smaller (wing averaging 90.7, culmen 15.)Molothrus ater obscurus, adult female (p. 210)bb. Longest primaries exceeding secondaries by not more than length of tarsus.Molothrus atronitens, adult female (p. 212)MOLOTHRUS ATER ATER (Boddaert).COWBIRD.Adult male.?Head, neck, and upper chest plain brown (varyingfrom broccoli brown or drab to warm clove brown); rest of plumageglossy greenish l)lack, the gloss usually more violet (often distinctlyso) on upper back, next to brown of hindneck; bill, legs, and feetblack; iris brown; length (skins), 167.6-194:.3 (179.3); wing, 105.4-115.8 (110.5); tail, 70.1-80 (75.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.6 (18);depth of bill at base, 11.1-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 24.1-28.2 (26.7); middletoe, 16.5-20.8 (18.5).^Adultfemale.?Above brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish,the feathers with darker centers and blackish shaft-streaks, especiallyon back; wings and tail more dusky brownish gray with paler edgings,these nearly white on longer primaries; under parts paler brownishgray or hair brown, usually more or less distinctly streaked (nar-rowly) with darker, the chin and throat much paler (sometimes almost
^Fourteen specimens.
208 kullp:tin 50, united states national museum.dull whitish), iiud, tog-ether with the ehest, unstreaked; maxilla brown-ish black or dusky })rown; mandible brownish, dusk}^ at tip; iris brown;length (skins), 154.9-180.3 (165.9); wing, 93.5-104.6 (101.1); tail,61.7-70.4(66.8); culmen, from base, 15.2-17 (16); depth of bill at base,10.2-11.2 (10.9); tarsus, 24.1-26.4 (25.4); middle toe, 15.7-18.8 (17).'YdiijHj male.?Above varying from dark hair brown to sooty gray-ish brown, the feathers with narrow pale grayish brown and whitishmargins (these usually indistinct and often obsolete on pileum andhindnock), the wing-coverts and tertiais more broadly and conspicu-ously margined with dull buffy whitish; under parts conspicuouslystreaked with sooty grajnsh brown or hair ])rown and dull buffy orwhitish, the latter on margins or lateral edges of feathers, the darkercolor prevailing anteriorly; maxilla dark brownish, mandible paler;legs and feet brownish.Yo K II <j female.?Similar to the young male but paler, especiallj^ theunder parts, which are principally dull light buffy streaked with gray-ish brown.Temperate North America in general, except portions of Pacific coast;north to about 49^ in more eastern portions, to 55^ 30' (Little SlaveLake, etc.) in the interior; west to British Columbia (both sides of Cas-cade range), Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern Califor-nia; south in winter to central and southeastern Mexico (Jalapa andOrizaba, Vera Cruz; Huexotitla, Puebla; Hacienda San Juan Capis-trano, Zacatecas; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, etc.); breeding south toGeorgia (Wayne and Mcintosh counties), Louisiana (Petite AnseIsland), and Texas (Harris and Bexar counties).Onolns (Iter Boddaert, Tal)l. PI. Enl., 1783, 37 ( leased on Troupiale, dela Caroline,Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 606, fig. 1).[Molothrus'] aler Gr.4y, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6507.Molothrns nter Coues, Check List, 1873, 43, footnote; 2d ed., 1882, no. 313; Cull.U. S. Geol. ani Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 667 (n. Texas) .?Baird, Orn.Simpson's Exp., 1876, 379 (Utah).?Ridgway, Field and Forest, 1877, 208(Colorado) ; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 258; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,151 (Huexotitla, Puebla; crit.);Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 310.?Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 123 (descr. young).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
' Fifteen specimens.Eastern specimens and a smaller western series average as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209
i, 1878, 130 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter resid. ).
?
Chamberlain, Bull, i, N. H.Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (New Brunswick, rare summer resid.)-
?
Spelman, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 121 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Jan. 2; 2 specs.).?Damon, Auk, ii, 1885, 309 (Lockport, w. New York, winter) .
?
American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 495.
?
Seton, Auk, iii, 1886,321 (w.Manitoba, summer).
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151(Huexotitla, Puebla, Nov. ).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 161 (dates,etc. ).?Thompson Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891,571 (Manitoba).?Attwa-ter, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas; breeding?).
?
Bendire, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1893, 590, pis. 1, 2, 3 (descr., syn., range, habits, etc. ) ; Life Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 590, pi. 6, tigs. 3-6.?Spaulding, Auk, xii, 1895, 182(Lancaster, New Hampshire, Jan. 18).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii,1896, 240, pi. 17, figs. 2, 3.?Knight, Bull. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 86 (Maine,summer resid.) .
?
Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, both sidesof Cascades).Molothrus ater . . . a. ater Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 501 (upper Hum-boldt Valley, Nevada, Aug. 31 ; Truckee Reservation, Nevada, June; ParleysPark and Bear River valley, Utah, June).M[olothrus] aier Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402.?Ridgway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367.[Fringilla'] pecoris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 910 (=female; based on Fringillapecoris Brisson, Orn., iii, 165, etc.).
?
Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 443.Flringilla'] pecoris LiicnTENaTEiii , Verz. Doubl., 1823, 23.Emberiza pecoris Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 145, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2, 3.Passerina pecoris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1819, 22.Ictenis pecoris Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1824; Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ii, 1828, 53.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 178.?Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 493, pi. 99; v., 1839, 233, 400, pi. 424.Pslarocolius] pecoris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sj). 30, part; Isis,1831, 527.(?) Agelaus pecoris SwAiiisoti, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 436.Molothrus pecoris Swainson, Fauna, Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277.
?
Bonaparte, Geog.and Comp. List, 1838, 29.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 139; Birds Am., oct. ed.,iv, 1842, 16, pi. 212.?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 524; Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 400.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365(Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 333, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, etc.).
?
Verrill,Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).
?
Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 17 (monogr.).?Trippe, Am. Nat., iii, 1869,291 (biography).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 257.?Coues, Check List, 1873,no. 211; Birds N. W., 1874, 180, part.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 154, part, pi. 32, figs. 6, 7.?Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1874, 96 (habits).?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875,312, part (Provo, Utah; Denver and Pueblo, Colorado).?Maynard, BirdsE. N. Am., 1881, 131.?Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 152 (song).?Salvin andGodman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part.[Molothrus^ pecoris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436.?Coues, Key N. Am.Birds, 1872, 155.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.Mlolothrus} pecoris CxBAms, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 192.IMolothrus pecoris] a. pecoris Couks, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy).Molobrus pecoris SvsDEWALh, Meth. Av. Nat. Disp. Tent., 1872, 22.(?) [Oriolus] fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headedOriole Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 260).3654?VOL 2?01 14
210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) [OWo/?.s'] minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 394 (based on Petit Troupaile noirBuffon, Hist. Nat. des Ois., iii, 221).FririgilUt authigita Nuttall, Man. Urn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 484 {? young).Icterus emberizoides "Bosc." Daudin, Traite Orn., ii, 1800, 350 (= Oriolus fitscusGmelin).l^Moloihrus pecoris] a. Subsp. ti/pica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334,in list of specimens.MOLOTHRUS ATER OBSCURUS (Gmelin).DWARF COWBIRD.Similar to M\ a. ater in coloration, but decidedl}' smaller.Adult m?Ze.?Length (skin.s), 152.tt-180.3 (163.6); wing, 96-104.1(100.3); tail, 61.7-72.9 (68.8); culmen, from base, 15.7-17.8 (16.3);depth of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (24.1); middletoe, 16.3-18.3 (17.5).^Adult /tfwa^e.?Length (skins), 142.2-160 (152.4); wing, 85.6-94(90.7); tail, 57.7-66.5 (62.2); culmen, from base, 14-15.7 (16); depthof bill at base, 9.1-10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.4-23.6 (22.9); middle toe,15.2-16.8 (16).-Greater part of Mexico, including Lower California, and contiguousportion of United States; north to southern Texas (Cameron, Lam-pasas, Harris, Tom Green, and Concho counties) and Arizona (FortWhipple, Mogollon Mountains, Tucson, liiversidc, etc.); south toOaxaca (Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Tehuantepec City, etc.), Colima (Man-zanilla Bay), Jalisco (Bolanos), etc,\Sturnus\ obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 804 ())ased on Stunms novas-hispaniX Brisson, Orn., ii, 448).Molothrus obscurus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 18 (monogr.
;
Mirafiores, Lower California; Colima and Manzanillo, w. Mexico) .
?
Cooper,Orn. Cal., 1870, 260 (Cape St. Lucas; s. Arizona; n. w. Mexico). Brewer,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs).IMolotlirus'] obscurus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6508.[^Molothrus 2)ecoris.'\ Var. obscurus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.
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Hen-shaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 312 (Gila R., Arizona).
^ Sixteen specimens.
^ Fifteen specimens.Specimens from different areas compare in average measurements as follows:
Locality. Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 211Molothrus pecoris . . . var. obscuriiK Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 211a.
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Hen-SHAW, Eep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (s. Arizona).Molothrus pecoris var. ohscurus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 32, fig. 8.?Lawrence, Mem. Best. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,280 (Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay; habits) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,24 (Tehuantepee City, Oaxaca, Oct.).{^Molothrus pecorisi b. ohscurus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy).M^olothrus'] ater var. ohscurus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 180, in text.Molothrus ater var. ohscurus Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 130 (FortBrown, Texas; summer resid.).Molothrus ater ohscurus Coues and Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.Terr., iv, 1878, 22 (Brownsville, Texas; habits).?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol.and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 396 (Lometa, Texas; habits, descr. eggs,etc.).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 182, 218, 232; Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 258a.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 314.?Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas,Jan., Feb.).?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Houston,Texas, breeding).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (Tucsonand Santa Rita Mts., Arizona).
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Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,546, 547 (San Jos^ del Cabo, Lower California); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas,Sonora).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 495a.
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Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Puebla, Nov.).?Scott,Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Riverside, Tucson, Florence, etc., Arizona).
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Cooke,Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 162 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas,summer).
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Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, sum-mer).
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Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas).
?
Bendire,Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, 597 (geog. range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 441, pi. 6, figs. 7, 8.[Molothrus jiecoris.l h. Subsp. obscura Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,334, in list of specimens.M\_olotkrus'\ a[ter'\ oiscttrn.s Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2(1 ed., 1884, 402.M\_olothrus'] ater ohscurus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367.(?) Agelaus pecoris (not Fringilla pecoris Gmelin?) Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s.,i, 1827, 436 (near City of Mexico).(?) Psarocolius pecori? WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 527 (Mexico).(?) Molothrus pecoris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Orizaba, VeraCruz); 1860, 252 (Orizaba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part (Jalapa) ; Ibis,1884, 3, part (monogr. ).Molothrus pecoris Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 333, part (City ofMexico; Mazatlan).
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Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv. 1859, 52(Fort Yuma, New Mexico; Texas).
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Baird, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound.Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18 (Texas; Nuevo Leon, etc).
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Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part (most Mexican references and localities.
)
\_Sturnus'\ junceti Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 326 (same basis as S. ohscurusGmelin )
.
MOLOTHRUS ATRONITENS (Cabanis).GLOSSY COWBIRD.Adult male.?Head, neck, back, scapulars, and under parts as far backas flanks and upper portion of al)donien uniform silky violet-black,the gloss rather more reddish violet or purple on the breast and sides;
212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.lesser and middle wiug-coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, lower abdo-men, and anal region glossy blue-black, the first, also the upper por-tion of the rump, tinged with violet; wings (except smaller coverts),tail, and under tail-coverts gloss}' greenish ])lack; bill, legs, and feetblack; length (skins), 165.1-185.4 (172.7); wing, 93.2-98.3 (95); tail,69.6-74.9 (71.9); culmen, from base, 17.3-18.5 (17.8); depth of l)ill atbase, 9.7-9.9 (9.7); tarsus, 21.3-22.1 (21.6); middle toe. 19.3.'Adidt female.?Pileum dark grajash brown; rest of upper partslighter grayish brown, palest (dark smoke gray or })rownish mousegray) on rump, the scapulars and interscapulars with rather distinctdusky mesial streaks; wings and tail duskj^ wdth grajdsh brown edg-ings; under parts light grayish brown (hair brown) medially, darkerhair brown laterally, the chin and upper throat ver}' pale hair brownor pale bufl'y grayish; liill, legs, and feet black; length (skin), 150.9;wing, 87.1; tail, 64.5; culmen, from base, 16.5; depth of bill at base,8.9; tarsus, 19.1; middle toe, 17.3.'Northern coast district of South America, in Guiana and Venezuela;Trinidad; Tobago; Grenadines (Curriacoa). Lesser Antilles; Viecpie(near St. Thomas), Greater Antilles (introduced^).Moloihrus utronUens Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit, (iuiana, iii, 1848, 682(British Guiana).
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Fixsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad).
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Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 200.? (?) Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 187;^, 249(Prov. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil).
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Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 6 (monogr. ); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 337, excl. syn. part (Venezuela; Trinidad; Dem-erara, British Guiana; Oyapoc, Cayenne; Mexiana I., lower Amazon).Stone, Auk, viii, 1891, 346 (monogr.).?Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).Molothriis atro-niteiis Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 36 (Trinidad).Mlololhrus'} rt/roHi'tens Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 193 (Cayenne?).[Molothrus'] atronitens SchATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.Mlolofhriis} boiiarlmsix (not Tatiagra bonariensis Gmelin) Cabanis, Mus. Hein.,i, 1851, 193, part (Venezuela).(?) Molothrus bonarienfiis Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (St. Thomas;introduced ?); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 124 (Vieque; introduced?).Molothrus sericeus (not Icterus sericeus Lichtenstein) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 135, part (Trinidad).? (?) Newton, Ibis, 1860, 308, in text (Vieque,West Indies).Larnpropsar guianensis (not of Cabanis) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,22.(?) Molothrus discolor (not Passerinn discolor Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 20, part (Trinidad).Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot.(Juisralus YiEii^hoT, Analyse, 1816, 36. (Type, Q. versicolor \ieil\oi,= (jr(irHl(tquiscula Linneeus.)Quisccda Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 18.Scapkidurus^w\issoy, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (substitute for QuisculusVieillot).Scaphura (emendation) Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfsb., 1842, 261 { ? Qaisc(d,us).
* Three specimens. " One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 213Medium-sized or rather large semitcrrestrial Icterida% with long,graduated, and plicate^ tail; anteriorly truncated and very prominentmedian palatal ridge; bill about as long as head and strongly decurvedat tip; color black, with various and strongly contrasted metallic (green,blue, violet, and bronze) hues.Bill about as long as head or a little longer, elongate-conical, butupper outline decidedly convex terminally and decurved at tip, itsbasal depth less than one-half the length of culmen, but equal to ormore than one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the basalwidth a little less; culmen nearly straight (sometimes faintly depressed)in middle, convex terminallj^ with strongly decurved tip, elevated andusually slightly arched basally, distinctly ridged but the ridge broadand rounded; gonys straight or nearly so, sometimes faintl}^ concaveterminally, sometimes faintl}" convex basally, slightly shorter thanmaxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium slightly convex in middle,slightly concave anteriorly and subbasally, strongly deflexed frombeneath nostril to rictus; mandibular tomium convex terminall},straight or slightly concave in middle, more or less convex and ele-vated opposite palatal ridge, then slightly deflexed for a short distance,strongly deflexed from beneath nostril to rictus. Nostril more or lesstriangular (obtusely pointed anteriorly), posteriorly in contact withfeathering of loral anti?, overhung 1)v a rather broad membraneousor subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (less than four to morethan four times as long as culmen, three and a half to nearl}' four timesas long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced (about equal in length totarsus or intermediate between length of tarsus and length of culmen),subtruncate; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between seventhand sixth, between sixth and flfth, or equal to fifth; eighth and seventhor eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest; inner web of threeouter primaries slightly but distinctly sinuated, but the middle portionnot conspicuously widened. Tail plicate, shorter than wing (the differ-ence equal to about one-fourth to one-third the length of culmen),graduated for a little less than length of culmen, the rectrices (exceptmiddle pair) widest terminally and with obliquely su])truncated tips,the inner web usually a little longer than the outer. Tarsus slightlylonger than culmen, with anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, withclaw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws fallingdecidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux equal in length tolateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit;claws only moderately curved.
* Capable of being folded vertically so that a transverse section is V-shaped, the twoedges being brought near together when flying. On account of this folding and thegraduated form of the tip, the effect, when the bird is flying, is very peculiar, thetail appearing as if much longer on one side than on the other.
214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Coloration.?Blackish, with glossy sheen of various strongly con-trasted metallic hues of green, ])lue, \'iolet, purple, and bronze; thefemale smaller and less brilliant in color tlian the male.Range.?Eastern North America. (Monotypic?)^KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF QtHSCALUS.
a. Plumage of back, scapulars, rump, and under parts of body varied with severalmetallic hues, dark bronzy green or purplish bronze prevailing; lesser andmiddle wing-coverts violet or purple, tipiied with metallic blue, green, or bronze.h. Larger, except bill and feet; wing of adult male averaging 143.8, tail 135.6;adult female averaging, wing 127.8, tail 112; individual variation in plumagevery great. (Atlantic coast district of United States, from eastern end ofLong Island Sound to South Carolina; eastern Tennessee; occasional in lowerMississippi Valley ?) ftuiscalus quiscula quiscula (p. 215)hh. Smaller, except bill and feet; adult male averaging, wing 133.1, tail 121.1;adult female averaging, wing 119, tail 106.2; individual variation in plum-age very slight. (Peninsula of Florida and along Gulf coast to Louisiana.
)
ftuiscalus quiscula aglaeus (p. 217)aa. Plumage of back, scapulars, rump, and under parts of body perfectly uniformbronze or brassy olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts entirely bronzy purpleor purplish bronze. (Whole interior of North America and whole of NewEngland (except coast of Long Island Sound) and northward; south to Texas,west to Rocky Mountains; occasional during migration along Atlantic coast.)ftuiscalus quiscula aeneus (p. 219)When the real distinctive characters of Q. <p quiscula and Q. q.ceneus are kept in mind there should not be the slightest difficulty inrecognizing them as very distinct forms. In the first place, it is impor-tant to know that the color of the head, neck, and chest is not of theslightest value as a distinctive character, since it varies equally in bothforms, from golden green to reddish purple. In Q. q. quiscula, how-ever, the brilliant color of the head, neck, and chest, while often verysharply defined posteriorly, gives wa}' to a color which varies fromdark bronzy green to violet-purple, but always more or less broken byother metallic colors, largely in the form of bars of different hues uponthe individual feathers, while the lesser and middle wing-coverts aretipped with a metallic color (blue passing through green into bronzeor golden terminally) conspicuously different from the violet-purpleof the basal portion. In Q. q. ceneus., on the other hand, the brilliantcolor of the head, neck, and chest (whether it be violet, blue, green,or brassy) gives wa}^ at once to a golden bronze or brassy hue, whichextends, absolutely unbroken hy other hues, over the entire back,scapulars, rump, and under parts of the l)ody (except chest), while thesmaller wing-coverts are either wholly reddish purple or else tippedwith golden bronze, never with blue nor green.Q. q. aglceus is not distinguishable as to coloration from many exam-ples of Q. q. quiscula, the differences consisting in its smaller size with
^If Q. seneus be considered a subspecies of Q. quiscula, then the genus is monotypic;otherwise it consists of two species.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215
relatively larger bill and feet; but while Q. q. quisoula is so excess-ively variable in coloration that scarcely two specimens are exactlyalike, Q. q. aglcem is remarkably uniform, and the general color ofthe back, scapulars, and under parts is always a dark Ijronzy green,this color being rather the exception in Q. q. quiseida, in which morepurplish hues prevail.On account of the ver}^ slight individual variation of color in Q. q.aglwus and Q. q. wneus and the excessive variability of Q. q. quiscula,together with the remarkable geographic distribution of the threeforms, which does not in the least conform to faunal areas,^ Mr.Chapman has suggested,^ and well-nigh proven, that Q. quiscula andQ. ceneus are distinct species, which interbreed in the district wheretheir breeding ranges come together, the former being of "pure blood"chiefly in the form known as Q. q. aglams, Q. q. quiscula being chieflya hybrid form. My own opinion in the matter exactly coincides withMr. Chapman's; but since so many forms now ranked as subspeciesare similarly involved I prefer, at present, to leave the question inabeyance. QUISCALUS QUISCULA QUISCULA (Linnaeus).PTJRPIE GRACKIE.Adult male.?Head, neck, and chest varying in color from metallicreddish violet to golden green''; prevailing color of back and scapu-lars varying from bronzy purple or polished bronze to metallic olive-green or bottle green, but this always more or less broken by bars(mostly concealed, except on scapulars) of metallic green, blue, bronze,or purple (or all these tints); rump varying in color from purplishbronze to violet, the color usually more or less broken l)y admixtureof other metallic hues; prevailing color of wings violet or purple (theprimaries, primary-coverts, and alula usually more bluish, sometimesbluish green) ; the lesser and middle coverts usually banded, more orless conspicuously, with purple, blue, green, golden, etc.; tail darkpurple, violet, blue, or green, or (in worn or faded plumage) blackglossed with one of these colors; under parts (posterior to chest) me-tallic purple, violet, blue, green, etc., the color varying in difl'erentparts, sometimes mixed with golden bronze; bill, legs, and feet black;iris pale yellow or yellowish white; length (skins), 275.6-299.7
^ Q. q. ieneus breeds from Houthern Texas to the Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, anddoes not vary in coloration throughout this enormous extent of territory.^BulL Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, 1892, pp. 1-20. This article of Mr. Chap-man's is a most excellent one, and discusses the question of the relationshij) of thethree forms with a detail which is impossible here. It should be carefully read bythose who desire further information on the subject.^Whatever the general color of the head, neck, and chest, the anterior portion ofthe head is usually more bluish than the posterior portion, but occasionally the neckand chest are bluer than the head; the color is rarely, if ever, uuiforni throughout.
216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(285.2); wing, 137.7-146.8 (143.8); tail, 129.5-139.7 (135.6); cuimen,from base, 32.5-36.3 (33.8); depth of bill at base, 12.2-13.7 (13); tarsus,34.3-38.4 (36.6); middle toe, 25.1-26.7 (25.7).'Adult female.?Decidedly smaller than the male and much duller mcolor, the metallic hues more subdued, sometimes very faint; length(?kins), 236.2-256.5 (251.7); wing, ] 22.4-133. 9 (127.8); tail, 101.6-122.7 (112); cuimen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (29.2); depth of bill at base,11.9-13 (12.4); tarsus, 32.8-36.1 (34.3); middle toe, 22.1-25.4(23 4).^Young.?Uniform sooty, rather paler below, where sometimesshowing indistinct streaks of darker.Atlantic coast district of United States, east of Alleghenies; northto lower Hudson Valley and northern shores of Long Island Sound;breeding south to uplands of Alabama (Greensboro, Anniston, Coosada,etc.), Georgia, and the Carolinas, to Virginia (?) along the coast; occa-sional on western side of Alleghenies, in eastern Tennessee (RoaneCounty, March, April).[Gracuki] quiscula Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 (based on Monedulapurpurea CsXeshx , Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 12, etc., "America septentrionale);"ed. 12, i, 1766, 165.?Gmklin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 397.?Latham, Index Orn., i,1790, 191.Gracula quwcola Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 44, pi. 21, fig. 4.Chl^alcophanes'] quiscalus Cabanis, Mus. H^in., i, 1851, 196.Stumus quiscala Daudin, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 316.Q\uiscaluif\ quiscula JORDAH, Man. Vert. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 93.Quiscalus quiscula American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 511.
?
Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 318 (Roane Co,, Tennessee, Mar., Apr.
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Brewster. Auk,vii, 1890, 208 (Charleston, South Carolina, 1 spec. Nov. 30).?Chapman, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 3 (descr. ; geog. range; crit. ).
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Bendire, LifeHist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 497, pi. 7, figs. 21-23.?Young, Auk, xiii, 1896,283 (Hazleton, Pottsville, and Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, breeding).Q\_ukcalas'] quiscula Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 488 ("NorthAmerica"); Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 171, pi. 108.
?
Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1825,45, pi. 5, fig. 1; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 54; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,28.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 194, part.
?
Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 35, part, pi. vii, fig. 1; v, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839,146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 58, part, pi. 221.? (?) Swainson,Anini. in Menag., 1838, 298.?Haldemann, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841,54.
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 555, part (Carlisle, Pennsyl-vania; Washington, District of Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 421,part.?SolATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (e. United States); Ibis, 1884, 154,part (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part.
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Coues, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina).?Turnbull, Birds E. Penn.and N. J., 1869, 25 (Mar. to Nov.).{^Quiscalus} versicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.Gracula barila (not of Linnseus) Ord, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 254.(?) Qul^iscalusl nitens Lichtenstein, Yerz. Doubl., 1823, 18.(?) Quiscalus purpuralus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 298 (North America).
^Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217Qluiscalus'] purpuralm Bonaparte, C'Onsp. Av., i, 1850, 424.Quiscalus purpiireus {not oiWoodhoum, 1853) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1866, 403, part (ex Gracula -purpim'a Bartram, Trav. Florida, 1791, 290,=nomen nudum).?Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133 (crit.)
;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 183, 278; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 278.?CouEs, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 335; Birds N. W.1874, 203, part (in synonymy).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214, part, pi. 37, fig. 1.
?
Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad.,iv, 1877, 46 (Connecticut, summer resid. ).
?
Maynard, Birds E. N. Am.,1881, 148 part.?Warren, Rep. Penn. Board Agric. for 1883, 214-217 (habits,food, etc. )
.
IQuiscalus] purpureus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part.Qluiscalus} purpureus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413.IQuiscalus purpureus] var. purpureus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-way's Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213.[Quiscalus inirpureus.'] Yar. purpureus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway", Hist. N-Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 215.IQuiscalus purpureus] a., purpureus Coues, Birds, N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy).(?) Quiscalus purpureus var. aglieus (not Quiscalus aglums, Baird?) Brown, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, xllabama, resident)
.
Q[uiscalus] versicolor typicus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, intext.[Quiscalus versicolor] a. Subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,395, in list of. specimens (Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia).QUISCALUS QUISCULA AGLIEUS (Baird).FLORIDA GRACKLE.Similar to Q. q. quiscula^ but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet),and coloration far less variable; adidt male with color of head, neck,and chest varying- from dark purplish l^ronze to violet (the head usuallymore bluish); back, scapulars, and sides of breast dark olive-green ordull bottle green, often nearly uniform, but always with at least con-cealed bars of other metallic hues; rump varying from purplish bronzeto violet, usually more or less spotted with steel blue, bronze, etc.
;
abdomen and under tail-coverts dark violet, sometimes mixed with darkblue; prevailing color of wings varying from violet-purple to steel blue(the color most pronounced on greater coverts and secondaries), themiddle and lesser coverts more or less barred with various metallichues (as in Q. q. quiseula).Adult male.?length (skins), 276.9-297.2 (285.2); wing, 129-135.9(133.1); tail, 116.1-128.5 (121.2); cidmen, from base, 31-35.1 (33.3);depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (13); tarsus, 35.6-37.3 (36.6); middletoe, 24.1-26.7 (25.4).^Adultfe7nale.?hength (skins), 233.7-261.6 (250.2); wing, 116.6-124.5(119.1); tail, 100.8-111 (106.2); culmen, from base, 29.2-31.2 (30.2);
' Ten specimens.
218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.depth of bill at base, lO.T-13 (11.0); tarsu.s, 33.3-34.8 (33.8); middletoe, 21.8-23.6 (22.9).'Peninsula of Florida, along- the Gulf coast to Louisiana (Mandeville,New Orleans, St. James Parish, Jefferson Parish, West Baton RougeParish, etc.), and along the more southern Atlantic coast to SouthCarolina (to Virginia!^).'(?) lOriolus] ludoridanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 387 (based on Cassique, dela Louisiane, Daubenton, PI. Enl. pi. 046; = albinotic specimen, probablyof this form).(?) Ch[alcophanes'] purpuratus (not Quiscalus purpuratus Swainson?) Cabanis,Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 1851, 196 (Georgia).Quiscalus boritus (not Gracula barita Linnseus) Bated, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 556 (Key Biscayne and Cape Florida, s. Florida), 925 (IndianKey, s. Florida); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 32; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 422.Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 146, part.
?
Taylor,Ibis, 1862; 129 (Florida).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394,part.Quiscalus aglxus Baird, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, ser. 2, xli, 1866, 84 (s. Florida;coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 404(monogr.).
?
Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 135 (crit.).
?
Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 37, fig. 2.[^Quisculus purpureus.'] Var. aglsnis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 161.Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. agheus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 225a.[Quiscalus purpureus] var. agelaius Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway'sHist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 203.[Quiscalus jjurpureus.] Var. aglieus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 221.[Quiscalus purpureus'] c. agheus Coves, Birds N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy).Quiscalus purpureus aglxus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,183; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1882, no. 278?.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,no. 337.Quiscalus quiscula aglxus Ste.tneger, Auk, ii, Jan. 1885, 43, footnote.
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 511a.
?
Fisher, Auk, v, 1888,113 (New Orleans, Louisiana, summer).
?
Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 208(Charleston, South Carolina, breeding).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,
^ Five specimens.Louisiana specimens are larger than those from Florida, with decidedly longerbills; but they must either be referred to the same form or recognized as a fourthsubspecies. In coloration they agree very closely with Florida examples. Averagemeasurements of the two series are as follows:
Locality.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2191888, 174 (New Orleans).?Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 321 (Tarpon Springs, PuntaRassa, upi:)er Caloosahatchie R., and Key West, s. Florida, breeding).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 5 (descr.; crit.).
?
Wayne, Auk,xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding.)
?
Bendire, Life Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 500, pi. 7, figs. 24, 25.?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.,for 1897-'99 (1900), 106 (Louisiana, lireeding).Q[uiscalus'] quiscula aglinis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380.(?) Quiscalus qniscula (not Gracula quiscula Linnjeus?) Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss.Val., 1888, 174 (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, breeding).
?
Beyer,Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-'99 (1900), 106 (breeding in Baton Rougeand St. Tammany Parishes, Louisiana).Qluiscalus'} plurpureusl aglsens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 414.Quiscalus versicolor aglseus Sclater, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, 1884, 154 (monogr. ); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, in text.Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse, 1853) Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii,1871, 291, excl. syn. part (e. Florida; crit.).?(?) Langdon, Journ. Cine.Soc. N. A., 188], 150 (West Baton Rouge, Louisiana, breeding).
?
Maynard,Birds E. N. Am. 1881, 148, part.QUISCALUS QUISCULA ^ENEUS Ridgway.BRONZED GRACKLE.Differing from both Q. q. quiscala and Q. q. aglceus in the perfectlyuniform bronze color of the entire bodj' (except chest), and whollyunbarred bronze or purplish Ijronze wing-coverts; about the size ofthe former.Adult male.?Head, neck, and chest varying in color from greenishblue to purple, the neck and chest sometimes brassy green; rest of theplumage perfectly uniform bronze or brassy olive, becoming morepurplish on wings and tail; the lesser wing-coverts uniform brassy oliveor bronze, and neither these nor the middle coverts ever marked withbars of other metallic tints; length (skins), 276.9-317.5 (297.7); wing,136.7-153.2 (131.9); culmen, from base, 30.7-33.5 (32.3); depth of billat base, 12.7-11 (13); tarsus, 35.6-37.8 (36.8); middle toe, 21.1-26.9(25.4).^Adultfemale.?Similar to the male, l)ut decidedly smaller and muchduller in color; length (skins), 235-269.2 (254.8);" wing, 122.7-131.6(126.5); tail, 105.7-113.3 (110.7); cidmen, from base, 28.7-31.2 (29.7);depth of bill at base, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 31.5-34.8 (33.8); middletoe, 22.6-23.9 (23.1).'Temperate North America east of Rocky Mountains, except Atlanticcoast district from shores of Long Island Sound southward and the Gulfcoast from Florida to Louisiana; breeding from Massachusetts,^ New
' Ten specimens.
'' Eight specimens.
* Many, if not all, specimens from the coast of Massachusetts are more or less inter-mediate between this form and the true Q. quiscida, the breeding range of whichthere adjoins that of Q. q. leneus.
220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.York,' western Peiuisylvunia, the Ohio VuUey (including western ^^^^stVirginia and greater portion of Kentucky and Tennessee), central Ala-bama (i), northern Mississippi and Louisiana, Texas (Bexar, Cook,Navarro, and Harris (?) counties), northward to New Brunswick, NovaScotia, southern Newfoundland, southern Labrador, Great Slave Lake,and Prince Albert, Northwest Territory; west to base of Rock}" Moun-tains in eastern New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming (west to FortBridger), Montana, etc. During migrations, an occasional stragglerto the Atlantic coast district from Maryland southward.Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831,35, part, pi.7; V, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv,1842, 58, part, pi. 221.?Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 285.?Nut-T.\LL, Man. Orn. V. S. and Can., i, 1832, 194, part.?Haymond, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana) .?Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 555, part (Iowa; Red R., Manitoba; localities in Nebraska,Kansas, etc.), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.421, part.?Willis, Smithsonian Rep. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia).?Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).
?
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 83 (bet. LakeW^innipeg and Hudson Bay).
?
Samuels, Birds New Engl., 1864, 10.
?
Coues,Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 285 (Lynn, Massachusetts).?Sxow, Birds Kansas,1873, 8.?Maynard, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1878, 375 (Maine; NewHampshire; Massachusetts). Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 154, part (monogr. ); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part.{?) Chlalcophatie.^'] cfre/co/or Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196.Quiscalus purpureus Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. R.,1853, 79 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico; "California"). Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 403, part (ex frracula purpitren Bartram, =nomen nudum).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; Birds N. W., 1874,203, part.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas), 138(Fort Hays, w. Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 61 (Fort Rice,North Dakota; mouth of Tongue R., Heart R., and Yellowstone R., e. Mon-tana).
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8.
?
Langdon, Birds Cincinnati,1877, 10; rev. ed., 1879, 11.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176(Upton, Maine; descr. young).?McChesney, Bull. LT. S. Geol. and Geog.Surv. Terr.,v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Apr. to Oct.) .?Rathbun,Rev. List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 22 (summer resid.).
?
Scott, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (w. Missouri).
?
Covert, Annot. List Birds, etc.,Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 182.?Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vi, 1881, 231 (Fulton Chain, n. e. New York) ; vii, 1882, 237 (Point du Monts,prov. Quebec, Canada) .?Hatch, Ninth An. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv.Mimi., 1881, 396 (Minnesota).?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am. 1881, 148, part.?Cha.mberlain, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick,summer resid.).
?
Hoffman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxi, 1882, 400 (FortBerthold, North Dakota).? (?) Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92(Memphis, Tennessee; Vicksburg, Mississippi ) .? (?) Beckham, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 162 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).
?
Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy.Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding; habits).IQuiscalm'] purpureus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part.
' Except the lower Hudson Valley.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221Qluiscalus] purpureus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 62 (Union Co., Illinois).
?Boies, Cat. Birds S. Mich., 1875, no. 94.Quiscaius a-iteus 'RiDGWAY,'Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 134 (MountCarmel, Wabash Co., s. e. Illinois; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Brewer, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (New England).?Jouy, Field and Forest, ii,1877, 156 (District Columbia, casual).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv,1892, 3 (descr. ; geog. range; crit.).
?
Brimley, Auk, xi, 1894, .333 (Raleigh,North Carolina, 2 specs., Nov. 14).[Quiscalus purpureus'] var. aeneus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 203.IQuiscalus jmrpureus.'] Var. aneus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 218.[Quiscalus purpureus'] b. leneus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 203, in synonymy.Quiscalus purpureus, var. xneus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 170,in text (Fort Bridger, Wyoming), 184, 192 (Colorado).Qluiscalus] purpureus, var. xneus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e.Illinois, summer res. )
.
Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. ,T?ei/.s Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv.,1873 (1874), 65 (Denver, Colorado, May 14). Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding).Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. aeneus Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,1875, 324 (Denver).Quiscalus purpureus .rneus Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,1878, 606 (Pembina, North Dakota, to Rocky Mts.); Check List., 2d ed.,1882, no. 336.?Roberts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Jan. 1880,15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breeding).
?
Ridgway, Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 278^>.?Langdon, Journ., Cine. Soc. N. H., 1880,125 (Brookville, Indiana, Dec, Jan., Feb.).
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vi, 1881, 181 (carnivorous habits).
?
Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vii, 1882, 149 (upper St. Johns R., Maine and New Brunswick, breed-ing).?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, Texas,breeding abundantly).
?
Chamberlain, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. NewBruns., 1882. 42 (New Brunswick, summer resident).Q[uiscalus] p\_urpureus] peneus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413.Q[u'iscalus] versicolor, var. xneus Ridcjway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 375(Illinois).Quiscalus versicolor icneus Ridgway, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus., iii, Sept. 4, 1880, 218.
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 154.Quiscalus qukcula seneus '&>T'E3^'E(i'EK, Auk, ii,Jan., 1885, 43, footnote.
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 511ft.?Fox, Auk, iii, 1886,319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee).
?
Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 291 (Tom Greenand Concho counties, Texas, not breeding).
?
Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 302(Bayou Sara, Louisiana, Apr.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (SanAntonio and Beeville, Texas, winter).
?
Loomis, Auk, v, 1888, 113 (ChesterCo., South Carolina, 2 specimens, Nov.); viii, 1891, 167 (do., Nov. 1 to Feb.).Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 174 (wintering regularly n. to s. Illinois,occasionally to Minnesota; dates, etc.).
?
Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,326.?Clarke, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay).?Palmer(W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (St. Johns, Newfoundland).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 582 (Manitoba; habits).?Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).
?
Rhoads,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (San Antonio, breeding). Nutting,Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 274 (Grand Rapids and Chemawawin,
222 KULLKTIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.lower SasTcatchewan, very abundant).?Dwigiit, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (PrinceEdward I., breeding).?Todd, Auk, x, 1898, 39 (Indiana and Clearfieldcounties, w. Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Bkimlky, Auk, x, 1893,242 (Bun-combe Co., North Carolina, Mar. 16; Raleigh, Nov. 26).?De.vcon, Biol.Rev. Ontario, i, 1894,69 (Prince Albert, Northwest Territory, very aht.,breeding; descr. nest and eggs).?Tuoknk, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh,Montana, breeding).
?
Piers, Trans. Nova Scot. Inst. Sci., ser. 2, i, 1895, 407(Nova Scotia, rare). Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 501, pi. 7,tigs. 26, 27 (eggs).?Baily, Auk, xiii, 1896, 294 (Elk Co., w. Pennsylvania,breeding).
?
Cooke, Birds Col., 1897, 95 (Colorado, summer resid. e. ofmts.).
?
Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 135 (Spruce belt, AVest Virginia).?Beyer,Proc, Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 106 (breeding near Madisonville,St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana).Qluiscaiua] quiscula :cneus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380.[Quiscalus versicolor] b. Subsp. xnea Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,395, in list of specimens (Pembina, Dakota; Fort Dufferin, and Fort Simp-son, Brit. America; "Arctic America").Quiscalus qmscula (not Gracula quiscula I.,inn;eus) Brittaix and Cox, Auk, v,1889, 117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick).
?
Hatch, Birds Minnesota,1892, 288.?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 304, part, pi. 17,fig. 6. Genus HOLOQUISCALUS Cassin.{?)Scaphi<Iirnts (not of Swainson, 1827) Swainsox, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,App. 1,494. (Type, " Oriolus niger Anct. ," i. e., of Boddaert?)'Holoquiscalus Cassin, Proc.' Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 404. (Type,Cracula baritn Linnseus,= Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin?)Medium-sized or rather small semiterrestrial Icteridas with plicatetail ^ (dec/idcdly shorter than wing and oraduated for much less thanone-third, usually less than one-fourth, its length), and with the medianpalatal ridge beveled off anteriorly.Bill about as long as head, elongate-conical, with tip more or lessdecurved, its depth atba.se much less than one-half the exposed culmen,little if any more (usually slightly less) than half the distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width a little less; culmen nearlystraight to near tip, where more or less strongh' decurved, the basalportion sometimes slightly elevated and arched; the culmen ridged,the ridge narrow but rounded; gonys nearl}^ straight, slightly butdecidedlj^ shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium more
' The characters given apply only in part to tliis genus. This citation of Sraphidu-rus Swainson is placed by Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, p. 329) under Cas-sidix, but while the description of the bill in Swainson's diagnosis applies wellenough to Cassidix, the phrase "tail graduated, boat-shaped," certainly does not, butevidently does to a member of the Quiscaline grou]).
''In If. gnndlacliii, at least, the tail is said to be "permanently keeled; that is, iswedge-shaped even when the bird is at rest. In flying it is expanded vertically, andmeasures 4 to 5 inches in depth at the tip. This gives them a most ludicrous ajjpear-ance, which is heightened by their fluttering, labored flight. Indeed, when on thewing they resendjle miniature flying machines." (Cliapman, Bull. Am. Mus., iv,1892, p. 306.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMFRICA. 223
or less concave terminally, straight or slightly convex in middle,slightly but sometimes rather abruptly deflexed for the rictal portion;mandibular tomium straight in middle portion, more or less decurvedor convex terminally, more or less strongly deflexed basally; medianpalatal ridge beveled anteriorly (as in Megaquiscalus). Nostril ratherlarge, broadl}" ovoid, obtusely pointed anteriorly, posteriorly in con-tact with feathering of the loral antia?, overhung by a broad and dis-tinct membranous or subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (a littleless to a little more than four times as long as culmen, about three andone-fourth to three and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), its tipmoderately produced (by less than two-thirds to nearly as long as cul-men), rounded; ninth (outermost) primarj^ intermediate between sixthand fifth or between fifth and fourth, the eighth and seventh orseventh and sixth longest; three or four outer primaries with innerwebs distinctly emarginated and ver}^ broad anterior to the emargina-tion. Tail decidedly shorter than wing (a))out equal to distance frombend of wing to end of longest secondaries), plicate (as in Qtdscalusand Ji/^;^a/^?^/6'cr/Zw,?), moderately graduated (graduation less than lengthof culmen and little, if any, more than one-fourth the length of middlerectrices), the inner webs not longer than the outer. Tarsus decidedlylonger than culmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, withclaw, equal to or shorter (sometimes decidedly shorter) than tarsus;lateral toes with claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw;hallux equal in length to lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedlyshorter than the digit; claws moderately to rather strongly curved,acute.Coloration.?xVdult males entirely gloss}" black (the gloss violet orbluish, more greenish on wings and tail); adult females similar tomales in species of the Greater Antilles, more or less diflerent (morebrownish, often quite pale below) in species of the Lesser Antilles andnorthern South America.Range.?West Indies; northern coast of South America.This mainly West Indian genus, being definable by structural char-acters, seems sufficientl}^ distinct from both Quiscalus and Megaquis-calus to warrant its recognition. From Quiscalus it differs conspicu-ously in the form of the median palatal ridge, which, instead of beinghighest, truncate, and angular anteriorly, is slanted or beveled offanteriorly and highest in the middle, as in Megaquiscalus ; straightercommissure; inner webs of primaries much broader in middle portion(except in South American species); the middle toe and claw as longas the tarsus (in typical species) instead of decidedly shorter; l)esideswhich the adult males are plain blue-black or violet-black, and thefemales, in some species, very differently colored from the males. Inrespect to the shape of the palatal ridge, the narrower bill withstraighter commissure, and the uniform blue or violet-black coloration
!2lM HrLLETIN "H), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.and (except in ^onie species) very difl'ercnt coloration of the sexes,there is greater resembhmce to Mef/aquiscahis than to Quiscahis, butthe points of diti'erence from the former are suflRciently numerous.The tail is relatively shorter and far less o-ruduated than in Jfq/a-(/uiscalus^ the difference in length between lateral and median rectricesamounting t(^ little, if any. more (usually less) than one-fourth of thelength of the middle rectrices, instead of between one-third and one-half their length; the tarsus is shorter compared with tiie middle toe;the inner webs of the primaries nuich l)roader in the middle or justbeyond the middle portion, the eighth, seventh, sixth, and fifth havingtheir inner webs nnich broader at that portion inuuediately precedingthe simiation.*On the whole, JI(>/o<ji(ii<va/i(^ may be considered as a fairly wellcharacterized genus, in some respects intermediate in structure betweenQuf'sv((h/.'< and Jf((/(i(jtn\'?'(7/fh'^. but much nearer to the latter, and nearlyconnected with it by the more or less intermediate southern species ofthe two groups (//. liKjithrlx, II. Insulariff, and J/. nicarague7iMs).KEY TO THE SI'ECIES OK llOI-OQClt^CA I.IS.
a. Color uniform black (with or without violet, bluish, or greenish gloss).h. Wing more than 109 mm. (or else eulmen, from Ixise, more than L'7.9).
c. Wing not less than 14".iL Head, neck, and body distinctly glossed with violet, the wings and tailwith bluish green; bill strongly decurved at tip.
?. Culmen, from base, 35.6-4l\6 (averaging 37.3), the hill more slender;violet gloss more distinct. (Cuba.)Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult male (p. 226)ee. Culmen', from base, 33-35.0 (averaging 34.."i i, the bill stouter; violet glossless distinct. (Jamaica. ) .Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult male (p. 227)(/(/. Head, neck, and body with very faint or scarcely perceptible violet gloss;wings anil tail without distinct, if any, greenish gloss; tip of bill veryslightly decurved. (Haiti.) Holoquiscalus niger, adult male (p. 228)cc. Wing not more than 134.0.d. Plumage not distinctly, if at all, glossed.i\ Culmen, from base, 32.5 or more.Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult female (p. 226)ee. Culmen, from base, not more than 30.S./. Bill stouter, distinctly decurved at tip.
'/. Wing, 127.5-130 Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult female (p. 227)
;/;/. Wing, 108.7-116.3. . .Holoquiscalus brachypterns, adult female (p. 227)f. Bill more slender, very slightly decurved at tip.Holoquiscalus niger, adult female (p. 228)dd. riumage distinctly glossed with violet or bluish (more greenish on wingsand tail).
e. Wings glossed, more or less, with greenish; t-ulmen decidedly decurvedterminallv.
' This character is not entirely diagnostic, a single species of Megaquiscalus {M.nictiragiiensis) having the inner webs of the longer primaries of exactly the sameshape, even to a greater degree, while one species of Ifoloiiniscalus (H. litgubris) hasthe imier webs of normal form, as in Qui!icalu--< and typical }fegaquiscciJus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225
/. Wing iKjt lews than 129.5 (129.5-134.6).g. Head, neck, and body glossed with violet or i)nri)li8h violet; wingsvery faintly glossed with greenish; tip of bill more decurved.(Porto Rico.) Holoquiscalus brachypterus, adult male (p. 228)gg. Head, neck, and body glosf^cd with violet-bluish; wings .stronglyglos.sed with greenish; tip of bill les^s decurved. (< irand Cayman.
)
Holoquiscalus caymanensis, adult male (p. 229)/?. Wing less than 129.5 (117.6-127.5).g. Culmen, from base, more than 83 (35.6 or more). (Grenada.)Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult male (p. 232)gg. Culmen, from base, less than '.'>'.->.h. Wing more than 116.8.i. Larger (wing averaging 126, tail 107, culmen .30.9) . ( Santa Lucia.Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult male (p. 2.30)ii. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 121.9, tail 98.3, or cul-men 30.2).
;'. Bill relatively thicker, less decurved terminally.
/,-. Wing averaging 120.7. (Martinique.)Holoquiscalus martinicensis,' adult male (p. 231)kk. Wing averaging 121.9. (( iuadelouiu-.
)
Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult male (p 232)jj. Bill relatively more slender, more decurved terminally. (Mar-garita Island, Venezuela.
)
Holoquiscalus insularis, adult male (extralimital)''hh. Wing less than 116.8.i. Wing mcjre than 109.2 (110.2-115.6); bill more slender (depth atbase, 9.6-9.9). (Coast of Venezuela; (luiana; Trinidad; Tobago.)Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult male (extralimital)^a. Wing less than 109.2 (104.4-109); bill stouter (depth at base,10.9-11.7.) (Barbados.)Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult male (p. 229)ee. Wings (except edges of primaries) glossed with purple or violet; culmenvery slightly decurved at tip. (Habitat unknown.)Holoquiscalus rectirostris, adult male (p. 233)aa. Color not tiniform black ; if approaching black the color sooty and not at all glossed.h. Sooty black,
c. Wing 91.4-100.6, tail 76-78.7; bill very stout, its depth at base 9.9-11.4.Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult female (p. 230)cc. Wing 99.1, tail 79.7; bill slender, its depth at base 8.6.Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult female (extralimital)'bb. Grayish Vjrown above (paler anteriorly); beneath lighter brownish gray.
c. Under parts deep grayish brown, becoming light brownish gray on throat.d. Smaller, with more slender bill (wing 102.1, tail 80.3, culmen, from base,27.9, depth of bill at base 6.1
)
Holoquiscalus insularis, adult female (extralimital)^
^Although referred by most authors to H. inflexirostris, the Martinique bird is somuch more like that of Guadeloupe that its separation from the latter may not proveexpedient.
* Quiscalas insularis Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 675(Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Holoquiscalus insularis Ridg-way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.
^ Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 54c ("Brazil").
?
Holoquiscalus lugubris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.3654lr?VOL 2?01 15
226 RULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(i(L Larger, with stouter bill (wing 104.1, tail 8(S.O, cnlinen, from V)ase, 30.2,depth of bill at base 9.9) . .Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult female (p. 232)rr. Under parts light grayish brown, becoming Iniffy or whitish on throat.fl. Paler superciliary and malar stripes indistinct; throat pale broccoli brown.Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult female (p. 230)(!(I. Paler superciliary and malar stripes very distinct; throat pale grayish buffyor whitish.
e. Smaller, with larger feet and more slender bilP (wing averaging 105.4,tarsus 32.3, middle toe, 23.4, deptli of bill at base 9.4).Holoquiscalus martinicensis, adult female (j>. 231)ee. Larger, with smaller feet and stouter l)ilP (wing averaging 106.7, tarsus31.7, middle toe 22.9, depth of bill at base 10.2).Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult female (j). 232)HOLOQUISCALUS GUNDLACHII iCassin).CUBAN GRACKLE.Adult hta/e.?Head, neck, l)ody, and .smaller wino--coverts uniformglos.sA' violet-black, the glos.s becoming more blue on tail-coverts;wings and tail black, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries .stronglyglossed with bluish green, the primaries and rectrices more faintl}'glossed with the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown ^; length(skins), i^79.4-288.3(2S3.2); wing, l-i8.t>-154.9 (150.6); tail, 124.7-132.6(129.3); calmen. from base, 3.5.()-l:1.4 (37.3): depth of bill at base,12.2-12-7 (12.4); tarsus, 38.6-41.4 (39.9); middle toe, 28.5-30 (29.2).'Adult female.?Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller, the glossto the plumage less pronounced and bluish rather than violet; length(skins), 231.1-264.2 (252.2); wing, 118.9-133.4 (127); tail, 99.1-116.8(108.5); culmen, from base, 32.5-32.8 (32.5); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 33.5-36.6 (35.3); middle toe, 22.9-25.1 (24.4).*Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles, including adjacent islands of LittleCayman, Cayman Brae, and Isle of Pines.Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, 1827, 442(Cuba).Quiscalus harytwi (not Gracula barita Linn;eus) D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist.Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 120, pi. 18.Quiscalus baritusTHiEVEMANV, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 151.Ch\_alcophunes'] baritus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 197, excl. syn.(Cuba)('halcophanes baritus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 15.Calcophanes baritus Brewer, Proi-. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.Quiscalus gundlachii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 18tJ6, 406(Cuba; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 226; Birds W. L,1889, 113.
' Since these differences of proportions do not appear in measurements of males ofthe two forms they probably will prove inconstant in case of females, and thereforenot to be relied on.
^ "Irides hazel"; J. H. Riley, manuscript.^Five specimens.
* Three specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 227[Qmscalufi] gundlachii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6527.Quisccdus gundlachl Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 398 (San Cristobal, Cuba).?Cory, Auk, vi, 1888, 31 (Cayman Brae);Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, iii, 129, 147 (Cuba; Little Cayman; CaymanBrae) .?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,iv, 1892,306 (Cuba; habits; notes).IQuiscalus} gundlachl Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.Chalcojyhanes gundlachn GvTsiDhAcn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 135.[^Quiscalus harittis'] var. gundlachl Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 213.Holoquiscaivs gnndlachil Ripgway, Proe. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.HOLOQUISCALUS JAMAICENSIS (Daudin).JAMAICAN CRACKLE,Similar in coloration to 11. gimdlachii^ but smaller and with thebill .shorter and relatively much thicker.AduUniale.^l^engih (skins), 279.^294.6(286.3); wing, 147.3-152.4(149.4); tail, 124.5-129 (126.7); culmen, from base, 33-35.6 (34);depth of bill at base, 12.7-14.2 (13.2); tarsus, 39.4-41.4 (39.6); middletoe, 25.9-28.5 (26. 9).
^
AdvUfemale.?Length (skins), 226.1-274.3 (240.5); wing, 127.5-130(128.8); tail, 103.9-113.8 (109.7); culmen, from base, 28.2-30.7 (29.2);depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 32-36.1 (34.8); middletoe, 20.1-24.6 (23.4).Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.(?) \_Gracula\ 6arito Linn/eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 ("America"; no refer-ences); ed. 12, i, 1766, 165 (cites Icterus nlger Brisson, Av.,ii, p. 103, pi. 10,fig. 1; Monedida tai<( nigra Sloane, Jam. ii, 299, pi. 257, tig. 2).
?
Gmelin, Syst.Nat, i, 1788, 396.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191.?Wagler, Syst. Av.,1827, Graeula, sp. 4.Qulscalus barltus YiEihhOT, Nom. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487.
?
Cassin,Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S66, 405 (monogr.).[Qulscalus'] baritus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Antilles).
?
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no.[Quisccdus barltus] var. baritus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 213.Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin, Traite d' Orn., ii, 1800, 317 (based on Merops nlger,Iride subargentea, Brown, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 476)
.
Holoquiscalus jamaicensis JiiJiGway , Proe. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Quiscalus crassirostrls Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 355 (Jamaica; coll. W.Hooker).?GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 217; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 53.?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359; Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 398 (Metcalfe Parish and Spanishtown, Jamaica).^Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.?March, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1863, 298.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr.) ; Birds W. I.,1889, 111 (do.) ; Cat. W. I Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 130.?Scott, Auk, x, 1893,179 (notes, etc.).?Field, Auk, xi, 1894, 126.[Qulscalus] crassirostrls Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Jamaica). Sclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.
^ Four specimens.
228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Q [?y.sca?w.s] c-rnf^sirodris Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103.(?) Sclaphidurus} crassirustris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426 (Jamaica?).(?) " Quiscalus vulgaris TEMMmcK, Tabl. M^h., 1838, 10."HOLOQUISCALUS NIGER (Boddaert).HAITIAN GRACKLE.Similar to II. gundlaehl/', Itut smaller and with the violet gloss tothe plumage much less pronounced, the gloss on greater wing-covertsand secondaries dull violet-bluish instead of green.^^^/i^ma/.^?Length (skins), 248.9-281.9 (268.2); wing, 122.J-137.9(132.1); tail, 106.7-125 (116.8); culmen, from base, 34-35.1 (34.5);depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.1-37.6 (36.1); middletoe, 23.4-27.2 (25.9).'Adult female.?Length (skin), 241.3; wing, 118.6; tail, 102.9; cul-men, from base, 27.4; tarsus, 32.5; middle toe, 24.1.^Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.Oriolus niger Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 31 (based on Troupiale noir, de St.Domingne, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 534).'
?
Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 185.Icterus niger Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 48.Algelaius'] niger Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 718.Quiscalus niger Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 407 (monogr. ; Jeremie,Haiti).?ScLATER, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birdn Brit. Mns., xi, 1886,398.?Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 73, pi. 22, fig. 1; Auk, iii, 1886,226; Birds W. I., 1889, 113; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 131.?Cherrie,Contr. Orn. St. Domingo, 1896, 17.\_Qui^calus'\ niger Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6529.
?
Cory, List BirdsW. I., 1885, 14.\_Quiscahis haritus'] var. niger Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 213.Holoquiscalus niger Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Quiscalus ater "Baird" Bryant, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (SantoDomingo).?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti).?Tristram,Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).HOLOQUISCALUS BRACHYPTERUS (Cassin).PORTO RICAN GRACKLE.Similar in coloration to II. niger ., but averaging slightly larger andwith the bill shorter and more strongly decurved terminally andmuch more compressed; iris l)right yellow.^Adult ma^e.?Length (skins), 261.6-299.7 (272.8); wing, 130-134.6(132.3); tail, 114.6-120.4 (117.6); culmen, from base, 33-33.5 (33.3);depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.8-37.8 (36.8); middletoe, 25.7-27.7 (26.4).^Adxdtfemale.?I^^n^ih (skins), 233.5-259.1 (242.8); wing, 108.7-116.3(112.5); tail, 92.7-102.1 (97); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.8 (30.2);
^ Five specimens. ^ One specimen. * C. W. Richmond, manuscript.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229depth of bill at base, 0.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 33-33.8 (33.3); middletoe, 23.9-21.9 (21.1).^Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.Quiscalus baritus {not Graculabarita 'Linnseus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 168, part (PortoRico).Quiscalus crassirostris{not of Swainson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866,188, 254 (Porto Rico).?Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 188 (Porto Rico).?SuNDEVALL, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico).Quiscalus brachypterus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 406(Porto Rico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.)?Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 160 (monogr.); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 399.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224 (synonymy anddescr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 132.[Quiscalus'] brachypterus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6528.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Nona. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.[Quiscalus baritus'] var. brachypterus Baird, Brewer, and RiDCiWAY, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 213.Chalcophanes bracJiypterus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 177; Anal.Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 213.Holoquiscalus brachypterus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac Soc, iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Chalcophanes lugubris (not Quiscalus lugubris Swainson) Sundevall, Ofv. K.Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1?69, 598 (Porto Rico).HOLOQUISCALUS CAYMANENSIS (Cory).GRAND CAYMAN GRACKIE.Similar to Q. gundlachii but smaller, and the gloss violet-blue orblue, instead of violet, on head, neck, body, and smaller wing-coverts,bluish green, instead of blue, on tail-coverts, and more bronzy greenon greater wing-coverts and secondaries.Adult male.?Length (skin), 10.50; wing, 5.24; tail, 4.37; culmen,from base, 1.32; depth of bill at base, 0.46; tarsus, 1.41; middle toe,0.95.'Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles.Quiscalus caymanensis Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 499, 502 (Grand Cayman I.,Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291;Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129, 147.?Ridgway, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus.,X, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman).Holoquiscalus caymanensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.HOLOQUISCALUS FORTIROSTRIS (Lawrence).BARBADOS GRACKLE.Smallest species of the genus (wing not more than 109.2).Adult w?/<?.?Head, neck, and bod}' uniform violaceous-black, butslightly glossy; wings and tail greenish black, the bluish green glossmost perceptible on wings; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins),222.3; wing, 104.4-109.2 (107.4); tail, 91.7-92.5 (92.2); culmen, from
^ Five specimens. '^ One specimen.
230 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.base, 27.2-27.7 (27.4); depth of l)ill at base, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus,31.2-32.8 (32); middle toe. 21.6-22.6 (22.1).^Adult female.?Similar to the male, but smaller and duller in color,very faintl}" glossed, and with a brownish cast on head, neck, andchest; length (skins), 205.7; wing, 91.4-93.7 (92.5); tail, 75.7-78.7(77.7); culmen, from base, 25.1-25.4 (25.4); depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.2); middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (19.6).'Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.Quincalus fortiroKtris Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 360, 428 (Bar-bados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1873, 334'(Barbadoes); 1884, 161 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175 (Bar-badoes); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 400.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,223(synonymy and descr.) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 110 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 15, 111, 134, 146.\_Quiscalus'] fortirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6532.
?
Sclater and 8al-viN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.HoloquiscaluH fortirostris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.HOLOQUISCALUS INFLEXIROSTRIS (Swainson).SANTA LUCIA GRACKLE,Adult male.?Quite similar in coloration to II. gundlachii., but sizemuch less; length (skins), 241.3; wing, 121.9-127.8 (126); tail, 103.6-109.7 (106.7); culmen, from base, 30.5-31.8 (31); depth of bill at base(one specimen), 9.9; tarsus, 33.8-35.6 (34.5); middle toe, 25.4-27.2(26. 2).''^Adult female.?Very different from the male; pileum and hindneckdeep hair brown or olive, gradually darkening into sepia brown orolive-sepia on back and scapulars, the rump and upper tail-coverts darkolive-sepia; wings and tail duskj^ or sooty l)lackish with indistinct
.margins and edgings of sooty brown; under parts buff'y hair ])rown,darkening into gra^^ish olive on flanks and under tail-coverts, paler andmore buffy on throat and chin; malar region and an indistinct super-ciliary stripe similar in color to the throat or but slightl}' darker;length (skins), 228.6-241.3; wing, 107.2-110.5 (108.7); tail, 62.2-66.8(64.5); culmen, from base, 27.7-28.5 (28.2); depth of bill at base 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 31.8-33 (32.3); middle toe, 24.1.'Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; island of St. Vincent?^Quiscalus inflexirostris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300, fig. 52 (localityunknown).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 407 (monogr. ).
?
Semper,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 651 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles).
?
Scl.vtfr,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175, part (Santa Lucia); 1889, 305 (Santa Lucia);Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Santa Lucia; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
^ Three specimens.
^ Two specimens.*I have not been able to examine specimens from St. Vincent, and therefore amdoubtful as to the relationship of the birds of that island.
BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 231
401, part (Santa Lucia).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part (Santa Liicia); BirdsW. I., 1889, 111, part (do.); Cat- W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (SantaLucia; St. Vincent?).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130 (SantaLucia )
.
Qluiscalus'] inflexirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.[Quiscalus] inflexirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6525.?Sclater andSalvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Santa Lucia).?Cory, List BirdsW. I., 1885, 14, part.Holoquiscalus inflexirostris UivGWAY, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Quiscalus luminosus (not of Lawrence) Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clul), v, 1880,166 (Santa Lucia).Quiscalus lugubris (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 271(Santa Lucia).
?
Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 650 (Santa Lucia;habits)
.
(?) Quiscalus.n.xwRESCK, Pro(^ U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 187S, 191 (St. Vincent).HOLOQUISCALUS MARTINICENSIS Ridgway.MARTINIQUE GRACKLE.Similar to IL infle.vm>.'<f/'is, but smaller and with stouter bill; adultfemale with head and under parts paler, the chin and throat nearlywhite. (Similar in color to the same sex of II. guadeloicpe?isis.)Adult male.?hen^th (skins), 228.6-259.1 (2-l:3.8)-, wing, 119.4-124 (120.7); tail, 93.2-101.9 (98.3); culmen, from base, 29.2-32(30.2); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 31.2-35.1 (33.6);middle toe, 24.9-25.7 (25.1).^Adidtfemale.?l^ength i^kins), 205.7-226.1 (215.9); wing, 102.4-108.5 (105.4); tail, 83.8-85.6 (84.6); culmen, from base, 26.2-27.7(26.9);depthof bill at base, 8.9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 31.2-33.3 (32.3);middle toe, 22.9-23.9 (23.4.)2Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.Although hitherto referred to //. inflexirostris., this form is farmore closely related to II. guadeloupensis^ from which it scarcely dif-fers except in its slightl}^ shorter wing.(?) Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, Dec, 1866, 40'.("Mexico;" coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).-'
^ Four specimens.^Two specimens.
^ I have carefully examined and compared the type of Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin,but am unable to identify it positively with any of the known West Indian forms.It comes very close, indeed, to the present bird, and probaljly is the same; but theuncertainty as to the origin of the specimen (which, however, quite certainly didnot come from Mexico) renders the adoption of the inappropriate and misleadingname mexicanus highly undesirable. The only differences that I am able to detectbetween the type of Quiscalus mexicanus and specimens of H. martinicensis consist inthe somewhat more purplish gloss of the former and very slightly shorter wing (theother measurements being practically identical), the wing being 3.8 mm. shorter thanin the shortest winged H. martinicensis examined. The slight color difference mayeasily have been caused by long exposure to the light, the type of Q. mexicanushaving been for many years mounted.
232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swaiiison) Lawrenck, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,355, 487 (Martinique; habits; crit.).?Sclater, Vyov. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,175, part (Martinique); Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Martinique); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 401, part (Martinique) .?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part(Martinique); iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 111, part (do.);Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (Martinique).[Quiscalus] injiexirostris Sclater and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part(Martinique).?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part.Hologuiscalus rnartinicensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151(Martinique; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).HOLOQUISCALUS GUADELOUPENSIS (Lawrence).GUADELOTJPE GRACKLE.Similar to IT. 7)iartinicensis, but wing- averag-ing slightl}' longer.Adult ;?iaZd.?Length (skins), 238.8-261.6 (250.2); wing, 119.9-124.5(121.9); tail, 93.7-102.1 (9T.5); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.2 (30.2);depth of bill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 3tl-35.3 (34.8); middletoe, 25.4-26.2 (25.7).'Adultfe?nale.?Jjength. (skins), 199.7-241.3 (221.7); wing, 104.-t-109.2 (106.7); tail, 81.5-88.9 (85.9); culmen, from base, 25.9-27.9(26.9); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 31-33 (31.8); mid-dle toe, 22.6-24.1 (22.9).'Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; island of Marie Galante ? ^Quiscalus gnadeloupensis L.wvRE'NCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, Apr. 22, 1879, 457;(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1884,160 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 401.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,226 (synonymy and descr. ) ; viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 113(do.) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 147 (Guadeloupe; Marie Galante?).IQuiscalus] guadeloupensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.Hologuiscalus guadeloupensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.HOLOQUISCALUS LUMINOSUS (Lawrence).GRENADA GRACKLE.Adult male.?Similar to that of //. injiexirostris., H. martinicensis^and II. guadeloupensis., but the violet gloss to plumage of the head,neck, and body rather brighter and the bill much more slender; length(skins), 246.4-274.3(260.4); wing, 117.6-123.7 (120.7); tail. 103.4-104.1(103.6); culmen, from base, 35.6-35.8; depth of bill at base, 10.7;tarsus, 34.5-36.3 (35.3); middle toe, 23.6-24.9 (24.1).*Adult female.?Much darker than that of H. injiexirostris or aWies;^
^ Four specimens.
^Six specimens.
^ No specimens from Marie Galante seen by me.
* Two specimens.^The female of this species is decidedly darker than that of any other of the WestIndian forms in which the sexes are conspicuously different in color, more resemblingthat of //. i))sularis of ;Murgnrita Island, off the coast of Venezuela. The latter differsin smaller size and still more slender bill.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 233head and neck dark grayish brown (without distinct paler superciliarystripe), fading on chin and throat into brownish gray or grayish hairbrown, and on the back and other upper parts deepening into dark sootybrown; general color of under parts deep hair brown, becoming moredusky on flanks and under tail-cov^erts; length (skin), 235; wing, 104.1;tail, 88.9; culmen, from base, 30.2; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus,29.2; middle toe, 22.9.'Island of Grenada, and Grenadines, Lesser Antilles.Qmscalus luminosus Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, July, 1878, 162 (Gre-nada, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,270, 278, 487 (Grenada; Grenadines; habits, etc.); ix, 1886, 615 (Grenada;habits; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Ober, Camps in the Caribbees, 1880, 247.
?
ScLATER, Ibis, 1884, 161 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 402 (Gre-nada; Grenadines).-
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr.); BirdsW. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15.l^Quiscalus] luminosus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.Holoquiscalus luminosus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 146,part (Grenada).HOLOQUISCALUS RECTIROSTRIS (Cassin).STRAIGHT-BULED GRACKLE.Adult male.?Similar to the adult males of the West Indian forms,but with the bill very slender and almost perfectly straight (maxillaslightly decurved only at extreme tip), relativel}^ shorter tail, and pur-plish black wings; color uniform black, glossed with violet, becomingmore purplish on head and neck and changing to greenish on edges ofprimaries; length (skin), about Hi. 3; wing, 114.3; tail, 102.9; exposedculmen, 27.4; tarsus, 32. ^Habitat unknown.Quiscalus rectirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 409(locality unknown; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).IQuiscalus} rectirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6531.Holoquiscalus rectirostris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151.Genus MEGAQUISCALUS Cassin.Megaquiscalus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 409. (Type,Quiscalus major Vieillot.
)
Large or medium-sized semiterrestrial Icteridas, with bill about aslong as or slightly longer than head, narrow, more or less stronglydecurved at tip; tail nearly or quite equal to, sometimes longer than,
' One specimen.
- For these measurements I am indebted to Mr. Witmer Stone, Conservator of theOrnithological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Stone has carefully com-pared the type, in the collection under his charge, with examples of other species ofthe genus and pronounces it very distinct.
234 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
wing, plicate/ graduated for nearly one-third to nearly one-half itslength; sexes ver}" different in size and coloration, the adult malesgloss}' blue-black or violet-black, the wings and tail more greenish;adult females conspicuousl}^ smaller, brownish above, paler brown,buffy, or whitish below.Bill equal to or longer than head, slender, more or less (usuallystrongly) decurved at tip, compressed, its basal depth much less thanhalf the length of exposed culmen, its basal width about one-third aslong as exposed culmen, or less; culmen nearly straight for most ofits length, more or less (usuall}^ strongly) decurved terminally, themiddle portion sometimes slightly depressed, rounded, or forming arather flattened ridge; gonys nearly or quite straight, the tip usuallymore or less decurved, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissurenearly straight, but more or less decurved terminally, and rathera))ruptly but not strongly deflexed for the rictal portion. Nostrillongitudinal, obtusely pointed anteriorly, with broad superior opercu-lum, the posterior end touching feathering of frontal antiie. Wingmoderate (about three and a half to four times as long as culmen), thetip moderately produced (by much more than length of culmen andusually less than length of tarsus, never more), rather pointed; outer-most (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth and fifth, e{{ual tosixth, or equal to fifth; seventh and eighth, eighth, seventh, and sixth,or seventh and sixth primaries longest; three or four outer primariesvery faintly sinuated on inner wel)s (five more strongly sinuated inM. tenuirostris ?indi M. nicaragueihsis). Tail nearl}^ or quite equal towing, sometimes longer, strongly graduated (distance between tips oflateral and median rectrices between one-third and one-half the lengthof the latter), the rectrices broadest terminally, with inner webs decid-edly longer than the outer (except in M. tcnHh'<)i<trls). Tarsus long(more than one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, much longerthan culmen), its anterior scutella distinct (less so in M. tenuir<Mr!i<f)\middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus; outer toe with claw fallingdecidedly short of base of middle claw, the inner slightly longer, withits claw reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw; hallux decid-edly shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw shorter thanthe digit (nearly as long in M. tenuirostris)
.
Coloraticm.?Adult males glossy blue-black or violaceous-black, thewings and tail greenish black; adult females conspicuously smallerthan adult males, brownish above, paler brownish, tawny, butty, orwhitish beneath.7?rmr/t\?South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States southwardthrough Mexico and Central America to western Peru.
^ Transverse section of the tail V-shaped, as in Quiscalus and Holoquiscalus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MEGAQUISCALUS.
. Plumage glossy purplish black or dark steel blue, becoming violet anteriorly,more greenish on wings and tail (sometimes on posterior parts of body also).( Adult males.
)
b. Bill larger and stouter (culmen not less than 36.1, depth of bill at base not lessthan 12.7); plumage more highly glossed, the gloss violet only on head andneck, or on head, neck, and anterior portions of body. {Megaquiscalasmajor. )c. Tail much shorter than wing; violet color of anterior portions confined tohead, neck, and chest (wing averaging 182.4, tail 171). (South Atlanticand Gulf coasts of United States.
)
Megaquiscalus major major, adult male (p. 236)cc. Tail not much shorter than wing, sometimes longer; violet color of anteriorportions extending at least to upper back and upper breast.d. Tail averaging longer than wing; breast and anterior portion of sidesviolet.
e. Larger, with proportionally longer and more slender l)ill (wing averaging189, tail 217.2, culmen 44.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (SouthernTexas and through eastern Mexico ami Central America to northernColombia. ) Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult male (p. 238)ee. Smaller, with proportionally shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging180, tail 188, culmen 41.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (Coast of south-western Mexico, from State of Guerrero to Territory of Tepic.)Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult male (p. 241)dd. Tail averaging shorter than wing; breast and sides mostly steel blue.
e. Larger, with shorter and stouter bill (wing averaging 165.9, tail 163.6,culmen 38.6, depth of bill at base 12. 9). (Coast of western Mexico instate of Sinaloa. ) Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult male (p. 241)ee. Smaller, with longer and more slender bill (wing averaging 164.6, tail161, culmen 39.6, depth of bill at base 12.9). (Coast of northwesternMexico, in State of Sonora.
)
Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult male (p. 242)hb. Bill smaller and more slender (culmen not more than 34.3, depth of bill at basenot more than 10.2) ; plumage with a duller gloss of violet extending overentire under parts, back, and rump.c. Wing more than 165, tail 177.8 or more; bill much more slender terminally,with tip very slightly decurved; inner webs of primaries not conspicuouslywidened. (Valley of Mexico.)Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult male (p. 243)cc. Wing 127; tail not more than 139.7; bill but slightly tapering terminally,with tip strongly decurved; inner webs of primaries conspicuously widenedbeyond middle. (Interior of Nicaragua.
)
Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult male (p. 244)
<i. Plumage mainly dusky brown above, paler brown, tawny, buffy, or whitishbelow. (Adult females.)b. Larger (wing more than 127, tail more than 114); under parts l>rown (grayishbrown, buffy brown, cinnamon-brown, etc.).c. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back grayish brown, not conspicuously differ-ent from color of rump; bill distinctly decurved at tip.d. Larger, with relatively longer tail (wing averaging more than 143.5, tailaveraging more than 137.2); under parts darker, more grayish brown.
236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES^ NATIONAL MUSEUM.
p. Larger, with relatively longer and thinner bill (wing averaging 150, tail147.8, cnlmen 37.1, depth of liill at base 12.7); coloration much paler,under parts approximating hair brown, the chin and throat conspicu-ously paler and more 1mffy.Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult female (p. 238)ee. Smaller, with relative!}' shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 144,tail 138.2, culmen 34.5, depth of bill at base 11.9); coloration muchdarker, the under parts approximating deep broccoli brown or bistre,the chin and throat not conspicuously paler (l)roccoli brown or deepwood brown) Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult female (p. 241)dd. Smaller, with relatively shorter tail (wing averaging less than 143.5, tailaveraging less than 133); under parts paler, more ochraceous or buffybrown.
e. Larger (wing averaging 142.7, tail 129.5, culmen 37.1, tarsus 42).Megaquiscalus major major, adult female (p. 237)ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 135.9, tail less than 127, culmen lessthan 35.6, tarsus less than 40)./. Under parts ochraceous-brown ; larger, with shorter and stouter bill(wing averaging 134.9, tail 124.5, culmen 32.8, depth of bill at base11.7) Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult female (p. 241)ff. Under parts light wood ])rown; smaller, with longer and thinner bill(wing averaging 132, tail 122.9, culmen 34.3, depth of bill at base11.7) Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult female (p. 242)cc. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back rusty brown, conspicuously different fromcolor of rump; bill very slightly decurved at tip.Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult female (p. 243)hh. Smaller (wing 104, tail 101.(5); under parts dull whitish.Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult female (p. 244)1 have omitted from the key a supposed Colombian form of M.Tttajor {M. nutjor asswiilis^)., not having been able to examine aspecimen. MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MAJOR (Vieillot).BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE.Adult nnale.?Head and neck glossy dark violet, passing graduallyinto steel blue on the back and breast, this into dark bluish green onrump, abdomen, and flanks (duller on rump); lesser wing-coverts darksteel blue, the middle coverts green or bluish green; rest of wings,together with the tail, black, very fainth^ glossed with bluish green;thighs, anal region, and under tail-coverts black; bill, legs, and feetblack; iris brown.Imriiature male {Jii'st year).?Black above, more or less glossed withbluish green, sooty black below.
'Megaquiscalus major assimilis (Sclater).?Bogota Grackle.(?) Quisadus pernviatiKs Swainson, Anim. in Menag., pt. iii, Jan. 1, 1838, 354(Peru; coll. W. Swainson).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 412(crit.).(?) Q\_ul,'<r(dus'] peruvianas Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Peru).Quiscalus assimilis Sclatkk, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Bogota, Colombia; coll.P. L. Sclater); Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Colombia; w. Peru; nionogr.); Cat.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMHRICA. 237Adultfemale.?Pileum and hindneck sepia brown or bistre; rest ofupper parts dark soot}^ brown or blackish brown, faintly glossed withgreenish; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe of lighter buffybrown or brownish buff; beneath this a more or less distinct postocularstreak of duskj" brown; auricular region, sides of neck, chest, andsides light brownish (varying from broccoli brown to isabella color);chin, throat, and abdomen similar but paler; flanks, thighs, analregion, and under tail-coverts dusky brown.Young.?Similar to adult female, but browner and without glossabove and more bufl'y beneath, the abdomen, chin, and throat whitishor pale bufi:y, the chest cinnamon-buff.AcMt ;>?^/k?Length (skins), 365.8-393.7(381.5); wing, 175.8-189.2(182.4); tail, 162.1-186.4 (170.7); culmen, from base, 41.7-46 (43.7);depth of bill at base, 13.2-14.7 (14); tarsus, 49-54.6 (51.1); middletoe, 33-38.4 (35.3).^Adult female.? \j^xvgi\i (skins), 294.6-307.3 (302.3); wing, 133.4-146.1 (142.7); tail, 124.5-135.9 (129.5); culmen, from base, 34.8-38.4(37.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.9); tarsus, 40.1-43.7 (42.4);middle toe, 27.9-30.5 (28.5).-South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States (including whole ofFlorida); north to coast of Virginia (islands above Cape Charles), westto coast of Texas (where grading into M. m. macrourus).Graculaharita (not of Linnseus) Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, index.Quiscalus baritus V^ABODX , Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 285 (Massachusetts?).
?
Lins-LEY, Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, 1843, 260 (Connecticut?).Gracula qui^cala (not of Linnaeus) Ord, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 253.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Bogota).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1866; 410 (monogr.; Bogota).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, .330 (Cienaga,Colombia).?Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 323, 751 (w. Peru);Orn. du P^rou, ii, 1885, 431.?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Colom-bia.? (?) Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla, Colom-bia).? (?) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cienega, prov.Santa Marta).{^Quiscalusl ossirmfe Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.Scaphidurus major assimilis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,152.(iuiscalus macrurus (not of Swainson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 482, part (Colombia; w. Peru).I have not been able to examine a specimen of this supposed form from the typelocality. Messrs. Salvin and Godman refer it to M. m. macro^inis; but if the measure-ments given by Dr. Sclater are correct it can not be the same. Dr. Sclater refersspecimens from Veragua and the Isthmus of Panama to his Quiscalus asKimilis, andrestricts the range of Q. macrourus to Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras; but theVeraguan and Panama examples which I have seen, also those from Cartagena,Colombia, are certainly M. m. maa-otirus. Therefore, if there is such a subspecies asM. major assimilis, it is probably restricted to central Colombia and southward.
^ Eight specimens.
^ Nine specimens.
238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATION A.L MUSEUM.Quiscolus m/yor ViEiLLOT, Nouv. Diet. (l'Hi8t. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part (Loui-siana; includes M. m. macrom-us) ; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 900.
?
Bonaparte, Am.Orn., iv, 1825, 35, pi. 4; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 192.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 504; v,1838, 480, pi. 187; Synopsis, 1839, 146; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 52, pi.220.?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 555; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,no. 420; (?) Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 (Browns-ville, Texas).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part ("North America");Ibis, 1884, 155 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 395.?Dresser,Ibis, 1865, 494 (Houston and Galveston, Texas, May, June).
?
Cassin, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409 (monogr.).?Coues, Proc. Bost. 8oc. N. H.,xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina); 1871, 25 (Fort Macon, North Carolina; habits,descr. nest and eggs, etc.); Ibis, 1870, 367 (Fort Macon, Nortli Carolina;biography); Check List, 1873, no. 224; 2d ed., 1882, no. 334; Birds N. W.,1874, 204, part (synonymy).
?
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,295 (e. Florida; measurements, etc.).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 222, pi. 36, figs. 3, 4.?Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, ii, 1877, 13 (references, etc., toalleged New England occurrences cited).
?
Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 151.
?
Ridgwav, Nom. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 277.?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (coasts, e.Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 303. American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 513.?Smith (H. M.) , Auk, iv, 1887,346 (breeding on Cobb's and other islands near Cape Charles, Virginia).Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (coast Louisiana and Texas).
?
Chap-man, Auk, V, 1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida).?Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 321(Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida). Mortimer, Auk,vii, 1890, 341 (Orange Co., Florida; food).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1895, 506, pi. 7, figs. 30, 31 (eggs). Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat.for 1897-'99 (1900), 106 (s. Louisiana, resident).Qlxmcalun} major Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.
?
Coues, Key N. Am.Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.?Ridgwav, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381.\^Quiscnlui(\ major Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.[QuiscaluK major'l var. major Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 214.[Quiscalus major] a. major Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 204 (synonymy).Chlalcophanen} major Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 196.Scaphidurus major major Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.QuiscaZws cor?)inMS SwAiNSON, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300 (North America).Quiscalus palustris (not of Cassin) Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. ]\Ius., iii, 1880, 218,part (Louisiana); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 276, part.MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MACROURUS (Swainson).GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE.Similar to J? m. major, but larger, with the tail proportionately longer(in adult male, averaging much longer than wing instead of decidedlyshorter) ; ad/ult male with the violet gloss of anterior portions extend-ing farther backward, especially on under parts, where covering thebreast and anterior portion of sides; adult female decidedly darkerboth above and below, the under parts of the body grayish brown(deep hair })rown) instead of bufi'y brown (wood brown or Isabellacolor), only the chin and throat being tinged with or inclining to buii'y.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239Adult ?;f//t^ --Length (skins), 393.7-457.2 (422.4); wing, 184.2-198.9(189.2); tail, 195.6-235 (217.2); culmen, from base, 39.6-48 (44.7);depth of bill at base, 14.2-15.7 (14.7); tarsus, 47-52.8 (51.3); middletoe, 33. 5-38. J (35.8).^Adultfemale.?\jQ\\g\ki (skins), 284.5-355.6 (322.6); wing, 142.2-158.5(150.1); tail, 129-165.1 (147.8); culmen, from base, 33.8-39.4 (37.1);depth of bill at base, 11.7-14 (12.7); tarsus, 38.4-44.5 (41.1); middletoe, 25.7-30.7 (29).
?
Southern Texas, and southward through eastern and southern Mexico(including Yucatan and island of Cozumel) and Central America tonorthern Colombia (Turbo); westward in southern Mexico to edge ofthe plateau in States of Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Etzatlan,June), and Guadalajara.(juiscnlus major Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part(Mexico).Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Bon.vparte, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110(Mexico).?McCall, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 218 (Rio Grande,Texas).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras).
?
Sal-viN, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras).Quiscalus macrourus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299 (Real del Monte,Hidalgo, Mexico) .?Baird, in Stansbury's Rep.. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331(Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 554; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.),atlas, pi. 58.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138 (Turbo and Carta-gena, Colombia); 1866, 410 (monogr. ).
?
Lawrence, Ann Lye. N. Y., viii,1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica").?Frantzius,Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Best. Soc. N. H.,i, 1869, 553 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).
?
Coues, CheckList, 1873, no. 223.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,1874, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570(Cozumel I., Yucatan).?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152(Izucar de Matamoras, Puebla, Dec; Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).
?
American
' Seventeen specimens.There seems to be little variation in size with latitude, though Nicaraguan speci-mens are the largest and Yucatan examples the smallest in the series examined.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality. Wing.
240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Oknithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 512.
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Hancock, Bull. Ridg\f.Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas; habits; notes).
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Cooke,Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (San Antonio and lower Rio Grande valley,Texas).
?
Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (Corpus Christi, etc.;habits).?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (Yucatan), 212 (Ori-zaba) .
?
Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, resident) .
?
Rich-mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (San Carlos and Bluefields,Nicaragua).
?
Sinciley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Corpus Christi,etc.).?JouY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Soledad, San LuisPotosi).?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 504, pi. 7, figs. 28, 29.?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 302.Q[uiscalus'] macrourus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Real del Monte).
?
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds,1887, 381.[Quiscalus] macrourus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.Qw>.sealus (err. typ. ) macrourus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 115 (Texas).Quiscalus macruura Baird, Rep. IT. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859,20, pi. 20 (Eagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 419.?Butcher,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June).[^Quiscalus majorl h. macrourus Covks, Birds N.W., 1874, 204 (synonymy).Quiscalus major, var. vuirwur-us Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281(Guadalajara, s. w. Mexico).Ch^alcophanes'] macrownts Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196 (Mexico).Chalcophanes macrourus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 82 (Costa Rica).Scaphidurus major macrourus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,152.Quiscalus vuicrurus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1858, 358 (Coinayagua, Honduras); 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala); Ibis, 1884, 156(monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396 (Jalapa and Orizaba, VeraCruz; Oaxaca; Merida and Cozumel L, Yucatan; Belize and Half MoonCay, British Honduras; Choctum and Duenas, Guatemala; Honduras).Scl.\ter and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Dueiias; habits) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).
?
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (Comayagua,Honduras). Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, to NuecesR., Texas).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica); Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Barrio and Juchitan, Oaxaca, Sept., Oct.).Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsvilleand Corpus Cristi Pass, Texas; habits; measurements); v, 1879, 400 (Lometa,Texas; measurements).
?
Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (FortBrown, Texas; habits; descr., nest and eggs).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 275.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 333.?Zeledon,Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112(Puntarenas; Turcoles).?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 383, 392,402 (Sucuya, Ometepe, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).?Boucard, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, Yucatan) .
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Salvix and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 482.?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Guatemala)
;
Ibis, 1888, 265 (Mugeres and Cozumel islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Hon-duras; crit. ).IQuiscalus'] macrurus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.Quiscalus macrwusf Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, 191 (Calobre andCalovevora, Veragua).iQuiscalus major} var. macrurus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 214.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 241Quiscalus major, var. macrnrus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 225.Quiscalus major macrurus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339.Quiscalus assimilis (not of Sclater, 1862?) Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Veragua;Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Calobre and Calove-vora, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).?(?) Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool.,etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 5 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama).IQuiscalusI assimilis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Vera-gua; Panama).MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR OBSCURUS (Nelson).COLIMA BOAT-TAIL.Similar to Jf. m. inacrourus^ but much smaller (except feet), withrelatively shorter and much thicker bill; adult male identical in color-ation with that of M. m. macrourun; adult female decidedly darkerthan that of 2f. m. Tnacrourvs^ the chin and throat broccoli brown ordeep wood brown (instead of buffy), passing into deep broccoli brown,or almost bister on chest.Adult male.?hQw^th. (skins), 381-388.6 (385.3); wing, 178.3-180.8(179.8); tail, 181.2-190.5 (188.5); culmen, from base, 41.1-11.9 (41.7);depth of bill at base, 14.5-15 (^14. 7); tarsus, 47.8-48.3 (48); middletoe, 34.3-35.1 (34.5).^Adult female.?LiQwgth (skins), 298.5-330.2 (314.5); wing, 139.7-149.1 (144); tail, 124.5-151.9 (138.2); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.6(34.5); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 38.9-41.1 (40.4);middle toe, 27.9-31.2 (29.2).'Coast district of southwestern Mexico, from State of Guerrero (Aca-pulco) through Colima (Manzanillo; Manzanillo Bay) to Territory ofTepic (Ixtapa, Tepic, Santiago, San Bias, etc.).Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409, part(Colima, s.w. Mexico).
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Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281(Manzanillo Bay and plains of Colima).Quiscalus macrourus obseurus l^^Ehsoi^, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 267 (Acapulco, Guer-rero, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Scaphidurus major obscurus Ridgway, Proc. AVash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR GRAYSONI (Sclater).GRAYSON'S BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE.Similar to If. m. obscurtcs, but decidedly smaller and with relativelyshorter tail (usually decidedly shorter and never much longer thanwing, instead of the reverse); adult male similar in coloration to Jf. m.ohscurufi a,nd 31. in. macrourus., but less extensively violet anteriorly, thebreast, sides, and back being chiefly steel blue; adultfemale much palerthan in the before-mentioned forms; scarcely distinguishable as to col-
^ Three specimens. ^ Four specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 16
242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oration from that of J/. ///. }iia)<n\ but decidedl3- .smaller than the lastnamed in all measurements except depth of bill.Adult male?\jQ\\gW\ (skins), 3;32.T-o6,5.8 (342.()); wing, 163.8-168.1(165.9); tail, 157.5-167.6 (163.6); culmen. from ])a,se, 36.1-40.6 (38.6);depth of bill at base, 13-15.2 (13.7); tarsus, 11.5-17.5 (15.7); middletoe, 30.5-33 (32).^Adult female. ~\,^\\gi\^ (skins), 270.5-285.8 (275.8); wing, 131.6-139.7 (131.9); tail, 118.1-127.5 (121.5); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.3(32.8); depth of bill at base, 11.1-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 36.8-39.4 (38.1);middle toe, 24.9-28.2 (26.2).'Coast plain of Sinaloa, northwestern Mexico (Mazatlan, Culiacan,Escuinapa, etc.).Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part(Mexico).Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustrls Swainson ?) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 411 (monogr.; Mazatlan).[Quiscalus major'] var. palustris Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 214.Quiscalus major var. palustris Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 282(Mazatlan; habits).(?) Quiscalus macrourus (not of Swainson) Nelson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14,1898, 52 (Tres Marias; straggler).Quiscalus gruysoni Sclater, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, Apr., 1884, 157 (Mazatlan, n. w.Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godmau); Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xi, 1886, 397.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 484.Qluiscalus} graysoni Eidgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 881.Scaphidurus major graysoni Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152.MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR NELSONI Ridgway.SONORAN BOAT-TAIIED GRACKLE.Similar to M. m. graysoni^ but averaging slightly smaller, withslightly longer bill; adult female much paler, the under parts (inwinter plumage) light wood brown, passing into brownish cream ))uffon throat and chin and into grayish brown on flanks, thighs, and analregion, the under tail-coverts dark gra3^ish brown; pileum and hind-neck light sepia brown, the scapulars and interscapulars marginedwith the same.Adult male.?Length (skins), 345.1-353.1 (348); wing, 159.5-167.1(164.6); tail, 154.9-166.4 (161); culmen, from base, 39.4-40.4 (39.6);depth of bill at base, 13; tarsus, 41.9-45.5 (43.7); middle toe, 30.7-31.8(31).^Adidt female.?l^Qwgih (skins), 279.4; wing, 129.5-131.6 (132.3);tail, 120.1-124.5 (122.9); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.3 (34.3); depthof bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 37.6-40.1 (39.1); middle toe,25.9-27.9 (26. 9).=^
' Five specimens. * Six specimens. * Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243Coast district of Sononi. northwestern Mexico (Alamos, Camoa,Guaymas, etc.).Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i,1847, 47 (Gulf of California, occasionally to "Upper California"); Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (do.).Quiscalus palusiris (not Scaphidurus palusiris Swainson) Ridgway, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 218 (Gulf of California) ; Noni. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no."276, part?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).Scaphidurus major nelsoni Ridgavay Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15 1901151, 152 (Alamos, Sonora, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).MEGAQUISCALUS TENUIROSTRIS (Swainson).SIENDER-BILLED GRACKLE.Much smaller than any of the forms of M. majorand with bill muchmore slender.Adult 7nale.~G[oHsy purplish black, much as in M. inajorvtacrounis,but the ^loss duller and more reddish violet on head, neck, and breast-length (skins), about 330.2-368.3; wing, 169.7-170.2 (169.9); tail, 177.8-189.2 (183.4); exposed culmen, 34.3; depth of bill at base, 10.2;'tarsus45.7; middle toe, 30.5.^ 'Adult fcwu(le.~Fi\eum, hindneck, and back brown (between burntumber and prouts brown), darker on posterior portion of back andscapulars; rump })lackish brown; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tailbrownish l)lack; lores dusky brown; auricular region similar in colorto pileum, and separated from the latter by a rather distinct super-ciliary stripe of wood brown or ciimamon-buffy; under parts (exceptflanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts) tawny brown or cinnamon,paler and more buffy on throat and abdomen, still paler on chin; flanks,'anal region, and under tail-coverts dusky brown; length (skins), 251.5-^309.9 (279.9); wing, 128.3-134.6 (131.8); tail, 132.1-135.1 (133.6);exposed culmen, 28.5-30.5 (29.5); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1)-tarsus, 37.6-38.1 (37.8); middle toe, 25.4-26.7 (26.2).^ 'Central Mexico (marshes near the City of Mexico).(?) Scaphidurns p(dmtris Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827 436 (nearCity of Mexico). ' ' > v{'i) Sclaphidums'] palusiris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426 (Mexico).Quiscalus tenuiroslris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 51, b. c." (nearCity of Mexico).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 186(3, 4n (monogr ) ?Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 157, pi. 5 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,397.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 485.Qluiscalus'] tenuirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Mexico).?BairdBrewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214 ?Ridgw\y Man'N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. - , .iQuiscalus'] tenatrosi/'is Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873 38.Scaphidurus tevuirostris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15^ 1901, 152.
1 Measurements from specimens in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., and as given by Sclaterin Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, p. 397.M?a'^''o?^,"?^'''= ?"? 'n U. S. Nat. Mus. collection, two in collection of Acad.JNat. bci. Phila., the latter measured by Mr. Witmer Stone.
244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.MEGAQUISCALUS NICARAGUENSIS ( Salvin and Godman).NICARAGUAN GRACKLE.Adult /yi?Zt^?Entire plumage black, the head, neck, bod}^, smallerwing-coverts, and tail-coverts glossed with violet, the larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices slightly glossed with greenish; the violetgloss most pronounced on rump and under parts, inclining to bronzyon back and chest; bill, legs, and feet black; iris silvery white;' length(skins), about 2T9.-i-3(M.8 (292.1);'^ wing, 1.27;^ tail, 134.6-139.7(137.2);^ culmen, from base, 34.3;'' depth of bill at base, 9.9;' tarsus,36.6-38.1 (37.3); middle toe, 29.2.'Adult female.?''Ahove brown, the back, wings, and tail darkerand tinged with purple; an obsolete superciliary stripe and paroticregion much paler; beneath dirty white, the breast slightly darker,the Hanks and under tail-coverts brown; bill and feet black; length,241.3; wing, 104.1; tail, middle rectrices, 101.6; lateral rectrices, 63.5;bill to rictus, 29.2; tarsus, 31.8." (Salvin and Godman, translationof description.)Nicaragua (Momotombo and Managua, Lake Managua).I have not seen the female or young of this species, which, judgingfrom the description of Messrs; Salvin and Godman, seems to be verymuch paler beneath than that of M. tenuirostris. Not having seen themale of the latter, 1 am unable to state the differences between it andthe male of the present bird.Qxdscaluii nicaraguensis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 6th ser., iii, Oct., 1891, 612(Momotombo, Lake Managua, Nicaragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).?RiCH.MOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496, in text sub. Q. mucroums(San Carlos, Nicaragua).Scaphidurus nicaraguensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, .152.Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson.Scolecophagus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 286, 494. (Type, Orlolusferrugineus Gmelin,= Turdus carolinus Midler.)Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 413. (Type,Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler.
)
Medium-sized or rather small and slender Icteridfe, with bill narrowand shorter than head, wing long and pointed, tail nearly as long aswing, moderately rounded, not plicate; adult males entirely glossyblack, females and young grayish brown or slaty.Bill shorter than head, narrowly conoid, slightly decurved at tip,compressed (especially the terminal half); its basal depth about one-half the exposed culmen or a little less, its basal width still less; cul-men decidedly but not strongly decurved at tip, slightly elevated and
1 As noted on label of specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus. collection.
^ Two specimens.
^ One specimen.
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245
arched basallj^, straight or faintly depressed in middle, rather dis-tinctly ridg-ed (more flattened in S. ct/a/uu'ephalus); gonys nearly orquite straight, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissurenearly straight for most of its length, more or less decurved termi-nally, more or less concave subbasally, then gradually deflexed to therictus. Nostril longitudinal, more or less triangular, or slit-like,overhung by a broad and slightly convex membranous operculum, itsposterior end in contact with feathering of frontal antise. Wing long(between five and six times as long as culmen), with tip well produced(projecting one and a half times to nearly twice the length of the cul-men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between seventhand sixth or sixth and fifth, the eighth, seventh, or sixth longest (thesethree sometimes equal); inner webs of three outer primaries veryfaintly sinuated near ends. Tail not plicate, more than three-fourths tomore than four-fifths as long as wing, slightly but decidedly rounded,the rectrices rather broad and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longerthan culmen, less than one-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, itsanterior scutella distinct on inner side, less so on outer; middle toe,with claw, shorter than tarsus; claw of outer toe falling short ofbase of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux decidedlyshorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorterthan the digit.
.Coloratio)!.?Adult males entirely black, more or less glossy, theiris white or pale yellow; adult females and young grayish brown ordull slaty; one species with both sexes more or less varied with rustyin autumn and winter, especially younger birds.Range.?North America. (Two species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCOLECOPHAGUS.
a. Plumage black, more or less glossed with green, etc. (Adult males.)h. Bill slender, its depth at base much less than half the lateral length of mandible;plumage very faintly glossed with green, the head and neck still more faintlyglossed with bluish. (Winter iilumage more or less obscured by deep rustyor chestnut al)ove, cinnamon-buffy beneath.) (Northern and eastern NorthAmerica.) Scolecophagus carolinus, adult male (p. 246)hh. Bill stouter, its depth at base nearly equal to half the lateral length of mandible;plumage strongly glossed with green, changing to violet on head and neck.(Winter plumage faintly varied with grayish brown above. ) (Western andsouthwestern North America.)Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult male (p. 248)aa. Plumage grayish (sometimes more or less varied with rusty and cinnamon-buffy). (Adult females and young.
)
}). Bill slender, etc.
c. Plumage dull slate color (in winter more or less overspread above by deeprusty, beneath by cinnamon-buffy).Scolecophagus carolinus, adult female (p. 246)
cr. Plumage brownish gray (without rusty, etc., in winter).Scolecophagus carolinus, young (p. 246)Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult female and young (p 249)
246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.SCOLECOPHAGUS CAROLINUS (Miiller).RUSTY BLACKBIRD.Adtilt male in summer.?Uniform black, faintly glossed with bluishgreen changing to dull violet-bluish on head and neck; under tail-coverts more or less distinctly margined with whitish; l)ill, legs, andfeet, black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white.Adult 1)1 ale in winter.?Similar to the summer piumage, but the blackobscured or overlaid by rustv brown (burnt uin})er) on pileum, hind-neck, back, and scapulars, and bj^ cinnamon -butiy on superciliary andmalar regions, chin, throat, chest, and sides.
^
Adult female in summier.?Uniform dull slate color, darker andfaintly glossed with bluish green on upper parts; bill, legs, and feetblack; iris pale yellow.Adultfemale mWn^e/'.?Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum,hindneck, back, and scapulars more or less washed or overlaid by rustj^brown, tertials and greater wing-coverts more oi" less margined withthe same, a more or less conspicuous superciliar}^ stripe of butfy, andfeathers of malar region, chin, throat, chest, and sides more or lessbroadly tipped with pale wood brown or brownish bufl'y.Young.?Above dark sooty brown, more slate-dusk}- on remiges andrectrices; tertials and terminal portion of greater and middle wing-coverts margined with rusty; a more or less distinct superciliar}- stripeof light rusty or brownish; under parts brownish gray, more or lesstinged with light butfy brown (wood brown or Isabella color) on malarregion, chin, throat, chest, etc.Adidt male.?hen^th (skins), 209.6-236.2 (219.2); wing, 114.3-116.8(115.3); tail, 86.1-92.7 (89.9); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (18.8); depthof bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 30-31.8 (30.5); middle toe,21.1-22.4 (21.8).^Adtdt female.?Ijength (skins), 198.1-210.8 (203.7); wing, 106.9-111.5 (108.7); tail, 79-83.8 (81.5); exposed culmen, 17.3-19.1 (18.3);depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 29.5-31.2 (30.5); middletoe, 20.6-22.6 (21.3).^Northern and eastern North America; breeding from Nova Scotia,New Brunswick, northern Maine, New Hampshire (White Mountains),Vermont, northern New York (south to Herkimer County), and
'The extent of this rusty and bnffy coloring varies exceedingly in different indi-viduals, probal>ly according to age. In some (doubtless younger birds) the rusty isnearly uniform on the pileum and hindneck, and forms very broad tips to the scapu-lars and interscapulars, while the cinnamon-buffy forms a conspicuous broad super-ciliary stripe and is nearly uniform over the malar region, chin, and throat. Other win-ter males (probably very old individuals) have scarcely a trace of this rusty andbuffy coloring, being quite like summer specimens, except that the plumage is morehighly glossed.
^ Five specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247
northern Michigan north to Ungara (Fort Chimoj, and northwest-wardly to the Arctic coast and Alaskan shores of Bering* Sea; southin winter to the Gulf coast (Florida to Texas); west, more or lessregularly, to western border of the Great Plains, casually to LowerCalifornia (San Pedro Martir Mountains); accidental in Greenland.Tardus caroUnus Muller, Syst. Nat. SuppL, 1776, 140 (based on Mauris de laCaroline Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 556, fig. 2,= female in autumn).Scolecophagus carolinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885,356; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 322.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, CheekList, 1886, no. 509.?Smith, Auk, iii, 1886, 284 (Denver, Colorado, Dec. 17) .?Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 168 (St. Michaels, Yukon R.,etc.).
?
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 169 (coast Bering Sea,etc.).?TowNSEND, Cruise "Corwin" in 1885 (1887), 93 (Kotzebue Soundand lower Kowak R., Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R. ).
?
Thorne,Auk, iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, e. Colorado).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss.Val., 1888, 172 (breeding from Manitoba northward, wintering from St.Louis, Missouri, southward; dates of migr., etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 95(Denver, 2 specs., Dec. 17, 1883; Loveland, 1 spec, Nov. 1889).
?
Thompson,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 581 (Manitoba, migrant).?Hagerup, Auk,viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).-Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,440 (Fort Anderson, Horton R., etc., breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,408 (e. Kansas, Oct. to Mar.).?Coombs, Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche,Louisiana, abt. fall and spring).
?
Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince EdwardI., breeding).?A'nthonv, Zoe, iv, 1893,239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., LowerCalifornia, accidental).
?
Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w.Florida, winter) .
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 489, pi. 7, figs.14-16.?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 298.?Knight, Bull. no.3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (breeding in n. counties and Magulloway district,Maine).?Osgood, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Tyonek, Cook Inlet,Alaska, Sept.; Ft. Kenai, Alaska, May, July).Slcolecophagus'] carolinus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.Turdus brunneus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 32, part (based on 3Iauvis, dela Caroline Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 556, fig. 2).[Oriolus'] ferrugineus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Rusty Oriole Pen-nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 260).
?
Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176.Gracula ferrugineaWihsON, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 41, pi. 21, fig. 3.Quiscalus ferrugineus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 55.
?
Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 129.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 325; v,1839, 483, pi. 147; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842,65, pi. 222.Q[uiscalus] ferrugineus Maximiliai^, Journ. fiirOrn.,vi, 1858, 204 (descriptions;food, etc.).Scolecophagus ferrugineus Svvainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,286.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.
?
Woodhouse, Rep.Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Indian Territory).
?
Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 551; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 417.?CouES, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 225 (coast Labrador, breeding);Check List, 1873, no. 221; 2d ed., 1882, no. 331; Birds N. W., 1874, 198;Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Souris R., etc.. NorthDakota, Sept.).
?
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breed-ing) ; 1863, 82.?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140; Ibis, 1884, 150 (monogr. ),Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,412 (monogr. ).?Da ll and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285(Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding).
?
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.
248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Zool., ii, 1871, 291 (e. Florida, winter).
?
Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1871, 114 (Arctic Am.).
?
Maynard, Proc. Bost. Soc, xiv, 1872, 375 (LakeUmbagog and McGalloway valley, Maine, and White Mts., New Hamp-shire, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 146.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8(e. Kansas, migr. ).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,1874, 203, pi. 35, fig. 4.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442(n. New England, breeding).
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,176 (Upton, Maine; descr. young).
?
Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,10 (Coosada, Alabama, winter).
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Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15,1879, 78 (off n. coast Newfoundland, Oct.).
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 273.?Chamberlain, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42(New Brunswick, summer res.).
?
Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,1882, 167 (Harris Co., Texas, Mar.).?Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881(1883), 73 (e. shores Bering Sea).?Finsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 271(Portage Bay, Alaska, May 10). McLenegan, Cruise "Corwin," 1884, 116(Kowak R., etc., Alaska, breeding).
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Turner, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., viii,1885, 241 (FortChimo, Ungava, breeding).?Banks, Auk, ii, 1885, 106 (nearSt. Johns, New Brunswick, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Bicknell,Auk, ii, 1885, 252 (song).IScolecophagus'] ferrugineus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.S[colecophagus] ferrugmeus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411.[^Scolecophagus] wig'er Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 423.Sc\_olecophiigus] rngfer Cabaisjis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195.[Oriolus] fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headed OriolePennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 259).\_Turdus\ hudsonius Gmelin,- Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on Hudsonian ThrushPennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 204, = autumnal female?).[Tardus] noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on New YorkThrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 205, = autumnal male?).[Turdus'] labradorius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 832 (based on Labrador ThrushPennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 206, = spring or summer male).
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Latham, IndexOrn., i, 1790, 342.{^Oriolusl leucocephalus Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 175.Oracula quiscida var. Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191.
'^Xavihocephalus xanthocephalus" Warren (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (n. Mich-igan; see Warren, Auk, xv, 1898, 193).Pendulinus ater YiEHjhOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 320.Chlalcophanesl viresce-ns Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, App. Oriolus, sp. 9.
SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Wagler).BREWER'S BLACKBIRD.Admit male in summer.?Entirel}^ black, the head and neck strong-lyglossed with violet, the rest of the plumage with bluish green; ])ill,legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer plumage, but morehighly glossed. (Some specimens, doubtless j^ounger birds, have thefeathers of the back indistinctly margined terminally with grayishbrown, those of the chest with pale bully grayish.)Immature male in first winter.? Similar to the adult male, but
BIBDS OF NORTH ANB MIDDLE AMERICA. 249feathers of head, neck, back, scapulars, chest, and sides narrowlytipped with grayish brown (paler and more Iniffy on under parts).Adult female in suminer.?Head, neck, and under parts brownishslate-color or dark brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish onunder parts of body and with violet on head and neck, especiall}^ onpileum and hindneck; upper parts darker, especially the wings andtail, which are more strongly glossed with bluish green; bill, legs, andfeet black; iris light brown.Adultfemale in ivinter.?Similar to the summer plumage, but colorof head, neck, and anterior under parts paler and more buffy gray (thesuperciliary region, malar region, chin, and throat pale hair brown).Young.?Very similar in coloration to winter females, but textureof plumage very different and feathers without gloss.Adult ma^e.?Length (skins), 213.4-247.7 (228.6); wing, 120.1-133.9(128.5); tail, 91.9-107.2(08.8); exposed culmen, 21.1-23.6 (22.6); depthof bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 30.5-33 (32.3); middle toe, 20.3-22.4 (21.3).^Adidtfemale.?Ijength. (skins), 198.1-221 (210.3); wing, 115.8-119.6(117.6); tail, 87.1-92.7 (88.9); exposed culmen, 19.1-20.8 (20.1); depthof bill at base, 8.4-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 28.7-32 (30.5); middle toe,19.8-21.1 (20.3).'Western United States and British provinces and greater part ofMexico; north to British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, andManitoba (breeding); east to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, IndianTerritory, and Texas, occasionally, during migrations, to Iowa, Wis-consin, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, and even South Carolina; breed-ing south to Lower California (San Pedro Martir range, 8,200 feet;San Fernando), southern Texas (San Antonio; Houston; Brownsville?),and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras) ? ; ^ in winter over the whole of
^ Eight specimens.^Nine specimens. California specimens average decidedly smaller than those fromeast of the Sierra Nevada, as the following measurements show:
Locality.
250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Mexico (except Yucatan and parts of the tierra caliente) to northernGuatemala (Chancol).7^.s[on>ro//'((.s] cyanocej)halus Wagler, Isis, 1829, 758 (Mexico; no locality given).Sc\_ol('c(>phaguif\ cyanocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195.Scolecophac/iis cyanocephalus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 552; Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 418; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2,1859, 20 (Santa Rosalia, Mexico).
?
Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt.vi, 1859, 53 (California; New Mexico; Texas; habits).
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Cooper and Sucklev,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 209 (Washington, Oregon, etc.).?Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breeding).
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Sclater,Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (California); Ibis, 1884, 151 (monogr.); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390 (Ciudad Durango; near City of Mexico; Oaxaca;
"Central America?"; etc.).
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Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (San Antonio, Texas,breeding; Matamoras, Tamaulipas, July, abundant). Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident); Check List, 1873,no. 222; 2d ed., 1882, no. 332; Birds N. W., 1874, 199; Bull. U. S. Geol. andGeog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Pembina, etc., North Dakota, breeding).
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Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 413 (monogr.).
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Butcher, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Nov. to Feb.).~SuMiCHRAST,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba and plateau of Mexico inwinter).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 278.
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Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e.Kansas, common).
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Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281(Mazatlan).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,206, pi. 35, fig. 3.?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 82(Garland, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs, etc.), 122 (New Mexico and Ari-zona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 321 (localities in Utah, Col-orado, New Mexico, and Arizona; habits).
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Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel,1877, 510 (Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.274; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 323.?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsville, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, s. e.Texas; not breeding?).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,135 (FortBrown, Texas, Oct. to Apr.).?Mearxs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 166(Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, resident; habits); Auk, vii, 1890, 258 (]\Iogollonand San Francisco Mts. , etc., Arizona, breeding in pine belt; habits, etc.).Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, etc., s. e. Texas,breeding) ; Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 299, pi. 17, fig. 5.?Belding, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1883, 546 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, breed-ing), 547 (Miraflores, Lower California); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).
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Seton, Auk,iii, 1886, 322 (w. Manitoba, breeding).
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American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 510.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,152 (San Baltazar, Puebla, Nov.; Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Dec).
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Beckham,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 671 (Texas localities; habits).?Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 480.
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Loo.mis, Auk, iv, 1887, 76(Chester, South Carolina, 3 specimens, Dec. 9); viii, 1891,167 (do.).
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Cooke,Bird Migr. IVIiss. Val., 1888, 173 (breeding in w. Manitoba, Vermilion, Dakota,and Caddo, Indian Territory; other localities and dates). Kohn, Auk, vi,1889, 190 (New Orleans, Louisiana, small fiock, Dec. 23, 1888).?Goss, BirdsKansas, 1891, 409 (w. Kansas, resident).?Hatch, Birds Minn., 1892, 286(breeding along Red R. and e. to Crow Wing Co.).
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Thompson, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 581 (Manitoba; breeding at Winnipeg, Ossawa, Car-berry, etc.; habits).
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Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34(both sides Cascade Mts.).
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Nutting, Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251
3, 1893, 274 (lower Saskatchewan).?Anthony, Zee, iv, 1893, 239 (San PedroMartir Mts., Lower California, breeding); Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fer-nando, Lower California, breeding).
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Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,1895, 493, pi. 7, figs. 17-20 (eggs).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x,1898, 42 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).Sc[olecophagits'] cyanocephahis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195, footnote(Mexico).S[colecophagus'] cyanoceplialus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411.
?
RiDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379.{Scolecophagus] cyanocephahis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.
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Sclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.Scoleophagus cyanoceplialus Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105(Louisiana in winter).Scolecophagus mexicanus SyfAXtisoti, Anim. inMenag., 1838,302 (Mexico).
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Baird,inStansbury'sRep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Fort Union; California).
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New-berry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (California; Oregon; Fort Van-couver, Washington).Sc\_olecophagus'] mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 423 (w. Mexico; N.Am.)Quiscalus mexicanus Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, ii, 1852, 268(California).Quiscalus breiveri Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 345, pi. 492 ("upperMissouri River and Yellowstone").Scolecophagus ferrugineus (not Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin) Audubon, Synopsis,1839, 146, part (Columbia R. ).
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Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,i, 1847, 47.?Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 78,part (Texas; New Mexico; Cahfornia).
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Holden, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,XV, 1872, 203 (Sherman, Wyoming, breeding).Scoleophagus ferrugineus Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (NewMexico; California).Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,X, pt. vi, 1859, 86 (San Francisco, California).Scolecophagus carolinus (not Turdus carolinus Miiller) Seton, Auk, iii, 1886,322 (Big Plain and Winnipeg, Manitoba, breeding).Genus PTILOXENA Chapman.Ptiloxena Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, Dec, 1892, 307. (Type,Quiscalus atroviolaceus D'Orbigny.)Medium-sized semi-terrestrial leteridte with bill shorter than head,decidedly curved above, about half as deep at the base as length ofculmen; nostrils small, narrow, obliquely vertical, above lateralmedian line of maxilla; wing moderate with tip subtruncate; tailabout four-fifths as long as wing, not plicate, rounded, with rectricesbroad and rounded at ends; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorterthan tarsus, and claws of lateral toes falling short of base of middleclaw; structure of feathers of anterior contour feathers (especially onchest) peculiar, the barbicels on terminal two-thirds fasciculate andadherent to the barb; coloration uniform black, slightly glossed (sexesalike).Bill shorter than head, conical, but with upper outline decidedly
252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
convex, its depth at base a little less than half the length of oiilmen,its Iwsal width decidedly less than half the lenjrth of exposed culnien;culnien gently convex (the terminal portion more decidedly so), themiddle portion nearly straight, distinctly ridged, but the ridge l)roadand rounded; gonys straight, decidedly shorter than maxilla fromnostril; commissure nearly- straight or slightlv convex in middle,straight or faintl}" concave terminall}' and subbasally, the basal por-tion strongly l)ut not abruptly deilexed to the rictus. Nostril small,narrow, oblique (anterior end highest), decidedly above lateral medianline of maxilla, posteriorly in contact with dense feathering of thefrontal antia\ the latter filling the greater part of the nasal fossse,leaving but a small and narrow membrane exposed above and mostlybehind the nostril. AVing moderate (nearl}^ five times as long as cul-men, nearly four times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced(a little longer than tarsus), slighth' rounded or subtruncate; outer-most (ninth) primary equal to fifth or a little shorter; seventh orseventh and sixth primaries longest, the eighth but little shorter;inner webs of three or four outer primaries slightly sinuated bevondmiddle. Tail not plicate, about four-fifths as long as wing (aboutfour times as long as culmen), rounded, the rectrices slightly widerterminally and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer than culmen(a little less than one-third as long as tail), its anterior scutella dis-tinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; claws oflateral toes falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as longas lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedlj^ shorter than the digit.Plumage of the throat and chest peculiar; "the barbicels, whileapparently of normal number, are fasciculate, and, except at its basalthird, adhere to the barb; for the terminal half of the feather, there-fore, the barbs have no connection with one another, and this givesto the parts in which these feathers grow a finely streaked, hairyappearance.'"Coloirition.^Entiroly black, glossed with violet (bluish green onwings and tail); sexes alike in color.Range.?Peculiar to the island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. (Mono-typic.) PTILOXENA ATROVIOLACEA (D'Orbigny).D'ORBIGNYS BLACKBIED.Adults {se^ces aHlce).?Uniform glossy black, the head, neck, andchest with a slight bluish reflection, passing into a more violet hue onback, scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, and underparts of body, the gloss on margins of greater wing-coverts, remiges,and rectrices bluish or bluish green; bill, legs, and feet, black; irisbrown. ^
1 Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, pp. 307, 308.
''J. H. Riley, manuscript.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253Adult maZd.?Length (skins), 236.2-254 (239.3); wing, 131.3-141(136.1); tail, 105.2-112.8 (109); culmen (from base), 24.9-27.7 (25.7);depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 82.6-35.6 (33.8); middletoe, 23.9-27.7 (25.7).^J[^?/Z^/.^;;^?/e.-Length (skins),217.2-243.8(228.3);wing,122.1-132.6(128.5); tail, 97.3-105.9 (101.6); culmen (from base), 22.9-24.4 (23.6);depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 30-32.3 (31); middle toe,22.6-23.4 (23.1).'Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.QMisc?Zwsr(iromoface?s D'Orbigny, inLaSagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 121.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 227; Birds W. I., 1889, 114.S^Quumlml atroviolaceua Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.Slcaphidurus] atroviolaceus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 341.Sc[aphidurus] atroviolaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i, 1850, 426.Sc{olecophagus\ atroviolaceus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196.Scolecophagus atroviolaceus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 15 (descr. eggs).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1866, 415 (monogr.).?Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866,259; Journ. fur Orn., 1874, 134.Dives atroviolaceus ScLATEJi, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi,1886, 393 (San Cristobal, Cuba).?Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129(Cuba and Isle of Pines).Pliloxena atroviolaceus Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, no. 1, Dec, 1892, 307.(?) Chalcophanes quiscalus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 16 (Cuba) ; 1871, 288(do.).(?) Scolecophagus lequntorialis (not Quiscalus xquatonalis Sdater) Cassin, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec, 1866, 414 (no locality; crit.)Genus DIVES Cassin.Dives Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 413. (Type, Lampropsardives Bonaparte.
)
Medium-sized Icteridte of uniform black coloration, with bill shorterthan head, wing rather short and rounded, tail nearly as long aswing, rounded, with very broad rectrices, and stout feet.Bill slightly to decidedly shorter than head, narrowly conical, com-pressed, rather obtuse, its basal depth a 1 ittle less than one-half the lengthof culmen, its basal width decidedly less; culmen nearly straight butslightly convex, broad but not flattened, ridged laterally above nasalfossfe; gonys straight or very faintly convex, slightly shorter thandistance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight tothe rictal portion, where strongly deflexed. Nostril small, roundish,posteriorly touching feathers of frontal antia?, overhung by a convexmembranous operculum. Wing moderate or rather short (about fourand a half times as long as culmen); wing-tip short (about as longas maxilla from frontal anti?), rounded; outermost (ninth) primaryshorter than .second, the fifth longest, but eighth, seventh, sixth, andfourth nearly as long; inner webs of outermost primaries not sinuated.
* Five specimens.
254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Tail not plicate (0, nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broad.Tarsus much longer than culnien, rather stout, the anterior scutellavery distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus butdecidedly longer than culmen; lateral toes about equal, rather short,their claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux nearly as longas lateral toes, much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit.Coloration.?Uniform black, in both sexes.Range.?Southern Mexico to western Peru. (Three species, two ofthem South American.)DIVES DIVES (Lichtenstein).STTMICHRAST'S BLACKBIRD.Adult male.?Entirely uniform deep black, with a slight greenishblue gloss, especially on head, neck, and anterior under parts; bill,legs, and feet black; length (skins), 26-i.2-281.9 (271.8); wing, 123.2-132.8 (127.3); tail, 114.3-127 (119.1); culmen, from base, 28.5-32(30.5); depth of bill at base, 13-14.2 (13.5); tarsus, 38.1-40.4(39.4);middle toe, 25.4-27.9 (26.2).^Adult female.?Similar to the male in plumage but smaller andusually with the black slightly less intense or glossy; length (skins),235-255.3 (243.1); wing, 112.3-116.8 (113); tail, 102.1-114.3 (109); cul-men, from base, 27.4-29.2 (27.9);- depth of bill at base, 12.4-13.2(12.7); tarsus, 36.8-38.6 (37.6); middle toe, 22.9-24.9 (23.9).'A series of ten adults from Yucatan, embracing both sexes, but unfortunately noneof them with sex determined, measure as follows: Length (skins), 233.7-287 (255)
;
wing, 111.3-128.3 (120.4); tail, 97.8-121.9 (111.3); culmen, from base, 27.2-30.5(28.5); depth of bill at base, 13.2-15.5 (14); tarsus, 35.6-39.1 (37.3); middle toe,23.4-27.4 (25.1).Young.?Uniform dull sooty black or ver}^ dark sooty brown, ratherlighter on under parts of body; remiges and rectrices as in adults.Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtli, Mirador,Orizaba, Coatzocoalcos, Plan del Rio, etc.), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca),Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Chiltepec, PlayaVicente, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, etc.), Chiapas (Guichicovi), and Yuca-tan, and southward through eastern and central Guatemala to BritishHonduras (Belize) and Honduras (Guaruma).Merm dives Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico; see Journ.fiir Orn., 1863, 56).{^Lamproimirl dives Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425.?Sclater and Salvin,Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.L[ampropsar] dues C-ABAms, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 194, footnote (Chiltepec; Cos-amaluapan; Real del Monte).Lampropsar dives Cahanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 83 (crit. nomencl. ).
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Boucard,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, n. Yucatan).
' Seven specimens. ''Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255Scolecophagus dives Cassin, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec, 1866, 413(monogr. )
.
Dives dives Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Plan del Rio,Vera Cruz).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 470 (Guaruma,Honduras).?SroNE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (int. Yucatan).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 18?o, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan;notes); x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).Qidscalus ?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (near Cordova, VeraCruz).Quiscalus sumichrasti De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1859, 119, pi. 3, figs.2-4 (Mexico).
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Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, VeraCruz), 381 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am.Birds, 1S62, 140 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
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Salvin and Sclater,Ibis, 1860, 398 (Coban and Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala ).^Sumichrast,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and temperate regions. Vera Cruz).Quiscalus sumichrastii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot andtemperate zones, Vera Cruz).Dives sumichrasti Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 392 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Merida, n. Yucatan; Belize, BritishHonduras; Choctum and Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
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Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 481 (Chiltepec, Cosamaloapan, etc.,Mexico; Achil, etc., Guatemala, etc.).Quiscalus mexicanus (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 4, 1876,24 (Guichicovi, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).Genus ICTERUS Brisson.
Icterus Brisson, Orn. , ii, 1 760, 85. ( Type, by elimination, Oriolusicterus Linnaeus.
)
Xanthornus Scojoli, Intr. ad, Hist. Nat., 1777, 481. (Type, Oriolusicterus Lin-naeus. )Pendulinas Y1EIL1.0T, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolas spttrlKsLmneeus.)Yphantes Vieillot, Analyse,1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus baltimore Linnaeus, = Coradasgalbula Linnaeus.
)
Yp/mHi/tes Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 708.Hyphantes (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183.Bananivorus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 834. (Type, Oriolus bonanaLinnaeus.
)
Euoimir Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 47. (Type, Psaro-colius croconotus Wagler.
)
Andriopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.- Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 49. (Type,Psarocolius gidaris Wagler.
)
Atekopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 53. (Type,Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler.)Cassiculoides Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 54. (Type,Icterus parisorum Bonaparte.
)
Poliopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 55. (Type, Icterustvagleri Sclater.
)
Melanopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 56. (Type,Oriolus chrysocephalus Linnaeus.
)
Icterioides Cassin, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, xix, Apr., 1867, 60. (Type, Icterusauricapillus Cassin.)Aporophantes Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type,Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot.
)
256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMvSmall or inodiuni-sized arboreal IcteridjB with bill elongate-conical,acute, not long-or than head; nasal fossse well defined, })road and roundedanteriorly, the nostrils overhung by a conspicuous semicorneous oper-culum; tail more than three-fourths as long as wing (often as long as,sometimes longer than wing), more or less rounded (sometimes gradu-ated); tarsi rather short (never very much longer than culmen, some-times shorter), and middle toe, with claw, never longer than tarsus(usually shorter); colors usually black and orange or black and yellow,in large strongly contrasted areas; if without orange or yellow, chest-nut or orange-brown replacing those colors.Bill much shorter than head to about as long, elongate-conical, acute,with straight outlines or with the tip slightly decurved, its depth atbase usually less than half the length of conunissure, sometimes (inI. xanthornus) nearly if not quite equal to length of gonys; culmenstraight or rather strongly (but gradually) decurved terminally, themesorhinium usually narrow and distinctly (sometimes almost sharph^)ridged, more rarely broader and rounded, or even somewhat Hattened;gonys straight or slightly decurved terminally; commissure straight tobehind nostril, or slightly arched, the rictal portion strongly and moreor less abruptly deilexed. Nostril longitudinal, narrow (linear or moreor less crescentic), overhung by a very distinct semicorneous operculum,the anterior end of the nasal fosssx? broad and rounded. Wing moderate,its tip moderately produced, rounded or subtruncate; outermost (ninth)primary always shorter than sixth, sometimes shorter than third, theeighth to seventh, eighth to fifth, or seventh to fifth longest; innerwebs of longer primaries very faintly or not appreciably sinuated.Tail decidedly shorter than wing to longer than wing, slightly roundedto strongly graduated (the graduation sometimes equal to more thanone-fourth the length of middle rectrices). Tarsus usuall}^ a littlelonger than culmen, sometimes slightly shorter, the acrotarsal scutelladistinct; middle toe, with claw^, shorter than tarsus (never conspic-uoush^ so), rarely (in I. icterus) equal to it; claws of lateral toes reach-ing about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes,much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; all the clawsstrongly curved, acute.Coloration.?Usually richly colored with sharply contrasted areasof black and orange, black and yellow, or black and chestnut; neverentirely black; females (of some species) and young plainer, with olive-greenish hues prevailing.Rauije.?The whole of temperate and tropical America (most devel-oped in tropical portions). (More than fifty species and su])species.)Notwithstanding the very great variation in relative length of wingand tail, extent of graduation of the latter; relative length and thick-ness of the l)ill and its degree of curvature; wing-fornmla, and all otherexternal characters, my best efforts to trenchantly subdivide the genus
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257have resulted in failure, and consequently I am forced, against myinclination, to include a rather heterogeneous assemblage of speciesunder one generic heading. Possibly a stud}^ of their internal struc-ture may afford characters for subdivision.Of all the species I. icterus seems to differ most structurallv, thisalone having a large naked postocular space and the feathers of thethroat elongated and acicular; but that species is evidenly related toI. jamacaii and I. eroconotus, both of which are normal in the respectsmentioned (though both, especiall}' the former, have the feathers ofthe lower throat distinctly outlined and somewhat lengthened), havethe tail relatively longer and nuich more graduated, and the tarsusrelatively" longer, thus apparently connecting /. icterus with othertypes of structure.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ICTERUS.
a. Tail entirely black (except concealed ])ase^), or else distinctly bicolored (blackand yellow or l)lack and orange in sharply contrasted areas).b. Tail unicolored (black, except at concealed base^).
c. Feathers of throat elongated, lanceolate or acicular, somewhat stiffened; cul-nien more than 1.25. (Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; islandsof Trinidad, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Thomas.
)
Icterus icterus, adult male and female y. 263)cc. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended); culmen less than 1.25.d. Head, all round, uniform black or chestnut.
e. Back and scajiulars uniform black./Under parts of body and rump neither chestnut nor rufous-tawny.g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts black, like rest of Aving. (Island ofMontserrat, Lesser Antilles.)Icterus oberi, adult male and female (p. 265)gg. Lesser and middle wing-coverts yellow or orange.]i. Wings with white markings. (Pacific coast of Guatemala.)Icterus maculi-alatus, adult male and female (p. 265)hh. Wings without white markings./. Breast yellow or orange.k. Tail-coverts yellow; smaller (wing 92.2-99.1). (Bahamas.)Icterus northropi, adult male and female (p. 266)Id: Tail-coverts l)lack; larger (wing 96.5-113.8). (Mexico;Guatemala. ) .Icterus wagleri, adult male and female (p. 267)jj. Breast black.k. Posterior half, or more, of under parts yellow. (SouthernMexico to Isthmus of Panama.)Icterus prosthemelas, adult male and female (p. 269)kk. Less than posterior half of under parts yellow (or orange)
.
I. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, etc. , lemonyellow; under tail-coverts and flanks partly black.m. Abdomen and flanks wholly black; under tail-covertsmostly black. (Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.)Icterus hypomelas, adult male and female (p. 271)mm. Abdomen or flanks partly yellow; under tail-covertsmostly yellow.
^ There is sometimes a whitish tip or terminal margin, especially to the l9.teral reQ->trices, these being worn away in sunamer plumage.3654r?VOL 2?01 17
258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
n. Upper rump l)lack; flanks black; lower abdomen yel-low; upper tail-coverts mostly black. (Island ofPorto Rico, Greater Antilles.Icterus portoricensis, adult male and female (p. 272)nn. Whole rump yellow; flanks yellow; lower abdomenblack (the feathers sometimes tipped with yellow)
;
upper tail-coverts yellow. (Island of Haiti, GreaterAntilles.
)
Icterus dominicensis, adult male and female (p. 273)U. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, lower al:)do-men, and under tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow.(Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.)Icterus laudabilis, adult male and female (p. 274)ff. Under parts of body and rump chestnut, ferruginous, or rufous-tawny.g. Head and neck black; under parts of body, rump, and smaller wing-coverts chestnut. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Isth-mus of Panama.) Icterus spurius, adult male (p. 275)gg. Head, neck, and chest dark chestnut; under parts of body, rump,and smaller wing-coverts ferruginous or rufous-tawny. (Islandof Martinique, Lesser Antilles.
)
Icterus bonana, adults and young (j). 279)ee. Back and scapulars yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow./. Larger (tarsus more than 25.4); bill stouter, with culmen straight.{Icterus mclanoceplialun. )g. Smaller (wing averaging 96.5 in male, 91.9 in female); wings withoutdistinct, if any, white edgings. (Southern Mexico.
)
Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, adult male and female (p. 280)gg. Larger (wing averaging 100.6 in male, 96 in female); wings withdistinct white edgings. (Northeastern Mexico; southern Texas.)Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, adult male and female (p. 282)ff. Smaller (tarsus less than 25.4); bill more slender, with culmen dis-tinctly curved terminally. (Southern ^lexico to Isthmus of Panama.
)
Icterus prosthemelas, immature (p. 269)dd. Head orange, yellow, or olive-green, with black throat and capistrum.
e. Back and scapulars uniform black./. Breast spotted with black (at lea.st laterally) . {Icterus pecloralis.)g. Larger (wing averaging 102.1). (Southern Mexico to Salvador.)Icterus pectoralis pectoralis, adult male and female (p. 283)gg. Smaller (\vingrtveraging97. 5). (Western XicaraguaandGosta Rica.Icterus pectoralis espinacbi, adult male and female (p. 284 ):ff. Breast not spotted.g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts orange or yellow; much larger, withvery stout bill and straight culmen; sexes alike in color. {Icterusgularis.
)
h. Larger (wing averaging 125 in male, 113.8 in female); underparts of body, etc., more yellowish orange or orange-yellow.(State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Honduras and Salvador.)Icterus gularis gularis, adult male and female (p. 284)hh. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 114.3 in male, 108.2 infemale); under parts of body, etc., more intense orange.i. Slightly larger (wing averaging 114.3 in male, 108.2 in female;maxilla relatively deeper, and the orange color averaging lessintense. (States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, andTamaulipas, eastern Mexico.)Icterus gularis tamaulipensis, adult male and female (p. 286)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259
ii. Sliglitly smaller (wing iweraging llo in male, 104 in female);maxilla relatively shallower, and orange color averaging moreintense. (Yucatan; British Honduras ?)Icterus gularis yucatanensis, adult male and female (p. 287)gg. Lesser wing-coverts l)lack, middle coverts white; much smaller, withslender and decurved bill; sexes very different in color. {Icteruscucullatus. )h. Forehead black (at least anteriorly and laterally).i. Forehead with less black, the orange or orange-yellow touchingbase of exposed culmen.j. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., decided orange. (South-ern Mexico, north along eastern edge of the plateau toNuevo Leon.
)
Icterus cucullatus cueullatus, adult male (p. 287)jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., orange-yellow. (South-ern Texas and coast plain of Tamaulipas.
)
Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult male (p. 289)ii. Forehead with more black, the orange or yellow not touchingbase of exposed culmen.j. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., rich orange or orange-red;larger (wing averaging 87.5 or more, tail 92 or more).k. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 88, tail 94.5,exposed culmen 18.2). (Peninsula of Yucatan, includingCampeche. ). -Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult male (p. 291)kk. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 87.5, tail 92,exposed culmen 19). (Island of ("ozumel.)Icterus cucullatus cozumelae, adult male (p. 292)jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., chrome or saffron yel-low; smaller (wing averaging 84, tail 89). (Island ofMujeres, Yucatan.)Icterus cucullatus duplexus, adult male (p. 292)/)/(. Forehead wholly yellow. (Northwestern Mexico; Lower Cali-fornia; southern California; southern Arizona.)Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult male (p. 290)ee. Back and scapulars not miiform black./. Forehead and at least anierior part of auricular region lUack; wing-coverts without any white.g. Larger (wing 86.4 to 111.8); general color, including back, orange-yellow.h. Crown and occiput orange-yellow. (Southern Mexico to Colom-bia and Venezuela.
)
Icterus giraudii, adult male and female ( p. 293)hh. Crown and occiput black, like forehead. (Gualan, Guatemala.)Icterus gualanensis, adult male (and female?) (p. 295)gg. Smaller (wing less than 8H.4); general color lemon-yellow or paleolive-yellow below, more olivaceous on back, etc. (SouthernMexico to Isthmus of Panama.)Icterus prosthemelas, young and immature (p. 269)ff. Forehead and whole of auricular region orange, yellow or olive-green;wing-coverts marked with white.g. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts only partly whiteh. Middle wmg-coverts white, or much paler orange or yellow thanlesser coverts, concealed bases of greater coverts whiteI. Back distinctly streaked or spotted with black; bill shorter(exposed culmen not more than 23.1), general color brighteryellow or orange.
260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
j. Larger (wing averaging 107.2); back more broadly streaked orspotted with black (the black sometimes prevailing) ; orangecolor less intense, never (?) inclining to scarlet on liead.(State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Nicaragua.)Icterus sclateri, adult male (p. 297)jj. Smaller (wing averaging 100.8) ; back more narrowly streakedwith black; orange color more intense, frequently incliningto scarlet on head.' (Southern plateau and Pacific coastdistrict of Mexico. ) Icterus pustulatus, adult male (p. 295)ii. Back very sparsely and narrowly, or not at all, streaked Avith 1 )lack.j. Larger (wing more than 100, exposed culmen more than 24);middle wing-coverts pale yellow; general color yellow, neverorange. (Tres Marias islands, n. w. Mexico.)Icterus graysonii, adult male (p. 298)jj. Smaller (wing less than 95, expof^ed culmen less than 20);middle wing-coverts white; general color rich orange, rarelyorange-yellow. (Yucatan.)Icterus auratus, adult male (p. 299)hh. Middle wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow, like lesser coverts; con-cealed bases of greater coverts black. {Icterus xanthurnus.)i. Bill much shorter (culmen of male not more than 25.4, averaging22.3). (Caribbean coast district of Colombia, Venezuela, andGuiana; Trinidad; Isthmus of Panama?.)Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, adult male and female (p. 300)ii. Bill much longer (culmen 25.9-27.9, averaging 26.9). (Islandof Curasao, Caribbean Sea.
)
Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, adult male and female (p. 303)(jff. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts entirely white.h. Pileum, hindneck, back, and rump yellowish olive-green. (Islandof Jamaica, Greater Antilles.Icterus leucopteryx, adult male and female (]). 303)hh. Pileum, hindneck, and rump yellowish.i. Yellow of pileum, etc., very slightly, if at all, tinged with olive.( Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles.
)
Icterus bairdi, adult male and female (p. 304)ii. Yellow of pileum, etc., strongly tinged with olive. Island of St.
.\ndrews, Caribbean Sea.)Icterus lawrencii, adult male and female (p. 305)hh. Tail distinctly bicolored (black and yellow or black and orange, in sharplycontrasted areas).
r. Pileum and hindneck yellow. {Icterus mesomclas. )d. Longer innermost secondaries conspicuously edged with white; smaller(wing averaging 90.4 in male, 86.6 in female). (Southeastern Mexico toHonduras. )-. Icterus mesomelas mesomelas, adult male and female (p. 305)dd. Longer innermost secondaries without any white edgings; larger (wingaveraging 96.3 in male, 92.7 in female). (Nicaragua to Colombia.)Icterus mesomelas salvinii, adult male and female p. 307)cc. Pileum (except, sometimes, forehead) and liindneck black.d. Breast black; exposed culmen 20.8-24.6. (Mexican plateau and adjacentportions of southwestern United States; Lower California.)Icterus parisorum, adult male (p. 308)dd. Breast orange or yellow; exposed culmen less than 20.8.
^ Rarely, however, the color decidedly yellow.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261
e. Head entirely black; lateral rectrices orange or yellow with black sub-basal space; outer webs of greater wing-coverts black basallv. ( EasternNorth America, south in winter to Colombia)Icterus galbula, adult male (p. 310)ee. Head partly yellow or orange; lateral rectrices orange or yellow withblack or dusky terminal space; outer webs of greater wing-covertswholly white./. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks orange or yellow. (WesternUnited States, south in winter over Mexican plateau.
)
Icterus bullockii, adult male (p. 314)ff. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks black. (Southern portion ofMexican plateau.) Icterus abeillei, adult male (p. 318)aa. Tad neither entirely black n..r distinctly bicolored (mostly plain olivaceous ordusky )
.
h. Throat black or dusky.c. Larger (wing more than 78.7).d. Wing 101.6 or more.f. Pileum dull orange; greater wing-coverts narrowly edged with white ter-minally Icterus gularis and subspecies, immature (p. 284)<r. Pileum olive-green; greater wing-coverts broadly edged with white forterminal half or more. (Jamaica. ) .Icterus leucopteryx, young (p 304)(W. Wing less than 101.6.c. Under parts mostly orange or A^ellow./. Back without any black.g. Pileum black or partly black.h. Back and rump olive-green; rectrices edged with olive-green; palemargins to greater wing-coverts and remiges narrower.Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, immature (p. 281
)
hh. Back and rump grayish (tinged with olive-green); rectrices edgedwith grayish; pale margins to greater wing-coverts and remigesbroader ...Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, immature (p. 282)gg. Pileum yellowish, olive-greenisli, or (jrange.h. Scapulars yellowish olive-green./. Deeper olive-green above, brighter yellow below.Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, immature (p. 301)a. Paler, both above and l)elow.Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, immature (p. 303)Ml. Scapulars grayish or dusky.i. Pileum orange; back dull orange, tinged with olive-green.Icterus auratus, immature (Addenda)n. Pileum olive-greenish; back dusky grayish or grayish olive-green.
,/. Pileum lighter, more yellowish, olive-green; under parts moresaffron yellow; tail longer (about 88.9).Icterus cucullatus and subspecies, immature male (p. 288)jj. Pileum darker olive-green; under jaarts more olive-yellow; tailshorter (about 67.3). Icterus spurius, immature male (p. 275)ff. Back with more or less of black.g. Tail more than 78. 7.h. Pileum streaked with black or dusky; sides of head and neckgrayish Icterus parisorum,immature male and (sometimes) adult female (p. 309)hh, Pileum not streaked; sides of head and neck yellow or orange.i. Wing-edgings white and grayish; middle wing-coverts white, ormostly so; culmen very slightly curved.
262 BlTLLEtllSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
./. Cheeks cadmium-orange or orange-red; smaller.Icterus pustulatus, adult female and immature male (p. 296)jj. Cheeks yellow; larger.k. Back conspicuously (sometimes very broadly) streaked withl)lack; exposed eulmen not more than 20.3.Icterus sclateri, adult female and inunature male (j). 297)kk. Back narrow!}- and sparsely streaked (streaks sometimesobsolete); exposed eulmen about 24.1.Icterus graysonii, adult female and immature male (p. 299)ii. Wing-edgings pale yellowish ; middle wing-coverts dull yellowish
;
eulmen strongly curved Icterus wagleri, immature (p. 267)(jg. Tail not more than 78.7./(. Sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts grayish.Icterus abeillei, adult female and iiumature male (p. 318)hh. Sides, flanks, and iipper tail-coverts dull orange or yellowish.i. Pileum without streaks or spots of black; liack paler, grayer;rump pale brownish gray.Icterus buUockii, adult female (sometimes) and immaturemale (p. 315)a. Pileum streaked or spotted with black (sometimes uniform Ijlack )back darker, more olivaceous; rump fulvescent.Icterus galbula, adult female and immature male (p. 311)bb. Throat not l)lack nor dusky.c. Wing 78.7 or more.d. Wing more than 101.6.
e. Bnast yellowish, dull orange, or whitish./. Wings without white markings.g. Pileum and back dull saffron yellowish; bill stouter.Icterus giraudii, young (p. 293)gg. Pileum and back olive-greenish or <lull olive.h. Pileum and ])ai-k olive-greenish; under j)arts canary yellow; billstraighter. .Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, young ( ]>. 281
)
/(//. Pileum and back dull brownish olive; under ])arts dull naples yel-low; bill more curved Icterus wagleri, young (p. 267)ff. Wings with distinct whitish markings.g. Back dark grayish olive; middle wing-coverts dull light yellowish.Icterus northropi, immature male and female (jj. 266)gg. Back lighter grayish olive, yellowish olive, or yellowish olive-green;middle wing-coverts white or tipped with white.h. Tail more than 81.3.i. Back more or less distinctly streaked with dusky.j. Sides of head yellowish gray; throat dull sulphur yellow or lightolive-yellow Icterus parisorum,adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 309)jj. Sides of head and throat orange-yellowish or chrome yellow.k. Larger, with broader and conspicuous dusky streaks on back.Icterus sclateri, young (Addenda)kk. Smaller, with nari'ower and inconspicuous streaks on black.Icterus pustulatus, young (p. 296)n. Back without dusky streaks.j. Back and scapulars grayish olive.k. Breast duller (ochre) yellowish.Icterus cucuUatus cucullatus, adult female (j). 288)kk. Breast clearer vellow.
BlBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263
I. Breast dull lemon or gamboge yellow.Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult female (p. 289)Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult female (p. 290)U. Breast orange-yellow or cadmium yellow.Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult female (p. 291)jj. Back and scapulars olive-green.k. Darker; bill smaller.Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, young (p. 301)kk. Paler; bill larger.Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, young (p. 303)/(/(. Tail not more than 81.3.(. Auricular region dull orange or yellowish (rarely pinkish); anorange, yellowish, or (rarely) pinkish superciliary stripe;upper parts paler and grayer Icterus buUockii,adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 315)ii. Auricular region dull olive or dusky; no orange, yellowish, orpinkish superciliary stripe; upper parts darker and browner.Icterus galbula, adult female (sometimes) and im7naturemale (i). 311).ee. Breast deep olive-greenish, deep wax-yellowish, or brownish./. Breast brownish.(/. Greater wing-coverts edged with pale yellowish; middle wing-covertspale yellow; throat distinctly brownish.Icterus dominicensis, young (p. 273)gg. Greater wing-covert.s edged with pale brownish ; middle wing-covertslight olive-greenish; throat yellowish.Icterus portoricensis, young (p. 272)Xf. Breast deep yellowish olive, olive-greenish, or deep wax yellow.g. Breast deep olive-greenish or yellowish olive; forehead dull brownish;chin dusky; tail grayish olive ...Icterus hypomelas, young (p. 271)gg. Breast deep wax-yellowish, like rest of under parts; forehead similar,but browner; tail yellowish olive Icterus oberi, young (p. 265)ICTERUS ICTERUS (Linnseus).TROUPIAL.Adults {sexes alike).?Head, neck (except lower hindneck), chest, back,scapulars, wing's, and tail, black, the wings relieved by a broad whitestripe or longitudinal patch, involving the middle coverts, innermostgreater coverts, and l)road edgings to innermost secondaries or tertials;lesser wing-coverts, broad collar across lower hindneck and upper back,sides of chest and under parts posterior to chest, rich orange yellow,varying to lemon yellow or orange; liill black, with basal half of man-dible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life): iris light yellow or yel-lowish white; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length(skins), 22S.6-264.2 (246.1); wing, nO.T-llT.l (115.1); tail, 94.5-107.2(100.8); culmen, from base, 32.5-36.1 (34.5); depth of bill at base, 12.2-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.5 (32.3); middle toe, 22.4-24.6 (23.6).^Northeastern coast of South America, in Colombia (Valle Dupar,
^ Seven specimens, only two of them with sex determined.
264 BULLETIN 50, tJNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
etc., province Santa Mavta), Venezuela (La Guayra; Carupano; Guan-aguana; Margarita I.), Guiana?, and northeastern Brazil?, togetherwith outlying islands of Margarita, Trinidad, and Curasao. Intro-duced into West Indian islands of St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Jamaica.Said to have occurred at Charleston, South Carolina.[OHolus] icterus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on Le Troupialevulgaire Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 532).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, .384.
?
Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176.Icterus ictcnis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 502.
?
Cory, Auk.,iii, 1886, 219 (synonomy and descr.) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I.Birds, 1892, 110, 146 (Porto Rico, .Jamaica, and St. Thomas; said to beintroduced).
?
Scott (W. E. D.), Auk., x, 1893, 178 (apparently not now inJamaica).
?
Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 297 (Aruba; crit. ; song), 317 (Curasao;crit. ).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466.
?
Robinson, FlyingTrip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magdalena R., Colombia), 165 (Curacao); Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 674 (Margarita I., Venezuela).
?
Nehrung, OurNative Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 266./[c<erw.s] icterus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373.Icterus vulgaris Daudin, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, .340 (based on Le Troupiale vul-gaire Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 532).
?
Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844,357, pi. 499 (Charleston, South Carolina).
?
Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt.Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (South Carolina); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,542La Guayra, Venezuela); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 408).
?
Sclater, Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 133 ("'South America"); Ibis, 1883, .369 (monogr.); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and ValleDupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; Carupano, Venezuela).
?
Ca.ssin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Venezuela; Guiana; Rio Negro;n. Brazil; Jamaica; southern U. S.).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Loud., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).?Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1870, 578(Trinidad).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,184.?GuNDL.\cn, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 209 (Porto Rico).?Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 200 (Valle Dupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colom-bia, 700 ft.).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 265; Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles).?Coues, Check Li.st, 2ded., 1882, no. .323.?Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii(Curasao; Aruba).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 103 (Curasao).Phelps, Auk., xiv, 1897, 364 (Guanaguana, Venezuela).[Icterus'] vulgaris Bonaparte, Consp. Av.j i, 1850, 434.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 36.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.Ilderusl vulgaris Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
?
Coues, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407.Coracias xanthornus (not Oriolus xanihormis Linnseus) Scopoli, Ann. Hist. -Nat.,i, 1768, 39.Agelaius longirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 547 (Brazil;Guiana).P\_endulinus'\ longirostris Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 706.[Icterus] longirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435.Icterus longirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Carta-gena, Colombia).Icterus vulgaris subsp.? Peters, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 114 (Curasao).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265ICTERUS OBERI Lawrence.MONTSERRAT ORIOLE.Adult male.?Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, and tailuniform black; upper rump lemon yellow, tinged with ochre-3'ellowor 3'ellowish russet, the rest of rump ochre-yellow or yellowish russetsuperficially, lemon yellow beneath the surface; the upper tail-covertsdeeper, more russet, with concealed bases light lemon or canar}^ yQ\-low; under parts (posterior to chest) mixed deep ochraceous, ochre-yellow and canary yellow, the last on basal portion of the feathers,but exposed in places, especially on sides; thighs clear yellow; underwing-coverts light yellow; l)ill black, with basal portion of mandiblebluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky(grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 213.4-218.4 (215.9); wing, 8!t.T-89.9; tail, 95.8-97 (90.3); culmen, from base, 2-l:.9-25.1; depth of billat base, 8.9-9.1; tarsus (one specimen), 25.4; middle toe, 16.3-17.3(16.8).^Adult {'^:) female.^?Above yellowish olive-green, duller and graj^eron back and scapulars, tinged with saffron yellowish on forehead;wings grayish duskj' with rather broad edgings of light olive; loresgrayish dusky; under parts wax yellow or gallstone yellow, tingedwith olive-green, especiall}^ on sides and Hanks; length (skin), 199.4;wing, 82; tail, 87.6; culmen, from base, 22.4; depth of bill at base,8.6; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 15.7.''Iinviat'uremale {secondyear ?).?Similar to the supposed adult female,as described above, but back grayer, lores deep black, and wing-edgingsmore buffy or cinnaraomeous.Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.Ictemis oheri Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, sig. 22, Nov. 23, 1880, 351(Montserrat, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Grisdale, Ibis, 1882,487, pi. 13.?ScLATER, Ibis, 1883, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 372.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and description); BirdsW. I., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 132.[Icterus'] oberi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.ICTERUS MACULI-ALATUS Cassin.BAR-WINGED ORIOLE.Adults (sexes alike).?Head, neck, median portion of upper chest,back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tailblack; outer web of greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forminga band, and terminal half, or more, of longer primaries edged withwhite; rest of plumage deep lemon or gamboge yellow, the under
^ Two specimens.
^ Possibly the sexes are alike in this species, as in other West Indian forms.
' One specimen.
266 BULLllTIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.parts (especially the l)reast) and lesser wing'-coverts more saft'ron 3'^el-low; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale gray-ish bhie in life?); legs and feet grayish horn color (bluish gray inlifeO; length (skin), 198.2; wing, 98.5; tail, 93.5; cuhuen, from base,21.8; depth of bill at base, 9.1; tarsus, 23.9; middle toe, 15.7.^Pacific slope of Guatemala (Vera Paz; Aguna; Escuintla; Volcan dePuego; Volcan de Agua; San Pedro Martir).Icterus macuU-alatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii., 1847, 332 ("VeraCruz," i. e.. Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Journ. Ac.Nat. Sci., Phila., 2d ser., i, pt. ii, 1848, 137, pi. 16, fig. 1.?Sclater, Cat.Am. Birdhi, 1862, 132 (Aguna and Escuintla, Guatemala); Ibis, 1883, 363(monogr.); Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcande Agua, San Pedro Martir, Escuintla, and Aguna, Guatemala.)
?
Salvinand Sclatek, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Volcan de Fuego) .?( ???) Dcges, La Natu-raleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato, Mexico).
?
Salvin and Goodman, Biol.,Centr. Am. Aves, i, -1887, 467.[Jcterws] maculi-alatus Sclater and S.\lvin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 36.[Pendulinus] maculi-alatus Bonaparte, Conap. Av., i, 1850, 433 ("Mexico").Pendulinus macuU-alaius Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,t Apr., 1867, 56(monogr.; Vera Paz).ICTERUS NORTHROPI Allen.NORTHROP'S ORIOLE.Adnlt male.?Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars uniformdeep black; whole rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and under parts, posterior to upper chest, lemon yellow, ratherpaler on middle wing-coverts, especiall}^ the innermost; wings (exceptmiddle and lesser coverts) and tail black, rather duller than that ofhead, neck, etc.; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluishgray (pale grayish blue in life); legs and feet grayish dusky (gra3'ishblue in life?); length (skin), 213.4; wing, 99.1; tail, 89.4:; culmen, frombase, 23.4; depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 18.3.^Adult feinaJe.?Similar to the adult male, but coloration ratherduller; the black less intense; interscapulars narrowly margined witholive-grayish; greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale gray-ish, and remiges narrowly edged with the same; yellow of rump tingedwith olive, the longer upper tail-coverts light 3'ellowish olive withdusky mesial .streaks; length (skin), 199.7; wing, 92.2; tail, 91.4;depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 18.'ImuHitnre mide andfemale {second yearl).?Pileum and hindneck dullyellowish olive, more grayish posteriorly; back and scapulars ratherlight grayish olive; rump light yellowish olive, the upper tail- covertsdarker and more grayish; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive;middle coverts grayish dusky basally, broadly tipped with pale yel-
' One specimen, with sex undetermined.
''One specimen.
?'One specimen, with tip of maxilla broken off.
BIEDS OF iJollTH AKD MIDDLE AMERICA, ^67lowish; rest of wings, and tail, deep brownish gray or liair brown,with paler edgings; under parts lemon yellow, shaded with oliveanteriorly and laterally; lores blackish. Older specimens are variouslyintermediate ])etween this plumage and the fully adult livery.Bahamas (islands of Andros and Abaco.)Icterus northropi Allen, Auk, vii, no. 4, Oct., 1890, 344 (Andros Island, Bahamas;coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ).?Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 71, pi. 1.
?
Cory,Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Abaco I., Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 127,146 (Andros and Abaco islands).ICTERUS \A^AGLERI Sclater.WAGLER'S ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings(except lesser and middle coverts), tail, and upper and under tail-coverts uniform black; rest of plumage rich saffron or cadmiumyellow, more or less tinged with chestnut next to black of chest, wherethe chestnut sometimes forms a distinct band; bill black, with basalportion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); iris darkbrown; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gra}^ in life?).^Inmature {second year?).?Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain olivaceous saffron yellow; middlewing-coverts similar at tips, the underlying portion blackish; backand scapulars yellowish olive-green, narrowly streaked with dusky;greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, edged with pale yellowishgray (more broadly, the edgings more yellowish, on the former);primaries dusk3% narrowly edged with dull whitish ; four middle rectricesdusk}'; next pair dusky with outer web mostl}' olive, edged with saffronyellowish; outermost rectrices dull saffron yellowish, dusky terminally;lores, greater part of malar region, chin, throat, and median portionof chest black; rest of under parts and sides of head (except asdescribed) rich saffron or Indian yellow.Younger {first vnnterf).?Similar, but without black on chest andthroat (which are yellow, like rest of under parts) and upper parts lessyellowish, the back, scapulars, and wing-edgings olive-gray (the twoformer narrowly streaked with black), the pileum and hindneckyellowish olive-gray, very indistinctl}' streaked with darker.Young {first plumage).?Above plain rather light olive, slightlybrowner on back and scapulars, more 3^ellowish olive on head, neck,lower rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings dusky with rather broadolive-buff'y edgings; six middle tail-feathers dusky, edged with light3^ellowish olive, the lateral rectrices light olive on inner webs, theirouter webs yellowish olive; under parts entirelj^ dull light yellow,faintly shaded with olive across chest and along sides.
'"Base of under mandible lead color; tarsi and toes dusky olive." (P. L. Jouy,manuscript.
)
268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Admit maZ^'.?Length (skins), 210.8-229.9 (222.8); wing, 97.8-113.8(104.9); tail, 101.1-122.2 (108.2); eulmen, from base, 23.4-25.1 (24.6);depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.6); tarsus, 24.1-25.9 (24.9); middle toe,17.5-20.3 (18.3).^Adultfemah.?l^^w^ih (skins), 194.3-223.5 (207); wing, 96.5-100.1(98); tail, 79.5-104.4 (93.5); eulmen, from base, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); depthof bill at base, 8.1-8.4: tarsus, 23.4-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 17.5-18.3 (18).'From northern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Oposura, Alamos),Chihuahua (near Batopilas), Coahuila (Saltillo), and Nuevo Leon (DosArroyos), southward over nearly the whole of Mexieo (except Yucatan)to Guatemala (Duefias; Calderas; Volcan de Fuego; San (leronimo;Hacienda Chancol, etc.).Ps[aTOOo//?.s'] Jldvigastrr (not Pnidnliiiiis Jlarir/dstn- Vieillot, 1816) WAdLER, Isig,1829, 756 (Mexico).Jrterufi dominicen.v.'i (not Oriolns doiiiniicevsh Liniui'tis) Swainson, Philos. Mag.,n. s., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepee, Mexico).\_PenduUnu!(] dominiceimfi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.Icterus vKigleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7 (Mexico; coll. P. L.Sclater), 1859, 381 ( Villa Alta, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (Mexico),Ibis, 1883, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372 (Oaxaca;Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duefias, Calderas, and Volcan de Fuego, Guate-mala).
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 545 (Saltillo, Coahuila;Guatemala); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 61, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. andMex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pi. 19, fig. 2 (Saltillo, Coahuila); Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 412.?Sclater and Salvix, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Duefias,Guatemala).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Volcan de Fuego; descr. nest).
?
FiNscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, 338 (Mazatlan).
?
Baird, Bkewer, andRidgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 188, footnote, pi. 35, fig. 2.?Law-rence, Mem. Best. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; Guadalajara; Tepic;habits; song).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 267.
?
Salvin, Cat.Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Tecali and Huehuetlan, Puebla, .Tan., Feb.)?Jouy,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).
?
Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 466.
' Nineteen specimens from Mexico.^Four specimens from Mexico.Specimens from eastern Mexico, western Mexi(-o, and Guatemala average, respec-rively, as follows:
Locality.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269[Jdent-s] wagleri Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Am. Neotr., 1878, 36.Jlderus'] wagleri Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375.Icterus vnglerii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot region,Vera Cruz)
.
Pendulinns wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr. ; Coa-huila; Mazatlan; San Geronimo, Guatemala).\_Icterus dommicensis] var. tvaglero, B.iiRD, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 182.Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 91 (Oposura, Sonera;ooU. W. Brewster)
.
ICTERUS PROSTHEMELAS (Strickland).LESSON'S ORIOLE,Similar to 1. iiiaglerl but iimch smaller, black of chest extend-ing" over breast, and tail-coverts (both upper and lower) mostlyj^ellow/Adults {sexes alike).?Head, neck, chest, upper breast (sometimeswhole ])reast), back, scapulars, wing-s (except lesser and middlecoverts), and tail black; rest of plumage deep lemon yellow, the yel-low of the lireast mor(^ or less tinged or mixed with chestnut next toedge of black pectoral area; longer tail-coverts usuall}' more or lessmixed with black, sometimes wholl}" black; bill ))lack, with basal por-tion of mandible bluish gray (pale g^rayish l)lue in life';!); legs and feetgrayish dusky or dark grayish horn color (bhush gray in life'OLninatiure {second yeai' f).?Similar to adults, but back and scapularsyellowish olive-green^ (some of the feathers with concealed centralareas of black), the lower hindneck more yellowish olive-green, orolive-yellow (whole hindneck and occiput sometimes of this color).Young {Jirst plumagt').?Forehead (more or less broadly), orbitalregion, auricular and malar regions (except sometimes posterior portionof the former), chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest dullblack; rest of head and neck, together with back, scapulars, rump,and upper tail-coverts, dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green,the back and scapulars more or less clouded or blotched with black;wings and tail dull black, the lesser and middle wing'-covcrts tippedwith dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green; under parts(except throat, etc.) light yellow (dull canary yellow or straw yellow).Adxdt wa/e^?Leng-th (skins), 180.3-207 (191.3); wing, 78.5-93.5(86.6); tail, 84.6-100.8 (93.2); culmen, from base, 19.1-21.3 (20.6);depth of bill at base, 7.1-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 22.1-23.6 (22.9); middletoe, 11.7-17.8 (16.3).^Adxdtfemale.?\^ii\\gi\x (skins), 180.3-195.6 (190.8); wing, 80.3-85.1(83.1); tail, 81.1-90.7 (87.6); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6);
^ The longer coverts sometimes black or partly so, especially the upper coverts.
'' In this i)lumage very closely resenibling in coloration adults of J. melanocephalus,3 Twenty-one specimens.
270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.depth of bill at base, 7.;?-8.6(S.i); tarsus, 22. 1-23. i* (23.1); middle toe,15.2-1T.3 (16.5).^Southeastern Mexico, in Slates of Guanajuato(?), Vera Cruz, (Cor-dova, Jalapa), Oaxaca (Chihuitaii, Tehuantepec, Totontepee, SantoDomingo), and Chiapas, southward through Central America to theIsthmus of Panama.Xanthurnus prosthemdax Strickland, Jardiiif's Contr. Orn., 1850, 120, ]>1. (ili(Guatemala; coll. H. Strickland).Icterus prosthemelas Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1857, 7 (crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 ("Central America"); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Corosal and Belize, British Honduras; Choc-tum. Vera Paz, and sources Rio de la Pasion, (juatemala; San Pedro, Hon-duras; Peje and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Iljis, 1859,20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 279 (BlewfieldsR., Nicaragua);1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras) .?Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58(Comayagua, Honduras).? (?) Duces La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato,Mexico).?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Chihuitan,Oaxaca).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Naranjo, Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1'882, 9; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887,112 (Jimenez; Naranjo de Cartage).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras); x, 1888, 588 '(Segovia R., Honduras).?Sal-
' viN and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 466.
?
Richmond, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).[Icterus'] jirostfwmclas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Ilctn-us} 'prosthemelas Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375.Icterus dorn'micensis, var. prosthemelas Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182.
^ Nine specimens.Specimens from different localities average as. follows:
Loeality.
MALES.Two adult males from .southeastern Mexico.Four adult males from GuatemalaSeven adult males from HondurasThree adult males from NicaraguaThree adult males from Costa RicaTwo adult males from PanamaFEMALES.One adult female from southeastern MexicoTwo adult females from HondurasThree adult females from NicaraguaThree adult females from Costa Rica
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271Pendulinus prosthemelas Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 56 (monogr. ).
?
La^veence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).[Fendulinus'] lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 15, 1850, 432 (Mexico; basedon Troupiale noire a ventre jaune Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, no. 7).Pendulinus lessoni Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, 1854, 66 (crit. ).A'[oH</io?'/ms] lessoni Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 184 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).{f) Icterus gnalanensis Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. Iv, June 30, 1898, p.lix (Gualan, Guatemala).ICTERUS HYPOMELAS (Bonaparte).CUBAN ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?General color uniform black; lesser and mid-dle wing-coverts, rump, and thighs, lemon yellow; under wing-covertsand axillars slightly paler (canary) yellow; shorter under tail-covertsand tips (more or less extensive) of longer under tail-coverts duller(gallstone or saffron yellow); bill black, the mandible bluish gray (palegrayish blue in life) basally: legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish grayin life?).Lmnature {seG07id year?).?Head and neck dull olive-green becomingmore or less dusky on fore part of head, especially from lores to chin,inclusive (whole throat, chin, malar region, and lores sometimes uni-form black); back and scapulars dull grayish olive-green, the feathersindistinctly darker centrally; rump more yellowish olive-green, moreyellow on lower portion; lesser wing-coverts yellowish olive-green;;middle coverts more yellowish, with a darker mesial streak; rest ofwings, and tail, grayish dusky with edgings of pale olive-grayish orgrayish buffy; under parts, except chin (and sometimes throat) plainolive-green, duller anteriorly, l)righter or more yellowish posteriorly.[Older specimens variously intermediate in coloration between this,plumage and the fully adult livery.]Adult m?/^.? Length (skins), 186.7-198.1 (190.8); wing, 94.2-96(95.3); tail, 84.3-91.9 (88.6); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.4 (21.6);depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.4); tarsus, 23.9-24.4 (24.1); middletoe, 15-17.3 (16.8).^Adult fe7nale.?ljengt\i (skins), 176.5-198.1 (186.7); wing, 89.4-94.7(91.9); tail, 81.3-92.7 (86.9); culmen, from base, 21.1-22.1 (21.6);depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); middletoe, 16-17.5 (16.8).^Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii,1828, 441 (Cuba).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 268 (Cuba;crit.).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 212 (Cuba).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 131, part (Cuba).
^ Seven specimens.
272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Xanthorrms dominicensis D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839,115, pi. 19 fti*'.?GuNDLACH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 318 (Cuba).?Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10.
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,1860, 307 (Cuba).Icterus virescens (not of Daudin, 1800) Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, Dec, 1827, 441(near Havana, Cuba; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.).(?) Ps{arocolius'] melanopsis Wagler, Isis, 1829, 759 (no locality).IPendidinufi'] kypomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433 (Cuba; "Mexico;"ex Icterus hypomelas Du Bus, manuscript).Pendulinus hypomelas Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 59 (nionogr.).Xanthornus hypomelas Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 287; Journ.fiir Orn., 1874, 128.Icterus hypomelas Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 360 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 370 (San Cristobal, Cuba).
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy anddiagnosis) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129 (Cuba; Isleof Pines).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 305 (habits, etc.; crit.).\^Icterus'] liypomelas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.
?
Cory, ListBirds W. L, 1885, 13.Icterus dominicensis, var. hypomelas Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 254,footnote (crit.).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,182, footnote.ICTERUS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).PORTO RICAN ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Similar to /. doniinicensls., but ))ill decidedlylarger and relatively stouter, upper riuiip l)lack, flanks black, and tail-coverts (especially the upper) partly black; similar also to /. hypomelas.^but upper rump black, under tail-coverts mostly yellow, and lower partof abdomen yellow, the bill also much longer, middle toe longer, andtarsus shorter.Immature {second year?).?Very different from corresponding stageof /. liypomdas. Head and neck (except pileum and hindneck) gall-stone or saffron 3'ellow, brightest or clearest on malar region, chin, andthroat, more or less tinged with russet on lower throat, auricularregion, and lores; chest and breast dull gallstone yellow or light rawsienna, passing into a more buffy olive hue on sides and flanks, theunder tail-coverts light ^^ellowish olive or olive-yellow; pileum andhindneck cinnamon-brownish, becoming more yellowish on forehead;back and scapulars uniform light grayish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull olive-yellowish or light yellowish olive; rest of wings deep hair brown withpaler edgings; edge of wing clear yellow; tail olive or olive-greenish.Young {first ymr).?Similar to the preceding, but coloration dullerand wing-edgings more buffy.Adult w^a/^. ?Length (skins), 194.3-203.2 (197.9): wing, 88.9-96.8(94); tail, 84.1-89.2 (86.9); culmen, from base, 23.4-25.7 (24.6); depthof bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (23.1); middle toe17.3-18 (17.8).^
^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273Adult fe7nale.?Lmgth (skins), 199.7-209.6 (205); wing, 90.2-93.5(91.7); tail, 79.8-86.4 (83.1); culmen, from base, 24.4-25.1 (24.6);depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.1; tarsus, 23.1-23.4; middle toe,18-19.1 (18.5).'Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.Icterus dominicensis (not Oriohis do)nmicensis Linnteus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 167(Porto Rico).Icterus dovi'micensis var. porforlcensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866,254(Porto Rico).?SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 597.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote.Fendulinns portoricensis Cassii^, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr. ).Icterus porioriceiisis ScLATER, Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mu8.,xi,1886, 371 (n. side Porto Rico).
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy anddiagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 104 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 132(Porto Rico).[Icterus'] portoricensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.
?
Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.Xanthornus portoricensis Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 210(Porto Rico)
.
ICTERUS DOMINICENSIS (Linnaeus).HAITIAN ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Similar to /. hi/pomelas, but upper and undertail-coverts wholly yellow and flanks more or less yellow; bill longerand more slender.Y(ntn(j {^first j)Iumaf/e).?}lGiid and neck brown, becoming grayeron chin and throat; back and scapulars more grayish (broccoli) brown;lower rump light dull butfy yellowish, gradually shading into color ofback; lesser and middle wing-coverts light yellow, the former tingedwith brownish; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with pale yel-low; rest of wings grayish dusky with pale edgings, these nearly whiteon terminal portion of longer primaries; tail olive with lighter, moreyellowish olive, edgings; under parts canary yellow posteriori}', shadinginto wood brownish on breast, etc.Adult male.?Length (skins), 185.4-207 (196.3); wing, 91.4-99.1(96.8); tail, 82-90.9 (87.6); culmen, from base, 21.8-24.4 (23.1); depthof bill at base, 7.6-8.4 (7. 9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 15.7-19.3 (17.8).'Adult female.?Length (skin), 194.3; wing, 91.9; tail, 84.1; culmen,from base, 22.1; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 18.3.^Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.[Orioius'] dominicensis Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 163 (based on Carougede St. Domingue Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 5, fig. 2).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1,pt. i, 1788, 391.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 182.
^ Two specimens.
^ Five specimens, three of them not sexed, but probably males.
^ One specimen.3654?VOL 2?01 18
274 BULLETI'N 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.IderusdominicensisDAVinii, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 335.
?
Temminck, Cat. Syst.,1807,48.
?
Salle, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).
?
Sclater,Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131, part (Santo Domingo); Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr. );Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1?86, 371 (Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo; Haiti).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).
?
Cory,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885,71, pi. (12) ; Auk, iii, 1886, 216 (synonymy and diagonsis); Birds W. I., 1889,103 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 131 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).?Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Samana, Santo Domingo).
?
Cherrie, Contr. Orn.San Domingo, 1896, 16.[Jetcrus'] dominiceyisis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.Xanthomus dominicensis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10.l^PendiUinns^ dominicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.Pendulinus dominicensis Gassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr.;Port au Prince, Haiti).Icterus dominicensis, var. dominicensis Baird, Brewer, and Rijjgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote.Pendulinus JlavigasterYimLLOT'Nouw. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, v. 1816, 317 (= Oriolusdominicensis hinnseus).PlendulinuslJiavigastei-YieiIjLot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 705.ICTERUS LAUDABILIS Sclater.SANTA LUCIA ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?General color uniform deep black; lesser andmiddle wing-coverts, whole rump, upper tail-covorts, lianks, lowerabdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, cadmium j^ellow varyingto cadmium orange;^ under wing-coverts pale yellow, deepening intobrighter 3^ellow or orange along edge of wing; bill black, with basalportion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life^; legs andfeet dusky gray (grayish blue in life?).Immature {transition jjlum age).?Head, neck, breast, back, scapulars,greater wing-coverts, and a few of the rectrices black, the feathers ofthe breast tipped with chestnut, and the hindneck tinged with thesame; rump and upper tail-coverts deep ocher-yellow, tinged witholive; under parts (posterior to breast) deep ocher-yellowish; lesser andmiddle wing-coverts light ocher-yellow blotched with black; remigesgrayish dusky edged with pale grayish brown; most of rectrices olive.Adfult maZe.?Length (skins), 188-201.9 (191.8); wing, 91.9-100.6(96.3); tail, 90.9-95 (93); culmen, from base, 23.6-25.9 (24.6); tarsus,21.9-25.1(25.1); 16-17.3(16.5).'Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
^ Some specimens have a greater or less admixture of chestnut at the line of junc-tion of the black and yellow (or orange) of under parts.'Two specimens, the only ones that are sexed in a series of six. The extreme andaverage measurements of this series are as follows: Length (skins), 188-205.7 (197.9)
;
wing, 88.4-102.9 (96.5); tail, 84.3-101.6 (93.5); culmen, from base, 23.6-26.2 (24.6);depth of bill at base (one specimen), 9.4; tarsus, 24.4-25.9 (25.1); middle toe,15.7-19.1 (17).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275Icterus laudahilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 270, pi. 21 (Santa Lucia,Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1872, 649; 1889, 395; Ibis, 1883, 361(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372.?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, V, 1880, 166.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy and diagnosis);Birds W. I., 1889, 104; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 133.?Ridgway,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130.{Icterus] laudabilis Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.?Coky, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 13.ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnaeus).ORCHARD ORIOLE.Adult male in spring and summer.?Head, neck, median portion ofupper che.st, ))ack, and scapulars, uniform black; wings (except lesserand middle coverts) black, with narrow whitish edgings; tail black,the extreme base abruptlj^ yellowish; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesserand middle wing-coverts, and under parts of body (including underwing-coverts) uniform rich chestnut, often deepening into bay onbreast, etc., the rump and upper tail-coverts inclining to burnt sienna;bill black with l)asal half of mandible bluish (pale grayish blue orbluish white in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color indried skins.Adult nude tn autumn aoid winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but scapulars and interscapulars (sometimes feathers ofhead and neck also) margined with butfy grayish, light olive, or chest-nut, and those of the chestnut under parts (sometimes) indistinctlytipped or margined with yellowish.Adult female in spHng and summer.?Above yellowish olive-green,becoming lighter and more yellowish on upper tail-coverts and tail, theback duller, with feathers indistinctly darker centrally; under partsdull canary yellow, tinged with olive on sides and flanks; wings dusky,all the feathers margined with light olive-grayish (these edgingsapproaching white on longer primaries), the middle and greater cov-erts broadly tipped with dull whitish, forming two bands.Male in second yea/'.?Similar to adult female, Init lores, anteriorportion of malar region, chin, and throat black.
^
Youmj {hoth sexes) in firstplumage. ?'^imW-AV to the adult female,but lighter wing-markings tinged with bufl'.Adult mrtZtf.?Length' (skins), 147.3-165.1 (157.7); wing, 78.9-82.6(78.2); tail, 63.5-74.9 (69.1); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.3); depth ofbill at base. 6.6-7.9 (7.6); tarsus. 20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-16.5(15).^Adultfemale.?L&n^th. (skins), 149.9-160 (154.4); wing, 68.6-77.5
1 Breeds in this plumage. Males more than one year old, but not yet fully adult, arevariously intermediate between this black-throated yellow plumage and the fullyadult livery as described above.
' Thirty specimens.
276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(73.2); tail, 63.5-78.7 (66.5); exposed culraen, 15.2-17.3 (15.7); depthof bill at base, 6.6-7.6 (7.-1); tarsus, 20.6-23.1 (21.6); middle toe,13.2-15.5 (14.5).^Eastern United States and whole of Mexico; breeding from the Gulfcoast (northern Florida to southern Texas) north to Connecticut, south-ern New York, southern Ontario (Hamilton, London, Dunnville),southern Michigan (south of -i'S^), southern Wisconsin, centra^. Minne-sota, and southern North Dakota, Init occurring irregularly or casu-ally as far north as southern New Brunswick, Maine (Androscoggin,Kdox, and Washington counties), and Vermont (Middlebury); west toacross the Great Plains; south in winter over whole of Mexico andCentral America to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Rio Atrato); Cuba.(Southern limit of breeding range unknown, but probably extendingover part of Mexico, possibly to Guatemala.)'^[Oriolas] sparius Linn-.ecs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (l)a!^ed on 7dert(.y minorCatesby, Carolina, i, 49; Icterus minor .^ptirius Brisson) .?Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. i," 1788, 389.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 180.Icterus spurius Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci.Phila., iii, 1823, 363; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Geog. and Comp. List,1838, 29.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 165.?Audubon,Orn.Biog., i, 1831, 221, pi. 42; v. 1839, 485; Synopsis, 1839, 144; Birds Am.,oct. ed., iv, 1842, 46, pi. 219.?Giraud, Birds Long I., 1844, 144.?Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 547; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (w. Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 414.?Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa,Vera Cruz), 380 (Oaxaca, Mar.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania);Ibis, 1883, 357 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (Jalapa, Vera
1 Nine specimens.Dividing the collection of breeding birds, or those obtained during the months ofApril to first half of August, inclusive, into five series, representing, respectively, theAtlantic coast States, southern Florida, the Mississippi Valley, southern Texas, andvarious parts of Mexico, their average measurements are found to be as follows:
Locality.
Seven adult males from Atlantic StatesSeven adult males from Mississippi Valley.Seven adult males from southern Texas ...Seven adult males from MexicoTwo adult males from .southern Florida . .
.
FEMALES.Two adult females from Atlantic States
?
One adult female from KansasThree adult females from southern TexasThree adult females from Mexico
Wing.
79.278.776.278.778.5
75.970.671.174.2
Tail.
68.869.966.370.670.1
67.366.864.867.8
Ex-posedculmen,
16.316.515.515.516.8
16.315.516.215.7
Depthof billat base.
7.67.97.17.17.6
7.67.17.17.4
21.821.821.321.621.3
22.621.620.621.6
Middletoe.
1514.71515.715
15.215.713.714.5
^ Among Mexican specimens in the collection of the Biological Survey are one fromLagos, Jalisco, taken in June, one from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, taken in July, and onefrom Catemaco, Vera Cruz, taken in May.
BIRDS OF KOHTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 277Cruz; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Belize, British Honduras; Duefias, Cahabon,Ketalhuleu, sources Rio de la Pasion, and Coban, Guatemala; Cozumel I.,Yucatan; San Pedro, Honduras; Irazu distr., Costa Rica; Lion Hill andPanama, Panama R. R. ).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (LionHill, Panama R. R.) ; viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui) ; viii, 1866, 289 (vie.New York City).
?
Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 31(San Antonio, Texas).?Vekrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine,rare) .?ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R. ); 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Dresser, Ibis, 1865,493 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).
?
McIlwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v,1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario, casual).
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Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,i, 1866, 286; Journ. fiirOrn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cub., 1893, 114.?Sal-vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui).?Butcher, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June, Aug.).?Sumichrast,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz).?Trtppe, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., 1872, 239 (Iowa, breeding).?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,138 days (Fort Hays, w.Kansas, breeding) , 150 (Denver, Colorado, svmimer),178 (Kansas; Colorado) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 60 (second crossingHeart R., e. Montana, July ).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 215; 2d ed., 1882,no. 324; Birds N. W., 1874, 192; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,1878, 604 (Pembina, North Dakota, 1 spcv., June 6).?Ridgway, Bull. EssexInst., V, 1873, 184 (Colorado) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 270; Orn. Illi-nois, i, 1889, 320.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 190, pi. 34, figs. 4, 5, 6.?Maynard, Amer.Sportsman, iv, 1874, 155 (Ipswich, Massachusetts, casual; West Meriden,Connecticut, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 144.?Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1874, 99 (habits).?Meehan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 84(habits).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (s. New England,breeding).?Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 141 (Ritchie Co., WestVirginia; habits; song).?Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 46 (Con-necticut, breeding).?McCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii,1877, 668 (n. Texas and Indian Terr., breeding) .?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol.and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, breeding).?Rath-bun, Rev. List Birds, Centr. N. Y., 1879, 21 (summer resid.) .?McChesney,Bull. U. S. Geol. and GeOg. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Si.sseton, SouthDakota, breeding).
?
Gibus, Ball. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879,488 (Michigan, breeding s. of 43?).?Brown (N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,ii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, 1 spec, Apr.).?Zeledon, Cat.Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 12 (Alajuela;Cartago).?NuTTixG, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicara-gua).?Knoavlton, Auk, i, 1884, 390 (Middlebury, Vermont, 2 specs., June1, 1883) .?Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (Riverdale, s. e. New York; song).?Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).?Cory, Auk,iii, 1886, 218; Birds W. I., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 506.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Huexotitla and Chietla, Puebla,Dec.).?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 29 (Frankhn Co.,Indiana, common summer resid.).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 464.?Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18(Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).?Brodie, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Toronto,Ontario, May 13).?Keyes and Williams, Trans. Davenp. Ac. Sci., v,1888 (Des Moines, Iowa, breeding).?Cooke, Birds Migr. Miss. Val.,1888, 168-170 (localities, dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Denver, 1spec); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 164 (Beaver Creek Valley, Fre-
278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.mont Co., 3 specs., May, 1875).
?
Chkrrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San Jos6,Costa Rica, July 31 to Mar. 2); ix, 1892, 250 (do.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica,"1893, 30 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rira.).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xiii, 1891, 580 (Pembina, North Dakota) .?Smith (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc.N. H., 1891, 119 (Warren Co., s. w. Ohio, breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas,1891, 402 (whole State, breeding).?Attwater, Ank, ix, 1892, 280 (SanAntonio, Texas, breeding).
?
Hatch, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 280 (summerresid.).
?
McIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 285 (London, Dunnville, andHamilton, breeding) .?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (RioEscondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 20 to Feb. 23) .
?
Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas,1894, 372 (Hidalgo; Corpus Christi).?Wayne, Auk, ii, 1895, 365 (WacissaR., n. w. Florida, breeding).
?
Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Indiana Acad.Sci. 1895, 153 (Wabash, n. Indiana, common summer resid. ).
?
Bendire, LifeHist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 479, pk 7, figs. 3-5 (eggs).?Nehrlino, OurNative Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 280, pi. 30, fig. 4.?Oberholser, Bull. OhioAgric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 303 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, sum-mer resid.).
?
Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 898 (whole State).?KNiciHT,Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 88 (Androscoggin, Knox, and Wasliingtoncounlies, Maine, accidental).?Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co.,New York, several records).
?
Samuel, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391, .392 (Toronto,Ontario, l)reeding).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 105(Louisiana, breeding).[fde7-^is} fipuriiiii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.Ilctenis'] Kpuriitfi Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111 (n. e. Illinois, com-mon summer resid.).
?
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407.?Ridg-WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376.lYphantes'] apurius Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.A' lanthorrms'] npurius Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 184.Xanthor7ius spnrlns Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 8 (Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ.fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).Pendnlinns spnrlus Cxi^^ifi, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr. ).[Irterus spurhiit'\ a. .tpurius Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 192 (in synonymy).[ r>r/o/?.s'] ?>arm.s Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 390 (based on Carouge, de Cayenne,DauVjenton, PI. Enl., 607, fig. 1).X[anthornus'] varius Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 344.Xantliornus variusWooDuovsF., Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,79 (Indian Territory.).?Haymond, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18,56, 291(Franklin Co., Indiana).Icterus varius Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 1800, 334.Icterus varius juv., Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico);Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56.(?) [.Oriolus] capensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, .392 (based on XantJiormiscapitis borne esperance Brisson, Orn., ii, p. 128).ITurdus'] ater Gmemn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 830 (based on Merle d gorge noir, de St.Domingue, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 559, = immature male).[Oriohis] castaneus Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, LSI (same basis as 0. variusGmelin).?Shaw, Gen. Zool., vii, 1809, 427.Icterus castaneus Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 1800, 353.Ps[arocolius'] eastanetfs Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. IS {= Oriolusspurius Gmelin, etc.)
.
[Tardus'] jugidaris Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 36'1 (same basis as T. aterGmelin).
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279
P[e7i(Minu>^] solitaris Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 705 (based on Bastard OrioleCatesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina).Pendulinm viridis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 301.PenduUnus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 318.Oriolus mutatus Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 64, pi. 4, figs. 1-4.XanthornusaffinisLAWRKNCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,v, 1852, 113 (Rio Grande,Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrenee).?Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 79 (Texas).?Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake,1853, 332 (Rio Grande).?Kennerly, Rep. Paeiflc R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi,1857, 10 (75 m. w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico).?Heermann, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., X, no. 1, 1859, 17 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).?Cassin,Froc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 140 (Rio Atrato, Colombia).Icterus affinis Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 20 (Guate-mala).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duenas and Coban, Guatemala,July, numerous!).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Jalapa) ; Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico).Bananivorus affinis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).PendnJinus affinis Cassia, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr.).[Jdcrus sjmrins} Var. affiinis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.Icterus spur ius . . . var. affinis Covks, Check List, 1873, no. 215o.Icterus spurius var. affinis Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24(Chihuitan, Santa Eflgenia, and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca); Mem. Bost.Soe. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; plains of Colima).?Merrill, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).Icterus spurius affinis Coues and Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,v, 1879, 397 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).?Coues, Cheek List, 2d ed., 1882,no. 325.?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (s. e. Texas,breeding; deser. nests).[Icterus sjmrius] b. affinis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 193 (in synonymy).Ilcterus] s[purins'] affinis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408.ICTERUS BONANA (Linnaeus).MARTINIQUE ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Head, neck, chest, and upper breast rich verydark chestnut or bay; back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middlecoverts), and tail black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lower rump,and under parts of body (posterior to upper breast) deep orange-rufousor rufous-tawny, deepest on lower l)reast, where sometimes almostchestnut; upper part of rump, thighs, and under wing-coverts orange-ochraceous or dull orange-yellow; upper and under tail-covertsorange-rufous or rufous-tawny, the longer feathers tipped with black;bill black, the basal portion of mandible pale bluish gray; legs andfeet grayish dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?).Young.?Similur to adults, but colors duller and plumage of loosertexture.Adult male.?Ijength {skin), 182.9; wing, 86.9; tail, 83.8; culmen,from base, 8.1; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 15.5.'Adultfemale.?l^ength (skin), 193; wing, 77;- tail, 84.6; culmen,
1 One specimen. ^ Unreliable measurement (primaries molting)
.
280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.from base (two specimens), 21.8-22.1; depth of bill at base, 8.9;tarsus (two specimens), 21.8-23.1 (22.4); middle toe, 15.7.^Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles; Island of Guadeloupe??[Oriolus'] bonana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor,nidiim snspendens, Sloane, Jam., ii, 299, pi. 257, fig. 1) .
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i,1788, 390.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181.Icterus bonana Daudin, Trait<3'd'0rn., ii, 1800, 332.?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Mar-tinique).
?
Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., i, 1879, 355 (Martinique;habits).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy; diagnosis); iv, 1887, 96 (Mar-tinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W.I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 133 (Mar-tinique).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 368 (Martinique).[Icterusl bonana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.
?
Cory, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 13.Icterus bonanx SchATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 ("Antilles").Pendulinus banana Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat, v, 1816, 316.\_Pendulinus'\ }>onana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.Pendulinus bonana Cassin, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 54 (monogr).PsarocoUus bonana Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 19.X[a?Y/i0J'?ms] bonana Cabanis, Mus. Hein, i, 1851, 183 (Martinique).{?) PendidinusrufigaMerYiBihhOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 321 (" Amer-ique meridionale " ^) .
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr.
;
Guadeloupe).(.?) Plendidinus'] rufigaster Vieillot, Enc. M(^th., ii., 1823, 708.{?} [Bananivorus'] rufigaster Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1823, 834 (Guadeloupe).ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagler).BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE,Adult 9nale.?Head, upper part of neck, median portion of upperchest, wings (except lesser and part of middle coverts), and tail l)lack,the tertials usually more or less edged with whitish or pale ])rownishgray; lower hindneck, back, scapulars, I'ump, and upper tail-covertsdull sati'ron yellow or wax yellow, more or less tinged with olive-green, the scapidars partly black; sides of neck, lesser wing-coverts,and under parts (except as described) deep lemon or gamboge yellow,sometimes (though rarel}") tinged with orange; middle wing-covertsmostlj^ black; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray(pale gra3"ish blue in life?); legs and feet gra3"ish horn-color (bluishgray in life?); length (skins), 198-213.4 (205.5); wing, 93.5-98.3 (96.5);tail^ 90.2-102.4 (96.5); culmen, from base, 22.4-23.4 (22.9); depth ofbill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.2); middle toe,17-18.5 (17.8).^
' One specimen.
^ There is a very material discrepancy between Vieillot's original description and thelater one by Bonaparte. Vieillot describes his P. rufigaster as having the belly andposterior parts ( " a le ventre et les parties posterieures ")-deep russet or rusty ( " rouxardent " ) , the rest of the plumage black. Bonaparte, although apparently describingVieillot's type, gives the color of the head, neck, and breast as chestnut?in short,describes a bird (said to be from Guadeloupe) very like/, btmana. Possibly " partesposterieures " in Vieillot's description is an error ( lapsus penuas) for partes anterieures.
' Six specimens.
BIKDS OF NOETH AKD MIDDLE AMEBICA, 281Adult female.?Similar to adult male, but smaller and slightly dullerin color, the back, etc., inclining more decidedly to olive-green; length(skins), 198. 1-21 J:. (204); wing, 89. 4-95. 8 (91.9); tail, 88.9-99.1 (92.2);culmen, from base, 22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4(10.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.9 (26.2); middle toe, 17.5-18 (17.8).^fimnature {second year f).?Similar to adult female, but still moredecidedly olive-green above; wings and tail dusky brownish gray, theformer with pale olive-gra3dsh, the latter with yellowish olive-greenedgings; yellow of under parts shaded laterall}^ with olive-greenish.Young.?No black on head, neck, or chest, the color being j^ellow-ish olive-green above, pale lemon yellow beneath; otherwise as in theinunature stage described above.Southern portion of the Mexican plateau, in States of San LuisPotosi (Valles; Toncanhuitz), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Orizaba;Jico; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Pluma; Mount Zem-poaltepec), Chiapas (Guichicovi), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), andJalisco (San Sebastian).Ps\^arocolius} melcmocephalus Wagler, Isis, 1829, 756 (Mexico).
. Icterus melanocephalus'H.AUN, in Kuster's Vog. aus Asien, Lief vi, 2, pi. 3.
?
Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1867, 53 (monogr.;Jalapa, Mirador, and Orizaba, V-eraCruz); Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc.,1854, pi. 21 (not description, which = I.m. audubonii).?Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 1858, 97, part (tierra caliente. VeraCruz; crit.); 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1.32 (s. Mexico);Ibis, 1883, 365 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 375, part.?Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 543; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 410.?SuMiCHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperate region, VeraCruz).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 186.
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas,Sept.).?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236.?Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 468, part.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus.N. H., X, 1898, 30 (Jalapa; song).?Lantz, Trans. Ivans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97(1899), 222 (S. Tomas, Guatemala).\_Icterus] melanocephalus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Ilcterusl melanocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Jalapa).
?
Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374.[Xanthornus'] melanocephalus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434, part.[Icterus melanocej)halus'] var. melanocephalus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182.[Icterus melanocephalus'] b. Subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,375, in list of specimens (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca).Icterus graduacaucla'LESsoN, Rev. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico).Ilcterusl graduacauda Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 343.(?) Icterus audubonii (not of Giraud) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (Jalapaand Orizaba, Vera Cruz).Icterus audubonii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperateregion, Vera Cruz).
?
x\merican Ornithologlsts' Union, Check List, 2d ed.,1895, no. 503, part (Oaxaca).Icterus auduboni Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 1.50 (Jalapa,Aug., Sept.).
^ Three specimens.
282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.{?)Jclcrus rirescens (not of Vigors, 1828) Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, xl,Dec, 1875, 798 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.).ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS AUDUBONII (Giraud).AUDUBON'S ORIOLE.Similar to L m. melanocephalua^ ))ut much larger and with broad whiteedging-.s to innermost secondaries, the greater wing-coverts also usuallybroadly edged with white near tips.Adult male.?\^^wgi\i (skins), 214.6-233.7 (227.6); wing, 96.3-102.4(100.6); tail, 102.6-106.2(104.6); culmen, from base 25.7-28.2(26.4);depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 26.9-27.9 (27.2); middletoe, 17.5-19.6 (18.5).^Adult female.?'LQ\\^i\^ (skins), 203.2-236.2 (221.5); wing, 94-98(96); tail, 99.6-105.9 (102.9); culmen, from base, 21.8-26.4 (24.6);depth of l)ill at base, 9.9-10.9 (10.4), tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.9); middletoe, 17.5-19.3 (18. 5).
^
Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Linares; Rodriguez;Monterey), Tamaulipas (Matamoras; Charco Escondido; Victoria),San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and Mexico (Valley of Mexico),and southern Texas (Ringgold Barracks; Rio Grande Cit}-; Hidalgo;Brownsville; Lometa, etc., occasionally to San Antonio).
IcleTii.". audnhonii Giraud, Sixteen Specie.'^ Texan Birds, 1841, 3 (Texas; type in collU. S. Nat. Mils.).?B.uiiD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,542 (Matainoras,Tamaulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 409;Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (Charco Escondido andMatamoras, Tamauliijas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 366 (monogr.).?Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1867, 53 (monogr. ; Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon,
? n. e. Mexico; Texas; "New Mexico").
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,iii, 1880, 183, 23.3.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.503.
?
Attwater, Auk, viii, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, I\Iar. 27 and Feb.13).?Jouv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,781 (Hacienda Angostura, SanLuis Potosi, Dec. 10, 16).?Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (RioGrande City; Hidalgo).?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 469,pi. 6, figs. 25-27 (eggs).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 267.Icterus audubtmi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Juquila).
?
Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 35, fig. 1.
?
Sennett,Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 26 (Brownsville and Hidalgo,Texas; habits, song, etc.); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nestand eggs; measurements).
?
Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (FortBrown, Texas; song, etc.).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 226.[/derit.s] auduboui SchXTF.n and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.I[cterus] iiudahonii Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374.[7c7cru.s] {melanoa'plmlus var.?) audubonii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 159.Icterus melanocephalus . . . var. auduboni Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 220.Icterus melnnoceplialus, var. auduboni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 186.Icterus melanocephahis auduboni Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 330.I\^cterus'\ m [elanocephalus] auduboni Covks, Key N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1884, 410.
' Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283[Icterus melanocephahis] a. Siibsp. auduhoni Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xi,1886, 375, in list of specimens (Matamoras).[Xanihornus} melanocephalus {not Psarocolius melmiocephalus Wa.g\er) Bon,\p,\rte,Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434, part.Icterus melanocephalits Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332(Texas).?Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 137 (not pi. 21,=true/. melanocephalus).?Sglater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,97, part (Orizaba,Very Cruz; crit. ).ICTERUS PECTORALIS PECTORALIS (Wagler).SPOTTED-BREASTED ORIOLE.Adults (sexes alike).?Lores, triangular postocular spot, anteriorportion of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of chestdeep black; rest of head and neck rich cadmium orange; back andscapulars uniform deep black; wings (except lesser and middle coverts)and tail black, the former relieved b}^ broad white edgings to tertials(producing a conspicuous wedge-shaped stripe in closed wing) and,usually, by more or less of white at base of second to seventh pri-maries; lateral rectrices more or less liroadly margined terminallywith dull gra3"ish; lesser and middle wing-coverts, whole rump, uppertail-coverts, and under parts (except chin, throat, and median portionof chest) rich orange-3'ellow or orange, the sides of ])reast and chest(sometimes median portion of the former also) marked with triangularspots of black; bill ))lack, with basal portion of mandil)le l)luish gra}'(pale gra3dsh blue in life); legs and feet dusky gra^dsh (l)luish gra\' orgrayish blue in life?); length (skins), 199.7-238.8 (217.9); wing, 100.3-111.3 (104.6); tail, 96.5-109.2 (102.1); culmen, from base, 21.3-24.4(22.9); depth of bill at base, 9.1-9.7 (9.4); tarsus, 2.5.7-28.2 (26.9);middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (18. 5).
^
Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Juchitan, SantaEtigenia, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala), Guatemala (Vera Paz, Retal-huleu, Escuintla, Savana Grande, San Geronimo, etc.) and Salvador(Acajutla).Ps[arocolius] pectoralis Wagler, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico).[Iclerus] pectoralis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part (Mexico; Guatemala).
?
Des Murs, Icon.Orn., 1845-46, pi. 10 (Mexico).Icterus pectoralis ScLATEK, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857,205 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883,372, part (monogr. ) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Putla, Oaxaca;Tonala, Chiapas; Savana Grande, San Geronimo, and Retalhuleu, Guate-mala) .
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).
?
Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48, part (monogr.; Coban, Guatemala).
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Juchitan and SantaEfigenia, Oaxaca).?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll.., 1882,264 (Guatemala).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 474, part (Mexicanreferences and localities; Escuintla, etc., Guatemala; Acajutla, Salvador).Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Palin, Guatemala).Icterus guttulatus Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 2" ser., an. 1844, Ois., pp. 1-4, pi.52 (Mexico?).
^ Seven specimens, of which only one is sexed.
284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.ICTERUS PECTORALIS ESPINACHI Ridgway.ESPINACH'S ORIOLE.Similar to /. p. pect&ralis^ but decidedly smaller (except feet).Admit male.?l^ength (skins), 205.7-213.4 (210.8); win^, 95.8-101.1(99.1); tail, 89.4-97 (94.2); culmen, from base, 21.6-23.4 (22.1); depthof bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 27.4-27.9 (27.4); middle toe,19.3-19.5 (18.3).'Adultfemale.?y^'mg, 91.4; tarsus, 27.9; middle toe, 17.3."Nicaragua ((^hontales ? ; Managua; San Juan) and western Costa Rica(La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya; Liberia).Icterus pedoralis {not Psarocolins pedoralia \Yag\er) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,134, part (Nicaragua) ; (?) Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Ibis, 1883,372, part (monogr.); (?) Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Chon-tales).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48, part (Nicaragua; CostaRica). Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius,Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de CostaRica, 1882, 9.
?
Salvin and 'Itodman, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1887, 474,-part (Chontales and San Juan, Nicaragua; La Palma, w. Costa Rica).
?
Undprwood, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).[Ictenis'] pectoralis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part (CostaRica)
.
Icterus guitulatus (not of Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1861, 9 ( Costa Rica )
.
Icterus pectoralis espinachi "Nutting (MS.) " Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. INIus., v,sig. 25, Sept. 5, 1882, 392 (La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; coll. V. S.Nat. Mus.") .?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 392 (song).?Zeledon,An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, Costa Rica).Icterus espimtchi Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.ICTERUS GULARIS GULARIS (Wagler).IICHTENSTEIN'S ORIOLE.Adidts {sexes aliJce).?Lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin,throat, and median portion of upper chest uniform 1)lack; rest of headand neck, under parts (except throat, etc.), whole rump, and uppertail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, most intense on head, neck, andche.st; lesser and middle wing-coverts paler cadmium j^ellow; back,scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail (exceptconcealed base) black; innermost greater wing-coverts edged withwhite, the outer webs of the rest broadly tipped with white; second-aries edged with white (most broadl}^ on middle quills); second to tifthor sixth primaries with basal portion of outer webs more or lessextensively white, the terminal portion of all the primaries (exceptfirst) narrowly edged with white; basal portion of tail light yellow(abruptly) with white shafts; bill black with lower basal portion ofmandible grayish (pale grajish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feetgrayish dusky or gra3ish horn color (bluish gray in life).Immature [second year?).?Head, neck, and under parts as in adults,but the latter rather paler, or less orange, yellow; back and scapulars
* Four specimens. 'One specimen.
BIKDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285yellowish olive; lesser wing-coverts dusky, broadl}- tipped or marginedwith satfron yellowish; middle coverts dusk}"^ at base, broadly tippedwith white or 3-ellow; rest of wings dark grayish brown with paleredgings, these white, or nearly so, on greater coverts; tail yellowisholive.Young {first pluviage).?Head, neck, and under parts (includingthroat, etc.) yellow, the color duller on pileum and hindneck; backand scapulars olive; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellow (gallstoneor dull satfron), like pileum and hindneck; wings and tail as in theimmature plumage, described above, but greater coverts broadlytipped (on outer webs) with dull yellowish white, secondaries broadlyedged with white, primaries more ])roadl3^ edged with pale gray (pass-ing into white terminall}') and with a white patch at base.Adult mrtZt^?Length '(skins), 22S.6-279.4 (247.0); wing, 116.1-142.2(125); tail, 101.1-117.3 (107.4); culmen, from base, 26.2-30.2 (27.9);depth of bill at base, 12.2-14.5(13.2); tarsus, 29.7-32.5 (31.2); middletoe, 20.3-23.9 (22.4). ^Adultfeviale.?ljQn^th. (skins), 21S.4-251.5 (238.8): wing, 108-126.2(113.8); tail, 91.7-114.8 (101.1); culmen, from base, 24.6-27.7 (26.4);depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.7 (13); tarsus, 28.5-30.7 (30); middle toe,17.8-22.4 (21.1).'Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Barrio, Chihuitan,Juchitan, Santa Etigenia, Tehuantepec, Huilotepec, Juchitan, Chima-lapa, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala, Huehuetan), and southward throughGuatemala (Vera Paz, San Geronimo, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, SanPedro Martir, Zacapa, etc.), Salvador (Acajutla), and Honduras (Coma-yagua), to Nicaragua (San Juan); British Honduras (Corosal) ^Ps\_ar()colius'] gularis Wagler, Isis, 1829, 754 (Tehuantepet-, Oaxaca; ex Lichten-stein, manuscript)./de)*?.s (/?7or(? LicHTENSTEiN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vug., 1830, 1 ("Mexico"); Journ.fill- Orn., 1863, 56.?Des Muks, Icon. Orn., 1845-46, pi. 9.?Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Hondin-as); Ibis, 1883, 371, part(s. Mexico, Yucatan, British Honduras, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 384, part (Tonala, Chiapas; Putla and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; SavanaGrande and San Pedro Martir, Guatemala; Corosal, British Honduras?).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Comayagua,Honduras).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Guatemala); 1860, 195 (San Geronimo,Guatemala).?(?) Taylor, Ibis, 1861, 111 (Honduras).?Owen, Ibis, 1861,62, pi. 2, fig. 5 (San Geronimo, Guatemala; descr. and colored fig. of eggs).Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (San Geronimo, Guatemala;San Salvador; San Juan, Nicaragua).
?
Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Putla, Bar-rio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas;Corosal, British Honduras?; Vera Paz, San Geronimo, Retalhuleu, SavanaGrande, San Pedro Martir, and Zacapa, Guatemala; Acahutla, Salvador;Comayagua, Honduras; Nicaragua).
^Ten specimens. ^Six specimens.
286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ict[eruii'\ gularis BosAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 ("Mexico").[Idei'usl gularis ScLATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.Icterus gularis gularis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152, intext.(?) Icterus mentalis Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 111, pi. 41 (Mexico; ex " Cacieusmentalis Wagler, Isis").? (?) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1842, 136.
?
Sclater,Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134 (San Geronimo, Gnateniala).The following- references are doubtful, and may belong either to thisform or to /. </. tamaulipensis:Icterus gularis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico). Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Mexico).ICTERUS GULARIS TAMAULIPENSIS Ridgway.ALTA MIRA ORIOLE.Similar to /. g. gidaris^ but decidedly smaller and the colorationmore intense, the orange-yellow more decidedly orange (usually richcadmium orange); black at anterior extremity of malar region, broader;bill shorter and deeper through base.Adult ttiale.?l^ength (skins), 219.7-242.6 (232.7); wing, 108.2-117.9(114.3); tail, 97.3-111 (104.1); culmen, from base, 24.9-26.9 (25.7);depth of bill at base, 13-14.7 (13.7); tarsus, 29.5-31 (30); middle toe,19.3-21.8 (20.1).^Adult female.?Ijen^th (skins), 218.4-238.8 (226.3); wing, 105.2-110.7 (108.2); tail, 95-103.1 (99.8); culmen. from base, 23.6-25.9(24.6); depth of bill at base. 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.5);middle toe, 19.6-22.4 (19.8).'Eastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Otatitlan, Papantla, Cate-maco, San Andreas Tuxtla, etc.), Pue])la (Metlaltoyuca, February)San Luis Potosi (Valles, etc.), and Tamaulipas (Alta Mira, Hidalgoetc.).Icterus mexicanus (not Oriolus mexicanus Leach) Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser,i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec, Mexico).''/[r/<'nf.s] gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Cab.vnis, ]\Ius. Hein., i, 1851, 185(Jalapa, Vera Cruz)
.
Icterus gularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (San Andreas Tuxtla,Vera Cruz); 1859, .365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (do); Ibis, 1883,371, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 384, part (Jalapa).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (monogr.; Mirador, VeraCruz; City of Mexico).
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,150 (Actopam, Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1887, 475, part (Temascal tepee; Actopam, San Andreas, Tuxtla, andJalapa, Vera Cruz).?Bendike, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466(Hidalgo, Tamaulipas; Louisiana?).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xviii, 1896, 630, (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas)
.
^ Nine specimens.
^
'-' Five specimens.
^Cites Oriolus mexicanus Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 1814, \\h'u-h= Icterus leucopteryx(Wagler).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287{^Iclems} gidaris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.Icterus gularis yucataneiisis (not of Berlepsch) Bendire, Auk, x, 1893, 366("Avery's Island, Louisiana").
?
American Ornithologists' Union Com-mittee, Auk, xi, 1894, 51; xii, 1895, 169.(?) Icterus gularis flarnmeus \_7iome)i imdum!] Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Rinconada, Puebla).Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, A2;)r. 15, 1901,152 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipa.s; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).ICTERUS GULARIS YUCATANENSIS Berlepsch.YUCATAN ORIOLE.Similar to l. g. tammilipeoisis, but still smaller, with coloration stillmore intense (adults rich cadmium orange, the head bright orange-chrome), and maxilla much narrower (in vertical width).xUlult nude.?l^ongih (.skins). 204.5-24:3.8 (225.3); wing, 106.9-117.3(113); tail, 97.8-106.7 (103.1); culmen, from base, 22.9-25.4 (24.1);depth of bill at base, 11.2-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 25.9-30 (28.7); middletoe, 18-20.3 (19.3).'Adult female. -IjQwgth. (skins), 215.9-226.1 (221); wing, 99.3-106.7(104.1); tail, 96.6-103.1 (99.3); culmen, from base, 22.9-23.4 (23.1);tarsus, 26.4-30.2 (28.5); middle toe, 17.5-19.8 (18.8).'Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Temax; Calotmul; Tekanto; Shkolak),including island of Cozumel.Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886,384, part(Cozuinel I., Yucatan).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Yucatan; Cozuniel I.)
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (int. Yucatan).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).[Icterus] gularis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.Icterus gularis gucatanensis Berlepsch, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 454 (Yucatan; coll.Count vonBerlepsch) .
?
Ridgwav, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 152, in text.ICTERUS CUCULLATUS CUCULLATUS Swainson.HOODED ORIOLE.Adult male in suminer.?Lores, anterior portion of forehead, orbitalregion, anterior half of auricular region, malar region, chin, throat,and upper chest uniform black, with a rounded posterior outline onthe chest; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts uniform black;middle wing-coverts white, producing a very broad white band; restof wings black, the outer webs of greater coverts tipped with white,the remiges edged with grayish white; tail black, the lateral rectricesmore or less broadly margined at tips with pale grayish; re.st of plu-mage varying from cadmium j'ellow to cadmium orange, the color mostintense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portion of man-dible bluish gra}" (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life); legs andfeet grayish dusky (bluish graj' in life?).
' Twelve specimens. ^ Three sj^ecimeus.
288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult male in winter?Similar to the summer plumage, })ut theorange or orange-yellow duller, especiall}' on upper parts, where moreor less obscured b3'a tinge or wash of olivaceous; scapulars and inter-scapulars margined terminally with light olive or olive-grayish: ter-tials more broadly margined with white.Adult female.?Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper tail-coverts, andtail yellowish olive, the occiput Jind nape tinged with dull brownishgray; back and scapulars dull brownish gray; lesser wing-co\'ertsbrownish gra}', more dusk}- centrally; rest of wings dusky, with palebrownish gray edgings, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white,and pale edgings to greater coverts becoming white terminally ; beneathdull ochre-yellow, paler on abdomen. strongK washed Avith grayishon sides and flanks.Immature male {second year f).?Similar to adult female, but lores,anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black.Adidt ;/MZt^?Length (skins), 180.3-193 (187.2); wing, 83.3-86.1(84.8); tail, 89.7-98 (94); culmen. from base, 19.6-20.8 (20.1); depthof bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 21.8-23.6 (22.6); middle toe.15.5-16.8 (16).'Adultfemale.?IjQwgth (skins), 185.4-194.3 (189.7); wing, 80.3-81.5(81); tail, 85.9-90.2 (87.4); culmen, from l)ase, 19.8; depth of bill atbase, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 22.4-23.1 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-15.7(15.5).^Eastern portion of Mexican plateau and Atlantic lowlands, fromStates of Nucvo Leon (Monterey, near Guajuco, Linares, etc.) andsouthern Tamaulipas (La Cinia, Alta Mira, etc.), southwestwardthrough States of San Luis Potosi (Valles), Mexico (Temascaltepec,Amecameca, etc.), Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Morelos (Titela del Vol-can) to Jalisco (San Sebastian, March; Barranca Ibarra, April 21;Zapotlan, December) and Colima (plains of Colima, January).Icterus cucuUatus iyWAitisoii, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec,Mexico, Mexico).
?
Sclaier, Proc. Zooi. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova,Vera Cruz); (?) 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132(Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 364, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376,part.? (?) ScL.\TER and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Belize, British Honduras).
?
(?) Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).? (?) Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii,1860, 267 (Cuba; crit. ).?(?) Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866,286; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba): Orn. Cuba, 1893, 96.?Sumichrast,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).? (?) Duces,La Naturaleza,i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,ii., 1874, 279, part (plains of Colima, Jan.).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-WAV, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part.? (?) CoRV, List Birds W. L,1885, 13; Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 104; Cat. W. I.Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,150 (Chietla and Atlixco, Puebla).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-.Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part.?Jouv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781(Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).
' Seven specimens. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289
ITctcrus] cucullntns 8clater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.? (?)Cory, Dist. Birds W. I., 1885, 13.\_Icterus cucullatus] var. cucuUatus Baikj), Brewkk, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.Ilderus] cucuUatus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409, part.
?
RidgwayMan. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part.IFenduliims] cucullatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433.PenduUnus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (monogr.).Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152,in text.(?) Hyplmntes costototl {not Psarocolius coztototl Wagler?) Gundlach, Journ. fiirOrn., 1856, 11 (Cuba); 1861, 413 (do.).(?) Yphantcs hidlockii (not Xanthornus Imllockii Swainson) Brewer, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).llcterus cucullatus'] a. Subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376,in list of specimens (Mexico).ICTERUS CUCULLATUS SENNETTI Ridgway.SENNETTS ORIOLE.Similar to /. c. cucullatiis^ but lighter in coxor; adult males lessdecidedly orange, the color of pileum, chest, etc., deep cadmiumyellow, never cadmium orange; adult females much lighter in color,the yellow of under parts dull or pale gamboge instead of saffron orochreous, the back and scapulars lighter grayish, and light olive-greenish of pileum, rump, etc.. clearer; wing and tail averagingdecidedly shorter.Adult m?76^?Length (skins), 188-199.7 (193); wing, 80.5-85.3(83.3); tail, 87.9-99.1 (91.7); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.6 (20.3);depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8. 1^- tarsus 21.8-23.1 (22.6); middle toe,15.2-16.7 (15.5).^Adult female.?hQwgih (skins), 177.8-190.5 (184.7); wing, 78-81.3(79.5); tail, 83.8-88.4 (86.4); culmen, from base, 18.3-19.6 (19.1);depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 ^7.9^- tarsus, 20.8-22.6 (22.1); middletoe, 15.2-15.7 (15.5).'Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas and Tamaulipas; south in winterto Morelos (Cuernavaca, Yautepec, etc., January).Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 116(Texas).
?
Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rio Grande,Texas) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 546 (Cliarco Escondido, Tamauli-pas) ; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (do. ) ; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 413.?Cassin, lUustr. Birds Tex., Cal., etc., 1854, 42, pi. 8(Texas). Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,150 (Laredo, Texas).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 218; 2d ed., 1882, no. 328.?Baird, Brewer, andRidgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part, pi. 35, fig. 6. Sennett,Bull.U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Brownsville and Hidalgo,Texas; habits, etc.); v, 1879, 398 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nest andeggs; measurements).
?
Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (Fort
^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 19
290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Brown, Texas; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Ridgway, Noni. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 269, part.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 505,part.
?
Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (CharcoEscondido, Tamaulipas).
?
Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 372 (SantaMaria to Rio Grande City, Texas).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii,1895, 475, pi. 6, figs. 30-32 (eggs). Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii,1896, 274.[Icteims] cucullatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.[Icterus cucidlatus] var. aicullatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.Ilcterus] aicullatus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part.Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1867, 60, part (monogr. ).Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152(Brownsville, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).ICTERUS CUCULLATUS NELSON! Ridgway.NELSON'S ORIOLE.Similar to /, c. sennetti, but still paler and with forehead wholly3'ellow; adult male with the general color clear cadmium or Indian3^ellow, without any orange tinge; adult female ver^^ similar to that of/. c. sennetti, but averaging slightly lighter in color, the yellow ofunder parts usually rather purer; wing averaging decidedly longer,but tail shorter, and bill longer and more slender.Adult male.?Length (skins), 175.3-198.1 (188.6); wing, 86.1-90.4(88.4); tail, 81.8-96 (S9.9); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1 (21.6); depthof bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 15.5-16.8 (16)\Adultfemale.?Length (skins), 175.3-185.4(178.3); wing, 80.8-82.8(81.8); tail, 80.5-83.3 (82); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.8(20.3); depthof bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.2)^Coast plain of northwestern Mexico and western portion of Mexicanplateau, in States of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa and Territory ofTepic; north to Arizona and southern California (San Bernardino, SanDiego, and Ventura counties); peninsula of Lower California; breed-ing southward to Territor}^ of Tepic (Santiago).Icterus rucuUalus (not of Swainson) Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301,304 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California).
?
Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861,122 (San Bernardino, s. California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 275, part (San Diego,s. California; Cape St. Lucas).?Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84(Tucson, Arizona) ; Check List, 1873, no. 218, part; 2d ed., 1882. no. 328, part.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part; iii,1874, 517 (Lower California and Arizona; descr. nest and eggS ) .
?
Lawrence,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279, part (Mazatlan).?HENSHAw, Rep. Orn.Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (Arizona s. of GilaR.); Zool. Exp.W. 100th Merid., 1875, 319, excl. syn., part (Camps Grant and Bowie,
^ Ten specimens. " Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291Arizona; habits).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 269, part.
?
Brewstek, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (s. Arizona; remarks onplumage).
?
Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora),541 (La Paz, Lower California) .?Scott (W. E. D.), Auk, ii", 1885, 159-165(s. Arizona; breeding habits).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,376, part (Arizona; La Paz, Lower California; California; Mazatlan).[IcterKs] c'ucuUatus SCI.ATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.[Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part.Pendulinum cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (LowerCalifornia).Icterus cucullatus neUoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885,19, in text (Tucson, Arizona; coll. U.S. Nat.Mus. ).
?
American Ornitholo-gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 505rt.
?
Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181(Ventura Co., California; n. to Santa Barbara).
?
Scott (W. E. D. ), Auk, iv,1887, 23 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, 4,000-6,000 ft.).?Morcom, Bull.Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 48 (Banning, San Diego Co., California; Yuma,Arizona).
?
Emerson, Bull. no. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 428 (Poway, SanDiego Co., California).?Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro MartirMts., Lower California, up to 4,500 ft.).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v,1893, 37 (Bisbee, s. Arizona).?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,476, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 275,pi. 31, fig. 3.?Merriam (Florence), Auk, xiii, 1896, 120 (Twin Oaks, SanDiego Co., California, breeding).
?
Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci.,1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., in summer, up to 4,000 ft.)./ [cterusl cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376.[Icterus cucullatus'] a. Subsp. nelsoni Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, inlist of specimens (Arizona; California; La Paz, Lower California; Mazatlan).Icterus nelsoni Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 472.ICTERUS CUCULLATUS IGNEUS Ridgway.FIERY ORIOLE.Similar to /. c. cucullatus^ bat coloration more intense; adult malewith the orange averaging* richer and purer (usually pure cadmiumorange), often tinged with or inclining to flame scarlet on chest; adultfemale very difl'erent from that of /. c. cucullatus, the under partsbeing rich safl'ron yellow.or light cadmium yellow, the pileum, hind-neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts similar but duller; wing averagingdecidedly longer.Adult male.?hQngth. (skins), 186.7-204.5 (195); wing, 86.1-89.4(87.1); tail, 92.6-96 (94.5); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); depthof bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.4); middle toe,14.5-17 (15.5).^Adult female.?luengV" (skins), 154.7-209.5 (188.2); wing, 76.2-82(79.2); tail, 78.2-94 (85.1); culmen, from base, 19-20.3 (19.8); depthof bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-22.3 (22.2); middle toe,15.2-16.3 (15.7).'
^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.
292 BULLETIN oO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Yucatan (Silani; Merida; Chichen-Itza; Progreso; La Vega; PuertoMorelos) and Campoehe (Tokaltun); Mugeres Island (accidental?);British Honduras (Belize)?(?) Icterus cHcuUah(s (not of Swainson?) ScLATERandSALvix, Il)is, 1859, 20 (Belize,British Honduras).?Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 46H (Belize).Ictern." nicullnlus Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Silani, Yucatan).
?
ScLATEK, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1880, 376, part.
?
Saia'in and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Merida and Silam, Yucatan).Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885,19, in text (Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1890, 209 (Progreso, Yucatan).Ilcterus'] cucullatus igneus Ridgway, Man. N. Atn. Birds, 1887, 376.[Icterus cucullatus} c. Subsp. ignea, Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377,part, in list of specimens (Belize, British Honduras?; Merida and Silam,Yucatan).ICTERUS CUCULLATUS COZUMELiE Nelson.COZUMEl ORIOLE.Similar to /. c. igneus^ but female decidedly smaller, with larger billand paler coloration, the back grayer and rump and upper tail-coverts more olivaceous (less yellowish); adult male slightly smallerthan that of I. c. igneus, but similar in coloration.Adult male.?hQwgih. (skins) 180-190(185); wing, 85-90 (87.5); tail,90-94(92); exposed culmen,' 19; tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 17-18(17.5).^Adult female.?hQwgth. (skins), 169-179 (173.6); wing, 74-79 (76.2);tail, 75-80 (79.6); exposed culmen, 17-20 (18.8); tarsus, 20-24 (22);middle toe, 15-17 (16).'Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570(Cozumel I., Yucatan.)
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part(Cozumel.)
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, ls87, 471, part(Cozumel I., Yucatan).\_Iclerus cucullatus] c. Subsp. ignea Sclater, Cat'. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377,part, in list of specimens (Cozumel I.).Icterus cucullatus cozumelx Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901,173 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).ICTERUS CUCULLATUS DUPLEXUS Nelson.MUGERES ORIOLE.Adult male.?Similar in coloration to that of /. c. nelsrml, but blackof lores extending broadly across anterior half, or more, of forehead,
^ Two specimens. ^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293greater wing-covert,-, without white edgings (but with alnnipt whitetips), and remiges wholly black except a narrow edging of white forterminal half or less; bill stouter; length (skins), 190-199 (191.3);wing, 81-86 (84); tail, 89-90 (89.3); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.3);tarsus, 21-24 (23); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).^Adult female.?Not seen,Mugeres Island, Yucatan.Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Mugeres Island).Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901,173 (Mugeres Island, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).ICTERUS GIRAUDII Cassin.GIRAUD'S ORIOLE.Adults (sexes alike)., summer plumage.?Forehead, lores, orbital,suborbital, and malar regions, chin, throat, upper chest (except later-ally), wings (except more anterior lesser coverts), and tail, uniformblack; rest of plumage cadmium 3^ellow; scapulars chiefly black butmixed with yellow toward interscapular region;' bill black, with basalportion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs andfeet horn color or grayish dusk}" (bluish gra}" in life?).Winter {or fresJdy assumed) plumage.-?Similar to summer plumage,but yellow of upper parts more or less obscured b}^ an olive tinge,especially on pileum and hindneck.Immature {second year f).?Similar to adults but duller in color, theupper parts yellowish olive or dull olive-yellow, the wings and taildusk}^, the former with narrow and indistinct dull grayish edgings, thelateral rectrices edged with light olive-greenish.Young {first plumage).?Pileum, auricular region, hindneck, rump,and upper tail-coverts ochre-yellowish, more or less tinged with olive,especially on back; malar region, chin, throat, and chest light saffronyellow; rest of under parts light chrome yellow; wings dull blackish,the coverts and secondaries edged with light olive, the primaries morenarrowly edged with dull grayish; tail dull blackish with indistinctpaler edgings, the lateral feathers with whitish shafts.Adult male.?\u^\\gi\\ (skins), 189.2-233.7 (210.1); wing, 91.4-111,3(102,1); tail, 95,8-108.7 (99,3); culmen, from base, 22,9-26.9 (24.4);depth of l)ill at base, 9.9-11.7 (10.7); tarsus, 25.9-28.2 (26.9); middletoe, 17-20.3 (18.8).=*Admitfemale.?\j^^^\h (skins), 182,9-195, 6 (188.5); wing, 86.4-90.9(88,4); tail, 82,6-94 (88.4); culmen, from base, 22.1-23.4(22.6); depth
^ Three specimens.
^ Sometimes there is a slight admixture of black on outer side of thighs.
* Eighteen specimens.
294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at ba,sc, 10.2-11.2 (1(>.7); tar.sus, 28.(i-2B.2 (24.9); midcile too,17-18.3 (17.3).^Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapau), Chiapas(San Cristobal), and Yucatan, southward through Central America toColombia (Rio Truando; Nercua; Bogota; Ibaque; Medellin, provinceAntioquia), and Venezuela (Cai'acas).Icterus giraudii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 333 (Bogota, Colombia;coli. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.?); 1860, 140 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1867, 52(monogr.); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1848, 138, pi. 17.?Law-rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.)
.
?Sclater,Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Guatemala; Bogota).Icterus (praudi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota; crit. ); 1857,228 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; crit.); Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicara-gua); 1883, 366 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 379 (n. Yucatan;Tactic and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Chontales, Nicaragua; Boquete deChitra, Chitra, and Santa Fe, Veragua; Chepo, Lion Hill, Paraiso Station,Panama, and Colon, Panama R. R. ; Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Vene-zuela).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill) ; 1868, 167 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1879, 509 (Envi-gado, Concordia, and Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Cas-tillo, Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).
?
Wyatt, Ibis,1871, 330 (Colombia, up to 7,000 ft.).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica,1882, 9; Anal. Mus. Nap. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Veragua).?Boucard, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 469.?Ripgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Sego-via R., Honduras).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr.Colombia).
?
Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 339, 1899, 5(Punta de Sabana, Isthmus Panama).
' Four specimens.Specimens from different localities compare in measurements as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295[Icterus'] giraudi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.(?) Xanthornuschrysater\^KSSO?i, Oeuvr. Buffon, vii, 1847, 332 (Mexico).
?
Bona-parte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Mexico).Icterus melanopterus Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, 1849, 275 (Caracas, Ven-ezuela; coll. Bremen Mus.?).
?
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58(Omoa, Honduras).[Xanlhornus] ?ie/anopte/'it.b' Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Colombia).l^cterus] melanopterus Cabatssis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Colombia; Venezuela).ICTERUS GUALANENSIS Underwood.GTJALAN ORIOLE.Similar to L giraudU^ but liaving- the black of the head extended tothe occiput. Total length, 215.9; culmen, 2.5. i; wing, 105.4; tail, 104;tarsu.s, 27.9. (Translation of original description.^)Icterus gualanensis Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. Iv, June 30, 1898, p.lix (Gualan, Guatemala; location of type not stated).The above description applies very well to some immature examplesof I. lyroHthemeJax.ICTERUS PUSTULATUS (Wagler).SCARLET-HEADED ORIOLE.Adult male in simimer.?Lores, anterior portion of malar region,chin, and throat, black; rest of head and neck intense orange, some-times flame scarlet, more rarely yellowish orange, the remaining underparts paler orange or yellow; back, rump, upper tail-coverts andlesser wing-coverts orange or yellow, the back streaked with black;inner webs of scapulai's mostly orange or yellow, outer webs black;middle wing-coverts white, with basal portion of inner webs black,this increasing in extent on innermost feathers; rest of wing black,with innermost greater coverts edged with white, the rest l)roadlytipped with white on outer webs; secondaries edged with white, excepton basal portion of outermost five or six; primaries (except the first)with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a more or less exten-sive patch, and portion of outer webs from sinuation to tip narrowlyedged with white; tail black, with concealed basal portion of therectrices orange or yellow (shafts of this portion white), the outer-most rectrices broadly ti])ped with dull whitish or pale brownishgray; bill black, the basal half of mandible bluish gray; legs andfeet horn color (in dried skins).Adult male in vy'inter.?Similar to the summer plumage, but whiteedgings to wing feathers much Ijroader, often strongly tinged withgray; orange or yellow of l)ack, rump, etc., more or less tinged witholive, the back often tinged or suffused with gray.Adult female in summer.?Pileum, hindneck, back, inner webs ofscapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts wax yellow or olivaceous
^ The measurements converted from inches to millimeters.
296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.orange-yellow, deeper and more orange on forehead, the back moreor less broadly streaked with black; lores, anterior portion of malarregion, chin, and throat black, as in adult male; space between theblack throat-patch and eyes orange or j^ellow, gradually becomingmore j^ellow posteriorly, the under parts being Indian yellow or saffronyellow, faintly tinged on sides and flanks with olive; scapulars gray-ish on outer webs, yellowish olive on inner webs, and with more orless distinct median streaks of dusky; lesser wing-coverts olive-j^ellowish, with dusky central spots; middle coverts black at base,broadly tipped with dull whitish; rest of wings dusk}^, relieved bygrayish white or pale gray edgings to all the feathers; tail light oliva-ceous (sometimes partly blackish), with edges more yellowish; colorof bill and feet as in the male.Adult female in winter.?Similar to the summer plumage, butupper parts much tinged with gray, especially on back, and gra3'ishwhite or light gray wing-edgings broader.Young.?Similar to the winter female, but without any black onthroat, etc.; streaks on back obsolete, and colors duller.^Adult wiaZ^.?Length (skins), 186.7-205.7 (198.1); wing, 98.6-106.2(100.8); tail, 87.1-97.3 (90.9); exposed culmen, 19.8-22.9 (21.3); depthof bill at base, 10.7-12.1: (11.7); tarsus, 23.6-25.1(21.9); middle toe,16-17.8 (17.3).^Adult female.?\ieng\h (skins), 185.1-203.2 (192.3); wing, 90.2-96.3 (93); tail, 80.8-91.1 (87.1); exposed culmen, 18.8-22.9 (20.6);depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus, 21.1-25.1 (21.6); middletoe, 16-17.8 (17).=*Western and southern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (near Bato-pilas), Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Plumosas; Rosario),Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra; Ameca; San Sebastian;Bolanos; Zacoalco; Guadalajara), Tepic (San Bias; Tepic; Acaponeta),Colima (Manzaniila, February; plains of Colima, January), Guerrero(Acapulco, January), Oaxaca (Putla, lanhuiatlan), Chiapas (Tonala),Morelos (Yautepec, January), Puebla (Acatlan), and Vera Cruz (hotregion).*P8{aTO(iolms\ jmstulatus Wagleyi, Isis, 1829, 757 (no locality; coll. Berlin Mus.).Ictlerus'] pustulatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (Mexico).IcteniH 2yHstuhUus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228; 1858, 303 (La Parada,Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134 ("Central. Am."; Mexico); Ibis, 1883,373 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 386 (Mazatlan; Presidio, nearMazatlan; Acapulco; Puebla; Tonala, Chiapas; Atlixco, Pue])la; "Cape San
^ Immature males resemble adult females in coloration.^Ten specimens.
^Six specimens.*Accordiiit' to Sumichrast.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297Luca8, Lower California").
?
Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., jit. iv, 1867,pi. 24.?Cassin, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867,48 (monogr. ; Mazatlan).
?
SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (liot region, Vera Cruz).Lawrence, Mem. Bost. f?oc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280 (Mazatlan; Tepic; plainsof Colima; ManzanilloBay; habits, etc).
?
Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,264 (Mexico); Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond., 1883, 422 (Acapulco).?Ferrari-Perez,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, Puebla;Ianhuiatlan, Oaxaca).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, etc., crit.).?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, .477.
?
Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).llcierus'] j)ustulatns Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Pendulinus californicus Lesson, Rev Zool., 1844, 436 ("Lower California");Oeuvr. Buff., Suppl., vii, 1831, 333.[PciiduUnus] calfornicus BoiiAVARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433.Pendulinus californicus Baird, in Stansbury's Rej). Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 ( "Cali-fornia " )
.
Icterus sclateri (not of Cassin) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899),222 (Altata and Culiacan, Sinaioa).ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin.SCLATER'S ORIOLE.Similar to I. pustulatai^ but larger, with black streaks on back muchbroader (the black predominatino- over the yellow or orange); middlewing-coverts with less black on basal portion (sometimes none), and(usually) the general color of head, etc., yellow or orange-yellowrather than orange; adult female similar to that of /. pmtidatus, butlarger; upper parts lighter and more yellow, with black streaks onback broader; wing-edgings broader and purer white, and color ofunder parts, etc., lemon-yellow, rather than orange or saffron yellow.Adult iiude.?LQwgth (skins), 193-215.9 (203.7); wing, 101.6-115.1(107.2); tail, 89.4-10^.1 (93.2); exposed culmen, 19.8-23.1 (21.3);depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 23.1-26.4 (24.6); middletoe, 15.5-18.3 (17).^Adidt female.?l^Gwgth. (skins), 186.7-203.2 (194.3); wing, 94-101.3(97.5); tail, 81.8-88.6 (85.9); exposed culmen, 20.6-21.1 (20.8); depthof bill at ])ase, 10.7-11.9 (11.2); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.4); middle toe,16-17.8 (16.8).^Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Cuicatlan;Santa Etigenia; Oaxaca; Juchitan) and Chiapas (Tonala), south throughGuatemala (San Geronimo), Salvador, and Honduras to Nicaragua(Managua; San Juan; Pres Granada); western Costa Rica (Liberia)?.
^ Nine specimens. ^ Four specimens.The series from Nicaragua is much too small to show whether there are constantdifferences or not between birds from that portion of the country and those fromsouthern Mexico. The single Nicaraguan specimen measured shows decided differ-
298 BULLETIN 50, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus mentalis (not of Lesson) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185, footnote(according to Sclater) .
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, excl. syn. (SanGeronimo, Guatemala).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Tins, 1860, 275 (San Geron-imo).
?
Owen, Ibis, 1861, 62 (descr. eggs).Icterus sclateri CASsiii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 49 (San Juan andPres Granada, Nicaragua; San Geronimo, Guatemala; type, from Nicaragua,in coll. Ac. Nat. Sci.). Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 371 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 385 (San Geronimo, Guatemala; Tonala, Chiapas).
?
Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,476, pi. 33, fig. 1 (San Juandel Rio, Santa Eflgenia, and Jucliintan, Oaxaca; Tonalil, Chiapas; San Gero-nimo, Guatemala; San Juan, Nicaragua)
.
[Icterus'] scZa/^r-i Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Icterus formosns Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, May, 1872, 184(Juchitan, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,1876, 23 (do.).?Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 372 (monogr.).(?)? Icterus pusiulatus (not Psarocolius pusiulatus Wagler) Zeledon, Anal. INIus.Nac. Costa Kica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, w. Costa Rica).ICTERUS GRAYSONH Cassin.GRAYSON'S ORIOIE.Similar to L pusiulatus but much larger and lighter colored, andthe back either without black streaks or with only a few verj" narrowones.Adult male in swtmner.?General color, except wings and tail (butincluding lesser wing-coverts), orange-yellow or saffron yellow (moreorange on anterior portion of head and space surrounding black throat-stripe), the back sometimes with a few narrow streaks of black; lores,anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black; lesser wing-coverts rather lighter or clearer yellow; middle coverts still paler yel-low, sometimes white, tinged with yellow, with part of inner webs])lack; rest of wings black, varied l)v broad white edgings, except onprimary coverts, on l)asal half of outermost greater coverts and basalportion of outermost secondaries, that on basal portion of primariesoccupying nearly full width of the outer web; tail black, the concealedbasal portion of the rectrices yellow (shafts white), and two or three
ences, which, if constant, would necessitate the separation of the birds from Hondurasto Oaxaca as a subspecies, Icterus sclateri formosus. Measurements are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299lateral pairs broadly tipped with dull whitish; hill black, the liasalportion of mandible bluish; legs and feet (in dried skins), dusky horncolor.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer male, })ut plumag'esofter and white edgings on wings broader.Adult feiiude in swiamer.?Above light yellowish olive, becomingmore yellowish on pileum, where inclining to orange-yellow oii fore-head and superciliary region, the back usually with a few narrowstreaks of dusky; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, andthroat black; sides of head and under parts (except as described) ye\-low, more orange-yellow anteriorly, the sides and flanks slightly tingedwith olive; wings as in the male but ground color dusky instead ofblack and the white edgings tinged with gray.Adult female in winter.?Similar to the summer female, l)ut plumagesofter and whitish wing-edgings broader.Adidt maZe.?Length (skins), 203.2-226.1 (211. S); wing, 102.9-105.4(104.1); tail, 90.2-94 (91.9); exposed culmen, 24.9-26.7 (25.7); depthof bill at base, 12.7-13; tarsus, 25.9-26.7 (26.4); middle toe, 17.8-18.3(18).^Adult female.?hf^ngih (skins), 193-203.2 (197.9); wing, 94-99.1(96.8); tail, 83.3-87.1 (85.6); exposed culmen, 22,9-24.9 (24.4); depthof bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-25.9 (25.4); middle toe,17-17.8 (17.3).^Tres Marias Islands (islands of Maria Madre and Maria Cleofa),western Mexico.Icterus graysoiiU Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 18()7, 48 (TregMarias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mas.).Icterus graysoni Finscii, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 336 (Tres Marias; fulldescriptions).
?
Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xiv, 1871,280 (liabits, etc. ).?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280.?Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 374(monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 387.
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 478.
?
Nelson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14,1898, 50 (habits; notes; descr. nest and eggs).[^Icterus'] (jraysoni Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte.ORANGE ORIOLE.Similar to /. cucullatus igneui^, but whole back orange or orange-yellow (sometimes streaked with black in female), lesser wing-covertsorange, and primaries broadl}^ edged with white basally.Adult male.?Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (back to aboutmiddle of e^'e), chin, and whole throat black; scapidars black, some-what intermixed with orange or orange-yellow next to interscapularregion; greater wing-coverts and remiges black, more or less edged
' Five specimens.
300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
with white, cspecialh' the middle secondaries and longer primaries,the lattei' broadly edged with white basally (the white occupying fullwidth of outer web at base of the primaries); middle wing-covertswhite, producing a broad band; tail black, the lateral rectrices more orless broadly margined at tips with light grayish ; rest of plumage,including lesser wing-coverts, rich cadmium orange or orange-yellow,most intense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portionof mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life?);legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins),184.2-209.6(192.5); wing, 88.6-91:.7 (91.9); tail, 84.6-91.9 (89.4); cul-men, from base, 19.8-22.1 (20.8); depth of bill at base (one specimen),8.6; tarsus, 23.9-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 15.7-17 (16.3).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, and perhaps not alwa3'sdistinguishable, but usually (?) slightly duller in color, especially onthe back, which is more or less tinged with olive and sometimesmarked with a few black streaks; lesser and middle wing-covertspartly black; length (skins), 191.8-203.2 (197.6); wing, 87.4-93.2(91.2); tail, 86.6-91.2 (88.1); culmen, from base, 20.3-20.8 (20.6);depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.4; tarsus, 24.6-24.9 (24.9); mid-dle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.3).'Yucatan (Merida; Tekanto; Chichen Itza; Temax; El Campo),including outlying island of Meco.let [erus] auraius Bonaparte, Consi:). Av., i, June 20, 1850, 435 (Yucatan; coll.Brussels Mus. ; ex Du Bus, manuscript)
.
Icterus auraius Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50("Mexico"; monogr. ).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 271 (Merida, n. Yucatan; crit. ).BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445.?Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 369(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (n. Yucatan).?Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-A.m., Aves, i, 1887, 473, pi. 33, fig. 2.?Salvin, Ibis,1888, 264 (Meco I., coast of Yucatan; crit.).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1890, 208 (Tekanto, Yucatan).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H.,viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan).ICTERUS XANTHORNUS XANTHORNUS (Gmelin).YELLOW ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Lores, e3^elids, anterior margin of malar region,chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest black; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices black, the tirst tipped with white, pro-ducing a distinct band, the tertials broadly edged with white (excepttoward base of second and third), the remaining remiges narrowlyedged with white toward tips, the longer (second to tifth) primaries
'Seven specimens, but few of them with sex actually determined.
* Three supposed females, none of them being sexed.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301more or less edged with white at base,^ the hiteral reetrices more orless broadly maroined at tip with whitish; i-est of phimage, inchidinglesser and middle wing-coverts, rich lemon or cadmium yellow, bright-est and clearest on heod, neck, and under parts (sometimes tinged withorange on head, neck, and chest), the back and scapulars usually slightlytinged with olive, and occasionally with a few narrow streaks of black;^bill black with basal portion of mandil)le l>luish gray (pale grayishblue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (bluish grayin life?).Ir/)mat'ure {second year?).?Similar to adults, but wings grayish duskyinstead of black, with pale grayish edgings; lesser wing-coverts black-ish centrally, margined with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow;middle coverts blackish ])asally, tipped with light yellow; tail yellow-ish olive-green or grayish dusky (or the two colors mixed); yellowish ofupper parts more decidedly inclining to olive-green, and that of head,neck, and under parts less pure or intense than in adults.Young [first plumage).?Above j^ellowish olive-green, more yellow-ish on pileum, hindneck, and lower rump; beneath, including malarregion, chin, and entire throat lemon yellow, more or less tinged witholiv3-green, especialh' on sides and flanks; wings gra3'ish dusky, themiddle coverts broadly tipped with olive-yellow; greater covertstipped with white or pale yellowish and edged with olive-gray; remigesedged with light grayish, most broadly on tertials; tail yellowisholive-green, the middle rectrices darker.Adult male.?hQxxgth (skins), 191.8-205.7 (196.1); wing, 87.6-94.5(91.2); tail, 83.3-90.7 {^i^.-^)\ culmen, from base, 19.8-25.4 (22.4);depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 25.1-28.5 (26.4); mid-dle toe, 17.5-19.6 (18.3).^Adult female.?IjQwgth (skins), 181.6-188 (185.2); wing, 82.6-87.1(86.1); tail, 76.5-84.3 (81); culmen, from base, 20.6-24.1 (22.1); depth
^This white edging at base of longer primaries is sometimes so much reduced as tobe practically hidden by the primary coverts, this being the case in all specimensexamined from Trinidad (six in number) and in all those seen from Venezuela (exceptone), Guiana, and Brazil; again it may form a conspicuous patch, extending for halfan inch or more beyond the tips of the primary coverts, this being the case in thethree specimens examined from Santa Marta, Colombia. Whether Colombian birdscan be separated by this character can only be determined by examination of a muchlarger series of specimens.^Only three specimens in a series of twenty-five have any streaks on the ])ack;these are all adults?one of them being from Trinidad, one from Demerara, Brit-ish Guiana, the third of unknown locality; the last has the lesser and middle wing-coverts wholly pure yellow, but the other two have these feathers, especially themiddle coverts, black at the base, and thus correspond with I. dubusi [IcterusxanOiornus var. a. dubusi Dubois), wliich I believe to be merely an individual varia-tion of the present species.
*Seven specimens.
302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at l)a.se, 9.J-11.7 (10.4); tarsus, 24.9-27.7 (26.7); middle toe,15.7-19.1 (17.5).^Caribbean coast district of northern South America, from Cayenneto Colombia; Trinidad and Margarita Island; Isthmus of Panama?[Coracian] xanthornus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 108 ("America";based on Pica luteo nigro varia Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, iii, p. 5, pi. 5).[Oriolus'j xanthornus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 391.Icterus xanthornus Daudin, Traite Orn., ii, 1800, 334, part (includes /. leucop-ieryx).?Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 680.
?
Bur-MEisTEK, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 269.?Sclatek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,133 (Trinidad; Cayenne; Colombia); ibis, 1883, 368 (coast Colomljia, Vene-zuela, and (luiana to Rio Brancho; Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 380.?Taylok, Ibis, 18(54, 84 (Trinidad).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Pbila., 1867, 50 (monogr. ; Venezuela; Cayenne; Trinidad; n. Brazil).
?
Sclatek and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).FiNSCH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad).?Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,1871, 195.?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 329 (Santa Marta, Colomliia).?Salvin andGoDMAN, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,iv,1892, 53 (Carupano, Venezuela).
?
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., vi,1894, 36 (Trinidad; song; descr. nest); Auk, xiv, 1897, 368 (Venezuela;crit. ).
?
Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160(Baran(]uilla, Coloml)ia) .Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 675 (Margarita I., Venezuela;crit.). Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897,364 (C'lmanacoa and Cuniana, Venezuela).BAN(is, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 138 (Santa Marta).?Allen, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta).I[^cterm'] xantJinrnus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Venezuela; Guiana).[Icierus xantliornus] a. xanthornus Ridgway, Proc. LT. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29,1884, 176 (in synonymy).llclerus'] xanthornus HcLAVER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Agelaius xanthornus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 543.Fs[arocolius] xanthornis Waglek, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, no. 15.[Or/o/i/.s] xanthorus Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181.Icterus xanthorus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.[Oriolus'] mexicanus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162, no. 13 (not no. 8 !),part (based on Xanthornus mexicanus Brisson, Orn., ii, pi. 11, fig. 2, andIcterus minor nidum suspendens Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., pi. 243, thelHtter=7. leucopteri/x).?Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 1 (based on Carougeda Mexique Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 5, tig. 1).Icterus mexicanus ^ONAVARTv,, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835.
?
Prevo.st and Lemaire,Ois. Exot., p. 131, pi. 70, upper fig.Xanthornus nigrogularis Hahn, Vog. aus Asien, etc., pt. v, 1820, 1, pi. 1("Mexico.")?Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835.Icterus nigrogularis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 271, in text (Trinidad;Santa Marta; crit.).[Xanthornus'] linnxi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 20, 1850, 434 (Brazil;Cayenne; "Antilles").[Icterus xanthornus} f3. linnm Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884,176 (in synonymy).Icterus uuratus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50("Mexico").
^ Six specimens.Specimens from Trinidad and Margarita Island, especially the former, have decid-edly longer bills than those from the mainland.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 303[Irkrus .rinithnnni.'i.] Var. <t. iliibusii Ditbois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., sit. 2, xl,Dec, 1875, 16 (Isthmus of ranaina; coll. Brussels Mus.).Icterus dubud Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, o81 (Panama?).[Icterus xanthornus.'] Var. /i. nutrginaUs Dubois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, xl,Dec, 1875, 17 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Brussels Mus.).ICTERUS XANTHORNUS CURASOENSIS (Ridgway).(JURAgAO ORIOLE.Similar to Z ,/'. ,vanfJwruus, but with iiiiich lono'or bill; ^^oung" muchpaler than that of /. ,/?. xanthornus.Adult male.?Liength (skins), 188-11)3 (190.6); wing, 90.2-92.5 (91.2);tail, 84.6-85.6 (85.1); culmen, from base, 25.9-27.9 (26.9); depth ofbill at base, 10.2-10.7 (lO.l); tarsus, 25.1-25.9 (25.1); middle toe,18-19.8 (18. 8). 1Islands of Cura(,;ao, Bonaire, and Aruba, southern Caribbean Sea.Icterus curasocnsis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, no. 11, July 29, 1884,174 (Curasao Island; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 381.Icterus xaidhornus curnsucnsis Robinson, Flying Triji to Trojiics, 1895, 142 (intext), 165, colored plate (facing p. 142).Icterus xanthornus curacaoensis Berlepscii, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1892, 82 (Curasao;crit.).
?
Hartert, Ibis, July, 1893, 295 (Aruba; crit. ; descr. nest and eggs,song, etc.), 317 (Curayao), 328 (Bonaire).Icterus curacoensis Vkterh, Journ. fi'irOrn., 1892, 114 (Curacao).ICTERUS LEUCOPTERYX (Wagler).JAMAICAN ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, andupper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming more decidedlyyellowish posteriorly; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive-greenor olive-yellow; middle and greater coverts white, forming a large andvery conspicuous patch on the wing; rest of wing black, the tertialsbroadly edged with white; lores," anterior half of suborbital and malarregions, chin, throat, and median portions of upper chest uniform black;rest of under parts Indian yellow, clearer or purer (rich lemon or chrome)yellow on abdomen and under tail-coverts, more tinged with olive later-ally and anteriorl}-; sides of head (posterior to black "mask") similarin color to breast, etc. ; bill black, with ]>asal portion of mandible bluishgray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayishblue in life?).hmnature {second year f).?Similar to adults, but tail yellowish olive-green; wings grayish dusky with narrow grayish white or pale grayedgings (broader on tertials), the white patch on middle and greatercoverts more broken, less conspicuous.
^Two specimens.
'' Sometimes anterior portion of forehead also.
304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.YoiDKj iyjirat pltmyx(je).?Similar to the immature plumage describedabove, Init yellow of under parts and sides of head much paler (dullcanary- yellow); colorof upper parts duller and ])ro\vner; black "mask"much duller and less sharply defined, and the white on wing-covertsreduced to two broad bands (across ends of middle and greater coverts,respective!}').Adult male.?\^QVigt\i (skins), 189.2-191.8 (190.5); wing, 99.6-105.7(102.9); tail, 81.3-87.6 (84.8); culmen, from base, 23.1-24.4 (23.9);depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 23.6-25.1 (24.4); middletoe, 17-18.3 (17.5).^Adultfemale.?Length (skin), 194,3; wing, 101.6; tail, 83.6; culmen,from base, 22.9-25.1 (23.9);" depth of bill at base, 10.7;" tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 17-18.3 (17.5).^Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.(?) \Oriolws\ nidipendultis Gmehn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 390 (Jamaica; basedon Hangnest Oriole Latham, Synopsis, i, pt. 2, 437, etc.)
?
Latham, IndexOrn., i, 1790, 181.PslarocoliHs'] leucopteri/.v WagIjEr, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 16.[IcterHs'\ lencopU'ryx Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 226.
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Loud., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134; Ibis, 1883, 374 (monogr.); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 387 (Moneague, Jamaica) .^Albrecht, Journ.fiir Orn., 1862, 197.?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299.?Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 105 (do.);Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110 (Jamaica) .?Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (crit.;song).?Field, Auk, xi, 1894, 126.\^IcterusC\ leucopteryx Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436 ("Mexico").
?
Gray,Hand-list, ii, 1870, 32, no. 6453.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,1873, 36.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.Ilcterus] leucopteryx '^?Ewrofi (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.Qerus (typographical error) leucopteryx Cory, Cat. VV^. I. Birds, 1892, 130.Pendulinus leucopteryx Gassi's, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 59 (monogr.).Oriolus mexicanus (not of Linnaeus) Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 1814, 8 (excl. syn.),pi. 2 (St. Andrews, Jamaica).Icterus personatus Temmikck, PI. Col., livr. 80, Sept., 1829, pi. 482.Ici[erus'] personatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (Jamaica).ICTERUS BAIRDI Cory.BAI^DS ORIOLE.Similar to /. leucopteryx., but under parts brighter and purer yellow,and upper parts (except wings and tail) dull yellow instead of olive-green."Front of face and throat black; under parts bright 3^ellow; backdull yellow, showing a faint trace of olive on the upper back; tail andwings black; lesser coverts bright yellow, greater secondary wing-coverts pure white, forming a broad white wing-patch, some of theinner primaries delicatel}" edged with white, showing more clearly onthe inner secondaries; bill and feet black.
' Four specimens. '?' Two specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305
"Length, 184:.2; wing-, 95.3; tail, 76.2; tarsus, 21.0; ])ill, 21. C."(Original description, the measurements converted to millimeters.)Island of Grand Cajnuan (south of Cuija), Greater Antilles.I have not seen a specimen of this form, which, like I. lavyrenciiof St. Andrews Island, is evidently an offshoot of /. leacopteryx.Icterus bairdi Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 500 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 15, 110, 129, 146.ICTERUS LA\A^RENCII Cory.ST. ANDREW'S ORIOLE.Similar to /. leucopteryx^ but slightly smaller, bill longer and moreslender, and coloration much lighter; pileum, hindneck, back, scapu-lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly olivaceous gamboge yellowor wax yellow (more decidedly tinged with olive on back and scapu-lars); under parts and sides of head clear lemon yellow, scarcely if atall tinged with olive. Young similar to that of I. leiwopteryx butpaler, with white band across terminal portion of greater wing-coverts, broader, and the band on middle coverts pale yellow insteadof white.Adult.?Length (skin), 1S5.1; wing, 101.3; tail, 83.1; culmen, frombase, 25.4; depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 24.6; middle toe, 17.^St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea.Idcrus laarcncii Coky, Descr. six new sp. Ijirds from Gld Providence and St.Andrews, May 27, 1887, 2; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 178, 181 (St. AndrewsIsland, Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory).Icterus lawrencei Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1899, 301, in text.ICTERUS MESOMELAS MESOMELAS (Wagler).YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE.Adults {sexes alike).?Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (backto or beyond middle of eye), chin, throat, and upper chest (exceptlaterally), back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts andouter webs of innermost greater coverts), and six middle rectrices,black; outer Avebs of longer innermost secondaries edged with white,producing a more or less conspicuous narrow stripe in the closed wing;outer webs of longer primaries narrowly edged with white towardtips; rest of plumage (including lesser and middle wing-coverts, outerwebs of innermost greater coverts, and greater part of three outer-most rectrices,) ^ rich lemon yellow, deeper (more saffron or cadmium
^ One specimen, sex not determined.
^ Base of outermost rectrix black on both webs; second with about basal third ofinner web (less of outer web) black, and third with at least basal half of inner webblack; sometimes the fourth rectrix is jiartly yellow (toward end), but frequentlyit is wholly black.3654?VOL 2?01 20
306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.3'ellow) on pileum and hindneck; bill black, with basal half of mandi-ble bluish gray (pale o-rayish blue or bluish white in life?); legs andfeet orayish brown or horn color (bluish g'ray in life?).Young {Jirst plumage).?Pileum and hindneck light yellowish olive-green, becoming more yellow on forehead; back and scapulars dullolive; rump and upper tail-coverts light oHve-green or dull yellowisholive-green; wing-coverts dusky olive, the middle series broadly thegreater narrowly tipped with dull yellow-, remiges dusky, the tertialsbroadly edged with didl yellow or pale yellowish olive, the longerprimaries narrowly edged with whitish; four middle rectrices duskyolive, edged (especially at ends) with pale yellowish olive; rest ofrectrices paler olive, with pale yellow shafts and margins; under partsand sides of head canary yellow, the middle of the chest with acrcscentic patch (not very distinct) of olive.AdvJt ?7?/6^?Length (skins), 208.3-233.7 (219.5); wing, 86.9-94.5(90.4); tail, 99.3-113.3 (104.6); culmen, from base, 20.6-22.9 (22.1);depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 27.9-30.5 (29); middle toe,17.3-19.1 (17.8).^Adult female.?ljQv\gt\i (skins), 198.1-207 (202.4); wing, 83.8-89.4(86.6); tail, 94.7-106.9 (100.8); culmen, from base, 20.3-21.6 (20.8);depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 28.2-28.5; middle toe,17-18 (17.5).'Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam ; Motzo-rongo; Otntitlan; Cordova; Orizaba), Oaxaca (Minatitlan), Chiapas(Guichicovi), Tabasco, and Yucatan (Calotmul), through Guatemala(Choctum; Coban; Duenas) and British Honduras (Corosal; Belize) toHonduras (Omoa; San Pedro).Ps[?roco/yM.s] mcnovwlaft "Wagler, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico).[XaiiiJtortms'] mcwmelas Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484 (Tabasco, s. e.INIexico).Icieruff mesomehts Sclater, Pi'oc. Zool. 8oc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras), 293 (Esnieraldas, \v. Ecuador); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Ibis, 1883, 367 (monogr. ); Cat.Bii-ds Brit. Mas., xi, 1886, 378 (Orizaba; Yucatan; Choctum, Vera Paz,Guatemala; Corosal and Belize, British Honduras; San Pedro, Honduras).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duenas and Coban, Guatemala).
?
Scla-TER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).
' Ten specimens.
'' Two specimens.
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307Moore, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras).
?
L.vwrence,Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas ).?Cassin, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 51 (monogr. ; Mexico; Guatemala; Yucatan).
?
SuMiciiRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, VeraCruz).?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Calotmul, Yucatan).Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 470, part (Cordovaand hot country.Vera Cruz; Guichicovi, Chiapas; Calotmul, Yucatan; Belizeand Corosal, British Honduras; Coban and Choctuni, Guatemala; Omoa andSan Pedro, Honduras).l^Icterus'] rnesomelas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.Icterus 7nesomelas rnesomelas Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,153, in text.Icterus atrogularis Lesso's, Cent. Zool., 1830, 73, pi. 22 (Mexico).Oriolus musicus Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1843, 155 (Yucatan); BostonJourn. Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, 465 (do.).ICTERUS MESOMELAS SALVINII (Cassin).SALVIN'S ORIOLE.
. Similar to /. m. niesojnelas, but decidedl}^ larger, without trace ofwhite edging to secondaries, and with more black on tail (fourth rec-trix wholly black, and much more than basal half of third rectrixblack).Adult male.?Ijength (skins), 215.9-238.8 (228.9); wing, 87.6-101.6(96.3); tail, 100.3-114.8 (107.7); culmen, from base, 24.4-26.9 (25.4);depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 30-32.8 (30.7); middle toe,18.3-21.8 (20.3).^Adultfemale.?hcngth (skins), 199.7-223.5 (212.3); wing, 86.6-98.3(92.7); tail, 98.6-108.5 (104.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-24.9 (23.6);depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 29.7-30.5 (30); middle toe, 19.8-20.3 (20.1).'
^ Ten specimens.
^ Five specimens.
Locality.
308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Nioaraouil (Rio Escondido; Lo.s Sabalos; Greytown) to Colombia(Bogota; Antioquia; Rio Atrato) and Venezuela.Icterus incsomelm (not Psarocolius menornelas Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota, Colomljia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 13o, part (Bogota);Ibis, 1883, 367, part (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 378, part ( Valza,Costa Rica; Chepo., Lion Hill, and Panama, Isthnnis of Panama).
?
Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 186-4, 354 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. );1867, 297 (Blewfields, Nicaragua); 1879, 509 (Antioquia, Colombia).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill); viii, 1865, 181 (Grey-town, Nicaragua).
?
Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112(Sipuri()andTalamanca, Costa Rica).
?
Nutting, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 402 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).?Allen, Bull. Am.Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta, C'olombia).-Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escoudiilo, Nicaragua;habits; song).\_Icterus] incsoiaelati Sclater and Salvix, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.Icterus salvinii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 51 (Turrialba and SanCarlos, Costa Rica; Greytown, Nicaragua; Rio Atrato and Bogota, Colombia;Venezuela; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
)
Icterus salvini Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 18(58, 104 (San Carlos and Turrial]>a,Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon,Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.I[cterus'] salvini Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 838, in text(crit.).Icterus inesomelas salrinl Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 33(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R. ).Icterus niesomelas salmiii Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 153, in text.ICTERUS PARISORUM Bonaparte.SCOTT'S ORIOLE.Adult male in su/iuncT.?Head, neck, che.st, back, and .scapulars uni-form black; lesser wing-coverts, edge of wing, under wing-coverts,axillars. under parts of body (except chest), thighs, under tail-coverts,rump, and upper tail-coverts deep lemon yellow, the rump and uppertail-coverts usuall}' more or less (sometimes strongly) tinged or washedwith olive or olive-grayish; middle wing-coverts usually paler yellow,often passing into white at tips; rest of wings l)lack, the greater covertsmore or less l^roadly tipped with white, and some of the remiges (espe-ciall}^ the tertials) with narrow white margins; four middle rectricesblack, with basal portion light lemon yellow; rest of rectrices withmore than the basal half light lemon yellow, the terminal portionblack, more or less margined terminally with white; bill black, withbasal half of mandible light bluish gray; legs and feet (in dried skins)dusk}' horn color.Adult male in tointer.?Similar to the summer male but white mark-ings on wings much broader, feathers of ])a('k more or less marginedwith light gray, rump and upper tail-coverts more strongly washedwith olive or gray, and flanks more or less tinged with olive.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309Adnli female.?Above olive-grayish, becoming- more yellowish oliveon rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers of pileum, back, andscapulars with darker mesial streaks, sometimes l)lack with merelythe margins grayish olive; wings dusky with light grayish edg'ings,the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, formingtwo distinct bands; tail yellowish olive with four middle rectrices andterminal portion of the remainder darker, more grayish olive; underparts plain yellowish olive, passing into clear yellow (gamboge or lightlemon) on median portion of breast and abdomen. (In those speci-mens having Inroad ])lack centers to feathers of pileum, back, etc., thethroat more or less spotted or clouded with black; sometimes thewhole chin, throat, and chest uniform black.)Immature male.?Similar in coloration to adult females, but larger.Young male and female {first i^luinage).?Similar to the lighter-colored adult females, but paler, and with the remiges more broadlymargined with whitish.Adult w?7^^.?Length (skins), 188-210.8 (199.1); wing, 98. 6-106.
Y
(104.1); tail, 79.2-91.9(88.1); exposed culmen, 20.8-24.6 (22.9); depthof bill at base, 8.6-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (28.9); middle toe,17-19.1 (18).^Adultfemale.?\^^wgt\\ (skins), 184.2-203.2 (191..5); wing, 94.5-102.1(97.8); tail, 81.3-88.4 (84.3); exposed culmen, 20.3-22.9 (21.3); depthof bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe,16.3-19.6 (17.5).'Southwestern United States, Lower California, and Mexican pla-teau; north to western Texas (El Paso County; Pecos River), NewMexico (Sandia Mountains, near Santa Fe; Silver Cit}^; Fort Bayard),Arizona (Chiricahua and Santa Rita mountains; Tucson), southernUtah (Beaver Dam Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston, Grape-vine, White, and Juniper mountains, and Stillwater), and southernCalifornia (San Bernardino, San Diego, Los Angeles, and ln3"ocounties); south to Vera Cruz (temperate and alpine zones), Pue])la(San Bartolo; Tehuacan), Mexico (Tlalpam), and Hidalgo (Pachuca).
^ Sixteen specimens.
'' Ten specimens.Adult males from different localities average as follows:
Locality. Wing.
310 - BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus pm^sonim Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1.S37, 1 10 (Mexico; coll. Parisbrothers).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 308 (La Parada, Oaxaca);1860, 251 (Mexico) ; 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132(n. Mexico; Cape St. Lucas); Ibis. 1883, 365 (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 374 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; near City of Mexico; PecosR., Texas; Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon.)
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 544; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 57, fig. 1; Rep. U. S. andMex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pi. 19, fig. 1 (Santa Catarina, andnear Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 411; Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phiia., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1867, 54 (monogr.).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc, i, 1869, 553(temperate and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 276(Cape St. Lucas to Texas; Fort Mojave, California?).
?
Coues, Check List,1873, no. 219.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,188, pi. 35, flg. 7.
?
Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873(1874), 160 (Arizona s. of Gila R.).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 268.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 69 (Chiricahua Mts.,s. Arizona).
?
Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 54 (La Paz, LowerCalifornia, winter); vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, up to4,500 ft.). Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 1-7 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; breed-ing habits, etc.); iv, 1887, 22 (Pima and Gila counties, Arizona; habits,etc.).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 504.
?
Fer-rari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (San Bartolo, Puebla,Nov.).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 463. Mor-COM, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (Chino Canyon and CoahuillaValley, San Diego Co.,. California, Apr.). Nelson, Auk, vii, 1891, 237 (San-dia Mts., near Santa Fe, New Mexico, July).
?
Browne, Auk, vii, 1891, 238(San Diego, California, 1 spec. May 16; Silver City, New Mexico).
?
Anthony,Auk, viii, 1892, 364 (s. w. New Mexico, breeding); xi, 1894, 327 (SanDiego Co., California; San Quentin, Lower California); xii, 1895, 140 (SanFernando, Lower California, resident).
?
Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7,1893, 76 (Argus, Inyo, Coso, and Pananunt Mts., s. e. California; Charles-ton, Grapevine, White, and Juniper Mts. and Mt. Magruder, s. Nevada;Beaver Dam Mts., s. Utah).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,471, pi. 6, figs. 28, 29 (eggs).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896,269, pi. 31, fig 2.?TiiuRBER, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (near San Bernardino, Cal-ifornia, Apr. 1,1895).
?
Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,33(Los Angeles, California, Apr. 19, 1895).?Wilson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 189(Fort Bayard, New Mexico, 1 spec).[Icterus] parlsorum Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Ilcterusl parlsorum Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.
?
Ridgway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373.[XantJiornus] parisorum Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Mexico).Icterus parmormn Coues, Check List, 2d ed, 1882, no. 329.
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882. 200 (Santa Rita INIts. and Tucson, Arizona; descr. young)
.
Icterus 7nela7iochrysura Liissoii, Rev. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico).Icterus scottii Couch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 66 (Coahuila and NuevoLeon, n. e. Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.?).ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnaeus).BALTIMORE ORIOLE.Adult male in summer.?Heucl, n(>ck, back, and scapular.s uniformblack, that of the throat extending- posteriorly into median portion of
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 311
chest; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, andunder parts of ])ody (except median portion of upper chest) richorange or orange-yellow;^ wings (except lesser and middle coverts)black, the greater coverts broadlj' tipped with white, the remigesmore or less edged with same; middle pair of rectrices l)lack, exceptthe concealed basal portion; remainder of tail light orange or orange-yellow, crossed near the base by a broad l)and of ])lack; maxilla black,mandible pale grayish blue (in life), with tip dusky; iris brown; legsand feet dusk}' horn color (in dried skins).Adxilt male in iiilnter.?Similar to the summer male, but scapularsand interscapulars margined with dull orange, orange of rump andupper tail-covei'ts more or less obscured with olive, and white wing-edgings broader.Adult female in summe?'.?Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapularssaffron-olive, the feathers with more or less distinct central spots ofblack or dusky; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail olive-saffron,brightest (sometimes dull orange) on upper tail-coverts; wuigs dusky,the middle coverts broadly, the greater co^'erts more narrowly, tippedwith white, the remiges edged with gray (sometimes white on longerprimaries); under parts saffron yellow or dull orange-3'ellow, palerand duller on a1)domen, tinged with olive on sides and flanks, thethroat usually with more or less of black.
^
Adult female in winter.?Similar to the summer female, but plum-age softer and back tinged with gray.Immatare male.?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult female and full}' adult male, according to age.Young in fird autumn and urinter.?Not essentially different fromthose adult females without black on upper parts or throat.Young, first })lumage.?Essentially similar to the lighter coloredadult females, but upper parts paler and grayer, without dusky centersto feathers of pileum, back, etc.; under parts dull whitish shadinginto pale saff'ron-olive on chest, sides, and tlanks; chin grayish white,throat pale olive-yellowish, and white wing-markings somewhat tingedwith dull yellowish.Adult 7Ma^6^?Length (skins), 172.7-188 (181.1); wing, 91.4-102.1(97); tail, 70.6-80 (75.9); exposed culmen, 17.5-19.8 (18.3); depth ofbill at base, 9.1-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (23.9); middle toe, 15.2-16.8(15.7).'
' Varying from cadmium yellow to intense orange, or almost flame scarlet, theaverage hue being cadmium orange.
''There is a very great amount of individual variation in the adult female. Amajority of specimens show more or less black on the upper parts, some having thehead, neck, and back nearly uniform black and the middle rectrices mostly l)lac'k,thus to be distinguished from males in the second or third year only by dissection.
* Twelve specimeus.
312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Ad/ult female.?hQwgih (skins), 157.5-170.2 (166.1); wing, 85.1-91.9 (8S.9); tail, 60-71.9 (68.6); exposed ciilmen, 16-18 (17.5) depthof bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 22.4-24.1 (23.1); middle toe,14.7-16.5 (15.5). 1Eastern temperate North America; breeding from the more south-ern United States (Texas to the Carolinas), except along the Gulfcoast, northward to Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, Ontario,and Manitoba (to latitude 55"^); west to eastern Assiniboia, Montana,Wyoming, and Colorado, east of the Rocky Mountains; in wintersouth through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia(province of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Caracas?); accidental inCuba, at York Factory, and said to have been taken in the ShetlandIslands.[Coracias] galhulaJASSMV^, Syst. Nat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 108 ("America"; based onIcterus ex aureo nigroque variw^ Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 48).Icterus galbula Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 326.?Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 271; Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras, Sept.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,319.?Chamberlain, Bull, i, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882,41 (New Brunswick,rare summer resid. ) ; Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. ).
?
Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, 1 spec,Aug. 30).?Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (Memphis, Tennessee, andJackson, Mississippi, summer).
?
Beckham, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 1883,143 (Nelson Co., Kentucky, breeding).
?
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v,1883, 500 (San Jose, Costa Rica) ; vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).?Bick-NELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (song). Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. SouthDakota, breeding).
?
Cooke, Auk, ii, 1885, 58 (migrations in 1884) ; Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 170 (dates, etc.); Birds Col., 1897, 95 (rare summer resid. EIPaso Co., etc., e. side of mountains); Bull. no. 44, Col. Agric Col., 1898, 164(Golden, Colorado).
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 219 (West Indian references);Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).?AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 507.
?
Ferrari-Perez, ProcU. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Tezuitlan, Puebla, Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz,Sept.).
?
Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San Jose, Cartago,and Alajuela, Costa Rica).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 403 (whole State,
^ Eight specimens.Specimens from the Mississippi Valley agree very closely with those from theAtlantic States, both in coloration and measurements; possibly the former averagel)righter in coloration, especially adult males, some of which are by far the mostintensely colored examples seen. Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 818summer resid.)-
?
Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., xiii, 1891, 580 (localitiesin s. and w. Manitoba; habits, etc.)-
?
Cherrie, Auk, viii, 1892, 250 (SanJose, Costa Rica, Oct. 5 to Mar. 16) ; Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (BuenosAires, s. w. Costa Rica).
?
Richmond, Pro(;. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 20 to Feb. 16) .?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1895, 482, pi. 7, figs. 6-9 (eggs).?Beal, Yearbook U. S. Dep. Agr.for 1895, 426-430, fig. Ill (food, etc.)?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc.,ii, 1896, 286, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2.?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139(Santa Marta, Colombia, winter).
?
Robbixs, Auk, xvi, 1899, 354 (song).
?
Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (breeding in EastFeliciana parish, Louisiana).
?
Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Port Sydneyand Beaumaris, n. Ontario, summer resident).
?
Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236(Edgeniont, Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding).[Iderus'l galhula Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13.I[^cterus] galhula Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408.
?
Ridgwav, jNIan. N.Am. Birds, 1887, 377.[Oriolus'} ballimore Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterusminor Brisson, ii, Orn., 109; Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby Nat.Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 48). Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 381.
?
Latham,Index Orn., i, 1790, 180.Oriolus haltimore Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 23, pi. 1, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 88, pi. 53,fig. 4.Icterus haltimore Daudin, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 348.
?
Temminck, Cat. Syst.,1807, 47.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1837, 116 (Guatemala); Geogs and Comp. List, 1838, 29.
?
Lichtenstein,Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico).?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan., i, 1832, 152.
?
Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,284.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 66, pi. 12; v. 1839, 278, pi. 423; Synopsis,18.39, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 37, pi. 217.?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 548; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (SanAntonio, Texas) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 415.?Hayden, Rep. U. S. Geol.Surv., 1862, 170 (wooded portions of the Missouri Valley). Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; British Honduras; Choctum,Cahabon, Coban, San Pedro Martir, Volcan de Fuego, and Escuentla, Gua-temala; San Pedro. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Irazu distr. and Bebe-dero, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Calobre, Veragua; Lion Hill and ParaisoStation, Panama R. R. ; Minca, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela?).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 177?(David, Chiriqui). Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, June2).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill).?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, breeding?; Houston,Texas).?GuNDLACH, Reprt. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. fiirOrn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1892, 95.?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost.Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz, migrant).
?
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., iii, 1872, 146 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug.), 150 (e. Colorado, sum-mer), 178 (Kansas; Wyoming; Colorado; crit.). Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873,8 (common); 3d ed., 1875, 8.?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 183(Colorado) ; Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (do.).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no.216; Birds N. W., 1874, 193; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,604 (Pembina, North Dakota, breeding; crit.).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1878, 59 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.).
?
Brewster, Ann. Lye.N. Y., xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, ))reeding); Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176 (descr. young).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 195, pi. 85, fig. 5; iii, 1874, 518 (El Paso Co.,Colorado).
?
McCauley, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669(Wolf Creek, n. Texas, breeding).
?
McCiiesnky, Bull. U. S. Geol. andGeog. Surv., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to Sept. 1).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas').?Salvin,and GoDMAN, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Minca, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb.);Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 460.?Slade, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,181 (food).?Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.?Salvin, Cat.Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala).[Icterus} baUimore Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36./[ctotts] baUiri 107'e'N ELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, May8 to Sept.).Yderas haUhnore Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 63, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2.Pslarocolius'] hallimore Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 27.Y^phanlhes] hallimore Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 708.Yphantes hallimore Vieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1824, 124, pi. 87.
?
Woodhouse, Rep.Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Indian Terr.; e. Texas).
?
Cassin, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico).?Raymond, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana). Brewer, Proc. Best.Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).\_Yphantes] hallimore Bonaparte, Consp. A v., i, 1850, 432.II\_ijlihanleif\ hallimore Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183.Ilyphanles hallimore Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10 (Cuba).
?
Moore, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Cays, bet. Belize and Omoa, British Honduras).Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ori)., 1861, 7 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr.).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868,104 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1869, 303 (CostaRica).Yphantes haltimormids Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (Chiriqui).Ilyphanles hallimorensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (San AndresTuxtla, Vera Cruz); 1859, 57, 365 (Jalapa).Icterus hallimorensis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Vera Paz, Guatemala);Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (SanPedro, Honduras).
?
^Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania;Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David,Chiriqui); 1870, 190 (Calobre, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nica-ragua).?CouES, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 37, 285 (Massachusetts); Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina). Trippe, Proc. EssexInst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota).Icterus hallimorus Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 88, pi. 53, fig. 4 (female).McIlwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario).Oriolus tricolor MIjller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Le Baltimore hdtard,du Canada, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 506, fig. 2; = adult female).ICTERUS BULLOCKII (Swainson).BULLOCK'S ORIOLE.Adult male in summer.?Greater part of pileum, hindneck, back,scapulars, lores, postocular streak, anterior portion of malar region,chin, and broad stripe down middle of throat, black; rest of head andneck (including a broad superciliary stripe and sometimes the whole
' Discredits alleged breeding at Matamoras.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315forehead), orange or orange-yellow/ the under parts smiilar, butrather paler or more yellowish orange posteriori}^; ruuip and uppertail-coverts orange or orange-yellow, more or less (often strongly)tinged with olive; lesser wing-coverts partly black, partl}^ (next tobend and anterior border) orange; exposed portion of middle andgreater coverts white, forming a large patch; rest of wings, includinggreater portion of inner wel)s of greater coverts, ])lack, the secondaries(except at base of five or six outermost) broadly, the primaries morenarrowl}', edged with white; middle pair of rectrices black, except atbase; next pair mostly black; remaining rectrices orange-}^ellow, withmore or less of l^lack or dusky at tips (sometimes also on subbasal por-tion of inner webs); maxilla black, mandil)le bluish; iris brown; legsand feet dusky horn color in dried skins.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer male, but scapularsand interscapulars margined with grayish, feathers of under partsfaintly margined with whitish, and those of rump and upper tail-covertstipped with light grayish.Adult female.-?Pileum and hindneck yellowish olive, becominggra3^er posteriorly; back, scapulars, and rump olive-grayish, the ]>acksometimes narrowly or indistinctly streaked with dusky; upper tail-coverts and tail olivaceous saffron yellow, or wax yellow, ratherbrighter on edges of the rectrices; sides of head (including superciliarystripe), sides of neck, and chest (sometimes most of throat also?morerarely most of under parts) saffron yellowish or dull orange-yellow;chin and median line of throat more whitish, sometimes blotched withblack (chin and median line of throat rarely solid black?); rest of underparts dull buff'y whitish, the sides and flanks tinged with pale olive-grayish, and breast (sometimes a))domen also) tinged with yellow; analregion and under tail-coverts more yellowish, sometimes distinctlyyellow; wings dusk}", the middle coverts broadly tipped with white,forming a distinct band, the greater coverts and remiges edged withwhite or grayish white.Immature male {second year).?Similar to the adult female, but chinand median line of throat solid black, the lores also black, and sizeslightly larger.Young male., first plmnage.?Similar to adult female, ])ut throatentirely yellowish, wing-markings more buff'y whitish, and plumage ingeneral more or less suffused with buffy, especially the under parts.Youngfemale., fii'stjplumage.?Similar to the young male, but slightlypaler.Adult maZe.?Length (skins), 171.5-193 (180.3); wing, 97-102.4(99.8); tail, 75.7-81.8 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.6 (18.5); depth
^ Varying from almost lemon yellow to deeper than cadmium orange, the averagehue about the "orange" of my "Nomenclature of Colors."
316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 24.1-25.4 (24.9); middle toe, 15.7-17.8 (IB. 3).^Adidf female.?L,ength (skins), 167.0-190.5 (177); wino, 89.4-98.3(93.7); tail, 69.3-79.2 (74.4); exposed culmen, 17-19.8 (18.3); depth of})ill at base, 8.6-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 23.4-25.4 (24.6); middle toe, 15.5-17.8 (16.3).-Western United States and British provinces and plateau of Mexico;north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southernAssiniboia; east to eastern border of the Great Plains in middle portionsof South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas (Manhattan), Indian Territory, andTexas, more sparingly to eastern portion of the same States; breedingsouth at least to States of Sonora and Chihuahua, northern Mexico;in winter south to States of Colima (Manzanillo), Mexico (Tlalpam,valley of Mexico), Puebla (Huchuetlan, Huachimango), and Durango(Chacala, Papasquiaro). Accidental in Maine (Sorrento, HancockCounty, November, 1889).Xanthornus hullockn Swainson, PhiloH. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (tableland ofMexico).Agelaius buUockii Eichardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 176.IcteruH hullocUi Boxaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.
?
Audubon, Orn.Biog., V, 1839, 9, pis. 388, 433; Synopsis, 1839, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv,1842, 43, pi. 218.?Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 87 (Sacra-mento Valley, California).
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 549;Rep. U. S. and Mex. Boimd. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 20 (Guadalupe Canon andEagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 416.
?
Xantus, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).
?
Cooper and Sucklev, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 209 (Puget Sound, etc.).?Sclater, Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 130 (California; n. Mexico).?Lord, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv,1864, 121 (British Columbia).?Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91(Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 217; BirdsN. W., 1874, 195.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 273.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Twelve specimens.Specimens from California are smaller than those from the interior, and apparentlyaverage rather duller in coloration; average measurements of equal series from eastand west of the Sierra Nevada, respectively, are as follows:
Localitv.
MALES.Six adult males from Grout Basin and RockyMountain districtSix adult male's from CiiliforniaI'EMAI.ES.Six adult females from Great Basin and RockyMountain districtSix adult females from California
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 317Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 34, fig. 7.
?
Hensiiaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wlieeler'H Surv.,1874, 65 (Denver, Colorado; measurements).
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed.,1875, 8 (.summer resid.).?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., ix, 1886, 150(Huehuetlan, Puebla, Jan.). Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47(interior British Columbia)
.
liilcruy'] huUock'd Maximilian, Jourij. fiir Orn., 1858, 259 (descriptions, etc.).\_Icteruii bullochii'] Coues, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 678-682 (biography).Icterus buUocki Sclater, Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,365.?Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas,May toAug.).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 (valley ofMexico); Exotic Orn., 1869, 188.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (Lawrence,e. Kansas; 5 sj^ecs.. May, June,1871).
?
Bairb, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 199, pi. 34, fig. 3.?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100thMerid., 1875, 320 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits, etc.).
?
Ridgway, Orn.40th Parallel, 1877, 508 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada andUtah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 272.?McCauley, Bull.U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii,. 1877, 669 (Wolf Creek, n. Texas;rare).
?
Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25(Hidalgo, Texas, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (Lometa,Texas, breeding).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown,Texas, breeding).
?
Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 327.
?
AjiericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 508.
?
Agersborg, Auk, ii,1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 462.?Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Clul?, no. 2, 1887,18 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding. )?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,171 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding; Manhattan, e. Kansas; etc.; dates).
?
Brewster, Auk, v. 1890, 92 (near Bangor,' Maine, 1 spec, Nov., 1889).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. A., iii, 1890, 143 (Ashcroft, British Colum-bia).
?
Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (e. side Cascades; raresum. resid.).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 405 (common in w. Kansas; e. toManhattan).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (Corpus Christi,Texas, breeding).
?
Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, sum-mer resid.).
?
Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Hidalgo).
?
Ben-dire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 486, pi. 7, figs. 10-13 (eggs).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 293, pi. 31, fig. 1.?Knight,Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (Sorrento, Hancock Co., Maine, 1 spec,Nov., 1889). Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, abt. on e. sideof Cascade range; Chilliwack on w. side).
?
Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1901, 345(Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).
?
Bruner, Proc. Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann.meet., 1901, 54 (Ft. Rol)inson and Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding).Crawford, Proc Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meet., 1901, 77 (Sioux Co., w.Nebraska, May).?Gary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236 (Edgemont, Black Hills,Wyoming, breeding).[Ypliantes'] hdlockii BotiAParte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432.Yphantes Imllochii Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859,52 (Sacra-mento Valley, California; descr. notes and nests and eggs).
?
Duges, LaNaturaleza, i, 1870, 139 (Mexico).HypJtantes buUockii Cassij^, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62.Icterus {Hyphanies) buUockii Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1872, 685(Utah; Idaho).
'Locality erroneous; should be Sorrento, Hancock County; see Knight, Bull. no.3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88.
318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
\_Icterui< Jndlocki] var. hnUocki Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 184.[Icterus'] huUocki Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.J[ctent.s] Jmllocki Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.
?
Ridgway, Man.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378.PsarocoUus auricollis Maximilian, Reise Nordam., i, 1839, 3(57 (Fort Pierre,South Dakota; type in coll. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist, New York City).
?
Baird,in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Missouri R.).ICTERUS ABEILLEI (Lesson).ABEILLES ORIOLE.Similar to 7! 7>i(Jlocku\ }iut adult male with rump, upper tail-coverts,sides, flanks, auricular reo-ion, and sides of neck l)lack; adult femaleand immature male darker and grayer than those of I. hdlockU, espe-cially on sides of head.Adult male.?Above uniform deep black, from forehead to uppertail-coverts, inclusive; lores, auricular region, anterior portion ofmalar region, chin and median portion of throat, sides of neck, sides,and flanks uniform black; rest of under parts, including malar region(except extreme anterior portion), and under wing-coverts 3^ellow,more or less inclining to orange anteriorly; a more or less distinctsupraloral lino of orange-yellow; wings black, relieved by a largewhite patch covering middle and greater coverts (inner webs of thelatter black) and l)road white edgings to innermost secondaries, thelonger primaries more narrowly edged with white or pale gray; tailyellow, the middle pair of rcctrices mostly black and the rest withmore or less of black on terminal portion; maxilla blackish, mandiblebluish with dusky tip; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color.Adult female.?Above gray, tinged with olive-3^ellowish on thehead, the feathers of the back darker centrally; an indistinct duskymedian stripe on chin and throat; sides of throat, malar region, andchest yellowish; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts grayish, the lattertinged with 3'ellow; abdomen and median portion of the breast dullwhitish; wings dusky, the remiges and greater coverts edged withlight graj", the latter (except the innermost) and middle coverts broadlytipped with white; tail yellowish olive.Immature male.?Similar to adult female, but yellow of chest, etc.,brighter, and black throat-stripe usually more distinct.Adult ';/^rt/e.?Length (skins), 177.8-188 (181.9); wing, 102.9-106.7(104.6); tail, 80-86.4 (83.6); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.8 (17.8); depth ofbill at base, 8.6-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 23.1-25.4 (24.1); middle toe,15.5-16.5 (16).'Adult fell Iale.?Loingth. {skin)^VJ^.^\ wing, 96.5; tail, 79.2; exposedculmen, 17.8; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 15.2.^
^ Five specimens. ' One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi(Jesus Maria), Puebla (Chalchiconuila), Mexico (Tlalpam, valley ofMexico), Morelos (Huitzilac), Jalisco (Hacienda el Molina), Guan-ajuato (Celaya), and Vera Cruz (Orizaba).(?)\_Oriolus'] costototl Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 385 ("Nova Hispania";based on Icterus novx hispanix BriHson, Orn., ii, p. 95; Xochilol et CostototlBuffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iii, p. 210).Ps[arocolms'] coztototl Wagler, Isis, 1829, 757.\_Yp}uuites'\ co2to<o/^ Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 4o2 (Mexico).H[%jphantes'\ costototl Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 188, footnote.Xanthorrms aheillel hEssoTss, Rev. Zool., 1839, 101 (Mexico; coll. Abeille).Icterus abeillii Sclater, Proe. Zool. iSoc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Crnz);1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Mexico); Ibis,1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (City of Mexico;"North Mexico").
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362(City of Mexico) ; Exotic Orn., pt. i, 1869, 187, pi. 94.?Duges, La Naturaleza,i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).?Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Mexico)
.
Icterus abeillxi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 462.[Icterus'] a&e?7to'i Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.Icterus abeillei JovY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Hacienda el Molina,Jalisco).I^clerus] aheillei Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378.[Pendulinus'] nheiUii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433.Hyphantes abeillei Cashin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr.).[Icterus buUocki^ var. abeillci Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 184 (diagnosis).Icterus huUocki, var. abeillci Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 184, footnote (references).Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot.
Agelavts Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus plucnicciis Linnaeus.)Agelneus (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188.Agelxus (emendation) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127.Agelasticus'^ ChBAma, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188. (Type, Turdus thiliusMolina.)Thilius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvi, 1853, 833. (Type, Turdus thiliusMolina.
)
Melanophantes Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type,Icterus xanthomus Sclater.
)
(?) Chrysomus (not Chrysoma Risso, 1826) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 274.(Type, Oriolus icterocephalus Linnfeus.
)
(?) Xanthosomus^ CabAms, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 189. (Type, Oriolus icte-rocephahis lAnwiSus.)(?) Erijthropsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. jPhila., xviii. Mar., 1866, 17.(Type, Agelaius frontalis Vieillot.)Small or medium-sized semiterrestrial paludicoline Icterida? withbill shorter than head, conical or cuneate, compressed; rather long- and
' "Von ayEXadTtirjog, gesellig, in Heerden lebend."^"Von ^av^os, gelb, und i^/ua, Leib. Korper."
320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.pointed wing; tail thrcc-fourth.s to nearly six-.sevenths as long as wing,more or less rounded; adult males black with red, orange, 3^ellow, ortawny lesser wing-coverts;^ adult females much smaller and conspicu-ously streaked."Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical or cuneate, compressed, withstraight or nearly straight outlines, its basal depth between one-halfand one-third the length of culmen, its basal Avidth much less; culmenstraight or nearly so, usually more or less depressed in middle portionand elevated and arched basally, more or less flattened, especially themesorhinial portion, ending posteriorly in an obtuse point; maxillar\^tomiuni .straight or nearly so, usually faintl}^ convex in middle, therictal portion strongly deflexed; mandibular tomium straight to nearbase, when strongly deflexed, with a gradual curve, the subliasal por-tion sometimes (in South American species) slightly arched; gonysstraight or nearlj^ so, shorter than maxilla from nostril. Nostrilsmall, oval or roundish (sometimes more or less pointed anteriorly),with a narrow but distinct superior operculum, posteriorly in contactwith feathering of frontal antise. Wing moderate or rather long (lessthan four to nearly five times as long as culmen, three and a half tonearly four and a half times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately pro-duced (slightly less to much more than length of culmen), rounded ortruncate; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth andfifth, equal to fifth, slightly shorter than fifth, or (in A. cyanopus),shorter than fourth; eighth, seventh, or sixth primaries longest, orthese three equal in length; inner webs of two or three outer primariesvery faintly sinuated beyond middle. Tail three-fourths to nearlyseven-eighths as long as wing, more or less rounded (sometimes nearlyeven), the rectrices broadest near ends, the inner webs of lateral pairmany times broader than the outer. Tarsus decidedly longer thanculmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, as long astarsus or slightly shorter; lateral toes with claws reaching to base ofmiddle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter,its claw decidedly shorter than the digit.Coloration.? KdiuM males uniform black, with lesser wing-covertsred, orange, yellow, or tawny ;-^ adult females conspicuously streaked,both above and below,* except in Antillean species.^Range,?The whole of America, except arctic and antarctic portions,
' Except in two South American species, which are entirely black.
''Except in the West Indian species, which are either like the males or (in A.assimilis) wholly black.
'Except in two South American species, A. c)jano})Hi< and A. forbed, which areentirely black.*In A. cyanopus the under parts yellow, with streaking restricted to sides andflanks.5 In A. as^sunUU the adult female is entirely black; in A. himerallsandA. xanthomusthe sexes are alike.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 321Lesser Antilles, and Galapagos Archipelago. (xVbout twelve species,not including subspecies.)The above diagnosis and description of external structural charac-ters are drawn up from the type species and others which are evi-dently congeneric, besides two South American species (^1. fhillus andA. ct/<i)ioj>us),^ which, though aberrant, seem scarcely different enoughto warrant generic separation. In addition to these typical or nearlytypical species of Agelaius^Dv. Sclater includes" six others. Three ofthese coincide so closely with the typical Agelali in structural detailsthat, notwithstanding great difference in their style of coloration, Iam for the present compelled to refer them to the same genus, thoughof the opinion that differences may be found which will warrant theirgeneric separation. One of these species {Oriolus icterocephalus Lin-naeus) is the type of Xanthommu.^ Cabanis. This species differs fromthe typical Aglall in having the culmen less elevated ])asaliy. themesorhinium less flattened, the wing-tip shorter, the toes and clawsmore slender, and the plumage of the adult male is uniform deepblack, with the whole head, neck, and chest yellow. The other twospecies are closely allied, and one of them {Agelains riijiraj^lllKs Vieillot)is the type of Erytliropmr Cassin. This has the bill ([uite as in typicalAgelalits^ but the feet are nmch more slender, with the claws rela-tively longer, and the coloration black, with crown and throat chestnut.A. forhesl Sclater I have not seen, but l)elieve that it should Ijeexpunged from this genus, since it is said to have the "feathers of thehead and neck lanceolate and with shining shafts," the "mesorhiniummuch flattened," and the base of the mandible denuded and somewhattuberculate?characters which, quite apart from others that may exist,are certainly not to be found in any species of true Agelaius. A.imthririiil Sclater is so exceedingh' unlike any species of ^4<7^Z?///.s that itis difficult to understand why it should ever have been placed in thatgenus. It seems to me far more nearly related to QuUcalus^ and I ha\eaccordingly made it the type of a new genus, PseudagehpuK.'' Theremaining species, the Oriolus jlavus of Gmelin, has usually beenplaced in Xanthosonius by those who accord the latter generic rank;but it is b}^ no means congeneric with the type of XoitJKJsonins^ norapparently with an^^ other species, and having been overlooked ])yDr. Cabanis, while Mr. Cassin, in his generous distribution of sub-generic names seems to have forgotten it, I have felt compelled tomake a new one {Xanthoj^sar)'^ for this species.
'The first-named of these is the tj'pe of Cabanis' s genua AgelaMicus {^lus. Hein., i,Septeni])er, 1851, 188.)
'Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 339-348.?Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 155.SeS-J?voL 2?01 21
322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AGLLAIUS.
a. General color uniform l)lack.h. Lesser wing-coverts red, orange, yellow, or tawny.c Lesser wing-coverts red or orange.
,/ Plumage with a strong bluish green gloss; lesser wing-coverts dull crimson;middle coverts white or (in winter only) light l)rownish buff. (Californiaand Oregon, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains.)Agelaius tricolor, adult male (p. 324)del Plumage without distinct gloss; lesser wing-coverts scarlet, orange-red, ororange; middle coverts buff, ochraceous, tawny, or partly (sometimeswholly) black. / , , ?e. Middle wing-coverts mostly black; or else wing 130 or more. {Agdaius(/ahernator.)
f. Lesser wing-coverts usually rich vermilion or scarlet; middle covertsmostly black; culmen, from base, averaging not more than 2L8.
rj Larger, with relatively sh(jrter tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging136.9, tail 93.2, culmen 21.3, dei)th of bill at base 12.7, tarsus 32.5,middle toe 22). (Southwestern portion of INIexicaii plateau.
)
Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult male (p. 326)gy. Smaller, with relatively longer tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging125.2, tail 91.9, culmen, from base, 21.8, depth of bill at base 11.4,tarsus 30, middle toe 21.8). (California and western Oregon.)Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult male (p. 327)ff. Lesser wing-coverts usual ly . .range or . .range-red ; middle coverts mostlyl)uff; culmen, from base, averaging 23.1. (Southeastern portion ofMexican plateau. ) . . .Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult male (p. 329)ee. Middle wing-coverts entirely buff, ochraceous or tawny, or if partlytipped with black the wing less than 130 (usually less than 127).
/". Larger, the wing averaging more than 120.6.g. Larger (wing averaging 126, culmen, from base, averaging 23.3, depthof" bill at base averaging 13.5). (Literior of British America;Rocky Mountains, (^reat Plains, etc., during migration).Agelaius phoeniceus fortis, adult male (p. 338)gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 126, culmen, from base, usuallyaveraging more than 22.9, depth of bill at base averaging not morethan 12.7).h. Middle wing-coverts paler buff; bill stouter (depth at base averaging12.7) . (United States and more southern British Provinces eastof Rocky Mountains, except Florida and Gulf coast.)Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus, adult male (p. 330)hh. Middle wing-coverts deeper buff, ochraceous or tawny; bill moreslender (deptli at V)ase averaging less than 12.7.)i. Wing and tail longer (wing averaging 125.5, tail 93.5, culmen,from base, 23.9, depth of bill at base 12.4, tarsus 30.5, middletoe 21.8.) (Southern Arizona, lower Colorado Valley in Cali-fornia, southwestern New Mexico, and south through MexicanStates of Sonora and Sinaloa to Tepic.
)
A'gelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis, adult male (p. 337)a. Wing and tail shorter (wing averaging not more than 123.2, tailnot more than 91.7).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 323
j. Bill longer and more slender ( culmen, from base, averaging 2-i.4,depth of bill at base 11.7). ( Northv/est coast district, inWashington and British Columbia; occasionally south to Cali-fornia in winter.)Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus, adult male (p. 341)jj. Bill shorter and stouter (culmen, from base, averaging 28.1,depth of bill at base 12.2). (West slope of Rocky ^Mountainsto California, northern I^ower California, and WesternTexas) Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis, adult male (ji. .339)ff\ Smaller, the wing averaging not more than 114.3.I/. Wing averaging more than 111.8./(. Wing averaging less than 113, culmen averaging not more than 24.1./. Wing averaging 112.5, tail 87.9, culmen 24.6, depth of bill at base11.4, tarsus 28.5, middle toe 20.3. (Florida and along Gulf coastto Galveston, Texas.)Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus, adult male (p. 333)ii. Wing averaging 112, tail 82.8, culmen 23.1, depth of bill atbase 11.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 20.1. (Southern Texas, low-lands of eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and south to Nicaragua.)Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi, adult male (p. 335)hh. Wing averaging 114.3, culmen averaging 25.9. (Bahama islands,Florida Keys, and southeast coast of Florida.
)
Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti, adult male (ji. 334)gg. Wing averaging 108.2. (Cuba, including Isle of Pines.
)
Agelaius assimilis, adult male (p. 342)cc. Lesser wing-coverts neither rerl nor orange.d. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous or tawny. (Cuba.)Agelaius humeralis, adult male and female (p. 343)dd. Lesser wing-coverts lemon-yellow. (Porto Rico.)Agelaius xanthomus, adult male and female (p. 344)hh. Lesser wing-coverts black, like rest of plumage.Agelaius assimilis, adult female {p. 342)aa. General color not black, but more or less streaked, at least on throat.h. Under parts of body unicolored, or with distinct streaks only on anterior half.
c. Color more grayish, tlie plumage with a soft, silky gloss.Agelaius tricolor, atlult female (pp. 324, 325)cc. Color more sooty, the plumage without distinct, if any, gloss.d. Larger (wing averaging more than 107.9).
e. Less streaked below, the whole under surface of body usually uniformdusky or sooty; wing averaging 108.4, tail 71.6, culmen 18.3, depth ofbill at base 10.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 19.3.Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult female (p. 327)ee. More streaked beneath, the breast always (?) distinctly streaked; wingaveraging 110.5, tail 77.2, culmen 19.6, depth of bill at base 11.7, tar-sus 28.2, middle toe 20.3.Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult female (p. 329)dd. Smaller (wing averaging 103.9).Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult female (p. 328)hh. Under parts of body conspicuously streaked throughout,
c. Darker, the under parts with dusky and whitish streaks about equally broador the former broader, the upper parts with darker colors predominating.d. Larger, the wing averaging more than 95.2, tail averaging 72.4 or more.
324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
e. Darker, with streaks of under parts more blackish; tipper parts with muchof rusty in winter./. Larger, with longer bill (wing averaging 103.1, tail 77.5, culmen 20.8,tarsus 26.9); streaks on under parts more blackish, and upper partswith more rusty in winter.Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus, adult female (p. 341
)
ff. Smaller, with shorter bill (wing averaging 98.3, tail 74.2, culmen 19.3,tarsus 25.9); streaks on under parts less blackish, and upper partswith less rusty in winter.Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus, adult female (p. 331)ee. Paler, with streaks of under parts more grayish; upper parts with littleif any rusty in winter.Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis, adult female (p. 339)dd. Smaller, the wing averaging 93.7, tail averaging 71.1. (Coloration as inA. p. phoeniceus, but averaging slightly darker.
)
Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus, adult female (p. 333)cc. Paler, the under parts with dusky or grayish streaks usually narrower thanthe whitish ones, the upper parts with paler colors predominating.d. Larger, with shorter and thicker bill ( wing averaging 105.5, tail 78.1, cul-men 19.1, depth of bill at base 11.8).Agelaius phoeniceus fortis, adult female (p. 338)dd. Smaller, with longer and more slender 1 )ill ( wing averaging not more than102.4, tail not more than 73.4, culmen 19.3 or more, dei^th of bill at basenot more than 10.2).
e. Larger, except bill (wing averaging 102.4, tail 73.4, culmen 19.8, depthof bill at base 9.9, tarsus 26.7, middle toe 19).Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis, adult female (p. 337)ee. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 92.7, tail 68.6, tarsus not morethan 25.6)./. Under parts with ground color duller white, the dusky streaks broader;white terminal margins to wing-coverts narrower.Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi, adult female (p. 335)ff. Under parts witli ground coh ir purer white, the dusky streaks narrower;white terminal margins to wing-coverts broader.Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti, adult female (p. 334)AGELAIUS TRICOLOR (Audubon).TEICOLORED BLACKBIRD.Adu/t iiiale in sunimer.?Uniform ^'lossy ])luo-bluck, the plumagewith a silky luster; lesser wing-coverts brownish carmine or dullcrimson-/ middle coverts white, in abrupt and conspicuous contrast;bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown.Adult male in lointer.?Similar to the summer male, but plumagestill softer and more glossy and middle wing-coverts more or lesstinged with brownish biiff.Adultfemale in smnmer,?Above dusky, the plumage with a stronggreenish or bronzy luster in certain lights; pileiun narrowl}^ streakedwith brownish gray, most distinctly along the median line, where,
^ Very different from the bright vermilion, scarlet, or orange of A. guhernator and
.A- phoeniceus and their subspecies.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325however, not forming' a stripe; scapulars and interscapulars with lightbrownish gray edgings to inner webs; lesser wing-coverts l)roadlymargined with brownish gniy (sometimes tinged with brownish redtoward junction of wing with body); middle coverts abruptly mar-gined with white or white and g'ray; g'reater coverts, secondaries,innermost primaries, and rectrices nari'owly edged with light ))roAvn-ish gray; outermost primaries narrowly edged with white; a distinctsuperciliary stri})e and a malar stripe of pale brownish gray or dullbuffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusk}-; space between theselighter-colored stripes nearly uniform dark lu'ownish gray; chin andthroat pale grayish butfy or (hill whitish, the latter streaked withdusky, especially along sides; chest streaked with dusky and palegrayish buffy in about equal amount; rest of under parts dusky, withmore or less distinct paler margins to feathers, these most distinct onbreast; bill blackish, the mandible more or less paler, sometimes horncolor; legs and feet brownish black; iris brown.Adultfemale in winter.?Similar to the summer female, but plum-age softer, more gloss}^, and of a more grayish cast, with pale (lightbuffy grayish) margins to feathers of lower parts much broadei".hiimature feiiude {in first ininter).? Similar to the adult female inwinter, but much browner, the pileum, hindneck, and back stronglytinged or washed with brown, and the superciliary and malar stripes,lighter streaks of anterior under parts, and margins of wing-covertsbrownish buffy.Young {sexes (dil'e).?Much like summei' female, but general colorbrowner and luider parts of body narrowly streaked with tlull grayishwhite; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with dullbuffy whitish, producing two narrow bands; tertials narrowly mar-gined with dull buffy whitish.Adult male.?Length (skins), 203.2-229.9 (211.1); wing, 117.0-123.7(121.2); tail, 84.3-95.3 (8S.1); culmen, 22.1-24.1 (23.4); depth of billat base, 10.4-11.7 (11.2); tarsus, 28.7-30.7 (29.7); middle toe, 21.3-23.1 (22.4).^Adult female).?Langth. (skins), 180.3-199.4 (188.2); wing, 104.4-109.7 (106.7); tail, 74.2-80.3 (75.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-21.1 (20.1);depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 25.4-20.9 (20.4); middletoe, 19.1-20.3 (19.8).-Valleys of California, northern Lower California (San Rafael Val-ley, etc.), and southwestern Oregon (Klamath Lakes; Wapeta Lakeand Beaverton, Washington County).Ictevm tricolor " Nuttall " Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 1, pi. 388, fig. 1 (SantaBarbara, California;^ coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan., 2d ed., i, 1840, 186.
^ Nine specimens.
* Ten specimens.
* According to label of type, from Audubon's collection.
326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
- Agelalns tricolor Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,29.
?
Audubox, Synopsis,1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 27, pi. 214.?Gambel, Journ. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 48 (California; notes); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1847, 204 (do. ).?Heermann, Journ. Ao. Nat. Sd. Phila., 2d ser.,ii, 1852, 268 (near Sha.sta City, n. California; habits); Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 53 (Suisun Valley, n. California; habits; descr. nestand eggs).
?
Woodiiouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,80 (San Jose Valley, California).
?
Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi,1857, 86 (Klamath Basin, Oregon).
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,1858, 530; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 403; (?) Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound.Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California, Dec).
?
Xantus, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr.).?Cooper, Urn. Cal., 1870, 265.?Baikd,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 165, pi. 33, figs. 5, 6, 7.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 500.
?
Anthony,Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and Wapita Lake, Washington Co., w. Ore-gon).
?
Morco.m, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (San Gorgonio, SanBernardino Co., s. California, winter and May 26).
?
Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac.Sci., no. 7, 1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., s. California).
?
Bendire, LifeHist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 456, pi. 6, figs. 18, 19 (eggs).?Nehrling, OurNative Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 257.
?
Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898,33 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).
?
-Ridgway", Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci.,iii, 1901, 154 (range).?Bari,ow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Lake Tahoe, Cali-fornia, breeding).AgeUeus tricolor Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1875, 9 (Saticoy, t-alifornia; descr.eggs). Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 505 (Sacramento, California);Noin. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 262.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 318.?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 249 (Santa Clara Valleyand Santa Barbara, California; habits).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,i, 1879, 421 (Stockton, California, Mar. 22 and Apr. 5).?Sclater, Ibis, 1884,
' 11 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (Santa Barbara and Stock-ton, California).A{gel<tius'] tricolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430. Ridgway, Man. N. Am.Birds, 1887, 371.Algelwusl tricolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404.[Agelieag plucniceti-'i.'] Xar. tricolor Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156.Agela:'us pfueniceus . . . var. tricolor Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 212 b.\_Agelseus phoeniccusi d. tricolor Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy).AoELAIUS GUBERNATOR GUBERNATOR { Wagler).BICOLORES BLACKBIRD.Similar to A. p/ueniceus j>/ia'n /'ceKS, but adult male with middle wing-coverts black or with black tips; the adult female with under parts ofbody uniform black or sooty and upper parts nearly or quite uniformdusky; wing and tarsus longer, tail, bill, and middle toe shorter.Adult mule.?Uniform deep black, wdth a faint bluish green glossin certain lights; lesser wing-coverts rich poppy red or vermilion;middle covei-ts black, or (if not entirel}' black) at least ])roadly tippedwith black, the basal portion tawny-buff or ochraceous; bill, legs, andfeet l)lack; iris brown.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 327hmnature male.?Lesser wing-coverts partly ]>lack, the red portionsoften of an orange-tawn}' or ochraceous-rufous hue.Adult female.?Nearl}' or quite uniform dark sooty brown, the chinand throat streaked (usually broadh^) with whitish, butf, or pinkish,the superciliary region narrowly streaked with the same, producing amore or less distinct stripe.Adult maZe.?Length (skins), 208.3-233.7 (218.9); wing, 124.5-144.3(136.9); tail, 85.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.9 (21.3);depth of bill at base, 11.1-13.7 (12.7); tarsus, 30-34.3 (32.5); middletoe, 19.8-22.9 (21.1).^Advlt female.?\,^\\g\h{^\im%), 167.6-191.5 (176); wing, 104.1-116.3(108.5); tail, 64.8-80(71.6); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.3(18.3); depthof bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 26.4-29.2 (27.9); middle toe,18.5-21.6 (19.3).^Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Durango(Carceria; Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas (Monte Escobedo), Jalisco(Lagos; Lake Chapala; La Barca; Tonila), Guanajuato, Michoacan(Patzcuaro), and Mexico (valley of Mexico?).Ps\arocolms\ guberiiator Wagler, Isis, iv, 1832,281 (Mexico).Agelaius guhernator Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico).
?
(?) Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204, part (w. Mexico).?Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11, part (nionogr. )
?
American Ornithol-ogists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 499, part.
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1890, 218 (Lake Patzcuaro, Miclioacau).i^.) Agelseus guhernator ^cijXTEk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico).Agelxns guhernator Sclater, Ibis, 1884 10, part (Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 341, part.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,454, part (valley of Mexico).A^gelseus'] j)\_}ueniccus'\ gabeniator Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404,part.Agelaius guhernator guhernator 'RiBGWAY, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,154 (geog. range).[Agelaius'] guhernator Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430 (Mexico).[Agelxus'] guhernator Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part.Algelaius] guhernator Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part.Agelaius phceniceus, var. guhernator Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part.AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR CALIFORNICUS Nelson.CALIFORNIAN BICOLORED BLACKBIRD.Similar to A. g. guhernator^ but wing decidedly shorter, bill longerand more slender, tarsus shorter, and middle toe longer; adult femalemore or less streaked above, at least on pileum and back.
^<Zi/Zr//w/^.?Length (skins), 198.1-218.4 (212.1); wing, 118.4-129.3(125.2); tail, 81.3-96 (91.9); culmen, from base, 19.8-23.1 (21.8); depthof bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 28.2-31 (30); middle toe,20.8-22.4 (21.8).'
^ Seventeen specimens. ^ Seven specimens. ^ Ten specimens.
328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult female.?Ijength (skins), 175.3-1D0.5 (1S3.1); wing, 100.8-107.4 (103.9); tail, 68.1-76.7 (72.1); culmen, from base, 18.5-19.8(18.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 25.7-27.9 (26.7);middle toe, 18.8-20.1 (19.3).'Northern and central coast district of California (Mendocino, Sonoma,Marin, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Clara and San Benito coun-ties) and northward to coast of Washington (Cape Disappointment);migrating or straggling eastward to Shasta, Yuba, and Plumas counties,southward to Los Angeles and Riverside counties.Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gulernator Wagler) Bonaparte, Geog. andComp. List, 1838, 30.
?
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed.,iv, 1842, 29, pi. 215.?Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sd., Phila., 1847, 204, part(California).
?
Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni antl Col. R., 1853,
* 80 (California).
?
Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (SanFrancisco and Sacramento Valley, California).
?
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 530 (Columbia R. ; Petaluma, San Francisco, Santa Clara,Sacramento Valley, and Cocomongo Ranch, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 402.?Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 53(California; desc. nest and eggs).
?
Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x,1859, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Cocomongo Ranch, s. California).
?
Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 313 (San Francisco, California, Nov.).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 263.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 33, figs. 4, 8.
?
American Ornithologist's Union, CheckList, 1886, no. 499.?Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and WapitaLake, Washington Co., w. Oregon).
?
(?)J]merson, Bull. no. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci.,1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., California).? (??) Bond, Auk, vi, 1889,341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec, Apr. 14). Lawrence, (R. H.), Auk,ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washington).
?
Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7,1893, 75 (s. end Owens Lake, s. California, June 11; Ojai Valley, s. California,Dec.; etc. )?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 455, pi. 6, figs. 16,17 (eggs).
?
Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 257.Algelnlus] gubernator Ridgway, Man, N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370.Agehvun gabermttor Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San Jos6 Valley,California); Ibis, 1884, 10, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,
.341, ])art (San Francisco, California). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 454, part.[Ageheas jihomiceus.'] Var. gubernator Coues, Key, N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156.Agelaeus phceniceus . . . var. gubernator Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 212rt.Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 249 (Los Angeles, Cali-fornia, June; Fort Tejon, Cal., Aug.).[Agelxus phceniceus] c. gubernator Coveh, Birds, N.W., 1874, 136, part (synonymy).Agelaius phaeniceus, var. gubernator Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part.Agelaius phceniceus gubernatorHiDGWAY, Bull. Essex Inst., vi,Oct,, 1874,171 (Sacra-mento, California).Agelseus phceniceus, fi. gubernator [Ridgway] Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,March 21, 1879, 420 (Stockton, California, resident; Marysville, California,Feb.).Ageheusphceniceus gubernator Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 183;Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261a.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 317.
^ Ten specimens.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329
A[gelims']p[ha'niceus'\ guhemator Coues, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2(1 ed., 1884,404, part.Icterus giibcrnator Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 187 (Oregon).Agelaius guhemator califurniciis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 59 (Stockton, Cali-fornia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
?
Amekican Ornithologist's Union Commit-tee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128? (??) Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Cheyenne,Wyoming, 1 spec, Apr. 14, 1889).
?
Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci.,1898, 33 (Bixby and El Monte, Los Angeles Co., California, in winter).
?
KoBBE, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding,abundant) .?Maillard, Condor, iii, 1901, 124 (San Benito Co., California,resident).? (?) Barlow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Sly Park and Lake Tahoe,Sierra Nevada, breeding).
?
Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154(geog. range).AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR GRANDIS (Nelson).ATLIXCO RED-WING.Similar to A. <j. guhemator, but wing-, tail, bill, and middle toelong-er, the bill more slender; adult male with lesser wing-covertsmore orange, the middle coverts always (?) more or less buffy ortawny (usually extensively so, sometimes with black only on tips ofinnermost coverts); adult female more extensively streaked beneath,the chest (sometimes even breast and itpper part of abdomen) streaked,as well as throat.Adult male.?L&ngth (skins), 5213.4-237.5(221.2); wing-, 130-139.2(136.1); tail, 90.0-105.1: (04.7); culmen, from base, 22.1-25.1 (23.1);depth of bill at base, 11.1-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.8 (32.8); middletoe, 22.1-24.1 (23.6).^Adult female.?hfingih. (skins), 184.2-100.5(188.5); wing, 108-113.5(110..5); tail, 76.5-78.7 (77.2); culmen, from base, 18.8-19.8 (19.6);depth of bill at base, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus, 26.9-29 (28.2); middletoe, 19.8-20.6 (20.3).'Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla(Atlixco, Chietla, Orizaba,^ etc.), Morelos?, Tlaxcala (Laguna delRosario; Nativitas)?, and Hidalgo (Real del Monte)?(?) Agelaus pJmniceus (not Oriolus phamiceus Linnaeus) Swainson, Philos. Mag.,n. s., i, 1827, 436 (Real del Monte and sides of the Cordillera, Hidalgo,Mexico).(?) Agelmis plmniceus Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Orizaba, \'eraCruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in synonomy).?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Real del Monte andsides of Corderi 11a, Hidalgo; Chietla, Puebla; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
^ Eight specimens.
^ Five specimens.
^ I doubtfully refer Orizaba specimens to this form. The two specimens examineddiffer from the Atlixco examples in having the lesser wing-coverts bright vermilionred instead of orange-chrome, one of them having the bill decidedly longer and moreslender. In this last respect another Puebla skin (exact locality unknown) is evenmore aberrant, while the lesser wing-coverts are still deeper red. It is possible thebirds resident in eastern Puebla may constitute still another form.
330 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) J(/rlains plifrnicinii Sumichras'I', Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba,Vera Cruz).(?) Agi'Imufipha-nicen.t Fekraki-Pekez, Prfx-. IT. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 18S6, 151 (Cliietla,Puebla).
.{(jehriim <inherii<it(ir {not Pitarorollv>i gitbmidtor Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lend., 1857, 21.3 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, .365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) ; Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Jala])a); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Bird.s, Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, .341, jiart (Jalapa; Orizaba).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 454, part (Orizal)a; Jalapa; Laguna del Rosario,Tlaxcala?).(?) Agelams guhcrnator Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Lagunadel Rosario and Nativitaa, Tlaxcala).
?
American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 499, part.l^Agda^us] <7?t?>mioto?' Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 37, part.A \_gclmus\ gubernator Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part.Agelams j)h?eniceus, var. gubernator Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part.Age.laius phcenicem grandis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 57 (Atlexco, Puebla;coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Agelaiun gubernator grandis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 154,geog. range).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS PHCENICEUS (Linnaeus).RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.AduH male in Rumnner.?Uniform deep black, with a very faintgreenish blue gloss in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts bright poppyred or vermilion (varying to scarlet or even, more rarely, to orange-chrome); middle coverts wholly butf or ochraceous-buff (paler at tips,sometimes almost white in midsummer birds); bill, legs, and feet deepblack; iris brown.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer male }>ut buff of
.middle wing-coverts deeper (more ochraceous-buff or buff}- cla}- color)and interscapulars and scapulars narrowly margmed with rusty.Tmwature male}?Black; scapulars and interscapulars broadly mar-gined with ru.sty and light grayish buffy; pileum and hindneck moreor less streaked with the same; innermost greater wing-coverts andtertials broadly edged with light rusty or buffy, the remaining remiges(especially secondaries), greater coverts, and rectrices more narrowlyedged with whitish or pale buffy; lesser wing-coverts more or lessintermixed with black (except in older birds) and middle coverts withmore or less of ))lack (mostl}" black in younger birds), the red of lessercoverts more orange than in adults; black of under parts more or lessbroken bj'^ dull whitish or buffy margins to feathers, and superciliary
'There is great variation among immature birds, doubtless according to age; butthe series examined is not sufficient to enable me to characterize more explicitly thedifferent stages of transition from young to adult. Winter birds in immature plumagehave the lighter markings more distinct and more pronqjiincedly rusty and buffy thanspring examples.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 331
region showing a more or less distinct indication of a l)uffy or dullwhitish stripe.Adult female in summer.?Above dusW, varied with paler streaksand edgings; pileuni with a more or less distinct median stripe' ofpale bufly grayish, the dusky broad lateral stripes usuall}^ more orless streaked with brown or rusty; hindneck and sides of neck broadlystreaked with pale buffy or grayish; scapulars and interscapulars moreor less edged on inner webs with pale buffy gra3'ish, on outer webswith rusty; secondaries, innermost primaries, rectrices, and primarycoverts narrowly edged with pale grayish or buffy grayish, the uppertail-coverts margined with the same; greater coverts and outermostprimaries edged with dull whitish; lesser coverts broadly marginedwith brownish gray or red, or both (often extensively red); middlecoverts black, broadly margined terminally with white or pale buti'y;a broad superciliary stripe of white, finely streaked with dusky,usually becoming buff or salmon color anteriorly (over eyes andlores); a broad postocular stripe of dusky; malar region and underparts dull white (the chin, throat, and malar region often ])ufi' orsalmon pink), the under parts of the body broadly streaked or stripedwith dusky (sometimes almost black), these stripes broadest on flanks;under tail-coverts dusky, margined with white or pale buffy; chin andthroat sometimes imUiaculate, l)ut the latter usually marked withsmall wedge-shaped or triangular streaks of dusky, the sides of thethroat margined hj a more or less distinct dusky sulimalar stripe;bill dusky (the mandil)le usually paler, more or less horn colored);legs and feet dark horn color or dusky.Adult female in vniiter.?Similar to the summer female, but thelighter markings of upper parts more conspicuous, more pronouncedlybuff}' and rusty, and the sides of head and under parts more or lesstinged with buffy (superciliary stripe sometimes clear buff).Young (.svv/v.v alike).?Much like adult female, but superciliary andmalar stripes, chin, and throat yellowish (ocher j^ellow or buff-j^ellow),under parts of body with ground color pale buffy or yellowish, withthe dusky streaks narrower; edgings to remiges distinctly buffybrown or fulvous.Adult maZe.?Length (skins), 205.7-236.2 (216.7); wing, 116.3-125.7(120.9); tail, 88.0-96 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.4-25.4 (23.6); depthof l)ill at base, 12.2-13.5 (12.7); tarsus, 29.2-32.8 (30.2); middle toe,20.6-22.6 (21.6).'Adultfe7nale.?Ijength (skins), 172.7-189.2 (177.5); wing, 95.3-101.6(98.3); tail, 70.1-77.5 (74.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-20.3 (19.3); depthof bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-26.4 (25.9); middle toe,17.3-19.1 (18.3).^
^ Except in much-worn midsummer specimens.^Fourteen specimens.
* Ten specimens.
382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, exceptFlorida and Gulf coast; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains;north to Nova Scotia, Province of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, etc.lOriolus] phoeniceus Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on StuDiusniger,alls ffupeme rubentis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 13, pi. 13).
?
Gmelix,Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 178.Agclaiun phoeniceus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., ii, 1831,280.
?
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.
?
Audubon, Synopsis,1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 31, part, pi. 216.?Baird, Rep. PacificR.R.Surv.,ix, 1858,526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.?Cas-siN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (nionogr. ).
?
Baird, Brewer,and RiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2, 3.?Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 97 (habits). Henshaw, Rep. Orn.Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 82 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.
?
Cooke,Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 163, chiefly (includes A.p.forti.s; dates, etc.).?Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,313.
?
Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii,1891, 572 (localities in Manitoba, etc.; habits; notes).?Bendire, Life Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 449, part, pi. 6, figs. 13, 14, 15 (eggs).
?
Nehrling, OurNative Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 252, pi. 29, fig. 4.A[gelaius^ phoeniceus MAXiMihiAi^, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 263 (Pennsylvania,upper Mifsouri R., etc.).Algelaiusl phceniceus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part.Algelaeus} phoeniceus Cabakis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 188 (South Carolina)
.
\_Ageluius'] phaeniceus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430.Agehvus phmiiceus (not of Sclater, 1857) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part(e. United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part Nova Scotia;Canada; District Columbia; Illinois).
?
Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 212,part; 2ded., 1882, no. 316, part.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,175 (descr. young).
?
Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 134, part.
?
Merriam,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 ( Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, 1 spec,May 22, 1882).
?
Bkknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 249 (song). Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy).[Agels'us'] phmiiceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, i)art.Agoiheus phteniceus Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 64(Denver, Colorado, May, June).{^Agelaius phcmiceus'] var. jyhumiceus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.Algelxus] phceniceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part.\^Agelieus phceniceus'] a. phceniceus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 146, part (synonymy).Ageht^usphoeniceus Henshaw, Zool. Exp. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Colorado).Agelaius phceniceus phreniceus 'RiTMj.wAY, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., Apr. 15, 1901, 153,in text, 154 (geog. range).Icterus phoeniceuti Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.I\_cterus'] phoeniceus 'LiCHTENSTEiN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 19.Icterus pJueniceas Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 31, in text;Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 52.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832169.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 348, pi. 67; v, 1839, 487.Icterus phoniceus Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 5, in text.Fslarocolius'] phoeniceus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 10,Slumus prvedatorius Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 30, pi. 30, fig. 1.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS FLORIDANUS Maynard.FLORIDA RED-WING.Similar to A. p. pJmniceus, but decidedly smaller, and with billlonger and more slender (both relatively and absolutely); adult malewith color of middle wing-coverts rather deeper, at least in winter;adult female not constantly different in coloration from that of A. p.phcenkem, but chin and throat perhaps more often pinkish l)uff orsalmon color, and this color when present rather deeper and oftenextended backward over chest.Adult m?Z^.?Length (skins), 195.6-218.4 (209.8); wing, 109.2-114.8 (112.5); tail, 84.8-90.2 (87.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-26.7(24.6); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.9 (11.4); tarsus, 26.7-30 (28.5)-middle toe, 18.8-22.1 (20. 8).
>
'Adult fet,uae.-~\j^ngi\\ (skins), 170.2-185.4 (178.3); wing, 88.9-95.8(92.7); tail, 67.1-74.9 (70.4); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.3);depth of bill at l)ase, 9.7-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 24.4-29.5 (26 2)- middletoe, 16.8-19.3.'Peninsula of Florida (except southeastern coast and keys?), andalong Gulf coast to Galveston, northeastern Texas (breeding).'Agelsens plmniceus (not Oriolni^ pJuniiceus Linna?u8) Allen, Bull. Mus. GompZool., ii, 1871, 284, part (Florida; crit.).-CouES, Key, 1872, 156, part; 2ded., 1884, 404, part; Check List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316part.-MERRiAM, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (Okahumkee, Florida).-Ridgway,'Nom. N. Am. Bird.s, 1881, no. 261, part.?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881,'134, part.Agelaius plmniceus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).?American Ornithologi.sts' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.?CoombsAuk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche, 8t. Marys Parish, Louisiana, breeding).-Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (WacissaR., n. w. Florida, breeding).-BeyerProc. Louis. 8oc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana, breeding).Agelauts jilmnicem hryanti (not of Ridgway) Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 320, part (Tar-pon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida).?American Ornithologists' UnionCommittee, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, abridged ed. 1889 no4986, part; 2d ed., 1895, no. 4986, part (coast Louisiana; Florida, part) -Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (coast Louisiana; Florida,part).Agelaius pJmnicem jJorldmms Maynard, Birds Eastern N. Am., 2d ed., pt. 40[1896], 689.?American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897,121,jio. 498c.?Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. rknge).'
^ Ten specimens.
_
^Although slightly different in average proportions from Florida examples breed-nig birds from the coast of Louisiana (Averys Island) and Texas (Galveston) are sovery close to them that I refer them to A. p. floridanus with little hesitation. Thetemales examined agree minutely in coloration with those from Florida, as do also
334 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.AGELAIUS PHGENICEUS BRYANTI Ridgway.BAHAMA RED-WING,Similar to A. p. ^floridamis, but bill still longer; adult female muchpalor, with under parts more purely white, the dusky streaks much nar-rower, and dusk}^ g'l'a^.Y or brownish gray instead of nearly black; pileumbrown, narrowly streaked with dusky (instead of the reverse), andlighter streaks on hindneck, back, and scapulars much broader andmore conspicuous, the darker markings of the same portions lessblack, the rump and upper tail-coverts more grayish.Adt/Jt wale.?Ijength (skins), l!)3-3U.r> (205.2);" wing, 112.3-120.7(U-t.S); tail, 83.8-88.1 (86.1); culmen, from l)ase, 25.7-26.2 (25.9);depth of bill at base, 11.1-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 27.D-30.2 (29.2); middletoe, 19.1-19.8 (19.6).^Adidffemale.?hength (skins), 165.1-182.9 (173.2); wing, 89.9-95.8(92.5): tail, 64.8-71.6 (68.6); culmen, from base, 18.5-20.3 (19.3);depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus; 24.4-25.4 (24.9); middletoe, 16.5-lS (17.3).^Bahamas (New Providence; Abaco; Andros; Berry Islands; Bimini;the males from Louisiana (I have not seen males from Texas), the only apparentdifference l)eing the slightly shorter and thicker bills of the birds from Louisianaand Texas, in which respect they are intermediate between y/o(vV/???.s and plucniceus,though nearer the former, as they also are in other measurements.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality,
MALES.Ten adult males of A.p.floridamm (from Florida)
.
Four adult males from coast of Louisiana (AverysIsland and Timbaline Island)Ten adult males of A. p. phceniceusFEMALES.Ten adult femalesof ^L j3.^onriaMMs(from Florida)Two adul t females from coast of Louisiana ( AverysIsland )Two adult females from Galveston, TexasTen adult females of A.p.phanicens
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 835Great Bahama; Cay Sal), and adjacent coast of Florida (Lake Worth;Miami; Cocoanut Grove), including- Florida Keys to Key West.^(?) Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnseus) Cabanis, Journ. fiirOrn., 1856, 11 (Cuba).Agelw'us phceniceus Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 98.[Agelieus'] phoeniceus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.Agelaius phoeniceus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi-dence, Baliamas).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108 (Baha-mas; Cuba?).A [gelniusy phoeniceus bryantl Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370 (Baliamas;
" coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Agelaius phoeniceus hryanti Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896,613; Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco, Bahamas); Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901,154 (geog. range).
?
American ORNiTiiOLOcnsTs' Union Committee, Suppl. toCheck List, 1889, 12, part; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 498/>, part(Bahamas; s. Florida, part); 2d ed., 1895, no. 4986, part (do.).
?
Northrop,Auk, viii, 1891, 71 (Andros I., Bahamas; hal)its).?Cory, Auk, viii, 1891,295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 296 (Bimini, Bahamas), 350 (Great Bahamaand Abaco, Bahamas), 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892,110, 146 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence,Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Bahamas; Florida Keys).
?
Bendire, Life Hist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Bahamas; s. Florida, part).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS RICHMONDI Nelson.VERA CRUZ RED-WING.
-Similar to A. p. floridaowx, but slightly smaller; adult female muchlighter colored, or about intermediate in coloration between those ofA. p. floridamis and A. p. hryanti.^Adult male.?ljQngih (skins), 1S6.7-215.9 (197.9); wing-, 102.0-120.1(112); tail, 72.1-93.5 (82.8); cidmen, from base, 20.8-26.7 (23.1);depth of bill at base, 10.4-12.7 (ll.i); tarsus, 25.9-31.2 (27.9); mid-dle toe, 18.8-22.4(20.1).'Adult fe)iiale.?L(ingi\i{ii\dnii), 157.5-185.4(171.2); wing, 87.6-97.5(91.9); tail, 63-77.5 (68.3); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6); depthof bill at base, 8.9-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 24.6-26.4 (25.7); middle toe,16.8-19.1 (18).'Coast district and lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (north
' I refer three females from southeastern Florida (Lake Worth, Miami, and KeyWest) to this form with some doubt. They differ from the two Bahaman examplesin having the under i^arts much less purely white. I am inclined to thifik, however,that these are individual differences which would disappear in a large series ofspecimens.
'The adult female of A. p. richmondi is precisely similar in coloration to that of A.p. sovoriensis, but is much smaller.
^Thirty-eight specimens.
* Fourteen specimens.Specimens from southern Texas,Tamauli pas ( Alta Mira), and Nuevo Leon are largerthan those from farther southward, and have shoiter and thicker bills, Irit the females
336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.to Vela?c'o') and southward over the coast plain of Tamaulipa.s (Mata-nioras, Alta Mira, etc.), Nuevo Leon (Montere}), and Vera Cruz(Tlalcotalpam, Guiterrez, Zamara, etc.), to Yucatan (incUiding- islandof Cozumel), British Honduras (Belize), and eastern Guatemala (LakePeten, Duenas?, Coban?); in winter, south to eastern Nicaragua (SanCarlos) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio).Ageheuf: phceniceus (not Oriolns jiliceniceuH Linnpeus) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1859, 58 (Belize, British Honthiias; Peten, e. Guatemala).? (?) Scla-TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz), (?) 1859,381 (Oaxaca); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., xi, 1886, 340, part(n. Yucatan; Cozumel I.; Belize; Lake Peten, (Tuatemala; Duenas, Guate-mala?; Bel^edero, w. Costa Rica?).? (?) iScl.\ter and 8.\lvin, Ibis, 1859, 19(Duenas, Guatemala).?(?) Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (CostaRica).?Sexnett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24(Lower Rio Grande, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (lower RioGrande).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas,breeding).^Nekrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (s. e. Texas,breeding).?(?) Nutting, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus:, v, 1882, 392 (LaPalma, w.Costa Rica).
?
BoucArd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (n. Yucatan).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i, 1887, 453(Tlalcotal])am, VeraCruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan; Cozumel; Belize; Peten, Coban?, and Duenas?,Guatemala; La Palma, Bebedero, and Nicoya, w. Costa Rica?).(?) Agelieus phaenicens Boucard, Liste Ois. Guatemala, 1878, 36, part.Agelams phmmceus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (Yucatan;crit. ).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Bebedero and Nicoya, w.Costa Rica). Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.
?
Hancock, Bull.Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).?Stone, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890,208 (Progreso, Yucatan).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1892, 108 (Nueces Bay, Texas, breeding).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Frio, e. Costa Rica; San Carlos, Nicaragua).Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 371 (Corpus Christi and Hidalgo,breeding).
?
Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas breeding).do not differ materially, if at all, in coloration,follows: Average measurements are as
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 337[J r/('la:i(K} pJueniceus ScLATER and Saiai^, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part,Agclali's plueniceus brynntl (not of Ridgway) American Ornithologists' UnionCommittee, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 4986, part (Yucatan; Nicaragua).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Yucatan; Nicaragua).Agcktius j)hceniceu.^ sonor'iensis (not of Ridgway) Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (lower Rio Grande Valley).Af/claius 2ih<jeniceus richmondi Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan. 1897, 58 (Tlalcotalpam,VeraCruz, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
?
Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci.,iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS SONORIENSIS Ridgway.SONORAN RED-WING.Similar in coloration to A. j). richmondi., l)ut much larger.Adult male.?ljQngih (skins). 207-237.5 (221); wing, 121.9-129.3(125.5); tail, 85.9-101.1 (93.5); culmen, from base, 22.6-25.4 (23.9);depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.2 (12.4); tarsus, 29-31.8 (30.5); middletoe, 21.1-22.9 (21.8).^Adultfemale.?IjQXigih. (skins), 172.7-199.7(183.0); wing, 98.6-105.4(98.8); culmen, from base, 17.8-21.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.7); middle toe, 17.8-20.3 (19.1).'Lower Colorado Valle}", in California and Arizona, southern Ari-zona in general, and southward over the coast plain of Sonora andSinaloa to Territory of Tepic;' Cape St. Lucas, Lower California?.*
' Thirteen specimens.
'' Twenty-four specimens.
?''Specimens from Tepic are larger than those from Sinaloa, and may not reallybe referable to this form, the matter being rendered tlie more doubtful becauseall the Tepic examples are males. Possibly the thick-billed large subarctic form{A. p. fortls) may extend farther southward upon the high mountain meadows thanit has yet been traced, even to that portion of the Sierra Madre immediately northof the Valley of the Rio Grande de Santiago, and there intergrade with the coastform {A. J)- sonorie7is)s) . Should this hypothesis prove correct, then these large Tepicspecimens would be intergrades. Some of these Tepic specimens are large enough tobe referable to A. p. fortis, but their bills are too long, and on the whole they comedecidedly nearer to A. p. sonoriensis.Comparative average measurements of the two series and of -1 . p.fortlx are as follows:
Locality.
338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Agelalus phceniceus (not Oriohis phceniceus Linnaeus) Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves'E-xpl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 80.?Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858,526, part (Espia, Sonora) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part; Rep. U. S. andMex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Saltillo, Nuevo Leon; Espia, Sonora).?(?) Kexnerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30, part (New Mex-ico).?Coces, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona);Check List, 1873, no. 212, part?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10,part (nionogr.).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part (lower Colorado Val-ley).
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,281 (Mazatlan).
?
Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.
?
Ridgway,Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261, part.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vii, 1882, 200 (Tucson, Arizona, June).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,vi, 1883, 350 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).
?
Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 10,part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in synonymy).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part. Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Mazatlan).\_Agelmus\ phceniceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part.Agelxus phceniceus Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.yl[gelxus'] phceniceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part.Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius guberaator Wagler) Baird, Rep. U. S. andMex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California).
?
Kennerly,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,x, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Bill Williams' Fork andColorado R., Arizona; Mojave R., California).
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan; Tepic).? (?) Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Pinal-Co., Arizona; common resident).Agelaius phceniceus longirostris (not Agelaius longirostns Salvadori^) Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 370.
?
American Ornithologists' UnionCommittee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128 (Check List, no. 498a).
?
Price, Bull. CooperOrn. Club, i, 1899, 92 (Yuma, Arizona, winter).A[gelaius'] phceniceus sonoriensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887,370 (Mazat-lan, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Agelaius phceniceus sonoriensis Ridgway', Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; Proc.Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range). American Ornithologists'Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 498o..?RiioADs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 120 (Santa Clara Valley, s. Ari-zona).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,453, part.
?
Nelson, Auk,xvii, 1900, 125 (crit.).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (SanDiego, n. w. Chihuahua; Pachico, n. e. Sonora).(?) Agelaius Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1859, 301, 304 (CapeSt. Lucas).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS FORTIS Ridgway.NORTHERN RED-WING.Similar to A. p. phcBiilceus^ ))ut decidedl}" larger" and with the billusually relatively nuieh shorter and thicker; adult male and femalein winter plumaoe, and Inunature male, similar in coloration to thesame of A. p. soiiorioisis; ditlering from the latter in larger size andconspicuously shorter and thicker bill.
^Agelaius longirostris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Salvadori, Atti del Reale Accad. Scienz.Torino, ix, Apr., 1874, 632 (western Mexico; coll. Count Turati). (See Nelson, Auk,xvii, 1900, 125.)
'Decidedly the largest of all the forms of A. phaiiiceus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339Adult male.?^hength (skins), 212.1-24:1.3 (223.1); wing, 123.5-132.3(126); tail, 88.5-105.1 (98); culmen, from base, 19.8-26.5 (23.3); depthof bill at base, 12.T-15 (13.5); tarsus, 29-31.5 (29.8); middle toe,20.1-23.5 (22.1).^Adultfemale.?Ijength (skins), 172.7-195 (186.2); wing, 101.6-109.2(105..5); tail, 71.1-83.1 (78.1); culmen, from base, 17-21.2 (19.1); depthof bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.8); tarsus, 21.6-28.2 (26.5); middle toe,18.3-20.6 (19.1).'Breeding range, Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interiordistricts of British America. During migrations, the Great Plains,from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to Manitoba (Red River Set-tlement), Minnesota (Fort Snelling, May 11), Nebraska (Omaha,March 9), Iowa (Burlington, October), Indian Territory (Beaver Creek,November), western Illinois (Henderson County, Morgan County,March), northern Kentucky (Mason County, December), and south-ward through more southern Rock}' Mountains to Arizona (Fort Verde,December, February; Big Chino Valley, March), and western Texas(El Paso, February).Agelaius jjhoeniceus (not Oriolus phceniceus Linnaeus) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 526, i^art (Red River Settlement, Manitoba-'); Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.AgeLms tricolor (not Iclerus tricolor Audubon) Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 81 (Mac-kenzie R., British America).Ageheus gabernator (not Psarocolius guhernalor Wagler) Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 81(Mackenzie R. ).Agidaius 2Jh<:enkTusforlis RiDGWAY, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,153(Omaha, Nebraska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ), 154 (geogr. range).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS NEUTRALIS Ridgway.SAN DIEGO RED-WING.Similar to A. p. sonoriensls., but smaller, the adult female darker,with streaks less strongly contrasted above, those on lower parts ratherbroader and grayer, the upper parts with little if any rusty, even inwinter plumage.Admit male.?IjQngth (skins), 199.4-228.6 (213.1); wing, 116.8-127(122.9); tail, 85.1-97.8 (90.7); culmen, from base, 21.6-21.9 (23.1);depth of l)ill at base, 10.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 28.7-31 (30.2); middletoe, 20.6-23.1 (21.6).*Adultfemale.?hangih (skins), 167.6-193 (181.9); wing, 96.5-101.1(101.3); tail, 67.1-78.2 (72.1); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6);depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.1 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middletoe, 16.8-20.6 (19.1).'
^ Twenty-three specimens.
^ Seventeen specimens.
^ See next to last paragraph on p. 527 of work cited.*Thirty-two specnnens.
*Twenty-seven specimens.
340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Southern Culiforniji' (to the Paeific coast in San Diego and Lo.s Angelescounties), northern Lower California, Great Basin district, and south-ern portion of Rocky Mountain plateau; north to eastern BritishColinnbia (Vernon, etc.); breeding southward to northern Chihuahua(Pacheco), New Mexico, and western Texas (Ysleta, 80 miles east ofEl Paso; Langtr^', Valverde County, etc.); in winter, south to southernTexas (Brownsville, etc.).Agelaius pJicenicens (not Oriolus phccniceus Linn;eiis) Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.
?
Kennkkly,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30 (s. California).? (?) Xantus, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).? (?) Cooper andSucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, j)t. ii, 1860, 207 (Oregon and Washing-ton).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (nionogr. ).
?
Cooper,Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Rn)GWAV, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.? (?) Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv.,1873 (1874), 121 (Apache, Arizona, Aug.).?Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H.,1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding).
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-American Ornithologists'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.?Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2,1887, 47 (Coahuila and San Bernardino valleys, s. California; breeding).
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Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33, part (e. side of Cascade Mts.).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Vernon, e. British Colum-bia). Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., Cali-fornia; resident).Agelxus phceniceus Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1877, 1309 (Carson,Nevada); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Utah).?Coces, CheckList, 1873, 110.212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.? (?) Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy).
'Specimens from southern California and northern Lower California seem to besomewhat different from Great Basin examples, but I do not venture to separatethem, the series of specimens being scarcely satisfactory. In adult males of this formmany specimens show more or less black tipping to the middle wing-coverts, thisbeing observable in some specimens from the interior (Nevada) as well as in some ofthose from the coast (San Diego County, etc. ). Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Eleven adult males from Los Augeles County andnorthwardTen adult males from San DiegoSix adult males from Seven Wells' and Tecate,Lower CaliforniaEleven adult males from Great BasinFEMALES.Two adult females from Riverside and Red BluffTen adult females from San DiegoOne adult female from Tecate Mountains, LowerCaliforniaSeven adult females from Great Basin
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341[Agehnis phceniceus] a. phoeniceus Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,503 (locali-ties in Nevada and Utah; measurements, etc. ) ?[Agelxus'] phoeniceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part.[AgeLvus phceniceus] a. phoeniceus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 186, part (in syn-onymy).
^[;7^^iCMs] p/taraceu.? Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Exp., 1879, 302 (foot of e.slope Sierra Nevada, summer resid. ; Carson, Nevada, in winter).
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402, part.A^gelaius] j)h(fmceu? . . . var. gubernator Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, vii, Jan.,1875, 37 (Nevada).Agelaius gubernator BEtiviRE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e.Oregon, breeding; descr. eggs).[Agehi'us phceniceus'] fi. gubernator Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 504, 505,part (Carson City an<l Truckee Reservation, Nevada).AgeUeus gubernator ( not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus.,xi, 1886, 341, part (Reno, Nevada).Agelseus phcemceus . . . var. gubernator Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv.,1876,249 (Los Angeles, California, June; Fort Tejon, California, Aug.).Agcelams phceniceus var. gubernator Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1877,1305 (e. side Sierra Nevada).A\^gelxus'\ phfeniceus gubernator Yi^^snA^v, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 302(Camp Harney, e. Oregon; Reno, etc., Nevada; crit. ).Agel.i'us phamiceus gubernator Mear'ss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 165 (FortKlamath, e. Oregon, l)reeding).
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Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 128(Walla Walla, Washington).(?) Agelaius phainiceus longirostris (not A. longirostris Salvadori) Grinnell,Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (near Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Cal-ifornia, March, Nov.).Agelaius j^hoeniceus neutralis Ridgway. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,153 (Jacumba, San Diego Co., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ), 154 (geog.range).AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS CAURINUS Ridgway.NORTHWESTERN RED-WING.Similar to A. j)- phosniceus but wing and bill longer, the latter moreslender; adult male with buff of middle wing-coverts deeper (deepochraceous-buff orochraceous in winter plumage); adult female rathermore heavily streaked with Idack below and, in winter plumage, withupper parts much more conspicuously marked with rusty.Adult m?^^.?Length (skins), 218.4-231.1 (222.8); wing, 116.1-129.5(123.2); tail, 80.1-97.3 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.9-25.7(24.4);depth of bill at ba.se, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 28.2-31 (29.5); middletoe, 21.3-22.4 (21.8).^AduU fe?7iale.?Ijength (skins) 172.7-198.1 (189); wing, 97.8-107.2(103.1); tail, 71.1-83.1 (77.5); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.8 (20.8);tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middle toe, 18.3-19.8 (19.1).^Northwest coast district, from British Columbia (Vancouver Islandand coast of mainland) south through western Washington and Oregonto northern California (Mendocino County, May 20).
^ Nine specimens.
342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Agelaius phoeiticeus (not Oriolus phieniceus Linnseus) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part (Fort Steilacoom, Washington) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 401, part.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part.?Fannin, Check ListBirds Brit. Cohimbia, 1891, 33, part (\v. side Cascades; Vancouver I., breed-ing).?RnoADS, Froc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Victoria and LuluIsland, Britisli Cohimbia; Washington).
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Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (s.British Cohnnl)ia; crit. ).
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Kobbe, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cajie Disappoint-ment, Washington, breeding).Algelaius] phatnceH>< Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part.Agelaiux phoeniceus i^onoricnms {not oi Ridgway) Brewster, Auk, x, 1893, 237(Chil-liwack, British Columbia, Jan. to Mar.; crit.).Agelaws j>]ta'niceHs cauriiius Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901,153 (Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; coll. U. 8 Nat. I\Ius. ),154 (geog. range).The following- references to forms of Agelaius i^Jumiiceiis I have notbeen able to satisfactoril}^ allocate:Agelxits p1i(vniccHs ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz;Guatemala).?CouEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple,Arizona, resident) .
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Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 420 (Stocktonand Marysville, Calfornia, Feb. to Apr.).
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Ogilbv, Sci. Proc. Roy. DublinSoc, iii, 1882 (43), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident; habits).Agelaius pJiceniceus Ferrari-Fkrez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Chietla,Puebla).?TowNSExn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 213 (Red Bluff and n.of Mount Shasta, California).?Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,670(San Antonio, Texas, winter).
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Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio,Texas, breeding).?Mitchell, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., NewMexico, breeding up to 9,000 ft.).?Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16,1899, 122 (Shasta Valley, n. California).Aguelaius guheriiator (not Psurocolias guhernator Wagler) Kennerly, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 11 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico).Agelaiun plicenidus {?) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,553 (Orizaba,Vera Cruz; migratory?).AGELAIUS ASSIMILIS Gundlach.CUBAN RED-WING.Adult male.?Similar to adult male of A. phwnicem fioridanns orA. }). hrifanti., but smaller, with shorter and thicker bill; length (skin,one specimen), 198.1; wing-, 107.2-lOl>.2 (108.2); tail, 81.8-83.8 (82.(5);culmen, from ba.se, 23.^24.9 (24.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4(11.9); tarsus, 26.7-27.9 (27.2); middle toe, 21.1 (21.3).^Adultfemale.?Entirely uniform l)lack, including lesser wing-coverts;length CskiiLs), 172.7-182.9 (177.8); wing, 91.7-95.3 (93); tail, 68.1-74.9(71.9); culmen, from base, 21.1-21.6 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 11.4-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.7 (25.9); middle toe, 17.3-20.3 (18.5).'Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.Agelaius assimiles " Gundlach, MSS." Lembeye, Aves de la Islade Cuba, 1850, 64(Cuba).
* Two specimens. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OB* NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 343Agelaius asdmilis Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pi. 9, fig. 3.
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Gund-LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., iv., 1856, 12; 1861, 332, 413; 1862, 189; 1874, 131;Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866,288; Boston Journ. N. H., vi, 1857, 316.?Brewer, Proc. Best. Soc.N. H., vii, 1860, 307.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr.)?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108;Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129, 146 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).[Agelxiis} assimilis Cory, List Bii-ds W. I., 1885, 14.Algelaius} assimiUs Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371.Agelseus assimilis Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 10 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 341.[^Agelaius ph,(xniceus'\ var. assimilis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 159.
^Agelieus pha'niceusi b. (tsmnilis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy.)AGELAIUS HUMERALIS (Vigors).TAWNY-SHOTJLDERED BLACKBIRD.Adult male.?Uniform glossy black, with a faint ])luish green reflec-tion in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts uniform (.-innamon-rufous ortawn3% the middle coverts similar but paler, especially at tips; l)ill, legs,and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 167.G-188 (176.5); wing,99.6-107.2(103.4); tail, 74.2-83.8 (78.7); culmen, from ])ase, 17.8-19.1(18.3); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 23.6-25.4 (24.4);middle toe, 17.8-19.3 (18.5).'Adult female.?Similar to adult male but smaller and with the cin-namon-rufous or tawny wing-patch more restricted, at least the middlecoverts being partly black (sometimes wholly so); length (skins),160-177.8 (167.4); wing, 92.7-96.5 (94.7); tail, 69.1-74.9 (72.9); culmen,from base, 16.5-17.3 (17); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.4); tarsus,22.6-24.1 (23.4); middle toe, 16.5-17.8 (17).'Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.Leisies humeralis Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, Nov., 1827, 442 (near Havana, Cuba).Icterus humeralis D'Orbigny, in LaSagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 91, pi. 20.Agelaius humeralis Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 130; Repert. Fisico-Nat.Cuba, i, 1866, 288.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr.).?Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, 28 (crit.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 220; Birds W. I., 1889,107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.Hist., iv, 1892, 303 (habits).Agelaeus humeralis Gvt^DLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 13; 1861, 332.Agelseus humeralis Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 136; Ibis, 1884, 11 (monogr.);Cat Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (San Cristobal, Cuba).
^Agelaius'] humeralis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430 ("Antilles"). Gray,Hand-list, ii, 1870, 33, no. 6473.[Agelwus'] humeralis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.
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Cory, ListBirds W. L, 1885, 14.A\_gelaius] liumeralis 'Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371.
^ Seven specimens.
344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.AGELAIUS XANTHOMUS (Sclater).YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.Adult male.?Uniform flossy black, with a faint bluish green reflec-tion; lesser and ni'ddle wing-coverts clear lemon yellow, the lattersometimes slio-htly paler (rarely inclining to white at tips); bill, legs,and feet black; iris brown; length (skin, one specimen), 198.1; wing,107.2-108; tail, 83.8-8t;.9 {>^-^'>^)\ culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1; depthof bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 24.1-25.4; middle toe, 19.0-19.8.'Admitfemale.?Similar to the adult male in coloration, ))ut smaller;length (skins), 172.7-198.1 (185.4); wing, 95-97.3 (90.3); tail, 74.2-78.7(77); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.3 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.9 (8.0); tarsus, 24.1-24.9 (24.4); middle toe, 18.3.'YoioKj.?Uniform dull black, except les.ser wing-coverts, which arelight butl'v yellow or yellowish bufl', the middle coverts partly of thesame color.Iiiiiuatarc.?Similar to adults, but yellow wing-patch more or lessbroken posteriorly by spots or ])lotches of black.Island of Poilo Rico, Greater Antilles. (Island of St. Thomas?)Agela'ms diryHopterux Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 539 part(St. Thouiat-, W. I.); Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 713, part.
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Gundlach, Anal.Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 211 (Porto Rico); Journ. fiirOni., 1874, 312(Porto Rico); 1878, 177 (Porto Rico).Ayeleeus chrysopterun Sundevall, Oh^fv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1869, 597 (Porto Rico).lAgelseusI dirysoptei-us ScLATEKandSALViN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37 (Porto Rico).Icterus xanthomus Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 ("Mexico;" coll. P. L.Sclater).?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., X, 1866, 254 (Porto Rico).HypJtaiitcit xaiithoinus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1866, 63 (nionogr. ; PortoRico; St. Thomas?).A gelseiis xanthomas Sci.atkk, Ibis, 1884, 12 (nionogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. JMus., xi,1886, 343.lAyelims} xdnlliunnis (\)h\, List Birds W. I., 1SS5, 14.Ayt'laiiis x<iidlii>jnii.'<(_\)K\, Auk, iii, Ai)r., iSSti, 221; Birds W. 1., 1889, 108; Cat.W. L Birds, 1892 14, 110, 132 (Porto Rico; accidental on Mona I.).Genus NESOPSAR Sclater.Nesopsar Sci.atkr, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote. (Type, Iiifrns nigfrritiiusOsbnrn.)Rather small, uniforndy black Ictcrida' with tlu^ bill longer thanthe head, iiai lowly wedge-shaped, the wing about three times as longas the culmen, roundtnl, the tail about two-thirds as long as the wing,even, the tarsus about one-fourth as long as thi^ wing.P>ill longer than head, slender-conical or narrowly Avedge-shaped,compressed, acute, with straight outlines, its l)asal deplli al)out one-third the culmen, or less, its basal width less than the depth; culmenstraight, flattened, the flattened surface wid(>ning gradually toward
' Two specimens. ^ Four sjtecimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345base, where terminating in an obtuse point at a distance posterior tothe nostrils which about equals the basal width of the mandible; com-missure straight, or nearl}^ so, to beyond nostrils, where detiexed tothe rictus. Nostril on lateral median line of maxilla, nearly circular,with overhanging membrane (narrower anteriorly), its posterior edgetouching feathering of frontal antiae. Wing moderate or rather short(more than throe times as long as culmen, about four times as long astarsus), the tip moderately produced (longest primaries exceedingsecondaries by between one-half and two-thirds the length of culmen);outermost (ninth) primary equal to fourth or intermediate between hfthand fourth; seventh and sixth longest, the eighth but littk^ shorter; innerwebs of outer primaries not perceptibl}" sinuated. Tail a little morethan two-thirds as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, therectrices broad, but not widened terminally as in Agelaius^ the lateralones with inner wel) more than three times as wide as the outer. Tarsusdecidedly shorter than cvilmen, slightly less than one-fourth as long aswing, its anterior scutella distinct on inner but indistinct on outerside; middle toe, with claw, slightly longer than tarsus; claws of lateraltoes reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux shorter than lateraltoes but nuich stouter, its claw shorter than the digit; all the clawsstrongly curved, acute.Coloration.?Uniform black, in both sexes.Range.?Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)NESOPSAR NIGERRIMUS (Osburn).OSBURNS BLACKBIRD.Adults {sexes alil'e).?Entirely uniform glossy blue-black; bill, legs,and feet black, the former sometimes brownish basally.AcMt 7/ia/e.?Length (skins), 176.3-185.4 (180.3); wing, 99.6-101.6(100.6); tail, 73.2-74.2 (73.7); culmen, from base, 26.7-30.5 (2S..5);depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 22.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe,16.5-17.8 (17).^Adultfemale.?hew^th (skins), 158.8-177.8 (171.5); wing, 94.5-97.8(95..5); tail, 63.5-71.9 (68.8); culmen, from base, 25.1-26.7 (25.7);depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 17.3."Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.\^Ideruiif'] nigcrrimns Osburn, Zoologist, 1859, 6661, in text (Jamaica; coll. P. L.Sdater)."Neiiopmr nigerrimus Sclater, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote; Proc. Zool. Hoc.Lond., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,353.
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^Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.
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March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1863, 299.?Cory, Ank, iii, 1886, 223 (synonymy and descr.); BirdsW. I., 1889, 110 (do); Cat. W. 1. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 130.?Scott, Auk, x,1893, 178.
^ Two specimens. ^ Three specimens.
346 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
INesopsar'] mgerrimus Sclater and Saxvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 38.
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Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.N\_esopsar'] nigerrimus Newton (E. and A.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103.Agelaius nigerrimus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 12 (monogr. ).
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Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, 28.Agelieus Higef^'invis Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogr.).Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte.Xanthocrplialuft Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 15, 1850, 431. (Type, Icterusideroceplialns Bonaparte, = /. xanthocephalus Bonaparte.
)
Medium-sized terrestrial and paludicoline Icteridfe, with bill decid-edly shorter than head; winj^ long and pointed (nearly seven timesas long as culmen, the ninth or eighth primary longest); tarsus nearlyone-fourth as long as wing; middle toe with claw nearl}' as long astarsus, the lateral toes with their claws reaching beyond base ofmiddle claw, the claws long and not stronglj- curved; color black orduskj^, with more or less of yellow on chest (adult male with head andneck yellow also and with a white patch on wing).Bill decidedly shorter than head, stout-conical, compressed, withnearly straight outlines, its basal depth about equal to distance fromnasal fossfe to tip of maxilla, its basal width much less: culmenstraight, flattened, the basal end elevated and slightly arched; gonysstraight or ver}^ slightly convex, slightlv shorter than maxilla fromnostril; commissure nearly straight to ])ehind nostril, where stronglydeflexed to the rictus. Nostril pyriform-oval (obtusely pointed ante-riorly), overhung by a very broad and prominent horny operculum, itsposterior end in contact w^ith the feathering of the frontal antife. Winglong (nearl)^ seven times as long as culmen), long-tipped (primariesexceeding secondaries by about twice the length of the culmen), pointed;outermost (ninth) primary usually longest, the eighth and seventh,successively, but little shorter, the former sometimes equal to theninth, rarel}' a little longer; inner webs of four outer primaries slightlysinuated near tips. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, slightlyrounded or double-rounded, the rectrices rather hard and stifi'; outerweb of lateral rectrix very narrow in middle portion, widening subter-minally. Tarsus more than twice as long as bill from nostril, nearlyone-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, its anterior scutella distinct;middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with clawreaching beyond base of middle claw, the inner longer, with its clawreaching to middle of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as outer toe,decidedly stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender,and not strongly curved; anterior claws not strongly curved.Coloration.?Adult male black with head, neck, and chest yellow,the wing with a white patch; adult female and j^oung dusky withunder parts more or less streaked, the chest with more or less j^ellow.Range.?Western and central temperate North America. (Mono-typic.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 347XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte).YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.Adult male in summer.?Head, neck, and chest yellow or orange(varyino' from canar}^ >^ellow to almost cadmium orange, rarely tosaturn red); lores, orbital region, anterior portion of malar region,and chin black; rest of plumage uniform black, relieved by a whitepatch on the wing, involving the primary coverts (except their tipsand shafts) and portions of the outermost greater coverts; anal regionyellow or orange; ))ill, legs, and feet black; iris brown.Adult male in vvnter.?Similar to the summer plumage, but yellowor orange of pileum and hindneck obscured (sometimes almost con-cealed) by dusky tips to the feathers.Adult female in surmner.?General color dusky grayish brown orsooty; no white on wings; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe,malar region, chin, and throat dull whitish, nsually more or less tingedwith yellow, passing into light yellow (naples yellow^ or butt-yellow)on chest; breast broadly streaked with white; anal tuft yellowish: bill,legs, and feet black; iris broAvn.Adidt female in vmiter.?Similar to the summer female, but super-ciliar}" stripe and cheeks (malar region) dull buff-yellownsh; chin andthroat duller whitish; chest deeper yellow (ocher j^ellow), and whitestreaks on breast less distinct; bill dusky brownish, paler on mandible,especially basally.Immature male^ first winter.?Similar to the winter female, butlarger; general color darker (nearly black on pileum, auriculars, andorbital region); superciliary stripe deeper ocher yellow; malar region,chin, and throat chrome yellow, and chest dull cadmium yellow ororange-ochraceous; no white streaks on breast; primary coverts nar-rowly tipped with white. (In following spring and summer similar,but yellow of chest, etc., purer, pileum, etc., blacker, and primarycoverts without white tips.)Young {first plumage).?Head, neck, and chest pale cinnamon ordull ochraceous-buflf, paler (dull whitish) on chin and throat; pileumwith a median stripe of dusky; rest of plumage mostly dusky, thefeathers (especially wing-coverts and tertials) more or less distinctlymargined with pale cinnamon or dull tawny; breast more or lessstreaked with dull whitish; median line of breast and abdomen andthighs dull whitish.Nestling.?General color plain cinnamon or cinnamon-buff (varyingto clay color), much paler on under parts of body, where sometimesinclining to dull whitish; on the back, scapulars, and rump the buffyor cinnamomeous color more or less broken by dusky bases to thefeathers; edge of wing whitish; greater wing-coverts very broadlytipped with whitish or pale cinnamon-buffy; primary-coverts morenarrowly tipped with whitish; bill brownish; legs and feet light-colored(flesh color in life?).
348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MTTSEUM.Adult w?Ze.?Length (skins), 218.4-256.5 (242.3); wing, 135.1-145.5(141.2); tail. 9,3-108.5 (102.6); culmen, from base, 21.1-25.1 (22.9);depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.2 (12.4); tarsus, 33.3-37.1 (35.8); middletoe, 23.4-26.2 (24.6).^AduJffemale.?"Lan^th. (skins), 190.5-210.8 (204.7); wing, 110-117.9(113.S); tail, 78.7-87.6 (81.8); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.1 (20.3);depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 29.7-31.5 (30.5); middletoe, 20.3-22.1 (21.1).''More open districts of western and central North America; northto southern British Columbia, Assiniboia, Athabasca, Keewatin (toabout 58? 30'), and Manitoba; breeding east to the prairie sloughs ofthe upper Mississippi Valley, as far as northeastern Illinois (Cook andLake counties), northwestern Indiana (Lake County), southwesternMichigan (^), southern Wisconsin, etc.; breeding southward to Ari-zona, New Mexico, and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras), probablyto northern Mexico in general; in winter southward over the greaterpart of Mexico, as far as States of Sinaloa (Culiacan, Mazatlan, Pre-sidio), Jalisco (Lake Chapala, Mesquitic), Mexico (Valley of Mexico),Tlaxcala (Laguna del Rosario), and Puebla (Chietla, Huehuetlan, SanMartin Texmelucan). Accidental straggler to Ontario (Toronto,several records), Quebec (Godl)out), Maine (Spruce Head), Massachu-setts (Watertown), Connecticut (Hartford), Pennsylvania (AlleghenyCounty, Meadville), West Virginia (Upshur County), Maryland (AnneArundel County), District of Columbia, South Carolina (ChesterCounty), Florida, Cuba, and even to Greenland (Nenortalik, Septem-ber 2, 1820).Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sfi. Pliila., v, 1826, 223 (westernNorth America, also South America) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 52.
?
Audubon,Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 6, pi. 388.
' Eleven specimens.
^ Seven specimens.Specimens from the Missis.sippi Valley have, as a rule, the head, neck, and chestpaler yellow (never oran<>;e.'') than those from west of the Rocky Mountains, thoughthe series examined is nuich too small to show whether the difference is constant ornot. Measurements of the two series compare as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 349Agelaius xanlhocephalun Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,281 (n. to 58?).
?
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 29.
?
Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 140; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 24, pi. 213.?Baird, inStansbnry's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico).?Woodhouse,Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 80.
?
Newberry, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv. vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, Pitt R., and Klamath lakes,n. California).
?
Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey., x, pt. vi, 1859, 52(California; Fort Inge, Texas).
?
Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 261(upper Missouri R.).^Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr.
;
near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, several).
?
Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., vi,1871, 117 (Minnesota).Agelimis xanthrocephalus Ga'sibel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204.Xlanthocephalus'] xanthocephalus JorDiS^s, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 92. Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 368.Xanthoccpludus xanthocephalns Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,1885, 356.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 497.
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (Cuba; references); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (Cuba).?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Chietla, Huehuetlan,and San Martin Texmelucan, Puebla, Dec, Jan., May; Laguna del Rosario,Tlaxcala, Jan., Oct.)?Cory, Auk, iii, ,1886, 222; Birds W. I., 1889, 109(Cul)a, 1 spec.)
?
Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (Assiniboia and Red R. valleys,Manitoba, summer).?Treat, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Hartford, Connecticut,1 spec, July). Ridgway, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (Spruce Head, Maine, 1 spec,Nov.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 312.?Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Tucson, Florence,etc., Arizona, fall, winter, and spring).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,162 (localities, dates, etc.).
?
Warren (H. B.), Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 212(near Philadelphia, 1 spec; Meadville, Crawford Co., 1 pair, Mar. 25, 1890).Rives, Birds Virginias, 1890, 70 (near Buckhannon, Upshur Co., West Vir-ginia, 1 spec, spring 1888).?Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts.,Arizona, breeding).
?
Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (Mani-toba localities, habits; notes).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 396 (summerresid.).
?
Hasbrouck, Auk, x, 1893, 92 (District Columbia, 1 spec, Aug. 29,1892).?Norton, Auk, x, 1893, 302 (Metinac I., Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec,Aug. 17, 1882); xi, 1894, 78 (do.)?Nutting, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa,ii, no. 3, 1893, 274 (Chemawawin, lower Saskatchewan, abundant).
?
Bendire,Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 446, pi. 6, figs. 10-12 (eggs).?Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 248, pi. 29, fig. 3. Butler, Proc. Ind. Ac.Sci. for 1891, 165 (Lake Co., Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 892 (LakeCo., breeding). Knight, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 86 (Spruce Head,Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec, Aug. 17, 1882).?Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312(Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, 1 spec, Ajir. 26, 1895).
?
Brooks, Auk, xvii,1900, 106 (Chilliwack, British Columbia).
?
Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc Nat.for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (s. w. Louisiana, winter resid.).Xantocephalus xantocephalus Resler, Proc. Md. Ac. Sci., 1891, 139 (near CurtisBay, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland, 1 spec, Sept. 10, 1890).Icterus iderocephalus (not of Daudin, 1800, e:s. Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus)Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1835, 27, pi. 3 (Rocky Mts.).
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn,U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 170; 2d ed., 1840, 187.A[gelaius'] icterocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 188.Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Serv., ix, 1858, 531; Rep.U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Nuevo Leon; El Paso, Texas)Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 404.?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 136; ProcZool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico).
?
Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn.,1862, 178 (Cuba, 1 spec); 1874, 133 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866,288.
?
Allen, Am. Nat. iii, 1869, 636 (Watertown, Massachusetts) ; Bull.
350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Mus. Comp. ZooL, iii, 1872, 178 (Kansas, Utah); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
i 1868 498 (Iowa), 518 (n. Illinois).?Coces, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 195-200(biography); Check List, 1873, no. 213; 2d ed., 1882, no. 319; Birds N. W.,1874, 188.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 267.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8(e. Kansas, breeding).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii 1874, 167, pi. 32, tig. 9; pi. 33, fig. 9.?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,ii' 1874^ 28l'(Mazatlan, Sinaloa).?Newton, Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 99(Nenor'talik, 1 spec, Sept. 2, 1820).-Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,1875, 442 (Massachusetts, accidental).?Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 502(Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 260.?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, winter resid.).?Merrill, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).?Gibbs, Bull. U. S. Geol.and (Tcog.' Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (s. w. Michigan, breeding?).?Merriam,Bull NuU. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, 1 spec, Sept.1878).?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 137.?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., V, 1883, 546 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California).?Loomis, Auk, i,1884 '293 (Chester, South Carolina, 1 spec, Apr. 18, 1884); ii, 1885, 192((Jo.).-Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Ontario, several records).?Feilden, Ibis, 1889, 489 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles).?Cory, Cat. Birds\V I 1892, 110, 146 (Cuba; Barbados).[Xanihocephalus] icterocephalus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, ^8J2, 156 -Sclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.-Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14(Cuba).XUmthocephalus-] icterocephalus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 18/b, 111 (n. e.Illinois, summer resid. ).-Coites, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.? 1884, 404.Afjelnus longipes Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, no. 6, June, 1827, 43b (table-land of Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus.).Xanthocephalus longipes Sclater, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogr.; Presidio, near Mazat-lan, etc.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 350.-Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 455.Pslarocolms] perspicJllatusW A01.ER, Isis, 1829, 753 (ex Icterus perspicillatus Lichten-stein, manuscript).[Xanthocephalus] persincillntus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 431Agela^us perspiciUatu. Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Nenortalik, Greenland; 1 spec,Sept. 2, 1820)
.
. c,x u .Icterus frenatus Lichtenstein, Isis, 1843, 60 (Greenland).-BAiRD, ^ fetansbury sRep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Greenland).-Reinhardt, Vid. Med. for1853 (1854), 82 (Greenland).Genus LEISTES Vigors.
Leistes Vigors, Zool. Journ., ii, no. vi, July, 1825, 191. (Type, Oriolus americanusGmelin, =Einberiza iniUtaris Linmeus.)Pedotrihes^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 10, 1851, 191. (Type, Oriolus yman-ensis LiniKOus, = Emberiza mUitaris Linnyeus.
)
Rathe r small terrestrial Icteridje with short conical bill, short tail,rather iono-, pointed wings, and long legs, the under parts with moreor less of red. ^ v 1 fvBill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, acute, its depthat btise much more than one-half the length of culmen (nearly equalto distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), its basal width more thani"Von MEdoTptfJifi, den Erdboden hilufig betretend."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 351
one-half the length of culnien; culmen nearly straight but elevatedand decidedly arched basally, faintly depressed in middle portion andslightly decurv^ed terminall}^ the top broad and rounded; gonysstraight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomiuni nearlystraight, but faintly concave anteriorly and convex in middle, the ric-tal portion very strongly and rather abruptly deflexed; mandibulartomium nearly straight for terminal half, then arched and stronglydeflexed to the rictus. Nostril rather large, triangular (obtuselypointed anteriorly), overhung by a prominent and conspicuous con-vex horny operculum, the posterior end touching feathers of frontalantiaB. Wing moderate (nearly live times as long as culmen, morethan three times as long as tarsus), the tip well produced (projectingfor more than length of culmen but less than length of tarsus), pointed;outermost (ninth) primary longest, the eighth, seventh, and sixth, suc-cessively, but little shorter; inner webs of two outer primaries slightly"sinuated; longest tertial projecting decidedly beyond secondaries. Tailshort (about live-eighths as longas wing), even, the rectrices rigid, broad,with extreme tip more or less pointed, with aculeate tips of the shaftsslightly projecting. Tarsus long (more than half as long again asculmen, nearly one-third as long as wing), slender, the anterior scu-tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus;outer toe with claw falling far short of base of middle claw, the innerslightly longer but with claw still falling decidedly short of base ofmiddle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe (longer than outer),much stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender,strongly arched, acute.Coloration.?Above blackish, or streaked and barred with brownand dusky; beneath with more or less of red.Range.?South America, from Argentina and southern Brazil to theIsthmus of Panama (Chiriqui). (Two species.)LEISTES MILITARIS (Linnaeus).CAYENNE RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD.Adult male in hrecding dresa.?Uniform black, with traces (more orless distinct) of grayish brown bars on upper tail-coverts and rectricesand of lighter edgings on wing-feathers; throat, chest, breast, and upperportion of abdomen uniform rich vermilion red; bill black; legs andfeet blackish brown.Adult male after hreeding season.?Similar to the above, but theblack portions of the plumage broken by light brown or pale buffygrayish edgings, these most conspicuous on median line of pileum,back, scapulars, wings, and under tail-coverts; terminal portion oftertials, rectrices, and longer upper tail-coverts barred with brownishgray; bill horn brown, the mandible paler; legs and feet horn brown.Adidtfenude in hreeding dress.?Above ])lack, l)roken by pale bufl'ybrownish edges to feathers, producing rather broad streaks on back.
352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
scapulars, and hindneck; piloum with a distinct median stripe of palegrayish bufly stri'aks, the black lateral portions narrowly and indis-tinctly streaked with light olive-brownish; lesser wing-coverts broadlymargined with })rownish gray, the margins or edges of other wing-feathers more brown or buffy; rump grayish olive, broadl}" but notdistinctly, streaked with dusky; terminal portion of secondaries andrectrices barred, more or less, with brownish gray; upper tail-covertsbrownish gray narrowly barred with dusky; a broad superciliary stripeof dull buffy; a blackish postocular streak; auricular region and sidesof neck light Inifl'y grayish brown, the latter streaked with blackish;chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper part of abdomen plain light woodbrown or dull brownish ])uff', the ])reast and abdomen tinged with pink-ish red; lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts light buffy olive,broadl}^ streaked with dusky, the last also narrowly barred with thesame; under wing-coverts uniform sooty black; edge of wing, particu-larly the carpal region, pinkish red.Adult f<nnale after hreedhig Kecmni.?Similar to the preceding, butpaler markings of upper parts broader (the blackish streaks corre-spondingly narrower), and the color more brown; general color ofunder parts rather deeper, with dusky streaks on flanks, etc., narrower;under wing-coverts dusky grayish.Young.?Somewhat like post-nuptial adult female, but chest andsides streaked with dusky. ^Adult wirt/d.?Length (skins), 137.2-194.8 (170.4); wing, 88.9-99.1(95); tail, 48.8-67.8 (55.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-22.9 (20.3); depthof bill at base, 10-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 27.9-32.8 (30.5); middle toe,20.6-23.5 (22.1).-AduItfeiiude.'-l^Qmyih (skins), 165.1-170.2 (167.4); Aving, 83.8-89.9(86.1); tail, 53.3-61 (57.2); culmen, from base, 17.8-19.3 (18.5); depthof bill at base (one specimen), 10.4; tarsus, 28.2-30.5 (29); middle toe,19.6-22.4 (20.6).'
^The single 3'oung bird seen by me has partly assumed the adult jtlumage.
^ Eighteen specimens.
?'' Five specimens.Adult males from different localities average as follows: I
Locality.Two adult males from Chiriqui and PanamaOne adult male from Bogota, ColombiaTwo adult males from eastern I'uru and RioMadeiraFive adult males from lower AmazonFive adult males from Cayenne and BritishQuianaThree adult males from Trinidad
Wing.
91.4y3.5
94.298.8
9591.9
Tail.
56.658.7
58.
7
C3.8
60.254.4
Culmen,frombase.
21.622.
1
21.620.8
Depthof billat base.11.912.2
11.212.2
11.911.2
Tarsus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 353Amazon Valley (Saiitarcni, Pani, Mexiana, etc., Brazil; Xel)eros,eastern Peru) and northward through Cayenne, British Guiana(Roraima; Demerara), Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia (Bogota), andIsthnuisof Panama (Lion Hill; Panama) to Chiriqui (Mina de C^horcha;David); western Ecuador (Guayaquil).[Einbcrlza] militaris Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 178 (based on Turdusater, pectore coccineo. Mus. Adol. Friderici, i, 1754, 18; "America").\_Tanagra^ militaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 316.
?
Gmelin, Syst.Nat., i, 1788, 895.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 431.Agelaius militaris Vieillot, Gal. uis., ii, 1834, 128, pi. 88.Ps\_arocolius'] militaris Waglee, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 11.Leistes militaris CASHm, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 14 (monogr. ; Bra-zil; Guiana; Trinidad).
?
Lonnberg, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. 22,Afd., iv, no 1, 1896, 29 (crit. noniencl.).lOriolusI guianensis Linn^Uo, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterusguianensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 107).
?
Gmelix, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, .388.
?
Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 179.\_Trn]>ialis] guianensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430 (Guiana; Brazil).BiiRMEisTER, Syst. Usb. Th. Bras, iii, 1856, 260.P[e.dotribes'] guianensis GABAifiiii, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 191 (Guiana).Leistes guianensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 19 (Bogota, Colombia),265 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 138 (Cayenne; Trin-idad; Bogota); Ibis, 1884, 21 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,348 (Mina de Chorcha, Yeragua; Panama; Bogota; Guayaquil, w. Ecuador;Trinidad; Roraima and Georgetown, British. Guiana; Cayenne; Mexiana I.,lower Amazon; Rio Madeira; Cayutal)a, Brazil).
?
Taylor, Ibis., 1864, 84(Trinidad).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 573 (Parti,lower Amazon), 750 (Xeberos, e. Peru); 1869, 252 (Venezuela); 1873, 267Xeberos).
?
^Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 176 (Veragua, Panama),191 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua); Ibis, 1885, 218 (British Guiana).
?
Fixsch,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad).?Layard, Ibis, 1873, 381(Pani).
?
Taczanowski, Orn. du P^rou, ii, 1884, 427.
?
Allen, Bull. EssexInst., viii, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon).
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 458 (Mina de Chorcha; Lion Hill, PanamaR. R.).?RiKER and Chapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem).
?
Chapman,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 37 (Trinidad).[Leistes'] guianensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.[Oj'iolusi americanus (.jMKLi's, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386 (based on Troupialede Cayenne Buffon. Hist. Nat. des Ois., 3, 218, etc.) . Latham, Index Orn., i,1790, 178.Icterus americanus Temmi'nck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.(?) Xanthornus rubricollis Hawh, Vogel aus Asien, etc., pt.v, 1819, pi. 2.Leistes erythrothorax "Natterer" Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., iii, 1870, 197, .326 (Cuya-taba, Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus.).ILeistesI erythrothorax Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873,38.Leistes superciliaris (not Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 339(Cabo, n. e. Brazil; habits).Genus STURNELLA Vieillot.Sturnella YiEihhor, Analyse, 1816, 34. (Type, Alauda magna Jjinneeus.)Cirulus Bredow, Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Natiirg., drit. jahrg., erster band, 1837,413, in text. (Type, C. pratensis Bredow, = Sturnella meridional^ Sclater.
)
Pedopsaris G'LOGEB., Handbuch, 1842, 292. (Type, Alauda magyia lAnnsdns.)3654?VOL 2?01 23
354 hitllp:tin 5o, united states national museum.Medium-sized terrestrial leteridie with long, slender, bill, short tailwith pointed rectrice.s, and long legs and toes, the plumage muchstreaked and ])arred above, more or less yellow beneath, the lateralrectriees partly' white.Bill about as long as head (or slightly shorter or longer), narrowlywedge-shaped, acute and depressed at tip, its basal depth about one-third the culmen or a little more, its basal depth slightly less; culmennearly straight, ))ut faintly convex terminally, straight or slightlydepressed in middle, more or less elevated and arched basally, flat-tened, especially l)etwcen the frontal antiw, where distinctly ridged lat-erally; gon3^s straight, or slightly concave terminally, slightly shorterthan maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly or quite straight tomuch behind nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly deflexed tothe rictus. Nostril ovate, obtusely pointed anteriorly, overhung bya prominent thick horny operculum, its posterior end in contact withfeathering of the frontal antire'. Wing moderate or rather short(about three to three and a half times as long as culmen, about twoand a half to nearly three times as long as tarsus), its tip rathershort (less than length of culmen) but pointed; outermost (.ninth) pri-mary equal to or longer than sixth, rarel}" slightlj^ shorter, sometimeslongest, the ninth to the sixth longest (these nearly equal); inner webof four outer primaries faintly sinuated; longest tertial projectingdecidedh' beyond secondaries. Tail short (between two-thirds andthree-fourths as long as wing), rounded, the rectrices rigid, narrowedterminally, the two or three middle pairs pointed and more or lessacuminate. Tarsus long (much longer than culmen, nearl}' or quiteone-third as long as wing), rather stout, its anterior scutella distinct;middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe withclaw falling much short of base of middle claw; the inner toe slighth'longer, but its claw still not reaching to base of middle claw; halluxlonger than lateral toos, slender, its claw decidedly shorter than thedigit; all the claws rather slender, not ver}" strongly curved.Coloration.?Above brownish, conspicuously streaked and barredwith 1)lackisli; under parts with more or less of yellow, the sides,flanks, and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky; lateral rectricespartlj^ white; adults with a black shield-shaped or crescentic patch onchest.Range.?Temperate and tropical North America; South Americanorth of Amazon Valley; Cuba. (Three species.)Examination of a ver}' large series of meadowlarks from that portionof the United States east of the Great Plains, representing prac-tically all parts of that extensive region, reveals a very decided varia-tion in size and coloration according to climatic areas, specimens fromthe extreme South ])eing decidedly smaller, in all their measurements,and darker in color than those from northern localities. The changeis such a gradual one, however, that the satisfactory deflnition of two
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 355
or more forms becomes a matter of extreme difficulty. The tirst formalseparation of a southern form was made by Mr. Outram Ban^s, whonamed a Florida subspecies Sturnella magna argutula^ all represent-atives of the species from eastward of the range of 8. neglecta^ except-ing those from the peninsula of Florida, being referred to S. magnamagna. Mr. Frank M. Chapman has more recently reviewed thesubject,- and concludes, regarding the status of S. m. argutiila^ that
"if the application of this name be restricted to the isolated Floridabird, it may prove a convenient means of expressing the slight differ-entiation which that form exhibits. If. however, as its proposer sug-gests, it be applied to the Gulf Coast and Mississippi Valley specimens,it will onl}^ result in the confusion which always follows our attemptsto definitely name differences which do not deffnitely exist."With much the same material as that upon which iVIr. C-hapman ])asedhis conclusions, and many additional specimens, I ffnd myself unable toagree with him. In the ffrst place, the Florida birds are not isolated,the range of the species being quite continuous; in the second, thebreeding birds from the coast district of Louisiana show the charactersof Florida birds carried still farther?that is, they are both smaller anddarker; again, breeding birds from the southern portions of Illinoisand Indiana (within the limits of the Austroriparian or Lower Australlife-zone) are far more similar in size and coloration to those from theextreme South than they are to those from New I^ngland and the east-ern Middle States. In short, if the species be subdivided at all withinthe eastern or humid division of the Austral life-zone, the questions tobe decided are (1) how many divisions are necessai'v or desirable, and(2) where the geographic line or lines separating their breeding rangesshould be drawn. After considering these questions very carefully inall their bearings I have arrived at the conclusion that to recognize twoforms, corresponding in their breeding ranges with the Transition andUpper Austral zones on the one hand, and, essentialh% the Lower Aus-tral on the other, would better express the facts. It is true, necessarily,that within each of these two geographic areas there is consideral)le localvariation, but this is comparatively insigniffcant. It is also true thatFlorida specimens are not appreciably different within the Lower Aus-tral and Tropical divisions of the peninsula, respectivel}^ and thatspecimens from the extreme western portions of the humid division ofthe Lower Austral zone (in southeastern Texas) are so much differentfrom those of other parts of that faunal area as to merit recognition asa third form, this also extending southward into the Tropical zone innortheastern Mexico; consequently the respective ranges of these twoSouthern forms do not coincide absolutely with the limits of faunal areas.iProc. New England Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 19-21. (The Florida l>irds hadpreviously been referred by ]Mr. Chapman to S. m. mexicana.)
'A Study of the Genus Sturnella. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xiii, article xxii,297-320. (Author's edition published Dec. 31, 1900.)
356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.The con.striu-tion of jm analytical "key" to the various recognizableforni.s of Stio'itella i.s a most difficult matter, the ditierences beingpurely comparative, and therefore not easy to tabulate. The followingattempt is far from satisfactory as a means of certain identitication,but ma}' be of help in the determination of specimens.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF STURXELLA.
a. Breast, etc., bright yellow, relieved by a crescentic or horseshoe-shaped jugularpatch o f black . ( Adu 1 ts
.
)
b. Yellow of throat confined between the maxillte, or if extending over loweredge of the latter the upper parts dark colored, with broad and conspicuousblack stripes.c. Larger and paler; wing averaging 117 or more in males, 106 or more in females.d. Larger, with upper parts browner and yellow of under parts lighter (lemonor gamboge); wing averaging 122.4 in male, 107.4 in female. (Transitionand LTpper Austral life-zones of eastern North America.)Sturnella magna magna (p. 357)dd. Smaller, with upper parts grayer and yellow of under parts deeper (slightlyorange); wing averaging 117.1 in male, 106.4 in female. (Western por-tion of Lower Austral life-zone, from coast of Texas to southern Arizonaand northern Sonora. ) Sturnella magna hoopesi (p. 361)a: Smaller and darker; wing averaging less than 117 in males, less than 100 infemales.d. Larger; wing averaging more than 110 in males, 98 or more in females.
e. Wing shorter, tail and bill longer; yellow of under parts lighter, morelemon or gamboge (as in S.m.magmi); auricular region grayish, dis-tinctly streaked; male with wing averaging 111.8, culmen 32.8, tarsus41.4; female with wing averaging 99.1, culmen 28.7, tarsus 38.3. ( Humidportion of Lower Austral life-zone, from Florida to Louisiana andsouthern Illinois. ) Sturnella magna argutula (p. 360)ee. Wing longer, tail and bill shorter; yellow of under parts deeper, moreorange (as in S. m. Iioopesi); auricular region buffy white, less streaked;male with wing averaging 116.1, culmen 30.9, tarsus 40.9; female withwing averaging 98, culmen 30.5, tarsus 37.1. (Plateau districts of cen-tral and southern ^lexico and Guatemala.
)
Sturnella magna mezicana (p. 362)dd. Smaller; wing averaging 103.6 in male, 94.5 in female. (Coloration as inS. in. inexicana, but upper parts browner. ) (Coast district of Vera Cruzand southward to Veragua. ) Sturnella magna inexpectata (p. 364)bb. Yellow of throat covering more or less of malar region; upper parts paler andgrayer, more barred than striped.c. Larger, with l)roader V^lack jugular shield; male with wing averaging 125,tail 75.7; female with wing averaging 110.7, tail 65.8. (Western UnitedStates and northern Mexico. ) Sturnella neglecta ( p. 365
)
cc. Smaller, with narrower black jugular shield; male with wing averaging 102.1,tail 65.8; female with wing averaging 93.7, tail 60.2. (Cuba.)Sturnella hippocrepis (p. 368)aa. Breast, etc., pale yellow, without any black jugular shield, the latter replacedby dusky spotting. (Young. ')
' The young of but few of the forms are represented among the specimens examined;consequently a " key" for their determination is not attempted.
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 857STURNELLA MAGNA MAGNA (Linnaeus).MEADOWLARK.Admit male in summer.?Pileum with a narrow median stripe ofpale dull huffy or dull ))uffy white, separating two broad stripes of black,streaked nari'owly with brown or brownish gray, these streaks some-times obsolete on forehead; a broad superciliary stripe, lemon yellowfrom nostril to above eye, the remaining portion dull buffy white;a narrow postocular stripe of black; lores, malar region, and auricularregion dull grajdsh white, the last indistinctly streaked with grayish;sides of neck dull grayish white, usually more or less tinged withbuff', narrowly streaked with })lack, the hindneck pale brownish butfywith broader streaks of black; scapulars and interscapulars broadlyblack medially, more or less broadly edged and tipped with brown(wood brown, Isabella color, or sometimes almost cinnamon), ])ut thispassing on extreme edges and tip into buffy whitish or pale huff,producing distinct narrow streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts huffy,broadl}^ streaked with l)lack, these black streaks l)roader on upperrump, those on upper tail-coverts with serrated margins; middle pairof rectrices black medially, pale brownish gray or grayish brownlaterally, the Idack median portion more or less deeply serrated onthe margins, rarely forming isolated bars; second and third (sometimesfourth) rectrices (counting from middle) with outer webs serratedwith pale brownish gray or grayish brown along edge, black nextto shaft, their inner wel)s chiefly dull black or dusky indistinctlybarred or serrated Avith paler; three outermost rectrices extensivel}"white, the outermost (sometimes the one next to it also) almost entirelywhite, and sometimes the fourth rectrix (counting from outside) withmore or less of white on inner web; lesser wing-coverts dusky centrally,broadly margined with gray, those toward l)end of wing tinged withyellow; middle coverts similar, hut with the broad gray margin morebrownish; greater coverts light buffy grayish brown (broccoli brownor inclining to Isabella color), edged with paler, their inner websmostly uniform dusky and outer webs barred (but not entirely across)with the same; secondaries similar in coloration to the greater coverts,the tertials usually with the black forming a large central irregularpatch, but sometimes broken into regular and widely separated trans-verse lines or bars; primaries dusky grayish, the outermost broadlyedged with white, the rest with outer webs broadl}^ and more or less ser-rately edged with light grayish brown or gray; primary coverts similarin coloration to primaries, but more edged with white; alulae black ordusky margined with pale gray or grayish brown; chin whitish; throat,breast, and abdomen bright lemon yellow; a broad crescent of blackon chest, the extremities of which are confluent with a black postmalarspot; sides of breast white broadly streaked with black, the sides and
858 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.flanks siiiiiliir, I)ut more or less tinoed with bufl' and with bhick streaksrather narrower; under tail-eoverts pale Initty or butty white, nar-rowly streaked with l)laek; thighs plain buff or buffy white, sometimeswith a few very narrow streaks of dusky; under wing-coverts wtiite,becoming yellow along edge of wing; maxilla black or dusk}', edgedwith paler; mandible gra^dsh in dried skin (pale grayish blue in life)with tip dusky; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish in dried skins,pale pinkish gray in life.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer male, but with lessblack and more ])rown above, the tips of th(> scapulars and interscapu-lars broadly tipped with brown, laigely covering the black portion ofthe feathers; blackish lateral stripes of pileum more broadly streakedwith brown, th(^ median stripe more Imfty; flanks, under tail-coverts,etc., more ])uiiy.Adult female in .vwvwmer.?Similar to the male, l)ut nuich smaller;lateral stripes of pileum more broadly streaked with ])rown, the post-ocular stripe brown streaked with black, instead of uniform black;sides of head and neck more butty; black jugular crescent relativelysmaller, the feathers usually more or less tipped with light grayish;yellow of throat, breast, etc., rather duller.Adult feiiiide in winter.?Similar to the sunnner female, but l)rownerabove, with the black spots on back and scapulars more concealed,and the white parts more buffy.Young.?Above nuich like adults, but the scapulars, interscapulars,and tertials margined terminally with whitish or buffy; head-stripesless sharply dettned, the superciliary stripe dull butty throughout;yellow of breast, etc., very pale and dull, changing gradually intothe butty of sides, flanks, etc., the latter much less distinctly orsharply streaked; black jugular crescent wanting, but in its place acluster of dusky spots or flecks occupying approximateh' the same area.Adtdt ,n(de.?Length (skins), 215.9-255 (235.5); wing, 114.3-129(122.4); tail, 67.6-80.4 (78.7); culmen, from base, 30.7-36.8 (34.3);tarsus, 38.9^6.2 (41.9); middle toe, 27.2-32.3 (30.2).^Adult female.?Length (skins), 190.5-215.9 (202.9); wing, 104.6-113.8(107.4); tail, 65.8-73.7 (67.6); culmen, from base, 26.9-31.5(30);tarsus, 36.1-40.6 (37.3); middle toe, 25.4-30 (27.2).'
^ Twenty-one specimens, the average according to locality being as follows:
Locality. Wing.
Seven adult males from New England StatesFourteen adult males from eastern Middle States..Nine adult males from upper Mississippi Valley ...(Nearly all of the al)ove breeding birds.
^ Eight specimens.
Tail.
123.2 80.3r21.9 78118.1 75.2
Culmenfrombase.
35. 3 41.
9
33.8 1 41.933.5 40.4
Middletoe.
30.530.228.5
BIKDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35VI[Alduda'] magna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 167 (C'aroliiias; based onAlauda magna Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 'd'A, pi. So); ed. 12, i, 1706,289.?(tmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 801.AloMda magna Wiisoti, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 20, pi. 19.Sturnella magna Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,535; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 406.
?
Hayden, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, ser. 2, xii, 1862,169.
?
Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine, summer).
?
Blak-iSTON, Ibis., 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, Apr. 15).
?
Allen, Mem. Bost.Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 496 (Iowa, etc.).?Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., xi,1872, 239 (Iowa).?Harting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 118 (England,escaped).
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8; ed. 3, 1875, 8 (summer resident).
?
Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 98 (habits).
?
Baird, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 174, pi. 34, fig. 2.?Mearns, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 36 (Fishkill, New York, winter).?Ridgway, Nom.N. Am. Binls, 1881, no. 263; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 316, colored plate (frontis-piece).
?
Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunsw., no. 1, 1882, 41(New Brunswick, rare summer resident).
?
Knowlton, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, viii, 1883, 182 (Middlebury, Vermont, Dec. 9).?Langille, Our Birdsin their Flaunts, 1884,84, 85 (habits; song).
?
Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 250(song). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part.
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 501, part.
?
Thompson, Trans.Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 3 (Toronto, Ontario, Jan., Feb.).?Goss, Birds Kansas,1891, 400 (abundant in e. and middle, rare in w. Kansas).
?
Beal, Year-book U. S. Dept. Agric. for 1895, 420-426, fig. 110 (food, etc.).?Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 159, pi. 29, fig. 5.?Knight, Bull. Univ. Maine,no. 3, 1897, 87 (rare summer resident).
?
Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40(Muskoka and Port Sydney, n. Ontario, summer).
?
Brewster, Auk, xviii,1901, 194 (Rangely, Maine, 1 spec, Apr. 21).S[tnniella] magna Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406. Ridgway, Man. N.Am. Birds, 1887, 372.[Sturnella magna^ var. magna Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 172.\_Sturnella magna'] a. magna. Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy).Sturnella magna magna Bangs, Proc. Nevv Engl. Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20,in text.(?) [Stunms'] ludovicianus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 290 ("Louisiana;"based on Stnrnus ludovicianus Brisson, Orn. , ii, [). 449, pi. 41 , fig. 1 ) .
?
Gmelin,Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 802.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 323.Sturnus ludovicianus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 180.
?
Nut-tall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 147.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,216, part; v, 1839, 492, pi. 136.Sturnella ludoviciana Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Ain., ii, 1831, 282.
?
Audubon, Syn-opsis, 1839, 148, part (includes S. neglecta)
.
?Sclater, Ibis, 1861, 177 (Suf-folk, England); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 30 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,139.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 23 (monogr.).?Scott, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (Johnson Co., w. Missouri).[Sturnellal Ziidouiciffna Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429.Cacicus alaudarius'DA.VDii^, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 325 (l)ased on Stnrnnn ludovi-cianus and Alauda magna Linnpeus).Slturnella] collaris Vieillot, Enc. Meth. , ii, 1 823, 633 ( cites SlurnMs ludoviciaims andAlauda magna Linnseus, etc. )
.
Sturnella collaris Vieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 134.Sturnus collaris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Sturnus, sp. 1.
360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sturnella colaris Vieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pi. 90.[Sturnella vHujna.'] a. Subsp. (ijpica Sclatek, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358,in list of specimens (District Columbia; New York; Illinois).STURNELLA MAGNA ARGUTULA Bangs.SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK.Similar to S. ni. magna, but decidedly smaller and colorationdarker; upper parts with relativel}' more black (this prevailing onback in ])reeding' season), the brown markings deeper or more decidedl}'brown (var3'ing- from raw umber to mummy brown); yellow of underparts averaging deeper; white on lateral rectrices more restricted.
^^Z?Z^;?^rt^^?Length (skins), 205.5-234.7 (219.2); wing, 104.6-118.9(111.8); tail, 67.0-78.5 (72.9); culmen, from base, 30.5-35.1 (32.8);tarsus, 39.4-43.9 (41.4); middle toe, 27.4-31.8 (29.2).' ?Adult female.~^l.Qn^yih (skins), 191.8-199.4 (197.1); wing, 95.3-101.6 (99.1); tail, 60.2-67.1 (63); culmen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (28.7);tarsus, 36.3-40.6 (38.4); middle toe; 25.9-30.2 (27.4).' .Lower Austral or Austroriparian life-zone of eastern United States,from Florida, the Caroliuas (?), etc., to Louisiana, and north throughlower Mississippi Valley to southeastern Illinois (Richland, Lawrence,andi Wabash counties) and southwestern Indiana (Knox County).''
* Sixteen specimens.
'' ICight specimens.Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 361
Sturnrlla Indoviciana {not StiirnnK Indoiirianus Linmens) Allen, Bull. Mas. ('oiiip.Zool., ii, 1871, 288, excl. syn. (e. Florida; crit.).StumeUa magna (not Alanda magna Linn;eus) Merrlvm, Am. Nat., viii, 1874,87 (Okahumkee, Florida).?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 139, part(Florida).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana,breeding).SlurneUa magna mexicana, (not Slunu'lla mex'icana Sclater) Chapman, Auk, v,1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida; crit.).?Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 320 (TarponSprings, etc., Florida; crit. ).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895,461, part.SlurneUa magna argntula Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Soc, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20(Dunedin, Hillsboro Co., Florida; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).
?
Allen, Auk,xviii, 1901, 174 (republication of original descr. ).STURNELLA MAGNA HOOPESI Stone.TEXAS MEADOWXARK.Similar to S. m. niagna^ but yellow of under parts deeper eventhan in S. m. an/utu/a^ and of a sliohtly (sometimes decidedly) orangehue; coloration of upper parts paler, with black bars on tertials andmiddle rectrices more frequently isolated, as well as narrower; size ofupper Mississippi Valley specimens of aS\ /n. magna.Adult 7// (//^.?Length (skins), 200.7-230.6 (215.6); wing-, 11,3-126(117.1); tail, 63.5-79.2 (72.1); cuUiien, from base, 30.2-35.6 (33.3);tarsus, 37.8-41.1 (11); middle toe, 21.1-33 (28.7).^Adult ,/;?m?/t^?Length (skins), 195.6-205.7 (200.1); wing, 100.3-109.7 (106.1); tail, 61-73.7 (68.3); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.5(31.7); tarsus, 3(;.8-39.1 (37.8); middle toe, 27.1-30.5 (28.7),'Southeastern Texas and westward through Rio Grande Valley andsouthern New Mexico (San Luis Springs, Guadalupe Mountauis, etc.)to southern Arizona (Calabasas, San Bernardino Ranch, Sachill, etc.);southward into Sonora (San Pedro, Cachuta, Nacory, Santa Cruz River,etc.). Chihuahua (San Diego), and Tamaulipas (also probably Coahuilaand Nuevo Leon).
^ Twenty-seven specimens.
'Nine specimens (all from Texas).Adult males from different localities average as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. ^^^^^
Eight adult males from Corpus Christi, Texas (measured byR. Ridgway) 116.
8
Eight adult males from other jiarts of Te.xas (measured byJ. H. Riley)
j
116.6Nine adult males from Mexican boundary (New Mexicoand Arizona) ' 119.
2
Two adult males from southern Tamaulipas ' 110.
1
Three adult males of S. in. mexicana from Guanajuato, Du-rango, and Miehoaean ' 115.
3
74.9
73.9
09.
6
72.4
70.1
34.8
33.8
3231.7
42.9
40.6
39.940.6
30.9
28.2
26.730.5
362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
StiiriieUa mar/iKi (not Almuhi magna Limnseus) Butchkk, Pioc Ac. Xat. Sd. Phila.,18()8, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Dec).
?
Sennett, IJull. V. S. (Teol. and (ieog.Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Brownsville, Texas).?Mekrill, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., i, 1878, 1:^3 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).? (?) Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy.Dubl. Soc-.,iii, 1882 (45) (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Feb.).?Neiiklixo,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, resident).?Hancock, Bull. Rid^w. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 108 (Corpus Christi, Texas).?Sixg-LEV, Rep. (tcoI. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Cor])us (::hristi, Rio Grande City, andHidal<ro, Texas).?Bendire, LifeHist. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 458, part( Texas).?Cakkoi.l, Auk, xvii, 1900, .345 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).S[turn('ll(i] iiiexlnnid (not of Sclater) Brewer, ibis, 1878, 487 (Fort Brown,Texas).Sturnella mexicuna Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C'luh. iii, 1878, 152 (Fort Brown,Texas)
.
Sturnella magna var. mexicana [Ridgway and] Merrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. ^lus., i,1878, 134, excl. syn. (Fort Brown, Texas, summer resident).IStumella magna.} Var. mexicana Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. DuV>l. Soc, iii, 1882(45) (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resident; habits).Sturnella magna merieana Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 90; Bull.AuL ]VIus. N. H., V, 1893, 37 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua; San Pedro,Cachuta, and Nacory, n. e. Sonora).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii,1880, 183, 218, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 263a.?Brewster, Auk,ii,1885, 198 (Crittendfcn, Arizona, July).?American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 501a.?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 461,part, pi. 6, fig. 22 (Fort Brown, etc., s. Texas; Matamoras, Tamaulipas).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (Rio Grande and Eagle Pass, Texas).Sllnnu'lla] jit^agnal maricana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406, part.S[tiir)iella] niagna mexicana Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372, part.StnrneUa magua hooped Stone, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1897, 149(Brownsville, Texas; coll. J. Hoopes^).
?
A.merican Ornithologists' Union,Auk, xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List, no. 501?).STURNELLA MAGNA MEXICANA (Sclater).MEXICAN MEADOWLARK.Similar to S. m. hoopesl^ but averag'ing- .smaller, especially tail andbill; brown markings of upper parts more decidedly brown, the palermarkings decidedly l)utiy, especially the median crown-stripe; blackmarkings of back and rump more solidly black, those of the formermore confluent; black postocular stripe broader; black jugular cres-cent averaging narrower; yellow of imder parts (while equally deep)decidedly duller, inclining to saflron yellow.
.4fM?5 m^^e.?Length (skins), 210.3-2^3.6 (221); wing, 110.2-121.4:(116.1); tail, 6-1-72.4: (69.6); culmen, from base, 29.5-33.5 (31); tarsus,38.1-43.4: (40.9); middle toe, 25.7-31.5 (29.7).-xl^M^/^wttZ^.?Length (skin), 186.7; wing, 97.3-99.1 (98); tail (one
^Type now in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
^ Eleven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 363
specimen), 66; culmen, from base, 29.2-31.8 (30.5); tarsus, 35.8-38.6(37.1); middle toe, 25.4-28.5 (2B.1)).'Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz,Puebla, Oaxaca (northern and western), Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco,etc., and Territory of Tepic; also, highlands of southeastern Oaxaca,Chiapas, and (juatemala.^Stnrnella magna (not Alaiula magna Linnpeus) Swainson, PhiloH. Mag., n. s., i,1827, 436 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo).?Sclater, Cat. I?ird.s Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 358, part.Stlnrnellal hippocreph {not Shirnns JiippocreplsWagler) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,1850, 429, part (Mexico).Stnrnella hippocrepis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), ,381 (Oaxaca).
?
Sclater and Salvin,Ibiy, 1859, 19 (Duefias, Guatemala).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 34(Duenas).Sfurnella m,exicana Sclater, Ibis, Istser., iii, Apr., 1861, 179 (Jalapa, Cordova, andOrizaba, Vera Cruz; coll P. L. Sclater?) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139 (Jalapa).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala).[Sturnella magna'] var. mexicnna Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 172, part.Sturnella magna var. mexicana Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24(Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).\_Sturnella magna'] d. mexicana Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 190, part (synonymy).Sturndla ludoviciana mexicana Sclater, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part.Sturitella magna mexicana American Orn-ithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 501a, part.
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Llanode Chapulco and Chietla, Puebla).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1887, 456, part (descr. eggs).[Stnrnella magna.] c. Subsp. mexicana Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,360, in list of specimens, part (localities in Mexico and Guatemala).l^Sturnella^ ludoviciana {not Sturnus ludovieianus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part.SturneUa ludnnciana, Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36.Sturn[ella'] ? Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552, part (plateauregion, Vera Cruz).(?) SturneUa magna alticola Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266 (Ocuilapa, Chiapas;coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
^ Two specimens.Adult males from eastern and western Mexico, respectively, average as follows:
Locality.
364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.STURNELLA MAGNA INEXPECTATA Ridgway.CENTRAL AMERICAN MEADOWLARK.Siinilur to aS. hi. //icxiaaut., hut decidedly .siuuUer; plumage of upperparts still more decidedly brownish; yellow of under parts clearer orpurer.A(Ia/t nude.?hength (skins), 179.1-285.7 (199.9); wing, 9-1.7-111(103.t)); tail, 57.9-77.7 (67.8); culmen, from base, 27.4-32.5 (30.2);tarsus, 37.6-41.2 (38.4); middle toe, 27.9-31.2 (27.4).'Adult fema/c.-'L.ength (skins), 170.1-216.7 (197.6); wing, 90.2-98.6(94.5);. tail, 58.9-67.3 (62); culmen, from base, 26.4-30.2(28.5); tarsus,35.6-39.1 (37.S); middle toe, 26.9-29.7 (27.9)."Atlantic lowlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz(Minatitlan) and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through easternGuatemala and Hondui'as (Segovia River) to Costa Rica and Veragua.'*Sturnella ludoriciaua (not Sturnufi ludovicianus Linneeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui).?Taylor, Ibis, 1860,317 (Honduras).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Veragua); 1867, 142 (Da\id, Chiri-qui).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
?
BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Cartago, etc., Costa Rica).Sturnella htppocrepis (not Sttirnus hippocrepis Wagler) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond.. 1859, 58 (near Belize, British Honduras, on pine ridges).Sturnella mexicana (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 177(David, Chiriqui).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Veragua).Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.[Sturnella magna'] var. mexicana Baird, Brewer, and Ridciwav, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 172, part.Sturnella magna mexicana Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (SanJose, Alajnela, Cartago, and Santa Ana, Costa Rica).
?
Cherrie, Auk, vii,1890, 334 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 250 (San Jose).
' Seventeen specimens.
'^ Ten specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality. Wing.
MALES.Four adult males from lowlands of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan)
.
Five adult males from lowlands of Chiapas (Palenque)Two adult males from southern Honduras (Segovia River).Six adult males from Costa RieaOne adult male from Veraguafemai.es.Three adult females from Vera Cruz (Minatitlan)Three adult females from Chiapas ( Palenque)One adult female from southern Honduras (Segovia River)Three adult females from Costa Rica
102. G101. G
'JG. 5108.5103.6
939490.297.8
Tail.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 365[SturneUa )nagii(i.} c. Subsp. mcxicana Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1S86, 360,in list of specimens, part (localities in Costa Rica, A^eragua, and Chiriqui)Sturnella ludoviciana mexicaiui ScL,\TER, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part.Stumlella'] ? Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552, part (hotregion. Vera Cruz).Sturnella magna inexspectata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 37, Aug. 6,1888, 587 (Segovia River, Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Sliurnella'] magna inexpedata Sto^^e, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 152.Sturnella magna inexpeciata BAi^Gs, Auk., xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui).Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linna?us) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi1886, 358, part.
?
Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Miravalles, CostaRica). STURNELLA NEGLECTA Audubon.WESTERN MEADOWLARK.Similar to S. magna Tioopesi^ but different in proportions, the wingaveraging longer, the tail, tarsi, and toes shorter; coloration muchgrayer and more "broken" above, the broad lateral crown stripesnever uniform black, butalwa3's (except in excessively worn plumage)more or less conspicuously streaked with pale grayish brown; malarregion always largely yellow, usually including both anterior andextreme posterior portions; blackish streaks on sides and flanks variedwith spots of pale grayish ])rown, the ground color of these partspaler buffy (often white, scarcely if at all tinged with buff); blackjugular crescent averaging decidedly narrower.Adult ma^<?.?Length (skins), 211.1-257.3(232.7); wing, 118.4-129(125); tail, 68.3-82.6 (75.7); culmen, from base, 29.7-36.6 (33.3); tarsus,36.6-41.7 (38.9); middle toe, 25.4-28.5 (26.9).^Adult female.?\j^v^gi\^ (skins), 196.6-228.6 (211.3); wing, 104.6-116.6 (110.7); tail, 60.7-72.1 (65.8); culmen, from base, 27.7-32.5 (30.5);tarsus, 33.5-37.6 (36.3); middle toe, 22.9-26.7 (25.1).'
^ Twenty-three specimens.
^ Fourteen specimerSpecimens from eas'^ ns.tand west of Rocky Mountains average, respectively, as follows:
Locality. Wing.
3(56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Western United States, southwestern British Provinces, and north-western Mexico; east to prairie districts of Mississippi Valle}", in Min-nesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indian Territor\^, and Texas (occasionally toIllinois, Wisconsin, and southern Michigan ^); north to southern BritishColumbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, and westernManitoba; soutli over northern Mexico to States of Tamaulipas (Mata-nioras, etc.), Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco(Tonila), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Altata)."Siurnella ludoi'iciana (not Stiirxus Iudoi'icinHii>< Linnaeus?) Audubon, Synopsis,1839, 148, part.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas),157 (South Park, Colorado).\_SturneUa'] Indovidana Sclater and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, i)art.Sturnella neglecta Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 339, pi. 489 (upperMissouri R., above Fort Croghan ) .
?
Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiiiand Col. R., 1853, 78 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico).
?
Newberry,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, California).
?
Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331; Rej). Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 537; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19(Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Coahuila; Espia, Sonora; San Klizario, Texas;Fort Yuma and San Diego, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 407.Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31 (Texas, New Mexico,etc.).
?
Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (California).Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico). Cooper andSucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 208 (C-alifornia; Oregon;Washington).?Sclater, Ibis, 1861, 179.?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 492 (SanAntonio, Texas, chiefly in winter).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,23 (monogr.).?CouEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 ( Fort Whipple,Arizona).
?
Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas;Oct., Nov.).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 270.?Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding; habits; notes;crit. ). Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e. Kansas, abundant).
?
Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 34, fig. 1.RnxnvAY, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 506 (Sacramento, California; localities inNevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1S81, no. 264;Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 317.?Allen (J. A.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,123 (Ingham Co., Mich., Sept. 28 to Oct. 19).?McGee, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, v, 1880, 53 (Chickasaw, Floyd, and Mitchell counties, n. e. Iowa, andMowerCo., s. e. Minnesota, May; intermediates said to have been observed).Allen (C. N. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 145 (song).?Ogilby, Sci. Proc.Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, (46), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident).
?
Belding,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I., Lower California); vi, 1883,351 (La Paz, Lower California).[Sturnella'] neglecta Boy.\parte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429.tS[turnella'] ncgleda Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406.
' Accidentally to Massachusetts ( Bristol )?.
'^ It is difficult, with the material examined (so many specimens being withoutdates), to determine how far southward in Mexico this species breeds. It certainlydoes breed entirely across the continent, from the coast of Texas (Corpus Christi,etc.) to the coast of California, in the same localities with ?S'. magna hoopesi, bothforms breeding on both sides of the United States-Mexican boundary line.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 367
Sturm'll(( IKdoricluHU, var. veglecta Allen, Bull. ]\Iu.s. C'oinp. Zool.,iii, July, 1S72,138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 146 (Che3'enne, Wyoming), 150 (e. Colorado),168 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (summary of localities); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xvii, 1874, 46, 48, 60 (North Dakota and Montana; descr. eggs).Sturnella ludoviciana neglecfa Sclater, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25.Sturnella magna, var. neglecta Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 176.?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan,Sinaloa).
?
Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (Nevada).S[turnella^ magna var. neglecta Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111, 152(n. e. Illinois, summer resid.).\_lSturnella magna.} Var. neglecta, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 157.
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8.Sturnella magna . . . var. neglecta, Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 214a.
?
Ridgway,Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov. 1873, 183 (Colorado).?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W.100th Merid., 1875, 317 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Ari-zona; habits).[Sturnella magna'] var. neglecta Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,ii, 1874, 173.[Sturnella magna] b. neglecta Coves, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy).Sturnella magna neglecta 'Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 33 (Wah-satch Mts., Utah).?McCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. andGeog. Surv. Terr., iii,1877, 668 (upper Red R. Valley, n. Texas; New Mexico; habits).?Coues,Bull. V. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 603 (Pembina, NorthDakota, westward); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 322.?McChesney, Bull.U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota,Apr. to Oct.).?GiBBS, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488(Michigan, rare).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.501a.?Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 293 (Guadalupe I.,Lower California, 1 spec, Mar. 22.)
?
Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. CluV), no.2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).?Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll., Alaska,1887, 169 (Sitka, Alaska, _/;'(7e Lord). Keyes and Williams, Proc. Davenp.Ac. Sci., V, 1888, 26 (Floyd Co., low^a; more numerous than ?S'. magna).?Beckham, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 671 (Corpus Christi ?, Beeville ?,and San Antonio, Texas).
?
Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (localities,dates, etc.).
?
Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breed-ing).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 401 (common in w. and mid., rare in e.,Kansas).?Fannin, Cheek List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (both sides Cas-cade range; winters on Vancouver I. ).^?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xiii, 1891, 573 (Manitoba localities; habits; song).
?
Attwater, Auk, ix,1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).
?
Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix,1892, 355 (Grays Harbor, Washington) .?Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1894, 781 (s. Jalisco).
?
Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fernando, LowerCaHfornia, winter).?Warren (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co.,Michigan, Ispec, May 10) .?Mead, Auk, xii, 1895, 302 (Racine, Wisconsin).?Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 462, pi. 6, figs. 23, 24 (eggs).Belding, Auk, xiii, 1896, 29 (songs); xv, 1898, 56 (do.).
?
Grinnell, Publ.i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 6 (Santa Barbara I., California), 16 (SanClemente !.).?(??) Scudder, Auk, xv, 1898, 333 (Bristol Co., Massa-chusetts, 1 spec, Apr. 9, 1898')-
?
Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-7(1899), 222 (Altata, Sinaloa).?Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1900, 345 (Refugio Co.,Texas, winter resid. )
.
[Sturnella magna] var. neglecta Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 52 (east-ward range, etc. )
.
^Extremely doubtful. The specimen was not taken.
368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
S[lur)u'/l.(i'] magna vcgltda Hensiiaw, Oni. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 302 (e.base Sierra Nevada).?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372.iStiirneUa lurlonn<tna ncylcrfa^CLA'rRK, I])is, 1884, 25 (monogr.).[Sturnella mogna'] b. Sub.sp. neglevta Bclatek, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360,in list of specimens (Vancouver I., San Juan I., etc.).Shiriidla liippocrepni^ (not Shirnus hippdcri'ph AVagler) Heermann, Journ. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 269 (Suisun Valley, California).Sturndla magna (not Alaucla magna. Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. ]Mus.,xi, 1886, 358, part.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,456, part (Coahuila; Espia; Mazatlan; Ciudad, Durango?).STURNELLA HIPPOCREPIS (Wagler).CUBAN MEADOWIARK.Similar to /S'. verilecfa^ but decidedly .smaller (except bill and feet)and coloration darker and browner above; malar region less exten-sively yellow; black jugular crescent narrower; flanks and undertail-coverts nuu*h more strongly bufi'v: anal region yellow, like abdo-men, instead of white or very pale Ijufl', like under tail-coverts.Adult m?Z^.?Length (skins), 1H3.8-219.5 (208); wing, 96.5-107.2(102.1); tail, 61.2-69.9 (65.8); culmen, from base, 31.5-31 (32.3);tarsus, 36.8-40.1: (38.6); middle toe, 26.2-28.7 (27.7).'Adult female.?Length (skins), 186.7-215.1 (198.1); wing, 88.9-101.1 (93.7); tail, 53.1-67.8 (60.2); culmen, from base, 29.2-32.5 (30.7);tarsus, 35.1-39.1: (36.1); middle toe, 24.9-28.7 (25.9).-Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles.Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler, Isis, 1832, 281, in text (Cuba).Sturnella hippocrepis Cabanis, Journ. "fiir Orn., 1856, 14 (critical).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 266 (crit.).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,vii, 1860, 307.?Sclater, Ibis, 1861, 179 (Cuba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139(Cuba).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 206.
?
Gundlach, Journ. fiirOrn.,1861, 332, 413; 1871, 276; 1874, 133.?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,24 (monogr.).
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (synonymy and descr. ); viii, 1891,294 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (do.); Cat. 'w.'l. Birds, 1892, 14, 110,129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 304(Trinidad Valley, Cuba; song, etc.; crit.).Slfnr7iella'] hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.S[turneUa'] hippocrejns Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429, part ("Antilles").[Sfnrnellal hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.[Sturnella magna] var. hippocrepis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, ii, 1874, 172.[Sturnella magna^ c. hippoarpis Coves, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy).Sturnella ludoiiciana hippocrepis Scl.vter, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25 (monogr.).[Sturnella magna^ d. Subsp. hippocrepis Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,360, in list of specimens (San Cristobal, Cuba).Sturnella ludoriciana (not Sturnus ludovlcianits Linnaeus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii,no. xi, 1827, 442 (Cuba).[Sturnella'] ludomciana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part(Cuba).
' Nine specimens. * Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 369Sturnella magna {not Akmda magna Linnfeus) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xi,1886, 358 (Cuba).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887,456, part (Cuba)
.
Genus DOLICHONYX S^A^ainson.Dolkhoniix Swaixson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag., new ser., i, June,1827, 435. (Type, FringiUa oryzivora Linnteus.
)
Small, semiterrestrial Icteridaj with shoit iinch-like bill, aciuninaterectrices, long tarsi, very long middle toe, and long slender claws;adult male black varied with l)uff and whitish in spring and summer;adult male in fall and winter, adult female at all seasons, and youngbrownish yellow, conspicuously streaked above.Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, its basal depthgreater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal widthnearly the same, or about equal to length of gonys; culmen nearlystraight, but slightl}- convex terminally, the base elevated and moreor less arched, the middle portion sometimes slightly depressed; gonysstraight or very faintly convex, nearly equal to distance from nostrilto tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium slightly concave terminally andsubbasally, slightly convex in middle, the basal portion decidedly andrather abruptly deflcxed from lieneath posterior end of nostril torictus; mandibular tomium straight or nearly so to near base whereabruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril above lateral median line ofthe maxilla, rather large, oval, with distinct superior operculum, thefeathering of the loral antia? extending beneath to about its middle.Wing long (about six and a half times as long as culmen, more tlianthree and a half times as long as tarsus), with the tip much produced(longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length oftarsus), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary nearly or quite equal toeighth, sometimes longer; ninth, ninth and eighth, or eighth primarieslongest, the seventh but little shorter; ninth and eighth (sometimes alsothe seventh) primaries with inner webs very slightly emarginated neartip, the termination of the l)roader portion forming, in adults, a moreor less distinct tooth-like projection or point; longest tertial projectingdecidedly ))eyond secondaries. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing,rounded, the rectrices rigid and with abruptly acuminate tips. Tarsuslong (about one and three-fourths times as long as culmen), slender,its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus;claws of lateral toes falling decidedly short of base of middle claw;hallux about as long as lateral toes, stouter, its claw nearly or quiteequal in length to the digit; all the claws very slender, acute, notstrongly curved.Coloratiov
.
?Adult male in spring and early summer black variedby a large buff or buffy whitish nuchal patch, the scapulars, rump, andupper tail-coverts white tinged with gray; adult male after summer3654?VOL 2?01 24
370 P-ULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
molt, adult female at all sea.sons, and young, l)rownish above, con-spicuously streaked with black and bufi'y, brownish buli'y or yellowishbeneath.Range.?Eastern and central temperate North America; WestIndies and South America in winter. (Monotypic.)DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS (Linnaeus).BOBOLINK.Adult male in spruig.?ijenQViiX color black; hindneck ]>utl'; scapu-lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, more or less tingt^d with gray,especially the upper rump, which is sometimes uniform gray; inter-scapulars more or less edged with but!', forming streaks, especiallyalong the median line; tertials and innermost greater wing-covertsmargined with pale yellowish passing terminally into grayish l)rown;longer primaries narrowly edged with pale yellowish; inner webs ofrectrices more or less broadly tipped with grayish; feathers of flanksand under tail-coverts more or less distinctly margined with buffy orwhitish; thighs with feathers on outer side more broadly marginedwith burt'; bill black; legs and feet dusky brownish; iris brown.Adult male in swnnier.?S\\\\\\<iv to the spring phimage, but napewhite, or nearly so, and whitish or buffy margins to flank feathers andunder tail-coverts almost absent, from abrasion.Adalt female in spring.?General color above light bufly olive;pileum with a broad median stripe of pale buffy olive or olive-buff, andtwo Ijroad lateral stripes of black, the latter streaked with light buffyolive; back broadly streaked with black, the edges of some of thefeathers light olive-buff, producing two nearly parallel narrow stripeswhen the plumage is properly arranged; rump feathers and upper tail-coverts with more or less distinct (usually mostly concealed) centralwedge-shaped or sagittate streaks of dusky; wings and tail dusky, withconspicuous edgings of pale yellowish and light grayish olive; sidesof head (including a broad superciliary stripe), sides of neck, andunder parts light olive-buffy, more decidedly buffy or yellowish acrosschest and along sides and flanks, paler and straw yellow or yellowishwhite on throat and abdomen; sides, flanks, and under tail-covertsbroadly streaked with dusky; a narrow dusky postocular stripe; billbrown, paler on mandible, darker on terminal portion of maxilla; irisbrown; legs and feet light ])rown (in dried skins).Adult female in summer.?Similar to the spring plumage, but upperparts with the ground-color paler and grayer and the black streaksmore sharply deflned; under parts rather paler.Adult female in vmiter.?Similar to the spring plumage, l)ut morerichly colored", especially the under parts.Adult m<de in fall and winter.?Similar in coloration to the adultfemale, but larger.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 371Young, first fall and ininter.?Similar to (and not with certaintydistinguishable from?) the adult female.Young., first phnnage.?Similar to the adult female, but "entireplumage, particularl}^ below, of a more buffy color; there is a necklaceof faint dusky spots across the breast, and the ilank streaks are almostindistinguishable."^Adult male.?Length, (skins), 160-1S8 (169.2); wing, 98.7-101.6(97.5); tail, 62.7-68.6(65.3); culmen, from base, 14.7-17.5(15.5); depthof bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 26.4-28.5 (27.4); middle toe,20.3-22.4(21.8).-Adult femah'.?ljcngth. (skins). 152.4-166.4 (158); wing, 85.1-89.7(87.4); tail, 58.7-64.5 (61); culmen, from base, 14. .5-15. 5 (15); depthof bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 24.9-27.2 (25.9); middle toe,18.5-21.1(20.1).-'Eastern and central temperate North America; breeding from Penn-sylvania, northwestern West Virginia (Fairview), central Ohio, centralIndiana (south to Vigo, Tippecanoe, Clinton, Marion, Madison, Dela-ware, Wayne, and Union counties), northern Illinois, southern Iowa(Decatur and Mahaska counties), South Dakota, and Utah, northwardto provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Assiniboia, and BritishColumbia (both sides of Cascade range), to about 40^ on the Atlanticcoast and 52? in the interior; west to Utah (Salt Lake and Utah val-leys), northeastern Nevada (Ruby Valley), Idaho (St. Joseph River),and southeastern British Cohimliia (Chilliwack); during migrationsouthward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Vieque,Sombrero, Barbados, Grenada), and the Atlantic coast of CentralAmerica (from Yucatan southward) to South America, as far as Para-guay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, etc. ; also to the Galapagos Archipelago(James, Charles, and Chatham islands), and the Bermudas.\^Frbigilla'\ oryzivora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 179 (based on Avisarundinacesc 'Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 1758, pi. 291, smaller fig. )
.
'Chapman, The Aiik, vi, 1890, 121. I have not been able to examine a specimenof the yonng in first plumage.
'Twenty specimens?.
^ Plight specimens.Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows:
Locality.
372 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.[Emheriza} ori/zivora Linnaeus, Sy^t. Nat., ed. 12, i, 17()6, 311.
?
Gmelin, Syst.Nat., i, 1788, 880.?L.vtham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 408.Emberiza oryzivora Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 48, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2.Dolidionyx oryzivorus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag. n. s., i,1827, 435 (tableland of Mexico).
?
Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Ber.-Aiu., ii, 1831, 278.
?
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.
?
Audubon,Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 10, pi. 211.
?
Gould, in Darwin's Zool. Voy.
"Beagle," iii, 1841, 106 (James I., Galapagos).
?
Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847,229.?HiTRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, autumn).
?
AVood-HousE, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 81 (Indian Territory;Texas).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 11 (Cuba).
?
Baird, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 522, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 399.?Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 266 (upper INIissouri R. ).?Sci.ater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 72 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); 1861, 74(Jamaica); Ibis, 1884, 2 (uionogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 331(Nevis, Lesser Antilles; Cozumel I.; n. Yucatan; British Honduras; Chepoand Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Panama; Santa Marta an<l Bogota, Colombia;Caracas, Venezuela; Camacusa, British Guiana; Cayenne; Rio Javari, upperAmazons, etc.).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197 (Jamaica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., viii, 1864, 99 (Sombrero, W. I.); Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 616(Grenada).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 15 (monogr. ; RioNegro; La Plata; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; Cuba; Jamaica). Salvin, Ibis,1864, 386 (Lighthouse Reef, etc., British Honduras) ; 1866, 194 (Belize, BritishHonduras); 1885, 191 (Cozumel I.), 218 (British Guiana); Trans. Zool. Soc.Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 491 (James I., Galapagos). Cooper, Am. Nat., iii,1869, 78 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 255 (Ruby Valley, Nevada).?Pelzeln,Orn. Bras., 1871, 199 (Mattogrosso).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1870, 781 (Merida, Venezuela); 1876, 16 ( Paucartambo, Peru); 1879,509 (Medellin, Colombia).?Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 238(Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding; habits).
?
Allen, Bull.Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168, 178 (Ogden, Utah, breeding?); Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 59 (bet. Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, Montana);Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 84 (Falls of Madeira, Bohvia); iii, 1891,379(Corumba, prov. Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil, Mar. 1) ; xiii, 1900, 163 (Cienega,etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept., Oct.) ; Auk, xvii, 1900, 365 (Cienega,and Bonda, Colombia).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 210; 2d ed., 1882, no.312; Birds Northwest, 1874, 178; Bull. IT. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,1878, 599 (Pembina, North Dakota, westward; Rocky Mts., lat. 49?; hab-its).?Merriam, An. Rep. V. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 686 (Ogden,Utah, June); Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 45 (Connecticut, breeding).
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, (breeding) ; 3d ed., 1875, 7 (do.) .
?
Baird, Brewer,and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 149, pi. 32, figs. 4, 5.?Gundlach,Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 129 (Cuba).
?
Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.Wheeler's Surv., 1871-73 (1874), 19 (Provo, Utah, breeding).?Henshaw,Zool. Exp. AV. 100th Merid., 1875, 311 (Provo, Utah; Huerfano, Colorado,May).?RiiMiWAV, Bull, Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 23 (Ruby Valley, Nevada), 30(Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado); Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 257; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1897, 567 (James I., Gala-pagos); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 307. Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,346 (Salt Lake City ).?M(CnESNEv, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,V, 1879, 78 (Ff)rt Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to July 29) .?Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 42 (des(T. young) .
?
Roberts and Benner, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breed-ing).?Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 97; Auk, iii, 1886, 220 (West Indian ref-
I
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 373
erences); vi, 1889, 31 ( Little Cayman) ; viii, 1891, 351,352 (Inagua, Anguilla,and Cay Sal, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110(New Providence, \Vatlin<j;s, Gt. Inagua, Cay Sal, and Anguilla, Bahamas;Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brae, Jamaica,and Vieque, Greater Antilles; Grenada and Barbados, Lesser Antilles).
?
Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 129.
?
Allen and Brewstek, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 192 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 18-23).?Bick-NELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 152 (song).
?
Agersbokc;, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s.e. SouthDakota, breeding).
?
American Ornitholocusts' LTnion, Check List, 1886,no. 494.
?
Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1885, 421.
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1886, 448.
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1887,116(Paraguay); 1889, 3 (Tonantins, prov. Solimoes, n. w. Brazil, May 6).Keves and Willl\ms, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci., v, 1888, 24 (breeding incentr. and n. Iowa).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 160 (dates, etc.);Birds Colorado, 1897, 93 (summer resid. e. of mountains); Bull. Col. Agric.Coll., no. 4, 1898, 163 (Denver, June; Colorado Springs, Sept. 5).
?
Chapman,Auk, vii, 1890, 39 (winter i-ange and migration routes), 120 (changes of plum-age) ; X, 1893, 309, pi. 7 (changes of plumage).
?
Rives, Cat. Birds Virginias,1890,69 (Fairview, West Virginia, breeding). Smith (R. W.), Journ. Cine.Soc. N. H., 1891, 118 (GreeneCo., s. w. Ohio, breeding. ) Berlepschand Stolz-MANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 378 (lea, Peru, Nov., Dec. ).
?
Richmond,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (RioEscondido, Nicaragua, Aug. to Oct.).?Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (Jamaica, Oct. to Apr. ).
?
Skillen, Auk, xi, 1894, 180(changesof plumage).
?
Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Galla-tin Valley, Montana, Aug., al)undant). Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind.Ac. Sci., 1895, 153 (Wabash, Indiana,- breeding).
?
Bendire, Life Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 429, pi. 6, figs. 1,2 (eggs).?BOtler, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci.,1896, 227 (breeding south to Vigo, Boone, Marion, and Decatur counties,Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 886 (breeding south to Vigo, Tippecanoe,Clinton, Marion, Madison, Delaware, Wayne, and Union counties).?Ober-HOLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Station, tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 301 (Wayne Co.,n. e. Ohio, abt. summer resid. ). Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896,235, pi. 29, figs. 1, 2.?Hadley, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 188 (Richmond,Wayne Co., Indiana, breeding). Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 14 (St. JosephR., Idaho, breeding). Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (breeding in s. w. coun-ties of Pennsylvania). Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1890,171(James, Charles, and Chatham islands, Galapagos). Fleming, Auk, xviii,1901, 40 (Elmsdale and Beaumaris, n. Ontario, May to Aug.).\_Dolichonyx] oryzivorus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.?Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14.D\_olichonyx'] orijzivorus CABxms, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187.?Nelson, Bull. EssexInst., viii, 1876, HI, 152 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).?Newton (A. and E. ),Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 400.?RiDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 366.DoUchonyx orizivorus Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bernnidas, autumn).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299 (Jamaica).IDolichonyx] oryzirora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 437.DoUchonyx oryzirora Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 138.?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smiths.Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134(Santa Marta, Colombia; Bolivia).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1876, 16 ( Paucartambo, high Peru).?Zeledon, Cat. Aves de CostaRica, 1882, 10.Dolichonix oryzirora Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 57.DoUchonyx orizyrora Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi-dence, Bahamas, May).
374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Icterus agripenmK Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 48; Ann.Lye. N.Y., ii, 1828, 53.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 185.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 283, pi. 54; v, 1839, 486.Dolichonyx agripennis Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1837, 176.P.s[oroc?//a.s] caudacutus V>^agler, Syst. Av., 1827, 32.Dolichonyx oryziwrus, var. albinnrha Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873,192 ("Missouri plains and Rocky jNIountains, west to Ruljy Valley, Nevada;Salt Lake Valley"); v, Dec. 1873, 198 1 (Ogden, Utah; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).[Dolichonyx oryzironis] var. alhinacha Baikd, Breweu, an<l Rid(;way, Hist. N.Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 517, in text (characters).Dolichonyx oryzivorus . . . /3. alMnuchus Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,500(Ruby Valley, Nevada, Aug.; Salt Lake Valley, Utah, May; etc.).Dolichonyx oryzimrm albinucha American Ornithologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 494a.?Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, breeding).?Thomp-son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (range in Manitoba; habits).Dlolichonyx} oryzivoms albinucha Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 366.Dolichonyx oryzivora albinucha Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia,breeding on both sides of Cascade Range).Family CCEREBID^E.THE HONEY CREEPERS.Small slender-, acute-, or hook-billed " nine-primaried" acutiplantarOscines with the tongue deeply incised (Intid or tritid) and fringed orbrushy at tip; transpalatine processes much reduced, forming minutespikes or points; interpalatine spur abortive, or small; palatines pro-duced backward over pterygoids.^Bill very varia))le in shape and relative length; sometimes ratherstout and bent wedge-shaped (i. e., the culmen decidedly convex, butgonys straight); sometimes slender, slightly decurved terminally, andas long as or longer than head {CJiJoropJidiirs- Cyatir)'pe><)\ sometimesvery acute at tip and more or less decurved {('<L'rrha;Dac)us). or nmchcompressed, with tip conspicuously hooked and angle of gonys pos-terior to nostrils {Dl(il(?<m; Diglossopf.s). Nostril exposed, longitudi-nal (linear or oval) overhung b}^ membrane. Kictal bristles obvious{Chlorophanes; Dkjloxsa^ Glossiptila) or obsolete (other genera).Wing moderate, rather pointed (eighth to sixth primaries longest,ninth shorter than seventh l)ut longer than fourth). Tail much shorterthan wing (usually shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip ofsecondaries), even, emarginate, slightly double- rounded, or rounded.Tarsus variable in relative length, distinctly scutellate anteriorly;middle toe with claw about equal in length to tarsus (sometimes a littlemore or less); basal phalanx of middle toe imited for most of its lengthto lateral toes, especially to the outer; claws of lateral toes reachingabout to base of middle claw; hallux about equal in length to lateraltoes but nmch stouter, its claw shorter than the digit.
?'The Cau'ebidte are all of small size; they have typical Oscinine
' Redescribed through inadvertence.
^'See Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-310.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 375
tarsi, with the posterior face smooth, and with indications of severalscutes more or less obsolete on the anterior face. The wing's are ofmoderate length, without any indication of the tirst or external pri-mary, and with the second, third, and fourth primaries usually nearlyequal and longest. The ))ill is small and slender and without any notchat the extremity of the upper mandible, but varies in structun^ . . .The tongue is penciled at the extremity." ^It is at present not possible to give a satisfactory diagnosis of theFamily CcerebidtT? since the internal structure of more than half thegenera remains practically unknown. What little is known of theanatomical characters of the group pertains to the genera Cyanerpes^Lkefchd^ and Glo.sxIptHa; and since these may l)e regarded as the cen-tral or most typical forms of the group, any conclusions based on themalone would be more or less open to doubt; at least until the internalstructure of such forms as Oonirostrum^ D/glof<><a, Oreomane-s^ andXenodacnis is known, the limits of the group can not l)e tixed withprecision, nor its relationships satisfactorily determined.The limits of the family, as detined by Dr. Sclater,' have alreadybeen restricted by the elimination of the genus Certhidea, which Mr.Lucas, by examination of its osteology and anatomy, has found to becertainly not C(jerebine, but probably Mniotiltine; '' and it is by nomeans improbable that further contraction may ultimately be required.So far as the typical genera, C<ereha^ GJoss/ptila, and Cyanerpes areconcerned, Mr. Lucas finds them to represent a well-circumscribedgroup, of uncertain affinities, though apparently more nearl}' relatedto the Australasian family Meliphagida? (Honey-eaters) than to theAmerican families Mniotiltidie and Tanagrida?, usually held to bethe nearest relatives of the Coerebida^ The gist of Mr. Lucas's con-clusions* is as follows:(1) "As 'i-t'oups of birds are constituted the Coerebid^ are certainlysufficiently distinct to stand apart, and the gap between them and theMniotiltidfe seems widest,"* although this may be due to a tendency onmy part to place considerable weight on the general pattern of thepalate."iSclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 1.2 Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, xi.
?Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310.
* Notes on the Anatomy and Affinities of the Coerebidae and other American Birds,by Frederic A. Lucas, Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-312; illustrated by many figures.
^ It would be interesting to know whether Mr. Lucas's conchisions on this pointwould liave been modified by examination of ConlroKtrum and Ateleodaciiis, generawhich have hitherto been referred to the Coerebidse (the latter forming part of thegenus Dacnls) but which I have found it necessary to refer to the Mniotiltidie. Possi-bly, as in the case of another supposedly Ccerebine, but in reality Mniotiltine, genus{Certliidea), the gap between the two groups would have been emphasized. (SeeLucas: The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidea, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii,1894, 309, 310.)
376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(2) " That the meniber.s of the Coerebidic do not form a homogeneousgroup, but contains at least three well-marked types,"Leaving out the genera Diglossa^ Diglomojyis^ Dacnldea^ Ateleodac-nis^ Oreoirianes^ and Conirostrum^ whose internal structure has not, tom}' knowledge, been investigated, it is obvious from Mr. Lucas's obser-vations that the remaining Ccerebidsw comprise three (|uite distinctgroups, whose distinctive characters are as follows:
a. Crop small or absent; tongue bifid; dorsal pteryla l)roader; feathers shorter, morecompact.h. Crop present but small; tongue fringed; intestinal convolutions siu^iple.Chlorophanes, Cyanerpes, Dacnis.bh. Crop absent; tongue brushy; intestinal convolutions extremely complicated.Coereba.aa. Crop well developed; tongue trifid; dorsal pteryla narrower; feathers longer,looser Glossiptila.
"In their tongue," says Mr. Lucas, "the Coerebidse are markedlydifferent from the Mniotiltida?, but it is largely a difference of degreerather than of kind. They differ in toto from the Tanagrida\ arequite distinct from the Drepanidaj, and tind their nearest relatives inAcantJiorhynch us.^"The relationship with the tanagers is not ver}^ close, although suchshort-billed forms as Chlorophanes'^ and Dacnis, which unfortunatel}'were not available, might bring the two groups a little closer."In size, form, pttnylosis, structure of tongue, and pattern of con-voltitions of alimentary canal, there is a strong resemblance l^etweenCiKveha [i. e., Cyanerpes] and AeantJiorhynch/iis [Meliphagidte], and sofar the two forms exhibit a most interesting case of parallelism. Thepalate, too, on superlicial examination looks not unlike that of GJos-slptila. . . .
"Finally, it must be said that the mem])ers of the Coerebida? do notform a homogeneous group, for the famil}' contains at least three well-marked types, Cwrehal Cyanerpes]^ Certhiola[C(Breba]^ and Glossiptila,and these types differ from one another in a very marked degree.While Dacnis and Cldorophanes have not been examined l)y mo, thefigures of skulls and tongues of these genera indicate that they belong-near Coereba [Cyane?'pes]. These genera form a well-marked groupcontaining those species nearest to the Mniotiltidte and chai'acterizedby a long, cleft, feathered, l)ut not suctorial tongue, small crop-likedilatation of the (x^sophagus, and simply convoluted intestine." Cer'thiola [ 6'avv^Jc/] has a bifid brushy tongue, no crop, extremely com-plicated intestine, and produced angle to the mandible. The tongueresembles that of some Meliphagidfe; and th(^ other characters are likesome found in the Drepanididse. GlossljdiUu with its loose ptilosis,
^ I am inclined to regard Oreomanes as a Mniotiltine type, related to Conirostrum.The bill of this genus is strongly suggestive of that of Ile/inakt.^A member of the Meliphagidee.
^ Chlorophanes, however, is not a short-billed form.?R. R.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 377decided crop, and uni([ue tritid tongue, i.s equally well characterized, andcertainly should .stand apart, seeming- to hold with respect to Carelja[ Cyanerjjes] much the same position that ChamcBa does with the wrens." ^Even after removing the genera Conirostrum and Ateleodacnis^ I amvery doubtfid as to the naturalness of the group known as the Cfiere-bida?; but until the internal structure of Digloaxd^ Dtglox.sojjls, Chloro-vhanes, iJacnis, Hemidacnh^ and Oreonianes shall have been sufficientlyinvestigated, any further change in the limits of the supposed familywould be prematiu'e. 1 have l)een strongly tempted to separate, as adistinct family, the genera Dajlossa and Diglossojyis^ on account of thepeculiar and ver}" remarkable modihcation of the basal portion of themandible, these two genera difl'ering from all othoi' C<ere])id{e in hav-ing the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril?a characterquite unique, so far as I am at present aware, in the Order Passeri-formes, or at least the Suborder Oscines.The Honej'-Creepers, or Guit-Guits, are peculiar to the forest-cladregions of tropical America, the family, like so many other Neotrop-ical groups, being most developed in the basin of the Amazon andadjacent parts of Colombia and Ecuador. One genus {Ccereba) is mostnumerous!}' represented in the West Indies, where almost ever}' islandpossesses its peculiar form. One genus (6r/r>A'^/y>//A/), the representative of a distinct subfamily (Glossiptilina?) is peculiar to Jamaica.Altogether about seventy-live species and eleven genera are recognized,of which six genera, but only about twenty-live species, occur withinthe geographic field of this work.KEY TO THE GENERA OF CCEREBID^.a. Bill much compressed, with tip of maxilla abruptly hooked or uncinate; mandi-bular rami ^ery short, the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril.Diglossa (p. 378)aa. Bill not much compressed; tip of maxilla not abruptly hooked or uncinate;mandibular rami of normal length, the gonydeal angle anterior to the nostril.h. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than tarsus; bill more subulate, the tipobtuse; maxillary tomium more or less obviously notched subterminally.
c. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than sixth; wing-tip not longer than tarsus,the latter longer than middle toe with claw; adult males glossy green withpileum and sides of head black; ^ adult females duller in color, withoutblack on head Chlorophanes ( p. 382)iProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, .309.
''These two genera, both of which are peculiarly South American, and thereforeextra-limital to the present work, I have been obliged to remove from the Cffirebidseand transfer to the Mniotiltidae, or else, as the only alternative, combine the twofamilies into one, the birds of these two genera being, so far as external characters areconcerned, quite inseparable from the last-named group. Unfortunately, their ana-tomical structure has not been investigated; but I believe that when this has been doneit will be found that they too, like another supposedly Coerebine genus {Certhidea)possess the Mniotiltine type of tongue and palate. (See Lucas: "The Anatomy andAffinities of Certhidea," in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310.)*A South American species (C. purpurascens) is violet-blue with blackish wingsand tail but without black pileum; the adult female unknown.
378 BULLETIN 50, LTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
re. Outermost itriiaary longer than sixth; wing-tij) nearly twice as long as tarsus,the latter shorter than middle toe with claw; l)ill more slender; a<lultmales rich blue with wings and tail, together with throat or back, black;adult females plain greenish above, beneath paler and more yellowish,more or less streaked with darker Cyanerpes (p. 384)hb. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus; 1)111 more conical (or bent wedge-shai)ed)with tij) acute.
c. Outermost primary equal to or longer than sixth; tarsus slightly longer thanmiddle toe with claw; adult males blue and black or yellow and l)lack;females much duller in color, without l)lack areas Dacnis ( p. ;>90)cr. Outermost primary shorter than sixth; tarsus nn;ch longer than middle toewith claw; adult males neither blue and black nor yellow and black.d. Bill more slender, strongly decurved terminally (the gonys more or lessconcave); commissure as long as middle toe with claw; tail rounded;under parts white and yellow or gray and yellow, or else whole plumageblack (sexes alike in color) Coereba (p. 397)dd. Bill stouter, not decurved terminally (the gonys straight); commissureshorter than middle toe with claw; tail even or slightly emarginate;adult male dull grayish blue with rufous throat-patch; female l)rownishabove, paler beneath Glossiptila (p. 423)Genus DIGLOSSA Wagler.Diglossa Waglek, Isis, 1832, 280. (Type, IJ. haritula Wagler.)Agr'dorhinus Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. vSc. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408. (Type,A. sittaceun Bona])avte,? Diglossa hiirituJa Wagler.)Aneijlorh'mus (emendation) Sclater, Ibis, 1875 204 (ex Agrdorhiuus Bonaparte).Sernrostrum Lapresnaye and D'Orbigny, Mag. de Zool., 1838 (Synopsis Avium,ii, p. 24). (Type, .S'. carhonarhun Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.)Unciroslrum Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, 100. (Type, SerrirosirmiiriirltiimiriiiiuLafresnaye and D'Orbigny.)('(iiii/julups LiCHTENSTEiN, Nomeucl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 50. (Tyi)e, (!. }i(niiid,asIJchtenstein,=Z)(V//o.w(/ haritula Wagler.
)
7V/)//;'o(%/o.s.sv( Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 18(i4, 273. (Type,Ser7'irostru7n carhonariuni Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.)Pi/rrhudiglossa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 274. (Type,Diglossa mgstacalis Lafresnaye.
)
C'ganodiglossu Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. St'i. I'liila., xvi, Nov., 1864,274. (Type,Agrilorhinus personatiis Fraser.
)
Melanodiglossa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., xvi, Nov., 1864,274. (Type,Unciroslrum lafresnayei Boissoneau.
)
Coerebidie with the hill nmch coiiipro.ssed and inclined upward ter-minally.^ the tip of the maxilla ahniptlv hooked or uncinate: mandible,recurved, falcate, ver}- acute at tip, with l)ase of o"onys decidedly ])os-terior to nostrils.Bill shorter than head, its lower outline conspicuously longer tiianthe up})er; culmen more or less elevated basal ly. then straight ormore or less concave, the terminal })()rtion al)ruptly decurved, the tipof the maxilla forming a distinct hook or unguis, preceded bj'^ a more
'The upward inclination of the bill in this genus is a very striking feature. Inmost birds the bill projects on a line with the longitudinal axis of the head, but inDiglossa it inclines upward at a very decided angle with this axis.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 379
or less distinct sublerniiiial toinial notch; maxillary torn iuni, posteriorto the subterniinal notch, nearly or quite straight to near the base, wheremore or less convex; mandible recurved, falcate, with very acute tip andvery short rami, the gonys strongly convex, its base very broad andmuch posterior to the nostrils. Nostrils exposed, narrow, longitudinal,overhung by l)road membrane. Rictal bristles rather long but weak.Wing moderate, rather rounded (seventh and sixth, or seventh, sixth,and tifth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth, sometimesshorter than first). Tail decidedl}- shorter than wing (sometimesshorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), moreor less rounded or slightly double-rounded. Tarsus rather long(nearl}^ one-third to more than one-third as long as wing); middle toewith claw decidedly shorter than tarsus.Coloratfon.?Adult males (also adult females of some species) usuallyplain bluish or l)lackish, the under parts sometimes partly rufous orchestnut; if the general color bluish, the forehead and lores (some-times auriculars also) l)lack; if the general color ])lack, the lesser wing-coverts usually bluish gra}" or white.Range.?Southern Mexico to Colombia and thence through moun-tains of western South America to Peru and Bolivia. (Only twospecies north of Panama.)Not having seen all the species of this genus, I am not able to forman opinion respecting its proper limits.' Judging from the speciesthat have ))een examined, however, I am inclined to believe thatit will be necessary either to merge the generally accepted genusDi<jlos.so2>''x'~ into DkjloSKa, or else to recognize one or more addi-tional genera, to include species which are intermediate in structuralcharacters or differ in certain respects from ])()th types. In Dlglosso-pi.s the moditications of the 1)111 which are so remarkable in typicalDigl(w>?( are not carried nearly so far; the tip of the maxilla is ])utfaintl}' hooked; the general trend of the })ill is more nearly on a linewith the longitudinal axis of the head; the exposed culmen is nearlyas long as the lateral length of the mandible (instead of being muchshorter?sometimes less than two-thirds as long), and the inferior out-line of the mandible is but slightly convex. The nasal fossaj are alsomuch more exposed, the latero-frontal feathering encroaching muchmore upon the nostrils in Dlglosxa. Some of the species referred toD!gh>ss((^ as, for example, I). )>erx(>iuit(i.^ are in the particulars men-tioned almost exactly intermediate between typical DigJoxm andDiglossop'k., though there seems to be rather more of a gap l)etweenthese intermediate forms and Dlgloxso^}/^ than between the former andtrue Diglossa.
* The species which I have not seen are D.gloriosa,D.pectoraUs, D.myMacalis, D.carbonaria, and D. glauca.
^Diglossopis Sclater, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, xvii, 1850, 467. (Type, D.cserulescens Sclater.
)
380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIGLOSSA.
a. Bluish gray above (darker on pileum). (Adult males.
)
b. Under parts of body cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous. (Southern Mexico; Guate-mala. ) Diglossa baritula, adult male ( p. 380)hh. Under })arts I (f body slate-gray. (Costa liica; Veragua.
)
Diglossa plumbea, adult male (p. 381)an. Olive or olive-gi"ayisli above. (Adult females and young.)b. Under parts buffy or cinnamon-) )uffy (tinged with olive laterally).Diglossa baritula, adult female and young male (p. 380)bb. Under parts pale olive, light grayisli olive, or olive-grayish.Diglossa plumbea, adult female and young male (p. 381)DIGLOSSA BARITULA Wagler.MEXICAN DIGLOSSA.Adult male.?Head and neck, except throat, blackish slate or slate-blackish, darker (nearly black) on forehead and lores, more grayish onsides of neck; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesserwing-coverts plain slate color anteriorly, passing into slate-gray pos-teriorly; wings and tail dusk}^ with slate-gra}' edgings, the middlewing-coverts broadly margined with slate-gray; lower throat, underparts of body, under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-covertsplain rufous-cinnamon or russet; maxilla brownish black, mandibleblackish terminally and on terminal half of gonys, otherwi.se palebrownish or brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet horn brown-ish (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.1-109 (105.2); wing, 55.1-58.7(57.2); tail, 42.2-46.7 (4.5); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18(17.3); middle toe, 9. 9-11. -J (10.9).^Adult female.?Above, including sides of head and neck, plain olive,lighter and rather brighter on lower rump and upper tail-coverts;under parts l)rownish butfy, strongly tinged on chest, sides, and tiankswith pale olive; remiges and rectrices dusky with light olive edgings,these broader and approaching dull white on tertials; bill and feet asin adult male; length (skins), 102.1-112.3 (108.2); wing, 54.9-55.1(55.1); tail, 43.2-47.5 (45); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,16.5-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.7).'Young male. SunWiiv to the adult female, but duller olive abov^e;greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale brownish and tertialsbroadly edged with the same; under parts (sometimes, at least) slightlytinged with cinnamon.Immatitre nialc?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult male and adult female, according to age.Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jico), Mexico(Valley of Mexico), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan; Huitzilac), Michoacan
' Eight specimens, from Mexico. ^ Four specimens, from Mexico.
BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 381(Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Chilpancing-o), and Oaxaca (Mount Zanipoal-tepec); Guatemala/IHglossa baritula Wagler, Isis, 1832, 281 (Mexico; coll. Wiirzburg Mus. ).
?
Hahn, Orn. Atlas, xii, 1834-36, ph. 1, 2.?Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1842,56.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 401.
?
Reichenbach, Handb., ii, 1853,233, pi. 554, figs. 3762-3763.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 286(Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (.luquila andTotontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,48 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Ibis, 1875, 207 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xi, 1886, 3 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa; Quesaltenango, Calderas, Coban,and Santa Cruz Mts., Guatemala).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 14(Guatemala).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 273 (monogr.)Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).
?
Salvin, Cat.Strickland Coll., 1882, 174 (Guatemala).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 242.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,140 (San Salvador el Verde and Huejotringo Puebla).D[i(/lossa'\ barittila Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 157, pi. 42.
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Cabanis, Mus. Hein.,i, 1850,97 (Mexico).[Diglossa'\ baritula Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1471. Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15.Agrilorhinus sittaceHx Bonaparte, Nuov. Ann. Scienz. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408(Mexico; coll. Florence Mus.).?Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292,in text.Lhicir[^ostruni] Hittaceum Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292, in text.Uncirostrum brelai/i Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, 100 (Mexico; coll. CharlesBrelay).Agrilorhmu? oUvaceuH Fraskr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 22 (Mexico?; typein Brit. Mus.). DIGLOSSA PLUMBEA Cabanis.COSTA RICAN DIGLOSSA.Adult male.?Above plain deep l)lui,sh .slate color, darker (bluishslate-black) on pileiuii, paler (bluish slate-gra}' or deep plumbeous) onrump; remiges and rectrices black with bluish slate-g-ray edgings;lores black; sides of head otherwise like pileum, but rather darker;under parts plain slate-gray, paler on abdomen; maxilla brownishblack; mandible light brownish basally, dusky terminally; legs and feethorn brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; length (skins), 105.4-110.2(107.7); wing, 53.8-55.4 (51.9); tail, 39.6-11.5 (12.7); exposed culmen,9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 17.5-18.8 (18); middle toe, 11.2-12.2 (11.1).'Adultfemale
.
?Above deep olive-gray or grayish olive, the rumpmore grayish; under parts deep olive-grayish, paler and tinged with
* The single Guatemalan specimen, an adult male, differs decidedly from all theadult males from INIexico (eleven in number) in having the entire throat siate-grayand the axillars and under wing-coverts pale buffy or rusty whitish instead of beingof the same deep rufous-cinnamon color or russet as the under parts. According toDr. Sclater, however, "Guatemalan specimens have less plumbeous on the throat,thereby approaching D. sittoldes." Evidently, therefore, Guatemalan specimensrequire careful comparison with Mexican examples.
* Four specimens.
382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.])utfy on chin, the abdomen dull bufty whitish; bill iind feet as in adultmale; length (skin), 100.6; wing, 52.8; tail, 3t).l; exposed culmeu,10.4; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11.4.'Young {h(}th sexes).?Above plain olive; beneath paler olive.Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.Digloi^sn jdnmbea Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov., 1860, 411 (Costa Rica; coll.Berlin Mus. ).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 275 (monogr.).?Lawkence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (San Juan and Quebrada Honda,Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Irazii, San Juan, andCandelaria, Costa Rica).
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Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 ( Volcande Chiriqui, Chiriqui).
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Sclater, Ibis, 1875, 217 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 9.?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1878, 54 (Cartago,Navarro, Naranjo, Volcan de Irazu, and La Laguna, Costa Rica, 4,000-8,000ft.).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 243, pi. 15?,figs. 1, 2.?Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Volcan deIrazii).
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Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young).[Diglossa] phunhea Sclater and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15.Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach.
Chloroplunics'^ Reichenbach, Handb. d. sp. Orn., i, 1853, 233. (Type, Ccerebaatricapilla Vieillot, = Certhia spiza Linnaeus.
)
Rather large Coerebidffi with the bill as long as or longer than head,slightly decurved terminally, the maxillary tomium more or less dis-tinctly notched subterminally; adult males glossy green, with pileumand sides of head black; or if violet-blue, the pileimi also blue.Bill al)out as long as head, or a little longer, narrow, gradualh' taper-ing and slightly decurved terminally; culmen straight or nearly so forabout basal half, then gentlv deciirved to the tip; gonys straight orvery slightly concave toward tip; maxillar}' tomium with a slight sub-terminal notch. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, narrow, overhung bybroad membrane. Rictal bristles minute, very weak. Wing moder-ate, rathiM- pointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninthmuch longcn- than fifth), the tip a])()ut eciual to length of tarsus. Tailnuich shorter tiian wing (decidedl}' shorter than distance from bend ofwing to tip of secondaries), emarginated. Tarsus rather short (aboutone-fourth as long as wing or a little less, less than length of commis-sure), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw shorter thantarsus.Coloration.?Plimiage very glossy; adult males bright green orbluish green, with pileum and sides of head black, or else violet- bluewith loi"es, wings, and tail black; adult females^ similar but duller incolor, without black on head.
' One specimen.
'Xk'^poc, viridis, <pav6c, lucidus.
'The female of tlie blue species, ('. jiurpuruscenn, is unknown.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 383Range.?Guatemala to southern Brazil and Bolivia. (Two species.)This genus contains, so far as known, only two species. One ofthese, C. purjmraseens Sclater and Salvin, is of very restricted range,being confined to Venezuela; the other occupies almost the entire areaof continental tropical America, or from Guatemala to southern Braziland Bolivia. In various parts of this extensive range it has becomedifferentiated into an undetermined number of geographic forms or sub-species, only one of which, however, occurs within the limits of thepresent work. The adult male of C. ptirjmrascens differs from that ofC. sjyiza (in all its forms) in having the pileum mainl}'^ blue instead ofuniform black, and in having the general color purplish blue insteadof green. The female and young are unknown. The Central Ameri-can form of C. spiza is larger and of a less bluish green color than itsSouth American representatives.CHLOROPHANES SPIZA GUATEMALENSIS (Sclater).NORTHERN GREEN HONEY CREEPER,Similar to C. s. sjnza, but larger (especially the bill), and adult malewith green of under parts less bluish.Adult 7nale.?Pileum, sides of head (down to and including malarregion), and chin, deep black; rest of plumage very glossy viridiangreen, more bluish in some lights; alula, primary-coverts, primaries,and rectrices dusky, edged with viridian green, the middle rectricesgreen with a median streak of black; maxilla black, edged (excepttoward tip) with yellowish; mandible yellowish (in dried skins '); legs andfeet horn brown or dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 122.9-143.8(13U.6); wing, 68.6-76.2 (61).t>); tail, 44.2-53.3 (48.5); exposed culmen,15.5-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 17-11>.1 (18); middle toe, 10.9-13.7 (12.2).^Adult female.?Above plain gloss}^ ^^eUowish grass green, beneathlighter, more apple green; bill and feet as in adult male, but mandibleusually more or less tinged with dusky; liMigth (skins), 117.6-141.7(129.5); wing, 65.3-71.1 (69.6); tail, 42.7-52.6 (47.2); exposed culmen,15.5-17.8(16.5); tarsus, 17.5-18.8(18.3); middle toe, 11.9-12.7 (12.4).^Young male.?Similar to the adult female, but duller in color.Immature male.?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult male and female, according to age.Eastern Guatemala (Choctum, Kampamak, Yaxcanmal, etc., 2,000to 3,000 feet), to Isthmus of Panama (to western Ecuador?); Cuba???\According to Richmond (Proc. TI. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487) the mandible inHfe is naples yellow, the iris burnt sienna.^Twelve specimens.
^ Eight specimens.
384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Chlorophanes guatemdleiisis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 129 ((iruate-mala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,52 (Choctum, Guateniaia).
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ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R. );1870,836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .?Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala);1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Boquetede Chitra and Cordillera delTole, Veragua) ; 1870, 185 (Calovevora, Veragfua).Chlorujihanes guaternxdams Salvadori, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172(Costa Rica).Chlornphanes spiza \ar. guatemalensis T,AW'REtiCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix,1868, 97 ( Juiz and Turrialba, Costa Rica).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,297 (Costa Rica).?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo, CostaRica).Odorophunes xpiza fjuatemalensis Ridgway, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888.585 (Segovia R., Honduras).? (?) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889,69 (Ecuador).
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Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca,s. w. Costa Rica).
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Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala, Chiriqui).\^Dacnis\ guatemalensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1471.Chloruphcmes spiza (not Cerlhia spiza Linnseus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii,1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui).?Cory, Birds West Indies, 1889, 69 (Cuba? );Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (do.)?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits).
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Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 435(Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).Chlorophanes atricapHIa (not Careba atricapdia Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin,Ibis, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Guate-mala; crit. ).
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Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., vii, 1862, 319 (Panama R. R. ).?Boucard, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 55 (Cuba ?).\_Chlorophams'] atricaj/illa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16, part.[Dacnis'] acrulescens (not Chlorophanes aeridescetis Cassin) Gray, Hand-list,i, 1869, 118, no. 1472 (Guatemala; Nicaragua).(?) Chlorophanes spiza exsul Berlepscii, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 543(Chiml)o, w. Ecuador;' coll. Count von Berlepsch).GeiiLis CYANERPES Oberholser.Coereba (not of Vieillot, 1807, nor Vigors, 1825) Authors.Arbelorldva (not of Cabani.?, 1847) Authors.Cya7ierpes^ Oberhoi-ser, Auk, xvi, no. 1, Jan., 1899, 32. (Type, Certhia ajaneaLinnseus.
)
Small, long-billed, brightly colored Co3rebid?, with the outermost(ninth) primary equal to or longer than seventh, and with the tarsusnuich shorter than exposed culmen.Bill longer than head, subulate, slighth^ decurved terminally, ratherbroad and depressed basally, the basal width decidedly greater thanba.sal depth. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinally oval, with very
' According to Dr. Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 29) birds of this species fromwestern Ecuador are referable to this form, an opinion in which ]\Iessrs. Salvin and(xodman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 247) concur. I have not seen a specimen cer-tainly from that district, but the only Ecuadorean example ( without detinite locality)examined by me is an extreme example of the Colombian form {(hlorophanes spizacurnlesmis Sclater )
.
^ " Kvavos ? cyaneus, ~\- epTi?/';."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 385broad superior membnine. Rictal bristles obsolete or very minute.Winjy long (more than four times as long- as tarsus), the tip wellproduced (longer than tarsus); ninth, eighth, and seventh primarieslongest, the ninth equal to or longer than seventh. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing (decidedl}' less than distance from bend of wing totip of secondaries), emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsusrather short (much shorter than exposed culmen, much less than one-fourth as long as wing), the acrotarsial scutella rather distinct;middle toe with claw longer than tarsus; claws of lateral toes reach-ing about to base of middle claw, the outer slightly longei' than theinner; basal phalanx of middle toe united for its entire length to outertoe, for about half its length to inner toe; hallux about as long aslateral toes, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit,very strongly curved.Coloration.?Adult males rich blue or violet-blue, with lores, wings,and tail (also throat or else back) black; females green above, beneathpaler (sometimes yellowish or buffy), more or less streaked.Range.?Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil; Cuba.KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYANERPES.
a. General color blue and black. (Adult males.
)
6. Chin and throat purplish blue, like rest of under parts; back black; inner websof remiges partly yellow. (Southern Mexico to southern Brazil; Cuba.)Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult male (p. 386)66. Chin and throat black; back purplish blue; inner webs of remiges withoutyellow.
c. Black of throat not extending beyond, truncated posteriorly; general colorviolet-blue (smalt or hyacinth). (Colombia to Bolivia and eastern Peru.)Cyanerpes casruleus, adult male ( extralimital ')cc. Black of throat extending over chest, rounded or convex posteriorly; generalcolor ultramarine or french blue.d. Larger (wing 52.1-60.4, exposed culmen 15.5-19.6); blue color duller.( Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala.
)
Cyanerpes lucidus, adult male (p. 389)
^Cyanerpes c^eruleus (Linnseus).ICerthia] a^rulea Linnmvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 118; ed. 12, i, 1766, 185.Clwreba] aerulea Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 610.Careia ca'?Wea Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 33.A{rhelorhina] coent/ea Cabanis, in Schomburgk'sReise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.Cyanerpes aeruleus Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; geog. range).[Cert/no] ochrochlora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 472 (based on Yelloiv-cheeked Creeper Latham, Gen. Synopsis, i, pt. 2, p. 734; Surinam).[Certhial siirinamensis Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Certhiaochrochlora Gmelin, Yellow-cheeked Creeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, p. 734).A\rbelorhina'] brevirostris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-zuela; coll. Heine Mus.).Coereba brevirostris Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia).Coereba coerulea microrhyncha Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxii, Oct., 1884, 287(Bucaramanga and Bogota, Colombia; coll. Count von Berlepsch).3654?VOL 2?01 25
386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dd. Smaller (wing 48.3; exposed culmen 12.7) ; blue color brighter. (Colom-bia to upper Amazon Valley.
)
Cyanerpes nitidus, adult male (extralimitaP)aa. General color dull green above, paler beneath, the chest sometimes streaked.(Adult females and young.)b. Under wing-coverts and part of inner webs of secondaries yellow; chest withoutdistinct streaks; throat not huffy.Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult female and young (p. 386)bh. Under wing-coverts white, or yellowish white; inner webs of secondarieswithout any yellow; chest distinctly streaked; throat buffy.c. Lores buffy, like throat; chest streaked with dark green; sides and flanksgreen streaked with white.Cyanerpes caeruleus, adult female and young (extralimital)cc. Lores dusky; chest streaked with blue; sides and flanks plain green.Cyanerpes lucidus, adult female and young (p. 390)CYANERPES CYANEUS (Lmnaeus).BLUE HONEY CREEPER.Adult male.?Lores, orbits (terminating in an obtuse angle behindeye), bindneck, back, wings, and tail deep black; crown light turquoiseor nile blue; inner webs of secondaries, except terminal portion, partof inner webs of primaries, and part of under wing-coverts canaryyellow; rest of plumage uniform smalt blue; bill black; legs and feetvermilion red in life, fading to pale brownish or yellowish in driedskins; length (skins), 105.4-120.9(116.8); wing/ 58.2-68.6 (63.2);tail, 31.3-39.1 (36.6): exposed culmen, 15-18.5 (16.5); tarsus, 13-15.2(11.2); middle toe, 9.7-11.9 (10.7).'Adult female.?Above plain dull green or olive-green, the wings andtail dusky with green or olive-green edgings; greater portion of innerwebs of secondaries, part of inner webs of primaries, axillars, andunder wing-coverts canary yellow; under parts pale olive-greenish,the throat, median portion of abdomen, and tips of under tail-covertsArbelorhina casrulea microrhyncha Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143(Santa Marta, Colombia).Alrbelorhinal longirostristris (err. typ. ) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Caracas,Venezuela; coll. Heine Mus. ).-Crereba longirostris Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (upper Amazon).
?
Finsch,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad).Cyanerpes cseruleus longirostris Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy,crit., etc.).This species doubtless divisible into two or more geographic forms or subspecies.
* Cyanerpes nitidus (Hartlaub).Coereba nitida Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1847, 84 (n. Peru; coll. Bremen Mus.).
?
Sclater Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 35.AlrbelorkirKi] nitida Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96, footnote.Cyanerpes nitidus OuKHMoi^smi, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899,35 (synonymy; range).^Twenty-two specimens, from Middle xVmerica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387pale olive-yellowish or whitish; chest indistinctly streaked with paleoliv^e-greenish and pale olive-yellowish or whitish; bill blackish; legsand feet dull red in life, brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 99.8-119.4(113); wing, 59.4-64.5 (61.7); tail, 32.5-37.8 (35.1); exposedculmen, 15-18.5 (17); tarsus, 13-15.5 (14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.7(10.7).^
'Nineteen specimens, from Middle America.After careful comparison of all the material available I am unable to discover anyappreciable or constant difference between South American and Middle Americanexamples of this species, except that specimens from the coast of northern SouthAmerica (Venezuela to Santa Marta, Colombia) have very long bills, and may consti-tute a fairly well-marked subspecies C. c. brevipes (Cabanis). It is possible that asatisfactory division may be made based upon females, as claimed by Mr. Oberholser( Auk, xvi, 1899, 33), but after careful examination of specimens which, however,are very inadequate, I am compelled for the present to forego any attempt atsuch division. If any form is to be separated it seems to me that the Cuban birdsshould be thus distinguished, for the few females from that island which I haveseen appear to be considerably paler and more uniform in color beneath than anyothers.Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. E.x-posedculmen. Middletoe.MALES.Two adult males from CubaSix adult males from southern MexicoTwo adult males from GuatemalaFour adult males from Honduras (Tru.xillo)Two adult males from NicaraguaSix adult males from Isthmus of PanamaFour adult males irom Santa Marta, ColombiaOne adult male from Caracas, VenezuelaFour adult males from Margarita Island, VenezuelaFour adult males from TrinidadThree adult males from TobagoTwo adult males from British GuianaTw^o adult males from lower Amazon ( Parii)Three adult males from eastern Brazil ( Bahia)Three adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada)FEMALES.One adult female from CubaFive adult females from southern MexicoFive adult females from GuatemalaThree adult females from HondurasTwo adult females from NicaraguaThree adult females from Isthmus of PanamaOne adult female from VenezuelaTwo adult females from Margarita IslandThree adult females from TrinidadTwo adult females from Tobago ;Three adult females from BahiaOne adult female from Chapada
64.564.861.762.561.563.266.365.865.865.369.16461.263.866.3
38.137.135.135.635.337.639.938.938.938.141.737.338.137.139.6
59.9
388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Young male.?Similar to the adult female.Twmature male.?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult male and female, according- to age. (The black wings and tailare assumed before the blue appears.)Continental tropical America in general, from southern Mexico(States of Vera Cruz. Oaxaca, etc,^) to southeastern Brazil andBolivia; but in South America only ea.st of the Andes; Cuba; Jamaica(accidental?).(?) l^Certhia'] cnyana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 186 (based on Brisson,Orn., iii, p. 636, pi. 23. %. 2).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat, i, pt. i, 1788, 475.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 293.\_Certhia] cyanea Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 188 (based on Certhia nigracseruleoqve varin Edwards, Nat. Hist., ii, \). 114, pi. 264, fig. 1; Certhia bra-siliensw crrulea Brisson, Orn., iii, 628, pi. 31, fig. 5, etc.).
?
Gmelin, Syst.Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 483.?Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 291.Ccereba cyanea Viellot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 44; Enc. Meth., 1823,610; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 288, pi. 176.?Maximilian, Beitr. Natnrg. Bras., iii,1831, 761.
?
D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1839 (Synop. Av, p.24).
?
Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 150.
?
Scl.\ter, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1856, 140, 286 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 263 (Ega, upper Ama-zons); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Cayenne; Brazil; Amazons); Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 32 (s. Mexico to s. e. Brazil and Bolivia; Cuba).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 266 (monogr. ). Taylor, Ibis,1864, 81 (Trinidad); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1873, 260 (Sarayacu,etc. , e. Peru ) ; 1879,597.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soo. Lond., 1866,179 (Sarayacu, e. Ecuador); 1867, 570 (Paru, lower Amazons), 749 (RioHuallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 166, 627 (Venezuela).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Costa Rica).? Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, -561(Trinidad).-Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.?Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 315 (Chon-tales, Nicaragua) ; 1885, 207 (British Guiana) ; Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 177(Brazil; Trinidad; Guatemala).
?
Layard. Ibis, 1873, 378.
?
Boucard, ListeOis-Guat., 1878, 31.?Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Manaure, pro v.Santa Marta, Colombia, 2,700 ft.) ; 1880, 119 (Santa ]Marta) ; Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1886, 248.?Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 330 (Estancia, n. e. Brazil).?T.\cza-NOWSKi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. duPerou, i, 1884, 436.?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuyti,Nicaragua) .?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 53 (Cuba); Birds West Indies, 1889, 67(do.).
?
Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 339 (near Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec, May 17,1890). Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 435 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).[('fereba'] cyanea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.yiectarinia] cyanea Swainson, Birds Western Africa, ii, 1838, 141.Alrbelorhijui] cyonm Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Brazil).Arbelorhina cyanea Cabanis, in Schoml)urgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290; Orn. Cuba, 1893, 105.?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras).?Zele-DON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas, SanJos6, Alajuela, Pozo Azul de Pirris and Monte Redondo de San Jose).Berlepsch, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1889, 295 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru).?Allen, Bull.
^Among Mexican localities cited appears the Valley of Mexico; but since the speciesis a bird of the tierra calietite, or true tropical districts, there is doubtless an error inthis case.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 389Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 347 (Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. \v. Brazil;crit.; descr. eggs).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (SanPablo, s. Cuba); vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad).?Cory, Cat. W. I. Birdn, 1892, 117,155 (Cuba).?RiCFiMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio P^scon-dido and San Carlos, Nicaragua).
?
Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves,1893, 17 (Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).Cti((nerpes cyaneus Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1891, 32 (synonymy; geog.range, etc.).
?
Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1891, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).(l)\_C?rt}nci] cyanogastra Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Blue-tJiroatedCreeper 'Latham, Synopsis, ii, 734).(?)[Cert/ii?] flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 472 (based on Blue-throatedCreeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, 734)
.
Oereba carneipes Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 376 fPlaya Vicente,Oaxaca, S.Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 173 ("valley of Mexico"); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Oaxaca).-
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Duenas,Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R. ).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291, 317 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David,Chiriqui).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137; (Cordillera de Tole,Santiago, and Santa Fe, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba,Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Castillo, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora,Veragua).?SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (hot district,Vera Cruz).Coereba cyunea var. carneipes Boucard, Cat. Av., 1876, 239, no. 7444 (Mexico).Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (crit.; s. Mexicoto Panama).Al^rhelorhinal brevipes CABAyny., Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-zuela; coll. Heine Mus. ).Coereba brevipes Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn,, 1851, 237.Cyanerpes cyanexis brempes Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (synonymy;crit. )
.
Alrbelorhina] eximia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene-zuela; coll. Heine Mus.).Ciereba cyanea eximia Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 287 ( Bucaramanga,Colombia).Arbelorhina. cyanea eximia Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12,1896, 679, (Margarita I., Venezuela).
?
Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii,1896, 679 (habits).-Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (SantaMarta, Colombia).Cyanerpes cyanea eximea Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xviii, Aug. 25, 1900, 173(Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).CYANERPES LUCIDUS (Sclater and Salvin).SHININa HONEY CREEPER.A(hdt male.?Lores, chin, throat, and upper median portion of chestuniform deep black; wings, tail, and thiohs black; rest of plumageplain dull ultramarine or french blue, lighter more azure blue onhead; bill black; legs and feet canary yellow in life,^ dull yellowish indried skins; length (skins), 91.4-109.7 (100.6); wing, 52.1-60.5 (57.4);tail, 26.4-32.3 (29.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-19.6 (18); tarsus, 14-16.3(14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.4 (10.7)."'
'Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488. ''Ten specimens.
390 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult fi'iitale.?Pileuni iind hindnock dull gra3'ish blue or orreenish,the forehead (sometimes crown also) usually narrowly streaked withwhitish; rest of upper parts plain dull grass green or parrot green;lores brownish dusky; malar region blue or parti}' blue; chin andthroat butf ; median under parts dull whitish, the chest streaked withblue; sides and flanks plain grayish green; bill black; legs and feetsage green in life/ brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 93.5-103.1{S^'^.^)\ wing, 50.8-57.4: (54.6); tail, 25.4-30.5 (27.9); exposed culmen,18.5-19.G (19.1), tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15); middle toe, 9.4-10.7 (10.4).'Young male.?Similar in coloration to the adult female.Immature male.?Variously intermediate in color between adultmale and female, according to age.Central America, from Guatemala (Choctum) to the Isthmus ofPanama (line of Panama Railroad).Ccereba cxrulea (not Certlna atrulea Linnseus) Rclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 140 (Veragua).Ccereba lucida ScLATER and Salvin, Ibis, Ist ser., i, Jan., 1859, 14 (Guatemala);Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.).?Moore, Prof. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1859, 53 (Honduras).
?
Lawrexck, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291,318 (Panama R. R. ).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Choctum, VeraPaz, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 35 (Choctum, Guatemala;Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).
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Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1864, 267 (monogr.).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1867, 137(David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).
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Boucard, Liste Ois.Guat, 1878, 32 ?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 249.[Ccereba] lucida Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no. 1453.?Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.Arbelorhina lucida Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1882, 60.
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Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San Jose, Puerto Limon,and Pozo Azul de Pirris).
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Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892 23 (San Jose, CostaRica); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca and Terraba, s. w.Costa Rica; crit.).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (RioEscondido, Nicaragua; habits; color of unfeathered parts, etc.).Cyanerpes lucidus Oberiiolser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; range).Genus DACNIS Cuvier.Bacnis Cuvier, Regne Anim., i, 1817, 395. (Type, MotacUla cayana Linnaeus.)Cyanodaaiis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 268. (Type,MotacUla cayana Linnaeus.
)
Polidacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 269. (Type, Dacnisangelica De Filippi.
)
Eudacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 270. (Type, Dacnisfiaviventris Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.
)
CcErebidae with the bill shorter than the head, acute-conical or wedge-shaped, very slightly decurved terminally (at least the maxilla), and tipacute; tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; adult males blue
1 Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488.
?^ Four specimens.
I
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391and black (sometimes with white or yellow abdomen or scarlet thighs),or else yellow and black with greenish pileum.Bill shorter than head, narrowly conical or wedge-shaped, usuallyvery slightly decurved terminally, with tip acute; culmen nearlystraight for basal half or more, thence slightly and graduall}'decurved to the acute tip of the maxilla; gong's straight or some-times faintly concave terminally. Nostrils exposed, longitudinallyoval, overhung by rather broad membrane. Rictal ])ristles veryminute or obsolete. Wing moderate, rather pointed (ninth, eighth,and seventh primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth, sometimesequal to longest); wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus (usuallydecidedly longer). Tail much shorter than wing (decidedly shorterthan distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), even or veiyslightly rounded. Tarsus about as long as commissure or a littlelonger, distinctl}^ scutellate; middle toe with claw about equal totarsus or slightly shorter.Coloration.?Adult males bright bluish green to violet-blue, variedwith black, some species with the abdomen, etc., white or yellow,or with scarlet thighs; or else the plumage yellow and black, withgreenish pileum; adult females much duller in color; greenish, olive,or brownish above, palci below, the head sometimes bluish, withgrayish throat.Range.?Nicaragua to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil.This genus has hitherto included some half dozen species which cer-tainl}^ do not belong to it. These are D. pulchei'rima Sclater, whichI have made the type of a new genus, Iridophanes,^ and referred,provisionally at least, to the Tanagridaj,'^ and the last six species givenby Dr. Sclater (except possibly D. salmoni^ which I have not seen),these latter, according to my views, constituting a distinct genus{Ateleodacnis Cassin ^) and belonging to the Mniotiltidfe. Of the spe-cies left in Dacnis the most aberrant is D. jiavwentris.^ This has thebill straighter than an}' other species (almost perfecth' straight, infact), and has the tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw; thecoloration is very different from that of other species, clear lemonyellow replacing blue, but the pattern is essentiall}' the same.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DACNIS.
?; Lores and at least part of back black; under parts (except throat, in some species)bright blue or green, or else greenish black with scarlet thighs. (Adult males.
)
h. Under parts of body bhie, thighs blue or bluish gray; wings with conspicuousblue edgings.iProc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1891, 150.^See page 2, this volume.
^ Ateleodaaiis Cassin, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 270. (Type, Dacnis leucugenysLafresnaye.)
* Dacnis Jiac it eniri)< Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny, Mag de Zool., 1839, Synop. Av., 21.
392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
c. Throat l)lafk; under wing-coverts gray. {Dacnis caiiana.)d. (ieiifral color bright cerulean or turquoise blue, changing to V)luish green;throat deeper black. (Colombia to southern Brazil and Bolivia; Chiriqui?)Dacnis cayana cayana, adult male (p. 392)dd. General color bright ultramarine or cobalt blue, changing to greenish blue;throat dull greenish V)lack. (Isthnuis of Panama to Nicaragua.)Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult male (p. 394)cc. Throat l)lui8h green; under wing-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama.
)
Dacnis vignieri, adult male (p. 396)bh. Under parts of body greenish black; thighs scarlet; wings entirely black.(Costa Rica to Colombia. ) Dacnis vennsta, adult male (p. 396)aa. No black on lores nor back; under parts of body yellowish green, or light buffygrayish anteriorly passing into buffy or buffy yellowish posteriorly. (Adultfemales and young.
)
h. Under parts yellowish green, the throat bluish gray; pileum greenish blue;Aving-coverts, remiges, and rectrices edge<l with Ijright yellowish green.
<: More yellowish green, with head lighter and more greenish blue.Dacnis cayana cayana, adult female and young male (p. 392)cc. Clearer green, with head deeper and less greenish blue.Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult female and young male (p. 395)bb. Under parts light buffy grayish anteriorly, passing into buffy posteriorly (theabdomen more yellowish); wing-coverts plain greenish gray or olive, theremiges and rectrices edged with same.Dacnis vennsta, adult female and young male (p. 397)DACNIS CAYANA CAYANA (Linnaeus).CAYENNE DACNIS.Adult male.?Lores, po.stoculav .streak (of variable extent), chin,throat, and l)ack, uniform l)lack; wings and tail black; middle wing-coverts tipped with bright greeni.sh blue, greater coverts and tertialsbroadly, secondaries and primaries (in part) narrowly, edged with thesame; rest of plumage ])right cerulean or turquoise blue viewed towardthe light, changing to bluish green when viewed from the light; billbrowMiish l)lack, the mandible more brownish (flesh}^ in life) basally;iris reddish brown;' legs and feet brownish in dried skins, fleshy* orbluish' in life; length (skin.s), 99.6-138.(5 (11;"). 1); wing, 61.2-68.6 (65);tail, 41.7-48 (14.2); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (13.2); tarsus, 15.7-16.8(16.3); middle toe, 10.2-11.4(10.7).'Adult female.?Yellowish grass green, orighter on rump and uppertail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts;head dull greenish l)lue oi- bluish green (nile blue or beryl green), thethroat paler and grayer; lesser wing-coverts darker and duller green-ish blue; bill and feet as in the male, but the former rather browner;length (skins), 103.1-130.3 (116.6); wing, 57.2-68.6 (63); tail, 39.6-47
' Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 330.M:)'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid., Ois., 1839, 221.
^ Fourteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 393(43.7); exposed culmen, 11.7-14.7(13.2); tarsus, 1.5.2-17.5 (16..5); mid-dle toe, 9.7-12.2 (10.7).'Eastern tropical South America, from southern Brazil, and Boliviato Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia; Chiriqui?'^?? IMoiacilla] cayana^ Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 336 (based on BlueManakin EdM'ards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pi. 263, lower fig.; Sylvia cayanensiscxrulen Brisson, Orn., iii, 534, pi. 28, fig. 1).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii,1788, 990.D[acms] caynnus D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 18.39 (Synop. Av.,p. 20) (Yuracares, prov. Chiquitos, Bolivia).Dlacnis] cayana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Cayenne).[Dacnis] cayana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 400.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.Dacnis cayana Strickland, Contr. Orn., 1851, 15 (crit. ; synonymy).
?
Sclater,Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 106 (monogr.) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854,110 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 252 (Trinidad; Guiana; Cayenne; Brazil;e. Peru; Bolivia); 1855, 137 (Bogota, Colombia); 1857, 263 (Ega, upperAmazons); 1858, 452 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 50(Bogota, Colombia; Trinidad; Cayenne); Ibis, 1863, 313 (monogr.); Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1886, 19, part (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chir-iqui; South American localities).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864,268 (monogr.).
?
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad). Sclater and Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 179 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 570 (Pard,
' Nine specimens.The specimens measured average as follows, according to locality:
Locality.
394 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.lov/er Amazon), 749 (Eio Huallaga, e. Peru), 977 (Amazonia); 1873, 259(lower Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, I'ebas, and Ega, e. Peru); 1875, 237(province of Tacliira, Venezuela); 1879, 496 (Remedies, proy. Antioquia,Colombia), 597 (Rio Tanapaya, etc., P>olivia).
?
Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad,1866, 124.?Salvadori, Atti. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, ii, 1868, 261 (crit.; synon-ymy).?Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.?Layard, Ibis, 1873, 378 (Pani).?Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1874, 510 (Monterico, centr. Peru);1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du P^rou, i, 1884, 428.?Allen, Bull.Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 78 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus.N. H., ii, 1889, 80 (Mapiri and Falls of Madeira, Bolivia); iii, 1891, 347(Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; crit.).?Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 3.30(Caxanga, Recife, etc., n. e. Brazil).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1883, 244, part (South American localities).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1885,207(British Guiana).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad).?Ihering, Aves d. Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 141 (Iguape).[^Fringilla] cyanomelas Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 924 (based on Fringilla aerulea,mento, gula, etc., nigris Koelreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop., xi, 434, pi. 15, fig. 6).D[ocnis] cyanomelas Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Brazil).Dacnis cyanomelas 'Rfach-e^bavu, Handb., ii, 1853, 227.
?
Burmeister, Syst. Ueb.Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 153.?Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 235 (Santa Cat-arina, s. Brazil; synonomy, crit., etc.); 1889, 294 (Tarapoto, upper Amazons;
.crit.).
?
Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, ii, 1892, 43 (PortoReal, Brazil).\_Motacilla'] cyanocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 990 (= female; based onSylvia vtridis Brisson, Orn., iii, 531, pi. 28, fig. 4; Blue-headed Warbler Latham,Synopsis, ii, pt. 2, 503,. etc. ; Cayenne).Nectarinia cyanocephala SwAi'ssos, Zool. Illustr., ser. i, vol. ii, 1822, pi. 117.Dlacnis'] cyanocephala Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102 (noti)l. 34, fig. 2).
?
Cabanis,in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.Dacnis cyanocephalus D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., 1839, 221 (Paraguay;Bolivia).(?) N[ectarinia'} cxruUocephala Swainson, Birds West Africa, ii, 183-, 141.Nectarinia hicolor {not Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, 1807) Becklemichew, Nouv. Mem.Soc. Mosc, i, 1829, 378, pi. 23.Dlacnis'] bicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102.Coereha caerulea (not of Vieillot) Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 766.Dacnis cyanater LiEsno^, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 458.
?
Lafresnaye and D'Orbicjny,Synopsis Avium, i (Mag. de Zool., 1837), 21 (Yuracares, prov. Chiquitos,Bolivia).?PucHERAN, Rev. et Mag. Zool., vi (2), 1854, 70 (crit.).Dacnis nigripes (not of Pelzeln) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269( monogr. )
.
[Dacmis cayaita.l b. Subsp. typica Scl.\ter, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 20, inlist of specimens.DACNIS CAYANA ULTRAMARINA (Lawrence).ULTRAMARINE DACNIS.Similar to I), c. caj/ana, ])iit adult male usuall}' with the blue of amuch deeper and less greenish hue, the color changing- from brightultramarine or cobalt blue when viewed toward the light to greenishblue viewed from the light; chin and throat decidedly duller black,^or
' The throat is similarly dull colored in examples of so-called D. cayana fromsouthwestern Brazil (Chapada), but the birds from that district should undoubtedlybe separated as a distinct subspecies from ti-ue D cayana, being much larger as wellas greener than the typical form from the Iow^t .\uiazon Valley, Cayenne, etc.
BIKDS OF ]SlOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 395dull grayish black washed with dull blue; adult female less yellowishgreen than that of D. c. cayana^ with blue of head deeper and lessgreenish.Adult inale.?Lores, short triangular postocular streak, and backblack, the last sometimes slightl}" glossed or overlaid with dull bluish;chin and throat dull gra34sh black or blackish gray, tinged or glossedwith dull blue; wings and tail black, the middle wing-coverts broadlytipped with bright blue, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, thesecondaries and primaries in part (sometimes also median rectrices),narrowly, edged with the same; rest of plumage bright blue, usuallycobalt or ultramarine when viewed toward the light,' changing to moregreenish blue when viewed from the light; concealed portion of uppertail -coverts black, the plumage of under parts grayish beneath the sur-face; bill brownish black terminally, more brownish basally, especiallyon mandible; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),102.9-119.9 (110.7); wing, 60.2-66.3 (63); tail, 41.1-44.7 (42.7); exposedculmen, 12.4-13.7 (13); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.2-10.9(10.7).^Advlt female.?Yellowish grass green, brighter on rump and uppertail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts;head greenish blue, the throat light l)luish gray; lesser wing-covertsdarker greenish blue than head, the centers of feathers (like those ofpileum) darker; bill and feet as in the adult male, but the former moredistinct!}' and extensively brownish basally; length (skins), 105.4-117.3(113); w'ing, 62-64.3 (63^5); tail, 40.9-44.5 (42.7); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).=^Isthmus of Panama (Panama Railroad) to eastern Nicaragua (Grey-town; Rio Escondido; Chontales, etc.).Dacnis ccerebicolor (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 219(Panama R. R. ) ?Dacnis ultramarina Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 106 (PanamaR. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence?); Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown,Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr.).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 185(Chepo, Isthmusof Panama).
?
Berlepsch, Journ. fiirOrn., 1873, 236(crit. ).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. -Am., Aves, i, 1883, 244.
?
Zeledon, Anal.Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas).
?
Richmond,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
?
Cherrie,Expl. ZooL Co.sta Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Terniba, s. w. Costa Rica).{^Dacnis] ultramarina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.\^Dacnis cayana.l a. Subsp. ultramarina Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,20, in list of specimens.
' The color of D. c. cayana in the same position is cerulean or turquoise blue,changing to bluish green.
^ Seven specimens.
* Five specimens.
396 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) Daaiixraitdud (not Motacllla cayana Linnaeus) S.vi.vix, Ibis, 1870, 185 (Mina deChorcha, Veragna); 1872, 313, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua).
?
Sclater, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 19, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Chepo, Veragua;Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.).(?) Daaiis cayana glaucogularis Berlepsch and Stolzmanx, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., Aug. 1, 1896, 336 (La Gloria and La Merced, centr. Peru; coll.Branicki Mus.).' DACNIS VIGUIERI Oustalet.VIGUIER'S DACNIS.Ad^dt male.?Bluish green, the lores, back, and tail black; primariesblack, with inner webs edged with white; distal secondaries blackish,edged with green, proximal secondaries (tertials) broadly edged with3'ellowish green, their inner webs blackish; bill and feet black; length,119.9; tail, 50; tarsus, 15; exposed culmen, 9.9."Head, throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts bright greenglossed with blue, corresponding with the color called in Francecendre-vert; lores, back, and tail deep black; remiges black, theirinner we))s edged with white; innermost secondaries black marginedwith clear green, the remaining secondaries for the greater part greenwith an inner margin of black; lesser (?) coverts gloss}^ yellowish orgolden green, the other coverts brilliant green glossed with 1)1 ue, butthe concealed portions black; )>ill and feet uniform black. Iris goldenyellow (according to M. Viguier)."'^Isthmus of Panama (coast of Gulf of Darien).A very distinct species, which 1 have not seen.Dacnisviguieri Oustalet, in Salvin and Godman's Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Nov.,1883, 246 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Paris Mus.).Dacnis viguerl Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pi. 15a, fig. 3.DACNIS VENUSTA Lawrence.SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS.Adult wale.?Forehead, lores, orbits, triangular postocular mark,anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts(except thighs) greenish black or dark "invisible" green; thighsbright scarlet; head and neck, except as described, scapulars, medianportion of back, rump, and part of upper tail-coverts rich turquoiseblue; wings, tail, and longer upper tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts partly white; bill black; legs and feet brownish (in driedskin.s); length (skins), 114.8-124 (119.1); wing, 63.5-71.4 (68.8); tail,
'Typical specimens (received from the Branicki Museum) are undistinguishablefrom a light-colored example of D. c. ultnimarina from Chiriqui. AH Peruvianspecimens examined agree with the Central American form in the color of thethroat (as distinguished from that of D. c. cayana), but none of them exhibit thedeep blue color characteristic of most specimens of D. c. ul/ramarina, being in thisrespect like true I), (?((jiamt.
'^ Free translation of Oustalet's original description, in Biologia Centraii-Americ^iua,Aves, i, 246.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89741.7-43.:^ (42.4); exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); tarsus, 15.2-16.5(15.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.9).'Adult female.?Pileum and hindneck dull or dusky greenish olive,the feathers narrowly and indistinctly^ tipped or margined withbrighter greenish; sides of head and neck glaucous-green; back olive,tinged or washed with dull greenish; scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts glaucous-green, the last brighter, inclining to nile ])lue; wingsand tail olive, with indistinct paler edgings, except the middle andgreater wing-coverts which, respectively, are tipped and edged distinctlywith light olive; chin, throat, and chest light buffy grayish, changingposteriorly to buflfy yellowish on abdomen and buff on anal region andunder tail-coverts, the thighs tinged with red; bill and feet as in adultmale; length (skins), 111.3-122.9 (118.4); wing, 61.7-69.1 (66); tail,40.6-42.9 (41.4); exposed culmen, 11.9-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 14.7-15.7(15.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).'Lnmature male.?Forehead, lores, postocular space, anterior partof malar region, chin, and throat uniform black, as in the adult male;rest of head bright cerulean or turquoise blue, becoming dusky oliveon occiput; otherwise like the adult female.Young male.?Similar to the adult female, but duller and grayerabove, the sides of head and neck gray instead of blue; no blue onscapulars; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctl}^ tipped withpale grayish.Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota mountains, Tucurriqui, Turrialba,Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Candelaria, etc.) to Colom-bia (Remedios, province of Antioquia).''Dacnis sp. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 319 (Panama R. R. ).Dacnis venusta (not Sylvia venusia Descourtilz, 1856*) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.Hist., N. Y., vii, 1862, 464 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts., CostaRica).?ScLATER, Ibis, 1863, 315, pi 7 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 24 (Tueurriqui, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, and Bugab^,Veragua; Panama; Remedios, Colombia).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 497 (Remedios, prov. Antio-quia, Colombia).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr.).^Salvadori, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1878, 54 (Candelaria, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 245.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108(Naranjo de Cartago; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Turrialba).
?
Cherrie, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i,Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).[Dacnis'] venusta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no. 1461.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 160.
^ Six specimens.
^ Five specimens.
^ I have not seen Colombian specimens. These should be carefully compared withthose from Costa Rica.
* Sylvia venusta Descourtilz, Orn. du Bresil, 1854-56, 37, pi. 42, tig. 3; = Dacnis[Ateleodacnis] analis D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.
398 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus CCEREBA Vieillot.C(rrehaY\FAiA.OT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 70. {Type, Cerihin Jinveoln Linrifrus.
)
Certhiola SuNnp:v.\LL, (Eh: Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stockholm, 1835, 99. (Type, Certhiaflareola Liimpcus.)Arbelorkina^ C.vbanis, Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 325. (yubstitutefor Coereba Vieillot).''Rather small CoerebidsB with very acute decurved bill, long- tarsus(nearly oue-third as long- as wing) and rounded tail, with very broadrectrices; plumage varied with dusky or grayish and yellow, white, orgrayish, or else entireh^ black.Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, strongly decurved ter-minally, with tip very acute; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually curveddownward from the base; commissure distinctly arched, most stronglyso tojvard base, the rictal portion tleshy or tumid; gonys slightl}' con-cave, its base forming a slight but decided angle; depth of bill at baseequal to a})out one-third exposed culmen or slightly less, the basalwidth decidedly less than the depth. Nostril exposed, longitudinal,occupying about the lower half of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles obsolete.Wing rather long, rather pointed (eighth, seventh and sixth primarieslongest, ninth intermediate between fifth and fourth); wing-tip slightlyshorter than commissure, much shorter than tarsus. Tail much shorterthan wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip ofsecondaries), rounded, the rectrices very broad. Tarsus long (nearlyone-third as long as wing), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, withclaw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe almostentirely free from inner toe, but united for more than half its lengthto outer toe.Coloration {sexe,'^ alike).?Above grayish, olive, or blackish, usuallywith a yellow patch on rump and a white spot at base of primaries; awhite, gra}", or yellowish superciliary stripe; under parts whitish orgra^'ish, the breast (sometimes abdomen also) 3'ellow; lateral rectricestipped with white. (Two species, or possibly representing a colorphase of normally colored species, entirely black.)Range.?Neotropical Region in general, but wanting in Cuba, theGalapagos Archipelago, and on Pacific coast of South America fromPeru southward. KEV TO THE SPECIES OF CCEREBA.
a. Plumage parti-colored (V)lacki.sh or grayish, yellow, white, etc.).h. A conspiciiouH and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or yellow.c. Superciliary stripe white. (Adults.)d. Throat unicolored (white, gray, or dark slaty); malar region and wholethroat same color, abruptly different from blackish of pileum.
e. Throat grayish white or very pale gray (not darker than gray no. 9^).
' ^'"Ap/Sr^Xo?, Kneif; /5zV, Nase."
''See Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 32.
'Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, pi. ii, fig. 9.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399
/. Flanks pale gray, very slightly if at all tinged with yellow; lower abdo-men and anal region white or yellowish white. (Bahama Islands.)Coereba bahamensis, adults (p. 401)ff. Flanks yellowish gray or olive, strongly tinged with yellow; lowerabdomen and anal region yellow.g. Black on lores and l)eneath eyes broader (as in C. bahamensis); whitesuperciliary stripe much narrower; white spots at tip of lateralrectrices much smaller. (Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.)Coereba caboti, adults (p. 404)gg. Black on lores and beneath eyes narrower;?white superciliary stripebroader (as in C. bahamensis); white s{:)ots at tip of lateral rec-trices much larger.h. Smaller, with larger bill (male averaging wing 61.2, tail 41.9,exposed culmen 15) ; yellow of rump tinged with olive.(Islands of Grand Cayman and Cayman Brae, Greater Antilles.)Coereba sharpei, adults (p. 404)hh. Larger, with smaller bill (male averaging wing 65.8, tail 46.2,exposed culmen 14); yellow of rump purer. (Island of OldProvidence, Caribbean Sea.) Coereba tricolor, adults (p. 405)ee. Throat distinctly gray (not paler than gray no. 7)./. Throat paler gray (no. 6 or no. 7).g. Back, etc., sooty blackish; white wing-spot large and conspicuous;breast, ^tc, brighter yellow.h. Throat deeper gray (no. 6); rump pure lemon or canary yellow;breast, etc., deeper yellow. (Caribbean coast of Colombia andVenezuela; islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and (Irenada.
)
Coereba luteola, adults ( p. 406)hh. Throat paler gray (no. 7); rump olive-yellow; breast, etc., lighteryellow. (Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama.)Coereba cerinoclunis, adults (p. 408)gg. Back, etc., olive, grayish olive, or brownish gray; white wing-spot(if present) small, rarely conspicuous; breast, etc., paler andduller yellow./;. White wing-spot usually distinct (sometimes obsolete) ; smaller(wing not more than 59.9). (Southern Mexico to Colombia;Ecuador?; Peru?) Coereba mexicana, adults (p. 409)hh. White wing-spot obsolete (entirely concealed by primary coverts)
;
larger (wing 62.2). (Coast district of Guiana and Brazil.
)
Coereba chloropyga, adults (extralimitaP)
.
ff. Throat darker gray (slate-gray, or darker).g. Throat slate-gray.h. Smaller, especially the bill (exposed culmen 11.7-12.2); back andwings browner or more sooty. (Island of Haiti, Greater Antil-les. ) Coereba bananivora, adults (p. 411)
' CcKREBA CHLOROPYGA (Cabauis).C[erthiola'] chloropyga Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Bahia, e. Brazil; coll.Heine Mus.).Certhiola chloropyga Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886,44.Careba chloropyga Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 348 (Abrilonga,Cuyaba, and Chapada, s. w. Brazil; crit.)(?) Clerihiola} guianensis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Gr'^jna; coll. HeineMus.).Certhiola guianensis ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Cayenne).(?) Certhiola majuscula Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 413.
400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
/(/(. Larger, especially the bill (exposed culmen 13.2-15.2); back andwings darker, more blackish. (Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques,St. Thomas, St. Johns, Culebra (?), Anegada (?) and Tortola (?)
,
Greater Antilles. ) Coereba portoricensis, adults (p. 412)gg. Throat blackish slate./(. White wing-spot not truncated posteriorly, Init following edges ofprimaries more or less beyond it; rump-patch clear yellow, largerand sharply defined; breast darker and duller yellow (wax yel-low). (Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.)
, Coereba flaveola-, adults (p. 414)hh. White wing-spot (if present) truncated posteriorly; rump-patchdecidedly olivaceous or olive-yellowish, smaller and less sharplydefined; breast lighter and clearer yellow.
?'. White wing-spot larger; breast tinged with ochraceous. (Islandof St. Croix, Greater Antilles.). .Coereba newtoni, adults (p. 416)a. White wing-spot smaller, sometimes obsolete or altogether want-ing; breast clear yellow like abdomen.j. White superciliary stripe broader; white wing-spot larger;smaller (wing of female 56.1-56.6, tail 34.3-34.8). (Islandsof St. Vincent and Grenada, Lesser Antilles.)Coereba saccharina, adults (p. 415)jj. White superciliary stripe narrower; white wing-spot (if pres-ent) much smaller; larger (wing of female 56.9-58.4, tail39.4-40.1).k. No white at base of primaries (except concealed by primarycoverts); smaller (wing of male averaging 58.2, tail 40.4,exposed culmen 14). (Islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe,St. Christopher, Nevis, Barbuda and Antigua, LesserAntilles.) Coereba dominicana, adults (p. 417)kk. A white spot at base of primaries; larger (wing of maleaveraging 58.9, tail 41.1, exposed culmen 14.2). (Islandsof St. Bartholomew, Saba, and St. Eustatius, LesserAntilles.) Coereba bartolemica, adults (p. 419)dd. Throat bicolored (black and white?at least the lower portion being thelatter color); malar region and sides of throat black, like piieum.e. Throat blackish anteriorly as well as laterally; a gray rictal streak./. White superciliary stripe shorter, terminating above end of auricularregion; whitish space on lower throat much smaller; gray rictal streakmore distinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump indistinct.(Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.
)
Coereba barbadensis, adults (p. 420)ff. White superciliary stripe longer, terminating behind auricular region;whitish space on lower throat much larger; gray rictal streak lessdistinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump much more distinct.(Island of Curasao, Caribbean Sea.)Coereba uropygialia, adults (p. 420)ee. Thioat blackish only laterally; no gray rictal streak. (Islands of Mar-tinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.)Coereba martinicana, adults (p. 421)cc. Superciliary stripe l)right yellow.Coereba martinicana and C. uropygialis, young' (p. 421)
' I have not seen a specimen of C. martinicana in first plumage; but in that speciesyounger birds retain the yellow superciliary stripe, at least in part, after the other-wise fully adult plumage has been acquired.
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 401
hh. Without a conspicuous or sharply defined superciHary stripe of white or yel-low. (Young.)c. Throat pale dull grayish, or if tinged with yellow the back paler grayishbrown and wing more than 57.(/. Back, etc., grayish brown or brownish gray; white wing-spot large, con-spicuous; wing 57.1-61 or more.
e. Paler, with less yellow below (only on the breast).Coereba bahamensis, young (p. 401)ee. Darker, with more yellow (mostly yellow) below.Coereba tricolor, young (p. 405)(Id. Back, etc., light olive; white wing-spot obsolete; wing 53.8.Coereba chloropyga, young (extralimital).cc. Throat yellow or yellow and dusky; wing not more than 55.9.d. A distinct white spot at base of primaries.
e. Under parts mostly yellow./. Sides of throat mostly dusky; white wing-spot larger, the primariesedged with white for some distance beyond it.Coereba flaveola, young (Addenda)ff. Sides of throat with little if any dusky; white wing-spot smaller, nearlytruncated Coereba portoricensis, young (p. 412)ee. Under parts light olive, tinged with yellow on breast.Coereba bananivora, young (p. 411)dd. No distinct white spot at base of primaries.e. Side of throat dusky Coereba barbadensis, young (p. 420)ee. Whole throat yellowish Coereba mexicana, young (p. 410)(Kt. Plumage unicolored (plain blackish).//. Larger (wing of male 64, tail 42.7, exposed culmen 16, tarsus 19.6, middle toe12.7). (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.) Coereba atrata, adults (p. 422)hi). Smaller (male averaging 59.7, tail .36.3, exposed culmen 14.2, tarsus 18.8,middle toe 11.9). (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.)Coereba wellsi, adults (p. 423)CCEREBA BAHAMENSIS ( Reichenbach).BAHAMA BANANAQUIT.Adults {sexes alike).?Above plain .sooty l)laekish slate, the back,scapulars, wings, and tail usually somewhat lighter than the pileum,sometimes inclining to brownish gray; a large white spot or patch atbase of six to seven outermost primaries; remiges and rectrices moreor less distinctly edged with pale grayish, the tertials, in fresh plumage,rather broadly margined at tips with the same or grayish white;tail narrowly tipped with whitish (except in worn plumage), the threeoutermost rectrices with a large terminal spot of white, about 11.4?14in extent on lateral rectrix; rump lemon or canary yellow; a broadwhite superciliary stripe, extending from nostril to occiput; loral andauricular regions and sides of neck sooty blackish slate, like pileum,the loral and auricular areas narrowly connected beneath eye; malarregion (except anterior point), chin, throat, and upper chest white, orgrayish white; lower chest, breast, and median portion of upper bellylemon yellow; rest of under parts white, the flanks tinged with- yel-lowish gray, the lower abdomen sometimes faintly tinged with yellow;3654?VOL 2?01 26
402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
l)ill black, the tumid rictal portion pale brownish (tiesh color in life?);legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins).Youn(j.?Ahoye brownish gray or deep drab-gra}^ the primariesand rectriccs marked with wdiit(> and (together with secondaries) edgedwdth paler gray as in adults; lower riniip olive-bellow, much less dis-tinct and more restricted than the pure ^^ellow patch of adults; sides ofhead brownish gray, without any white superciliary stripe or else withthis merely indicated; malar region paler grayish or dull grayishwhite, faintly tinged with yellow; chin, throat, and upper chest dullyellowish white; rest of under parts similar, the lower chest, breast,and upper al)domen more distinctly yellowish, the sides and flanksstrongly tinged with In-ownish gray; bill and feet as in adults, ))ut theformer rather more l)rownish.Aduh ruale.--hength (skim), 109.7-127.8 (117.?>); wing, ?)1. 2-68.3(65); tail, 39.1-48.8 (45); exposed culmen, 14.5-16.8 (15.2); tarsus,18.5-20.8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.4-13.2 (12.4).'Adult female.?hangth (skins), 93-120.4 (108.2); wing, 56.6-62(59.7); tail, 37.6-43.2 (40.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.7); tarsus,17.5-20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 11.2-13 (11.9).'
^ Twenty specimens.
^ Twelve specimens.Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 408Bahama Islands (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bmiini, Berry Islands,'Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Kej^s,Great Exuma, Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cav, Long Island, GreenCay, Maraguna, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, Little Inagua, GreatInagua,and Hicrhburna Key); Florida Ke3^s (Indian Ke}^?accidental?).[CerfMa flaveola] fi. Linn.euj^, Syf=t. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 187, part (citation ofCerthia bahmnensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 59; Brisson, Orn.,iii, 620).\_Certhia flaveola] var. y. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479, excl. syn. part.[Certhia faveola] var. B. Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790,297.
?
Bechstkin, Lath.Ueb., iv, pt. i, 1811, 188.Clerthiola^ flaveola (not Certhia flaveola. Linn?ens) Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846,102, part.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 402, part.Certhiola flaveola Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Snrv., ix, 1858, 924 (Indian Key,Florida) ; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 83, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 301.?Bryant, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 116 (New Provi-dence, Bahamas); 1861, 117 (Inagua, Bahamas).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 54.?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 106.Certhiola bahamensis Reichenbach, Handb., i, 1853, 253 (based on Certhia baka-mensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 59).
?
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1864, 271 (monogr.).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 412.
?
Bryant,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 66 (Inagua).?Baird, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866,264.?Sundevall, CEfv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 624 (monogr.).-FiNSCH, Verb. k. k. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 751, 752 (monogr,).?Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428, pi. 19, fig. 5.?Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 327.?Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 197, footnote(synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 153.
?
Cory, Birds Bahama I.,1880, 76; Auk, iii, 1886, 47; Birds W. I., 1889, 61.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 159; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27, 29 (diagnosis;synonymy).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 37 (Inagua and NewProvidence, Bahamas).
?
American Ornithologists' LTnion, Check List,1886, no. 635.[Cerfhiola.'] bahamensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.
?
Baird,Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 427.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.Clerthiola^ bahamensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 317.
?
Ridgway,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis) ; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 480.Careba bahamensis American Ornithologists' Union, Suppl. to Code and CheekList, 1889, 23; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 635.?Cory, Auk, viii, 1891,37 (synonymy), 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands), 296 (Bimini),297 (Caicas; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350 (Gt. Bahama, Abaco), 351 (Eleu-thera, Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Maraguna; Watlings I.), 49 (Inagua); Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 127 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bimini, Berry, Eleu-thera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Great Exuma,Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, Long, Green Cay, INIaraguna, N. Caicos,Grand Caicos, E. Caicos, Little Inagua and Great Inagua islands, Bahamas) .
?
Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.).
?
Ridgway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334(Abaco), 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera; San Salvador), 337 (Wat-lings I.), 338 (Rum Cay; Green Cay), 339 (Concepcion).C[aT('6a] bahamensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 480.Certhiola bairdii Cabanis, Journ fiir Orn., xiii, Nov., 1865 (pub. Jan., 1866), 412(Indian Key, Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Sundevall, (Efv. K. Vet.Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 621 (monogr.).[Certhiola] bairdi Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1506.
?104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CCEREBA CABOTI (Baird).COZUMEL BANANAaUIT.Similar to C. hahatiivnsls^ ))ut ])lut'k lortil streak })r()ader (at loa.st aswide as the white above it) and continued l)ai-kward broadly l)eneatheye; white superciliary streak much narrower; white of throat extendedover only upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backwardover iianks, and even tinging anal region and lower tail-coverts; yel-low of rump tinged with olive, upper parts in general averagmg some-what darker, and white tips to lateral roctrices much smaller (that onoutermost rectrix not more than 7.6 long, usually much less) and mostlyconfined to inner web.Adult ;y/a/t'.?Length (skins), lOS-121.9 (113.8); wing, 60. 7-t)3 (61.7);tail, -10.6^2.1: (41.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.7 (14.5); tarsus, 17.8-18.5 (18.3); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (11.9).^Adult female.?IjQn^^ih. (skins), 105.2-112 (108.7); wing, 55.9-58.7(57.7); tail, 35.1-38.6 (36.8); exposed culmen, 13.7-14.2 (14); tarsus,17.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-11.9 (11.7).'Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.Certhiola eaboti "Baircl (MS.)" Finscii, Vehr. k. k. Gesellscli. Wien, 1871, 790,note {nornen nudum).?Baird, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 187.3, 612 (CozumelIsland, Yucatan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427;iii, 1874, 508.
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 327 (crit.).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 251, pi. 15?, fig. 4.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., viii, 1885, 29 (synonymy), 564 (crit.).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 38.\_Certhiola'] eaboti Baird, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 611 (C()zuinel Inland, Yuca-tan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot, jr.).C[erthiola] eaboti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis);Man. N. Am. Birds, 1886, 480.Clcereba'] eaboti Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 41.
?
Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,1896, 480. CCEREBA SHARPEI Cory.SHARPE'S BANANAaUIT.Similar to O. cahoti., but smaller, with larger bill and longer toes;superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat pale smoke grayinstead of grayish white, the first much l^roader and the color of thelast extending over the upper chest; yellow of rump more restrictedand decidedly more tinged with olive; white tips to lateral rectricesmuch larger (10.2-12.7 in extent on outermost rectrix) and involvingboth webs.Adult male.?l^ength (skins), 109.5-117.9 (112.5); wing, 57.9-64.3(61.2); tail, 38.9-44.5 (41.9); exposed culmen. 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus,17.3-19.8 (19.1); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (12.2). ' (No females seen.)
' Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens. ?' Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405Islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Ca,yman Brac,^Greater Antilles (south of Cuba).Certhiola sharpei Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 497 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles;coll. C. B. Cory), 501 (do.); v, 1888, 157 (do.); vi, 1889, 81 (Little Cayman;Cayman Brae); Birds We.st Indies, 1889, 288.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., X, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman).Ccereba sharpel Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 37 (Grand Cayman; Little Cayman;Cayman Brae); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 129, 154 (do.).CCEREBA TRICOLOR (Ridgway).OLD PROVIDENCE BANANAQUIT,Similar to 0. cahoti, but larg-er (except ])ill and toes), white at baseof primaries more extended, white tips to lateral rectrices muchlarger (a))out 12.7 long on outermost rectrix) and including bothwebs, black on lores and beneath eyes much narrower, and whitesuperciliary stripe much broader; in the last two characters agreeingwith C. hahamensis.Adult male.?Above dull black, including the whole of the exposedportion of the tertials and secondaries; a broad and very distinctsuperciliar}' stripe of pure white, extending from the nostrils to theocciput; primaries with a large basal spot of white, extending forabout 10.2 mm. beyond the ends of the coverts; basal half of inner webof all the secondaries pure white; three outermost rectrices broadlytipped with white; lower half of rump lemon yellow; broad band onside of head, involving lores and auriculars, and passing beneath butnot above the ej^e, black, this ])and much narrower anteriorly, andgraduall}" widening posteriorly, where confluent with the black of thenape; a small black line along the lower edge of the rictus; chin,throat, chest and cheeks uniform grayish white; whole breast andupper part of abdomen lemon yellow, changing to olive-gray on theflanks and dull yellowish white on anal region and under tail-coverts;under wing-coverts pure white, the bend In'ight yellow; bill deepblack; feet dusky. Length (skin), 115.6; wing, 65.5-65.8; tail, 45.2-47; culmen, 13.7-14.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1; tarsus, 19.6; middletoe, 11.7.'Young.?Above dull grayish brown, the back indistinctly cloudedwith dusky, the forehead mostly dull black (new feathers); rump,dingy olive-yellow; an indistinct superciliary stripe of pale dingyyellow, becoming nearly white anteriorly; a narrow loral stripe of
^The single specimen examined from Cayman Brae is obviously different in colora-tion from the five Grand Cayman examples, being much browner (deep hair brown)above, and the yellow of breast and rump inclining more to chrome; but to whatextent these differences are due to difference of season ( the Cayman Brae specimenwas collected in March, those from Grand Cayman in May and July) it is of courseimpossible to tell without a sufficient series.^Two specimens.
406 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dusk}' passing beneath the eye, but ehant^ing to dull gra}-ish brown,and continuing*, broadly, over the auriculars to the nape; lower partsdingy olive-yellow, brighter on the bi-east and upper part of r.bdomen;anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy yellowish; lining of wingpure white, changing to yellow along the edge of the wing; wingspeculum smaller than in the adult, l)ut still very conspicuous.Island of Old Providence (and St. Andrews?), Caribbean Sea,Cerlhiola tricolor Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 178 (islandof Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; coll. U. S. Nat. ,AIus.); viii, 1885, 29(synonymy).?ScLATEK, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 38.
?
Cory, Auk, iv,1887, 180 (Old Providence).C[ertMola^ tricolor Ridgway , Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27 (diagnosis).(?) Certhiola tricolor Cory, Auk, iv, 1889, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea).Clcereba] tricolor Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40.CCEREBA LUTEOLA (Cabanis).TOBAGO BANANAQUIT.Adults {sexes aUke).?Upper parts plain sooty black, relieved b}' awhite superciliary stripe (extending from nostril to occiput), a whitespot (of variable extent) at base of six or seven outermost primaries(except the outermost), and a large patch of clear lemon yellow cover-ing rump; primaries narrowly edged with light grayish; inner we})s oftwo lateral rectrices broadlj- tipped with white (about 7.(5 long onoutermost); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides of necksooty black, like upper parts; malar region, chin, and throat luiiformgray (no. 6, or between no. 5 and no. 6^); rest of under parts lemon3'ellow (sometimes tinged with or inclining to safl'ron yellow on chest),becoming paler on abdomen and passing on flanks into 3'ellowish grayor olive, the under tail-coverts white; bill ])lack; legs and feet duskj'(in dried skins); length (skins), 84.6-115.1 (100.8); wing, 52.8-62.7(57.2); tail, 29-41.1 (33.8); exposed culraen, 11.9-14 (13); tarsus,16.3-17.8 (17); middle toe, 10.7-11.4 (10.9).^
^ See Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, pi. 2.^Twelve specimens, mostly males. Specimens from different localities average asfollows:
L(X'iiIitv. Win?.
One adult from Bogota, ColombiaTwo adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia o7.Two adults (one male) from Venezuela ?''6.
6
One adult male from Margarita Island, Venezuela ? rt'l.'iThree adults from Trinidad | 57.2Two a(hilt males from Tobago ' o9.
4
One adult female from Tobago I 56.
9
33.838.436.62936.137.132.8
Ex-posedculmen.11.712.413.211.913.213.713
1717.316.31717.317.5
Middletoe.
10.910.910.710.711.410.7The specimen from Bogota is exactly intermediate in coloration between C. laleola
BIRDS OB" NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 407Caribbean coast district of Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad;Tobago; Grenada.^Caereba flaveola (not Cerihia fluveola Linnaeus) Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 611,part (description; see Finsch, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871,767).Certhiola flaveola Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, 612 (Trinidad)?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 54, part (Tobago).?Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 126.C[erihiola'] luteola Cabanis, Mub. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello and Cumanti,Venezuela; Catagena, Coloml:)ia; coll. Berlin Mus. ; ex Necturinia luteolaLichtenstein, manuscript).?REicnENBAcn, Handb., ii, 1853, 251, pi. 561,fig. 3822.
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Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 56.Certhiola luteola Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259.
?
Sclater, Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 53, part (Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 40(Santa Marta and Valle Dupar, Colombia; Carupano, Venezuela; Trini-dad).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271.?Taylor, Ibis, 1864,81 (Trinidad).?Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 179;1868, 167 (Venezuela).?SuNDEVALL, GEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869,621 (monogr.).?FiNscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad); Verh.k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 767 (monogr.).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,324.
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Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 119 (Santa Marta, Colombia).
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Ber-LEPSCH, Ibis, 1884, 432 (Angostura, Venezuela).
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Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., viii, 1885, 29 (synonymy).[Certhiola'] luteola SchATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.
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Baird, Am.Nat., vii, 1873, 611 (monogr.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.C[erthiola'] luteola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Ccereba luteola Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 38 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Tobago;Trinidad; Venezuela; n. coast Colombia); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, 154.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 25 (Trinidad; habits; descr.nest).
?
Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 685 (La Guayra, Ven-ezuela).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 679 (Margarita I.,Venezuela).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta,Colombia).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 313 (near Cartagena,Colombia).and C. mexicana. It probably represents the form described by Salvadori and Festa,under the name Certhiola intermedia, the synonymy of which is as follows:Certhiola luteola (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 452(Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53, part (do.).Certhiola mexicana (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi,1886, 38, part (Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador).(?) Certhiola peruviana Gabasis, Journ. fiirOrn., 1865, 413.{Certhiola'] peruviana Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 613; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 428.Certhiola intermedia Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no.357, Aug., 1899, 13 (Valle del Zamora and Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador; coll. TurinMus.?).
^I give Grenada for the specues on the authority of Mr. Cory. The only exampleof Ccereba from that island in the National Museum collection, except the uniformlyl)lack C. wellsi Cory, is apparently C. saccharina; at lea-t it agrees fairly well withour single example of that form, and is conspicuously different from C. hUeola in itsvery dark (blackish slate) throat, yellowish olive (instead of clear yellow) rumji,and brownish slaty (instead of sooty black) back. I have referred it, provisionally,to C. saccharina.
408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) C[ertMola'] major Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 97, footnote^ ("Guiana;"location of type not mentioned).
?
Reichenbac}!, Handb., ii, 1853, 252(Guiana).
?
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259.
?
Burmeister,Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 156.?Sundevall, (Efv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.).(?) [Certhiola'] major Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1502.(?) [Certhiola'} minor Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259 (locality notgiven; coll. Paris Mus.); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 51. Scndevall,(Efv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.).?Finsch, Verh. k.k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 790, footnote.Certhiola godmani Cory, Auk, vi, July, 1889, 219 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles;coll. C. B. Cory).CCEREBA CERINOCLUNIS Bangs.SAN MIGTTEL BANAKAftTnT.Similar to C. luteola, but throat paler gray (much as in O. mexicana)^rump less purely jellow and white tips to lateral rectrices muchsmaller; similar to C. inexicana in color of throat, but upper partssooty black (as in C. luteola), white wing-spot large and conspicuous(as in C. luteola)^ lower rump brightei' yellowish, and under partsbrighter yellow.Adults {sexes alike).?Above plain sooty black, the rump olive-yellow becoming purer yellow below; a large and conspicuous spot ofwhite at base of four or five primaries next to the outermost; innerwebs of lateral rectrices tipped with white for about 2.5-5.1 in males,much less (sometimes a mere edging) in females; a broad white super-ciliary stripe, extending from nostril to end of auricular region, orbeyond; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides of necksooty black; malar region, chin, and throat gray (about the same toneas in O. mexicana);^ rest of under parts bright lemon j-ellow (ratherlighter than in O. luteola, but brighter than in C. mexicana), slightlytinged with olive laterally, especiall}: on flanks; under tail-covertswhitish with basal (concealed) portion gray; bill black; legs and feetdusky (in dried skin).
^ This seems to be an intermediate between C. luteola and C. chloropijga, but nearerthe former. Another step toward the hitter, apparently, is Cabanis's C[<?ri/uota]guianensis (Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 97). Should these really be intermediates, as sug-gested, then intergi'adation between C. mexicana, C. luteola, and ('. ddoropijga may beconsidered as proven, thus reducing these three to the rank of subspecies, whosenames would be as follows: Careha chloropt/ga chloropyga (Lichtenstein), Carebachloropyga luteola (Cabanis), and Careba chloropyga mexicana (Sclater). Should itbe considered advisable to recognize by name intermediate or connecting forms,these should stand as Cocreba chloropyga guianensis (Cabanis), Careba chloropygamajor (Cabanis), Careba chloropyga intermedia (Salvadori and Festa), and Carebachloropyga peruviana (Cabanis)?the last intermediate between C. chloropyga chloro-pyga and C. chloropyga mexicana. Whether a Careba chloropyga magnirosiris (Tacza-nowski) should be recognized remains to be determined {Certhiola magnirosirisTaczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 193; Orn. du Perou, i, 1884, 441).^Gray no. 6 or no. 7 of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 409Adult male.?\j^\\g\h (skins), 99.1; wing, 58.9-59.7 (59.2); tail,35. 6-38. 1(36. 8); exposed culmen (one specimen), 12.2; tarsus, 16.3-16.5;middle toe, 10.1-10.9 (10.7).^Adult female.?Length (skin), 91.1; wing, 52.6; tail, 31; exposedculmen, 12.4; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe, 9.7.^
. Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama, Colombia.Coereba mexieana columbiana (not Certhiola colambiana Cabanis) Bangs, Auk, xviii,Jan., 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).Coereba cermodunis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Feb. 8, 1901, 52 (SanMiguel I., Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).CCEREBA MEXICANA (Sclater).MEXICAN BANANAaUIT.Adidts {sexes alike).?Pileum uniform sooty blackish, margined oneach side by a superciliary stripe of white, extending from nostril toocciput; hindneck, l)ack, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts plain gray-ish olive, the wings and tail similar but slightly darker, with grajdsholive edgings; outer webs of four or five outermost primaries white atbase, usually showing as a spot, sometimes of considerable extent,beyond tips of primary-coverts, sometimes wholly concealed hy thelatter; inner webs of lateral rectrices tipped with white, forming on theoutermost a spot of variable size; rump olive-yellow, or light yellow-ish olive-green; loral and auricular regions dusk}' or sooty, forming abroad stripe on sides of head; malar region, chin, and throat uniformlight gray (no. 6 or no. 7);^ rest of under parts lemon yellow, moreor less tinged with olive, especially on sides, the flanks light yellowisholive, the under tail-coverts dull whitish with pale grayish concealedbases; under wing-coverts white, the edge of wing pale yellow; billblackish, the mandible usually more or less brownish basally; legs andfeet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 79.2-98.3 (90.4);wing, 51.3-59.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-36.1 (31.8); exposed culmen, 11.7-14(13.2); tarsus, 15.7-17.3 (16.3); miadle toe, 10.4-11.7 (10.9).*
' Two specimens.'One specimen.
'Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, pi. 2.
* Twenty-three specimens. Unfortunately so few of these have the sex determinedthat I am not able to give measurements of the sexes separately.Average measurements according to locality are as follows:
Locality. Wing.
410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Young.?Above plain olivo, darker on pileuni, paler posteriorly, thelower rump pale yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowi.sh; an indis-tinct superciliary stripe of pale yellowish olive; under parts, includingthroat, olive-yellow, paler on lower abdomen and under tail-coverts, thelatter inclining to pale bufl'y.Southern Mexico (States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, etc.) through Cen-tral America and Pacific coast of northern South America to Ecuador. ^Certhlola mexicana Sclater, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lond., 1856, 286 (s. Mexico)-; 1859,364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,54 (Jalapa; Clioctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 38, part(Jalapa; Choctuin; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Cordillera del Chucu,Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R. ; Gorgona I., Bogotaand INIedellin, Colombia; Quito, Intaj, and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 352 (Choctum, Guatemala); (?) Novit. Zool., ii, 1895, 4(Cajamaica, etc., Peru, 5,500-9,200 ft.).?CassIxV, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1864, 271 (monogr. ).
?
Sclatkr and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,349 (Panama R. R. ); 1879, 497 (Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Turrialba and Atenas, Costa Rica).
?
Frantzius,Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).?Scndevall, aZh. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockholm, 1869, 622, 623 (monogr.).
?
Finsch, Verb. K. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.Wien, 1871, 772 (monogr.)
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1883, 250, part.
?
Berlepsch and Taczaxowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1883, 543 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).?Berlepsch, Journ. furOrn., 1884,288 (Bu('aramanga, Colombia).[Certhiola'] tne.cicana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1500.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
?
Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridii-way's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.Clcrthiola] mexicana Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 480.[CcrtJtiolit itiexicnnu} a. mexicana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 27,28 (diagnosis; synonymy).Co'Tehd mexicana Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Ricui, i, 1887, 108 (Naranjo deCartago; Volcaii de Barba). Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,488 (Greytown, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica).
?
Bangs, Proc. New^Engl.Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).Cliereha} mexicand Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 41.
?
Ridgway, Man. N. Am.Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 480.Certhiola luleola (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 38(Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 452 (Ecuador); 1860, 83, 292 (do.); Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 53, part (Nanegal and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; Bogota, Colom-})ia).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 291 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865,175 (David, Chiriqui).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (David,Chiri(jui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba and Cordillera del Chuca, Veragua).? (?) Scl.\-TER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 260 (upper and lower Ucayalije. Peru).ICerthiohi] luleola Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1499 (Ecuador).
' I have not seen specimens from western Ecuador, but several authorities agree inconsidering them not separable from true C. mexicana. I have not been able tosubstantiate, by recent careful comparison, alleged differences l^etween Colombianexamples and those from southern Mexico, (Guatemala, etc.^Type locality i)robably Cordova, Vera Cruz.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 411
Certhiola columhiana Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., xiii, Nov., 1865 (pub. Jan., 1866),412 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
?
Sundevall, CEiv. k. Vet.-Ak.Forh. Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr.)?SALVADORiand Festa, Boll- Mus. Zool.,etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 13 (Gualea, Forestedel Peripa, etc., w. Ecua-dor; crit.).\_Certkiola'] columhiana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1507.Certhiola mexicana cohirnhiana Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxii, April, 1884,276 ( Bucaramanga, Coloml)ia).[Certhiola mexicanal /3. columhiana Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20,1885, 27, 29 (diagnosis; synonymy).C[oereha} mexicana columhiana Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 41.CCEREBA BANANIVORA (Gmelin).HAITIAN BANANAQtriT.Similar to C. mexicana^ but throat decided!}^ darker, rump clear yel-low (abruptly defined anteriorly), white wing-spot much larger, andbill much smaller.Adult {sexes alike).?Pileum dark sooty brown (clove brown or verydark sepia); rest of upper parts (except rump) similar but more orless distinctly paler; lower rump canary yellow, forming an abruptlydefined broad band or transverse patch; a white patch at base of fouror five primaries next to the outermost; inner webs of lateral rectricesmore or less broadly tipped with white (this sometimes 6.8 in extenton outermost rectrix); a white superciliary stripe, extending fromnostril to end of auricidar region; loral, suborbital, and auricularregions dark soot}' brown, like pileum; malar region, chin, and throatuniform mouse gray or brownish slate-gray; chest, breast, and upperabdomen lemon or gamboge yellow, changing on fianks into yellowisholive-gray and on lower abdomen into pale 3'ellow, the under tail-coverts white or 3'ellowish white, with basal (concealed) portionsbrownish gray; bill blackish; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horncolor.Young.?Above plain brownish olive, including pileum and rump,the latter scarcel}^, if at all, tinged with yellow; superciliary stripenarrow and indistinct, pale dirty yellowish instead of white; underparts, including throat, pale dull yellowish, more or less tinged witholive, especially on chest, sides, and flanks, deepest on the first; breastand abdomen more or less tinged or mixed with brighter yellow.Adult wale.?Length (skin), 95.5; wing, 57.3; tail, 30.3; exposedculmen, 12.2; tarsus, 10.5; middle toe, 10.2.'Adult female.?Im\^ih (skins), 92.7-96.5 (94.7); wing, 53.6-56.1(55.1); tail, 31.5-35.6 (33.5); exposed culmen, 11.9; tarsus, 15.2-16.8(16); middle toe, 10.2-11.2 (10.7).'Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
^ One specimen. '' Two specimens.
412 BT^LLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.[Mutacilla'] bmumirora Ciyiiu.iy, 8yst. Nat. i, pt. ii, 1788, 951 (St. Domingo; basedon Bananistf Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 3H2; Banana Wa rl>ler Ij^tham, Synop.Birds, ii, pt. ii, 498).Certliiola hananirora Brva.vt, Proc. Bont. Soc. N. II.,xi, 1865, 95(Santo Domingo).
?
RuxiWAY, Pror. U. S. Nat. Miis., viii, 1885, 30 (synonymy).
?
Cory, BirdsHaiti and San Dom., 1885, 41, pi. [21] fig. 1; List Birds W. I., 1885, 9; Auk,iii, 1886, 49; Birds W. I., 1889, 63.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,40 (Samana, Santo Domingo).{Certhiola'] hananivora Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611 (monogr. ) ; in Baird, Brewer,and Ridgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.C[ert]ii(jki] hananivura Ridgavay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).C?reba hananivora Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 38; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116,131.?Cheerie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12.Certhiola clusix Hartlaub, Naumannia, ii, Heft. 2, 1852, 56 {nomen nudum;ex Herz von Wurtemburg, manuscript).
?
Finsch, Verli. k. k. zool.-bot.Gesellsch. Wien, xxi, 1871, 771 (monogr.).\^Certhiola\ clusix Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.Certhiola ducix Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151.Certhia luteola var. B. Bechstein, Lath. Ueb., i, 1793, 602 (based on BananisteBuffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 332).Certhiola ? Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 2.33 (Haiti).CCEREBA PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).PORTO RICAN BANANAaUIT.Similar to C. hanaiihyrra,, but larger; upper part.s darker and lessbrownish; throat clearer slate-gray; white tips to inner webs of lateralrectrices much larger, and white wing-patch more truncated posteriorly.Adults {sexes alike).?Above plain sooty blackish or very dark sootyolive, the rump (abruptly) canary yellow, sometimes tinged with olive;a white patch at base of four or live primaries next to the outermost;inner webs of lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white, this 7.6-11.4in extent on outermost rectrix (on which the white sometimes involvesthe corresponding part of. outer web also); a conspicuous white super-ciliary stripe, extending from near nostril to end of auricular region;loral, suborbital, and auricular regions sooty blackish, like pileum,etc.; malar region (except anterior point, which is blackish), chin andthroat uniform clear slate-gra}"; chest, breast, and upper abdomenlemon yellow, fading into pale yellow on lower abdomen, the undertail-coverts white, or yellowish white, with basal (concealed) portionslate-gra}'; flanks yellowish gray, or light grayish olive tmged withyellow; bill black, the basal portion of mandible sometimes brownish;legs and feet dusky or grayish black (in dried skins).Young.?Above plain olive, the rimip paler and tinged with brownishyellow; primaries and rectrices marked with white as in adults; super-ciliary stripe indistinct, mixed 3'ellowish and light olive; malar region,chin, and throat olive-yellowish indistinctly flecked with olive; rest ofunder parts olive-yellow, brightest on chest, paler and more olivaceousposteriorly, the luider tail-coverts pale yellowish with basal (concealed)portion deep brownish gray.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 413Adult male.?LQngth. (skins), 99.6-124.7 (107.2); wing, 54.1-61.5(58.9); tail, 35.8-41.9 (39.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15 (14); tarsus,15.7-17.8 (17); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).^Adultfemale.?IjQngth. (skins), 96.3-105.2 (100.3); wing, 53.6-55.9(54.9); tail, 35.1-37.6 (36.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15 (14); tarsus,16-17.5 (16.8); middle toe, 9.7-11.2 (10.4)."^Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Anegada, Tortola, VirginGorda, St. Thomas, and St. Johns, Greater Antilles.''Ccereba flaveola (not Cerihia Jlaveola Linn?eus) Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 611,part (Porto Rico)
.
Nectarinia flaveola Moritz, Wiegmann's Arcbiv. fiir Naturg., ii, 1836, 387.Certhiola flaveola SchATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54, part (St. Thomas).
?
Cassin,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271 (St. Thomas).?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 166(Porto Rico).Certhiola (from St. Thomas) Newton, Ibis, 1859, 68.Certhiola flaveola. Var. poriorlrensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, Jan.,1866, 252 (Porto Rico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Jonrn. fiir Orn., 1866, 185.?Newton, Zool. Rec, 1866, 88.Certhiola portoricensis Sundevall, CEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 598, 622(monogr. ).
?
Finsch, Verb. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 760(monogr.).?GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 179(do.); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 216 (do.).?Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas); viii, 1885, 29 (synonymy).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 48 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas); Birds W. I., 1889, 62(do.).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 41 (Porto Rico).iCerthiokC] portoricensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16 (PortoRico; St. Thomas).?Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611 (Porto Rico; St.Thomas); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427 (do.).?Cory, List Birds W. I.,1885, 9 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas).Clerthiola] portoricensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Coereba portoricensis Cory, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 347 (St. Thomas), 375 (Tortola;Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 38 (Porto Rico; Culebra; Anegada; Tortola; Vir-gin Gorda; St. Thomas; St. John); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116 (do.).
^ Twelve specimens.
^ Eight specimens.Specimens from different islands average as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Six adult males from Porto Rico .Six adult males from ViequesOne adult male from St. JohnsFEMALES.Six aduJt females from Porto Rico.Two adult females from Vieques. .
.
One adult female from St. Johns . .SEX UNDETERMINED.Five adults from St. Thomas
Wing. Tail. Exposed ^^^^^^_ Jliddle
59.458.759.4
55.155.152.8
38.
1
40.140.1
36.136.133.8
culmen
14.21414
14.213.213.7
17.516.818
16.816.316.5
11.211.211.9
10.410.411.2
' Only specimens from Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, and St. Johns seen by me.
414 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Certhiola sti. thomae Sundevall, CEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. Fijrli. Stockh., 1860, (>21 (St.Thomas).Certhiola sancti-thomx Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 28(St. Thomas, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am.Birds, xi, 1886, 42.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 48; Birds W. I., 1889, 62.CCEREBA FLAVEOLA (Linnaeus).JAHAIGAN BANANAQTTIT.Similar to C. i^ortaHcensis^ })ut throat much darker, white wing-patchmuch larger and continued along edges of primaries, breast duller(more brownish) yellow, and color of back, etc., still blacker.Adults {sexes alike).?Upper parts (except rump) black or sootyblack; rump (abruptly) clear lemon yellow; a large white patch at baseof five or six outermost primaries, the white extending for a consider-able distance along edges of the quills; lateral rcctrices veiy broadlytipped with white (on both webs), the white 7.6-12.7 in extent on out-ermost rectrix; a broad superciliary stripe of white, extending fromnostril to end of auricular region; loral, suborbital and auricularregions black; malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest blackishslate; breast brownish 3'ellow or wax yellow, the rest of under partslemon yellow, becoming paler posteriorly, the under tail-coverts whiteor yellowish white, with basal (concealed) portion slaty; bill black,usuall}" becoming somewhat horn colored basalh^; legs and feet dusky(in dried skins).Adult male.?henfrth (skins), 93-99.3 (95.8); wing, 54.4-57.4 (56.1);tail, 33.3-37.8 (35.8); exposed culmen, 11.9-13.5 (12.4); tarsus, 16-16.5(16.3); middle toe, 9.7-10.9 (10.4).^Adult female.?Length (skin), 100.6; wing, 59.9; tail, 38.1; exposedculmen, 12.7; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 9.9.^Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.\_Certhia'] flareola Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 119 (based on Lusdnias.PhUontela efusco et luteo raria Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 307, pi. 259, fig. 3;Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iii, pi. 122, up. fig.; Black and Yellow CreeperEdwards, Gleanings, pi. 362, fig. 3); ed. 12, i, 1766, 187 (excl. var. ft).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479 (excl. vars. (i, y).?Latham, Index Orn.,i, 1790, 297 (excl. var.).
?
Bechstein, Lath. Uebers., iv, 1793, 188 (excl.var. )
.
[Certhia Jiaveola^ ft Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479, part.[C'(?r</(/a] flareola Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 297, part; Gen. Hist. Birds, iv,1822, 283 (excl. vars. ft, y, and S).Cerihia flareola Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, 39.Coereba flareola Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 70; Enc. MOth., ii, 1823, 611,(excl. var., part).?Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 38.
?
Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 339(crit.).C[ertMula] flareola Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102, part.
' Four specimens. ''One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 415
Certhiola flaveola Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 84; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi.16.
?
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259.?Reichenbach, Handb.,ii, 1853, 250, pi. 561, fig. 3823.?Burmeistee, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856,156.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54,part (Jamaica); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 43.
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiir.Orn., 1862, 196.?March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.?Cassin,Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271.?Newton, Zool. Record, 1864, 76.?Cabanis, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1865, 412.
?
Sundevall, CEfv. k. Vet.-Ak. F()rh.Stockh., 1869, 621 (monogr.).
?
Finsch, Verb. k. k. zooI.Tbot. Gessellsch.Wien, 1871, 7.56 (monogr.).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30(synonymy).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 50; Birds W. I., 1889, 64.\_Certhiola] flaveola TioT^AVAKiE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 402, part.
?
Gray, Hand-li.st,i, 1869, 120, no. 1497.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.?Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 610; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.?Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.C[erlhiola^ flaveola Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103
?
Ridgway,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Coerebaflamola Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 130.CCEREBA SACCHARINA (Lawrence).
ST.VINCENT BANANAQUIT.Similar to C. luteola but back, etc., dusky brownish slate instead ofblack, rump light yellowish olive or olive-yellowish instead of clearlemon yellow, white superciliary stripe much broader (especiallyanteriorly), and throat dark slate or blackish slate instead of slate-gray.Adult {sexes alike).?Pileum uniform soot}' black, margined on eachside by a broad superciliary stripe of pure white, extending fromnostril to sides of occiput; rest of upper parts plain dusky brownishslate, the rump light yellowish olive or olive-yellowish (as in C. chloro-jpyga)\ a white spot at base of longer primaries; inner webs of threeoutermost rectrices broadl}" tipped with white (about 5.8-7.1 in extenton lateral rectrix); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and sides ofneck sooty black, like pileum; malar region, chin, and throat uniformdark slate or blackish slate; rest of under parts lemon yellow, more orless tinged with olive, especially on sides, the Hanks yellowish olive-gray, the under tail-coverts dull white; axillars and under wing-covertsdull white; bill black; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried skins).Adultfemale.?l^QwgWx (skins), 102.1-115.3 (108.7); wing, 55.6-56.6(56.1); tail, 34.3-34.8 (31.5); exposed culmen, 12.2-13.5 (12.7); tarsus,17.8; middle toe, 10.9-11.2. ^Islands of St. Vincent and Grenada,-^ Lesser Antilles.
^Two specimens; one from St. Vincent, the other from Grenada.2 With only a single specimen each from St. Vincent and Grenada, I am not ableto judge whether the birds from the two islands really differ or not. Both specimensare marked "9," but that from St. Vincent with an interrogation point. The
416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Certhiola saccharina Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June, 1878, 151 (St. Vin-cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,190, 487 (St. Vincent).?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30,(synonymy; St. Vincent; "Grenada").
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 50 (St. Vin-cent; "Grenada"); Birds W. I., 1889, 64 (do.).?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus.,xi, 1886, 42 (St. Vincent; "Grenada").?Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,ix, 1886, 613 (not in Grenada, but on islands immediately northward?He deRhonde, Carriacou, etc.).C[erthiola'] saccharina Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis),{^Certhiola'] saccharina Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.Ccereba saccharina Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 39 (St. Vincent); Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 17, 116, 134 (do.).CCEREBA NEWTONI (Baird).ST. CROIX BANANAQUIT.Similar to C. Jlaveola^ but white wing-patch truncated posteriorly,yellow of rump tinged with olive, and tarsus longer and stouter.This form I have not seen. According to a manuscript descriptionof Professor Baird's, it ''has a tinge of o(^hraceous in the yellow ofthe breast, as in the Jamaican bird \^C.jiaveolct\^ and like it the throat,though rather lighter, is so dark as not to present an}^ contrast withthe black of the cheeks. The rump is more olivaceous-green, notyellow. The white patch at base of primaries is quadrate, as in theSt. Thomas bird [C portoricetisis]^ without involving the outer webs.'The legs are stouter than in either, the tarsus decidedly longer (17.8 insix specimens). In one specimen the white of superciliary stripe isconfluent across the forehead, but not in the others. Young specimenshave this stripe yellow, white behind, the throat feathei's edged witholivaceous-green.
"
Professor Baird gives the measurements of No. 39380, male adult(no longer to be found in the National Museum collection), as follows:Length (skin), 109.2; wing, 63.5; tail, 14.5;^ exposed culmen, 16.8;tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 9.9.measurements differ somewhat, as may be seen below, though not more than dospecimens of one form, in other cases, from the same island. In coloration they areclosely alike except the back and wings, which in the St. Vincent specimen areblacker and less Ijrown than in the Grenada example. The latter is clearly not C.luteola, the only yellow-breasted species accredited to Grenada by Mr. Cory, and ifnot C saccharina is unquestionably most nearly related to the latter form.The two specimens compare in measurements as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41 7IsUuid of 8t. Croix, Greater Antille.s.('frill ioldjlareold (not Certliia flavi'ola Linnreus) Newton (A. and E. ), Ibis, 1859, 67,1)1. 12, fig. 3, egg (St. Croix).
?
Sci.atek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54, part (8t.Croix).?ScNDEVALL, (Efv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 623, part (St.Croix).\_('ertliii)l<i~\ iiiiiitmi Baikd, Am. \at., vii, Oct., 1873, 61 1 (St. Croix, Greater Antil-les; eoll. U. S. Nat. Mas.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 427.?Coky, ListBirds West Indies, 1885, 9.Cniliiolct neirtmii Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,508.?RiDGWAV, Prof. U. S.Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30 (synonymy).
?
Sci.ater,
~ Cat. Birds Br t. Mns., xi, 18S6, 43.?Cory, Ank, iii, 1886, 51; Birds W. I.,1889, 65.("[ertJilolal newtoid HiDiiw.w, Vrm-. V. S. Nat. Mns.,viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Carebd newtoni Cory, Ank, viii, Jan., 1891, 39, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17,116, 132.('erllilola bartolemicn (not Cerlliia lidrtolenurd Sj)arrmann) Fixscn, Verh. k. k.zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 763, part (St. Croix).[CW"//((ote] 6ariofem(V'aScLATER and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16, i)art (St.Croix).[('ertliiobi'] h'lrtliokinira Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9, [)art (St. Croix).CCEREBA DOMINICANA (Taylor).DOMINICAN BANANAaUIT.Similar to V. jxn-torlcensi^^ but tliroat nuu-h darker (imirh as in C.jlaocola):, yellow rump-patch absent, the lower rump heino- merelytinged with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellokwish; white wing-spotobsolete or altogether wanting; genei'al color of upper parts not sodark (on average), and white superciliary stripe narrower.Adults {ntxcn alike).?Upper parts plain sooty olive, nearly- black onpileum, the back, etc., sometimes inclining to sooty slate, the lowerrump more or less strongly tinged with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowdsh, but without a well-defined patch of this color; base ofprimaries without any white patch, or with a very minute one, thewhite barely showing beyond tips of primary coverts; inner webs oflateral rectrices ))roadly tipped with white, this 6.3-10.2 long on outer-most rectrix; a rather narrow superciliary stripe of white (partlyyellow in yoimger birds) extending from sides of forehead to end ofauricular region, the forehead also sometimes white or gra3"ish;^ loral,suborbital, and auricular regions sooty blackish; malar region, chin,and throat uniform slate color; rest of under parts lemon yellow,becoming paler and duller posteriorly, the under tail-coverts whitish,the Hanks light olive-gra3ish tinged with j^ellow; bill black; legs andfeet dusky horn color (in dried skins).Adult male.?ljengi\i (skins), 103.6-121.4 (113.8); wing, 55.4-63.2(58.9); tail, 38.1-42.7 (40.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus,17.3-19.8 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-12.2 (11.4).'=
^The superciliary stripe sometimes becomes obsolete anteriorly.
^ Nine specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 27
418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adt(/tfe//ia/e.~hGno;th (skin.s), 105.4-121.1) (112); Aving, o8.N-58.4(56.9); tail, 3S. 1-10.1 (au.i); expo.sed culmoii, lH.2-14 (13.5); tarsu.s,16.8-18.3(17); middle toe, 10.7-12.4(11.4).'Islands of Doniijiica, Guadeloupe, Nevis, Harhuda, and Antinua(also Ano-uilla, Marie Galante, Dcsirade, St. Christo})li(M-. and Mont-serrate-), Lesser Antilles.(Vrlliinlii <li>iiiiinc<iii>t T\\\AMi, Il)i8, 1st t^er. , vi, Apr., lSt)4, Ui? ( nomiiiica, Les.serAntilli's; coll. V. L. Sclater).
?
Newtdn, Zool. Kec, LSH4, 76.
?
Scndevali,,(Kfv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fijrh. Stockh., 1869, 623 (inonogr. ).? FiNsrii, Verh. k. k.zool.-t)i)t. (lesellsch. Wien, 1871, 787 (nioiio^r. ).
?
L.vwkexck, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 56 (Dominica; dc-cr. nest and eggs), 2.'W (Antigua), 2:5!)(Barl)uda); i, 1879, 455 (Guadeloupe; crit. ).
?
Sclateh, Proc. Zool. 8oc.Lond., 1879, 765 (Montserrat); 1889, 326 (Dominica) ; Cat. Birds Brit. .Mas.,xi, 1886, 44, pi. 5, tig. 2 (Dominica; INIontserrat; Antigua; Barbuda).
?
Gris-i)Ai.E, Ibis, 1882, 486 (Montserrat).? RnK;\\-AY, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,1885, 30 (synonymy).?CoKY, Auk, iii, 1886, 51; Birds W. I., 1889, 65.[CcW/t/o/a] (loininicdnaGRXY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1505.?ScLATERandSAi.viN,Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.?Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 612 (monogr.); inHist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.?Coky, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.( '[irtliiold] dominicana Riikiway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).CaTc'ha d())nhiicana Coky, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 374 ( Anegada); viii, 1891, 39, j)art(Dominica; Marie Cialante; Desirade; IJarbuda; St. Christopher; Saba), 47(.Vntigua), 48 (St. Christopher), 49 (Guadeloupe).r[(( /?(/?/] iltnnhiinnia Eeklepsch, Jourii. fur (^rn., 1892, 78, 79, 80, in text.[('rrlhiola'] fntiil'ill.^ Baird, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 612 (Antigua, LesserAntilles; coll. V. 8- Nat. Mus.); ni Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.Certliioln fvt)iit(dix Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N.Am. Birds, iii, 1874,508.Cerlhiold xuiidevnUi RiixavAV, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 26 (Gua-deloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mas.).
?
8clater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 44 (Dominica; GuadeloU|)e).Oereha hartolemU'a (not Ccrthia barloleinica Sparrmaun) Cory, Cat. W. L Birds,1892, 17, 154, part.
' Four specimens.
''Mr. Cory (Cat. \V. 1. Birds, 1892, 155) names these islands as inhahite?l by wiiathe calls C. Ixirlokinlca, but since he considers C. doinJuicann a synonym of that form1 can not, in the a))sence of specimens, be sure as to which they should be referred.Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows:
Locality.
MAI.K.S.Five adult ma ks In nil DoiiiiniuaTwo iniult iiuilfs from Giiiideloiipi'Olio adult male from Novist)iu' adult ina'i" Innu I5arbudaKEMAl.KS.Tlircr aduU I'cmak's I'nini DuniiiiicaOiiradull frmaii' fnim Harbuda
si:.\ NOT iii;ti;kminki).Four adults (oir- fcmak') from .\iitigiia..
Wing.
58.7f.l00.2
.')7. y
.>!. S
Tail. Ex-iw.sedculmen.
40.438.442.738.0
3'J.38. 1
13.713.51514
13..i13.2
Tarsu.s.
18.
5
17.818.518
17.310.8
Middletoe.
11.411.711.411.2
11.710.7
BIRDS OF ISORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 419
Ccerelxi hartliolemica Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, IIH, part (St. Christopher;Nevis; Barbuda; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica).CCEREBA BARTOLEMICA (Sparrmann).
ST. BARTHOLOMEW BANANAftUIT.Similar to O. domhncava^ but white vs^ing-spot always (?) presentand distinct, white superciliary stripe not extending- anterior to eye,and size averaging larger.Adidt y;/?A/.?Length (skins), 105.7-122.9 (114.8); wing, 56.1-61.5(59.2); tail, 38.4-44.2 (41.4); exposed culmen, 13.7-15 (14.2); tarsus,17.8-18.5 (18); middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).'Adult ftniiale.?Length (skin), 101.1; wing, 51.6; tail, 36.3; tarsus,17.3; middle toe, 11.4."^Islands of St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius, Anguilla and Saba, LesserAntilles.CerUiia hartolemica Sparrmann, Mus. Carls., fasc. iii, 1788, pi. 57 (St. Bartholo-mew, Lesser Antilles; coll. Carlson Mus.).
?
Bechstein, Lath. Uebers., i,1793, 611.Certhiola Ixtrlolemica Rkichenbach, Handb., ii, 1853, 253.
?
Sundevall, Krit.Fram. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl., Bd. 2, no. 3, 1857, 10; (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., 1869, 622 (monogr. ).
?
Finsch, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.Wien, 1871, 763 (monogr.).
?
Sclatek, Proc. Zooi. Sue. Lond., 1892, 499(Anguilla).Certhiola hartholemka Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30 (references).
?
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 50; Birds W. I., 1889, 64.?Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886,42.\^Certhiola'\ 6ar<o/t'//(/r"a Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.Cceri'ba bartnlemica Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 39, 46 (Anguilla); Cat. W. I. Birds,181(2, 17, 154, part (St. Bartholomew).\^<_'nihi(i!((] Ixirtholemicn Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 611; in Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 428.?Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 9.C[cr(hlol(i~\ harllKjlonira RireiWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Carebd bartholemica Cory, t'at. W. I. Birds, 1892, 116, part (St. Bartholomew).C[erthia'] flaveola Bechstein, Lath. Uebers., iv, 1811, 188, part (variety c).{^CerUda flaveola'} var. C. Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, iv, 1824, 284.Carebajtart'olct. {not Cerllrin Jiaveoln Linmeus) Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823,611,part (St. Bartholomew).C'lcrthiolo] Jfareola Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102, jiart.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 402, part.
' Four specimens.^One specimen.Specimens from different islands average in measurements as follows:
Locality.
420 BULLETIN 50, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CCEREBA BARBADENSIS (Baird).BARBADOS BANANAftUIT.AdaJtx {.se.rcs alil-e).?Above dark sooty slate color, darkest onpileiim, the l)ack more brownish shitc; lower rump \\^\\t yellowish-olive or olive-yellowish; secondaries narrowly margined at ends withpale orayish oi- dull grayish white; no white s[)otat base of primaries;lateral rectrices bioadly tipped with white on both wel)s, the whiteon outermost rectrix about 7.<)-8.!> in extent; a white or pale yellowsuperciliary stripe, broadest anteriorly (on sides of forehead); sides ofhead below this stripe, sides of neck, chin. up})er throat, and sides oflower throat sooty blackish, like pileum; an indistinct rictal streakof grayish; median portion of lower throat white or yellowish white;rest of under })arts lemon or gaml)oge yellow, becoming paler andduller posteriorly, the Hanks pale yellowish gray or olive, the lowerabdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white or yellowish white;bill blackish with tumid rictus pale brow^iish (flesh color in life^);legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 93-96 (94.2); wing,55.6-.59.4 (57.7); tail, 36.6-40.4 (38.6); exposed culnien, 12.2-12.7(12.4); tarsus, 17.8-18.3 (18); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).'Y(>un<i.?Al)Ove plain grayish brown, including pileum and sides ofhead and neck, the middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tippedwith paler; superciliary stripe narrow, mostly yellow; sid(\s of throatdusky; rest of under parts, including median portion of throat, lightolive-yellow or dull canarv yellow, becoming paler posteriorly, theflanks tinged with light brownish olive.Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.\_Cerlhiuln'] harhadensis Baird, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 612 (Barliados, LesserAntilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428; iii,1874, 508.?CoKV, List Birds West Indies, 1885, i>.Certhiohffjdrhadensix Baird, Rkewer, and Riimiway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,508.?RiDc.wAY, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, MO (synonymy).
?
Sclatkr,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 46:?Curv, Auk, iii, 1886, 52; Birds WestLidies, 1889, 66.Clnihwht'] barbadensis Ridgway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Cicrcba barbadenms Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1801, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1802, 17,116, 134.C'larebal b(irb<idc)t,sis Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Oni., 18!?2, 78, 70, in text.Certhiola iiuirl'mkana (not of Reichenbach) Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Ix)nd.,1874, 174 (Barbados).CCEREBA UROPYGIALIS Berlepsch.CURASAO BANANAaXTIT.Similar to C h<rrh((den-six, but white throat-patch much larger,extending to median portion of upper throat or sometimes even tochin, and without yellowish tinge; superciliary stripe pure white,longer (terminating beyond or behind auricular region), equally broad
'Three specimens, with sex inidetermiiKMl.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 421throughout; lower I'unip more extensively mid :ihi-u])tly light 3'ellow-ish olive or olive-yellowish; gray rictiil streak less distinct, and sidesof throat, and chin, dark shite color instead of sooty black.Young.?Above plain l)rownish gray, the rump tinged with lightyellowish olive, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with palebutfy grayish; superciliary stripe l)right yellow, paler posteriori}'
:
sides of head and neck otherwise plain l)rownish gray, darker on lores,paler and tinged with yellowish from rictus backward; sides of throatdusky; rest of under parts, including a median throat-stripe extend-ing nearly to chin, canary yellow, fainth' tinged with pale olive later-ally, fading into l)ufi'y wdiite or pale bufi'y yellow on anal region andunder tail-coverts.Adult male.?Length, (skins), 95).()-104:.6 (102.1); wing, 00.7-61 (60.8);tail, 40.1-10.9(10.6); exposed culmcn, 12.1-11.2 (18..5); tarsus, 18.3-18.5(18.4); middle toe, ll.T-ll.l> (11.8).^Island of Cura(,'ao, Cari])bean Sea.Coerebn iirnpygialls BEKLi:rscii, Jonrn. fur Orn., xxxx, .Tan., 1892, 77 (Island ofCura(,'ao, Caribbean 8ea; cdII. E. Peters).
?
Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics,1895, 165 (Curasao).Cliereha] uropyglalh BEKLEPsrn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 79, 81, in text.C't'?'</( io?a species? Peters. Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 110 (Curarao).CCEREBA MARTINICANA ( Reichenbach)
.
MARTINiaXJE BANANAftTJIT.Similar to C. uropydiaViH.^ but white throat-patch much more sharplydefined, superciliary stripe shorter (scarcely reaching to end of auricu-lar region), malar region and sides of throat unifoi'm sooty l)lack, likeauricular region, pileum, etc.; no gra\' rictal streak, and with less ofolive-yellow on rump.Adults {sexes alih).?Above dark sooty slate, sometimes incliningto sooty blackish, especially on pileum, which is always pei'ceptil)lydarker than back; lower rump more or less tinged with light ^^ellowisholive or olive-yellowish, but without a distinct patch oi" band of thatcolor; wing-coverts usually slightly tipped with pale grayish; no whiteat base of primaries, but their outer webs narrowly edged with grayish;inner webs of lateral rectrices l)roadly tipped with white, this on outer-most rectrix about 6.3-8.9 in extent; a superciliary stripe of whiteor (in younger specimens?) yellow, extending from nostril to aboutend of auricular region, but becoming narrower posteriorly; sides ofhead, otherwise, and sides of neck, including sides of throat, uniformsooty black, like pileum; median portion of throat white or grayishwhite, forming a l)road, somewhat wedge-shaped, stripe; rest of underparts lemon yellow, paler and strongly tinged with olive on iianks, the
^ Two specimens.
422 BULLi:Ti]sr 50, united states national museum.
anal region and under tail-coverts whitish; bill black, with tumidrictus palo l)rownish (flesh color in lifo^); lej^s and feet, dusky horncolor (in dried skins).Adult mff7f^?Length (skins), 99.8-125 (117.1); wing, 5T.2-()2.2(59.4); tail, 37.8-44.5 (40.9); exposed culmen, 13-14.7 (13.7); tarsus,17.5-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 11.2-11.7 (11.4).'Adult female.?lj^i^gih (skins), 104.9-107.7 (10(3.4); wing, 56.1-57.4(56.9); tail, 37.6-40.1 (38.9); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.2 (13); tarsus,17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-11.7.'Islands of Martinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.[^Vertlda favfohi'] fi. Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 17(36, 187, part (citation ofCcrthid iiKtrtinicana sire saccharivora Brisson, Orn., iii, Oil, pi. 84, i\<t. 5).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 479.Nectariniaflareola, var. Swainson, Zool. lUuwtr., iii, 1822-2.'>, ]>1. 142 (excl. nyii.).Certhlola mart'micana Reichenbach, Ilandb. d. spec. Orn., i, 1853, 252, pi. 5fil,fig. 3824 (ex Brisson).?Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 271(monogr. ).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 412.
?
Sundevall, (JEfv. k.Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 624 (monogr.).
?
Finsch, Verb. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 788 (inonogr. ).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1871, 269 (Santa Lncia); 1889, 395 (Santa Lncia); Cat. Birds Brit. jNIus., xi,1886, 46 (^Martinique; Santa Lucia).
?
Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872,649 (Santa Lucia).?Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 354 (Mar-tinique; babits).
?
Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).RiDCJWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30 (synonymy).
?
Cory, Auk, iii,1886, 52; iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 66.[.Certhiola] marlinicana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
?
Baird,Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 612; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 428.?Cory, ListBirds West Indies, 1885, 9.Clerthiola'l )ii(n-tiiiic(nifi Ridc;way, Proc. LT. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28 (diagnosis).Ccereba miirfiiilcana Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, Feb. 5, 1890, 129 (SantaLucia; crit.) .? Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116(Martinique; Santa Lucia).C[(ereba^ rnartiiiicana Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 78, 79, 80, in text.Certhlola martinicensis Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, pi. 5, fig. 1.[Certhiola'] martinica iiRW, Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1504.Certhiola albigtda Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 259 (iNlartiniciue);Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 57.?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Martini(|ue).?Newton, Zool. Record, 1864, 76.
?
Sundevall, iVA\. k. Vet.-Ak. Finb.Stockb., 1869, 624 (monogr.).Certhiola Jlareola f (not Certhia flareola Linna'us) Newton, Ibis, 1862, 288 (Mar-tini(jue).Certhiola finsrhi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 25, 28(Dominica?, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Scl.\ter, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mu.s., xi, 1886, 47.CCEREBA ATRATA (Lawrence).BLACK BANANAQUIT.Adult male.?Entirely plain sooty black, tlie under parts slightlytinged with olive; bill black, the mandil)le more gra3'ish basally, thetumid rictus pale brownish (flesh color in life ?); legs and feet dusky
' Six specimens. '^ Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 423grayi>!b (in dried skins); length (skin), 127.5; wing, (14; tail, 42.7;exposed culmen, IG; tiirsus, lt?.6; middle to, 12.7.^Adult female.?Similar to the male, but smaller and more slatyblackish, with under parts more strongly glossed with olive; length(skin), 106.9; wing, 50.4; tail, 33.5; exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 18.8;middle toe, 10. 9.
^
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.(?) Dicmim aterrinmm Lessox, Traite d'Orn., i, 1831, 303 (locality unknown).
?
PucHERAN, Rev. Zool., 1846, 134 ("St. Thomas;" erit. ).?Hartlacb, Isis,1847, 611; Journ. fiirOrn., 18.55, 418.?Reichexbach, Handb., ii, 18,53, 243(see FiNSCH, Verb. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 762).Certhiola atrata Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, no. 5, June, 1878, 150 (St.Vincent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,1878, 190 (St. Vincent; habits).?Lister, Ibis, 1880, 40 (St. Vincent) .?Sal-viN and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 251, in text.?RincwAY,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 30, part (synonymy).?Cory, Auk, iii,1886, .53, part (do.) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 67, part (do.).?Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. ]Mu9., xi, 1886, 47, part (St. Vincent).Clerthiola'] atrata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28, part (diagnosis).C'wreba atrata Cory, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 134(St. Vincent). CCEREBA WELLSI Cory.WELLS' BANANAGUIT.Similar to C. abrtfa, but smaller, and adult male not so deep black.Adult male.?heugih (skins), 104.0-112.8 (10S.7); wing, 58.9-(^0.5(59.7); tail, 36.1-3(5.6 (36.3); exposed cidmen, 14-14.5 (14.2); tarsus,18.8; middle toe, 11.9.'Adidt fe7n ale. ?Ltength (before skinning), 114.3; wing, 53.3; tail,33.5; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 11.9.'Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.Certhiola atrata (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,269 (Grenada).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii. 1885, 30, part(Grenada).?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9, part (Grenada); Auk, iii,1886, 53, part (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 67, part (do.).?Sclater, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 47, part (Grenada) .?Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., ix, 1886, 612 (Grenada; habits; desc. nest and eggs).C'ltrthiola] atrata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 28, part.Certhiola vellsl Cory, Auk, vi, July, 1889, 219 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; coll.C. B. Cory).Canrha wellsi Cory, Auk, viii, .Tan., 1891, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 134.Genus GLOSSIPTILA Sclater.Neorms (not of Hodgson, 1844) Hartlaub, Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem., 1846, 8.(Type, iV. aerulni Hartlaub, = Tanagra ruficoUh Gmelin.)Glomptikt Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 269. (Type, Tanagra rvficoilisGmelin.
)
Euneornis Fitzinger, Sitz. ver. Wien Ak. Mett. Nat., xxi, A])th. 2, 1856, 316.(Type, Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin.
)
1 One specimen. '^ Two specimens.
424 BULLETIN ol>, ITNITED STATES^ NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ratlioi" stoutly built C<prel)ida', with elonii-ate-conical, sli<rhtly de-curved ])ill, rather louo' tarsus (nuich longer than conunissurc, aboutone-fourth as long- as wing) and plain coloration, the latter with neitherbright l)lue, green, yellow, nor Idack ((except on lores, etc.).Bill much shorter than head, elongate-conoid, with upper outlinedistinctly convex. l)ut lower outline iisarly straight; culmen straightand rather elevated l)asally, ])ut decidedly and regularly det-urved fromin front of nostrils; commissure slightly concave, though nearlystraight in middle portion; tip of maxilla acute; gonys sti"aig*ht,slightly ascending terminally, its l)ase foi-ming a slight angle; depthof bill at base ecjual to about half length of exposed cuIukmi, the basalwidth decidedly less; nostril mostly exposed. o})li([uely longitudinal(posterior end higher than anterior) in median portion of nasal fossa%with rather broad meml)rane both above and below. Rictal ))ristlesminute, very weak. Wing rather long, rather pointed (eighth, seventh,and sixth primaries longest, ninth a))out etjual to tifth); wing-tip al)oute(}ual to conmiissure. decidedly shorter than tarsus. Tail nmch siiortcrthan wing (decidedly shorter than distance from l)end of wing to tipof secondai'ies), even or very slightly emarginated. Tarsus nuichlonger than conunissurc, about one-fourth as long as wing, its scutellarather distinct; middle toe with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; basalphalanx of middle toe with at least halt its length free from inner toe.(JoJoration.?Adult male uniform dull gravish blue, with rufousthroat-patch; adult females and young olive-brownish above (thewings and tail more decidedly brown), under parts paler.Raiuje.? Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)GLOSSIPTILA RUFICOLLIS (Gmelin).ORANGEaUIT.Adult iiKili'. Throat deep cinnamon-ruFous; lores ajid antci'ior ])or-tion of malar region and chin, black; rest of plumage, including lowerpart of chin and extreme upper part of throat, plain dull gi-ayish l)lue;l)ill black; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); iiMigth (skins),127-13i>.T(i;^'2.S); wing, TO.6-71.9 (Tl.l); tail, 4S.8-51.1 (50.5); ex])osedculmen. 1P..2-14 (1;^>.T); tarsus, 1T-1S.;^> (17.5); middle toe, ll.!? 1;12(12.4).'Adult fcinalc.?Pileum and hincbuM-k plain olixaceous slate-gray orgrayish olive; rest of upper parts plain olive, becoming lirowner onwings and tail; under paits pale butfy grayish or olive-gray, veryfaintly streaked on throat and abdomen with ))ale butfy; bill bi-ownishblack or dusky; legs and f(M^t horn brownish (in dried sUins); l(>ngth(skins), 1;^4.5-12S (12(;.2); wing, ()5.5-(;7.l ((U>.3); tail, 4(i.5-4().7;exposed (udmen, i;)-13.2; tarsus, 18.8; middle toe, 13.2.^
' Folic s]K'citiK'iis. '^TwD sjiecinieiis.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 425Young male.?Similar to adult fcMiialo, hut toxturooi" plumage dif-ferent (much looser): color of head more olive, and sides and flanksmore brownish.Isliind of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.(?) [.l/o/oriZ/a] campentria Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, .S29 (based onAmcrinin Hedge Sprirroiv FAlwardi', Nat. Hist., iii, pi. 122, fig. 2).GlossnptUa eumpesiriit I.,rc.\s, Pro(!. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, Nov. 15, lS!t4, .SO], intext.[Tanagr(i'\ riifieoUix (Jmklin, 'Sy?t. Nat., i, i)t. ii, 1788, 894 (l)ase(l <in liiijnas-throiited Tanagrr Latham, Gen. Synop. Jlirds, ii, pt. i, 241).Tanagrella rnficolJiK Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 286; lilustr. I*>irds .fam., 1849,pi. 58.T[<magrelld] rufirollisihiAy, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 17.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 236.IPyrrhulngra] ruficoHi^ Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 49.'?, exel. S3'n.Glos^iptUa rvficoJUs Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 269 (monogr. ); 1861,73; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 54; Cat. Birds. Brit. Mns., xi, 1886, 48.?Albrecht,Journ. fiirOrn., 1862, 196.?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.?Baird, Review Am. r?irds, 1864, 163, fig. 1 (fig. of tongue).
?
Cory, Auk,iii, 1886, 54; Birds W. L, 1889, 68; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 117, 130.[r.7o.s.s'(^/(7o] ri/^ra?//.s ScLATER and Salvin, Noin. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
?
Cory,List Birds W. L, 1885, 9.fi'lIoKniptila] ?'H /?>(>///.'< Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.[Cerlhlola] rufcoUln Gra\', Hand-list, i, 1869, 120, no. 1510.Tadiyplioniis nifo-gularis h.\FiiESHWE, Rev. Zool., ix, Sept., 1846, 320.Neorniscaerulea Hartlath, Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem., 1846, 8 {nonien inuhnn).Family MNTOTILTID.E.THE WOOD WARBLERS.Slender-1)illed or flat-hilled " nine-primaried" acutiplantar Ose/nes^with neither the tertials nor hind claw elong-ated ' nor the tonofuedeeply cleft nor laciniate at tip.'Bill usually slender-conoidal, sometimes rather stout, rarely short-subulate; if slender-cuneate with acute tip, not strong-ly. if at all,decurved terminally, and tail not lono-er than distance fi'om bend ofwing to tips of secondaries;^ if depressed, with triangular verticalprofile, the rictal l)ristles strongly developed (reaching more thanhalfway to tip of hill), and tail rounded; if comparatively stout,decidedly compressed with culmen decidedly convex, the tip of maxillanot uncinate and without distinct subterminal tomial notch.* Tonguemoderately slender, with tip hut slightly bifid or fimbriate. Skullwith interpalatine process well developed; trans-palatine process short,bluntly angular; palatines not produced l)ackward over pterygoids.''
'To exclude Motacillidae.^To exclude Ccerebida;.^This last character to exclude species of Omirnxtniw, usually referred to theCterebida>, but not imj)robably belonging to the Mniotiltid;?\ (See under Cccrebidpe,on page 377.
)
*To exclude the "nine-primaried" Vireonidre.*See Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., xvii, 1894, 299-310.
42(> BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ill addition to the foniiis which arc usually referred to the Miiiotil-tidiv'^ it seems best to place here the following genera, withdrawnfrom ()th(M- oroiips: Cctihidea and Ateleodacnis^ (pro])al)ly also Coni-roxtntni), from the CcBrebidiv; I[einl!<j>l)}<ju><,^ from Tanagrida', andRliodlnocicldd^ from Mimida?. This transfer seems to he necessary inorder to render pos,si])le an^^thing like a satisfactory diagnosis of theiVIniotiltida% Ccerebidjv, and Tanagridi\% as separate groups. Theonly on(> of these regarding which there can be reasonable doubt isRliodhioricldd. This has hitherto l)een placed in either the Troglod}"-tida? or the Mimi(he; ])ut since it is a "nine-primaried " bird it can notbelong to either of these groups; and among the nine-primaried Oxeinesthere is no other group than the present one where it would not beconspicuously out of place. With this single exception the group is([iiite as natural as any other Oscine family (excepting, of course, thellinindinida'), although Certhidea is also to a degree aberrant; and,so far as I am al)le to see, is in no need of ""readjustment" so far asthe forms which have usually l)een referred to it are concerned.Nexertheless, Dr. Sharpe, in forecasting a "readjustment of thefamily*, which must inevitably take place some day," suggests that
^^ St'tojdtaga and its allies will prol)abl3' be considered to be Fh'catchers[Muscicapidaj] ratluM- than Warblers, JTelmivthophaga and Ilelmin-tliotherxx will very ])i'<)]?ably prove to ])e Wrens [Troglodytida^], Jcterhito ))e an a))errant Vireonine form, while GrarKdellKx will be placedwith the Tanagers." It is true that some of the genera mentionedrepresent very diverse types (though less diti'erentiated than the aber-rant genera RhodJnodvIda and (rrthj'dca), but that they are unquestion-ably all true Mniotiltidai is perfectly evident from a careful examinationof all the genera, which shows that S(,'f(>pha</a, Tldmlnthopliihi^ andJctcrki, representing three extremes of divergence, are so completelyconnected by intermediate forms that it is difficult to diagnose even sec-tions or minor groups to include the forms most closely related to thegenera in question. The position of Icteria in the Mniotiltidre hasmore than once lieen questioned; indeed it had not ))een referred tothis family at all until lsr)S. when Professor Raii'd formally placed ithen^* as sole i-epreseiitative of a group or section Irf,r/ea'. That hewas fully justiiied in doing so is quite certain, for. however unlikeother North American i\Iniotilti(he /cAvvV/ may seem, the extralimitalgenera ( 7i(n/ia'f/di/j)/'x nud (Jrtma fc/
/
k.s d\stuK't\y connect it with more
'See Sharpe, in Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, x, 1SS5, 225-439,638-653, pis. 9-12.^A section of the genus Ihirnis as given by Dr. Sclalor in Catalogue of the P>ini.s inthe British Museum, xi, 1886, 18-27 (species 10-14).
'A section of the gemu CliJoronjtliiffnii, as given by Dr. Sclater, Catalogue of theBirds in the British Museum, x, 18S6, 237-251 (species 16-32).*Rep. Pacific li. U. Surv., ix, 1858, 248.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 427typical forms, the fornior being-, indeed, a veiy near relative, its eloserelationship l)eino- shown even in the coloration.The Mniotdti<he are essentially?most of tiiem strictly? insectivo-rous l)irds, of active ha1)its. Most of them are arboreal, nestino- andfeeding' among the trees and rarely descending to the ground; some areterresti'ial. living much upon or near the ground, where they Avalk in thegraceful '"mincing" manner of a Wagtail oi Pipit, meanwhile tiltingthe body, as if upon a pivot, and oscillating the tail in the same char-actei-istic maimer. Most of tiiem are experi " flycatchers, " the Scto-pJuKpr notably so. Others creep about the truidvs and l)ranches oftrees as nimbly as a Nuthatch. The majority of them combine, invarious degi'ees, these several habits.As a rule the Mniotiltidic are birds of Ix^autiFul ])lumage, thoughtheir attractiveness in this respect consists in the tastefid arrangementor '"'pattern" of the colors rather than their ])rilliancy. Yellow is themost connnon and characteristic hue, though this is usually relievedby markings or areas of black, gray, olive-green, or white, usually bytwo or more of these colors; red is not unfrecjuent, grayish blue lesscommon, while pure blue, gi'cen, or purple are never present, and theplumage never glossy as it is in many CVerebidje and Tanagrida\\Miile few Mniotiltidii; are songsters of the first class, ^ many ofthem have attractive songs; l)ut perhaps the majority, at least amongthe North American species, are songsters of very ordinary or inferiormerit. Some of them' possess two songs of utterly different char-acter: a plain, monotonous repetition of sharp notes as the ordinarysong, and a rich, exul)erant warble, uttered on special occasions,sometimes entirely' replacing the former dui'ing the evening hours.
^
The group is peculiar to America, where it represents the S^ylviidajand Muscicapid;e of the Eastern Hemisphere. The latest authoi'ify onthe family ^ recognizes 158 species and subspecies l)elonging to 21genera; but if to these be added 32 speci(\s and -i genera transferredfrom the Coerebid*, Tanagrid^, and Mimidaj, as before noted, and
' This (listiiiction can, perhaps, be claimed for only one genus. RliorJivncirlihi ftrliis-taccd is said to he one of the sweetest songsters of western Mexico, its " \(iiii|)tuousand melodious notes" heing, according to the late Colonel Graysun, fully t'(]nai tothose of any species of Thrush.
'^Selnrus (lurocdpllhis and Proloiiotaria ritrea, for example.
?'* For further information concerning general characteristics of the Mnictiltidie seeCones, Birds of the Colorado Valley (1878), 199-202, and Ridgway, The Ornithologyof Illinois, i (1889), ll.'l, 114.
"Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | ofthe I British Museum. | ?- | Fringilliformes. Part I. | containing tiie families jDicfeidai, Hirundinida', Ampelidfe, | Mniotiltidfe, and Motacillidic. | By | H. BowdlerSharpe. | London | Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1885. |Pp. [i]-xin, 1-682, pis. i-xii. (Mniotiltidse on pp. 225-4;?, 6.38-65;j, pis. ix-xii.Constituting vol. x of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum.)
428 BULLETIN ")(), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
allowing- for forms .suhsociuontly doseribed and additional (??onoi'a whichit .seems desirable to recog"nize, 2()0 species and subspecies and odgenera may be considered a fair estimate.The iSIniotiltidie contain a larger proportion of monotypic generathan most Oscine families, nearly one-half of the genera being rep-resented by a single known species.^KKY TO THE (iEN'KHA OF MNIOTI LTin.K.
a. Outermost (ninth) primary, l)ut little, if any, shorter than seeondaries (usuallynuich longer); eighth primary muoli longer than tirst (ecjual to or longer thanthird); nostril longitudinal, with distinct supericn- membranous operculum.h. Tarsus less than half as long as tail, very mucli less than twice as long as mid-dle toe without claw. ( Mniotlltin.r.)e. Hallux longer than inner toe with claw, about equal to frontal length of tar-sus. {Mnh)tilt:i\ ) Mniotilta ( p. 431
)
cc. Hallux much shorter than inner toe with claw (about equal to inner toewithout claw), much shorter than frontal length of tarsus.d. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, sometimes f)l)solete; if distinct, much lessthan half as long as exposed culmen, and Ijill not dej)ressed, its basaldepth equal to or greater than its basal wi<lth.
e. Tail not longer than wing (usually much shorter); bill slender, its basaldepth not more than half the distance from nostril to tiji of maxilla./. Bill narrowly cuneate, with tip very acute and not distinctly, if at all,decurved, and without distinct, if any, tomial notch. {ITelivai.T.)(J. Rictal bristles obsolete.It. Larger (wing more than 63.5)./. Inner webs of rectrices without white; wings and tail plain olive orbrown; noi)ronounced yellow; nosubterminal notch to maxillarytoniinm; basal i)halanx of middle toe united to outer toe formuch less than its entire length, to inner toe for not more thanhalf its length.j. Bill mucli compressed, with culmen straight and conspicuouslyridged and elevated between nostrils; pileum plain brown.Helinaia (p. 43(3)jj. Bill moderately compressed, with culmen not conspicuouslyridged nor elevated between nostrils; pileum 5-striped (3 buffand 2 black stri pes ) Helmitheros ( [ >. 43S?"(. Inner webs of rectrices largely white; wings and tail bluish gray;under parts (whole head in adult male) yellow; maxillarytomium with slight subterminal notch; basal phalanx of middletoe imited for nearly entire length to outer toe, for more thanhalf its length to inner toe Protonotaria (p. 442)/(/(. Smaller (wing less than (}3.5?usually much less).V. Tail relatively shorter (difference between length of tail andlength of wingnearly, if not (|uite, i'<iual to oni'-fourth the K'ngthof the latter); throat not orange nor back black; if back olive-green, no white superciliary stripe nor chestnut spot on breast.Helminthophila (p.445)
' The monotypic genera belonging to North and ^Ii<ldle America are the following:Mtiiolilla, HeliiiaUi, Hehnlllieros, Proloiioho-ia, I'cucedratnus, C'atharopeza, Leucojicza,Mi(:r(jlitjea, Iderki, CardeUina, and Eutldiipis.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 429
(/. Tail relatively longer (difference between length of tail andlength of wing decidedly lehis than one-fourth the length of thelatter) ; throat orange and back black, or else back olive-green,a conspicuous white superciliary stripe, and a chestiuit s])ot incenter of yellow breast Oreothlypis (p. 475
)
(jg. Rictal bristles distini't, or at least obvious Compsothlypis ( p.478)ff. Bill not narrowly wedge-shaped with very acute tip, Imt slcnder-co-noidal or sulnilate, with tip of maxilla oljviously decurved; if ai)pr()x-iniately narrowly wedge-shaped with very acute tip, the maxillarytomium with distinct subterminal notch, and rictal bristles obvious.g. Kictal 1)ristles distinct; wing-tip longer than exposed cuhnen. {Den-(Iroicn:.
)
h. Bill subulate, of nearly uniform depth for most of its length; taildeeply emarginatc; a white spot at base of primaries togetherwith two white wing-i)ands Peucedramus (p. 4!)3)]il(. Bill slender-conoidal, taperinggradually to the tip; tail bntslightly,if at all, <emarginate; no white spot at base of primaries, or elseno white wing-bands.i. Tail more than two and a half times as long as tarsus; inner websof rectrices partly yellow or white, or else wing with white l>arsor upper parts streaked Dendroica ( p. 496)j. Tail not more than two and a half times as long as tarsus(usually much less); inner webs of rectrices without yellowor white (or if partly white the under parts dark slaty withwhite on al)domen and lower throat).it. Outermost (ninth) jn-imary shorter than fifth; wing-tipshorter than coumiissure; upper parts {)lain sooty blackish,under parts slate-color with white on lower throat andal)domen; inner wel)S of lateral rectrices with a white ter-minal spot Catharopeza (p. 619)kk. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than fifth; wing-tipequal to or longer than commissure; upper parts plainolive-green, olive, or olive-grayish, the head sometimesgray or gray and black; under parts of body yellow, oi'conspicuously streaked with dusky on a white or verypale yellow ground; inner webs of lateral rectrices with-out white terminal spot.
I. Tail rounded; under parts yellow, without streaks, thethi-oat and chest sometimes gray or gray and black.Oporornis (j). 621)//. Tail even or slightly emarginate; under parts whitish orvery pale yellow, conspicuously streaked with dusky.Seiurus (p. 634)gg. Rictal bristles obsolete; wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen.( (Jeotldgpav. )//. Commissure equal to or longer than middle toe with claw.i. INIaxilla strongly curved; ninth primary shorter than first; tailslightly doulile-rounded or nearly even, the rectrices narrow,firm, with broad and rounded tip; under parts i)artly yellow.Teretistris (p. ()<S4)17. Maxilla straight; ninth primary longer than first; tail nmchrounded, the rectrices broad and rather soft, with tips sub-acuminate; no yellow Leucopeza (p. 650)/(//. Commissure shorter than middle toe with claw
.
430 BULLETIN lO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
/. .Middle toe, without claw, decidedly shorter than conimissiire;liasal j)halanx of middle toe united for nearly its entire lennjthto outer toe; under parts gray, becoming wiiitish medially; no
1 )lack on liead Microligea ( [>. tio !
)
//. iSIiddle toe, without claw, equal to or longer than c(jmmis:sure;basal phalanx of middle toe united for much less than itsentire length to outer toe; under parts yellow; forehead andsides of head (at least partly) Idack in achilt males.Geothlypis (p. ()53)ee. Tail longer than wing, or else {(Iriiuatclhix, part) bill stout, with culmenarched; bill stout, its basal depth e(iual to more than half the distancefrom nostril to tip of maxilla, the I'ulmen strongly convex. {IeUrI;v.)f. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; basal phalanx of middletiic luiitcil for only half its length to outer toe; mandilile not deeperthan ma.xilla; under parts partly yellow, without any red; u])perparts olive-greenisli, without pure gray or bluish gray (except some-times on crown).g. Smaller (wing not more than 63.5) ; tarsus much more than onc-tiiirdas long as wing; tail nuich rounded or graduated, with rectricesacuminateor subacuminate at tips; maxillary tomium with distinctsul)terminal notch Chamaethlypis (p. (iSI))gg. Larger ( wing more than 69.8) ; tarsusnotmore than one-third as longas wing; tail slightly roumled, with rectrices obtuse or rounded attips; maxillary tomium without subterminal notcli. .Icteria (p. 691ff. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than third; basal i)halanx of mid-dle toe united fpr nearly its entire length to outer toe; mandibledeeper than maxilla; under parts partly red, without any yellow;upper parts bluish gray or l)rownish Granatellus (p. 697)dd. Kictal l)ristles conspicuous, half as long as exposed culmen (usually muclimore); bill dei)ressed, its basal width exceeding its basal depth, or elsevery short (exposed culmen not longer than middle toe without claw).(Set(ip]iag:i-.)
e. ( )utermost (nintli) 2)rimary longer tlian fifth, the eiglith equal to or longerthan sixth./. Wing less than four times as long as tarsus; tail even or slightly emar-ginate or double-rounded; bill much narrower basally (width at nos-trils not more than half tlie distance from nostril to tip of maxilla),less depressed ; plumage without red or orange, or else this only onforehead, throat, and sides of neck; under parts of body wholly whiteor yellow.g. Tarsus more than one-third as long as tail; bill more slender, l)roa<lerthan deep at nostrils; under i)arts of body yellow, the throat yellowor black, the forehead yellow, olive-green, or gray; rump olive-greenor gray, like back Wilsonia (p. 10'6)gg. Tarsus less than one-third as long as tail; l)ill thicker, deeper thanbroad at nostrils; under parts of l)ody white, the throat and fore-head red; rump white ' Cardellina (p. 719)ff. Wing more than four times as long as tarsus; tail much rounded; l>illnmch broader ])asally (width at nostrils decidedly more than halfthe distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), more depressed; plumagewith red or orange, l)ut this not on throat or forehi'ad, or if without,the lateral rectrices with basal half pale yellow; under parts black,with red on middle of breast or with orange on sides of breast andthe belly white; or if without black on under parts the sidesof l^reastyellow Setophaga (p. 722)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431
et'. Onteniiost (ninth) primary sliorter than tifth, the eighlli s^liorler thansixth./. Bill larger, broader at base (wider than deep at nontrils), its width atnostrils eqnal to at least half the distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla; if small and relatively narrow the plumage without any red.
'/. Bill mueh depressed, broadly wedge-shaped or triangular in verticalprofile, its width at base nearly if not (]uite equal to distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed culmen much less than halfas long as tarsus; rictal bristles greatly developed, nearly if notquite as long as bill; lateral rectrices mostly white, or if less thanhalf white the under parts of Ix^ly red or orange; pileum notstriped, nor upper tail-coverts nor basal half of tail buffy orochraceous Myioborus (p. 730
)
gtj. Bill moderately or slightly depressed, more narrowly wedge-shapedin vertical profile, its width at base much less than distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla or else exposed culmen more than halfas long as tarsus; rictal bristles less developed, much shorter tlianbill; lateral rectrices without any white, or else with merely awhite terminal spot; pileum 3-striped, or black with a centralspot of yellow, or else upper tail-coverts and basal half of tailIjuffy or ochraceous./(. Larger (wing more than 72.4); lateral rectrices with a white ter-minal spot; pileum black with a central spot of yellow.Euthlypis (p. 735)hli. .Smaller (wing not more than 72.4, usually nuich less); lateralrectrices without any white; pileum not black with a centralyellow spot, but 3-striped, or else uniform dark olive-brownand the upper tail-coverts and basal half of tail buffy orochraceous Basileuterus (p. 73S)ff. Bill smaller, narrower at base (deeper than wide at nostrils), its widthat nostrils less than half the distance fi'om nostril to tip of maxilla;plumage mostly red Ergaticus (p. 758)lili. Tarsus more than half as long as tail, more than twice as long as middle toewithout claw. ( Ccrthideina\
)
Certhidea (p. 701aa. Outermost (ninth) ]>rimary conspicuously shorter than secondaries; eighth pri-mary shorter than first; nostril circular, without distinct superior opercu-lum. ( R]iod'tnocic}diniv. ) Rhodinocichla {p. 769
)
Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot.Mniotllta Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, Motacilla varia Linna?us.
)
Oxi/glunsus SwAiNsoN, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 357. (Type, 0. niaculalufi Swainson, =Motacilla varia Liniueus.
)
Small .sc-ansorial Mniotiltidiu with the halhix (without claw) lonoerthan inner toe with claw.Bill .shorter than head, very slender, the maxilla f^lig"hty deciirvedterminally and with distinct subterminal tomial notch. Rictal bristlesminute, weak. Wing- lon<^, pointed (ninth, eiohth, and seventh prima-ries longest and about e({ual); wing'-tip equal to or longer than tarsus.Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing- to tips of sec-ondaries, even or very slightly emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow.Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing or slightly less, its scutella
432 BITLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
nithor iiulistiiu-t; middle too with {'law about equal to tarsus; iiuiertoe with claw falling- much short of base of middle claw, the outerlongei". reachino- nearly to ))asc of middle claw; hallux (without claw)decidedly lonoer than inner toe with claw, equal to outer toe and abouthalf the claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united for nearly its wholelength to outer toe. for more than half its leno-th to inner toe.Coloi'dfloii.?Conspicuously streaked above with black and white,beneath white, streaked with black or dusky at least on sides andHanks; wings and tail black, the former with two white bands, the lat-ter with inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively white terminally;primaries and rectrices edged with gray.Nidijivathm.?Terrestrial.RidK/r.?Eastern North America, south in winter to Greater Antillesand throug'h Mexico and Central America to northern South America.(Monotypic.) MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linnaeus).BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.Adult nude.? Pileum with a l)road median stripe of white and twostill l)ioa(ler lateral stripes of black, slightly glossed with blue; rest ofupper parts (except remiges and rectrices) slightly glossy blue-black,the back and scapulars streaked with white, middle and greater wing-coverts l)roadly tipped with white (forming two conspicuous bands),and tertials broadly edged with white; secondaries and primariesgrayish black, narrowly edged with g'ray; middle rectrices blackmedialh^, gray laterally, the gray l)roader and usually with serratedinargin on inner web; other rectrices grayish ))lack narrowly edgedwith gray, the two outermost with a large terminal space of white oninner web, and all with iinier webs edged with white; orbital ring anda broad superciliary stripe white; l)elow this an elongated patch ofslightly glossy blue-l)lack covering loral, sulwrbital, and auricularregions; a broad white malar stripe; undei- pt-j'ts maiidy wliite, butthroat usually more or less extensively bhu-k;' sides, from chest totianks, inclusive, broadly streaked or striped with blue-black; undertail-coverts black centrally, broadly margined with white; bill black;iris brown; legs and feet dusk}' horn-color, the toes palerand (in life)more or less tinged with yellowish; length (skins), 10l>. 2-120.6(115.3); wing, 06.5-70.9 (68.6); tail, 42.7-51 (48.5); exposed cul-men, 10.2-12.9 (11.4); tarsus, 16.5-17.8 (17).-
* Usually the whole throat is black, hut tliis more or less broken by white streaks;rarely the black of the tliroat is luiifoi-ni, more rarely still the throat is white orwith only a few black streaks; as a rule the chin is white, but sometimes Ihe blackof the thn)at covers the chin also.
^ Eighteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 433Immature male.^?Similar to the adult male, as described, but throatentirely white.Adflit female.?Similar to the immature male, as described, butsmaller and much duller in color, the white everywhere more or lesstinged with liutfy brownish, the lores wholly pale grayish or grayishwhite, the auricular region pale Inifiy g'rayish margined above by anarrow postocular streak of black; streaks of sides much less distinct,becoming grayish on sides of chest, and flanks strongly tinged withbrownish buff; mandible light-colored, dusky at tip; length (skins),109.2-118.1 (113.8); wing, 65-67.6 {m)\ tail, 45.5-18.5 (46.5); exposedculmen, 10.2-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 16.3-17.5 (16.8).'Young.?Similar in coloration to adult female, but stripes of pileumless sharply defined, the lateral ones duller black; back more stronglytinged with buffy brown; anterior under parts dull light grayish,indistinctly mottled with darker, the sides without streaks.Eastern North America, north to upper Mackenzie Valle}^ (FortSimpson), Hudson Bay (Moose Fort), etc., breeding southward toVirginia. Tennessee, Louisiana (St.Tammany and Tangipahoa parishes),Texas (Medina River), etc. (probably to upper sections of other GulfStates); wintering from the Gulf States southward throughout theWest Indies, Mexico (both coasts), and Central America to Colombiaand Venezuela; accidental in California (Farallone Islands, May 28,1887; Point Lobos, Monterey County, September 9, 1891; Pasadena,October, 1895), and in the Bermudas.\_Motacilla'] varia Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 3.33 (based on Tlw SmallBlack and White Creeper 81oane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ii, 309, pi. 265, tig. 1;Le Figuier varie de S. Domingue Brisson, Orn., iii, 529, pi. 27, tig. 5).
?
Gmelin,Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 979.[Sylvia'] varia Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.Si/liia varia Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn.U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 384.
' Possibly also the adult male in winter.
'" Eight specimens.Specimens for the Atlantic coast district have, as a rule, decidedly longer bills thanthose from the Mississippi Valley, but I am unable to discover any other differences.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Ten adult males from Atlantic coastEight adult males from Mississippi Valley .FEMALES.Five adult males from Atlantic coastThree adult males from Mississippi Valley .365^1r?VOL 2?01 28
Wing.
434 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Cerlhia varia Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 69.
?
Audubon, Orn. Biog., i,1831, 452, pi. 90.?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282(Nova Scotia).MniotiUa varia Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 230.
?
Bonaparte,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,11.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 71; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 105, pi.114.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 702.?Gosse, BirdsJamaica, 1847, 134.
?
Le.mbeye, Avesdelals^lade Cuba, 1850, 68, pi. 10, fig. 1.
?
HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermuda, Oct. 9).
?
Woodhouse,Sitgreaves' Rep. Zuiii and Colorado R., 1853, 69 (common in Texas andIndian Territory). Scl.vter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota,Colombia); 1856, 140 (Chiriqui, Veragua) , 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859,,363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca) ; 1861, 70(Jamaica); 1864, 172 (Valley of Mexico) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Bogota;;Jamaica).?GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (do.);;Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,,177 (Porto Rico). ?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia) ?vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 235; Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 167; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 167.
?
Martens, Journ.fi'ir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).
?
Bland, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858.(1859), 287 (Bermudas).?Newton (A. and E. ), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).?Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); viii, 1866, 283(near New York City); ix, 1868, 93 (Barranca, Juiz, and San Jose, CostaRica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1869, 369 (Mazatlan; Colima, Dec, Apr.);Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 621 (Guadeloupe, West Indies).?Albkecht,Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas); 1862, 193 (Jamaica).?Havden, Tran,?.Amer. Philos. Soc, xii, 1862, 159 (Dakota).?March, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci.Phila., XV, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (Medina R., Texas,breeding) .
?
McIlwraitii, Proc. Essex Inst.,v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario) .Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 182(Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua). Sumichrast,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz in winter).?Coues, CheckList, 1873, no. 57; 2d ed., 1882, no. 91; Birds N. W., 1874, 45; Birds Col.Val., 1878, 204, footnote.?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (San Juanand Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1864, 347 ( Panama R. R.); 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).?Wyatt,Ibis, 1871, 322 (Herradura, Colombia).
?
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii,1871, 267 (e. Florida, winter) ; Proc Bost. Soc N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Dakota);Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 178 (Bonda, etc., Prov. Santa Marta, Colom-bia, Aug. 21 to Jan. 4).
?
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.
?
Herrick, Bull.Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30 (Grand Menan, New Brunswick).?Baird, Brewer,and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, IsO, pi. 10, fig. 6. Lawrence,Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Guichicovi, Chiapas, Sept.).?Bou-card, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica, Feb. ).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (descr. young); Proc Bost.Soc. N. H., xxii, 1884, 369 (Anticosti I., July).?Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, v, 1880, 226 ( Boulder, Colorado, June).?Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880,54; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti in winter); Birds Haiti and San.Dom., 1885, 23; Auk, iii, 1886, 26 (West Indies references), 501 (Grand Cay-man); iv, 1887, 181 (St. AndrewsL, Caribbean Sea) ; viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius,West Indies), 48 (St. Croix); ix, 1892, 48 (Watlings I., Bahamas) ; Birds W.I., 1889, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, BerryIslands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andres, Watlings I., Rum Cay, and
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 435Green Cay, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti,Mona, Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Anguillaand St. Eustatius,Lesser Antilles).
?
S.vlvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca, Colombia,2,000 ft. alt.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 110.?Ridgway, Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 74; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 563 (Cozumel I.);X, 1888, 575 (Swan I.), 578 (Ruatan I.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.?Brown(N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36(Boerne, s. w. Texas).?Bicknell,Auk, i, 1884, 210 (song).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 251, 641.?Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (Moose Factory, HudsonBay).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 636.
?
Fer-rari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, (Puebla, Mexico).
?
Lloyd, Auk,iv, 1887, 295 (Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, in migration).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237 (Mississippi Valley localities anddates).?Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 48 (FaralloneIslands, California, 1 spec. May 28, 1887).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Tar-pon Springs, Florida, last of Mar. to early in May; Punta Rassaand Key West,July 13 to May 2).^Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890,335 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Aug.,Sept., Nov., and Feb.).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616(Manitol)a, breeding).
?
Nutting, Bull. Lab. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii,1893, 277 (Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds,etc., i, 1893, 168, pi. 11, iig. 3.?Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11(Jan. to Apr.).
?
Gaylord, Auk, xiii, 1896, 260 (Pasadena, California, 1spec, Oct. 8, 1895).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. AVash., xii, 1898, 143 (SantaMarta, Colombia).
?
Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (ArroyoSeco, Los Angeles Co., California, 1 spec, Oct. 2, 1895).
?
Beyer, Proc.Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana, breeding in St. Tam-many and Tangipahoa parishes).
?
Emerson, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (PointLobos, Monterey Co., California, 1 spec, Sept. 9, 1901).[Mniotilta] varia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.
?
Coues, Key N. Am.Birds, 1872, 92.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
?
Cory,ListBirds W. I.,1885, 9.M[niotilta^ varia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20 (Mexico).
?
Newton (A. andE.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,290.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484.Mniotilla [err. typ.] varia Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 318.
?
Vieillot, Gal. Ois.,i, 1834, 276, pi. 169.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada,Oaxaca).Minotilta (err. typ.) varia Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, BritishHonduras, and highlands of Guatemala, in winter).Miniotilta vara (err. typ.) Gregg, Proc. Elmira Acad., 1870.IMniotilta varia'] a. yarm Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.Sylvicola varia Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 314, pi. 19, fig. 3.Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
?
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xi, 1866, 91 (Santo Domingo).Nectarinia varia Hahn and KtisTER, Orn. Atl., Lief, vdii, 1834, pi. 4.Certkia mactt/ato Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 22, pi. 19, fig. 3.?Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phiia., iv, 1824, 27.?Denny, Proc Zool. Soc Lond.,1847, 39 (Jamaica; Cuba).Oxyglossus maculatus SwMViso's, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 357.Mniotilta horealis NvTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 705 (SpotPond, near Medford, Massachusetts, May 8)
.
Mniotilta varui boreahs Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171,215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 74a; Man, N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484, foot-note.
?
Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 92.
48(i BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M[)ii(Allta] i'[?mt] borealis Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290.[Mniolilla varia'] b. borealis Kidgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 117.[Mniotilta varia.] Var. longlrodris B.\ird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p.xxxi, no. 167, in text (Cape Florida; see p. 236, in text).Var. Mniotilla longirostris Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 167?.Genus HELINAIA Audubon.Helinaia^ Audubon, Synopsis Birds Am., 1839, 67. (lype, by elimination, Sijlriasivainsonii Audubon.
)
Helonaea (emendation) Agassiz, Nom. Zool., Ind. Univ., 1846, 175, 176.Helon.ra (emendation) Newtox, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 552.Rather small, plainly colored MniotilicUe, with the bill nearly as lon^,^as head, straight, compressed, and with the culmen distinctly elevatedand ridged between nostrils; coloration plain brownish above, whitishor pale dull yellowish l^eneath.Bill nearly as long as head, narrowly wedge-shaped, compressed;culmen straight from base to tip, narrowed and distinctly i-idged andelevated between nostrils; maxillary tomium without subterminalnotch; gonys very faintly convex basally, shorter than distance fromnostril to tip of maxilla. Nasal fossa? large and broad, chiefly occupiedby the broad operculum overhanging the k)ngitudinally oval or sul)-cuneate nostril. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate, ratherpointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest and nearly equal,but ninth slighty shorter than seventh); wing-tip slightly shorter thantarsus. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec-ondaries, slightly emarginate or double-rounded, the rectrices verybroad, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus decidedly longer than com-missure, more than one-fourth as long as wing, its scutella rather dis-tinct; middle toe with claw about equal to tarsus; basal phalanx ofmiddle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for abouthalf its length to inner toe.Coloration.?A])ove plain brown, more olive on back, scapulars, andrump; beneath, white or very pale yellowish, shaded laterally witholive-grayish; a white or pale yellowish superciliary stripe and a duskyspot in front of eye.Widljieat/jni?Sul)-arl)oreal.Range.?Hiunld division of Lower Austral life-zone (AustroriparianProvince), south in winter to Jamaica. (Monotypic.)HELINAIA SWAINSONII Audubon.SWAINSONS WARBLER.Adults {scxi.s allh).?Pileum plain ])rown (varying from deep hairbrown or olive-brown to mummy brown), .sometimes with an indistinctmedian streak of paler, or indication of one; back, scapulars, rump,
^Name from e'Aos, a swamp, and vaioo, to inhabit.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 437upper tuil-covorts and wing'-covorts plain olive; tertials warmer ))r()wn(inclining- to niunnny or prouts brown); secondariets and primariesdusky, edged with light brown or olive; tail plain olive-brown; a nar-row superciliary stripe of ligfht yellowish buff or butty whitish; a tri-angular spot of dusky in front of eye; a postocular streak of brownish;sides of head otherwise pale butty brownish; under parts pale dull 3'el-low^ish or yellowish wdiite, shaded with olive or olive-grayish laterally;bill light l)rownish, the mandible usually paler; iris brown; legs andfeet pale flesh color in life, pale brownish in dried skins.Young.?Head, neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, chest, sides,and flanks plain brown (varying from liroccoli to bister); rest of iniderparts whitish or dull pale yellowish, more or less clouded with brown;middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with cinnamon-brown; otherwise like adults, but no trace of lighter superciliary nordarker postocular stripes.Adidtmale.?ljQngth (skins), 124.5-129.5 (126.5);' wing, 67.3-72.1(69.6); tail, 46.5-49.8 (48.3); exposed culmen, 14.7-16 (15.5); tarsus,17.5-18.3 (18).
~
Adultfemah'.?ljengih (skins), 125.7-129.5 (128.3); wing, 69.3-70.6(70.1); tail, 47.7-50.5 (49.5); exposed culmen, 15-15.7 (15. .5); tarsus, 18.^Austroriparian district (humid division of Lower Austral life-zone)of eastern United States, breeding from Georgia and the Gulf coast(northwestern Florida to Louisiana) north to southeastern Virginia(Dismal Swamp), western Kentucky (Fulton County), southwesternIndiana (Knox County), and southeastern Missouri (Dunklin Countv);west to eastern Texas -(Navarro County); south in winter to Bahamas(Bimini islands), Cuba, and Jamaica.Sijlvia swainsonii Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 18.34, 563, pi. 198 (near Charleston,South Carolina; type in eoll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Sylvicola swainsonii Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 171.Helinaia swainsonii Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 66; Birds Am., oet. ed., ii, 1841,83, pi. 104.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 638.
?
LooMis, Auk, iv, 1887, 347 (Chester, South Carolina); viii, 1891, 169 (sameoccurrence).
?
Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 187 (Key West, Florida, migrant); vii,1890, 16 (Punta Rassa and Key West, migr.), 313 (Garden Key, Dry Tor-tugas, Mar. 25 and Apr. 6); ix, 1892, 213 (Caloosahatchie R.,' Florida,migratory); x, 1893, .340 (Jamaica).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,239.?Pindar, Auk, vi, 1889, 315 (Fulton Co., Kentucky).?Brewster andChapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 137, 138 (Suwanee R., Florida, Mar. 22).?Wayne, Auk, x, 1893, .338 (lower Suwanee R., breeding); xii, 1895,365,367 (Wacissa R., Florida, breeding).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i,1893, 175.?RnoADs, Proc;. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 492 (Raleigh, Tennes-see, breeding).
?
Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111(Louisiana, summer resid.).
?
Daniel, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp,Virginia, l)reeding; rare)
.
' Length before skinning, 139.7-165.1; extent of wing, 218.4-228.6 (Brewster).
^ Five specimens. * Three specimens.
438 BULLETIN 50, FNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Helinaia su-ainsoni RiDGW.\\ , Bull. Xntt. Orn. Clul)., iii, 1S78, 163 (Knox Co.,Indiana); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 121.
?
Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,552 (Jamaica).
?
Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 7G [65-80] (monographic), 346-348 (descr. nests and eggs).
?
Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 377 (Jamaican rec-ords).
?
Lawrenxe, Auk, iv, 1887, 37, 263 (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana).
?
Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 305 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana; descr. habits andsong). Galbraith, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (Lake Pontchartrain).
?
Cory, Auk,viii, 1891, 296 (Bimini islands, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1S92, 117 (Cuba;Jamaica).
?
Fisher, Auk, xii, 1895, 307 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia).Helomva smmnsoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 2; Aug. 24,1880, 171; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 76; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,54 (Navarro Co., Texas).
?
Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, iii, 1882,(18) (Rice, Navarro Co., Texas, Aug. 24).?:MERRiA>r, Auk, ii, 1885, 104(Sombrero Key, Florida, Sept. 14-21).Yermivora swainsoni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.M[_motilta\ swainsoni Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.{MniotiUa'] smdnsoni Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3464.Illeliidtheros'] szmmsoni Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.\_Helmitheros'] swainsoni Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314.Helmitherus swainsonii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 252; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 179.HelmiOierus swainsoni Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 180.
?
Guxdlach, Repert.Fisico.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba).?Coues,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 109 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no.61.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (St. Augustine, Florida,Apr.). Maynard, Birds Florida, 1873, 47.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 190, pi. 10, fig. 9; iii, 1874, 504 (Florida).?Brown,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 172 (Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Alalmma;habits and song).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 27; Birds W. I., 1889, 41 (Cuba;Jamaica).{^Helmitherus'] swainsoni Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7.[Helmitherus'] sumnsonii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93.Helmintherus swainsoni Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 212, footnote; Check List,2ded., 1882, no. 97.H[elinintheri(s] swavmjiii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 292.H\_elminthot}u'rus] s^vainsoni Sai.vi's and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.14, Aug., 1880, 112.?Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.Helminthotlierus swainsoni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 232 (Jamaica).Helmintfwphaga sivainsonii A'Li.E'S, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 513.Genus HEI^MITHEROS Rafinesque.Helmitheros Rafinesque, Journ. de Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 418. (Type, If. mirjra-torius Rafinesque, =^fot<tcilia vermivora Gmelin.
)
Helmitherus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 250.Helmintherus (emendation) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135.Helmithera (emendation) Sundevall, Tent. Meth. Av. Disp., 1872, 28.Helminthotherns (emendation) SALvixand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.14, Aug., 1880, 112.Similar to Helinaia, but with the ])ill shorter, less compressed, withculmen slightly curved and not conspicuously ridged, nor elevatedbetween nostrils; ninth primary longer than seventh (instead ofshorter); head conspicuously striped (four black inclosing three ])utl"stripes).
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 439
Bill decidedly shorter than head, wedge-shaped, but with cuhiienobvdousl}" (though .slightl}') curved, moderately compressed, with cul-men not sharply ridged nor conspicuously elevated between nostrils;maxillary tomium without subterminal notch; tip of both maxilla andmandible acute; gouys slightly shorter than distance from nostril totip of maxilla. Nasal fossa? broad but rather short, chiell}' occupied bythe broad operculum overhanging the longitudinally oval or subcuneatenostril. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, pointed (ninth,eighth, and seventh primaries longest and nearly equal, the ninthlonger than seventh, sometimes longest); wing-tip slightly longer thantarsus. Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tipof secondaries, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices moderatelybroad. Tarsus decidedly longer than commissure (about one-fourthas long as wing or slightly more), its scutella rather indistinct; middletoe with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toeunited for more than half its length to outer toe, for about basal halfto inner toe.Coloration.?Head and under parts buffy, the former with four blackstripes; rest of upper parts plain olive-greenish; sexes alike.Nidification.?Terrestrial.Range.-?Eastern United States (humid division of Upper and LowerAustral zones); south in winter to Cuba, Jamaica, and Central Americaas far as Panama. (Monotypic.)HELMITHEROS VERMIVORUS (Gmelin).WORM-EATING WARBLER.Adults {semes altke).?Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of blackand a median one of olive-buff; rest of upper parts plain grayish olive-green; a broad superciliary stripe of pale buff' or cream-buff, marginedl)eneath by a rather broad postocular streak of black and a more or lessdistinct triangular spot of the same, or dusk}^ grayish, in front of eye;sides of head below this black line, with entire under parts pale dullbuffy, deepest on chest, paler on throat and abdomen (the latter some-times nearly white), tinged with grayish olive on flanks; under tail-coverts pale olive-grayish, edged and broadly tipped with pale yellowishbuff'; maxilla brown, usually darker on culmen; mandible paler (paleflesh color in life?); iris brown; legs and feet pale j^ellowish brown indried skins (more fleshy in life).Adidts in viInter are more richly colored, the sides of head, chest,etc., deeper buff', the abdomen buff'y yellowish, and the olive-green ofupper parts less grayish.Young.?Head, neck, and under parts buff', the pileum with twobroad, but not strongly contrasted, lateral stripes of wood brown orIsabella color; a postocular streak of the same color; l)ack, scapulars,rump, and upper tail-coverts wood brown or Isabella color; wing-
440 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
coverts lij:^ht huffy olive, the middle and j^reater hroadly hut not sharplytipped with c-innaiiion-hufi*; remiges and rectrices grayish olive-green,as in adults.Adult male.?hewgih (skins), 118.1-127 (121.1); wing, 66.3-72.9(69.3); tail, 47.7-51 (49.3); exposed culmen, 12.9-14.5 (13.7); tarsus,17.3-18.3 (18).^Adnlt female.?Length, (skins), 110.5-127 (117.3); wing, 64.8-67.1(65.8); tail, 44.7-47.7(46.5); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.7 (13.2); tarsus,17.8-19.3 (18.3).'Eastern United States, breeding northward to southern Connecticut(Saylu'ook; Gales Ferry; near New Haven), south(>astern N(nv York(lower Hudson Valley), Pennsylvania (Heaver, Butler, Armstrong,and Delaware counties), southern Wisconsin (v^icinity of Racine), etc.;occasional in Massachusetts (Camlu'idge; Easthampton); in wintersouth to Bahamas (New Providence; Great Inagua; Cay Lobos), Cuba,Jamaica, Ca3'man Brae (near Cuba), and through eastern Mexico andCentral America to Veragua (Santa Fe).\_MotacUki] rcrmivora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 17S8, 951 (liasedon TIte Worm-eadr,Vennivora Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., ii, 200, pi. 305).[*%Zrwf] vermivora Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 544.Syhia vermivora Wilsox, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 74, pi. 24, fig. 4.
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Yieillot, Nouv.Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xi, 1817, 278; Eno. Meth., ii, 1823, 480.?Nuttam.,Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 409.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 177;v,'1839, 460.Dacnis vermivoni Audubon, Birds Am., fol. ed., ])1. 34.Sylvicola vermivora Richardson, Rep. Brit. Soc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 171.
^elinaia vermivora. Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 66; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii. 1841, 86,pi. 105.
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Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. 6, fig. 4.^Bke\vek,Proo. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).Mlnioiilta'] vermivora Ghay , Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilta^ vennivora Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3463.Hi/loj}hilus vermivonis Temminck, PI. Col., i, 1831 (?) (Tableau Methodique,p. 36).[HehniOieros^] vermivora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Apr. 20, 1850, 314.H[elm.itheroft'] vermivorus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote; Jonrn. fiirOrn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).Helmitlwros vermivorus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476 (Cul)a) ; 1861, 326,409 (Cuba).?Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 3(53 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).?RiDcavAY, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 124.Helmitlteras vermivorus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 252; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 178; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 179.
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Sclater and Salvix,Ibis, 1959, 11 (Guatemala).
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Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1865, 28 (Guatemala;Jamaica).
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Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232; Journ. fiirOrn., 1872, 412 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1876, 63.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 94 (San Jose, Costa Rica); 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan ).?Sumi-CHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (mountains near Orizal)a, VeraCruz, in winter).
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Gregg, Proe. Elmira Acad., 1870, ? (Chenumg Co., NewYork).?Allen, Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (St. Augustine, Florida,Apr.).; Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 255 (Cand)ridge, Massachusetts, 1spec., Sept. 19, 1881).?Coces, Check List, 1873, no. 60; Birds N. W., 1874,
^ Eight specimens. ?' Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 441
48.
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Maynakd, Birds Florida, lS7o, 45 (wintering).
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Baikd, BrffiWER, andRiDGWAY, Hiyt. N. Am. P.irds, i, 1874, 187, pi. 10, fig. 10; iii, 1874, 504 (Law-rence, Kansas, May) ?Ridgway, Field and Forest, i, 1875, 10 (nesting hab-its).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (Saybrook, Connecticnt,breeding).?PuRDiE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Connecticut,1 spec).
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Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 12 (Connecticut).
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Brew-ster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 134 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding;habits; song); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 23 (descr. young).
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Bicknell,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 129 (Riverdale, New York, breeding).?Cory,Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 56; Auk, iii, 1886, 27; vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brae);ix, 1892, 49 (Inagua, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 41; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 117 (New Providence and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica).
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Woolsey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (near New Haven, Connecticut,breeding).
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Spelman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Cambridge andEasthampton, Massachusetts, accidental).
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Rives, Auk, ii, 1885, 103 (Albe-marle Co., Virginia; descr. nest and eggs).
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Sage, Auk, ii, 1885, 305 (NewHaven, Connecticut, breeding).
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American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 1886, no. 639.?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 34(Franklin Co., Indiana, very common summer resid. ).
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Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 239.?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Punta Rassa, Florida,migrant; Tarpon Springs, Mar. 25 to late in Apr.; Key West, Apr. and Aug.30 to Oct. 1).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 539 (summer resid. in e. Kan-sas). Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Beaver, Butler, and Armstrong counties,Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 182,pi. 11, fig. 5.
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Howe, Auk, xvii, 1900, 389 (Gales Ferry, Connecticut, June24).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana,breeding). Daniel, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding.
)
[Hehmtherus] rermivorus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93. Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.H\_elmitherus] rermirorio^ Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (Wankegan, n. e.Illinois, 1 spec).
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Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 485.Hehnintherus rermivorus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (Santa Fe,Veragua). Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San Jose, Costa Rica).Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 211; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 96.?Wool-sey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (near New Haven, Connecticut,breeding). Rhoads, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 55 ( Delaware Co. , Penn-sylvania and Camden, New Jersey, breeding).H\_elmintheruif\ rermivorus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291.[HeJmintherus'] rermivorus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 8.Hclmintfiotherus rermivorus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig.14, Aug., 1880, 112.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 77.?Bicknell,Auk, i, 1884, 210 (song).?Sage, Auk, ii, 1885, 305 (New Haven, Connecti-cut, breeding).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 230, 638.?Bonhote,Auk, xviii, 1901, 146 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas, Apr. 5).Hlelminthotherus'] vermivoi'us 'N'ewto's (A. and E.), Hand b. Jamaica, 1881, 105.Helmitheros migratorius Rafinesque, Journ. Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 418 (see Hart-laub. Rev. Zool., viii, 1845, 343).Vermivora pennsylvanica Swainson, Philos. Mag., 2d ser., i, 1827, 434.
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Jardine,ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 363.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List,1838, 20.?GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 150.?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1853, 212 (near Racine, Wisconsin; a few nest.) ; Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194, 201(Jamaica).
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March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).[Vermivora] fuhncapilla Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245 (based on Wilson,Am. Orn., pi. 24, fig. 4).
442 BULLETIN" 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird.Protonotaria Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 239. (Type, MotaciUacitrcd Boddaert.
)
Medium sized Mniotiltidse with form essentially similar to that ofJJelmithero.s^ but winjj-tip longer (decidedly exceeding tarsus) and feetweaker, and coloration very different (yellow, with olive-green ))ack,gray wings and tail, and white under tail-coverts, the inner wel)s ofrectrices mostly white).Rill decidedly shorter than head, wedge-shaped ])ut with culmenobviously curved, compressed (conspicuously so for terminal half), themaxillary tomium with subterminal notch present ])ut indistinct oro])solete; culmen distinctly ridged but not elevated basally; gonysslightly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nasalfossae broad l)ut mostly covered by latero-frontal feathers, partly con-cealing both the longitudinally oval nostrils and their narrow superioroperculum. Rictal l)ristles olisolete. Wing rather long, ratherpointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth slightlyshorter than seventh); wing-tip long, much exceeding length of tarsus.Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of second-aries, slightly rounded. Tarsus decidedl}' longer than commissure,its scutella indistinct (sometimes fused on outer side); middle toe withclaw much shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws falling short ofbase of middle claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most ofits length to outer toe, for more than half its length to inner toe.Colorathyn.?Yellow, with under tail-coverts and greater part ofinner webs of rectrices white, l)ack and scapulars (also pileum andhindneck in females) olive-green, wing-edgings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of rectrices gray.Nidification.?In holes of stumps or trees.Range.?Humid division of Upper and Lower Austral life-zones,in swamps and wet bottom lands; in winter south through Mexicoand Central America to northern South America and to Cuba.(Monotypic.) PROTONOTARIA CITREA (Boddaert).PROTHONOTARY WARBLER,Adult mcde in summer.?Head, neck, and under parts (except undertail-coverts) rich yellow (varying from lemon to cadmium, usuallynearer the latter), the head sometimes tinged or flecked with cadmiumorange; back and scapulars plain 3'ellowish olive-green, this sometimesextending anteriorly over hindneck and occiput; ' rump, upper tail-
' Fre(}uently the entire hindneck and occiput are pure yellow, abruptly definedagainst the olive-green of the back; more often there is more or less of a patch ofyellowish olive-green on the occi^nit, the hindneck being yellow.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 443
coverts, wing--coverts, and tertials plain gray or slate-gray ; secondaries,primaries, and rectrices black, edged with slate-gray, the inner websof rectrices (except middle pair) white tipped with blackish; undertail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillars white, tinged withyellow; inner webs of remiges edged with white; bill l)lack; irisbrown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins), the claws paler.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the summer male, but maxillabrownish, darker terminally, and mandil)le mostly very pale brownishor brownish white.Adult feinale.~-'^\m\\.Vi\: to the male, but smaller and luuch duller incolor; olive-green of back extended anteriorly over hindneck andpileum; yellow of under parts less intense, more or less tinged witholive, and becoming much paler on abdomen and Hanks, the latterstrongly tinged with olive; bill dusk}" in summer, light-colored (as inwinter male) in winter.Young.?Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dull olive-greenish;wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-gray, tingedwith olive, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped withlight olive-greenish, producing two very indistinct bands; secondaries,primaries, and rectrices as in adults; sides of head pale yellowish olive;chin, throat, and chest dull light grayish olive, darkest on chest; restof under parts dull white, passing on sides and flanks into olive-grayish.Adtdt m??t'.?Length (skins), 118.1-130.8 (123.7); wing, 71.1-74.2(72.9); tail, 46.2-49.8 (48); exposed culmen, 12.9-13.7 (13.2); tarsus,18.3-19.8 (19).
1
Adult female.?'LQW^i'ii (skins), 116.8-125.5 (120.1); wing, 65.5-69.1(67.3); tail, 42.9-48.5 (45); exposed culmen, 12.9-13.5 (13.2); tarsus,18.5-19.6 (19. 3). 1More southern portions of eastern United States, breeding fromGulf States (northern Florida to eastern Texas), north to Virginia(lower districts), southern Ohio, Indiana (nearly whole State), southernMichigan, northeastern Illinois (Cook County), Iowa (Muscatine),southeastern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska (Omaha; Nebraska Cit}'),etc.; occasional northward to Massachusetts (several records), south-eastern New York (Yonkers), Ontario (Hamilton), and Wisconsin,casuall}^ to Maine (Calais) and New Brunswick; south in winter toCuba and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia,Venezuela, and Trinidad.Motadlla citrea Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 44 (based on Figuier d ventre ettetejaunes de la Louisiana Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 704, lig. 2).MlniotiUa] citrea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilta'] citrea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3454.
' Five specimens.
444 BTTLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MrSEUM.
I'roloiioldi'lii ritrcfiBMRV, Rep. Pacifii' K. R. Snrv., ix, 1858, 289; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 1H9; Review Am. Birdy, 1865, 178.
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Gundl.vcji, Journ. fiir Oru.,1861, 324 (Cuba); 1862, 178; 1872, 411; Repert. Fisico-Nat.'Cuba, i, 1865,231.?ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (Santa Marta, Colombia).?Verrill,Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., ix, 1863, 238 (Maine, accidental).
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Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida,Yucatan).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (Costa Rica).
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Sclaterand Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1879,494 (Colombia).
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Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Neosho Falls, Kansas,breeding). Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 184,pi. 10, fig. 8.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,489 (Calais, Maine;New Brunswick).
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Pace, Nat. and Fancier, 1877, 38 (Muscatine, Iowa,breeding). Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 210, footnote (synonymy); CheckList, 2d ed., 1882, no. 95.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22(descr. young), 153-162 (near Mount Carmel, Illinois; habits, etc.); Auk,iii, 1886, 410 (Concord, Massachusetts, 1 spec), 487 (do., 2 more). Browx,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 172 (Coosada, Alabama, Apr.).
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Trotter,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 285 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2 spec);v,"1880, 115 (do.). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880,111.
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 75; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,119.?Nehrlixg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (Fort Bend Co., etc.,
s. e. Texas, breeding).
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Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, iii, 1882, 18(Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).
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Grundvig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,1888, 68 (Shioctin, Wisconsin, May 4, 1 spec.).?H.\zard, Auk, i, 1884, 290(s. e. Rhode Island, 1 spec).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 27 (Cuba) ; Birds W. I.,1889, 41; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 249, 641 (Santa ]Marta, Antioquia and Valle Dupar, Colomliia; Vera-gua, etc.).
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Cooke, Auk, ii, 1885, 32 (mouth of Root R., s. w. Wisconsin,Aug., 1 spec); Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 288 (Mississippi Valley locali-ties and dates).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.687.?Pi'RDiE, Auk, iii, 1886, 488 (Plymouth Co., Massachusetts) .?Sage, Auk,iv, 1887, 164 (Northampton, Massachusetts, 1 spec, May, 1883). Butcher,Auk, v, 1888, 182 (Montauk Point, Long Island, Aug. 26).?Moore, Auk,V, 1888, 210 (near Areola, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania, May 15).
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McIlweaith, Auk, v, 1888, 322 (Hamilton, Ontario, :\Iay 28) ; Birds Ontario,1894, 855 (do.).?Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breed-ing).
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Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 16 (Punta Rassa, Tarpon Springs, and KeyWest, Florida, during migration); 818 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Apr. 6).Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,537, (e. and mid. Kansas, summer resid.).
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Nehr-LiNG, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 170, pi. 10.?Brimley, Auk, x, 1893, 244(Bertie Co., North Carolina, July to Sept.). Rich.mond, Proc U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1898, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 2 and in winter).Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).?LorcKs, Bull. 111. StateLabr. N. H., iv, 1894, 10-35, with map (life hist, and distr. in Illinois).?Frazar, Auk, xii, 1895, 84 (Mattapan Station, Massachusetts, Sept. 15).BicKNELL, Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Yonkers, New York, June 2).
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Wayne, Auk,xii, 1895, 865 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding). Dcnn,Auk, xii, 1895, 895 (Riverdale, n. e. Illinois, May 25).?Bangs, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 148 (Santa Marta, Colombia).
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Roberts, Auk, xvi.1899, 236-246, figs. 1-6 (iNIississippi bottoms, s. e. Minnesota, breeding abun-dantly).
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Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 178 (Bonda, prov. SantaMarta, Colombia, Oct. 8 to Jan. 30).
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Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana, breeding).?Bruner, Proc Nebr. Orn. Un.,2d an. meet., 1901, 57 (Omaha and Nebraska City, Nebraska, breeding).Daniel, Ank, xix, 1892, 17 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 445[Protonofaria] ciirea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
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Cory, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 7 (Cuba).Plrotonotaria'] ciirea Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (n. e. Illinois, raresummer visit. ) .
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291. Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 484.[Protonotaria'] citrxa Coues, Key, 1872, 93.Protonotaria citr^a Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 59; Birds N. W., 1874, 47.P[rotonotaria^ citriea Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (near Chicago, 2specs., summer).Helmmthophaga ciirea Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix. Mar., 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).[Moiacilla'] protonotarius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 972 (based on Flguier Protono-taire Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 316; ProtJionoiary Warbler Latham, Gen.Synop., ii, pt. 2, 494).[Sylvia^ proionoiariux Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 542.Sylcia protonotarius Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 27, pi. 83.?Wilson, Am.Orn., iii, 1811, 72, pi. 24, fig. 3.
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Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv,1824, 195; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 86.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,i, 1832, 410.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 22; v, 1S39, 460.Sylvia protonotaria Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 211, pi. D22, fig. 2.Sylvicola protonotaria Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 171.Vermivora protonotarius Jardihe, ed. Wilson's Aul Orn., i, 1832, 362, pi. 24, fig.3.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp._ List, 1838, 21.?Wi)()I)iiouse, Sitgreaves'Exped. Zuni and Col., 1853, 72 (Indian Territory; Texas).?Hoy, Ann. Rep.Smithson. Inst, for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).Helinaia protuiiotanus AuDVBOii, Synopsis, 1839, 67; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,89, pi. 106.Dacnis proUmotaria Audubon, Birds Am., fol. ed., pi. 3.\_Helmitheros'] protonotarius 'QoviK-pAB.'TE, Consp. Av., i, 1S50, 314.Hlelminihophaga'] protonotarius Cabanu^, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.[Motacilla^ auricoUis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 984 (bas(!d on Le Grand Figvierde Ca7iada Brisson, Orn., iii, 508, pi. 26, fig. 1, etc.).ISylvia] auricoUis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 536.Sylvia auricoUis YimhhOT, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 447.
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S.and Can., i, 1832, 380.Sylvicola auricoUis Nuttall, ]Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 431.Mlniotilta'] auricoUis Gray, (Ten. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Genus HELM INTHOPHILA Ridgway.Hclminthophuga^ (not of Bechstein, 1802) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.(Type, Moiacilla chrysoplcra Linnanis.
)
Helminthophila Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan. 1882, 53. (Type, Sylviarubricapilla Wilson.) ?Siimll Mniotiltidw (wing- less than 63.5 nnn.) with the bill muchshorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, ver}' acute at tip, withoutsubterminal toniial notch; rictal bristles obsolete; dift'erence in lengthbetween wing and tail nearly if not quite equal to one-fourth the lengthof the former.Bill nuich shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, with tip veryacute; cidmen straight or with terminal portion very faintly decurved;maxillary tomium without subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinally
^ " Von"jBAyUZJ'5, wurm, und cpayelv, fressen."
446 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oval or suhacuiiiinato. with rather In-oad superior operculum or mem-brane. Kictal l?risth'.s o]).solete. Winj^- moderate or rather long-, withthree to four outermost primaries aliruptly longest (ninth usuallyequal to or longer than sixth'); wing-tip usually shorter than tarsus.^Tail equal to or longer than distance from ])end of wing to tips ofsecondaries (except in //. peregrlna), even, slightlj^ emarginate, ordouble-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus much longer thanconuuissure, nearly-one third as long as wing (except in 11. percgrliid)^its scutella indistinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter thantarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half, some-times most of. its length to outer toe, for about the basal half, orslightly more, to inner toe.Coloration.?Very variable, but never with the throat orange norback black; if with a white superciliary stripe (extending a])ove auric-ulars) the forehead yellow and a yellow patch on middle and greaterwing-coverts,N/dijieatlo)}.?Terrestrial, or (in //. Inda) the nest placed in holesor l)ehin(l bark of stumps or tree trunks.Ii<in<l(
.
?North America in general, including highlands of Mexico;Central America and northern South America and Cuba in winter.(Ten species.)There is consideralile variation in details of external structure inthis genus. //. pereyrhia stands alone in having the wing-tip muchlonger than the tarsus, the tail shorter than distance from bend ofwing to tip of secondaries and decidedly emarginate, and is besides theonly species without yellow on under parts and at the same time with-out chestnut or tawny-ochraceous on crown. //. rnhrlcwplUa is uniquein the short ninth primary, which is shorter than the sixth instead ofequal to it or longer. //. hachmanl has the bill decidedly more slenderthan other species, and with a perceptible downward trend at the tip.It also has the frontal feathering more deeply cleft by the sharply ridgedculmen, the latero-frontal anti;e forming an acute angle in the poste-rior portion of the more narrow nostrils. If. chry^optera^ II. phinx.and //. liK'ue have the anterior toes more united basallv, the l)asalphalanx of the middle toe being joined foi' most of its length to theouter toe and for more than half its length to the middle toe.KEY TO TIIK .SI'ECIES ANT) SCHSPKCIKS OK ItELMIN'TriOI'IIILA.'^
n. AVinjrs l)icolore(l (ti{>sof middle and irroatiTcoviTts luorcor less extensively yellowor white).h. Throat and aniicnlar rei^ion hlaek (adult males) or gray or olive-green (adultfemales).
' Shorter than sixth only in H. ruhricapilla. ?
"^ Equal to tarsus in H. pinai^ and H cliri/soptera, longer in H. percgrina.
^ IT. cincinnaticnsis (Langdon) is not introduced into the "key" for the reasonthat it is obviously a hybrid between H. piniis and Opororiiis forniosa. (See Ridg-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 447
c. Back, etc., gray; malar stripe and under parts of body white. (EasternNorth America, south in winter to Colombia.)Helminthophila chrysoptera (p. 448)cc. Back, etc., olive-green; malar stripe and under jiarts of l)ody yellow. (East-ern United States. ) Helminthophila lawrencii ( p. 452)hi). Throat and auricular region white or yellow.r. Back, etc., gray; under parts white, or white and yellow. (Eastern UnitedStates. ) Helminthophila leucobronchialis ( p. 453
)
cc. Back, etc., olive-green; under parts yellow. (P'astern United States, southin winter to Nicaragua. ) Helminthophila pinus ( p. 455na. "Wings unicolored, or without distinct if any white or yellow tips to middle andgreater coverts.h. Rump and upper tail-coverts concolor with back.
way, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 237.) Its characters and synonymy are asfollows:Arhilt inafc.? (Type, no. 1394, coll. Frank W. Langdon, Madisonville, HamiltonCounty, Ohio, May 1, 1880): Forehead, anterior portion of crown, and superciliaryregion, back to about 2.54 mm. behind the eye, gamboge yellow, soiled by indis-tinct olive-greenish tips to the feathers; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green, thewings more grayish, Ijut still with olive-green i)revailing; the middle and greatercoverts passing into lighter or clearer olive-green at tips (abruptly so on middlecoverts), forming two indistinct bands across the w'ing; tail dull olive-green, the hid-den portion of the feathers (including inner webs) dull brownish slate, the exteriorrectrix with a white margin near the tip, and showing an ill-defined lighter spaceextending obliquely from this white margin to the siuift; upper half of the frontalantia? blackish; lores solid black; auriculars blackish, but this much broken by olive-green tips to the feathers; a suborbital yellow spot, nearly as large as the eye itself,this on one side of the head connected with the yellow below but on the other side,cut off from it by the interposition of a blackish line connecting the dusky of theauriculars with the black of the lores. On each side the crown, a black line, com-mencing over about the middle of the eye and extending backward for about 7.11mm., but mostly concealed by the overlying olive-green tips to the feathers; underparts, including the malar region and under tail-coverts, continuous gamboge yellow,decidedly paler and duller on the tail-coverts; sides of lireast, sides, and flanks,strongly shaded with olive-green; under wing-coverts grayish white, tinged with yel-low; axillars light gamboge; "bill, in the flesh, black, excepting extreme tip andbase of lower mandible, which are bluish horn-color;" " eyes dark brown; tarsi andtoes pale brownish; claws paler;" total length (fresh specimen), 120.6; wing (skin),64.8; tail, 50.8; culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 4.1; tarsus,19; middle toe, 10.7. (Wing measured by placing it flat against rule; tail measuredfrom liase of coccyx.)Helmi)illiopliaga cincinnadoms J^X'SGVO'S, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iii, July, 1880,119, 120, pi. 6 (Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio; coll. F. W. Langdon),Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 208, pi. 4.?Rihgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,V, 1880, 237 (crit.; suggests hybrid origin; Helml)ithophila })i))us -\ OporoDiisfor)nof?(); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 78*.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed.,1882, no. 101.?Maynard, Birds Eastern U. S., 1882, 519.H[elmmthophila] cincinnatiensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 293.
?
RiDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 487.Helminthophila cincinnatiensis Ridgway, Proc. L^. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885,354.?Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 234, footnote.?AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 356 (Hypothetical List, no. 22).
448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
c. Inner web of outermost rectrix with a white patch in middle or subterminalportion; forehead yellow (male) or li^ht yellowish-olive, different fromcolor (gray) of crown (female); chest black (male) or grayish (female).(Humid division of Lower Austral life-zone.)Helminthophila bachmani (p. 458)cc. Inner weta of outermost rectrix without white patch; forehead not yellow,if yellowish olive the crown also of that color; chest neither black norgrayish.d. Under tail-coverts and abdomen white. (Eastern North America, southin winter to Colombia and Venezuela. ) .Helmintliopliila peregrina (p. 460)dd. Under tail-coverts and abdomen yellow.
e. Head not gray; no white orbital ring; adult male with crown-spot orange-rufous or ochraceous. {Helminthophila celata.)f. Upper parts grayish olive-green, under parts pale olive-yellowish.(Central and eastern North America, south in winter to Gulf Statesand eastern Mexico. ) Helminthophila celata celata (p. 462)ff. Upper parts bright olive-green, under parts bright olive-yellow orcanary yellow.g. Tail shorter (averaging 47 in male, 46.2 in female); bill smaller(exposed culmen averaging 9.4 in male, 10.2 in female). (Pacificcoast, from Alaska to Guatemala.
)
Helminthophila celata lutescens (p. 466)gg. Tail longer (averaging 49,8 in male, 49.5 in female); bill larger(exposed culmen averaging 11.4 in male, 10.4 in female). (SantaBarbara islands, California.)Helminthophila celata sordida (p. 467)ee. Head (except chin and throat) gray; a white orbital ring; adult malewith crown-spot chestnut. {Hclininlliopliila nthrintpilla.)f. Duller in color. (Eastern North America, .south in winter to Guate-mala. ) Helminthophila rubricapilla rubricapilla (p. 468)ff. Brighter in color. (Western Ignited States, south in winter to westernMexico. ) Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis (p. 470)66. Rump and upper tail-coverts different in color from back,
c. Rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green; under tail-coverts yellowor yellowish chestnut.d. Back gray; under tail-coverts yellow. (Western United States.)Helminthophila virginiae (p. 471)dd. Back brown; under tail-coverts yellowish I'hestnut. (SouthwesternMexico.) Helminthophila crissalis (p. 473)cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut (adults) or pinkish buffy (young);under tail-coverts white. (Southwestern United States and northwesternMexico. ) Helminthophila luciae (p. 473)HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA (Linnaeus).GOIDEN-WINGED WARBLER.Wing with a large patch of yellow, covering larger part of middleand greater coverts; back, etc., gray, or merely tinged with olive-green; breast and abdomen white, or merel}^ tinged with yellow;entire auricular region and throat black (male) or gray (female).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 449Adult male in spring and summer.?Forehead and crown j^elloAV(lemon or gamboge); supra-auricular region, more or less extensively,white (sometimes this carried forward over eyes or even to along sidesof forehead); rest of upper parts, including middle pair of rectrices,plain gray ; ^ exposed portion of middle and greater wing-coverts mostlylight lemon or gamboge yellow, forming a large and conspicuous patchon the wing; remiges and rectrices (except middle pair of latter) slate-blackish, edged with gray, the secondaries usually slightly tinged witholive-green; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensivel.y whiteterminally, this occupying the terminal half, more or less, on theexterior rectrix; lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and throat(sometimes chin also) uniform black; a broad malar stripe and underparts of body white, the latter shaded with gray laterally; bill black;iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish in dried skins.Adult male in winter.?Similar to the spring and summer plumage,but yellow of crown and gray of back, etc., more or less obscured byolive-green tips to feathers, and the bill ])rownish with paler mandible.(In 3^ounger specimens the feathers of the black throat-patch narrowlymargined with white.)Adult female.?Similar to adult male but duller in color, with blackof throat and sides of head replaced by gray; j^ellow of forehead andcrown less distinct, sometimes (in younger individuals ?) replaced byolive-grcQu; gray of upper parts and of sides usually more or less tingedwith olive-green; white of breast and abdomen duller, often tinged witholive-yellow, especially in winter.Yoimg.?Above plain dull grayish olive, becoming brighter, moreyellowish olive-green, on rump, upper tail-coverts, and edges of rec-trices and remiges; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with paleyellowish or dull yellowish white, producing two narrow bands; sidesof head light grajish olive, the lores, orbits, malar region, and chindull whitish or dull pale yellowish; throat and chest dull light grayisholive; rest of under parts dull pale yellow.Adult vy/r/Ze.?Length (skins), 10().7-114.3 (100.5); wing, 59.7-65(62.2); tail, 43.2-47.5 (46.2); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.4 (10.7); tarsus,17-18 (17.5).'Adult female.?Length (skins), 104.1-109.2 (107.4); wing, 57.7-63.5
1 Slightly bluish slate-gray. ^ Nine specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 29
450 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(59.9); tail, 44.2-48 (45.5); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.4 (10.9); tarsus,17.5-18.3 (17.8).'Eastern United States north regularly to Massachusetts, New York,southwestern Ontario (Hamilton), northern Michigan (Mackinaclsland),southern Minnesota, etc., casually (?) to Manitoba (near Winnipeg);breeding southward to northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, northernIndiana, northern and central Illinois (south to Richland County ? ) etc.,and southward along Allegheny Mountains to South Carolina (PickensCounty, 2,500 feet and upward), and eastern Tennessee (SawyersSprings); south in winter to Cuba and through eastern Mexico andCentral America to Colombia.[Motacilla^ chrysoptera Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on TlicGolden-vnnged Fli/caicher, Musciaqxi cilis mirrux Edwards, Gleanings Nat.Hist., ii, 189, pi. 299).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 971.[Sylrki'] chrysoptera IjATB \M, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 541.Sylria chrysoptera Vieillot, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 37, pi. 97; Enc. M^th., ii, 1823,438.?Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 113, pi. 15, fig. 5 (fig. "6" in t<?xt).?Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 12, pi. 1, fig. 3.
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Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S.and Can., i, 1832, 411.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 154, pi. 414.Vermivora chrysoptera^ Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 259.
?
Bonaparte,Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.Sylricola chrysoptera Richardson, 'Rep. Brit. Assor., 1S3(> (1837), 171.Helinaia, chrysoptera Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 67; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,91, pi. 107.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).3I[niotilta] chrysoptera Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[ifniotiltal chrysoptera Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 34.59.[Helmitheros] chrysoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Helmitheros chrysoptera Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 143 (Bogota,Colombia).H\_elmmiho]>}iaga] chrysoptera Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.Nelminthophaga chrysoptera Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 255; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 181; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 175.?Henry, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860,
.397 (Choctum, Guatemala).?Lawrence, .\nn. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293(Lion Hill, Isth. Panama); viii, 1866, 284 (near New York City); ix, 1868,94 (Barranca, Costa Rica).
?
Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba);
^ Three specimens.Specimens from opposite sides of AUeglieiiy Mountains average, respectively, asfollows
:
Locality.
MALES.Five adult mak'.s from Mai<sachusetts to Di.slrii't of ColumbiaFour adult males from Mississippi Valley ."FE.MALES.One adult female from MassachusettsTwo adult females from Indiana
Wing.
BIRDS OB' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4511862, 177 (do. ) ; 1872, 411 (do. ) ; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 232 (do. ).?ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Bogota).
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Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Isth. Panama) ; 1879, 494 (Antioqnia,Colombia).
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Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).
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McIlvvraith,Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).
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Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (Santa Fe,Veragua) ; 1870, 182 (Calovevora, Veragua).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (CandelariaMts., Costa Rica).
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Coues,Check List, 1873, no. 63; 2d ed., 1882, no. 102; Birds N. W., 1874, 49; BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 216, footnote.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.?Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 192, pi. 11, fig. 2.?RiDGWAY, Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 81.?Warren, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 6-8 (e. Massachusetts; nesting habits, etc.).Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 56 (descr. young).
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Bicknell,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, May 11).?Sal-vin and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 114; Ibis, 1880, 117(Minca, Colombia, 2,000 ft. alt.).[Hehninthaphaga'] chri/soptera Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7.II[elminthoj)liaga'\ chrysoptera 'Nelho's, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98, 152 (n. e.Illinois; breeding).
?
Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).IIehnin1hop<if/a clirysoptrra Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).Hdniiuthuphila clirysoplera Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53;Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 127 (breeding in Richland Co. ?).
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Siiarpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus. X, 1885, 235, 639.?Hoy, Auk, ii, 1885, 102 (MonroeCo., ilichigan;descr. nest and eggs).
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Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 173 (Jackson and Maconcounties. North Carolina, breeding at 2,000-4,100 ft.).
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Cory, Auk, iii,1886, 28 (Cuba); Birds W. L, 1889, 42; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba).?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 642. Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888, 240 (Mississippi Valley records, dates, etc.).Bishop, Auk, vi, 1889, 193 (Seymour and Portland, Connecticut). Scott,Auk, vii, 1890, 17 (Key West, Florida, 1 spec, Aug. 25).?Cherrie, Auk,vii, 1890, 335 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 15, abundant); viii, 1891, 271(San Jose, Oct. 2).
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Batchelder, Auk, vii, 1890, 404 (near Winnipeg,Manitoba, May 24).?Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Caro-olina, breeding at 2,500 ft.); viii, 1891, 331 (C?esars Head, South Carolina,breeding) ; x, 1893, 154 (Caesars Head).
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Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (breedinginButler, Beaver, and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania); x, 1893, 40 (breed-ing in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania).
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Sage, Auk, x, 1893, 208 (Portland,Connecticut, com. summer resid.; habits). White, Auk, x, 1893, 227(Mackinac I., Michigan).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,483 (Escondido R., Nicaragua, Nov. 5).
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Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1895, 494 (Sawyers Springs, e. Tennessee, breeding); Auk, xvi, 1899, 312(Beaver, Allegheny, and Westmoreland" counties, w. Pennsylvania, breed-ing.)
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Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 160 (Pueblo Viejo, prov.Santa Marta, Colombia, Mar. 20).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii,1900, 178 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Sept. to Dec.).?Wood (J. C),Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).H[elminthophila'] chrysoptera Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.
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Ridg-way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.Helndntophila chrysoptera Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 184, pi. 11,fig. 4.[MotaciUa]J{avifroiisGMEijiyi, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 976 (based on Yellow-frontedWarbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, i)t. 2, 461; Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 404).[Sylvia] flarifroriK IjATHam, Index, Orn., ii, 1790, 541.Sylvicola inornata Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 434 (Mexico).
452 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.HELMINTHOPHILA LAWRENCII (Herrick).LAWRENCE' S WARBLER.Pattern of coloration the same a.s in H. chrysoptem (except, some
-
times, as to wing-markings), but back, etc., yellowish olive-green andthe malar stripe and under parts (except throat) pure gamboge yellow,iiH in M. J)inus/ wing-bands usually (?) separated and whitish, as inII. jjinns.Adult male in spring.?Forehead and anterior half of crown intensegamboge yellow, verging to orange; chin, wide malar stripe, andentire lower parts of body (except under tail-coverts) rich gambogeyellow; lores, suborbital region, and auriculars, deep black; uppere3^elid j^ellow, the lower black; a gular and jugular patch of deepblack, of triangular form, pointed anteriorly, greatly widened on thechest, where its posterior outline is convex; thighs dull white, stainedwith yellow; under tail-coverts white, the tips of the feathers faintlystained with yellow; occiput, hindneck, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright olive-green; wings and tail bluish gray, the middle andgreater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two wide and tolera-bly distinct l)ands, the greater coverts and tortials narrowly edgedwith olive-green; inner webs of four outer rectrices with more or lesswhite, amounting to only an elongated speck on the fourth, but onthe first occupying nearly the whole wcl)*; wing, 59.7; tail, 58.3; cul-men, 11.4; tarsus, 17.8.^ (Description from the type in collection ofHarold Herrick, New York City.)Linnature male ysecond year').?Similar to the fully adult plumage,but colors duller and all the markings less sharply defined; black throat-patch broken by narrow yellow margins to the feathers, especially forthe anterior half; black postocular patch less extensive than in theadult male, and less deeply black; yellow of head and lower partsless pure, as well as less intense; wing, 63.5; tail, 54.6; culmen, 12.7;tarsus, 17.(S; nuddle toe, 10.2.^ (From specimen in the Lawrencecollection, from Hoboken, New Jersey; spring of 1876.)[This bird, the status of which has not yet been fully determined, isessentially a //. ehryi<<>ptera^\\ih. olive-green replacing the gray of thatspecies and bright j^ellow replacing the white, but with white wing-bands, as in typical JI. pinus. '^ It is also essentially a 11. pmu-s withMVing measured with primaries pressed flat against the rule, and tail measured tobase of the coccyx.^The character of the wing-markings is, however, not strictly diagnostic in thecase of either H. chri/aojittra or //. jiiniis. Sometimes the yellow wing-(^atch of theformer is distinctly separated into two l)ands by the extensively dark basal portionof the greater coverts, while occasionally the color of these bands, or even of thelarger patcli itself, may be nearer white than yellow. On the other hand, H. pi)m!<sometimes has the two bands so nearly confluent as to form quite as large and con-tinuous a patch as in //. chri/soptera (sometimes the anterior band is wanting alto-gether and the posterior one obsolete), while freijnontly the band or patch is moreor less strongly tinged with yellow.
BTEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 453the black throat-Y)atch and broad black band on side of head of //.chtysoptera.^New Jersey (Passaic River; Hoboken; Morristown); New York(Westchester County); Connecticut (Portland; New Haven; Stam-ford; Fairfield County).Helniinthophaga lawrencii Herrick, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 220, pi. 15(Passaic R., New Jersey; coll. H. Herrick).
?
Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 170.
?
CouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 214, footnote; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.99.?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 209, footnote.Hlelminthophaga} lawrencii Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168, 169 (diagnosis; crit. ).HelininilKyphaga lawrencei Herrick, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 19 (Hoboken,New Jersey).?Langdon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 209, footnote.?Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 80.
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vi, 1881, 218-225, in text (crit.).?Maynard, Birds E. U. S., 1882, 509.Hlebninthophila] laurencel Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan. 1882, 53;Auk, ii, 1885, 359, .361, 363, in text; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.?Brewster,Auk, iii, 1886, 411 (Morristown, New Jersey; hybrid with H. pinus).?Eames, Auk, vi, 1889, 305, 306, 307, 309, in text (Connecticut; habits, etc.) .?Sage, Auk, x, 1893, 209, in text (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec. May 14,1887).Helminthophila laurencei American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 20.?Voorhees, Auk, v, 1888, 427 (Westchester Co., New York).?Bishop, Auk, vi, 1889, 193 (New Haven and Stamford, Connecticut).H[elminthophila'] Idivrendif Coues, Key-N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 293.Helminthophila lanrendi Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 233, footnote.H\ehninthophila'] laiurencii Voorhees, Auk, xi, 1894, 259, in text (FairfieldCo., Connecticut).HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS (Brewster).BKEWSTERS WARBLER.Similar in pattern of coloration (except, sometimes, as to win^-mark-inos)to //. pl/)t(f<^ l)utthe back, etc., 1)hiish gniy instead of olive-g-reen,and the under parts partly (sometimes wholly) white, instead of yellow;wing-bands usually ( ?) coalesced and yellow (as in II. clirxjHO])tera)^ some-times separated and white (as in //. pinuH).Adult male.?Forehead and anterior portion of crown gamboge yel-low, becoming white laterally, immediately above the black line througheye; occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, andtail plain l)luish gray (between slate-gray and plumbeous); exposedportion of middle and greater wing-coverts mostly yellow (canary orsulphur), forming a hirge and conspicuous patch; rest of wings duskywith bluish gray edgings, these more or less tinged with olive-greenontertials; inner webs of three outer rectrices extensively white ter-minally, this occupying more than terminal half on outermost rectrix;lower half of lores and a postocular streak black; suborbital region,greater part of auricular region, malar region, and entire under partswhite, the sides and hanks pale gray, the breast sometimes tinged withyellow; maxilla black, mandible more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet
454 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (.skins), 1\'>A\-1'2()J'} (lls.l);wing-, 61.5-63 (62.2); tail, 46.2-47.5 (46.7); exposed eulmen, 11.2-11.7(11.4); tarsus, 17.8-18.3 (18).
^
Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but duller in color; yellowof forehead and crown more or less obscured ]\v olive-green tips tofeathers; gray of upper parts more or less tinged with olive-green,and white of under parts more or less tinged w^ith j-ellow, especiallyon breast; black line on lores and Ijehind eye duller, more dusk}'grayish; length (skiti), 121.9; wing, 61.5; tail, 47.5; exposed culmen,10.9; tarsus, 17. 3. '^[In its typical form, as described above, this bird is essentiallv aIL chrysojjtera, without the lilack (male) or gra}' (female) throat-patchof that species and with the black or gray band on side of head reducedto a narrow streak, as in II. plnxs:. It is also essentially a II. jjin uswith the wing of II. cJirysoptei'a, the olive-green of upper parts replacedby gray and the yellow of sides of head and under parts replaced b}-white. Variations tend more toward II. jjinus than toward II. e/irt/.'^op-tera; for, while the under parts are often considerably' tinged withyellow (sometimes extensively j^ellow, the whole breast being frequentlybright yellow) and the upper parts tinged with olive-green, thereis seldom, if ever, an indication of the black or gray throat-patch ofII. chrymptera. The ))lack postocular streak, however, is sometimesgreatly extended, both as to length and width, specimens thus markedapproaching //. eJiry.^ojdera in this respect. It is altogether prohal>le,})oth in the case of this form and H. lairrenc/'i, that dichromatism aswell as hybridism enters into the (question of their origin; in otherwords, while //. plnus apparenth' exhi))its, rarely, a white and gra}'(instead of yellow and olive-green) phase, and If. vhrysoptera., as rarel}',a yellow and olive-green, instead of white and gra}'. phase, the twospecies interbreed to such an extent, not only with one another, buteach with II. leucohronchialis and //. Ia wren ci! (the hj'brids being-fertile Inter .s't) that the problem is a very complicated one, and there-fore most difficult to work out satisfactorily.^Eastern United States: Massachusetts (Newtonville; Hudson); Con-necticut (Wauregan; Suffield; Deep River; Portland; Saybrook; Se}'-mour; New Haven; North Haven); New York (Rockland County;Sing Sing; Croton Point; Parkville, Long Island); Pennsylvania(Delaware County; Chester County); New Jersey (Maplewood;Knglewood; Morristown); Maryland (Riverdale); Virginia (Alex-andria County); Louisiana (Mandeville); Michigan (Ottawa Count}'^).
' Two specimens.
^ One specimen.
'See Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clul), vi, 1881, 218; Auk, iii, 1886, 411; and Ridg-way. Auk, ii, 1885, 359.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 455Helm'mthophmia leucohroncMaUs Brewster, American Sportsman (newspaper), v,Oct. 17, 1874, 33, in text (Newtonville, Massachusetts; coll. W. Brewster);Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Jan., 1876, 1, pi. 1; iii, 1878, 99 (Wauregan, Con-necticut), 199 (Suffield, Connecticut); vi, 1881, 218 (crit. ; considered ashybrid between H. chrysoptera and H. pinus); Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Deep R.,Connecticut; crit.).
?
Coues, Birds N. "VV., 1874, 760, in index; Birds Col.Val., 1878, 213; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 100.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xvii, 1875, 439.?Ridgway, Ibis, Apr., 1876, 170; Norn. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 82.?Maynard, Birds Eastern U. S., 1882, 509.?Minot, Birds NewEng., 1877, 92.?Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 79 (Delaware Co.,Pennsylvania) ; iii, 1878, 44; iv, 1879, 59 (Rockland Co., New York) ; Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 59 (do.).?Fisher, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,1879, 234 (Sing Sing, New York); vi, 1881, 245 (Sing Sing and Croton Point,New York) .?PuRDiE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Hudson, Massa-chusetts; Portland and Saybrook, Connecticut; Ottawa Co., Michigan).?Allex\, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.?Langdon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,V, 1880, 209, footnote.?Sage, Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Deep R., Connecticut).H\_elmmthophafja\ leucohroncldaUs Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168, 169 (diagnosis; crit.).H[elmmthopMla'\ leucohroncMaUs Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882,53; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.?Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 411 (concern-ing supposed hybrid origin )
.
Helminthophila leucobronchialis Palmer, Auk, ii, 1885, 304 (Alexandria Co., Vir-ginia).
?
Sage, Auk, ii, 1885, 304 (New Haven, Connecticut); vi, 1889, 279(Portland, Connecticut); x, 1893, 208 (do.; regular summer resident); xii,1895, 207 (do.; interbreeding with H. cJtrysoptera)
.
?Ridgway, Auk, ii, 1885,359-363 (crit.).?RiKER, Auk, ii, 1885, 378 (Maplewood, New Jersey).?Fisher, Auk, ii, 1885, 378 (Sing Sing, New York, 2 specs.), 379 (inter-breeding with H. pinus).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 235, foot-note.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 355 (Hypothet-ical List, no. 21).
?
Thurber, Auk, iii, 1886, 411 (near Morristown, NewJersey).
?
Chapman, Auk, iv, 1887, .349 (Morristown, New Jersey) ; vi, 1889,304 (Englewood, New Jersey); vii, 1890, 291 (do.; song); viii, 1891, 318(Mandeville, Louisiana).
?
Fames, Auk, v, 1888, 427 (Seymour, Connecticut,6 specs.; breeding); vi, 1889, 305-310 (s. Connecticut; habits, etc.).
?
Stone, Auk, v, 1888, 115 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).
?
Bishop, Auk, vi,1889, 193 (New Haven, Sayl)rook, and Portland, Connecticut); xi, 1894, 79(North Haven, Connecticut; breeding).
?
Howell, Auk, ix, 1892, 306 (Park-ville, Long Island). Richmond, Auk, xii, 1895, 307 (Riverdale, Maryland).Hlelininthophiln] leucobronchialis f Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1882, 293.Helminthophaga gunnii Gibbs, Daily Democrat (newspaper. Grand Rapids, Mich-igan), June 1, 1879 (Ottawa Co., Michigan).
?
Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 233 (crit. ; referred to H. lencohronchialis)
.
HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS (Linnaeus).BLUE-WINGED WARBLER.Throat usually entirely pure 3"ellow, like rest of under parts, theforehead and sides of head (mostly) also yellow; a narrow black streakbefore and behind eye.Adult male.?Forehead and crown bright 3"ellow (lemon or gam-bog-e); occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-covertsbright olive-green, more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-covertstinged with gray; wing-coverts and tertials gray, the middle and
456 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.greater coverts usually more or less hroadly tipped with white, form-ing two hands; ^ secondaries and primaries dusky edged with gra}',their inner webs broadly edged with white; tail gray, the three outer-most rectrices with inner webs extensively white, the fourth, some-times even the fifth, occasionally showing a terminal white spot; lowerhalf of lores and a pointed postocular streak l)lack; sides of head belowthis black streak, with entire lower parts (except under tail-coverts),clear lemon-yellow,'^ the sides and fianks slightly tinged with olive-green; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white; l)ill black insummer, brownish, with paler mandible, in winter; iris brown; legsand feet horn brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 101.6-115.6(108.2); wing, 57.7-63.2 (60.2); tail, 43.4-48.3 (46); exposed culmen,10.4-11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 17-18 (17.3).'Adult female.?Similar to the male but duller in color; olive-greenof upper parts covering crown, sometimes the forehead also; loral andpostocular mark dusky grayish instead of black; gray of wing-covertsand tertials usually tinged with olive-green; white wing-bars averag-ing much less distinct; yellow of under parts less bright and pure;length (skins), 109.2-112.5 (111.2); wing, 56.1-59.2 (57.7); tail, 45-46.5(45.7); exposed cuhnen, 10.4-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 16.8-18.3 (17.3).*Eastern United States, breeding northward to southern Connecticut(New Haven; Saybrook; Portland), southeastern New York (lowerHudson Valley), Pennsylvania (Chester and Delaware counties), north-ern Ohio (Wayne and Warren counties), northern Indiana (Carroll andWabash counties), northern Illinois, southern Iowa (Decatur andMahaska counties), eastern Nel)raska (near Omaha), etc.: occasionalstraggler to Massachusetts (Dedham; West lioxbury; near Boston),Michigan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (Fillmore C/Ounty; nearMimieapolis); southward in winter through east(M-n Mexico (includingYucatan) to Guatemala (Choctum; Teleman), Nicaragua ((Ireytownand Rio Escondido), and Colombia (Chirua, province of Santa Marta).(No Central American records except (Tuatemala and Nicaragua, norWest Indian records except Al)aco Island, Bahamas.)\_Cert}d(i] ]>inut> Linn^us, Syst. Nut., ed. 12, i, 1766, 187 (based essential!}' onPine Creeper, Certhia pinus Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., vi, i;]9, \t]. 277,-upper %.).
?
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 470.[Sylvia'] pinus Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.
' Tlie extent of these white wing-markings varies greatly. Sometimes they arecontinent, forming a large patch, as in Jf. clni/wpieni (in which the color is yellowinstead of white, however); again they may be so nearly obsolete that only a few ofthe greater coverts have indistinct white tips; occasionally the color is distinctlyyellow instead of white. (See footnote on p. 452.)^Sorne specimens, tending toward //. leucubrondtialis, show white patches of greateror less extent on the under parts, usually on the throat.
' Ten specimens.^Four spe(!imens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 457Sylvia pinus Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 44.{3fotacilla'] pinus Tukton, Syst. Nat, i., 1800, 606.Hehmnthophaga pinus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 2-54; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 180; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 174.?Sclater and Salvin,Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Guatemala).?CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 62; 2d ed., 1882, no. 98; Birds N. W., 1874, 49;Birds Col. Val., 1878, 214, footnote; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 194(West Chester, Pennsylvania; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Allen, Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas).?Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., xv, 1873,234 (Decatur and Makaska counties, s. Iowa; breeding).?Ames, Bull. Minn.Acad. Sci., i, 1874, 56 (Minnesota).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 195, pi. 11, fig. 1.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xvii, 1875, 439 (Saybrook, Connecticut, breeding); xx, 1879, 265 (Dedhani,Massachusetts; West Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1 spec. May 17, 1878);Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 48 (New Haven, Connecticut, breeding).?Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 170; Noni. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 79.?Deane, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 188 (West Roxbury, Massachusetts, May).?Langdox, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 5 (Hamilton Co., Ohio, breeding).?Bick-NELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, breed-ing).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Hidalgo, Texas, May,1 spec.).?Rhoads, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 234 (Chester and Dela-ware counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Rathbun, Revised List BirdsCentr. N. Y., 1879, 10 (Pen Yan, New York, 1 spec.).?Salvin and God-man Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115 (Choctum and Teleman, Guatemala,etc.).?BorcARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan).[Helminthophagci] pinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.
?
Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.Illdiniiititophaga'] pinus JiuKiW' AY, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).[Mnioiilta] pinus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3455.Helminthophila pinus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53; Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 126; Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco L, Bahamas, Apr. 9, 1spec.).?BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 210 (song).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 237, 639.?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.641.?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. IL, no. 2, 1886, 34 (Franklin Co.,Indiana, common summer resid.).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886,256 (Dedham, Massachusetts, 1 spec, We^^t Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1spec. May 17, 1878).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 240 (Missis-sippi Valley localities and dates) .?Bishop, Auk, vi, 1889, 192 (coast of Con-necticut, common).?Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 27 (Carroll Co., Indiana,breeding).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 17 (Key West, Florida, Aug. 30, 1 spec),313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 23-25).?Roberts, Auk, vii, 1890, 214(near Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 17; Fillmore Co., Minnesota, Aug. 28).?Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, May 2, 1 spec).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 540 (e. Kansas, summer resid.).
?
Smith (R. W-),Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (Warren Co., Ohio, breeding).?Corv,Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117, 155 (Abaco I., Bahamas).?Richmond, ProcU. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Greytown and Ri(j Escondido, Nicaragua.Jan., Feb.).
?
Sacje, Auk, x, 1893, 208 (Portland, Connecticut, rare sum.resid.).? (?) White, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, July 1).?Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind. Ac Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash C'o., Indiana,breeding).
?
Oberholser, Bull. Ohio Agric Ex. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 323(Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid. ) .
?
Hadley, Proc. Ind. Ac Sci.,1897, 190 (Wayne Co., Indiana, migrant).?Brackett, Auk, xv, 1898, 59
458 BULLETIN 50, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(near Boston, IMassachusetts, 1 spec., May 15).
?
Rhoadm, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312(Beaver, Laurel Ridge, etc., w.' Pennsylvania).
?
Bangs, Proe. Biol. Soc.Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Chirua, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Mar. 21).?Bru-NER, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d an. meet., 1901, 57 (near Omaha, Nebraska,breeding).H\_ehmnthophila'] pinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,293.?RiixiWAV,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 486.Helmint}iop(i(j(i piv as Gregg, Proc. Elmira Acad. Sci., 1870 (p. 8 of reprint).HeI?iint]io]>ltag(i pi7ia Coves, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 271 (s. New P^ngland).Helmintopltila pinns Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 183, pi. 11, fig. 2.Sylvia soUtana Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 109, pi. 15, fig. 4 (e. Pennsylvania;coll. Peale Mus. ).
?
Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 450.
?
Bonaparte, Journ.Ac. Nat. Sd. Phila., iv, 1824, 189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 87.?Ni'ttall,Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 410.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 102,pi. 20.Vermivora xolitarin Swainson, I'hilos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 434 (Vera Cruz,Mexico).
?
Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i,- 1832, 256.
?
Bonaparte, Geog.and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
?
Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Exped. Zuni andColorado R., 1853, 72 (Indian Territory, common, breeding).St/lvieoJa S()lituria'RivuAiiT>soN, Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 171.Helinaia i<ulitaria Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 69; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 98,pi. 111.3f[niotilta'] solitaria Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[HelimtheroN'] solitaria Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Hehnitherox solltarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 291 (Cordova, XeraCruz).IIlehiiiiit}i<ii)h<t(j((~\ .snlitarid Cabanis, I\Ius. Ilein., i, 1850, 20, footnote.HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI (Audubon).BACHMANS WARBLER.Ad/ult male.?Forehead, or])ital ring", miliar reg-ion, chin (sometimesupper throat also), ])reast, and al)domen yellow (gam])oge); anteriorportion of crown black, the feathers (except sometimes the moreanterior ones) margined with gray; posterior portion of crown, occi-put, and hindnock plain mouse gray; back, scapulars, and rump plainolive-green, the last more yellowish; upper tail-coverts grayish olive-green; anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area clear gambogeyellow, the posterior portion, together with middle coverts, plain olive-green (concealed portion of feathers darker); greater coverts and ter-tials grayish olive-green; secondaries and primaries dusky grayishedged with grayish olive-green, the longer primaries edged with palegray; tail dull gray, usually tinged with olive-green, the three to fourouter rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on inner web;auricular region olive-green, more or less tinged with gray posteriorly;chest, together with more or less of throat, black, this sometimesbroken with yellow tips to feathers; flanks pale smok\" grayish; longerunder tail-coverts white, the shorter ones pale yellow; maxilla brown-ish black, the mandible slightly paler (decidedly so in winter); irisbrown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45910?;.7-116.8 (110.7); win^-, 5t).6-61.5 (5S.1>); tail, 1:2.7-4(^.7 (44.2);exposed ciilmen, 11.2-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.3).'Irmnature viale in first autumn.?Similar to the adult male, l)utcrown entirely gray.Adult feiiiaJe.?Much duller than the male, and without ))lack oncrown, throat, or chest; yellow of forehead indistinct, not sharplyseparated from gray of crown; olive-green of l)ack, etc., more grayish;chest and sides of breast strongly shaded with gray; length (skins),106.7-110.5 (109.2); wing, 57.9-59.7 (58.7); tail, 43.7-45 (44.4); exposedculmen, 10.9-11.9 (11.4); tarsus, 17-17.3 (17.3).'Austroriparian district (humid division of Lower Austral life-zone)of eastern United States; north to southeastern Virginia (Ayletts,King William County), southern Indiana (Knox and Decatur coun-ties?accidental in last?), and southeastern Missouri (Dunklin County);Cuba in winter.Sijlvia hachmani Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 483, pi. 183 (Charleston, SouthCarolina; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).Sylvicola bacJimanl Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoo. for 1836 (1837), 172.Vermivora hachmani Bonaparte, Geog. and Conij). List., 1838, 21.Helinaia bachmanii Audubon, Synopsis^, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 93,pi. 108.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 18(i0, 307 (Cuba).?Lemeeye,Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 36, pi. 6, fig. 1.MlniotiUa^ hachmani Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.IMniotilta'] hachmani Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3460.[Helmitheros\ feac/Hnajit Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Hdminthophaga bachmanii Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861,326, 409 (do. ) ; 1874, 411 (do. ) ; Repert. Fisieo-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 322 (do.) .?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 255; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.182; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 175.?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 64; 2d ed.,1882, no. 103; Birds Col. ^'al., 1878, 214, footnote.?Baird, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 194, pi. 11, fig. 3.?Ridgway, Ibis,1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 78.?Cory, List Birds W. L, 1885,7.?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1882, 510.IHelminthophaga'] bachmanii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.Hlelminthophac/a] hachmani Ridgway', Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).Helminthophila hachmani Ridgway', Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 53.
?
Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 38 (South Carolina; descr. sup-posed eggs).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 28 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba).
?
American Ornithologists' LTnion, CheckList, 1886, no. 640.
?
Lawrence, Auk, iv, 1887, .35-37 (Lake Pontchartrain,Louisiana), 262 (do.).
?
Brewster, Auk, iv, 1887, 165 (spec, of unknownlocality in Lafresnaye coll.); viii, 1891, 149-157 (Suwanee R., Florida;habits, variations of plumage, etc.).
?
Merriam, Auk, iv, 1887, 262 (Som-brero Key, Florida, Mar. 21).?Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 348 (Key West, Flor-ida) ; V, 1888, 428 (do., July 26); vii, 1890, 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas,Florida, Mar. 26 and Apr. 9).- -Galbraith, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (Lake Pont-chartrain, Mar.).
?
Chapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 278 (Oak Lodge, Brevard Co.,Florida, Mar. 21).?Palmer (W.), Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Ayletts, King WilliamCo., Virginia, Aug.) .
?
Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 367 ( Wacissa R., n. w. Florida,
^ Eight specimens. ^ Three specimens.
460 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
migrant).
?
Widmann, Auk, xiii, 1896, 264 (Greene Co., Arkansas, May7-9).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. See. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 111 (Louisiana).?Butler, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1899 (1900), 151 (near Greensburg, Decatur Co.,Indiana, 1 spec, May 2, 1899).H\_elviinthoph'da'] hachinanl Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.?Riixi-WAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 487.Helmhithophtia badimanii Ridgway, Auk, xiv, 1897, 309 (Dunklin Co., s. e. Mis-souri; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Wayne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 274 (Mount Pleas-ant, South Carolina, May 15).Helminthophila hachmanni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 239.HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA (Wilson).TENNESSEE WARBLER.Adult male.?Pileum and hindneck plain f^ray (intermediate betweenmouse gray and slate-gray); rest of upper parts plain olive-green,brightest on rump; remiges dusky, the secondaries edged with olive-green, the primaries with pale gra}' (edge of outermost primary white);tail dull gray, the outer webs of rectrices edged with olive-green, theinner webs edged with white, that of outermost rectrix usually with awhite terminal spot of greater or less extent; lores and short super-ciliary streak white, the former with a dusky wedge:shaped streak infront of eye; a more or less distinct, but small, postocitlar streak ofditsky; auricular region grayish; sul)orbital region, malar region, andunder parts white, the sides and flanks shaded with gray; under wing-coverts and axillars white; maxilla brownish black, mandible slightlypaler; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 102.9-119.4 (112.5); wing, 62. 5-67. S (64.5); tail, 41-16 (42.4);exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 15.5-17.8 (16.8).^[Adult males in winter do not differ essentially from ])reeding l)irds,but have the gra}' of pileum, hindneck, sides, and flanks slightly tingedwith olive-green, white of under parts slightly tinged with yellow, andbasal half of mandible distinctly light colored. Some spring males(probably younger birds), however, are like winter specimens in allthese respects.]Adult feindle.?Similar to the adult male in coloration, but withgray of pileum and hindneck never so pure, being usually more or lesstinged with olive-green, and with superciliarj^ streak and under partsmore or less tinged with yellow; length (skins), 1(?6.7-119.4 (109.7);wing, 58.4-61 (59.4); tail, 39.1-42.4 (41.1); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2(9.6); tarsus, 15.7-17.3 (16.3).^Yoinuj male In Jiri^t autumn.?Above plain olive-green, includingpileum and hindneck; superciliar}- streak, e3elids, sides of head, chin,throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale yellowish olive-green; a])domen,anal region, under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts white.Young female in Jii'st autumn.?Similar to the young autumnal
' Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 461
male, ])ut superciliary streak, sides of head, throat, chest, sides, andflanks bright olive yellow.Eastern North America, breeding from northeastern New York(Lewis County), Massachusetts (Graylock Mountain, at 3,000 feet;Springfield), Province of Quebec (Point de Monts), western Ontario(north shore of Lake Superior), Manitoba, eastern Colorado (ColoradoSprings), etc., northward to Slave Lake district (Fort Rae; Fort Simp-son; Fort Resolution), Alaska (Caribou Crossing), and eastern BritishColumbia (Caribou); southward in winter over more southern UnitedStates (east of Rocky Mountains) to Cuba and Grand Cayman (Baha-mas also?), and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colom-bia and Venezuela; accidental in southern California (Pasadena, LosAngeles County, September).Sylvia pengrina Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 83, pi. 25, fig. 2.
?
Bonaparte, Journ.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, li?6; Ann. I.yc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 87, 439.?NuTPALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 412.
?
Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii,1834, 307, pi. 154.Sylrlcola (Verviivora) ])nr<p'i)i(i fiVi'Aiyiioy and Richakd,son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,1831, 221.Viriniwra jteregrina Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pi. 42,lower fig.
?
Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 372.
?
Bonaparte,Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2ded., i, 1840, 469.Sylvicola pcrcgr'ma Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 171.Helinaia peregrina Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 96,pi. 110.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).M[itiotilta'] peregrina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[MnioiUta'] jxregrina Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3456.\_Hchnithcros] peregrina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Hlebiiinthojjhaga'] peregrina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20; Journ. fiir Orn.,1861, 85 (Costa Rica).?RiDGWAV, Ibis, 1876, 169 (diagnosis).Helminthophaga peregrina Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,258; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 185; Review Am. Binls, 1865, 178.
?
Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 373 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,29 (Jalai)a, VeraCruz; Lanquin, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 31(Coban, Guatemala).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.) ; 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) ; 1879, 494(Concordia, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Gundlach, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861,326 (Cuba); 1862, 177 (do.) ; 1872, 412; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 2;]2(Cuba).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, PanamaR. R.); viii, 1865, 174 (David, Chiriqui) ; ix, 1868, 94 (San Jose and (Trecia,Costa Rica).
?
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 62 (interiorBritish North Americia).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (David,Chiriqui); 1870, 182 (Calovevora, Veragua, and Volcan de Chiriqui), 836( Honduras)
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1869, 293 ( Dota mts. , Costa Rica) .^AVyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Herradura, Colombia).
?
Coues, Check List, 1873, no.69; 2ded., 1882, no. 109; Birds N. W., 1874, 53; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 230.?Herrick, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30 (Grand Menan).
?
Ridgway, Bull.Essex Inst., v, 1873, 180 (El Paso Co., Colorado); Ibis, 1876, 171; Norn. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 87.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Rid(;way, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 205, pi. 11, figs. 10,11; iii, 1874, 504 (El Paso Co., Colorado,
462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sept.).
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 4.S!? (n. New England,breeding).?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efi-genia, Oaxaca, Dec, Jan.).
?
Bouc.\rd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52San Jose, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).
?
Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,1878, 53 (Lewis Co., New York, May); vi, 1881, 227 (Lewis Co., New York,breeding) ; vii, 1882, 284 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, breeding).
?
Minot,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220 (Boulder, Colorado, May 81).?Salvinand GoDM.\N, Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca, Colombia, 2,000 feet alt. ); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 117.[Helminthophaga] peregrina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 8.?Corv, List Birds AV. I., 1885, 7 (Cuba).HelminthopJiila peregrina Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 130.?Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 370 ( Anti-costi I., July 1).?Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 287 (Fort Bay,Labrador).?SiiARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 289, 039 (Bogota, Minca,and Concordia, ('olond)ia; Caracas, Venezuela, Fort Simpson, Arctic Am.,etc.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 28 (Cuba; Bahamas?); P,irds W. L, 1889, 42;Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117 (Cuba; Grand Cayman).
?
American Ornithol-ogists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 647.?Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (TomGreen Co., Texas, fall migr.).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 243(Mississippi Valley localities and dates); Bull. 44, Col. Agr. Coll., 1898, 168(Colorado Springs, Colorado, breeding).
?
Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 102 (Gray-lock Mt., Mas.sachussetts, breeding at 8,000 ft.).
?
Dctcher, Auk, vi, 1889,138 (Long I., New York, Sept.).
?
Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Punta Rassa,Tarpon Springs, and Key West, Florida, migr.). Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890,885 (San Jose, Costa Rica,' Sept. to Mar.) ; viii, 1891, 278 (do.).?Thompson,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 617 (Manitoba, breeding).?Nutting, Bull.Labr. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 277 (Grand Rapids, Saskatchewan,breeding ?) .?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escon-dido, Nicaragua, Oct. 24-29).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 191.
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 148 (Santa Marta, Colombia).?Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co.,California, 1 spec, Sept. 27, 1897).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii,1900, 178 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Nov. 8 to Apr. 4).?Bishop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 89 (Caribou Crossing, Alaska, June25, 27).?NoRRis, Auk, xix, 1902, 88 (Carpenter Mt., Caribou, British Colum-l)ia, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).JI[il)iiii}thophila'] peregrina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.-
?
Ridg-way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 488.Sylria (enen.^swi Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Knc Meth., ii, 1828, 452.Slylricola] missuriettKls Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, March, 1858, 117(Missouri).HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA CELATA (Say).ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.Adult male.?Above plain grayish olivc-grcen, ])ccoming brighter,more 3'ellowish olive-green, on rump iind upper tail-coverts; crowntawn}^ or tawny-ochraceous, this color mostly concealed (except inworn midsunmier plumage) b}'' grayish olive tips to the feathers; a-narrow superciliary stripe, eyelids, and oen(M-al color of under partspale olive-yellowish, becoming paler (sometimes whitish) on lower
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4(33portion of abdomen; auricular region, .side? of neck, and .sides of breastlight grayish olive-green, the chest (sometimes throat also) indistinctlystreaked with the same; an indistinct triangular spot or streak of dusk}^in front of eye and a still less distinct short postocular streak; undertail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts pale yellow (intermediatebetween straw yellow and sulphur yellow); maxilla dusk}- horn color,mandible paler, more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet brownish horncolor (in dried skins); length (skins), 107.0-121.9 (117.8); wing,60.7-63.2 (62.2); tail, 48.8-52.6 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.6);tarsus, 17.3-18.5 (17.8).^ (In fall and winter the plumage softer, thetawny-ochraceous crown-patch quite concealed, and the sides of headmore tinged with gray.)Adult female.?Similar to the adult male in coloration, and notalwa3^s distinguishable {'i)\ but usually the colors slightly duller, withthe tawny-ochraceous crown-patch more restricted, sometimes obso-lete; length (skins), 110.5-118.1 (114.3); wing, 57.4-59.2 (58.4); tail,45.2-49.3 (47.7); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 17.5-18.5(17.8).*^Yoim(/.,jirst plumage.?A})ove dull olive, or grayish olive, becom-ing more olive-greenish or russet-olive, on rump and upper tail-coverts;middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less distinctly, withpaler olive or dull bully; throat, chest, sides of breast, sides and flankspale brownish gray, tinged with dull bufi'y, especially on chest; abdo-men white; otherwise like adults, but without trace of tawny-ochra-ceous on crown.[Some autumnal specimens, perhaps younger birds, have the headand neck much tinged with gra}", the superciliary streak and eyelids
^ Seven specimens.
^ Five specimens.Specimens from the Atlantic coast district of the United States apparently averagerather larger than those from the Mississippi Valley and Rocky Mountain district,though the series measured are nmch too small to show whether such difference reallyexists or not. There certainly are no color differences, that I can find, between thetwo series (embracing seven specimens from the Atlantic States and many times thatnumber from western and northern localities) . Unfortunately absence of sex deter-mination reduces very much the number of specimens available for measurement.The averages of those measured are as follows:
Locality. Wing.
4(34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.being white instead of yellowish. More rarely there is very little ofyellow tinge on under parts or of olive-green on upper parts, thecoloration being olive-grayish above and dull grayish white, obsoletelystreaked with pale gray anteriorly, below.]Alaska (except coast district from Kadiak eastward and southward)and throughout Rocky Mountain district of British America andUnited States, breeding southward to Manitoba and high mountainsof New Mexico; during migration, southward to eastern and centralMexico (as far as States of Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato,etc.), and eastward over Mississippi Valley and Gulf States to SouthCarolina, Georgia, and Florida; occasional daring migration in NewEngland and Middle Atlantic States (numerous records), and in south-ern California (Los Angeles County, September and October).Sylvia celata Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 169 (Council Bluffs, Iowa).
?
Bonaparte, Anier. Orn., i, 1825, 45, pi. 5, fig. 2; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii,1826, 88.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 413.?Audubon,Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 449, pi. 178.?Peabodv, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, ^13(Massachusetts).
?
Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153,part (Columbia R. ).Sylricola celata Richardson, Rep. Brit. Ass-oc. for 1836 (1837), 171.Vermivorn celata Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 332.
?
Bonaparte,Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed.,i, 1840,473.?Hoy, ProcJ Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).Hel'maia celata Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 69; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 100, pi.112.?Pratten, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc, i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).M[motilta'] celata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.IMniotilta'] celata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3457.\_Helmitheros'] celata Bonaparte, Consp, Av., i, 1850, 315.Helmitheros celatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 212 (Orizaba, VeraCruz).Hehninthojihaga celata Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 257, part;Rep. r. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Brownsville, Texas;Taniaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 184, part; Review Am. Birds,1865, 163, 176, [art (Fort Yukon; Fort Resolution; Fort Simpson; Georgia,etc.).
?
Sclatek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Orizaba).
?
Blakiston, Ibis,1862, 4 (Saskatchewan) ; v, 1863, 62 (interior British North America).?Allen,Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 60 (Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii,1871, 268 (e. Florida, winter); iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas; Utah) .?Coues, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 68;2d ed. 1882, no. 107.?Sumicfirast, I\Iem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546(Orizaba, winter).
?
Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869,278 (Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 83, part.--Maynaro, Birds Florida, 1873, 61.?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875,32(WahsatchMts., Utah, breeding); Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.86.?Brewster, P.u11. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 94 (Concord, :\Iassachusetts, Oct.2).?Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Cranston, Rhode Island,Dec.).?Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West Point, New York,May 13).
?
Brown, Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 173 (Coosada, Alabama,Feb. 12 and Apr. 15).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 302(HoUis, New Hampshire; Concord, Massachusetts, Oct. 2, 1876).
?
Bicknell,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 61 (Riverdale, New York, Oct.).?Trotter,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4^5
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mar.).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 116, part (Cinco Senores,Mexico, etc.).?Nelson, Cruise "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 63 (Norton Soundand interior n. Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 200.?McLene-GAN, Cruise "Corwin," 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska, breeding).[Hdminfhophaga'] celataCouES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.
?
Sclaterand Salvin,Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.Helmmthophaga celata, var. celata Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 202.Hehnintlwiihaga celata . . . var. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, pi. 11, tigs. 5, 6.[HdminiJwphaga, celata} a. celata Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 52; Birds Col. Val.,1878, 226.[Hclininfhophaga celata.] a. celata Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 169, 170; Orn. 40th Par-allel, 1877, 429 (upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept.; Parleys Park, Utah,breeding.
)
Helminthophaga celata celata GooBE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 323.Helmmfhophila celata Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1883, 535 (La Paz, Lower California, 1 spec, Jan.); Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 129.?Rhoads, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Had-donfield. New Jersey, 1 spec. Mar. 22).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 244.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 646.
?
Wayne, Auk, iii, 1886, 139 (coast of South Carolina, Nov. to Mar.) ; xii,1895, 365 (Wacissaand Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida). Brewster, Auk, iii,1886, 278 (Belmont, Massachusetts).-Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886.256 (Springfield, Massachusetts, May 15, 1883; Lynn, Jan. 1, 1875; Concord,Oct. 2, 1876).?Green, Auk, iv, 1887, 350 (Syracuse, New York, Oct. 2).?Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 275 (Gainesville, Florida, winter).
?
Treat, Auk,V, 1888, 323 (East Hartford, Connecticut, May 8) .?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss.Val., 1888, 242 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).
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Scott, Auk, vii,1890, 18 (Key AVest, Florida, common Sept. 8 to Oct. 5).
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Fisher, Auk. vii,1890, 96 (Washington, D. C, Oct. 13).?Wintle, Auk, vii, 1890, 290 (Mon-treal, Canada, May 21).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616(Manitoba, breeding).
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Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444(Anderson R., Arctic Am., breeding). McCormick, Auk, ix, 1892, 397(Oberlin, Ohio, May 11).?Howell, Auk, x, 1893, 90 (Flatbush, LongIsland, Oct. 12).?Loomis, Auk, x, 1893, 154 (South Carolina).?Jouy, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi).-McIlwraith,Birds Ontario, 1894, 357 (Hamilton, May 11, 1886; London; Milton).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, commonwinter resid.).
?
Swarth, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (Los Angeles, California,Sept. 28 and Oct. 14, 1891).H[elininfhophila.'\ celata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.
?
Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 488.Helmhitophila celata Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 191.[Helminthophaga celata.l var. o/>.sc!(ra Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway'sHist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 192, pi. 11, fig. 6 (Enterprise, Florida; coll. U. S.Nat. Mus.).Helminthophila celata ohscura Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, July, 1883,157 (Georgia and Florida in winter; crit. ).[Helminthophila celata.} Subsp. a. Helminthophila ohscura Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 246.3654?VOL 2?01 30
466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA LUTESCENS Ridgway.ITITESCENT WARBLER.Similar to //. e. celata, but much more ))rio-htl3' colored, the upperparts bright olive-green, the under parts distinctly yellow (brightolive-yellow to nearly gamboge); young very different from that ofH. c. celata.Young in first plumage.?Above plain olive-green, the middle andgreater wing-coverts more or less distinctly tipped with paler or withbuffy; under parts buffy olive-}'ellow or straw yellow, more or lessstrongly shaded with olive on chest, sides, and flanks (often on throatalso).Adxdt //?//6.?Length (skins), 106.7-113 (109.7); wing, 5S.2-61.2(59.9); tail, 44.7-49 (47); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-18.3 (18).^Adultfemale.?\^^xi^i\i (skins), 101.6-111.8 (10.S.4); wing, 56.9-61(58.9); tail, 45.7-47 (46.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); tarsus,17.3-17.8 (17.5).*^Breeding in Pacific coast district, from mountains of southern Cali-fornia (Los Angeles Co.) to island of Kadiak and shores of (^ook Inlet,Alaska, and eastward to Ruby Mountains, Nevada; eastward and south-ward during migration to Montana (Columbia Falls), Wyoming (FortBridger), Colorado, Arizona, and Cape St. Lucas, and through westernMexico to Guatemala (Chimay).Sylvia celata (not oi Say, 1823) Townsend, Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839,153, part (Columbia R. ).Sylvicola celata (not of Richardson, 1837) Finscji, Abh. Nat. Bremen, iii, 1872,36 (Sitka, Alaska).Verviivora celata (not of Bonaparte, 1838) Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii,1846, 155 (California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 17 (California).Helinaia celata (not of Audubon) Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853,263 (California, abundant).Helm'mthophuga celatii Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 257, part (speci-mens fntm Oregon and California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 184, part;Review Am. Birds, 1865, 176, part (San .Jose, Lower California).
?
Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 235 (VancouverI.), 373 (Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada).?
X
a ntus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).
?
Cooper and Suckley, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 178 (Fort Steilacoom and Dalles, Ore-gon).
?
Lord, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 115 (British Columbia).
?
Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 83, part.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 116, part (Chimay,Guatemala).Helminthophaga celata . . . var. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, pi. 11, fig. 4 (Cape St. Lucas).Helminihophila celata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 640, i)art (VaTi-couver I.; San Francisco and Nicasio, California; Mazatlan and I'resitiio,Sinaloa, and La Parada, Oaxaca; Chimay, Guatemala).
* Six si^ecimens. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467Helminthophaga cdata var. Zu/escens Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 3d ser.,iv, Dec, 1872, 457 (type from Kadiak, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Am.Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 5 (description; Kadiak, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) .
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 204, pi. 11, fig.4.
?
Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 113 (descr. eggs).[Helminthophaga celata] b. lutescens Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 52; Birds Col. Val.,1878, 227.Helminthophaga celata . . . var. latescetis Coues, Check List, 1873, 125 (Appen-dix), no. 68?.Helminthophaga celata lutescens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19(West Humboldt Mts., Nevada), 22 (East Humboldt Mts.) ; Nom. N. Am.
? Birds, 1881, no. 86a.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 34 (descr.young).
?
Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 108.
?
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist.Coll. Alaska, 1887, 201.H\_elminthophaga'] celata lutescens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (EastHumboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.).[Helminthophaga celata.'\ ft. lutescens Ridgway, Ibis, Apr., 1876, 169, 171; Orn.40th Parallel, 1877, 429 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.; East Hum-boldt Mts., Sept.).Helminthophaga celata, /i. lutescens Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr.,1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, resident); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,404 (centr. California).Helmintliophila celata lutescens Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Apr., 1882,85 (Tucson, Arizona, Apr. 26).?Beldixg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883,347 (Victoria Mts., Lower California) , 526 (La Paz, Lower California) ; LandBirds Pacific Distr., 1890, 206, part (breeding at Santa Cruz and Orema,Santa Cruz Co., California; also at Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda Springs,Haywards, and Sebastopol).
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Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co.,Oregon, breeding; habits).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check LisT,1886, no. 646a.?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, fallmigrant).?Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii,1890, 137 (Cape St. Lucas,Lower California, Apr. 7). Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 46 (GraysHarbor, Washington, breeding).
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Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fer-nando, Lower California, Aj^r. and early May) .
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Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898,129 (Sitka, Alaska, breeding); Pub., ii, Pa.sadena Ac. Sci.. 1898, 44 (LosAngeles Co., California, breeding in mountains up to 6,000 ft.).
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Merrill,Auk, XV, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, May).?Kobbe, Auk, xvii, 1900, 356(Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding). Osgood, N. Am. Fauna,no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska, May).?Maillard, Condor, iii, 1901,126 (San Benito Co., California, breeding).H^elminthophila] celata lutescens Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 489.H[elminthophil.a'] c[rfato] lutescens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 295.Helminthophila lutescens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i. Mar. 20, 1879, 391(Calaveras Co., California).-Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 246.HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA SORDIDA Townsend.DUSKY WARBLER.Similar to II. celata luteiicens, but decidedly darker; bill and feetlarger, wing- shorter, and tail longer.Adult male.?hQwgih (skins), 110.5-119.4 (IIO.S); wing, 57.T-59.9(59.2); tail, 49.3-50 (49.8); exposed culmen, 10.6-11.9 (11.4); tarsus,18-18.8 (18.3).^
' Fi\e specimens.
4(38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult female.?IjQngth (skins), 116.8-119.4 (118.1); wing, 56.6-57.4(56.9); tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 10.4; tarsus, 18.5-18.8.^Santa Barbara Islands, California (San Clemente, Santa Cruz, SantaRosa, and Santa Catalina islands); occasional on mainland (Pasadena,Los Angeles County, February and August).Helminthophila celata lutescens (not of Ridgway) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, 330 (SantaCruz I., California).
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Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 206, part(Santa Cruz I., breeding).Helmintlwphila celata sordida Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, no. 799, Sept.9, 1890, 139 (San Clemente I., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), 141 (SantaCruz and Santa Rosa iislands).
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American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 2d ed., 1895, no. 646/;.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 607.?Grinnell, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara Is., etc., 1897, 20 (San Clemente I.);Pub., ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California,middle of July to Feb. 29); Auk, xv, 1898, 236 (Santa Catalina I., Dec).HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA RUBRICAPILLA (Wilson).NASHVILLE WARBLER.Adnlt male.?Pileum, hindneck, auricular region and sides of neckplain gray; crown chestnut, the feathers tipped with gra}'; rest ofupperparts plain olive-green, brightest on rump and upper tail-coverts;lores pale grayish or grayish white; a conspicuous white orbital ring;malar region and under parts bright gamboge yellow, becoming whiteon lower abdomen and anal region, tinged with olive on sides and flanks,especially the latter; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler, moregrayish brown (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet horn color (indried skins); length (skins), 102.9-116.8 (106.9); wing, 56.4-61 (59.2);tail, 41.7-45.7 (48.9); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.5); tarsus, 16.8-17.3(17).-^Adult fi'iiKile.?Similar to the aditlt male, but duller in color, andwith little, if any, chestnut on crown; length (skins), 97.8-105.4 (102.9);wing, 54.6-58.9 (56.6); tail, 40.1-42.7 (41.4); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.6(9.4); tarsus, 16.8-17.8 (17.3). =*Young Irifint autumn.?Much duller in color tha!i adults; gray ofhead and neck replaced by brownish gray or grayish brown; olive-green of back duller; 3'ellow of under parts duller, becoming brownishwhite on chin and malar region.Eastern North America, breeding from Massachusetts, Connecticut,northern New Jersey (Englewood), PennsN'lvania (Dingmans Ferry,Pike County), northern Illinois, Nebraska (Nebraska City), etc., north-ward to Grand Menan and the Great Slave Lake district; southward inmigration over more southern United States (east of Rocky Moun-tains) through eastern. Mexico to Guatemala; accidental in southernGreenland (two records: Gothaab, about 1835, and Fiskenfesset, Aug.31, 1840).
^ Two specimens. '^ Ten specimens. ^ Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 469Sylvia ruficapilla (not of Latham, 1790) Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 120, pi. 27,fig. 3.
?
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197.
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Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 450, pi. 89.M[niotilta'] ruficapilla Ghay , Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[ifnioiilta^ ruficapilla Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3456.Helminthophaga ruficapUla Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 256; Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 183, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 175, part.?(?)Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859,373 (Oaxaca, Feb.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29.? Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 62(Great Slave Lake).
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Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 59 (Massachusetts,breeding); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.); iii, 1872,175, part (Kansas). (?)Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).
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McIlwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).
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Sumi-CHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 67, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 106, part; BirdsN. W., 1874, 50, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 224, part?Herrick, Bull,Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30 (Grand Menan).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 196, part, pi. 11, fig. 7.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (New England, summer resid. ).
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Newton, Man. N.H. Greenland, 1875, 99 (Gothaab, 1835, and Fiskena?sset, Aug. 31, 1840).?(?)Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,Dec, Jan.).
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Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 170, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.85, part.?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 12(near Hidalgo, Texas); v, 1879, 386 (Lometa, Texas, Apr. 11 to 26).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas, Apr.).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 187 8, 57 (descr. young).? Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115, part.? (?) Salvin, Cat. Strick-land Coll., 1882, 89 (Guatemala).[Hehninthophaga'j ruficapilla Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.H^elminthophaga'] ruficapilla Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).[Helnmithophaga ruficapilla} var. ruficapilla Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, in text.Helminthophlla ruficapilla Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54; Orn.lUinois, i, 1889, 128.?Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 370 (Gasp6Bay, Gulf St. Lawrence, July 15).
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Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 211 (song).Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 242, 640, part.?Ralph, Trans. OneidaHist. Soc, iii, 1886, 137 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).
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American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 645.?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,1888, 241 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates; breeding from n. Illinoisand Nebraska northward).
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Chapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 198, 304 (Englewood,New Jersey, breeding).?Thompson, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 616(Manitoba, breeding).?White, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan,rare summer resid. ). Congdon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, PikeCo., Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d an. meet.,1901, 57 (Nebraska City, Nebraska, breeding).H\_elmintho})hila ruficapilla'] Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294. Ridg-way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 489.Helminfophila ruficapilla Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 189.Sylvia rubricapilla Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 15 (index).
?
Bonaparte, Journ.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 7.?Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 450, pi. 89.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i,1832, 412.Sylvia {Verinivora) rubricapilla Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,1831, 220.
470 BULLKTIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Vermivora rubricapiUaSyi'Ai^soN and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1881, pi.42, upper fig.
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Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 407.
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Bonaparte,Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2ded., i, 1840, 472.?Reinhardt, Vid. Med. Nat. Forh., 1854, 82 (Green-land).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost., Soc, vi, 1856, 4 (descr. nest and eggs).Sylvicola rubrlcapUla Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 171.Hel'maia rubricapilla Avduboh, Synopsis, 1839, 70; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,103, pi. 113.[Helmitheros'] rubricapilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Helmiiheroif rabricapillus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova,Vera Cruz)
.
H[elmhithophagfi] rubncapilla Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.
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Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).MniotUta rubricapilla Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Gotthaab and Fiskensesset,Greenland, 2 specimens).HelminUiopli'da rubricapilla Faxon, Auk, xiii, July 1896, 263.
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American Orni-thologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 130.Sylria leucogastra Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 622 (based on Sylmaruficapilla Wilson).Sylvia, nashvillei Bonnaterre and Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 451.\_Helminthophaga ruficapilla.'] var. oc((larls RiDCiWAY, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-way's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191 (Chicago, Illinois; coll. U. S. Nat.Mus.).HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA GUTTURALIS (Ridgway).CALAVERAS WARBLER.Similar to //. r. rnhricapilla., but olive-green of rump and uppertail-coverts briohter, more yellowish, yellow oi under parts l)righter,lower abdomen more extensivel}^ whitish, and greater wing-covertslighter, more j^ellowish olive-green.^Adult male.?Length, (skins), 102.9-120.6 (113.3); wing, 68.9-62.5(60.2); tail, 43.2-47.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.6); tarsus,16.5-17.3 (16.8).'Adultfemale.?L^wgth (skins), 97.8-104.1 (102.1); -wing, 53.8-55.6(54.6); tail, 38.9-41.1 (40.4); exposed culmen, 8.6-9.6 (9.1); tarsus,16.3-17 (16. 5).''Western United States, breeding on high mountains, from theSierra Nevada (Calaveras Co., California) to British Columbia (Vernon,Nelson, Okanogan district, etc.), eastward to eastern Oregon (FortKlamath), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), etc.; southward duringmigration to extremity of Lower California, and over western andnorthern Mexico, and southeastward to Texas (San Antonio; TomGreen County; Concho County).
^In many specimens one or more of the characters given above fail of verification,but in no case, so far as the material examined indicates, do they all fail.*Six specimens.
'Three specimens.
BIRDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 471Helminthophaga ruficaplUu (not ,'^i/lria ruficapiUu Wilson) Baird, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 923 (FortTejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,no. 183, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 175, part.
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Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1859, 141 (Fort Tejon).?(?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 373 (Oaxaca); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1862,29.? (?) Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).?Cooper, Orn Cal.,1870, 82.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175, part (Utah).?CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 67, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 106, part; Birds N.W.,1874, 50, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 224, part.-Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst.,V, 1873, 177 (Colorado; Utah; Nevada); vii, 1875, 21 (e. Humboldt Mts.^Nevada); Ibis, 1876, 170, part; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 427 (East Hum-boldt Mts., Sept.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., Cali-fornia, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 85 part.
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Baird, Brewer,and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, part, pi. 11, fig. 8.
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Henshaw^Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 41; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875^188 (Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Aug. 27 to Sept. 1).
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Nelson, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (California).? (?) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat.Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec, Jan.).
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Belding, Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 404 (Calaveras Co., California, breeding).
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Salvinand GoDsiAN, Biol. Ceutr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 115, part.\_Helmmihophaga'\ ruficapilla Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 95, part.
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Sclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.H[elminthophaga^ ruficapilla Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168, part.Helminthophila ruficapilla Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 242, 640, part(Presidio, near Mazatlan; Ciudad Durango).Helminthophaga ruficapilla . . . var. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, pi. 11, fig. 8 (California).[Helminthophaga ruficapilla.'] var. guttiiralis Ridgway', in Baird, Brewer, andRidgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 191, in text (East Humboldt Mts.,Nevada- coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgway', Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,1885, 352.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 645a.
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TowNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (Baird and Castle Lake,n. California, breeding).
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Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 295 (Tom Green and Conchocomities, w. Texas, migr. ).
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Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 33 (Catalina Mts., Arizona,Sept.).
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Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, .360 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding).Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 340 (San Antonio, Texas, migr.).
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Rhoads, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Nelson and Vernon, e. British Columbia).Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis Faxon, Auk, xiii, July, 1896, 264, in text.American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131.
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Mer-rill, Auk, XV, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding). Brooks, Auk,xvii, 1900, 107 (Okanogan district, British Columbia).HELMINTHOPHILA VIRGINI^E (Baird).VIRGINIA'S WARBLER.Adidt male in spring and summer.?Upper parts plain smoke gray,the rump and upper tail-coverts bright 3^ellowish olive-green or olive-yellow; crown chestnut, the feathers tipped with gray (except in wornplumage); a conspicuous white orbital ring; sides of head rather palergray than upper parts, fading into grayish white on malar region andlores; chest and (usually) throat clear lemon yellow (usually paler
472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
anteriorl}') ; under tail-coverts lemon yellow; under wing-coverts andaxillars dull white; rest of under parts dull white medially shadinginto pale smoke gray laterally; maxilla dusky horn color with palertomia; mandible paler horn color (more bluish in life); iris brown;legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins.Adult male in autumn and winte7\?Similar to the summer malebut strongly tinged with brown above and on flanks, yellow of chestduller, and chestnut crown-patch concealed b}" very broad brownishgray tips to the feathers.Adult female in spring and summei'.?Similar in coloration to theadult male but colors duller, especially the yellowish olive-green ofrump and upper tail-coverts; chestnut crown-patch usually morerestricted, sometimes nearly obsolete; gray of back, etc., browner;yellow of chest paler and never (?) extended over throat; that of theunder tail-coverts also paler.Yowig {'i) female in first autumn}?Similar to the adult female, butunder parts pale buffy or buffy whitish medially, the chest only veryfaintly, if at all, tinged with yellow.Young in first plumage.?Middle and greater wing-coverts tippedwith pale dull ])ufty, forming two rather distinct bars; chin, throat,chest, and sides of breast pale brownish-gray, the sides and flanks sim-ilar, but still paler; mediau portion of breast and abdomen white;otherwise like autumnal adults or young in first autumn.Adidt rnale.?ljQwgth (skins), 103.6-109.2 (106.4); wing, 61-61.5(61.2); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 16-17.8 (17).'Adult female.?IjQwgth (skins), 101.6; wing, 57.4-60.4 (58.9); tail,45.5-46.7(46); exposed culmen, 9.4; tarsus, 17.3.^Rocky Mountain district of United States, from Colorado andWyoming to Nevada, southward through central and western Mexicoto States of Guanajuato and Jalisco (Bolanos); breeding in highermountains. (Southern limit of breeding range unknown.)Helminihophaga virginix Baird, Cat. N. A. Birds, 1859, no. 183a {nomen nudum);Birds N. Amer., 1860, Atlas, p. xi, footnote, pi. 79, tig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, NewMexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 177.
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Coues, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List,1873, no. 66; 2d ed. 1882, no. 105; BirdsN. W., 1874, 51; Birds Col. Val., 1878,222.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 85 (Prescott, Arizona; Fort Burgwyn, NewMexico) .?Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H.,xv, 1872, 196 (El Paso Co., Colorado;descr. nest and eggs).
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Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Salt LakeCity, Utah, breeding), 180 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 20 (East Humboldt Mts.,Nevada), 32 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Ibis, 1876, 170; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,428; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 84.
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Amer. Birds, i, 1874, 199, pi. 11, fig. 12; iii, 1874, 504.?Hensh.^w, Zool.
'This plumage may in reality represent that of the adult female in autumn.
^ Four specimens.*Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 473Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 189 (White Mts., Arizona, Aug. 11; TierraAmarilla, New Mexico, Sept. 15; Navajo Creek, Colorado, Sept. 11).
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]\Iinot,Biih. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 22fi (Manitou, Colorado; descr. song).lHelminthoj)haga'] virginur Coves, Key N.Am. Birds, 1872, 94.H\^elminthophaga] virginix 'Rvdgwk\' , Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).\_Mmotilta] virginise Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 189.Hdminthophila virginLv Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54.
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Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 155 (Colorado Springs, Colorado;remarks on plumage).
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Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 247, 641.American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 644.
?
^Scott, Auk,V, 1888, 38 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, above 3,500 ft.; breeding?).H[elmmt]iop]iila'] virginiie Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.?RiDciWAV,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 490.Hclmintophila vlrgi7i!:e NEHRhi'SG, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 188.HELMINTHOPHILA CRISSALIS Salvin and Godman.COLIMA WARBLER.Similar to IT. vh^ginice^ but upper parts l^rown instead of gray, rump" oleagineous " instead of olive-yellow, under tail-coverts oleagineouschestnut instead of yellow, and under parts gray (without any yellowon chest?).Adult ye/jt ale.?Above oleagineous brown, the lower ])ack and rumpclear oleagineous; crown with a partly concealed patch of chestnut;wings and tail fuscous; orbital ring and lores white; beneath dull ashgra3% the flanks more brownish, the middle of alxlomen whitish, theunder tail-coverts clear oleagineous chestnut; under wing-covertswhite; bill and feet dusky hazel, the mandible paler basally; length,127; wing, 63.5; tail, 53.6; bill, from point to rictus, 14; tarsus, 19.(Free translation of original description.)Southwestern Mexico, in State of Colima (Sierra Nevada.)Helminthophiln crissalis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 6th ser., i, July, 1889, 380(Sierra Nevada, Colima, Mexico; cell. Salvin and Godman).HELMINTHOPHILA I.UCIJE (Cooper).LTTCY'S WARBLER.Adult male in spring midsummer.?Above plain mouse gray; crownchestnut, the feathers more or less extensiveh' tipped (except in wornplumage) with gray; upper tail-coverts bright chestnut; lores, orbitalring, and entire under parts white, tinged with pale brownish gray lat-eralh', and also tinged more or less strongly with buff, especially onchest; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible paler,more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).Adult male in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and summerplumage, but above tinged with brown, the chestnut crown-patch con-cealed by very broad brownish gray tips to the feathers; under partspale brownish buff, beconiing white, or nearly so, on abdomen.
474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATE^^ NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult female in .spring and summer.?Similar to the male of corre-sponding season, and not always distinguishable, but usually with thechestnut crown-patch more restricted (rarely obsolete) and chestnut ofboth crown-patch and upper tail-coverts lighter or less intense.Young, Jirst plumage.?Essentially like adults, but much clearerwhite beneath; no trace of chestnut on crown; upper tail-covertsochraceous-buff instead of chestnut; middle and greater wing-covertstipped with whitish or pale bufl'y, producing two rather distinct bars.Adult wiaZe.?Length (skins)', 91.4-102.9 (98.3);^ wing, 55.1-58.2(56.9); tail, 41.1-43.9 (42.9); exposed culmen, 8.4-8.9 (8.4); tarsus,16-16.5 (16.3).'Adidi female.?ijQ\\^t\i (skins), 91.9-95.2 (93.5);' wing, 51.6-52.8(52.1); tail, 37.3-39.9 (38.6); exposed culmen, 7.6-8.9 (8.4); tarsus,15.5-15.7 (15.5).*Arizona, southwestern Utah (lower Santa Clara Valley), and south-ward through Sonora and other States of western Mexico to Jalisco(Bolanos; San tana).Helminiliopluiga lueur Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., July, 1862, 120 (Fort Mojave,Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Amer. Nat., iii, 1869, 476, 479; Orn. Cal.,1870, 84.?Bairi), Review Am. Birds, 1865, 178.?Coues, Ibis, 1866, 260 (FortWhipple, Arizona); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 493 (Tucson, Arizona; descr. sup-posed nest and eggs); Check List, 1873, no. 65; 2d ed. 1882, no. 104; BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 219.?Elliot, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869,pi. 5.
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1873, 107 (descr. supposed nestand eggs).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 200,pi. II, fig. 9; iii, 1874, 504 (Tucson, Arizona, breeding).
?
Henshaw, Zool.Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 190 (Camp Lowell, Arizona).?Ridgway,Ibis, 1876, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 83.[Helminthophaga] lucix Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 94.Hl^dmbithophaga'] ludx Ridgway, Ibis, 1876, 168 (diagnosis).IMniotlUa] luciie Gr\y, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3426.?Giebel, Thesaurus Orn.,ii, 1875, 603.Helmmthophiki lucUe Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 54.
?
Brew-ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 82 (Cienega Station, etc., Arizona; hab-its, nest and eggs, descr. young, etc.)
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 248, 641.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.643.?Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 117 (lower Santa Clara Valley, s. w.Utah, breeding).Hlehniiithophila'] liicix Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 294.
?
Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 490.Helmintophila lucias Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 188.
' Length before skinning, 109.2-114.3 (III); extremes and average of twelve speci-mens; see Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 84, 85.
^ Five specimens.
'Length before skinning, 104.1-114.3 (108.7); extremes and average of thirteenspecimens; see Brewster, as cited above.
* Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AKD MIDDLE AMERICA. 475Genus OREOTHLYPIS Ridgway.Oreothlypis Ridgway, Auk, i, Apr., 188-1, 169, in text. (Type, Compsothlypis gut-turalis Cabanis.
)
Similar to Helm inthophila but tail relatively longer (differencebetween length of tail and length of wing decidedly less than lengthof tarsus), and style of coloration very different.Bill much shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped, very acute,with straight culmen and gonys; moderately compressed, the maxil-lary tomium without subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinally ovalor subcuueate, with broad superior operculum or membrane. Rictalbristles obsolete. Wing rather long, with tip rather rounded (ninthprimary shorter than sixth, the eighth, seventh, and sixth longest andnearly equal; wing-tip about equal to tarsus (in O. superclUom) orshorter (in O. gutturaUs). Tail equal to distance from bend of wingto tips of secondaries and slightly rounded (in O. (/utfuralis) or decid-edly longer and emarginate {O. superciliosa), the rectrices rathernarrow. Tarsus much longer than commissure, a little more thanone-fourth as long as wing, its scutella indistinct (sometimes fused onouter side); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basalphalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to bothouter and inner toes (to the outer toe for most of its length in 0.superciliosa).Coloration.?Gray above, with black patch on back, the throat andchest orange; or gray and olive-green above with broad and conspic-uous white superciliary stripe, the throat, chest, and breast yellow,with a spot of chestnut on center of chest.Nidification imknown.Range.?Highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Chiriqui.(Two species.)This genus is very distinct from Goinpsotlihjpis., to which the slightresemblance, chieffy of coloration in one species, is purely superficial.Structurally, in the absence of rictal bristles and less amount of adhe-sion between basal portion of middle and outer toes, and in the longertail, it comes much nearer to Ilehninthoplula., from which it is to bedistinguished chiefly by the relatively longer tail and different style ofcoloration.The two species referred to Oreothlypis differ conspicuously in theircoloration and to a considerable extent in structural details, and maypossibly be wrongly associated. O. siq^erciUosa has the anterior toesconsiderably more united at the base, the basal phalanx of the middletoe being joined for most of its length to the outer toe and for morethan half its length to the inner, while in 0. gutturalis the fusionextends for about half the distance of the phalanx on each side.
476 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.KEY TO TFIE SPECIES OF OKEOTHLYPIS.
a. Above bluish gray, with a triangular patch of black on back; chin, throat, chest,and upper breast cadmium orange; no white on side of head. (Highlands ofCosta Rica and Chiriqui. ) Oreothlypis gutturalis (p. 476)aa. Above olive-green, with pileum, hindneck, wings, and tail gray; chin, throat,chest, and upper breast canary yellow, the chest with a central spot of chest-nut; a broad white superciliary stripe. (Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala.
)
Oreothlypis superciliosa (p. 477)OREOTHLYPIS GUTTURALIS (Cabanis).iraztJ warbler.Adults {sexes alike).?Above plain slate-gray, the back with a largetriangular patch of black; lores, suborbital region, and anterior por-tion of malar region l)lack, fading gradually into the slate-gray of themalar region; chin, throat, and chest rich orange or cadmium orange(var^nng to Indian yellow or cadmium 3'ello\v, sometimes almost flamescarlet); median portion of breast, aljdomen, and under tail-covertswhite; sides and flanks light gray (no. 7 or no, 8); bill blackish, withlower basal portion light colored; iris l)rown; legs and feet (in driedskins) dusky horn color.Yoang female^?Above dull plumbeous-gray, with a triangularpatch of ])lack on the back, as in the adult; chin, throat, and chestpale dingy buff, the feathers grayish white beneath the surface, theirbases deeper grayish; rest of under parts whitish medially, grayishlaterally.Adult wva/^.?Length (skins), 106-122 (116); wing, 61-67 (65.5);tail, 18-50 (18.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.7); tarsus, 15-19 (17);middle toe, 10-12 (10.7).'Adult female.?"Length (skins), 100-123 (111); wing, 59-61 (61.5);tail, 12-48 (45), exposed culmen. 10-12 (11); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5);middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).^High mountains of Costa Rica (Volcan do Irazu; Rancho Redondo)and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui).C'o)npsot]dy])is guUurall!^ Cab.wiis, Journ. fiir Orn., Sept., 18(50, 329 (Irazu, CostaRica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).Parula guUuralis Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, 172 (Rancho RiHluudo,Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Irazii, Costa Rica. )
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (Irazu, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui).
?
Boucard, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Volcan de Irazu, alt. 6,000 ft.).?Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 123, pi. 8, fig. 3. Nutting, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Volcan de Irazii).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., X, 1885, 263, 643.[Parula] gutturalis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
^Described from a specimen (no. 2116) in the Costa Rica National Museum, from
.\nchiote, Costa Rica.
- Four sj)ecimens.'Two sjjecimen.s.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 477
"P[rt?'?(ta] " gutturalis Baikd, Brewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,208, in text.[MniotUta'] gutturalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3452.Oreothlypis gutturalis Ridgway, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 169; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xiv, 1891, 473 (descr. young female").
?
Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii,1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1,1887,106 (Irazu).?Cherrie, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 524 (descr. young).OREOTHLYPIS SUPERCILIOSA (Hartlaub).HARTLAUB'S WARBLER.Adult male.?Pileum, hindneck, sides of head, and auricular regionplain deep slate-gray or slate color, changing to darker slate or dullblackish on orbital region and lores; a conspicuous superciliary stripeof white extending from base of maxilla to behind auriculars; back,scapulars, and rump plain bright olive-green; wings, upper tail-cov-erts, and tail slate-gray, the inner webs of rectrices edged with white,most broadly on outer pair; malar region, chin, throat, chest, andbreast bright yellow (lemon or gamboge), the upper chest markedwith a transverse (usually crescentic) spot or patch of rich chestnut;abdomen and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks light olive-grayish; maxilla brownish black or dusky; mandible pale horn color(in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),106.7-116.8(111.2); wing, 61.5-65.3 (63); tail, 45-10.3 (18); exposedculmen, 10.2-11.9 (10.7); tarsus, 13.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.4-10.4(9-9)/Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and sometimes not distin-guishable, but usually slightly duller in color, with the chestnut jugularspot smaller, paler, often obsolete, sometimes wanting; 3'ellow of throat,etc., rather paler; length (skins), 104.1-114.3 (109.5); "wing, 58.1-60.4(59.9); tail, 43.4-46.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 10.2-10.9 (10.7); tarsus,15.5-16.8 (16.3); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (10.2).'Yoimg., first 2^1 1image.?Similar to duller-colored adult females, butplumage of looser texture, gray parts tinged with olive, and the mid-dle and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy, pro-ducing two narrow bars.'^Highlands of Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Jesus Maria), Durango(Ciudad Durango; El Salto), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada; San Sebastian),Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Pue])la (Huachinango), Vera Cruz (Orizaba;Mirador; Las Vigas), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), Guerrero(mountains near Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (La Parada; Talea; Cerro SanFelipe), and Chiapas (San Cristobal); highlands of Guatemala (CobantoChisec; Quezaltenango; Volcande Fuego; Santa Barbara; Calderas).
^ Ten specimens.
^ Four specimens.
^ The two specimens from which the above description was taken are full-grownand only partly in first plumage, the yellow of anterior lower parts having alreadybeen acquired.
478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Conirostt^m superdliosum H.\mhAVB, Rev. Zool., 1844, 215.Panda superciUosaScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (LaParada, Oaxaoa);1859, 373 (Talea, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (La Parada).?Sclaterand Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865,169, 171 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; alpine reg.).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Best. Soc.N. H., i, 1869, 545 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 122, pi. 8, fig. 2 ( Quezaltenango, Volcan de Fuego,ridge above Chuacus, and Santa Barbara, Guatemala, etc.).
?
Sharpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 255, 642 (near City of Mexico; Ciudad Durango;Oaxaca; Calderas, Guatemala, etc.).{^Parula^ superciliosa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.
? "P[rtra?o] " supercUiom Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 208, in text.[3//M0<i/to] superciliosa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3450.Oreothh/pis superciliosa Ridgway, Auk, i, April, 1884, 169; Man. N. Am. Birds,1887, 481, footnote, in text.C[pmpsothlypis] ??ie.Tica?ia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 21 (Mexico; coll. BerlinMus.; e:s. Sylvia mexicana lAchiQXiiiiem., manuscript).[PfflruZa] mexicana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310.
?
Baird, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 237, footnote.Hypothymis mexicana Lichtenstein, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1863, 58.Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis.Chloru (not of Cuvier, 1799) Boie, Isis, 1826, 972. (Type, Parus americamisLinnpeus.)Sylvicola (not of Harris, 1782,nor of Humphrey, 1797) Swainson, Zool. Journ.,iii, July, 1827, 160. (Type, Parus americamis Linn?eus.
)
Parula (not Parulus Spix, 1824) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.(Type, Parus amcricanus Linnfeus.
)
Compsothlypis'^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20. (Type, Parus americanusLinnseus.
)
Small arboreal Mniotiltidffi with narrowly wedge-shaped acute bill,distinct rictal bristles, and ba.sal phalanx of middle toe united forgreater part of its length to outer toe.Bill much shorter than head, narrowly wedge-shaped and acute, butwith culmen perceptibly curved, at least toward tip; maxillary tomiumwithout subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval or subcuneate,overhung by rather broad operculum. Rictal bristles distinct. Wingmoderate or rather long, rather pointed (four outermost primariesabruptly longest and nearly equal, but varying in relative length);wing-tip decidedh^ shorter than tarsus. Tail shorter than distancefrom bend of wing to tip of secondaries, emarginate. Tarsus muchlonger than commissure, decidedly less than one-third as long as wing,
'From Gr. Koi-irpdc, and QAuttz's. ko/i^o? = cared for, adorned, elegant, fromKo/iieoo, I take care of {cfr. L. comptus and como), and kindred with Kop?/ (L. coma),the hair considered as an ornament for the head. QXvTrii, a name of a bird said tobe found in some codice.s of Aristoteles (VIII, 5. 4) where others have Sporuffz?, orBpaniq, a thistle-eating bird, not determinable (from Qfjavco, I break, with which iskindred OXdoo, of the same signification, and dXifioo, I rub. Spavnii, Qpaiti^, QXaTtii,BXv7tii'!).?Com-pso-thly^-pi^. (Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 168, footnote.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 479its sciitella indistinct (more or less fused on outer side); middle toewith claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe unitedfor more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length,or slightl}^ more, to inner toe.Coloration.?Bluish gray or grayish blue above, with an olive-greenpatch on interscapular region; beneath with more or less of yellow;wings usually with white bands.Nidification {sofar as knoion).?Nest concealed within pendant tuftsof arboreal lichens or filiform epiphytes.Range.?Eastern United States and tropical America in general;West Indies in winter. (Three species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP COMPSOTHLYPIS.
(I. Throat and breast yellow; back olive-green. (Adults.)h. Posterior half, or more, of under parts white, or at least not distinctly yellow;a white spot on each eyelid; malar region gray or bluish. {Compsothlypisamericana. )c. Brighter in color; general hue of upper parts grayish blue; throat and breastbright yellow, the chest with more or less of orange-tawny, chestnut, ordusky, or with all these colors. (Adult males.)d. Duller in color, usually without any distinct dusky band or conspic-uous intermixture of chestnut across chest; l)ill larger (exposed cul-men averaging 10.6). (South Atlantic States, north to coast of Virginia,occasionally farther northward and westward.)Compsothlypis americana americana, adult male (p. 481
)
dd. Brighter in color, usually with a distinct, often very conspicuous, duskyband and intermixture of chestnut on chest; bill smaller (exposed culmenaveraging less than 10).e. Larger (wing averaging 60.6, tail 42.5). (Northeastern United States,breeding from interior districts of Maryland am. Virginia northward.)Compsothlypis americana usneae, adult male (p. 484)ee. Smaller (wing averaging 57.4, tail 40.9). ( ^Mississippi Valley, breedingfrom Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas to ^Minnesota and Michigan.)Compsothlypis americana ramalinae, adult male (p. 486)cc. Duller in color; general hue of upper parts gray or bluish gray; throat andbreast pale yellow, the chest similar, or with but little and inconspicuous,if any, admixture of orange-tawny or dusky. (Adult females.
)
d. Wing averaging more than 54, tail averaging more than 39.
e. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 54.7, tail 39.6, exposed culmen10.1) Compsothlypis americana americana, adult female (p. 481)ee. Larger, with smaller [>ill (wing averaging 56.9, tail 40.1, exposed culmen9.9) Compsothlypis americana usneae, adult female (p. 484)dd. Wing averaging 50.2, tail 38.5.Compsothlypis americana ramalinae, adult female (p. 486)hb. Less than posterior half of under parts white; no white on eyelids; malarregion yellow,c Lores and suborbital region black or dusky; subterminal white spot on innerweb of lateral rectrices large and sharply defined; posterior under partslargely white; colors much brighter, the adult males distinctly bluish grayor grayish blue above, and with yellow of under parts deepening into tawny-yellow or orange-ochraceous on chest. ( Compsothlypis pitiayumi.
)
480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(/. Middle wing-coverts without distinct, if any, white tips; flanks yellow.
e. Darker and more richly colored; pileuni, hindneck, rump, etc., dullindigo blue; throat and chest rich orange-ochraceous or orange-tawny;white tips to greater wing-coverts more distini-t. (Nicaragua to Isthnuisof Panama. ) Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa, adults (p. 487)ee. Paler; pileum, hindneck, rumj), etc., bluisli slate-color; throat and chestgamboge yellow, sometimes slightly tinged with orange-ochraceous;white tips to greater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes obsolete.(Guatemala; State of Chiapas, southern Mexico.)Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata, adults (p. 488)dd. Middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with white'; flanks not yellow.
c. Tail not more than 43.9, tarsus not more than 16; wing averaging notmore than 54.6 in male, nor more than 51.8 in female; flanks dullwhitish, slightly if at all tinged with either grayish or rusty lirownish./. Smaller (wing averaging 51.6 in male, 47 in female; tafl averaging .S9.9in male, 35.3 in female); less white on wing-coverts, that on greatercoverts occupying less than exjxjsed terminal half; flanks paler, dullwhite, slightly if at all tinged with gray or rusty. (Eastern Mexicoand southern Texas. ) . .Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora, adults (p. 490)//. Larger (wing averaging 54.6 in male, 51.8 in female; tail averaging 40.9in male, 39.6 in female) ; more white on wing-coverts, that on greatercoverts extending nearly to tips of middle coverts; flanks darker, moreor less tinged with gray or rusty, or both. (Western Mexico.)Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra, adults (p. 491)
ee. Tail not less than 46.5, tarsus not less than 18.5; wing averaging 57.4 inmale, 54.6 in female; flanks deep grayish, strongly tinged with rustybrownish. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)Compsothlypis pitiayumi insularis, adults (p. 492)
c. Lores and suborbital region grayish, flecked with whitish or pale yellowisli;white subterminal spot on inner webs of lateral rectrices smaller, not sharplydefined, sometimes obsolete; posterior under parts pale yellowish, the flanksshaded with olive; colors much duller, the adult male dull gray (oftentinged with olive) above, and with yellow of under parts not deeper onchest. (Socorro Island, northwestern Mexico.)Compsothlypis graysoni, adults (p. 492)
?((. Throat and breast whitish or pale grayish; Ijack brownish gray or grayish olive.(Young.)h. Wing with two white bands.
c. Chest and sides of breast distinctly gray.Compsothlypis americana americana, yoimg (p. 482)cc. Chest and sides of ))reast not distinctly gray (scarcely different in color fromother lower parts) Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra, young- (p. 490)hh. Wing without any white bands.Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata, young ^ ( p. 488)
'In this character agreeing with the South American ('.;>. ^n'tiayitm/, in which,however, the flanks are yellow, as in the two Central American forms, V. p. xpec'iDmand C. p. inornata. Specimens from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Atlantic side) areof intermediate character, in fact are intergrades ))etweenC. p. inornata and (J. p.nigrilora.
^ Young of C. J), nigrilora, C. p. inmlaris, C. p. speciosa, and C. gragsoni not seen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMP:RICA. 481COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA AMERICANA (Linnaeus).PARULA WARBLER.Adult male.?Head and nock, except chin, throat, lores, and eyelids,dull grayish blue or l)luish gray; lores darker, usually blackish; asmall white spot or streak on posterior portion of upper e3^elid, and alarger spot of white on lower eyelid; interscapular region 3'ellowisholive-green, forming a triangular patch; scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle rectrices plain bluish gray, ratherlighter than color of head; middle and greater wing-coverts, remiges,and rectrices (except middle pair) Idackish or dusky, edged with bluishgray, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white,forming two conspicuous bands, the anterior of which is broadest;inner webs of three outermost rectrices with a large suliterminal spotof white, of which that on the exterior rectrix is much the largest;chin, throat, and breast gamboge yellow; chest varying from plainyellowish tawny to deep tawny (the feathers margined with yellow)usuall}' with more or less of dusk}" across the upper portion, sometimesforming a rather distinct narrow band, the j^ellow of the throat alsosometimes tinged with tawny; sides of breast bluish gray, sometimestinged with pale chestnut posteriorly; rest of under parts white, thesides and tianks tinged with grayish; maxilla l)lack, mandible yellowish(])right yellow in life); iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in driedskins); length (skins), 95-107 (101.6); wing, 55.5-61 (58.5); tail,40.5-45 (42.5); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.6); tarsus, 15.5-17.5(16.7).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but much duller in color,especially the under parts; gray of upper parts less bluish; yellow ofthroat, chest, and breast paler and duller, the chest only faintly, if atall, tinged with tawny, never with a distinct (usually without any)dusky band across upper portion; length (skins), 96-108 (99.7); wing,52-58.5 (54.7); tail, 37.5-42 (39.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1);tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.1).'
^ Twenty-one specimens.
'^ Eleven specimens.Breeding specimens from the coast of Virginia compare in mea.snrements withthose from South Carolina and Georgia, as follows:
Locality. Wing. Ex-posed Tarsus,culmen.MALES.Twelve adult males from South Carolina and GeorgiaNine adult males from coast of Virginia ,FEMALES.Seven adult females from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
.
Four adult females from coast of Virginia (Dismal Swamp)The two series are practically identical in coloration3654?VOL 2?01 31
58.858.3
55.1
.M.l
42.742.2
38.939.4
10.610.6
10.210.1 I
16.716.6
16.21.5.9
482 BULLETIN 50, UKTTKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Youvg male in jird nutiunn.?Essentiall}' like the adult male, butthe bluish gra}' of upper parts more or less strong-l}' tinged with olive-green, especially on head and neck; sides and flanks tinged with brown-ish buffy; yellow of throat and breast duller, the darker jugular areamore or less obscured by j^ellowish tips or margins to the feathers; awhitish supraloral mark. (Adult males in winter differ from springand sununer specimens mainly, if not wholly, in having a slight tingeof olive-green to the bluish gray of head, neck, and rump and a slightolivaceous tinge to sides and flanks.)Yonngfemale iv jirs.t aidmiin.?Difi'ering from the adult female inthe same characters which distinguish the young male in same plumage.Young ^ first plumage.?Above plain slate-gray, slightly tinged witholive-green; middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped withwhite; chin and upper throat pale yellowish; lower throat, chest, sides,and flanks plain light gray (intermediate between mouse gray and grayno. 6); abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; remigesand rectrices as in adults.More southern portions of Atlantic and eastern Gulf coast districtsof United States, breeding from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama (vicin-ity of Mobile) at least to coast of Virginia (Cape Charles, Eastville,Dismal Swamp, etc.), probably to Delaware and southern New Jersey;occasional farther northward (District of Columbia and vicinity; Car-lisle, Pennsylvania; Sing Sing and Shelter Island, New York; CapeCod, Massachusetts);^ also occasional in more southern portions ofthe interior (Rockwood, Tennessee, April 24; Mount Carmel, Illinois,April 19); apparently wintering mainly in Florida."[Porw.s] o??er(m?iH.s LiNN^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 190 (Carolina; based onParus fringiUaris Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 64, pi. 64); ed. 12, i, 1766,341.?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1007.?Lath.\m, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 571.[^fotacilla'\ americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960.ISyhial americana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.Sylvia americana Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83, part.
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Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part, pi. 15.Sylvicola americana Eichardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 171.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 57, part,pl. 91.Parula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Coinp. List, 1838, 20, part.
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Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.168, i)art; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.
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Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 20(Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 58, part; 2d ed., 1882,
'A considerable number of specimens from these northern localities I am quitenna])le to distinjruisli from southern examples; in fact, if taken in Georgia or SouthCarolina, they would be considered very typical, some of them extreme, examplesof the subspecies, as restricted.
''Extralimital specimens are so few in number and in such condition of plumagethat I am not able to make out satisfactorily the winter ranges of the three forms ofthis species.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 483
no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.?Mekriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 86 (OcklawahaR., Florida).
?
Baird, Brewer,and RiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part.
?
Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 48 (Camden Co., Georgia, breeding).
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Loomis,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 211 (Chester Co., South Carolina, breed-ing).?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.[Parulal americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part. Sclater and Sal-viN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.Pl^aruki] americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part.M\iiiotiUa'\ americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.[Mniotilta^ americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part.C[ompsothlypis'] ammconaCabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (in synonymy).
?
RiDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.Compsothlypis americana Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foi'h. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,596 (Porto Rico).
?
Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part. American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.
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Nehrling, Our NativeBirds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part.?Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R.,Florida, breeding).
?
Brewster, Auk, xiii, 1896, 45 (diagnosis; crit.).Clhloris'] americana 3ORVAi^, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.MotacUla eques Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Figuier cendre, de laCaroline, Daubenton, PI. Enl. 731, fig. 1).(?) [Motacilla'] ludovickina GuJiEhit^, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983 (Louisiana; based <.nFicedula ludoviciana Brisson, Orn., iii, 500, pl. 26, fig. 4).'(?) Mofacilla ludoviciana l^ESSOii, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.(?) [Sylvia^ ludoviciana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.
?
Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 713.Sylvia torquafa. Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 38, pl. 99 (based on Parusamericanus Linnteus and MotacUla ludoviciana Gmelin); Enc. Meth., ii,1823, 438.ThrioihuruH torquatus Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194.Sylmapudlla (not of Latham, 1790) Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 17, pl. 28, fig. 3.Sylvicolapusilla^w'xi^ao^, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 169.S[ylvicola'] pusilla Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245.The following references 1 am unable, chiefly from lack of satisfac-tory material, to allocate:Sylvia americana D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 62.Sylvicola americana Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1839, 59.
?
Denny, Proe. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Cuba; Jamaica).
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Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Ber-mudas, Jan.).?HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Apr.21).
?
Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas). Bland, Ann. Rep.Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 67(Bahamas), 184 (Porto Rico), 250 (Porto Rico).Panda americana Newton (A. and E.) , Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix) .?Cassix, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 376 (St. Thomas).?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (Jamaica). Gundlach, Journ.fiir Orn., 1861,326 (Cuba); 1873,411 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii,1878, 176 (Porto Rico).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).?McIlwraith, Proc.
^Very doubtfully a Compsothlypis, and if referable to the present species can onlybe applied, notwithstanding the locality, to the present form. Santo Domingo isalso given as part of the range.
484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Essex Inst., v. 1866, 85 (Ontario).?Allen, Bull. Mas. Conip. Zool., ii, 1871,267 (Florida, winter) .?Cope, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, m5, 396, 397 (s. Alle-ghenies).?Scott, Proc. Boat. Hoc. N. H., xv, 1872, 221 (West Virginia, breed-ing).
?
Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., i, 1875, 134 (Virginia, breeding).
?
Cory,Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 55; r.ull. Nntt. Orn. Club, vi, 188J, 151 (SantoDomingo) ; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 2-1.Compsotlilypis americana Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, 1855, 476 (Cuba). Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 26 (West Indian references and localities); viii, 1891, 48 (St.Croix; St. Christopher); Birds W. I., 1889, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117,155 (St. Bartholomew).?vScott, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Punta Rassa, Florida,migr. ; Key West, Florida, winter).
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Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896,11 (winter, till Apr. 2).?Wilde, Auk, xiv, 1897, 289 (Cape May, NeM-.Tersey;nesting habits, etc.).
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Daniel, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia,breeding).COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA USNE^E Brewster.NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER.Similar to C. a. nmerieand^ but slio'htly larger, with snuiller bill anddarker, richer coloration; adult male with blue of upper parts deeper,and black of lores more intense; lower throat or upper chest (some-times both) blackish or dusky (the feathers sometimes tipped withchestnut), forming a more or less distinct, often very conspicuous,band; lowc^r chest orange-tawny, tawny, or chestnut (the feathersusually margined with 3^ellow), forming usually a distinct and oftenabruptly deiined patch; sides usually more or less tinged or spottedwith chestnut.Adult male.?Length (skins), 97-113 (104.7); wing, 57-63 (60.0);tail, 39.5-45 (42.5); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.7); tarsus, 15.5-18 (16.8).^Adultfemale.?luength (skins), 93-105 (99.7); wing, 54-59.5 (56.9);tail, 38.5-42(40.1); exposed culmen, 9-10.5(9.9); tarsus, 16-17(16.5).^
^Thirty-four specimens.
^ Nine specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 485Eastern United States and British Provinces, breeding from theinterior districts of Virginia and Maryland^ northward to Maine, Anti-costi Island, New Brunswick, and northern Ontario(?); casual in south-ern Greenland; in winter throughout West Indies.^Si/lria nmericana (not Parus americanus Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ii, 1826, 83, part.
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^Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part.
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Peabody, Rep.Orn. Mass., 1839, 11.?Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, App., 1853, p. 24.Siilvlcola americana Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oot. ed., ii,1841, 57, part.
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Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 207 (P^ssex Co.. Massa-chusetts).?Willis, Ann. Rep. vSmithsoii. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 2.s-' (NovaScotia).S[yhncola] ffmm?r;)rt Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 116, part (Pennsylvania)
.
Pnrula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part.
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Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.
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Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., ix, 1863, 233 (Oxford Co., Maine).?Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv,1864, 59 (Springfield, Massachusetts).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii,1868, 283 (vie. New York City).?Brewer, Am. Nat., i, 1867, 117 (nestinghabits); xvii, 1875,439 (New England).?Trippe, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 177(habits, etc.). Coues, Proc. Essex. Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Essex Co., Massa-chusetts); Check List, 1873, no. 58, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part; BirdsN. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.?Turxbull, Birds E.Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23; Phila. ed., 16.?Maynard, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H.,xiv, 1872, 361 (Upton, Maine, etc.).?Herrick, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30(New Brunswick).?Packard, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 271 (eatseankerworm).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part, pi.10, fig. 7.?Newton (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (SouthernInspectorate, 1 spec., 1857).
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Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1884,370 (Anticosti I., June, July); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Chib, iii, 1878, 22 (descr.young).?MiNOT, Birds New England, 1877, 99.
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.[Parula] americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.
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Sclater and Sal-viN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.Plarula] americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part.M^niotiUa'] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.Mniotilta americana Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (s. Greenland, 1 spec, 1857).IMniutilla'] americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part.(?) C[ompsothlypis] americana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (NorthAmerica).
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Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.
' Compsothlypis americana Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part. Bicknell, Auk, i,1884, 212 (song). American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.648, part. Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver, Butler, and Armstrong coun-ties, Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,193, part, pi. 11, fig. 1.
^Specimens from the District of Columbia and adjacent parts of Maryland and Vir-ginia are mainly referable to this form, though averaging slightly less in length ofwing and tail but more in length of bill; many are intermediate in coloration betweenthe present form and C. a. americana, while occasional specimens can not be distin-guished from the latter.^Some West Indian (winter) specimens are undoubtedly of this form; but thedifferences between ('. a. nfineic and C. a. americana in winter plumage are so muchobscured that it is difficult to distinguish them at that season.
486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
C'lhloris'] amerlea )ta JORDAS, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.Compsothlypw americana nsnex Brewster, Auk, xiii, Jan.. 1896, 44 (Lake Umba-gog, Maine; coll. W. Brewster).
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Amekicax Ornithologists' Union Com-mittee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.? (?)Fleminu, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka,etc., n. Ontario, breeding).COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA RAMALIN.^ ' Ridgway.WESTERN PARULA WARBLER.Similar in coloration to O. a. asnea^^ but smaller even than ('. <t.americana.AcMtmale.?\^Qx\^t\i (skins), 92-105 (94.8); wing, 54.5-61.5 (5Y.5);tail, 39-45 (40.9); exposed culmen, 8-11 (9.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5).'Adultfemale.?'L^w'yih (skins), 97-101 (98.3); wing, 52.5-54 (53.5);tail, 37.5-40 (38.5); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 14.5-16.5(15.8).^Sylvia americana (not Parus americanns Linn;eus) Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832,78, part.Sylvicola americana Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii,1841, 57, part.
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Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,71.?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).?Read, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi., 1853, 399 (n. Ohio).?Pratten, Trans. Ills. Agric.Soc, 1855, 602 (Illinois).?Scl.\ter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Tlac-otalpam. Vera Cruz).
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Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota).Panda americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 20, part.
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Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,1859, 10 (Guatemala).?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
^From Ramalina, a genus of lichens, species of which are very abundant inbottom-land forests of the lower Mississippi Valley, where in many localities fre-quented by the present bird it is much more abundant than Vsnea, if not altogetherreplacing the latter.^Twenty-six specimens.
^ Three specimens.Average measurements for different localities are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487
no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepee, Oaxaca, Oct., Jan.).
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SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, win-ter).
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Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas, etc.); Am.Nat., vi, 1872, 265 (Leaevnworth, Kansas).
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Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,XV, 1872, 196 (Colorado, 1 spec, May 11.)?Coues, Check List, 1873, no.58, part, 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col.Val., 1878, 208, part.?Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 141 (w. Missouri,breeding).?Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado).?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Leavenworth).
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Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst.,V, 1873, 180 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.?Ames, Bull.Minn. Ac. Sci., 1874, 55 (Minnesota).'
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part; iii, 1874, 504 (El Paso Co., Colorado).?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (s. e. Texas, breeding).?Hay,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 90 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburgand Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).
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Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 377 (St.Louis, Missouri, breeding; descr. nest).[Panda'] americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.P[amda'\ americana Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breed-ing).?Boies, Cat. Birds s. Mich., 1875, no. 22 (breeding).?Nelson, Bull.Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,2d ed., 1884, 290, part.if[m"oit7to] americana Gray', Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.M[niotilta'\ americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, jiart.Compsothlypis americana Stegneger, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.
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American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.
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Ridgway, Orn. Illinois,i, 1889, 131.?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 547 (e. Kansas, breeding).
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Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, 1 spec, Oct. 26). Beyer, Proc.Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, breeding).C[pmj)sothlypis] americana Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part.C\hloris americana'] Jordan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part.COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI SPECIOSA Ridgway.CHIRIQTII PARTXLA WARBLER.Similar to G. jp. jpitiaymni^^ but darker and bluer above, throat andchest deeper orange-ochraceous, and middle wing-coverts withoutwhite tips; similar in last-mentioned character to P. p. inornata, butmuch more richly colored.Adult male.?Above dull indigo blue, relieved by a triangular patchof olive-green occupying the interscapular region; lores, suborbitalregion, and anterior margin of forehead black; outermost greaterwing-coverts broadly tipped with white, but no white tips to middle
'Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot).Sylvia piliayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 276; Compsothlypispitiayumi Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 21; C[ompsothlypis] p[itiayumi]pitiayumi Ridgway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 in text.?Sylvia venusta Teni-minck, PL Col., livr. 49, 1824, pi. 293, fig. 1. Sylvia plumbea Swainson, Zool.Illustr., ii, 1821-22, pi. 139.
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Purala hrasiliana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,1850, 310.
488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oovorrs; inner \ve])s of two outermost rectrices with a large, siibter-niinal sulxiuadratc patcli of white, the third rectrix .sometimes with asmall white siibterminal spot; mahir region, chin, breast, sides, flanks,and abdomen rich lemon yellow; throat and chest deep orange-ochra-ceous; anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white;maxilla l)lack:, mandi))le pale colored (yellowish in life); iris brown;legs and feet horn lu'ownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 83.S-10-i(9-1-.9); wing, 47.5-55 (52.5); tail. 35.3-41 (39.1); exposed culmen,9.1-10 (9.7); tarsus, 15.7-18 (16.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (lo.l).iAdult female.?Similar to the adult male, l)ut usually slightly dullerin color, with white tips to outermost greater wing-coverts less dis-tinct, and the throat and chest less deeply orange-ochraceous, or jqX-low slightly tinged with that color; length (skins), 92.7-104.1 (98.9);wing, 47.5-51.8 (49.6); tail, 35.3-38.6 (36.9); exposed culmen (onespecimen), 9.1; tarsus, 15.2-15.5 (15.3); middle toe, 9.6-9.9 (9.7).'Nicaragua (Ometepe) to Chiriqui (Boquete de Chitra; Volcan deChiri(iui) and Veragua (Calobre).I'aruld InoriKdn Baikd, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 171, part (Angostura and Dota,Costa Rica).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Barranca, Angos-tura, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).
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Salvadori, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino,iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 292 (CostaRica).
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Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182, part (Volcan de Chiriquiand Boquete de Chitra^ Chiriqui; Calobre, Veragua).
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Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 120, part (Barranca, Angostura, and DotaMts., Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui and Bocjuetede Chitra, Chiriqui; Calo-bre, Veragua).?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 188.3, 391 (Ometepe,Nicaragua).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Turrialba,Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra).IParula] inornata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.[Panda pitiayumi'] var. inornata Baird, Brewer, and Ridcway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Costa Rica).[ J*arula pitiayumi.'] Subsp. a. Parula inornata Sharpe, Cat. P>ir(ls l>rit. Mus., x,1885, 260, part (Costa Rica; Chiriqui).C\_ompH()t]dypis'] inornata Ridgwav, Man. N. \\\\. Birds, 1887, 492, ])art.VoniptiotIllypis inornata Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106(Naranjo de Cartago; Dota).C(nnpxothIypis pitiayumi speciosa Ridgwav, Auk, xix, .Jan., 1902, 69 (Bixjuete,Chiriqui; coll. U S.Nat. Mus.).COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INORNATA (Baird).GUATEMALAN PARTJLA WARBLER.Similar to 61 p. Mpeciom^ but much duller in color (bluish slate-gray instead of dull indigo blue above, the chest but slightly tingedwith oi'ange-ochraceous). Similar also to O. p. nhjv'doi'a^ but withthe flanks and abdomen (except extreme lower portion) yellow, withoutwhite tiyjs to middle wing-coverts (or else with these very indistinct,and with onh^ the outermost (if anx) greater coverts tipped with white.
' Eleven specimens. ' Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE A.MERICA. 489Adult male.?Ahoxe plain bluish slate color or dark plumbeous,relieved by a triangular patch of olive-green occupying the interscap-ular region; lores, anterior portion of forehead, and suborbital regionblackish; outermost middle and greater wing-coverts sometimes withindistinct white or pale grayish terminal spots; inner webs of two tothree outermost rectrices with a suliterminal spot of white, largest onoutermost rectrix; under parts yellow (gamboge or lemon), becomingyellowish white on lower abdomen and anal region, the chest slightlytinged with orange-ochraceous, the flanks tinged with olive; under tail-cov'erts and under wing-coverts white; maxilla black, mandible palecolored (yellowish in life?); le^? and feet dark horn brownish (in driedskins); length (skins), 92.7-97.8 (95.2); wing, 50-51.6 (51); tail, 37.3-40 (88.9); exposed culmen, 9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 15.2-lO.S (16); middletoe, 9.4-9.6 (9.5).^Adult /;';yw//r. -Similar to the adult male, Imt slightly paler andduller in color; length (skin), 91.4; wing, 47.5; tail, 36.6; exposedculmen, 9; tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 8.4.'I m/w/,/v'.s/i>/??>^?^t^.?Above plain grayish olive, inclining to olive-green on back; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tippedwith pale grayish; under parts dull white, the chest and sides of breastshaded with paU> olive-grayish.Highlands of Guatemala (Choctum) and Chiapas (Ocuilapa; nearTuxtla Gutierrez).Parnla hrasiUana {not Sylvia hra^llkma Lichtenstein ) Salvin and Sclater, Ibis,1860, 397 (Guatemala).iParula?i inornata Baird, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 169.-Sclater andSalvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.Parula inornata Baird, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 171, part (type fromChoctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; ooll. O. Salvin).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1870, 182, part (Choctum) .?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ara.,Aves, i, 1880, 120, part, pi. 8, fig. 1 (Choctum).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., X, 1885, 643, part (Choctum).IMniotilta'] inornata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3451.[Parula pitktyimu] var. inornata Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Guatemala).Comp.^othlvpis pitiayumi inornata ii'TE.mEGFM, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170.[FMrulapitiayumi.] Subsp. a. Parula inornata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 260, part (Guatemala).dompsothlypis] inornata Uux'ax ay, Man. N.Am. Birds, 1887, 492, part (Guatemala).Compsothlypis inornatns Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (near Tuxtla Gutierrez, e.Chiapas).Clompsothlypix] p\_itiay,i;mi:\ inornata Ridgway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text .
1 Three specimens. '^ One specimen, from Ocuilapa, Chiapas.
490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI NIGRILORA (Coues).SENNETTS PARULA WARBLER.Similar to C. p, inornata, but with two distinct white wing-bands andwithout yellow on flanks; differino- from C. p. pulchra in smaller size,much narrower white wing-bands (the second occupying less thanterminal exposed half of greater coverts), and white subterminal spoton inner web of lateral rectrices much smaller, rarely indicated onthird rectrix.Adult male.?RQiuX and neck (except chin and throat), scapulars,lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain, slightly ])luish'slate-gray, the lores and suborbital region distinctly darker, incliningto black, especially the former; iimermost middle wing-coverts alsoslate-gray, the outermost ones broadly tipped with white, forming adistinct spot or short bar; greater coverts with inner webs blackish,outer webs slate-gray, broadly tipped with white (except on innermostfeathers), the white occupying less than the terminal exposed half;remiges dusky with slate-gray edgings, the outer webs of tertialsmostly gray; rectrices dusky edged with bluish slate-gray, the innerwebs of two or three outermost with a subterminal spot of white; backyellowish olive-green, forming a triangular patch; malar region, chin,throat, breast, and upper part of a])domen yellow (lemon or gamboge),deepening on chest into saflron or ochraceous yellow; lower abdonien,'anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white; sidesand flanks dull whitish, slightly tinged with grayish, rarely slightlytinged with rusty or pale chestnut; maxilla blackj mandible pale yel-lowish brown (yellow in life?); iris brown; legs and feet brownish indried skins; length (skins), 94-105.4 (99.3); wing, 49-53.8 (51.6); tail,37.6-42.7(39.9); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.6); tarsus, 15.2-16 (15.7)-middle toe, 9.6-10.2 (9.6).^Adultferaale.?ShmXiiv to the male but slightly smaller and dullerin color; length (skins), 90.2-97.8 (94); wing, 45.2-49 (47); tail, 33-37.6(35.3); exposed culmen, 9.9; tarsus, 15.2-16.8 (16); middle toe, 9.4.^Eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; Tampico),Nuevo Leon (Montemorelos), and San Luis Fotosi (Valles); north tosouthern Texas.Parula pitiayiimi (not Si/ltia pHiayumi Vieillot) Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (FortBrown, Texas).Parula nUjrilora Ooues, Bull. U. S. Oeol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, Feb. 5,1878, 11 (Hidalgo, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 207;Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 94.?Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.'Terr., iv, 1878, 12 (Hidalgo, Texas, habits); v, 1878, 384 (Lomita, Texas;habits; descr. nests and eggs; measurements).?Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas).?Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 204.?Allen,
'Ten specimens. ^Two specimens.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1880, 121; Ibis, 1889, 236 (Tampico, Tamaulipas; NuevoLeon; Valles,San Luis Potosi).[Parula] pitiayumi var. nigrilora Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, footnote, in text.Parula pitiaymni nigrilora Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171;Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89a.{^Parula pitiayumi.'] Subsp. (i. Parula nigrilora Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 261, pi. 11, fig. 2,P[ari(?o] nigrilora Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291.Compsothlypis nigrilora Stejnegeb, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170.
?
American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 649.
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,1888,244 (Fort Brown, Texas).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,195.C{pmpsothlypis] nigrilora Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491.COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI PULCHRA (Brewster).BEAUTIFUL PARUIA WARBLER.Similar to C.j^- nigrilora, but larger and with much more white onwing-coverts, that on greater coverts occupying more than exposedhalf (sometimes extending quite to tips of middle coverts) in adultmale; flanks more often and more stronglv tinged with rusty or palechestnut. Similar also to C. j>. insula?'/'-? hi\t smaller; flanks paler andless strongl}^ tinged with chestnut; white on wing-coverts nuich moreextended; white subterminal spot on inner wel)S of lateral rectricesmuch larger, always distinct on second, sometimes present on third;adult male with lores and orbits distinctly blackish.Young, -first ijlumage.?Above plain brownish gray, the back slightlytinged with olive; beneath dull white, the sides of breast slightly tingedwith gra}", the upper throat and center of breast faintly tinged withpale yellow; white wing-bands much narrower than in adults.Adult /;/?Z^.?Length (skins), 99.1-101.6 (99.8); wing, 53.3-56.9(54.6); tail, 39.1-1:3.9 (41); exposed culmen, 9.6-9.9 (9.7); tarsus,15.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.6-10 (9.9).
^
Adult fe7nale.?\i^wg\h (skin), 96.5; wing, 51.8; tail, 39.6; tarsus,15.7; middle toe, 9.6.''Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda San Rafael),Sinaloa (Presidio; Plomosas), and Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra).Parula nigrilora (not of Coues) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643(Presidio, near Mazatlan, w. Mexico).Compsothlypis jjulchra Brewster, Descr. Supposed New Birds from W. NorthAm. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 93; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 93 (Hacienda de SanRafael, Chihuahua, n. w. Mexico; coll. W. Brewster).
^ Three specimens. ^ One specimen.
492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INSULARIS (Lawrence).TRES MARIAS PARULA WARBLER.Similar C. j)- pidchra, but larger; flanks darker, much tinged withgrayish and more or less strongly tinged with chestnut; white onwing-coverts more restricted (as in O. j)- nigrilora); subterminalwhite spots on inner web of lateral rcctrices smaller, present on onlyone or two, instead of two or three; adult male with lores and orbitsnot distinctly darker than pileum and auricular region, or at least notapproaching black.Adult w??/6^?Length (skins), 106,7-115.6 (118); wing, 54.1-59.2(57.4); tail, 45.7-52.6 (48.8); exposed culmen, 9.-J-10.4 (9.9); tarsus,18.5-19.8 (19); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10. 2).
^
Adultfemale.?LQwgih. (skins), 106.7-109.2(108.4); wing, 5,3.3-55.4(54.6); tail, 46-49 (47.2); exposed cuhiien, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,18-18.5 (18.3); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (9.9).^Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.Parula pitiayumi {not Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot) Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865,266 (Tres Marias Lsland.s, w. Mexico).Parula insular Is Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 4 (TresMarias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xiv, 1871, 278 (Tres Marias); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (TresMarias).?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part(Tres Marias).?Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (TresMarias)
.
[Parula pitiayumi'] var. insularis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 207 (Tres Marias).{Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. y. Panda imularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 263, exd. syn. part and locality " Socorro."Compsoihlypis iumlaris 8te.js-eger, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170, excl. syn. part.
?
Nel-son, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 55' (habits, etc.; crit.)Clompsothlypis] insularis RuxiWAV, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492.COMPSOTHLYPIS GRAYSONI Ridgway.SOCORRO WARBLER.Adults (sexes alike).?Alwve plain dull gray, sometimes stronglytinged with greenish olive, the interscapulars olive-green, forming atriangular patch; middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadlytipped with white, passing into brownish gray on innermost feathers;inner webs of lateral rectrices edged with white, but without any welldefined white sul)terminal spot; loral and suborbital regions dullgrayish, flecked with whitish or pale yellowish; sides of head and neckgrayish, like pileum, etc., but somewhat paler; malar region, chin,throat, chest, and whole In-east rather light dull gamboge or canaryyellow, scarcely, if at all, deepening in color on chest; abdomen andanal region very pale yellowish; under tail-coverts yellowish white;
' Twelve specimens. '^ Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493flanks pale yellowish olive; under wing-coverts white; maxilla black;mandible very pale ])rownish (yellowish in lifeO, u?ually dusky at tip;iris brown; legs and feet deep horn brown (in dried skins).Adult .././/.'.-Length (skins), 107.9-111.8 (100.7); wing, 52.1-53.3(52.6); tail, 46.7-4:8.3 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,17 8-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-10.9 (10.8).^Adult /^ma/..-Length (skins), 110.5-114.3(112.3); wing, 52.1-53.3(52.8); tail, 46.2-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10.1); tarsus,19-19.'3 (19.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.7 (10.2).^Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, northwestern Mexico.Panda inmdarl. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 4, part (SocorroIsland n. w. Mexico); Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 300 (Socorro);Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i,1874, 269, part (Socorro).-Salvin and Godman,BioL Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part (Socorro).-SHARPE, Cat. BirdnBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 643, part (Socorro).IParula pitinyumi-] var. inmlaris Baird, Brexver, and Ridgway, Hist. M. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 207, part (Socorro)
.
Panda pitiayumi inmlaris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lu, Aug. 24, 1880,171 215 (Socorro); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89.{Panda pitiayumi.-] Subsp. y. Panda insularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 263, part (not description)
.
Comvwihhmis inmlari>i Ste.ineger, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.Ciomp^othhiph-] graysonl Ridgway. Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492 (SocorroIsland, Revillagigedo Group, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus ).Compsothhipis gmysoni Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896,614. -TowNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 135 (Socorro).-ANTHONY,Auk, XV, 1898, 317 (Socorro).Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Coues.Peucedramus Coues, in Henshaw's Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201.(Tvpe, Si/lria olimcea Giraud.
)
Pmcedror.ius ' (emendation) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1881, 142.Similar to Dendrolca, but bill weaker, more subulate; tail moredeeply emarginate; a white spot at base of primaries in connectionwith two white wing-bands.Bill much shorter than head, short-subulate, of uniform depth tormost of its length, depressed basally, compressed terminally; subter-minal notch of maxillarv tomium indistinct or obsolete. Kictal bristlesweak and few (only three distinct). Wing long, pointed; eighth,seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the ninth but little shorter, equalto or longer than fifth; wing-tip very long (longer than tarsus). Tailequal to distance from l)end of wing to tips of secondaries, deeplyemarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus about one-fourth aslong as wing, very slender, its scutella indistinct (fused on outer side);middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of
~' iFour^ specimens. ' Three specimens.
494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for abouthalf its length to middle toe.Coloratio?i.~Rend, necii, and chest tawny, orange-rufous, or deepochraceous (adult male), or buffj yellowish (female), with a blackband covering loral, suborbital and auricular regions (adult male), ora dusky patch on auricular region (female); two white wing-bands, awhite spot at base of longer primaries, and much white on inner websof lateral rectrices.Nidlficatlon.?Arboreal.
^a/i(/<2.?Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, and high mountainsof southern and central Arizona. (Monotypic.)PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS (Giraud).OLIVE WARBLER.Advlt male in 5?/.m?w<?r.?Head, neck, and chest plain ochraceous,the sides of head with a broad band of black, involving the lores,'orbits, and auricular region; lower hindneck and extreme upper backyellowish olive-green, this sometimes extending over whole hindneckto, and including, the occiput; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain mouse gray; wings and tail dull blackish; middle andgreater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two con-spicuous bands, of which the anterior one is the broader; innermostgreater coverts edged with light grayish olive-green; secondaries edgedwith more yellowish olive-green; primaries narrowly edged with whit-ish, the seventh to the third white at base, forming a conspicuous spot;rectrices narrowly edged with pale grayish, usually becoming moreolive-greenish ])asally; inner webs of two outermost rectrices largelywhite, this occupying much the greater part on exterior rectrix, theouter web of which is also largely white; median portion of breastand abdomen dull white, shading on sides and flanks into light olive-grayish; under tail-coverts white, with part of concealed portion dullgrayish; bill blackish, with part of the mandible (usually basal half ormore) light l)rownish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky.Adult male in iolntei\--S\m\\vLV to the summer male, but color ofhead, neck, and chest duller, more clay color; sides and flanks morebrownish; back, etc., more olivaceous.Adultfemale in mminer.?Pileum and hindneck olive-greenish (varv-ing from yellowish olive-green to dull greenish olive); supra-auricularregion, sides of neck, throat, and chest yellowish (varying from dulllemon yellow or light gamboge to dull sulphur yellow, the chin andthroat sometimes nearly white); auricular region dusky, at least inpart; lores dull grayish; suborbital region mixed dusky grayish anddull whitish; rest of plumage as in adult male, but white wing-barsnarrower, and white spot at base of middle primaries smaller, some-times obsolete.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495Adultfemale in winter.?Similar to the summer female, but plumageof softer texture and posterior wing-band more or less tinged withyellowish.Immature male {second year).?Identical in coloration with adultfemale.T'oung male., fird jylimiage.?Pileum, hindneck. back, scapulars,rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dull olive or brownish olive; supra-auricular region and sides of neck dull yellowish buflf}', the lattertinged with olive; chin, throat, and chest dull 3^ellowish buffy; other-wise like adult female.Young feTnale., first plumage.?Similar to the .young male but palerand grayer above; supra-auricular and post-auricular regions palebrownish buffy; chin, throat, and chest still paler butfy, the chin andupper throat dull buffy whitish.Adult m?Z.'.?Length (skins), 113-129 (120); ? wing, 72-78 (74.8);tail, 50-56 (53.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-12 (10.7); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2);middle toe, 10.5-13 (11. 2).^^Adult female.?\^^\\^i\\ (skins), 110-125 (117);' wing, 67-73 (69.9);tail, 47.2-53 (49.4); exposed culmen, 9-12 (10.5); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2);middle too, 10.4-12 (11.5).*Highlands (coniferous belt) of Mexico, Guatemala, and southwesternUnited States; north to central Arizona (Huachuca, Chiricahua, Santa
^Length before skinning of six Arizona specimens, 127-137.2 (134.2). (Brewster,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137.)
^ Sixteen specimens.
'Length before skinning of five Arizona specimens, 127-132.1 (129.5). (Brewster,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137.
)
* Thirteen specimens.Specimens from different geographic areas average in measurements as follows:
Locality.
496 BULLETIN "H), UNITP]!) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,Ciitalina, Graham, Mogollon, and White Mountains), .south to Choctuniand Chilasco, Guatemala.Sylvia oUvacea Giraud, Sixteen Speries Texan Birds, 1841, 29, pi. (7), fig. 2("Texas;" type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mas.).?Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond1855, 66.Sylvicola oUvacea Baikd, in Rep. Stansbury'a Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328("Texas").?Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., LS55, 283, pi. 48.Rhimamjihiis olivaccus ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,291 (Cordova, VeraCruz).Dendroicn oUvacea Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 305; Review Am.Birds, 1865, 205 (Choctum, Guatemala; Popocatapetl, Mexico; Orizaba, A^eraCruz) .?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca).?SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine re^'ion Vera Cruz,5,000 to 10,000 ft.).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 258, pi. 14, fig. 4.?Henshaw, Am. Sportsman, v, Fel). 20, 1875,328 (Mount Graham, Arizona).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 1886, no. 651.?Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona,breeding in pine belt).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 197.?Price, Auk, xii, 1895,17-19 (nesting habits, etc.).?Cox, Auk, xii, 1895,358(Mount Orizaba, 11,000 ft.).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40(Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., in pines; notes).Dlendroical oUvacea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494.Dendrceca oUvacea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jalapa; Popocatapetl) .?Salvin, Ibis, 1866,191(Guatemala)
.
[Dendro'ca'] oUvacea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.?Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.Dendroeca oUvacea Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forli. Stockh'., xxvi, 1870, 610(monogr).Peucedramus oUvaceus Henshaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th ^Vlerid., 1875, 202 (Mount(iraham, Arizona; habits, etc.).?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216, 232; Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 92.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 135 (Chi-rii-ahua and Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; habits) .?Coues, Birds Col.Val., 1878, 233; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 110.?Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 352Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona).P\_eucedramus] oUvaceus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 296.Peucedromus oUvacem Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 142.l}fnioUlta'] oUvacea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3479.SijMa txniata Bv Bvs, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, ii, 1847, 104 (Mexico; coll.Brussels Mus. ) ; Rev. Zool., 1848, 245.[Si/hicola] t<rrnaia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.M[)iioU/ta] tieniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, 196.J'eiurdramKS oUvaceus aurantlucvs Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 1074May 21, 1896, 441 (Chilasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.)Genus DENDROICA Gray.(?) Rhimamphiis Rafinesque, Journ. de Pliys., 1819, 417. (Type, R. citrinusRafinesque, = avis fictita?) (See Baird, Pacific R. R. Rep!, ix, 1858, 264;Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.)Jihimanj^hus (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 19.Sylvicola (not of Humphrey, 1797, nor Hiibner, 1810, nor Swainson, 1827, norJardine, 1837) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841. 32. (Type, MotacUla corlnataLinnaeus.)
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497Dendroica Gray, List Gen. Bird?, App., 1842, 8. (Type, Motacilla coronata Lin-naeus.)Dendroeca (emendation) Agassiz, Nomencl. Zoolog. Index Univ., 1846, 119.Perissoglossa Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1866, 180. (Type, Motacilla tigrinaGmelin.)Small or nicdiuin-sized arboreal or subarboreal Mniotiltids, withthe bill slender-conoidal, its basal width not greater than its basaldepth, gradually tapering toward the tip, the tip of maxilla percepti-bly decurved, the maxillary tomium with obvious notch; rictal bristlesobvious, but not strongly developed; the tail more than two and a halftimes as long as tarsus, and inner webs of lateral retrices partly whiteor yellow.Bill shorter than head (usually much shorter), slender-conoidal,tapering gradually to the tip; tip not acute or else {D. tigruui) themaxilla appreciably decurved terminally and with sul)terminal tomialnotch (the latter always present). No.stril longitudinal, linear, nar-rowly oval or su])cuneate, overhung by broad membraneous opercu-lum. Rictal bristles oljvious, but never very distinct. Wing moderateor rather long, rather pointed (four outermost primaries abruptlylongest, the ninth always longer than fifth, frequently longer thanfourth, sometimes longest); or, in the distinctively Antillean types,'rounded, with the ninth primary shorter than the fifth, sometimesshorter than fourth; wing-tip usually equal to or longer than tarsus(decidedly shorter in B. inaculosa, D. dkcolor, and D. 2)ahiuirurn).Tail about equal to distance from liend of wing to tips of secondaries(sometimes a little longer or shorter), emarginate, even, double-rounded or slightly rounded. Tarsus one-fourth' to one-third' aslong as wing, its scutella indistinct, often obsolete or fused on outerside; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (nearly as long in D.dommica); basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half(sometimes nearly the whole) its length to outer toe, for at least halfits length to inner toe.Ooloratio)i.?ExtYeme\y variable, but inner webs of lateral rectricesalways with more or less of white or yellow.Nidification.?Mostly arboreal, sometimes terrestrial or subterres-trial.^^^?^^.._Whole of North and Middle America, and more northernand western portions of South America; Galapagos Islands. (Manyspecies.)There is much variation in details of form among the many speciesof this beautiful genus, and their habits vary correspondingly. Some
^B. plumbea, D. pharetra, D. adelaidss, and D. delicata.^In D. coronata, D. vigorsii, and D. castanea.nn D. plumbea, D. adelaidie, and D. delicata; nearly one-third as long in D. pal-marum, D. discolor, and I), maculosa.3654?VOL 2?01 32
498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(for example, I), ciijorx't'i unci T). <hnii in /(</) are expert creepers, recallingin their movements along the branches of trees the genus MnlotUta;others (as T). pahnarimi) keep much upon the ground, where theywalk in the graceful manner of a Pipit, accompanying their movementsby the same wagging of the tail and tilting or "teetering'' motion ofthe body; some of them combine these characteristics to a greater orless degree, while others possess none of them to a pronounced extent.All are expert "11} catchers,'"' when the occasion demands, but this isa trait shared by many groups of birds.The bill of D. tigrina is peculiar in the decided attenuation andacuteness, as well as slight but ver}^ obvious downward curvature, ofthe tip, but I can not discover any other character wherein thisspecies diflfers from other members of the genus. This species wasseparated by Professor Baird as the type of a new genus, Perissoglossa.,through an error, the tongue of a Coerebine bird (probably- a speciesof Cyanerpes) having been examined, described, and figured as that ofD. tigrina. This matter has been quite fuU}^ discussed by Mr. Lucas,'who finds *" that while the tongues of the various species [of Dendroica\are constructed on the same plan, . . . there is great specific varia-tion in the execution of details, the extremes, so far as I have examined,being marked by Dendroica maculosa and D. tigrina., and that whilethese extremes are widely separated, vet the gap betw^een them isbridged over by other species which show intermediate stages.''D. maculosa., D. discolor, and D. palniarwm are the only continentalspecies in which the wing-tip is decidedly shorter than the tarsus, allthe other species having the wing-tip at least as long as the tarsus.The first named {D. maculosa) is unique in having the ninth primarydecidedly shorter than the sixth instead of equal to it or longer, and ispeculiar, so far as coloration is concerned, in the position and patternof the W'hite spots on inner w^ebs of the rectrices. D. dominica is theonly species in which the bill is nearly as long as the head, or in w hichthe tarsus is but slightly longer than the middle toe with claw.With the exception of those allied to D. cestiva, D. pityophila., andthe Bahaman representatives of D. mgorsii {D. v. achrustera and I), v.ahacoensis), the peculiarl}^ West Indian species {D. plumhea^ B. pha-retra, D. adelaidce, and D. delicata) have the wing much more rounded,the ninth primary being shorter than the fifth (shorter than the fourthin D. p)haretro)^ and the wing not more than three times as long as thetarsus. Otherwise they are not, collectively, diflerent from the morenormal species, and probably should not be separated from them.
^The Tongue of the Cape May Warbler. By Frederic A. Lucas. The Auk, xi,1894, 141-144, tigs. 1-6.
BIRDS OB' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499KEY TO THE SPECIES AND .SUBSI'Et^IES OF DENDKOICA.
a. Inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) partly yellow. {^^ (Inlden Warblers.^ ^^)
1). No orange, rufons, or chestnut on sides of head or throat, or else the pileum alsorufous or t-hestnut and chest and sides streaked with the same.
c. Tnder parts bright yellow, the chest and sides streaked with chestnut orrufous. (Adult males.)(/. Chin, throat, and sides of head yellow.
e. Wing more pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary equal to or longerthan sixth, often longest; tarsus shorter, never more than 20, averagingabout 18.8; tail relatively shorter, averaging less than 48.5, or else wingaveraging 68; continental. (Dendrolca irstiva.)g. Larger (wing averaging more than 62, tail averaging more than 44)and brighter colored; pileum, in fully adult plumage, decidedlyyellowish, often pure yellow, sometimes tinged with tawny orange;wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow; back, etc.,lighter, more yellowish, olive-green.//. Back, etc., more decidedly olive-green, the upper tail-coverts withless yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and sides much broader.'^(United States in general, except southern border from westernTexas to Arizona; more southern British Provinces.)Dendroica aestiva aestiva, adult male (j). 508)///(. Back, etc., more yellowish olive-green, the upper tail-covertswith more yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and fiank muchnarrower.
' The so-called " Golden Warblers " (see Baird, Keview of American Birds, p. 193)end)race numerous forms which at first sight seem to be easily arrangeable into threegroups according to the color of the head in adult males: (1 ) Those without a sharplydefined orange, rufous, or chestnut patch on the crown; (2) those with a sharplydefined crown-patch of rufous or chestnut, and (3) those with the whole head,including the throat, rufous or chestnut. A careful examination, however, showsthat no sharp line can be drawn between su])iiosed groups 1 and 2, one form(D. aureola, of the Galapagos Archipelago and Cocos Island) being so clearly inter-mediate that different specimens would fall into either group. In short, there is, invarious West Indian forms, including that from the island of Cozumel, every inter-mediate condition between the yellow or olive-green crown of D. wstiva (in which,itself, the crown is sometimes slightly tinged with orange) and the very sharplydefined dark chestnut cap of I), capitalin. Furthermore, I fail to find other colorcharacters which will serve to segregate the various forms into smaller groups, nota single one of those which have hitherto been used for that purpose and which atfirst sight give promise of utility in that way standing the test of careful examina-tion of even a moderately large series of specimens. With adult females the case isstill more difficult, there being in that sex a far greater range of individual variationand the color characters altogether less pronounced. The preparation of an infallil >le
'
' key ' ' to the various forms of these ' ' Golden Warblers ' ' the author therefore acknowl-edges to be beyond his ability, and he wishes it to l>e understood that the one heregiven, while rendering identification easy in the case of most specimens, may fail withothers.It is clearly evident that all these "Golden Warblers," with the exception, jier-haps, of the little-known D. eoa, are of common origin, and that many of them rep-resent merely local forms or slightly differentiated subspecies; but where todraw^theline between those which seem to be now S[)ecifically distinct and those which do notisa very difficult matter, regardingwhich i)r()bably no two authors would entirely agree.
'^ Except in some western specimens, which otherwise are like eastern ones.
500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
i. Smaller (wing averaging 63.3, tail 47.8). (Southwestern borderof Ignited States, from western Texas to Arizona, and south-ward into northwestern INIexii-o.)Dendroica aestiva sonorana, adult niale (]>. 512)//. Larger ( wing averaging (iS, tail 5;!). (Central ^lexico.
)
Dendroica aestiva dugesi, adult male (j). 5115)gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail averaging less than 4i>)and duller colored; pileum alway.s olive-green, like baek, rarelybecoming yellowish on forehead; wing-coverts and tertials nar-rowly edged with yellowish olive-gveen or olive-yellow; back, etc.,darker olive-green. (Vancouver Island to Alaska in summer, southto southern California, central Texas, and Nicaragua in Avinter.
)
Dendroica aestiva rnbiginosa, adult male (p. 514)ee. Wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary decidedly shorterthan sixth; tarsus longer, very rarely less than 20, averaging 20.9;tail relatively longer, averaging al)out 48.5; West Indian.'/. Larger (wing of adult male usually more than 60, averaging more than61); pileum without a distinct patch of tawny, chestnut-tawny, orchestnut, or else wing 62 or more, averaging 65.4. {Dendroicapetechia.)g. Pileum without a distinct patch of orange-ochraceous or tawny, orif pronouncedly thus colored the color not sharply defined norstrongly contrasted laterally against the yellow of the supen-iliaryregion; wing averaging not more than 65, usually much less./(. Lighter, brighter, more yellowish olive-green alwve; the pileumusually more or less tinged with yellow, ochraceous, or tawny,sometimes mostly thus colored; yellowish wing-markings moredistinct, more decidedly yellow; yellow of under parts deeper.i. Yellow of under parts less intense and chestnut streaks on chestand sides narrower or fewer.j. Wing longer (averaging 65) and bill smaller (exposed culmenaveraging 10.6). (Island of Jamaica; Haiti?).Dendroica petechia petechia, adult male (p. 515)jj. Wing shorter (averaging 61.4) and bill larger (exposed culmenaveraging 11.1). (Island of Grand Cayman.)Dendroica petechia auricapilla, adult male (p. 517)ii. Yellow of under parts more intense, and chestnut streaks onchest and sides heavier or more numerous.j. Smaller (wing averaging 61, tail 47.9, exposed culmen 11, tarsus20.5) ; chestnut streaks on chest and sides averaging narrower;crown more rarely tinged with ochracef)US or tawny. (Baha-mas.) Dendroica petechia flaviceps, adult male (p. 517)jj. Larger (wing averaging 62.3, tail 49.1, exposed culmen 11.3,tarsus 21.3); chestnut streaks on chest and sides averagingheavier; crown more often tinged with ochraceous ortawiiy.(Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda,Anegada, St. Croix, Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius,St. Christopher?, Barbuda, and Antigua.
)
Dendroica petechia bartholemica, adult male (}>. 518)hh. Darker and duller olive-green above, the pileum usually concolorwith back, or nearly so (rarely distinctly tinged with yellow.
' Except one form on Cozumel Island, Yucatan, and one from the Galapagos Archi-pelago, Cocos Island, and contiguous coast of South America.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 501
ocliraceous, or tawny); yellowish wing-markings less distinct,more greenish ; yellow of under parts paler. ( Island of Cuba.
)
Dendroica petechia gundlaclii, adult male (p. 520)an Pileum with a distinct patch of tawny or rufous-chestnut, this sharplydefined and very strongly contrasted laterally against the yello\N-of the superciliary region. ' (Galapagos Archipelago ; Cocos Island
;
coast of Ecuador and Peru?.)Dendroica petechia aureola, adult male (p. 521)ff Smaller (wing of adult male usually much less than 60, averaging lessthan 59) ; pileum with a very distinct patch of tawny, rufous-chest-nut or chestnut. {Dendroica ruficapilla.)g. Pileum tawny-ochraceous to deep tawny, the area thus colored not sosharply defined./(. Chest and sides more narrowly streaked with chestnut. (Islandsof Guadeloupe and Dominica.
)
'^ ^^^,Dendroica ruficapilla ruficapilla, adult male (p. 52o
)
/(/, Chest and sides much more heavily streaked with chestnut.
; Tawny of pileum deeper, covering forehead. ( Island of Cozumel,Yucatan ) Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex, adult male (p. 524)a Tawnv of pileum paler, becoming more yellowish or changing toyellow on forehead. (Island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea.)Dendroica ruficapilla flavida, adult male (p. 524)gg. Pileum chestnut, the area thus colored sharply defined laterally andposteriorly.
7, Pileum clear chestnut or rufous-chestnut; streaks on chest and sidespaler chestnut. ( Island of Curasao, southern Caribbean Sea.
)
Dendroica ruficapilla rufopileata, adult male (p. 525)hh. Pileum dark chestnut or bay; streaks on chest and sides darkerchestnut. ( Island of Barbados.
)
Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis, adult male (p. 52b)dd Chin, throat, and sides of head, as well as pileum, chestnut or tawny.
e. Back, etc., darker olive-green; wing, tail, and tarsus shorter bill longer( wincr55 5-57, tail 40-43, tarsus 17-19, exposed culmen 11.5-12). (islandof Martinique, Lesser Antilles.). -Dendroica rufigula, adult male (p.D26)ee Back etc lighter, more yellowish, oUve-green; wmg, tail, and tarsuslonger, bill shorter (wing not less than 60, tail not less than 45, tarsusaveraging 20 or more, exposed culmen 11)./ Chest and sides heavily streaked with rufous-chestnut, the color ofthroat not sharply defined posteriorly. (Isthmus of Panama andCaribbean coast of Colombia; Veragua V)Dendroica erithachorides, adult male (p. 52/
)
ff. Chest and sides very narrowly, if at all, streaked with darker chest-nut, the rufous-chestnut color of throat sharply defined posteriorly.(Dendroica bryanti.)g. Head slightly lighter chestnut; chest and sides usual y with morenumerous or broader streaks; wing averaging 65.5, tail 50. ( Atlantic coast of Central America, from Yucatan to Costa Rica.
)
Dendroica bryanti bryanti, adult male (p. 529)na. Head slightly darker chestnut; chest and sides with fewer or nar-rower streaks; wing averaging 63.2, tail 46.6. (Pacific coast of
^Males not in fully mature plumage have less of this color on the pileum, and areconsequentlv not easily to be distinguished from those fully adult males of the pre-ceding West Indian forms having the crown most highly colored.
502 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Mexico and Central America, from Lower California and Sinaloato Costa Rica. ) . .Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps, adult male (p. 530)cc Under parts duller yellow, usually without streaks, very rarely distinctlystreaked. (Adult females and young.')/'/(. Sides of head, alone, or together with chin, throat, and chest, orange-tawny,the pileum olive-greenish or dusky grayish; chest and sides without streaks.(Jamaica. ) Dendroica eoa, adults (p. 5ol
)
an. Inner webs of rectrices without any yello\\'.h. \ nner webs of lateral rectrices with a distinct patch or spot of white.r. White on inner webs of rectrices on middle portion, present and of nearlyequal extent on all but middle pair. (Eastern United States and BritishProvinces.
)
Dendroica maculosa (p. 532)cc. White on inner webs of rectrices on terminal or sul)tcrniinal portion (or elseoccupying greater part of the web), present on not more than three orfour (very rarely five) rectrices and greatly decreasing in extent from theoutermost.d. Bill with tip acute, decurved; sides of neck yellow, or else rump yellowisholive or olive-yellowish, much brighter than the plain grayish olive l)ack.(Eastern North America; West Indies in winter.
)
Dendroica tigrina (p. 537)dd. Bill with its tip not acute nor decurved; sides of neck not yellow; rumpnot yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, different from (rolor of l)ack, orelse the latter streaked with darker.e. Wing without light colored bands or edgings, but (usually) with a whitespot at base of primaries. {Dendroica civrnlescens.
)
f. Upper parts dark grayish blue; sides of head, throat, and sides black;rest of under parts white.g. Back dark grayish blue, like rest of upper i)arts (rarely with slighta<lmixture of black). (Eastern North America, breeding frommountains of Pennsylvania northward.
)
Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens, adult male (p. 541)gg. Back mostly black or spotted or clouded with black. (^Mountainsof North Carolina to .southern Pennsylvania.)Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi, adult male {]>. 545)//'. Above plain olive; under parts pale buffy or yellowish, shaded witholive laterally.g. Lighter and l)righter olive al)ove, more yellowish beneath.Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens. adult female (p. 541)g. Darker and duller olive above, less yellowish beneath.Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi, adult female (p. 545)
et>. Wing with more or less distinct light-colored bands or edgings, or both,but without a white spot at base of primaries./. White on inner web of lateral rectrices an extensive and well-definedterminal or subterminal area, extending to shaft, this white spot dis-tinct on at least two lateral rectrices; plumage more or less streaked,either above or below, or else^ tail emarginate.g. A yellow spot on rump and one on each side of breast./(. Throat white (sometimes tinged with brownish) ; twoto three lateralrectrices with a subterminal white spot on inner web. (North
'Owing to the very great range of individual variation in adult females and imma-ture birds I find myself unable to devise a key to the different species and subspecies.
^ In J>. vigorsii and its subspecies.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 503America in general, chiefly eastward and northward; West Indiesin winter. ) Dendroica coronata (p. 546)////. Throat yellow (rarely white or but faintly tinged with yellow inimmature females) ; four to five lateral rectrices with a whitesubterminal spot on inner web. {Dendroica auduboni. )
'/. Smaller (wing averaging 77.3 in male, 75.4 in female, tail 58.3 inmale, 56.7 in female); adult male with forehead, sides of headand back mostly gray, and black on chest and sides of breastless extensive, more or less broken by whitish margins tofeathers; adult female less heavily streaked with black on upperparts, sides, and flanks. (Western North America, southinto Mexico in winter.) ..Dendroica auduboni auduboni (p. 551)ii. Larger (wing averaging more than 80 in males, more than 76 infemales); adult male with forehead and sides of head black,back mostly black, and black on chest and sides of head moreextensive, unbroken; adult females more heavily streaked onupper parts, sides, and flanks.j. Smaller (wing averaging 80.5, tail 62, in male); sides of occiput,sides of neck, and hindneck gray streaked with black; whitenuchal spot and white spot on sides of lower throat smalleror wanting. (Southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico.
)
Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons, adult male (p. 555)jj. Larger (wing 82.8, tail 66.3, in male); sides of occiput, sidesof neck, and hindneck uniform black; white nuchal spot andwhite spots on sides of lower throat larger. (Highlands ofGuatemala. ) .Dendroica auduboni goldmani, adult male (p. 556)gg. No yellow spot on rump nor sides of breast.//. Throat and chest black or partly black.
/'. Whole auricular region black, gray, or olive.j. Back and rump gray; superciliary and malar stripes and breastwhite.k. Pileum, auricular and malar regions, throat, and chest black.
( Western United States.
)
Dendroica nigrescens, adult male (p. 556)H: Pileum streaked gray and l)lack; auricular region gray;throat and chest only partly black (otherwise white).Dendroica nigrescens, adult female (p. 557)jj. Back and rump olive-green; superciliary and malar stripes andbreast yellow.k. Pileum, auricular region, throat, and chest black. (WesternNorth America, south to Guatemala in winter.
)
Dendroica townsendi. adult male (p. 559)
A/.-. Pileum streaked black and olive-green; auricular regionolive-green; throat and chest only partly black (other-wise yellow) . . .Dendroica townsendi, adult female (p. 560)ii. Auricular region mostly yellow.j. A black, dusky, or olive postocular streak, back and rump blackor olive-green; black of chest extended laterally over sides ofbreast; pileum plain olive-green, plain black, or streakedolive-green and black.k. Pileum and back plain olive-green; breast and abdomen yel-lowish white or pale yellow.
'. Throat and chest uniform black.Dendroica virens, adult male (p. 562)
504 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
//. Throat and rlies^t only partly l)lat'k.Dendroica virens, adult female (p. 562)kk. Pileum and back plain black or streaked olive-green andblack; breast and abdomen pure white./. Pileum and back uniform black; throat and chest uniformblack. (Texas to (iuatemala.)Dendroica chrysoparia, adult male (p. 565)//. Pileum and back streaked olive-green and Idack; throatand chest (usually) only partly black.Dendroica chrysoparia, adult femaleand immature male (p. 56(5)jj. No black, dusky, or olive postocular streak, the sides of headentirely yellow; back and rump gray, the former streake(lor spotted with black; black of chest with convex posterioroutline; pileum at least jtartly yellow. (Western UnitedStates and British Cohuubia, south to Guatemala in winter.)Dendroica occidentalis, adult male (p. 567)}ih. Throat without any black./. Wing with two distinct bands (across tips of middle and greatercoverts, respectively) of white, yellowish, or pale gray?or elsewith these coalesced into a single large patch.j. Upper parts light grayish blue. (Eastern United States; southin winter to northern South America.
)
Dendroica rara, adult male (p. 570)Jj- 1 l>pt?i" parts not light grayish blue.k-. A superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff./. Throat white or pale olive-yellowish; sides of head withoutyellow.^vt. Back and auricular region greenish or bluish; no yelhiwsupraloral spot. Dendroica rara, adult female andimmature male (p. 570)mm. Back and auricular region brownish gray or grayishl)rown; a small yellow supraloral spot.Dendroica nigrescens, immature female (p. 557)//. Throat yellow, orange, or buff, or else sides of head mostlyyellow.VI. Sides of head mostly yellow; throat not wholly yellow,orange, or buff.n. Back olive-green; feathers of pileum dusky basally.Dendroica virens, immature female (p. 562)vv. Rack grayish; feathers of pileum yellow basally.Dendroica occidentalis, immature female (p. 5()S)nnii. Sides. of head not mostly yellow; throat wholly yel-low, orange, or l)uff.
'u. Back neither gray nor plain grayish brown.
<). Back olive-green.Dendroica townsendi, immature female (p. 560)
<><>. Back not olive-green.p. Back black with a whitish or yellowish stripe alongeach side; throat orange.Dendroica blackburniae, adult male (p. 574)pp. Back not black; throat not orange.
'Except, in I), iiigrescnii^, a small supraloral spot.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 505
q. Back streaked with black, pale yellowish (ordull whitish) and olive; throat and chest yel-low or pale orange.Dendroica blackburniae, adult femaleand immature male (p. 575)
<j(j. Back light olive-brownish in.listinctly streakedwitli dusky; throat and <-hest pale yellowish\juff Dendroica blackburniae, immaturefemale (p. 575)
1. Back gray (with or without black streaks) or plaingrayish l)r()wn.o. Superciliary stripe white, extending to end of auric-ular region; sides of neck white; auricular regionmostly l)lack. {Dendroica dominica.
)
p. Bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 13.8 inmale, 12.9 in female); superciliary stripe usuallyyellow anteriorly. (Atlantic coast of UnitedStates, chiefly south of New Jersey; Florida andWest Indies in winter.
)
Dendroica dominica dominica, adults (p. 578)pp. Bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 11.9in male, 11.7 in female); superciliary stripeusually entirely white. (Mississippi Valley;south in winter through Mexico to Nicaragua.
)
Dendroica dominica albilora, adults (p. 582)00. Superciliary stripe yellow, extending but little, ifany, beyond eye; sides of neck and auricularregion gray.],. Yellow of under parts extending no farther back-ward than upper breast. ( Dendroica gracia:
)
q. Larger (wing averaging 65.1 in male, 61 infemale); superciliary stripe whitish at poste-rior extremity; yellow of chest not invadingbreast. (Northwestern Mexico to Arizonaand Colorado.
)
Dendroica graciae graciae, ailults (p. 5S4)qq. Smaller (wing averaging 57 in male); super-ciliary stripe shorter, wholly yellow; yellowof chest invading breast. (Southern Mexicoto southern Honduras.)Dendroica graciae decora, adults (p. 586)pp. Yellow of under parts extending over breast andalxlomen.q. Whig and tail shorter (averaging 54 and 42.3,respectively, in male) ; superciliary stripe nar-rower anteriorly, not encroaching on forehead;less black on sides of crown; colors less in-tense. (Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.)Dendroica adelaidae, adults (p. 587)qq. Wing and tail longer (averaging 56 and 51,respectively, in male); superciliary stripebroader anteriorly, occupying sides of fore-head; more black on sides of crown; gray ofback, etc., clearer, and yellow of under imrts.
500 BULLETIN 50, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSETTM.
etc., more intense. (Santa Lucia, LesserAntilles. ) . .Dendroica delicata, adults (p. 5SS
)
kk. No superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff.'/. Back more or less streaked (the streaks sometimes con-cealed); wing-bands white or pale yellow.m. Sides of crown (at least behind eyes) black./(. Sides chestnut; pileum not wholly black.o. Crown olive-yellow; auricular region, throat, andchest white. (Eastern North America, south inwinter to Bahamas and Isthmus of Panama.)Dendroica pensylvanica, atlults (]>. 589)n(i. Crown chestnut; auricular region black; throat andchest chestnut. (Eastern North America, southin winter tu Colombia.)Dendroica castanea, adult male (j). 592)///(. Sidles white, streaked with black; pileum whollylilack. (Northern and eastern North America,Miuth over most of South America in winter.
)
Dendroica striata, adult male (p. 595)villi. Sides of crown not black.//. Under tail-coverts white.
<t. Sides of head, sides, and flanks plain pale .ish gray(the flanks sometimes tinged with chestnut).Dendroica pensylvanica, immature (p. 589)00. Sides of head, sides, and flanks light olive or elsedistinctly streaked.Dendroica striata, immature (]i. 596)(///. Under tail-co ;erts pale buff.Dendroica castanea, adtilt female and immature (p. 592)//. Back plain olive-green, olive, or grayish olive; wing-bandsI)ale gray or dull grayish white. ( Dendroica rigorsil. )IK. Under parts with at least the anterior half yellow; ayellow supraloral streak; upper parts olive-green.n. Wing longer (averaging 72.9), bill and feet smaller(exposed culmen averaging 10.9, tarsus 18.5, mid-dle toe 1 2.7 ) ; yellow of under parts usually extendedover abdomen. (Eastern United States and moresouthern British Provinces.)Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult male (p. 599)nil. Wing shorter (averaging not more than 70) , bill andfeet larger (exposed culmen averaging 12 or more,tarsus 18.9 or more, middle toe 13.4 or more); yel-low of under parts confined to anterior half.0. Smaller (wing averaging 65.9, tail 54.2, exposed cul-men 12, tarsus 18.9), and duller in color. (Islandof New Providence, Bahamas.
)
Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult male (p. 602)00. Larger (wing 70, tail 57, exposed culmen 13.5, tar-sus 20), and brigliter colored. (Island of Abaco,P>ahamas.
)
Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis, adult male (p. 603)mm. Under parts dull pale grayish, usually tinged with
' Sometimes (in D. vigorsii and its subs})ecies) tliere is a rather distinct yellowsupraloral line.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507
i
yellow on chest (rarely with anterior half pale yel-low); no yellow supraloral line; upper i)artf^ dullolive or grayish olive,n. Wing longer (averaging 68.4), bill and feet smaller(exposed cuhnen averaging 10.6, tarsus 18.2, middletoe 12.4).Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult female (p. 599)nn. Wing shorter (averaging 62.5), bill and feet larger(exposed cuhnen averaging 12.2, tarsus 19.2, mid-dle toe 13.2).Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult female (p. 602)a. Wings with not more than one distinct band, this (if present)across tips of middle coverts, and yellowish.j. Back streaked with black; a whitish orbital ring (interruptedanteriorly); tarsus 21 to 23. (P^astern United States; Baha-mas in winter. ) Dendroica kirtlandii, adults ( p. (>03)jj. Back not streaked with black; no whitish orbital ring; tarsusless than 21.k. Upper parts plain gray, becoming olive-green on foreheadand crown; under parts, except throat and chest, grayishw hite. ( Dendroica jntyophila. )
I. Gray of upper parts lighter; forehead and crown yellowisholive-green. (Cuba.)Dendroica pityophila pityophila, adults (p. 605)//. Gray of upper parts darker; forehead and crown "green-ish-yellow, showing light yellow at base of upper mandi-ble.'' ( Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas.
)
Dendroica pityophila bahamensis, adults (p. 606)]ck. Upper parts not gray; under parts not grayish white./. Middle wing-coverts tipped with yellow or pale yellowishgray, forming a distinct band; pileum plain olive-green.VI. Sides and flanks streaked with black or dusky.11. Back spotted with chestnut; sides of head with blackmarkings; under parts rich yellow, with broadblack streaks on sides. (Eastern United States;West Indies in winter.)Dendroica discolor, adult male (p. 607)nn. Back plain dull olive-green, or with only faint indi-cations of chestnut; sides of head with indistinctgrayish or dusky markings; under parts dull orpale yellow, with grayish streaks on sides.Dendroica discolor, adult female (]>. 607)mm. Sides and flanks not streaked.n. Above plain bright olive-green, beneath rich yellow.(Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Carib-bean Sea.) Dendroica vitellina, adults (p. 610)7in. Above dull olive-green (sometimes partly gray),beneath pale yellow.Dendroica vitellina, immature (p. 611)
II. Middle wing-coverts not tipped with yellow or pale yel-lowish gray ; ^ pileum not plain olive green. ( Dendroicapalmarum.
)
1 The middle wing-coverts have a more or less distinct terminal margin of grayish,but there is no approximation to a distinct bar.
508 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
///. C!ro\vn chestnut.V. Under parts of body partly whitish; smaller (wingaveraging 64.5 in male, 60.7 in female). (Missis-sippi Valley and interior British Provinces; throughGidf States to West Indies in winter.
)
Dendroica palmarum palmarum, adults (p. 612)nn. Under parts entirely yellow; larger (wing averaging67.1 in male, 64.1 in female). (Atlantic Statesand eastern British Provinces, south in winter tonorthern Florida and through Gulf States toLouisiana.
)
Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, adults (p. 615)vwi. Crown olive-grayish, streaked with dusky.V. Under parts mostly dull wliitish; smaller.Dendroica palmarum palmarum, immature (p. 612)ini. Under jiarts entirely yellow; larger.Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, immature (p.615)//. White sjjot on inner well of lateral rectrices small, not extending toshaft.(J. Above plain slate, relieved by a white superciliary streak and twowhite wing-bars; beneath white medially, slate-gray laterally.(Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antiles.)Dendroica plumbea, adults (p. 617)<jg. Above plain olive, with superciliary streak and wing-bars pale olive-yellowish or yellowish white; beneath pale olive-yellowish medi-ally, pale oHve laterally Dendroica plumbea, immature (p. 617)l>h. Inner webs of lateral rectrices without white spots.'r. Pileum and back streaked with black and whitish; beneath white marked(except on abdomen and under tail-coverts) with wedge-shaped streaks ofblack. (Jamaica. ) Dendroica pharetra, adults (p. 618)cc. Pileum and back plain olive; beneath pale olive-yellowish, obsoletelystreaked, anteriorly and laterally, with pale olive.Dendroica pharetra, immature (p. 618)DENDROICA .ESTIVA ^ESTIVA (Gmelin).YELLOW WARBLER.Adult male.?General color above clear yellowi.sh olive-g-reen, thepileum more yellowLsh, u.suallj clear yellov. on forehead and at leastanterior portion of crown, often tinged with orange-tawny; uppertail-covert.s edged with yellow; back sometimes streaked with chest-nut; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-coverts ])roadly tippedwith yellow, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged withthe same; remiges (except tertials) more narrowly edged with yellow-ish olive-green; inner webs of rectrices yellow, tipped with dusky;sides of head and under parts clear rich yellow, the chest, sides, andflanks streaked with chestnut; bill blackish (in dried skins) with palertomia; iris brown; legs and feet light ))rownish (in dried skins); length(skins), 100-125 (111.5); wing, 60-71 (62.5); tail, 42-53 (44.4); exposedculmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11).^
' There is a more or less distinct white terminal margin, but no approach to theform of a spot.^Thirty-two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 509Adult female.^AhoYG plain yellowish olive-g-reen (usually darkerthan in adult male), the pileum concolor with the back, or at least notdistinctly more yellowish; wings and tail as in adult male, but tips ofmiddle wing-coverts and broad edgings of greater coverts and second-aries less purely yellow, usually yellowish olive-green; under partspaler and duller yellow than in adult male, usually without streaks,but sometimes with a few, usually indistinct, chestnut streaks on chestand sides; length (skins), 103-11) (lOS.T); wing, 57-68 (59.6); tail,39-45 (42.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middletoe, 10-12 (10.8).^Young male in first aHtumn.?Yery similar in coloration to adultfemales.Young female hi first autum7>.Shmhiv to duller colored adultfemales, but duller olive-green above and with under parts dull olive-whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, the under tail-coverts pale yellow.Young {nesth'ng).~Ahove brownish gray or pale grayish brown;wings dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with paleyellowish, forming two distinct bands, the greater and primary covertsedged with light olive, the remiges more narrowly and sharply edgedwith yellowish white; orbital ring, chin, throat, chest, and anteriorportion of sides pale buffy grayish, the remaining under parts white,tinged on flanks with pale bufl".North America in general, except Alaska and north Pacific coast fromVancouver Island northward, and southwestern United States (westernTexas to Arizona) ; migrating southward in winter through eastern Mex-ico and Central America to Colombia (Turbo, Santa Marta, Ocana,Bogota, etc.), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, La Concepcion, Valle del Chota,etc.). Venezuela (Carupano, Lake of Valencia, etc.), northern Brazil
1 Seventeen specimens.I am not able to make out satisfactorily a western form {D. .r. viorcomi Coale).Western specimens seem, as a rule, to have shorter wings and longer tail than easternexamples, and adult males are often much less heavily streaked beneath; but thedifferences appear nmch too inconstant to justify recognition of a western subspecies.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
Nine adult males from Atlantic StatesSeven adult males from Mississippi ValleyEight adult males from Rocky Mountain district.Eight adult males from California
Eight adult females from .\tlantic StatesThree adult females from Mississippi ValleyFour adult females from Rocky Mountain district.Two adult females from California
Wing. Tail.
6363.262.861.1
58.762.359.759
45.444.246.446
41.24244.243
Ex-posedculmen.
10.210.21010.1
101010.210
18.618.718.818
18.51819.619
Middletoe.
11.1111110.8
10.810.61110.5
51U BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(Fofte do S. ,J(?a(iuini, Rio Tacutu, etc.), Trinidad, and Grenada (one
.specimen, Noveml)er 14, 1SS2, in U. S. National Museum collection).No certain record from West Indies, except Grenada, but doubtfullycredited to Bahamas and Cuba.MotacilUt mnademis (not of Linmeus) Boddaekt, Tal)l. PI. Enl., 1788, 4 (basedon Figuier de Canada Danbenton, PI. Enl., pi. 58, fig. 2).[Mutdcilla'] .'estiva Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 996 (based on Figuier deCanada Danbenton, PI. Enl., pi. 58, fig. 2).? Le.sson, Traite d'Orn. 1831, 418.[Si/lrial a'stiva Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551.t'^g/rid .rstiva Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 35, yA. 95; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 225; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 429.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.,X, 1817, 750.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83.?Audubon, Orn.Biog., i, 1831, 476, pi. 95.?Nuttall, Man. Qrn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832,370.
?
Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pi. 6, fig. 3 (not the text,which = D. gundlachi Baird).
,Sglri(i ^r.s^na TowNSEND, Jouni. Ae. Nat. Sei. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Colum)>ia R.).Sglrii-tila xstiva Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 211.
?
Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 258.
?
Bonaparte, Geog. andComp. List, 1838, 23.
?
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 57, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed.,ii, 1841, 50, pi. 88.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed. i, 1840,417.?WooDHOusE, Rep. Sitgreaves' Exp. Zuiii and Colorado R., 1853, 70(Texas and Indian Territory.)
?
Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 114(upper Missouri R. ). Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 564 (Trinidad).M\_niotiUa'] cT,s-/im Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.{Miiiutilta'] {estiva Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3475.Miiiotilla lestiva'LEOTAVD, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 176.Il[hiinanphus'] aestivus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Venezuela; North Am.).lliliiinamphns'\ lestiva Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.Rhi)tinmphus iestkms Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colom-Iiia); 1856, 141 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 202 (Jalapa and San Andres Tuxtla,W'ra Cruz).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Riea).Deiidn/ica xstiva Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 282, part; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, part.
?
Heermann,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California).?Xantis, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cahfornia).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H.,vii, 1859, 21 (descr. nests) .?SALViNand Sclater, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 181 (Wash-ington and Oregon). Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191, 192(Turbo, n. Colombia).
?
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of Saskatchewan).Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Grey-town, Nicaragua); viii, 1866, 284 (New York City).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 293 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., winter).
?
Holden, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xv,1872, 197 (Wyoming).?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v., 1873, 180 (Colorado);Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 137.?Merriam, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872(1873), 675, 705, 713 (Ogden, etc., Utah).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 222, part, pi. 14, fig. 1. Yarrow and Henshaw,Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 10 (Provo, Utah).?Henshaw, Rep.Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 41 (Utah), 58 (Denver, Colorado, May),74 (Fort Garland, Colorado; descr. nests), 102 (New Mexico); Zool. Exp.W. 100th Merid., 1875, 192 (Nevada; Utah; Colorado).?Turner, Proe.U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Fort George, Hudson Bay).?AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 652, part.
?
Cory, Auk, iii,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5111886, 29 (Cuba ?; Bahamas^ ?); Birds W. I., 1889, 43; Cat. W. I. Birdn, 1892,123.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Chietla, Pueljla,Dec.).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (dates of migr., etc.).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Spring.s, Florida, l)reeding).
?
Ciierrie,Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San Jose', Costa Rica, winter, and until May 11); viii,1891, 279, part only? (Costa Rica; remarks on plumage).
?
Palmer (W. ),Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (St. Johns, Newfoundland).?Mekriam,N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Idaho).? (?) Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xiv, 189], 444, part (entire wooded region of Arctic North America).
?
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,iv, 1892, 51 (Cariipano, Venezuela, Nov.); xiii,1900, 177 (Bonda, Prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Aug. 27 to Jan. 31); Auk,xvii, 1900, 366 (do.) .?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 9 to late in Feb.).
?
Nehrling, Our NativeBirds, etc., i, 1893, 198, pi. 15, fig. 1.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi,1894, 24 (Trinidad).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (SantaMarta, Colombia).
?
Grixnell, Pub. ii, Pasarlena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (LosAngeles Co., California, summer resid.).
?
Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (FortSherman, Idaho).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 112(Louisiana, breeding).Dendroeca xstiva ^chXTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);1864, 172 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Esmeraldas, w.Ecuador; Cayenne; Trinidad; Colombia).
?
Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii,1861, 322 (Panama R. R.) ; ix, 1868, 94 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix, 1869,200(Merida, Yucatan). Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior British America).ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R. ) ; 1869,251 (Lake Valencia, Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879,494.?Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).?Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona) ; Check List, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed.,1882, no. Ill, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54, part, 232 (Colorado, up to 6,500ft.); Birds CoJ. Val., 1878, 252, part.?Salvin, Proc. Zool."Soc. Lond., 1867,136 (Bugaba, Cordillera del Chucu, Chitra, Calobre, Calovevora, and SantaFe, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Veragua); Ibis, 1888, 247 (Holbox and Mugeresislands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Honduras). Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 87.Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Ocana, Colombia).
?
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 71(Forte do S. Joaquim, Rio Tacutu, n. Brazil).
?
Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872,265, 345, in text (near Denver, Colorado), 396, in text (Salt Lake Valley,Utah); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (e. Kansas; Denver, etc.,Colorado; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Ogden, Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xvii, 1874, 52 (Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers).
?
Lawrence, Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., no 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Santa Efigenia,Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas).
?
Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 431(Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah); Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 93, part.
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (SanJose, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,404 (Calaveras Co., California). Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 56 (Baha-mas?).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part;Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca, Colombia, 2,000 ft. alt.).?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., V, 1883, 499 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Mar.).?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884,212 (song).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 273, 644, part.[Dendrceca'] iestiva Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97, part.
?
Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.Dlendrwra] xstiva Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part.Dendroeca :rsHva Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 606(monogr.).
512 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[Si/lfia'] cdro/lncnm Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551 (= young; based on Fu/iiierde In Caroline Daubenton, PI. EnL, pi. 58, fig. 1).\^MotaciU(t'] caroUnensis Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 615.Mn'iotUta f rurolinenm Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Si/lvin ffiira Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pL 89 (= female; U. 8. durinsrmigrations); Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195; Enc. Meth., ii, 182.'!,455.?Lksson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.tSi/lriii fitrinclki "Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, HI, [)1. 15, fig. 6 ("fig. 5" in text;e. Pennsylvania; coll. PealeMu.s.).
?
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,iv, 1824, 190.{?)Rhimamplms citrinus Rafinesqi'e, Journ. de Phys., Ixxxviii, 1819, 417 (Ken-tucky) .Sijlma children i i Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 180, pi. 35 (near Jackson, Louisi-ana).Sylvia childrmi Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 370.Sylvia rathbonia AvDUBOIS, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 333, pi. 65 (Mississippi?).Sylvicola rathbonia Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
?
Bona-parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
?
Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan.,*2ded., i, 1840, 447.Sylmcola rathbonii AvDVBOii, Synopsis, 1839, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,53,pi. 89.3I[niotilta'] rathbonia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[RJthiiamphus'] rathbonia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.
'' Rkhnamphus chryseolus Bp. 'Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen., ii, 1831, 32 (Cayenne).'"Sylvia trochilus (not of Scopoli, 1769, ex holacilla frochilus Linnfeus) Nuttall,Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 406.Dendroica lesliva morcomi Coale, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 82(Fort Bridger, Wyoming; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Ridgway, Man. N. Am.Birds, 1887, 593, part.?Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 361 (Fort Klamath, Oregon)
.
D{endroica^ icstiva morcomi Ridcuvay, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part.(?) Dendroeca marcomi Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv,1899, 8 (La Concepcion and Valle del Chota, centr. Ecuador, Apr.).Dendroica petechia (not Mntacilla petechia Linmeus) Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada).DENDROICA .(ESTIVA SONORANA Brewster.SONORAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to B. ce. (estiva^ but much paler; adult male liohter andmuch more yellowi.sh olive-green above, the back frequently (usually?)streaked with chestnut, pileimi usually wholly clear yellow, lowerrump and upper tail-coverts yellow, faintly streaked with olive-green-ish; wing-edgings all yellow; under parts lighter yellow than in D. (P.(estiva^ and with chest and sides much more narrowly (often famtly)streaked with chestnut; adult female conspicuously paler than inD. ce. ctistiva^ the upper parts often largely pale grayish, the under partsusually very pale butfy j'^ellow.Adult maZe.?Length (skins), 1()T-121 (113.8); wing, 59-66 (63.3);tail, 45-56 (47.9); expo.sed culraen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1);middle toe, 10-12(10.9).'
^ Thirteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 518AdN/ffe//u(/r.?ljength (skins), 110-116 (113.2); wing, 57-61 (58.6);tail. -12-45 (1:3.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18.5-19 (19); middletoe. 9.5-10.5 (10). 1Western Texas (Frontera, Fort Hancock, etc.), southern New Mex-ico, southern Arizona, and southward into Chihuahua, Sonora, andother parts of northwestern Mexico; in winter, southward to Guate-mala (Naranjo), Nicaragua (Greytown), etc.
{'? } Si/lvicola sestlva (not Motacilla :cstiva Gmelin?) Henry, Proi;. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico).Dnidruica vestiva (not Motacilla n'sliva Gmelin) Baied, Rej). Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 282, })art (Frontera, Texas); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii,pt. ii, 1859, 10 (Frontera) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am.Birds, 1865, 195, part (Mazatlan; Colima).?(?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).? (?) Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,XX, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 222, part.?Lawrence, Mein. Bost. See. N. H., ii, 1874, 269(Mazatlan; Colima).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137(Chiricahua Mts. , Arizona).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 652, part.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, winter).[DriHiweca'] lestiva Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (Camj) Grant,Arizona).[Dendrfeca'] n'stira Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97, part.Dendneca icsiiva Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Los Pinos, New INIexico); CheckList, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. Ill, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54,part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 252, part.?Ridgwav, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 93, part.
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan;Colima).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part.
?
RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 93, part.? (?) Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 644, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, Mexico).Dlendraxa] ;rstim. Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part.D[eiidrolca^ xstiva morcomi (not of Coale) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887,494, part.Deiidroica. sestiva [inorcomi . . . ] Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., s. Ari-zona, breeding up to 4,500 ft.).
?
Allen, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts.;crit. )
.
Dmdroica .rativa moranni Nelson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres MariasIslands, May).Doidroica nHtiva aoiiorana Brewster, Auk, v, Apr., 1888, 137 (Oposura, Sonora,Mexico; coll. W. Brewster).?Jouv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777(Cuernavaca, INIorelos, Aug. 19).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 2d ed., 1895, no. 652o.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896,608.?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Bisbee, s. e. Arizona; SanDiego, Chihuahua)
.
DENDROICA ESTIVA DUGESI (Coale).DUCES' YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. ce. sonormia, but decidedly larger; adult male withoutstreaks on back '^ and adult female duller, more grayish in color.
' Nine specimens.^Only three specimens having been examined, this character may prove inconstant.3654?VOL 2?01 33
514 BULLETIN '50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adxlt //wrZe.?Leno-th (.skins), 119-137 (138); wing, 66-71 {^^)\ tail,50-56 (53); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11-12(11.3)/Achdtfemale.?l^ength (skins), 111-117 (114.6); wing, 62-66 (64.3);tail, 48-50 (48.6); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11.^Central Mexico, in States of Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Tlaxcala(Apixaco), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), and Morelos (Cuernavaca).Dendroica duged Coale, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 83 (MoroLeon, Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).D\_endroica'\ dn(je>ii Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.DENDROICA ^ESTIVA RUBIGINOSA (Pallas).ALASKAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to I>. (f. (i',.stira, ])ut slightly smaller and nuu-h duller incolor. Adult male darker and duller olive-green above, the pileumconcolor with the back or else becoming slightly more ^^ellowish onfoi'chead (very rarely distinctly yellowish on forehead and fore partof crown); wing-edgings less conspicuous, mostly yellowish olive-green,sometimes inclining to yellow on greater coverts. Adult female darkerand duller olive-greenish above, duller yellow below.Adu7f male.?Length (skins), 102-113 (108.6); wing, 61-63 (61.9);tail. 40-46 (43.1); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe,11.-Adidffemale.?Length (skins), 99-110 (106); wing, 57-62 (59.2); tail,41-44 (43.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 10-11(10.8).^'Alaska in general, both along the coast and throughout interior, andsouthward to Vancouver Island; migrating southward to southernCalifornia, central Texas, and Nicaragua.MoUtciUa ruhiginom Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 496 (Kadiak Island,Alaska).Dendroica a'stira. mdiig'niom Oberholsek, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 76 (synonymy;descr. ; crit. ).
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American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897,123.
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Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka).
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Nelson, N, Am. Fauna, no.14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).?Bishop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19,1900, 89 (Bennett, Caribou Crossing, etc., Alaska).?Osciooo, N. Am. Fauna,no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia).Dnidroka ivstiva (not Motacilla mstira Gmelin) Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chi-cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon, 8t. Michaels, etc., Alaska).?Dall,Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 222, part (Kadiak; Fort Yukon).?Tlrner, Contr. Nat. Hi.st. Alaska,1886, 178.?TowNSEND, Cruise "Corwin" in 1885 (1887), 94 (Kowak R.,Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 14 (Kowak R. ).
?
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll.Alaska, 1887, 201.? (?) Rhoads, Froc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54, part(coast British Columbia).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664(Middleton I., Alaska).
' Three specimens. '' Ten specimens. * Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 515Dlendroical .Tstiva Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part (Alanka).Dendrreca pcstiva Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I. ).
?
Nelson, Cruise " Cor-win" in 1881 (1883), 63 (Norton and Kotzebue sounds, Alaska).
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Bean,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Kadiak).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus.,v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).
?
McLenegan, Cruise
"Corwin," 1884, 114 (Kowak E. and TTotham Inlet, Alaska, breeding).DENDROICA PETECHIA PETECHIA (Linnaeus).JAMAICAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. (vstiva wstiva,, but larger, especially the ])ill and feet;wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) ])rimary decidedly shorterthan .sixth, instead of longer; lateral rectrices with more of dusky attips and along outer side of shaft; 3'ellow of under parts averagingdeeper or richer.Adult male.- -AboxQ bright yellowish olive-green (about the same asin D. cestiva CBstiwi)^ the forehead and crown more yellowish or (usu-ally i) more or less tinged (often strong!}^ so) with orange-ochraceous,but never with a sharply defined patch of this color; rump slightlymore yellowish than back; greater wing-coverts and remiges dullslate-blackish, edged with yellowish olive-green, these edgings broaderand decidedly yellow on greater coverts and tertials; middle wing-cov-erts broadly tipped with yellow; middle pair of rectrices and outerwebs of other rectrices dusky olive, the outermost narrowly edgedwith 3^ellow; inner webs of three outer rectrices yellow to the shaft,the next yellow very nearl}" to the shaft, the fifth with marginal halformorej^ellow? those with most yellow having a wedge-shaped termi-nal space of dusk}'; sides of head (including lores and superciliar}^region) and entire under parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chestand sides streaked with cinnamon-rufous or light reddish chestnut;maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible more grayish (pale bluishgray in life^); iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins);length (skins), 110-127 (118.5); wing, Q^^kS (65); tail, 1:8-53 (50.3);exposed culmen, 9-11 (lO.i;); tarsus. 20-22 (20.5); middle toe, 11-12(11.1).^Adult feinale.?Above (including pileum) dull yellowish olive-green, more or less tinged with gra}', especially on back and scapu-lars; greater wing-coverts and remiges grayish dusky with lightyellowish olive-green or yellowish gray edgings, the.se broadest ongreater coverts and tertials, narrower on secondaries and primaries;
'Six specimens, from Jamaica. A single adult male from Haiti measures as fol-lows: Wing, 63; tail, 46; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 12. In colora-tion this Haitian specimen agrees in the main very closely with Jamaican examples,but has the forehead and crown olive-yellow with a mere trace of orange-ochraceous,and the dusky color of the remiges and middle rectrices is not so dark. It is possiblethat a series from Haiti might show constant differences, thus requiring separationof the birds from that island from those of Jamaica.
516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
middle wino--(-()vorts broadly tipped with dull yellowish olive-green;tail as in adult male, but 3"ellow of inner webs of rectrices paler andmore restricted; sides of head (including lores and orbital ring) andunder parts pale yellow (straw yellow or naples yellow), tinged on sideswith olive-green, the lower abdomen paler, sometimes nearly white;bill and feet as in adult male, but mandible paler and more brownish;length (skins), 112-130 (119.7); wing, 59-62 (60.4); tail, -17-50 (48.-1);exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 20-22 (21.2); middle toe, 11-13 (12). 1[Many adult females of this form have the yellow of under partspartly replaced by white, and the olive-green of upper parts partlyreplaced by gray, especially on sides of head and neck, hindneck, andscapulars. There is nothing to indicate that these are younger birds,and 1 ])elieve that the variation is simply an individual one.]Island of flamaica, (jreater Antilles; island of Haiti?[^folaciUa] petechia LiKNMVS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 334 (based on The YellowRed-poll, Arienln lutea vertice rvhro, Edwards, (Tleanings Nat. Hist., v, 99, pi.256, fig. 1).?(Imelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983.Mvlacilhi petechia Lksson, Traite d'Orn., i, 1831, 418.[^Sylvia^ petechia L.\tham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.Sylvia petechia \i-E.ih\.oT:, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 32, pi. 91; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat. xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Meth. ii, 1823, 443.M[niotilta\ petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilta] petechia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. .3496.Dendrwra petechia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soo. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 32, part (Jamaica).?Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote(synonymy).
?
Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 57.
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mns., X, 1885, 277, 644 (excl. loc. Bahamas).[Dendrceca^ j)etechia Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
?
Cory,List Birds AV. I., 1885, 8.Dlendrara] petechia 'Newtoh (A. and E. ), Handh. .Jamaica, 1881, 106.Dendroira petechia. March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 292 (Jamaica).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 199 (Jamaica).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 29,jiart (Jamaica); Birds W. I., 1889, 43, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118,part (Jamaica).Dlendroica] petechia Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495, part (Jamaica).[Dendroica petechia'] var. jH'tecIria Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hi.st. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 217, part (.Tamaica; Haiti?).[Dendroica petechia'] a. pctechta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349.Sijlvicola icsliva (not MotaciUa :rstiva Gmelin) Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 157.[Dendroeca petechia] e. jamaicensis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr.).(?) [MotaciUa] alhicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 983 (Santo Domingo;based on JjC Fignier de S. Domingue, Ficedrda domiyiicensis Brisson, Orn., iii,494, pi. 26, fig. 5).(?) [Sylvia] albicollis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.(?) Sylvia albicoliff Vieillot, Nouv. Diet d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 221.
' Six specimens, from Jamaica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 517
(?) IMotaciUa] ddoroleuai Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (Santo Domingo;based on Petit Figuicr de S. Domingne, Ficednla dominicensis minor Brisson,Orn., iii, 496, pi. 26, tig. 2).(?) [Sylvia] chloroleuca Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 984.(?) Siflria chloroleuca Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 704.
?
Vieillot, Nouv.Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195.DENDROICA PETECHIA AURICAPILLA Ridgway.GRAND CAYMAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to />. j?. ixitecltia^ ])iit witli decidedly shorter wing and largerbill and feet. (Adult female sometimes partly gra}" above and whitishbelow, as in D. 2)- petechia-)Adult ma^6'.?Length (skins), 109-126 (119.9); wing, 58-64 (61.4):tail, 48.5-51(49.6); exposed culmen, 11-11.5(11.1); tarsus, 20-22 (21);middle toe, 11-12 (11.4).'Adult female.?\j^\\^i\v (skins), 110-120 (116.6); wing, 59-61(60);tail, 46-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20,6); middle toe,11-12 (11. 3). '^Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea (south of Cuba).Dendroica petechia gundlachi (not Dendroica gundlachi Baird) Cory, Auk, iii,1886, 501 (Grand Cayman).Dendroica auricapilla Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 36, Aug. 6, 1888,572 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex Townsend,manuscript).Dendroica aurocapiUa Cory, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I.,1889, 287 (Grand Cayman); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18,118,129,155 (GrandCayman )
.
DENDROICA PETECHIA FLAVICEPS Chapman.BAHAMA YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. p. petechia^ but 3^ellow of under parts more intense,and chestnut streaks on chest and sides heavier or more numerous;crown more rarely tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Intermediatein coloration between D. p. 'petechia and D. p. hartholemica , butmuch nearer the latter, from which some specimens are hardly distin-guishable. The adult female is sometimes partly gray above andwhitish below, as in the former.)Adidt ma^^.?Length (skins), 112-123 (118.7); wing, 60-64 (61);tail, 44-50 (47.9); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11); tarsus, 20-22 (20.5);middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).^
^ Nine specimens. ^ Three specimens. * Twenty specimens.
518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult fe)nalr.^L.ength (skins), 1()S-119 (114.9); wing-, .5.5->)?> (57.6);tail, 43-47 (45.3); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 19-22 (21);middle toe, 10-12 (11).'Bahama Islands.{"!) Sylvicola ;rsiiva (not MulnciUti :tsllr<i Gmelin) Buyant, Proo. Bost. Soc. N. II.,vii, 1806, ()7 (Bahamas).Sylvlcola petecliia (not MotttciUa peU'chia Linn;eus) Bryant, Proc. Boston Sdc.N. H., xi, 1867, 67 (Bahamas).Dendroica petechia (not Deudrceca petechia .Sclater) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds,1887, 495, part (Bahamas).\_Dendroica petecliia'] var. gandlachi (not Dendroica gundlacJti Baird) Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Bahamas).Dendroica petechia gundlachi Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, part (Bahamas).Dendrceca petechia var. gwullachi Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 58.[Dendroica petechia'] (i. gundlachi Ridgway', Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. viii, 1885, 349,part (Bahamas)
.
IDendrara^ petecliia (jundlachi Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Bahamas).Dendroicn petechia guiidlachi Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 30, part (Bahamas); BirdsW. I., 1889, 44; Auk, viii, 1891, 297 (Caicos Islands; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350(Great Bahama), 351 (Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Mariguana), 49 (Watlings I.;Inagua); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118 (Great Bahama, Al)afo, Eleuthera,New Providence, Exuma Keys, Concepcion I., Watlings I., Rum Cay, LongI., Acklin I., Mariguana, North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua).
?
Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros I.).
?
Ridgway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335(New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera), 337 (Watlings I.), 338 (Rum Cay),339 (Concepcion I.).D\_endroica] petecliia giindlaclii Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 573, intext, part (Bahamas).Dendroica petechia flaeiceps Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,iv, no. 1, Dec. 29,1892, 310 (Rum Cay; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).DENDROICA PETECHIA BARTHOLEMICA Sundevall.PORTO RICAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to J). }). petechia^ but wing and tail shorter, bill and tarsuslonger (the former also stouter), and coloration more intense; the adult
' Ten specimens.Specimens from different islands average as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Four ad (lit males from Watlings IslandNine adult males from Rum CayOne adult male from Cat IslandOne adult male from Eleuthera IslandFour adult males from Concepcion Island . .
.
One adult male from New Providence Islandfp;males.Three adult females from Watlings Island . .Four adult females from Rum CayThree adult females from Concepcion Island
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 519male with yelloAV of under parts richer, chestnut streaks on chest andsides much heavier, j^ellow tips and margins to middle and greaterwing coverts more conspicuous, as well as purer yellow, and duskyportions of remiges darker, more nearly black; adult female muchmore richly colored than that of D. p. petecJua^ nearly always,^ in per-fect plumage, entirely bright yellow beneath, and with the chest andsides usuall}' more or less streaked with pale chestnut.Young.?Above plain olive-gray; remiges and rectrices as in theadult female; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull grayishwhite or pale buli'y gray, the greater coverts more narrowly tippedwith the same; sides of head pale brownish gray, relieved by anorbital ring of dull white; chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast verypale buffy grayish; rest of under parts white.Adult ma^t'.?Length (skins), 117-133 (121.1); wing, 59-01 (02.3);tail, 47-56(49.1); exposed culmen, 11-13(11.3); tarsus, 21-22(21.3);middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).'Adult female.?l^ength (skins), 117-123 (120.3); wing, 56-64 (60);tail, 46-51 (48.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe,11-12 (11.1).'Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada,and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; islands of Anguilla, St. Bartholomew,St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Barbuda, and Antigua, Lesser Antilles.*\_Dendroica petechial var. rnficapiUa (not Motadlla rujicajjilla Ginelin) Baikd,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (Porto Rico, St.Thomas, St. Croix, and St. Bartholomew).
' Among a series of twenty-seven adult females none show any admixture of gray onthe upper parts and only one a very slight admixture of whitish on the under parts.
' Nineteen specimens.
^ Seventeen specimens.Specimensfrom different islands average, according to the series measured, asfollows:
Locality. Wing.
520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dendnecn petechia \ar. ruficupUla hAWREtiCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., i, 1878,486(Barbuda; Antigua).Dendrveca petechia ruficapilla Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote.[i)enc?r?ca] petechia ruficapilla Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendroica petechia ruficapiUa QoRY, Xvik, \\\,\S%&,Z\ (Barbuda, Antigua; PortoRico; St. Thomas); vii, 1890,374 (Anegada), 375 (Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891,47 (Anguilla; St. Eustatius); Birds W. I., 1889, 45; C^t. W. L Birds, 1892,17, 118 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda; Anegada; St. Croix;Anguilla; St. Bartholomew; St. Eustatius; St. Christopher; Barbuda;Antigua).IDendroica petechia] y. i-ufi^apillaRiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349.Dendroica ruficapilla Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher); Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 155 (St. Bartholomew).Deyidraca ruficapilla Siiarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 275, 644.
?
Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 499 (Anguilla).Dendroica petechia (not MotaciUa petechia Linnseus) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii,1884, 172 (St. Thomas).Dendraca petechia Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (St. Croix). Taylor,Ibis, 1864, 166, part (Porto Rico).?Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,233 (Antigua), 239 (Barbuda).D{^endr(jeca'\ .-estiva Newton (A. and E. ), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix).Dendroica [no specific name] Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 201 (St. Croix;St. Thomas).IMniotilta'] ? Baird, Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3497.Dendroeca petechia 2)ortoricensis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi,1870, 596 {nomen nudum/).Dendroeca petechia, stirps barthelemica Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 582 (St. Bartholomew; descr. eggs; nomen nudum.').[Dendroeca petechia] a. bartholemica^ Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Fctrli. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 607 (St. Bartholomew; coll. Stockholm Mus.).\_Dendroeca petechia] b. cruciana Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 608 (St. Croix)
.
DENDROICA PETECHIA GUNDLACHI (Baird).CUBAN YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. x>- petechia., but duller in color; adult male with upperparts much darker olive-green, the pileum usually coneolor with theback, sometimes slightly more yellowish, very rarely tinged withorange-ochraceous, and wing-edgings less purely yellow; adult femaleusually duller in color than in D. j)- J)etecJiia^ often gra3'ish olive-green, or even largely gray, above, and dull whitish, merely tingedhere and there with yellow, beneath.^Adult ?/iaZ6.?Length (skins), 115-125 (119.1); wing, 60-66.5 (62.1);tail, 46-52 (49.3); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.5); middletoe, 11-13 (11.9).^The specimens examined are nearly all in worn plumage, and the tlifferencesobserved in these may possibly not be observable in good plumaged examples; never-theless, this series of Cuban birds when compared with an equal series in same stageof plumage from the island of Grand Cayman [D. p. auncapdla Ridgway, and one ofD. petechia petechia) shows very conspicuous and uniform differences.*Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 521Adult fernale.?l^ei^gth (skins), 112-125 (119.7); wing, 56-62 (58.7);tail, 4A-AS (16.1:); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 20-22 (21);middle toe, 11.^Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.Si/lria n'stiva (not Molacilla lestiva Gmclin) LE^rBEVE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba,1850, 31 (not pi. 6, fig. 3).KhuitampJms xstiims Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1860, :526(do.).?GuNDLACH, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 407 (Cuba).Dendrolca albicollis {not Moiacilla albicollis Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci:Phila.,1860, 192 (Cuba).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1860,264 (Cuba;crit.).?GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).
?
Albrecht, Journ.fiirOrn., 1861, 205 (Cuba).Sylvicola jjetechia {not Motacilla petecJda JAnnimis) P>re\vek, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.Hist, vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).Dendroica petechia Chapman, Bull. Am. Muh. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (C'asilda, s.Cuba; crit.).Dendroica gundlachi Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 197 (Cuba; coll.U. S. Nat. Mus.).?GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba).Dendrceca gimdlacld Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.
?
Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 278, part (Cuba).[Mniotilta:] gundlachi Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3495.[Dendruica petecJda'} var. gundlachi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. \m.Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Cuba).Dendru'ca petechia gmidlac]dCo\5v.ii, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote, part (Cuba).[De/id/'ceca] petechia gundlachi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Cuba).Dendroica petechia gundlachi Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 30, part (Cuba); Birds W. I.,1889, 44; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines).
'iD^ndroica petechia] (i. gundlachi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885,349, part (Cuba).D\_endroic.a'\ petechia gundlachi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888,573, in text, part (Cuba).\_Dendroica petechia'] d. cabana .Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Fijrh. Stottkh.,xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ).DENDROICA PETECHIA AUREOLA (Gould).GALAPAGOS YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. p. petechia., but olive-green of upper parts muchdarker, and adult male with pileum alwa>\s rufous-chestnut, forming awell-detined cap, sharply defined laterally against the yellow of thesuperciliary region.Adult male.?Pileum uniform chestnut-rufous, sharply defined hxt-erally; rest of upper parts plain deep yellowish olive-green, veryslightly, if at all, more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts evendarker than back; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle covertsbroadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged withyellow, these edgings broader and clearer yellow on greater covertsand tertials, narrower and more or less tinged with olive-green onsecondaries and primaries; tail dusky, the four middle rectrices inclin-ing to dark olive-green, the rest with inner w^ebs yellow, except at
^ Eight specimens.
522 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.tips; sides of head (including superciliary stripe), and entire underparts rich lemon or g-am))oo-e yellow, the chest and sides streaked withpale chestnut or cinnamon-rufous; maxilla black, with paler tomia;mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet hornbrownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 117-132 (123.7); wing, 62-07(65.4); tail 47-56 (50.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.7); tarsus, 21-22(21.5); middle toe, 12.^Adult female.?Above plain oliye-green, including pileum; wingsand tail as in adult male but yellowish edgings much less distinct;superciliary stripe and under parts plain gamboge 3^ellow, paler andduller than in adult male; length (skins), 125-129 (127); wing, 6(1-64(61.3); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-20(19); middle toe, 14.'Immature mAile.?Similar to adult female but chest and sides faintlystreaked with pale chestnut, hindneck and sides of neck gray, chin andthroat whitish, and yellowish wing-edgings more distinct.Younger (?) male.?Pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck gray, thecrown tinged with oliye-green; rest of upper parts as in plumage lastdescribed above, but yellowish wing-edgings less distinct; underparts dull white, tinged with pale 3^ellow on flanks, lower abdomen,and under tail-coverts, and with pale gray on sides of chest.Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chat-ham, Barrington, Indefatigable, Jervis, James, Tower, Bindloe, andAbingdon islands); Cocos Island, off Bay of Panama; Gorgona Island,Bay of Panama?;'' coast of Ecuador (Guayaquil)?;'* coast of Peru(Santa Lucia; Tumbez)?^Sylvicota aureola Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 86, pi. 28 (GalapagosArchipelago).
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.Dendroica aureola Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 192.
?
Baird, Review,1865, 194, footnote.?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 121,122, 123, 124, 125, 126 (Indefatigable, Charles, James, and Chatham islands).?TowNSENi), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo]., xxvii, 1895, 122 (Cocos Island).
?
Roths-child and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 147 (Culpepper, Wenman,Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Duncan,Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, Gardner, and Hood islands).Dendroeca aureola Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, 323 (Indefatigable,Bindloe, and Abingdon islands).
?
Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt.ix, 1876, 473 (Indefatigable, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands); Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1883, 420 (Charles Island).?Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1877, 66 (Charles Island); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 282 (Inde-fatigable, Charles, and Abingdon islands; Gorgona Island, Panama Bay;Ecuador; Peru).
?
Coi^es, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).
?
Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, i, 1884, 467 (Santa Lucia and Tuinbez, w.Peru).
?
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 8(Savana de Guayaquil, Estero Carnero, Puntillo, and Santa Elena, w.Ecuador; crit.).
^ Ten specimens.
''Three specimens.'No specimens seen by me from these localities.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 523[Dendrceca^ aureola Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.Dlendroical aureola Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,217.[Dendroica petechia'] |. aureola Ridgway, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.Ih'ndroica petechia . . . var. Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Sor. Lond., 1871, 124( Chatham, Charles, and James islands)
.
I Dendroeca petechia'] f. gallapagensis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. F(')rh. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr.).(?) [Dendroeca petechia^ ^.peruviana Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 609 (Callao, w. Peru; coll. Stockholm Mus.; also, Guayaquil,w. Ecuador)
.
(?) [Dendroeca petechia] h. xquatorialis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (Guayaquil, w. P^cuador; coll. Stockholm Mus.;also, Callao, w. Pern).DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFICAPILLA (Gmelin).GUADELOUPE YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. petechia 7}artholemica, but much smaller; adult male (infull plumage) with crown much deeper and more extensively orange-rufous or rufous-chestnut (whole pileum sometimes ahiiost continuouslyof this color, fading on forehead to a more orange-ochraceous hue) ; back,etc., darker olive-green; adult female much smaller than that ofD . 2)<i'techla hartholemica^ but very similar in coloration, except that theforehead and crown are usuall}" tinged (often strongh' so) with orange-ochraceous. Still more similar in coloration to D. p. I'ufitm'teif^ andabout the same size, but adult male with chestnut streaks on chest andsides much narrower and adult female with forehead and crown moreor less strongly tinged with 3'ellow and orange-ochraceous.Adult w?/^.?Length (skins), 109-125 (115.1); wing, 56-60 (58.4);tail, 43-48 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1);middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).^Adultfemale.?\j(i\\gi\i (skins), 110-129 (117.2); wing, 53-58 (55.3);tail, 42-45 (43.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19.4);middle toe, 11.^
1 Eight specimens.^Eleven specimens.Specimens from the island of Dominica average larger than those from Guadeloupe,averages of the series measured being as follows:
Locality. Wing.
524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Islands of (xiuidoloupe and Dominica, Lesser Antilles.[Moiucilla] ruficapilla GjMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971 (ba.sed on Figuicr dela Martinique, Ficedula martinicana, Brisson, Orn., iii, 490, \>\. 22, fig. 4).[Sylvia'] ruficapilla Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 540.Dendraca petechia (not Mofacilla petechia Linnseus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 160, i>att(Dominica).
?
Lawrence, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica;dei^cr. ne8t and egg.s)
.
Dendrnca petediUt var. hwliinoptera Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. , i, A{)r. 22,1879, 453 (Gnadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).[Dendroira petechia'] 8. uidanoptera Kidcway, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 18S5,350 (Guadeloupe; Dominica).[Dendroeca] petechia melanoptera Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendroica petechia melanoptera Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; viii, 1891, 49 (Guade-loupe); Birds W. 1., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118 (Guadeloupe;Dominica).Dendraca nielaitoptera Siiarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 279, 644 (Dominica;Guadeloupe).
?
Scl.vter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica).DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFIVERTEX Ridgway.COZUMEl YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to I), r. ruficupiUa^ but adult male with chest and sides muchmore broadly streaked with chestnut; adult female with forehead andcrown uniform yellowish olive-g-reen, concolor with back, etc.Adult iiudt.-Aj(^\\^i\\ (skins), 107-120 (114..5); wing, 56-60 (58.2):tail, 44?1:8 (46.6); exposed culraen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20);middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.9).^Adult female.?\^^\\^\h (skins), 106-118 (110); wing, 55-56(55.6);tail, 45-47 (45.8); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-21 (20);middle toe, 11.^Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.Dendroica petechia rufivertex Ridgway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel,Feb. 26, 1885, 1; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1885, 21 (Cozumel I., Yucatan;coll. U. S. Nat. :\Ius. ) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 348 (full descr. ), 563.[Dendroica petechia] s. rufivertex Ridcuvay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2,1885, 350.DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA FLAVIDA (Cory).ST. ANDREWS YELLOW WARBLER.
" Resembles Dendroica rufivei'tex, but has the orange brown on thehead [crown] more restricted and paler; throat unspotted, or verynearly so; underparts, including sides and flanks, heavily striped withrufous brown.Adult male.?"Top of the head orange brown showing yellow infront of the eye; nape. back, and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive;throat bright pale yellow, touched with one or two indistinct pencil-ings of brown, rest <si underparts yellow, heavilj' streaked with rufous
^ Eight specimens. ^ Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 525brown; wings dark brown, edged with yellow; tail-feathers l)rown,heavily marked with yellow on the inner webs and faintly edged withit on the outer.
''Length, 120.6; wing, 59.7; tail, 50.8; tarsus, 20.8; bill, 7.6."'(Cory.)St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea.Dendroica flavida Cory, Descr. Six New Sp. Birds from Old Providence and St.Andrews, May 27, 1.S87, 3; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 179 (St. Andrews Island,Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cbry).DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFOPILEATA Ridgway.CURAQAO YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to I), r. rufaip/Ua, but forehead and crown uniform chest-nut, forming a sharply defined oval patch, the adult female with underparts paler yellow.Adult iiiah'.?Forehead and crown uniform rufous-chestnut, forminga sharply defined oval patch; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming decidedly yellowish on lower rump, the longer uppertail-coverts darker olive-green, with yellowish edges; wings (exceptlesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, thegreater coverts and tertials 1)roadly edged with yellow, the secondariestiiid primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green ; rectricesdusky, edged with yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of four outer-most chiefly yellow; sides of head (including superciliary stripe) andunder parts rich, pure gamboge or lemon yellow, the chest broadlystreaked with chestnut-rufous, the sides and flanks sometimes morenarrowly streaked with the same; maxilla black, with paler tomia;mandible grayish dusky (bluish gray in life^; irif^ l)rown; legs andfeet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 112-115 (111.2);wing, 56-60 (57.5); tail, 11-17 (15.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10.5);tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10-12 (11).'Adultfemale.^AhoyG plain yellowish olive-green, including pileum,the wings and tail as in adult male; sides of head and under partsyellow, paler and duller than in adult male, and without streaks orelse with mere traces of them on chest; length (skins), 102-112 (108.7);wing, 53-57 (51.6); tail, 11-17 (13); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus,16-19 (18); middle toe, 10.^Island of Curasao, southern Caribbean Sea.Dendroica nifopileata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vii, July 29, 1884, 173(Curagao, Dutch West Indies; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Berlepsch, Journ.fiir Orn., 1892, 76 (Curasao) .?Peters, Journ. fiirOrn., 1892, 116 (Curasao).
^ Measurements converted from inches and tenths.
^ Four specimens.
'Three specimens.
526 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I)[p)idroica] rujo-pllmta Ridgwav, Proc. V. H. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 ("OldProvidence ; ' ' error for Curasao )
.
Dendncca riifopileata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 281.Dendroica rufo-pUeata, Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 165 (Curasao).D[^endroica\ capitalis nifupileata Berlep.sch, Jonrn. fiir Orn., Jan., 1892, 76(Curasao).DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA CAPITALIS ( Lawrence).BARBADOS YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to I), r. nifopileata^ ])ut wing and tail shorter; adult malewith chestnut crown-patch much darker (rich dark chestnut or l)ay)and chestnut streaks on chest and sides darker chestnut and muchnarrower.Adult Dude.? ljawgih {nVmH), lOO-KH! (102); wing, 55-58 (56. 0); tail,43-45 (44); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10.'Adult female.?Length (skin), 115; wing, 54; tail 42; exposed cul-men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.*^Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles.Dendrteca capitalis Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, Dec, 1868, 359-'(Barbados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).?Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 306(crit.).?CouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).
?
Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 280, 645.[Dendrfeca'] capitalis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.D\_endroica'] capitalis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,271.?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.Dendroica capitalis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; Birds W. 1., 1889, 45; C^at. W. LBirds, 1892, 18, 118, 134 (Barbados).\_MniotUta'\ capitalis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 202 (in index).{Dendroeca petechia'] c. barbadensis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Fijrh. Stockh.,XX vi, 1870, 608 (monogr.).Dendraxa petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnieus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1874, 174 (Barbados).DENDROICA RUFIGULA Baird.MARTINiaUE YELLOW WARBLER.Adult male.?l^niirQ pileum, including occiput, uniform rufous-chestnut; rest of head, including whole throat and upper median portionof chest, similar but paler (between orange-rufous and cinnamon-rufous), the feathers yellowish beneath the surface; sides of neck andunder parts (except as described) rich lemon or gamboge yellow, thechest and sides narrowly streaked with the color of the throat, or darker
' Three specimens.^One specimen.
'First mentioned and characterized, but not named, by Professor Baird in ReviewAm. Birds, 1865, 202, in text under Dendroica [ruficapilla].
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 527
chestnut; upper parts (except piloum, wings, and tail) plain deepolive-green,^ slightly more j^ellowish on rump, the upper tail-covertssometimes indistinctly edged with yellowish; wings (except lessercoverts) dull l)lack, the middle and greater coverts rather narrowlytipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged with yellowor yellowish olive-green; middle pair of rectrices dusky, edged onouter web with olive-green, on inner with pale yellow; remainingrectrices with inner webs mostly yellow; maxilla blackish, mandiblegrayish dusk}^ (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet pale brownish (indried skins); length (skins), 112-120 (116); wing, 56-57 (56.5); tail,40.5-43 (41.7); exposed culmen, 11-12(11.5); tarsus, 17-19(18); middletoe, 11. '^Young {fenialef), ^iirst jfJuiixuje.?Above plain, rather dark olive-green; wings dusky, with dull olive-green edgings to greater covertsand remiges, the middle coverts tipped with the same; under partspale dull yellow, shaded lateral 1}^ with olive, the chest indistinctly ))utbroadly streaked with pale rusty.Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.Sylvia ruficapilla (not Motadlla ruficapilla Gmelin) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 442, not of p. 440 (Martinique).Dendroica rufigula Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 204 (locality unknown;coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 32 (Martinique); 1887,95 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 133.?RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, .350 (Martinique).Dcndrceca rnfigida Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 353 (Martinique;crit.).?Cory, List Birds W. L, 1885, 8.?Sjiarpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., x,1885, 285, 645, excl. syn. part (Martinique).Dendrceca viellloti rufigula (not Dendroica vieilloii var. rufigula Baikd, Brewer,and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217) Coues, Birds Col. Val.,1878, 256, footnote, part.lihdotilta'] rufigula Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3498 (Martinique).Bendrmca vicilloti (not of Cassin) .Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1880, 125, part (in synonymy).DENDROICA ERITHACHORIDES Baird.PANAMA YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to I>. I'drfigxda^ })ut decidedly larger, with smaller ]>ill; muchlighter and more yellowish olive-green above, and under parts muchmore J)roadiy streaked with chestnut-rufous.Adult male.?Pileum uniform rich rufous-chestnut (exactly as inJ). rufiguld)\ rest of head similar Init slightly paler (intermediatebetween orange-rufous and cinnamon-rufous); under parts, posteriorto throat, rich gamboge or lemon yellow, conspicuously streakedexcept on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, with the colorof the throat, the streaks broadest on chest where confluent with the
^Much darker than in B. erithachorides and allied continental forms.
^ Two specimens.
528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.uniform color of throat; upper parts (except pileum, wing-.s, and tail)plain 3'ellowish oliv^e-green, slightly paler or more yellowish on lowerrump and upper tail-coverts; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, themiddle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and ter-tials broadl}' edged with j^ellow, the secondaries and primaries morenarrowly edged with yellowish olive-green; rectrices dusky, edgedwith yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of all except middle pairmostly 3"ellow; maxilla blackish, with paler tomia; mandible grayishdusky (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet pale brownish (in driedskins); length (skins), 112-120 (115.3); wing, 61-70 {m)\ tail, 47-52(4:9.5); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 18-22 (20); middle toe, 12-14 (13).
^
Adult (f) female.?Above plain olive-green, duller anteriorly (espe-cially on pileum), brighter posteriorly (on rump and upper tail-coverts);wings dusky, with light olive-greenish edgings, these inclining to paleyellow on greater coverts and tertials; tail as in adult male, l)ut withmuch less yellow on inner webs of rectrices, even the outermost havingmore dusky than yellow on inner web; sides of head paler olive-greenishthan pileum, the eyelids pale yellowish; under parts dull lemon orgam))oge yellow, shaded laterall}^ with pale olive-greenish; wing, 63;tail, 47; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13."Immature male.?Similar to the supposed adult female, but chestand sides indistinctl}^ streaked with pale rufous-chestnut, forehead andcrown tinged with the same, and the lores, chin, and throat dull orange-yellow.Young {female?).?Above dull pale olive, or light brownish graytinged with olive-green; beneath pale dull bufiy.''Caribbean coast district of northern Colombia (Cartagena, etc.) andIsthmus of Panama (Buenaventura; Panama City); San Miguel Island,Bav of Panama; Veragua?*Sijlvia ruficapilla {not ifotacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat.", xi, 1817, 228; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pi. 164.Dendroka eriJitachorides (typographical error) Bairu, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.ix, 1858, 283, in text (South America;" ex ('hhms crilltachorkh'i< Feuill(5eJourn. Observations Physiques, iii, 1725, 413).Bendroica vieilloti Gassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., May, 1860, 192 (Cartagena,Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203,part ( Cartagena)
.
^ Five specimens.
^ One specimen.
'' From a very poor skin, not admitting of detailed description.
* No specimens seen by me from Veragua.
^Actually based on specimens (now in the U. S. National Museum collection)from Cartagena, Colombia, collected by Dr. A. Schott, of Lieutenant Michler's expe-dition, the very same specimens l)eing the types of Dendroka vkillotl Cassin,described two years later. Feuillee being a pre-Linna>an author, it matters notwhether his Sylvia erithachorides is the same bird as Baird's Dendroica erihtachorldes;and the latter name being accompanied by a sufficiently good diagnosis of the formmust, on account of its priority, supersede the name Dendroica vieilloti Cassin.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529Dendroica vieMlotii Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).Dendrceca vieilloti Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (Colombia).
?
Coues,Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).[Dendroica vieillotil var. vieilloti Baird, Brewer, and Rid(;way, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 217, (Cartagena, Colombia).[Dendrceca'^ vieilloti Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.[Dendroeca petechia'] i. panamensis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh., Stockh.,xxvi, 1870, 609 (=Z>. vieilloti Cassin).[Dendroica vieilloti'] var. rufigida (not Dendroica rafigula Baird, 1865) Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (Isthmus Panama).DENDROICA BRYANTI BRYANTI Ridgway.BRYANTS YELLOW WARBLER.Similar to D. ('rithnchorides^ but adult male with chest and sides muchless heavily streaked (sometimes almost without streaks), the chestnut-rufous of the throat abruptl}^ defined posteriorl3^Adult male.?Pileum varying from rufous-taAvny to nearly chestnut,the rest of the head, including usually the whole throat, similar butvery slightly paler; hindneck,^ back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain 3^ellowish olive-green, the backsometimes indistinctly streaked with dark chestnut or dusky; wings(except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped withyellow, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with j^ellow, thesecondaries and primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green; tail dusky, the rectrices edged with yellowish olive-green andwith inner webs of all except middle pair mostly yellow; under parts,except throat,^ rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides usu-ally narrowh" streaked with chestnut, rarely almost iumiaculate; maxillablack, with paler tomia; mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life?);iris brown; legs and feet horn color or light brownish (in dried skins);length (skins), 120-134- (124.7); wing, 62-70 (65.7); tail, 46-56 (50);exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (20.9); middle toe, 11-13 (12.4).'Adidt female.?Exceedingly variable in coloration. Above varyingfrom entirely plain yellowish olive-green to mostly dull ash gray;beneath, from wholly yellow, tinged with olive-green laterally, towhite, tinged with gray laterally; chest sometimes very narrowlystreaked with chestnut, and head sometimes with scattered feathers ofthat color; length (skins), 110-121.(116); wing, 58-62 (60.4); tail, 45-46
' Sometimes, apparently, the rufous-tawny color of the pileum descends over theupper hindneck.
^Usually the entire throat is uniform rufous-tawny or light chestnut-rufous, butthis color never invades the chest; sometimes only the upper half (more or less)of the throat is of this color, the lower throat being yellow, like the chest and otherunder parts. In all cases the color is abruptly defined, all round.
^ Eleven specimens.3654?VOL 2?01-^34
530 BULLETIN 50, UNITED RTATPIS NATIONAL MUSEUM.(45.8): exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.8); middle toe, 11-12Liimature male.?Variously intermediate in coloration between theadult male and adult female.Gulf coast of Mexico and Caribbean coast of Central America, fromTamaulipas (Tampico) to Costa Rica (Puerto Limon).(?) Dendrceca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Sclatek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part(Mexico)
.
Bendrceca vieilloti Salvin, Il)is, 1864, 880 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras) ; 1866,192 (do.).
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Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Caucnn, Yucatan).
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(?) Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
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Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 125, part (Caucnn, Sisal,Progreso, and Celestin, Yucatan; Belize and Half Moon Cay, British Hon-duras).?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Silamand RioLagartos,Yucatan). Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Progreso,Yucatan; Half Moon Cay and Belize, British Honduras)
.
{Dendr(rca] vieilloti Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.Dendroica vicillottii var. bryanti Ridgway, Amer. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 605 (Belize,British Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).{Dendroica rieilloti] var. bryanti Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 218, part (Honduras; Yucatan) ; iii, 1874, 504.Dcndrcvca vieilloti bryanti Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote.[Dendra'ca vieilloti.'] Subsp. a. Dendraxa bryanti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 284 (Nicaragua).Dendroica vieilloti bryanti Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521, 524(Puerto Limon, e. Costa Rica; crit. ).[Dendroica bryanti'] a. bryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350.D[endroica^ bryanti Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.Dendroica bryanti Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 210 (Progreso, Yucatan).Dendrceca bryanti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part.DENDROICA BRYANTI CASTANEICEPS Ridgway.MANGROVE WARBLER.Similar to D. h. hryantl., but averaging slightly darker above anddecidedly smaller.
' Five specimens.The most southern specimens (from Puerto Limon, Costa Rica) do not show theslightest approach in coloration to D. criihacliurides, but there appears to be a gradualincrease in size southward, average measurements, according to locality, being asfollows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581Adult ma/d.?Length (skin^), 112-120 (11<>.2); wing, 53-6H ((50);tail, 45-49 (40.7); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.1); middletoe, 10-12 (11.8).'Adultfetnnle.?l^Qngih (skins), 111-128 (115.7); wing, 5H-61 (59.1);tail, 45-47.5 (46.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 17-22 (20.1); middletoe, 10-12 (11.1).'Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, from Lower California(La Paz) and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Costa Rica (Punta Arenas).(?) Dendrccca vieiUoti (not of (.^as^sin) Sclater, Cat. Am. Binln, 1862, 32, part(Mexico).Deiidnrca vieillotl Salvix, Iliiy, 1866, 192, part (Tenipate, Gulf of Nicoya, w. CostaRica); 1869, 313 (do.).?Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Mazat-lan, w. Mexico).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica);Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Mazatlan and Guadalajara, w. Mexico),Apr. to Sept.).
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Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 ( Puntas Arenas,w. Costa Rica).\_Dendrn'ca\ vieiUoti Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.Si/lvicola vieiUoti FiNscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 329 (Mazatlan).Dendroica vieillottii, var. bri/antiJiiT>G\y\Y, Auier. Nat.,vii., Oct., 1873, 605, part(Mazatlan).IDendroica vieillotl} var. bri/auli Baird, Brewer, and RuxiWAv, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 218, part (Mazatlan).Dendrccca vieillotl bryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, Apr. 24, 1882, 414(La Paz, Lower California); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.?Beld-iNG, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz).Dlendrceca} vieiUoti bryanti Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298.Dendrceca bryanti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Tempate,Gulf of Nicoya, w. Costa Rica).Dendroica bryanti castar^eicejis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885,350, footnote (La Paz, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
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AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 653.
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Zeledon, Anal. Mus.Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).Dle7idroica'\ bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495.IDendroica bryanti'] ft. castaneiceps Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350(Mazatlan; Cape St. Lucas).Dendroica vieiUoti castaneiceps Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 525(Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica; crit. ); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893,13 (Punta Mala, delta del Diquis, s. w. Costa Rica).DENDROICA EOA (Gosse).AURORA WARBLER.With yellow inner ?'ebs to rectrices, like other "golden warblers,"but adult male apparently without streaks on luider parts, and withsides of head, throat, and chest rufous-tawn3\"Length 5 inches, expanse 7.6, tlexure 2.7, tail 1.9, rictus 0.6(nearly), tarsus 0.9, middle toe 0.5. Irides dark hazel, feet horn-color,beak pale horn, culmen and tip darker. Male: Upper parts olive,approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of head marked with a biindof orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and meeting both on
^Six specimens. ^ Four specimens.
5H'2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATP^S NATIONAL MUSEUM.the forehead and on the chin. Win^ quills and coverts blackish withyellowish edges. Tail blackish olive, with j^ellow edges; the outer-most two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the innerwebs pale 3^ellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump,tertials, belly, and under tail-coverts are sparsely marked with unde-fined patches of pale orange. Female: Nearly as the male, but thedeep orange is spread over the whole cheeks, chin, throat, and breast.The head and neck are dusky gray, tinged with olive, and patchedwith the fulvous much more largely, but irregularly, and as if laidupon the darker hue." (Original description, the measurements con-verted from inches to millimeters.^)Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.Sylvicola eoa Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158 (Jamaica; types in coll. Brit. Mus. )
;
lUustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pi. 34.
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Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.
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Albrecht, .Tourn. fiir Orn., 1862, 201.M[niotilta] coa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.{MniotiUa] eoa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3480.Dendroica eon Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, footnote.
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Cory, Ank, iii,1896, 32; Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 1.30.I)[endroica^ con Baird, Brewer, and Riogway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 218.Dendrceca eon Sclater, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lend., 1861, 71.
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Coues, Birds Col. Val.,1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885,266, footnote.Dle7idrcFxa'] eoa Newton (A; and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.[Dendrorcal eoa Coues, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.
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Cory, ListBirds W. I., 1885, 8.Bendroecn eon Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. F(")rh. Stockli., xxvi, 1870, 609(nionogr. ). DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gmelin).MAGNOLIA WARBLER.Inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) with a broad band ofwhite across middle portion.
1 This bird continues to be known only from the two original specimens, now inthe collection of the British Museum. Regarding these Dr. Sharpe (in Catalogue ofthe British Museum, x, 266, 267) remarks as follows:The two typical specimens are in the British Museum, but from long exposure tothe light in the gallery have become discolored and faded. They have been care-fully dismounted, like all other typical specimens, and placed in the series of skins;Init the coloration is now so different to that descriVjed by Mr. Gosse that I havepreferred to reproduce his original descriptions. I can scarcely believe that the malebird ever exhibited the rufous color of the throat and chest to the extent shown byMr. Gosf-e in his plate of D. eoa, w'herein also, by representing the tail in a closedpo.sition, the athnities of the bird are hidden. The yellow on the outer tail-feathersis a character of the Dendrceca scstiva group, but the color of the throat is only matchedby D. hlackburnix; and I have no doubt that B. eoa is a hybrid between the last-namedbird and D. sestiva or D. petechia.To the above I will only add that in my opinion the supposed hybrid nature ofD. eoa is extremely improbable, and that the bird is a hybrid between D. blachbiirniivand D. petechia impossible, for the reason that the proximate limits of the breedingranges of these two species are at least 700 miles apart.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 533Adult iiiah' hiKprliKj <(n<I .smiDiier.?Pileum and hindnock uniformblui.sh slate-gray or plumbeous, marg'ined laterally Ity a white supra-aurieular streak beginning on upper eyelid; a white spot on lowereyelid; frontlet, lores, suborbital region, auricular region, sides ofneck, back, and scapulars uniform deep blacky the last sometimes mar-gined with olive-grayish; rump clear lemon-yellow, the upper portionstreaked with black and sometimes parth' olive-greenish; upper tail-coverts black; tail black, the outer webs of rectrices edged with gra}",their inner webs (except middle pair) crossed in middle portion 1)}^ abroad band of white, about 10-12 wide; wings ])lack, the middle andgreater coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, forming alarge and conspicuous patch, the remiges and primary coverts nar-rowly edged with gray; under parts, except under taii-coverts, richlemon or gamboge yellow, the chest, sides, and flanks very In-oadlystreaked with black?these black markings sometimes confluent on thechest; under taii-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars white; ])illblack; iris brown; legs and feet dusk}' brown.Adultfemale in spring and summer.?Much duller in color than themale; gray of pileum and hindneck duller, passing into dull olive-greenish on back, where usually more or less l)lotched or spotted withblack, rarely mostly black; lower rump crossed by a liand of olive-3^ellow; upper tail-covets black centralh^, more or less broadly mar-gined with slate-gray; tail as in male but duller in black; wings dullerblack than in male, with less of white on middle and greater coverts;sides of head sometimes as in aduit male, usually duller in color, some-times with olive -grayish replacing black; under parts paler and dulleryellow than in male, with chest and sides less heavily marked withblack (sides and flanks rarely almost without l)lack streaks or spots andspots or streaks on chest few and small).Adidt {'.) male in autumn and winter.?Pileum, hindneck, and sidesof neck duif brownish gray; back and scapulars olive-green, the feath-ers with large, mostly concealed, central spots of l)lack; rump, uppertail-coverts, tail, and wings as in the summer male but the last with twonarrow bands, instead of a large patch, of white, tlie greater covertsbeing edged with giay, like remiges; sides of head grayish, somewhatmottled with black on rictal region, and relieved Ijy a whitish orbitalling; under parts as in the summer male, but chest without t)lackstreaks or spots, the black markings conspicuous only on flanks andthere more or less concealed.Young mate hi Jir.st autunin and winter.?Similar to the supposedadult male of corresponding season, but chest crossed by a broad bandof dull whitish or grayish white, and without trace of black on cheeks.Yening female in^firxt autuntn and uunter.?Similar to the youngmale of same season, l)ut smaller and nuich dullei- in color, the pileum,etc., decidedly more brownish, the back without distinct concealed
584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEtlM.black m:irkino\s, white tail-spots .smaller, and flanks indistinctlj" streakedwith dusky.Y<>iin(i riiale ill ne)<tl'ntg ^)liuiiage.?Above dull ])rowni.sh olive, theback ver}" faintly clouded or spotted with dusky; a very narrow paledull yellowish indistinct bar across rump; upper tail-coverts dusky,mai'o-ined with light olive; middle and greater wing-coverts broadlytipped with pale yellowish butf, producing two bands, the greater cov-erts (Klged with light brownish olive; remiges edged with gray; underparts pale straw yellow, or primrose yellow, thickly streaked onbreast, sides, and flanks with dusky olive, the chest so strongl}" suftusedwith olive-brownish as to nearly conceal the yellow.Young female in )U'stUng j^l^image.?" Remiges and rectrices slightlypaler than in adult; greater and middle wing-coverts just tipped withfulvous, forming two narrow wing-bands; rest of upper parts, sides ofhead, including orbital region and eyelids, and breast, dark ashy,somewhat lighter on rump. Abdomen, anal region, and crissum palesulphur-} ellow, blotched somewhat indistinctly anteriorly with ashy.Throat pale ashy, with a few yellow feathers intermixed. From aspecimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 10, 1874.This bird was verj" young, indeed barely able to fly. Sevei'al speci-mens a little further advanced show an increased amount of yellowon the throat and abdomen, but are otherwise similar.'' ^Adult male.?IjQWgih (skins), 105-118 (113.6); wing, 57-64 (60.1);tail, 47.2-51.8 (48.7); exposed culmen, 8.6-9.8 (9); tarsus, 17-18.4(17.8); middle toe, 10-11.2 (10.6).'Adult female.?l^Qwgih. (skins), 108-112 (109.8); wing, 54.4-57 8(56-9); tail, 46-48.4 (47.8); exposed culmen, 8.8-9 (8.9); tarsus, 17.2-18(17.5); middle toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).''Eastern North America, north to Anticosti Island, MagdalenIslands, southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, AlbanyRiver, etc.), and in the interior to the Great Slave Lake District (Fort
' Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 78.
^ Ten specimens.
^ Five specimens.Specimens from opposite sides of tlie Allegheny Mountains average, respectively,in measurements as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 535Simpson, Fort Resolution, etc.); breeding southward to northern andwestern Massachusetts (Winchenden, Worcester County, and moun-tains of Berkshire County), mountains of Pennsylvania (Armstrong,Butler, Clearfield, Indiana, Luzerne, and Pike counties), northernMichigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba, etc. ; west to eastern base ofRocky Mountains, casually to California (Los Angeles, October 21,189T,"and Santa Barbara Island, May 15), and British Columbia; south-ward in migration through more southern United States east of RockyMountains; in winter, Bahamas (Eleuthera, Watlings, and New Prov-idence islands), Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico, and through easternMexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion HillStation, Panama Railroad); accidental in Greenland.IMotacilla^ maculosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (based on Xe Flgmertacheti; de Pensilvanie, Ficednla pe7isilvanica nsevia, Brisson, Orn., ui, 502; TheYellow-rumped Flycatcher, Mmica.pa uropygio luteo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat.Hist., V, 97, pi. 255).{Sylvia'] maculosa Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 536.Sylna maculosa Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 33, pi. 93; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 223; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 427.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.,X 1817* 715.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78.?Audubon, Orn.BiogM i.' 1831, 260, pi. 50; ii, 1834, 145; v, 1839, 458, pi. 123.-Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 370.?D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat.Cuba, Ois., 1839, 72.Sylvicola maculosa Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., n, 1831, L13, pi.40.-JARDINE, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 353, pi. 23, fig. 2.-Bona-parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 61; BirdsAm oct. ed., ii, 1841, 65, pi. 96.?Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38(.Lamaica; Cuba).-Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Baha-mas).-BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).-ALBRECHT,Journ. Mr Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas).\_Sylvicola'] maculosa Bonafaute, Cousp. Av., i, 1850, 307.Mlniot'dta'] maculosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[MniotUta] maculosa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3476.R[himanphus'] maculosus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.Rhimamphus macidosns Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).Dmdroicamamlom Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 284; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 204; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (Moose Factory; FortSimpson; Fort Resolution, etc.).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Gua-temala).-Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca,s Mexico).-GuNDLACH, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 326; 1872, 415; Repert.Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,29 (Porto Rico).-VERRiLL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 147 (AnticostiL, Gulf St. Lawrence).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds,i 'l874 232 pi. 14, fig. 2.?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874,58 (Denver, Colorado, May 17) ; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 196(do ) -Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England,breeding).-Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory,Hudson Bay).-Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel L,Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 142.?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, in,1886, 139 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).?Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 34 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I.,
536 BULLETIN 50, unitp:d states national museum.Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Eleiithera,New Providence, and Watlings islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Haiti; PortoRico).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 657.
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Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 391 (Winchenden, Massachusetts, breeding).Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (Mississippi Valley localities anddates); Bull. 44, Colorado Agric. Coll., 1898, 168 (near Denver, 1 spec,May 17, 1888).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 27 andMay 17).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba,breeding).
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Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 116 (Butler and Armstrong counties, w.Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893,40,45 (Indiana and Cleartield counties,Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Hagerip, Auk, viii, 1891, 820 (Greenland).-
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Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania,breeding). Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 208, pi. 12, tig. 2.Nutting, Bull. Labr. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 278 (Chemawawin,Saskatchewan).
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Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Field andVernon, e. British Columbia) .
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White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi-gan, breeding; descr. song).
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Richmond Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 27 to Feb. 5).
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Allen, Auk, xii, 1895,89 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).
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Congdon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190(Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Young, Auk, xiii,1896, 284 (Pottsville, Pennsylvania, breeding).?Baily, Auk, xiii, 1896, 295(n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Grinnell, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara,etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara L, California, 1 spec. May 15) ; Pub. ii, PasadenaAc Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec, Oct. 21, 1897).?Rives,Auk, XV, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt) .
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Fleming, Auk,xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, abundant summer resid. ).SwARTH, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec, Oct. 5,1901).Dendnrca tiiaciilo.m Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraC'ruz); 1862, 19 (Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Coban,Guatemala).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion llili, PanamaR. R.).
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Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior of British North America).Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, PanamaR. R.).?CouES, Check Li.st, 1873, no. 84; 2d ed., 1882, no. 125; Birds N. W.,1874,62 (mouth of Vermilion R., Nebraska, etc.) ; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 290.?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca,Dec, Mar. )?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 1-7 (full Diog-raphy); iii, 1878, 59 (descr. young); Proc Bost. Soc N. H., xxii, 1883,371 (Anticosti and Magdalen islands, breeding).
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Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Me., breeding) .?Cory, Birds Bahama I.,1880, 62; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 29.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 97.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881,129 (Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Coban, andChoctum, Guatemala, etc). Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 309,648 (49th parallel; Fort Simpson; Albany R., etc.).IDendrara] rnacnlosa Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.
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Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr , 1873, 9.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.D[endr(ef<i'] tnacnloaa Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.Dendroeca maciUosa Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 615( monogr. )
.
Sylvia magnolia Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 63, pi. 23 (=young in autumn).Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 604. Bonai'arte, Journ. Ac Nat.Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 194.
BIRDS OF ISORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 537DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin).CAPE MAY WARBLER.AduU male in sjyrhig and summer.? Pileuni })lack, sometimes (espe-ciall}' in midsummer) uniformly so, usually with the feathers, at leastthose of the occiput, margined more or less distinctly with olive (some-times with rusty): sometimes a spot of rusty on center of crown; back,scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and upper rump olive-green, the feath-ers with a central spot of ])lac"k; lower rump var^nng from yellowisholive-green to cleai- canar}' yellow; upper tail-coverts ])lackish, ])roadlymargined with olive-green; middle wing-coverts white or pale 3^ellow,only their extreme base dusky; rest of wings dusky, the greater covertsmore or less broadly edged wnth white, pale yellow, pale gray, or paleolive, the remiges narrowly edged with light olive-green, these edgingsbroader and paler on tertials; tail dusky, with olive-green or grayishedgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patchof white on inner web, decreasing rapidly in size from the tirst to thethird; superciliary stripe rufous-chestnut, at least posteriorly (theanterior portion sometimes yellow); a blackish loral and postocularstreak; suborbital and auricular regions plain cinnamon-rufous orrufous-chestnut; sides of neck and under parts yellow, becoming muchpaler (sometimes white) on flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts; chest and sides more or less broadly (usually heavih') streakedwith black, the throat also sometimes streaked, and often tinged withcinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; bill black, the mandilde sometimesbrownish ))asally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish (in driedskins).Adult male iv autumn and nr'mter.?Much like the spring or summermale but black of pileum obscured by broad margins of olive or grayishto the feathers, the black showing as central triangular spots; blackspots of back and scapulars nearly concealed; cinnamon-rufous of sidesof head largely replaced by yellow; bill paler, the mandil)le distinctlybrownish.Young male in first autumn.?Much like the adult male in autumn,but colors duller; greater wing-coverts edged with pale olive-grayish,instead of whitish; upper parts showing scarcely an}" black spottingor streaking and much tinged with grayish; sides of head with scarcelya trace of cinnamon-rufous, yellow of under parts paler, and blackstieaks of chest and sides narrower and less sharply defined.Adultfemale in spring and summefr.?^Above olive, becoming moreyellowish on lower rump, where the feathers are sometimes brightolive-yellow with darker mesial streaks, the pileum more or lessstreaked or spotted with black; wings dusky with light olive edgings,the middle coverts tipped or margined terminally with white, thegreater coverts sometimes edged with pale grayish; tail as in adult
538 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
male; a rather indistinct superciliary streak of dull yellowish or whit-ish; under parts dull whitish, usually more or less tint^ed with yellow,especially on breast, (^hest, and sides of neck, the chest and sides moreor less distinctly streaked with dusky grayish or blackish; l)ill, etc.,as in adult male.Adidt female i)i mitumn and winter.?Similar to the female inspring" or summer, but oliv^e of upper parts more or less tinoed withgray anteriorly, pileum without black streaks or spots, paler super-ciliary streak obsolete, and streaks on under parts much less distinct,more grayish.Adult male.?Length, (skins), 107.9-119.4 (113.9); wing, 61-70.1(66.3); tail, 44.9-49.5 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.8); tarsus,16.3-18.8 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.3).'Adult female.?Ij^ngth (skins), 109.2-119.4 (113.3); wing, 61-65.8(63.6); tail, 43.1-47.5 (45.7); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.7); tarsus,17.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.9).-Eastern North America, north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factor}', etc.), and Manitoba,breeding southward to "northern New England;" during migrationsouthward through more southern United States east of the GreatPlains, wintering in the West Indies (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti;Porto Rico; St. Croix; Guadeloupe), Yucatan (one record only), andTobago. Resident in Jamaica, and said to breed on high mountainsof that island!\^Motaeilla'] tigr'ma Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 17S8, 985 (based on Spotted Ydlmr Fly-catcher, MusdcajMi luted macuhtta, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., vi, 101, pi.257, lower fig.).[^Sylmct] tigr'ma Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.Sylvia tigrina Vieili.ot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 34, pi. 44, fig. 2; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 428.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.,X, 1817. 738.M[)iiotilta] tigrina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.\_MniotUta:] tigrimi Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3465.[Sijlricohil ligriiia (not of Richardson, 1837) Bonaparte, Gonsp. Av., i, 1850, 308.
' Fifteen specimens.
^ Six specimens.Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies average, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 539F^Mmla tigrina Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).Dendroica iiarina Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 206.?Barnard, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860 (1861), 43b( Chester Co. , Pennsylvania) .?GcNDLACH, Journ fiir Orn. , 1861 , 326 ( Cuba) .?BoARDMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1863, 125 (near Calais, Mame;Bav of Fundy) -March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).?American Ornitholocusts' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 6.50.-Cory, Auk,iii 1886 28 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas)
;
Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat. W. I., 1892, 117 (Abaco, Biminis, Berry Is.,Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay,and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; PortoRico- St Croix).?Keyes, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Iowa City, Iowa, Nov. 27).?Cooke Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (w. Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska,Missouri, etc.; dates) .-Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 133.-Scott, Auk,vii 1890 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida; migr. ).?Thompson Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 617 (Manitoba, breeding) .-Cory Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix) .-Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i,1893,'l96.?Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till Apr. 6).D[endroicar\ tigrina Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493.Dendneca tigrina Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix ).-Sclater,Proc Zool. Soc. Lend., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,33 (Racine,Wisconsin ).-Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).-McIlwraith,Proc Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).?Coues, Check List,1873 no 85- 2d ed., 1882, no. 126; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 245 (synonymy ).-Cory Birds Bahama I., 1880, 63; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti);Birds' Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 25.-Chamberlain, Auk, ii, 1885, 33(Edmundston, New Brunswick; breeding habits).[Dendra;car\ tigrina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.D\_eadra;ca} tignna Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305.
_Dendroeca tigrina Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. FOrh. Stockh., xxvi, 18/0, 616(monogr. )
.
Perissoglosm tigrina Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 181.-Gundlach,Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233; Journ. fiir. Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba);Anal Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 178 (Porto Rico) .-Baird, Brewer, andRidgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 212, pi. 12, figs. 1, 2.-Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young).-Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.i 1880 172- Nom N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 90.?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond '1883' 440 ( Yucatan ) .-Cooke, Ori>. and Ool. , ix, 1884, 11 7 ( migrations)
;
Auk ii, 1885, 32 (Alda, Nebraska, May 12). -Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,viii 1885, 237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).?Lawrence, Proc. U.S. Nat.Mus., viii, 1885, 621 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).?Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 335, 651 (Tobago; etc.).[Perissoglossar\ tigrina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 9.Plerissoglossar\ tigrina Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e. Illinois; verycom. migr.,Sylvia maritima Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 99, pi. 54, fig. 3 (Cape May CoNew Jersey; type now in mus. Vassar College; see Orton, Am. Nat., iv, 1871,714) -Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 739.-Bonaparte, Journ. Ac.Nat Sci Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Am. Orn., i, 1825, 32, pi. 3, fig 3; Ann. Lye.N Y ii 1826 79.-AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839,156, pi. 414.-Nuttall,Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 371.-D'Orbigny, in LaSagra's Hist.Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 70, pi. 10.Sylvieola marilima Jaroine, e.I. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 301; 111, 1832, 29I.-Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 22.-Audubon, Synopsis, 18.59, 5b;
540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 44, pi. 85.
?
Ncttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCanada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 424.?Hoy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., vi, 1858, 81
1
(Wisconsin).?Willis, Ann. Rep. Sinithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282 (NovaScotia).
?
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, llO(Bahamas).
?
Brewer,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 807 (Cuba).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn.,1861, 58 (Bahamas).[Siffricola] mariliiiia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 807.Certhinld inarit'nud Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 87; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849,pi. 17.M\_niot'dta] marlthna Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Mniotilta maritima Cabot, Naumannia, ii. Heft, iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).Rhinmmphui^ maritimns Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba); 1861, 409(do.). DENDROICA CARBONATA (Audubon).CARBONATED WARBLER.Apparently resemhling I), tkjrina., l)ut differing in having no cin-namon-rufous on sides of head, no white spots on inner webs of lateralrectrices(?), and in having the greater wing-coverts tipped with yellowinstead of edged with whitish.
'"'Young male.?Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, subulate-conical, acute, nearly as deep as broad at the base, the edges acute, thegap line slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils basal, lateral, ellip-tical, half-closed ))v a membrane. Head rather small. Neck short.Body slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus longer thanthe middle toe, covered anteriorly by a few scutella, acutely edgedbehind; toes scutcllate above, the inner free, the hind toe of moderatesize; claws slender, compressed, acute, arched. Plumage soft, blended,tufty. Wings of ordinary length, acute, the second quill longest.Tail short, notched.
"Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata^ And. Orn. Biog., vol. i,p. 308.
"Bill brownish-ldack above, light blue beneath. Iris hazel. Feetlight flesh-color. Upper part of the head black. Fore part of theback, lesser wing-coverts, and sides dusky, spotted with black. Lower})ack dull yellowish-green, as is the tail, of which the outer web ofthe outer feather is whitish. Tips of the second row of coverts white,of the first row yellow; quills dusky, their outer w^ebs tinged withyellow. A line from the lore over the eye, sides of the neck, and thethroat bright yellow. A dusky line behind the eye. The rest of theunder parts dull 3"ellow, excepting the sides.
"Length, -tf inches; bill along the ridge five-twelfths, along thegap seven-twelfths; tarsus three-fourths."^Kentucky (Henderson, May, 1811).This ])ird continues to be known only from Audubon's descriptionand colored plate.L\udubon, Birds of America, oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 541Sylrki carbnnata Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 308, pi. 60 (near Henderson, Ken-tucky; type not preserved).
?
Nutt.\ll, Man. Orn. U. H. and Canada, i,1832, 405.Sytoicola carbumUa Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.Vermivora carbonata Bonap.\rte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.Helinaia carbonata Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95,pi. 109.M[^iiotUta'] carbonata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.IMniotiUa] carbonata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3493.\_Helmilheros] carbonata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Dendroica carbonata Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 287; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 207; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207.Dlendroica^ carbonata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493.Dendroeca carbonata Sundevall. Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockli., xxvi, 1870,618 (monogr.).Dendroeca carbonata Maynard, Birds Eastern LT. S., 1882, 521.
?
Sftakpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 264, footnote.Dendroica {Perissoglossa ?) carbonata American ORNiTnoL?GisTs' Union, CheckList, 1886, 356 (^'Hypothetical List," no. 23).PerissoffJossa carbonata Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. I>irds, i, 1874,214, pi. 12, fig. 3.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 91.Helm'mthopliaga (?) carbonata Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote.DENDROICA C^RULESCENS CiERULESCENS (Gmelin).BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.Adult male in .y)rin<j and suiniaer.?Above plain dull graj'^isli indigoblue, the back .sometimes more or less spotted or clouded with black;wings, except lesser coverts, black, the middh^ coverts broadly mar-gined, the greater coverts broadl}^ edged, the remiges narrowly edged,with dull grayish indigo blue, the tertials chiefly of the latter color;primaries (except outermost) extensively white basally, forming a con-spicuous patch; all the remiges with inner webs extensively" whitebasally and edged with white; rectrices black, narrowly edged with dullgrayish indigo blue, the three outermost Avith a large subterminal patchof white on inner webs; sides of head (including lores, orbits, auricularregion, and malar region), chin, throat, sides of chest, sides, and flanksuniform deep bhu-k, that along sides and flanks somewhat broken bywhite streaking; rest of under parts, together with axillars and underwing-coverts, white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown(in dried skins).Adult nude hi autumn and winter.?Exactl}- like the spring andsummer plumage, but white portion of flanks very fainth^ tinged with})rownish bufl:', and mandible brownish instead of black.Young male In Jirst fall and winter.? Similar to the adult male ofcorresponding season, but white of under parts more or less tingedwith yellowish, bluish gray of upper parts tinged with olive-green,and black feathers of throat, etc., more or less distinctl}" marginedwith whitish.Adtdt female in spring and smnmer.?Above plain olive, relieved
542 bullp:tin 50, united states national museum.l\y a white or whitish spot, of greater or h>ss extent/ at base of longerprimaries; rectriccs darker and more oniyish olive, edged with lightbluish or greenish gra}', the inner wel) of outermost reetrix some-times with an indistinct paler, rarely whitish, subterminal spot; awhitish streak on upper and lower eyelids, the former continued back-ward for a greater or less distance over auriculars; under parts, includ-ing malar region, pale, dull olive-yellowish, shaded with olive laterally;bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in driedskins).Adult female in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring andsummer plumage, but color of upper parts brighter, more greenisholive, under parts more decidedly yellowish, bill browner, and legsand feet paler brown.
'"''First plumage^ male.?^Remiges and rectricesas in autumnal males,the former slightly paler in color. Rest of upper parts, including thewing-coverts, dark olive- brown; sides of head very dark brown; loresblack; throat, jugulum, lower eyelid, and a very conspicuous supra-orbital line, pale buff; breast and sides ashy, tinged with olive.Abdomen, anal region, and crissum strong sulphur-yellow. Whitespot on base of primaries fullj^ developed.
""^First 2^l^^?^<' (/'-'?, female.?Remiges and rectrices as in autunmalfemale. Rest of upper parts, including wing- coverts and sides ofhead, light olive-brown. Lores dull black. Superciliary line, bothe^'elids, throat, jugulum, abdominal and anal regions, with crissum,light buff. Breast and sides olive, tinged with buff. Spot on base ofprimaries dirt}' white."'Adult male.?l^Qugih (skins), 110-120 (114.3); wing, 62-67 (65.2);tail, 49-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.7).''Adult female.?Ijengih (skins), 110-121 (114); wing, 60-63 (61.1);tail, 47.5-51 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6).*Eastern North America, breeding from northeastern Connecticut(Eastford), mountains of Pennsylvania (Bedford, Cambria, Clinton,Fayette, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Somerset, and Warren counties), north-ern Ontario (Muskoka, etc.), and southern Michigan (vicinity of
^ This spot often very small, sometimes obsolete.
'' Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57, 58.
'^ Seventeen specimens.
* Ten specimens.New England specimens compare in average measurements with those from Michi-gan as follows:
Loealitv.
Twelve adult males from New England (including one from LongIsland )Five adult males from Michigan
Wing.
65.165.4
Ex-Tail.
; posedculmen.
50.951.7 9.39.7 18.619
BIRDS OB' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 543Detroit) northward to La))rador and shores of Hudson Bay; westward,during mioration, to l)ase of Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and NewMexico (Rio Mimbrcs and Rio Grande), ac-cidentally to California(Farallone Islands, one specimen, November 17, 1886); southward inwinter to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti,Porto Rico), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), Cozumel Island, Yucatan,Guatemala (Coban), and northern South America (Colombia to centralPeru). No Mexican record, except Cozumel Island, Yucatan; nor Cen-tral American, except Coban, Guatemala.[Molacilla] canadensis (not of Liunauis, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334) Linn.eus,Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 336 (based on Le Petit Flgnkr cendre de Canada, Ficedulacanadensis cinerea minor, Brisson, Orn., iii, 527, pi. 27, fig. 6, and BlueFlycatcher, Muscicapa cxrulea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 91, pi. 252,fig. 1).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 991.Motacilla canadensis Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on PI. Enl., pi.685, fig. 2).[Siflvia] canadensis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.Stjlria canadensis Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 115, pi. 15, fig. 7.?Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 191; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 398.?Audubon, Orn. Biog.,ii, 1834, 309, pis. 148, 155.Phjillopneuste canadensis Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.Syh'irola canadensis Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Bona-parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839,61; BirdsAm., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 63, pi. 95.?Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 38.?Wood-house, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col., 1853, 71 (Texas; Indian Terri-tory).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mimbres andRio Grande, New Mexico).
?
Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (SantoDomingo).?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282 (NovaScotia).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas); xi, 1867,91 (Santo Domingo). ?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba) .?Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas).[Sylvicola'\ canadensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.M[niotilta^ canadensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.l3[niotilta'] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3471.Ehimamphus canadensis Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861,408 (do.).Dendroica canadensis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 271; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 193.?Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).Dendrceca canadensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).
?
Dresser, Ibis., 1865, 478(Texas).?Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru);1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru).[Dendrceca'] canadensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.IMotacilla'] carulescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960 (based on La Fauretlehleudtre de S. Domingue Buffon. Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 164; Blue-gray WarblerLatham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 440).Motacilla cxrulescens Lesson, Traite d'Orn., i, 1831, 419.\_Sylvid] ccerulescens Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.
544 BITLLETIN r)0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sylvia cxrulescem Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 25, pi. 80; Nouv. Diet. d'HistNat., xi, 1817, 168; Enc. Metli., ii, 1823, 432.?Stephens, Shaw'.s Gen. Zool.^X, 1817, 651.?D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 63.Dendroica arrulescms B.urd, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 186.?Gu'ndlacii,Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 186; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 413 (Cuba)';Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 179 (Porto Rieo) .?Baird, Brewer,'and RiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 254, pi. 12, flgs. 10, 11.?Brewer'Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding) ; xix^1878, 303 (Eastford, n. e. Connecticut, breeding).?Pi dg way, Proc. U. S.'Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 5'75 (SwanL^Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 139.?American Ornithologists'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 654.-Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 33 (West Indianlocalities and references); vi, 1889,31 (Little Cayman); Birds W.L,1889,47; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence, Andros, Concepcion,'Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines;Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886,'138 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).?Bryant(W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 48 (Farallone Islands, Cali-fornia, 1 spec, Nov. 17, 1886).?Cooke, Bird INIigr. JNIiss. Val., 1888. 246(dates, etc.); Auk, xi, 1894, 183 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1 spec.).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and' Key West,Florida, rare migrant).?Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 410 (Pinopolis, South Caro-lina, Dec. 6).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 201, pi. 14, fig. 2.?Kellogg, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, Oct. 17).?Allen,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Las Nubes, Santa Marta, Colombia,Dec); Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Las Nubes).?Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43(Muskoka, etc, n. Ontario, breeding).?Wood (J. C), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391(Detroit, Michigan, breeding).?Stone, Auk, xviii, 1901, 110 (sequence ofplumages).D[eii(lroica] cxmlescens Ridgwav, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 496.Dendroica caerulescens Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (Santo Domingo,abundant in winter).[Dendnrm:] cemlescens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.?Sclater andSALViN,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.?Cory, List BirdsW. I., 1885, 8.Deiidraca cxridescens Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 76.?Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, i, 1876, 11-13 (n. e. Connecticut; breeding habits); Orn. and Ool., vi,1881, 49 (Connecticut, breeding); ix, 1884, 30 (Eastford, Connecticut, breed-ing).?Gundlach, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 64.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,iii, 1878, 57 (descr. young).?Bagg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 238(Hamilton Co., New York, })reeding; descr. nest and eggs).?Cory, BirdsBahama Is., 1880, 58; Auk, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom.,1885, 26.?Salvin and God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 126 (Coban,Guatemala).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 94.?Tristram, Ibis,1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 213 (song).-Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 329, 651 (Jamaica; Haiti; Vera Paz, Guate-mala, etc.).Dendrocca avrulescem Sundevall Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Fr)rh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610(monogr. ).Dendroica ccerulescens Turnbull, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 24; Phila. ed., 17.Dendro'ca ccerulescens Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 55; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 117.D[endra;ca] ccerulescens Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.?Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 300.[Mniotilta] coeridescens Gi-ebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 602.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545Sylvia pumUa (not of Wilson, 1811) Wilson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 100, pi. 43, fig. 4(Pennsylvania; not of vol. iv, 1811, 17, pi. 28, = Compsothlypis americana.)?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197.Sylvicola pusiU'i DEStiY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba).Sylvia leucoptera Wilson, "Index, and 2d ed. (Hall's ed.), ii, 390." (Cones.)[Substitute for aS". pusilla Wilson, preoccupied.]Sylvia palustris Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x,1817, 722 (substitute for>S'. pusillaWilson).Syhria macropos Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 451 (substitute for *S'. pusillaWilson).M[;niotHta'] macropus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Sylvia sphagnosa Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199 (substitutefor S. pusilla Wilson); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85.
?
Nuttall, Man. OrnU. S. and Can., i, 1832, 406.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 279.Vireo sphagnosa Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 193.
?
Brewer, ed.Wilson's Am. Orn., 1840, 393.Sylvicola pannosa Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 162 (Jamaica; = female); Illustr.Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 37.3/[nio<i7to] pannosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Dendnxca pannosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica).
?
Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).DENDROICA C^ERULESCENS CAIRNSI Coues.CAIRNS' WARBLER.Similar to D. c. c(Fridcscc/h'<, hut adult male darker above, especiallythe pileum, which is not lighter ])lue than the Ixick, the latter usuallymore or less spotted or clouded with black, sometimes chiefly black,the pileum sometimes streaked with black; adult female darker andduUei olive above and less j^ellowish beneath, with the olive of flanksdarker and more strongly contrasted with the pale olive-yellowish ofabdomen.Adnlf i/udd.?Length (skins), 107-122 (115.1); wing, 60.5-68 (65.5);tail, 48.5-54.5 (51.6); exposed culmen, 8.5-9.5 (0.3); tarsus, 18-19.5(18.8)."Adidt female.?Length (skins), 108-120 (111.6); wing, 58.5-63(61.5); tail, 45.5-51 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 18-19.5(18.8).*=
^ Twenty-five specimens.
^ Ten specimens.Average measurements of breeding males from mountains of Virginia (MountainLake), Maryland (Garrett County), and Pennsylvania (Somerset, Mifflin, Clarion,Fayette, Bedford, and Centre counties), respectively, are as follows:
Localitv.
Thirteen breeding males from Virginia. .
.
Five breeding males from MarylandSeven breeding males from Pennsylvania
Wing.
546 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Breeding in mountain districts of Pennsylvania' and southwardalong higher Alleghenies to the Cowee and Black mountains in west-ern North Carolina; Cumlierland Island, Georgia, during migration(one specimen, April l>),and Cuba in winter (Matanzas, one specimen,February 14, 1900).Dendroica arrulescem (not Motarilln arrulescens Gmelin) Brewster, Auk. iii, 1886,174 (Cowee Mts. and Black Mts., w. North Carolina, breeding at 3,200 to 4,500ft.).?LooMis, Auk, X, 1893, 154 (Chester Co., South Carolina; notice ofspecimens with black on back and crown).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila , 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); Auk, xi, 1894, 182(Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Todd, Auk, x, 189:5, 40, 45 (Indi-ana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, l)reeding).
?
Baii.v, Auk, xiii,1896, 295 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding) .?Rive.s, Auk, xv, 1898, 136(West Virginia, l)reeding in spruce belt).Dendrcjeca cceridescens cairnsl Coues, Papers World's Congress ()rn., 1896, 138,footnote {nomen miduni!).JJendroica aerulescens cairrm Coues, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 9(5 (mountains of w.North Carolina; coll. W. Brewster; here first characterized).
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union Committee, .\uk, xiv, 1897, 123.
?
Bangs, Auk, xv,1898, 192 (Cumberland I., (leorgia, 1 spec, Apr. 9; crit.).DENDROICA CORONATA (Linnaeus).MYRTLE WARBLER.Afhdt male hi x})i'in(i and xiiminci'. Al)<)V(' bluish slate-gray, streaked(except sometimes on hindneck) with bhick, the streaks broadest onback and scapulars;- crown with a large, partly concealed, elongatedpatch of bright lemon yellow, the lower rump with a triangular patchof paler 3'ellow; wings l)lack with gray edgings, the middle and greatercoverts rather broadly tipped with white, producing two distinct l)ands;upper tail-cov^erts black margined with slate-gray; tail black with gray*edgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patchof white on inner web, decreasing in size from the outermost to the
^ I am unable to define with any degree of accuracy the respective l')reeding rangesof this form and of J), c. acndescens in Pennsylvania. Among a large series of spec-imens obtained during the breeding season, belonging to the collection of the Biolog-ical Survey, are some which I can not distinguish from typical D. c. cairrtfti (some ofthem apparently extreme examples, even, of that form) from Cambria, Clarion, Elk,Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Indiana, McKean, Somerset, and Westmoreland counties,four of these counties, namely, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, and Somerset, being repre-sented by specimens which I am unable to distinguish from typical D. c. avridescens.Breeding specimens from Garrett County, Maryland, vary in much the same Avay.On the whole, the form is not a very satisfactory one, one of the two characters onwhich it was based (smaller size) failing altogether {D. c. mirusi averaging slightlylarger, in fact, than D. c. cn'ridescenni) , and the other only partially so, since manyspecimens of T>. c cairnHi have little if any black on the back, while many of D. c.cscridescens have quite as much as the average amount sliown in D. c. cainisi.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 547
tliird; a supraloral spot or streak, and a narrow spot on each eyelid,white, tliat on upper eyelid sometimes extended backward above auricu-lar region, sometimes confluent with the white supraloral spot; sidesof head, including- entire loial, suborbital, and auricular regions, uni-form ])lack; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion ofthe last sometimes partly black; chest more or less heavily spotted orclouded with black, this color sometimes nearly uniform; a large patchof light lemon or canary yellow on each side of })reast; median line ofbreast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; betweenthe yellow lateral patches and the white median area of the breast anelongated patch of black, confluent with jugular area, and extendingbackward to the flanks, where broken into l)road streaks; bill ])lack;iris brown; legs and feet dark brown.Adult 7nale in autumn cmd winter.?Very different from the summerplumage; above grayish lirown,with the black streaks concealed, excepton back and scapulars, where much less conspicuous than in simimerplumage; yellow crown-patch concealed by brown tips to the feathers;sides of head brown, like pileum, varied by the same white markingsas in summer plumage, but these less distinct; chin, throat, and chestbrownish white or pale buff'y brown, the last more or less streakedwith l)lack; lateral 3ellow pectoral patches less distinct than in smnmer,usually tinged with brownish and flecked with dusky; black sublateralpectoral areas broken by broad white margins to feathers; wings andtail as in sunnner, but white bands across former more or less brownish.Aduli feinide in spring mid suninier.?Similar to the summer male,but smaller and duller in color; the upper parts tinged (sometimesstrongly) with ])rown; yellow crowutpatch smaller; wing-bands nar-rower; sides of head brown or dusky brownish gray, instead of black;less of black on chest and sides of breast, and yellow lateral pectoralpatches smaller and paler 3^ellow.Adult female in autumn and v:inter.?Similar to the winter male,but smaller; upper parts more decidedly brown, with streaks obsolete,except on back; yellow crown-patch more restricted (sometimes nearlyobsolete); wing-bands, eyelids, etc., pale brown; under parts pale bufl'ybrown anteriorly and laterally, the median portion of breast, abdomen,and under tail-coverts dull yellowish white; yellow patches on sides ofbreast indistinct, sometimes obsolete.Young, first j)lu7nage.?Above distinctly streaked with gra3dshdusky and white; beneath grayish white, streaked with dusky; wingsand tail much as in adults.Adult m?Z6.?Length (skins), 120-140 (129); wing, 70-78 (74.1);tail, 50-60 (56.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-21 (19.6);middle toe. 10.5-13 (12).
^
^ Twenty-five specimens.
548 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult female.?l^ength (skins), 118-140 (130); winjr, 67-75 (70.5);tail, 51.4-59 (56.1); exposed culmen, 8.2-10.4 (1).2); tarsus, 18-19.6(18.7); middle toe, 11.2-12.8 (12).'North America in general, chiefly east and north of Rock}' Moun-tains; breeding- from mountains of western Massachusetts (BerkshireCo.), northeastern New York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Macki-nac Island), Manitoba, etc., to limit of tree-g-rowth (Labrador to west-ern Alaska); wintering from United States (except extreme northernportions) southward to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,and Porto Rico), island of Old Providence (Caribbean Sea), and throughMexico (l)oth coasts) and Central America to Isthmus of Panama; acci-dental in Greenland (three records), eastern Siberia (TschuktschiPeninsula, May); 0(;casional in Bahamas. Said to breed in Jamaica!IMotacilla'] coronata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on Golden-cruinu'd Flycatcher, Muscicapa aiireo verticc, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist.187, pi. 298, fig. 1).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 974.Motacilla coronata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 44.[^Sylvial coronata Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.
?
Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept.,ii, 1807, 24, pis. 78, 79; Nonv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 178; Ene. Meth.,ii, 1823, 426.?Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 138, pi. 17, fig. 4; ii, 356, pi. 45,fig. 3.
?
Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817,636.
?
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 192; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77.?Lesson, Traited'Orn., 1831, 418.?Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Alvaradoand Temascaltepec) ; see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57.
?
Nittall, Man. Orn.U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 361.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 303, pi. 153.?D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 60.
?
Weiz, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., X, 1866,267 (Labrador).Sylincola coronata Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 216.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839,51;Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 23, pi. 76.?GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 155.Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica and Cuba).
?
Jardine,Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Sept. to Dec. 17).
?
Hurdis, Jardine's
* Twenty-one specimens.Western specimens average slightly larger, but the difference is too inconstant tojustify separation, especially in the absence of any difference in color. Averagemeasurements are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549Contr. Orn., 1850,7 (Bermudas, Oct. 30 to Jan. 24).?Martens, Joiirn. fiirOrn., 1850, 213 (Bermudas).?Reinhardt, 'Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439 (Green-land).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1855, 142 (Massachusetts, Jan.); vii, 1859,110 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 251 (Porto Rico); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo);Journ. fiir Orn.. 1866, 184 (Porto Rico).?Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond ,1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).?Bland, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst, for 1859(1860), 287 (Bermudas).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, I860, 307((^i^ba.)?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas); 18<)2, 194,201(Jamaica).[Si/lvicola'] romuata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,307.ifliiiotiUa] coronaia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.IMniotUta] coronaia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3466.Mniotilta vuria Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861,5 (s. Greenland; 3 instances).Rlhimanphus'] coronato Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850,19.Rhimamphus coronaia Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408((jo)._ycLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).Dendroica coronaia Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 8.-Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv.,ix, 1858,272; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 194; Review Am. Birds,1865, 187 '(.Mirador and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban and Duenas, Guatemala;Jamaica; Porto Rico; "Panama").?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,295 (Cordova).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala).?Henry,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico) .?Cooper and Suckley,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1S60, 180 ( Wiudbey I., Washington, Apr.,2 specs.).?BoARDMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breed-ing).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 292 (Jamaica, breeding).?Gundlach, Repert. Fisico.- Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233 (Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn.,1872,413 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,180 (Porto Rico).?Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Dec,Jan. ).?Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Nat. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nuk-lukahyet and Nulato, Alaska).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., i, 1869,547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293(Costa Rica).?Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 {?A Paso Co^,Colorado).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 227,pi. 12, figs. 9, 12.?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 58 (Den-ver, Colorado, May 7-17); Zool. Exped.W. 100th Merid., 1875, 193 (do.).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439(n. New England, breeding).?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 655.?Cory, Auk,iii, 1886, 34; iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea) ; Birds W. L, 1889,48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biininis, Berry Islands,Eleuthera, New Providence, Rum Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, EastCaicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886, 138 (Adirondacks, New York,breeding).?Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 202.?TownsendAuk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska) ; Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223(Red Bluff, May, and Humboldt Bay, fall, n. CaHfornia; "plentiful").?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 140.?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catahna Mts., etc, Arizonaregular migrant); 430 (Key West, Florida, July 28).?Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 246-248 (dates, etc; breeding from n. Minnesota north-ward).?Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 209 (Pacific coast rec-ords).?Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Jan. 19 and Feb.15).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba, breed-ing).?Macfarlane, Proc U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444 (Anderson R.,
550 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Arctic Am., breeding).?EicnMOND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898,484(Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 28 and Feb. 16).?White,Auk, X, 1893,227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).?NurriNCi, Bull. Lab.N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 277 (Chemawavvin, Saskatchewan, breed-ing) .
?
Nehrlincj, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 204, pi. 13, fig. 5.
?
Rhoads,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I. and Washington duringmigration).
?
Allen (F. H.),Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachu-setts, breeding) .
?
Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, com-mon in spring). Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till March27).?Allen(G. M.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Mount Wachusett, Massachusetts,1 spec, July 29).
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Grinnell, Rep. Birds Santa Barljara, etc., 1897, 7 (SantaBarbara I., California, 1 spec. May 15); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45(Los Angeles Co., California, common winter visitant).
?
Dwight, Auk, xvi,1899, 217, pi. 3, upper fig. (sequence of plumages).
?
Stone, Proc. Ac Nat.Sci. Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Tangent, Alaska, June 3).?OscxOod, N. Am.Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).
?
Maillard, Condor, iii, 1901,126 (San Benito Co., California, winter resident). Howell, Auk, xviii,1901, 344 (Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).?BiGELow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30(coasts. Labrador, breeding).[Dendroica coroiuita^ var. coronaUt Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 219.Demlroka coronatu!^ (.jV^Xihxcii, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).Dendra'ca coronata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc Lend., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Jamaica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y.,
viii, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 ( Angostura, Costa Rica); Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec, Jan. ).?Sclaterand Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 ( Panama R. R. ) ; 1870, 836 (SanPedro, Honduras).
?
Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).
?
Duges, LaNaturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).?Cooi'ER, Orn. Cal., 1870,89 (Califor-nia; Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound, Washington).?Newton (A.), Man.Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (3 specs. ).?Coites, Check List, 1873, no. 78;2d ed. 1882, no. 119; Birds N. W., 1874, 57, 232 (Colorado, abundant);Birds Col. Val., 1878, 278.?GrxDLAcn, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65. Brewster,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58 (descr. young); (?) vii, 1882, 137(Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit. ). Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., Nicasio, and Haywards, California);Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 95.?Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,34 (wintering in lower Hudson Valley).
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Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,no. 15, 1879, 74 (Godhavn, Greenland, 1 spec, July 31, 1878); Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182 (e. Maryland, breeding ??) .?Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 127 (Belize, British Honduras; Escuintla,Dueilas, San Geronimo, Coban, and Cahabon, Guatemala; Volcan de Chiri-qui, Veragua; etc.). Jeffries, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 118 (winter-ing at Swampscott, Massachusetts).
?
Beldinc^, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,1879, 405 (Marysville and Murphys, California, Dec. to Feb., abundant).?Cory, Birds I?ahama I., 1880, 59; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151(Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 30.?Allen and Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Apr., com-mon).?Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 267 (Portage Bay, Alaska).?Nelson, Cruise ? ' Corwin, ' ' 1881 (1883 ) , 64 ( Norton Sound, Alaska ) .?Boucard,Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1883, 440 (Izamal, Yucatan).?Fox, Auk, i, 1884,192 (Hollis, New Hampshire, June 25).?McLenegan, Cruise "Corwin,"1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).?Goodale, Auk, ii, 1885, 216 (Pine Point,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 551Maine, Jan. 1; 6 specimens).-Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 311,649 (Repulse Bay and Fort Simpson, arctic Am.; Ciudad Durango, July27 !; Mazatlan; Progreso, Yucatan; etc.).[Dendra'ca] cownata Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.-Cory,List Birds W. I., 1885,8. ..,,.,. nDlendrwca] coronata Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 18S1, 10(,.-C,oues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301. ..o-n^orDendroem coronata Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. FOrh. Stockh., xxvi, 18.0 59b(Porto Rico), 613 (monogr.).-PALMEN, Vega-Exp., 1887, 2.6 (TschuktschiPeninsula, Siberia, May 25, 1879). , , x.- ?iMolacma^ canadensis LiNN^ais, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on F^guwi-cendre de Canada, Ficedula canadensis cinerea, Bnsson, Orn., ni, 51.4, pi. /7,
rPar-1] virgimanus -Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 342 (based on Mesangede Virginie, Parus virginimins, Brisson, Orn., iii, 575; Yellow-rump, Paxusuropvgeo luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pL 58).-LATnAM, Index Orn., u,1790, 567.Paras virgimanus Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 50.[Mntacilla] cincta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980 (based on Bdied TTarWn- Pen-nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 408; Latham, Gen. Synop., n, pt. 2, 48/, etc.)-Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539.UlotaciUa^ umbria Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Fauvetteomhrrc dela Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 162, and Fauvette tachetre de la Lom-siane Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 709, fig. 1).nS'wZiw] ttm?>nVf Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518. x,- , , r,[MotacilJa^ ping^m Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 973 (based on (Mmet II rn-Wn- Pen-nant, Arct. Zool., ii, 1785, 411).[Siilvia'] pinauis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 543.[Sglvia^tiarnpiigia Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 47 (same basis as Parus nr-f/miavm.s- Linnpeus).
_ .? ^-,.^ ? iS,Ma xanthorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xi, 181., 180 (based onYellow-rnrnp, Parus uropygeo luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pL 58)
.
S(/fe?':i'-??</).oroaViEiLLOT,Enc.Meth.,ii, 1823, 444.Dendroica coronata hooveri McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i no. 2 Mar.-Apr (pub. Mar. 15), 1899, 32 (lalo Alto, California, Apr. 16; coll. R. C.McGregor).-BiSHOP, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Glacier, LogCal)in, Caribou Crossing, etc., Alaska; crit.).DENDROICA AUDUBONI AUDUBONI (Townsend).ATIDUBON'S WARBLER.Similar to D. coronata, ]>ut throat yellow (in adults') instoad of white,and with more white on inner webs of rectrices; adult male with auric-ular region bluish gray instead of black, with a large and conspicuous
1 In some young females^iTtheir first autumn or winter there is absolutely no traceof yellow on the throat. Such specimens can be distinguished' from immaturefemales of P. coronata only by the decidedly greater amount of white on the innerwebs of the outermost rectrices, P. auduhoni having four to five thus marked, whi ein P. coronata there are only two to three. As a rule, immature specimens of ZXauduboni are very slightly grayer brown, and less distinctly streaked, above, but thedifference is by no means constant.
552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
white patch covering- middle and greater wing-coverts, and with awhite subterminal patch on inner webs of four to five outermost rec-trices; females and j'oung also with a white subterminal patch or spoton inner web of four to five outermost rectrices.Adult male in spring and summer.?Above bluish slate-gray,streaked, except sometimes on supra-auricular region, occiput, andhindneck, with black, the streaks l)roadest on back, scapulars, andupper tail-coverts, where partaking more of the character of triangularor wedge-shaped central spots; crown with a large central elongatedpatch of rich lemon or gamboge yellow; lower rump with a triangularpatch of lighter lemon or canary yellow; wings black, the middle andgreater coverts very broadly tipped with white, the latter also broadlyedged with white, forming a large and conspicuous wing-patch, theremiges narrowly edged with gray (broader on tertials); tail black withbluish gray edgings (becoming white on outermost rectrix); inner websof four to live outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch ofwhite, decreasing in size inwardly; sides of head bluish slate-gray,like general color of upper parts, darkening (sometimes into nearlyblack) on suborbital region and lores, and relieved l>y a white spot onupper eyelid (sometimes small and restricted to posterior portion) anda larger one on lower eyelid; chin and throat bright lemon or gam])ogeyellow; chest l)lack, or mixed black and gray; median portion ofbreast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; sides ofbreast, next to median white space, black, forming a large patch, con-fluent anteriorly with the black or partly black jugular area, and con-tinued posteriorly over sides and flanks in broad streaks; a large patchof yellow on each side of breast outside the ])lack area; bill black; irisbrown; legs and feet dark brown or brownish black.Adult male in autumn or winter.?Much duller and browner thanthe summer male, and showing much less of black, that of chest andsides mostly overlaid by broad tips or margins to the feathers ofbrownish white; gray of upper parts much obscured by a wash ofbrown, and white wing-markings tinged with brown.Adultfemale in spring and summer.?Essentially like the summermale in coloration, but much duller and with less of black on underparts; grav of upper parts duller, usually more or less tinged withbrown; yellow crown-patch smaller, more or less broken by brown oi'brownish gray tips to feathers; middle and greater wing-coverts morenarrowly tipped with duller white or pale brownish gray, the latternot edged with white; yellow of throat paler, usually passing intowhite on chin; chest and sides of breast white or pale grayish, more orless heavily spotted or clouded with black; lateral pectoral patchessmaller and paler yellow.Adult female in autumn and vnnter.?Similar to the winter male,but smaller and still duller in color, the back without sharply defined
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 553
streaks of black, yellow of throat and lateral pectoral patches palerand more restricted, and chest and sides of breast without sharpl}^detined partly concealed black spots.Young rnale hi fird autumn and vulnter.?Similar to the Avinterfemale and not with certainty distinguishable (?), but with throat veryslightly tinged with 3^ellow, sometimes without a trace of this color/Young^ first j^lxmage.?Al)ove thickl}^ streaked with dusk}- on apale brownish gray ground color, the latter here and there incliningto grayish white, the streaks broader and more blackish on back andscapulars; lower rump grayish white, narrowly streaked with dusky;under pai"ts grayish white, everywhere streaked with dusky.Adult m?^^.?Length (skins), 122-137(130); wing, 75-81 (77.3); tail,53-61.5 (58.3); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-22 (20.5);middle toe, 11.5-14 (12.5). '^Adultfemale.?Length, (skins), 122-129 (126.1); wing, 73-78 (75.4);tail, 54-59 (56.7); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 19-21 (20.1);middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.3).=*Western North America, north to British Columbia, east to westernborder of the (rreat Plains; breeding southward (in coniferous woodson high mountains) to southern California (Los Angeles and San Ber-nardino counties), northern Arizona, and New Mexico, eastward towestern Nebraska (Sioux County), Wyoming (Black Hills, etc.) andColorado; wintering from western United States (in lower valleys)southward over whole of Mexico (including Lower California) to high-lands of Guatemala (Totonicapam; San Geronimo), eastward to westernTexas (Concho and Tom Green counties. Ft. Davis, etc.), westernKansas, etc.; accidental in Massachusetts (Cambridge, 1 spec, Nov.15, 1876) and Pennsjdvania.St/lvia auduboni Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 ("forestsof the Columbia River;" type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1839, 153.Sylvia audubonii Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 52, pi. 395.Sylvicola auduboni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
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Audubon, Syn-opsis, 1839, 52.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 414.?Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. PMla.,i, 1847, 37.Sylvicola audubonii Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 26, pi. 77.
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Wood-house, in Sitgreaves' Rep. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 71.M[niotilta'] auduboni Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[MniotiUa'] auduboni Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3467.Dcndroica auduboni Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (La Parada,Oaxaco, s. Mexico).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 229, pi. 13, fig. 1.?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 12, 17 (Car-son City and Truckee Valley, Nevada, winter).
?
Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W.
' In this stage to be distinguished from the corresponding stage of D. coronata byhaving white subterminal spots on four to five, instead of two to three, outermostrectrices.^Twelve specimens. * Eight specimens.
554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES N\TI()NAL MUSEUM.100th Merid., 1875, 194 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, andArizona; habits).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Cam-bridge, Masisachusetts, 1 spec, Nov. 15, 1876).
?
American Ornithologists'Un.-N, Check List, 1886, no. 656.?Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus..ix, 1886, 137 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec.).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i,1886,257 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec, Nov. 15, 1876).?Bryant, Bull.Cal. Ac Sci., ii, 1887, 307 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, 2 specs., Dec,Jan. ).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (w. Kansas; San Angelo,Texas, May 3 and Oct. 1; Tom Green an<l C-oncho counties, Texas, in fall;Fort Davis, Texas, Nov. 3).?Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 210(breeding in San Bernardino Mts., etc., California.
?
Meakxs, Auk, vii, 1890,261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 553(w. Kansas during migration).
?
Palmer (T. S.), Auk, ix, 1892,310 (StevensPrairie, Grays Harbor, Washington, Apr. 22, 1 spec. ; Aberdeen, abt. Aug.14).- JouY, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Guadalajara, Mexico,"common all winter").
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc, i, 1893, 207.
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Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (British Columbia).
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Grinnell,Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles County, California, summerresid. in higher mountains).
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Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Ft. Sherman,n. w. Idaho, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
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Nelson, N. x4m. Fauna, no. 14,1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).?Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 237 (BlackHills, Wyoming, breeding).?Barlow, Condor, iii, 1901, 177 (high SierraNevada, breeding; descr. nest and eggs) .?Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn., Un.,2d. ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska, breeding). Crawford.Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d. ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska,breeding).Dendroira audubonii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 273; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 195; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 10( Janos and Boca Grande, Mexico; San Bernardino, California) ; Review Am.Birds, 1865, 188 (Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).
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Cooper and Suckley, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 181 (Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom,etc., Washington).
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Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,i, 1869, 547 (Teca-maluca, near Orizaba, Vera Cruz, in winter). Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado, May 7-17), 75 (near Fort Gar-land, Colorado, June), 102 (Apache, Arizona, Sept. 1, and Gila R., NewMexico, Oct. 11).Dendrd'ca auduboni Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 250 (Orizaba, VeraCruz); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Mexi(;o).?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 273 (near Totonicapam and San Geronimo,Guatemala, Nov.). Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).
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Coues, CheckList, 1873, no. 79; 2d ed., 1882, no. 120; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 271.?Trippe,in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado, breeding from 9,500 ft. to tim-ber line; habits; notes). Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269(Tepic; Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).?Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 433(localities in Nevada and Utah; breeding in pine belt on mountains, winter-ing in valleys).
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Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Cambridge,Mass., 1 spec, Nov.).
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Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Lake Co.,Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).
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Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220(Seven Lakes, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs). Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 128.?Ridgway, Noin. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.96.?Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 205 (Big Horn Mts., Montana;descr. nest and eggs). Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (Vic-toria Mts., Lower California, winter), 537 (La Paz).?Goss, Bull. Nutt.
r^KKBIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 00Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 187 (Fort Wallace, w. Kansas, 2 specs.. May 27); Auk,i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, w. Kansas, several in Oct.)-?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., x, 1885, 315, 650 (La Parada, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango; Presidio,near Mazatlan; Totonicapam and San Geronimo, Guatemala, etc.).[Dendrceca] auduboni Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D[endrceca] auduboni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302.Dmdrceca auduhonii CovKii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1866, 69 (Fort Wliip-ple, Arizona); Birds N. W., 1874, 58.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 88.? lliiHi-WAY, Nom. N. Am. Bird.s, 1881, no. 96.[Dcndrfrcd] audubonii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100.Dendrceca audubonii Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (California; Mexico).Dendroicn audubonis Baird, Ives' Rep. Col. R., pt. vi, 1861, 5.Deyidroeca auduboni Sunpevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. FiJrh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 613(monogr. ).Dendroica coronata . . . var. fmfZ?6o)i/ Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873,180 (Colorado).[Dendroica (oronata'\ var. auduboni Baird, Brewer, and Rid(;\vay, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 219.{!) Dendrwca coronata (not Motacilla coronata Gmelin?) Brewster, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit.).DENDROICA AUDUBONI NIGRIFRONS' (Brewster).BLACK-FRONTED WARBLER.Similar to I), a. aucktboni, l)ut larofer luid imick darker in color.Adult male in spring and summer with forehead, sides of crown, andauricular region black, instead of bluish slate-gray; back black, withfeathers narrowly margined with bluish gray; foreneck, chest, wholebreast (except lower median portion and lateral yellow patches) unifonuvblack. Winter male with less black on upper parts, the foreheadmerely streaked with black, but differing from the same stage of i>. a.auduhoni in having the bluish gray of upper parts >very little, if any,stained with brown, and the ])lack of under parts merely l)roken byrather narrow whitish tips to the feathers. Adult female more heavilystreaked with black above on a darker ground color. Young (in tirstplumage) much more heavily streaked with dusky, both al)ove andbelow.Adult maZ^;.?Length (skins), 127-141 (137.7); wing, 77.5-84.1(80.5);^ tail, 57.0-64.3 (62); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.5); tarsus,19-19.'6 (19.3); middle toe, 12.4-12.9 (12.7).^lA breeding male from mountains near head of Pecos River, New Mexico, isexactly intermediate between D. auduboni and D. nigrifrons, thus proving intergrada-tion between the two forms.^Four of the specimens measured are in worn midsummer plumage with tips ofprimaries abraded; specimens in good plumage would show considerably greateraverage length of wing.
^ Five specimens.
556 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adnltf,'/)iale.?~Length (skins), 127-129.5 (128.3); win^v, 75.4-77.2(76.2); tail, 57.4-59.7 (60.7); exposed culinen, 8.9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus,18.5-19 (18.8); middle toe, 11.9-J3.2 (12.7).'Dendroica nigrifrons Brewster, Descr. Sup. New Species Birds from Western N.Am. and Mexico, Jan. 31, 1889, 94; Auk, vi, no. 2, Apr., 1889, 94 (PinosAltos, Chihuahua, Mexico; coll. W. Brewster); Auk,ix, 1892, j)]. 1.
?
[Ai.i.kn],Auk, ix, 1892, 207.?Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, 109 (aiiricalma and IIiKi.liucaMts., H. Arizona, June).Mountains of southern Arizona (Chiricahua and Huachuco ranges)and southward throuoh mountains of (^hihuahua to Durango (El Salto,Jul}^; Cerro I'rieto, Sept.).
DENDROICA AUDUBONI GOLDMANI (Nelson).GOLDMAN'S WARBLER.Similar to D. a. iugrlfrons, but still darker. Adult male in winterplumage with entire head (except 3'ellow crown patch, chin, and throat)uniform deep ])lack; yellow crown-patch passing posterioi-ly into awhite occipital spot; chin and a large spot at posterodateral portion ofthroat also white.Adult male.?Length (skin), 13!>.7; wing, 82.8; tail, <)<?,3; exposedculmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 14.
~
Highlands of western Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol, ,January 4).Dendruico goldinani Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 06 (Hacienda Cliancol, Guate-mala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
DENDROICA NIGRESCENS (Townsend).BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER,Throat black, or whitish with has(\s of feathers grayish dusky; sidesof head striped with white and l)la('k or white and grayish, the tirst asa broad supra-auricular stripe and malar stripe (the former extendinganteriorly to above eyes, the latter extending to sides of neck); asmall yellow supraloral spot; under parts of bod}^ white, streakedlaterally with black or dusky; upper parts gray, with or without blackstreaks on back; wing with two white bands.Adult male in sprtiuj and, suuimer.?Head uniform black, relievedby a })road supra-auricular stripe of white (extending anteriorly toabove middle of eye), a small supraloral spot of yellow, and a broad
' Four specimens.
^ Measurements of the type specimen, the only one seen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 557
malar stripe of white, extending- from base of mandible to sides ofneck, anteriorly confluent on chin; whole throat and chest uniformblack; rest of under parts white, broadl\" streaked laterall}^ with black;hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-gray orplumbeous, more or less streaked (except on hindneck, and sometuneson rump) with bhick; wings and tail black or dusky with gray edgings,the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, form-ing two conspicuous wing-bands; inner webs of two outermost rectricesmostly (sometimes entireW) white, the third rectrix with terminal halfor more white, the fourth also with more or less white on terminalportion; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet duslvy brown, sometimesnearly black.Adult male hi axdmnn and tointer.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but gray of upper parts tinged with brown, and withblack streaks apparent only on back and upper tail-coverts, where moreor less concealed.Adult fenude in spring and summer.?Sometimes scarcely differentfrom the adult male, having the pileum and whole throat uniformblack, as in that sex, but with gray of upper parts duller; usually,however, with the pileum gray (except laterally), streaked with l)lack;the throat mostly white (the feathers dusky or grayish beneath thesurface) with more or less of a black or dusky patch on each side oflower throat; white of under parts less pure, with streaks on sides andflanks narrower and less deeply black (grayish dusky); gray of upperparts duller, with dusky streaks on back and upper tail-coverts muchnarrower, sometimes nearly obsolete.Adidtfemale in fall and winter.?Similar to the summer dress butplumage much softer, and dusky streaks on back and upper tail-covertsobsolete or entirely wanting.Ymmg male in first autumn and winter.?Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but gray of upper parts more stronglywashed with brown, pileum brownish gray except laterally and ante-riorly, streaks on back and upper tail-coverts obsolete or concealed,black of throat broken by whitish tips to the feathers, and white ofunder parts tinged with j^ellowish.Young female in first autumn and winter.?Above plain brownishgray (mouse gray), including pileum, the latter margined laterallywith dusky; otherwise as in adult female of corresponding season, butgeneral dull white of under parts stronglj^ tinged with brown, espe-cially on sides and flanks, where the dusky streaks are less distinct.Adult ;w?Zg.?Length (skins), 105-118^ (112.5); wing, 59.6-66.6(62.2); tail, 48.8-55 (50.5); exposed culmen, 8.2-9.6 (9.2); tarsus,16.8-1S.8 (17.7); middle toe, 9.8-11.2 (10,3).^
^Ten specimens.
r)5<S HULLPJTIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adtdt fenwJe.?hi^ngih (skin.s), 107-122 (111.9); wing, 54.2-62.8(5'J.l); tail, 47-51 (4S.<?); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.6 (9.1); tarsus,16.6-17.6 (17.3); middle toe, 9.6-10.8 (10.1).^AVestern United States, north to Colorado (El Paso County; FortGarland), Utah (U^nitah Mountains). Nevada (East Humboldt Moun-tains), and Vancouver Island; breeding southward to southern Cal-ifornia (mountains of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties),Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), and southern Ari-zona (Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains); in winter southwardthrough Mexico t(^ States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz.Sylvia nigrcHccns Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 ("forestsof the Columbia River;" type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Narrative,1839, 341.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 57, pi. 395; Synopsis, 1839, 60.Vermivora nigrescens Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
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Nuttall,Man. Orii. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 471.S)/lricola nigreiiceyis Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 62, pi. 94.
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Duces,La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajnato, Mexico).ISi/liy'K'ola'] nigrescens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.}f[)ii(iliha'] nigrescens GiiAY, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mtilotilta] nigrescetw Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3470.R\Jiimanphus] nigrescens Cabanis, Mas. Hein., i, 1850, 20 (Mexico).Dendroica nigrescens Bairt), Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 270; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 192; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 186.?Sci,ater, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mar.).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).?Heer-MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (localities in California).
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Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California.?Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 180 (PugetSound and Fort Steilacoom, Washington).
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Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).
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Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., XV, 1872, 197 (El Paso Co., Colorado) .?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst.,V, 1873, 180 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 20 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, breeding),32 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 258, pi. 12, fig. 8; iii, 1874, 506 (El Paso Co., Colo-rado).?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 75 (FortGarland, Colorado, June 25), 103 (Apache and White Mts., Arizona, Aug.,Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 198 (Santa Fe, New Mexico, Aug.
^ Eight specimens.Specimens from the Pacific coast tlistrict average slightly smaller than those fromthe Rocky Mountain plateau, averages of two series being as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 559
16; Camp Apache, Camp C'ritteuden, Bowie Agency, and White Mts.,Arizona, Aug.)-?Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co., Oregon,breeding); Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower CaUfornia,breeding in pine belt).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 665.?TowNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (n. California;descr. nest and eggs).?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., s. Arizona,breeding).
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Belding, Lan.l Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 212 (breeding in SanBernardino Mts., California).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,225.?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I. ).?Grin-NELi; (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles Co., California,summer resid. on mts. up to 6,000 ft.).T)[nidroica'] nigreacens Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 507.Doidro'ca nigresceiis Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Oaxaca).
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Coues, Ibis,1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 69 (Fort.Whipple,Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 75; 2d ed., 1882, no. 116; Birds N. W., 1874,55, 232; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 263.?Cooper, Orn. Cal. 1870, 90.?Riixjway,Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 433 (e. Humboldt and Ruby Mts., Nevada, andUintah Mts., Utah; breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 105.?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 136.
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Brewster, Auk, ii,1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; descr. yomig female).
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Sharps, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 29^, 646 (Puebla, Mazatlan, Presidio, etc., Mexico,etc.).T>t')idroeca nigrescens Sundevall, Of v. k. Vet.-Akad. F(')rh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,610 (monogr.).[Dendneca'] mgresceuii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98. Sclater aixl Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D\_aidr(eca] nigrescens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, '2d ed., 1884, 300.Si/lvicola tristis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 472 (mouthof Wilamette River, Oregon)
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Sglvia halseii GiRAUD, Siyiteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, fol. 11, pi. 3, fig. 1(=autumnal female; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).iSglvicola nigricans (lapsus for vigreScens) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii,1855, 309 (New Mexico).DENDROICA TOWNSENDI (Townsend).TOWNSENDS WARBLER.Adult male in. Hprliuj and summer.?Pileuui, hindneck, lorai andauricular regions, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform ])Iack; a broadsuperciliary stripe, broad malar stripe (curving upward behind auric-ular region, and confluent with posterior extremity of the superciliarystripe), a suborbital spot, lower chest, and breast clear lemon yellow;abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks heavilystreaked with black, the more anterior streaks confluent w4th the blackthroat-patch at its latero-posterior angles; under tail-coverts with amedian streak of blackish; back, scapulars, rump, and shorter uppertail-coverts yellowish olive-green, each feather with a central, more orless wedge-shaped or sagittate spot of black, these markings more orless concealed on rump; longer upper tail-coverts black centrally,broadl}^ margined with slate-gray ; wings and tail blackish with light-
560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped withwhite, forming two conspicuous bars across wing; inner webs of threelateral rectrices extensivels' white terminally, this occupying the ter-minal half or more of the outermost rectrix; bill blackish, with palertomia; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brownish (in dried skins).Adult male In aatumn and wlntei'.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, l)ut all the black areas much l)roken or obscured; thatof pilcum and hindncck by broad oliv^e-green margins to the feathers,the black forming mesial or central streaks, that of the auricular patchoverlaid bj^ olive-greeu tips to the feathers, and that of the throatreplaced by nearly uniform lemon yellow, with black appearing asspots or blotches on sides of chest; black streaks of back, etc., more orless concealed.Young 'itiale in first autv/inn and wmtcr.?Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but black streaks on pileum, back, etc., obso-lete, and yellow of throat paler.Advit female m spring and summer.?Very similar in coloration tothe autumn and winter adult male, but black streaks on upper partsmuch narrower (sometimes nearly obsolete, usually mere shaft-lines),the streaks on sides also usually narrower, sometimes indistinct; pileumsometimes blackish, and throat often blotched with black, occasionallyextensively so.Adult female in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring andsummer plumage, but upper parts slightl}' browner olive-green, withthe streaks obsolete, or nearly so; sides and flanks tinged with brownish.Young female in first autumn and winter.?Similar to the adultfemale of corresponding season, but the yellow paler and the markingsin general less distinct.Adxdt'male.?\^^\\^\h (skins), 107-122 (114.1); wing, 65-69 (67.2);tail. 18-51 (50); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 18-19 (18.8); mid-dle toe, 10-12 (11).^Adxdt female.?lj^x^^\k (skins), 108-125 (116.2); wing, 63-66 (64.5);tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7);middle toe, 9-11 (10).'Western North America; breeding from mountains of southern Cal-ifornia to Alaska (Skagway, Glacier, west shore of Lake Lebarge,south end of Lake Marsh, etc.), eastward to eastern Oregon (CampHarney), northwestern Idaho (Fort Sherman), etc. ; during migrationeastward to Rocky Mountains (Colorado, etc.), western Texas (TomGreen and San Angelo counties), and southward over western andand central Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Duenas), Tres MariasIslands, and extremity of Lower California. Accidental near Phila-delphia, Pennsylvania (one specimen, spring of 1868).
^ Five specimens, '?' Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561Sylvia toumsendi "(Nuttall)" Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, pt. ii,1837, 191 ("forests of the Columbia River"); viii, 1839, 153.?Audubon,Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 36, pi. 393, fig. 1.Sylvicola townsendi Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
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Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 59; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 59, pi. 92.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 446.[Si/lricola'] (ovMsendiBojiAPAKTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.Mluiotilta] toimsendii Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.\_MnwtUta] townsendii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3469.Sylvicola townsendii Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 35 (Alaska).Dendroica toumsendii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 269; Cr '. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 191; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 185.?Sclater and Salvin,Ibis, 1859, 11 (Dueiias, Guatemala, winter).
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Cooper and Suckley, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 179 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Cali-fornia).?TuRNBULL, Birds E. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, 53 (nearPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, accidental).
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Nelson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14,1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).Dendrioca townsendi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (highlandsof Oaxaca in winter); 1859, 374 (Totontepec, Oaxaca, Jan.).
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Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 265, pi. 12, fig. 7; iii,1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, Apr.).
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Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W.100th Merid., 1875, 200 (Conejos and mouth of Navajo Creek, Colorado, Aug.,Sept,; Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. 24-29).?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst.,vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 8), 24 (Thousand SpringValley, Nevada, Sept. 24).?Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N, H., 1877, 114(Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 668.
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Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887,296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, breeding?).?Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist Coll.Alaska, 1897, 203 (upper Dejah Valley and Sitka, Alaska).
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Scott, Auk, v,1888, 35 (Pinal andCatalinaMts., Arizona, Sept., Nov.).?Cooke, BirdMigr.Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (San Angelo and Tom Green Co., Texas).
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Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 230.?Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (SanPedro Martir Mts., Lower California, Apr. 23; Valledares, May 3); Auk,xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California, 1 spec. May 7). Grinnell,Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May16); Auk, XV, 1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska, 3 specs., Aug. 14).?Merrill, Auk,XV, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, May, June).
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Bishop, N. Am.Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Alaska, May 31 ; Glacier, s. end LakeMarsh, and w. shore Lake Lebarge, Alaska).?Osgood, N. Am. Fauna,no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, Apr., July).D[endroica'] toivnsendi Rmovi'ay , Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 512.Dendraca townsendi Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,1879, 117 (Santa Cruz, California, Nov. 3to Jan. 1); Check List, 2d ed., 1882,no. 114; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 260.?Sclater, Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.).?Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 432 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 108.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 141(Volcan de Fuego and Coban, Guatemala, etc.). Brewster, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Apr.,May).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 545 (Miraflores, LowerCalifornia).
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Henshaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico,fall migr.).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 299, 647.Dendrceca townsendii Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Oaxaca; Duefias, Guate-mala).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 91.?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 73.365i?VOL 2?01 36
562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dendrocca tnimsendi Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610(monogr. ).\_Dendrceca'] toimsend'd Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.l^Dendrrecii] tovmsejidi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 9.[Dendra'ca] townsendi Coues, Key N. Am. Bird.s, 2d ed., 1884, 299.DENDROICA VIRENS iGmelin).BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.Advlt male in spring and summer.?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapu-lars, and rump plain yellowish olive-green, the back sometimes (morerarely the pileum and rump also) narrowly streaked with black, andthe forehead sometimes with an elongated or oval median spot of yel-lowish; sides of head and neck, including whole malar region and abroad superciliary stripe, clear lemon-yellow, relieved by a more orless broad postocular streak of olive-green, this sometimes involvinggreater part of the auricular region; chin, throat, and chest (some-times sides of In-east also) uniform l^lack, the first sometimes partly3'ellow; rest of under parts white or yellowish white, the breast usu-alW tinged (sometimes strongly) with A^ellow; sides and flanks heavilystreaked with black, the more anterior of these streaks usually con-fluent with the black throat-patch at its postero-lateral portions; wingsand tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous l)arsacross wing; inner webs of two lateral rectrices mostly white, that ofthe third with a large white terminal spot, the two outermost withouter webs extensively white; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feetdark horn brown (in dried skins).Adult male in autumn andvnMcv.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but with feathers of the black throat-patch narrowlytipped, or margined terminallv, with whitish.^Adult female in i<pri'ug and summer.?Similar to the adult male ofcorresponding season, but chin and more or less of throat usuallywhitish or pale yellowish, the black of lower throat (if present there)and chest more or less broken (sometimes almost hidden) by whitishtips or terminal margins to the feathers; sides of breast never (?) uni-form black.Young nude in first autmnn andtointer.?Very similar in colorationto the adult female, but olive-green of upper parts and yellow on sidesof head brighter, and under parts more strongly tinged with yellow.Adult {i) female i)i autumn and irinter.?Similar to the spring andsummer plumage, but throat pale dull yellowish, more or less spottedor blotched laterally and posteriorly with dusky olive, yellow on sidesof head paler, and dusky streaks on sides and flanks less distinct.
^ These whitish terminal margins sometimes persist until April, but usually disap-pear before then.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563Young tnal<\ first plumage.?''Remigcs and rectrices as in adult;greater and median wing-coverts just tipped with soiled white, formingtwo very narrow, indistinct wing-bands. Rest of upper parts darkslaty-lirown, each feather of the back edged with l)right greenish.Superciliar}' stripes (just meeting in a narrow line on the forehead),eyelids, maxillary line, and chin, bright yellow. Sides of head darkslate; under parts soiled white, each feather on the breast and sideswith a terminal spot of black; on the throat and jugulum these spotsbecome large blotches of dark slate, the feathers being just tipped andedged with light 3'ellow. From a specimen in my collection shot atCambridge, Massachusetts, July 30, 1875. Like most of the previouslydescribed young warblers, this bird has a narrow central line of yellowfeathers extending down the throat and jugulum to the breast."^Adult male.? IjQwgih. (skins), 110-120 (113.6); wing, 61-61 (63.8);tail, 45-49 (IT. 8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18 (17.3);middle toe, 9-11 (10.2).^Adult female.?Length (skins), 104-115 (108.9); wing, 58-61 (60):tail, 45-47 (46); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-19 (17.7); mid-dle toe, 9-11 (10.1).^Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, shores and islands ofGulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, southern shores of HudsonBay, etc.; breeding southward to mountains of Connecticut, NewYork, and Pennsylvania, northeastern Illinois (?), and along higherAlleghenies to eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, etc., 4,000 feet),western North Carolina (Black Mountains, above 5,000 feet), andnorthwestern South Carolina (Pickens County); west to edge of theGreat Plains; in winter south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isleof Pines, Jamaica, Dominica, Guadeloupe) and through easternMexico (including island of Cozumel) and Central America to Isthmusof Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad). Accidental insouthern Greenland (Julianshaab, one specimen, 1853) and Heligoland(October 1, 1858).\^Motacilla] virens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 985 (based on The Black-throatedGreen Warbler, Muscicapa viridis gutture nigro Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist.,ii, 190, pi. 300, up. fig.).[Siflvia'l cirens Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.
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Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii,1807, 33, pi. 92; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 179; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823,440.
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Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 127, pi. 17, fig. 3.
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Stephens, Shaw's Gen.Zool., X, 1817, 740.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 192;Ann. Lye, N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832,376.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 70, pi. 399.?Gatke, Naumannia, 1858,423 (Heligoland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 108 (do.).Si/lvicola virens Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 279.
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Richardson, Rep.Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,22.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 42, pi. 84.?
' Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, p. 57.
^ Nine specimens. ^ Seven specimens.
564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.WooDHousE, Rep. Sitgreaves' Exy>. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Indian Territory and Texas).
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Reinhardt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 426 (Greenland).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).
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Brewer, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).ISj/lvicola] virens BoTSiAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.M[niotilta'\ virem Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.MniotUta virms Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Julianshaab, Greenland).[^fnio^iltar\ virens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3482.I\[him(i)ip]ms'] xnrens Cabanls, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico).i2/nwamp7?<s t'irens GuNDLACH, Journ. fiirOrn., 1855, 474 (Cuba). Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Mexico).Dendroica virens Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 267; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 189; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (China,Tamaulipas); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 182 (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Tactic andCoban, Guatemala).
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Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova,Vera Cruz); 1859, 373 (Talea and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).
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Sclater andSalvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Duenas, Guatemala).
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Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn.,1861, .326 (Cuba); 1872, 413; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233.?Law-rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ).
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Sumi-chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz, winter).?Frant-zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).
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Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 261, pi. 12, fig. 4.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (New England, breeding).
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Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan) ; Orn.Ills., i, 1889, 151.?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886, 1^0 (OneidaCo., New York, 1)reeding; descr. nest and eggs).
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Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886,174 (Black Mts., North Carolina, breeding above 5,000 ft.). Cory, Auk, iii,1886, 37; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Watlings I., Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica;Dominica).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 667.Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Tezuitlan, Puebla,Nov.).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Mississippi Valley localitiesand dates) .?Palmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (MinganIslands).
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Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida,rare migr. ). Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 128 ( Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed-ing); viii, 1891, 331 (Cpesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).
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Cherrie,Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica 1 spec, Nov.); viii, 1891, 278 (CostaRica) .?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-vania, breeding). Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Armstrong coun-ties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clearfieldcounties, Pennsylvania, breeding).
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White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac!.,Michigan, abundant summer resid.).
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Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xvi, 1893,777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, common, Sept.).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds,etc, i, 1893, 228, pi. 12, fig. 6.?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 496(Roan Mt., up to 4,000 ft., and Sawyers Springs, Tennessee, breeding).?Young, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Pottsville, etc., Pennsylvania, breeding). Bailv,Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).?Rives, Auk, xv,1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).
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Fleming, Auk, xviii,1901, 44 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, common summer resid. ).D[endroica] virens Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 510.Dendrceca virens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,29 (Guatemala); Ibis, 1865,89 (crit.).?Sclater andSalvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).?Dresseb, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565
ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia, Barranca, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica); Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,54,48(3 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles) ; viii, 1885,622(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).
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Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1870, 182(Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua). Allen, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool., ii, 1871,269 (e. Florida, Mar.).?Coue.s, Check List, 1873, no. 71; 2d ed.,1882, no.112; Birds N. W., 1874, 54; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 240.?Newton, Man. Nat.Hist. Greenl., 1875, 97 (Julianshaab, 1 spec. 1853) .?Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, 180(Heligoland, Oct. 1, 1858).-Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,1876,15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec, Jan.).
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Gundlach, Orn. Cuba, 1876,64.
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Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57 (descr. young); Proc Bost.Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I. and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia,summer).
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Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879,552 (Jamaica).
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Ridgway,Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 107.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1881,137 (San Geronimo, Tactic, and Coban, Guatemala, etc).
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Nutting, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica).Brown (N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas,Mar.).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 297, 647 (n. Yucatan;Irazu district, Costa Rica, etc. )
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Dendroeca virenn Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Fijrh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611(monogr. ).[Dendrceca'] virens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97.
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Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,9.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885,8.D[endr(eca'] vlrois Nklson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876,100,152 (n. e. Illinois, afew breeding).
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Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298.DENDROICA CHRYSOPARIA Sclater and Salvin.GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER.Adxdt male in spring and summer.?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapu-lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform black, usuall}" slig-htlyintermixed on rump with olive-green or gray, sometimes (in 3 oungerindividuals?) the rump mostly or even wholly olive-green and thescapulars and interscapulars margined with olive-green;^ center offorehead usually with a yellow spot or streak; sides of head and neck,including whole malar region, auricular region (except upper margin),and a broad superciliary stripe, clear rich lemon yellow, relieved by apostocular streak of black (widening into a spot behind auricularregion) and a spot or line of black immediately in front of eye; chin,throat, upper chest, and sides of breast uniform black; rest of underparts white (without yellow tinge), the sides and flanks heavily streakedwith black; wings and tail black, with narrow light gray edgings, themiddle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, formingtwo distinct bands across wing; three outermost rectrices with innerwebs mostly white, the fourth with a white spot near tip, the threeoutermost with outer webs edged with white toward base.
^ Some spring males (perhaps birds of the preceding year) have the pileum uniformblack only laterally, the feathers of the median portion being more or less broadlyedged or margined with olive-green.
566 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adxdt male in rndtimn and vnnttr.?Similar to the spring- and sum-mer phimaoe, but feathers of black throat-patch narrowly marginedwith white or pale yellowish.Young male hijirxt autumn and^ tninter.?Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, andrump streaked with olive-green and black; upper tail-coverts marginedwith olive-green and gray; general color of wings and tail duller black,and white tips of middle wing-coverts with a narrow shaft-streak ofblack.Adidt female in spring and summer.?Pileum, hindneck, back, scap-ulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-green, more or less distinctlystreaked with black; chin and more or less of throat yellow,' the lowerthroat whitish or pale yellow, more or less blotched with black, theupper chest sometimes similar, usually with more black, occasionallyuniform black; otherwise similar to the male, but general color ofwings and tail grayish dusky instead of black, white wing-bands nar-rower (that across middle coverts with blackish shaft-streaks), andblack streaks on sides and flanks narrower.Young female in first autumn and winter.?Similar to the adultfemale but pileum, hindneck, ])ack, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green, or with very indistinct narrow streaks ofdusk}' on pileum and back; throat and chest pale grayish (the feathersdusky beneath surface), the former tinged with yellow anteriorly; sidesand flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky.Young , firstj^lumage.^?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, andupper tail-coverts plain grayish brown or Ijrownish gray; sides of head,chin, throat, chest, and sides pale brownish graj^; rest of under partwhite, the breast very indistinctly streaked with pale gray; wings andtail essentiallv as in adults, but middle coverts with a mesial wedge-shaped mark of dusky.Adult male.^hewgih (skins), 117-123 (120); wing, 62.2-65.6 (64);tail, 51.8-54.6(53.1); exposed culmen, 9.2-10.2 (9.8); tarsus, 17.4-18.6(18.4); middle toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.8).='Adultfemale.?Length (skins), 116-125 (120); wing, 58-61.6 (60.4);tail, 47.6-52.2(50.8); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.6 (10); tarsus, 17.6-18.8(18.4); middle toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).='Western, central, and southern Texas (north to Tom Green, Concho,and Bosque counties, east to Comal, Bexar, and Medina counties), andsouthward through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Tactic,Vera Paz). Southern limits of breeding range unknown.Dendroeca chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 298(Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).
?
Salvin and
^ More rarely the chin and throat are black, but with the feathers more or lessbroadly tipped with pale yellowish or white.
^ Sex undetermined. ?* Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AT^D MIDDLE AMERICA. 567ScLATER, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Tactic).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358, part, insynonymy; Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit. ), 237 (San Antonio, Texas).
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Dresser, Ibis,1865, 477, (Medina E., Texas).?Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., i, 1876, 181,pi. 23, 3 figs.?CouEs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241, footnote; Check List, 2d ed.,1882, no. 115.?PuRDiE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 60 (Bosque Co.,Texas).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 77 (Comal Co., Texas;habits).?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 106.^
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Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 139.?Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vii, 1882, 36(Boerne, s. w. Texas; habits, etc.).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,295, 647.?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 225.Dendroica chrymparia Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,ix, 1886, 137 (Te/Aii-tlan, Puebia, Dec).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 666.
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Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, Apr., 1 spec).
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Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Texas localities).?Beckham, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 686 (Leon Springs, Texas). Attwater, Auk, ix,1892, 341 (20 miles n. w. of San Antonio, Texas; also Medina, Bandera, Kerr,Kendall, and Comal counties; habits).D\_endroica] chrysoparla Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 509; 2d ed., 1896,509, 608.Dendroica chrysopareia Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183, 267.
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Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 260, pi. 12, fig. 6.Dendroeca chrymparcia Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Furh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,610 (monogr. ).Dendra'ca chrysopareia Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 93 (San Antonio, Texas) . Cotes,Check List, 1873, no. 74.[Dendrceca'] chrysopareia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.[Dendrceca'] c/jrysoparia Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.Dleiidrcecal chrysoparia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 300.[Mniotilta^ chrysopareia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3494.DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS (Townsend).HERMIT WARBLER.Adult male in s'pring and summer.?Forehead, crown, and wholeside of head, down to and including malar region and sides of neck,clear lemon or canary yellow, the crown usually more or less spottedor flecked with black; occiput black, ^ or mainly black, the feathersyellow basall}"; hindneck streaked with black and grayish olive-green,in varying relative proportion (sometimes nearly uniform black); back,scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray, usually more or lesstinged with olive-green, more or less broadl}" streaked with black (theblack streaks narrower, sometimes obsolete, on rump); wings and tailblack with light gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-covertsbroadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bars across wing;inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white, this occupj'-ing most of the w^eb on the first and about the terminal half on thesecond, the third rectrix usually with a white longitudinal spot or
^ Occasionally the yellow of the crown extends over the occiput, in which case thehindneck is black.
568 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
streak near tip, and the first with outer wel) largely white; chin,throat, and upper chest uniform black, this black area with a convexor truncated posterior outline;^ rest of under parts white, usuallyfaintly shaded laterally with gray and sometimes narrowly and indis-tinctly streaked on sides with dusky; bill blackish; iris brown; legsand feet dark horn brown, sometimes blackish (in dried skins).Adult male hi autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but yellow of crown and occiput more or less obscuredby olive or olive-green tips to feathers, Ijlack streaks on back, etc.,more or less concealed by broader grayish margins to feathers, andfeathers of black throat-patch more or less tipped or margined withwhitish.Young male in first autumn and winter.?Above similar to the adultmale of corresponding season, but black streaks on back, etc., narrower,more concealed, sometimes obsolete; whole pileum suffused or over-laid with a wash of olive or olive-green, and back more strongly tingedwith olive; 3^ellow on sides of head paler, less pure, the auricular regionmuch tinged with olive; chin, throat, and upper chest dull whitish orpale yellowish, the feathers abruptly black or dusky beneath surface;rest of under parts soiled white, the sides and flanks strongly tingedwith pale olive-brownish.Adult female in spring and summer.?Above similar to the immaturemale above described, but forehead and crown largely (often mostl}^)yellow, and dusky streaks on back, etc., still narrower, often obsolete;under parts also similar, but body portions less tinged with brownish,the chest often with a dusky patch (its feathers tipped with whitish)extending more or less over throat, sometimes covering whole throat.Adult female in autumn and winter.?Above plain grayish olive,the pileum showing more or less of yellow anteriorly and laterall3% allthe feathers yellow beneath the surface; the back, etc., unstreaked, orwith streaks concealed; beneath brownish white, more strongly tingedwith brownish laterally, the feathers of throat and upper chest duskybeneath the surface, showing wherever the feathers are disturbed.Young m female in first autumn and winter.?Similar to the adultfemale of corresponding season, but more decidedly olive or olive-brownish above, and throat more yellowish.Adult niale.?\j^vigi\i (skins), 112-122 (118); wing 63-69 (6(>.l); tail,49-52 (50.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18-21 (19.4);middle toe, 11-12 (11.3)."Adultfemale.?Ij^n^ih (skins), 111-120(111.5); wing, 62-63 (62.3);tail, 46.5-51 (48.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16.5-20 (18.3);middle toe, 10-12.5 (11.3).'
^Not extending farther backward laterally than medially, as in I), toimsendi, D.virens, D. chrysopcma, and D. nigrescens.
* Seven specimens. ^ Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569Pacific coast district of United States; breeding- on higher mountainsof California (El Dorado, Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte coun-ties, etc.) and northward to British Columbia (chiefly west of theCascade range); in winter south into Lower California and throughArizona over Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala (Volcan deFuego; San Geronimo; Alotepeque).Sylvia occidentalis TowNiiE^T), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190 ("forestsof the Columbia River; " type now in coll. IT. S. Nat. Mus. ) ; viii, 1839, 53.
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Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 55, pi. 396, figs. 3, 4.Sylvicola occldentaUs Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
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Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 60; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 60, pi. 93.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 445.[Sylvicola'] occidentalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.Mlniotilia] occidentalis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilki] occidentalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3468.Dendroica occidentalis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 268; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 190; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183 (Mexico; Volcan deFuego, Guatemala).
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Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii,pt. ii, 1860, 178 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington, June).
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Sumichrast, Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Moyoapam, Vera Cruz, alt. 8,333 feet, winter).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 266, pi. 12, fig.5; iii, 1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, May).?Ridgway, Bull. EssexInst, vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.).?Henshaw, Zool.Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201 (Camp Crittenden and Mount Graham,Arizona, Aug. 30 to Sept. 22); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 234(head of Tule R., s. California, Oct. 9).?American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 669.?Brewster, Auk, iv, 1887, 166 (Blue Canon,California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
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Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 361(Fort Klamath, Oregon, May).
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Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890,215 (breeding in Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte counties* California) .Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 231.
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^Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895,142 (San Fernando, Low^er California, May 16, 1 spec).
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Grinnell, Rep.Birds Santa Barbara Is., etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May14).
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Barlow, Auk, xvi, 1899, 156-161 (El Dorado Co., California; nestmghabits; descr. nest and eggs); Condor, iii, 1901, 179 (high Sierra Nevada;habits; song; descr. nests and eggs )
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Dlendroica'] occidentalis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 513.Dendrceca occidentalis Sclater, Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit. ).
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Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163(Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona);Check List, 1873, no. 72; 2d ed., 1882, no. 113; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 258.?Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 191 (A'^olcan de Fuego, San Geronimo, and Alotepeque,Guatemala).
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Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 92.
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Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel,1877, 432 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Aug. 29, 1 spec); Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, May); Nom. JS. Am. Birds,1881, no. 109.?Belding, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 405 (Calaveras BigTrees, May, July; Soda Springs, autumn; Stockton, May; habits).
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Salvin,and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 138.
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Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 294, 647 (La Parada, Oaxaca, near City of Mexico, etc.).[Dendroeca'] occidentalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98. Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D[endroeca'] occidentalis Coues, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 299.Dendroeca occidentcdis Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh.. xxvi, 1870,611 (monogr. ).
570 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dendrceca peridentalis (typographical error) Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, Nov., 1869,480, footnote (Colorado Valley, California, May 27). 'Dendrceca cJirysopuria (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1860) Sclater, Proc. Zoo). Soc.Lond., 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; C^at. Am. Birds, 1862, 358 (do.).Dendneca niveiventrw, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 187, pi. 24, fig. 2(San Geronimo, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).DENDROICA RARA (Wilson).CERULEAN WARBLER.Wing- less than 69; crown blue or greenish blue; auricular regionblue or olive.AduU male {all seasons).?Above grayish blue, brighter on thepileum, where approaching cerulean or azure; sides of hinder crownand occiput streaked with black, sometimes suffused into lateralpatches; l)ack and scapulars more or less broadl}" streaked with black;upper tail-coverts black, margined with grayish blue or bluish gray;wings and tail black with grayish blue edgings, the middle and greatercoverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands;the inner webs of rectrices with a subterminal patch of white, largeston outermost; sides of head grayish blue, relieved by a more or lessdistinct postocular streak of dusky, this often margined above by amore or less distinct (sometimes conspicuous) supra-auricular streakof white; malar region and under parts white, the sides and flanksbroadly streaked with dusky (more or less suffused, especially on sidesof breast, with grayish blue), the chest usually crossed by a narrowband of blackish, more or less suffused with grayish blue, this bandoften interrupted in the middle, sometimes wanting; maxilla ])lack,mandible grayish dusky (grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs andfeet brownish dusky in dried skins; length (skins), 102.9-115.6 (110.5);wing, 62-67.0 (65.5); tail, 43.2-1:7.7 (15); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2(9.9); tarsus, 15.7-17 (16.5); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).^Adult female {all seasons).?Above varying from light bluish graj'to grayish olive-green, the pileum brighter (grayish glaucous-blue tosage green), entirely unstreaked; wings and tail as in adult male, butedgings light greenish or olive-grayish instead of bluish; a more orless distinct whitish or pale yellowish superciliary stripe; auricularregion grayish or grayish olive-green, darker along upper margin,somewhat streaked with whitish or pale j^ellowish anteriorl}^; underparts dull white, usually more or less suffused with pale ^^ellow (some-times strongl}^ so), especiall}^ on sides of neck and across chest; length(skins), 104-110.5 (107.7); wing, 58.2-62.7 (61.2); tail, 41. 1-42. 7 (42.4);exposed culmen, 9.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.3); middle toe,9.4-10.4 (9.9).'
^ Seven specimens.
BIRDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 571Yoimg male, nestling jplimiage.?Above uniform brownish gra}^(deep drab-gray), the pileum divided long'itudinally by a broad medianstripe of grayish white; sides of head (including a broad superciliarystripe) and entire under parts white; a narrow postocular stripe of deepdrab-gray; wings as in adults, but edgings greenish rather than bluish.[Autumnal and winter adults do not differ from spring and summerspecimens except in being more highly colored. This is more evidentin females, in which the superciliary stripe and under parts are oftenentirely pale sulphur or primrose yellow. 1 have not seen specimenswhich I am able to identify as 3"oung, of either sex, in first autumn orwinter; possibly some of the yellower supposed adult females are inreality immature birds.]Eastern United States, chiefly west of the AUeghenies; breedingnorthward to eastern Nebraska (Omaha), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi-gan (as far as Mackinac Island), Ontario (Drummondville, etc.), westernand central New York (Niagara, Oneida, and Monroe counties), east-ward to eastern Mar3dand (Baltimore County) and western Virginia(Natural Bridge), southward to Tennessee, Louisiana (Franklin andSt. Tammany parishes), etc.; casually or irregularly northward toConnecticut (Suflield; Seymour), Rhode Island (Providence; Paw-tucket), Long Island (Crow Hill), and New Jersey (Morris County);west regularly to edge of the Great Plains, occasionally to RockyMountains (Denver, Colorado; Rio Mimbres, New Mexico). In wintersouth to Cuba and Grand Cayman, and through eastern Mexico, CentralAmerica, and western South America (chiefly east of the Andes) tocentral Peru and Bolivia (Naipiri).Sylvia cerulea (not Sylvia ccerlea Latham, 1790) Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 141,pi. 17, fig. 5 (e. Pennsj'lvania; coll. Peale Mus. ).Sylvia ccerulea Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 193.
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Licht-ENSTEiN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (seeCabanin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863,37).?Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 82.Sylvicola caerulea Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 283; iii, 387. Bona-parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
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Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).ISylvicola] cxrulea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.Sylvicola ccerulea JiicHARiisoy, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 56; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 45, pi. 86.
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Woodhouse,Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (common in Texas andCreek and Cherokee countries).
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Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853,311 (Wisconsin).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (RioMimbres, New Mexico.).
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Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858(1859), 282 ("Nova Scotia.")Rhimamphus cseruleus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 18 (Bogota, Colom-bia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador). Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862,177 (Cuba).Dendroica cserulea Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 201; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Coban, Guatemala;Bogota, Colombia, etc.).
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Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba);
572 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.1872, 414 (do.) ; Repert. Fi.sieo-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.?Baird, Brewek, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 235, pi. 13, figs. 10, 11; iii, 1874, 505(Drnmmondville, Ontario, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
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Henshaw,Zool. Exp. W.lOOth Merid., 1875, 196 (do.).?Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,xi, 1875, 134 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding; habits; descr. nest andeggs).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Sutiield, Connec-ticut, 1 spec.).?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., ii, 1886, 35 (FranklinCo., Indiana, common summer resid. ).
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American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 658.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references),501 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118(Cuba; Grand Cayman).?Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas,Oct.).?Hasbrouck, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (District Columbia, May 5, 1888) ; vii,1890, 291 (same occurrence).?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 313 (Garden Key,Tortugas, 1 spec, Mar. 23); vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 16 and29).?Davison, Auk, v, 1888, 430 (Niagara Co., New York, breeding).?Fames, Auk, v, 1888, 431 (Seymour, Connecticut, 1 spec, May 10).
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Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (Minnesota; e. Kansas; e. Nebraska;w. Texas, etc; dates of migr.).
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Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 142.?Goss,Birds Kansas, 1891, 556 (summer resid., common in e. rare in w. Kansas).Smith (R. W.), Journ. Cine Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (Warren Co., n. e. Ohio,breeding).
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Loomis, Auk, viii, 1891, 170 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr.15 to May 3 and Oct. 4 to 26).?Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 238 (Beaver Co., w.Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41 (Indiana Co., w. Pennsylvania, breed-ing).^Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Aug. 24 to Oct.24) .
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White, Auk, x, 1893, 227(Mackinac I., Michigan, rare'summer resid. ).Brimley, i^uk, X, 1893, 244 (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1 spec, May 8, 1893).?Dutcher, Auk, X, 1893,. 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island, 1 spec.).?Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 212, pi. 13, fig. 6.?McIlwraith, BirdsOntario, 1894, 365 (s. Ontario, summer resid.).
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Ulrey and Wallace,Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash, Indiana, migratory).?Rhoads,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 495 (Samburg, Raleigh, and Bellevue, Ten-nessee, breeding); Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (lowlands of Westmoreland Co.,Pennsylvania, numerous, breeding).
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Pleasants, Auk, x, 1893, 372 (TowsonCo., Maryland, 1 spec, July 7); Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, no. iii, 1894(3) (Baltimore Co., Maryland, breeding).?Torrey. Auk, xiii, 1896, 179(Natural Bridge, Virginia, common).?Bagg, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (OneidaCo., New York, breeding).?Saunders, Auk, xvii, 1900, 358-362 (w. Ontario;nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs).?Wood (J. C), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391(Detroit, Michigan, breeding).?Bruner, Proc Nebr. Orn. Union, 2d an.meet., 1901,57 (near Omaha, Nebraska, breeding). Kirkwood, Auk., xviii,1901, 137 (Baltimore Co., Maryland, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).D[endrolca'] cxrulea Boies, Cat. Birds S. Mich., 1875, no. 40 (transient).?Ridg-way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 499.Dendro'ca cxrulea Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Bogota).?Sclater and Sal-viN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836(San Pedro, Honduras); .1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia), 594 (Naipiri,Bolivia).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124 (Leavenworth, Kansas, com-mon); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 25-27 (Munroe Co., New York; Druni-mondville, Ontario; Mt. Carmel, Illinois; breeding; descr. nests and eggs).-CouES, Check Li.st, 1873, no. 77.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Leavenworth,e. Kansas).?Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru);1882, 6 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Perou, i, 1884, 465.?Gundlach,Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65.?Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield,Connecticut, 1 spec).?Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 573Point, New York, 1 spec, May 17).
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Rathbun, Revised List Birds Centr.N. Y., 1879, 11 (common summer resid.).?Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Providence, Rhode Island, 1 spec, May).
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Ridgway,Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 98.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1881, 130 (Mexico; Coban, Guatemala; Irazu, Costa Rica; Ecuador;Peru; Bolivia, etc.).
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Webster, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 28 (Pawtucket,Rhode Island, 1 spec. May 22).
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Butler, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 2S(habits, etc.).
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Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).
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Tac-zanowski and Berlepsch, Proc Zool. Soc Loud., 1885, 74 (Machay andMapoto, Ecuador, Feb.).?Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 327, 651(Guatemala; Panama; Calovevora, Veragua; Bogota and Antioquia, Colom-bia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Naipiri, Bolivia, etc.).Dendroeca cxrulea Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614(monogr. ).Dendroeca cceridea Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 118.Dendroica ccerulea Henry, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).
?
Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Survey, 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado,May 17).Dendroeca ccerulea Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, PanamaR. R. ); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).?McIlwraith, Proc Essex Inst.,v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).?Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 56, 233; Birds
?Col. Val., 1878, 267.?Jouy, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 51 ( District Columbia,1 spec).\^Dendrceca'] cayndea Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872,99.
?
Cory, List Birds W. I.,1885, 8.D[endrreca^ ccerulea Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n. e. Illinois,rare sum. resid. )
.
[Dendroecal crcrulea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D\_eiidra:ca^ caridea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301.[MwotiJta'l ccerulea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3473.[Mydofilta] coerulea Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875,601.Dendroeca cserula Trippe, Proc Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Decatur andMahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding).Sylvia rara Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 119, pi. 27, fig. 2.
?
Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 657.?Vieillot, Enc Meth., ii, 1823, 448.?Bonaparte,Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 393.?Audubon, Orn. Biog.,i, 1831, 258, pi. 49.Phyllopneuste rara. Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.Vermivora rara Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 406.Mlniotilta] rara Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 19<>.Dendroica rara Ridgway, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 97.
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Americ.vn Ornithologists'Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131.
?
Judd, Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Boon-ton, Morris Co., New Jersey, Sept., 1887).
?
Beyer, Proc. Louisiana Soc.Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 113 (Louisiana, breeding in Franklin and St. Tammanyparishes).Sylvia azurea Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 653 (based on Sylvia ceruleaWilson).?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye N. Y., ii, 1826, 85; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 27,pi. 11, fig. 2.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 407.?Audubon,Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 255, pi. 48.? (?) Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,viii, 1839, 153 ("Oregon").Hypothimis azurea Boie, Isis, 1828, 318.Sylvia bifasciaia Say, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 170 (Council Bluffs, Iowa).Sylvia populorum ViEiLLOT, Enc Meth., ii, 1823, 449 (based on Sylvia ceruleaWilson).
574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.DENDROICA BLACKBURNIiE (Gmelin).BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.Adult male in sprliuj and sionntei'.?Pileum and hindneck black,relieved b}^ an oval patch or broad stripe of cadmium 3^ellow or orangeon middle of crown; a broad superciliary stripe of cadmium yellow ororange, confluent posteriorly with a large patch of the same on side ofneck; a spot of rather paler orange-yellow immediately beneath eye,including lower eyelid; loral streak and auricular region black, the twoconnected by a narrow rictal streak; malar region, chin, throat, andchest rich orange or cadmium orange; remaining under parts pale yel-lowish or yellowish white (more decidedly yellowish on breast), theunder tail-coverts white; sides and flanks streaked with black, theseblack streaks commencing at lower posterior extremity of auricularregion; general color of upper parts black, the back streaked withwhitish, especially the exterior row of interscapulars, which havemost of their outer web whitish, forming, when feathers are properlyarranged, two stripes along each side of back; feathers of rump andupper tail-coverts more or less distinctly edged with whitish; two tothree outermost rectrices white, with black shafts and with a terminalguttate or cuneate mark of black; fourth rectrix also with much whiteon subterminal portion of inner web, and fifth sometimes with moreor less of a white edging to subterminal portion of inner web; exposedportion of middle wdng-coverts and innermost greater coverts white,forming a conspicuous patch on wing, the outermost greater covertsblack, broadly tipped with white and narrowly edged with grayish;remiges black or dusky, narrowly edged with olive-grayish, theseedgings broader and paler (sometimes white) on tertials; maxillabrownish black, mandible horn color (in dried skins), paler basally;iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins); length (skins),111.8-119.4 (114.8); wing, 65.3-69.3 (67.8); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48.3);exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 17-17.8 (17.5); middle toe,10.7-11.7 (10.9).^Adult female in spring and mmmer.?Above grayish olive or hairbrownish tinged with olive; pileum more or less streaked or fleckedwith black, the crown Avith more or less of a central spot of naples, orpale maize, yellow; back broadly streaked with black, the exteriorrow of interscapulars with outer webs mostl}^ very pale bufly grayishor grayish bufly, forming two broad stripes when feathers are properlyarranged; upper tail-coverts black, margined with brownish gray;wings and tail as in adult male, but general color much duller blackish,the lateral rectrices less extensively white and the white on greaterwing-coverts usually not confluent with that on middle coverts, thewhite thus usuall}' forming two broad bars instead of a single large
^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. bibpatch; broad superciliaiy stripe, confluent with a patch on side of neck,pale naples or maize yellow, auricular region and lores grayish oliveor hair brown; malar region, chin, throat, and chest deep chrome yel-low; rest of under parts dull yellowish white, more strongly tingedwith yellowish on breast, the under tail-coverts more nearl}^ white,the longest sometimes with a narrow mesial streak of dusky; sides andflanks streaked with dusky; bill, iris, etc., as in adult male; length(skins), 107.9-116.8 (111:); wing, 63-65.5 (64.3); tail, 46.2-47.5 (46.7);exposed culmen, 9.6; tarsus, 17.3-17.8 (17.5); middle toe, 10.9-11.9(11-2).^Adult (?) male in auturrm and 'winter.?Similar to the summerfemale, but upper parts darker, becoming uniform black on rump andupper tail-coverts, the latter margined with whitish; under parts ofbody more yellowish, with streaks on sides and flanks much broaderas well as blacker.Young male in first autumn, and uiinter.?Similar to the summerfemale in coloration of upper parts, but without yellowish spot in cen-ter of crown; yellow of throat and chest much less orange (dull lemonchrome instead of deep chrome or pale cadmium).Adult female in autuinn and winter.?Similar to the spring andsunmier plumage, but whole under parts (except under tail-coverts)yellowish, not conspicuously deeper on throat and chest.Youngfemale in first autumn and uiinter.?Similar to the adult femaleof corresponding season, but above browner, with streaks on l)ack,etc., much less distinct, sometimes nearly obsolete; white wing-bandsnarrower; less white on lateral rectrices, the inner web of the outer-most rectrix extensively dusky basally ; under parts pale yellowish bufl',deepest on chest, paler posteriorly, the sides and flanks indistinctlystreaked with grayish brown.Young, first jjlmnage.?Above deep hair brown, relieved by anindistinct paler longitudinal space in middle of crown and indistinctdarker streaks on liack and rump; broad superciliary stripe, sides ofneck, malar region, chin, and throat very pale grayish bufty; chestsimilar but rather darker and more grayish, faintly spotted with aslightly darker shade; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanksspotted with hair brown; wings as in autumn or winter specimens,but white tips to greater and middle coverts tinged with brownishbuff.Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; north-ward to Nova Scotia, Maine, northern Ontario (Muskoka, etc.), Mani-toba (Trout Lake), and southern shores of Hudson Bay (Severn House);west to edge of Great Plains, casually to western Texas (KendallCounty, March 31), New Mexico (Fort Baj^ard, May), and Utah(Ogden, September); breeding southward to Connecticut, New York
' Five specimens.
576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(Lewis and Oneida counties), Pennsylvania (Butler, Indiana, Clearfield,Pike, Luzerne, and Elk counties), Michigan, and northern Minnesota,and along- Allegheny Mountains to western North Carolina (above3,000 feet), South Carolina (Pickens County) and eastern Tennessee(Roan Mountain, 4,000 feet, and ('hilhowee, Mountains, 2,000-4,000feet). In winter southward through eastern Mexico (States of VeraCruz and Oaxaca) and Central America to Colombia, Ecuador (numer-ous localities and records), Peru, and Venezuela, and to Bahama Islands(Watlings Island; New Providence). Accidental in southern Green-land (Frederickshaab, October, 1845) ?(?) Motacilla fusca Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figiiier eirangerDaubenton, PL Enl., pi. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orange Buffon, Hist.Nat. Ois., V, 313).(?) Motacilla aurantia Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 4 (based on Figuier etrangerDaubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orange HuUon, Hist.Nat. Ois., V, 313).(?) 3f'[niotilta'\ aurantia Gr.\y, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.(?) IMotacilla'] chrysocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 971 (based on Figuieretranger Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orange Buffon,Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 313).(?) Sylvia chrysocephala Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 541.
?
Yieillot, Nouv. Diet.d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 206; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 459.?Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 700.(?) [Sylvicola^ chrysocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av'., i, 1850, 309.(?) {Motacilla'\ incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 976 (New York; based onGreypoll Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 1783, 461).(?) [Sylvia'] incana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527.(?) Sylvia incana Yieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 224; Enc. Meth.,ii, 1823, 442.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 628.(?) M[niotilta:] incana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.\_3?otacilla'\ blackhurnix Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Blacl:-burnian Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 461).\_Sylvia'] blackburniw Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527.Sylvia JZad-ftimif^ Yieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 36, pi. 96; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823,432.?Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 64, pi. 23, fig. 3.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen.Zool., x, 1817, 627.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195;Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832,379.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 208; v, 1839, 73, pis. 135, 399.Sylvicola blackhumise Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 434 (Yera Cruz,Mexico).
?
Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 354.
?
Richardson, Rep.Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,22.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 57; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 48, pi. 87.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Ecuador).
?
Bryant, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).
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Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861,52 (Bahamas).[Sylncola'] blackburniw Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.Mlniotiltal hlackburnix Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.\_MniotiltcC\ blackhurnix Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3472.R[lnmanphus\ blackhnrnise Gkb.k^xs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.Rhimamphus blackburnix Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, ^43 (BogQta,Colombia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, Ecuador).
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 577Dendroica blackburniw Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 274; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 196; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Coban, Guatemala; SanJose, Costa Rica).
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Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).
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ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 64 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); 1860, 84(do).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 293(Costa Rica).
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Sumichrast, Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
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Baird, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 237, pi. 13, figs. 2, 3; iii, 1874, 505(Ogden, Utah, 1 spec, Sept., 1871).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix,1878, 303 (breeding from Connecticut northward). Brewster, Auk, iii,1886, 174 (Jackson and Macon counties, North Carolina, breeding above3,000 ft.).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 602.Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886, 140 (Oneida Co., New York,breeding) .?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 36; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas);Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. AV. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence andWatlings Islands, Bahamas).
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Ridcuvay, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 148.
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Allen,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 69 (Quito, Ecuador); xiii, 1900, 178 (LasNubes, etc., province Santa Marta, Colombia, Dec, Mar.); Auk, xii, 1895, 89(Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).
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Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val.,1888, 252 (breeding from n. Minnesota northward).
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Scott, Auk, vii, 1890,20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida, rare migrant).
?
Loomis, Auk,vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding). Ralph and Bagg,Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).
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Cherrie, Auk,vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. to Feb.); viii, 1891, 278 (SanJose, Costa Rica; remarks on plumage). Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).
?
Stone, Pi-oc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Todd, Auk,viii, 1891, 398 (Butler Co., Pennsylvania, breeding?); x, 1893, 41, 45(Indiana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding). White, Auk,X, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan, migrant).
?
Nehrling, Our NativeBirds, etc., i, 1893, 218, pi. 12, fig. 1.?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1895, 496 (Roan Mt., 4,000 ft., and Chilhowee Mts., 2,000-1,000 ft., Tennes-see, breeding).
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Congdon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co.,Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Baily, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsyl-vania, breeding).
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Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario,common summer resid. ).Dendrceca blackburnia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Pallatanga and Nanegal, e. Ecuador; Bogota,Colombia).
?
Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence,Ann. Lye N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San Jos^,Atiro, and Barranca, Costa Rica).
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Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (Severn House,Trout Lake, British Columbia).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136(Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Chitra, Calobre, Cordillera delChucu, and Volcan de Chiricjui, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nica-ragua).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida,Venezuela); 1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322(Alto, Colombia).?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 166, 175(Kansas; Ogden, Utah).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 80; 2d ed., 1882, no.121; Birds N. W., 1874, 59; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 284.?Taczanowski, ProcZool. Soc Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (n. Peru); 1882, 6(Huambo, n. Peru); Orn. du Perou, i, 1884, 464. Lawrence, Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1878, 52 (Naranjo, Costa Rica, Apr.). Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,1878, 58 (descr. young).?Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (Fort3654?VOL 2?01 37
578 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Bayard, New Mexico, May, 1 spec.)-
?
Broavn (N. C. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Maine, breeding); vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, Ken-dall Co., s. w. Texas, 1 spec. Mar. 31).?Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 60.?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 102.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 133.
?
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1884, 286 (Cayandeled, w. Ecuador, Feb.).
?
Merriam, Auk, ii,1885, 103 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Sharpe,Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 288, 646 (Quito, Pasto, and Intaj, Ecuador;Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Coban, Choctum, and Dueiias, Guatemala,etc.).
?
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Pi-oc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74(Machay, Mapoto, and Baiios, Ecuador, Jan.).Dendroeca hlackhxirnifc Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forli. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,611 (mongr. ).
?
Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, no. 357,1899, 8 (Pun, e. Ecuador, Feb.).Sylvia hlackhurni Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 168.IDendrccca^ hlackburnix Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendrceca hlackbumix? Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (Fred-erickshaab, 1 spec, Oct., 1845).Dendroeca hlackburnx Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 121.Dlendra'ca'] hlackburnx Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302.Sylvia parus Wilson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 114, pi. 44, fig. 3.
?
Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 727.?Vieillot, Enc Meth., ii, 1823, 449.?Bonaparte,Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Ann. Lye N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 392.
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Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii,1834, 205, pi. 134.Sylvicola parus Jardine, ed.' Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 209. Bonaparte, Geog.and Comp. List, 1838, 22.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed.,ii, 1841, 40, pi. 83.?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282(Nova Scotia).M[ruotilta'] parus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.MniotUta parus Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 6 ( Frederickshaab, Greenland, Oct. 16,1845).[Rhimamphvs] panis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.Sylvia m('laHnrr}t.<)a \iEii,hOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, xi, 1817, 180 ("Marti-nique"); Enc Meth., ii, 1823, 444.Mlniotiltal mdanorrhoa, Gray', Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.DENDROICA DOMINICA DOMINICA (Linnaeus).YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER.Adult Dude.?Forehead (sometimes crown also, especially lateralportions), lores, suborbital region, and greater part of auricular region,black; occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-covertsplain slate-gra}',' the crown also sometimes gray (except laterally),more or less streaked with black; wings and tail black, with slate-grayedgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped withwhite, forming two conspicuous bands across wing; two to three outer-most rectrices with inner web extensively white terminally, this onlateral rectrix occup3nng approximately the terminal half; a broad
^ Very rarely the back is spotted with black; see Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579
white superciliary stripe, usually becoming yellow anteriorly (overlores); a crescentic suborbital spot and patch on side of neck (invadingmedian posterior portion of auricular region), white; throat and chestlemon or gamboge j^ellow, the chin usually more or less white; rest ofunder parts white, broadly streaked laterall}- with black, the broad blackstreaks on sides of chest confluent with a narrow stripe connectingthem with the triangular l>lack patch on side of head; bill black; irisbrown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),114.3-127.2(121.9); wing, '64.5-68.6 (66.9); tail, 49-53.6 (50.7); exposedculmen, 12.7-15 (13.8); tarsus, 17-18 (17.4); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-able, but usually with less black on forehead, which is more oftengray, streaked with black, medially, and j^ellow of throat and chestaveraging slightly paler; length (skins) 113-125.7(121); wing, 63.2-65.3(64.6); tail, 46-53 (50); exposed culmen, 12.4-14 (12.9); tarsus, 16.3-17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 11.5-12.7 (12.2).'Yoimg male in first autumn.?Similar to the adult male, but gravof upper parts and white of under parts, especiall}^ the flanks, tingedwith brown.Yioungfemale in first autiunn.?Similar to the young male in autumn,but more strongly tinged with brown, both above and below, andscreaks on sides and flanks (especially the latter) less distinct, some-times obsolete.Young., first plumage.?Above, including entire pileum, plain lightgrayish brown or deep drab-gray; wings dusky, with light grajnshbrown edgings (broad and conspicuous on tertials, narrow and gra3'eron primaries), the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped withbrownish white; a rather broad supra-auricular stripe, a narrow sub-orbital streak, and space on side of neck brownish white; loral andauricular regions plain deep drab-gra}, the latter with a whitish ter-minal or subterminal spot; chin and throat pale drab-gray; chest and
' Eighteen specimens.
^ Eight specimens.A series of twelve specimens collected during the breeding season at and near CapeCharles, Virginia, have on the average longer bills than a series of fourteen taken atvarious localities east of the Alleghenies (some of them on the coast) , the averagemeasurements of the two series being as follows:
Locality.
580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sides of breast deeper drab-gra3% the latter obsoletely streaked withdull white; rest of under parts dull white.Atlantic coast district of United States; north to lower Marylandand eastern shore of Virginia, casually to New York (Long Island),Connecticut (New Haven; Hartford), and Massachusetts (CharlesRiver; Dedham); breeding southward to Florida; in winter to Bahamas(Maranagua, Watlings, Great Bahama, Great Inagua, Abaco, and Berryislands), Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Grand Caj^man, Jamaica,Haiti, and Porto Rico.[Motacillal dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 33-4 (based on Le Figniercendre de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn., iii, 1760,520, pi. 27, fig. 3).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980.[Sylvia] dominica Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.Sylvia dominica YiEihhOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 223.
?
Stephens,Sliaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 612.lM]niotilta dominica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.[Mniotilta'] dominica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3478.Dendroica dominica Baird, Eeview Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 209, part.
?
Gundlach,Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 415 (Cuba);Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 184 (Porto Rico).
?
Baird, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 240, part, pi. 14, fig. 6; iii, 1874, 505(Wilmington, North Carolina, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Brewer,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (near New Haven and Hartford, Con-necticut, accidental) ; xx, 1879, 265 (Charles R., Massachusetts, accidental).
?
American ORNiTiioLOGisTs' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 663.
?
Allen, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 257 (Dedham, Massachusetts, 1 spec.).?Cory,Auk, iii, 1886, 36 (West Indian references), 501 (Grand Cayman); ix, 1892,48 (Bahamas), 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. W.I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands,New Providence, Watlings I., Maraguna, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba,Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico). Richmond,Auk, vi, 1889, 339 (near Washington, D. C, July 28 to Sept. 7).?Scott, Auk,vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and PuntaRassa, Florida, breeding; Key West,after July 25), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 23 to 29 and Apr. 8;3spec. ).
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Brimley, Auk, vii, 1890, 323 (Raleigh, North Carolina; nestinghabits; descr. nest and eggs).
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Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97 (black-backedspecimen described); xii, 1895, .365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w.Florida, breeding).
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Dutci[er, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island,1 spec). Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 222, pi. 13, fig. 1.Palmer (W.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (near Mount Vernon, Virginia, breeding).Dlfndroica'] dominica Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504.Dendroeca dominica Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 270; Check List, 1873, no. 88;2ded., 1882, no. 129; Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., ii, 1871, 268 (e. Florida, winter) .?Maynard, Birds Florida, 1873, 60.?Gundlach, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 67.
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Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii,1877, 102 (Georgia and n. Florida; nesting habits, etc.); iii, 1878, 43.Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., iv, 1877, 17 (Connecticut, severalrecords).?Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 146 (Dedham, Massa-chusetts, 1 spec).
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Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 65; Birds Haiti and SanDom., 1885, 27.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 103; Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (Arlington, Virginia, Sejit. ).
?
Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 301, part (Florida; Jamaica).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581[Dendro'ca^ dominica Coues, Key N. Am. Binlw, 1872, 104.
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Cory, List BirdsW. I., 1885, 8.Blendroeca] dominica 'Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, ISSl, 106.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306.[Dendroica dominica'] var. dominica Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, (h-t., 1873, 606.^Baird, Bre\ver, ami Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 241.[Dendrceca dominica . . .] a. dominica Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 247, excl.syn. part.[Dendrceca. dominica.} ft. I), dominica Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,648, in list of specimens.Dendroeca dominica Sundevall, Ofv. k. Yet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,596(Porto Rico), 611 (monogr. ).Motacilla superciliosa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on la Gorge-iaunede St. Domingue Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 686, iig. 1).M\jiiotilta'] superciliosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Dendroica superciliosa Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 289, part; Cat.N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part.?Gundlach, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1861, 326(Cuba).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).Dendrceca superciliosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861 (Jamaica); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Jamaica)
.
[Dendrceca'] superciliosa Sclater and Salvin, Noin. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part(Antilles).[Motacilla^ pen.nlis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 960 (based on la (Jorge-jaune deSt. Domingue Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 686, fig. 1; Pensile Warbler Latham,Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 1783,441).Motacilla pensilis Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.[St/lvia] pensilis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520.Sglvia pensilis \iEii.hOT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 11, j^l. 72; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 177; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 427.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.,X, 1817, 629.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 374.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part,pi. 85.?D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois, 1839, 65.Si/lvicola pensilis Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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Bonaparte,Geog. and Coinp. List. 1838, 22.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 53, part; BirdsAm., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 32, part, pi. 79.
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Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 156;Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 32.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, 8(Long Island, New York).
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Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (SantoDomingo).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).?Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1862, 201 (Jamaica).
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Bry'ant, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xi, 1866, 91 (Santo Domingo).[Si/lvicola] pensilis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.R[himanphus] pensilis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19.Rhimamphus pensilis Gundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba) ; 1861, 408 (do).[ifotacilla] flavicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Yellow-throatedCreeper, Parus americanus gutture luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 62, pi.62; Yellow-throated Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 437, etc.).[Sylvia^ flavicollis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518.Sijliia flavicollis Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 45; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.,xi, 1817, 191; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 453.?Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 64,pi. 12, fig. 6.
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Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 679. Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 188.Sylvicola flavicollis JAJLDiNE, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 213.(f) Dendroica dominica albilora (not of Ridgway ?) Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 340, 341(Jamaica)
.
582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgway.SYCAMORE WARBLER.Similar to D. d. dominica^ but with much smaller ])ill, the supercil-iary stripe more rarely yellow anteriorly, and with white areas oninner webs of lateral rectrices averaging decidedly larger.Adult male.?LQwgt\i (skins), 114.3-128.2 (116.8); wing, 63.5-69.6(66.5); tail, 48.8-52.6(50.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.7 (11.9); tarsus,16-17.2 (16.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (11.9).^Adultfemale.?Ijeugth (skins), 106.7-120.6 (115.1); wing, 63-65.5(63.7); tail, 46.5-49.5 (48); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.2 (11.7); tarsus,16.3-17 (16.7); middle toe, 11.7-12.2 (11. 9).*=Mississippi Valley; north, regularly, to eastern Kansas (NeoshoFalls), central Illinois, Indiana (north to Carroll Count}'), Ohio(Columljus), and West Virginia (Kanawha County), irregularly tosouthern Wisconsin, southern Michigan (Detroit), and northern Ohio(CleA'eland; Rockport); lireeding southward to Louisiana and easternTexas. In winter southward through Mexico (both coasts) to Yucatan(including (yozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox islands), British Honduras(Belize), Honduras (Truxillo; Ruatan Island), and eastern Nicaragua(Greytown). Occasional during migration in South Carolina (also inGeorgia and Florida?)-Sylvia flavicoUis (not Motacilla flavicoUis Gmelin) Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i,1827, 434 (Vera Cruz, Mexico).Sylvicola flaiicolUs Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).Sylvicola pensilis (not MotaciUa pensilis Gmelin) Read, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,vi, 1853, 398 (Ohio).Sylvia pensilis (not of Latham) Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part.
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Hay-MOND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 200 (Franklin Co., Indiana).Rhimamj)lms pensilis (not of Gundlach) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,291 (Mexico).Sylvicola pensilis Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 53 part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,32, part.Sxjlvicola pensillis Pratten, Trans. 111. Agric. Soc, i, 1855, 601 (Illinois).Dendroica pensilis SchATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).Dendroica superciliosa (not Motacilla superciliosa Boddaert) Baird, Rep. PacificR. R. Snrv., ix, 1858, 289, part (Rockport, Ohio; Union Co., Illinois;Tamaulipas, Mexico); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10(Tamaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part.?Sclater, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mexico).?Raymond, Geol. Surv. Indiana,1869, 217 (Indiana, common).
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Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Neosho Falls,
s. e. Kansas, breeding). .Dendrceca superciliosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz); 1862, 368 (Jalapa) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Rockport, Ohio).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duenas, Guatemala, Sept.).
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Dresser,Ibis, 1865, 478 (Brownsville, Texas, Dec; San Antonio, migr.).[Dendrcecal superciliosa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part(Mexico; Guatemala).
^ Ten specimens. ^ Seven specimens.
BIRDS OE' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583Dendroica dominica (not Motacilla dominica Linnaeus) Baird, Review Am. Birds,1865, 209, part (Cleveland, Ohio; Cairo, Illinois; Tainaulipas and nearColinia, Mexico; Dueiias, Guatemala).
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Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, A^era Cruz, after Aug. 10).
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Jordan, Am. Nat., ix,1875, 313 (Indiana).? (?) Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica,Oct. 4, 1891').Dendrceca dominica Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yuca-tan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Tepic, Colima, and Rio de laCoahuayana, w. Mexico).
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Scott, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 222(Kanawha Co., West Virginia).?Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part, 233(Columbus, Ohio, common).
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Langdon, Birds Cine, 1877, 6 (near Cincin-nati, Ohio, common Apr. 15 to 30).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1881, 134, part (Totonic^pam and Choctum, Guatemala; Valladolid,Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.) .
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 301, part.?Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 250 (Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumelislands, coast of Yucatan; Ruatan Island, Honduras; crit.).IDendraeca'] dominica Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103, part.Dendroica dominica, \ar. albilora Baird, Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 605(Belize, British Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368(Illinois).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,pi. 14, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 505.Dendrceca dominica . . . var. albilora Coues, Check List, 1873, 125, no. 88rt.Dendrceca dominica var. albilora Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16(Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.). Langdon, Birds Cine, 1877, 6 (near Cincin-nati, Ohio).IDendroica doininica'] var. albilora Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 220, 241, in text.Dlendrcecal dominica var. albilora Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e.Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Detroit, Michigan) ; ix, 1877, 35 (MountCarmel, Illinois, very abundant Aug. 30 to Sept. 2).Dendrceca dominica cdbilor
a
'Rihgwx\ , Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Oct., 1878, 163(Mount Carmel, Illinois); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216; Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, 103rt.
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Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 26).?Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas).?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.130.?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas, breeding)
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D[^endroeca^ d[^ominica'] albilora Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1884, 306.\_Dendroeca dominica'] b. albilora Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 248.Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564(Cozumel I., Yucatan; crit.); x, 1888, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras); Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 19 (Knox Co., Indiana); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 150.?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 663a.
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Loomis, Auk,iii, 1886, 139 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 1 spec. May 7); vii, 1890, 127(Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding); viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co. , SouthCarolina, com. migr. ). Butler, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886,35(Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid.).
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Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss.Val., 1888, 252 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).
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Evermajin, Auk,vi, 1889, 27 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 20(Key West, Florida, 1 spec. Mar. 27), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 6 spec);(?) x, 1893, 340, 341 (Jamaica^).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 564 (e. Kansas,summer resid. ).?Smith (R. W. ), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (War-ren Co., Ohio, common in Apr.).
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Richmond, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,1893, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, Feb. 12).?Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
^ Specimen merely seen, and may have been D. gradse decora. ^ Doubtful.
584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
xvi, 1894, 777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Sept. 4).
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Ulrey and Wallace, Proc.Ind. Ac. Soc, 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, migraton^).
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Beyer, Proc. Loui-siana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 113 (Louisiana, breeding).Dlendroica} dominica albilora Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504.
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Wood(J. C), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).[Dendrceca dominica'] a. D. albilora Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,648 (Mazatlan; Progreso, n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.).DENDRIOCA GRACI^E GRACIiE Baird.GRACE' S WARBLEK.Resembling D. dominica, but much smaller, with superciliary stripemostly yellow, sides of neck gray instead of white, no black patch onside of head, and back streaked with black.Adult male i)i spring and summer.?Above slate-graj", the crownand back streaked with black (sides of crown sometimes uniformlyblack); wings and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middlewing-coverts broadly, the greater coverts more narrowly, tipped withwhite, forming two distinct wing-bands; two outermost rectrices withinner webs extensively white terminally (the white occupying morethan terminal half on outermost rectrix, which also has the outer weblargely white), the third rectrix also usually with a white terminal orsubterminal elongated patch; a superciliary stripe of yellow, passinginto white be3^ond eye; a broad dusk}^ loral streak and a narrow dusk}^rictal streak; auricular region and sides of neck plain slate-gray; sub-orbital spot, malar region, chin, throat, and chest lemon yellow; remain-ing under parts white, with sides of chest and breast, sides, and flankssti'eaked with black; bill black, the mandible more brownish basally;iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins).Adult {'I) male in autumn and lointer.-?Similar to the spring andsummer plumage, but gray of upper parts slightly tinged with brown,especially on back, where the black streaks are more or less concealed;white of under parts tinged with pale brownish buft'y, especially onflanks.Young male in first autumn and toiiiter.?Similar to the supposedadult male of corresponding season, but upper parts more stronglytinged with brown, with black streaks on back entirely concealed, andflanks more strongly tinged with brownish buff.Adult female in spring and summer.?Similar to the adult male ofcorresponding season, but duller in^color; gray of upper parts stronglytinged with brown, the black streaks on back indistinct (sometimesobsolete); white wing-bands narrower; yellow of superciliar}^ stripe,throat, etc., paler; white of under parts rather duller, and blackishstreaks on sides, etc. , less distinct.Adult {'i) female in autumn and iointe7\?Graj^ of upper parts over-laid by a wash of olive-brownish, the black streaks on back very nar-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585row and concealed, or olxsolete; white of under parts strong-l}- buff}^the sides and flanks strongly tinged with bufl'y brown; white wing-bands tinged with brownish buff.Young female infirHt (ntfumn and lolnter.?Similar to the supposedadult female of corresponding season, but still duller colored; darkerstreaks on forehead and crown very indistinct, those on back obsolete;yellow of throat, etc., duller, and streaks on sides and flanks obsolete.Young male^ first 'plumage.?Above plain grayish hair brown ordrab-gray, the feathers ash gray beneath the surface; sides of headsimilar but rather paler; malar region, chin, and throat pale brownishgray, minutely and sparse!}^ flecked with darker, the chest similar, l)utwith rather large roundish spots of dusky; rest of under parts dullwhite streaked or spotted with dusky gray medially, dull grayishlaterally.ASmU m?jZ^.?Length (skins), 110-117 (113.2); wing, i6\-m (65.1);tail, 17-50 (18.1); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.2);middle toe, 10-12 (10.5).^Adultfemale.?\u%x\^\}sy (skins), 113-115 (111); wing, 60-62 (61); tail,16-47 (16.7); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9-12 (10.7).'Southwestern United States and adjacent parts of northwesternMexico; northward through mountains of New Mexico and Arizonato southern Colorado (San Juan County); breeding southward to Chi-huahua (Colonia Garcia) and Sonora (30 miles south of Nogales); dur-ing migration south to Tepic (Santa Teresa, August 11) and Jalisco(Bolanos, September 17); casual in southern California (Santa Paula,Ventura County, one specimen. May 3).Dendroka gracise Baied, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 210 (Fort Whipple, Ari-zona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex "Couea MSS.").?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870,563 (Fort Whipple).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 243, pi. 14, fig. 10.?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 197(Inscription Rock, New Mexico; White Mts. and Camp Apache, Arizona).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 664.
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Evermann,Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Santa Paula, Ventura Co., CaUfornia, 1 spec. May 3,1881).
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Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding).Meaens, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Clarks Valley, Arizona, in pine belt) .
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Ladd,Auk, viii, 1891, 315 (Yavapai Co., Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).?Jouy,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (32 miles s. of Nogales, Sonora, June17).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 224.
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Mitchell, Auk, xv,1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 8,500 ft.).Dl^endrokci] gracix Ridgway, Man. N. Am Birds, 1887, 506.[Dendroica gracix] var. gracix Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608.
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Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 244.Dendneca gracise Coites, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 67 (Fort Whipple)
;
Check List, 1873, no. 87; 2d ed., 1882, no. 128; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292(excl. syn. under "b. decora").? (?) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,1876, 16 (Zapotitlan, Oaxaca, Jan.)
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,V, 1880, 72 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona).?Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi,
^ Seven specimens. * Four specimens.
586 BULLETIlSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.1881, 142 (San Juan Co., Colorado, in pines up to 7,500 ft.) .
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Ridgw.w, Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 104.?Hensiiaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R.,New Mexico, fall migrant).
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Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304,648.[Dendra'ca} graciie Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.
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Sclater and 8alvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.Dlendra-ca'] gracise Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306.Dendnvca gracix Elliot, Illustr. Unfig Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pi. 6.Dendroeca graeue Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611(monogr. ).[Mniotilta'] gracise Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3489.
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Giebel, ThesaurusOrn., 1875, 603.[Dendneca gracix'] a. gracix Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292.DENDROICA GRACIi^E DECORA Ridgway.DECORATED WARBLER.Similar to D. g. (/racke, but smaller; 3'ellow superciliary .stripeshorter, without whitish posterior extremity; 3"ellow ot throat andchest extending further backward, covering upper chest/Adult male.?hength (skins), 106-117 (111.5); wing, 55-62 (57);tail, 43^7 (45); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-18 (17); middletoe, 10.'State of Oaxaca'* (Zapotitlan; mountains near Santo Domingo, June18) and Chiapas^ (mountains near Tonala, August 15) southern Mexico;Guatemala (Toyabai-Guitche, May 19); British Honduras (Belize);Honduras (Rio Segovia, July 17).Dendrceca gracise (not of Baird) Salvin, Ibis, 1873, 428 (Guatemala).\^Dendrceca] gracise Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9 (Honduras).Dendroica gracise, var. decora Ridcjway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608 (Belize,British Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 505.[Dendroica gracias'] var. decora Baird, Brewer, and Ridc^way, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 220, 244.[Dendroeca gracise'] b. decora Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292.
' Except in specimens, doubtfully referred to this form, from States of Oaxaca andChiapas, southern Mexico.
'^ Three specimens, one of them (from Oaxaca) not sexed and possibly not a male.These three specimens measure, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587Bendroeca decora Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,i 92 (Guatemala).?Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 136, pi. 10, fig. 1.?Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 305.Dendroica gracix decora Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 318.D[endroica^ decora Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 506.Dendroica decora Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R.,Honduras) .?Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Tonalti, Chiapas; Santo Domingo,Oaxaca). DENDROICA ADELAIDiE Baird.ADELAIDE'S WARBLER.Much like D. gracice decora, but back and sides without black streaksand yellow of under parts extending over abdomen to anal region;wing and tail shorter.Adult male.?Above plain slate-gra}^ the forehead and crown nar-rowly streaked with black and margined along each side bv a narrowblack stripe; wings and tail dull black or dusky with slate-gray edg-ings (paler on remiges, where nearly white terminally); middle andgreater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinctbands, of which the posterior one is narrower, the white confined toouter webs, and not extending to the innermost coverts; inner webs ofthree outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, the white occu-pying about the term-inal half on lateral rectrix; a broad superciliarystripe of yellow, scarcely extending beyond eye, the posterior extremitynarrow and whitish; a yellow suborbital spot, separated from the yel-low supraloral stripe by a loral streak of black or dusky gray: auricu-lar region and sides of neck plain gray; a spot of black on sides of neck(between gray of sides of neck and 3'ellow of lower throat), with anindistinct whitish space immediately in front of it; malar region, chin,throat, chest, and breast lemon yellow, passing into paler yellow onabdomen and this into white on under tail-coverts, the sides and flankstinged with olive, but not streaked; under wing-coverts white; billblackish, with paler tomia; legs and feet light brownish (in driedskins); length (skins), 97-100 (98.3); wing, 49-51 (50); tail, 41-41(42.3); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus 17-19 (18.6); middle toe, 9-10 (9.6). '^Young, first plumage.?Above plain brownish gray, strongly washedwith brown on back; no black on forehead nor crown; a narrow super-ciliary streak (scarcely passing beyond eye), suborbital spot, chin,throat, and chest pale primrose yellow or yellowish white, the remain-ing under parts yellowish white; chest and sides of breast spotted withgrayish dusky; wings and tail as in adult, but edgings more brownish orolive-gray and wing-bands narrower and less purely white.Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
1 Dated 1882, but cited in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1881, as above.
"^ Three specimens.
588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dendroica adelaichv Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 212 (Porto Rico; coll.U.S.Nat. Mus.).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 87; Birds W. I., 1889, 51; Cat. W.I.Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 132.Dendroeca addaid<r Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Furh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,596(Porto Rico), 615 (monogr. ).[Dendr(xca] adelaidie Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.Dendroeca adelaidie Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 185 (PortoRico).?Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 293, footnote.?Cory, Birds W. I., 1885,8.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306.D[endr(eca'] adelaidse Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526 (diagnosis).[^Dendroica gracix] var. adelaidie Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608; in Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220.Sylvicola adelaidse Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 250 (Poito Rico).DENDROICA DELICATA Ridgway.SANTA LUCIA WARBLER.Adult male.?Similar to D. adelaldw, but wing and tail much longer;yellow superciliary stripe much broader, occupying whole foreheadexcept a median line of black; sides of crown more broadly black;gray of upper parts deeper, more plumbeous; yellow of superciliaiystripe and under parts much deeper (rich lemon, scarcely' if at all paleron abdomen); white on inner webs of lateral rectrices relatively lessextended, that on lateral rectrix occupying less than terminal half;length (skins), 105-120 (114.2); wing, "54-57 (56); tail, 49-54 (51);exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2); middle toe, 10.^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but coloration not quiteso deep, especially the yellow, which is exactly as in the adult male ofD. adelaidce., though much brighter on the abdomen than in that species;black on sides of crown much narrower; white w'ing- bands narrower,especially that across tips of greater coverts; length (skin), 113; w4ng,55; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.^Young., after first molt.?Essentially like adults, but the gray ofupper parts strongly washed with brown, without an}" black on sides ofcrown or center of forehead, and yellow of under parts, etc., less pure.Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.Deiidneca adelaidie (not of Baird) Sclater, Proc. Zool., 1871, 269 (Santa Lucia;crit.).?Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 649 ( Santa Lucia. ) . Allen,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).{^Dendroical adelaidie Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.Dendroeca adelaidie delicata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. Mar. 21, 1883,525 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).[Dendroica'] adelaidie delicata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendroica adelaidie delicata Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 37; Birds W. I., 1889, 51; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 155.D[endrceca:] delicata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526.Dendroica delicata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 129.Dendroeca delicata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306.
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Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 395.
^ Five specimens. '^ One specimen.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linnaeus).CHESTNOT-SIDED WARBLER.Adult male.^?Forehead and crown olive-yellow, the former becom-ing whitish anteriorly, both sometimes flecked with dusky; lores, sub-orbital region, malar region, postocular stripe, occiput, and hindneckblack, the last two streaked with white, grayish, or yellowish, the occi-put usually with a central spot of white or yellowish; auricular region,sides of neck, chin, throat, and under parts white, relieved by a broadlateral stripe of rich chestnut, extending from posterior extremity ofblack malar stripe along the sides, usually to the flanks, but sometimesnot beyond sides of breast; back and scapulars broadly streaked withblack on a white, grayish, and olive-3'ellow ground, the last-mentionedcolor usually prevailing; rump usually yellowish olive-green, some-times grayish, with or without black streaks; upper tail-coverts black,broadly margined with light gra}^ (sometimes tinged with yellowisholive-green); tail black with narrow olive- grayish edgings, the threeoutermost rectrices with inner webs extensively white terminally, thaton the exterior rectrix occupying the terminal half, or more; wingsblack with yellowish oliv^e-green edgings (becoming grayish on prima-ries and primary coverts), the middle and greatej" coverts broadlytipped, the latter also edged, with sulphur yellow; lesser coverts mar-gined with gray or olive-gra}"; bill blackish, the mandible inclining todusky horn color, especial!}^ basally; iris brown; legs and feet duskybrown; length (skins), 111.8-121.9 (115.7); wing, 61.2-67.1 (63.3);tail, 48.5-52.6 (50.1); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 17-18.3(17.8); middle toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.6).'Adult female.?Similar to adult male, but duller in color, the fore-head and crown light olive-green rather than olive-3'ellow, the blackareas on sides of head less deep black, often much broken by grayishstreaking or mottling, sometimes replaced h\ grayish and much morerestricted; chestnut of sides averaging less extensive; greater wing-coverts without yellow edgings;^ length (skins), 106.7-116.8 (111.8);wing, 57.9-61.5 (69.3); tail, 45-48.5 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.9(9.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.6); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (10.3).''Young in first autumn and whiter.?Above plain bright olive-green,the back and rump with concealed, or mostly concealed, black or
^ Judging from the scant material from Central America, the phmiage appears to bethe same in winter as in spring and summer; specimens examined are without dates,however.
^ Seven specimens.^The adult female varies so much, individually, in coloration that a satisfactorydiagnosis is difficult. The brighter colored females are scarcely, if at all, distin-guishable from duller colored males; the average, however, are decidedly duller, whilesome have the crown olive-green, the black head markings obsolete, and the chest-nut of sides limited to a few isolated touches.
590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.dusky streaks; sides of head and neck plain cinereous or plumbeous,relieved b}- a white orbital ring; under parts white medially passinginto light olive-gray laterally, the flanks sometimes touched withchestnut; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts as in adults.Yoicngr in first plumage.?Above plain light olive, the wings andtail essentially as in adults; an indistinct whitish orbital ring; sides ofhead and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast plain pale buffygrayish or drab; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanks tingedwith pale grayish brown.Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; northto Nova Scotia, northern Ontario, and Manitoba; west to edge of theGreat Plains, casually to eastern Wyoming (Cheyenne); breeding south-ward to Connecticut, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Butler,Armstrong, Indiana, Clearfield, Elk, and Luzerne counties), northernOhio, central Illinois, Missouri (St. Louis County), and eastern Nebraska(near Omaha), and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Caro-lina (2,000 to 4,000 feet), northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County,etc.), and eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, 3,500 to 4,000 feet). Inwinter south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmusof Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad) and to Bahamas(island of New Providence). Accidental in Greenland.[MotacUla] pensylvanica Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on TheRed-throated FlycatcJier, Muscicapa gutture rubro, Edwards, Gleanings Nat.Hist., ii, 193, pi. 301).[^Si/lvia] pensylvanica Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 540.Dendroica pensylvaniba Parker, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 168.
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Stark, Am. Nat., viii,1874, 756 (West Virginia, breeding).
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American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 659.?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886, 139(Oneida Co., New York, breeding).
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Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 174 (moun-tains w. North Carolina, breeding at 2,000 to 4,000 ft.).-
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Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (breeding south to Iowa and central Illinois; dates ofmigration, etc.).
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Bond, Auk, vi, 1889, 34 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec.May 23).?LooMis, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed-ing); viii, 1891, 331 (Cpesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).
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Cherrie,Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 28 to Apr. 24.)?Thompson,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).?Hagerup, Auk,viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).?Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Arm-strong counties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clear-field counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Gault, Auk, ix, 1892, 396 (nearSt. Louis, Missouri, breeding).?Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (NewProvidence, Bahamas).
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White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan,breeding).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 213, pi. 12, fig. 5.
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Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,Sept. 29 to Feb. 16).?Stone, Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsyl-vania, breeding). McIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1894, 366 (common summerresid.).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 495 (Roan Mt., e. Ten-nessee, breeding at 3,500 to 4,000 ft.).?Oberholser, Bull. Ohio Agric.Ex. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, July 9 to 16.?Young, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Delano, Harveys Lake, etc., Pennsylvania,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591breeding).
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Baily, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breed-ing).?CoLViN, Auk, XV, 1898, 59 (near Osawatomie, e. Kansas, Oct. 12).
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Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).
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Flem-ing, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, abundant summerresid. )
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D[endroicd] pensijlranica Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 500.Dendrceca pensylvanica Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 199 (Fox Prairie, RichlandCo., Illinois, June).
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Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos,Costa Rica, Feb.).[Motadlla^ pensilvanica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971.Sylvia pennsijlvanica Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 99, pi. 14, fig. 5.
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Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 189.M\_niotilta} pennsylvanica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.\_Mniotilta\ pennsylvanica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3485.Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 279; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 200; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Teleman, Vera Paz,Guatemala).?Hayden, Rep. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, xii, 1862, 161 (PlatteR., Nebraska).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).?Trippe,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Mahaska Co., s. Iowa, breeding).?Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 245, pi. 13, figs. 7, 8.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (New England, summerresid.).
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Platt, Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc, ii, 1885-86, 49 (Meriden, Con-necticut, rare summer resid.).
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Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (Bahamas, winter)
;
Birds W. I., 1889, 49 (W. I. references).?Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,145.
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Cherrie, Auk, viii, 1891, 278 (San Jose, Costa Rica; remarks on plum-age).
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Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-vania, bleeding).
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Bruner, Proc Nebraska Orn. Union, 2d. an. meet., 1901,57 (breeding near Omaha, Nebraska).Dlendroica] pennsylvanica Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 500.Dendrceca pennsylvanica Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Coban, Guate-mala). Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill,Panama, R. R. ); 1870, 836 (coast Honduras).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y.,vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama, R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia and Bar-ranca, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).
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Sclater, Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 31.?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fe, Vera-gua); 1870, 182 (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.); iii, 1872,124 (Kansas).-CouEs, Check List, 1873, no. 83; 2d ed., 1882, no. 124; BirdsN. W., 1874, 62; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 244.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iii, 1878, 59 (descr. young).
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Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,52 (Costa Rica).?Rathbun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 12(common summer resid. ).
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Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 62. Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 131.
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 99.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 285, 645(Panama; Veragua; Jalapa; Col)an, Choctum, and Dueiias, Guatemala;Angostura and Irazii district, Costa Rica, etc.).[Dendrceca'] pennsylvanica Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.
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Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dlendrceca] pennsylvanica Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n.e. Illi-nois, breeding) .
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.[Motacilla'] icterocephala Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Figuiera teste jaune de Canada, Ficedula canadensis icterocep]icdos,'Bnsson,Oru.,m,517, pi. 27, fig. 2) .?Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980.[Sylvia^ icterocephala Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.
592 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sylvia iderocephala Yieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pi. 90; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 223; Enc. Metli., ii, 1823, 441.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x,1817, 622.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i,1832, 306, pi. 59.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 380.Sylvicola icterocephala Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 248.
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Richardson,Rep. Brit. Assoe. for 1836(1837), 172.?Bonaparte. Geog. andComp. List 183822.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 54; Birds Am., oet. ed., ii, 1841, 35, pi 81 ?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vii, 1859 110(Bahamas).
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Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 153 (Bahamas).[Sylvicola\ icterocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.Dendrceca icterocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 ( Jalapa).
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Caba-Nis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica)
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Dendroeca icterocephala Sundevall, Ofv. k. Yet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,612 (monogr.).Dendroica icterocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaea, Apr.).IMniotilta'] icterocephala Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603.DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wilson).BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.Adult male {summer and vnnter).?Forehead, sides of crown andocciput, auricular region, suborbital region, lores, and malar regionblack, the auricular region usually more or less streaked with whitishor pale bully; crown and occiput (except laterall}') rich chestnut; sidesof neck plain l)uff; back and scapulars gray, usuall}" more or lesstinged (sometimes strongl}') with buffy olive, and liroadly streakedwith black; rump similar, but with streaks obsolete or concealed;upper tail-coverts gray, with more or less distinct mesial streaks ofblackish; tail grayish black or dusky with light-gra}- edgings, the innerwebs of two or three outermost rectrices with a terminal patch ofwhite, that on exterior rectrix occupying the terminal third or more;wings grayish black or dusky with light olive-gray or olive edgings,the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, formingtwo conspicuous bands across wing; throat (sometimes chin also^),chest, sides, and flanks plain light chestnut; rest of under parts plainpale buif or bufi^y white, the inider tail-coverts more decidedly butfy;maxilla dark l)rown or ])rownish black, mandible more brownish; irisbrown; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried skins); length (skins),119.4-130. S (125); wing, 71 .'6-76. 2 (78.1:); tail,.51. 8-56.4 (53.1); exposedculmen, 9.9-10.9 (10.4); tarsus, 17.5-20.3 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.9(11.2).^Adultfemale {summer and winter).?Essentially similar to the maleexcept in extent of the chestnut, which is often almost entirely absent,and never so strongly marked; whole pileum usually distinctly streakedwith black on a gra}', olive, or olive-green ground, the crown and
' The chin, or at least its anterior margin, is usually dusky, sometimes whitish.
' Eight specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 593
occiput usually more or less intermixed with chestnut, sometimes witha considerable patch of that color; chestnut of under parts sometimeswholly absent, l>ut usually the area so colored in the male more or lessdistinctly indicated, especially across chest and along sides; foreheadand sides of head never (?) black; ^ length (skins), 113-123.2 (118.9);wing, 67.8-73.0 (60.0); tail, 18-52.8 (50); exposed culmen, 9.1-0.9(9.6); tarsus, 17.8-10.3 (18.3): middle toe, 10.1-11.7 (10.0).'Young in Jirst aufnmn (Oid irtntcr.?Pileum, hindneck, back, andscapulars dull yellowish olive-green,- usually indistincth-^ (rarely dis-tincth") streaked with black, often without streaks; rump and uppertail-coverts more gra^-ish than back, with or without streaks; wingsand tail as in adults, but white wing-bands usually tinged, more orless, with olive yellowish; sides of head and neck mostly yellowisholive or dull olive-yellow, relieved by a dusky grayish loral and post-ocular streak, the eyelids white or pale yellowish; under parts pale])uff or buffy whitish, more decidedly whitish on throat and abdomen,more strongly bufl' on flanks and under tail-coverts, the former usuallytinged (sometimes strongly) with chestnut.Youngfemale^ first2)luii) age.? "'Remiges, rectrices, primary coverts,and alulfe as in adult. Pileum, nape, and rump dull brown; )>ackdullolive-green; upper tail-coverts slaty-black. Entire under partscreamy-white, with the slightest possible tinge of clay-color, varyingto ashy on the breast No trace of chestnut on the flanks. Sides ofhead bufl', strongly tinged with greenish on the auriculars and maxil-lar}^ line. Each feather of the liody, both above and beneath, with alarge terminal spot of black; the posterioi half of abdomen, analregion, and crissum are, however, immaculate. In my collection,from Upton. Me., August 0, 1873."^Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Hudson Bay(Moose Factor}', Hamilton Inlet, etc.) and Manitoba (Portage la
^ Usually the adult female has the back more narrowly streaked than the adultmale; sometimes the streaks, l)oth on hack and pileum, are nearly obsolete.
'' Eight specimens.
^Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58-59. Mr. Brewster adds that "avery complete suite of specimens, taken late ni August and early in September,illustrates well the development of the plumage of the young of this species. Thespotted feathers of the under parts, with the exception of a narrow^ line down thecenter of the breast, are the first to disappear, and simultaneously with their removal,the chestnut flank-patches become apparent. Next the pileum and nape take onthe autumnal green, and last of all the feathers of the back and central line beneathare changed. Adults of this species in fall dress are indistinguishal )le from the young,except by the more pronounced chestnut on the sides." While admitting the possi-bility that adults assume a different plumage in winter, I would say that adult malesin the National Museum collection from Guatemala and Coloml)ia (Bogota), pre-suma])ly taken in winter, are in coloration exactly like spring and summer speci-mens from the United States.3654?VOL 2?01 38
594 BULLETIN 50, uiSTITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Prairie); west to edge the Great Plains; breeding southward to north-ern Maine, Now Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and northern Michi-gan (Mackinac Island). In wintei- southward through eastern Mexicoand Central America^ to Colom])ia (numerous localities and records).No West Indian record.Sylvia casianea'Wihso's, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 97, y>\. 14, iig. -t (e. Pennsylvania; ooll.Peale Museum).
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Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 714.
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Vieillot,Enc. Meth., ii, 1823*452.
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Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824,189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.?Nuttall, INIan. Orn. V. S. and Can., i, 1832,382.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 358, pi. 69.Sylricola castanea Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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Bonaparte,Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 53; Birds Am.,oct. ed., ii, 1841, 34, pi. 80.?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311(AVisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).\_SiiIricola^ castanea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.jl/[?r/o/)7ta] castanea. Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 19(i.l^fniotilta^ castanea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3483.Ii[himanphus'] castaneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico).Dendroica castanea Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 276; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 197; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Turbo, Rio Truando, andPanama, Colombia).
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Sllater and Salvin, Iliis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).
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Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 193 (Rio Truando and Turbo,Colombia).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., xv, 1872, 192 (remarkableabundance in e. INIassachusetts and s. Wisconsin in spring of 1872); xvii,1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 251, pi. 13, figs. 4, 5.?Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory and Hamilton Inlet, Hudson Bay).American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 660. Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888, 250 (Nebraska, etc.; breeding at Portage la Prairie,Manitoba; dates, etc. ).?Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 146.
?
Thompson,Proc. r. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (:Manitoba, breeding).?Loomis, Auk,X, 1893, 155 (remarks on coloration).
?
White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (MackinacI., Michigan, rare sum. resid. ),
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,215, pi. 12, fig. 4.?McIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1894, .367 (Listowell, Ontario,breeding). Allen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Bonda, Santa INIarta, Colombia,Oct. 27).D\_endroica'] castanea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 501.Dendraca castanea 'Lawrencb, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861,322 (Panama R. R. ).ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31.
?
Sclatkr and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 494 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colom-bia).
?
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Naranjo, Coloml)ia).
?
^NIaynard, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 10 (breeding habits).?Brewer, Ibis, 1872, 334 (migra-tions) .?CouEs, Check List, 1873, no. 82; 2d ed., 1882, no. 123; Birds N. W.,1874, 61; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 243.?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no.4, 1876, 15 (Tehuaiitepec City, Oct.).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,1878, 58 (descr. young).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 100.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 132.?Nehrling, Bull.
* Mexican and Central American records for this species are singularly few, onlythe State of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City) and Guatemala being represented, so far as Ihave 1 ,een able to tliscover. Its line of migration would therefore appear to be chieflyacross the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Colombia.
"" BTEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas) .?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.,X, 1885, 320, 650 ( Bucaramanga, Remedies, and Medellin, Colombia; Panamaand Chepo, Isthnuis of Panama; Yeragua)
.
IDcndra'ca] cmtanea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101.
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Sclater and 8alvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D\_endr(fca\ castanen Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304.Dmdroeca casfanea Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. F(')rh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,614 (monogr. ).Sylvia autummdis Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 65, pi. 23, fig. 3.
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Stephens,Shaw's Gen. ZooL, x, 1817, 632.?Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 448.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii,1826, 84.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 390.?Audubon, Orn.Biog., i, 1831, 447, pi. 88.DENDROICA STRIATA (Forster).BLACK-POLL 'WARBLER.Adult male in sjyring and suminer.?Entire pileum uniform l)lack;hindneck streaked with black and white, in varying- relative propor-tion; back and scapulars In-oadly streaked with black on a gray, paleolive, or (more rarely) wood brown ground; rump and upper tail-coverts similar but less distinctly streaked, often (especially the rump)without streaks; tail dusky, with light g^ra}' edgings, the inner welxs oftwo or three outermost rectrices with a subterminal patch of white(largest on the lateral rectrix); wings dusky with light olive edgings(more yellowish olive on primaries), the middle and greater covertsbroadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; sides ofhead white, including lower eyelid, suborbital region, auricular region,and malar region; sides of neck streaked with black and Avhite; underparts white, broadly streaked laterally with black, the l)lack streakson sides of throat coalesced into two stripes converging and usuallyunited on chin, forming a conspicuous V-shaped mark; under tail-coverts immaculate pure white; maxilla dusky with paler tomia;mandible horn brownish, paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet paleyellowish brown in dried skins (yellowish in life?); length (skins), 118-iiO (125.8); wing. 71.4-7T.6 (74.2); tail, 48.6-54 (51.3); tarsus, 18.4-20.4 (19.1); middle toe, 10.8-13 (12).^Adult female in spring and summer.?Above varying from olive-green to gray, streaked, more or less broadly, with blackish, thestreaks usually more or less obsolete on rump; wings and tail as inadult male, but white wing-bands tinged with yellow (except in speci-mens having a gray upper surface); under parts var^'ing from whiteto pale olive-yellow (with all intermediate conditions?the under tail-coverts always white), more or less distinctl}^ streaked laterally withblack or dusky, the streaks usually most distinct on sides of throat
^ Twenty-five specimens.
.96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.and breast; Jeno-th (skins), 115-127 (120.1); wing. 69-75 (71.5); tail,45-51 (48.1:); exposed eulmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middletoe, 10.5-12 (11.5).^Adult mal)' in (iKfuinn and intnter.'^?Very different from the summerplumage. Above dull olive-green, passing gradually into dull grayon upper tail-coverts; back and scapulars (sometimes also pileum,rump, or upper tail-coverts) narrowly streaked with black; wings andtail as in summer plumage, but white wing-bands usually tinged withyellow; a narrow and indistinct superciliary streak of pale olive-yellowish, the upper eyelid whitish; auricular region and sides of neckolive or dull olive-greenish, like general color of upper parts; malarregion, chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides pale olive-yellow or strawyellow, the sides and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky; abdomen,anal region, and under tail-coverts white.Young in firi<t autumn and lolnter.^?Similar to the adult male atsame seasons, but under parts more extensively yellowish (only theunder tail-coverts white), upper tail-coverts dull olive-greenish, likeback, etc., instead of grayish, and back usuallv less distinctly streaked.Young ^ first plumage.?Pileum, back, and scapulars light grayishbrown streaked with black, the streaks more or less wedge-shaped,especially on back; rump very pale grayish brown or light buffy gray,transversely mottled or barred with black; upper tail-coverts grayishbrown with indistinct paler tips and dusky shaft-streaks; under partswhitish, tinged with olive-yellow anteriorly, everywhere, except onunder tail-coverts and lower abdomen, transversely mottled with dusky;wings and tail as in winter plumage.Eastern and northern North America, north to the limit of tree-growth; breeding from Ungava (Fort Chimo) and shores of Hudson
^ Seventeen specimens.Western specimens average larger than eastern, measurements being as follows:
Localitv. Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 597Bay to northern and western Alaska (Kowak Rivan-, Hotham Inlet,Nulato, etc ), southward to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands,Anticosti Island), northern New England (mountains of Vermont, etc.),northeastern New York (Adirondack and Catskill Mountains), northernMichigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba ( i), and Colorado (Seven Lakes);west (during migration) to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. Inwinter southward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, (Irand ('ay-man, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Lucia, Guadeloupe, Barbados, etc.)to Tobago, Trinidad, and continent of South America (Guiana, Vene-zuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, and Chili). No Mexican nor CentralAmerican record. Accidental in southern Greenland (Godthaab, in1853).Muscicapa . . . striata Forstek, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 406 (Severn Eiver).Muscicapa striata FoRSTER, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772,428 (Hudson Bay).[ihiscicapa^ striata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 930.
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Latham, Index Orn., ii,1790, 481.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 370.[Mutacilla^ striata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 976 (based on Black-pollWarbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, 460; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 401).[Sylvia^ striata Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527.Sylvia striata Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pis. 75, 76; Nouv. Diet.d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 219, 222; Enc-. Meth., ii, 1823, 441, 464.?Wilson, Am.Orn., iv, 1811, 40, pi. 30, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 101, pi. 54, tig. 4 (female).?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 645.
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Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 383.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 201, pi.133.
?
Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 33.Sylricola striata Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 218.
?
Bona-parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 52; BirdsAm., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 28, pi. 78.
?
Reinhardt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 427(Greenland).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. S-'i. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mim-bres. New INIexioo).
?
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (NovaScotia); vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas). Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,1860, 307 (Cuba).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas).ISylvicola} striata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.M[niotllta'] striata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilta] striata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3474.Mniotilta striata Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Godthaab, Greenland).R[ltimanphus'\ striatus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20.Rhimainplius striatus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861, 409(do.).
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Scl.vter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colombia).Dendroica striata Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 202; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 163, 192.?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).?Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,220 (Labrador) .
?
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).
?
Dall and Ban-nister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nulato, Alaska). Dall,Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600 (Yukon R., Alaska) .
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Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat.Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.Nat., vii, 1878, 181 (Porto Rico).
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Baird, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 248, pi. 13, figs. 9, 12.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1875,439 (n. New England, breeding). Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler'sSurv., 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,
598 BULLETIN r)0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.1875, 198 (do.)-?Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (FortChimo,Ungava, breeding).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 66L?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references); ix, 1892,49(Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118(New Providence, Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Arguilla, Bahamas; Cuba;Grand Cayman; Jamaica; PurtoRico; Barbados).
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Townsenu, Auk, iv, 1887,13 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).
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Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887,202.?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 251 (dates of migr., etc.).?Ridg-WAY, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 147.?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii,1890,619 (Manitoba; breeding?).
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Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv,1891, 444 (Anderson R., arctic Am., breeding).
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Nehrling, Our NativeBirds, etc., i, 1893, 217, pi. 12, fig. 3.?White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I.,Michigan, rare sum. resid. ). Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh,Montana, common in May). Bishop, N. Am." Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90(Log Cabin, Lake Marsh, and Caribou Crossing, Alaska).
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Allen, Bull.Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, province Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct.,Nov.).
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Osgood, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).
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Howell, Auk, xviii, 1901, 344 (Mount Mansfield,Vermont, breeding).
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Bige-Low, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador, breeding north to limit of tree growth).Dendroica striaius Gvi^DhAVH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).Dendraca striata Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jamaica; Tol:)ago; Bogota).Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (interior British America) .
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Sclater and Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).?Coues, Check List,1873, no. 81; 2d ed., 1882, no. 122; Birds N. W., 1874, 60; Birds Col. Val.,1878, 288.?Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (Godthaab, 1spec, 1853).?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia,Lesser Antilles).?Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Seven Lakes,Colorado, summer resident; Denver, May).
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Cory, Birds Bahama L, 1880,61.?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 101.
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Allen and Brewster,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Austins Bluffs, Cohjrado, May 8, 9).?Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Magdalen Islands andAnticosti I., breeding).
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Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 622(Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).
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McLenegan, Cruise "Corwin," 1884, 114(Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 325, 650 (Roraima, British Guiana; Oyapoc, French Guiana; Rio Negro;Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; etc.). James, New List Chilian Birds, 1892, 2.[Dendrcccal striata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101. Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D[endra'ca^ striata Newton (A. and E. ), Handh. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 303.Dendroeca striata Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. F()rh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614( monogr. )
.
Dendroica pimis (error) Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 220 (Lal)rad()r).Dendnrra. atricapiUa Landbeck, Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1864, 56 (Chile).Anthus hreviimguis Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 75, pi. 76, fig. 1 (Brazil).
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Burmeister,Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 120.?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 24(Trinidad).?Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 69, 463.[Ard,h:us'\ hreviunguis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3631.
BIRDS OB" NORTH AND MIDDLE AMP:RICA. '599DENDROICA VIGORSII VIGORSII (Audubon).PINE WARBLER.Largest species of the genus (wing 67.5-76 in male, 66.5-70 infemale); upper parts (except wings and tail) unicolored (plain olive-green, grayish olive, or olive-brownish); wing-bands dull white orgrayish.Adult 'male in spring and suminer.?Above plain bright olive-green,usually becoming more grayish on scapulars; wings and tail duskywith dull gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadlytipped with dull white or pale gray, producing two distinct bands;inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white terminally,the white on lateral rectrix occupying nearly the terminal half, theouter web more or less broadlv edged with white; sides of head andneck olive-green, the former relieved by a narrow, usually indistinct,superciliar}^ streak and a crescentic su1)orbital spot of yellow, thelores usually darker olive-green, often becoming dusky at anteriorangle of eye; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and l)reast?usuallyupperportion of abdomen also?yellow (intermediate l)etween gaml?ogeand canary yellow), the sides of chest and breast usually streaked,more or less, with olive-greenish, sometimes distinctly streaked withdusky; posterior under parts dull whitisli, the under tail-coverts graybasally; bill brownish black, the mandilde more ])rownish basall}';iris brown; legs and feet dusk}- ])rown.Adidt male in avtuitm anrl winter.?Similar to the spring and summerdress, but plumage softer and colors purer, especially the yellow ofunder parts, which is nearly clear lemon yellow; l)ill more brownish,the basal portion of mandible decidedly paler.Adnlt feinalt in xprimj and mnnnur.?Smaller and nnich duller incolor than the male; above plain olive, or dull olive-greenish, incliningto gray on hindneck and sea})ulars, sometimes almost wholly dull gray;beneath pale olive-yellowish anteriorly and dull whitish posteriorh^sometimes wholly dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellow onchest, the sides and Hanks more strongly tinged with olive or grayish,and sometimes obsoletely streaked with darker, especially on sides ofchest; wings and tail as in the male.Adult female in autnnm and winter.?Similar to the spring andsummer dress, but plumage softer, the upper parts tinged with brownand under parts tinged with buflf.Young male injlr.st autumn and winter??Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but upper parts tinged with brown, the lowerparts with buff.Yaung female hi fird autumn and winter.?Similar to the adultfemale of corresponding season, but more decidedly brown above andmore strongly tinged with buff below.
600 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Yovng male^firat plumage.?Above plain broccoli brown, the wingsand tail as in the adult, but wing-bands narrower, more or less stronglybuffy; beneath dull whitish, strongly shaded across chest and alongsides and flanks with pale broccoli brown.Yoxmg female., first pluynage.?Similar to the 3'oung male, but upperparts rather less decidedly brown.Adult male.?\^Q\\^i\\ (skins), 118-136 (125.2); wing, r)7..5-76 (72.9);tail, 51.5-58 (54.4); exposed culnien, 10-12 (10.9); depth of bill atnostrils, 4-4.5 (4.2); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.5); middle toe, 12-13.5(12.7).^Adult female.?Ij^wgtV (skins), 115-12S (120.2); wing, 66.5-70.5(68.4); tail, 50.5-53.5 (52.2); exposed culmen, 9.8-11 (10.6); depth ofbill at nostrils, 4; tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.4).'Eastern United Stat(\s and more southern British Provinces, northto Minnesota, Manitoba (to Lake Winnipeg), Ontario (Lake Muskoka,Hamilton, etc.). New York, southern Maine, and New Brunswick;breeding southward to southern Florida and Gulf States, wintering inSouthern States (Florida to Texas) and northward to coast district ofVirginia, southern Illinois, etc., occasionally to Massachusetts; occa-sional in Bermudas.Sylvia pimis (not of Latham, 1790) Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 25, pi. 19, fig. 4.
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Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 737, part.
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Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii,1823, 464.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 194; Ann. Lye.N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 387.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 132, pi. 111.Th[rtothurus'] ?p('mts Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194, jtart.Sylvicola pinus Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 316, pi., 19, fig. 4.
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Rich-ardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
?
Bonaparte, Geog. and
' Twenty-seven specimens.
^ Nine specimens.Specimens from different localities (mostly taken during Ijreeding season) averageas follows:
Locality. Wing.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601Comp. List, 1838, 22.
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Audubon, Synopsis, ]839, 54; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii,18-41, 37, pi. 82.?HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Oct. ).?WooDHOusE, Rep. Ritgreaves' Exp. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Texas).
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Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).?Kennicott,Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc, 1855, 583 (Illinois).?Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859,312 (Bermudas).?Bl.\nd, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1859 (1860), 287(Bermudas).
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Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota?).[Vermivora'] pinits Swainson Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245.Mnlotllta pinus SwAiNsot^, Birds VV. Africa, i. Mar., 1837, 273, in text.M[nlotUta] pinus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Mniotilta] pinus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3484.[Rlilmamphus'] pinux Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311.Ueiidroica pinus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 277; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 198; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190.
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Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii,1862, 156 (Maine).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 268, pi. 13, fig. 6.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., xvii, 1875, 439 (s. NewEngland, breeding).Dlendroica'] pinus Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 ( Illinois, breeding)
.
Dendrceca jiinus ' Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Pennsylvania).
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McIlwraithProc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 ( Hamilton, Ontario).
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Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool.,ii, 1871, 268 (e. Florida, abt. winter).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 91,2d ed., 1882, no. 134; Birds N. W., 1874, 69; Birds Col.Val., 1878, 251.?Brown (N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 107 (s. Maine, breeding).?Roberts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Herman, Minne-sota).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 111.?Nehrling, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, winter).
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Browne, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 119 (Framingham, Massachusetts, Dec. 5; 4 specs. ).Merriam, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 128 (Adirondacks, New York, 1spec. May). Grundtvig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 71 (Shiocton,Wisconsin, Apr. 31 to May 12).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883,120 (Duxbury, Massachusetts, Dec. 27).?Sharpe, tJat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 323, 650.?Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).\^Dendrceca'\ pinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 105.D[e?idrffca] pinmt Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 ( n. e. Illinois, breed-ing).?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2<1 ed., 1884, 307.Dendroeca pinus Sundevall, C)fv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 612(monogr. ).Dendraeca pina Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 272. Maynard, Birds Florida,1873, 48.Sylvia vigorsii Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 153, pi. 30 (Perkioming Creek, e. Penn-sylvania) .Vireo vigorsii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 318.Dendroica vigorsii^ Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 356; Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 152. Stejneger, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 343.
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American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 671.
?
Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 326
' The following West Indian citations I am not al)le, in the absence of specimens,to correctly place:Dendroeca pinus Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 33.Dendroica vigorsii Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I.Birds, 1892, 118, part (Great Bahama, Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Baha-mas; Haiti).They are more likely to refer to D. v. nchrustera or D. v. abacoensis?or some unnamedinsular form or forms?than to true D. vigorsii.
602 BULLETIN 50, UNITP:D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(Lake Winnipeg).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. VaL, 1888, 254 (MississippiValley localities, etc.; winters north to s. Illinois).
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Thompson, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 620 (Manitoba, breeding). -Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 20(Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding).
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Ralph and Bacsg, Auk, vii, 1890, 232(OneidaCo., NewYork, breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 567 (migrant ).?Bkimley, Auk, viii, 1891, 199 (Raleigh, North Carolina; breeding habits).
?
Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, .'541 (San Antonio, Texas; rare migr.).
?
White,Auk, X, 189.'5, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan; rare sum. resid.).
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Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 232.?MclLWRArrn, Birds Ontario, 1894,371 (Hamilton, Ontario, breeding)
?
Allen, Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (BerkshireCo., Ma.ssachusetts, breeding)
.
?Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa andAucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding).
?
Henninger, Auk, xv, 1898, 331(Waverly, Ohio, breeding).
?
Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99(1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding). Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (LakeMuskoka, Ontario, 1 spec, Apr. 30, 1898).D[endroica'\ r[igorsil'] rigorsii Ridgwav, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text.DENDROICA VIGORSII ACHRUSTERA (Bangs).NASSAU PINE WARBLER.Similar to D. v. vkjors!!^ but wiiij^- much shorter, tail relatively longer,and bill and feet larger; 3^ellow of under parts averaging paler, notextending to flanks or lower abdomen; yellow supraloral line averag-ing broader, more distinct; white on inner webs of lateral rectricesmore restricted. Young (in first plumage) with upper parts muchbrowner (cinnamon-brown or nearly prouts brown).Adult male.?Length (skins), 117-130 (123.2); wing. 61-69 (65.9);tail, 54-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (12); depth of bill atnostrils, 4-4.5 (4.1); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.9); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.4).^Adultfemale.?\.cngih (skins), 120-123 (121.5); wing, 62-63 (62.5);tail, 51.5-52 (51.7); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill atnostrils, 4; tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.2); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.2).'Island of New Providence, Bahamas.This is clearly an insular form of D. vigorsu., differing only in itsshorter wing, larger bill and feet, and relatively longer tail. Ever}^character of coloration in adult birds I find in occasional specimens oftrue D. vigordi., which is exceedingly variable in respect to extent ofthe yellow on the under parts, and other color characters.Syhicola pinus (not Sylvia pinns Wilson, nor of Latham) Bryant, Proc. Best.Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 67 (Bahamas ).'Dendrceca pinus Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 69, part.
'IDendrceca} pinus Cory, List Birds, W. I., 1885, 8, part.
' Four specimens.
^ Two specimens.
^ No particular island is mentioned, but a specimen from the Bryant collection inthe U. S. National Museum collection agrees closely with the examples from NewProvidence, and is probably from that island.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 003Dendroir.a vigorsii (not Sylvia vigorsli Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39, {)art(Bahamas, part) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 53, part (do. ) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118part (Ne'v Providence I., Bahamas).
?
Ridgway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (NewProvidence, Apr. 17, 19).Dendroica bahamends {not D. pityophila bahamensis Cory, 1891) Maynard, App.to Cat. of Birds of the W. I., Nov. 29, 1899, 33 (New Providence I., Baha-mas; coll. C. J. Maynard).^Dendroica achrusiera Bangs, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 292 (Nassau, New Prov-idence I., Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).D[endi^oica^ viyorsii achrustera Ridgway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text.DENDROICA VIGORSII ABACOENSIS Ridgway.ABACO PINE ?WARBIER.Similar to D. v. mgo/'.^li., but decidedly larger, with relatively shorterwing and with under parts more extensively whitish posteriorly; .simi-lar to I). i\ achruxtera, but larger and with 3"ellow of under partsbrighter and with flanks much less strongly tinged with brown.Adult male.?Length (skin). 133; wing, 70; tail, 57; exposed cul-men, 13.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 13.5.
~
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.(?) Dendrceca pinus (not Sylvia pinus Wilson, nor of Latham) Cory, Birds BahamaIs., 1880, 69, part.(?) Dendroica vigorsii (not Sylda vigorsii Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39,part (Bahamas, part); Birds W. I., 1889, 53, part (do.).Dendroica vigorsii Ridgway', Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Apr. 1).
?
Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, part (Abaco I.).Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Ridgway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 (Abaco Island,Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).DENDROICA KIRTLANDII Baird.KIRTIAND'S WARBLER.Adult male in spring.?Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and auricu-lar region bluish slate-gra}' or dull pluml)eous, the first usually moreor less streaked with black; anterior portion of forehead, lores, andspace between lower eyelid and malar region black, gradually blendingposteriori}' into the gray of the auricular region; a white crescenticspot or bar on lower eyelid, and a smaller, narrower mark of white onupper eyelid; back and scapulars brownish gray or hair brown, broadlystreaked Avith black; rump and upper tail-coverts slate-gray, narrowly(sometimes obsoletely) streaked with black; wings and tail dusky withpale brownish gray or grayish brown edgings, the middle and greaterwing-coverts margined terminally with paler brownish gray or grayish
^Type now in the collection of E. A. and O. Bangs, Boston, Massachusetts.
^ One specimen, the only one seen.
604 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.brown, .soinctimos approaching dull white; inner webs of two outer-Diost rectrices with a terminal white spot, this about 18-22 lono<)n thelateral rectrix; malar region, chin, tlii'oat, and rest of under partspale lemon, canary, or primrose yellow, fading into white on undertail-coverts; sides and flanks grayish, streaked with dusky, the pro-nounced gray area on each side of breast separated from the yellow ofthe median portion l)y a series of broad black streaks; chest usuallywith a few small flecks of dusky, sometimes immaculate yellow; maxillablackish Avith pale brownish tomia; mandible horn brownish, darkerterminally, paler hasally; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brown-ish; length (skins), 125-150 (IS-t.f)); wing, 70-72 (71.4); tail, 57-65(58.8); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.3); middletoe, 12-13 (12.6).^Adult fciiKil'' hi Hjyrlng.?Similar to the adult male, but duller incolor; the bhiish slate-gray of pileum, hindneck, and rump replacedwith ))rownish gra}^; black streaks of l)ack and scapulars rather nar-rower; yellow of under parts averaging slightly paler, and chest morefreijuently as well as more extensively speckled or flecked with dusky;length (skins) 126-138 (132.1); wing, 64-71 (66.7); tail, 53-58(56.4);exposed culmen. 11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 12-13
P^astern United States and more southern British Provinces, chieflywest of the Alleghenies; very irregularly^ distributed and breedingrange unknown; has been taken in the following States: Ohio (Clev^e-land; Rockport; Hamilton County); Indiana (Wabash); Illinois (Win-nebago and Cook counties); Missouri (St. Louis County); Minnesota(Minneapolis); Wisconsin (Racine); Michigan (Ann Arbor; Straits ofMackinac); Virginia (Fort Myer); South Carolina (Chester); also inOntario (Toronto). Winters in the Bahamas (Watlings, Green Ca}',Berry, Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, North Caicos, EastCaicos, and Grand Caicos islands).Sylvicolu kirtlandii Bated, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 217, pi. 6 (Cleve-land, Ohio; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
?
Zuchold, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,855.?Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 278, pi. 47.Dendroica kirtlandii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 205; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (at sea, bet. Abaco, Baha-mas, and Cuba; 2 additional specs, from Cleveland, Ohio).
?
Wheaton, OhioAgric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 374 (Cleveland, Ohio; Racine, Wisconsin).?Stone, Auk, xv, 1898, 331 (no valid record for Pennsylvania).Dendroica kirtlandi Baird, Brewer, and Ruk;\vay, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,272, pi. 14, fig. 5.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 670.?Ridgwav, Auk, viii, 1891, 337 (Watlings I., Bahamas, Mar. 4 to 9),338 (Green Cay, Bahamas, Apr. 12).?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 38; viii, 1891,295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 297 (Caicos Islands, Bahamas, Jan. or Feb.),298 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Mar.); Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 118, 155 (Abaco, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Wat-
^ Five specimens. ^ Seven specimens.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 605lings I., Green Cay, North C'aicos, Grand C'aicos, and Ea.?t Gaicos, Baha-mas).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 25-i (St. Louis, Missouri, May 8) .?Smith and Palmer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (Fort Myer, Virginia, Sept. 25).?Washbukn, Auk, vi, 1889, 280 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1).?Loomis,Auk, viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Oct. 11 ).?Guilford, Auk,X, 1891, 86 (]\Iinneapolis, Minnesota, May 13).?Nehrling, Gur Native Birds,etc., i, 1893, 231.?Gault, Auk, xi, 1894, 258 (Glen Ellyn, n. e. Illinois, :\Iay7)._Ulrey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. , 1895, 147 (Wabash, Indiana, May, 1895).?Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, May4, 1892).?Butler, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 168 (Wabash, Indiana, May 7,1895).?Chapman, Auk, xv, 1898, 289, pi. 4 (historical, etc.) ; xvi, 1899, 81(W'innebago Co., Illinois, May 25, 1894).
?
Blackwelder, Auk, xvi, 1899,359 (Morgan Park, Chicago, Illinois, May 21, 1899).?Bangs, Auk, xvii, 1900,292 (New Providence I., Bahamas, Mar. 4 and Apr. 5).?Samuel, Auk, xvii,1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario, May 16, 1900).Dlendroica^ kirtlaiidi Ridgway, ]Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 514.Dendroeca tirtlandl Sundevall, Ofv. k. Yet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,617 (monogr. ).[Dendra-ml kirtlandii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104.Dendrceca kirtlandi Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 89; 2d ed., 1884, no. 131 BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 249; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 49 (Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, May 16; descr. adult female).
?
Lancjdon, Cat. Birds Cincinnati, 1877,6 (Avondale, Hamilton Co., Ohio).?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,118 (Andros I., Bahamas, Jan. 9; descr. adult female); Birds Bahamas I.,1880, 66.?PuRniE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, May 16; list of known specimens).
?
Wheaton, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,iv, 1879, 58 (Rockport, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, 2 or 3 specs., spring of 1878).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 110.
?
Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 376(Straits of Mackinac, Michigan, May 21, 1885).?Widmann, Auk, ii, 1885, 382(near St. Louis, Missouri, May 8, 1885).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 322.iDendrceca] Jchilandl Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885. 8.D[/'U(?ra'co] kirtlandi Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 306.iMmotma'\ kirtlandii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no 3492.{^3I')iiotilta'] kirtlandi Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603.DENDROICA PITYOPHILA PITYOPHILA (Gundlach).CUBAN WARBLER.Adult in spring and summer.?Forehead and crown j^ellowish olive-green, obsoletely streaked with darker; rest of upper parts, includingsides of head and neck, plain slate-gray, the lores and suborbitalregion more dusky; wings and tail dusky with light brownish grayedgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale brownishgray, producing two indistinct bars across wing; inner webs of twolateral rectrices with a large white terminal wedge-shaped spot; chin,throat, median portion of chest, and part of malar region light lemonor canary yellow; I'est of under parts dull white medially, pale brown-ish gray laterally, the flanks more tinged with bi'own; between theyellow on lower throat and median portion of breast and the gray on
606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sides of neck and chest a series of l)road black streaks or spots, thesesometimes extending beyond the yellow over sides of breast, wherethe gray on each side encroaches more upon the white of the medianportion; bill black; legs and feet dark horn brown; length (skins),111.8-114.3(113); wing, 56-60.1: (58.9); tail, 18.2-50.3 (19.4); exposedculmen, 10-10.1 (10.3); tarsus, 16-16.7 (16.1); middle toe, 10.6-11(lO.S).^Adult (?) male in winter.^?Similar to the spring and summer plum-age but general color of upper parts smoke gray, less strongly con-trasted with olive-green of crown and forehead; sides and flanks morestrongly tinged with pale brown; black streaks along lateral margin ofyellow chest-patch less distinct, and bill light horn brownish insteadof black.Adult female in spring and summer.?Similar to the adult male ofcorresponding season and not always distinguishable, but visually veryslightly duller in color, or with the black streaks along lateral marginof yellow chest-patch smaller or less distinct; length (skins), 109.2-115.6(111.8); wing, 55.9-57.7 (57); tail, 17.5-48.3 (48.5); exposed culmen,10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 16.3-16.8 (16.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.4 (11).'Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles (in pine woods).Si/lncolapityophila Gundlach, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1855, 160 (Cuba).
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Sog. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.Rhimamphiis pityopMhis Gv'NTii.Acn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 240.De7irlroica piti/ophiln Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 208.?Cory, Auk, lii,1886, 38;' Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 129.Dlendroica] pityopMla Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 515.D\^(n(h-oica'\ pifynjihila Baird, Brewer, and Rujgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 221.Dendraxa jiityopkila Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.
?
Coues,Birds Col. Val., 1878, 296 (synonymy).?Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 38(Cuba).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 322.IDendraca] pUyophila Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendroeca pityopMla Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,612 (monogr.).[il/mo/(7to] pUyophila Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3499.?Giebel, ThesaurusOrn., ii, 1875, 606.DENDROICA PITYOPHILA BAHAMENSIS Cory.BAHAMA WARBLER.Adult male.?"Upper parts, including sides of the head and neck,plumbeous gray, not light ash gray as in Dendroica pityophila Gund-lach. Forehead and crown greenish 3^ellow, showing light yellow atthe base of the upper mandible; throat and upper breast yellow, bor-dered on the breast by a few feathers marked unevenly with black.
^Five specimens. " Possibly young male in first winter. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLP: AMERICA. G07Belh^ dull white .shading- into gray on the sides and flanks. A faintindication of wing bands, showing very faintly in some specimens.Tail dark brown, the two outer feathers showing an arrow-shaped
-white mark on the terminal portion of the inner webs, variable in dif-ferent specimens; most of the feathers of the wings and tail showing-very narrow grayish edging- on the outer webs. Hill and feet darkbrown. Closely allied to Dendroica pityoj)hUa of Cuba. Length,4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.00; tarsus 0.60; bill, 0.45."The female resembles the male, but the colors are slightly paler,and it is perhaps somewhat smaller.
'"^Habitat.?Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas."^Dendroica pityophUa hahamensis Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348 (Abaco I., Baha-mas; coll. C. B. Cory), 350 (Great Bahama and Abaco islands); Cat. W. I.Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 127, 155 (Abaco and Great Bahama islands).DENDROICA DISCOLOR (Vieillot).PRAIRIE -WARBLER.Adult male in spring (Oid .v^/vyz-yy^f^r.?Above yellowish olive-green,brightest on pileum and hindneck, slightly tinged or intermixed withgra3nsh on upper tail-coverts; interscapulars chestnut centrally, more orless broadly margined or edged with oliv'e-green; wings and tail dusky,with pale grayish olive edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadlytipped with pale yellow or light olive-yellow, the outer webs of greatercoverts sometimes yellowish terminally; inner webs of three outer-most rectrices extensively white terminally, this occupying approxi-mately one-half the web on lateral rectrix, successiveh" smaller onthe next two; superciliary stripe (broadest anteriorl}"), large subor-bital crescentic spot, malar region and under parts clear gamlioge orlemon yellow, paler posteriorly (under tail-coverts primrose 3'ellow);a loral and short postocular streak, a liroad curved streak or crescenticpatch iumiediateh" beneath the yellow suborl)ital spot, and a series ofbroad black streaks beginning on sides of lower throat and continuedalong sides to flanks, I)lack; bill dark brown (the maxilla nearl}' black),paler on tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky lirown.Adult male in antionn and whiter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, Init chestnut spots on back more or less concealed (oftenquite so) by broader olive-green margins to the feathers.Adult female in sj^rhuj and summer.?Similar to the male and some-times hardly distinguishable, but usually nnich duller in color, withthe chestnut spots on back indistinct (often obsoiete); the l)lack mark-ings on sides of head replaced by didl g-ra3dsh, and the ])lack streaksalong sides less distinct, especially on flanks, Avhere grayish, or obsolete;olive-green of upper parts sometimes parti}" replaced by grayish, andyellow of lower parts b}" dull whitish.
^Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, .348.
608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adultfemale in autuimi and winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but plumage softer and colors more blended.Immature male Infrxt autuiiinandwinter.?Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but concealed chestnut spots on ])ack smaller;tips of middle wing-coverts duller pale yellowish olive; olive-green ofhead more or less tinged with gray; black markings on sides of headmuch less distinct; black streaks on sides and flanks narrower, andmandible pale brownish (dull flesh color in life?), with darker tip.Immaturefemale inJird autumn and winter.?Similar to the adidtfemale of corresponding season, ])ut duller olive-green above; patternof sides of head indistinct or obsolete, and streaks along sides and flanksstill less distinct, sometimes obsolete.Young female, first plumage.?Above plain hair brown or grayishbroccoli brown; remiges and rectrices dusky, with ywle yellowish grayedgings; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale bulfy, pro-d\icing two narrow bars across wing; sides of head plain pale hairbrown, relieved by a small and narrow spot of dull yellowish white oneach eyelid; chin, throat, and chest pale hair brown; rest of underparts dull yellowish white, or pale dull primrose yellow, the breastnarrowly streaked with hair brown.Adult male.?h&ngih (skins), 105-117 (111); wing, 55.5-59 (57.0);tail, 45-50 (47. 8); exposed culmen, 8. 8-10 (9. -1); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.3).'Adult female.?L'^ngt\\ (skins), 100-111 (105); wing, 51-57(54.1);tail, 41-50 (44.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18).'
' Ten specimens, from Atlantic coast district of United States.
^ Eight specimens, from Atlantic coast district of United States.The specimens measured from the Atlantic States compare in average measurementswith those from the INlississippi Valley and others from the liahauias (the latterevidently resident hirds), as follows:
Locality.
!Ten adult males, Virginia to Massachusetts ' 57.
6
Three adult males from Tennessee and KentuckyFour adult males from Abaco, Green Cay, and Rum Cay, Bahamas.
Eight adult females from Maryland to FloridaThree adult females from Abaco and New Providence, Bahamas. .
.
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609Eastern United States, breeding- north to Massachusetts, southernOntario (Toronto), southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin (?), etc.,south to Florida, Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Providence, andGreen Cay^), and probably to the Gulf States in general; occurringirregularly north to northern Michig'an (Mackinac Island); west toedge of the Great Plains, in eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, etc. ; inwinter south nearly throughout West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, GrandCaj'man, Cayman Brae, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Mona, Culebra,St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles;St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, and Martinique, Lesser Antilles), islandof Cozumel, Yucatan (January), and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (1specimen, February 12); Bermudas (October).S[/lvia discolor YiEiJ.'LOT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 37, p\. 98 (United States andGreater Antilles); Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat,, xi, 1817, 181; Enc. Meth , ii,1823, 445.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. ZooL, x, 1817, 716.?Bonaparte, AnnLye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.?Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, "294," i. e. 394.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831-,76, pi. 14.?Brewer, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1827, 436 (Massachusetts).?Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 32, pi. 6, fig. 2.Sijlvkola discolor Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., 1832, 375.
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Richardson, Rep.Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Conip. List, 1838,23.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 62; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 68, pi. 97.?GossE. Birds Jamaica, 1847, 159. Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermu-das, aut. visit.) .?HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Oct.).
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Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).
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Pratten, Trans.Ills. Agric. Soc, i, 1855, 602 (IlUnois).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,1859, 110 (Bahamas, breeding); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo), 250 (PortoRico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1866. 184 (do.).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).[_Sylvicola'] discolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308.M\_niotilta'] discolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.IMniotilta] discolor Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3486.Rkimamphus discolor Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).Dendroica discolor Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858 290; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, 210; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 213, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico; St.Thomas; St. Croix).?Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872,416 (do.); Repert. Fisico-JSat Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,vii, 1878, 186 (Porto Rico).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863,293 (Jamaica) .
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,276, pi. 14, fig. 9.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 4.39 (Massa-chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, breeding).
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Ridgway, Proc. IT. S.Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan, winter) ; x, 1888, 576 (SwanI., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 155.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39(West Indian references) ; vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cayman Brae) ; vii,1890, 375 (Tortola and Virgin Gorda) ; viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St.Croix; St. Christopher) ; ix, 1892, 48, 49 (Maraguna and Watlings I., Bahamas)
;
Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bir-
1 Perhaps also Rum Cay and other islands of the group. These resident Bahamabirds are recognizably different from birds breeding in the United States, as explainedon p. 608 (footnote), and may require subspecific separation.3654?VOL 2?01 39
610 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
minis, Berry islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador,Exuma Keys, Concepcion, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay, INIaragnna,North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines,Jamaica, Haiti, Mona, Porto Rico, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix,Greater Antilles; St. Eustatius and St. Christopher, Lesser Antilles).
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Ameri-can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 673.
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Coues (E. B. ),Auk, V, 1888, 405-408 (Washington, District of Columbia; nesting habits,etc.).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (e. Kansas; e. Nebraska;West Liberty, Iowa; Pierce City, Missouri).
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Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tar-pon Springs and PuntaRassa, Florida, breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,570 (summer resid. in e. Kansas).?Nehrlinc}, Our Native Birds, etc., i,1893, 236, pi. 13, fig. 2.? (?) White, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi-gan, migr.).
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Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wal^ash,Indiana, May 2).?Samuel, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario,May 11).?Ames, Auk, xviii, 1901, 106 (Toronto, May 11).Dlendroica] discolor Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 516.Dendrceca discolor Newton (A. and E. ), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).
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Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (do.).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194 (Jamaica).
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Allen, Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125 (e. Kansas, common in May).
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Coues, CheckList, 1873, no. 86; 2d ed., 1882, no. 127; Birds N. W., 1874, 63; Birds Col.Val., 1878, 246.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 59 (descr.young).?GuNN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Ottawa Co., Michigan,1 spec. May 21).?Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 64; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti) Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 31.?Ridgway, Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 114.
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1881, 142 (at sea near Swan I., Caribbean Sea).
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Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885,278 (s. e. Dakota).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 307, 648.?Howe,Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Uxbridge, Vermont, 1 spec, "Dec. 4,1884").[Dendrfecal discolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.
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Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.?Cory, List Birds' W. I., 1885, 8.J)[encZro?ra] discolor Nelson, BuU. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (n. e. Illinois; breed-ing?).
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Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305.Dendroeca discolor Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596(Porto Rico), 615 (monogr.).Si/lda minuta Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 87, pi. 25, fig. 4.
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Bonaparte, Ann.Lye N. Y., ii, 1826, 86.Phyllopneuste minuta Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.Sylvicola 7ninuta Den^y, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S47, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba).DENDROICA VITELLINA Cory.VITELLINE WARBLER.Similar to D. discolor,, but imich larger; under tail-ooverts yellow,back never spotted with chestnut, and sides of breast without black ordusky streaks.Adult male.?Above uniform j-ellowish olive-green; wings and taildusky with yellowish olive-green edgings (these more grayish on pri-mary coverts and terminal portion of remiges), the middle wing-covertsbroadly tipped with canarj- yellow, the outer webs of greater coverts
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 611'passing terminally into pale dull olive-yellow; inner webs of two outer-most rectrices with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; sidesof head, including- a narrow superciliary stripe (becoming indistinct orobsolete beyond e3^e), a large crescentic suborbital space, greater partof auricular region, whole malar region, and entire under parts clearlemon yellow, the sides and flanks ver}' indistinctly streaked with olive-greenish (these streaks more distinct on sides of breast); a postocularand a rictal streak of olive-greenish; maxilla brownish black, with palertomia; mandible horn brownish, paler basally; legs and feet hornbrownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 115-119 (117); wing, 55-59(56.8); tail, 51; exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 19-21 (19.8).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and not alwaj^s distinguish-able, but usually (^) slightl}" duller in color; length, 105-115 (110.5);wing, 53-56 (54.5); tail, 47-49 (47.4); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2);tarsus, 19-20 (19.5).^Young., first 2)litiitage.?A.hoyQ plain light grayish brown, tsomewhatdarker on back; middle and greater wing coverts edged with lighterbrownish and indistincth^ tipped with dull light Inifl^'y; remiges andrectrices dusky, edged with light olive, these edgings on tertials broaderand paler; lower parts entirely dull whitish, faintly tinged with 3 el-low posteriorly, strongly tinged with grayish brown on sides of breast.(Described from No. 111,258, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Swan Island,Caribbean Sea, February 3, 1887; C. H. Townsend.)[Some apparently adult s])ecimens, of l)oth sexes, possibly youngerbirds, are duller in color than those from which the above descriptionsof the adult male and female are taken, while several which are other-wise as bright colored have the olive-green of the upper parts, espe-cially on the hindneck and part of the pileum. replaced by clear ashgray, and the yellow of the throat by a much paler tint, almost 3 el-lowisli w^hite.Having only one specimen, an adult female, from the island ofGrand Ca3"man (the t3'pe localit3") for comparison with the Swan Islandseries, I can not bo sure that the birds of the two islands are realh"identical.]Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.Dendroica rikillna Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 497, 501 (Grand Cayman, CaribbeanSea; coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); v,1888, 157 (Grand Cayman); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman; Cayman Brae);Birds W. I., 1889, 286; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18,' 119, 129, 155 (GrandCayman) .?RiDCiWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 57-1 (Grand Cayman)
,
576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea; desci*. young).
' Five specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.
'^ Four specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. A single female from GrandCayman (the type locality) measures: Length (skin), 112; wing, 52; tail, 45; exposedculmen, 12; tarsus, 20.
612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.DENDROICA PALMARUM PALMARUM (Gmelin).PALM WARBLER.Win^s dusk}' with light grayish brown or brownish gray edgings,l)ut without any distinct bands; a yellow or whitish superciliar\' stripe;under parts with at least the under tail-coverts 3"ellow; spring andsummer adults with a chestnut pileum.Adults (-s?,w-s' aJike^) in sprhig and summer.?Forehead and crownuniform bright chestnut, the former sometimes blackish antcriorl3%where divided by a short and narrow median line of whitish or paleyellowish; rest of upper parts grayish olive or hair brown, narrowlyand indistinctly streaked with darker, especially on back and scap-ulars; lower rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive orolive-greenish, the larger coverts more brownish, with indistinct mesialstreaks of darker; wings and tails dusky with light grayish brown orbrownish gray edgings, these most distinct on the terminal portion ofmiddle and greater wing-coverts; inner web of two outermost rectriceswith a large terminal spot of white, the third sometimes with a smallterminal spot of the same; a narrow superciliary stripe of pale yellow;a triangular spot of dusky at anterior angle of eye, and a similar ])utsmaller postocular spot; auricular region grayish brown, sometimesfinely streaked anteriorly with dull brownish white; an indistinct sub-orbital space of dull brownish white; malar region dull whitish, some-times tinged with yellow; chin, throat, chest, and under tail-covertscanary yellow, the intervening under parts (breast and abdomen) dullwhitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow; chest (at least lat-erally) streaked with brown or chestnut, the sides and flanks less dis-tinctly streaked; sometimes a series of brown or chestnut streaksalong each side of throat; bill browniish lilack with paler tomia; irisbrown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins).Adidts hi winter.?Forehead and crown grayish l^rown, streakedwith dusky, sometimes with a slight admixture of chestnut, mostly con-cealed; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, and chest dull white insteadof yellow; otherwise like the spring and summer plumage, but back,etc., rather browner, and with darker streaks less distinct (sometimesobsolete), and streaks on chest, sides, etc., never {i) chestnut.Yofiny injirst autumn and winter.?Similar to fall and winter adults,but nuicli browner (olive-brown) above, superciliar}' stripe less distinct,and markings of under parts more sufl'used.Young in first plumage not seen.Adult nmlr.^l^Qngt\\ (skins), 114.3-127 (122.1); wing, G2-67. 1(61.5);tail, 50.5-53.6 (52.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 19.6-20.8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.1).-
^ Many adult females are absolutely indistinguishable in plumage from the bright-est colored males; possibly, however, this sex may aver-^ge a little duller in color.
* Nine specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613Adult female.?IjQngth. (skins), 114.3-123.2 (117.6); wing, 59.9-62.7 (60.7); tail, 17.7-51.6(1:9); exposed eulmen, 9.6-10.2(10); tarsus,19-19.8 (19.6); middle toe, 11.1-12.7 (11.9).'Eastern North America, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; breedingin the interior of British America (Fort Resohition and Fort Simp-son, province of Mackenzie); in winter, southern Florida, Bahamas,Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, CaymanBrae, Jamaica, Haiti, Forto Rico), Cozurael Island, Yucatan (Progreso)and Swan Island, and island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; occa-sional, during migration, in Atlantic States (numerous records), andat eastern base of Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado, one specimen,eTune 20).\_Motacilla] palmarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 951 (Santo Domingo;based on Le Bimhele on faussc Linoite Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v. o3(), andPalm Warldcr Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 498).MotacUla palmarum Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.[(S/y/cm] palmarum Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 544.Sylvia palmarum Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 21, pi. 73; Nonv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 168; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 431.?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool.,X, 1817, 607.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 29 (Florida);Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 12, pi. 10, fig. 2.~D'0rbigny,in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 61, pi. 8.Sylvicola palmarum Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.
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Richardson,Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Salle, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 231(Santo Domingo).
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Bryant, Proe. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas,winter; habits); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).
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Albrecht, Journ., fiirOrn.,1861, 53 (Bahamas).M\_niolilta'\ palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[^Mniotilta^ palmarum Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3477.Dendroica palmarum Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 288, part (Ohio,Illinois, Wisconsin, Red R. Settlement, and Florida) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207, part (Fort Simpson; FortResolution; Cuba).
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Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872,415 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Anal. Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat.,vii, 1878, 183 (Porto Rico).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 273, part.?Ridgway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564(Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois,1, 1889, 154.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 672.
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Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 258 (Massachusetts records; 4specs).
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Cory, Auk. iii, 1886, 39 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 180(Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cay-man Brae); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands., Eleu-thera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Concepcion,Watlings I., Rum Cay, Fortune I., Green Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caieos,East Caieos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Cay-man; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).
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Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,254 (Mississippi Valley dates, etc. ); Bull. 44, Colo. Agr. Coll., 1898, 168 (Den-ver, Colorado, 1 spec, June 20, 1891).?Dutcher, Auk., v, 1888, 182 (Fire I.,New York, Sept. 23, 1 spec.).?Dwight, Auk. v, 1888, 324 (Montauk Point,
^ Eight specimens.
614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Long Island, Sept. 7, 1 spec.)-
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Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,620 (Manitoba, migrant).?Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 211(Progreso, Yucatan).
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Scott, Auk. vii, 1890,20 (Punta Rassa and Key West,Florida, winter; Tarpon Springs, Sept. 22, to April 18) , 314 (Garden Key, Tor-tugas).?Miller, Auk, vii, 1890, 229 (Cai)e Cod, Massachusetts, Sept. 23 and24, 2 specs.).?Clarke, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 568 (whole State, during migrations).
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Loomis,Auk, viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, in migration). Morris,Auk, ii, 1894, 181 (Windsor, Connecticut, Sept. 4, 1 spec).
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Oberiiolser,Auk, xii, 1895, 185 (Redbank, New Jersey, Sept. 18.)
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Nehrling, OurNative Birds, etc., i, 1896, 233, part.?Chapman, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (New-York City, 1 spec, Sept. 2).?Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Holly, OrleansCo., New York, 1 spec, May 12).Dlcndroica'] palmarurn Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517.Dendrceca palmarum Sclater, Proc Zool. Soc Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica).
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Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).
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Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 63(interior British America).
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McIlwraith, Proc Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86(Hamilton, Ontario). Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 90, part; 2ded., 1882, no.132; Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part.?Cory, BirdsBahama 1., 1880, 68; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haitiand San Dom., 1885, 32.?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113.?Spelman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 54 (Brookline, Massachusetts,Oct., 1 spec).?BorcARD, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1883, 441 (Progreso, Yuca-tan).?Fisher, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Sing Sing, New York,Apr. 29, 1 spec).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 317, 650, part.Dendroeca palmarum Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616,part (monogr.).IDendro'ca^ palmarum Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, jjart. Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.D[^endra;ca'] palmarum Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881,106.
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Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307.Dendrwca palmarum. Subspecies palmarum Ridcsway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i,Nov., 1876, 84 (crit.).\_Dendra'ca palmarum.'\ a. palmarum Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part.D[cndroica'] palmarum var. palmarum Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,186 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct.).Dendrceca palmarum palmarum Bicknell, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182(Riverdale, New York, spring; 2 specs.)
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Lamb, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc, ii,1883, 55 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Sept. 29; 2 specs.).
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Chadbourne, Auk,ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hampshire, Sept. 16).Dendroica jKdmarum palmarum Palmer, Auk, ii, 1894, 333 (District of Columbiaand vicinity; "regular though rare migrant").Dendra;ca palmarum hypockrysea (not of Ridgway) Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,iv, 1879, 60 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct.; error corrected on p. 186).Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnaeus) Swainson and Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 215, pi. 41.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part.HoY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 310 (Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson.Inst, for 1864 (1865), 437 (Missouri).?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc N. IL, 1866,67 (Bahamas).Sylvicola petechia Frattes, Trans. Ills. Agric Soc, i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).\_Sylvicola'] ruficapilla (not Motacdla ruficapiUa Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 307.Rhimamphus ruficapillus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408(do.).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 615{7)Dendroeca ignola Maynard, Contributions to Science, i, Apr., 1889, 30, pi. 3,fig. 1 (Homestead, St. Andiews, Jamaica, Apr. 4, 1879; coll. Kingston, Jamaica,Museum).{1)Dendroica ignota Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (crit.).DENDROICA PALMARUM HYPOCHRYSEA Ridgway.YELLOW PALM WARBLER.Similar to D. p.palmarum^ but decidedly larger, and with the underparts entirely yellow, even in winter and immature plumages; sides ofchest more often streaked with chestnut, the streaks broader; color ofback, etc., more olive, often inclining to olive-green.Young {firstplumage).?Above grayish brown, the pileum streakedwith dusky, the back and scapulars with T-shaped markings of thesame; lower rump and upper tail-coverts russet; wings and tail as inadults, but tertials passing into russet along edges, the middle andgreater wing-coverts with small terminal spots of pale russet or rustybuff; under parts whitish, tinged with yellow, everywhere, except onchin, abdomen and under tail-coverts (the latter entirely 3^ellow)heavily streaked with dusk3^Adult />mZ6^?Length (skins), 118.1-12^.5 (122.2); wing, 61.3-70.6(67.1); tail, 51.8-56.9 (54.6); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,19.3-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.1).'Adult female.?hQ\\g\h (skins), 111.3-119.1 (116.6); wing, 62-65.8(64.1); tail, 51.3-53.1 (52.3); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus,19.3-20.3 (19.6); middle toe, 11.9-12.4 (12.2)."'Atlantic coast district of United States and British Provinces; breed-ing from eastern Maine (vicinity of Calais), New Brunswick, and NovaScotia northward, probably to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, andprovince of Quebec;^ in winter, North Carolina (?), South Carolina (?),northern and western Florida (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, etc.).Key West, Tortugas (Garden Key, March), and along Gulf coast toLouisiana; accidental in Cuba and Jamaica (Kingston, 1 specimen,December 20, 1890) and in northern Ohio (Oberlin, 1 specimen, April16, 1892). Occasional in Bermudas in winter^ *Sylvia petechia (not Motadlla pelecMa Linnteus) Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807,32, part (Pennsylvania).
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Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 19, pi. 28, fig. 4.
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Bona-PARtE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 198; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,83.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 364.
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Audubon, Orn.Biog., ii, 1834, 259, 360, pis. 163, 164.?Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 307.?McCuLLOCH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1844, 406 (habits).
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Thompson,Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 80.Sylvicola petechia Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,55, pi. 90.? (?) Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Dec. 17, 1847).?
^ Nine specimens. ^ Eight specimens.
^ I can find no record of its breeding in Newfoundland, Labrador, or Quebec, butthe species has been recorded from the first and last mentioned. (See synonymy.)
* Possibly the Bermuda records pertain to D. p. palmancm.
616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(?) HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Urn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas?, Nov., Dec).
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Putnam,Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 207 (Massachusetts).?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smith-son. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).? (?) Bland, Ann. Rep. Smith-son. Inst, for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).Phyllopneuste. petechia Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.M[nlotUta:] petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part.Sylvicola ruficapilla (not Motacilla rufimpilla GraeUn) Bonaparte, Geog. andComp. List, 1838, 22.ISyluicola'] ruficapilla Bosaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307.Dendroica palmarum. {not Motacilla palmarnm Gmehn) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 288, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DistrictColumbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds,1865, 211, part (Nova Scotia).
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Barnard, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860(1861), 436 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).
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Coues and Prentiss, Ann. Rep.Smithson. Inst, for 1861 (1862), 408 (District Columbia).?Boardman, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Calais, Maine).?Verkill, Proc. Essex Inst.,iii, 1862, 147 (Oxford Co., Maine).?Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 63(Springtield, Massachusetts). Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 284(vie. New York City).?Turnbull, Birds E. Penn. and New Jers., 1869, 25(Phila. ed., p. 18).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 273, part, pi. 14, fig. 8.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,439 (n. New England, breeding).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,233, part, pi. 13, fig. 3.Dendrwca palmanuit Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (Washington, DistrictColumbia; Pennsylvania).
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Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 274 (Ne\\England); Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 250, part.?Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 104 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xiv, 1872, 308 (New Hampshire and Maine); Birds Florida, 1873, 52, part(Massachusetts, etc.).
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Gentry, Life-Hist. Birds E. Penn., i, 1876, 132.?MiNOT, Birds New Engl., 1877, 122.?Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv,1877, 18 (Connecticut).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 317, 650,part (Pennsylvania; District Columbia; Maryland; Massachusetts).{?) Deiidro'ca 2)almarHin Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 109, part (SouthCarolina in winter) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 21 (Fort Macon,North Carolina, in winter).
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Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 208,part (e. Florida in winter).IDendraca] jxdmannn Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, part.Dendroeca palmarum Sundevall, Ofv. k. Yet.-Ak. FOrh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616,part (monogr. ).[Dendrfeca palmarum.'] Subspecies hypochrymi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clul),i, Nov., 1876, 85, 87 (Cambridge, Massachusetts; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Dendroeca palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876,85, in text; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113rt.?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, V, 1880, 89.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 133.?Merriam, Auk,ii, 1885, 315 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, May 21).D[endra'ca'] p[almanun'] hypochrysea? Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,307.[Dendrceca palmarum] b. hypochrysea Coues, Birds Col. Yal., 1878, 250.{!) Dendroica palmarnm hypochrysea Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885,237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay ').
* Locality wrong; in the museum catalogue the specimen, which apparently is nolonger in the U. S. National IMuseum collection, is entered as having been taken
"five days from Montreal."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 617Dendroica pahnarmn Jiypochnjsea American Ornithologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 672a.?Scott, Aiik, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa,and Key West, Florida, rare in late Mar. and early Apr. ), 314 (Garden Key,Tortugas, Mar. 22 and 31, 2 specs.) ; x, 1893, 341 (Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec,Dec. 20, 1890).?Allen '(F. H.), Auk, viii, 1891, 165 (Cape Breton, NovaScotia).?WiNTLE, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (IMontreal, Canada, 1 spec. May 7,1891).?McCoRMiCK, Auk, ix, 1892, 397 (Oberlin, Ohio, 1 spec, Apr. 16,1892).?Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Cuba, Jan., Feb.).?Porter,Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland, abundant Sept. 8 and after).Dlendroical palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517.DENDROICA PLUMBEA Lawrence.PLUMBEOUS WARBLER.Adults (sexes alike).?Above uniform slate color, relieved by a nar-row super(;iliaiy line of white and two white wing-bars, produced b}-tips of middle and greater coverts; inner webs of two or three outer-most rectrices with a small terminal space of white, occupying on theoutermost not more than inner half of the web, on the others muchless; sides of head, sides of neck, and thence backward to and includ-ing flanks plain slate-gra}', the lirst relieved l)y a white sul)or))ital spot;median under parts grayish white, the feathers gray beneath surface;maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn brownish(in dried skins).Lnmature iJjotJi sexes).?With exactly the same pattern of colorationas adults, but with the slate color of upper parts replaced b}- deepolive, the slate-gray of sides, etc., by lighter, more greenish, olive,and the white of head markings and median under parts by pale olive-yellow.Adult m(de.?ljQ\\gi\\ (skins), 120-127 (124.5)*; wing, 58-GC (61.9);tail, 50-59 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.3); middletoe, 11-12 (11.3)."AduUfem(de.?^Nmg, 56-61 (57.9); tail, 50-54 (51.4); exposed cul-men, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19-21 (20.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11.1).'Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.*
' Four specimens. ^Ten specimens. "Seven specimens.
?* Specimens from Guadeloupe have, as a rule, decidedly shorter wings and tail thanthose from Dominica, but I am not able to discover any difference in coloration.Average measurements are as follows:
Locality. Wing.
618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Dendrax-aphtmhea'LAWRE'sc^, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, Oct. 1, 1878, 47 (Dominica,Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878-79, 55(Dominica), 454 (Guadeloupe), 486.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,333, 651 (Dominica; Guadeloupe).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889,326 (Dominica).l^Dendrcccal plumhea Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Dendwwa plumhea Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 40; viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); BirdsW. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, IS, 119.DENDROICA PHARETRA (Gosse).STREAKED WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Plleuni and ])ack streaked with black and white,the black streaks much broader on the l)ack, the white streaks slightlytinged with olive; scapulars gray with broad mesial streaks of l)lack;hindneck light olive-gra}' narrow!}" streaked in black; rump and uppertail -coverts plain grayish olive; wings dusky or dull black with lightolive-gray edgings (these broader and more olive on tertials), the middlecoverts and outer webs of greater coverts broadly margined on tipwith white, forming two narrow bands across wing; tail dusky, theouter webs of rectrices broadh^ edged wnth olive, the inner webs of thetwo or three outermost broadly edged terminally with white; underparts white, the throat flecked or streaked, the chest, breast, upperalnlomen, sides, and flanks marked with triangular (cuneate or sagittate)streaks of ])lack; under tail-coverts pale l)rownish butf, with a largecentral (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; under wing-coverts and axillais inunaculate white; maxilla l)lack, with pale horn-colored tomia; mandible grayish horn color (in dried skins); legs andfeet horn color (in dried skins).Immature {loth sea-e.s).?Above plain greenish olive, tinged with russeton rump and upper tail-coverts; outer weljs of rectrices russet-olive,inner webs dusky, the two or three outermost narrowly edged withwhitish terminally; wings dusk}" with light greenish olive edgings(these broader and more russet on tertials), the middle coverts andouter webs of greater coverts margined terminally with pale olive-yellow or yelloAvish white; under parts dull whitish, more or lessstrongly tinged or washed with pale yellowish, the sides and flanksstrongly tinged with pale russet-olive; under tale-coverts yellowishbuff with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; underwing-coverts and axillars w^hite tinged with pale olive-yellow.Adult rnale.?ljength (skins), 106-116.8 (111); wing, 61.T-64 (62.8);tail, 49.3-52.3 (51.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-19(18.8); middle toe, 10.1-11 (10.6).^Adidt fevnale.?'Length (skins), 113-116.8 (114.9); wing, 61-63.5(62.2); tail, 53-53.3 (53.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-11 (10.8); tarsus,18.3-19 (18.6); middle toe, 10.'
^ Four specimens. ^ Two specimens.
BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 619Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.Sylvicola pharetra Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 163; lUustr. Birds Jam., 1849pi. 38.
?
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.
?
Osburn, Zoologist, xvii, 1859,6660, in text (habits).M{motiliii] pharctra Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.[Miuotilta'] pharctra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3487.Dendrwca pharetra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71; Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 358.?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193.?Coues, Birds Col. Val.,1878, 296 (synonymy).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 3.32, 651.IDendrceca} pharctra Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.
?
Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.?Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.D[endrceca'] pharctra 'NEWTOfi (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.Dcndrocca pliarctra Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Fijrh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 617(monogr. ).Dendroica pharetra Baird^ Review Am. Birds, 1865, 192.
?
Cory, Aiik, iii, 1886,35; Birds W. I., 1889 49, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 130 (.Jamaica).D[endroica'] pharetra Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 220. Genus CATHAROPEZA Sclater.Catharopeza^ Sclater, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 40, footnote; 74, in text.(Type, Lcucopeza hishopi Lawrence.)Rather large terrestrial or semiterrestrial Mniotiltidte with the outer-most (ninth) primary shorter than lifth; tail much less than two and ahalf times as long- as tarsus; color plain sooty blackish,' with whitepatch on lower throat, another on breast, and under tail-coverts white.Bill much shorter than head, shaped much as in Oporornw and spe-cies of Dendroica. Rietal ])ristles distinct. V/ing moderate, ratherpointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth slightlyshorter than fifth); wing-tip about as long as commissure. Tail aboutequal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, rounded,the rectrices narrow and with subacuminate tips. Tarsus nearh^ half aslong as tail, its scutella indistinct (almost fused on outer side); middletoe with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toeunited for decidedly more than half its length to outer toe, separatedfor most of its length from inner toe.CoJoration.?Sooty blackish, or olive, with orbital ring, lower throat,patch on breast, under tail-coverts, and small spot at tip of inner webof lateral rectrices, white; sexes essentially alike.Nidification.?^Unknown.Range.?Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.)This genus is veiy di\iiW\\Q,ilxom.Leucop?za^ the form of the bill, feet,wings, and tail being conspicuously different. It is nearl}" related toDendroica^ from which it differs chiefly in the relativeh^ shorter tail, andperhaps should not be separated from that genus.
1 "K-a6a/36j, clarus, et itEZ,a, pes."
- Olive, instead of blackish, in young.
620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CATHAROPEZA BISHOPI (Lawrence).BISHOP'S WARBLER.Adult male.?Pileuni, sides of head, hindneck, and rest of upperparts l)lack, liecoming- g-mduall}^ less intense posteriorly, the rum}),tail, etc., beino- slate-black; a ])road orl)ital ring- of white; a supraloralspot or streak of grayish white; malar apex, chin, and lower throatwhite, or grayish white, the feathers slate color or slate-gra}" beneaththe surface; feathers on median line of upper throat tipped with w^hite;chest dusky slate or slate-blackish; sides and flanks brownish slate-gray or mouse gray, separated from the darker liroad chest-band by anarrow band of white; median portion of breast and abdomen white,the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface; under tail-coverts withbasal half slate-g-ray, terminal half white; under wing-coverts plainslate-gray; inner webs of three outermost rectrices with a small ter-minal triangular spot of white, largest on the exterior rectrix; billblack; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (flesh color in life?); length(skin), 137.2;' wing, 70.1; tail, 53.8; exposed culmen, 13.2; tarsus, 23.1.^J.i?/Z2! /t^wM/<^?Scarcely distinguishable from the adult male, butupper parts of ))ody, wings, and tail more sooty (nearly deep clovebrown), and terminal spots of under tail-coverts tinged with l)rownishbufl"; length (skin), 118.6;^ wing, 66.8; tail, 52.6; exposed culmen, 12.7;tarsus, 22.6.'Lii mature {sexes alike).?Above plain deep olive, the remiges andrectrices more dusky, inclining to clove l)rown; a lighter supraloralspot; two lateral rectrices with small terminal white spots, as inadults; an incomplete whitish orbital ring; sides of throat olive, themedian portion of throat mixed olive and whitish; lower throat dullbrownish butt' or pale' wood brownish; chest, sides, and flanks lightolive; median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dullbrownish butt' or wood brown; bill and feet as in adults.Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, no. 5, .Tune, 1878, 151 (St.Vincent, W. I.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 189(notes, etc.), 486.?Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 228, 638.Catharopeza bishopi Sclater, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 73, pi. 1.?Lister, Ibis,1880, 40.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 41; Birds W. I., 1889, 55; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 18, 119, 134.[Catharopeza] bishopi Cory , List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.
^ Length before skinning, 146; extent of -wi'igs, 215.9. (Ober.
)
^ One specimen.
* Length before skinning, 139.7; extent of wings, 203.2. (Ober.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621Genus OPORORNIS Baird.Oporornis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 246. (Type, Sylvia agilisWilson. )Medium-sized or rather small terrestrial Mniotiltidse with the tailnot more than two and a half times as long as tarsus, the inner websof the rectrices without white or yellow, and the under parts of thel)ody (sometimes throat also) 3'ellow, the under parts without streaks.Bill much shorter than head, shaped quite as in Dendro/'ea, the sub-terminal notch of maxillary tomiuni similarly developed. Nostrils asin Dendroica. Rictal bristles weak, sometimes almost obsolete. Winglong, pointed (three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, theninth equal to or longer than sixth, sometimes equal to seventh); wing-tip shorter than tarsus (nearly as long in O. agilis). Tail much sIioillu-than wing (shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec-ondaries in O. agilis and O. forinosa^, longer in (J. 2)hiladel])liia and0. tolmiei)^ slightly rounded (more decidedly so in O. i)liiladel])liiaand O. tolviiei), the rectrices narrowing terminally, with tips sub-acuminate. Tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing (more than one-third as long in O. tolmiei)., its scutella indistinct (obsolete or more orless fused on outer side); middle toe, with claw, much shorter thantaisus; basal phalanx of middle too united for more than half (some-times most of) its length to outer toe, for not more (usually less) thanhalf its length to inner toe.Coloration.?Above plain olive-green, becoming more or less grayon pileum and hindneck in adults, or else with black on forehead andcrown; beneath plain yellow with throat and chest gray or gray andblack, or if throat also yellow a black patch on sides of head.JVidiJicafion.?Terrestrial.Range.?Temperate North America, chietly eastern; in winter souththrough Mexico and Central America to Colombia. (Four species.)The two smaller species^ O. iihiJadelphia and O. tolmiei., hav ^ usu-ally been placed in Geothlypix^ liut I am convinced that the}' aredecidedly more nearl}- related to the type species of Ojxrrornis {O.agilis), their relationship to which is not only indicated by the closesimilarity of their coloration, but also by their structure. It is truethey have relatively shorter wings and longer and more rounded tailsthan O. agilix; but nevertheless they have the same pointed wing,with the outermost (ninth) primary even longer (almost, sometimesquite, the longest), whereas all the species of Geotldypis have theninth primary shorter than the fifth (often shorter than the fourth,sometimes even shorter than the first), while in all the latter the wing-tip is shorter than the exposed culmen, instead of much longer.O. formosa., besides differing conspicuously in the pattern of color-ation of the head, neck, and chest, has the anterior toes more united
622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.basally, the basal phalanx of the middle toe being joined for most ofits length to the outer toe and for about half its length to the inner toe,while in all the others the fusion extends for much less than the entirelength of the phalanx on the outer and for less than half its lengthor the inner side. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OPORORXIS.
a. Tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, nearlyeven; outermost (ninth) primary not longer than sixth; bill more slender.b. Throat and chest yellow; top and sides of head with more or less of black, andwith a yellow line extending from nostril to above, behind, and beneath eye.(Eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba and through Mexico andCentral America to Colombia. ) Oporornis formosa (p. 622
)
hh. Throat and chest not yellow; top and sides of head without any black; no yel-low on sides of head; a whitish orbital ring. (Eastern United States andmore southern British provinces; Bahamas and northern South America inwinter. ) ( Oporornis agilis.
)
c. Chin, throat, and chest gray, darker on chest.Oporornis agilis, adult male (p. 625)cc. Chin and throat pale brownish or l)ri)wnish white; i-hest deeper brownish.Oporornis agilis, adult female and immature birds (p. 626)aa. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedlyrounded; outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth; bill stouter.b. Head and neck slate-gray, with more or less of black on throat and chest.( Adult males.
)
c. No white on eyelids; more black on chest, but less on lores. (Eastern NorthAmerica; south in winter through Central America to Colombia.
)
Oporornis Philadelphia, adult male (p. 628)cc. A white mark on each eyelid; less black on chest, l)ut more on lores. (West-ern North America; south in winter through IMexico and Central Americato Colombia. ) Oporornis tolmiei, adult male ( p. 631)bb. Chin and throat pale gray, grayish white, or pale yellowish, without any black;lores grayish. (Adult females and immature birds.
)
c. Chin and throat pale gray or grayish white.d. No white on eyelids; tail averaging 46.7.Oporornis Philadelphia, adult female (p. 628)dd. A white mark on each eyelid; tail averaging 52.1.Oporornis tolmiei, adult female (p. 631)cc. Chin and throat pale yellowish.d. Tail shorter Oporornis Philadelphia, innnature female (p. 628)dd. Tail longer Oporornis tolmiei, immature female (p. 631
)
OPORORNIS FORMOSA (Wilson).KENTUCKY WARBLER.Adult male {irJioh (/Kir^).?Pileuni black, the feathers of crown andocciput (especiall}^ the latter) tipped with slate-gray; rest of upperparts, including sides of neck, plain olive-green; outer web of outer-ij am unable to discover the slightest difference between midwinter (January)specimens and those taken in svunmer, except that the plumage, being more recentlyacquired, is softer, and the slate-gray tips to the feathers of crown and occiput arerather broader, these being sometimes quite worn away in midsummer specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 623most primary white; a superciliary stripe of lemon j^ellow, extendingfrom nostrils to just behind the eye, where curving downward andincluding the posterior half, or more, of lower eyelid; lores, subor-bital region (except the yellow on under e3"elid), and gi-eater part ofauricular region uniform black, this black extended more or less alongedge of lower throat and forming a triangular patch; terminal portionof auricular region olive-green; under parts clear lemon yellow,changing on sides and flanks to olive-green; bill dark brownish, themaxilla sometimes nearly black, the mandible paler basally on underside; iris brown; legs and feet pale 3^ellowish brown or brown'shyellow in dried skins, pale flesh color in life; length (skins), 121.9-130.8 (126.7); wing, 65-71.7(70.1); tail, 19-52.3 (51); exposed culmen,11.1-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and not alwavs distin-guishable, but usuall}^ with the gray tips to feathers of crown broader(even those of the forehead being thus marked) and more brownishgray, and the l)lack patch on sides of head more restricted and lesssharpl}' defined; in some (probably j^ounger) specimens the black ofthe pileum is entirely concealed, and still more rarely there is no black,the whole pileum ])eing uniform brownish gray; length (skins), 116.8-123.9 (119.4); wing, 62.7-66.8 (65); tail,^45'!5-49.8 (47.2); exposedculmen, 11.2-13 (11.7); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 12.7-14.2(13.5).-^J^o(t/i(/, ^fi'.sf i>liiin<((jr.?Al)ove uniform light sepia l)rown; wingsand tail as in adults, but lesser and middle coverts brown, like back,etc., and greater coverts tipped with light lirown or strongly tingedwith that color; lores dusky; sides of hetid otherwise similar in colorto upper parts, but rather paler, fading gradualh' into pale bufl^y brownor brownish l>uff" on chin and throat, this gradually deepening into lightbroccoli l)rown on chest, sides, and flanks; abdomen and under tail-coverts pale bufl'y 3'ellow.Eastern United States; breeding from Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas(Harris, Montgomer}^ Navarro, and Bexar counties) north to southeast-ern New York (Sing Sing), New Jersey, eastern Penns3dvania (Chesterand Delaware counties), western Pennsylvania (Beaver County), Ohio,southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Iowa (Burlington), and east-ern Nebraska (Omaha; Peru), west to border of Great Plains (Texasto Nebraska); occurring north (but not breeding?) to southern Connec-ticut (Suflield; livnie) and Long Island; south in winter to Cuba(acv'idental), Florida Keys (occasional), and through southern Mexico(Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas), and Central Americato northern Colombia (province of Santa Marta).
^ Eight specimens. ^ Seven specimens.
624 BULLETIN oO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sylvia formom Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 85, pi. 25, fig. 3 (Kentm-ky).
?
Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 683.
?
Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823,450.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ii, 1826, 84.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 196, pi. 38.?Nuttall, Man.Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 399.Sylricola formosa Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.
?
Richardson,Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List,1838, 23.?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 18.53, 311 (Wisconsin).
'S' [y/r*coZo] /on?o.sa Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 113 (lower Missouri R. ).M[niotiUa\ formosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196.Myiodioctes formosus KvDVBo^, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,19, pi. 74.
?
Lembeye, Aves de lalsla de Cuba, 1850, 37.
?
Gundlach, Journ.fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).{Myiodiodes'] formosa Bonaparte, Consp. A\., i, 1850, 315.Myodioctes formosa Pratten, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc, 1855, 601.Sylvayiiaformosa Woodiiouse, Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 70(Indian Territory and Texas).Myioctonus formosus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba).Trichas (Sylvicola) formosa Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1864 (1865), 438(Missouri).Setopharja formosa Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).Oporornis formosus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 247; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 175; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 218 (Choctum, Guatemala,etc.).?Wheatox, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).?Barnard,Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860 (1861), 435 (Pennsylvania).
?
Coues andPrentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1861 (1862), 406 (District of Colum-bia, breeding).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R.); viii, 1866, 284 (vicinity of New York City); ix, 1868, 94(Dota, Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi,Chiapas). Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 28 (Pennsylvania).?Dresser,Ibis, 1865, 477 (Texas).?Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236;Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 417; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68.?Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fe, Veragua).
?
Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,1868, 110 (South Carolina); Cheek List, 1873, no. 96; Birds N. W., 1874, 73.?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).
?
Turxbull, Birds E.Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ed., p. 16).?Scott, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,XV, 1872, 222 (West Virginia, breeding). Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265(Leavenworth, e. Kansas) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125, 175 (do. ).Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgv>ay, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 293.?Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi., 1875, 137 (Ritchie Co.,West Virginia; habits; song).
?
Fisher (A. K. ), Am. Nat., x, 1875, 573(Sing Sing, s. e. New York, breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 191(do.).
?
Gentry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 149.
?
Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac.Sci., iv, 1877, 22 (SuflBeld, Connecticut, 1 spec, Aug. 16, 1876; Lyme, Con-necticut, 1 spec, date not recorded).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,1875, 451 (no valid New England record) ; xix, 1878, 303 (Suflield and Lyme,Oonnecticut).?BicKNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale,s. e. New York, 1 spec. May 30; Fort Lee, New Jersey, breeding).
?
Brown(N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 174 (Coosada, Alabama, Apr.).lOporornis'] formosus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107. Scl.^ter and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.Oporornis formosas Baird, Brewer, and RiDciWAv, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,pi. 15, fig. 3.OlporomiK] formosus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101 (n. e. Illinois, raresummer resid.).
BIEDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625
Oporoi'm's /orJHOsa ScLATER and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.)-
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1862, 19 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).
?
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1867, 136 (Chiriqui; Santa Fe, Veragua). Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,269 (occurrence in s. New England probable); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309,footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 140.
?
Ridgway, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 119.?Langdon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 236 (Hamilton Co., Ohio,breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Rhoads, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,234 (Chester and Delaware counties, Pennsylvania, l)reeding).
?
Ogilby, Sci.Proc. Roy. Du1)l. Soc, iii, 1882, (21) (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).?Salvin and Goodman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 148 (Duenas, Calderas,Coban, and Choctum, Guatemala; Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; etc. ).
?
Nehr-LiNG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 10 (Harris and Montgomery counties,s. e. Texas, breeding).
?
Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 348, 653.
?
Hancock, Auk, v, 1888, 210 (near Grand Crossing and Piano, n. e. Illinois,May 23).?Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica, 1 spec, Oct. 7);Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca, Costa Rica, Oct. 7).?Bangs, Proc. New P'ngl. Zodl. C'lnh, iii, 1902, 62 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Feb.22 to Mar. 3).0\_pororn).'<'] forinom Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310.S\_eiirni.'<'] fnritio.^Hx TiiiKiWAY, Ann. Lye N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).Geothlijpis formom Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. INIus., viii, Sept. 2, 1888, 354; Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 166.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 43 (Cuban records); Birds W. I.,1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Cuba).?American ORNiTHOLotusTs'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 677.?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2,1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid. ) ; Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891,166 (Gibson Station, n. w. Indiana, May, several).
?
Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 257 (Gainesville and Bonham, Texas; Manhattan, Kansas;Burlington, Iowa, etc.).?Dutcher, Auk, v, 1888, 139 (Raynor South, LongIsland, May 18; Fire I. Light, Aug. 19) ; x, 1893, 277 (Flatlands, Long Island,1 spec. ).?Chapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 304 (Englewood, New Jersey, breed-ing).
?
Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, 1 spec, Apr. 6),314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 1 spec. Mar. 29).
?
Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890,336 (San Jose, . Costa Rica).?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 578 (e. Kansas,summer resid. ).?Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania,breeding).
?
Attwater, Auk, i.x, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua,after Sept. 22).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 248, pi. 14, tig.3.?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta, Colombia).?Allen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 7 toNov. 24); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (do.).?Beyer, Proc Louis.Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding) .?Bruner, Proc. Nebr.Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Omaha and Peru, Nebraska, breeding).G\_cothhjpis] formosa Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 520.Sijlvia xqumoctialis (not Motadlla xquinoclialk Gmelin) Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept.,ii, 1807, 26, pi. 81 (Pennsylvania).OPORORNIS AGILIS (Wilson).CONNECTICUT WARBLER.Adult male in spring and suniiner.?Forehead, crown, and sides ofhead uniform slate color, relieved by a conspicuous and uninterruptedorbital ring of white; chin, throat, and chest plain slate-gray, paler (.u3654?VOL 2?01 40
626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
chin and upper throat, deeper (sometimes ahiiost slate color) on chest;rest of under parts pale yellow (intermediate between canary 3'ellowand straw yellow, the sides and tlanks light olive-green; upper parts(except forehead and crown) plain olive-green, the outer web of outer-most primary edged with whitish; maxilla dark brownish, with palertomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker terminally; irisbrown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (pale lleshcolor in life?).Adult male in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but gra}^ of forehead and crown tinged with brown, andfeathers of throat and chest indistinctl}^ tipped with paler gray.Adultfemale in spring and summer.?Similar to the adult male, butslate color of head replaced by grayish olive, olive, oi* l)rownish olive,that of chin and throat by pale brownish buffy or dull ])rownish white,that of chest by a deeper shade of the same color as chin and throat.Young male in first autmnn and winter.?Similar to the adult female,but with color of pileum browner than in most examples of that sex(brownish olive) and color of chest darker, more olivaceous.Young female in first a,utu'mn and uilnter.?Similar to the y<Hingmale of corresponding season, but smaller and with the throat andchest more strongly tinged with brownish buli'y.Adidt male.?L^n^ih (skins), 127-187.7 (1:33.1); wing, 70.9-75.4(73.1); tail, 46.7-52.8 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus,20.6-23.1 (21.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14. 2).
^
Adultfemale.?Length (skins), 121.9-147.3 (134.4); wing, 67.3-71.9(69.3); tail, 46.7-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.8); tarsus,19-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 13..5-14 (13.9).'Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Maine (Saco),New Hampshire (Shelburne), Vermont (Pittsford), Ontario, Michigan,and Manitoba; west to Minnesota and (casually) Colorado (LincolnCounty, Ma}' 24); breeding in Ontario'( O, Minnesota (Aitkin County) ?,and Manitoba (Duck Mountain); in winter, south to Bahamas (Ca}' Sal,May 7), Colombia (Bonda, province of Santa Marta, October 22), andupper Amazon Valley (Tonantins, April 9). (No other extralimitalrecords?)
^yh'iu fujUis WiLsos, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 64, pi. 39, fig. 4 (Connecticut; Pennsyl-vania near Philadelphia).?Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 732 ?ViEiLLOT, Enc. Mcth., ii, 1823, 448.?Bo.vaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,iv, 1824, 199; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.?Audubon, Orn. Bio<j;., ii, 1834,227, pi. 138.Silvia agilis Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 60 (Broukline, Massachu-setts.)Trichas agilis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 463.^Hoy,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).-Read, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 399 (Ohio).?Kennicott, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc, i, 1855,583 (Illinois).
' Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627
S'jlvicola agilis Jakdine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 159.
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Richardson, Rep.Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 63; Birds Am.,oct. ed., ii, 1841, 71, pi. 99.?Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226 (Massa-chusetts).Oporornis agilis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 246; ed. 1860 (BirdsN. Am.), pi. 79, flg. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 174; Review Am. Birds,1865, 218.?Wheaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).?Barnard, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860 (1861), 435 (Pennsylvania).
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CouES and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1861 (1862) , 406 (Districtof Columbia).
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Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 82 (Massachusetts); Am.Nat., iii, 1869, 574 (Newton and Newton Center, Massachusetts, Sept.).Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 283 (vicinity of New York City).CouES, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Lynn, Massachusetts, Sept.); Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 110 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 95;2d ed., 1882, 139; Birds Col. Val, 1878, 308, footnote.?Turnbull, Birds E.Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ed., p. 16).?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., XV, 1872, 3 (near Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sept. 7 to Oct. 5); xvii,1875, 440 (New England).?Purdie, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 693 (Saybrook,Connecticut, Sept.).
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Baird, Brewer, and RiixiWAv, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 290, pi. 15, figs. 1, 2.?Ames, Bull. Minn. Ac. Sci., i, 1874, 55 (Minne-sota).
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Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (n. e. Illinois, spring andautumn).
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Gentry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 147.
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Minot, Birds New Engl.,1877, 88. Langdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 6 (near Cincinnati, Ohio,spring).
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Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 21 (New Haven, Con-necticut, Oct. 2).?Fisher (A. K.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 61 (SingSing, New York, Sept. ).?Gunn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (InghamCo., and Ottawa, Michigan, May).?Collins, Auk, v, 1880, 50 (near Phila-delphia, Pennsylvania, fall; habits).
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 118. Seton, Auk, i, 1884, 192 (Carberry, Manitoba, breeding; descr.nest and eggs).
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Chadbourne, Auk, ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hamp-shire, Sept. 14).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 347, 653 (St. LouisCo., Missouri, etc.). Goodale, Auk, iv, 1887, 77 ( Saco, JMaine, Sept. 8, 15,3 specs). Berlepscii, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 2 (Tonantins, upper Amazon.Apr. 9).\_Oporornis] agilis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.0[porornis'] agilis Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (n. e. Illinois, May15-27, Sept. 1 to Oct. 1).?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.'Geotldypis agilis Gregg, Proc. Elmira Ac. Sci., 1870 (reprint, p. 7).
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AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 678.
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Dutcher, Auk, v, 1888,187 (South Anclote Key, Florida, 1 spec, May 24). Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss.Val., 1888, 258.?Hitchcock, Auk, vi, 1889, 193 (near Pittsford, Vermont,Sept. 20) .?Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 164.?Thompson, Proc. U.S.Nat.Mus., xiii, 1890, 621 (Manitoba, breeding).?Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (AncloteKeys, Florida, May 24, 1 spec.).?Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Baha-mas, May 7); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156 (Cay Sal).?Woodruff, Auk, ix,1892, 202 (Litchfield, Connecticut, Sept. 18 to Oct. 5).?Nehrling, OurNative Birds, etc., i, 1893, 250.?Gault, Auk, xiv, 1897, 222 (Aitkin Co.,Minnesota; breeding?).
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Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Allegheny Co.,Pennsylvania, May 24, June 4).
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Aiken, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (LincolnCo., Colorado, 1 spec, May 24, 1899) .?Allen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda,prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 22); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900,177 (do.) .?Worthington, Auk, xix, 1902, 89 (Shelter I., New York, Sept.12,18).S[eiurus1 agilis Ridgway, Ann. Lye N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).
628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
G\_rothliip'i!(] agilis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521.(?) Trichas tephrocotis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 462(Chester Co., Pennsylvania).
. (?) Geothlypis tephrocotis Barnard, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860 (1861), 435(Chester Co., Pennsylvania).(?) Opowi'nis varius Blxkiston, Ibis, 1863, 61 (Mackenzie R. ).OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA (Wilson).MOURNING WARBLER.Adult male in spring and summer.?Head and neck plain slate-graj^deepening into slate color on pileum and hind neck, and into almostblack on lores; chin, throat, and chest black, the feathers with moreor less distinct terminal margins of slate-gTa3% these sometimes so broadanteriorly and laterally that the black is mainl}^ concealed, except onchest; rest of under parts clear canary yellow, changing to olive-greenon sides and flanks; upper parts, except pileum and hindneck, uniformolive-green, the outermost primary edged with whitish ; maxilla brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brown or horn color (indried skins); iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in driedskins (pale flesh color in life?).Adult nude in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but (always?) with gray tips to feathers of throat andchest broader, the black appearing onl}^ as a broken patch on the chest.Adultfemale in sprimj and summer.?Similar to the adult male, butwithout any black on chin, throat, or chest, which are smoke gray,much paler (sometimes brownish white) on chin and part of throat;slate color of pileum and hindneck duller, tinged more or less witholive; yellow of under parts slightly paler.Youngfemale infirst mdumn.-?Similai* to the adult female, but with-out any gray on head, neck, or chest; pileum and hindneck olive-brown-ish; sides of head and neck similar but paler, the e3"elids dull paleyellow; an indistinct supraloral streak of yellowish; chin, throat, andchest yellowish (duller or paler than under parts of body), tingedlaterally with olive or gra^^sh.Youngfemale., first plumage.?" Remiges, rectrices, etc., as in adult.Rest of upper parts, Avith wing-coverts and sides of head, dull reddish-brown, becoming almost cinnamon on the back, and tinged stronglywith ashy on the pileum. Entire under parts light reddish-brown,most pronounced on the abdominal and anal regions, becoming lighteron the throat, and darker, with a strong olive sufi'usion, on the breastand sides. No appreciable maxillary or supraorbital stripes. Froma specimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 11, 1876.This bird was very young; in fact, barely able to ^\. A slight doubtexists in my mind as to its identity, for 1 did not actually see the parentbirds feed it, though both were in the immediate vicinity and exhil)itedmuch solicitude. This specimen is separable from the corresponding
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629
stage of G. trichas by the ashy ca?t of the pileum and the absenceof l)rowni,sh on the .sides."
^
Adult male.?l^Qngi\i (skins), 118.1-125 (121); wing, 58.4-65 (61.5);tail, 46.2-52.3 (49); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 20.3-21.8(20.8); middle toe, 12.7-14 (13.7).'Adultfemale.?hQwgih (skins), 111.5-133.8 (120.9); wing, 54.6-61.7(58.9); tail, 42.7-49.8(46.7); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.9 (11.2); tarsus,20.6-21.3 (20.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7).^Eastern United States and British Provinces; breeding from moun-tains of West Virginia (spruce belt) and Pennsylvania (WestmorelandCounty), New York (Delaware, Greene, Oneida, Niagara, and Ontariocounties), higher districts of New England, Michigan, easternNebraska (?), and Minnesota (Carlton and St. Louis counties), north-ward at least to northwestern Ontario (Parry Sound and Muskoka) andManitoba (Winnipeg, Selkirk Settlement, Carberry, Duck Mountain,Waterhen River, Swan Lake, etc.);^ during migration southwardthrough eastern United States in general (as far west as central Texas),and in winter south to Nicaragua (Greytown), Costa Rica, Chiriqui,Colombia (numerous records), and Ecuador (Mapoto; Machay); no WestIndian nor valid Mexican record. Accidental in southern Greenland(two records).Sylvia phUadelphiaWI-Lsos, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 101, pi. 14, fig. 6 (near Philadel-phia, Pennsylvania, June).
?
Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 449.
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Bona-parte, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,85.?NuTTALL, Man. Orn. IT. S. and Can., i, 1832, 404.?Audubon, Orn. Biog.,V, 1839, 78.Trichas Philadelphia Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 249.
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Richardson,Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List,1838, 20, part (includes Oporornis agilis).?Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 64;Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 76, pi. 101.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan., 2ded., i. 1840, 459.?Cabot, Naumannia, ii. Heft, iii, 1852, 66 (LakeSuperior).?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).?Reinhardt, Ved. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 6 (Fisk-ensesset, Greenland, 1846; Julianshaab, Greenland, 1853; 2 specs).Tlrichas} Philadelphia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.\_Trichas] Philadelphia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310.?Gray, Hand-list, i,1869, 242, no. 3509.Trichas philadelphica Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282(Noya Scotia).
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Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1864 (1865), 438( Missouri )
.
Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 243; ed. 1860(Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 79, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 172;Revie^v Am. Birds, 1865, 226.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322(Panama R. R.) ; ix, 1868, 94 (Angostura and Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Dresser,
1 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61.
'^ Eight specimens. ^ Four specimens.
* The breeding range of this species is very imperfectly known, both as to its north-ern and southern limits.
630 mjLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).
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McIlwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v,1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).?Butchek, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,149 (Laredo, Texas, Sept.).?Fkantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (SanJose, Costa Rica).?Wvatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Ocana, Magdalena Valley,Colombia).?Maynaru, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 362 (New Hamp-shire; Maine).?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 126 (e. Kansas);Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (C'hirua and La Concepcion, prov. Santa Marta, Colom-bia, Feb. 12 to Mar. 25).?Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr.).?Coues, ClieokList, 1873, no. 98; 2d ed., 1882, no. 142; Birds N. W., 1874, 75, part; BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 313, footnote (synonymy).?Sxow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4(Topeka, e. Kansas, 1 spec).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 301, pi. 15, figs. 6, 9.
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).
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Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Green-land, 1875, 98 (Fiskenaesset, 1846; Julianshaab, 1853).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61 (descr. young). Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,1878, 69 (remarks on plumage).
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Merrill, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,124 (Fort Brown, Texas, Sept. 7). Si'later and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1879, 494 (Cauca Valley, Colombia).
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Rathbun, Rev. List BirdsCentr. New York, 1879, 13 (rare summer resid.).
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Hatch, Rep. Geol. andNat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota for 1879 (1880), 158 (breeding in Carlton andSt. Louis counties; habits, song, etc.). Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 120; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 169.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am.,Aves, i, 1881, 154.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 366 (Chiriqui;Bogota, Medellin, and Antioquia, Colombia, etc.). Taczanowski and Ber-LEPSCH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Mapoto, Ecuador, Jan.).
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Agers-BORG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota). American Ornithologists'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 679.?Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii, 1886,141 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).?Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (ConchoCo., Texas, fall migrant).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (w.Manitoba; breeding in Minnesota, e. Nel)raska, and n. Illinois).?Thompson,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 622 (Manitoba, summer resid.; localities;habits; song).
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Batchelder, Auk, vii, 1890, 295 (Overlook Mt., Catskills,breeding).
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Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 1 toApr. 27); ix, 1892, 22 (do.).?Davison, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Niagara Co.,New York, breeding).
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Bowdish, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Ontario Co., NewYork, breeding).?Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 579 (migrant).
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Attwater,Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migrant).
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Nehrling, OurNative Birds, etc., i, 1893, 251, pi. 13, fig. 7.
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Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, 1 spec, Feb. 4).
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Howell, Auk,xvi, 1899, 85 (near Brooklyn, Long Island, 1 spec, June, 1862). Rives,Auk, XV, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt). Rhoads, Auk,xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co., w. Pennsylvania, breeding). Bangs,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Chirua and La Concepcion, prov.Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Mar. 17 to Apr. 7).
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Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901,44(Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, summer resid.).[Geothlyjyis'] plnkuMphUi Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.G[eothlypis'] Philadelphia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.
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Taczan-owski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 68 (Machay and Mapoto,Ecuador). Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521.\_Geothlypis philadelpliia'] a. phUaddphia Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec,1872, 459.Geothlypis Philadelphia xar. philadelpliia Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872,459.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631
IGeothlypis Philadelphia'] var. Philadelphia Baird, Bke\v'er, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297.\_Geothlypis Philadelphia'] a. Philadelphia Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 75 (synonymy).S\_eiurus] Philadelphia Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).Oporornis agilis (not Sylvia agilis Wilson) Woolsey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,1880, 117 (New Haven, Connecticut, May 12; see Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vi, 1881, 114) .?Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 190 (EbemeLake, Maine, Aug.; see Merrill, Auk, iii, 1886, 413).OPORORNIS TOLMIEI (Townsend).MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER.Similar to 0. i^Mladelphia^ ])ut tail deeidedl}^ longer, and with awhite bar on each eyelid (in both sexes).Adult male in spring and summer.?Head and neck slate color, deep-ening into black on lores and rictal region; a conspicuous spot ofwhite on each eyelid, smaller and more posterior on the upper; chinsometimes white (more or less extensively); throat and chest darkerslate or slate-blackish, but the feathers more or less distinctly mar-gined with pale gray or grayish white, never forming a "solid" blackpatch on chest as in O. Philadelphia; upper parts (except pileum andhindneck) plain olive-green, duller (sometimes slightly tinged withgray) on back and scapulars; outer web of outermost primary edgedwith white; under parts of l)ody clear lemon j^ellow, becoming yellow-ish olive-green on sides and flaidvs; maxilla dusky brown or brownishblack with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); irisbrown; legs and feet light In-ownish (in dried skins).Adult nude in autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and sum-mer plumage, but feathers of pileum and hindneck (especiall}' the lat-ter) indistincth^ tipped with brown, and pale gray or grayish whitemargins of feathers of throat and chest ])roader, sometimes almostconcealing the blackish centers.Young (?) male in first autumn.?Similar to the adult male of corre-sponding season, but pileum and hindneck duller and more brownishslate or slate-gray, lores light gray (dusky only next to eye), and throatand chest pale gray or dull grayish white, the feathers with concealedcentral spots of dark slate color.Adultfemale in spring and summer.?Pileum, hindneck, and sidesof head and neck mouse gray, fading into pale gray or dull grayishwhite on chin, throat, and chest; a distinct white mark on each eyelid,as in the adult male; rest of plumage as in adult male.Adult female in autumn and lointer.?Similar to the spring andsummer livery, but plumage softer, and sides of throat and chest moregrayish.Youngfemale in first atttumn.?Similar to the adult female of cor-responding season, but pileum and hindneck nearly concolor withback, etc., instead of grayish; chin, throat, and chest yellowish instead
632 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of pule gray or grayish white; marks on eyelids dull pale yellowish,and an indistinct pale dull yellowish supraloral streak.Adult >/w//t'.?Length (skins), 118.6-i;3.S.2 (125.7); wing, 59.4-65(62.2); tail, 52.8-63 (55.6); exposed culmen, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus,20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-13.7 (13.2).^Adult female.^l^Qngih. (skins), 117.6-128 (123.2); wing, 5-1.6-59.9(56.9); tail, 48.5-57.9(52.1); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus,20.1-21.3 (20.6); middle toe, 12.2-12.9 (12.7).'Western United States and British Columbia; breeding in mountainsfrom Pacific coast ranges to Rock}^ Mountains, north to British Colum-bia (including Vancouver Island), south at least to Arizona (FortWhipple), New Mexico, and western Texas ("Castle Hill to PecosRiver"); during migrations east to western Nebraska (Sioux County),central Texas (Gainesville; San Antonio), etc. ; south in winter to CapeSt. Lucas and over whole of Mexico and Central America to Colombia(Bogota; Santa Elena).Sylvia tohniei TowNSEND (J. K.), Narrative, Apr., 1839, 343 (Columbia R. ; typeincoll. U. S. Nat. Mus.)."Sylvia iolnKxlTowTsisEyi), Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, (pub. 1840), 149,153, 159.Trichas tolmxi Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2.1 ed., i, 1840, 460.Trichas tolmcei Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 263 (California).Trichas tolmieii Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California).Geothlypis tobniei Stone, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 82, in text.
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American Ornitholo-gists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122.
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Crawford, Proc. Nebr. Orn.Union, 2d ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux Co., \v. Nebraska, 1 si)ec.. May 22).
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Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. ?0).Sylvia viacgillivrayi Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 75 [pi. 399, figs. 4, 5] (Colum-bia R.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Trichas viacgillivrayi Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 64; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,74, pi. 100.T[i^ichas'] macgillimayi Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197.\_Trichas'\ viacgillivrayi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310.
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Gray, Ilanddist, i,1869, 242, no. 3505.Sltjlvicohi'] macgillivrayi Maximilian, Journ. fiir Oni., vi, 1858, 118 (u]?per INIis-souri).Geothlypis macgillivrayi Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 244; ed. 1860(Birds N. Am. ), pi. 99, fig. 4; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 173; Rep. U. S. andMex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, May);Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban and Duenas,Guatemala).?Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (FortTejon,California).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).?Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 17" (PugetSound, etc. , Washington ; Fort Laramie, Wyoming).
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Cabanis, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861,84 (Costa Rica).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Jalapa, VeraCruz; Guatemala).
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Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 \Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xviii, 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, breeding); Check List, 1873,no. 99; 2d ed., 1882, no. 143; Birds Col. Val., 1878, S12.?Brown, Ibis, 1868,
^ Nine specimens. '^ Six specimens.^The same specimen afterwards became the type of Sylvia inacgillivray, Audubon!
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 633420 (Vancouver I.).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca,Co8taRica).?Frantzius, Journ. furOrn., 1869, 294 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 96.?Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr.), 152 (CentralAmerican range) .?Trippe, in Cones' Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado,breeding to above 9,000 ft.).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am.Birds, i, 1874, 303, pi. 15, figs. 4, 5.?Hexshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler'sSurv., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14 to 18), 75 (Fort Garland,Colorado, May 25, 28), 103 (Bowie, White Mts., and Apache, Arizona,Aug. 11 to Oct. 7); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 205.?Ridgwav,Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 425 (breeding in w. and e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada,and Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, L^tah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.121.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (descr. young).?Minot,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Boulder and Manitou, Colorado, breed-ing; descr. nest and eggs; habits).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1881, 155.?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526 (mountainsnear La Paz, Lower California, winter).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 364 (49th Parallel British America; Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz;Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duenas, Guatemala; Chiriqui; Bogota and SantaElena, Colombia).
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 680.
?
Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green and Concho counties,Texas).?Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding;song).?CooKE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (Gainesville, Texas, May 16and Sept. 3; "Castle Hill to Pecos River," Texas, " probably breeds ") .
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Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 3.36 (San Jose, Costa Rica, 1 spec, Sept. 28); ix, 1892,22 (do.) Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migr. ).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 253.[Geothlypis] macgilKrruyi Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108.?Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.G\_eothlypis] macgillivrayi Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.?Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522.Geothlypis macgiUivrayri Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala) .
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Aiken,Proc. Post. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Black Hills, Wyoming).Geothlypis rnacgillirraii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz), 373 (Oaxaca).Geothlypis mcgillimtyi Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1872, 477.Geothlypis Philadelphia, var. macgillivrayi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July,1872, 166 (Ogden, Utah ), 175 (Colorado) ; Proc. Post. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52(Musselshell R., North Dakota).
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Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 'Dec, 1872,459._Nelson, Proc. Post. Soc N. H., xvii, 1875, 339 (Fort Bridger, Wyo-ming).
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Law^rence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihuitan andTehuautepee City, Oaxaca).[Geothlypis Philadelphia] ft. macgillivrayi Ridgw'ay. Am. Journ. Sci., iv,Dec., 1872,459.Geothlypis Philadelphia . . . v&r. macgillivrayi Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873,180 (Colorado).[Geothlypis Philadelphia'] b. macgillivrayi Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 75 (synon-omy).Geothlypis philadelpltia macgillivrayi Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879,164 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).[Geothlypis Philadelphia] var. macgillivrayi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N.Am. Birds, 1,1874,297.Geothlypis philadelphia,var. macgilivrayi Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,269 (Mazatlan, Sept. to Apr. ).[Trichas] vegata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310 (Mexico; ex Sylvia vegataLichtenstein, manuscript).
634 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Sylvia pMlctdelphia (not of Wilson) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, pi. 399.Geothlypis pliUaddjiliia Scl.vter, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).Geothlypis [undetermined] Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Dueiias, Guate-mala).Geothlypis ? Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 307 (Dueiias specimen identified as G. mac-gillivrayi). Genus SEIURUS S^A^ainson.Seiurus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i. May, 1827, 369. (Type, MolaciUaaurocapilla Linnaeus.
)
Siiirus (emendation) Strickland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1841, 422.Enicocichla Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 22. (Type, Motacilla aurocapillaLinnaeus.
)
Henicocichla (emendation) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15.Exochocichla (emendation?) Van der Hoeven, Handb. der Zool., ii, 1852-56, 537.Similar in form to Oj?orornk, but tail even or slightly emarginate(instead of rounded), and coloration very different, the under partsconspicuously streaked with dusk}' on a white or pale yellowish ground.Bill shorter than head (nearly as long in S. motacilla), not essentiallydifferent in form from that of Dendroica, but with middle portion ofculmen sometimes faintly depressed and with the lower outline of themandible more prominent or "bulging" at gonydeal angle. Nostriland rictal bristles as in Dendroica and Oporornis. Wing long, pointed;three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the ninth usuallylonger than sixth (usually longer than seventh, except in S. aurocapil-lus), sometimes longest; wing-tip longer than tarsus (except in jS. auro-capiUus, in which it is shorter). Tarsus less than one-third as long aswing (much less in S. novi'hoi'acensu), its scutella indistinct (obsoleteor fused on outer side); middle toe with claw nuich shorter than tar-sus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for moi'e than half its lengthto outer toe, separated nearly to base from inner toe.Coloration.?Above plain olive, greenish olive, grayish brown, orsooty, the pileum sometimes (in one species) three-striped; beneathwhite or pale yellowish, conspicuousl}' streaked with grayish brownor blackish.Nidification.?Terrestrial.Itange.?North America; Mexico, Central America, West Indiesand northern South America in winter. (Three species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP SEIURUS.
a. Pileum with two black stripes inclosing a l)road metlian stripe of orange-rufousochraceous, or tawny; a whitish orbital ring; no dusky loral nor postocularstreak, nor white or yellowish superciliary stripe. (Eastern North America,south in winter to West Indies and through Mexico and Central America toChiriqui. ) Seiurus aurocapillus (p. 635)aa. Pileum unicolored (olive or sooty brown); no white orbital ring; a dusky loraland postocular streak, and a white or yellowish superciliary stripe.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635
h. Under tail-coverts buffy whitish or jiale ))uff, without grayish brown or ohvebase; superciliary stripe white, l)roa(ler, and more sharply defined posteriorly;under parts more sparsely streaked on a white or buffy white ground, thestreaks grayish brown. (Eastern United States, south in winter to WestIndies and through Mexico and Central America to Colombia.
)
Seiurus motacilla (p. 639)hh. Under tail-coverts yellowish white or pale yellow, with cont-ealed portiongrayish brown or olive; superciliary stripe yellowish, narrower, and lesssharply defined posteriorly; under parts more thickly streaked on a yellow-ish white or pale yellow ground, the streaks dark sooty brown or blackish.{Seiurus noreboracensis.
)
c. Smaller (averaging wing 76.9, exposed culmen 12.7, in adult male; wing 72.6,culraen 12.7, in adult female); color of upper parts browner or more oliva-ceous; under parts more decidedly yellowish. (Eastern North America,chiefly toward Atlantic coast; south in winter to West Indies and alongAtlantic coast of Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, etc.
)
Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (p. 642)cc. Larger (averaging wing 77.3, exposed culmen 13.6, in adult male; wing 75.7,exposed culmen 13.2, in adult female); color of upper parts darker andmore sooty, under parts less pronouncedly yellowish. (Western NorthAmerica, chiefly the interior; occasional in Atlantic States during migra-tion ; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and through Mexico and CentralAmerica to Colombia) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (p. 645)SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnaeus).OVENBIRD.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileuni with two narrow lateral stripes of l)lackinclosing- a much broader median stripe of ochraceous, tawny-ochraceous, or ochraceous-buff, the feathers of the latter more or lesstipped with pale olive, especiallj^ on occiput, which is sometimes uni-form lig-ht olive or grayish olive; superciliary region (broadly) lightgrayish olive, fading into a lighter hue of the same on auricular region;rest of upper parts plain dull olive-green or greenish olive, the innerwebs of remiges and rectrices grayish brown (hair brown); a whitishorbital ring; lores grayish white or dull whitish; malar region andunder parts white, the chest and sides heavily streaked with black, theflanks more narrowly and less distinctly streaked; a dusky submalarstreak; axillars and under wing-coverts pale olive-yellow or dull sul-phur yellow; maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; iris brown;legs and feet pale brown in dried skins, pale flesh color in life.(In winter similar to the spring and summer plumage but colors ratherbrighter, and white of malar stripe and flanks sometimes tinged with])ufl", though the latter may characterize young birds in their first year.)Youncj., first plumage.?Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rumj),and upper tail-coverts dull wood brown or Isabella color, the first withfaint indications of two darker stripes, the back and scapulars withindistinct darker streaks; wings and tail as in adults, but middle andgreater wing-coverts tipped or margined terminally with pale wood
636 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.brown or cinnamon-))uti'; malar stripe, chin, and throat plain dull buff;chest and sides similar but duller buffy or graj'ish buff, indistinctlystreaked with darker; abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale buff.Adult m?Ze.?Length (skins), 127-143.5 (132.8); wing, 70.9-79(72.6); tail, 52.1-57.9 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.2-12.1 (11.7); tarsus,20.6-22.9(21.3); middle toe, 11.9-11.5 (13.2).^Adult female.?\^Qw^\h (skins), 124.5-138.4 (131.1); wing, 69.8-79(72.6); tail, 49.8-58.4 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus,20.3-22.3 (21.3); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.2).'Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, Anticosti Island,Labrador?, southern and western shores of Hudson Bay, and the YukonValley in Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc.); west to eastern base ofRocky Mountains, in Colorado (Denver, Boulder, Nederland, etc.) andMontana (Fort Keogh), accidentally to British Columbia (Esquimault);breeding southward at least to Virginia, the Ohio Valley, and Kansas,probably much farther, and in Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Prov-idence, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Eleuthera); in winter, Gulf coastof United States, Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman,Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and St. Croix), Swan Island and Old Prov-idence Island, Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) andCentral America as far as Chiriqui.
^ Thirteen specimens.
^ Nine specimens.Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies and from the Bahama Islandsaverage, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Eight adult males, Virginia to ConnecticutFive adult males from Mississippi ValleyFour adult males from Bahamas (Abaco, New Providenec,Rum Cay, and Green Cay islands)FEMALES.Five adult females from Virginia, District of Columbia, andMarylandFour adult females from Mississippi ValleyThree adult females from Bahamas (Abaco, Green Cay, andEleuthera islands)
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637[MotaciUa] aurocapilla Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on The Golden-crowned Thrush, Turtus vertice aureo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. , v, 91,pi. 253, lower fig.; Le Figuier d teste d'or de Pensilvanie, Ficedula j^ensilvanicamiro-capilla, Brisson, Orn., iii, 504).
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Gmelin, Syst. Nat, i, 1788,982.\^Turdus\ aurocapilhis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790,328.Turdu'^ aurocapillaAY ihfiON, Am. Orn., iii, 1810, 88, pi. 14, fig 2.
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Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 199.?Vieillott, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823. 641.?Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 35.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i,1832, 355; 2d ed., i, 1840, 404.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 253; v, 1839,447, pi. 143.?Townsexd, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (n. w.United States).?Willis, Ann. Rep. Sniithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 281(Nova Scotia).Sylvia aurocapilla Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826,77.SeiurutsaurocapillusfiwAi'iisoN, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 171; Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827,369 (Mexico) ; Isis, 1830, 1154.?Swainson and Richard.son, Fauna Bor.-Am.,ii, 1831, 227.
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Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 238.
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Bonaparte,Geog. and Conip. List, 1838, 21.
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Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 93; Birds Am.,oct. ed., iii, 1841, 35, pi. 148.
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Gosse. Birds Jamaica, 1847, 152. Salle, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., ix, 1858, 260; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 186; Review Am. Birds,1865, 214, 266?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 294 (Jamaica).?GuNDLAC'H, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 325 (Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn.,1872, 416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, vii, 1878,175 (Porto Rico).?Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Baha-mas), 91 (Santo Domingo).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Bar-ranca, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan, Nov. toApr.).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San Jose. Costa Rica).
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SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz,winter).
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Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 268 (FortYukon, etc., Alaska, breeding). Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,ii, 1871,269(e. Florida, Feb.); iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,1874, 52 (Fort Rice, Heart R., etc.. North Dakota).?Coues, Birds N. W., 1874,70.
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Maynard, Birds Florida, 1872, 12.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 280, pi. 14, fig. 11.?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1878, 51 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).
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Cory, Birds Bahama I.,1880, 70; Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and SanDom., 1885, 34; Auk, iii, 1886, 42 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 180(Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brae, Bahamas);ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 56; Cat. W. 1. Birds,1892, 119 (Gi'eat Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry islands, Eleuthera, NewProvidence, Andros, Cat I , Watlings I., Rum Cay, Long I., Green Cay,N. Caicos, Grand Caicos, E. Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba;Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix).
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American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 3886, no. 674 ?Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll.Alaska, 1887, 203 (Fort Yukon, Nulato, etc.).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. NatMus., X, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea. Feb. 24); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,158.?CooKE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (dates of migr., etc. ).
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Cherrie,Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, 1 spec , Oct. 27), Contr. Orn. SanDom., 1896, 11.
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Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros and New Providenceislands, Bahamas).
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Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1893, 484 (RioEscondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 7 to May 6).
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Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i,1893, 238, pi. 14, fig. 6.?Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana,1 spec, July 23).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc Nat. for 1897-98 (1900), 114 (s. ands. w. Louisiana, winter resid.) .?Bangs, Proc. New Engl Zool Club, iii, 1902,62 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, Feb. 20 to Apr. 15).
638 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISeiurus'] aurocapillus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.Sleiurus] aurocapillus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 518.Sciurus aurocapillus D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 55.Siurus aurocapillus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).
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Newton(A. & E.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix).E[nicocichla'] aurocapiUa Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 31.lEnicocichla^ aurocapiUa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3612.Enicocichla aurocapillus Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).Hlenicocichla^ aurocapiUa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15 (Mexico).Henicocichla aurocapiUa Gunvlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326,407 (Cuba).
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Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).?Sclater, Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua).?Salyin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui).Henicocichla auricapUlaSvTSiDEy At.!., 6iy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,596 (Porto Rico).Turdiis auricapiUuii'LiCHTEtifiTEiti, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vijg., 1830, 2 (see Jnurn. fiirOrn., 1863, 57).Accentor auricapillus Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.Seiurus auricapillus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247. Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Guichi-covi, Chiapas, Sept.).{^Seiurus'] auricapillus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 306.Siurus auricapillus Sclater and Salyin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Duenas, Guatemala,Feb.).?Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,55 (Omoa, Honduras).?Coues,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 31; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 297; Check List,2d ed., 1882, no. 135.?Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr.young); Nom N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 115.?Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,V, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, and Denver, Colorado, May).?Salyinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am , Aves, i, 1881, 144.?Brewster, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., 1 pair, July 24).?Bicknell, Auk,i, 1884, 213 (song) .?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,339, 652 (Esqui-mault, British Columbia; Cozumel I., Yucatan, etc.).?Stearns, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., Yi, 18S6, 116 (int. Labrador, breeding).Henicocichla auriaipilla Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Mexico);1861, 70 (Jamaica).?Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).?Sclater and Salyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Hon-duras).Sliurus'] auricapilla Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.[Siurus'] auricapillus Sclater and Salyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8./S'[mnt.s] auricapillus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 308.Seiurus aureocapillus Bonhote, Auk, xviii, 1901, 147 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas, May2-17).Turdus citreus ^Iuller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 141 (based on Petit Grive de St.Domingue Daubenton, PI. P^nl., pi. 398, fig. 2).Motacilla canadensis (not of Linnitus) Boddaert, Tabl PI. Enl., 1783, 84, part(includes also Dendroica coronata).Turdus coronatus Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept.,'ii, 1807, 8, pi. 64 (cites Motacillaauncapilla Linnsens)
.
?Lesson, Traite d'Orn., I83I, 418.Anthus coronatus Gerhardt, Naumannia, iii, 1853, 38.Seiurus ludovicianus (not Turdus ludovicianus Audubon) Hamlin, Tenth Ann. Rep.Maine Board Agric. for 1865 (Waterville, Maine; see Chadbourne, Auk, iii,1886, 278, 279).
BIRDS OF NORTH ANI MIDDLE AMERICA. 639SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot)LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH,Adults {sexes alike).^?Above plain grayisih olive, slightlv darker onpileum; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white, extending* fromnostril to beyond end of auricular region; a triangular loral spot andbroad postocular stripe of dark grayish olive, the latter sometimesinvolving greater part of the auricular region, the lower portion ofwhich, however, is always paler and more or less streaked with dullwhitish; a crescentic mark of white on lower eyelid; malar regionwhite, usually more or less flecked with grayish olive; under partswhite or bufly white, becoming pronouncedl}" ))utiy (usually clear palebull' or cream ])ufl) on flanks and undei' tail-coverts, all the under partsof the body sometimes strongly tinged Avith bufl'; chin and throatimmaculate or with only a few^ minute flecks; chest, sides, and flanksbroadly streaked with grayish olive (similar to color of upper parts,but somewhat darker), the streaks on anteiior portion of chest smaller,more distinctly triangular or wedge-shaped; axillars and under wing-coverts brownish gray or hair brown; maxilla horn l)rownish basally,becoming darker terminally; mandil)le similar in color to maxilla butpaler brownish basallv; iris ))rown; legs and feet pale yellowish brownin dried skins (pale flesh color in life).Young, first phimage.?Similar to adults, but upper parts moresooty brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged withor inclining to more rusty brown; middle and greater wing-coverts nar-rowly margined at tips with paler brown ; streaks on under parts muchless distinct than in adults, decidedly paler in color than upper parts.Adult male.?h^ngih (skins), 127-139.7 (133.S); wing, 75.7-84.3(80.8); tail, 49.5-55.4(51.8); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.5 (13.2); tarsus,21.6-22.9 (22.3); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.2)."AduU feuude.?\jQngi\\ (skins), 129..5-142.2 (135.1); wing, 75.9-81(78.7); tail, 49.5-52.6(50.8); exposed culmen, 12.9-14.2 (13.5); tarsus,21.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).^'
' After careful examination of a large series of specimens, I can not find that thereis any difference in plumage according to season, some birds taken in April and Maybeing quite as strongly colored as any autumnal or winter specimens.
'^ Eleven specimens.
?' Five specimens.Specimens from the Atlantic coast district and those from the Mississippi Valleyaverage, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
(^40 BTTLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Eastern United States and southern Ontario; breeding from the GulfStates north to Connecticut (Norwich, etc.), eastern Rhode Island(Johnson), southwestern Massachusetts (Berkshire County), southeast-ern New Yorlv (lower Hudson Valley), lower districts of Pennsylvania,northeastern Ohio (Wayne County), southern Ontario (near Hamilton),southern Michigan, northern Illinois, and southeastern Minnesota(Mississippi bottoms as far as Red Wing), west to eastern Nebraska(Omaha, Peru, etc.), eastern Kansas, and Texas (Nav^arro Count}');occurring irregularly north to northeastern New York (Lake George);in winter, south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman,Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Antigua), island of Old Providence,Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) and Central Americato Colombia (province of Santa Marta).Turdus niotacilla Vilillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 9, pi. 65 (Kentucky); Nouv.Diet. d'Hist.Nat.,xx,1818,234; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 643.?Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 197.[Seiurus] rnotacilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306.
?
Cory, List Birds W. I.,1885, 35.SeiurKs rnotacilla Cory, Birds Haiti and San Doni., 1885, 35; Auk, iii, 1886, 43(West Indian references), 501, (Grand Cayman; iv, 1887, 180 (Old ProvidenceI., Caribbean Sea); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Binn-nis and Berry islands, Bahamas, Cul)a; Jamaica; Haiti; Antigua).
?
Fer-rari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).?Amer-ican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 676.
?
Ridgway, Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 160.?Butler, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 36(Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid.).
?
Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888,257 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).
?
Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 28(Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).^Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West, Flor-ida, rare migr., July 16 and Apr. 6, 2 specs.).
?
Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890,336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, 1 spec, Mar. 9); Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11(1 spec, Jan. 22).?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891,576 (e. Kansas, summerresid. ) .
?
Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 ( s. w. of San Antonio, Texas, Apr. 9) .
?
Richmond, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Escondido R., Nicaragua,after Oct. 23).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., :, 1893, 245, pi. 15, fig. 6.?McIlwraith, Birds, Ontario, 1894, 375 (s. Ontario, breeding).?Ulrey andWallace, Proc *nd. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, common sum-mer resid.).
?
Oberholser, Bull. Ohio vVgric Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, 18v)6,326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid.).--Morris, Auk, xiii, 1896,86 (Springfield, Massachusetts, July 28, 1895, 1 spec).
?
Young, Auk, xiii,1896, 284 (Hamburg, Pennsylvania, lireeding).
?
Faxon, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343(Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, l)reeding).
?
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc Wash.,xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia).?Roberts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, intext (Mississippi bottoms, s. e. INIinnesota, as far as Red Wing).
?
Allen,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, prov. Santa Marta, Colomlna,Nov. 8); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.).?Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 144 (Louisiana, breeding).
?
Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 2dann. meet., 1901, 57 (breeding at Omaha and Peru, Nebraska).Sleiurus'] rnotacilla Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.Siurus rnotacilla Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 33; Birds Col. Val., 1878,299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 138.?Langdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877,6, (com. summer resid.).
?
Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233,486 (Antigua, Lesser Antilles).
?
Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 72
BIKDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. -641(remarks on plumage).
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 133(descr. nest and eggs).?Deane, Bull. Nntt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (John-son, e. Rhode Island, breeding).
?
Lawrence (R.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,1880, 116 (Long Island).?Fisher (A. K.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117(Lake George, New York, 2 specs.. May); vi, 1881, 245 (do., Ispec, May16).?Merriam,Bu11. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 229 (Lake George).?Ridg-WAY, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 117.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1881, 147.?Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, (21)(Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).
?
Brown (N.C. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas, 1 spec, Mar. ).? Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884,215 (song).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 342.Sliurusl motacilla Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.
?
Coues,Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.H[enicocichla'} niolaciUa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16, footnote.Henicvcichhi inoiaeiUtt Cabanis, Journ. fixr Orn., 1857, 240 (Cuba).
?
Gundlach,Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).Turdus ludovicianus Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 99, pi. 19 (lowlands of Lou-isiana and Mississippi).Seinrus ludoricidnvft Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
?
Baird, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 262; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 80,tig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 188; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Tamaulipas, Mar.); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 217.?Bar-nard, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1860 (1861), 435 (Chester Co., Penn-sylvania).
?
Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Journ. fiirOrn., 1872, 417 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1893, 68.?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,viii, 1866, 284 (vicinity of New York City); ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca, CostaRica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre deColima, Dec; coast ranges of w. Mexico, Jan., Apr.); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,no. 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Sept., Jan.). Coues,Check List, 1873, no. 94; Birds N. W., 1874, 72.?Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873,5.
?
Bairu, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 287, pi. 14, fig.13; iii, 1874, 506 (Norwich, Connecticut, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Brewer, Proc Bost. Soc N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts, occasional;Connecticut, breeding).
?
Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 136 (RitchieCo., West Virginia; habits; song).[Seiurun] ludovicianus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106.Slums ludovicianus Sclater, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz), 373 (Totontepec, Oaxaca) .?Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 273(Alotenango, Volcan de Fuego, and Coban, Guatemala, Sept. to Nov.).Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).?Covert,Oologist, iv, 1878, 10 (descr. nest and eggs).?Coky, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti).?BoucARD, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440.ISiurus} ludovicianus Sclater a,nd Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8.S[iurus'] ludovicianus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n.e. Illinois,common summer resid. ).Sciurus ludovicianus Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur andMahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding)
.
Henicocichla ludoviciana Sclater, Proc Zool. Soc Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica);Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).
?
Albrecht, Journ.fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).?Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183(Bugabii, Veragua).[Enicocichla^ ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3613.Hlenicocichla] major Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i., 1850, 16 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz,Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.).3654?VOL 2?01 41
642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Henicocichla major C'ABANiti, Journ. furOrii., 1857, 240 (Cu])a).Enicocichla major Brewer, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).Seiurus novwboracensis (not Motaeilla noveboracensi.s Gmelin) Audubon, Synopsis,1839,93, part.(?) Siunis noveboracensis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (Medina R., Texas, "allthe summer," fide Heermann).(?) Seiurus colombianus Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 294 (Colombia).SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin).WATER-THRUSH,Adults (sexes alike).?Above plain olive; a broad superciliary stripeof l)uff, extending from nostril.to sides of nape; a triangular spot ofdusk^' olive in front of eye, and a broad postocular streak of the same;a crescentic mark of light buti'y on lower eyelid; suborbital and auric-ular regions streaked with olive and yellowish or pale buffy; ])roadmalar stripe and under parts pale yellow (primrose 3^ellow to strawyellow)?I'arely nearly white?the chest, sides, and flanks more or lessbroadly streaked with dark sooty olive (sometimes nearly black), thelower throat with shorter triangular or wedge-shaped marks, the upperthroat usuall}^ with small triangular spots or flecks, of the same; undertail-coverts with concealed portion extensively olive or grayish olive;bill dusky brown, the mandible paler, especially in winter; iris brown;legs and feet clear brown (in dried skins).Yoioig^ Jjrst plumage.?Above olive, the feathers with a subter-minal bar of dusky and a terminal bar of bufl', producing a conspicu-ous transversely mottled appearance; wings and tail as in adults, butmiddle and greater wing-coverts tipped with buff, forming two nar-row bands across wing; superciliary stripe less distinct than in adult,finely streaked with dusky; whole throat, chest, and sides of breastheavily streaked with dusky or dark soot}^ on a pale bufl-yellowishground, the streaks much less sharply defined than in adults; rest ofunder parts pale straw or primrose yellow, the sides and flanks mottledor clouded with dusky.Adult male.?ljQwgth. (skins), 125.5-1-L2.7 (185.1); wing, 75.4-80(76.7); tail, 45-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (12.7); tarsus,19.S-22.3 (21.3); middle toe, 12.9-14 (13.5).^AduUfemale.?ljQyigih. (skins), 118.4-138.7 (130.5); wing, 6S.3-75.7(72.6); tail, 45-52.1 (49.5); exposed culmen, 10.9-14.7 (12.7); tarsus,20.3-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 12.4-13.7 (13.2).'Eastern North America; north to Davis Inlet, Newfoundland, andshores of Hudson Bay;^ breeding southward to northern New England,mountains of Pennsylvania (Clearfield, Elk, Cambria, and Lycoming
^ Nine specimens.
^ Eight specimens.
^ Breeding birds from the western side of Hudson Bay are intermediate betweenthis form and S. n. noiabilia.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 643
ounties) and West Virginia (spruce belt), southern Michigan (?), north-astern Illinois (?), etc.; in winter southward throughout West Indiesmd along eastern coast districts of Central America to Colombia,Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil (?), Trinidad, and Tobago, and toSwan Island and Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea.^ Occasionalin Bermudas; accidental in southern Greenland (two records).MotadUa mcvia (not of Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., 1783, 35^) Boddaert, Tabl.PL EnL, 1783, 47 (based on Fauvettee tacJiete, dc la Louisiane, Daubenton, PLEnL, pi. 752, fig. 1).Siurus menus Coues, BulL Nntt. Orn. Club, ii, Apr., 1877, 32; Birds Col. VaL,1878, 299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 136.?Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mas., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica), i, 1879, 233 (Antigua), 453 (Guadeloupe), 486.?KuMLiEN, BulL U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 74 (Straits of Belle Isle, Aug.18).?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 116.?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vi, 1881, 128 (Santa Lucia).
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi,1881, 239 (New England breeding range confined to Canadian fauna).
?
Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 117 (int. Labrador, breeding).? (?)BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan).
?
Dalcileish, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Nanortalik, Greenland; 1 spec. May, 1882).?BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 214 (song) .?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,344, 652, part (Tobago; Paraiso Station, Panama R. R. ; Medellin, Bogota,and Minca, Colombia; Bartica Grove and Roraima, British Guiana, etc.).S[mrus] nievius Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.Semrus nsevius Turner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1885, 238 (Davis Inlet;Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).?Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611(Grenada, Lesser Antilles).\_Motac'dla^ novehoracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 958 (based on Fauvettetuchetel', de la Louisiane, Daubenton, PL EnL, pi. 752, fig. 1).
?
Latham,Index Orn., i, 1790, 362.[*Sii/Z('i?] noveboracensis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518.Sylvia noveboracensis Vieillot, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 1807, 26, pi. 82.
?
Stephens,Shaw's Gen. ZooL, x, 1817, 681.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77.Turdus {Seiurus) noveboracensis (not Tardus noveboracensis Gmelin^) Nuttall,Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 353, part.\^Currzica'] noveboracensis Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.Turdxis noveboracensis (not of Gmelin) Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 306.Seiurus noveboracensis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.
?
Gosse, BirdsJamaica, 1847, 151; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 28).?Jardine, Contr.Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, winter resid.).
?
Hurdis, Jardine' s Contr. Orn.,1850, 8 (Bermudas).
?
Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1852, 53 (Cuba).
?
Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pi. 80, fig.
' In the absence of si^ecimens from various localities cited in the synonymy it isvery difficult to make out with greater exactness the range of this form, the difficultybeing rendered still greater from the fact that both it and S. n. nofabilis often occurtogether during migration. Nearly every one of the West Indian islands (includingtiie Bahama group) is represented among the specimens examined, together with thefollowing Central American localities: Guatemala ( Yzabal, January) ; Nicaragua (SanJuan del Sur, January 10; Sucuya, February 12; Greytown, February 5) ; CostaRica ( San Jose ) . The only Mexican specimen seen is one from tlie island of Cozumel,Yucatan (January 29). The most western United States example examined is onefrom Edinburgh, Texas (May).
'^? Locustella nxvia (Boddaert).*=Scolecophagus carolinus (Miiller).
644 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 215,part.
?
Martens, Journ. flir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).
?
Bland, Ann.Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).?Cassin, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191 ( Cartajrena, Colombia).? (?) Lawrence,Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San Joseand Angostura, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).?March,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 294 (Jamaica).?Bryant, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Bahamas), 91 (Santo Domingo).? (?) Frantzius,Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San Jose and Angostura, Costa Rica).? (?) Sumi-CHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz).
?
GuNDLACii, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872,416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 175(Porto Rico).?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida,Feb.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda and Cienega, SantaMaria, Colombia, Sept. 8 to Nov. 5).
?
Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 93,part; Birds N. W., 1874, 71, part.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 283, part, pi. 14, fig. 12.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xvii, 1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).
?
Cory, Birds Bahama I.,1880, 71; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 42(West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique), 180 (Old ProvidenceI., Caribbean Sea), 181 (St. Andrews I., Cari))bean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cay-man Brae, Bahamas); viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix), 49 (Oiuadeloupe), 352 (CaySal, Bahamas, May); Birds W. I., 1889, 56; Cat. W.,I. Birds, 1892, 119(Gt. Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Eleuthera, New Providence, Watlings I.,Great Inagua, and Cay Sal, Bahamas; Cul)a, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Mona,Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica,Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles).
?
American Ornithologists'Union, Check List, 1886, no. 675.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,576 (Swan I., Caril)bean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 161.
?
Scott, Auk, vii,1890, 21 (Punta Rassa, Tarpon Springs, and Key West, Florida; migrant),314 ((irarden Key, Tortugas, Florida, Apr. 25 to May 2). Hagerup, Auk,viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).?Dwight, Auk, ix, 1892, 139 (Cresson andNorth Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 45 (ClearfieldCo., Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Nehrlincj, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,242.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).?Cherrie,Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (2 specs., Feb. 24, Mar. 16).?Baily, Auk,xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).?Rives, Auk, xv, 1898,136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt). Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (La Concepoion and Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia,Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 62 (Boquete, Chiriqui,Mar. 27).
?
Bigelow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (coast of Labrador, breeding northto Aillik).ISeiums'] noveboracensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306.
?
Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part.?Cory, List Birds W. L, 1885, 8.S[eiurus) noveboracensis Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 124, part (Ohio,etc.).
?
Boies, Cat. Birds South. Mich., 1875, no. 42 (breeding).?Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.Shims norehorncensi^ Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hondu-ras).?Newton (A. andE.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix).? (?) Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part.(?) S^eiurvs'] no?;e6oroa'?(.s'/s Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e.Illinois, a few breeding).[^Siurus] noveboracensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part.Sciurus noveboracensis Gentry, Life-Hist. Birds E. Penn., 1876, 142.
BIJIDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 645Enicocichla novehorarensis Kneeland, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 233.
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).lEnicocichla] novehoracenm Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3611.Hmicocichla noveboracensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii,1848, 666; (?) Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).?Gundlach,Journ. fiir Orn., 1855 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326, 407 (do.).?Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part(Jamaica; Tobago). Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).?ScLATER and Sai.vin, Proc. Zooi. Soc. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill,Panama R. R.); 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1869, 251 (Maruaria, n. of LakeValencia, Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Salvin,_ Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).?Sundevall, Ofv. k.Vet.-Ak. FOrh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 583 (St. Bartholomew).Hlenicocichlal noreboraeensis CABAsm, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16 (Venezuela).[MotaciUa] novxboracensis Tvrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 589.Turdus (Seiurus) novxboracensis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i,1840, 402, part.Seiurus novxbomcensis Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 93, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii,1841, 37, pi. 49, part.Seiurus novcrboracensis Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 209.[Motacilln tigrina'] /3. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 985 (based on Figiderbrun de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicends fuscn, Brisson, Orn., iii, 513, pi.28, fig. 5).[Motncilla tigrina] 2. Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 606.[S//lria tigrina] (5. Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.Turdus aquatims Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 66, pi. 23, fig. 5.?Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 183.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 284, pi. 433, fig. 7.(?) Seiurus aquatims Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 229,part?? (?)SwAiNS0N, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247, part.Turdus aquatius Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 34.Sylvia anthoides ViFALhOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 208; Enc. Meth., ii,1823, 421.[Cnrruca'] anthoides Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.Turdus motacilla (not of Vieillot) Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv,1824, 35.Seiurus sulfurascens D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 57, pi.6 (Cuba).[Seiurus'] stdfurascens Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text.Seiurus sulphuraseens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306.E[nicoeichki] sulphuraseens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 188.Ilenicociehla sulphuraseens Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba^ 1861407 (do.).Anthus V herminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Apr., 1839, 101 (Colombia?; coll. MusRupifortensis).Seiurus r herminieri LESiiOJ^, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295 ("Mexique").Anthus /i/T?im?m Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 249 (Colombia).Seiuriis gossii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306 (Jamaica).(?) [Seiurus] guadelupensis Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text {nomennudum!)
.
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS Ridgway.GRINNEIL'S WATER-THRTISH.Similar to S. n. noveboracensis^ but larger, especially the bill; color-ation of upper parts less olive (more grayish sooty), that of under
646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.parts less yellowish, usually white, with little if any yellow tinge.Young much darker above than that of jS. n. novehoracensh^ thefeathers entirely dusky (except the Inili'y tip), instead of olive with asubterminal bar of dusky.'^tM;^w?/^.?Length "(skins), 130.8-148.3 (139*6); wing, 73.6-81.3(77.3); tail, 50.8-57.1 (53.4); exposed culmen, 12.4-16 (13.6); tarsus,20-22.3 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.7).'Adult female.?\^Qx\^\h (skins), 127.2-152.1 (139.2); wing, 73.1-79(75.7); tail, 48.8-57.9 (53.3); exposed culmen, 12.2-14.2 (13.2); tarsus,21.1-22.3 (21.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.7 (13.2).'Western North America; breeding from Minnesota (north of RedWing), western Nebraska (Sioux (bounty), and probably the morenorthern Rocky Mountain districts of the United States to Alaska(whole of wooded districts), and East Cape, Siberia; southward dur-ing migration throughout western United States (including MississippiValley), more rarely through Atlantic coast States (New Jersey, Dis-trict of Columl)ia, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, etc.), to theBahamas (New Providence Island, February), Cuba (Santiago, Novem-ber 18), island of Old Providence, Carib])ean Sea, Cozumel Island,Yucatan, through Mexico and Central America* to Colombia (Chirua,province of Santa Marta, February), and to Cape St. Lucas.(?) Seiurus tenuirostris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 360 (Mexico).Sciurus lenuirostris Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 261 (Colorado R. ).Seiurus noveboracensis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261, part (Ver-milion R.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Revievv Am. Birds, 1865,215, part(Ynkon R. ; Fort Norman, Fort Peels R., Fort Sin:ipson, and FortRae, arctic Am.; Hellgate, Idaho; Camp Moogie, Washington).
?
Hayden,Trans. Am. Philos Soc, xii, 1862, 160 (npper Missouri R. ).
?
Blakiston, Ibis,1862,4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 62 (Fort Carlton, British North America).?Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon,
' With only one specimen of the young of each form I can not be sure that thedifferences, as stated above, are constant.
'^ Thirteen specimens.
' Nine specimens.Mississippi Valley specimens average smaller than those from the Rocky Moun-tains and westward, and are really intermediate in size between *S'. n. notabilis and
aS'. n. noveboracensis. Average measurements are as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 647Alaska, breeding).? (?) Sitmichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547(Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz, winter).?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 93, part;Birds N. W., 1874, 71, chiefly.
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i,1874, 283.?Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (NorthDakota).?Henshaw, Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (Denver,Colorado, May 12; near Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Aug.).? (?) Lawrence,Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Tapana, Oaxaca, Apr.).?Nelson,Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, to mouths ofYukon).
?
Townsend, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).
?
(?) Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (Illinois).
aS' [mints] novehoracensis Maximilian, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 124, part (ColumbiaR., etc.).[^Seiurus] novehoracensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part.(?) Siurus novehoracensis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hon-duras).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San Jose, Costa Rica).Siurus novehoracencis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (San Antonio, Texas, Dec).Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part.[Siurus] novehoracensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. , 1873, 8, part.Seinrus (typographical error) novehoracensis Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler'sSurv., 1873, 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 12).(?) Henicocichla novehoracensis Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part (Guate-mala). Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro,Honduras).
?
Palmen, Vega-Exp., 1887, 274 (Tschutpa, East Cape, Siberia,June 14, 1879).Seiurus novxhoracensis Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (FortWhipple, Arizona).Seiurus aquaticus (not Turdus aquaiicus Wilson) Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,1831, 229, part, pi. 43 (Carlton House, British America).Siurus nKvius (not Motacilla nxvia Boddaert) Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 299,part; Chgck List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 137, part?Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,V, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, etc., Colorado, May).
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Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson, Arizona, May 4; crit.).Siurus nasvius notahilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 12(Black Hills, Wyoming; coll. G. B. Grinnell; ex "Grinnell, MS."); Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 116a.?Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 137.?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California,winter, 2 specs.).S[iurus'] nl^seviusl notahilis f Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309.Seiurus novehoracensis notahilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885,354; 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 162.?AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 675ff.
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Cory, Auk, iv, 1887,180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (NewProvidence, Bahamas).
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Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., Arizona,Sept. ) ; vii, 1890, 314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Florida, 2 specs., Mar. 26, 28).?LooMis, Auk, V, 1888, 324 (near Chester, South Carolina, Apr. 28, 1888); viii,1891, 71 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr. 28 to May 28; Sept. 1-29.)?Smith and Palmer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (Virginia, near Washington, Districtof Columbia, 2 specs.. May).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (datesof migr.)?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 574 (rare migrant).
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Southwick,Auk, ix, 1892, 303 (Raritan, New Jersey, 1 spec. May 30) .?Richmond,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. toMay).?Fisher (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 122 ( lower Santa ClaraValley, Utah, May 11). ?Tiiorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana,
648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1 spec, Sept. 12).?Roberts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, in text (Minnesota, fromRed Wing northward, in summer).
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Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii,1899, 105 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Cohnnbia, Feb. 7).?Bishop, N. Am. Fauna,no. 19, 1900, 91 (Sixtymile Creek, etc., Alaska).
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Bruner, Proc. Nebr.Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding).*S'[m<rHs] noveboracensis notabilis JiiDGw AY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519.Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis.
Teretistris^ Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 476, in text. (Type, Ana-bates fernandinie Lembeye.
)
Teretristis Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 233.Rather small terrostnal Mniotiltidas with rictal bristles obsolete,wino'-tip shorter than exposed culmen, commissure equal to or longerthan middle toe with claw, maxilla strongly decurved, and the ninthprimary shorter than the first; the plumage plain gray above (pileumand hindneck olive-green in one species), the under parts plain ^^ellow,or whitish with yellow throat.Bill nearly as long as head, the maxilla strongly decurved terminally,rather acute at tip, without subterminal tomial notch; mandibulartomium slightly convex, more decidedly arched subbasally, the rictalportion of the commissure decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed;gonys nearly straight, decidedly shorter than distance from nostril totip of maxilla. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinal, narrowly oval,with broad superior memln-ane. Rictal l)ristles obvious l)ut veryweak. Wing moderate, very much rounded (seventh and sixth prima-ries longest, ninth shorter than first, and eighth shorter than fifth);wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail slightly shorter thandistance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightl}' to decidedlyrounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with obtusely roiuided tips.Tarsus about one-third as long as wing, its scutella obsolete or fusedon outer side; middle toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; l)asaljihalanx of. middle toe united to outer toe for more than half its length,to inner toe for rather less.Coloration.?Above plain gray, the pileum and hindneck olive-greenin one species; beneath mostl}^ plain ^^ellow, or whitish medially andgray laterally, with chin and throat yellow.Nldification.?Ar 1 )oreal
.
Range.?Island of Cu])a, Greater Antilles. (Two species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TERETISTRIS.
n. Pileum and hindneck olive-green; breast grayish or grayish Avhite, very faintly,if at all, tinged with yellow. (Western Cuba.)Teretistris fernandinae, adults (p. 649)an. Pileum and hindneck gray, like rest of upper parts; breast yellow, like throat.( Eastern Cuba. ) Teretistris fornsi, adults (p. 649)
^"Vou TEi^ETi'^oD, zwitschern."
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649TERETISTRIS FERNANDINiE ( Lembeyc).FERNANDINA'S WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileum and hindneck uniform yellowish olive-green; lores (except lower portion), orbital ring, malar region, chin,and throat, clear yellow (])etween lemon and canary), the auricularregion and .suborbital region, similar but tinged with olive-green;back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-covertsplain gra}" (between slate-gray and mouse gray), the remiges (excepttertials) and rectrices darker, with lighter gray edgings; breast palegray or grayish white, shading into more pronounced gray on sidesand flanks; abdomen and anal region yellowish white; luider tail-coverts pale grayish; axillars pale gray or grayish white; under wing-coverts white, those along edge of wing tinged with yellow; maxilladusky with paler tomia; mandible paler (light bluish gra}^ in life); irisbrown; legs and feet grayish black in dried skins, light grayish bluein life/Adult male.?ljength (skins), 120.-i-125.5 (122.2); wing, .54.1-60.4(58.2); tail, 48.3-51.6 (.50.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.2 (12.9); tarsus,18.3-19.3 (19); middle toe, 11.2-11.9 (11. 7).*^Adultfemkle.?hengih (skins), 108.2-119.9 (116.1); wing, 53.8-55.4(54.9); tail, 48-51.6 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.7 (12.4); tarsus,18.3-19.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).'Western Cuba, including Isle of Pines.Anabates ferncmd'mx Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 66, pi. 5, fitr. 2.
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GuNDLACH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, 317 (descr. e^^gs).Teret'mtrisfernandinx Cabani.s, Journ. fi'ir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 475.
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Brewek, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H , vii, 1860, 307.?Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326; 1872,418; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 45; BirdnW. I., 1889, .59; C!at. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).?Shaepe, Cat. Bird.s Brit. Mus., x, 1885, .368, pi. 12, fig. 1 (San Cristobal, Cnba).\_Teretktris\ fernand'msE Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.Teretristis fernandinse Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 234 (Fermina, w. Cuba).[ Tere^n's^is] /(2rnan(^m.T ScLATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 11.\^Icteria] fernandma; Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5825.Helmithertis blanda (not of Lichtenstein, fide Cabanis) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,Apr., 18.50, 314 (Cuba).IGeoDdyjjis} fernandina: Valuer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.TERETISTRIS FORNSI Gundlach.FORNS' WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Upper parts, including pileum and hindneck,plain gray,* becoming more brownish gray or smoke gra}" on rump andupper tail-coverts; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, breast, and ante-
^ According to J. H. Riley. ^ Four specimens.*Five specimens. ''Between mouse gray and gray no. 6.
650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rior portion of sides, clear canary or light lemon yellow, the auricularregion slighty tinged with olive-green; a distinct orbital ring of ratherlighter yellow; abdomen white or yellowish white, the flanks and pos-terior portion of sides olive-grayish; under tail-coverts light grayish;axillars and under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; maxilladusky with paler tomia, mandible paler (light grayish blue in life?);iris brown?; legs and feet grayish dusky (light grayish blue in life?).Adult male.?hength (skins), 118-125 (120.7); wing, 55-59.5 (56.5);tail, 52-55 (53.2); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19);middle toe, 12.'Adult fe?nale.?Length (skins), 112-118 (115); wing, 56-58 (57); tall,52-55 (53.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); middle toe,11-11.5 (11. 2).'Eastern Cuba.Teretistris fornsi Gundlach, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 274 (easternportion of Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326; 1862, 177; 1872, 418; Repert.Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.
?
Albrecht Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 211.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 45; Birds W. I., 1889, 59; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18,119 (e. Cuba).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. x, 1885, 368, pi. 12, fig. 2(Monte Verde, Cuba).[Teretistris'\ fornsi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.Teretistris fornsii Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 129.Teretristis fornsii Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 235 (Monte Verde, e. Cuba).[Teretristisl fornsi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873 11.[ideria'] fornsii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5826.IGeothlypis'] fornsi Palmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.Genus LEUCOPEZA Sclater.Leucopeza Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan. 4, 1876, 14. (Type, L. semperiSclater.
)
Terrestrial or subterrestrial Mniotiltid^ with bill nearly as long ashead; tarsus more than one-third as long as wing; tail much shorterthan wing, nuich rounded; coloration very plain?brownish grayabove, pale gray or grayish white beneath.Bill nearly as long as head, moderately slender, gradually taperingboth laterally and vertically, the culmen straight to near tip wheregradually and slightly decurved; maxillary tomium with subterminalnotch rather distinct. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate;eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth longer than third;wing-tip about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Tailshorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, muchrounded (graduation less than length of gonys), the rectrices broadand rather soft. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing, muchlonger than middle toe with claw; basal phalanx of middle toe unitedfor slightly more than half its length to outer toe, for slightly lessthan half to inner toe.
' Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 651Coloration.?Plain brownish gray above, grayish white beneath,shading into light brownish graj" laterally; sexes alike.NUJification.?Unknown.Range.?Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.)LEUCOPEZA SEMPERI Sclater.SEMPER'S WARBLER.Adults [se.ee-'i alil'().?Above uniform blackish slate, gradually fadinginto pale gra}' (no. 7 to no. 9) on chin, throat, and chest, the l)reastand abdomen still paler, or dull whitish, tinged with buff; sides andflanks slate-gray; under tail-coverts mouse gray or smoke gray, moreor less tinged with hi'ownish l)uffy; maxilla brownish black or duskybrown, with paler tomia; mandible similar, but paler or browner;iris brown ;^ legs and feet pale yellowish l^rown in dried skins (whitishin lifo).^Iiiiinature.- Similar to adults, but more or less tinged or washedwith olive-brown on upper parts (at least on rump, upper tail-coverts,:ind tail) and with l)rownish ])uti' on lower parts.Adidt /;/?/<'.?Length (skins), 135-140(137.5); wing, 67-71 (69); tail,o:^; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 13-16(11.5).'Adult female.?luQngih (skins), 125-112 (136); wing, 62-67 (61.3);tail, 49-53 (51. .3); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 22-23 (22.3);middle toe, 14.*Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.Leucopeza sem2)eri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 14, pi. 2 (Santa Lucia,W. I.; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1889, 395.?Lawrence, Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci.,1878, 151.?Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166.?Cory, Auk., iii,1886, 40; Birds W. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 133.?Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 228, 638.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xii, 1889, 129 (Port Castries, Santa Lucia).[Leucopeza'} sempcri Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.Genus MICROLIGEA Cory.Ligcn (not of Dybowski, 187()) Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1. (Type, L. palustrisCory.
)
Ligia (emendation; not of Fal)ricius, 1798, nor Dupre, 1829) Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 349.Microligea* Cory, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290. (Type, Ligea palustris Cory.)Medium sized terrestrial Mniotiltidjs with the commissure shorterthan middle toe with claw but longer than middle toe without claw;coloration very plain, the upper parts olive-green, becoming slate-gray on pileum and hindneck, under parts pale gray laterall}", whitishmedially.
^ H. Selwyn Branch, manuscript.
'^Two specimens.
^ Three specimens, two of them doubtfully determined.*" MiKpo^, Atyeia, in tlie sense of little wood-nymph."
()52 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Bill much shorter than head, slender-conoidal, gradually tapering tothe tip, the maxillary tomium with rather distinct subterminal notch.Nostril small, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosste, narrowly ovalor subcuneate, overhung by broad membranous operculum. Rictalbristles obvious but very weak and inconspicuous. Wing rathershort, nuich rounded (sixth primary longest, seventh and tifth butlittle shortei', the ninth shorter than second); wing-tip about equal toexposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, decidedly rounded, therectrices narrow, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with clawdocidedl}^ shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united fornearly its entire length to outer toe, for less than half its length toinner toe.Coloration.?Plain olive-green above, the adult male with head andneck slate-grav; beneath pale gray, becoming whitish medially.Nidijication .?Unknown.Range.?Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)This genus comes nearest Gcofhlypis., from which it differs decidedh^in the relatively weaker feet (with middle toe, without claw, decidedlyshorter than the commissure instead of equal to it or longer), obviousrictal bristles, and very dissimilar style of coloration.MICROLIGEA PALUSTRIS Cory.HAITIAN GROUND WARBLER.Adult male.?Pileum, hindneck, and extreme upper portion of backplain slate-gray, the first rather darker and more bluish; rest of upperl)arts plain bright olive-green; sides of head and under parts plainlight gray, deepest on auricular region, paler on throat (the chinwhitish), becoming white or grayish white on abdomen, the flanksolive-gray or smoke gray; eyelids partly white; maxilla black, mandi-ble paler (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet duskygrayish or grayish horn color (in dried skins); length (skins) 143-14:3.5(143.2); wing, 63.5-(>t> (64.7); tail, 60-62.2(61.1); exposed culmen, 13;tarsus, 21.9-23 (22.4); middle toe, 12.9-13.^Adultfemale.?"In general appearance like the male, but differsfrom it by under parts being tinged with olive, mixing with the gray,and top of head green, showing the slate color faintly." (Cory.)Ligea palustris Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1, pi. 1 (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B.Cory); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 38, pi. (4).Ligin palustris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 349.MicroUgea palustris Coky, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290, in text; iii, 1886, 44; Birds W. I.
,
1889, 58; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 131, 156.?Cherrie, Contr. Orn. SanDom., 1896, 15 (Santo Domingo City and Honduras, Santo Domingo).[Microligea'\ paluntris Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.[Geothhjpisi palustris Palmer (W. ), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217.
' Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 653Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis.
TricJtas (not of Gloger, 1S27) .Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1.S27, 167. (Type,T. persoiKitus Swainson, =T'?r(/tts tridia.'i Linnteus.
)
Geothlypis^ Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, i, 316, 349. (Type,Turdufi Irlchas Linn;eus.
)
Riithcr small terrestrial Mniotiltidtv with the middle toe, withoutclaw, equal to or longer than the commissure, the rictal bristles obso-lete, wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen, ninth primary shorter thansixth, the under parts at least partly yellow, upper parts olive-green,and the fore-head and sides of head, in part at least, l)lack in adultmales.Bill decidedh' (usually much) shorter than head, narrowly conoidal,gradually tapering to the tip, the maxillary tomium with subterminalnotch present but indistinct; culmen straight, or nearly so, to near tip,where very slightly decurved. Nostril small, in lower anterior portionof nasal fosstv, longitudinally oval or subcuneate, overhung by a ratherbroad meml)ranous operculum. Rictal ))ristles ol)solete. Wing rathershort, much rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorterthan sixth, sometimes shorter than tirst); wing-tip shorter than exposedculmen. Tail variable in relative length, never conspicuously shorterthan wing, usually nearly the same length, rarely (in (r. fwl-soni only)decidedl}' longer; much rounded (sometimes almost graduated), therectrices subacuminate at tips. Tarsus decidedly more than one-thirdas long as wing, its scutella distinct; middle toe with claw shorterthan tarsus; l>asal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its lengthto outer toe, separated for most of its length from inner toe.Coloration.?Above olive-greenish, beneath at least partly, some-times wholl}^, yellow; adult males with forehead and at least part ofsides of head black.Nidification .?Ter restr ia 1
.
Range.?The whole of temperate North America and continentaltropical x\merica; Bahamas, and (in winter) Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti,and Jamaica.In only one species, G. nelsoni, is the tail much longer than the wing;in all the others it is either shorter (often decidedly so) or of about equallength. G. semlflava, G. speclosa., and G. nehoni have the outermost(ninth) primary shorter, or at least not longer than the first; in all theothers it is longer, usually longer than the third. The adult males ofall the North and Middle American forms, as well as the South Amer-ican (Ecuadorean) form of G. semiflava, have the malar region black,thus forming part of the black "mask;" in the two exclusively SouthAmerican species ( G. velata and G. (equinoctial Is) the malar region isyellow, like the under parts; they further differ from all the others in
''Tett, Erde; bXvnis, nom. prop."
654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
hav' ing the black on the forehead very narrow and that of the auricularregion more restricted. Both of these species, however, have theoutermost priuiar}" longer than the second (sometimes longer than thefourth), and the tail shorter than the wing, though longer than the lat-ter from the bend to the tips of the secondaries.The geographic variations in G. trlchas are difficult to understandsatisfactorily, largely from lack of necessary material. Most of thespecimens contained in collections were taken during the seasons ofmigration, and therefore it is in many cases impossil)le to determinewhether certain specimens would have remained to breed in the locali-ties where they were secured, specimens which would undoubtedly passfarther northward to their summer home often lingering in a moresouthern locality until the birds there resident have commenced tobreed. The chief difficulty is with the birds of this species in thePacific coast district, where four subspecies have been supposed tooccur, three of which 1 have been able to verify, but in the case of oneonly have been able to determine with any degree of accuracy thebreeding range. Some of the geographic forms of the species arevery strongh^ marked subspecies, while others are very slightlv differ-entiated; in fact they might more properly be termed ""subraces" thansubspecies, and would, in the case of two of them at least, hardly beworth recognizing by name were not their respective ranges separatedby many hundreds of miles, the intervening territory being occupiedby a form which, instead of being intermediate in its character, is moredifferent from either of the forms on opposite sides than these arefrom one another. With the exception of these extreme westernforms, of which only two are strongly characterized, the extent andcharacter of geographic variation is very evident when a sufficientseries of specimens representing all parts of the very extensive areainhabited by the species is examined, especially when those taken dur-ing migration are eliminated. Altogether! have been able to diagnose, more or less satisfactorily, eight forms, whose principal charac-ters and ranges, so far as the material examined enables me to deter-mine them, are as follows:(1) G. triclias tricJtas. (Type locality, Maryland.)?Characterizedby smallest size (with one exception among the Pacific coast forms'),the adult male nearl}^ alwa3"S with the under parts of the body exten-sively pale butfy or buffy whitish, the yellow being confined to thethroat, chest, breast, and under tail-coverts, and the upper parts of aduller, more grayish, olive-green. The breeding range of this formcomprises the States of Virginia (except the southern coast district)and Maryland, the more southern portions of Pennsylvania, and theDistrict of Columbia; probably also Delaware and southern New Jer-sey, and the upland districts of the Carolinas. The only extralimital
^ G. t. sinuosa, confined to the salt marshes skirting San Francisco Bay.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 655
specimens that I have seen which seem without doubt referable to thisform are from certain islands of the Bahama group.(2) GeotJdypis trlchas Ujnota.?This is the southern coast form, whosebreeding range extends from the Dismal Swamp, in southeastern Vir-ginia, to Cape Florida, and westward along the Gulf coast at least toLouisiana, prol)ably to eastern Texas. This is nnich the darkest of all,has the wing more rounded, and is the only one in Avhich the length ofthe tail is nearly (sometimes quite) equal to that of the wing.(3) Geothlypls trlchas hraclddactyla.?The northern and trans-Alleghenian form, somewhat intermediate in coloration between G. t.trichas and G. t. igtiota, but clearly distinct from either. With aboutthe same size as G. t. Ignota^ but with the tail relatively much shorter,it is otherwise more like G. t. trichas, but has the under parts mostlyyellow and the upper parts a more decided olive-green. The allegeddifference in the wing-formula between this sul)species ^ and G. t.trichas 1 have not been able to verify. This form is tirst met with asa probable or possible summer resident in northern New Jerse}^ andon Long Island, whence it extends northward, to the exclusion of G.t. trichas^ and from the New England States and maritime BritishProvinces westward to eastern North Dakota, and thence southwardthroughout the Mississippi Valley, east of the Great Plains, breedingover the whole of this extensive area, and migrating southward througheastern Mexico and Central America as far as Costa Rica, as well asthrough the exclusive summer habitat of G. t. trichas, along the Atlan-tic seaboard, to certain of the West Indies and other islands of theCaribbean Sea.(I) Geothlypls trlcJuts occidentalis.?The arid region form, whichagrees in size, brighter olive-green of upper parts, and greater exten-sion of yellow on the under surface with G. t. hrachldactyla, but differsfrom that, as well as from the other two eastern forms, in having thepost-facial band white instead of light gra}^ and the yellow of the underparts of a warmer or more orange hue. The range of this well-markedsubspecies begins at the western limit of that of G. t. hrachidactyla(somewhere about the middle of the Great Plains) and extends west-ward to the Pacific coast in southern California and northern LowerCalifornia, and from the northern boundary of the United States tonorthern Mexico. I am unable to trace it farther southward in winterthan Cape St. Lucas and the State of Sinaioa in western Mexico.(5) Geothlypls trichas arizela.?The Pacific coast form, replacingG. t. occidentalis from Los Angeles County, California, to BritishColumbia. Very similar to G. t. occidentalis in coloration, but withthe bill much smaller (exposed culmen very rarely 11 mm., the mini-numi length in G. t. occidentalis), the whitish post-facial band averag-ing narrower, and the general coloration less intensified. This form
1 See William Palmer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 226, 227.
65^) BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
extends in winter to Cape St. Lucas, but is mainly resident, at leastin the more southern parts of its range.(6) Geothlyj)h trichas siniwsa.?A small form (slightly smaller eventhan G. t. trichas)^ apparently confined to the salt marshes al)Out SanFrancisco Bay. The coloration is essentially identical with that ofG. t. arizela^ but slightly darker, especially on the upper parts andtlaiiks.(7) GcotJdypk trichas iiiodt.sta.?The resident form of western Mex-ico (States of Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima and Territory of Tepic').This form is practically identical with G. t. arizela in coloration andgeneral dimensions, but has the bill much larger (about the same sizeas in G. t. occidentalu)^ and would hardly be recognized by name wereit not for the fact that it has a definite range far removed from thatof G. t. arizda, the mucli more brightly colored G. t. occldentalis com-ing between the two.(8) GeotliJyph tricluis mdanoj^s.?This is the subspecies of easternMexico, and is evidently an ofi'shootfrom G. t. occidc/tta/f's, from whichit differs in larger size, in having the under parts entirely rich yellow,and the white post-facial ]>and ]>roader and somewhat tinged with 3^el-low on its lateral branches. Some specimens from Chihuahua, northern Mexico, are clearly intermediate between this very strongly markedsubspecies and G. t. oreldentalis.Geotdihjph helduKj!^ of the Cape St. Lucas district, and the severalforms peculiar to the Bahama Islands are evidently derived from thesame ''original stock"" as the forms of G. tricJias^ but being no longerconnected by intermediates may be considered specifically' distinct.All these are much larger than any of the G. trichas group. G. heldingihas the post-facial band entirel}^ yellow, a character shared by a muchsmaller species of eastern Mexico {G. Jiavot^cJata)^ two of the Bahamaforms ( G. coryi and G. flavlda) having this marking also yellow exceptacross the crown, being thus intermediate so far as this character isconcerned, the other Bahama forms having the post-facial band grayor grayish white, as in the G. trichas group.The Bahaman insular forms present a puzzling problem, which cannot })e solved until mau}^ more specimens have been secured, especiallyfrom the islands of Great Bahama,^ Abaco, Andros, and Eleuthera.Three easily recognizable forms unquestionably inha])it the smallisland of New Providence, while two are certainly inhabitants ofAbaco; therefore they can not be subspecies of one form. One ofthe three New Providence forms ( G. rostrata) is very different fromany inhabiting the other islands; the other two^ resemble, respectively,
^A specimen (female) from Tehuacan, Pueblo, is doubtfully referred to the sameform; also one from Ortiz, Sonora.
* I have not been able to examine a specimen from the island of Great Bahama.
* These second and third New Providence forms are G.flavida, representing G. coryi,and G. maynardi, representing G. tanneri.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657that found on Eleuthera ( 6^^. coryi) and one of thowe found on Abaco{G. tannerl)^ but are nevertheless recognizably different. That foundon Andros {G. exlgua) resembles the second Abaco form {G. mcom.jjta)^but is smaller.Were each of these seven insular forms peculiar to a separate islandthey might easih' be considered local subspecies of one specific t3'pe;but the fact that three of them inhabit a single small island and aresaid to have very distinct habitats and notes, while two others inhabitanother island, renders such a view of their relationship untenable.For the present, or until we know more about these puzzling Bahamaforms, probably the safest course would be to consider them all asdistinct species; at the same time their characters suggest that theirstatus might perhaps be more correctl}' indicated b}^ the following-nomenclature:
1. Geothly2)ii< rostrata. New Providence.2. Geothlypis tanneri tanneri. Abaco.3. Geothlypis tanneri iriaynardi. New Providence.4. Geothlypin incompta inconijjta. Abaco.5. Geothlypis ivwompta exigua. Andros.6. Geothlypis coryi coryi. Eleuthera.7. Geothlypis coryi fiavida. New Providen(;e.Whatever the facts may be, however, the case is an excellent illustra-tion of the difficulties in the way of determining the rank of insularforms, and should be carefully considered by those who would applythe same criteria to insular as to continental forms.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GEOTHLYPIS.
a. Forehead and sides of head (loral, orbital, auricailar, and malar regions') black.(Adult males.
)
h. Tail not much, if any, longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter).
c. A distinct light gray, whitish, or yellow space immediately behind the black"mask;" outermost (nintli) primary longer than first.d. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) gray or white,sometimes tinged with yellow, but never clear yellow; feathers of crownand occiput gray beneath surface.
e. Smaller (wing not exceeding 60, usually much less, or else culmen lessthan 12). (Continental forms: GeotJdypis trichas.)/. Post-facial space gray. ( Eastern forms.
)
g. Coloration paler, the back, etc., light grayish olive-green, the crown,(except anteriorly) and occiput grayish bi'own or olive, the flankslight huffy grayish or l)rownish; wing more pointed, the outer-most (ninth) primary usually equal to or longer than fourth; tailrelatively shortei , usually decidedly shorter than wing.
' In the two exclusively South American species, G. velata and 0. xquinoclialis, themalar region is yellow, like the under i>arts.3654?VOL 2-01 42
658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
/(. Smaller (wing averaging 52.9, tail 49.3, exposed culmen 10.5);paler, with yellow of under parts usually confined to throat, chest,breast and under tail-coverts, the back, etc. , more gray ish. ( Mid-dle portion of Atlantic coast district; Bahamas in winter.)Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult male (p. 661)hh. Larger (wing averaging 55.1, tail 49.2, exposed culmen 11.4);deeper colored, the yellow of under parts usually covering mostof the under surface, the back, etc., more decided olive-green.(Northern New Jersey, Long Island, New England States andmaritime British Provinces westward to eastern North Dakotaand Manitoba, and southward through Mississippi Valley, eastof the Great Plains; in winter to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,Porto Rico, and Swan Island, and through eastern Mexico andCentral America to Costa Rica.
)
Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult male (p. 664)i/</. Coloration darker, the l)ack, etc., deep olive-green, the crown(except anteriorly) and occiput olive-brown, the flanks deep buffyolive; wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary usuallyshorter than second; tail relatively longer, nearly (sometimesquite) equal in length to wing. (Southern coast district of easternUnited States, from southeastern A'irginia to Florida and easternTexas. ) Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult male ( p. 667)ff. Post-facial band white or grayish white. (Western forms.
)
g. Under parts of body partly buffy whitish, at least the lower abdo-men; smaller (wing and tail averaging less than 60).h. Larger (wing averaging more than 55, tail more than 50); color ofupper parts and Hanks paler.i. Larger (wing averaging 57.5, tail 55.8); coloration brighter, withyellow of under parts usually more orange. (Western UnitedStates, from western portion of Great Plains to southern Cali-fornia, northern Lower California, and northern Mexico.)Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult male (p. 668)a. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 55.8, tail 52.6 or less);coloration duller, with yellow of under parts usually lessorange.jj. Bill much smaller (exposed culmen rarely 11, averaging 10.3).(Pacific coast district, from southern California to BritishColumbia. ) Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult male (p. 670)j. Bill much larger (exposed culmen more than 11, averaging11.4). (Western Mexico.)Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult male (p. 672)hh. Smaller (wing averaging 52.6, tail 48.3); color of upper parts andflanks darker. (Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay.)Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult male (p. 672)gy. Under parts entirely ))riglit yellow; larger (wing averaging 61.2,tail 60.2). (Southeastern and central Mexico.)Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult male (p. 673)ee. Larger (wing exceeding 60, exposed culmen not less than 14). (Bahamaforms: Geothhjpis roslrata and allies.)/. Post-facial band pale gray or grayish white; back, etc., duller, moregrayish, olive-green; crown more extensively gray; yellow of underparts paler and duller.g. Larger (wing averaging 62.4, tail 58.2, tarsus 22.8); crown moreextensively and clearly gray. ( New Providence Island, Bahamas.
)
Geothlypis rostrata, adult male {p. 674)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659
00. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail 5*5, tarsus less than 22);gray of crown duller and more restricted./). Wing larger (averaging 61), bill larger (exposed culmen averaging15.7); yellow of under parts duller, the back, etc., more grayisholive-green. (Abaco Island, Bahamas.)Geothlypis incompta, adult male (p. 677)/)/(. Wing shorter (59), bill smaller (exposed culmen 15); yellow ofunder parts brighter, the back, etc., more decided olive-green.(Andros Island, Bahamas.)Geothlypis exigua, adult male (p. 677)ff. Post-facial band yellow (except across crown) or tinged with yellow;back, etc., brighter olive-green; crown with gray more restricted orelse tinged with yellow or olive-green; yellow of under j)arts deeperand brighter.g. Band across crown gray, without yellow tinge; supra-auricular regionmore faintly yellow.h. Band across crown darker or duller gray; back darker olive-green;yellow of under parts less intense; wing and tail longer ( wing 67.3,tail 61). (Abaco island, Bahamas; Great Bahama island?)Geothlypis tanneri, adult male (p. 676)/(//. Band across forehead paler or purer gray; back more yellowisholive-green; yellow of under parts more intense; vving and tailshorter (wing averaging 64.8, tail 59.7). (New Providenceisland, Bahamas.) Geothlypis maynardi, adult male (p. 676)gg. Band across crown yellowish gray; supra-auricular region clearyellow.hh. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 62.5, tail 58.7, exposedculmen 16.2); black of forehead narrower; back, etc., clearerolive-green. (Eleuthera island, Bahamas.Geothlypis coryi, adult male (p. 677)/(. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 66. 1, tail 61.2, exposedculmen 14.7); black of forehead broader, and color of back, etc.,more golden olive-green. (New Providence island, Bahamas.)Geothlypis flavida, adult male (p. 678)dd. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) clear yel-low; feathers of crown and occiput yellowish beneath surface (crownand occiput wholly yellow in one species.
)
e. Larger (wing and tail more than 61, tarsus 22.9 or more). (Cape St.Lucas district, Lower California.) . Geothlypis beldingi, adult male (p.679)ee. Smaller (wing less than 56, tail less than 55, tarsus less than 22)./. Hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive; bill smaller(exposed culmen 12). (Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico.)Geothlypis flavovelata, adult male (p. 680)ff. Whole crown and occiput yellow; bill larger (exposed culmen 14).(Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico.
)
Geothlypis flaviceps, adult male (p. 680)
;. No gray, white, nor yellow behind the black "mask;" outermost (ninth)primary not longer than first (except in G. chiriquensisf^)d. Black of forehead not extending to crown; crown and occiput gray. (Chi-riqui. ) Geothlypis chiriquensis, adult male ( p. 681
)
dd. Black of forehead extending at least to middle of crown; hinder crownand occiput olive-green or black.
^ This species I have not been able to examine.
660 151TLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MrSKUM.
('. Hinder crown and occipnt olive-green; ])a('k, etc., bright yellowisli olive-green; beneath bright lemon yellow, the sides and Hanks olive-green;tail less than 50; bill stouter, the exposed culmen l.'!-14. (SouthernHonduras to Costa Rica.)Geothlypis semiflava bairdi, a<lult male ({>. ()H2)ee. Whole pileum black; back, etc., brownish olive-green; l)eneath .saffronyellow, the sides and tlanks brownish; tail more than 55; bill moreslender, the exposed culmen 12-12.7. (Southeastern Mexico.)Geothlypis speciosa, adult male (p. (is;-})hi). Tail much longer than wing.c. Post-facial region more or less gray; bill larger (exposed culmen 11-11.5).(States of Vera Cruz and Puebla, southeastern Mexico.
)
Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult male (p. 685)CO. Post-faicial region olive-green, like rest of upper parts, or but slightly tingedwith gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen 10). (State of Hidalgo, south-eastern Mexico.) Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, adult male (p. 685)an. No l)lack on head. (Adult females and young.)f>. Tail not longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter),
c. Back, etc., clear olive-green, yellowish olive-green, or grayish olive-green;aides and flanks not reddish brown; yellow of under parts not of a fulvousor ochraceous hue.d. Sides and flanks not olive-green.
e. Forehead and superciliary region not yellow; if tinged with yellow thecolor not strongly nor abruptly contrasted with the olive, olive-greenish, or brownish of crown and occiput; under parts not saffronyellow./. Smaller (wing less than 57 or else exjuised culmen less than 12.H
?
usually less than 55 and 12, respectively).g. Under part partly buffy whitish; smaller (wing and tail less than 55).h. Smaller (wing averaging less than 50, exposed culmen averagingnot more than 10).i. Paler; wing averaging 49.7, tail 46.9, exposed culmen 9.7, tarsus19.7 Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult female (p. 662)ii. Darker; wing 48, tail 43, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 19.Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult female (p. 678)hh. Larger (wing averaging more than 51, exjwsed culmen morethan 10).i. Darker olive above and on flanks; tail relatively longer and billlarger; wing averaging 52.3, tail 50.5, exposed culmen 11.Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult female (p. 667)ii. Paler olive or olive-greenish above and on flanks; tail relativelyshorter and bill smaller.j. More decidedly olive-greenish above.k. Smaller (averaging wing 51.7, tail 46.8, exposed culmen 10.7,tarsus 19.9).Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult female (p. 664)kk. Larger (averaging wing 53.4, tail 50.8, exposed culmen 10.9,tarsus 20.3).Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult female (p. 669)jj. Duller, more grayish, olive-green above.k. Wing averaging 51.9, tail 48.9, exposed culmen 10, tarsus20.1 Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult female (p. 670)kk. Wing averaging 52, tail 48.2, exposed culmen 10.3, tarsus19.5 Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult female (p. 672)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 661
g(l. Under jiarts^ entirely yellow; lar<,'er (\vin<r and tail more than 55).Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult female (p. 673)ff. T^arger (wing more than 57, exposed culmen not less than 12.9, usuallymueh more).(J. Bill smaller (exposed oulmen 12.9-13.7).Geothlypis beldingi, adult female (p. 679)g(). Bill larger (exposed culmen 14.5-15.5).!i. lender parts with more or less of whitish on ahdominal region; fore-head and superciliary region very slightly if at all tinged withyellow./. Throat and ciiest pale dull yellow, or pale dull Imffy tingedwith yellow; back, etc., olive-gray.Geothlypis rostrata, adult female (p. 675)i't. Throat and chest bright yellow; back, etc., grayish olive-green.j. Wing and tail longer, bill smaller (wing averaging 61.5, tail56.9, exposed culmen 14.5); upper parts lighter olive-green,the forehead and superciliary stripe grayish, not tinged withyellow. Geothlypis maynardi, adult female (p. 676)jj. ^Ving and tail shorter, bill larger (wing 5S.9, tail 55.9, ex-posed culmen 15.2); upper parts darker olive-green, theforehead and superciliary region tinged with yellow.Geothlypis tanneri, adult female (p. 676)hh. lender parts entirely yellow; forehead and superciliary regionstrongly tinged with yellow.Geothlypis coryi, adult female (p. 678)ee. Forehead and superciliary region dull yellow, strongly and abruptly con-tracted with olive of crown and occiput; under parts saffron yellow.Geothlypis flaviceps, adult female {\^. 681)dd. Sides and flanks deep olive-green, like upjier ]>arts.Geothlypis semiflava bairdi, adult female (p. 683)cc. Back, etc., brownish olive-green; sides and flanks reddisli brown; underparts ochraceous- or fulvous- yellow.Geothlypis speciosa, adult female^ (p. 684)hli. Tail decidedly longer than wdng.Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult female^ (p. 685)Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, ailult female.'GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnaeus).MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT.Adult male in sprhig and summer.?Forehead (broadly, or to andsometimes including- anterior portion of crown) with loral, or])itaI,sul)orbital, malar, and auricular regions uniform black, forming a con-spicuous "?mask," this margined posteriorly by a band of light ash grayof variable width, sometimes narrow and abrupt!}' defined posteriorly,sometimes covering whole of crown: rest of upper parts plain dullgrayish olive-green, the occiput and hinder part of crown more or lessstrongly tinged with brown; chin, throat, and chest (sometimes breastalso) lemon or canary yellow; under tail-coverts paler yellow; rest ofunder parts pale huffy or dull buffy whitish, becoming light bufty
' Adult females of G. speciosa, G. nelson I ( both subspecies) , G. trichas melanops,G. flavorelata, G. incompUt, G. exigua, and G. flavida not seen by me.
662 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,gr.\vish brown on sides and flanks; edo-o of wino^ yellow; l)ill ])lack;iris brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins).Adult male in autumn and i?m^?'.?Similar in coloration to springor summer specimens, but hinder crown and occiput decidedly brow^n,olive-green of l)ack, etc., clearer (less grayish), and ])ill much lighterin color, the mandible pale brownish (flesh colored or lilaceous in life!'),darker terminally, the maxilla dark brown or dusky with paler tomia.Adult f('iii(de in Kjyring and summer.?Head without an}' black orgra}'; pileum grayish olive, the forehead or anterior portion of crown(sometimes both) more or less strongly tinged with cinnamon-brown;sides of head similar in color to pileum, l)ut paler, especially on super-ciliary and orbital regions; otherwise similar in coloration to the adultmale, but yellow of under parts paler and duller, sometimes distinctonly on under tail-coverts.Adultfemale in aatainn and winter.?Similar to spring and summerspecimens, but plumage softer and colors slightly deeper,Yovruj ni(de in Jit'.st autumn and nnnter.?Similar to the adult maleof corresponding season, but black ''mask" only partially developedthe pileum entirely olive-brown (or with admixture of black featherson forehead), no gra}" on head, and colors generally duller, moresuft'used.Young female in fr.st autumn and nv'nter.?Similar to the adultfemale of corresponding season, but under parts pale dull bufl'y orpale maize yellow (without any clear yellow), becoming brownish onsides and flanks,Toung, first 'plumage {se.res alike).?Above plain brownish olive,becoming more olive-greenish on remiges and rectrices; middle andgreater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale bufl'y brown ?rcinnamon; throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale bufly olive, the lasttinged with cinnamon; rest of under parts pale bufl'y yellowish.Adult male.?Langth (skins), 104-120 (111); wing^, 49-56.5 (52.9)-,tail, 45-52.5 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.5-12 (10,5); tarsus, 19.5-21(20.1); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).
^
Adultfemah. ?l^ength (skins), 102-112 (108.6); wing, 46-53.5 (49.7);tail, 42-50 (46.9); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.7);middle toe, 12-13 (12.5).'Atlantic coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, Dis-trict of Columbia, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle)
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pro1)ably also in Delaware and southern New rlersey and in uplandportions of the Carolinas and Georgia;^ accidental in southwesternIndiana (Wheatland, Knox County, one specimen. May 5, 1885); southin winter to Bahamas (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, Watlings,Concepcion, Rum Ca}', Green Cay, and Cat islands).
^ Forty-two specimens.
?'Nine specimens, from District i>f Columbia.
^Soiitlirrii limit <if hrccdint: fan^n' not (lctcrmine<l.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 663[Turdus'\ trichas Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 293 (Maryland; based onMaryland Yellow-throat, Muscicapa Marilandica, gutture liUeo, Edwards, (Tleaii-ings Nat. Hist., v, 56, pi. 237; Figuier de Mnriland, Ficedula marilandica,Brisson, Orn., iii, 506).
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Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 811.Tardus trichas Lesson, Traits d'Orn., 1831, 418.[Sylria'] trichas Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 519.Si/hia trichas Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 28, pis. 85, 86; Nouv. Diet.d'Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 229; Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 443.?Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 682.?Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.?Nut-tall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 18.32, 401.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831,121, pi. 23; V, 1839, 463.Gl^eothhipis'] trichas Cahanis, Mns. Hein., i, 1850, 16.
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Coues, Key N. Ani. Birds,2d ed., 1884, 310.Geothlypis trichas Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.?Salvin,Jbis, 1872, 149, part (monogr. ).
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Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2ded., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878,309, part.
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297,part, pi. 15, figs. 7, 8.
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Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 72, part; Auk, iii,1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 58, part (do.);Cat W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, SanSalvador, Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, and Green Cay islands, Baha-mas).
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Ridgway, Noin. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Orn. Illinois, i,1889, 167, part (in synonymy).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,351, part, pi. 9, fig. 1.?Beckham, Auk, iii, 1886, 279-281 (plumages).?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.
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Nehr-LiNG, ?ur Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 254, part.[Geothlypis'] trichas Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.Gleotldypis'] trichas Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.[Motacilla Atrichias Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 590.[Geothlypis trichas'] a. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.(jeothlypis trichas var. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.[Geothlypis triclias] var. trichas Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.[Geothlypis trichas] A. trichas Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167 (synonymy).Geothlypis trichas tricJias OBERHOhHEn, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 258.
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Palmer (W.),Auk, xvii, 1900, 220 (crit.).G[eothlypis] trichas trichas Palmer (W. ), Auk, xviii, 1901, 197, in text.Sylvia marilandica Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 88, pi. 6,. fig. 1; ii, 1809, 163, pi. 18,fig. 4 (female).S[ylvia'] marylandica Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 186.Trichas marylandica Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454,part.? (?) Bryant, Proc Bost. Soc N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).?(?) Alrrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas).Triclias marilandica Bonaparte, Geog. and Comj). List, 1838, 20.
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Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part, pi. 102.
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Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 109 (New Providence, Bahamas,Apr., May).[Trichas] marilandica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310, part. Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3503, part.Tr[iehas] marilandica Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Penn-sylvania).T[ric]ias] marilandicus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197.(?) Regains f mystacens Stephrnh, Shaw's (^en. Zool., xiii, pt. 2, 1826, 232.
664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Trichas pcrsonatus^ Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part; Zool.Journ., iii, 1827, 167; Isis, 1830, 1153; 1834, 785; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247.?Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832,88, 303, part.The following references I am unable, in the absence of specimensfrom the localities cited, to properly allocate:Geothlypis trichas SundevaLl, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596(Porto Rico).?GuNDLACH, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (PortoRico).?Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti andSan Dom., 1885, 36; Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); viii, 1891, 352(Anguilla and Gay Sal, Bahamas, May); Gat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part(Great Bahama, Biminis, Berry, Andros, Great Inagua, Cay Sal andAnguilla islands, Bahamas; Isle of Pines; Grand Cayman; Haiti; PortoRico).?Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 69 (Andros I., Bahamas).
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Cherrie,Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12 (Santo Domingo, Fel). 2 to May 8).GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson).NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. t. trichas^ but averag-ing- larger; adult male with underparts more extensively yellow (often almost wholly yellow) and upperparts more decidedl}^ olive-green; adult female usually with the j'^ellowof under parts brighter and more extended than that of G. t. trichas"^.Adult maJc.?l^Qngih (skins), 105-133 (112.1); wing, 51.5-59 (55.1);tail, 41-56 (49.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.4); tarsus, 18.5-22(20.5);middle toe, 12-14.5 (13.7)^xidultfemale.?l^Qngih (skins), 105-121 (111.3); wing, 48-54.5 (51.7);tail, 45-50 (46.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.7); tarsus, 19-21.5(19.9); middle toe, 12-14 (12.8)*.
' Not named as a new species, hut a new specific name given to the old species,))ecause the name Trichas was used for a su{)posedly new genus.
'^The adult females of both forms vary greatly in the amount or extent of yellowon the under parts.
^ Sixty-five specimens.
* Twenty-six specimens.Specimens from different localities or geographic areas average respectively asfollows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 665iSortheastern United States and southeastern British Provinces, fromNewfoundland,' southern Labrador (Natashquan), Quebec (Point deMonts), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the New England States, Long-Island, New York, and northern New Jersey (Englewood, Hol)oken,etc.), westward to northern Ontario (Parry Sound, Muskoka, etc.),Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eaistern North Dakota (Pembina,Fort Rice, etc.), and southward through Mississippi Valley to uplanddistricts of the Gulf States (?), and east-central Texas; in winter,Bahamas (Eleuthera, New Providence, Abaco, Salt Key, and Rum Cayislands, and Hog Island), Cuba (Remedies, Monte Verde, Palmarito,etc.), Jamaica, Porto Rico (?), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), andthrough eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Tlax-cala (Apixaco), Guanajuato (Morelia), Tabasco, and Yucatan, to Guate-mala, Nicaragua (San Carlos; Los Sabalos; Sucuya), and Costa Rica(Rio Frio; San Jose; Cartago); whole United States east of the GreatPlains during migration.
tSi/lria tricluis (not Turdtis (richas Liiinjeus) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can.,i, 1832, 401, part.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 121, part; v, 1839, 463, part.Geotlihjph trichas Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.
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Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part(Jamaica; Tobago?).
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Cabanis, Journ. fi'ir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).
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Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Toton-tepec, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part (Guatemala). Verrill,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti I.)
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Albrecht, Journ. fiirOrn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293(Jamaica).
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McIlwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Onta-rio).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200(Yucatan). Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica). Sclaterand Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Duenas, Guatemala, winter); Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).?Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part(monogr.)?CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141,part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.?Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.
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Brewster,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (Upton, Maine; descr. young); Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, .371 (Anticosti I., July).?Boucard, Proc.Zool. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Jose and Cartago, Costa Rica, Jan. to May);1883, 441 (Chable and Progreso, Yucatan).?Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,72, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889,58, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Jamaica).?Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan I.,Caribbean Sea, Feb. 12); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167. Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151 (chiefly).?Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, Quebec, rare).?Stearns, Proc. TJ. S.Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 116 (Natashquan, Labrador).?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884,215 (song).
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Browne, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1spec, in Jan.).?Nutting, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sabalos,Nicaragua). Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part. AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.
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Cherrie, Auk,
'According to W. Palmer, Auk.
CG6 BULLETIN 50, UNITf:D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
vii, 1890, 336 (San Jos^, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.); ix, 1892, 21 (do.) ?Faxon,Auk, vii, 1890, 409 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1890).
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Richmond,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, after Oct.28).?Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 254, part, pi. 14, fig. 1.?Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario,summer resid. ).[(^eotlibipis tricJias^l CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.(i[r(>tJili//)if<] tricJias Newton (A. and E. ), Handh. Jamaica, 1881, 106.
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Riikjway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.\_Geothlypis trichaf)'] ex. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.GenthlyiilH trichas var. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sei., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.[freotJih/pis trichasi var. trichas Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.S[eiurm'] trichas Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois).Si/Iria roscoe (not of Audulwn) Peahody, Orn. Mass., 183H, 313 (Massachusetts).Trichas mari/landica (not Sylvia marihindica Wilson) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S.and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part.
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Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 148.
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Hoy,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).
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Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).TricJias marUandica Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Bird;' Am., oct. ed., ii,1841, 78, part?Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282( Nova Scotia)
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Tr[^ichas'] marilandica Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Kentucky;Texas).Trichas personalis Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part (VeraCruz, Mexico).
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Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 88, 303, part.
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Denny, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Jamaica; Cuba).? Pratten,Trans. Ills. Agric Soc, i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).Triclias hracliidactijJas Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 295 ("northern Prov-inces of United States").Tlrichas] }>rachidactylus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197.Geothhjpis triclias l>rachidactyla Palmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 221 (crit. ).Gleotldypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds,1887, 523, part (Mississippi Valley).Gcoth/ypis trichas occidrntalls Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564(Cozumel I., Yucatan, winter).?Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 259,chiefly (dates, etc;.).?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part.(?) Gcuthlypis tricha-^ occidentalis Ferrari-Ferez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,137 (Huexotella, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Jan.).\_Geotldypis trichas'] B. occidentalis Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 168.Geothlypis restrictn May'nard, Am. Exchange and Mart, Jan. 15, 1887, 33 (Baha-mas; coll. C. J. Maynard'); Feb. 5, 1887, 69.?Bangs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 289(New Providence, Hog Island, and Salt Key, Bahamas, Feb. 8 to May 5;crit.).Geothlypis triclias restricta Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18.Geothlypis trichas restrictus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, 156 (New Provi-dence and Andros islands, Bahamas).Geothlypis agilis (error) Warren (O. B. ), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co.,Michigan, breeding; see Auk, xv, 1898, 193).
'Type now in collection of Gerrit S. Miller, jr.
BIRDS OF NOllTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 6G7GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS IGNOTA Chapman.SOUTHERN YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. t. hrachidactyla^ ))ut tail relatively longer (nearly, sorre-time.s quite, as long as wing), wing more rounded (outermost primaryshorter than fourth, instead of longer), and coloration much darker;adult male with greenish olive of upper parts darker, becoming morestrongly brownish on crown and occiput, where (at least in winterplumage) the color is nearly vandyke, or chocolate brown; yellow ofunder pai'ts about equally extensive as in G. t. hrachidactyla^ but lesspure in hue; sides and tianks darker, approaching raw uml)er brown.AdxJt male.?ljQngih (skins), 110-128 (118.1); wing, 49.5-56.5(55.2); tail, 48-56 (53); exposed culmen, 10.2-13 (11.5); tarsus, 20-22(20.7); middle toe, 12-14 (13.1).'A(hilt f'lnale.^ljQVith (skins), 112-121 (115.5); wing, 48.5-.54.5(52.2); tail, 47.5-53.5 (49.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.1); tarsus,19.5-21.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).^Southern Atlantic and Gulf coast districts of United States, fromsoutheastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp, breeding) to Florida (overwhole peninsula) and westward along Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas(Caranchua Creek, Johnson County, January); winters from at leastcoast of South Carolina southward; also winters in Cuba (Matanzas,February; El Guama, March; San Diego de los Banos, April).(?) ^fS/z^ma roscoe Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 124, pi. 24 (Mississippi).(?) Trichas roscoe Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 457.
' Eighteen specimens.
'^Fourteen specimens.Series from different localities average respectively as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Ten adult males from FloridaTwo adult males from Georgia (Liljerty Countj^)Two adult males from South Carolina (coast)Two adult males from southeastern Virginia (DismalSwamp)One adult male from Louisiana (New Orleans)One adult male from eastern Texas (Johnson County)FEMALES.Eleven adult females from FloridaOne adult female from Virginia ( Dismal Swamp)Two adult females from Cuba
Wing.
068 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GeothIi/p!x trichas roncoe Hasbrouck, Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 167, 168, part.
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Palmer(W.), ^uk, xvii, 1900, 221 (crit.); xviii, 1901, 197, in text (crit. nomencl.)(?) Si/li'la trichas (not Tardus trichas Linnieus) D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist.Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 67.(?) (Te(jthl>/pis trichas Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861,326(Cuba); 1872, 417 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Orn. Cuba,1873, 69.Gcothlj/pis trichas Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part (CapeFlorida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part.?Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.ZooL, ii, 1871, 269, part (e. Florida).?Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1871, 20 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, breeding; habits); Check List, 1873,no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 309, part.
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.?Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.?American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.
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Scott,Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West and Punta Rassa, Florida, winter). Wayne,Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).[GcotJdi/pis'] trichas Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.G^eothhipis] trichas Coues, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part.
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Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.[GeoUdypis trichas'] a. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.Gcothhjpis trichas var. trichas Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.[Geothlinns trichas'] A'ar. tricJias RiDCiWAY, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.Trichas marilandica {not Sylvia inurilandicaWihon) Auduhon, Synojisis, 1839, 65,part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part.Trichas marylandica Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part(w. Florida).Tr[ichas] inarilandica Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Florida;Louisiana).G\_i'othlypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds,1887, 523, part (Georgia).Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115(Louisiana, resident).Geothlypis triclias ignota Chapman, Auk, vii, Jan., 1890, 11 (Tarpon Springs,Florida: coll. W. E. D. Scott).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 2d ed., 1895, no. 6816.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 608.GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS OCCIDENTALIS Brewster.WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. t. hrachidactyla^ but wing- and tail long-er and colora-tion brighter; adult male with space bordering posterior margin ofthe black "mask" white, instead of pale gra3^ sometimes tinged withyellow, especially on lower portion; yellow of under parts of adistinctly warmer, more orange, hue; adult female averaging veryslightl}^ paler above, with yellow of under parts (when present) of amore orange hue.Adult ?w?Z^.?Length (skins), 115-127 (120.S); wing, 55-60 (57.5);tail, 51-56.5 (55.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9);middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.7).^^Thirty-two specimens.
BIRDS OV NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 669Adulffemale.^hength (skins), 110-121 (114.1); wino-, 52-5-1:. 5 (53. -t);tail, -IIM^^ (50.8); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (1<>.1>); tarsus, lit. 5-21.
5
(20.3); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.3).^Whole of arid region of western United States; east to more west-ern portions of the Great Plains (Fort Randall. South Dakota, to SanAntonio, Texas); north to Montana (Fort Custer, Fort Keogh, etc.),Idaho, and eastern Washington (^); west to southern California (LosAngeles County, etc.),'^ and northern Lower California; breedingsouthward to northern Chihuahua (San Diego) and northern LowerCalifornia (Gardner's I^aguna, Salton River); southward in winter toCape St. Lucas and Territory of Tepic, western Mexico.Siflrla irichas (not Turdus triduis Linnseus) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,1, 1832, 401, part.
?
Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 463, part.(hvtlili/pis triclids Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.?XANTt>,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).?Henry, Pr.x .Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico) .?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476(San Antonio, Texas).
?
Coces, Ibis, 1865, 163, in text (Arizona); Proc. AcNat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. '. ,part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Co..Val., 1878, 309, part.?Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 95, part?Salvin, Ibis, 1872,149, part (monogr. ).?Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Coli
-
rado).?Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 674 (Ogden,Utah; Fort Ellis, Montana), 713 (Utah).?Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. I'.,xvii, 1874, 52 (Missouri and Musselshell rivers, w. North Dakota).?Baikd,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.?Lawrenct,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Mazatlan, winter).?Hensiiaw,Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (localities in Utah, Colorado, andArizona).
?
Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 434 (localities in Nevada andUtah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.
?
Salvin and Godm.\x,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, part.
?
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
' Eight specimens.Adult males from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows:
Locality. Wing. Tail. posed Tarsus. ^^t'l^P*^
670 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MITSEUM.Club, vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega Station, Arizona; crit.).
?
Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 351, part.\^Ge()thliijni\ trtcJian Coites, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.
?
Sclatek andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.G\_eothlypis'] trichas Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part.Geothlypu trichis Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 705(Ogden, Utah, breeding).[Geothlypift trichati'] a. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, i)art.IGeothlypis trichas'] var. trichas Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.(?) Trichas marylandica {not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S.and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Lewis River).
?
Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California).(?) Trichas marylandicus Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155, part(California).Trichas marilandica Henry, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (NewMexico).Trichas marilandiciis Woodiiouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zufii and Col. R.,1853, 51, part.(?) Trichas delafieldii (not Sylria delaficldii Audubon) Heermann, Journ. Ac Nat.Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859,40, part (California).Geoihlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, July, 1883,159 (Truckee River, Nevada; coll. W. Brewster).
?
American Ornitholo-gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681rf, part.?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Tuc-son, Arizona).?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part. JMerriam, N.Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Fort Lapwai, Idaho, breeding).? (?) Anthony,Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California). Merrill, Auk, xv,1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).?Palmer (W.), Auk, xvii, 1901,221 (diagn. ; crit).
?
Bates, Proc Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet, 1901, 75(Cherry Co., n. w. Nebraska, Sept. 10).G[eothlypis'] trichas occidentalis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part.Geathlypis occidentalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, footnote.Geothlypis trichas melanops (not G. melanops Baird) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,V, 1893, 40 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, May 6).GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS ARIZELA Oberholser.PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. t. occidentalis, but with much smaller bill, shorterwin^- and tail, and duller coloration, with whitish band bordering pos-terior margin of the black ''mask"" averaging- narrower, and 3'ellow ofunder parts usually less orange.Adult male.?IjQwgXh (skins), 114-125 (110.7); wing, 52.5-58 (55.8);tail, 49.5-57 (52.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (ln.3); tarsus, 20-21 (20.1);middle toe, 18-11 (13.4).
^
Adult female.?IjQngth (skins), 108-120 (116); wing, 51-53 (51.9);
^ Seventeen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 671
tail, 4S-50 (4S.!?); exposed culmen, 10; tar?us, lU.5-21 (20.1); middletoe, 12-13 (12.8).^Pacific coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding-southward to Los Angeles County, (Mifornia, and eastward to FortKlamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas.Sylvia trichas (not Tardus (richas Linnseus) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 463,part (Columbia R.).
?
Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., viii, 1839, 153( Columbia R. )
.
Geothijlpis trichas Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part (Fort 8teila-coom and Shoalwater Bay, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds^, 1859, no. 170,part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.
?
Cooper and Buckley, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 177 (Shoalwater Bay, etc., Washington).
?
Lord,Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst.W^oolwich, 1864, 115 (British ColumV)ia) .
?
Brown, Il)is,1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal. 1870, 95, part. Salvin, Ibis,1872, 149, part (monogr.) .?CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882,no. 141, part; Birds, N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.
?
RiDGWAY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,65 (Marysville, California); Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,407, part (centr. California) ; v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part.[(Uuthb/pistncluis] a. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.Geoihlypis trichas var. trichas Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458, part.[Geothlypis trichas'] var. trichas Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part.Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marylandica Wilson) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S.and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Oregon).
?
Gambel, Journ. AcNat. Sci.Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California).Trichas marilandica Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., net. ed., ii,1841, 78, part.Trichas marylandicus Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155, part (Cal-fornia)
.
Trichas delafieldii (not Sylria delafieldii Audubon) Heermann, Journ. Ai-. Nat.Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859,40, part (California).Geothlypis trichas occideirtalis (not of Brewster) Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171Washington Co., Oregon, summer).
?
American Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 681a, part.? (?) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,1887, 224 (base of Mount Shasta, n. California).?Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 362(Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).
?
Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, .356(Grays Harbor, Washington)
.
' Five specimens.Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows :
Locality.
Four adult males from British ColumbiaSeven adult males from western WashingtonOne adult male from western OregonThree adult males from southern California (Santa ClaraPasadena, etc. )One adult male from Lower California (Seven Wells)
Wing.
672 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Gleofhli/})!^} Iricluis i>rridi'iituUx RiixavAV, Man. N. Ain. Birds, 1887, 523, pp-rt.Geolhhjjih trichas (irizcid Obekholsek, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 257 (Fort Steilacoom,Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).(reotJib/pin trichas xr'irpicola Gkinnei.l (J-), Condor, iii. May, 1901, 65 (El Monte,Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MODESTA Nelson.SAN BLAS YELLOW-THROAT.Similar in size and coloration to (r. t. (ivh(4a ))ut with the bill docid-edly larger (as large as in G. f. ()cc/dc)italls)\ much duller in colorthan <r. t. ()ccldeutali)<^ with yellow of under parts either paler, lessorange, or less extended, and with olive-green of upper parts dullerand grayer.
.^M^;///?/<.?Length (skins), 111-125 (11S.2); wing, 52-58.5 (55.3);tail, 47-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.8);middle toe, 12-14 (13.5.)^Adult female.?Length (skins), 114-117 (115.3); wing, 52; tail,45.5-50 (48.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus; 19-20 (19.5);middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.2.)''Western and central Mexico, in Territory of Tepic and States ofSonora (Ortiz), Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima (also States of Puebla andTlaxcala \).(?) (u'utJdypLS trlcha>i (not T?n/M.s trichas Linn;?us) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1856, 292 (Mexico).?Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).flcothh/jiis frfc/iffs Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, jiart (Tepic).
?
Baiki), Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.Saia'in and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, ptvrt (Tepic;Guanajuato ?).\_Geothlypis] trichuH Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.(?) fji'othlypis trichas occidrntitlis (not of Brewster?) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario,Tlaxcala, Jan. )
.
Geuthlypis trichas modestus Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 269 (San Bias, Tepic,w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS SINUOSA Grinnell.SALT MARSH YELLOW-THROAT.Similai' to G. t. arlzela, hut nmch smaller and slightly darker, espe-cially on sides and Hanks.Adult infde.?hQw^ih. (skins), 105-111 (107.2); wing, 50-54 (52.6);tail, 45-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 10-10.8 (10.2); tarsus, 19-20.5(19.9); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.5).'
^ Ten specimens. '''Three specimens. ^ Five specimens.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 073Adult female.?Length (skin), 9S-; wing-, 48; tail, 43; exposed cul-men, 10; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12/Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, California (Marin, ContiaCosta, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties).Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell (J.), Condor, iii, May, 1901, 65 (Palo Alto,Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MELANOPS (Baird).JALAPA YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to {?. f. occidentalism ))ut wing and tail longer, the adult malewith under parts entirel}' rich yellow, and with feathers of occiputand hindneck yellow beneath the surface.Adult male.?Forehead and loral, orbital, auricular, and malarregions uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous "'mask," this contin-ued posteriorly, in an angular point, along each side of lower throat;crown and supra-auricular region grayish white, the latter changinggradually to yellow on sides of neck; occiputand hindneck olive or olive-brown superficially, the feathers yellow or olive-yellow beneath thesurface, grayish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and Hanks (especially thelatter) butfy olive: bill brownish black, or dark brown, with palertomia: iris brown; legs and feet pale butfy brown (in dried skins);length (skins), 125-127 (126); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2); tail, 59-61.5 (60.2);exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.5.-Adultfemale.?" General color above dull olive-brown, slightly moreolive-yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like theback, the bastard-wing and primary -coverts dull brown; quills darkbrown, externally edged with olive, the tirst primary whitish alongthe edge of the outer web; tail-feathers dull yellowish-olive, lighteron the edges; head decidedly browner than the back, and somewhatrufous-brown on the crown; lores ashy wdiite; e3"elid clearer whitish;ear-coverts olive-brown, yellowish near the lower edge, and with paleyellowish-brown shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of body paleyellow, becoming whiter on the al)domen, the sides of the neck andbreast washed with pale reddish-brow'n ; flanks and sides of the bodyand thighs light earthy brown; under tail-coverts bright yellow palereddish brown near the vent; under wing-coverts and axillaries paleyellow, brighter along the edge of the wdng; quills dusky below; ashyalong the edge of the inner web. Total length, 132.1, culmen 12.7,wing 57.1, tail 58.4, tarsus 20.3."='
' One specimen.
^ Two specimens.
^Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., x, 1885, 356. (Measurements changed tomillimeters.
)
3654?VOL 2?01 ?3
674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Putla, Oaxaca; Valley of Mexico).^GeotMypis melanops Baikd, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 222 (Mexico; coll.U. S. Nat. Mus.).?ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551(near Putla, Oaxaca).
?
Salvin, IMS', 1872, 149 (monogr. ).
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 355, pi. 10, fig. 2 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).[Geothb/pis] melanops Sclater and Salvin, Norn. A v. Neotr., 1873, 9.G\_eoihlyp\s] melanops Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.[Geothlijpis trichas] y. iiielanops Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458.Geothlypis trichas var. melanops Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458.[GeotMypis trichas'] var. melanops Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway 'sHist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.?Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 74, in text.Geothlypis trichas melanops Palmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 222.GEOTHLYPIS ROSTRATA Bryant.BRYANT' S YELLOW-THROAT.Similar in coloration to G. trichas trichas, but very much larger.Adult male in spring and summer.'^?Forehead, lores, suborbital,malar, and auricular regions uniform black, this 8-10 wide (measuredfrom frontal antis?) on forehead, and passing narrowly along posteriorupper margin of eye; crown and occiput plain gra\' (light mouse gra}'or olive-gra^"), usually decidedh^ paler (about gray no. 9 or no. 10)next to lilack of forehead, the black mask margined posteriorly, fromabove the posterior portion of the eye to the sides of the neck,^ by stillpaler gray (sometimes almost grayish white), very faintly tinged withyellow, especiall}' below; hindneck gray, like occiput, but usuallymore tinged with olive, and gradual!}" passing into gra3dsh olive-green
^ Unfortunately the range of this form is very imperfectly known. The type is inthe well-known make of D'Oca's Jalapa skins, but is labeled simply "Mexico," asis also the only other specimen I have seen. Of the seven skins listed in the Cata-logue of Birds in the British Museum (x, 356) only two have definite localities, thesebeing Jalapa and "near City of Mexico," respectively. A specimen from San Diego,northwestern Chihuahua (May 6, 1891, F. Rol)inette), in the American Museumof Natural History, while intermediate is so mucli nearer in coloration G. t. melanopsthan to G. t. occidenfalis that I believe the l^reeding range of the present form istoward the northern and western confines of the Mexican plateau rather than thesoutheastern portion, specimens from Jalapa and the Valley of Mexico being perhapsonly winter migrants.The specimen from San Diego, Chihuahua, above referred to, is quite identical incoloration with the type of G. melanops Baird, except that the band across the crownis narrower and more tinged with yellow, its lateral arms decidedly yellow, and theunderlying portion of feathers of occiput and hindneck less distinctly yellow. Iwould, however, unhesitatingly refer it to G. i. melanops but for its smaller measure-ments, which are as follows: Length (skin), 117; wing, 58; tail, 56; exposed culmen,11.5; tarsus, 20, middle toe, 14.5.
'^ All the specimens examined were taken in February, March, May, and June.
^ This pale gray or whitish space sometimes apparently involves a small part of theUpper posterior j)ortion of the auricular region.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 675on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail moredecidedly olive-green; under parts light lemon or canarj^ yellow,becoming decidedly paler (sometimes yellowish white) on lower abdo-men and anal region and changing to pale yellowish gray or buffyolive on flanks and posterior portion of sides; longer under tail-coverts,with concealed portion largely pale yellowish olive; maxilla darkbrown or brownish black, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish(in dried skins), darker terminally ; ^ iris brown ; legs and feet pale brown(in dried skins); length (skins), 125-146 (137.3); wing, 60-65.5 (62.4);tail, 55-61.5 (58.2); exposed culmen, 15-17.3 (15.7); depth of bill atnostrils, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 22-23.6 (22.8); middle toe, 11-15.2(14.6).^Adult female in .y)rin(/.?Pileum and hindneck plain light grayishbrown (hair brown), the forehead more grayish, the anterior portionof crown faintly tinged with warmer pale brown; rest of upper partsplain gra3nsh olive-green, brighter on wings and tail, where sometimesinclining to yellowish olive-green; sides of head and neck similar topileum and hindneck, but slightly paler, especially on suborbital regionand lower portion of auricular region, which are narrowly and indis-tinctly streaked with paler; malar region pale buffy grayish; chin,throat, and chest pale yellow (nearly straw yellow), the breast alsosometimes pale yellow; rest of under parts dull white, becoming palegrayish olive or buffy olive on sides and flanks; under tail-covertspale j^ellow; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male, but the first ratherpaler; length (skins), 130-132 (131.4); wing, 57.5-59 (58.2); tail, 53-55.9 (54.3); exposed culmen, 15-15.5 (15.2); tarsus, 21.8-22.5 (22.3);middle toe, 14-14.5 (14.3).''Island of New Providence, Bahamas.Geothlypis rostratus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Mar., 1867, 67 (Nassau,New Providence Island, Bahamas; tyiie now in coll. U. S. Nat. Miis. ).
?
Cory,Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 73; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156, part (New Providence).{^Geothlypis} rcMratus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.Geothlypis rostrata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 355.
?
Cory, Auk, iii,1886, 43; Birds, W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892 18 119, 127, part(New Providence Island).
?
Ridgway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Provi-dence).
?
Bangs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 290 (crit. ; descr. ).G^eothlypis] rostrata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.[_Trichat<'] rostrata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3513.{Geothlypis trichasi (i. ros/roto Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458.Geothlypis trichas var. rostrata Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci. iv, Dec. 1872, 458.{Geothlypis trichas'] var. ros^rato Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.
^ Bill almost wholly blackish in midsummer.
^ Fifteen specimens.
' Three specimens.
676 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.GEOTHLYPIS MAYNARDI Bangs.MA.YNARD'S YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. rostrata, but wing and tail longer, and coloration muchbrighter. Adult male with back, scapulars, rump, etc., bright yellow-ish olive-green instead of grajdsh olive-green, the whitish band behindthe black "mask" faintly tinged with yellow, especially on lateralportion; under parts entirely yellow, the yellow brighter than in G.rostrafa. Adult female with back, etc., yellowish olive-green (thepileum and hindneck being colored as in G. rostrata)^ and with underparts almost wholly bright yellow, onl}^ the lower abdomen beingwhitish.Adult male.?ljength. (skins), 130-1-1:7.3 (13S.'7); wing, 61.2-66.5{(\i.S); tail, .56.5-62.5 (59.7); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.5); depth ofbill at base, 4.5-5.5 (4.9); tarsus, 22.5-23.9 (23); middle toe, 14-15.2(14.8).^Adult female.?Length (skins), 130-137 (133.2); wing, 61-62 (61.5);tail, 56-59 (56.9); exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.2); middletoe, 14-15 (14.4)."Island of New Providence, Bahamas.Geothhjpis maynardi Bangs, Auk, xvii, July, 19Q0, 290 (Nassau, New ProvidenceIsland, Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).GEOTHLYPIS TANNERI Ridgway.TANNEB'S YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. maynardi, but wing and tail longer. Adult male withcrown, occiput, and hindneck olive-green, becoming paler and tingedwith gray and yellow next to posterior border of black on forehead(instead of gray, becoming broadly pale yellowish gray anteriorly),and the olive-green of back, etc., duller. Adult female with yellow ofthroat and chest deeper than on that of G. maynardi, but the abdomenand flanks apparently much lighter in color.Adult 7nale.?Length (skin), 139.7; wing, 67.3; tail, 61; exposedculmen, 15.5; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe, 14.7.*Adult female.?Length (skin), 137.2; wing. 58.9; tail, 55.9; exposedculmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 22.1; middle toe, 15.*Island of Abaco, Bahamas (also Great Bahama Island?).Geothlypis tanneri Ridgway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; coll.U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).?Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157 (Abaco);viii, 1891, 298 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119,127 (Great Bahama I.; Abaco).G\_eothlypis'] tanneri Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.Geothlypis rostratus tanneri Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco).
^ Seventeen specimens. ^ One specimen.
* Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 677GEOTHLYPIS INCOMPTA Ridgway.LESSEE ABACO YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. tanneri^ but wing and tail much shorter; the adult malemuch duller in color, with hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck dullij-rayish olive instead of olive-g-reen, with a narrow band of pale yel-lowish gray or grayish yellow behind posterior border of the blackmask; the back, etc., duller olive-green, and under parts paler yellow,becoming whitish on lower abdomen and grayish olive on flanks.Adult rnale.?Length (skins), 130-131 (130.5); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2):tail, 54.5-57.5 (56); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 21.5-22.5(22); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).^Island of Abaco, Bahamas.^Geothlypis tanneri, part, Ridgway, Auk, iii, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas);viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).GEOTHLYPIS EXIGUA Ridgway.ANDROS YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. iucom^fa, l)ut with shorter wing and smaller bill (thelatter decidedly more slender), the adult male with the back slightlybrighter olive-green and throat slightly brighter yellow; length (skin),130; wing, 59; tail, 55.55; exposed culmen, 15; depth of bill at base,4.5; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 13. 2. ^^Andros Island, Bahamas.Geothlypis rostrata (not of Bryant) Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros I.,Bahamas).?Allen, Auk, viii, 1891,69 (Andros I.; crit.).?Cory, Cat. W. IBirds, 1892, 18, 119, 127, part (Andros I.).Geothlypis rostratus Cory , Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156, part (Andros I.).GEOTHLYPIS CORYI Ridgway.CORY'S YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. favida, but wing and tail shorter and bill longer;adult male with olive-green of upper pai'ts greener, crown less tingedwith gray and becoming decidedly j^ellowish along posterior marginof the black frontal patch, the latter narrower (extending 8-9 mm. fromfrontal antife).Adult male.?Forehead (back to about 8 to 9 mm. from frontalantiffi) and side of head, including loral, orbital, auricular, and malarregions, uniform black, this extending as an angular projection alongsides of lower throat; this black "mask" margined posteriorly by light
'Two specimens. The adult female not seen.
''Type in collection of United States National Museum (no. 108495, Abaco Island,Bahamas, April 6, 1886; collected by C. H. Townsend).^One specimen, the type, from Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas, April 24,1893 (no. 5808, coll. G. S. Miller, jr.).
678 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.gamboge or canary Aellow less distinct across the crown, where shad-ing graduall}' into the grayish olive-green of hinder crown, occiput,and hindneck, this again not conspicuously different from the brightolive-green of remaining upper parts; under parts entirel}' rich lemonor gamboge yellow, shaded with olive or inclining to yellowish olive-green on sides and flanks; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler,more horn-colored, especialh" toward base; legs and feet pale brownish(in dried skins); length (skins), 137; wing, 60-65 (62.5); tail, 5S.5-59(58.7); exposed culmen, 16-16.5 (16.3); tarsus, 21.5-22.5 (22); middletoe, 14.5-15 (14.7).'Adult female.?Forehead and superciliary region (broadly) olive-yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck deep olive-gray or grayisholive; terminal half of auricular region gra}', slightly tinged with olive;anterior portion of auricular region and suVjorbital region olive-j'^ellow,the latter mottled with olive-grayish; lores olive-grayish; rest ofplumage as in adult male; length (skin), 141.8; wing, 61; tail, 57.1;exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 13.2.^J^leuthera Island, Bahamas.Geothlypis coryi Ridgw.ay, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 334 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas;coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1891, 336 (do.)-?Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157(Eleuthera) ; viii, 1891, 351 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. I. Birds,1892, 18, 119, 126, 127, 156.G{_eothlypis] coryi Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.GEOTHLYPIS FLAVIDA Ridgway.lUTEOTJS YELLOW-THROAT.Very similar in coloration to (J. coryi, but wing and tail longer andbill shorter, the olive-green of upper parts much more 3"ellowish, crownmore tinged with gray, and without yellow next to edge of black frontalpatch, the latter broader (extending 10 to 11 mm. from frontal antife.Somewhat like G. maynai'di.^ but much more bright colored; adultmale with the occiput and hindneck yellowish olive-green, instead ofgray, becoming paler and grayer on crown, immediately behind theblack of forehead; supra-auricular region and sides of neck yellow;general c-olor of upper parts much brighter and more yellowish olive-green, and yellow of under parts brighter, especially on posteriorportions; length (skins), 143-147 (145); wing, 65.3-67 (66.1); tail,60.4-62 (61.2); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); depth of bill at base,4.8-5 (4.9); tarsus, 22-23.1 (22.5); middle toe, 15-15.2 (15.1).^Island of New Providence, Bahamas.^Goethlypis coryi (not of Ridgway) Bangs, Auk, xvii, 1900,291 (New ProvidenceIsland, Bahamas).
^ Two specimens.
- One specimen.
'Type in collection of G. S. Miller, jr. (no. 3896, Nassau, New Providence Island,Bahamas, May 30, 1889; collected by V. .T. ^hiynanl.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 679GEOTHLYPIS BELDINGI Ridgway.BELDING'S YELLOW-THROAT.Much larger than any of the forms of G. trtch.n>< (tarsus 22. 9-2-1:. 6,exposed eulmen 12.9-14), the adult male with the black mask l)orderedcontinuously behind by bright yellow.Adult male.?Forehead, with loral, orbital, auricular, and malarregions uniform black, forming a conspicuous black "mask;" spaceimmediately behind this black area clear yellow (intermediate betweencanary and naples yellow, brightening into lemon yellow on sides ofneck); occiput and hindneck olive or olive-brown superficially, thefeathers olive-yellow or j^ellowish olive-green beneath the surface,grav'ish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; underparts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, passing into paler yellow onlower abdomen and anal region and into light brownish or bufl'y olive-green on sides and flanks; bill black, with paler tomia, in summer,browner, with mandible paler basally, in winter; iris brown; legs andfeet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 135.1-110.5 (138.3);wing, 61.2-61.3 (62.S); tail. 61.5-65.8 (63); exposed eulmen, 13.2-14(13.6); tarsus, 22.9-24.6 (23.5); middle toe, 15-16.8 (15.6).^Adult female.?Above dull yellowish olive-green, brighter on wingsand tail, paler on forehead, the anterior portion of crown tinged withor inclining to russet-brown; an indistinct narrow superciliar}^ stripeof olive-yellowish; lores and suborbital and auricular regions olive-dusky; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper abdomenlemon or gamboge yellow, deeper on chest; lower abdomen dull buiiywhitish; under tail-coverts yellow, paler than that on throat, etc.;sides and flanks light butf}^ olive; maxilla dark brown with palertomia; mandible horn brownish, darker terminally, paler basally; irisand feet as in adult male; length (skins), 131.6-135.9 (133.4); wing,58.T-59.9 (59.2); tail, 57.9-61 (59.8); exposed eulmen, 12.9-13.7 (13.4);tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (23); middle toe, 15.2-15.5 (15.3).'[In wintei" both sexes have the feathers of back, etc., indistinctlytijjped with grayish, and color of sides and flanks rather j^aler andmore butfy, but otherwise similar to the spring plumage.]Young., jit'Ht plumage.?''Above uniform dark olive-brown; below,sides, and under wing-coverts light yellowish buff. Faint indicationsof light superciliary stripe. Wings above dark olive-green, w^ith dis-tinct greenish edging to outer web of each feather except the lirst,which has a whitish edging the same as adults. Greater wing-covertsrust}^ on edges. Tail olive-green above, lighter below." ^
^ Eight specimens.
^ Three specimens.^Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20.
680 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (San Jose del Cabo;La Paz; Comandu).Geothlypis beldliu/i Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 3U (SanJose del Cabo, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, vii, 1882, 257; 1887, 524.?Belding, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus.,v, 1883,54(5(La Paz, Lower California).
?
Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser.,ii, 188H,20 (Comandu, Lower California; descr. young, nest and eggs, etc.) .
?
Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, .356 (San Jose del Cabo).
?
American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 682.Gieotldiipis] beldingi Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524.GEOTHLYPIS FLAVOVELATA Ridgway.ALTA MIRA YELLOW-THROAT.Adult male similar in coloration to G. heldiiujl 1)ut very much smaller(rather smaller than G. trlcJia.s melanops).Adult male in winter.?Forehead, together with loral, suborbital,malar, and auricular regions uniform })lack, forming a conspicuous"mask;" behind this black mask a broad band of canary yellow, about5 mm. in width; occiput and hindneck brownish olive superficially,the feathers yellowish olive-green l)eneath the surface, this more yel-lowish toward the yellow crown-))and; rest of upper parts uniformbright yellowish olive-green, the remiges decidedly duller, more gray-ish olive-green; under parts bright lemon yellow (slightly paler onabdomen and under tail-coverts), the sides and tianks light brownishor buffy olive-green; maxilla dark brown (nearly black on culmen),much paler on tomia; mandible pale brownish basally. darker termi-nally; legs and feet light horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skin),125; wing, 53.5; tail, 53.5; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 21; middle toe,13.5.^Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas).Geotldypls flavovelatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1045, Apr. 16,1896, 119 (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas; coll. U. S. Nat.Mus.).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira).GEOTHLYPIS FLAVICEPS Nelson.YELLOW-HEADED YELLOW-THROAT.Adult male similar to that of G. jiai'orehdn, but bill nuich longerand the whole crown, occiput, and hindneck yellow.Adult male hi sjiring.?Forehead (extending l)ackward about 7.5mm. from frontal antia?), together with loral, suborbital, malar, andauricular regions, uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous "' mask;"rest of head, above and behind this black mask, together with hind-neck and sides of neck, light lemon or canary 3'ellow, the occiput andhindneck faintl}^ tinged with olive-green; rest of upper parts uniform
' ( )ne specimen (the type).
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 6S1brig-ht 3^ellowish olive-green, abruptly defined anteriorly against yel-low of hindneck; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanksstrongh" tinged with light brownish olive-green; bill entirely deepblack; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skin); length (skin), 121;wing, 55.5; tail, 54; exposed culmen, 1-1; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 14.5.'Adult female in spring.?Forehead and supra-auricular region waxyellow; '^ crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive-green; rest ofupper parts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming dull gra3nsh on ter-minal portion of remiges; upper portion of lores yellowish, like super-ciliary and supra-auricular regions; lower portion of lores pale grayish;suborbital and auricular regions light olive-grayish, more or lesstinged with yellow, and finely streaked with paler; lower parts (includ-ing malar region) bright lemon yellow, more or less tinged with Indianyellow or saft'ron yellow on chest (sometimes on throat and chin also),the sides and flanks shaded with brownish olive-green; maxilla brown-ish black with paler tomia; mandil)le similar but more or less ])rownishbasally; feet as in adult male; length (skins), 118-123 (121); wing, 51-54.5 (62.3); tail, 49-50 (49.7); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus,20-21 (20.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.5 (14).''Young nial(\ ,first plumage.?Above plain olive, the remiges andrectrices olive-green; sides of head and neck similar in color to upperparts, but loral, suborbital, and auricular regions duller, more grayisholive; a small dull whitish spot on lower eyelid; under parts plain paleolive, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts pale bufl'y yel-low or straw yellow; bill as in adult female.Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas).Geothlypisf1arlee])S Nelson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 31 (Alta Mira, near Tampico,
s. Tamaulipas, e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).GEOTHLYPIS CHIRIQUENSIS Salvin.CHIRiatri YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. tielattu^ I'lit with the forehead uuich more extensivelyblack.Adult male.?"General color above olive-yellow [i. e., olive-green],a shade lighter on the rump and u[)i)er tail-coverts; lesser and medianwing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, primary coverts, andquills dusky In'own, externally like the back, the primaries decidedly
'One specimen (the type).^This sometimes involvino; anterior portion of crown.
^ Three specimens.
* Sylvia velata Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pi. lA.?G[eothlypis] velntaCabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, IG.?Geothlypis velata Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,27.
?
[Sylnal mndlata l-.athani, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 528.
?
Tanafjra cankapilla Swain-son, Zool. Illustr., Istser., iii, 1822-2.3, pi. 174. (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, andeastern Peru.)
682 bulli:tin 5o, united states national museum.brighter yellow alontr the outer wel), grayish toward their ends, thefirst primary margined with pale olive-yellow; bastard-wing feathersdusky brown, narrowly edged with olive-yellow, bright yellow alongthe edge of the outer one, like the edge of the wing; tail-feathersolive-3^ellowish [i. e., olive-greenish]; crown of head bluish gray, .theocciput and nape like back; a broad band of black across the forehead;feathers above and around the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts black;* thegray of the head skirting the ear-coverts at the sides of the neck;entire under surface of bodv brilliant yellow, a little paler on the undertail-coverts; sides of body and flanks, as well as the thighs, olive-green;under wing-coverts brilliant yellow, the axillaries more olive-bellow;edge of wing bright yellow; quills dusky below, ashy along the edgeof the inner web. Total length, 127; culmen, 15.2; wing, 61; tail, 50.8;tarsus, 22.9.""'Province of Chiriqui, Colom])ia (Volcan de Chiriqui).Geothlypis chirujuensis Salvin, Ibis, 3d ser., ii, Apr., 1872, 148, in text (Volcan deChiriqui, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).
?
Salvin and Godmax, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152, pi. 9, fig. 1.?Shakpe, Cat. Bird.s Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 362, pi. 9, fig. 6.[Geotlilypis'] chiriqiteimx ^clateb. and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr.. 1873, 10.[Geothlypis <rquinoctiaUs'] /3. chiriqucnsis Salvi's, Ibis, April, 1872, 149.[Geothlypis sequinoctialis'] y. chiriqitensis Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872,458.Geothlypis sequinoctialis var. chiriquensis Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872,458. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA BAIRDI (Nutting).BAIKDS YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. s. Hemiflara^ but with shorter tail and tarsus and larger
^11.=*Adult wale in spring.?Forehead and at least anterior half of crown(sometimes whole crown), together with loral, orbital, auricular, and
^ According to the colored figure in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, pi. 9, fig. 6, the malarregion also is l)lack, instead of yellow as in G. relata.
^Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,362, 363. The measurements convertedfrom inches and tenths to millimeters.
^I continue to separate the Central American bird from true G. semifava of Ecuador,at least provisionally. All the Central American specimens examined differ from thesingle Ecuadorean skin available for comparison in shorter tail and tarsus and largerbill, as mentioned above; furthermore, the Ecuadorean specimen has the posteriorextremity of the black mask continued along each side of the lower throat for a con-sitlerable distance, and almost forming a collar across the upper chest. Among thefive adult males from Central America only one shows the slightest approximation tothis last-mentioned character. Otherwise, they are all very much like the specimenfrom Ecuador, and it may be that a series of specimens from the latter country wouldshow that no constant difference really exists, in which case the alleged CentralAmerican subspecies could not, of course, Ix' maintained.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 683malar regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous "mask,'' thiseverywhere sharply defined except on crown, where the posteriormargin is more or less broken; rest of upper parts uniform deep olive-green, changing to dark grayish brown on terminal portion of remiges;under parts bright lemon yellow, changing to olive-green on sides,flanks, and thighs; bill black, or nearly so; iris brown; legs and feetlight horn brown (in dried skins). [In winter the plumage similar,but mandible and maxillary tomia light horn brownish.] Length(skins), 110-130 (119.4); wing, 58-60.5 (58.9); tail, 45-49 (47); exposedculmen, 13-14 (13.8); tarsus, 21-23(21.5); middle toe, 11-16(15.4).^Adtilt female.?Above, including sides of neck, plain deep yellowisholive-green, becoming more yellowish on forehead and superciliaryregion; lores dull grayish; suborbital and auricular regions olive-green, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with yellow; under partsbright lemon yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green; bill, etc., as inadult male; length (skin), 117; wing, 55; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 14;tarsus, 22; middle toe, 15.^Young female^ first plumage.?Above plain greenish olive, becom-ing olive-green on upper tail -coverts and edges of rectrices; sides ofhead paler olive; chin and upper throat pale bufly olive, deepening onlower throat and chest into deeper buft'y olive, the sides and flanksmore decidedly olive; breast and abdomen pale bufly yellow.Young male (?), first plumage.^?Similar to the 3'oung female, asdescribed above, but slightl}^ more greenish olive above, and chin,throat, breast, and abdomen bright olive-yellow.Southern Honduras (Segovia River) and eastern Nicaragua (LosSabalos, Greytown, Rio San Juan, Rio Escondido, etc.), to Costa Rica(Jimenez, Talamanca, San Jose, etc.).Geothlypis bairdi Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, Apr. 9, 1884, 398 (Los Saba-los, e. Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
?
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,X, 1885, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).?Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xiv, 1891, 527 (San Jose, Costa Rica; crit. ).
?
Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Greytown, Hio San Juan andRio Escondido, Nicaragua).Geothlypis semifiava (not of Sclater) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 357part (in synonymy).GEOTHLYPIS SPECIOSA Sciater.ORIZABA YELLOW-THROAT.Adult male.?Head, except chin and throat, dull black, deepest onloral and suborbital regions, duller on pileum, where passing gradually
^ Six specimens. The single adult male of G. s. semiflava examined measures asfollows: Wing, 60; tail, 53; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 15.^One specimen.
?^Described from a specimen (sex not determined ) collected by Mr. C. H. Town-send on the Segovia River, southern IlontUiras, July 3, 1887 (no. 112066, coll. U. S.Nat. Mus.).
684 BtTLLKTiN 50, UNITED STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.into dull gra^^ish brown on occiput, this in turn changing gradually togolden olive-green on hindneck, back, and other upper parts, theolive-green brightest on upper tail-coverts; remiges sooty brown, thetertials dull olive-green; chin and throat bright, but not pure, yellow,the remaining under parts rather duller 3^ellow (dull saffron or waxyellow), the sides and flanks dull brownish; bill very slender, dusky;feet dark brown; outermost primary much shorter than innermost, thefifth longest; tail graduated for about 12 mm.; wing, 61; tail, 58;exposed culmen, 12.7; depth of bill at base, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; middletoe, U.'Immature male.?Similar to the adult male as described above, butpileum dull olive-brown, darker, more dusky grayish, on forehead, theblack being restricted to the loral, suborbital, auricular, and malarregions, the upper portion of the auricular region being dusky gray-ish; length (skin), 123; wing, 55.5; tail, 52.5; exposed culmen, 12;tarsus, 22; middle toe, 14.^Adult female.?''Greener than the male above, and without anyblack on the head and face; the head a little more ashy olive than theback; wings and tail as in the male; sides of face and ear-covertsolive-brown, mottled with pale yellow spots on the lores and belowthe eye; upper and lower edge of eyelid pale yellow; under surface ofbody light fulvous yellow, tinged with saffron on the breast; the sidesof the body light reddish brown, shaded with ashy; under tail-covertsbrighter yellow."^ Total length 121.9, culmen 14, wing 52.1, tail,48.3, tarsus 20.3.Eastern Mexico (alpine region of Vera Cruz).Geothlypis speciosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 447 (Mexico; ooll. P. L.Sclater) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27.?Baird, Review Am. Bird.^^, 1865, 223,footnote.?Sf.MiCHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine reg. ofVera Cruz).
?
8alvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ).
?
Salvin and God.man, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 358,pi. 10.[Geothlypitil speciosa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.G[eothlypis'] speciosa Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525.[Geothlypis speciosa'] a. speciosa Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458.Geothlypis speciosa var. speciosa Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 458.Geothlypis formosa (not Sylvia formosa Wilson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond.,1860, 273 (evidently meant for speciosa; cites Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,447).
'Described from a specimen (no. 169<() in Dr. Sclater's collection, collected byDe Saussure, in 1858, but without deiinite locality. The wing measured l)y pressingit flat against the rule, the tail measured to the base of the coccyx.
?^Described from no. 89,906, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., "Mexico, De Saussure, 185S"(no. 169b. of Dr. Sclater's collection.)
'Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 358. The measunements converted frominches and tenths.
BIKDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 685GEOTHLYPIS NELSON! NELSONI Richmond.HOODED YELLOW-THROAT.Similar in coloration to G. semiflava haird!^ but much smaller andmore slender, with much longer tail and smaller ])ill and feet.Adult male in sjyrhuj and sunnner.?Forehead (very broadl}-'),together with loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions, uniformdeep black, forming a conspicuous "mask;" crown dull gray or olive-gray, at least next to posterior margin of the black frontal area, thisgrav continued laterally and posteriorly along the upper posteriorborder of the black mask, where lighter in color than on crown, andsometimes tinged, more or less, with j^ellow; rest of upper parts,including occiput and hindneck, uniform deep olive-green, this some-times covering crown also, to the exclusion of the usual graj' color ofthat portion, though the olive-green there is paler and more grayishthan on other portions; under parts bright lemon 3^ello\v, l)ecomingpaler (sometimes almost yellowish white) on lower abdomen and analregion, the sides and flanks olive-green or grayish olive-green; undertail-coverts tinged with olive-green; bill black; legs and feet deephorn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 122-130 (125.7); wing, 56-57 (56.5); tail. 59-64 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus,20-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).'Adult female.?Above plain [yellowish olive], the lores and supercili-ary region paler; beneath yellow, the breast tinged with ochraceous.'*Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cofre dePerote; Jico) and Puebla (Chalchicomula).Geothlypis cucullata (not Sylvia cucidlata Latham*) Salvin and Godman, Ibis,6th S3r., i, Apr., 1889, 237 (Cofre de Perote, near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico;coll. Salvin and Godman).Geothlypis nelsoni Richmond, Auk, xvii, Apr., 1900, 197, text (to replace G. cucul-lata, preoccupied).GEOTHLYPIS NELSONI MICRORHYNCHA Ridgway.^HIDALGO YELLOW-THROAT.Similar to G. n. nelso7n^ but with decidedly smaller bill, the adultmale without any gray behind the black mask or with a mere trace ofthat color.
' The black extending 40-50 mm. from the frontal antia\ thus sometimes involv-ing the anterior portion of the crown.
^ Three specimens.
^Translation of Salvin and Godman's description, in Ibis, 1889, 237.
*= Geothlypis velata ( Vieillot)
.
^ Type, no. 143333, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection) ; Real delMonte, Hidalgo, Mar. 13, 1891; C. P. Streator.
686 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult M?Z6.?Length (skins), 128-129 (128.5); wing, 56-57 (56.5);tail, 59-61 (60); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 13.5.^State of Hidalgo (Real del Monte; Tulancingo), southeastern Mexico.Genus CHAM^^THLYPIS Ridgway.Chamidhlypis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 525. (Type, Geothlypispoliocephala Baird.
)
Similar in general appearance to Geothlypis^ but tail longer thanwing, graduated;'' bill ver}^ stout, with culmen strongly curved (nuichas in Icteria)\ tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least muchnearer one-half than one-third as long; no black on forehead nor auricu-lars in adult males; sexes alike, or at least not very different, in color.Bill much shorter than head, stout (depth at base equal to nearlyhalf the length of exposed culmen); culmen strongly curved; max-illary tomium distinctl}^ concave or arched, with distinct subterminalnotch; mandibular tomium slightly but distinctl}'^ convex; gonys nearlystraight. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower anterior portion ofnasal fossse, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictalbristles obsolete. Wing short, much rounded (seventh, sixth, andfifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth or about equal tothird); wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail decidedly longerthan wing, graduated, the rectrices acuminate or subacuminate at tip.Tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least very much more thanone-third as long, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side;middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middletoe united for basal half (or slightly more) to outer toe, separated formost of its length from inner toe.Coloration.?Olive-greenish above, yellow or yellowish beneath;adults with pileum gra}' and lores black. Sexes alike, or nearly so.Nidlficat'wn .?Unknown.Jiange.?Northern Mexico (including southern Texas) to Chiriqui.This genus is very much like Geot/th/jjis as to general appearance,but quite distinct structurally, in which respect it comes much nearerto Icterla. From the latter it differs in its shorter and more roundedwing, more graduated tail with pointed rectrices, longer tarsi, andstouter feet.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHAM.ETHLYPIS.
a. A white or pale yellow spot on each eyelid (largest on the lower). {Chamxthlypispoliocephala. )6. Crown gray; lores black. (Adults.)
^ Two specimens; a third, too much worn for measurement of wing and tail, agreeswith the other two in absence of any gray on the head; the exposed culmen measures10, the tarsus 20.2 Only one species among the seventeen of Geothlypis has the tail longer than thewing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 687
c. Duller olive-green above, paler yellow below, the abdomen and anal regiondistinctly paler (often buffy whitish); wing and tail longer, bill and feetsmaller (wing averaging 58.2, tail 62.2, exposed culmen 11.5, tarsus 21.6 inmale; 54.5, 59.5, 11.5, and 20.8 in female). (Mexico in general, from Statesof Morelos and Michoacan north to Sinaloa and to lower Rio Grande Val-ley of Texas.
)
Chamaetlilypis poliocephala poliocephala, adult male and female ( p. 687
)
cc. Brighter olive-green above, brighter and wholly yellow^ below; wing andtail shorter, bill and feet larger ( wing averaging 55.6, tail 59.9, exposedculmen 12.3, tarsus 22.2 in male).^ (Southeastern Mexico, from State ofVera Cruz to Chiapas, TaI)asco, Campeche, and Yucatan.
)
Chamaethlypis poliocephala palpebralis, adult male and female (p. 689)bb. Crown grayish brown, Ijut t^lightly different from color of back; lores not black.(Immature male and female.'')aa. No white or yellow marks on eyelids. {Chrim<rthJypis caninucha.)b. Crown gray; lores black. (Guatemala to Chiriqui.)Chamaethlypis caninucha, adult male and female (p. 689)bb. Crown olive or olive-brown, like l)ack; lores not black.Chamaethlypis caninucha, immature male and female (p. 689)CHAMiETHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA POLIOCEPHALA (Baird).RALPHS GROtTKD-CHAT.Adults in sj)ring and summer {sexes alike).?Lores black, this extend-ing beneath the lower eyelid and sometimes narrowly crossing- theanterior portion of forehead; pileuni gra\' (no. 6), narrowly and indis-tinctly streaked with olive, passing gradually into dull gra3'ish olive-green on back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials; primaries, uppertail-coverts, and tail brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; upper eye-lid white for posterior half or more, lower eyelid white for its entirelength; auricular region grayish, tinged with olive, the lower portionmore yellowish; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast canary3^ellow (much paler in worn plumage), fading into buffy whitish onabdomen ; sides and flanks light huffy olive; under tail-coverts pale yel-low; thighs similar in color to flanks, but paler; maxilla dusky brownwith paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (pale flesh color or lilaceousin life?): legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins).Adults i?i autumn and winter.?Similar to the spring and sunnnerplumage, but plumage softer, more blended; back, etc., more buffyolive or light olive-brown; feathers of pileum (at least the occiput)tipped with ])rown, and flanks more decidedly buffy.Immature male andfemale.?Similar in general to the adult plum-age, but duller, the pileum concolor with back, or nearly so, and loresdull brownish gray or dusky, not distinctly different from color ofpileum.
^ Except on sides, flanks, and thighs, which are brownish buffy or buffy olive.
'^ No females of this form seen by me.
^ Only immature specimenss of C p. poliocephala examined.
688 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Adult maZ6^?Length (skins), 131-143 (135.8); wing, 55-62 (58.2);tail, 56-67 (62.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.5); tarsus, 20-23 (21.6);middle toe, 13-16 (14.6).'Adultfemale.?hQngt\i (skins), 127-135 (132.7); wing, 51-55 (54.5);tail, 55-60 (58.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 19-21 (20.8);middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).^Northern, western, and central Mexico; south to States of Morelos(Yautepec, January) and Michoacan (Querendaro, August), north toState of Sinaloa (vicinity of Mazatlan) and to the lower Rio GrandeValley in Texas (Brownsville).Geothlypis poliocephala Baird, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 225 (Mazatlan,Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part(monogr.) .
?
Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 296 (Mazatlan).?Lawrence, Mem. Best. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269(Mazatlan).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 154, pi. 9,fig. 3 (Mazatlan).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part (Presidio,near Mazatlan).[Geothlypis] poliocephala Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.G\_eothlypiii] poliocephala Ridgwav, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 526.[Trichaii] poliocephala Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3507.\_Geothlypls poliocephala'] ex. poliocephala Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec,1872, 459.Geothlypis poliocephala var. poliocephala Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec,1872, 459.[Geothlypis poliocepliala'] var. poliocephala Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-way's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.[Geothlypis poliocephala] a. G. poliocephala Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,
.1885, 360, over list of specimens.Geothlypis poliocephala palpebralis (not G. palpebralis Ridgway) Allen, Auk, viii,1891, 316 (Brownsville, Texas).
^ Ten specimens.
'Six specimens.Specimens from Mexico comjiare in average measurements with those fromBrownsville, Texas, as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 689
Gcollilijpix j)i)liur(']>li(il<i.r<tljilti Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 964, Feb. 5,1894, 692 (Brownsville, Texan; coll. IJ. 8. Nat. Mus.) ; Man. N. Am. Birds,2d ed., 1896, 608.
?
American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xii,1895, 165; Cheek List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 682. 1.CHAMyETHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA PALPEBRALIS Ridgway.MIRADOR GROUND-CHAT.Similar to C. p. poliocephala^ l)ut much more l)rio-htly colored, theunder part.s entirely yellow (lemon or gaml)ooe), except .sides andHanks, which are l)ro\vner or more deeply ))utiy oliye than in (i. p.p(>UocephaJ<i\ upper parts deeper oliye; wing- and tail shorter, bill sndfeet larger.Adult i}Hih'.^\^^w<gi\\ (skins), 126-142 (183.8); wing, .51-61 (5,5.6);tail, 54-65 (51>.9); expo.sed culmen, 11-14 (12.8); tarsus, 20-25 (22.2);middle toe, 14-16 (14.8).^Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; San xVndreasTuxtia), Oaxaca?, Chiapas (Palenque; Ocozucuantla), Tabasco (Monte-cristo), Campeche (Campeche), and Yucatan (Merida; Progreso; LaVega; Chichen Itza).Trkhnx dchtjieldi (not Sylrla delafieldU Audubon) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).Geothlypis poliocephida (not of Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 18(59, 200(Merida, Yucatan).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (VeraCruz, hot region?).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr. ).
?
Sharpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pi. 9, fig. 3.[flcotJdi/pis'} poUocephala Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, i)art.(i[eotJdy2)i)i] palpebndis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 526 (Mirador, VeraCruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Geothlypis {(Jhamaihlypis) puljjehralis Ridgway, I\Ian. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592;2d ed., 1896, 614.CHAMiETHLYPIS CANINUCHA Ridgway.CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUND-CHAT.Similar to ('.p>(//i<H-rj>/H//ajH(/jhhnth'.s, but without any white or yel-lowish on eyelids.Adult inale.?'Length (skins), 116-136 (126.7); wing, 52-57 (55.5);
'Seventeen specimens, those from different localities averaging, respectively, asfollows:
Locality.
Three adult males from yera CnizSix adult males from ChiapasTwo adult males from TabascoTwo adult males from CampecheF( )ur adult males from YucatanNo females of this form have been seen by me.3654?VOL 2?01 44
Wing.
.56.55. H
.525(i56
CO
.5,S. SCO. 560
Ex-posedculmen.1211. cS12. 51213.2
21. 322232223
Middletoe.
14.614. S15.
5
1415
690 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tail, 55.5-01 (57.9); exposed culiuen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsu.s, 20-2P> (22.3);middle toe, 13-16 (14.4).'Ad<tlt y'r;//r/A'.?Length (skins), 122-130 (125.4); wing-, 51.5-55(53.(;); tail, 54-61 (55.8); exposed eulmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 21-23(22); middle toe, 13-16 (14.3).-Haviiif,' hut a single Guatemalan specimen (the tyiie of (uvlhh/pis jxiUnci iihida,var. canmncha) for comparison with the Central American series. I for the presentunite all under one name. The single (xuatemalaii specimen has the gray of tiiepileum extended over the hindneck, which apparently is not the case with any ofthe specimens from farther southward, and it has the wing and tail longer; but aseries from Guatemala might show that these differences are not constant.Central xVmeriea, from Guatemala (Rctalhuleu) to Chiriqiu (Volcande Chiriqui; Boqucte).(n'(>l}ilii))is ,r<iui)wctlalis (not Mvtac'dht :tijiii)tur(ialis Gmelin) Salvin and Sclatek,Ibis, 1860, 273 (Dueiias, Guatemala).(iiothli/pis poUofcphala, part, Bairu, Review Am. Birds, lS(i5, 225 (Retalhuleu,Guatemala).Geothbipis poVtoa'phila (not of Baird) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pi. 9, tig. 4 (British Hon-duras; Retalhuleu, San Geronimo, and Duenas, (Juatemala).Geothlyp'tK poVioceplKda, var. c(iiiiinirli? RimavAV, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872,459; in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.[(leothhiph pollocephaht'] fi. eanimivha Ridgwav, Am. Journ. Sci., iv., Dec, 1872,459 (Retalhuleu, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Gcolldiiph puliocepliala . . . var. caninucha Boucard, Proc'. Zool. Sot'. I^ond.,1878, 52 (San Jose, Costa Rica).Gajlldi/pis caninnrha Salvin and Godman, Eiol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 153,part, pi. 9, tig. 2 (Patio Bolas, etc., Guatemala; Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon,Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac CostaRica, i, 1887, 107 (Los Anonas, Costa Rica) .?Underwood, Ibis, 1896,434(Volcan de ]\Iiravalles, Costa Rica).[Geotfdyjm poUort'phald] p. G. r(iniiiuchii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,360, in list of specimens, part (Costa Rica).
' Fifteen specimens.
^ Eight specimens.Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 691(icnthliipis caiiinucha ictt'njti!< Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, yept. 20,1889, 539 (Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Cherrie, Proc. IT. S. Nat.Mus., xiv, 1891, 526 (San Jose, Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (SanJose).?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. INIus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido,Nicaragua).
?
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete andVolcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft.).Geotldypls palpebralis (not of Ridgway) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1900), 223 (San Juan Valley, Costa Rica).Genus ICTERIA Vieillot.Lierid Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sei)t., i, 1807, pp. iii, 85. (Type, Muscicapa tHridisGnielin, ? Tardus rircns Linuceus. )Jcieria Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63.Very larg-e Mniotiltida' with short, stout, arched and iinnotched l?ill,the tarsus less than one-third as long' as wing, tail moderately rounded,with rectrices obtuse or rounded at tips; color olive-greenish above,anterior half of under parts yellow; eyelids, malar stripe, and super-ciliary stripe white, and lores black.Bill very much shortei' than head, deep (basal depth equal to abouthalf the exposed culmen); euhnen strongly curv^ed; maxillary tomiumwithout subterminal notch; gonys nearly if not quite straight. Nos-tril broadly oval, overhung- l)y rather narrow membraneous operculum.Rictal bristles fairly developed. Wing moderate, rounded (seventhto fifth primaries longest, ninth about equal to fourth); wing-tip equalto or shorter than commissure. Tail equal to or longer than wing,rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus aboutone-third as long as wing or a little less, its scutella indistinct or obso-lete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus;oasal phalanx of middle toe united for slightly more than half itslength to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe.Coloration.?Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish; beneath withanterior half yellow, posterior half whitish; eyelids, superciliar}' stripe,and malar stripe white, lores black.Nidificatioii.?Subarboreal (in brambles or thickets).Range.?Temperate North America, including- Mexico. ^Monotypic.)KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF ICTERIA.
a. Brighter or more decided olive-green above; white of malar region more restricted(occupying less than anterior half); wing, tail, and bill shorter, the tail usuallyshorter than wing; adult male averaging, wing 76.6, tail 74.5, exposed culmen14.1; adult female, wing 74.4, tail 71.8, exposed culmen 13.5. (Eastern UnitedStates, east of Great Plains, south in winter through eastern Mexico and Cen-tral America to Costa Rica.) Icteria virens vireus, adults (p. 692)aa. Grayer olive-green, or gray tinged with olive-green, above; white of malar regionmore extended, occupying more than anterior half (at least in adult males);wing, tail, and bill longer; adult male averaging, wing 79.1, tail 81.4, exjiosedculmen 14.5; adult female, wing 77.6, tail 78, exi)osed culmen 14.6. (WesternUnited States and Mexican plateau)... Icteria virens longicauda, adults (p. 695)
692 BULLETIN ">(). UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.ICTERIA VIRENS VIRENS (Linnaeus).YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.Adult iiKiJe hi Kj>r!)i(/ <(ri<lsniinii('r.?Ahovi; jjlain grayi.sh olivo-gTeen,grayer on upper tail-coverts and (usually) lower rump; a superciliarystripe (extending from nostrils to a short distance behind eye), a cres-centie mark on lower eyelid, and anterior ])()rtion of malar regionwhite; lores and suborbital region (innuediateU^ l)eneath the whitemark on lower eyelid) ])lack or dark slaty; auricular region gray(sometimes tinged with olive-green), with narrow and indistinct palershaft-streaks; chin, throat, malar region (except anterior portion),chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior half or more of sides rich,pure gamboge or lemon yellow, sometimes (in highly plumaged speci-mens) tinged witii orange;^ ilanks pale gray, butiy gray, or grayishbuffy; rest of under parts white, the under tail-coverts sometimestinged with buff; axiUars and under wing-coverts yellow; bill andinside of mouth black; iris brown; legs and feet dusk}' in dried skins,bluish gray in life; length (skins), 154-173 (162.8); wing, 73.5-81(76.6); tail, 70-83.5 (74.5); exposed eulmen, 13-14.5 (14.1); tarsus,25-27 (26.3); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.2).'Adult female in sprimj and .siuiinicr.?Similar to the adult male, Ijutslightly smaller, and more or less duller in coloration,'* the black ordark slate of lores and suborbital region usually replaced ])y gray, theyellow of under parts usually less pure or deep (that on sides of breastsometimes tinged with olive), the flanks and under tail-coverts morestrongly butfy, and the mandible usually more or less light colored;length (skins), 148-162 (157.4); wing, 72-77 (74.4); tail, 69-75 (71.8);exposed eulmen, L3-14 (13.5); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); middle toe, 15-16.5(15.7).*
' The orange sometimes as irregular patches or blotches.
' Ten specimens.^Brighter coll )re<l female.'*, however, are not distinguishable from duller coloredmales.
* Eight S2)ecimens.Specimens from oppijsite sides of the Allegheny Mountains average, respectively, asfollows:
Ijocality.
BTRD-^ OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. ()93[Adults ill autiumi and winter are like those in spring- and sniniiier,bnt have the olive-green of upper parts more decided, the fianks andunder tail-coverts more strongly ))utty, and the bill light colored, themaxilla 1)eing, in both sexes, horn color and the mandible pale brown-ish yellow or butty, in dried skins.]YoiDHj^ ^fii'st jtluiiKK/e.?Above uniform olive or dull olive-green;lores and suborbital region dull gray; white marks on both eyelids, asin adults, })ut less distinct, but supraloral streak o])solete; malar region,chin, and thi'oat dull white, slightly tinged with 3'ellow; chest, sides,and Hanks plain deep olive-gray or smoke gray; rest of under partswhite.Eastern United States; north to Massachusetts (Berkshire County,Maiden, etc.), southern New Hampshire (North Conway), New York(Orleans, Yates, Oneida, and Seneca counties), southern Ontario,southern JVIichigan, southern Wisconsin, and southern Minnesota
?
casually to southern Maine (Portland); west to edge of the Great Plains(eastern South Dakota to San Antonio, Texas); ])reeding southward tosouthern Texas (Brownsvill(% Hidalgo, Lomita, etc.), and upper por-tions of Gulf States in general ?. In winter southward through east-ern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica (San Jose; Lagarto).[Turdm'] virms Linn.eu.s, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171 (based on YeUow-hrmatedChat, Oenanthe americana, peciore luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50,pi. 50).Ictervi rircnti Eaird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 228.
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., ix, 1868, 95(Co.sta Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U. >S. Nat.Mu9., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihnitan and Santa Etigenia, Oaxaca, Nov., Jan.)..Frantzu's, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 29-1 (Costa Rica).
?
Su.michrast, Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 54 (Vera Cruz, winter).?Coues, Check List, 1873,no. 100; 2d ed., 1882, no. 144.?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 307, pi. 15, fig. 12.?Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875,137 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song).
?
Brewer, Proc. Bost. 80c.N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts and Connecticut, rare summer resid.);XX, 1878, 303 (North Conway, New Hampshire, breeding.)
?
Ridgway, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no,123; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 171.?Sexnett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.Terr., iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 388(Lomita, Texas, breeding).
?
Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. I\Ius., i, 1878, 124(Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).
?
Rathbun, Rev. List Birds Centr. NewYork, 1879, 14 (rare summer resid.).
?
Lintner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,1883, 180 (Albany, New York).?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).?McIl-WRAiTH, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Hamilton, Ontario, 1 spec); Birds Ontario, 1894,380 (s. Ontario, breeding).
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,138 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec. ).?American Orithnologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 683.?Platt, Trans. INIeriden Sci. Assoc, ii,' 1885-86, 50 (Meriden,Connecticut; occasional summer resid.).
?
Bctler, Bull. Brookville Soc. N.H., no. 2, 1886, 36 (Franklin (b., Indiana; common summer resid. ).
?
Allen,Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Essex Co., INIassachusetts, breeding).?(?) Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, spring migr. ).?John-son, Auk, v, 1888, 116 (Maiden, Massachusetts, breeding).?Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (s. e. South Dakota; s. w. ]\Iinnesota, etc.; dates
694 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
of inigr.).?EvERMANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 28 (Carroll Co., Imliaiia, breed iiiii).
?
Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 104 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1 pair) .
?
Scott, Auk,vii, 1890, 22 (appareutly not oceurrintj ou Gulf coast of Florida!).
?
Citkkhik,Auk, vii, 1890, :?7 (Sau Jose, Costa Rica, Oct. 2() to Mar. 1) ; ix.l892, 22 (do. )
;
Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, L89:{, 14 (Lajxarto, s. w. Costa Rica, 1 spec.) .Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 58:^ (e. Kansas, summer resid.).
?
Miller,Auk, viii, 1891, 119 (Highland Light, Massachusetts, 1 spec, Sept. 10).?Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, ])reeding).?Todd, Auk,viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41 (IndianaCo., Pennsylvania, breeding).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893,258, pi. 15, fig. 3.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. INIus., xvi, 1893, 485 (RioEscondido and (irreytown, Nicaragua, Oct. 14 and Feb. 4).
?
Brown (N. C. ),Auk, XI, 1894, 331 (Portland, Maine, accidental) .?Savage, Auk, xii, 1895,393(West Seneca, w. New York, June 17).?Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind.Ac. Sci., 1895, 158 (Wabash, Indiana, summer resid.).
?
Oberholseh, Bull.Ohio Agrie. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1890, 329 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summerredd.).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 277 (Chichen-Itza,Yucatan).
?
Hadley, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 195 (Wayne Co., Indiana,common summer resid.).
?
Williams, Auk, xv, 1898, 332 (Oneida Co., NewY'ork, breeding).
?
Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co., New York,May 8 and 31).
?
Dwight, Auk, xvi, 1899, 217, 219, pi. 3, lower fig. (sequenceof pkunages).?Stone (C. D.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 285 (Yates Co., New York,breeding). Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900). 115 (Louisiana,breeding).lldcrial virenx (tray, Haml-list, i, 1809, 384, no. 5819.
?
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,1872, 108.{^Tcteria I'irens . . .] a. rireii>i Coveh, Birds N. W., 1874, 77.[Icteria irirens longicauda} a. virens Coues, Birds Col. Yal., 1878, 320.Ilcteria] rirens Nelson, Bull. Essex. In.st. viii, 1S7H, 101 (n. e. Illinois, breed-ing).
?
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 18S4, 312.
?
Ridgwav, Man. N. Am.Birds, 1887, 527.\^Mumcapa'\ riridis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, ])t. ii, 1788, 936 (based on Mi'vlc rerdede la Caroline, 3fenda viridii^ covijliiioisis, Brisson, Orn., ii, 315; yellou--hrea.slt'dChat, OouDithe americaiia, pertore liifeo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50, pi.50).?L.\THAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 482.Muscieapa viridis Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 356.Ideriu viridis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 252; Ann. Lye.N. Y., ii, 1826, 69; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111 (INIexico); Geog. andCoinp. List, 1838, 25.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 299.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 223; v, 1839, 433, i)l. 137; Synopsis, 1839, 163;Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 160, pi. 244.?Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839,297.?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 248; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,no. 176. Cabanis, Journ. fi'irOrn., 18(50, 403 (Costa Rica).
?
Sclater, Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Orizaba, Yera Cruz; Choctum, Guatemala) Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur Co., s. Iowa, breed-ing). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 157, part.BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Yucatan). Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 373, chiefly.(?) \_J'\cteri(( viridiff CxBAiiis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63 (Mexico).Pcteriu (typographical error) riridls Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853,309(Wisconsin).J[cteria^ viridis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 229.[ir/(T/a] viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331.
?
Sclater and Salvin, Nom.Av. Neotr., 1873, 11, part.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 695A inpeJh Iuteus iipARUMAN, Miis. Carls., i, fasc. 3, 17SS, pi. 70.leteria dumicohi Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 85 (cites Mumcnpa riridisLinnieus); Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 702.?Vieii.lot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., i,1834, 119, pi. 85.Jcteria dumicola Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1808, pi. 55.Pipru polyglotta Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 90, pi. (), fig. 1 (cites Muficicapa riridii^Ginelin).
?
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iv, 1825, 251.(?) TaiHtgni auricodls Lk'htenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Yog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; seeJourn. fiir Orn., 1863, 57).[rderict] auricoll'is Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331./dm(/ fltincoWts Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1854, 380, 382.Icteria velasquezi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala);Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 331.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1850, 298(Mexico); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).
?
Salvin, Il)is, 1866, 202.ICTERIA VIRENS LONGICAUDA ( LawrencLONG-TAILED CHAT.Similar to I. v. virens^ but wing, tail, and hill lono-ev, tho tail alwa3\s,or nearly alwa^'s, longor than wing, instead of the reverse; upper partsmore grayish olive-g-reen, usually more nearly gray than olive-green;white of malar region much more extended, frequently occujningentire malar area; yellow of under parts averaging deeper.Adult mnle.?l^engih (skins), 159-185 (172.S); wing, 75-84 (Tl>.l);tail, 70.5-80 (81.4); exposed culmen, 1P,.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, ;^0-2S (i^0..5);middle toe, 15-17.5 (10.1).^Adultfemale.?ljQ,ngih (skins), 10;^-177 (107.2); wing, 7:-.-8o (77.0);tail, 72-82 (78); exposed culmen, 13..5-15 (14.0); tarsus, 20-27 (20.4);middle toe, 14. .5-10. 5 (15.3)."'Western United States, from near eastern ])order of the (ireat IMainsto the Pacific coast; north to North Dakota, Montiuia, Idaho, and east-ern British Columbia (Sumas; Thompson River, below Ashcroft);breeding southward over Mexican plateau to the vallej^ of Mexico; in
' Twenty-three specimens.
? '' Six specimens.Adult males (breeding birds) from different localities average, respectively, asfollows:
Locality.
Three adult males from eastern Colorado and Montana ...Five adult males from southern ArizonaFive adult males from northern CalforniaFive adult males from western Texas ,One adult male from lower Rio Grande Valley (Fort BrownTexas)Two adult males (breeding) from Nuevo LeonTwo adult males (summer) from Valley of Mexico ,
69(> BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
winter, to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, I'rcsidio oU\) and TtM-ritorv ofTepic.
fcfei'iii riridis (not Mascieajia ririfJis (Tinelin) Townsend, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci.rhila., viii, 1S39, 158 (n. w. United States).?(I.^mbel, I'loc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., iii, 1847, 157 (California); Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1M7, 44(do).
?
Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 269 (California).?Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 313 (New Mexico); xi, 18.59,100 (do).? (?) ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).?DuGKS, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 ((iuanajnato, Mexico).
?
Salvin and Cion-MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 157, part.
?
Sharpe, Cat. Hirds Urit.Mu8., X, 1885, 373, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, INIexico).[Irtcria] /vV/rf/.s- Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 11, part.Jrtrriii nia.^qiifzii (not of Bonaparte) Baird, in Stansl)ury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake,1852, 328 (California).Iderla longiniti(l(t T.,a\vrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Tlint. N. Y., vi, 1853,4 (California;coll. (t. N. Lawrence).
?
Newberry, Kep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 81,pi. 34, lower fijr. (San Francisco, Sacramento Valley, etc., California, and n.to Colnmbia R. ; winters in California).
?
IVmrd, Rep. Pacific VI. R. Surv.,ix, 18.58, 249; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), \>\. 34, tig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 177; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Fron-tera, Texas; Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 230.
?
Xantu.><, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California). Heermann, Rep.Pacific R. Ii. Surv., x, 1859, 55 (California).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 42 (Nebraska).?CouES, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xviii, 186(i, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).
?
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870,98.?FiNscH, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 331 (Mazatlan).?Aiken, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. II., 1872, 197 (Colorado).[Ieferia'\ longiranda Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5820.l^Icferiavirem.l Var. Jnngicauda Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108.Jricria virens . . . var. 7o?^/V(7(/f7a Coites, Check List, 1873, no. lOOr/.
?
Ridoway,Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado).?Henshaw, Rep. Orn.Sju'c. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 42 (Utah), 103 (Apache, Arizona); Zool. Exp.\V. 100th Merid., 1875, 206 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; NewMexico)
.
Ideria rirens, var. InruficinKla Baird, Breaver, and RinowAY, Hist. N. Am. I'.irds,i, 1874, 309.?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Mazatlan andTepic, w. Mexico, Oct. to Apr.).\_Icteria virem] b. longicauda Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 77.[Icteria virens longicauda] b. longicauda Coues Birds Col. Val., 1878, 321.Icteria mrenSj fi. longicauda Ridgway, Field and Forest, ii. May, 1877, 197 (Colo-rado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 407 (Stockton, etc., California).Icteria vlrcitfi . . . fi. lo)igicauda Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 436 (Sacra-mento, California; Truckee Valley and AVest Humboldt Mts., Nevada).Icteria virens longicatida RiD(iWAY, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacra-mento, California); vii, 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nevada); Nom. N. Am.Birds, 1881, no. 123rt.?Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 320, part; Check List,2d ed., 1882, no. 145.?Beldino, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 537 (La Paz,Lower California, winter).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 683a.?Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 115 (Meade Co., etc., w. Kansas, breed-ing); Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 585 (w. Kansas, summer resid.).?Lloyd,Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, breedin<i).?Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (w. Kansas; San Angelo, Texas, and Tom Green andConcho counties, Texas, breeding).
?
Riioads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893,
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. ()9754 (Thompson R., below Ashcroft, British CoUimbia).
?
Dawson, Auk, xiv,1897, 179 (Okanogan Co, Washington).?Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107(Sumas, British Columbia, May 26).
?
Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. I^n., 2<1 ann.meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., n. w. Nebraska, breeding).I[cteria^ v[ii-ens'] loriglcanda Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, :5]2./[c?^T/ffl] rirens longirnnda Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.[Jrtirin viridin.'] Subsp. a. Idrria longicauda Sharpk, Cat. Birds Brit. INIus., x,1885, 375, part only? (specimens from San Pedro, Honduras, and ( Juatenialanlocalities very doubtfully referal^le to this form!).Icteria virens (not Turdus virens Linnaeus) Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii,1872, 1.35 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 145 (Cheyenne, Wyoming), 166 (Ogden,Utah), 175; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Mis.souri, Yellowstone,and Musselshell rivers, etc., North Dakota and Montana).
?
Allen andBrewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado,after May 13).
GeriLis GRANATELLUS Bonaparte.(Iravati'lhtx Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (ex "Di'Brs, Esq. Orn., sub.tab. 24"). (Type, (t. venustKs Bonaparte.)Medium-sizod or rather small stoiit-])illpd Miiiotiltida' with tho outer-most (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (tirst); the tail nearlyequal to or longer than wing; hill much shorter than head, with cul-men strongly curved c-ommissure distinctly arched, and mandibledeeper than maxilla; under parts partW red, upper parts graj'^ or bluish.Bill much shorter than head, slightly or moderately compressed,with mandible deeper than maxilla; culmen strongly curved, gonysslightl}" curved or nearl\' straight; maxillary tomium distinctly con-cave, without subterminal notch; mandibular tomium distinctlj" convex,except toward tip. Nostril small, circular, in anterior portion of nasalfossa?, surrounded I)}" meml>rane, but this ver}' narrow anteriorly(forming a slender marginal ring), that above the nostril scarcelyforming an ''operculum.'' Rictal bristles ol)vious but minute. Wingmoderate, excessively rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest,eighth shorter than fourth, and ninth shorter than tirst); wing-tipnot longer than exposed culmen. Tail slightl\' shorter than wing (in(t mUw!) to imich longer {G. fmncei^cce)^ rounded, the rectrices broadand rounded at tips. Tarsus very nearh" one-third as long as wing,its scutella fairly distinct (sometimes obsolete or fused on outer side);middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx ofmiddle toe united for nearly if not (juite its entire length to outer toe,for rather more than half its length to inner toe.Coloration.?Undcn* parts partly red; adult males ])luish gray fibove,wnth tail and sides of pileum black; under parts white laterally, pink-ish red medially; throat white or bluish gray; a broad supra-auricidarstripe and, in some species, lateral rectrices parti}' white.Nidljication .?Unknown.
698 BULLETIN no, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Ran(/t\?Mexico (including Yucatan) and (ruatouiala; (luiana andupper Amazon Valley. (Foui" species.)The three Mexican species of this l)eautiful genus inidude two tj^pes,which (liller slightly in structural details and considerably in patternof coloration: on(> type (I'epresented by G. iieinisfiis hxmX G.franec.^ca')having the tail longer than the wing", the tliroat and a considerablepart of the lateral rectrices white, and the auricular region bhu-k; theother (i'(?presented liy (r. salhvi) having the tail shorter than the wing,the throat and auricular region gray, and the lateral rectrices whollyblack. The single known South American species {G. pehelnl) com-bines the white throat and black auriculars of the iirst-mentionedgroup with the shorter tail and \\holl>^ Ijlack lateral rectrices of thelast ni(Mition(Ml.KKY Tl) Tiri5 SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GRANATELLUS.
<i. Back, etc., Muisli ,<;ray or grayisli Itlne; supra-auricular stripe pure white; breastuniform reil. (Adult males.
)
A. Throat white; loral, suhorlntal, and auricular regions black.c. Tail witli lateral rectrices extensively white; larger (wing (10 or more, tail 67or more).
'/. .\ complete Mack ci)llar across upper part of chest; smaller (wing averaging(ll.:!, tail <)7.s, tarsus 20). (States of Sinaloa, Colima, (iuerrero, and
( )axaca, southwestern Mexico.) . . Granatellns venustus, adult male (p. 699)(/(/. No black cullar across upper part of chest; larger (wing averaging 66.4,laii 7S.], tarsus 21). (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)Granatellns ftrmcescae, adult male (\). 700)re. Tail entirely black; smaller (wing r>4, tail -I.')). (Western Brazil to I'.ritishGuiana.) Granatellus pelzelni, adult male (extralimilal )'/<.'. Throat, and loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, gray. {(rr(ni((tclliiK utilUvi.)
<?. Darker, the throat and sides of head slate-gray. (Vera Cruz, JNIexico, toGuatemala) Granatellus sallaei sallaei, adult male (]>. 701
)
cc. Paler, the throat and sides of head ash gray. ( Yucatan.
)
Granatellus sallaei boucardi, adult male (p. 708)
'/'(. I'.ack not bluish gray or grayish blue; supra-aurieular stripe not ]iure white(more or less buffy) ; breast buffv (touched with red in immature males).
( Adult females and immature males.)/'. Lateral rectrices extensively white.
c. Smaller (wing 58, tall (57, tarsus 20); gray of njiper ])arts darker; foreheadnearly concolor with crown and occijiut.Granatellus venustus. adult female (j). 699)
<'?. Ijarger (wing 62 or more, tail 7a oi' more, tarsus 21 or more); gray of upperl>arts paler; forehead much more buffy than crown and occiput (or elsepartly black).
^ Granatellus pelzelni Sclater.(Irmidtellux veniiKhix (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zo<)l. Soc. Loud., 1S59, 875.(h-ini(iteUux pelzehil Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1864, 606, 607, pi. 87, upper tig.(Rio ]\Iadeira, w. Brazil; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Natterer, manuscript).
?
Pei,/eln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 216.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 370(Rio IMadeira, lirazil; Camacusa, British Guiana).Granatiihix jtelzelniiVyxnu^, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 281, footnote.l^Jcterki'] pelzelni Gnw , Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5823.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 699
(/. lirctist (locpcr buff, not touclied with red; l)ack, etc., l)ro\vner gray.Granatellus francescae, adult feuiale (p. 701)lid. Breast paler liuff, or w liitisli, with toucheH of red; back, ete., clearer gray.Granatellus francescae, imuiature male (p. 701
)
I'll. Lateral rectriee.s not extensively white, the terminal portion, only, dull white,not sharply defined.
c. Darker, with supra-auricular stripe and ehest deep buff or ochraceous-buff.Granatellus sallaei sallaei, adult female (ji. 702)cc. Paler, with supra-auricular stripe and chest cream buff.Granatellus sallaei boucardi, adult female (p. 70."])GRANATELLUS VENUSTUS Bonaparte.DU BUS' RED-BREASTED CHAT.A(htlf nude.?Pileiim,exe?>pt hiterallv undantorioiiy, hindneck, .side.^of neck, Inick, scapular.s, wing-coverts, tortials, runi}), and upper tail-coverts plain l)lui.sh <iray <>r deep plumbeous, slightly more Iduish oncrown and occiput, the concealed portion of tertials darker; ])rimarie.sand proximal secondaries dusky, edged with l)luish o-ray; tail l?lack,the outermost rectrix with outer web white, except at base, the innerwe)) with nearly the terminal half white, this (extending nuich farthertoward base next to the shaft than on edge of the web; second rectrixwith a large wedge-shaped terminal pat'-h of white, the third with asmaller terminal spot, the fourth som(>times with a very small whitespot at tip; forehead, sides of crown and occijnit, lores, su])orbital andauiicular legions, and collar extending from the latter across upperchest, black; a broad supra-aui iciUar stripe (or elongated patch), malarregion, chin, throat, sides, and Hanks white; lower chest, breast, abdo-luen, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red; thighs slate color;maxilla dusky horn color with ])aler tomia; mandible ])aler (bluishgray in life 0; '''^ white;' legs and feet dusky horn color (in driedskins); length (skins), i:;(i-135 (133); wing, C.O-i;;-! ((U.;!); tail, (\1~^':s(()7.S); expo.sed ctdmen. l-2-12.r> (12.2); tarsus, l!?-20 (20); middle toe,10.5-12 (11.2).-Aihilt ft'iiudc.?Above plain slate-gray, the remiges more brownishgray; tail as in the adult male, but duller black, with the white areason lateral rectrices somewhat more restricted; for(>head and loreswood l>rown, blending gradually into the gray of the crown; a supra-auricular stripe of light ochraceous-l?uti'; auricular region l?utiy gray-ish; malar region, chin, and throat dull white, tinged with buff,especially the first; chest, 1)reast, and abdomen buff, the tii-st slightlytinged with pink along the upper margin; under tail-coverts salmonpink or ffesh color; sides and flanks buffy white; bill and feet as in
^ Xantus, manuscript. (Probably an error.)
^ Three specimens.
700 BULLETIN .10, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ufliilt male; lonofth (skin), l?>^>\ wiiio-, r>S; tail, HT; exposed ciilmeji,12.2; tarsus, 11). 5; middle toe, 11.5.'AVestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaea (Santa Etigenia), (xuerrero(Aeapulco), Colima (Sierra Madre), and Sinaloa (Rosario; Tatemalis).GrdnnteUns reniisluK Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 812 (Mexico; ex Dn Bus,manuscript).
?
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 607, pi. :-57, lower fig.
?
Baird, Review Am. I'inls, 1865, 2.31 (Sierra Madre, Colima).
?
Lawrence,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II., ii, 1874, 270 (Sierra Madre, Colima). Lawrence,Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 1(> (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaea, .Tan.).?Salvin and Gooman, Biol. Centr.-Ain., Axes, i, 1881, l(iO.
?
Suarpe, Cat.Bird.s Brit Muh., x, 1885, .369.?Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, ] 10 (Tatemalisand Rosario, Sinaloa; descr. adult female).[(irdtiatfllKx'] r<;(H.s7//.s' ScLATER and Sat.vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.[Iderla] lyiinsliis Ghw, Iland-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5821.GRANATELLUS FRANCESCiE Baird.TRES MARIAS RED-BREASTED CHAT.Similar to 0'. lyimsins hut larger; adult male without any hlack col-lar across upper chest; with an interrupted white collar across hind-neck; red of under parts more restricted; white on lateral rectricesmore extended; gray of upper parts lighter and less bluish, and mid-dle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with white; adidtfemale similar to that of G. vmi/sfi/s but larger and paler, with nuichmore white on lateral rectrices.Adult male?Pileum (except anteriorly and laterally) deep bluishgray or plumbeous; rest of upper parts plain bluish slate-gray, themiddle and greater wing-coverts narrowl}' tipped or terminally mar-gined with white, producing two narrow bands; primaries dusky grayedged with pale bluish gray; an interrupted and mostly concealedwhite collar across hindneck; tail black, the outermost rectrix withouter web and more than terminal half of inner web white, the secondwith more than terminal third and most of outer web whit(\ the thirdwith terminal portion extensivel}' white, the fourth with a smallwedge-shaped terminal spot or mesial streak of white; forehead,
.sides of crown and occiput, with loral, .suborbital, and auricular regions,black; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion of thelatter with a few, mostly concealed, spots of black;" chest, medianportion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure light vermilionred; sides of breast, sides, and flanks, white; thighs gray and white;maxilla dusky horn color or grayish black with paler tomia; mandi])lenuich paler (bluish gray in life?); iris brown;^ legs and feet dusky horncolor (in dried skins); length (skins), 1-13-1(>0 (151); wing, 65.5-07.5
' One specimen, from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaea.^Sometimes f>)nning, or at least suggesting, an interrui>ted collar.
^ Grayson, manuscript.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 701(00.4); tail, 75-81 (78.1); exposed culmen, 11.2-12.5 (11.8); tarsu.s,20-21.5 (21); middle toe, 11.5-18 (12.2).^Adult female.?Occiput and hindneck browni.sh gray, passing-gradually into light wood brown or isabella color on forehead; restof upper parts clearer gray (between slate-gray and smoke gray), themiddle and g-reater wing-coverts tipped with pale buff, forming tworather distinct wing-bands; tail as on the male, but the black portionsduller, with outer web slate-g-ray; a broad supra-auricular stri])e ofIniff or ochraceous-buff, passing g'radually over eye into the woodlirown or isabella color of forehead; lores dull buffy whitish; auricu-lar region pale buffy grayish or dull ))uffy; malar region, chin, andthroat dull white, buffy white, or pale buff; chest and sides pale buff;rest of under parts white or l)uffy white, the under tail-coverts some-times tinged with pink; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length(skins), 142-156(148.7); wing, 62-64 (02.9); tail, 75-77 (75.7); exposedculmen, 11.2-12 (11.7); tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.2); middle toe, 11.2-12ai.7)."liiimature nialc.?Similar to the adult female Init back, etc., clearergray, sides of pileum (sometimes forehead and part of auricular regionalso) black, chest and median line of breast and abdomen more or lesstinged with pink, and under tail-coverts pink.Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
Granalelliis franccscie Baird, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 232 (Tres INIariasIslands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).
?
Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc.N. H., xiv, 1871, 278 (habits).?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874,270.?Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 307, pi. 11 (crit.).?Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 160.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,370.?Nelson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Maria Madre, Tres Marias;habits; crit.).llderia] francesae Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384. no. 5824.GRANATELLUS SALL.(EI SALL.<EI Bonaparte.SALLE'S RED-BREASTED CHAT.Adult male.?Upper parts plain deep l)luish slate, the crown mars^-ined along each side by a broad but not sharply detined black line;remiges and rectrices black, edged with slate color, the outermost rec-trices with an indistinct wedge-shaped terminal spot of dark gray and(except in worn plumage) margined terminally with white; a supra-auricular stripe of white; loral, orbital, auricular and malar regions,chin, and throat luiiform slate-gray; chest, breast, abdomen, analregion, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red or geranium red;sides of breast, sides, and outer portion of Hanks slate-gray; inner por-
^ Five specimens. ^ four s|)ecimeus.
702 BULLETIN r,(), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.tion of Hanks (next to red of aluloinen) white; nmxilla dusky horncolor or bhickish with paler toniia; niandihle paler (bluish (^ray inlife?); lc,^>; and feet horn eolor (in dried skins); leno-th(skins), li^;3.7-12S(125.3); wing-, 56.()-?)1.5 (58.7); tail, 56-57.0 (56.!>); exi)osed eulnien,11-12.2 (11.5); tarsus, lS.8-18.8 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-12.2 (11. ?'.).'A(h(lf f< inith\?Above varying' from mouse gray to bhiish slate-gray, the remigcs and reetriccs as in the adult male, l)ut tei'tials andedgings of other j-emiges grayish bi-own; no black on sides of crown;supra-auricular stripe but!' or ochraceous-butf; auricular i-egion gray-ish or dull buffy grayish; malar region, chin, and throat dull palebuffy; chest, sides, and Hanks deep buff; abdomen ))uHy white; undertail coverts pale buff; bill, legs, and feet as in the adult male; length(skins), 117-144.8 (125); wing, 55.0-57.7 (56.6); tail, 53.8-56 (55);exposed culmen, 11-11.4 (11.1); tarsus, 18.3-19 (18.5); middle toe,10.7-12 (11. 1).'Southeastern Mexico, in States Vera Cruz (Cordova; Potrero; BuenaVista) and Oaxaca (Playa Vicente; Tuxtepec), and Guatemala (C'ahal)on;near Tactic).Silopha(ja i?dUvl "Bonap. and Sclileg" Bonaparte, Compt. Reml., xlii, May,lSr>t), 957 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).ilmnatdlus salLrl Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., July 8, 1856, 292, \A. 120(Cordova); 1858, 97 (s. Mexico); 1859, 374 ( Playa Vicente, Oaxac-a; desor.female); 1864, ()07.?Saijvin and Sclatek, Ibis, 1880, 897 (Cahabon, Guate-mala).?Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Potrero, nearCordova, Vera Cruz).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1881, 161, part (Cordova and Potrero, Vera Cruz; Playa Vicente, Oaxaca;Cahalwn and near Tactic, Guatemala).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 371, part (Cordova; Guatemalan localities).Grduatellus sallaei Bairo, Review Am. Birds, 18(55, 232, footnote.[fjranateUiis~\ .syi//,t( Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.Granntellus sallci Boucard, Liste Ois. Gnat., 1878, 30.[Ideria'] salhci Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5822.
' Three specimens; two from Vera Cruz, one frum (iuatemala.
^ Four specimens.Specimens from ^Mexico and ( hiatemala averaji;e, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
Two iulull inule.s froiii Statoof Vera Cruzone iulult male from GuatemalaFF.MAI.KS.Two adult feiuales from States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaea...Two adult females from Guatemala
Wing.
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 703GRANATELLUS SALL^EI BOUCARDI Ridgway.BOUCARDS RED-BREASTED CHAT.Similar to G. x. mJhr!^ hut paler; adult male with sides of head,chin, and throat pale *iray (tri'ii.y no. 7 or uo. 8') inste:idof slate-gray;adult female with upi)er parts smoke gray instead of deep mouse gray,the supra-auricular stripe, chest, etc., cream buti' instead of deep bufi'or ochraceous-butr.Adult iiKih.?LGUgih (skins), ll>2-l;:!5 (123.5); wing, 58-58.4 (58.2);tail, 54-57.4: (55.7); exposed culmen, 11.4-12 (11-7); tarsus, ls.8-20(1J>.4); middle toe, 11.4-12 (11.7)."Adult fciiialc.?Length (skin), 119; wing, 57; tail, 50; exposed cul-men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 11.^Yucatan.(IvaiKttelln^ saUal (not Sctopliaija t<all?'i Bonaparte) Salvin and (todmax, Biol.Centr.-Am., Avew, i, 1881, 161, part (Yneatan).
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Boucaed, Vrxr. ZduI. Soc.i.ond., 1883, 441 (Ym-atan) .?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. IVIas., x, ISS;"), H71,part (n. Yucatan).GntiKitcllu'! salLri houcurdi Rn)G\VAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, X\n-. 20, 1885,2:i (Yucatan; coll. U. Nat. Mns.).?Chapman, Bull. Am. ]\his. N. W., viii,189(i, 278 (Cliichen-Itza, Yucatan).Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte.
Wi/soiila Bonaparte, (;eo^^ and Conip. List, 18.S8, 2:!. (Tyjic, }fi)liirillii uiilrnln(Tmelin.
)
MijifHl'iDctcii AuDHHoN, Synop. Birds North Am., 18;;'.t, 48. (Tv[ic, MolncilUt,iii'dridd (Tmelin.)
.Vl/loctoiia-s C.KBASifi, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, Motdcilht mitrald Cmelin.)Small or medimn-sized "flycatching" Mniotiltida', with hill abouthalf as long as head (or less), moderately depressed; rictal bristlesmoderately developed, reaching l)ut little beyond nostrils; outermost(ninth) primary longer than tilth; inuler parts yellow, sometimes withthroat black or with l)lack spots or strea! s an'oss chest; ui)per partsplain olive-green or gray, with or without black on crown.Bill not more than half as long as head (sometimes l(\ss), taperinggradually to the tip, the culmen straight to near the tip, wh(>re ratherstrongly decurved; maxillary tomimn with su))termiiial notch distinct;gonys very faintly convex. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower ante-rior portion of nasal fosstv, overhung by broad membraneous operculum. Rictal l)ristles distinct, reaching, when extended forwai'd, decid-edly but not far beyond nostrils. Wing moderate, i)<)int(^d (eighth tosixth, usually seventh, primaries longest, ninth longer than fifth); wing-
? Kidfrway's Nomenclature of Colors, Plate 2.
^ Two specimens.*One specimen.
704 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.tip shorter than tarsus, but decidedly lonoer than commissure. Tailequal to ( W. ea/)(((Icihsif<) ovlou^yer thuu ( W. ni!tr<(ta^ ]K^>^/.sv7/^/) distancefrom bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightly rounded or doul)le-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with subacuminate tips. Tarsusdecidedly less than to nearly one-third as long as wing, its scutellaindistinct (obsolete or fused except on lower portion); middle toe, withclaw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe unitedfor most of its length to outer toe, for a])out half its length to inner toe.Coloration.?Under parts yellow (under tail-coverts white in onespecies), the throat sometimes black or partly l)lack, the chest some-times streaked or spotted with black; upper parts plain olive-greenor gray, with or without black on crown.Nidification.?Terrestrial or subterrestrial (in forest undergrowth).i??;?^/('.? Whole of North America (except treeless arctic district);south in winter to northern South America, Cuba, and Jamaica; onespecies.' referred to this genus, peculiar to Colombia and Ecuador.(Three, or possibly five, species.)KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF WILSONIA.
(I. Lateral reotrices with inner weljs partly white.h. No whitish or yellowish markings on wings. ( \Yihoma mitrula.
)
c. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts of body rich yellow; crown, occiput,throat, and chest black. (Eastern ITnited States; south in winter to Cuba,Jamaica, and through' eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmus ofPanama.) Wilsonia mitrata, adult male (p. 705)cc. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts duller yellow, the first sometimesolive-green; no black on head, throat, oi' chest, or else the black areas ofthe adult male imperfectly represented.Wilsonia mitrata, adult female {p. 706)bli. Two white or yellowish l)ands across wing. (Eastern United States.)Wilsonia microcephala, adult male ? (p. 709)<u(. Lateral rectrices without white on inner webs.//. Upper parts olive-green; under tail-coverts yellow, like rest of under jjarts;smaller (wing not more than 60, usually nuich less). ( Wilsonia pnnilla.)r. Forehead and superciliary regiiMi bright yellow; crown glossy black. (Adultmales and some adult females. ) ?d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow l)elow. (F'astern North America;south in winter through eastern Mexico to (luatemala.
)
Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (p. 710)dd. Brighter olive-green above, brighter yellow below. (Western NorthAmerica.
)
e. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 57.5, tail 50.1; adult female, wing 55. -t,tail 48.3); coloration les.s intense, with upper j)arts less yellowish, theforehead and superciliary region rich yellow Ijut not inclining to orange.(Western North .\merica in general, breeding from mountains of west-ern Texas to Alaska, but not on Pacitii: coast south of British CoIuml)ia.
)
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (p. 712)
^ Mi/iodioctcs nirridioiiali-t Pelzeln, Verz. zool.-liot. (iesselsch. \\'ien, 1882, 446.
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. INIus., x, 1885, 437.This species, which may not belong to this genus, is said to resemble IF. pimilld,but to differ in being "larger, and having the forehead black, not yellow."
BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 705
ee. Smaller(adnlt nialeaveraging, wing55.4, tail 49.1; adult female, wing 52.9,tail 47.8); coloration more intense, with upper parts bright yellowisholive-green, the forehead and superciliary region often inclining toorange. (Pacific coast district, north to British Columliia; in wintersouth to Cape St. Lucas and Sonora, east during uiigration to easternOregon, Arizona, and Chihuahua. ). .Wilsonia pusilla chryseola (p. 714)cc. Forehead and superciliary region yellowish olive-green, the crown similarbut less yellowish. (Immature male and female and some adult females.
)
d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below.Wilsonia pusilla pusilla, immature (see Addenda)dd. Brighter olive-green above, l)righter yellow below.
e. Larger (averaging wing 55.4, tail 48.3); upper parts less yellowish olive-green, under parts less intense yellow.
"Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, immature (see Addenda)ee. Smaller (averaging wing 52.9, tail 47.8); upper parts more yellowisholive-green, under parts brigliter yellow.Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, immature (see Addenda)bb. Upper parts gray or grayish olive; under tail-coverts white; larger (wing morethan 60). (Eastern North America, south in winter through Mexico andCentral America to Peru.
)
c. A conspicuous "necklace" of black spots or streaks across chest; feathers ofpileum conspicuously centered with black.Wilsonia canadensis, adult male and some adult females (p. 716)cc. Chest with indistinct olive spots or streaks; feathers of pileum without dis-tinct black centers Wilsonia canadensis, most adult females andimmature male and female (pp. 716,717)WILSONIA MITRATA (Gmelin).HOODED WARBLER.Inner webs of outermost rectrices partly white; back olive-green,under tail-coverts yellow, and wing exceeding 60 mm.Adult male.^?Forehead and anterior portion of crown, togetherwith loral, orbital, postocular, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions,rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the lores sometimes with a little ofdusky or black; rest of head, including throat, together with chest,deep black, that of the chest with an abruptly defined convex posterioroutline; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, andupper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, the first sometimesslightly tinged with grayish; wings and tail dusky brownish gray withyellowish olive-green edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly tippedwith that color; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensivelywhite terminally, that on the exterior rectrix occupying more than theterminal half; under parts of body pure rich gamboge or lemon yel-low, becoming olive-greenish on sides and flanks, the under tail-covertspaler yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or white
' The coloration is quite the same the year round, except that in autumn and winterspecimens the bill (which is nearly black in spring and summer) is more brownish,with the mandible paler than the maxilla, while the yellow of the plumage is oftenmore intense.3654?VOL 2?01 45
706 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.tinged with yellow; bill blackish in spring and summer, more brown-ish, with mandible paler, in fall and winter; iris brown; legs and feetpale brownish in dried skins (pale flesh color in life?); length (skins),128.2-129.3 (12H.2); wing, 65.-5-69.1 (67.6); tail, 55.4-59.7 (57.7);exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 19-20.1 (19.7); middle toe,10.7-12.2(11.7).^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, l)ut with much less ofblack on head, sometimes with none; if the black occupies approxi-mately the same area as in the male it is umch duller and more or lessbroken with olive-green on crown and occiput and with yellow onthroat; usually, the throat is entirely yellow, sometimes with a moreor less distinct indication of a dusky collar across the lower portion oron upper chest, and the crown and occiput are blackish only next tothe yellow of forehead and sides of head;. when there is no black onthe head the pileum is entirely olive-green, becoming more yellowishon forehead; length (skins), 117.3-128.3 (123.7); wing, 60.2-66.H (63);tail, 52.8-56.4 (53.8); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.4); tarsus, 17.8-19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2)."'Young iiiale hifrst imtuinn and winter.?Similar to the adult male,but black of head with feathers narrowly margined with yellowish.''Young male., first plumage.?Above uniform light grayish ])rown,the remiges and rectrices as in adults; middle and greater wing-covertsmargined terminally with light wood brown or cinnamon; auricularregion olive-yellowish; chin, throat, chest, and anterior portion ofsides pale broccoli brown or Isabella color; rest of under parts palestraw yellow, clouded with pale ])rown.Klastern United States, west to edge of the Great Plains; breedingnorthward to Connecticut (Suflield, etc.), southeastern New York(lower Hudson Valley), central New York (Oneida, Cayuga, and Waynecounties), northeastern Illinois, eastern Nebraska, etc.; southward toSouth Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana; occasional northward to Mas-sachusetts (several records), northeastern New York (Lewis Count}'),southern Ontario (Hamilton; near Port Rowan), southern Michiganand Wisconsin; in winter south to Cuba and flamaica, and through east-ern Mexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama; casualin the Bermudas.[M<jia(:'dla'\ mitrata Gmelin, Synt. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Mexant/cd rollierdi' Id (hroline, Parua rarolinenxix tonjuainx, Brisson, Orn., iii, 578; (lobe-)ii<>nrIircitrin de la Loumane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iv., 538; (jlobe-)iiouclie de laLouisiane Daubenton, PI. Enl., j)l. 666, tig. 2).
' Eight specimens.
'' Seven specimens.
'This phimage persists until tlie following spring, a specimen collected .Ahiy 13having the feathers of the black areas as distinctly iiuugined with yellowish as anyautumnal examples.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 707MolaciUa mitrata Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 418.[Sylvial mitrata Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 528.Sylvia mitrata Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 2.3, pi. 77; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.Nat., xi, 1817, 253.?Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 178;Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832,373.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 68, pi. 60.Setophaga mitrata Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 389.
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Richardson,Kep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.
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D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's, Hist. Nat.Cuba, Ois., 1839, 89.?Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 309 (Wiscon-sin).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).S[etophaga^ mitrata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.[Setophaga^ mitrata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3534.WiJsonia w^Vra/a Bonaparte, Geog. andComp. List, 1838, 23.
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Allen, Proc. EssexInst., iv., 1864, 83 (Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175(Kansas).
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Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn! Club, v, 1880, 95. Stejneger, Auk, i,1884, 231. American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899,123 (Check List no. 684).?Howe, Auk, xvi, 1899, 360 (Montville, Connec-ticut, 1 spec, June 18); xvii, 1900, 389 (Gales Ferry, Connecticut, June 23,24).
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Bagg, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding) .
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Beyer,Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, breeding).?Comev,Auk, xviii, 1901, 397 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec, Sept. 5, 1901).Sylrania mitrata Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2ded., i, 1840, 333. Wood-house, in Rep. Sitgreaves'sExpl. Zuiiiand Col. R., 1853, 69 (Indian Territoryand Texas).?Ridgway, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I.,Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 174.?Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 46 (West Indianreferences); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (Cuba;Jamaica). American Ornithologists' Uniox, Check List, 1886, no. 684.
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Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i,1886, 259(Brookline, Massachusetts, 1 spec,June 25, 1879) .?Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 688 (San Antonio,Texas, Dec. 21).?Dutcher, Auk, vi, 1888, 139 (Fire Island Light, LongIsland, 1 spec, Sept. 1); x, 1893, 277 (Long Island, 2 specs).
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Cooke, BirdMigr. Miss. Val., 1888, 261 (s. Ne.l)raska; e. Kansas, breeding, etc.; dates.)Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 22 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, late Mar. to about thirdweek in Apr., rare in fall ; Key West, Mar . 18 to Apr. 3, Aug. 19 to Sept. 13) .Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 129 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding up to2,500 ft.); viii, 1891, 332 (Ct^sars Head, South Carolina, breeding up to alittle above 2,500 ft).
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Hitchcock, Auk, vii, 1890, 407 (Provincetown, Mas-sachusetts, June 25).?Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 586 (e. Kansas, sum-mer resid.).
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Howell, Auk, ix, 1892, 306 (Parkville, Long Island, 1 spec,Apr. 30) .?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 263, pi. 14, fig. 3.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido and Grey-town, Nicaragua, Sept. 24 to Feb. 5). McIlwraith, Birds of Ontario, 1894,381 (near Hamilton, 1 spec. May, and near Port Rowan, occasional).
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Pal-mer, Auk, xi, 1894, 282-291 (plumages).?Tuttle, Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (ErieCo., Ohio, Apr. 23).?Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida,breeding).
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Eastman, Auk, xiv, 1897, 327 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1spec, Oct. 15, 1893).
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Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co., w.Pennsylvania, May, rare).
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Daniel, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamji,Virginia, breeding).[Siilvania^ mitrata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9.S[ylvania'] mitrata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527,Myiodioctes mitrata Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 12, pi. 71.[^Myiodioctes] mitrata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Myiodioctes mitratus Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 13 (Bermudas, Mar. 30).Huedis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas; same occurrence).
708 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am.Birds, 1862, 33.?B.\ird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 292; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 211; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239.?Scl.\ter and Sal-viN, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala; Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,347 (Panama R. R.).?Martkns, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).?Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagna, Honduras).
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Bland, Ann. Rep.Smithson. Inst, for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).
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Gunolach, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861, 326 (Cul)a); 1872, 419 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, Ois.,1865, 237; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 71.?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (San Antonio,Texas, migr. ).
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Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R. );ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).?Sumkhrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i,1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).
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Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (FortLeavenworth) .?CoiiEs, Check List, 1873, no. 101; 2d ed., 1882, no. 146;Birds N. W., 1874, 78; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 324 (synonymy).?Trippe,Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 235 (Mahaska Co., s. Iowa, 1 spec.).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 314, pi. 15,figs. 10, 11.?Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 138 (Ritchie Co., WestVirginia; habits; song).
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Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440(Connecticut); xix, 1878, 303 (Connecticut, summer resid.).
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Merriam,Trans. Conn. Ac, i, 1877, 25 (Connecticut); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,7 (Lewis Co., New York, 1 spec, Sept. 9).
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Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,i, 1876, 42 (near Chicago, May 10; Waukegan, May 20).?Purdie, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suftield, Connecticut, 1 spec).?Mearns,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 71, 72 (j)lumage of female). Bicknell,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cluli, iii, 1S78, 130 (Riverdale, New York, breeding; FortLee, New Jersey, breeding); Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).
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Ridgway, Bull.Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 164 (Mount Carmel, Illinois, breeding); Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 124.?Brown (N. C), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii,1878, 174 (Coosada, Alabama, breeding) . Rathbun, Revised List BirdsCentr. New York, 1879, 14 (Cayuga and Wayne counties, breeding, com-mon).?Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (Brookline, Massachusetts,1 spec, June).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 167(Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Dueiias, Coban, andChoctum, Guatemala; etc.).?Boucard, Proc Zool. Soc Lond., 1883, 441(Izalam, Yucatan).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437.[Miliodiodes'] mitratus ArnuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 48.
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,1872, 109.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.M[yiodiod?s'] rnifratvs Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Illinois,rare summer resid.).
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Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 18S1, 106.
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Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313.Myodioctes milrafa Pratten, Trans. Ills. Agric Soc, i, 1855, 601.Myiidiodes rnitratus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Honduras).Mlyiodonus] milraiv s Cabahih, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18.MyiodonuR mitratus Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba) ; 1861, 407 (do. ).Slylvicolal w/Z/rf^rt Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 113 (lower Missouri R. ).Myiodioctes mitartini (ty[)ographical error) Gibbs, Nat. and Fancier, Aug., 1877, 31(breeding habits). 'Muscicapa cucidluta Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 101, pi. 26, fig. 3.
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Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 177.Muscicapa pileata Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 399 {cites Sylvia mitrataLatham )
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Muscicapa selbn Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 46, pi. 9 (near St. Francisville,Louisiana, July 1; = adult female without black on head).Muscicapa selbii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 296.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 709WILSONIA MICROCEPHALA Ridgway.SMALL-HEADED WARBLER.Olive-green above, yellowish beneath, the wing with two whitishbands and inner webs of lateral rectrices partly white.Adult male (?).?"Upper parts dull olive-yellow; the wings duskybrown, edged with lighter; the greater and lesser [i. e,, middle] covertstipped with white; the lower parts dirty white, stained with dull yellow,particularly on the upper parts of the breast; the tail dusky brown,the two exterior feathers marked like those of many others, with aspot of white on the inner vanes; head remarkably small; bill broadat the base, furnished with bristles, and notched near the tip; legs dark})rown; feet yellowish; eye dark hazel."' Total length, 127; extent ofwings, 209.5.Pennsylvania and New Jersey; also, according to Audubon, Ken-tucky.1 am unable to satisfactorily dispose of this hypothetical speciesl\y reference to any other, the peculiar combination of charactersindicated in the original description, quoted al)ove, being shared byno other bird to my knowledge."3fiiseicapa minuta (not of Gmelin) Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 62, pi. 50, fig. 5(New Jersey, etc.).
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Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. 8ei. Phila., ii, 1824, 179.
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NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 296.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., v,1839, 291, pi. 434, fig. 2; Synopsis, 1839,44; Birds Am.,oct. ed., i, 1840, 238,pi. 67.?(?)Peai50Dy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 296 (Massachusetts).? (?) Put-nam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226.Si/lviamiiiut(i Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, LS24, 197.Wihdiiia iiiiimta Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
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Allen, Proc. EssexInst., iv, 1864, 83; Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 577.?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns.,iii, 1880, 174, 234.?Stbineger, Auk, i, 1884, 231.Setujihiiga minuta Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837), 172.? (?) Hoy,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).{Setophagcq minuta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3537.Myiodlodei^ minntusBAiRU, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293; Cat. N. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 212; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 241.?Turnbull, Birds E.Penn., 1869, 53 (Phila. ed., p. 42).?Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 316, pi. 16, fig. 2.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,1875, 440 (Wenham, Ma.ssachusetts).
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 126.?Maynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1882, 521.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., X, 1885, 431, footnote.Myiodiodesf minulus Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, .326 (synonymy; crit. ).Museicapa or MijiodioHejf " m'muia'' Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 275.
?S'[///i'o?iia] minuta Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.Sylvania pumilia {not S'l/lvia jnimi/ia Vieillot, 1807) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. andCan., 2d ed.,i, 1840, 334 (cites Sylvia pumilia Vieillot'' and Muaicapa minutaWilson).
' Wilson's original description.
'See Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 293; Coues, Birds Col. Val., 326.
'^fSyhna pamilia Vieillot (Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 39, pi. 100) I am unable toidentify with any American bird; certainly it is not the same as Muscicapa minutaWilson.
710 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUA*.Sylronia microcephala Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, lo85, 354(substitute for names minuia and pumilia, preoccupied).
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American Orni-thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 357 (Hypothetical List, no. 25).S[ylvania'\ microcephala Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527.Wll^SONlA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson).WILSON'S WARBLER.Adult male.?Forehead, superciliary reoioii, orbital region, and entireunder parts gamboge or lemon yellow, the sides and Hanks slightlytinged with olive-green; crown glossy blue-black, the feathers slightlj^elongated, distinctly outlined; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green,the auricular region and sides of neck similar ]>ut rather moi'e yellow-ish; maxilla dark brown, more blackish terminally; mandible palerbrown, especially toward base; iris brown; legs and feet light brown-ish; length (skins), 103-113 (108.-1:); wing. 53-57.5 (55.6); tail, 46.5-50.1 (48.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2).'Adadt female.?Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-able; usually, however, slightly duller in color, with black crown-patch more restricted or more or less obscured by olive-green tips ormargins to the feathers; sometimes the black entirely absent, thewhole pileimi, except forehead, being olive-green, the forehead andsuperciliary region yellow; length (skins), 104-113 (107.2); w^ng, 52-55 (53.6); tail, 46-49.5 (47.5); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9).''Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, Labrador (EskimoRiver), shores of Hudson Bay, and Manitoba; west to eastern edge ofthe Great Plains; breeding southward to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,Maine, Massachusetts^, Ontario (Ottawa), etc.; in winter south toSanto Domingo and eastern Mexico in States of Tamaulipas, NuevoLeon (Montei-ey), Pue})la (Huexotitla?; Piiebla?), Vera Cruz (Jalapa^;OordovaC), etc.; occasional during migration in Colorado (Fort Gar-land. May), Arizona (Tucson, May; Fort Whipple, May), and otherparts of the Rock}^ Mountain district.Miiseicapa pusilla Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 103, pi. 26, fig. 4.
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Bonaparte,Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179.
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Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson.Inst, for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).Wilsonia pusilla Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.
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Allen, Proc.Essex Inst., iv, 1864,64 (Massachusetts; breeding?).?Coues, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95.?Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 231.?Chapman, Bull. Am.Mus. N. H., X, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
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American Ornithologists'Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.Sylraiiia pusilla NuTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840,335, part.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1866, no. 685, part.? (?) Fer-rari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Puebla and Huexotitla,Puebla,Oct., Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Sept. ).?RiDc;\VAv,Orn. Illinois, i, 1889,175.?CooKE, Bird ]\ligr. Miss, ^'al., 1888, 261 (Mississippi Valley localities
^ Nineteen specimens. ^ Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7lland dates).? (?) Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba,breeding?).
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Nehrling, Orn. Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 278, pi. 13, fig. 8.
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McIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1894, 382 (Ottawa, breeding).[MiliiidiocteK] jHixilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Mi/iodiocteif pusiUnii Baird, Lit. Rec. and Jonrn. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll., i, Oct.,1845, 252; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 213, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.?(?) Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 263 (.Jalapa, VeraCruz).?(?) SuMicHR.\sT, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, inwinter).?CouES, Check List, 1873, no. 102, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 147;Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.?Salvin, Ibis;1873, 334 (Santo Domingo).
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Baird, Brewer, and RiruiwAY, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 317, part, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4.?Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xvii, 1875, 440 (Maine, breeding).
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Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881,no. 125.?SALviNand (todman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 168, part.Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 110 (ui)per St. Johns R., Maineand New Brunswick, breeding).
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Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii,1883, 371 (Anticosti I., im'eding).?Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883,117 (Eskimo R., Labrador, breeding).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 435, part.[MyiocUodeH] pusillm Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.
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Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.M[yiodiorfeH'] pnsillus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313, part.M[!/iodiocteK] ;;i?.sv7m,s' Jordan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 69.(?) Mi/iidioctes pnsilliis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada,Oaxaca, Jan.).Mi/iodiortes pti.Kilhi.'< var. puxllhin Ridgway, Am. Jonrn. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 457,part.[Mi/iodiocte-s pusllluft.] a. M. piisiUiis Sharpe, Cat Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 436,over list of specimens, jjart.[Myiodioctes pnsilhiK'] var. /msil/vn Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 313, part.Sylvia v'ilsonu Bonaparte, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179; Ann. Lye.N. Y., ii, 1826, 86.?Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 408.Setophaga inilMiiiii JARDifiK, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 391.Mmcicapa mihntih Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 148, jd. 124.
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Peabody, Rep.Orn. Mass., 1839, 297.Myiodioctes ivilsonii Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 21,pi. 75 (Labrador; Newfoundland). Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 206(Massachusetts; breeding?). Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858(1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).Sylvania TOfeo?;i/ Woodhousk, in Rej). Sitgreaves' Exi>l. Zuni and Col. R., 1853,69 (Indian Territory; Texas).(?) Sylvia petasodes Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vijg., 1830, 2 (Mexico'); seeJonrn. fiir Orn. 1863, 57.(?) Ahrornis atrirapilld Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 169 ("China"; see Finsch, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1875, 640, 64P).
' The interrogation mark indicates doubt as to whether Lichtenstein's and Blyth'sbirds are true IV. p. pusilla or the western f(jrm ( W. p. pikolata).
712 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.WILSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas).PILEOIATED WARBLER.Similar to W. p. pus?7I(i, but averaging- larger; coloration brighter,the upper parts more j^ellowish olive-green, the yellow of luider partsbrighter.Adult maIe.?L.ength (skins), 105-114 (109); wing. 55-60 (57.5); tail,47-52 (50.1); exposed eulmen, 7-9 (8.8); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9).'Adultfemale.?"Length (skins), 105-116 (109.2); wing, 51:.5-57 (55.1);tail, 47.5-50 (48.3); exposed eulmen, 7.5-9 (8.5); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).'Western North America; l)reeding throughout the Rocky Mountaindistrict, from western Texas (Chisos Mountains), New Mexico ^, andArizona ^ in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, including coastdistrict (Kadiak,Yakiitat, Sitka, etc.) as well as throughout the interior,westward to eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath; Tillamook) and QueenCharlotte Islands, British Columbia; during migration over the wholeof western North America (less commonly along the Pacitic coast ofUnited States ^),and eastward across the Great Plains to Minnesota(Fort Snelling, Ma}'^), western Missouri (Independence), etc. ; in Avintersouthward over whole of Mexico and Central America to Chiriqui(Boquete).Motacilla pikolata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 497 (Kadiak Island,Alaska).Myiodioctes pusillnti x&r. pileolata Ripgway, Am. Journ. 8ci., iv, Dei-., 1872, 457,part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608, part (diagnosis, etc.)
.
Myiodioctes pusillus xar. pileolatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridoway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.?Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns., no. 4, 1876, 16(Guichicovi, Chiapas).[Myiodioctes puslUiis] fi.pileolata Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 437 (TrnckeeValley, Nevada, Aug. 6; lower Huml)oldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. 5; WestHumboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 9).
^ Twenty-one specimens.
^ Ten specimens.Specimens from Kadiak Island compare with others in average measurements asfollows:
Locality.
MALES.Four adult males from Kadiak ( breeding) 58.6 49.7 8.7 19.2Nine adult males from rest of Alaska (mostly breeding) 56.6 50 8.2 18.9Eight adult males from Arizona (migrants) 58.1 50.4 8.1 18.6One adult male from Colorado (breeding) 57 49.5 8.5 19FEMALES.Five adult females from Kadiak (breeding) 55.5 48.5 8.7 18.6Five adult females from rest of Alaska 56.3 48.2 8.3 19One adult female from Wj'oming (breeding) 55 47.5 9 18
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7l3(?) Myiodioctespusillus pileolatus Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, IM (FortKlamath, Oregon, Apr.)
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Myiodiodes 2nisilliis pileolatus Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 228 (SevenLakes, Colorado, breeding).
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Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125a,part.?CoiTEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 148, part.?Bean, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 147 (Yakntat and Kadiak, Alaska).?Allen and Brew-ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado,after May 12).
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Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,61 (Boquete,Chiriqui, Jan. 16 to 24).Myiodioctes pua'dlus var. pilcolafa Coues, Check List, 1873, App., p. 125, no. 102a,part.WUsonia pusUla pUeolata Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95, part.
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Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174, part.?Nelson, N. Am.Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 60 (Tres Marias).
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American Ornithologists' UnionCommittee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.?Osgood, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49(Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, breeding).Sylrania pugilla plleolafd Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354,part.
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American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, bS86, no. 685a, part.Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (coast of Alaska).? (?) Scott,Auk, V, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, migrant).? (?) Merrill,Auk, V, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).
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Cherrie, Auk, vii,1890, 337 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Oct. 27 to Mar. 6).?Rhoads, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver L, etc., British Columbia;crit.); Auk, x, 1893, 23, part (do.; see Auk, xi, 1894, 50).?Jouy, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Juanacatlan, Jalisco, Jan. ).
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Grinnell, Auk, xv,1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska).S[ylvama'] pii.vlla pHeuldtn Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part.M[yiodiocte.'< p[usillvx'] pileolatus Coues, Kej' N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314,part.[Myiodioctes pusillus.'\ /?. M. pileolatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, bS85, 437,in list of specimens (Presidio, Sinaloa; Guatemala; Irazu district and Bar-ranca, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, etc.).Muscicapa pusilla (not of Wilson) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 308(New Mexico).Sylraniu pusilla Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 335, part.Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (Rocky Mts).
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Nelson,Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, Norton Sound, Kot-zebue Sound, etc.).
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Townsend, Auk, iv. 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).WUsonia pusilla Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (Colorado, breed-ing from 8,000 ft. to timber line; Wyoming; Utah).(?) Myiodiodes jijit.s>7/MS Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Duenas, <iuati'inala).Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).
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Blakiston, Ibis, 1863,63 (Mackenzie R.).?Lord, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 115, part (BritishColumbia).
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Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Texas).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn.,1869, 294 (Costa Rica).?Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Mexico); Proc.Zool. Soc. Loud., 1869,374 (Oaxaca).
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Salvin, Pro(;. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1870,183 (Volcan de Chiriqui). ?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1878, 52 (CostaRica).Myiodiodes pusillus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2,1859, 10 (Frontera, Texas; Monterey, Nueva Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865,240, part.
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Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona,breeding in mountains); Check List, 1873, no. 102, part; 2d ed., 1882, no.147; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.?Law-
714 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Grecia, and San Jose, CostaRica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Guadalajara, Jalisco; Tepic;Colima).?Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868. 149 (Laredo, Texas).?DALi-and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278( Yukon R., Kadiak,and Sitka, Alaska).
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Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part.
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Aiken, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., 1872, 197 (Colorado, May).?Finsch, Abh. Nat. Brem.,iii, 1872,36 (Alexandrovsk, Alaska).?Trippe, in Cones Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Col-orado, breeding near timber line).
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Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist.N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 317, part.
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Hexshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler'sSurv., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14), 75 (South Park, Colo-rado, June 24, and Garland, May 28), 103 (Apache and Bowie, Arizona,Sept., Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 207, excl. syn., part.?Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, vii, 1875, 32 (Wasatch Mts., Utah, breeding).?Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 343 (mountains s. of Fort Bridger,Wyoming, summer).
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Salvin and Gooman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881,168, part.?Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Irazii, Costa Rica).?McLenegan, C-ruise "Corwin," 1884, 114 ( Kowak R., Alaska).?Suarpk,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part.[Myiodioctes'] pusillus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.?Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.(?) [MyUdioctes pusillus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada,Oaxaca).Mi/lodioctt's pusillus var. pusillus Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 457,part.[Mjilodioctes pusillus'] n. j)usllliis Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 437 (WestHumtM)ldtand East Humboldt mountains, Nevada, Aug., Sept.; Antelope I.,Utah, May 24).(?) [Myiodiodes pusillus.'] a. M. pusillus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,436, in list of specimens, i)art (Oaxaca; Duefias and Coban, Guatemala;Irazii district, Costa Rica).[Mi/iodiortes pusdlioi] var. ]>iisillus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 313, part.(?) M[tiioclonus'] pnxlllas Cabaxis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico).WILSONIA PUSILLA CHRYSEOLA Ridgway.GOLDEN PILEOLATED WARBLER.Simihir to W. p. pileohfft/, l)ut .slig-hth' smaller and much morebrightly colored; olive-green of upper parts much more yellowish,almost olive-yellow in extreme examples; yellow of forehead andsuperciliary region (especially the former) inclining more or less toorange; yellow of under parts purer, more intense.Achdt'male.? Lemyth (skins), 104-llT (11()..5); wing, 53-59 (55.4);tail, 45-52 (49.1); exposed culmen, T-9 (8.8); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.2).'Adidtfemale.?"Length (skins), 104-115 (108.6); wing, 50-55 (52.9);tail. 45.5-50 (47.8); exposed culmen. 8-9 (8.5); tarsus. 17-19.5 (18.3).^Pacific coast district of United States and British Columbia; l)reed-ing from southern California (San Bernardino, Los Angeles, andVentura counties) northward to British Columbia (New Westminster;Mount Lehman); during migration southward and eastward to eastern
? Twenty-four specimens. * Ten specimens.
BIRDS OF MORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7l5Oregon (Fort Klamath, May, August), Arizona (Pinal County, Sep-tember, Octo])er; Lowell, April; Fort Verde, May; San FranciscoMountains, August 31; Cienega; Tucson), Chihuahua (San Diego,April 15), Sonora (San Jose Mountains, October), and Lower Cali-fornia (to Cape St. Lucas).(?) Sylvania pudlla (not Muscicapa pusilla Wilson) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan., 2d ed., 1840, 335, part (Oregon).Sylvanki pusilla Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (California).Myiodiodes piisiUus Bmrd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Review Am. Birdn, 1865, 240, part.?Heer-MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 39 (California).?!?) Xantus, Proc.Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).?Cooi^ek andSucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 182 (Fort Steilacooni,Washington).?(?) Lord, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 115,part (British Columbia).
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Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part.
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Coues, CheckList, 1873, no. 102, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878,326, part.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part.[^fy^odioctes] pimllus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.Minodiocteti pusUlus va.r. pileolnta Ridowav, Am. .lourn. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 457,part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608, part.Mijiodioctcs pnsUlu^, var. pikolatiis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.? (?) Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Specs. Wheeler's Surv.,1876, 234 (Fort Tejon and Mount Whitney, California, Aug., Sept.).Mi/lodiocies pHsdlus pUeolatus Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Jan., 1879, 40(Nicasio, Marin Co., California; descr. young female); vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega,Tucson, etc., Arizona; crit.)?Ridgway, Xom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125^^part.
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Coues, Check List, 2(1 ed., 1882, no. 148, part.Mli/iodlodes] p[Hsilh(x] pUeolalits Coi'kh, KeyN. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314, part.Myiodlncles pusUlua . . . var. pilfolala Coues, Check List, 1873, App., p. 125,no. 102?, part.Myiodiodes pusiUuf!, fi. pih'oloia RiixavAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, March 21, 1879,407 (central California).Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95, part.
?
Ridgway,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174 part.
?
American Ornithologists' UnionCommittee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123, part.
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Kobbe, Auk, xvii, 1900, 357 (CapeDisappointment, Washington, breeding).
?
Maillaro, Condor, iii, 1901, 126(San Benito Co., California, Ijreeding).(?) Myiodiodes pileoUdas Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, March 20, 1879, 391(Calaveras Co., California).Sylvania pusilla pileolata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354,part. American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 685?, part.
?
EvERMANN, Auk, hi, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California, breeding).
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Bel-ding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 20) breeding at Poway, San BernardinoValley, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, etc., California).
?
Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver I., British Columbia; crit.); .\uk, x,1893, 23, part (do. ).?CjRinnell, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara L, etc., 1897, 8(Santa Barbara L, California, May 14-16); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898,47 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in willow districts).Slylvania] pusilla pUeolata Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part.(?) [Myiodiodes pusillns.] fi. M. pileolatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885,437, in list of specimens, part (west side Rocky Mts., British Columbia;California).
716 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus).CANADIAN WARBLER.Upper parts gray tinged with olive in young and autumnal .speci-men.s; under tail-covert.s white.Adult mdJt'.^?Forehead and crown black, the feathers (except some-times those on forehead) margined with gray, producing a scaled ap-peai'ance; forehead sometimes with a median line (more or less distinct)of 3'ellowish; rest of upper parts, together with sides of neck andposterior portion of auricular region, plain gray (nearly slate-gray);upper and anterior portion of lores, malar region, and under parts(except under tail-coverts) lemon or canary yellow, the outer portionof sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive; under tail-coverts white,sometimes tinged with yellow toward anal region; a conspicuous orl)italring of white or yellowish white, more decidedly yellowish on upperportion; loral spot, suliorhital region, together with anterior and lowerportion of auricular region, black; this continued (sometimes brokenly)along sides of lower neck (between the gray and the yellow) and con-tinued across the chest in a series of spots or streaks;^ bill duskj^ horncolor, the mandible paler, except (sometimes) at tip; iris brown; legsand feet pale butty brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 121-181.3(125.7); wing, 04.5-67.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.4 (56.1); exposed culmen,10.2-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 18-19.6 (19); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).^Adidt female.?Above, including auricular region and sides of neck,plain grav, tinged with olive, especially on back and pileum, the latteroften showing darker centers to feathers of forehead or forehead andcrown; upper and anterior portion of lores and conspicuous orbitalring pale yellow or yellowish white; loral spot and suboibital regiondusky olive-gray, this sometimes continued posteriorly along lowerportion of sides of neck; malar region and under parts, except undertail-coverts, lemon or canary yellow (slightly paler and duller than inadult male); under tail-coverts white; chest streaked with olive, thestreaks sometime partly black;* ])ill, iris, and feet as in the adult male;length (skins), 116.1-124.7(119.6); wing, 60.4-64.5 (62.5); tail, 51-53.3
1 Judging from Central and South American specimens, the phimage of the adultmale is apparently the same in autumn and winter as in spring and summer.^The amount of this black spotting or streaking of the chest varies greatly in differ-ent specimens, some having the whole chest so lieavily spotted with black (the spotsbeing deltoid in shape) that they overlap and almost form a "solid" patch, whileothers have only a few small guttate sjiots or streaks across the anterior portion;usually, the markings, in amount and character, are about halfway between theseextremes.
^ Eight specimens.
* In adult females having Tjlack streaks on the chest the feathers of forehead andcrown are distinctly centered with black. Such specimens are very much like thoseadult males having the least amount of black streaking or spotting on the chest.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 717(52.6); exposed culmen, 1>. 9-11.4 (10.7); tar.sii.s, 17.8-19 (1S.3); middletoe, 9.4-11.7 (10.7).^Immature m.ale infird aatwnn and wlvter.?Quite siniiltir in colora-tion to the adult female.Imniature feriiale in^first aatiuun ami winter.?Similar to the adultfemale and immature male, but upper parts more strongly tinged witholive, and markings on chest nmch less distinct, sometimes obsolete.Young, first plumage.?Above plain broccoli brown or drab, thefeathers ash gray beneath the surface; middle and greater wing-covertsbroadly tipped with buff, forming two distinct bands across wing; rem-iges and rectrices brownish gray, with edges slightly paler; sides ofhead and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast pale buffy brown;rest of under parts pale straw or primrose yellow.Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, southern Labradorand Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg); west to eastern edge of the GreatPlains, casually to Colorado (Lincoln County, May 23); breeding south-ward to Massachusetts (Winchendon; Berkshire Count}'; EssexCounty), central New York (Oneida County), southern Ontario, Mich-igan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (St. Louis and Lake counties),and southward through mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and WestVirginia to North Carolina (2,500 to 4,000 feet) ; in winter south througheastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador (numerous localitiesand records) and Peru.[^Musck'(i2)(i'] canadensis Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 17H(), 327 (based on Gobe-viouche ccndrc de Canada, Muscicapa canadensis cinerea, Brisson, Orii. ii, 406,pi. 39, fig. 4).?Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt.ii, 1788, 937.?Latham, Index Orn.,ii, 1790, 484.Muscicapa canadensis Wii,>iON, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 100, pi. 26, fig. 2.
?
Stephens,Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 350.?Vieillot, Enc. Meth., ii, 1823, 810.?Bona-parte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,ii, 1824, 178.
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Audubon, Orn. Biog.,ii, 1834,17, pi. 103.Setophaga canadensis Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 358.S\^etophaga^ canadensis Gray, (tcu. Birds, i, 1846, 265.l^Setophagal canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3536.Myiodioctes canadensis AvuvBOii, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,14, pi. 72.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 11 1 (Quijos, Ecuador) ; 1855,143 (Bogota, (/olomhia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador), 451 ((nialaquizaand Zamora, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Bogota).
?
Putnam, Proc.Essex Inst., i, 1856, 206 (Massachusetts, breeding).
?
Bryant, Proc. Bost.Sac. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,1858, 294; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 214; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239.?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lj'c.N. Y., vii, 1862, 467 (Panama R. R. ); ix, 1868, 95 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica) .?BoARDMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. , ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breeding).
?
Blakiston,Ibis, 1863, 63 (Saskatchewan).?Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Texas).?McIl-wRAiTH, Proc. Essexinst., V, 1866,86 (Hamilton, Ontario).
?
Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Dota, Costa Rica).?Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
^ Seven specimens.
718 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.294 (Costa Rica) .?Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 103; 2d ed., 1882, no. 149;Birds N. W., 1874, 80; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 323.^Baikd, Brewer, andRiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Bird8, i, 1874, 320, pi. IB, tig. 6.?Brewer, Proc. Boat.Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (New England; summer resid. ).
?
Brewster, Bull.Nutt. Oni. Club, iii, 1878, 60(descr. young).
?
Hatch, Geol. and Nat. Hist.Surv. Minn, for 1879 (1880), 160 (St. Louis and Lake counties, Minnesota,breeding).?Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Neosho R., Kansas,Aug. 29).?RiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 127.
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 166.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,x,1885, 432 ( Duenas, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Fuego, and Cohan, Guatemala; Irazudistrict, Costa Rica; Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; "Mexico;"
"Brazil").?Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74(Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador, Nov., Feb.). Salvadori and Festa, Boll.Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 351, 1899, 8 (Valle del Zamora and Valledel Rio Santiago, e. Ecuador, Dec, Mar.).
?
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool.Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Apr. 7).{Mt/iudiocleff'} (?anadeni<is Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109.
?
Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.M[yiodioctes'] catnKlensis Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Illi-nois, a few breeding).
?
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314.Dendrceca canadensis (not Dendruica canadensis Baird) Taczanowski, Pnjc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru). (SeeTaczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 6.)Eluthlypis] <:anadensis Cabasis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18.Euthlypis canadensis Cabahis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 326 (highlands Costa Rica).
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Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.).Wilsonia canade7isis Coveh, Biill. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95.
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-Ridgwav,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174.
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American Ornithologists' Union Com-mittee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.
?
Aiken, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (Lake, LincolnCo., Colorado; 1 spec, May 23, 1899).S;/lvania canadoisis Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Sept. 2, 1885, 354; Orn.Illinois, i, 1889, 176.
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 686.
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Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 175 (mountains of w. North Carolina,breeding from 3,000 ft. upward); v, 1888, 392 (Winchendon, Massachusetts,breeding).
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Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Berkshire and Essexcounties, Massachusetts, breeding).
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Ralph, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, iii,1886, 142 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nestand eggs).
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Lloyd,Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Concho Co., Texas, 1 spec, August).^Lawrence (R. B. ),Auk, iv, 1887, 349 (Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Cooke, Bird Migr.Miss. Val., 1888, 262 (e. Nebraska; e. Kansas; s. e. Texas, etc.; dates ofmigr.).
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Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 29 toOct. 6).?Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba, breed-ing).
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Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl-vania, breeding) ; Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding).Todd, Auk, viii, 1891, 399 (Butler and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania,breeding); x, 1893, 46 (Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Dwight,Auk, ix, 1892, 139 (Cresson and North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).White, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).?Nehrling,Our Native Birds, etc, i, 1893, 269, pi. 13, fig. 8.?McIlwraitii, BirdsOntario, 1894, 383 (s. Ontario, breeding).
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Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1895, 497 (Roan ^It. and IVIonroe Co., North Carolina, breeding between2,500 and 4,000 ft. ).?Congdon, Auk, xii, 1895, 189 (Dingmans Ferry, PikeCo., Pennsylvania, breeding).?Young, Auk, xiii, 1896, 285 (Delano andHazle Creek Junction, Pennsylvania, breeding).
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Baily, Auk, xiii, 1896,296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).?Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 137 (West
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 719
Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).
?
Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Mus-koka, etc., n. w. Ontario, common summer resid.).Sylvia parlalina Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179 (citesM. canadensis Wilson); Ann.- Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.
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Nuttall, Man. Orn.U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 372.Si/lvicola pardalina Bonaparte, Geog. and Conip. List, 1838, 22.
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Brewer, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1856, 5 (descr. nest and eggs).[Ml/iodioctes} j)arda/ina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315.Mijodiodes j)<'ivdali)ia Pratten, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc, 1855, 601.Mitscicapa bnnaparlii Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 27, pi. 5 (St. Francisville,Louisiana, Aug. 13;=young in autumn).Selophaga bonaparlii Swainson and RiCHAunsoN, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 225,pi. 47.ISelophaga'] bonapartii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3538.Wilsonia bonapartii Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.?STE.iNE(iER,Auk, i, 1884, 231.Myiodioctes bonapartii Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841,17, pi. 73.?Baird, Rep. Pacitic R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 295; Cat. N. Am. Birds,1859, no. 215.Sylvania bonapartii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 332.Setophaga nigro-cincta Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., iv, Oct., 1843, 292 (Colombia);1844, 79.Myiodioctes cxrulescens (lai)sus iov canadensis) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,no. 4, 1876, 16 (Barrio, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas).Genus CARDELLINA DuiBus.CardellinaDvBva, Esquis. Orn., 1850, pi. 25. (Ty})e, C. amicla \)y\B\\ii,=Mnsricapavubrifrons Giraud.
)
Medium-sized "fly-catching'' Mniotiltidse with the bill .short and
.stout (ba.sal depth nearly equal to l)asal width, exposed culmen notlonger than middle toe without claw), the culmen decidedly curved;rictal bristles reaching" but little beyond nostrils; wing-tip equal totarsus; tail even; rump and under parts of bod}' white, back gray, fore-head and throat red, crown and auricular region black.Bill not more than half as long as head, deeper than ])road at anteriormargin of nostrils, nearly as deep as broad at ])ase; cuhnen decidedlycurved; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct; gon^^sfaintly convex. Nostril rather large, obliquely oval, occupying al)outlower anterior half of nasal fossie, largel}^ concealed by latero-frontalfeathering. Rictal bristles moderately developed, the longest reach-ing ])ut little ])e3"ond nostrils, when directed foiward. Wing long,rather pointed (seventh primary longest, eighth and sixth but littleshorter, the ninth intermediate between sixth and fifth); wing-tip long,equal to tarsus. Tail decidedly shorter than wing Init longer than dis-tance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, even, the rectrices broadand rounded at tips. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing orslightl}^ more, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side; middletoe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toeunited for nearl}' its entire length to outer toe, for about half itslength to inner toe.
720 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Coloration.?Upper parts gra,}', with a niK-hiil bund and the rumpwhite; crown and auricular region black; forehead, lores, chin, throat,and post-auricular region red; sexes alike.Nidlficat'wn.?Terrestrial.Range.?Southwestern border of United States to highlands of Gua-temala. (Monotypic.)CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS (Giraud).RED-FACED WARBLER.Adult nude.?Forehead, lores, eyelids, suborbital region (exceptposterior portion), malar region, chin, throat, upper chest, and sidesof neck vermilion or poppy red, most intense on forehead; crown,anterior portion of occiput, auricular region, and posterior portion ofsuborbital region uniform glossy black; a transverse patch or band ofwhite (usually more or less tinged with pink) on nape, partly hiddenby the elongated black feathers of occiput; hindneck, back, scapulars,lesser wing-coverts, and upper riunp uniform gra}^ (varying fromslate-gray t mouse gray); lower rump white, sometimes tinged withI)ink; upper tail-coverts gray (rather paler than back, often with stillpaler or even sometimes whitish tips, especially the shorter coverts;larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky gray with slate-grayedgings the middle coverts more or less distinctly and rather broadlytipped with white or pale gray; under parts of bod}' white, more orless strongly tinged with pink, especially on breast, shading into grayon sides of breast and anterior portion of sides; bill brownish, themaxilla darker; legs and ffeet horn brown (in dried skins); len th(skins), 118-135 (124.5); wing, 65.5-70.5 (BS.l); tail, 57-61 (59.4);exposed culm n, S-!) {"^-fo); tarsus, 17-1S.5 (IT. 7).'Adult fe)u<de.?Similar to the adult male in coloration and oftenquite indistinguishable, but usually very slightly duller in color andaveraging a little smaller; length (skins), 113-126 (121.5); wing, 63-70{'o'6)\ tail, 55.5-61 (58.5); exposed culmen, 7.5-9 {^i.'d)^ tarsus, 17-18.5(17.9).^
^ Eleven specimens.Specimens from different localities average respectively as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Five adult males from Arizona and Sonora 68.2 59 8.6 17.8Three adult males from Durango, Jalisco, and Guerrero 67.
5
59.
3
8.
5
17.
7
Three adult males from Guatemala 68.3 60 8.8 17.8FEMALES.Eight adult females from Arizona, Sonora, and northern Chihuahua. 65.9 58.4 8.6 17.9Two adult females from .Talisco 66.7 59.5 8.7 17.5One adult female from Guatemala 66 58.5 8.6 17.9
Wing.
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 721Young in first autumn and tointer. ^?Similar to the duller coloredadults, but much duller, the red of throat, etc., paler, inclining to fleshcolor, white of under parts and nuchal patch tinged with bufi' or salmoncolor, and gray of upper parts more brownish.Young, first 2)hunage.?Upper parts, including entire pileum, plainsooty brown, the pileum and hindneck sometimes inclining to proutsbrown or raw umber; rump white; upper tail-coverts brownish graywith paler tips; wings grayish dusky with paler grayish edgings, themiddle and greater coverts tipped with dull bufl' or pale brownishbutty, forming two more or less distinct bands; tail as in adults; sidesof head like pileum; chin, throat, and chest plain light bufl'y grayishbrown or broccoli brown, the sides of neck similar but more butty;rest of under parts dull white, shaded on sides (especially sides ofbreast) with pale brownish gray or grayish brown.Higher mountains of southern Arizona (Mount Graham, CatalinaMountains, Huachuca Mountains, etc.) and New Mexico (Fort Bay-ard) and southward over more elevated parts of Mexico to highlandsof (xuatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Totonicapam).Muma^parvhrrfro^^?,(Ji\^s.^.v\^, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 27, pi. 7,fig. 1 ("Texas").
?
Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66 (referred togenus ('ardelliiKt).Setophaga rvbrifrovs Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329("Texas").Cardellma nibrifrons Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66, in text; 1858, 299(La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Cinco Seiiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 37 (s. Mexico).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey, ix, 1858, 306(synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (INIexico; Totonicapam, Guate-mala).
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Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Volcan de Fuego and Totonicapam, Guate-mala); 1874, 99 (do.).?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 211(Mount Graham and mountains near Apache, Arizona; breeding habits).
?
Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331; Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 150.?Allen,Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,68 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico, July 16).
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Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds,1881, no. 131.?Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 162.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 408.?Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 353(Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts., Arizona).
?
AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 690.
?
Price, Auk, v, 1888,385 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; breeding habits).
?
Nehrlingj, Our NativeBirds, etc., i, 1893, 280, pi. 32, fig. 2.ICardeUina'} ruhrifrons Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.Clardellinal ruhrifrons Codes, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314. Ridgway,Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.Basileuterus ruhrifrons Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, VeraCruz).Cardellina amicta Du Bus, Esq. Orn., 1850, pi. 25.[^Cardellina'] amicta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312.[^Setophaga'l amicta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3531.
^ This plumage apparently retained during the second year.3654?VOL 2?01 46
722 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson.8eto]>}iag<i Swainson, IMuIds. ^lag., new ser., i, ^Nlay, 1827, 3HS. (Type, MvxcH'apdruticUld Limiifus. )CetopUagn (eiuendatioii) IjEsson, Man. (rOrii., ii, 1S2S, A'M).Sylvania, part, NittaMj, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 290. (rrojjoseil a.?a giubHtitute for SctopJutga Swainyun; see Cones, Ank, xiv, 1897, 228. )Small **rty-ciitchinj^" Miiiotiltida' with the l)ill iiuich shorter thanhead, much depros.scd, triano-ular or l)roadly wedge-shaped in verticalprofile, with rictal bristles not reaching nearl}^ to tip; ninth primarylonger than fifth; tail decidedly shorter than wing, rounded; adultmales (l)oth sexes in one species) ])lack. \'aried with red (or orange)and white.Bill about half as long as head, nuich depressed, broad at base, itsvertical profile triangular i)V broadly wedge-shaped; culmen sharplyridged, straight for basal half or more, strongly decurved terminally;commissure nearly straight, the maxillary tomium with distinct sub-terminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval or elli})tical. in loweranterior portion of nasal fossa?, overhung by a broad membranousoperculum. Rictal bristles conspicuously developed, but not reach-ing nmch if any ))eyond middle of ])ill (when directed forward). Wingrather long, pointed (ninth to seventh or eighth to sixth primarieslongest, the ninth equal to or longer than fifth, sometimes longer thansixth); wing-tip ecpial to tarsus {S. ruticilhi) or a little shorter{S.. plvt((). Tail shorter than wing, but decidedly longer than distancefrom bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedly rounded, the rec-trices rather broad, sul)acuminate {S^. i'uf!cill<i) or rounded {S. picta)at tips. Tarsus slightly less than one-fourth as long as wing, its scu-tella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tar-sus; basal phi'Janx of middle toe united for more than half its lengthto outer toe, for al)out half its length, or less, to inner toe.Coloration.?Adult males (both sexes of one species) black, variedwith red (or orange) and white; head, neck, and u])])ei' ])arts uniformblack; breast with a median patch of red (extending to abdomen) orwith lateral patches of orange or yellow (extending to un<ler wing-coverts); wings with a large white patch on greater or middle coverts,or with basal portion of secondaries extensively pale orange or yellow;lateral rectrices extensively white, or else with basal half or niorepale orange or yellow.Nldlfication.?Arboreal in *S'. r>itlcill<i^ terrestrial (in holes ofbanks, or beneath projecting stones) in S. picta.Ram/e.?Temperate North America, to highlands of Ctuatemala; inwinter throughout West Indies and to northern South America. (Twospecies.)The two species of ^^etoplauja difier very slightly in the details of
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 723
external structure, certainly not enough to warrant their generic sepa-ration. The type species, S. ruticilla, has the outermost (ninth) pri-mary sometimes equal to or longer than the sixth, sometimes shorter;in A'. j>icfa it is much shorter, or only a little longer than the fifth,the eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries being nearh^ equal and long-est, while in X t'HtielUa the ninth, eighth, and seventh are sometimes,iKit not always, all longer than the sixth. In S. jjlcta the bill is rela-tively smaller and the rictal bristles relatively somewhat shorter; therectrices are obtusely roimded at tips, and the sexes are alike incoloration; whereas in S/ ruticilla the bill and rictal bristles areslightly more developed, the rectrices are subaciuiiinate at tips, andthe sexes very ditfe rent in color.
^
KEY To THE SI>ECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SETOPHAGA.
a. Head, neck, and ujjper parts black.b. The black glossy; under parts partly red, orange, yellow.c. Basal half or more of secondaries and lateral rectrices pale orange or yellow;middle and greater wing-coverts black; sides of breast orange or yellow;axillars and under wing-coverts orange or yellow; median portion of breastand abdomen white. (Temperate North America, except parts of south-western portions; West Indies and through Central America to northernSouth America in winter. ) Setophaga ruticilla, adult male ( p. 724
)
cc. Secondaries wholly black or with white edges; lateral rectrices largely white;middle and greater wing-coverts white; sides of breast black; axillars andunder wing-coverts white; median portion of breast and abdomen vermilionred.d. Third rectrix with greater part of its outer web and a large portion of theinner web (at end) white. (Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Ari-zona, etc. ) Setophaga picta picta, adult male and female (p. 728)dd. Third rectrix with outer we)? entirely black, the inner web with little ifany white. (Highlands of (Guatemala and Chiapas.
)
Setophaga picta guatemalae, adult male and female (j). 729)hb. The tjlack without gloss, more sooty; under parts dusky grayish or sooty, with-out red, orange, or yellow.
c. Third rectrix with more white (as in " d" above).Setophaga picta picta, young (ji. 728)cc. Third rectrix with little if any white (as in "rM" al)ove).Setophaga picta guatemalae, young (p. 729)aa. Head grayish (paler, almost white, on throat) ; rest of upper parts olive or olive-grayish (tail blackish or dusky), the basal portion of secondaries and lateralrectrices pale yellow.Setophaga ruticilla, adult female and young male (pp. 724, 725)
^ For at least the first year, the male of S. ruticilla resembles the adult female incoloration, two years, or more, being required to complete the full adult livery. In6'. picta, on the other hand, both sexes molt, in the first autumn, directly from thesooty nestling plumatre (without red on under parts) into the adult dress.
724 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnaeus).AMERICAN REDSTART.Adult male.?Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform black,with a more or less decided bluish gloss, except on remiges, and rec-trices; basal portion of remig-es (except two innermost tertials) andmore than basal half of rectrices, except two (sometimes only one)middle pairs, pale orange, saturn red, or salmon-pink, this occup}'-ing the full width of both webs;' a large patch on each side of chestand breast, together with axillars and under wing-coverts, bright saturnred;' rest of under parts white, usually with more or less of black be-tween the orange-red lateral patches and the white in middle of breast;''longer under tail-coverts sometimes partly black or dusky; bill whollyblack in spring and summer, more brownish, with mandil)le palerbrown, in fall and winter;* iris brown; legs and feet dark In-own orblackish; length (skins), 117-127 (121.3); wing, 61-67 (63.5); tail,52-58(55.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.5); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); middletoe, 9-11 (10.1).^Adult female.?Very different from the adult male. Pileum andhindneck plain mouse gray; back, scapulars, and rump plain lightolive oj- grayish olive-green; upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, andterminal portion or other, rectrices dusky; wings dusky (not so darkas dusky portion of tail) with light olive edgings; basal portion ofremiges and rectrices (except one or two middle pairs of the latter andtwo innermost secondaries) light yellow, that on the remiges morerestricted than the orange-red in the male, often not showing at all onprimaries; sides of head paler gra}' than pileum, especiall}' the loresand superciliary region; malar region, chin, throat, and chest dullgrayish white; rest of under parts more decidedly white, with a con-
^ Sometimes the outer web of outermost primary and more rarely that of the onenext to it (eighth) has none of this color at the base; usually it is edged with it.The extent of the pale orange or saturn red on the remiges varies considerably, butnearly always it occupies less than half the exposed portion of the secondaries, exceptsometimes on the innermost ones, and on the primaries never involves more than thebasal third, usually much less. The rectrices next to the middle pair usually havethe ))asal half of outer web salmon-pink, the inner web entirely or mostly black.
^ There is little variation in this color, which is practically the same in at least 90per cent of the specimens examined; very rarely, however, the orange-red is replaced,not only on sides of breast but also on the wings and tad, by yellow.
'Often there is a "solid" patch of black between the lateral orange-red andmedian white, sometimes extending backward as far as the flanks; more rarely theblack ends abruptly on the chest, with a rounded or convex posterior outline. Fre-quently the white portions are tinged with orange-red, especially on sides and flanks;very rarely the white is entirely replaced by orange-red. (See Mearns, Bull. Nutt.Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 70.)
* There is no difference in color of plumage according to season, except that falland winter specimens, being in fresher feather, are rather more richly colored.
^ Fifteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 725
spicuous patch of 3'ellow on each side of chest and breast, the medianportion of breast, together with sides and flanks, sometimes tingedwith yellow; bill dark brown or brownish black in summer, pale brownin winter; iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 112-121(110.9); wing, 58-66 (61.1); tail, 49-58(54.1); exposed culmen, 8-9(S.8): tarsus, 15-18 (17.1); middle toe, 9-11 (10.4).^[ill mature ntnle.'^?Similar in coloration to the adult female andsometimes indistinguishable,'' but usually (?) with the back, etc., morebrownish olive and the yellow patch on side of breast more orange orsalmon color.Liimature female.?Similar to the adult female V)ut gray of headand neck more brownish, less strongly contrasted with olive of back;throat and chest (especially the latter) tinged with brownish Imfi'; yel-low on sides of breast less distinct, and that at base of secondariesalmost (sometimes entirely) concealed.Yoking ij)f)th sexes), frst i^himage.?Above plain grayish ])rown,beneath plain grayish white, deepening into pale gray on chest; noyellow on sides of breast; wings and tail as in older birds, but middleand greater wing-coverts tipped with dull white or pale yellowish,forming two bands.Temperate North America in general, except Pacific coast districtand western portions of Rocky Mountain district, within the UnitedStates; breeding northward in the Atlantic coast district to Nova Scotia,in the interior to Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution, etc.), andon the Pacific coast to southern Alaska (Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay),westward to Utah (Wasatch Mountains), Idaho (Fort Sherman), east-ern Washington (Okanogan County), and British Columbia (chiefl}" eastof Cascade Mountains), southward to Mississippi, etc. ; occurring cas-ually or occasionally in California (Haywards, June 20), Oregon (JohnDay River, July 1), Lower California (Miraflores and La Paz, Feb-ruary, March), Arizona (Catalina Mountains, August 2,Tucson, spring),and other parts of extreme western United States; in winter souththroughout West Indies, Mexico, and Central America to northernSouth America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, and BritishGuiana).[ifotacilla] ruticilla Linn^.us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 186 (based on The Red-Start, RuticiUa americana, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 67, pi. 67).[Muscicapa'] ruticilla Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 326.
?
Gmelin, Syst.Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 935.?Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 473.Muscicapa ruticilla Boddaert, Tal)l. PI. Enl., 1783, 33 (ex Gohe-mouc]ie,d' Amerifjue,Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 566, figs. 1, 2).?Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807,66, pis. 35, 36.?Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 103, pl. 6, fig. 6; v, 1812, 119,pi. 45, fig. 2.
?
^Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xi, 1817, 362.
?
Bonaparte,
' Eleven specimens.^The male is several years in acquiring the full plumage.
^ Unless some specimens have been incorrectly determined as to sex.
726 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 170; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1K26, 68.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 202, pi. 40; v, 1839, 428; Synopsis, 1839, 44;Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 240, pi. 68.
?
D'Orbigny, in La Sagra's Hist.Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 87.?Denny, Proi-. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Ja-maica; Cuba) .?Willis, Ann. Rep. Sniithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 281(Nova Scotia).Muscicapa {Si/Ivaiiia) rxticllla Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 291.Set(>plia(/<i. ruticllld Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 368; Zool. Journ., iii.May, 1827, 360; Isis, 1830, 1156.?Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Ain., ii, 1831, 223.-Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (Guate-mala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 24. Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan., 2d ed., i, 1840, 327.
?
Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 164.
?
Cabanis, inSchomburgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 66; Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 472(Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111(Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 144 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 289 (Mexico), 292(Cordova, VeraCruz) ; 1859, 374 ( Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; 1860, 84 ( Ecuador)
,
292 ( Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador) ; 1861, 72 (Jamaica ) ; 1864, 172 ( Valley of :\Iex-ico); 1876, 14 (.Santa Lucia); 1889, 326 (Dominica), 395 (Santa Lucia); Cat.Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Pennsylvania; Trinidad).
?
Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn.,1855,472 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (do. ); 1872, 419 (do. ); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,i, 1865, 237; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cuba,1873, 70.?Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vii,1859, 111 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 250 (Porto Rico); xi, 1867,91 (Santo Domingo);Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico).?Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857,231 (Santo Domingo).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 297; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 217; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 256.?Sclater and Sal-viN, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Belize, British Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); 1868, 166 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (Merida,Venezuela).
?
Newton (A. and E. ), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).
?
Albrecht,Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas); 1862,194 (Jamaica).
?
Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Isthmus of Panama) ; viii, 1864, 97 (Sombrero) ; viii,
. 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); ix, 1868, 96 (Angostura and Turrialba, CostaRica); Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 55 (Dominica), 189 (St. Vincent), 233(Antigua); i, 1879, 268 ((Treuada), 354 (^Martinique), 454 (Guadeloupe); Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).?Blakiston, Ibis,1862,4 (Saskatchewan); 1863,63 (Forks of Saskatchewan).
?
Verrill, Proc.Bost. Soc. N. IL, ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti I.).?March, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1863,293 (Jamaica).?Taylor, Ibis, 1864,81 (Trinidad).?Leotaud,Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 248.?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Feand David, Chiriqui) ; 1868, 176 (Venezuela) ; 1870, 183 ( Veragua) ; Ibis, 1878,305 (monogr.).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Barranca, CostaRica).
?
Sumichra.st, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., i, 1869, 547 (VeraCruz, winter).
?
FiNSCH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 565 (Trinidad).
?
Sundevall, Ofv. k.Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870,596 (Porto Rico).?Wyatt, Ibis, 1871.323 (Herradura, etc., Colombia).
?
Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872,197 (Colorado). Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 167 (Ogden, Utah,Sept. 8), 175 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874,53 (North Dakota); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,166 (Santa Lucia); Bull.Am. Mus. N.H., iv, 1892,51 (El Pilar, Venezuela, Nov. ); xiii, 1900, 176(Bonda and, Valparaiso prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept. 2 to Mar. 30);Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.). Baird, Brewer, and Rid(5way, Hist. N.Am.Birds, i, 1874,322, pi. 16, figs. 1, 5.?Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid.,1875, 209 (Huerfano R., Colorado; Provo, Utah).
?
Ridgway, Bull. EssexInst., vii, 1875, 24 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 727438 (Salt Lake Valley and Wasatch Mts., Utah); Norn. N. Am. Birds,1880, no. 128; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Coznmel L, Yuca-tan); X, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. IllinoiH, i, 1889,177.?BoucARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Jost^ and Cartago,Costa Rica, Jan. to Apr.).?Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 70(plumage).
?
Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Atanques, prov. SantaMarta, Colombia, 4,000 ft., Feb.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 178.?Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 50 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington,1 spec, Aug. 24).
?
Emerson, Ornith. and Oolog., vi, 1881, 43 (Haywards,California, 1 spec, June 20, 1881); Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (do.); Condor, iii, 1901,145 (John Day R., Oregon, July 1, 1899).?Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,75; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom.,1885, 40; Auk, iii, 1886, 46 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Mar-tinique); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brae); vii, 1890, 375 (Tortola and VirginGorda); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eu-statius), 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher), 49(Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (GreatBahama, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, Concepcion,Long I., Green Cay, Turks I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamas;Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, Tortola, VirginGorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Sombrero, St. Eustatius, St. Chris-topher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vin-cent, Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles).?Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,vii, 1882, 91 (Hopefleld and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).
?
Berlepschand Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 541 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador,Nov.).?Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 350 (MirafloresandLaPaz,Lower CaUfornia, 2 specs., Feb., Mar.?, 1883).?Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 217(song) .
?
Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., X, 1885, 411 (Fort Simpson, British America; Jima, Ixaiador; Roraima,British Guiana, etc).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,no. 687.?Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada).?Zeledon,Anal. Mus. Nac Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San Jose, Tdrcoles, Naranjo deCartago and Alajuela, Costa Rica).?Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts.,Arizona, 1 spec, Aug. 12; Tucson, Arizona, 1 spec, spring).
?
Cherrie, Auk,vii, 1890, 337 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Aug. 13 to Mar. 6); Contr. Orn. SanDom., 1896, 12.?Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (RioEscondido, Nicaragua, winter, after Sept. 20).
?
Nehrling, Our Native Birds,etc, i, 1893, 275, pi. 14, fig. 5.?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894,24 (Trinidad).
?
Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 180 (Okanogan Co., Washington,breeding).?Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, sum-mer resid. ).
?
Birtwell, Auk, xvi, 1899, 184 (nesting in Vireo's nest).
?
Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (British Columbia; regularly e. of CascadeMts., occasionally on w. side).?Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898,144 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61(Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. 24).S[etophaga] ruticilla Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18.?Newton (A. and E.),Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 316.?RiDcnvAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529.[Setophaga'] ndicilla. Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312.?Coues, Key N. Am.Birds, 1872, 110.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.[Motacilla] flavicauda Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 997 (based on Yellow-tniledFlycatcher, Mim-irapa cauda lulett, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 101, pi.257, up. fig.).S{_ylvia\ flavicauda ^vcKow , Anfungs. Naturg. Thiere, Vogel, ii, 1801, 1116.
728 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.(?) Sylvia nisseicauda YiEiLLOT, Oh. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 17, pi. 71 (Pennsylvania;coll. Vieillot); Nouv. Diet. d'Hint. Nat., xi, 1817, 266. ?Stephens, Shaw'sGen. Zool., x, 1817, 675.(?) Sylvia russicauda Vieillott, Enc. M^th., ii, 1823, 476.(?) [Setophaga] russeicauda Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3517.Motacilla trlcolora Muller Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figuiernoir eljaune de Cayenne Daubenton, PL Enl., 391, fig. 2; adult male).[Motacilla^ mnliicolor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 972 (Cayenne; based onFiguier iioir Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v., 314; Figuier noir et jaune Daubenton,PI. Enl., pi. 391, %. 2; Ruferm and hhtck Warhler Latham, Synop. Birds, ii,pt. 2, 493).SETOPHAGA PICTA PICTA (Swainson).PAINTED REDSTART.Adults {sexes alihe).^?Head, neck, upper chest, sides, back, scapulars,lesser wing-covei-ts, ruuip, and upper tail-coverts uniform deep black,with a faint bluish gloss; wings and tail black, the former relieved bya large white patch involving the middle and greater coverts and edgesof innermost secondaries (tertials), the latter with three outermostrectrices extensively white terminally, this white occupying muchthe greater part of the outermost rectrix; lower chest, breast, andabdomen rich vermilion or poppy red, rarely more orange-red; undertail-coverts black or blackish, broadly tipped with white; axillars andunder wing-coverts mostly white; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris brown.Young^ first jAumage.-?Above plain sooty })lack, the wings and tailas in adults, but the white wing-patch tinged with bull'; beneath sootygrayish, passing into dull whitish on center of abdomen, the breastspotted or broadly streaked with sooty blackish.Adult y/;f//(^.?Length (skins), 123-128 (124.7); wing, 68-75 (71.9);tail, 61-68 (63.3); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6).'Adult /?//r/^>.?Length (skins), 125-135 (130.8); wing, 67-70 (68.7);tail, 60-64.5 (62.4); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 X^.'d); tarsus, 16-17 (16.3).'Higher mountains of central and southern Arizona (Mogollon, Gra-ham, Cbiricahua, Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Huachuca ranges,etc.,) and New Mexico (Grant County), and southward over higherdistricts of Mexico to States of Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and Oaxaca (LaParada; Cinco Senores).Setophaga pida Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2d ser., i, 1829, pi. 3 (Real del IVIonte,Hidalgc, Mexico); Anim. in ^Menair., 1838, 293.
?
Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1851, 50.?Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329("Texas"); Rep. Pacific R.R.Surv.,ix, 1858, 298; ed. 1860 (Birds N.Am.),pi. 77, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 218; Rep. U. S. and 3Iex. Bound.Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865,256, part (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan).
?
Sclater,
* I can not find that there is even an average difference in the coloration of the sexesof this species.^Ten specimens. ' Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 729Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66; 1856, 292 (near City of Mexico); 1858, 299,(La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (Cinco Senores, Oaxaca).
?
Sumichrast, Mem.Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine reg. Orizaba).
?
Ridgway, Am. Nat.,vi, 1872, 436 (Tucson, Arizona) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 129.?Coues,Check List, 1873, no. 105; 2d ed., 1882, no. 151; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335.?Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 104 (Apache and30 m. 8. of Apache, Arizona, Aug. 29 to Sept. 11; habits); Zool. Exp. W.100th Merid.. 1875, 209 (Rock Canon, Mt. Graham, near Camp Critten-den, etc., Arizona; habits; descr. young).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part; ii, 1874, pi. 46, fig. 7; pi. 56, fig. 3;iii, 1874, 507 (Tucson, Arizona).
?
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874,270 (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan; habits).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1878, 306, part(monogr.).?Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1880, 73 (Chiricahua Mts.,Arizona, Apr.); vii, 1882, 140 (habits; descr. nest and eggs; etc.), 249.
?
Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 176 (Santa Rita Mts., Ari-zona, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 179, jiart (Mexican localities and references).
?
Scott,Auk, ii, 1885, 353 (Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts.,Arizona, above 4,000 ft. ).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 415(Ciudad Durango, etc.; excl. syn. part).
?
Aaierican Ornithologists' Union,Check List, 1886, no. 688.?Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts.,Arizona).?Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 367 (s.w. part Grant Co., New Mexico).Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Guanopa and Huerachi, n. w.Chihuahua, Dec, Feb. ).?Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 279.?Breninger, Condor, iii, 1901, 147 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; descr. nest andeggs).S[etophaga\ picta Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1884, 315.?Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529.{Setophaga] picta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (Zacatecas). Gray,Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3515.?Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 110.?Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.Musdcapaleucomus Giraud, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 23, pi. 6, fig. 1("Texas"; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).SETOPHAGA PICTA GUATEMAL/E Sharpe.GUATEMALAN PAINTED REDSTART.Similar to S. v. picta, but with third rectrix entirely black or elsewith very little white, and white edgings to innermost secondaries (ter-tials) much less distinct, often obsolete; average size slightly less.Adult male.?ljQ\\^\h (skins), 120-129 (126); wing, 66-71 (68.5);tail, 60-61.5 (60.9); exposed culmen, 8.5; tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2).^Ad^dt femde.-\j^x\^ (skins), 132-133 (132.5); wing, 67-68.5(67.8); tail, 62-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8-8.5 (8.2); tarsus, 17.'Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, ridge near Chancol,Hacienda Chancol, San Geronimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, Tactic,Canilla-Guitche, Toyabaj-Guitche, etc.), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains,San Cristobal, etc.) and northern Honduras (Comayagua).
^ Four specimens. ^ Three specimens.
730 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Setuphaga pk'Ut (not of Swainson) Sclater and Salvix. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1859, 12 (Guatemala).
?
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Coniayagua, Honduras).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Guatemala).
?
Eaird, Review Am. Birds,1865, 256, part (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).? Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, .322, part (Guatemala).
?
Lawrence, Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).?Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-ilm., Aves, i, 1881, 179, part (Volcan de Fuego, ridge nearChancol, San Geronimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, and Tactic, Guatemala;Comayagua, Honduras).[SetnphiKja^ picta Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.\_Setopha(f(t picta.] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatemahr Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 417 (Guatemala, no type locality indicated; coll. Brit. Mus.
)
S\_etophuga] picta guateiiialu' Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530.Setophaga picta guatemalx Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (interior of Chiapas).Genus MYIOBORUS Baird.Myioborus Baird, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 237, 257. (Type, Setophagarerticalis Swainson.
)
Similar to Setophaga, but bill more depressed, rictal bristles muchlonger (equal to or longer than bill); wing shorter and much morerounded (nintii primary shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter thanthird); tarsus longer (very much more than one-fourth to more thanone -third as long as wing), and style of coloration very different(crown with a patch of chestnut, or else forehead yellow and underparts yellow; no white, orange, nor yellow on wing; back, etc., slate-gray or slate color, rarely olive or brownish).Bill about half as long as head, or less, very much depressed, trian-gular or broadly wedge-shaped in vertical profile; culmen sharpl}^ridged, straight to near tip, where strongly decurved; commissurestraight with subterminal notch of maxillary tomium minute butdistinct. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, in lower anter.or portion ofnasal fossae, overhung by a broad membranous operculum, partlycovered by latero-frontal feathers. Rictal bristles greatly developed,reaching nearly to, sometimes beyond, tip of bill when directed for-ward. Wing moderate, much rounded (ninth primary shorter thanfourth, sometimes not longer than second, the eighth shorter than fifth);wing-tip decidedly shorter than commissure, but little more than halfas long as tarsus. Tail about as long as wing or slightly shorter, nmchrounded, the rectrices usually subacuminate at tips. Tarsus nuu-hmore than one-fourth as long as wing (sometimes more than one thirdas long), the scutella indistinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorterthan tarsus; Imsal phalanx of middle toe united for much mori^ thanhalf its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe.Colmrttum.?Under parts yellow or orange (orange-red or vermilionin one species), the throat sometimes blackish; upper parts usually
.slate color or slate-gray, rarely olivi^ or brownish, the crown usuallywith a patch of chestnut or cimiumon-rufous, or else the forehead yel-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 731low; no lighter markings on wing, but lateral rectrices more or lessextensively white terminally; sexes alike.Nidification.?Unknown
.
Range.?The whole of continental tropical America. (Abouttwelve species.)This is a very natural and homogeneous group, in this respectstrongly contrasting with Badleuteru-s. The eleven species examined 'agree very closely in structural details, the slight departures from thenormal type consisting almost wholly in inmiaterial ditferences in rela-tive length of the wings and tail. The latter is usually a little shorterthan the former; in MJ imniata fiarnmea and M. ?75//rw;.y the wingand tail are of the same length, while in M. verticalIs (a close ally ofthe former, with identical color-pattern) the tail is decidedly shorterthan the wing, the other species ranging between these extremes. Thewing-formula is remarkably uniform, and the variations in the patternof coloration are confined almost wholly to the head.All the Central American and Mexican forms have a large patch ofchestnut or chestnut-rufous on the crown, the forehead and sides ofthe crown being black.KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP MYIOBORUS.
a. Throat black or blackish slate; sides of head slate color or slate-gray.h. Under parts of body red or reddish orange,
c. Third rectrix with a large terminal spot of white; red of under parts usuallybright vermilion or pinkish vermilion. ( Highlands of Mexico.)Myioborus miniatus miniatus, adults (p. 731)cc. Third rectrix entirely black; red of under parts usually orange red or flamescarlet. ( Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas.)Myioborus miniatus flammeus, adults (p. 733)hh. Under parts of body orange-yellow. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
)
Myioborus aurantiacus, adults (p. 733)aa. Throat and sides of head lemon yellow, like under parts of body; a dusk}' orslaty band across chest. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.)Myioborus torquatus, adults (p. 735)MYIOBORUS MINIATUS MINIATUS (Swainson).RED-BELLIED REDSTART.Adult male.?Forehead, anterior portion of crown, sitperciliaryregion, lores, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat uniformblack; posterior portion of crown and occiput chestnut, the featherselongated; postocular region, posterior portion of auricular region,hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rumpuniform slate color; wings darker with slate colored or slate-gra}'edgings; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the three outermost rectrices
' Of those given in vol. x of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum(pp. 410-430) all have been examined in the present connection except M. brun-neiceps and M. castaneicapilla.
732 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.broadl}' tipped with white: ' under parts of body vermilion red, the sidesand flanks parti}' slate-gray; under tail-coverts blackish slate or slate-black, l)roadly tipped with white; axillars and under wing-covertswhite; bill, legs, and feet black or brownish black; iris brown; length(skins), 130-134 (131); wing, 62.5-65 (63.5); tail, 69-72 (70.4); exposedculmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.2).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male, but forehead and anteriorportion of crown slate color, each feather with a central spot of black;throat, etc., duller black or blackish slate; red of under parts slightlypaler, more pinkish; length (skins), 126-134 (133); wing, 61-65(62.9); tail, 68-72 (70.2); exposed culmen, 7.5-8.5 (8); tarsus, 18.5-19(18.9).'Youvg, jirsit plumage.?Above, including entire pileum, uniformsooty slate-color; under parts similar but paler, the median portion ofchest, ])reast, and abdomen dull chestnut, fading into pale cinnamon orcinnamon-buft' on center of abdomen; wings and tail as in adults, butmiddle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly ti^jped with brownish.Highhmds of Mexico, in States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz. Mexico,Puebla, Zacatecas, Sinaloa. Chihuahua (Jesus Maria), etc.Selophaga miniata Swainson, Fhiloy. Mag., new ?er., i, 1827, .368 (\''alladoIid,Mexico); Isi^, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293.?Sclater, Pror. Zoo).Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca);1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 374 (Cinco Seiiores and Totontepee, Oaxaca);1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Mexico).?Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 299; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am. ), pi. 77, fig. 1;Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 219; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259 (n. e Mexico;Jalapa; Orizaba).
?
Sujuchrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temperateand alpine regions, Orizaba).
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am.Birds, i, 1874, 322, part (Mexico).^Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,1874, 270 (Sierra Mailre near Mazatlan; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no.4, 1876, 16 (Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan).?Salvin, Ibis, 1878, 308, part(Mexico; monogr. ).
?
Coces, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy).
?
Saiain and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 181, part (Mexicanlocalities).?RiDCiWAv, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 130.
?
Sharpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 418 (near City of Mexico; La Parada, Oaxaca;
.Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137(Puebla).^American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 689.Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).>S[ct<ii)}ia(ja] rmniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.
?
Ridgway, INIan. N. Am.Birds, 1887, 530.[Setopltagd} miniata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3524.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Mexico).MuHcicapa larrata Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico); seeJourn. fiir Orn.-, 1863, 58.
^This white occupies about the terminal half of the outer web on the outermostrectrix, and extends for 20 to 30 mm. from tip on inner web; the white on the thirdrectrix varies from 10 to J5 nmi. in length; occasionally there is a small white spotat tip of the fourth rectrix.
^ Five specimens. ' Fdur specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 733Muscicapa vulnerata Wagler, Isi8, 1831, 529 (cites Mascicapa derhami Giraiid andSetophaga miniata Sw&inson)
.
?Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50.Sl_etop}iaga] vulnerafn Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.
?
Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i,1850, 18 (Mexico).ISeiophaga'] vulnerata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 313 (Zacatecas).Setophaga imlnerata Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329("Texas").?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65.Setophaga castanea Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Jan., 1839 (pub. 1840), 42 (Mexico).Muscicapa derhamii Giraud, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 13, pi. 3,fig. 2, ("Texas;" type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).MYIOBORUS MINIATUS FLAMMEUS (Kaup).KAUP'S REDSTART.Similar to 3f. )n. /lu'nkttu.s, hut with iniich less white on the tail, thethird rectrix being- either entirely black or with only a minute whitespot at tip; red of under parts usually of a more orange hue (nearlyflame scarlet), varying, rarely, to light reddish orange^ or saturn red.Adult male.?Length (skins), 1^6; wing, 63; tail, 64.5-65 (64.7);exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.7); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.2).^Adult female.?IjQxxgih. (skins), 120-130 (125); wing, 59-63 (60.3);tail, 60-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.8); tarsus, 18.'Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban,Choctura, Duenas, etc.) and Chiapas (Tumbala, Yajalon, Chicharros,Tenejapa, etc.).Setophaga flaiamea Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50 (Guatemala; coll.Derby Mus.); 1855, 77 (crit. nomencl. ).?Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 12(Guatemala).
?
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Guatemala).
?
Baird,Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, part (Coban, Guatemala).[Setophaga mlniata.} Subsp. a. Setophagaflammea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,x, 1885, 419 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Col)an, Choctum, andDuenas, Guatemala).S[etophaga'] iitiniatajiaimnea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530.Setophaga miniatajtammea ]>iEhiiON, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Chiapas).Setophaga intermedia Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, 5 (Guatemala; coll.Bremen Mus. )
.
Setophaga miniata (not of Swainson) Boucard, Liste Ois. (niat., 1878, 30. Salvinand GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, ISl, jiart (Guatemalan refer-ences and localities).[Setophaga^ miniata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part(Guatemala).MYIOBORUS AURANTIACUS (Baird).YELLOW-BELLIED REDSTART.Similar to M. m. mmiati/s^ but with under parts of body saffron orcadmium yellow instead of vermilion red.Adults {sexes alike).?Forehead, sides of crown, chin, ana throat
1 Two specimens. - Three specimens.
784 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.black; crown (except laterall}') and occiput chestnut, the featherselongated; rest of head and neck (including lores and superciliaryregion), together with back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rumpuniform bluish slate color; wings blackish with slate colored edgings;upper tail-coverts black, usually margined with slaty; tail black, thethree outermost rectrices extensively white at tip; under parts ofbody saffron or cadmium yellow, usuall}' deeper and more brownishyellow on chest; under tail-coverts white, slate color, or slate-graybasally; axillars and under wing-coverts white; bill, black; iris,brown; legs and feet blackish.Young in first phnncKje.?Above, including whole pileum, uniformsooty slate; beneath similar but paler, the chest strongly tinged withrusty or cinnamon;^ wings and tail essentially as in adults.Adult male.?\j^w^\h (skins), 118-128 (121); wing, 58-66 (63.1); tail,55.5-62 (59.5); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7).'Adult female.?\^^w%\h (skins), 120-127 (124.2); wing, 58-63 (61);tail, 56-62 (58.8); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6).'Highlands of (Josta Rica (Dota, Grecia, Barranca, Cartago, Naranjo,Turrialba, Tucurrique, Candelaria, etc.) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chi-riqui, Boquete, Calovevora, etc.).Setophaga flamynea (notof Kaup) Cabani8, Journ. fiirOrn., 1861,85 (Costa Rica).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, itart (ref. tuCaljanis, loc. cit. and locality
"Costa Rica").[Setophaga miniata.] Subsp. a. Setopluiga Ji(xmmea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns.,X, 1885, 419, part (loc. " Costa Rica ")
.
Setophaga aurantiaca Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (Dota, Costa Rica;coll. U. S. Nat. Mas. ).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Grecia,Barranca, and Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Iliis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica; crit.);1878, 310 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Yolcan de Chiriquiand Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 29-4 (Cande-laria Mts., Costa Rica).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 83 (Cartagoand Naranjo, Costa Rica). Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 1881, 182 (Turrialba and Tucurrique, Costa Rica, etc.).
?
Sharpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 421.?Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,528 (Costa Rica; crit.); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13(Rio Naranjo).
?
Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Cartagoand Dota, Costa Rica).
?
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61(Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 ft.).[Setophaga'] ((urantiaca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 24:>, no. 3525. Sclater andSalvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 11.Setophaga rcrticalis (notof Lafresnaye and D'Orljigny) Sclater and Salvin, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 166 (Veragua).
^ The first plumage of the only young example examined is incomplete, the yellowof the under parts of the body of the adult plumage having been acquired.
^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 735MYIOBORUS TORQUATUS (Baird).COLLARED REDSTART.Adults {sexes rr/lke).?Forehead (except extreme anterior portion)and sides of crown and occiput black; crown (except laterally) andocciput rufous-chestnut, the feathers elongated; nape (mostly con-cealed by the rufous-chestnut occipital feathers) blackish; rest ofupper parts plain slate color, sometimes faintly tinged with olive, theback rarely indistinctly clouded with dusk}"; wings blackish slatewith indistinct slaty edgings; tail black, the two outermost rectricesextensively white terminally, the third sometimes with a small amountof white at tip; whole side of head, including superciliary, loral,^suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, together with under parts(except under tail-coverts) lemon j^ellow, interrupted by a band ofslate color or blackish slate across chest; under tail-coverts pale 3'ellowor yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillars mostly yellowish-white; bill black or dusky brown; iris brown; legs and feet blackish.Adult male.?Jjem^th (skins), 124-127 (125.4); wing, 65-68 (66,5);tail, 60-62.5 (61.2); exposed culmen, 19-21 (19.8).'"=Adult female. -hength (skins), 124-125 (124.7); wing, 63-66 (64.5);tail, 57-60 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19. 6).''Highlands of Costa Rica (San Jose, La Palma, Candelaria Moun-tains, Volcan de Irazu, etc.) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui, Cordil-lera del Tole, Boquete, etc.).Setophaga torquata Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (San Jose, CostaRica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).? Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136(Cordillera de Tole, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1878, 319 (Volcan de Chiriqui; monogr.) .
?
Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San Jose and La Palma, CostaRica).? Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Candelaria Mts., CostaRica).?Bout'ARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (Volcan de Irazu,Costa Rica).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.', Aves, i, 1881, 183, pi. 10,fig, 2.?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Volcan de Irazii).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 424 (Irazu district and La Palma, CostaRica, etc.).
?
^Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Volcan deIrazu).?Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Volcan de Chi-riqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).{tSetojihaga'} turquatn Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3526.
?
Sclater and Sal-vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis.
Ei(t.hli/pis CABAi^m, Mus. liein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, E. lachrifmom Ca-hanis.)Similar to Mylohorus., but l)ill much longer (nearly as long as head)and nuich less depressed, relatively narrower and deeper; rictal bris-tles shorter, not reaching more than halfway to tip of bill.
' The yellow of the lores crosses the extreme anterior portion of the forehead.
^ Five specimens. ^ Four specimens.
736 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bill nearly a.s long- as head, wedge-shaped in vertical profile, .slightlydepressed, its depth at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its widthat same point; culmen sharply ridged, straight or very faintl}' convexfor most of its length, the terminal portion strongly decurved; gonysslightly convex basally, straight, or nearly so, terminally; maxillarytomium faintly convex anterior to middle portion, its subterminalnotch distinct. Nostril longitudinal, narrow, overhung by a broadmembranous operculum. Rictal bristles well developed, but notreaching to much beyond nostrils when directed forward. Wingrather long, rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, eighthslightly shorter than sixth, ninth shorter than fifth); wing-tip aboutequal to exposed culmen, slightly more than half as long as tarsus.Tail nearly as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices rather narrow,with tips subacuminate. Tarsus a little less than one-third as long aswing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorterthan tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its lengthto outer toe, for about half its length to middle toe.Coloration.?Forehead and crown black, the latter with a centralspot of yellow; rest of upper parts brownish slate color, the tailblackish, with short white tips to rectrices (except middle pair); underparts yellow, the chest and sides light orange-rufous or tawny; supra-loral spot and part of eyelids white; sexes alike.Nidijicatlo)).?Unknown.RaiK/e.?Highlands of southern Mexico and Central America.(Monotypic.)If this genus is not to be recognized the type species must bereferred to Basileuterim and not to Mi/!()hot'ui^ {^^ Setophaga^'''' part),as has usually been done. It is distinctly more nearly allied to theformer. (See remarks under Baslleutcrtf.s^ on p. 740.)EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA LACHRYMOSA Cabanis.FAN-TAILED WARBLER.Adult male.?Forehead, sides of crown, lores, and anterior portionof suborbital and malar regions black; a white spot on each side offorehead, about halfway between eye and nostril; a white mark oneach e3'elid; median portion of crown yellow; rest of head and neck(except chin and throat), together with upper parts, plain dull blackishslate-color, sometimes slightly tinged with olive on back; tail slate-black, the rectrices all (except sometimes the middle pair) tipped withwhite, this broadest on inner webs, and increa.sing in extent frommiddle to exterior rectrices (about 10-12 mm. in extent on inner webof outermost rectrix); chin white; throat, breast, and alxlomen lemonyellow, the first .sometimes tinged with tawny; chest (sometimes throatalso) and sides of breast deep gallstone yellow or intermediate betweenthat color and raw sienna; sides and flanks olive; under tail-coverts
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 737
white, tinged witli yellow, the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface;axillars and under wing-coverts mostly gray, sometimes tinged witholive; bill black; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins); length(skins), 141-152 (116); wing, 75.5-80 (77.1); tail, 70-73 (71.6); exposedculmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, 23-21.5 (23.9); middle toe, 13-11 (13.5).'Adult female.?Similar to the adult male in coloration, and notalways distinguishable, but averaging rather lighter slate color above,with the back more strongly tinged with olive; lores and anteriorportion of suborbital and malar regions sometimes dull slate-gray,instead of black; yellow crown-patch usuall}' {i) rather smaller, withthe feathers, especially the more posterior ones, tipped with olive;wing and tail shorter; length (skins), 140-152 (146.4); wing, 67-76(71); tail, 64-69 (66.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.1); tarsus, 22.5-24(23.3); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (13.1).-Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa;Mirador; Motzorongo), Pue)>la (Acatlan), Oaxaca (Pluma; Tehuan-tepec; Santa Eligenia), and Chiapas (Tuxtla); highlands of Guatemala(Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenaugo; Savana Grande;Barranca Honda), and southward to Nicaragua (Ometepe).E\_at]diipis] lacJifi/iDosa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19, footnote (Lacunas,Mexico; coll. Berlin Mns. ; ex. Sijli'ia lachri/mosa Lichtenstein, manuscript).EiUhh/pis Uichrynumi Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lend., 1856, 291 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Jalapa).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, (Tuatemala).?SrMicnuAST,Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz; habits) .?Nut-ting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).
?
Ferrari-Pekez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Acatlan, Puebla).[^Bimleuterus] lachrymosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314 (Lagunas).Setophaga lachrymosa'BAiRD, Review Am. Birds, 1865,263 (Mexico; Savana Grande,Guatemala) .
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1878, 320, part (monogr. ).
?
Salvin and Godman,Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part pi. 11, fig. 2.
?
Siiarpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 430 (Jalapa and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Santa Efigenia,Oaxaca; Volcan de Agua, Barranca-Hondo, and Alotenango, Guatemala).ISetojiJtaga] lacJiri/rnnsa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3539.
?
Sclater andSalvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.
' Four specimens.
^ Seven specimens.Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
Locality.
738 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATP:S NATIONAL MUSEUM.EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA TEPHRA Ridgway.'WESTERN FAN TAILED WARBLER.Similar to K. I. hwlininiosa^ hut sides of head much lighter slate-gray, the lores and anterior portion of su})orhital and malar regionsnever blackish: upper ])arts lighter slate coloi-, the back, etc., nuichmore strongly tinged with olive; white supraloral spot averaginglarger; wing and tail averaging shorter.Adult maJ,'.^\j(t\\gih (skins), 131?-1()() (144.i>); wing, 69-75 (73.1);tail, 65-71 (67.9); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.4): tarsus, 23-24 (23.1);middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.6)."'A<I > lit female.?Length (skins), 142; wnng, 68; tail, 66.5; expo.sedculmen, 12.5; tarsus, 23; middle-toe, 13.''Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda de San Rafael),Sinaloa (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan), and Jalisi'o (Barranca Ibarra;San Sel)astian).Eulhhjji'ix Idclu'i/mosa (not of C'abani.s) Lawrence, Mem. Bo.st.. Soc. N. H., ii,1874, 270 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; habits).?Jouy, Proc. U. B. Nat. Mns., xvi,189:^, 777 (Barranca Ibarra, Jali.si'o; habits).Setopluuja litchri/uiona S.vlvin, Il)i8, 1878, .320, part (.Mazatlan).
?
Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Avt's, i, ISSl, 184, part (Mazatlan).Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis.Bmilentenoi^ Cabanis, in Wie^rinann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., iii, pt. i, 1847, Slf).(Type, Siflrid, rcrmirora Vieillot, =<SV/o/*/(ffr/(( (uiroritpilla Swainson.
)
Itfiotrx Baikd, Review Am. Birds, AjjHI, 18(i5, 2.S7, 247. (Type, Siiophni/n riifi-fniin^ Swainson.
)
Similar to WiJxonhi., but wing relatively shorter and much morerounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth instead of longer thantifth), wing-tip shorter (less than half as long as tarsus instead of nuichmore), bill relatively longer, stouter, and less compressed terminall}',and pileum three-striped (two lateral 1)lack stripes inclosing one ofchestnut, rufous, buti'y, or grayish) or wholly rufous, or else theiType, no. 151906, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua,May 10, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar; received from William Brewster.
'^ Eight specimens.
^ One specimen.Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows:
Locality.Two adult males from Chihuahua (Hacienda Smii Rafael)..Two adult males from Sinaloa (Mazatlan)Four adult males from Jalisco ( Barranca Ibarra and SanSebastian)
Wing.
BIHDS OK NORTH AND MIDDLE AMKUD'A. 739rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail hutf. Similar also toEuthh/pls, ])ut tarsus relatively longer (at least one-third as lono- aswing), ninth primary shorter than fourth (instead of longer), andwithout white on rectrices.Bill decidedly shorter than head, sometimes scarcely more than halfas long-, but very varialile as to relative length and width and extent ofdepression (sometimes the width at nostrils equal to, usuallv decidedlyless than, length of exposed culmen); culmen rather distinctly I'idged,nearly straight for basal third or more, l)ecoming gradually more decid-edly curved terminally, the tip of the maxilla moderately producc^l, l?utscarce^ uncinate; gonys very faintly convex; maxillary tomium nearlystraight to near tip, where faintly concave, with distinct subterminalnotch. Nostril longitudinal, nearly linear, in lower anterior portionof nasal fossa% overhung by a broad membraneous operculiuu. Rictal))ristles very distinct, but varia))le as to development, usually extendingbut little if any beyond nostrils (when directed forward), sometimesreaching consideral^ly beyond. Wing rather short to rather long, moreor less rounded (eighth to fifth, seventh, seventh and sixth, or sixth andfifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fifth, usually shorter thansecond, sometimes shorter than first); wing-ti}) variable, always shorterthan middle toe with claw, sometimes much shorter than middle toewithout claw. Tail more or less shorter than wing, or at least notlonger (except in B. rufifmuH)^ usually equal to or longer than distancefrom bend of wing to tips of secondaries, more or less rounded (some-times almost even), the rectrices usually rather narrow, with tips sub-acuminate. Tarsus one-third to much more than one-third as long aswing, rathei- stout, its scutella fairly distinct; middle toe, with claw,much shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx united for more than halfits length lo outer toe, for al)out half (more or less) its length toinner toe.C'oJorat/ov.?No white on rectrices; wings unicolored; pileum three-striped (two black lateral stripes, inclosing a median one of chestnut,rufous, rufous-orange, yellowish, or grayish), or else wholly chestnut-rufous or (if unicolored and concolor with the back) the lower rump,upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail butf or ochraceous-butf; upperparts (except as described) plain olive, olive-green, or grayish; underparts yellowish (with or without whitish or grayish throat), yellowanteriorly and whitish posteriorly, or whitish or l)ufty mediall}' andgrayish or olive laterally.Nidificatiov .?Unknown.Range.?The whole of continental Tropical America. (Numerousspecies, mostly South American.)The thirty-odd species which compose this group as characterizedabove (and as usually recognized) var}^ so much in the details ofexternal structure that were it not for certain species of intermediate
740 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
.structure the group could easily be subdivided into several genera;but the existence of these intermediate forms seems to forbid suchsubdivision.B. culicivorm is the only species in which the eighth primary isequal, or nearly equal, to the longest, and (except B. /ri/coh/ejf/ia/'K.s)the only one in which the ninth primary is equal to or longer than thethird; yet this form is obviously very closely related to B. (mroca^lllus(the type of the genus). B. rv/fifrons is the only species which hasthe tail longer than the wing, yet there can be no question of the closerelationship ])etween B. rufifrons and B. helU^ the latter having thetail shorter than the wing. B. iiielamxjctiys has the bill relativelymuch smaller and narrower than other species, being quite similar, inthat respect, to Ergaticus; l?ut in other characters, including colora-tion, it is a typical Baslleuterus. The opposite development of thebill is seen in B. senilcervinm and related (probably conspecific) forms,B. uropygialis^ B. veraguensh^ and B. leucopygius; in these the bill isshaped very much as in the genus 3h/lohorus^ being almost equallybroad at the base, l)ut is less depressed and relativel}^ nmch larger.In this group, too, the coloration is peculiar, the pileum ])eing uni-colored and concolor with the back, while the lower rump, upper tail-coverts and basal half of the tail are butfy or ochraceous in abrupt andstrong contrast with the general uniform dark olive or olive-brown ofthe upper parts. B. st/'agulatus, however (of which, unfortunately,I have not been able to examine a perfect specimen), seems to agreein large and broad bill and other structural characters with B. seml-cei'mnus^ while having the three-striped pileum and dark-colored rump,etc., of the typical 7jfA6^?76'w^tfW. B. fraserl {y^\\\(i\\ has the ))ill inter-mediate between that of B. semiicermnus and the typical species, butmost like the former), presents a close approach in some characters aswell as in general appearance to Euthlypls, but differs from the latter(as do all other BasUeuteri) in having the tarsus at least one-third aslong as the wing, in having the ninth primary shorter than the fourth,and in lacking white spots at tips of the rectrices.There are several species of the group which I have not been ableto examine. Until these are carefully compared with the others theexact limits of the group can not be defined with precision; therefore,it is possible that, with all the species before him, some one else maybe successful in the attempt to subdivide.the genus which, as currentlyrecognized, certainly is a very heterogeneous group.
^
I would exclude from BasUeuterus several species allied to Trichaxnigrocristatius Lafresnaye, closel}^ resembling in coloration WihonlapusUla; the species named being the type of MyiotJdypis Cabanis.^
^The following BasUeuteri have not been seen by me: B. euophrys, B. dnerdcollii^,B. niiricularlK, B. grimceps, B. leucophri/s, B. mesoleucun, and B. holmanus.
'' 3fylothlypis Cal^anis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17. (Type, Trichas nigrocristatus Lafres-naye.) ("Von /ivta, Fliege, and 3/lu7r/5 iioin. prop.")
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741
KKV TO TirK SPKCIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BASILEUTEKHS.
a. Rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green or olive, concolor with back; tail entirelydark colored./*. Pileuni conspicuously different in color from back; no wing-bands. (Adults.)c. Auricular region chestnut, like pileinn.
'/. Superciliary stripe bright 3'ellow. {Basileuterus belli.
)
f. Darker, especially the chestmit on sides of head; tarsus shorter (20-22 inmale)./. Smaller (adult male avei'aging wing 57.7, tail 54.7, exposed culmen 9;adult female, wing 56.5, tail 52.2, exposed culmen 9.2) ; olive-green ofupper parts lighter; lores mostly black. (Southeastern Mexico, inStates of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, and Oaxaca.
)
Basileuterus belli belli, adults (p. 743)ff. Larger (adult male averaging wing 64.5, tail 61, exj^osed culmen 10.2;adult female, wing 58, tail 55.5, exposed culmen 10); olive-green ofupper parts darker; lores mostly chestnut. (Highlands of Guatemalaand Chiapas) Basileuterus belli scitulus, adults (p. 744)ee. Lighter, especially the chestnut on sides of head; tarsus longer (23-24 inmale). (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero and Jalisco.Basileuterus belli clarus, adults (p. 745)dd. Superciliary stripe white. {BanUcutems rujifrons.)
e. Under parts with only the anterior half yellow, the abdomen being white;sides and flanks grayish and buffy./. Back olive-green, abruptly contrasted with gray of hindneck; white ofposterior under parts usually more or less tinged with yellow; tailrelatively shorter (averaging 55.2 in male, 54.4 in female) and billlarger (exposed culmen averaging 10.6). (Southeastern Mexico, inStates of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca. and Chiapas; Guatemala.)Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, adults (p. 745)ff. P>ack grayish olive, scarcely different from dull gray of hindneck; whiteof posterior under parts pure, untinged with yellow; tail relativelylonger (averaging more than 57 in male, 56 or more in female) andbill smaller (exposed culmen averaging less than 10).g. Back grayer; tail shorter (averaging less than 58 in male) ; adult maleaveraging wing 52.8, tail 57.2, exposed culmen 8.9, tarsus 20.8.(Eastern l)order of Mexican plateau, in States of Nuevo Leon, SanI^uis Potosi, and northern Vera Cruz.
)
Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi, adults (p. 746)gg. Back browner; tail longer (averaging moi'e than 58 in male, morethan 56 in female) ; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 8.9 inmale)./(. Tail shorter (averaging 58.8 in male, 56.2 in female) ; jiileum almostwholly rufous. (Western and central Mexico, in States of Sina-loa, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, r)axa("a, Puebla, Hidalgo, andGuanajuato.
)
Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, adults (p. 747)///(. Tail longer (averaging 59.5 in male, 60.1 in female); pileumbrownish gray posteriorly (sometimes medially also). (North-western Mexico, in States of Sonora and Chihuahua.)Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus, adults (p. 748)ee. Under parts mostly (sometimes entirely) yellow, the sides and tlanksolive-green.
74'2 BULLETIN oO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
/. Auricular U'iiioii witli ouly tlic ujiin'r half chestnut, the lower halfwhitinh.g. Ilindneck and sides of neck gray; posterior under jiarts sometimespartly whitish. (Southern Vera Cruz to (iuatemala.)Basileuterus rufifrons flavigaster, adults (p. 748)gg. Hindneck and sides of neck olive-green, like back; under partswithout any whitish. ( Highlands of Guatemala.
)
Basileuterus rufifrons salvini, adults (p. 749)ff. Auricular region entirely chentinit.g. Darker; sides and flanks more strongly tinged with olive green.(Nicaragua and Costa Rica.)Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, adults (p. 749)gg. Lighter; sides and flanks less strongly tinged with olive-green.(Colombia, north to C'hiriqui.
)
Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus, adults (p. 750)cc. Auricular region without any chestnut.d. A white superciliary stripe; crown chestnut, bordered laterally with black;median under parts whitish. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui.
)
Basileuterus melanogenys, adults (p. 751)(Id. No white superciliary stripe; crown not chestnut.
e. Spot in front of eye, postocular streak, and part of auricular region black;superciliary stripe and median crown-stripe pale dral); undei' parts paleolive-yellowish. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua.
)
Basileuterus melanotis, adults (p. 752)ee. No black on side of head; superciliary region olive; median crown-stripemore or less yellow, sometimes partly orange-rufous or tawny; underparts bright yello\V. ( BasilcKlems culidvorus.
)
f. Back, etc., grayish, more or less tinge<l with yellowish olive.g. Back, etc., darker and grayer. ( Vera Cruz and Puel)la, Mexico, toCosta Rica.) Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus, adults (p. 758)gg. Back, etc., lighter, more tinged with yellowish olive.//. Lateral crown-stripes broader, deeper black; median crown-stripeclear lemon yellow, without olive tips to feathers. (States ofGuerrero and Jalisco, southwestern Mexico.)Basileuterus culicivorus flavescens, adults (p. 755)/(/(. Lateral crown-stripes narrower, chiller 1)lack; median crown-stripeobscured by grayish olive tips to feathers. (States of Tamau-lipas and San Luis Potosi, northwestern .Mexico.)Basileuterus culicivorus brasherii, adults (}). 755)ff. Back, etc., greenish olive. (('hiri(|ui and \'eragua.)Basileuterus culicivorus godmani, adults (p. 75t))hli. I'ileum concoior with back. Two narnnv wing-bands of buff. (Young).c. Back, etc., light brown or olive; chest buff or light olive.(/. A distinct supra-auricular streak of whitish; under parts more or less buffy.
e. Back olive; under parts pale buffy brownish, becoming nearly white onabdomen Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, young {]>. 7-JG)ee. Back grayish brown; under ))arts entirely deep l>uff.Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, young (p. 747)(Id. No whitish sujira-auricular streak; under parts pale olive, the abdomenpale sulphur yellowish Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, young (p. 747)cc. Back, etc., olive-brown or sooty; clu'st grayish brown or light sooty.Basileuterus melanogenys, j^oung (p. 752)au. Rump, tail-coverts, and at least l)asal half of tail buff. (Ba.sikitlerus semicervmus.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 743
h. More olive above; rump, tail-coverts, and base of tail deeper buff ; median underparts more strongly buffy, sides and flanks paler buffy olive. (Isthmus ofPanama, Veragua, and Chiriqui.)Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis, adults (p. 756)bb. More sooty above; rump, etc., paler buff; ine<lian under parts more whitish,sides and flanks sooty olive, (t'osta Rica to southern Hondui-as.
)
Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius, adults (p. 757)BASILEUTERUS BELLI BELLI (Giraud).BELL'S WARBLER.Adult male.?Upper parts, except pileum, plain olive-green, becom-ing dusk}" grayish on terminal portion of remiges; forehead and sidesof crown black, inclosing a central crown-patch of chestnut; a broadsuperciliar}" stripe of clear gamboge or lemon yellow, extending tosides of occiput; lores black, sometimes chestnut po.steriorly (next toe3'e); .su])orbital and auricular regions chestnut, this passing narrowlyabove the eye; malar region and under parts lemon yellow, more orless tinged with olive and passing into light olive-green on sides andflanks; 1)111 brownish black; legs and feet pale l)rown (in dried skins);length (skins), 11^125 (118.6); wing, 55-62 (57.7); tail, 5-1-56 (54.7);exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 21.^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-able, but usually (?) slightly lighter or more yellowish olive-greenabove; length (skin.s), 115-116 (115.3); wing, 54-59 (56.5); tail, 50-55(52.2); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21. l).'^Young^ first plwuiage.?Above, including pileum, superciliary re-gion, and lores, plain sepia or bister brown; the remiges and rectricesolive-green, as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped withlight fulvous or cinnamon -bull', producing two rather distinct bandsacross wing; sides of head (except lores) plain olive, gradually fadinginto paler olive on throat and chest, this passing into tawny olive orraw umber on sides and flanks; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts pale yellow (straw yellow).'*Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Jico,etc.), Mexico (near City of Mexico), and Oaxaca (Llano Verde, Toton-tepec. Mount Zempoaltepec, Re3^es, Cerro San Felipe, etc.).Mim-icapa belli Giraud, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 15, i>l. 4, fig. 2("Texas;" type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus."*).
' Three specimens. * Four specimens.
?'Described from no. 1482S7,. coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection),from Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Aug. 22, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. This speci-men is beginning to assume the adult jjlumage, the scapulars and lower Imck I)eingolive-green, while yellowish feathers are appearing in the supra-auricular region andon sides of chin.*The type specimen is so faded that its certain identification with one or anotherof the three forms here differentiated is almost impossible. It seems, however, to l)enearer the one from eastern Mexico tlian cither of the others.
744 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sel()pha(j<i heUi Baird, Stan.sbiiry's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 ("Texas").l^SetuplxKjal hel'd Gr.w, Hand-list, i, LS69, 245, no. 3556, part.Bas'denterns belli Sclatek, Proe. Zool. See. Lond., 1855, (>5 (crit.) ; 1859, 374 (LlanoVerde and Totontepec, Oaxaca).
?
Baird, Rep. Paciflc R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,305 (synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, i)art (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).
?
Sumichrast, Mem. Boat. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part (Mex-ico).?CouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy).
?
Ridgway, Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 134.
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves.,i,1881, 174, part.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 395, part (near Cityof Mexico; Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Llano Verde, Oaxaca) .
?
Ameri-can Ornitholo(;ists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part.[Basileuterus] belli Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.B{^asihulerns] belli Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part.Basileuterus bellii Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Orizaba).
?
Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 216.Bdfiileuterus cTirysophrys Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314 (Real Ariba, Mexico;coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Sylina clinixoplirys Lichtenstein, manuscript).
?
Scla-ter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).BASILEUTERUS BELLI SCITULUS Nelson.GUATEMALAN WARBLER.Similar to B. h. heUl but Itiroor; olive-green of upper parts darkeror duller; chestnut of crown and sides of head lighter and l)righter,the latter involving more (sometimes most) of loral region; yellow ofunder parts averaging slightly brighter.Adult iiuile.?l^Qngih (skins) 114-127 (123.2); wing, 56-65 (62.5);tail, 52-62 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsiLS, 20-22 (21).'Adnltfemale.?l^Qu^ih (skins), 125; wing, 5.5-61 (58); tail, 53-58(55.5); exposed cidmen, 10; tarsus, 21.5."Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Volcan de I^'uego, Volcan de Agua,Duenas, Todos Santos, Uspantan-Quiche, etc.) and Chiapas (San Cris-tobal).'Basdleuterus belli (not M^iRncapa belli Giraud) Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 31(Coban, Guatemala).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 18()5, 250, ])art (Coban).?Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part (Gua-temala).?CouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335, part (synonymy).
?
Boucard,Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,
' Four specimens. ^ Two specimens.
?^Specimens from San Cristobal are in reality intermediate between Guatemalanexamples (true B. b. .mtulus) and B. b. belli, liaving the darker olivt!-green upperparts of the former and the chiefly l)lackish lores of the latter. They are also inter-mediate in size, specimens averaging as follows:
Locality.
Three adult males of B. b. belli from OaxacaTwo adult males from ChiapasTwo adult males of B. h. seitulus from Guatemala
Wing.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7451881, 174, part (Guatemala) .?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus^., x, 1885, 895,part (VolcandeFuego, Volcan de Agua, and Duenas,Giuitenuila).
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AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part (Guatemala).[Basileutcrux'] 6?//i Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Guate-mala) .Blasilf'uterusi belli Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Guatemala).Bfmleulerus heJIi fscUnlns Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 268 (Todos Santos,Guatemala; coll. V. S. Nat. Mus.).BASILEUTERUS BELLI CLARUS Ridgway."CHILPANCINGO WARBLER.Similar to B. b. scltulus in the lighter iiiul briu-hter chestnut ofcrown and sides of head, more extensively chestnut lores, and brighteryellow of under parts, but tarsus much longer and olive-green ofupper parts lighter and more yellowish even than in JJ. h. helU.Adult male.?"L&ngth (skins), 12-1:-125 (124.5); wing, 63; tail, 59-60(59.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 23-24 (23.5).'Adult female.?Length (skins), 115-120 (117.5); wing, 56-58 (57);tail, 53-59 (56); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.7); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.7).'Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Chilpancingo) andJalisco (San Se))astian).Basileuterus hclli (not MMi^ncapa heHi Giraud) Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Chil-pancingo, Guerrero; 8an Sebastian, Jalisco).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS RUFIFRONS ( Swainson).RTJFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER.Adults {sexes alil'i).?Pileum deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, with an indistinct and sometimes nearly obsolete medianstripe of paler, this sometimes mixed with grayish, especially on theocciput, and sometimes white anteriorly (on median line of forehead);hindneck and sides of neck olive-gray; rest of upper parts plain gray-ish olive-green, the edges of greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rec-trices brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; a sharply defined super-ciliary line of white, extending from nostril to sides of nape; lores anda triangular postocular space ])lack or dark grayish, this passing nar-rowly above the eye; upper half (approximately) of auricular regioncinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, like pileum; lower portion ofauricular region, antei'ior portion of malar region, and chin white, thefirst sometimes faintl}' flecked with grayish; throat, chest, and upperbreast lemon or gamboge yellow; lower })reast, alxlomen, and undertail-coverts white, often tinged with yellow; sides and flanks lightl)uft'y brown; bill l)rownish 1)lack; iris reddish brown;'' legs and feetlight brown (indried skins).
'Type, no. 143292, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male;mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Dec. 24, 1894; Nelson and Goldman.
''Two specimens. ''C. Sartorius, manuscript.
746 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.You luj ^;tir><tjduiiUKje.?Above, including pileiini, plain olive, becom-ing olive-greenish on edges of remiges and rectriceis; middle and greaterwing-coverts tipped with brownish but!', forming two rather distinctnarrow bands across wing; sides of head plain olive, relieved b}^ abuffy whitish supra-auricular streak, the lores more dusky; malarregion, chin, throat, median portion of lower breast, abdomen, andunder tail-coverts, pale dull butfy; chest, sides of breast, and sidesplain pale bufly olive, the posterior portion of sides, and flanks, moredecidedly buffy.
.1^7/7;;y/mZ(^?Length (skins), 115-118(115.7); wing, 51-53 (52); tail,53-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10. (5); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9).'Adultfemale.? \j^w^\h (skins), 110-123 (118.2); wing, 48-51 (49.6);tail, 52-58 (54.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 18-22 (20.3).'Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa;Mirador; Orizaba; Jico; Pasa Nueva), Puebla (Huachinango), Oaxaca(La Parada; Cinco Senores; Tuxtepec; near Totontepec), and Chiapas(Ocuilapa, August 27; Guichicovi, September); Guatemala (in winter
Setophaga rufifrons ^WAJNSON, Anim. in Menag., 1888, 294 (Mexico).S\_et(>p}uig(i\ rufifrons Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.\_Seloph(tga^ rufifrons Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3554.[BasileuU'TUs] rufifrons Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314.Basilenterus rufifrons ScLATEk, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, VeraCruz); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaea); 1865, 284 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 35 (Mexico).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 296, footnote;Review Am. Birds, 1865, 248, part (Jalapa and Mirador, Vera Cruz).
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SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bo.st. Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi, Chia|)as,Sept.).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part(Jalapa, Mirador, Orizaba, La Parada, Cinco Seflores, Guichicovi, etc.).Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 397, part (Jalapa; Cinco Senores).Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, 119, in text (crit; Mirador;Orizaba; (hiichicovi).?Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. TL, x, 1898, 25(Jalapa).[Bnsilciitcrus'] 7'(f^/ro?.s Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.Bl<(sili'{it('rus'] rufifnnis RinuwAv, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Mirador;Orizaba).Basileulerus dcUtttrii (nut of Bonaparte) Sclatkr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860,250 (Orizaba).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS JOUYI Ridgway.JOUYS WARBLER.Similar to B. r. i'iififri)ns^ but back, scapulars, rump, and uppertail-coverts dull grayish olive, passing graduall}'" into the but slightlydifferent brownish gra}" of hindneck and sides of neck, instead ofolive-green abruptly contrasted with the nearly pure gray of hindneck
' Four sjiecimens. ^ Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMP^RICA. 747and .sides of neck; yellow of chest sharply di^tined posteriorly againstthe purer white of middle breast and abdomen; sides of breast gray,passing into grayish biitl'y on flanks; tail averaging longer, and billmuch smaller.Adult 7nale.?hBX\gih (skins), 113-125 (120.3); wing, 52-55 (52.8);tail, 55-58 (57.2); exposed eulmen, 8.5-1) (8.1>); tarsus, 20-23 (20.8).'Adult female.?hQvxgth (skins), 115-120 (117.7); wing, 49-54(52);tail, 53-59 (56); exposed eulmen, 9; tarsus, 20-21 (20.r>).2Mountain districts of eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Mon-terey), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and northern Vera Cruz(Maitrata).Bimleuteru>f rufifrons joui/i Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 895, July 18,1892, 119 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?JouY, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 189.3, 777, i)art (Hacienda Angostura).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DUGESI Ridgway.DTIGES' WARBLER.Similar to B. r. joui/% but upper parts much browner (hair brown,tinged with olive, instead of gra}^ tinged with olive), sides of breastpale bufl'y brown, instead of gray, and flanks more decidedl}' bufl:'y;tail averaging longer.Yoimg, first plvmageJ'?Above, including entire pileum, plain brown(intermediate between broccoli and sepia), the middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadly tipped with cinnamon, forming two distinct bandsacross wing; a supra-auricular stripe of brownish bufl', extendinganteriorly to above eyes; auricular region similar in color to pileum;malar region and under parts deep bufl', slightly paler posteriorly.Adult ///.//r.?Length (skins), 118-124 (121.7); wing, 50-59 (52.9);tail, 55.5-63 (58.8); exposed eulmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 20-23 (21.2).*Adult female.?\^^\\gt\i (skins), 116-124 (120.3); wing, 49-52 (50);tail, 52-59 (56.2); exposed eulmen, 8.5-10 (9.1); tarsus, 19-22 (20.1).""Western and central Mexico, in vStates of Sinaloa (Plomosas; SierraMadre near Mazatlan), Jalisco (San Sebastian; Barranca Ibarra;Zapotlan; Talpa), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Tlapa), Oaxaca(Juquila; Cuicatlan; Oaxaca), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Puebla (Tochi-milco), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), and Guanajuato.Basileuterusrufifruitf^ {not Sctophaga rufifrons fiwainfion) Baird, Review Am. Birds,1865, 248, part (Sierra Madre near Mazatlan).
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Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.N. H., ii, 1874, 270, (Sierra Madre).
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Salvin and God.max, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part (Sierra Madre).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., X, 1885, 397, part.
' Six specimens. ^ Three specimens.
* The young of />.?'. ./o(u/v' not seen. Compared with the young of B. r. riififromthat of B. r. iJugeni is strikingly different, ])eing conspicuously browner (or less olive)above and nmch more strongly ;uid jiurely buff below.
^Tliirteen specimens. * Eight specimens.
748 BITLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MITSEUM.
IBasileuterusI ?'?//fro7(,s' Sclater and Salvin, Noin. Av. Neotr. , 187.'!, 10, part.Blaslleuterusi rnjifrona RiixiWAY, Man. N. Am. Bird.s, 1887, .582, ))art.Basileiderus mfifrorts dugesi Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 89.5, July 18,1892, 119 (Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).BasilerUerus rnfifrons juui/i (not of Ridgway) Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns., xvi,189,3, 777, part (Barranca Ibarra, Jali.'.^co).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS CAUDATUS Nelson.LONG-TAILED WARBLER.Similar to B. r. <lages/\ but witli much le.ss of rufous on pileuni, themedian portion of occiput and crown being brownish gray, this some-times extending- to the forehead; ]>uck, etc., slightl}^ grayer; billsmaller, and tail longer.Adult male.?Length (skins), 123; wing, 50-51 (50.5); tail, 59-60(59.5); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8. 7); tarsus, 20-22 (21).^Adtflt female.?Length (skins), 124; wing, 50; tail, 58.5-(31.5 (00);exposed culmen, 9-9.2 (9.1); tarsus, 20.5.'Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos, etc.,) andChihuahua (Batopilas; Napolera).BasUeuterus rufifrons (not SeiopJiaga rnfifrons Swainson) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.N. H., V, 1893, 41 (Napolera, n. w. Chihuahua, Dec. 8).Bnsilriiteni ft rufifrons avmlatus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899,29 (Alamos, Sonora; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS FLAVIGASTER (Nelson).CHIAPAS WARBLER.Similar to B. r. ruffrons.^ l)ut with the under parts more extensivelyyellow, sometimes entirely 3'ellow, except the anal region or lowera])domen, which are yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, and sidesand flanks, which are greenish olive.Adult male.?Length (skins), 113-120 (116.4); wing, 50-53 (51.6);tail, 50-56 (53.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5(10.9); tarsus, 20-22(20.9).'Adult female.?Length (skin), 118; wing, 50.5; tail, 54; expo.sedculmen, 10; tarsus, 22. '^Southeastern Mexico, from southern Vera Cruz (San Andreas Tuxtla)through Tabasco (Teapa)"to Chiapas (Yajalon); Guatemala.*Basileuterus delaUrii (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, ?>b(Mexico).
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Salvin and GoDiMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 17(5,part.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, .396, part.(?) BasUeuterns 'rufifrons (not Setoj^haga rnfifrons Swainaon) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 192(Duenas, Guatemala).Basilnderns flarigaster Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 67 (Yajalon, ('hiajias, s. e.Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
'Two specimens. ^ Six specimens. ''One specimen.*I am unable to cite Guatemalan localities, the specimens examined l)eing labeledsimply "Guatemala."
BIRDS OF NOIITH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 749BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS SALVINI (Cherrie).SALVINS WARBLER.Similar to B. r. ^fiavu/a.ster, but hiudneck and sides of neck olive(not distinctly different from color of back, etc.), instead of gray;back, etc., rather browner olive-green; under parts entirely yellow;length (skin)^ 127; wing, 53; tail, 59; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21.Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz).Having but a single specimen of this form I am not able to forma very decided opinion as to its status. Only these two facts areclearly evident: (1) that typical B. rujifrons grades insensibly into thepresent ])ird through the intermediate series named B. jlaiiigaster byMr. Nelson, whose type is distinguishable from Mr. Cherrie's typeof B. salvliil only by the distinctly gray neck and slightly clearerolive-green color of the back, etc., other apparent differences rep-resenting characters which vary with season or with the individual;and (2) that the varying amount of yellow on the under parts is whollyindependent of relative age of the specimens. The })uzzling elementin the case is that in Guatemala occur specimens which are indis-tinguishal)le from B. r. flavlgaster and B. r. rujifrons. Possibly theseare migrants, all the resident birds representing B. r. mhiinl.Basileufcrnx delaftrii (not of Bonaparte) Salvin and Sclatkr, Dm, ISliO, 274(Dueiias, Guatemala).
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Baird, Review Am. Birds, 18(35, li49, excl. syn.,part (Coban, Guatemala).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Aiti., Aves, i,1881, 176 (Duefias, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban, Lanquin, andCahabon, Guatemala; not "Nicaragua").
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x,1885, 396 (Diego, Calderas, La Trinidad, etc., Guatemala).IBmileutertis] delattri i i^vLATER a.nd Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.Blasileuteriis'] delalril Ribgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part.ISetophaga'] delaftrii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3555.Basileuferus salvini Cherrie, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891,342 (Coban, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DELATTRII (Bonaparte).DELATTRES WARBLER.Similar to B. r. mlvlni., but chestnut of the pileuni and auricularregion darker, the latter involving the whole of the auricuhir regioninstead of the upper and posterior portions only; hindneck and sidesof neck grayish (darker than in B. r. rujjfrons and B. r. favl.g(:ister)\olive-green of back, etc., darker.Young ^ firnt pluiiuuje.?Above, including pileum and sides of head,plain brownish olive; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectricesdark brownish gra}^, edged with olive-green, as in adults; middle andgreater wing-coverts tipped with cinnamon-buff', forming two distinct
' Specimen without sex determined; no. 30700, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Coban, VeraPaz, Guatemala, Nov. 15, 1859; O. Salvin. Type of BasUeutenis mlvini Cherrie.
750 HULLKTIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.bands acrofss wirif^; an indistinct supra-aurioular streak of paler oliv^e;chin whitish; throat, chest, and sides of breast pale brownish olive;rest of under parts pale yellow (between sulphur and straw yellow),the sides and flanks tintred with olive.Adult nude.?Ijaugih (skins), 112-133 (121.2); wing, 54-60 (56.5);tail, 53-57 (54.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 20-21.5(20.9).'Adultfemale.?lJG\^g{\\ (skins), 111-133 (111>.7); wing, 53-.58.5 (55.1);tail, 52-55. 5 (53. 5); exposed cuhnen, 10-11(10.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9).-Nicaragua and Costa Rica (San Jose; Cartago; San Juan; Guaitil;Grecia; Alajuela, etc.)Basileideru)f delaUrii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 383 (Nicaragua).
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Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).
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Cherrie, Proc. U. S.Nat. MuH., xiv, 1891, 340 (crit.; Co^^ta Rica), 527 (San Jose, Costa Rica;descr. young) ; Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San Jose, Costa Rica; descr. nest and eggs)
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Ex])l. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w.Costa Rica).BasUeuterus ddatlrei Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 223(Grenada, Nicaragua).B\^aslle.uteTU8] delatrii Ridoway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part.BasUeuterus nicsochrysus (not of Sclater, 1860) Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865,250, part (San Jose, Costa Rica).?iiAWKENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95(San Jose, Guaitil, and Grecia, Costa Rica).
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Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,1869, 294 (San Jose, Costa Rica).?Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,52 (San Jose and Cartago, Costa Rica).
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Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.", Aves, i, 1881, 176, part (San Jose, Guaitil, Grecia, and Irazu, CostaRica).
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Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San Jose).
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Zeledon,Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San Jose, Alajuela, Naranjo deCartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica).
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Underwood, Il)is, 1896,434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).[Basileuterus'\ mesochrysus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part(Costa Rica).[^Badlenteriis delatfrli.] Subsp. a. Basileulcrus iiicsochriisiis Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., X, 1885, 396, part (Grecia and Irazu, Costa Rica).BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS MESOCHRYSUS (Sclater).SCLATER'S WARBLER.Similar to B. /-. delattrii, Init ])ack. etc., lighter and clearer (moreyellowish) olive-green, gray of hindneck lighter and clearer and morestrongly contrasted with olive-green of the back, and yellow of underparts averaging brighter, with sides and Hanks more faintly tingedwith olive; tail relatively shorter.Adult v>^?Z.^?Length' (skins), 108-116 (110.7); wing, 55-59 (56.5);tail, 48-53 (50.1); exposed cidmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 20-21 (20. 2).
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Adult feiii(de.?ljQW)yi\\ (skins), 102-118 (109); Aving, 53-56(54.7);tail, 47.5-54 (50.2); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.3); tarsus, 20.5-21(20.7).^
' Four si)ecimens. ^ Six specimens. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 751Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station; Panama;Santa Fe, Chitra, and Calobre, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).IBasileuterus'] hrunneircps {not Setopliaga bmnneiceps Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny)Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314' (Bogota, Colombia).Basileutcrus delaUrii (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,144 (Bogota).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R. ).B[asUeuierus'] delatrii Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522, part.Basileuterus mesochrysus Sclatkr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 251 ( Bogota, Colom-bia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,35 (Colombia).
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Baird, ReviewAm. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Bogota).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,136 (Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Chitra and Calobre, Veragna).
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Salvinand Godman, Ibis, 1879, 198 (Manaure, prov. Santa Marta, CJolombia, alt.2,700ft.); 1880, 117(Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176, part(Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Calobre, and Santa Fe, Veragna; Paraiso Sta-tion, Panama R. R. ; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia).
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Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta), 180 (Palomina,Santa Marta).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 176 (Bonda, etc.,Santa Marta).{^Basileuterus'] mesoeJn-i/sus Sclxter and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.[Basileuterus delattrii.] Subsp. tr. Basileuterus mesochri/sus Siiarpe, Cat. Birds,Brit. Mus., X, 1885, 396, part ( localities in Colombia, incl. Veragua).Basileuterus delattrii mesochrysus Ciierrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 342,in text ( crit. )
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BASILEUTERUS MELANOGENYS Baird.BIACK-CHEEKED WARBLER.Adults {se,ves alil-e).?Crown chestnut," margined laterall}'^ with aline of ])lack, the black lines of opposite sides convergino- on themedian portion of the forehead, where sometimes forming- a blackspot; sides of occiput (sometimes of nape also) sooty blackish; medianportion of occiput and nape, hindneck, and sides of neck plain darkbrownish gray or olive, passing into a more decided olive hue on back,scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky brownishgray, the secondaries and rectrices edged with olive or light In-ownisholive, the primaries edged with a paler and usually more grayish hue;a broad superciliary stripe of white, more or less broken anteriorly(on supraloral portion) by mixture of black; sides of head, includingloral, orbital, and auricular regions and anterior portion of malar regionblack, the first sometimes broken by admixture of white on anteriorportion; chin (sometimes upper throat also) dull white flecked or barredwith black, the middle or posterior portion of the malar region alsomixed black and whitish; rest of under parts dull yellowish white,shading into pale olive laterally, this more grayish (sometimes nearlyclear gray) anteriorly on sides of breast, etc.; chest faintly shadedwith gray or pale grayish olive; maxilla dark brownish with paler
'Not a new name, but Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny's species wrongly identified andreferred to the genus Basileuterus.
^ These chestnut feathers elongated, forming an erectile bushy crest.
752 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATp:S NATIONAL MUSEUM.toniia; iiuuidil)le brownish white (in dried .skins); legs and feet palehorn brow nish (in dried skins).Young, first plimiage.?Pileuni and sides of head plain deep soot}'-'brown or sepia; rest of upper parts plain olive-])rown, the remiges andrectriees as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped withpale brownish buff, forming two distinct narrow bands across wing;a supra-auricular streak of brownish l)uff; chin and upper throat dusky,the feathers partl}^ dull grayish white; lower throat dull brownishbuffy white; chest, breast, sides and flanks grayish brown, intermixedwith nioi'c rusty brown; median portion of breast and abdomen dulll)ufly white.Adult 7iiale.?ljQn^i\v (skins), 121-132 (126); wing, 59-66 (63); tail,58-62 (59.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 23.'Adult female.?l^Qw^ih (skins), 120-131 (127.2); wing, 58-65 (61);tail, 55-61 (58); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 23.'Highlands of Costa Rica (San Jose; La Palma; Volcan de Irazii)and Cliiricpd (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete).Bamleuterus melamH/eniia Bairjj, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 248 (San Jose?,Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).?Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95(San Jose).
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Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui,Veragua).
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Salvin and (todman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 174, pi. 10,fig. 3 (San Jose and Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).
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Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 398.?Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (La Palma de San. Jose).?Cherkie, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., xiv, 1891, 528 (descr. young).?Bangs, Proc. New Kngl. Zool. Club, iii,1902, 60 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,500-10,200 ft.).[Basileuterus'] melauof/cnijs Sclateh and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.BASILEUTERUS MELANOTIS Lawrence.BLACK-EARED WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black,inclosing a broad median stripe of pale grayish buff*, the former extend-ing to and including sides of nape, the latter more grayish on medianportion of nape, the middle portion (on crown) sometimes pure ])uff';rest of upper parts plain greenish olive; a bi'oad superciliary stripe,involving anterior portion of lores, pale buffy gray; spot in front ofeye and postocular streak black, this extending to sides of neck andsometimes involving posterior and lower portions of auricular region;suljorl)ital region, at least part of auricular region, and malar regionpale buffy grayish, like superciliary stripe; chin and upper throat dullwhite; rest of under parts pale yellow (betw^een canar}^ and sulphuryellow), passing into greenish olive on sides and tianks and more or lessstrongly shaded with the .same, or with gi-ayish olive, on cJiCot; max-illa brown, darker basally; mandible pale brown or brownish w^hite (indried skins); iris yellow;^ legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins).
^Four specimens, from Chiriqui. ^ Jose C. Zeledon, manuscript.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMP:RICA. 753Adnlt ma/6'.?Length (skins), 119-128 (123.3); wing, 57-65 (61.7);tail, 50-57 (54); exposed culuien, 11; tarsus, 21-23 (22).^Adultfemale.?\jQ\\gi\\ (skins), 11-4-126 (122.2); wing, 59-64 (61.5);tail, 52-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 22.^Highlands of Costa Rica (Cervantes; Birris), Chiriqui (Volcan deChiriqui: Boquete), and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu).BasUeuterus mdanotis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, Apr., 1868, 95(Cervantes, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (CostaRica).
?
Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 183 (Costa Rica).
?
Sharpe, Cat.Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 386 (Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua).
?
Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Volcan de Chiriqui andBoquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft.).Basileuterm bivlUatus mekmotis Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107(Costa Rica).Basileuterus birittatus (not Muscicapa hiv'dlata Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) Salvin,Ibis, 1870, 108, part (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Proc. Zool. See.Lond., 1870, 183 (do.).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1881, 170, part (Cervantes and Birris, Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu,Veragua).[^Basileuterus] hhnUatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part(Veragua; Costa Rica).BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS CULICIVORUS ( Lichtenstein).LICHTENSTEIN'S WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileura with two broad lateral stripes of black,^inclosing a median one of pale yellowish olive, the middle portion ofwhich is usually yellow, rarely orange-tawny or rufous, the featherswith light yellowish olive tips; rest of upper parts plain deep olive-gray (olivaceous mouse gray), the primaries edged with paler andclearer gray; a broad superciliary stripe of yellowish olive; eyelidsdull light yellowish; a dusky spot (more or less distinct) in front ofeye, and postocular region usually more or less dusky; auricularregion gra3"ish olive, sometimes darker along upper margin, the lowerportion usuall}^ finely streaked with dull whitish or palo j^ellowish;malar region and entire under parts lemon or gamboge yellow, passinginto light yellowish olive-green on sides and flanks, the chest usuallyfaintly tinged with the same; maxilla dark brown, mandible paler;legs and feet very pale yellowish brown or buffy (in dried skins).Adult male.?luen^th (skins), 110-125 (122); wing, 58-64 (60); tail,50-57 (51.8); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.2); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.2).*
' Six specimens, from Chiriqui.
^ Four specimens, from Chiriqui.
^ These black stripes becoming narrower and less di.stinct, sometimes obsolete, onforehead.
* Sixteen specimens.3654?VOL 2?01 48
754 BULLETIN 50, TTNiTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.AdKit female.?hQm^th (skins), 106-120 (lll.i)); wing, 55-(;2.5 (57);tail, 48-54 (51.1); exposed culiiien, 9-10.5 (9.<S); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1).^Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Cordova; Jahqia;Orizaba; San Andreas Tuxtla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Plunia;Coapaui; Santo I omingo; Teotalcingo), Tabasco (Teapa), Campeche(Apazote), and Chiapas (Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Choctuni; Coban;Khamkal; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego); Costa Rica (Barranca;Guaitil; Grecia; Dota Mountains; San Jose; Naranjo de Cartago;Monte Redondo; Sabanilla de Alajuela). (No records for Salvador,Honduras, or Nicaragua.)Si/lvia calirinini Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vug., 1830, 2, no. 78 (Mexico;see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 67).i>[<(.s//rHY<;ra.s] nUicirorns Cab.\nis. Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).BdHiU'uterus cidmvorus B.med, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 245, part (s. Mexico,both sides; Choctuni, Guatemala; Barranca, Costa Rica).
?
Lawrence, Ann.Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Guaitil, Grecia, and Dota Mountains,Costa Rica).
?
Sumichkast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp, regionOrizaba, Vera Cruz).
?
Baird, Brewer, and RiDtiWAv, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 312, part.?Coces, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy).?Boucard,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Jose, Costa Rica) ; ListeOis. Guat., 1878,30 (Guatemala).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 171,part (Jalapa, Cordova, etc.. Vera Cruz; Teotalcingo, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego,V<jlcan de Agua, Coban, Khamkal, Choctum, etc., Guatemala; Costa Ricanlocalities) .
?
Shari-e, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part (Oaxaca; Jalapa;localities in Guatemala and Costa Rica).
?
Zeledon, Proc. LT. S. Nat. Mus.,viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Sabanillade Alajuela, Naranjo de Cartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica).
?
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
?
Nelson,Auk, XV, 1898, 159, part (Pluma,. w. Oaxaca).\_IiaMeuterus] cHZieiron/.s Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, ])art.B\_tmleuterus] culicivoriis Ridgwav, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part.[Ba,vleiUeru.s] culicivora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 313 (Jalai)a).
' Twelve specimens.Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Locality.
MALES.Three urtult males from PueblaThree adult males from OaxacaFive adult males from Tabasco and Camp(5chTwo adult males from ChiapasTwo adult males from Costa RicaFEMALES.Five adult females from Vera CruzOne adult female from PueblaTwo adult females from OaxacaOne adult female from TabascoThree adult females from Costa Rica
Wing.
60(iO.S
.')9. S59. 759. 5
585559.2
Tail.
53.253.3
.50.851.550.5
49.650
.51.74851.3
Ex-posedculmen.
9.79.79.59.710.5
9.5109.71010.2
Tarsus.
19.218.319.22019.7
19.21919.51918.8
BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 755[Setophaga] culicivora Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3544.Basileutcrus brasieri {notMuseicapa hrasierlGireLud) Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1855, 66; 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 374(Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 34 (Oaxaca).?Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 303 (synom-ymy).
?
Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS BRASHERII (Giraud).BRASHER'S WARBJER.Similar to B. c. cKllclvoriM, but color of upper part.s paler and moreyellowish g'ray, black lateral stripes of pileum narrower, and underparts slig-htl}^ brighter yellow: averaging- slightly larger.Adult male.?Length (skins), 117-126 (121.2); wing, OiMkJ ((51, 5);tail, 52-67 (53.0); exposed culmen, *J.5-1().5 (10); tarsus, 11). 5-20(19.9).^Ad\il.t female.?Utw^ (skins), 112-119 (116); wing, 57-58 (57.3);tail, 50.5-51.5 (51); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20).'Northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; CiudadVictoria) and San Luis Potosi (Jilitla).Muscicapa hrasierii (typographical error'^) Giraud, Sixteen Species Texan Birds,1841, folio 25, pi. 6, fig. 2 ("Texas;" type in U. S. Nat. Mus.).?Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1855, 66.Basileutcrus Jtrasheri Beriek, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Oct., 1880, 239 (correctsspelling of specific name).''Basileuterus culicivorus (not Sylim culicivora Lichtenstein) Ridgvvay, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 133.?AmericanOrnithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 692, part.
?
Richmond, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 632 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).B[asilentcrus] culicivorus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part.BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS FLAVESCENS ' Ridgway.JALISCO WARBLER.Agreeing with J^. c. hra.s/iej'l in lighter and more yellowish gray ofback, etc. , deeper yellow of under parts, and in larger size, but upperparts still more strongly washed with olive-j^ellow, black lateral crown-stripes broader (as in B. c. culicivorus)., and yellow of under partsstill deeper; differing from both B. c. culicivorus and B. c. hrasheri inhaving the median crown-stripe almost wholly clear lemon or canar}'^yellow (the feathers without yellowish olive tips) and the superciliarystripe lighter and more 3xllow.Adult male.?Length {skins), 123-125 {12-1); wing, 61-62 (61.5); tail,52-56 (54); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2).'
' Four specimens. '^ Three specimens.
?' Sj^ecies named in honor of Mr. Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, New York.*Type, no. 156147, coll. U. S. Museum (Biological Survey collection), adnlt male,San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mar. 17, 1897; Nelson and Goldman.
^ Two specimens.
756 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Southwestern Mexico, in State of Jalisco (San Sebastian).BasilcKtcrus cullcivorus (not Sylvia cuUcivora Liehtenstein) Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898,159, part (near San Sebastian, mts. of w. Jalisco).BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS GODMANI Berlepsch.GODMANS WARBLER.Similar to B. c. Jlavescens, but upper parts still more stronglywashed with yellow (the general color decided olive-green) and super-ciliary stripe darker olive-green (the posterior portion concolor withauricular region, instead of decidedly palci" and more yellowish); aver-aging slightly larger.Aduh //^(?/V.?Length (skins), 114-ll>?; (120.-J:); wing, 58-B5 (62.2);tail, 50-56.5 (54.1); exposed culmen, i>.5-10.5 (9.8).; tarsus, 11). 5-21.
5
(20.1).^Adult feinaJi.?luQw^^ih (skins). 112-116 (111.7); wing, 57-62 (60);tail, 49-54 (52); exposed culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.7).'Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Calovevora) ; ''southwestern Costa Rica (San Marcos) 'i *Basilcuicnis culicivorus (not Sylvia cuUcivora Lichtenstein) Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora, Veragua).
?
Sal-vin and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1881, 171, part (localities inVeragua).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part (Veragua).\_BasileuUrns] cuUcivornn. Sclatek and Salvix, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part.Basileuterus godmani Berlepsch, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450 (Veragua; coll. Countvon Berlejiscli )
.
(?) Basileuterus godmnnni Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi,1893, 10 (San Marcos, s. w. Costa Rica; crit. ; descriptions).B[asileuterus] cidicivorus (jodnuoil Berlepsch, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450, in text.BasUeuterus culickorua (jodinani Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30,1902, 60 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,700 ft.).BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS^ VERAGUENSIS (Sharpe).BTTFF-RUMPED WARBLER.Adults {sexes alike).?Pileum and hindneclv plain soot}' or grayishclove-brown; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain deep olive;wings dusky with olive edgings; rump, tail-coverts (upper and lower),and basal two-thirds (ai)proximately) of tail clear butt"; terminal por-tion of tail olive-dusk}' with lighter olive edgings; a supraloral streak
^ Nine specimens. '?' Three specimens.
* Count von Berlepsch (Auk, v, 1884, 450) refers Costa Rican specimens to thisform, but all the specimens from that country examined by me belong decidedly toB. c. culicivoru.t. I have not seen specimens from San Marcos, which Mr. Cherrierefers to this form.*See Cherrie, Anal. Fis.-Oeog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 10.*I have not l)een able to examine a specimen of B. s. Kemirerriniis. An examj)ltof B. K. uropyfjudis, from Bogota, Colombia, differs from the present form in havingthe 1)ack, etc., more greenish olive, the under parts entirely and more deeply buff,the basal portion of the tail deeper buff and the terminal portion lighter, more olive.
BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMKRICA. 757and upper e3"elid pale dull buff or buffy olive; a triangular dusky loralspace and a less distinct (sometimes obsolete) dusky postocular spot orstreak; under parts pale buff, the abdomen (sometimes throat also)nearly (sometimes quite) white, the sides and flanks buffy brown, thelatter more strongly suffused with l)uff; chest sometimes indistinctlybarred with pale olive; bill brownish black or blackish brown, themandible sometimes paler brown; iris dark brown;' legs and feet palehorn brown (in dried skins).Adult ;//ff^./.?Length (skins), 119.5-124 (122.5); wing, 62-64 (63.1);tail, 50-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 21-23 (22.4).'Adultfemale.?\^^\\^i\\ (skins), 119-122 (120.5); wing, 62; tail, 49-50(49.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22).''Isthmus of Panama (south to Panama Railroad) and southwesternCosta Kica (Rio Naranjo; Boruca; Buenos Aires).Basileuterus uropygiaUs (not of Sclater, 1864) Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool.Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R. )
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865,246 (Panama R. R.).?Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fe,Veragua; crit. ); 1870, 183 (Bugaba, Veragua).[Baaileutemsl ((ro^>_//r/;a/(sScLATERand Salvin, Nom.Av. Neotr.,1873, 10 (Panama).Basileuterus semicermnus (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye;. N. Y., vii, 1861,322 (Panama R. R.).Basileuterus leumpytjius (not of Sclater and Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 172, part (Bugaba and Santa Fe, Veragua; Pan-ama R. R. ).[Basileuterus leucopygins.'\ Subsp. ex. Basileuterus veraguensis Sharpe, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mas., x, 1885, 403 (Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; coll. Brit. Mus.).Basileuterus leucopygius reraguensis Bangs, Auk, viii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala,Chiriqui); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete, Chiriqui,4,000 ft. alt.).Basileuterus veraguensis Ciierrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893,12 (Rio Naranjo, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.; ha])its; song); Expl. Zool. CostaRica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS LEUCOPYGIUS (Sclater and Salvin).COSTA RICAN BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER.Similar to B. s. veraguensis^ but buff of tail-coverts and basal portionof tail paler (nearly cream buff), that of the tail more restricted (occu-pying about the basal half, instead of basal two-thirds, and quite hid-den l)y the coverts); under parts paler, largely white mediall}^, butsides and flanks much darker buffy olive, and the chest (sometimesbreast also) spotted with pale olive.Adult male.?Length (skins), 132; wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 51-52(51.5); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.7).*Adultfemale.?ljQngth (skins), 116-130 (121.7); wing, 60-63 (60.9);tail, 48-50.5 (49.1); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 20.5-23.5.'
^ Heyde, manuscript. ^ Four specimens. * Two specimens.
* Two specimens. '" Four specimens.
758 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Costa Rica (Anji^ostnra; Rio Frio; Tiu'urriqno; Jiiiz; Volcan deMiravalle.s; La Falma; San Carlos), Nicaragua (Greytown; LosSabolos), and southern Honduras (Segovia River).Basileuterus uropygialis (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866,180 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; ix, 1868, 95 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).
?
Salvin, Ibis, 1872, 313 (Nicaragua).
?
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).Basikutcrm Icncopi/gius Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 156 (CostaRica; coll. P. L. Sclater).
?
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,1881, 172, part (Greytown, Nicaragua; Tucurrique, Angostura, and Juiz,Costa Rica).?Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 399 (Los Sabalos,Nicaragua; habits).
?
Sharfe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 402.
?
Zeledon,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. CostaRica, i, 1887, 107 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).?Richmond, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits; song).?Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).
^Basileuterus] leucopyr/ius Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10.Basileuterus semicerrdnus leucoj^i/gius Rid{;way [and Nutting], Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., V, Sept. 5, 1882, 390 (La Palma, Costa Rica; haljits).Genus ERGATICUS Baird.Ergatims Baird, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 237, 264. (Type, Setopluigarubra Swainson.
)
Small ''fly-catching'' Mniotiltid;e with the bill very small and nar-row (narrower than deep at gonydeal angle and w^ith maxilla fromnostril not longer than hallux, without claw); ninth primary shorterthan fourth; color mostly red.Bill very small (length of maxilla from nostril not more than lengthof hallux without claw), narrow (width at gonydeal angle decidedlyless than depth at same point); culmen nearly straight for ])asal halfor more, then gently decurved; maxillary 'omiuni nearly straight forterminal half, the basal half gently deflexed to the rictus, the sub-terminal notch indistinct; gonys straigiit or very faintly convex.Nostril longitudinal, narrowdy oval, elli})tical, or nearly linear, over-hung by broad membranous operculum. Rictal ])ristles well devel-oped, more than half as long as bill. \Ving rather long, I'oundcd(seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, eighth longer than fourth,ninth shorter than third); wing-tip longer than commissure, but nuu'hshorter than tarsus. Tail .nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rec-trices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus a little less than one-third as long as wing, slender, its scutella distinct or obvious only onlower portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basalphalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, forabout half its length (or a little less) to inner toe.Coloration.?Prevailing color red (sexes alike).Nidijication.?Unknown
.
Range.?Highlands of Mexico and (iuateniida. (Two species.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 759This genus is very distinct from Cdi'dcJIlna^ from which it differsin its rehitively much shorter and more rounded wino-, longer anddecidedly rounded tail, more slender bill, longer rictal bristles, andvery different style of coloration.KEY TO THE SPECIES f)F ERGATICCS.
a. General color red. (Adults.)h. Auficular region silvery white, in sharp and consincuous contrast with deep redof rest of head. (States of Vera Crnz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Mexico, Michoacan,and Jalisco, Mexico. ) Ergaticus ruber, adult male and female (p. 759)hh. Auricular region satiny pink, concolor with rest of head. (Highlands ofGuatemala and Chiapas.) . .Ergaticus versicolor, adult male and female (p. 760)cut. General color tawny brown. (Yomig.
)
b. Auricular region light silvery gray Ergaticus ruber,^ young (p. 759)ERGATICUS RUBER (Swainbon).RED WARBLER.Adult male.?General color rich red, darker and inclining to cl;iretbrown on back and scapulars, lighter (poppy I'cd or ])etwe(Mi poppyred and carmine) on riunp and under parts of body; whole auricularregion silvery white or pale silvery gray; lesser wing-coverts concolorwith back; middle coverts dusky at l)ase but with most of exposed por-tion poppy red; greater coverts dusky, brt)adly (nlged with didl poppyred; remiges and rectrices dusky, with dull reddish edgings, broadestand most distinct on tertials; bill horn ])rown, paler on luandible; legsand feet light horn brownish; length (skins), 11.5-12(3 (120.5); wing,57-63 (59.7); tail, 55-64 (58.3); exposed culmen, S-9 (S.5); tai-sus,18..5-20 (10.3); middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).'Adult feriKile.?Similar to the adult male ])ut slightly duller in color;length (skins), 115-117 (116); wing, 60-61 (60.5); tail, 56-57 (56.5);exposed culmen, 8; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 9-10 (9.5).''Innnaturc male {second' year).?Quite similar in coloration to theadult female.ImtiKiture fem<de {xecoiid year).?Similar to the adult female andimmature male, but the red of a more orange hue, and color of occiputhindneck, back, and scapulars much duller, inclining to burnt sienna.Young, ^first plumage.?General color cinnamon-])rown or russet,darker above (inclining to mars brown on back and scapulars), paler,more tawny-cinnamon, below, the abdomen inclining to cinnamon- buff';auricular region pale silvery gray, in sharp and strong contrast withbrown of rest of head; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-covertsbroadl}^ tipped with cinnamon, the greater coverts broadly edged withthe same, the remiges and rectrices edged with dull brownish red orreddish brown.Highlands of Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Las
^ The young of E. rersicolor not seen. '' Foiu' specimens. ^ Two sjjecimens.
7(50 bullp:tin 5o, united states national museum.Vigas), Puebla (Mount Orizaba; Istatcihuatl; Chachapa; Teziutlan),Mexico (Tlalpain; Ajusco; near City of Mexico), Oaxaca (La Parada;Llano Verde; Ccrro 8an Felipe; Mount Zempoaltepec), Michoacan(Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada), Durango (Ciudad Durango), andSinaloa (Sierra Madre).Selophaga rubra. Swaixson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 368 (Valladolid,Mexico'); Isis, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293 (Toluca; coll. W.Swainson).
?
{?)Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 ("Guate-mala").?Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 ("Texas").?ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855,65.[Selophaga] rubra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3532.[Cardellmal rubra Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312.Cardellina rubra Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 265, pi. 43.
?
Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (El Jacale, s. Mexico); 1858, 299 (LaParada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 ( Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 374 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca);1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38 (Mexico).?Baird,Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 296; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 216;Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (n. e. Mexico; pine reg. Jalapa; Mirador;highlands Orizaba).?DrcEs, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Valley of Mex-ico).?SuMicHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alp. reg. VeraCruz).?FiNSCH, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 329 (Mazatlan).Setofaga rubra Leib. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1842, 140.Blasileulerus] ruber Carm<! is, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico).[Ergaticus'] ruber Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.Ergaiicus ruber Rujgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 132.
?
Salvin and God-man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 164.
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,X, 1885, 406 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango).
?
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Istatcihuatl, Chachapa,and Teziutlan, Puebla).
?
American Ornithologists' Union, Check List,1886, no. 691.?Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, 11,000 ft. ).?Chap-man, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.alt., breeding).Elrgatieus] ruber Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.Cardellina { Ergaticuti) rubra Cove?, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331, footnote( synonymy).Sylvia, miniala (not Selophaga. miniala Swainson) Lafresnaye, jMag. deZool., 1836,pi. 54.Parus leucoiis GiHAVi). Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 17, pi. 4, fig. 1.("Texas"). ERGATICUS VERSICOLOR (Salvin).PINK-HEADED WARBLER.Adult male.?Head, neck, and chest rose pink, with a satiny gloss,changingto nearly white in certain lights, deepening on forehead, lores,and suborbital region into wine, red or burnt carmine, the chin tingedwith the same, all the feathers of head, neck, and chest dusky beneaththe surface, this showing wherever plumage is disarranged; back,scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark l)rownish red or deepburnt carmine, passing into lighter red (nearest light burnt carmine)on rump, the upper tail-coverts same color as back but with paler
' Province of Morelia, State of Michoacan?
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 761
red tips; under parts ot" body, with under tail-coverts, poppy red, thefeathers sometimes with indistinct terminal margins of pale pinkish;middle wing-coverts dusky tipped with pinkish red; greater covertsdusky edged with deeper and duller I'ed; remiges and rectrices duskywith narrow and indistinct grayish red edgings, these more distincton tertials; maxilla dusk}^ horn color, mandil)le paler; iris orange;'legs and feet horn color; length (skins), 112-117 (115. S); wing, 58-63(60.3); tail, 52-56.5 (54.8); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 19-20(19.3).*^Adultfemale
.
?Similar to the adult male but slightly dulUn- in color,with the red of a slightly more orange hue; length (skins), 111-120(114); wing, 57-59 (57.8); tail, 53-56 (54.4); exposed culmen, 7-9(8. 1) ; tarsus, 18-19. 5 (J 8. 8). ?'Highlands of Guatemala (Chilasco, Totonicapam, Volcan de Fuego,Solola, Todos Santos, Hacienda Chancol, Uspantan-Quitche, etc.) andChiapas (Pinabete, San Cristobal, etc.).CimleU'ma rersicolor Salvin, Pnjc. Zool. Soc. Lon(l.,1863, 188, pi. 24, fig. 1 (Chi-lasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvia and Godnian); Ibis, 1866, 192(highest districts of Guatemala).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865. 265( Totonicapam , Guatemala )
.
[SdopJtaga versicolor] Gray, Hand-^ist, i, 1869, 244, no. 3533.[Ergaticu.^ rersicolorl Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11.Ergalicus versicolor Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 165,pi. 11, fig. 1 (Volcan de Fuego, Solola, Totonicapam, and Chilasco, Guate-mala).?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 407.?Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898,159 (central Chiapas).E[rg(iliens'] versicolor Ridgwav. Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531.Genus CERTHIDEA GoLild.Certhidea Goi-ld, Proc. Zonl. Soc. Bond., pt. v, 1837, 7. (Type, ('. olivncea Gonld.)Small long-legged, short-tailed, very plainly colored Mniotiltidte withrather stout but acute bill; the tarsus much more than one-third aslong as wing and more than one-half as long as tail; coloration plainolive, grayish brown oi' l)rownish gray above, paler, sometimes nearl\white, ))eneath, the throat and a superciliary streak sometimes })utiyorrufescent.Hill rather small (exposed culmen less than two-thirds as long as tar-sus, not longer than middle toe without claw, usuall}" shorter), })ointed,deeper than broad at base; culmen distinctly ridged, nearly or quitestraight for basal half (more or less), the terminal portion very slightl}^curved and the extreme base sometimes slightly convex; gonys straightor very slightly convex, shorter than distance from nostril to tip ofmaxilla; maxillary tomium with an indistinct notch near tip (sometimesobvious only b}' very close inspection), its l)asal portion gradually curveddownward from a point beneath or slightl}" anterior to nostril. Nostril
> Heyde and Lux, manuscript. ^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens.
7G2 bitllp:tin oo, united states national museum.hoi'izontally oviil or subcuiK^iite, witli ni('ni])i'an(> abovo, behind, andbelow, but ))roadest above. Rictal l)ristle.s obsolete. Wino- rathershort, rounded (seventh, sixth, and fifth i)riniaries longest and nearlyequal, the eij^hth and fourth l)ut little shorter, ninth not longer thansecond); wing-tip shorter than length of culmen. Tail short (less thantwice as long as tarsus but more than two-thirds as long as wing),rounded, the rectrices l)r<)ad and rounded at tip. Tarsus long (abouttwice as long as exposed culmen, much more than one-third as long aswing), slender, its scutella indistinct (sometimes obsolete laterally) ; mid-dle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx unitedfor more than half its length to outer toe, for less than half to inner;lateral toes with claws reaching about to liase of middle claw; halluxabout as long as lateral toes but conspicuously stouter, its claw decidedlyshorter than the digit.Colorat!on.?Plain brownish gray, grayish brown, or olive above(the wings with narrow' whitish bands in one species); under partsmuch paler than the upper, som<'times dull white, the throat and asuperciliary streak sometimes butfy or I'ufescent.Nl<llJic<(tlov
.
?Unknown.R(mgv.?Galapagos Archipelago, where rei)resented on all theislands of the group.I have long been convinced that Cert It idea l)elonged to the Mniotil-tida? rather than the Ccerebida% where it had been placed l)y Messrs.Sclater and Salvin. This view of its relationships has bec^i confirmedby an examination of its anatomical structure, made at my suggestionby Mr. F. A. Lucas.'Owing to their extremely plain coloration, it is very difiicult to con-struct a key to the species of this genus, a difficulty greatly enhancc^dby the fact that I have at the present time only four of the nine knownforms before me, while two of the remaining five I have not seen atall. The following attempt is therefore far from satisfactory, but mayassist somewhat in the identification of the various forms.KKY TO I'llE SI'KCIES OF CEKTIIIDEA.
o. No wliitisli wing-l)ar.?.h. Adult males with throat and supt'cciliafy streak ochraceous-buff or tawny,c. Darlcer and more olive al)ove; rectrices very narrowly tipped with paleIjrownish.d. Less olive a])ove, ]>aler and less olive below; hill never hlaek. (.Tervis,Narborough, .Tames, fndefatii^'ahle, Albemarle, and Dnnean islands.)Certhidea olivacea ( p. 7(33)dd. More olive al)ove, darker and more olive below; bill often blark. ( ChathamIsland.) Certhidea luteola (p. 7(14)cc. Paler and more grayish; rectrices rather broadly tipped with whitish.( Charles Island. ) Certhidea ridgwayi ( p. 765
)
' See Lucas, The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidia (.5?c); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,xvii, 1894, 309, 310.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 763
hb. Adult males never with throat or puperciliary streak ochraceons-])iiff or tawny(rarely with a patcli or tinge of ochraceous or huffy on throat),
c. Under parts darker, more olivaceous; upper parts hrowneror moi'e olive; l)illlonger (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla 7.9-8.9).(J. Chin and under wing-coverts buffy; mandible usually black. (TowerIsland. ) Certhidea mentalis ( p. 7fi6
)
dd. Chin and under wing-coverts not l)uffy (white or ])ale yellowish);mandible never (?) black.e. Paler, especially on sides and flanks; throat never inclining to ochraceous;smaller (wing not more than 53.8). (Abingdon and Bindloe islands.)Certhidea fusca (p. 766)ee. Darker, especially on sides and flanks; throat sometimes tinged withor inclining to ochraceous; larger (wing 55.9-62 in males, 51.8-56.9 infemales)
.
/. Smaller (wing of male 55.9-58.9, of female 51.8-53.8); jiiJeum and sidesof breast paler. ( Wenman Island. ) Certhidea becki ( p. 767ff. Larger (wing of male 62, of female 56.9); pileum and siiles of breastdarker. (Culpepper Island) Certhidea drownei (p. 767)cc. Under parts ]:)rownish white; upper parts grayer; bill shorter (never morethan 8.4 from nostril to tijt of maxilla, usually much less); rectrices nar-rowly tipped with whitish. (Hood Island and (Tardner Island :;ear Hood.Certhidea cinerascens (p. 768)act. Wing with two narrow bars of whitish. (Barrington Island.)Certhidea bifasciata (p. 7G8)CERTHIDEA OLIVACEA Gould.DARWIN'S CERTHIDEA.A<h(lt male.?Abovo phiin pale olivo, ])ei'()iniiio- moiv olivo-oray onpiloiun and hindneck; rump and ii^jpcr tail -coverts moi-o hufi' yolive;wing's and tail du.skv oTa3'ifsh with pale olive edgino\s, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with wood brown, the greater coverts broadlyedged with the same; a short superciliary stripe (extending from nos-tril to a]K)at 4 mm. behind eye), lower eyelid, malar region, chin,and throat (sometimes upper chest also) cinnamon-tawny, tawn}^-ochraceous, or cinnamon-rut'ous; lores and suborbital region pale dullbutty; auricular region light butiy grayish; median portion of l)reastand abdomen and under tail-coverts cream buti', the breast with moreor less concealed central spots of the color of throat, the shorterunder tail-coverts tinged with the same; sides and iianks grayish buffyor pale olive-V)rown ; maxilla dusk}^ mandible pale brownish or brownishwhite (in dried skins); iris dark brown; tarsi horn brown, the toesdarker; length (skins), about tU.5; wing-, 55-57; tail, 87-40; l)ill fromnostril, 7.^Adult female.?Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller; underparts paler (more whitish), with less of the cinnainon-tawny or cinna-mon-rufous color on throat, etc., usually with much less, sometimeswith none; wing 54-56 (rarely exceeding 55).^Measurements from Rothschild and Hartert.According to Rotii.schild and Hartert.
7(U BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Young.?Similar to the adults l)ut plumag-e of looser texture;middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with cinnamon-buflfy; superciliary region, chin, throat, and chest dull hutfy whitishor very pale dull grayish ])uffy.Galapagos Archipelago (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Indet'atiguble,Narborough, and Jervis islands).Certhkle.a oliracca Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7 (GalajjagosI.); Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 106, pi. 44, part (James I.).?Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 476, part (James I.; Inde-fatigable I.).?ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28, ])art (James I.
;
Indefatigiblel.).?RiDGWAV, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas,, xii, 1889, 105, 119, 128,125, part (James I.; Indefatigable I.); xix, 1897, 498 (monogr. ).C[etiliidea'} oUvacea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541.[^Ceithidea] olivacea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.Certhidea olivacea olivacea Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,148 (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Jervis, Indefatigable, and Nar1)oroughislands).Certhidea mlvlid Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,358 (Indefatigable I.; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, b897, 500 (monogr.).Certhidea albemarlei Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15,1894, 360 (Albemarle I.. Galapagos, coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 500(monogr. ). CERTHIDEA LUTEOLA Ridgway.CHATHAM ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Similar to C. olivacea^ but upper parts brighter olive and underparts distinctly buti'-yellowish (except in much abraded plumage);no rut'escent color on throat, etc. ;^ bill frequently entirely l)lack;wing, 52. 1-52. S; tail, 85.0-37.C; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.9; tarsus,20.G-21.6; middle toe, 12.2.'Adult male.?Above uniform ])right olive or buffy olive; wings andtail dusky, the feathers broadly edged with the color of the back, thetips of the middle and greater wing-coverts (rathei- ])roadly) pale olive-butt', producing two indistinct ))ands across th(^ wing; superciliarystreak, extending from nostrils to above posterior angle of eye, eyelids,and entire under parts light buff-yellowish, deepest on throat, else-where tinged wnth olive, especially on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts pale yellowish buff'; 1)111 wholly deepblack; "iris brown;'' legs and fec^t dark brown; wmg, 54.1; tail,38.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, ll.-l.''Yoiouj }iiale.?Above deep olive-brown, much darker on pileum(approaching sooty on forehead), more fulvescent on rump and upper
* A single specimen in the large series contained in the collection of the TringMuseum shows some freshlj' assumed rufescent feathers on the throat, showing
'beyond doubt that a red throat is sometimes attained." (Rothschild and Hartert.),
^ Thirteen specimens.^Type, no. 56, coll. Dr. G. Baur (now in coll. Tring Museum), Chatham Island,Galapagos, June 17, 1S91.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 765
tail-cov^erts, many of the feathers of top of head, hindneck, and backshowing very indistinct tips of dusky, producing- a very faintly mot-tled appearance; greater wing-coverts conspicuously edged and tippedwith bright tawny; secondaries edged with tawn3^-olive; sides of headand neck, throat, and chest nearly uniform dull light grayish brown,mixed with pale dull butfv, the feathers dusky gray basally; sidesand flanks similar but browner; median portion of under parts, pos-terior to chest, dull pale bufl'y, nearly white on lower belly and analregion/Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island).Cirthidea olimcca (part) Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 106 (Chat-ham I., Galapagos Archipelago).
?
Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt.ix, 187(>, 476, part (Chatiiam I.).?Sclatek, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886,28 (Chatham I.).?Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., xii, 1889, 105 (part), 121(Chatham I.).C'ertliidea luteola Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,360 (Chatham I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur) ; xix, 1897, 501(monogr.).Certlddea olivacea luteola Rothschild and Hartekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,149 (Chatham I.; crit.).CERTHIDEA RIDGWAYI (Rothschild and Hartert).CHARLES ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Similar to ('. olivacea, but under parts much paler and less olivaceous;upper parts more grayish; rufous-cinnamon of throat more rusty;whitisli tips to rectrices broader (1-1.5 mm. wide); bill usually deepblack.Youny.?Above dusky blackish l)roAvn, the pileum almost uniformblack, the feathers of the )>ack and rump, and the upper tail-covertsbroadly edged with light brown, narrowly margined at tips with l)lack,and ash-gray at ])ase; wings with light brown edgings, more rusty onthe coverts; feathers of under parts ash gray ])asally, then dark slatecolor, their tips rusty bufl'; throat patched with Idackish slate color,caused by the greater extent of the slaty color in the middle of thefeathers."Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island).According to Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, the color of theunder parts in this form resembles that of (\ cincrascens, "but is notso white, and the adult inales have a red [/. c, rusty] throat, which isapparently never assumed by C. clnerascens.''''Certlddea olivacea ric/^?,w// Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,149 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. TringMus. ).
?No. 115940, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Chatham Island (high hills), Apr. 5, 1888;C. H. Townsend.
'' Description adaj^ted from Rothschild and Hartert.
766 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CERTHinEA MENTALIS Ridgway.TOWER ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Siiuihir to (\ fusea^ but rather .sinullcr; coloi- diirker and less oliva-ceous, the under parts dull light olive-^rrayish IxM-oniinji;' pale l)uti'v onchill and under wing-coverts.Adnlt.?Above uniform deep grayish olive; chin, throat, and underwing-coverts pale butf, deepest on chin, that of throat changing grad-ually' on chest to butfy gray, which covers whole chest, u})per breast,sides, and flanks; belly dull whitish; under tail-coverts butty white; anindistinct whitish supraloral streak; wing, 5;^, 1; tail. -to. 1; exposedculnien, 10.2; tarsus, 20.3.Of the five specimens examined one has the mandi})le apparently])lack, one dark ])rown, the other three brownish white.Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island).Ctrthklea mciiluli.^ RnxnvAY, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mils., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,359 (Tower I., (;alai)agos ArcliiiK-lajro; coll. r)r. <i. l^aur); xix, 1S97, 504(monogr. ).Cerfliidea olintrea iiiiiit(ili>< IIotiisciiilo and Hakteih', Novit. Zool., vi, Auir., 1899,150 (Tower 1.).CERTHIDEA FUSCA Sclater and Salvin.HABELS CERTHIDEA.Similar to 6'. oliixicea^ but darker and less olivaceous above, theunder parts butfy grayish white or very pale yellowish oliv^e-gra}';bill more dusky (wholly l)lack in adult male); adult male withoutrufescent coloring on throat or superciliary region; wing, 50.8-52.3(51.8); tail, 33-36.8 (35.6); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus,20.3-20.8; middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11. T).^Adult male.?Above uniform grayish olive, the wing-edgings simi-lar, but rather paler on tips of griniter and middle coverts; su[)raloralstreak, orbits, and lower parts generally dull pale grayish butfy (thebuff clearer and more pronounced on throat), deepening on sides andflanks into butty olive-grayish and fading on belly and under tail-cov-erts into butty whitish; bill brownish ])lack, rather paler on basalportion of mandible; tarsi dark horn color, toes darker; length (skin),100.3: wing, 50.8; tail. 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, '20.3;middle toe, 11.4.^Adult fcuudef.?Similar to the male as described above, butslightly paler beneath and on sides of head, with throat less tingedwith t)uttv; basal half of mandil)leand maxillary tomium horn l)roW'n;length (skin), 102.8; wing, 51.3; tail, 36.1 exposed culmen, lO.T; tar-sus, 20.3; middle toe, 11.9.'
'Five specimens. ^No. 116100, coll. IT. S. Nat. Mus.?No. 116102, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 767Another adult inulo (no. 11(!1()1. coll. U. S. Nat. Mas., obtained April16) has the mandible distinetl}' lioht colored, except at tip, thus show-ing* the color of the bill to be an inconstant feature in tliis as well asin some other species of the genus.Young.?Above similar to adult, but rather browner, and feathers,especially on back, hindneck, and pileum, showing in certain lightsvery indistinct narrow terminal bars of duskj^; beneath much as inadult, but sides of head and neck, throat, and chest more grayish;sides and lianks faintly mottled with light grayish l)rown, the tiankstinged with pale butfy.'Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands).Certlddea fusai Sclater and iSai.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 324 (Abing-don and Bindloe islands, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin andGodman).
?
Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 187(5, 477.
?
Sclater, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28.?RiixiWAv, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105,119, 123, 124, 126 (Abingdon Island); xix, 1897, 502 (monogr.).[CerUddea'] /itsea. Sclater and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16.Certhidea ollvacea fusca Rotflsciiild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,151 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands).CERTHIDEA BECKI Rothschild.WENMAN ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Similar to C. fused, but darker, esi)ecially on sides and Hanks; winglonger, (56, nearly 59 mm., in males, 5;^-54 mm. in females), but l>illshorter (S-9 mm.); adult male sometimes with an ochraceous patch onthroat, the adult female sometimes with the throat tinged with ochra-ceous. Diti'ering from C olicaccu in being darker above, darker andbrowner on chest, Hanks, and sides of breast, and in the adult malesnot having the throat rufous-cinnamon."Galapagos Archipelago (Wenman Island).Certhidea becki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Clul), no. liv, May 25, 1898, p. liii(Wenman Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus.).CertJtided uUcacea becki Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 149(crit.). CERTHIDEA DROWNEI Rothschild.CULPEPPER ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Similar to C. hcck/\ but larger (wing, ()!2nnn., in adult male, 57 mm.,in adult female); sides of l)reast darker, more olivaceous; pileumdarker; length of bill from nostril to tip of ma.xilla, 8-9 nmi.'Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper Island).Certhidea drovmei Rothschild, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, no. liv. May 25, 1898, p.liii (Culpepper Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus.).Certhidea olivacea drovmei Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899,150 (crit.).
I No. 116103, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.
^ Description adapted from Rothschild and Hartert.
^ Diagnosis adapted from Rothschild and Hartert.
7G8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.CERTHIDEA CINERASCENS Ridgway.GRAY CERTHIDEA.Similar to C, fnsca^ but much graj^er above and whiter beneath, andbill smaller (length from nostril to tip of maxilla not exceeding 8,5).Adult male.?Above plain dull brownish gray, beneath wholly dullgrayish white, faintly tinged with buft'y, especially along sides; billblack, basal half of mandible horn color; legs and feet black; length(skin), 97.S; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 9.4; bill fromrictus, 11.4; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.9.'Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island and (xnrdner Island, near HoodIsland).CertJildea cinerascens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890,105, 119, 127 (Hood I., Galapagof- Arcliipelago; roll. U. 8. Nat. I\Ius.); xix,1897, 503 (monogr.).Certhidea cincraticcuK cincrdHcciis Rothschild and Hartekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug.,1899, 151 (Hood I. and Gardner I., near Hood).Certhidia cinerascens Bavr, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Gardner I., near Hood).Ccrthidm olirascens {laspus j)ennn) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890,124 (Hood I.).CERTHIDEA BIFASCIATA Ridgway.BARRINGTON ISLAND CERTHIDEA.Similar to C. emera.scens^ but still whiter (entirely almost pure white)beneath, and wing with two broad whitish bands across tips of greaterand middle coverts.Adult.?Al)o\'e brownish gra}^ becoming very much paler on therump; wings and tail dusky, the feathers ])roadIy edged with grayishbrown; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale dull buffy, andgreater coverts with dull white, producing two conspicuous l)andsacross the wing: lores, orbits, cheeks, and entire under parts uni-form dull white; maxilla dark brown, with whitish tomia; mandiblewhitish; legs and feet brownish black; length (skin), 86.4; wing, 50.8;tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2.*^Three specimens from Barrington Island agree in the above char-acters.Galapagos Archipelago (Barrington Island).Certhidea hifnsckda Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894,359 (Barrington I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur^); xix, 1897,504 (monogr.).Certhidea (?inerasceni^ bifamata Rothschild and Hakteht, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug.,1899, 151 (Barrington 1.).iType, no. 116069, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Hood Island, Galapagos, Apr. 7, 1888.^Type, no. 593, coll. Dr. (i. Baur (now in coll. Tring Mus.), Barrington Island,Galapagos, July 9, 1891.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7G9Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub.Rhodinocichla Hartlaub, Journ. fur Orn., i, Jan., 1853, 33. (Type, Furnariusroseiis Lesson.)Bhodinocinclft (lapsus^) Reichexbach, Handb. Sjjec. Orn., no. x, Scansbrite (Sit-time), Aug. 1, 1853, 148, 201.Rhodocinda (emendation) Suxdevall, Av. Meth. Tent., 1872, 13.Ckhlcdopla Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 6. (Type, Tardus vidpinusHartlaub,= F(?njorms roseus Lesson.
)
Veiy laro-e Mniotiltidro ( ?) with bill near!}' as long- a.s head, stout(depth at nostrils equal to nearly half the distance from nostril to tipof maxilla), distincth^ notched; nostril nearl\' circular, with very slightsuperior membrane; rictal l)ristles obsolete; middle toe with claw nearlyequal to tarsus; wing excessively rounded, the outermost (ninth) pri-marv much shorter than secondaries, the eighth shorter, or at least notlonger, than tirst, the seventh, sixth, hfth, and fourth longest andnearly equal; tail about equal to wing, much rounded; upper parts,sides, and flanks plain sootv blackish or slate color; superciliar}- stripeand median under parts rose red in adult males, tawnj- in adult females.Bill nearly as long as head, moderately compressed, rather stout;culmen straight for basal half (appoximately) then gradually decurvedto the distinctly but not abruptly uncinate tip, distinctly but not sharplyridged basally; maxillar}' tomium nearly straight for most of its length,distinctly notched subterminall}'; gon3\s ver}^ faintly convex. Nostrilcircular, in anterior end of nasal fossse, without superior operculum ormem])rane, except posteriorl3^ Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short,excessively rounded; outermost (ninth) primary much shorter thansecondaries; eighth shorter (or at least not longer) than first, the sev-enth, sixth, fifth, and fourth longest and nearly equal; wing-tip abouthalf as long as exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, muchrounded, the rectrices very broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus aboutone-third as long as wing, stout, its scutella indistinct on outer side;middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; lateral toes equal, theirclaws falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long* as lat-eral toes, slender, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanxof middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe. for about halfits length to inner toe.Coloration.?Upper parts, sides of head, sides, and flanks plainsoot}^ blackish or slate color; superciliary stripe, malar region, andunder parts (except laterally) rose red in adult males, tawny in females;young said to have the under parts mottled.'^Nid'ification.?Unknown.
1 Evidently a slip of the memory, or the pen, since Hartlaub is cited, as aliove, asauthority for the name.
^ Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 383654?VOL 2?01 49
770 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Range.?Western Mexico; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela.(Two species.)Althoug-h this genus, first placed in the Furnariid^, but usualh'referred to either the Mimida or Troglodj'tidje, is very aberrant as amember of the Mniotiltidte, I do not know Avhere else to place it. Itquite certainl}" does not belong to the first-named famil}-, beingunquestionably an oscine bird; nor can it belong to either of the othertwo, which are both " ten-primaried " groups, while Rhodinocichla is
*"' nine-primaried," the tenth primary being very minute and entirelyconcealed. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RHODINOCICHLA.
a. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., rose red. (Adult males.)h. Smaller (wing 81, tail 78, depth of bill at nostrils 5.5) } (Venezuela; Colombia.)Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult male (extralimitaP)hh. Larger (wing 83-90, tail 82-93, depth of Ijill at nostrils 6.5-7).c. Upper parts slate-black; flanks dark slate color; wing and tail shorter, feetlarger (wing averaging 85.6, tail 85.7, tarsus 27.3, middle toe 19.5). (Isth-mus of Panama to southern Costa Rica.
)
Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult male (jj. 770)cc. Upper parts slate color; flanks slate-gray; wing and tail longer, feet smaller(wing averaging 88.3, tail 89.3, tarsus 25.4, middle toe 18.1). (WesternMexico. ) Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult male (p. 772)aa. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., tawny. (Adult females.)6. Smaller, with larger feet (wing 77-82.5, tail 78-84, tarsus 26-28).
c. Bill more slender (depth at nostrils 5.8) ; upper parts slate color, flanks slate-gray Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult female (extralimital)cc. Bill stouter (depth at nostril 6-7, averaging 6.7); upper parts slate-black,flanks slate color Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult female (p. 771)hh. Larger, with smaller feet (wing 83-85, tail 83-86, tarsus 25).'''Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult female (p. 772)RHODINOCICHLA ROSEA EXIMIA Ridgway.PANAMA THRUSH-WARBLER.Similar to R. r. rosea, but larger, with stouter bill and decidedlydarker coloration.Advit male.?Upper parts uniform slate-black, the greater wing-coverts more or less distincth^ edged with slate-gray; a siqierciliary
^ Coloration intermediate between that of R. r. eximia and R. schistacea.Rhodinocichla rosea rosea (Lesson).Furnurins cost hs Lesson, Ulustr. ZooL, 1832-34, pi. 5 (San Juan, Brazil); Lafres-naye. Rev. Zool., viii, 1845, 10 (Colombia; crit. ).
?
Rhodinocincla rosea Reich-enbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, Scansoriae (Sittinae), Aug. 1, 1853, 148;R[hodinoci}icla'] rosea Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, 1853, 201.
?
Rhodinocichla rosea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 141 (Bogota,Colombia).
?
Tardus vulpinus Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., i, 1849, 276(Venezuela; coll. Bremen INIus.; = female).
?
Cichkdopia vulpina Bonaparte,Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 6.
?' Coloration similar to that of R. rosea rosea, but flanks rather paler slate-gray.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 771
stripe of clear rose red, broadest over lores, where encroaching- onsides of forehead, becomino- much narrower from above the eye back-ward, the supra-auricular portion white or pale rose pink; lower halfof lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and sides of neck uniformslate-black; malar region, chin, throat, chest, abdomen, under tail-coverts, anterior lesser wing-coverts, and marginal under wing-covertsclear rose red (the feathers grajnsh dusky basally); sides, flanks, andthighs dark slate color or nearly slate-black; under wing-coverts(except those along edge of wing) pale gray centrally, broadly mar-gined with white; maxilla dark horn color basally, pale brownish orwhitish terminally (sometimes for more than terminal half) and alongtomia; mandible pale yellowish brown or whitish; length (skins),190-201 (194.7); wing, 83-88 (85.6); tail, 81-89 (85.7); exposed culmen,19.5-21.8 (20.6); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 26-28.5(27.3); middle toe, 18.5-21 (19.5). 'Adult female.?Pattern of coloration exactly as in adult male,but the rose red replaced by clear, rich tawny, the lower abdomenmore or less extensively white, and the slate-black of upper partsslightly more slaty, the flanks decidedly so; length (skins), 180-190(185.5); wing, 77-82.5 (80); tail, 77-81 (79.8); exposed culmen, 19-21.5(19.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-7 (6.7); tarsus, 26-28 (26.8); middletoe, 18-19.5 (19). 1Iinmature male.?Similar to the adult female, but superciliary stripered, instead of tawny, anteriorly, chin, throat, and malar regionstrongly tinged with red (especially the latter), and tawny of underparts much more restricted, and darker, slightly tinged with red onbreast.hmnature female.?Similar to the adult female, but greater wing-coverts margined terminally with tawny and tawny supraloral spacenarrower and less sharpl}^ defined.Young in first plumage.?"All over blackish, with a few rufousedges to the wing-coverts; underneath mottled like a 3"oung blackbird,'^the features sandy buff, with broad black edges; the center of theabdomen somewhat whiter; over the eye a broad streak of white." ^Isthmus of Panama and north to southern Costa Rica.Rhodinocichla rosea (not of Sclater, 1855, * not Furnarius roseus Lesson) Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).
?
Lawrence, Ann. Lye.N. Y., vii, 1861, 292 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 92 (CostaPica).
?
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Lion Hill).
?
Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 91, footnote, part (Panama R. R. ).
?
Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 133 (Santa F6, Veragua, and David, Chiriqui;crit. ); 1870, 180 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Veragua).Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica). Salvin and Godman,
^ Ten specimens. ^ Merula merula (Linnjsus)
.
?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 367.*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 141 (Bogota, Colombia); ? R. rosea rosea (Lesson).
772 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Costa Rica; David; Volcan deChiriqui; *Mina de Chorcha; Chitra; Calovevora; Santa Fe; Lion Hill).
?
Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (Costa Eica; Veragua).RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18&3, 609 (Buenos Aires, s. w. CostaRica; crit.).
?
Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 4 (BuenosAires, Costa Rica; descr. male and female).
?
Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368(Divala, Chiriqui) ; Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete,3,000 to 3,500 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui).IRhodinockhlal rosea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 3, part.IRhodinocichla roseal ex. rosea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10, 1878,247 (diagnosis).RHODINOCICHLA SCHISTACEA Ridgway.MEXICAN THRTJSH-WARBLER.Similar to E. r. eximia, hut with black of upper parts replaced byslate color, that of the flanks by slate-gray; wing and tail decidedlylonger, feet smaller.Adult male.?Upper parts, including sides of neck, plain slate color,the feathers with slightly darker centers, especialh^ the scapulars,interscapulars, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail darker, theformer with distinct edgings of paler slate color or slate-gray, thesemost conspicuous on middle and greater coverts; a superciliary stripeof pure rose red, becoming whitish or pale rose pink posteriorly(above auricular region)^ broadest anteriorly, where encroaching onsides of forehead; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions deep slatecolor; sides and flanks and thighs plain grayish slate or slate-gra}^,paler on flanks; malar region, chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and car-pal region, clear rose red, most intense anteriorh^, the feathers duskybasally, except on chin, throat, and malar region, where bases offeathers are whitish; under wing-coverts pale gray broadly marginedwith white, those along edge of wing rose red; maxilla brownish blackwith paler tomia; mandible pale grayish horn color (in dried skins);iris brown ;^ legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins),200-219 (207.5); wing, 86-90 (88.3); tail, 80.5-93 (89.3); exposed cul-men, 20-22 (20.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 2tl:-26(25.4); middle toe, 17-19 (18. 1)."'Adult female.?SmiW^v to the adult male, but slate color of upperparts slightly browner, rose red of superciliar}" stripe and under partsreplaced by tawny, superciliary stripe white for posterior half ormore, and lower abdomen parth' white, or whitish; length (skins), 197-208 (203.3); wing, 83-85 (84); tail, 83-86 (84.6); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-6.2 (6.1); tarsus, 25; middle toe,18-19 (18.3).'Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Jalisco (Ixtapa),and Colima (Colima; Sierra ]Madre), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago).
''According to Grayson, manuscript. ^ Seven specimens. ^ Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH JkND MIDDLE AMERICA. 773Rhodinockhla rosea (not Farnarius roseus Lesson) Fixsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.,1870, 329 (Mazatlan).?Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 267(Mazatlan; Sierra Madre, Colima, habits; song).?SALvixand Godmax, Biol.Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre de Colima).
?
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (in synonymy).IRhodinocichla'] rosea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 3, part.RhocUnodchla rosea, yS. schistacea, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 101878, 247 (Sierra Madre, Colima, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).Rhodinocichla schistacea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ]\Ius., vi, 1881, 367.

ADDENDA.
( Including corrections.
)
Page 8: To citation's of Cliloroplionia callophi'iis add:Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1889, 3 (Chiri-qni).?Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).Page 27: To citations of Euiyhonia hirundinacea add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,64 (Boquete, Chiriq), and remove interrogation point after Chiriqui, in statement of ?Page 29: To citations of Eiqylionia laniirostris add:Salvadori and F
' Sabana, IsthmusPage 33: Add:esta, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. :399, 1899, 3 (Puntade of Panama).KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUTHRAUPIS.
a. Sides and flanks yellow, mottled or Ijlotched with dusky. (Veragua.
)
Bnthraupis arcaei, adult male (p. 33)(ui. Sides and flanks, very broadly, uniform dusky blue, like upper parts. (CostaRica. ) Buthraupis cseruleigularis, adult male (p. 34)Page -iO: To citations of Ckdonpiza fiorida arcwi add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Caribbean slope of Volcan deChiriqui, 2,000 ft.).Page 42: To citations of Callisit;gidtatavi(\(\.:Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui).Page 42: For Calosjnsa eahanisi Sclater read: Calosjnza cahcmisi(Sclater).Page 46: CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin).Lnmature.?Plain gloss}' green, including head and neck, the underparts paler; at)domen light turquoise blue, or mixed with that color;primaries edged with green, this having a slight l)rownish tinge basallyon the outermost quills. (Very similar to the corresponding plumageof C. (/f//'oloides, but the coloration brighter, especiall}^ the green ofthe under parts.)Page 47: To citations of ('(dlhte doinl add:Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui).775
776 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.l*tige 57: To citations of Tanagra cana add:BoicARD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.Page 58: To citations of Tanagra cana. diaconus add:Bangs, Prof. New p:ngl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 65 (Boquete, 3,000 to 4,000 ft., andBogaba, Chiriqui)
.
Page 62: To citations of Tanagra ahhas add:BoucAKi), Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33.Page 62: To synonymy of Spindalls add:Shizampelis (typographical error) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H., xi, 1866 (pub.May, 1867), 92.Page 77: The sj-nonyniy of Piranga rnhriceps^ accidentally omitted,is as follows:P[yron(7?] rnbricejjs Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pi. 89, lower tig. (Nodescription nor locality given.)
?
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433j ,Pyranga ruhriceps Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 178; Note sur lesTang., 1851, 29.?Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota); 1856,125 (nionogr.); Synopsis Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81(Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192.
?
Sclater and Salvin,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 502 (Antioquia, Colombia).
?
Taczanowski,Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 115 (n. Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 496.?Taczanowski and Ber.lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Bafios, e.Ecuador, 6,200 ft.).?Bryant (W. E.), Auk, iv, 1887, 78 (Dos Pueblos, SantaBarbara Co., California, 1 spec, "about 1871 ").[Pyranga] ruhriceps ^^clxtku m\(\ Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.Plirangal ruhriceps Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589 (Dos Pueblos,Santa Barbara Co., California; description).Pyranga erylhrocepliala (not Spermagra erylJiroccjihala Swainson) Gray, Gen.Birds, App., 1849, 16.[Pymnga'} eryiliroccplKda Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.Pyranga pyrrhoccpltaht " Massena, MS." Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,125 (in synonymy).This exclusively South American species has been reported (as abovecited) to have been once taken in California. The identification of thespecimen on which the record is based is undoubtedly correct; buteven granting no mistake has been made as to the specimen havingactually been taken in California, the occurrence must have been purelyfortuitous, most likely an escape from captivity, and the species has noclaim to a place in the North American fauna.Page 81: To citations of Piranga ruhra add:Butler, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 32 (Franklin Co., Indiana, com-mon summer resid.).
?
Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 217.
?
Beyer, Proc. Louis.Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 108 (Louisiana, breeding).?Torrky, Auk, xviii, 1901,273 (Newton, Massachusetts, 1 spec. May 12, 1901).Page 84: To citations of Piranga ruhra cooperi add:Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Fronteras, n. e. Sonora, August; SanDiego, n. w. Chihuahua, April, May).
BIRDS OF ]SrORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 777Page 94: To citations of Plnnu/d Jadovic'iana add:Bowles, Condor, iv, 1902, 10 (Was^hington and Oregon; liaUitn; de?cr. nest andeggs).Page 96: To .s^vnonyni^v of P/raruja l>identafa fdnnncd add:Piranga bidentata flamtneu Nelsox, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 5:^ (Tres ]Marias;habits; song; crit.).Page 98: To synonymy of Piranga hldentata mngtdnoleiita add:Piranga hklentata sanguinolenta B.\XGa, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Ckib, iii, Jan. 30,1902, 66 (Volcan de Chiriqni, 4,000 to 7,000 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).Page 101: To citations of Pinnuja hucoj^tera latifamiata add:B.\NGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Clul), iii, 1902, 66 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to5,000 ft.).Page 106, fourth paragraph, in text: For IL'misjyhigus read Ilemi-thraiqns.Page 111: To citations of P}ujin2)Jioe<xlus i)asi<rriv ! ! add:SALVADORiand Fest.\, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. :399, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui).Page 111: RAMPHOCELUS COSTAPICENSIS Cherrie.Seven adult males, three iuunature males, and three adult femalesfrom Divala and Boga))a, Chiriqui, just received from Mr. OutramBangs?all of them beautifully prepared specimens?enable me togive a better diagnosis of this form:Similar to P. j^- passerinii^ but slightly larger; adult female andimmature male with a broad and conspicuous band of ochraceous-orange or dull reddish orange across the chest, and with the rumpolivaceous-orange deepening into a more reddish or ochraceous-orangehue on upper tail-coverts.Adult male (seven specimens).?Length (skins), 159-165 (162.6);
?
wing, 76.5-81 (78.6); tail, 68-72 (70.1); exposed culmen, 11-15 (11.3):tarsus, 21-23 (22.1).Adult female (three specimen.s).?Length (skins), 160-167 (163);wing, 76-78 (77); tail, 70.5-72 (71.2); exposed culmen, 11-16 (15);tarsus, 22-23 (22.5).Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; BuenosAires; Navarro) and Chiriqui (Bogaba; Divala).The form is without doubt a subspecies of P.jxisserinli^ and shouldbe called Rampliocelus passerinii costaricensis (Cherrie).Page 115: To synonymy of Ramphocelus festse add:Rhamphocalus fesfae S.^lv.'VDOri and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no.399, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui).Page 117: To citations of Parrq^Jtocelut^ dimidiatus add:Baxgs, Auli., xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala and David, Chiriqui; crit.).
778 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Page 118: To citations of RhamphociduH dimidlatus^ in s^^ionymyot Hamj^hoceliis diitiidiatus isthinicus^ add:(?) Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4(Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama).Page 119: For Hamphocelus dhnidiatiis llniatus Bangs read Rain-phocelus dhnidlatvs limatus (Bangs).Page 120: For PhlogothrawpVs sanguinolenta read PIdogothraiqnssanguinolenta.Page 123: In statement of range of Lanio aurantius for Oaxacaread Chiapas.Page 132: To citations of Tachyphonus vielaleucus add:Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Colon,Isthmus of Panama).Page 111: Yov JEucometis s.podocep)hala stictotliora.r (Berlepsch) readEucometis s2:>odocep>hala stictothorxix Berlepsch, and add to the synon-ymy:Eucometes [sic] spodocephala sticfolliorax Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii,1902, 66 (Boquete, 4,000 to 4,800 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui).Page 116: For Plixnicotlirauptis vinacea read Phcanicothi'aufisvi7iac?a; for Plioeiiicotkraupus vinacea read Phcenicothraujyis vinacea^and add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).Page 118: In statement of range of Phamicothvaupis salvini salvinitransfer locality Guichicovi from Oaxaca to Chiapas.Page 153: To citations of Phoenicothfraupjls fasclcauda add:Salvador: and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (RioLara, Isthmus of Panama).Page 151: For Chlorothraiqjis olivaceus read Chlorothraupis oli-vacea.Page 155: In references after P1ioenicotlira\ipk cnrmloli amend cita-tion of ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, etc., toread: Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185, 186(Valley of Cosnipata, s. e. Peru; crit.).Page 158: For Chlorospingus alhitempora read Chloros])ingusnovicius.Page 162: For 61 alhitemporalis (in text, second line) read C.novicius.Page 163: For Chlorospingus alhitempora (Lafresnaye) read Chloro-spingus novicius Bangs.Page 164: Citations of Tachyphonus aXbiteinp>ora and Chlorospingusalbitempora to be canceled; also, citations of Chlo7'osp)ingus alhitempo-
BIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 779
r?77/.'^ pertaining- to South American localities (excepting Colombia?)^and add to synonym}"
:
Cldorospingus novicius Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 67(Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,500 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).Page 166: To citations of Chlorospingiis pileatns add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club., iii, 1902, 67 ( Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete,Chiriqui, 5,000 to 11,000 ft.).Page 167: To citations of Chiorosj^lnffus hypophceus add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 67 (Caribbean slope of Volcan deChiriqui).Page 189: To synonymy of Cacicus mtellinus add:Cachis vitellinus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 64 (Sona,Chiriqui).Page 207: In first paragraph, in text, for Aglaioides read Agelaioides.Page 209: After 2lolohnts 2)eco7'is, in synonymy, add:Cassicus peeoris Gistel, Handb. Naturg., 1850, 288, in text.Page 211: For 2/oloth/'us atronitens (Cabanis) read MoJothrus atro-iiitens Cabanis.Page 219: For Quiscalus quiscula xneus Ridgway read Qutscalusquiscula seneus (Ridgway).Page 222: To citations of Qiiiscalusqulscida a'/ieus add:MoRRELL, Auk, xvi, 1899, 252 (Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia).
?
Carroll, Auk,xvii, 1900, 346 (Refugio Co., s. Texas, breeding).Page 227: To synonymy of IIoJo<2uiscalus jamaicensis add:[0/'/o/?(.s] niger (not of Boddaert, 1783) G.melin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. i., 1788, 393, part(based on Icterus niger Brisson, Orn., ii, 103, etc.; Jamaica).Page 228: To s3"nonomy of Iloloquiscalus niger add:[Oio/h.s] mger Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, pt. i, 1788, 393 (based on /c/^'n/.s /</^t'r Bri.sson,Orn., ii, 103, etc.)Page 253: In S3nionymy of genus Dives Cassin, for Lampropsardives Bonaparte read Icterus dives Lichtenstein.Page 277: To citations of Icterus spurius add:Trippe, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s.Iowa, breeding).?Allen, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., i, 1886, 249 (Massachusetts,,chiefly in Connecticut Valley).Page 291: To citations of Icterus cucullatus nelsoni add:Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 125 (San Diego, San Bernardino, andVentura counties, CaHfornia, breeding)
.
Page 295: In citation of Xantlwrnus c/c/'^/.y^/^/' Bonaparte, Consp.Av., etc., the generic name (except initial letter) should be bracketed.
780 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Page 297: ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin.Immature.?Wings dusk}' grayish, with white markings less sharplydefined than in adults, the lesser coverts dusk}' margined with yellow-ish: tail yellowish olive, the lateral rectrices more 3'ellowish: otherwisesimilar to adults, but the yellow duller, that of the upper parts more orless obscured by a wash of olive, especially on back and upper rump.Page 298: ICTERUS GRAYSONII Cassin.Immahire male.?Similar to the adult female, but slighth' larger.Page 299: ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte.Immature.?Wings gra3'ish dusky, with white markings as in adults,but lesser coverts dusky instead of 3'ellow or orange; tail j^ellowisholive, more yellowish on lateral rectrices, more grayish on terminalportion of middle rectrices; otherwise like adults, but hindneck, back,scapulars, and upper rump yellowish olive instead of orange or orange-yellow.Page 305: For St. Andrew's Oriole read St. Andrews Oriole.Page 310: To citations of IcteruH 2Mt"isorum add:Beldixg, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 125 (Campo, etc.,- Lower California).Page 313: To citation of Icterus haltimore Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., iii, 1872, add p. 136 (Fort Hays, w. Kan.sas; crit.).Page 326: To citations of Agelalus tricolor add:Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 122 (breeding at San Diego, San Bernar-
-dino, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara Valley, and Stockton,Calfornia; Tehachapi, April; Oakland, winter).Page 328: To citations of Agelaius guhernator add:Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 121, part.Page 329: To citations of Agelaius guhtrnator californicits add:Fisher (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept.).Page 340: In s_vnon3'my of Agelaius 2^^'<vuiceus neutralis add tocitations of Agelaius phceniceus
:
Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 120, part (Carson and Truckee Valley,INevada; Camp Harney, e. Oregon).To citations of Agelai^is jyJueniceus add:Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168 (Ogden, Utah).Page 311: To .s3Mionymy of Agelaius 2>^^^nicetis neutralis add:Agelaius guhernator Belding, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 121, part (San Diegoand San Bernardino, California, resident; Fort Klamath and Camp Harney, e. Cre-tan; Carson, Nevada).
I
BIRDS OB^ NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 781Page 342: To citations of Agelak/.s p/ueu U-e>(s\ in synonymy of Age-laiu^'i j?hoemcei/s caurinux, add:Beldixg, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 120, part (British Colmnljia; Seattle,AVasliington )
.
Page 349: To citations of Xanthocephalus xanthocejjhalus, add:Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 249 (WatertoNvn, Massacluisetts, 1 spec,Oct. 19, 1869.; Eastham, Massachusetts, 1 spec, Sept. 10, 1877).Page 353: To citations of Lelates guianensis add:Bangs, Proc New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (David, Chiriqui).Page 359: For Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1872, 239 (Iowa)read Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 239 (Decatur andMahaska counties, Iowa, breeding; migrant.)Page 365: To citation of Sturnel/a magna inexpectata add:Bangs, Proc New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to6,000 ft.). ?Page 3()8: In synonymj' of Sturnella neglecta^ for Shirnella Idppocre-pus read SturneUa hippocrepis.Page 373: To citations of Dollchonyx orysivonis add:Fisher (W. K. ), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept.).Page 382: To citations of Diglossa plumhea add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,500 to7,000 ft.).Page 385: For C[xreha] csemdea read (kvtreha cserulea.Page 389: To citation of Cyanerpes cyaneus carne'pe^i add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to5,000 ft.).Page 397: To citations of Dacnix venusta add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to5,000 ft.).Pages 403-422: Sundevall's review of the genus CertJu\>Ia\^Careha^has been wrongl}" cited, the correct citations being as follows:Page 403: C\erthiola\ bairdii Svi^D'evaia., Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.). C\ertliiola\ hahamensis Sunde-YALL, Ofv. Iv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 624 (monogr.).Page 407: C[erthiola\ luteola Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.).Page 408: C\ertliiola\ iiuijor Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). C\erthioh.i\ minor Sundevall,Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.).Page 410. C\erthlaJa^^ mexicana Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622, 623 (monogr.).
782 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Page 411: C\erthwla\ columhiana Sundevall, Ofv. k, Vet.-Ak.Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (nionogr.).Page 413: C\erth{old\ portorlceiisis Sundevall, Ofv, k. Vet.-Ak.Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 18T0, 598, 622 (monogr.).Page 414: C{erthiola\ sti. thonix Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.; St. Thomas).Page 415: C\erthlola'\ flciveola Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621, part (monogr.). (The same in sj-nonymy ofOereba neiotoni^ on p. 417.)Page 418: 0\erthiol(f\ dominicana Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak.Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 623 (monogr.).Page'419: Certhiola 'bartliolemica Sundevall, Ofv. k.Vet.-Ak. Forh.
.Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 584 (St. Bartholomew). C\eHliu>la\ IxirtholemicaSundevall, OfV. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.).Page 422: Cancel citation of Sundevall, CEfv., etc., under Certhi-ola martinicarm. and change citation after Certhiola alhigida toCierthioki] alhigida Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi,1870, 624 (monogr.).Page 407: To citations of C(ereba luteola add:EoBiNSON and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 176 (La Guaira,Yenezuela)
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Page 410: To synonymy of Cwreha mexicana add:Coerebra mexicana Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Eica, i, Aves, 1893, 18 (Boruca, Ter-raba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).Page 413: To citations of Cm^eha poi'toricensis add:Pratt, Auk., xvi, 1899, 361 (nesting, etc.)-Page 414: CCEREBA FLAVEOLA (Linnaeus).Yoiouj.?Pileum. hindneck, l)ack. scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials,and upper tail-coverts plain dark olive; lower rmup olive-3'ellow oryellowish olive; a superciliary stripe, ending a short distance behindeye, median line of throat, posterior portion of malar region, chest,and breast dull light wax yellow, slightly tinged with olive, thedeeper color of chest, etc., fading gradually into pale buffy yellow or
.straw yellow on more posterior underparts, the under tail-coverts palecream-yellow or cream color: lores, auricular region, chin, sides ofthroat, and anterior portion of malar region dusk}^ olive; remiges andrectrices essentially as in adults.Page 414: To svnonymy of Coerebajlaveola add:Nectarinia flareola Swaixsox, Birds w. Africa, ii, 1838, 1-45.Page 421: To citation of Coereha uropagialis Berlepsch, Journ.fiir Orn., etc., add: , 85 (in text).Page 423: To synonymy of Genus Glossiptila Sclater add Glossoj?-tila (emendation?) Newton (A. and E.) Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
BIRDS OB' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 783Page 425: For G[lossiptil(i] '/??'//?'6yV/4' Newton, etc.. read G[lossoj)-iila] ruficollis Newton, etc.Page 435: To citations of MniotiUa varla add:Bland, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1859 (I860), 287 (Bermudas).?McIl-WRAiTH, Birds Ontario, 1894, 353 (s. Ontario, breeding).
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Daxiel, Auk, xix, 1902,17 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding).Page 437 : To winter range of Helinaia sioainsonii add, after Jamaica
:
eastern Mexico (near cit}" of Vera Cruz).Page 438: To citations of Helinaia sioainsoni add:Salvin and Goodman, Ibis, 1889, 236 (Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz).Page 444: To citations of Profonotaria citrea add:Butler, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1891, 165 (breeding in Elkliart, Lagrange, Steuben,and Dekalb counties, n. Indiana, and St. Joseph Co., s. Michigan).Page 462: For Sylma tenensssei read S\_ylvid\ teneiisssei.Page 465: To citations of Ilelmintliopliila celata add:DuRY and Kellogg, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1891, 43 (near Cincinnati, Ohio,Sept. 20).Page 468: In statement of geographic range of IlelminthopliUacelata sordida^ after last word, within parentheses, add: and SanGabriel, Los Angeles County, October 5.Page 477: To citations of Oreotldypls gutturalis add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Clul), iii, 1902, 63 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000 to10,300 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui).Page 483: To doubtful citations of Sylvicola americana add:Bland, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermuda).Page 484: From doubtful citations of Gom/psothlypis americanaremove last two references and transfer to page 483, after Brewster,Auk, xiii, etc. These were accidentally put in wrong place.Page 486: The range of ComjysotJdypis americana rarnalinix wasaccidentally omitted. It is as follows: Mississippi Valley and districtof the upper Great Lakes; breeding from Louisiana and Texas toMichigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; occasional west to eastern Colo-rado (El Paso County); in winter southward through eastern Mexicoand Central America to Nicaragua (Rio Escondido).Page 488: To citation of CompsothlypiiH pitiaymni sp>eciosa add:Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to4,500 ft.).Page 522: To citation after Dendroica aureola of Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., etc., add: xix, 1897, 493 (monogr.).Page 530: After Dendrmca hryanti Sharpe, etc., add:Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, 237 (Tampico, lamaulipas).
784 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.Page 530: To citation.s of Dendrolca tlgr' <<i add:Howe, Contr. X. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 19 (Blount Killin^ton, Vermont, breeding).Page 543: Cancel the following- citations under De)tdr<xca canadensisand transfer them to Wil.s(ni!a ?7;^^//Ze//.v/.s(p. Tls): Taczanowski, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 50S (centr. Peru); 1879. ?>?> (Tanil.ilio. n.Peru).Page 549: For JLiiatilta raria Reinhardt. etc., read Mnio^ilta <(>r-onata Reinhardt, etc.Page 550: To citations of Di-adrolca eoi'onaia add:Howe, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Mount ^MiUK^field, Vermont, breeding).Page 550: For Dcudrolca coronatus Gundlach, etc., read \{Rhi-iruiinphus) D(ndi'(nt'a'\ co/'onatns^ etc. (The same form to be substitutedwherever "Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326" is cited for an}'-species of this genus.)Page 561: For Dendi-'ioca tounisendl read Dendroica tcniynsendi.Page 562: For \^Dendi'<L'txi\ toicnsendl Coues, Kc}' N. Am. Birds, 2ded.. etc., read r)\?ndrau:-a\ etc.Page 562: To synon3'm3' of Dendrolca f<>tnis<ndi add:(?) Si/lria montana (not of Wilson) Audubo.v, Urn. Biog., v, 1839, 294, part, pi.434, fig. 3 (California).(?) Sylvicola riiontana Audubon, Synopsis, 18:59, 62, part (California); Birds Am.,Oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69, part, pi. 98 (California).(?) [St/lvicotd^ montana Bonap.\rte, Consp. Av., i, ISoO, 308, part.(?) Mlniotiltal montana Gr.\y, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 169, part.(?) [Mniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part.(?) Dendroica montana Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, jiart.
?
Baird,Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. X. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part, pi. 14, fig. 3.^(?) Dendra'ca montana Coues, Binls Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part.
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Sharpe,Cat. Birds Brit. ]Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote, exel. synonymy, part.Page 565: To synon^'my of Dendrolca, virens add:(?) Hylvia montana Wii.sox, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 113, pi. 44, fig. 2 (Blue Moun-tains of Pennsylvania).
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Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 736.
?
Vteillot, Enc. ]Meth., ii, 1823, 451.
?
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,iv, 1823, 451.?Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 294, part (not pi. 434, fig. 3).(?) Slylvia] montana Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. X. Y., ii, 1826, 82 (crit. ).(?) Sylvicola montana Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 202.
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Audubon,Synopsis, 1839, 62, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69 (not pi. 98).?Xuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 442, part.(?) \_Syldrola^ montana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308, part.(?) M[niotilta] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 169, part.(?) IMniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part.(?) Dendroica montana Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 278; Cat. X. Am.Birds, 1859, no. 199; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, part.?Baird, Brewer,anil RiDGWAY, Hist. X. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part (not pi. 14, fig. 3^).?Amekican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 356 ("HypotheticalList," no. 24).
'Copied from Audulxm.
'?'From Audubon, Birds Am., oct. eil., ii, 1841, pi. 98 = D. toicnsendi ?.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 785(?) Dctidrorca montana Sundevaij., Ofv. k. Vet.-Akail. Forli., Stockholm, xxvi.,1870, 613."(?) Dendrceca montana CouES, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part.
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May-NARD, Birds E. U. S., 1882, 521.?Ridgway, Noni. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.112.?Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote.(?) Syhria tigrina (not MotacUla tiyrma Gmelin) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. andCan.,i, 1832, 393.(?) Si/lvicold i'ltjrina Bonaparte, Geog. ami Comji. List, 1838, 23.Page 571: For Sylvia cxrlea read Sylvia Ccerulea.Page 59-t: In citation.s of Dendrmca castanea cancel Lawrence,Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec city, Oct.), andtransfer to synonymy D. striata on p. 598.Page 598: To synonymy of Dendroica striata add:Dendrceca casUinea (not Sylvia castanea Wilson) Lawrence, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mns.,no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec City, Oct.).Page 602: To s^^ionym}' of Dendroica vigorsi/i vixjorsii add:Detidraca vigornli Howe, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Tovvnshend, etc., Ver-mont, breeding).Pages 642, 643: To breeding range of Seiurus noveboi'aceiisis nove-horacotsis add: Warren, Crawford, Clinton, and Erie counties, Penn-sylvania, and Garrett County, Maryland.Page 703: To the ?ynonym\^ of Wilsonia add:Myildioctex (emendation) Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299, 358.Page 710: Description of the immature plumage of Wilso/iia pusillapusilla was accidentally omitted. This plumage differs from the adultas follows:Immature: Similar to adults, but no black on crown; pileum plainolive-green, concolor with back, etc., becoming more Acllowish (some-times decidedly, but never purel}^, 3'ellow) on forehead, the lores andsuperciliary region yellow.The corresponding plumage of the other subspecies of course differsfrom that of the adults in the same manner.Page 733: In last citation in synonymy of Myiohorxs miniatus niini-atus^ for Jfuscicapa derhamii read Mascicapa de-rliamii.NOTE.Throughout Part I of the present work and the greater part of PartII an error has been made in the spelling of the lowility "? Lometa"in citations of "Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 1879."The name shoidd be spelled Lomita, the locality being Lomita Ranch,
""situated on the Rio Grande, 7 miles above Hidalgo and 65 milesfrom Brownsville." Lometa is a post-office town in Lampasas County,in the central portion of the State.3654?VOL 2?01 60

I N I) K X
[The blaek-faccd leltor.s indicato generic or upeoifie heading*.]X. Page.Abaeo Pine Warbler 608Spindalis J2abacoensis, Dendroica vigorsii . . . 498, 500, 601, 603abbas, Tanagra 55, 60, 62, 776Abbot Tanager 60abeillffii, Icterus 319abeillei, Hyphantes 319Icterus 261, 262, 318, 319Xanthornus 319Abeille's Oriole 318abeillii. Icterus 319Pendulinus 319Abrornis atricapilla 711Acaiithorhynchus 376Accentor auricapillus 638achrustera, Dendroica vigorsii -JiDS,506, 507, 601, 60>_', 603Acrocompsa 4callophrys 8cyanodorsalis 7occipitalis 6Acroleptes 8aflinis 23ful vicrissus 19gracilis 20humilis 24luteicapillus 21adelaidse, Dendroeca 588Dendroica 497, 49S, 605, 587, 588Dendroica graci;e, var 588Sy Ivicola 588Adelaide's Warbler 587aenea, Quiscalus versicolor, subspecies 222seueus, Agelains 203, 204Callothrus 204, 205seneus 201, 203Molothorus 202, 203, 204Psarocolius 200, 202, 204, 205Quiscalus 221purpureus 221var 221qniscula ... 214,215,219,221,779versicolor 221versicolor, var 221sequatorialis, Dendroeca petechia, h 523Quiscalus 253Scolecophagus 253cequinoctialis, Geothlypis 653, 657, 690Motacilla 690Sylvia 625
sestiva, Dendrteca 511, 513, 615, 520Dendroica 498, 499, 513, 514, 532sestiva 499, 608Mniotilta 510Motacilla 510, 513, 514, 516, 518, 521aesti va, Phoonicosoma 83Phoenisoma 83sestiva, Pyranga 81,83sesti va, var 83Sylvia 610, 521Sylvicola 510, 613, 516, 518Tanagra 81, 83aestivum, Phoenicosoma 83sestivus, Rhimamphus 510,521Rhimanphus 610affinis, Acroleptes 23Cassicus 186Euphona 23Euphonia 10,11,21,23,25Phcenicothraupis rubica 142,147rubicoides 147Phonasca 23Ramphocelus 119Tanagra ( Euphonia) 23, 26Agselaius phceniceus var. gubernator 341Agelaens 319phceniceus 335, 340AgeUens 319assimilis 343chrysopterus 344gubernator 328, 330, 339, 341humeriilis 343nigerrimus 346perspicillatus 350phceniceus 329,332, 333, 335,336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 780a. pha?nice\is 341b. assimilis 343c. gubernator 328d. tricolor 326a. phceniceus 341/3. gubernator 328, 341gubernator 328, 341var. gubernator ... 328var. tricolor 326tricolor 326, 339Agelaii 174Agelaioides 205, 207, 779Agelaius 175,319,321seueus 203, 204787
788 INDEX.Page.Agelaius assimiles 342assimilis 320, 323, 342, 343badius 205bullockii 316chrysopterus 344cyanopns ?. 320, 321forbesi 320frontalis 319gubernator 322, 328, 330, 338, 341, 780californicus 322,323, 326, 329, 780grandis 322,323,329,330gubernator .... 322, 323, 326humeralis 320, 323, 343ic'tcrocepbalus 349imtluinni 321longirostris 264, 338militaris 353niger 228nigerrimus 346phteniceus 330,332, 333,336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 780, 781bryanti.. 323,324,333,334,337eaurinus 323,324,341,342,781floridanus . . 323, 324, 333, 334fortis . . . 322, 324, 337, 338, 339grandis 330gubernator 328longirostris 338, 341neutralis 323,324,339,341,780phceniceus 322,324,330,331,334richmondi. . 323, 324, 335, 337sonoriensis . 322, 324, 337, 342var. assimilis 343var. gubernator. 328,330,341var. phoeniceus 332phcenicius 330pyrrhopterus 255ngelaius, Quisealus purpureus, var 218ruficapillus 321thilius 321tricolor 322, 323, 324, 326, 780xanthocephalus 349xanthomus 320,323,344xanthorn us 302Agelasticns 319, 321Agelaus longipes 350pecoris 209, 211phoeniceus 329Ageliaus xanthrocephalus 349agilis, Geothlypis 627, 628, 666Oporornis 621, 622, 625, 627, 631Seiurus 627Sylvia 626Sylvicola .... . 627Trichas 626aglseus, Quisealus 218purpureus 218var 218quiscula... 214,215,217,218,219versicolor 219Aglaia 34(Micullata 53, 54
Page.Aglaia cyanocephala 55fanny 49, 50gyrola 44gyroloides 45peruviana 44Agrilorhinus 378olivaceus 381personatus 378sittaceus 378, 381agripennis, Doliehonyx 374Icterus 374Alaskan Yellow Warbler 514Alauda magna 353, 359, 361 , 362, 364alaudarius, Cacieus 359albemarlei, Certhidea 764albicolis, Sylvia 516albicollis, Deudroica 521Motacilla 516, 521Sylvia 516albifrons, Chlorospingus 158, 162, 163M yioborus 731albigula, Certhiola 422, 782albilora, Dendroeca dominica, b 583var 583Dendroiea dominica 505,581, 582, 583, 584var 583albinucha, Doliehonyx oryzivorus 374var 374albinuchws, Doliehonyx oryzivorus, (3 374albirostris, Cacieus 188Cassicus 186, 187Tanagra 131albispecularis, Tachyphonus 134albitempora, Chlorospingus 158,163,164,778Tachyphonus 161, 164, 778albitemporalis, Chlorospingus 161,164,165,778Pipilopsis 161Alta Mira Oriole 286Yellow-throat 680alticola, Sturnella magna 363ambigua, Fringilla 210Amblycereus 170, 172, 173, 192holosericeus 193, 194, 195nigerrimus 195prevosti 195prevostii 195solitarius 193Amblyrhamphus prevostii 195American Hedge Sparrow 425Orioles 169Redstart 724Starlings 169americana, Chloris 483, 486Compsothlypsis 479, 483,484,485,486,545,783americana 479,480,481,485Mniotilta 483,485,486Motacilla 482Parula 482. 483, 485, 486Parus 482Sylvia 482,483,485,486Sylvicola 482, 483. 48.5, 486, 783americanus. Icterus 353Oriolus 350, 353
INDEX. 789
Page.aiiicrifiiims, Panis 478amicta, Cardellina 719, 721Setophaga 721Ampelis luteus 695Anabates fernandinse 648, 649aiialis, Daenis [Ateleodacnis] 397Aiicylorhimis 378Andriopsar 255Aiidros Yellow-throat 67
7
angelica, Daenis 390annae, Euphonia 18annere, Euphonia 10, 11, 17,18Ant Tanager, Dusky-tailed 15'2Island 152Mexican 144Nelson's 14.>Nicaraguan 1 50Oaxaca 147Rosy 147Salvin's 14STabasco 14!)Vinaceous-throated 146Yucatan , 151anthoides, Cnrruea 645Sylvia 645Anthus breviunguis 598coronatus 638herminieri 645riierminieri 645A porophantes 255a(|uaticus, Seiurus 645, 647Turdus 645aquatius, Turdus 645Aibelorhina 384, 398brevipes 389brevirostris 385cserulea microrhyncha 386coerulea 385eyanea 388eximia 389exlmia 389longirostristris 386luclda 390nitida 386arcfpi, Buthratipis 32,33,775Calospiza florida 36, 40, 775Aree's Emerald Tanager 40Tanager 33archepispopus, Tanagra 54Archiplanus 186, 187ardens, I'hoenicosoma 101Pi ranga 76argutula, Stnrnella magna 355, 356, 360, 361arizela, Geothlypis trichas 655,656, 658, 660, 670, 672armenti, Callothrus 201Molothrus 201Arreraon ophthalmicus 157, 159, 161palmarum 127assimilis, Agelseus 343phreniceus, b 343Agelaius 320, 323, 342, 343phoenicens, var 343Callothrus feneus 201, 204, 205Megaqniscalus major 237Quiscalns 236, 237, 241
Page.assimilis, Soaphidurus major 237Ateleodacnis 375, 376, 377, 391, 426Ateleopsar 255a ter, Cassicus 199Cassidix 199Molothrus 207, 208, 209ater 207Oriolus 205, 208Pendulinus 248Quiscalns 228Turdus 278aterrimuni, Dicteum 423Atlixco Red-wing 329a trata, Certhiola 423Coereba 401, 422, 423atricapilla, Abrornis 711Chlorophanes 384Coereba 382, 384Dendr^eca 598Tanagra 122atrieeps, Chlorospingus 160atrocEerulea, Procnopis 2atronitens, Molothrus 206,207,211,212atro-nitens, Molothr\is 212atroviolacea, Ptiloxena 252,253atroviolaceus. Dives 253Quiscalns 251, 253Scaphidurus 253Scolecophagus 253auduboni, DendrcEca 654Dendroica 503, 553, 554, 555auduboni 551coronata, var 555Icterus melanocephalus 282var 282Mniotilta 553Sylvia 553Sylvicola ,553audubonii, Dendroeca 555Dendroica 554Icterus 281, 282melanocephalus 258,261,262,282Sylvia 553Sylvicola 553audubonis, Dendroica 555Audubon's Oriole 282Warbler 551a\irantia, Mniotilta 576Motacilla 576aurantiaca, Setophaga 734aurantiacus, Myioborus 731, 733aurantius, Lanio 122,123,124,778auratus. Icterus 260, 261, 299, 300, 302, 780aureocapillus, Seiurus 638aureola, DendrcEca 522, 523Dendroica 522, 523, 783petechia 501, 521Sylvicola 522a\iricapilla, Dendroica 517petechia 500,517,520Enicocichla 638Henicocichla 638Motacilla 634, 637Setophaga 738Siunis 638
790 INDEX.
Page.auricapilla, Sylvia 637auricapilhis, Accentor 638Icterus 255Sinrii.s 638Turdus 638auricollis, Icteria 695Mniotilta 445Motacilla 445Psaroeolius 318Sylvia 445Sylvlcola 445Tanagra 695auricularis, BasileiUcnis 740auritus, Lanio 104aurocapillus, Basileuterus 740Enicocichla 638Sciurus 638Seiurus 427, 634, 635, 637, 638Siurus 638Turdus 637Aurora Warbler 531aurulenta, Calospiza 36Tanagra (Aglaia) 34autumnalis, Sylvia 595axillaris, Chlorospingus 135Tachyphonus 130, 133, 134, 135azarae, Pyranga 86azurea, Hypothimis 573Sylvia 573IJ.bachmani, Helminthophaga ? 459Helminthophila. . 446, 448, 458, 459, 460Helmitheros 459Mniotilta 459Sylvia 459Syl vicola 459Vermi vera 459bachmanii, Helinaia 459Helminthophila 460Bachman's Warbler 458badius, Agelaius 205Molothrns 205. 206, 207Bahama Bananaqui i, 401Finch 72Red-wing 334Warbler 606Yellow Warbler 517bahamensis, Certhia 403Certhiola 403, 781Coereba 399, 401 , 403Dendroica pityophila. . . 507, 606, 607Fringilla 72bairdii , Certhiola 403, 781Geothlypis 683semiflava 660,661, 66>2Icterus 260, 305Baird's Oriole 305Yellow-throat 682baltimore, Hyphantes 314Icterus 313,314,780Oriolus 255,313Psaroeolius 314Ycterus 314Yphantes 314Baltimore Oriole 310
Page.baltimorensis, Hyphantes 314Yphantes 314banana, Pendulinns 280Banana Warbler 112Bananaquil, Bahama 401Barbados . .-. 420Black 422Cozumel 404Curasao 420Dominican 417Haitian 411Jamaican 414Martinique 421Mexican 409Old Providence 405Porto Rican 412St. Bartholomew 410St. Croix 416St. Vincent 415San Miguel 408Sharpe's 404Tobago 406Wells' 423bananivora, Certhiola 412Coereba 399, 401Motacilla 412Bananivorus 255rufigaster 2S0barbadcnsis, Certhiola 420Careba 400, 401 , 420Dendroeca petechia, c 526Barbados Bananaqui t 420Grackle 225)Yellow Warbler 526barita, Cassidix 199Gracula 216,218,222,226,227,229,237Scaphidura 199baritula, Diglossa 378,380,381baritns, Chalcophanes 226Quiscalus 218, 226, 227, 229, 237baritus, var 227Barrington Island Certhldea 768barthelemica, Dendroeca petechia, i<<t>ps .. 520bartholeraica, Certhiola 417, 419, 782Coereba 419Dendroica petechia 500, 518petechia, a 520bartolemica, Certhia 417,418,419Certhiola 417, 419Cffireba 400, 418, 419Bar-winged Oriole 265barytus, Quiscalus 226Basileuterus 431, 731, 736, 738auricularis 740aurocapillus 710belli 740, 741, 744, 745belli 741,743clarus 741, 745scitulus 741, 744, 745bellii 744bi vitlatus 753melanotis 753bolivianus 740brasheri 755brasieri 755bruunciceps 751
INDEX. 791
Pago.Basik'Uterus chrysophrys 744cinereicollis 740fulioivora 754culicivorns 740, 742, 754, 755, 75('.brasherii 742,765culicivorus 742, 7 53flavescens 742,755godmani 742,756delatrii 749, 750delattrei 750dclattrii 746,748,749,750,751mesoehrysus 751euophrys 740flavigaster 748fraseri 740godmaui 756godmanni 756griseieeps 740lachymosa 737leucoblepharus 740lencophrys 740leucopygius 740, 757, 758veraguensis 757melaii. genys 740, 742, 751, 752melanotis 742, 752, 753mesoehrysus 750, 751mesolencus 740ruber 760rubrifrons 721rufifrons .... 739, 740, 741, 746, 747, 748caudatus 741,748delattrii 742,749dugesi 741,742,747,748flavigaster 742, 748jouyi 741,746,747,748mesoehrysus 742,750rufifrons 741,742,745salvini 742,749semicerviims 740, 742, 757leucopygius... 742,757,758veraguensis . 742, 756stragulatus 740uropygialis 740, 757, 758veraguensis 740, 757Bay-breasted Warbler 592Beautiful Parula Warbler 491becki, Certhidea 763, 767olivacea 767beldingi, Geothlypis 656, 659, 661, 679, 680Belding's yellow-throat 679Belize Tanager 87belli, Basileuterus 740,741,744,745belli 741,743Mu.seicapa 743Setophaga 743bellii, Basileuterus 744Setophaga 744Bell's Warbler 742Belted Warbler 551benedieti. Spindalis 63,64,72,74bicolor, Dacnis 394Nectarinia 394Sylvia 394Bicolored Blackbird 326bidentata, Phoenicosoma 97
Page.bidentata, Piraiiga 76,78,97bidentata 78, 95Pryanga 95,96,97bideutatum, Phoenicosoma 98bifasciata, Certhidea 763,768cinerascens 768Ostinops 181Sylvia 573bifasciatus, Ca.ssicus 181bilineatus, Spindalis 62, 65bishopi, Catharopeza 620Leucopeza 619, 620Bishop's Warbler 620bivittata, Muscicapa 753Phoenicosoma 101Pyranga 101bivittatus, Basileuterus 753Black and White Warbler 432Yellow Creeper 414Tanager 106
-backed Spindalis 70Bananaquit 422Blackbird, Bicolored 326Brewer's 248Cayenne Red-breasted 351D'Orbigny's 252Osburn's 345Red-winged 330Rusty 246Sumichrast's 254Tawny-shouldered 343Tricolored 324Yellow-headed 347Yellow-shouldered 344blackburni, Sylvia 578blackburniaj, Dendroeca 577, 578Dendroica 504, 505, 532, 574, 577Mniotilta 576Motacilla 576Rhimamphus 576Sylvia 576Sylvicola 676Blackburnian Warbler 574Black-cheeked Warbler 751
-eared Warbler 752
-fronted Warbler 555
-headed Oriole 280Oropendola , 182
-poll Warbler 595
-rumped Shrike-Tanager 125
-throated Blue Warbler 541
-throated Gray Warbler 556
-throated Green Warbler 562
-winged Tanager 58blanda, Helmitherus 649Blue Flycatcher 543gray Warbler 543
-headed Warbler 394Honey Creeper 386
-hooded Euphonia 12Manakin 393
-rumped Green Tanager. 43Tanager 55
-throated Creeper 389Warbler, Black-throated 541
-winged Warbler 455
792 INDEX.
Page.Boat-tail, Colima 241Boat-tailed Crackle "236Grayson's 241Sonoran 242Bobolink 3<0Boddaert's Taiiager 130Bogota Grackle 236bolivianus, Basileuterus 740bonana. Icterus 258, 279, 280Oriolus 2o5, 279Pendulinus 280Psarocolius 280Xanthomas 280bonanse. Icterus 280Bonaparte's Euphonia 25Tanager 1 1 ?>bonapartii, Muscicapa 719M yiodioctes 719Setophaga 719Sylvania 719Wilsonia 719bonariensis, Icterus '203Molothrus 206, 212Tanagra 54, 55, 203, '205, 'il'iborealis, Mniotilta 435varia 435,436b 436boucardi, Granatellua sallai 099, 703Boucard's Red-breasted Chat 703brachidactyla, Geothlypis trichas 655,658,660,064,666brachidactylus, Trichas 666brachy ptenis, Chalcophanes 2'29Holoquiscalus 224,225, 228, ?2'29C^uiscalus 2'29baritus, var '229brasheri, Basileuterus 755brasherii, Basileuterus culicivors 742, 75aBrasher's Warbler ." 755brasieri, Basileuterus 755Muscicapa 755brasierii, Muscicapa 755brasilia, Tanagra 107brasiliana, Parula 487, 489Sylvia 489brasiliensis, Tanagra 35brelayi, Uncirostrum 381brevipes, Arbelorhina 389Coereba 389Cyanerpes cyaneus 387, 3.s9brevirostris, Arbelorhina 385Ccereba 385breviunguis, Anthus 598breweri, Quiscalus '251Brewer's Blackbird 248Brewster's Warbler 453Brick-red Tanager 86Broad-banded Tanager 10!Bronzed Cowbird 203Lesser 204Grackle 219Brown -headed Chlorospingus 160Oriole '209.248brunueiceps, Basileuterus 751Myioborns 731
Page.brunneiceps, Setophaga 751bruuneus, Chlorospingus 137Tnrdus 247bryanti, Agelaiusphceniccus 3'23,3-24,333,334,335,337IX'ndrcvca 530, 531, 783vieilloti 530Dendroica 501,530bryanti 501, 529vieilloti, a 530var 530vieillotii, var 630Bryant's Yellow-throat 674Warbler 529Buff-rumped Warbler 756bullockii, Agelaius 316Hyphantes 317Icterus 201, 262, 263, 314, 310, 317, 318Icterus (Hyphantes) 317Xauthornus '289, 316Yphan tes 289, 317Bullock's Oriole 314Buthraupis 2, 32arcaei 32, 33, 775ca?ruleigularis 32, 33, 34, 775chloronota 33cucullata 33edwardsi 33eximia 32, 33nion tana 33C.Cabanis' Euphonia 19Tanager 42cabanisi, Calliste 43(^alospiza 36, 42, 775caboti, Certhiola 404Coereba 399, 404Cacici 170, 173Cacicus 169, 171, 172, 173, 186alaudarius 359albirostris 188chrysonotus 187, 188tiavicrissus 187holosericeus 194leucorhamphus 187. 188melanicterus 192microrhynchus 188, 189, 190montezuma 178, 181montezumffi 181persicus 187vitellinus 187, 188, 779waglerl 175, 177Cacique 186Lawrence's 188Mexican 191Prevosts 194Small-billed 189(Caciques 173(Jeereba cserulea 781cserulea, Ciereba 781Certhia 385(\prcba 385, 781Dendneca 572, 573Dendroica 571, 572Mniotilta 573
INDEX. 793
Pago.cserulea, Sylvia 785Sylvicola 571caeriilea, Coereba 394Neornis 423, 425CEeruleiguiaris, Bnthraiipis 32, 33, 84, 775ctenileoeephala, Euphonia 14cperulescens, Chlorophaues 384Dacnis 384Dendrceca 544Dendroica 502, 544, 546crerulescens. 502,541,546Diglossopis 379Mniotilta 544Motacilla 543Myiodioctes 719Sylvia 543, 544ccerulens, Cyanerpes 385Khiraamphus 571caeruliocephala, Nectarinia 394Cairns' Warbler ri45cairnsi, Dendrceca cserulesceiis 546Dendroica cserulesceiis 502, 545, 546Calaveras Warbler 470californicns, Agelaiiis gnbernator 322,323,326,329,780Pendulinus 297calliparfea, Callospiza 2(;allispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii 39franciscse 51guttata 42gyroloides 45icterocephala 39sclateri 43Callista 34Calliste 34, 35, 36cabanisi 43ehrysophrys 42cucullata 53,54cyauoventris 44diaconus 57dowi 775dowii 47fanny 50florida 39, 40franeescse 51franciscce oOfrantzii 39guttata 42,775gnttulata 42gyrola, var. a. gyroloides 45gyroloides 45icterocephala 38inornata 52larvata 49, 51francesca? 51typica 49var. fanny 49, 50lavinia 47, 49lavinise 47, 49ornata 52punctata, var. o. guttata 42sclateri 43versicolor 53, 54callophrys, Acrocompsa 8Chlorophonia 5, 7,8,775Triglyphidia 4,8
Page(;allospiza 34callipara'a 2gyrola 44Callothrus 170, 172, 174, 197, 200reneus 204, 205ffineus 201, 203a.ssimilis 201, 204, 205armenti 201robustus 201,203calophrys, Chlorophonia 8Calospiza 2, 3, 34anrulenta 36cabanisi 36, 42, 775cucullata 37, 52dowi 36, 46florida 36arcoei 36, 40, 775florida 36, 8!tguttata 41, 42ehrysophrys 36, 40gyroloides 36, 43, 45icterocephala 36, 37inornata 35, 37, 51, 52larvata 37fanny 37,49,50larvata 37, 47lavinia 36, 46, 775schranki 36versicolor 37, 53Calyplophilus 1campestris, Glossoptila 425Motacilla 425Campylops 378hamulus 368cana, Tanagra 55, 56, 57, 776Thraupis .57canadensis, Dendrceca 643, 718. 784Dendroica 543Euthlypis 718Motacilla 510, 551, 638Muscicapa 717Myiodioctes 717, 718Setophaga 717Sylvania 718Wilsonia 705,716,718,784Canadian Warbler 716canicapilla, Tanagra 681canigularis, Chlorospingus 166Tachyphonus 166cauinucha, ChamiEthlypis 087, 689Geothlypis 690poliocephala, var 690Cape May Warbler 537capensis, Oriolus 278capitalis, Dendrceca 526Dendroica 499, 526ruficapilla 501,526Mniotilta 526carbonaria, Diglossa 379carbonarium, Serrirostrum 378carbonata, Dendrceca 541( Perissoglossa ?) 541Dendroica 540, 541Helinaia 541Helminthopliaga (.') 541Helinitheros 541
794 INDEX.
Page.carboiiata, Mniotilta 541Perissoglossa 541Sylvia 541Syl vicola 541Vermivora 541Carbonated Warbler 540Cardellina 428, 430, 719amicta 719, 721(Ergaticus) rubra 760rubra 760rubrifrons 720, 721versicolor 761carmir)H, Chlorothraupis 154, 155Phsenicothraupis 155Phoenicothraupis 778Carmiol's Chlorospingus 163Tanager 155oarneipes, Crereba 389oyaiiea, var 389(Jyanerpes cceruleus 781cyaneus 389oarolinensis, Mniotilta 512Motacilla 512Sylvia 512carol in us, Scolecophagus 245, 24(5, 247, 251Turdus 244, 247Caryothraustes 1Cassiciiloides 255Cassicnlns 172,173,1!?0chrysonotus 189coronatus 192tiavicrissus ; 189icteronotus 189melanicterus 191,192microrhynchus 190prevosti 195uropygialis 190Cassicus 186affinis 186albirostris 186, 187ater 199bifasciat ns 181citreus 185cristatus 185flavicrissus 189guatimoziiius 182, 183holoserieeus 195icteronotus 189melanicterus 192microrhynchus 190monteznmffi 181nigerrimus 192, 195pecoris 779persicus 189prevosti 195solitarius 192uropygialis 190vitellinus 189waglcri 177, 178Cassidices 173Cassidix 170, 172, 173, 196ater 199barita 199crassiTostris 200mexicanus 200oryzivora 197,198,199,200
Page.Cassidix oryzivora mexicana 197, 199,200oryzivora 197violea 197,199ciissini, Eucomctis 169Gymnostinops 179, 181,182Mitrospingus 169Tachyphonus 167cassinii, Eucometis 169Cassin's Oropendola 181Tanager 168castanea, Dendrceca 594, 595, 785Dendroica 497, 500, 592, 594, 596Mniotilta 594Setophaga 733Sylvia .594, 785Syl vicola 594castaneicapillus, Myioborus 731castaneiceps, Dendroica bryanti 531Dendroica bryanti, ^ 531castaneopectus. Icterus wagleri 269castaneus, Icterus 278Oriohis 278Psarocolius 278Rhimanphus ,594Catharopeza 428, 429, 619bishopi 620caudacutus, Psarocolius 374caudatus, Basileuterus rufifrons 741, 748caurin\is, Agelaius phceniceus 323,324,341,342,781cayana, Certhia 388Dacnis 392, 393, 396cayana 392,395,396Motacilla 390, 393, 396Tanagra 8cayanus, Dacnis 393(Cayenne Dacnis 392Red-breasted Blackbird 351eaymauensis, Holoquiscalus 225, 229Quiscalus 229celala, Helinaia 464,466Helminthophaga 464, 465, 466celata 465a 465a 465var 465Helminthophila 448,46.5.466,783celaia 448,462Helmitheros 464Mniotilta 464Sylvia 464 , 466Syl vicola 464, 466Vermivora 464,466celatus, Helmitheros 464Central American Ground-Chat 689Meadowlark 364cerinoclunis, Coereba 399,408,409Certhia bahamensis 403bartolemica 417, 418, 419CBcrulea 385,390cayana 388cyanea 384, 388cyanogastra 389flavcola 398, 407, 413, 414, 417, 419, 422flavipes 389niaculata 435 I
INDEX. 795
I 'age.Certhia ochrochloiii 385pinus 456spiza 382, 384surinameiisis 385varia 434Certhidea 375, 377, 426, 431, 761albemarlei 764Barrington Island 708beeki 763,767bifasciata 763, 768Charles Island 765Chatham Island 764cinerascens 763, 765, 768bifasciata 768cinerascens 768Culpepper Island 767Darwin's 763drownei 763, 767fusea 763, 766, 767Gray 768Habel's 766luteola 762, 764, 765mentalis 763, 766olivaccn 761,702,763,764,765bccki 767drownei 767fusca 767luteola 765mentalis - 766olivacea 764ridgwayi 765olivaseens 768ridgwayi 762, 765sal vini 704Tower Island 766Wenman Island 767Certhideina; 431Certhiola 398, 781albigula 422,782atrata 423bahamensis 403, 781bairdi 403bairdii 403,781bananivora 412barbadensis 420bartholemica. 417, 419, 7S2bartolemica 417,419cabotl 404chloropyga 399, 401clucise 412clusite 412Columbiana 409,411.782dominicana 418, 7.s2liuschi 422tiaveola 403,407,413, 414, 415, 417, 419, 422, 782var. portoricensis 413frontalis 418godmani 408guianensis 399intermedia 407iuteola 407,410,412,781magnirostris 408major 408, 781majuscula 399maritima 540
Page.Certhiola martinica 422martinicana 420, 422, 782martinicensis 422mexicana 410, 781a. mexicana 410
^. Columbiana 411Columbiana 411minor 408, 781newtoiii 417peruviana 407portoricensis 413, 782ruficollis 425saccharina 416sancti-thomse 414sharpei 405sti. thomfe 414,782sundevalli 418tricolor 406wellsi 423cerulea, Sylvia 571Cerulean Warbler 570Cetophaga 722Chalcophanes baritus 226brachypterus 229gundlachii 227lugubris 229macrourus 240major 238purpuratus 218quiscalus 216, 253versicolor 220virescens 248Chalcothraupis 35chalybca, Euphonia 9Tanagra 8Chamsethlypis 426, 430, 686caninucha 687, 689poliocephala 686palpebralis. 687,689poliocephala .. 687(;harles Island Certhidea 765('hat, Boucard's Red-breasted 703DuBus- Red-breasted 699Long-tailed 695Salle's Red-breasted 701Tres Manas Red-breasted 700Yellow-breasted 693Chatham Island Certhidea 764Cherrie s Tanager IllChestnut-sided Warbler 589('hiapas Warbler 748childrenii, Sylvia 512Chilpancingo Warbler 745chiriqueiisis, Geothlypis 659, 681, 682tequinoctialis, ^... 682V . . . 682var. 682Chiriqui I'arula Warbler ; 487Yellow-throat 681Chloreuphonia 4Chloris 478americana 483, 486erithachorides 528Chlorochrysa 2chloroleuca, Motacilla 517Sylvia 517
796 INDEX.Page.chloronota, B\itliraiipis 33Chlorophaiies 374, 376, 377, :J8'2atricapilla 384cajrulescetis 3S4guatemalensis 3H4purpurascens 377, 382, 383spiza 383, 384cxsul 384guatemalensis SSS, 884var. guatemalensis 384Chlorophoneus 4Chlorophouia -.eallophrys 5, 7, 8, 775calophrys 8Costa Rioan 7cyanoflorsalis 7Mexican <>occipitalis 5,(5pretrii ^viridis 5chloropyga, Certhiola 399Ccereba 399,401,408Coereba chloropyga 408Chlorospingus '2,4, 157,426albifrons 158, 162, 163albitempora 158. IGS, 1G4, 778nlbitemporalis 161,164,778atriceps 160axillaris 135Brown-headed KiObrunneus 1:17canigularis . Idi'iCarmiol's Ki-'SDrab-breasted 167Duskv-headed 160hypophcDUs 157, 167, 779leucophrys 157,161novicius 778, 779olivaceiceps 159, 166Olivaceous 159olivacens 1.57, 1.58, 151), 161Olive-crowned 166ophthalmicus 158,1.59, 160,161,162,165pileatus 157, 165, 779postocularis 158, 160punctulatus 159, 164, 166Sooty-capped 165speculiferus 156, 157spodocephala 140spodocephalus 140siimichrasti 158,162Sumichrast's 162White-fronted 162Yellow-breasted 166Chlorothraupis 4, 151carmioli 154, 155olivacea 154, 1.55,778olivace\is 778chlorotica, Tanagra 8chrysater, Xanthornus 295, 779chryseola, Wilsonia pusilla 705,714chryseolus, Khimamphus 512chry.?ocephala, Motacilla 576Sylvia 576Svl vicola 576
Page.chry.socephalus, Oriolus 255Chrysoma 319chrysomelas, Hemithraupis 106Tachyphonus 106Chrysomus 319chrysonotns, Cacicus 187, 188Cassiculus 1 89Ramphocelus 10.s,ll2Rhamphocoelns 112clirysoiiarfia, Dendrcfica 567Dendroica 567Mniotilta 567clirysoparia, Dendrceca 505, .566, 570Dendroica .504,565,567,568chrysophrys, Basileuterus 744Calliste 42Calospiza guttata 36, 40Sylvia 744clirysoptera, Helinaia 4.50Helminthophaga 4.50, 451Helminthophila 446,447, 44S, 451, 4.52, 454, 456llelmintophila 451Helmitheros 4,50Mniotilta 450Motacilla 445, 450Sylvia 450Sylvicola 4.50Vermivora 450chrysoptenis, Ramphocelus 108,112Chrysothranpis ;!4,36icterocephalii :!9('i('liluU)pi.a 769vnlpina 770ciucinnatieusis, Helminthophaga 447Helminthophila 446,447ciucta, Motacilla .551cinerascens, Certhideu 763, 765, 768ciuerascens 768cinerea, Euphona 32Euphonia 32cinereicollis, Basileuterus 740Cirulus 353pratensis 353citrsea, Protonotaria 445citrea, Helminthophaga 445Mniotilta 445Motacilla 442, 4 13Protonotaria 427, 442, 444, 445, 783citreus, Cassicus 185Turdus 638citrinella, Sylvia 512citrinus, Rhimanphus 496, 512eitrius, Oriolus 185clarus, Basileuterus belli 711, 745clucise, Certhiola 412clusite, Certhiola 412Clypicterus 169, 171, 172coccinea, Pyranga 81Tanagra 81coelestis, Euphonia 13cfelestis, Tanagra 57Coereba caerulea 394coerulea microrhyucha ;i.S5uropygialis 782Ccereba 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384. :!i?S, 781
INDEX. 797
Page.C(i'n')>aatrata 401,422,-123atricapilla 382, 384baharaensis 399, 401 , 403bananivora 399, 401barbadensis 400, 401, 420bartholemica 418, 419bartolemica 400, 419brevipes 389brevirostris 385caboti 399,404Cffifulea 385, 390, 781carneipes 389cerinoclunis 399, 408, 409chloropyga 399, 408chloropyga 408guianeiisis 408intermedia 408luteola 408inaguirostris 408major 408mexicaiia 408cyanea 388var. carneipes 389dominicana 400, 417, 418fiaveola 400, 401,407, 113, 414,419,782longirostris 386lucida 390luteola 399,406,407,41(5,782martinieana 400, 421, 422raexicana 399,401,407,409, 410,782Columbiana 409,411newtoni 400,416, 417nitida 380portoricensis 400,401,412, 413,782saccharina 400,407,415, 41fisharpei 399,404, 405tricolor 399,401,405,406iiropygialis 400, 420, 421vvellsi 401, 407, 423coerebicolor, Dacnis 395Crerebidse 2, 374, 375, 376, 377, 425, 420, 427Coerebra mexicara 782coerulea, Arbelorhina 385ccsrulea, Dendrceca 573Dendroica 573Mniotilta 573Sylvia 571colaris, Sturnella 360Colima Boat-tail 24
1
Warbler 473Collared Redstart 735coHaris, Sturnella 359Sturnus 359Colombian Rice Gracklc 197colombianus, Seiurus 642Columbiana, Certhiola 411,782mexicana 411mexicana p 411Coereba mexicana 409, 411Tanagra 95(lomarophagus 129Compsothlypis 429, 475, 478americana 479, 483, 484, 485,486, 545, 783americana 479,480,481,485
Page.CJompsothlypis americana ramalinaj. 479,486,783usnese. 479,484,485,486graysoni 480, 492, 493gutturalis 475, 476inornata 488,489inornatus 489insulari.s 492,493mexicana 478nigrilora 491pitiayami 479, 487inornata.... 480, 488, 489insularis 480,492nigrilora 480,490pitiayumi 480,487piilchra 480, 491specio.sa 480,487,488,783pulchra 491Conirostrum 375, 376, 377, 426, 426snperciliostim 478Connecticut Warbler 025cooperi, Piranga 84rubra 76,77,83,84,776Pyraiiga ? 84festiva 84var 84Coracias galbula 255, 312xanthornus 264, 302coroiiata, Dendrceca 5.50, 553, 555Dendroica 497, .503, 546, .549, 5.50, 784coronata,var 5.50Mniotilta 549,784Motacilla , . . 496, 497, 548Rhimanphus .549Sylvia 548Sylvicola 548coronatus, Anthus 638Cassicuhis 192Dendroica 784Rhimamplius 549(Rhimamphus) Dendroica 784Turdus 638Xanthornus 192corvinus, Quiscalus 238Corvus (Cassidix) mexicanus 196,200mexicanus 200coryi, Geothlypis 65(), 657, 659, 661, 677, 678coryi 657Cory's Yellow-throat 677Costa Ricaii Buff-rumped Warbler 757Chlorophonia 7Diglossa 381White-shouldered Tanager 134costaricensis, Ramphocelus 108, 109, 1 1 1, 777passerinii 777Ramphoccelus 112costototi, Hyphantes 289,319Oriolus 319Cowbi ni 207Bronzed 203Dwarf 210Glossy 211Lesser Bronzed 204Red-eyed 201coztototi, Psarocolius 289, 319Yphantes 319
798 INDEX.
Page.Cozumel Bauaiiaquit 404Oriole 292Spindalis ?*-Tanager 99Yellow Warbler 524cozumelEe, Icterus cucullatus 259, 292Piranga roseo-gularis 78,99crassirostris, Cassidix 200Euphonia 10, 11, 28, 29Quiscalus 227, 228, 229Scaphidura 200Seaphidurus 228Creeper, Black and Yellow 114Blue-throated 389Pine 456Yellow-cheeked 385Y'ellow-throated 581Crested Oropendola 184Crimson-backed Tanager 110Panama 118
-collared Tanager 1 20crissalis, Helminthophila -lis, 47:}cristata, Eucometis 138,13!)PipiJopsis 139cristatus, Cassicus 185Icterus 185Oriolus 183, 185Ostinops 186Psarocolius 186croconotus, Psarocolius 255cruciana, Dendroeca petechia, b 520CuVjan Grackle 220Meadowlark :J6SOriole 271Red-wing 342Spindalis 68Warbler 005Yellow Warbler 520cubana, Dendroeca petechia, d 521cucullata, Aglaia 53,54Buthraupis 33Calliste 53, 54Calospiza 37, 52Muscicapa 708Pyranga 102Sylvia 681Tanagra 32cucullatus. Icterus 259,261, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293Icterus cucullatus .. 259,262, L'87, 289var... 289,290,291Pcndul i nus 289, 290, 291Culicivora, Basilenterus 754Sctophaga 755Sylvia 754culicivorus, Basilenterus 740,742,754,755,756Basilenterus culicivorus 742, 753Culpepper Island Certhidea 767Curasao Bananaquit 420Oriole 303Yellow Warbler 525cu racaoensis, Icterus 303xanthornus 3u3curasoensis. Icterus 303xan t liornus. 260, 261, 263, 303Curriica anthoides 615
Page.Curnica noveboraceusis 643cyanater, Dacnis 394cyanea, Arbelorhina 388Certhia 381, 388Coereba 388Ncctarinia 388cyaneidorsalis, Euphonia 7Cyancrpcs. 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 498ca!rulcus 385, 386carneipcs 781longirostris 386cyanea eximea 389cyaneus 385, 386, 389brevipes 387,389carneipes 389lucidus 385, 386, 38!), 390nitidus 386cyaneus Cyanerpas 3S5, 380, 389cyanocephala, Aglaia 55Dacnis 394Motacilla 391cyunocci)lialus, Dacnis 394Psarocolius 244, 250Scolecophagus . . 245, 248,250,251(Jyanodacnis 390Cyanodiglossa 378cyanodorsalis, Acrocompsa 7Chlorophonia 7Euphonia 7cyanogastra, Certhia 389cyanomelas, Dacnis 394Fringilla 394Cyanophonia 8musica 15cyaiioptera, Tanagra 57cyanopterus, Saltator 57cyanopus, Agelaius 320, 321Cyanolhrns 205cyanoventris, Calliste 44Gyrola 45Tanagra 44( :y rtotes 205D.Dacnidea 376Dacnis 374, 376, 377, 378, 390, 391 , 426angelica 390[Atcleodacnis] analis 397bicolor 394(icrulesccns 384cayana 392, 393, 396cayana 3!f2, 395, 396glaucogularis 396subsp. typica 394subsp. ultramarina 395ullramarina 392,394,396cayanus 393c(?rebicolor 395cyanater 394cyanocephala 394cyanocephalus 394cyanomehis 394flavi ven tris 390, 391guatemalensis 384Icucogenys 391nigripes 394
INDEX. 799
I'agc.Dacnis protonotaria 4-15pulcherrima 2, 391salmoni 391Scarlet-thighed 396iiltramarina 395Ultramarine 394venusta 392,396,397,781vigueri 390viguieri 392, 396Viguier's 396clarwiiii.Taiiagra 54Darwin's Certhidea < 63decora, Uendroeca 687gracise, 1) 586Dendroica '. 587gracise 505,583,584,587var 586Decorated Warbler 586decnmaiius, Ostinops 184, 185Xanthorniis 183,185delafieldi, Trichas 689delafieldii, Sylvia 670, 671, 689Trichas 670, 671delattrei, Basileiiteriis 750Delattre's Warbler 749delattrii, Basilenterns 746, 748, 749, 750, 751rufifrons 742,749Setophaga 749Tachyphonus 130, 136, 137delit'ata, Dendrceca 588adelaidse 588Dend roica ... .V 497, 498, 506, 588adelaidfe 588DendrKca gracire 586Dendroeca 497marcomi 512moutana 785petechia, a. bariholemica 520b. cruciana 520c. barbadensis 526d. cubana 521e. jamaicensis 616f. gallapageusis 523g. peruviana 523h. ffiquatorialis 523i. panamensis 529portoricensis 520dirps barthelemica . . . 520Dendrceca adclaidae 588delicata 588ajstiva 511,513,515,520atricapilla 598auduboni 554audubonii 555aureola ? 522blackburnia 577, 578bryanti 530, 531 , 783carula 573ca.-rulca 572, 573cserulescens 544cairnsi 546canadensis 543, 718, 784capitalis 526carbonata 541castanea 594 , 5y5, 785chrysopareia 567
Page.Dendrceca chrysoparia 565, 566, 570coronata 550, 555delicata 588discolor 610dominica 580, 581, 583albilora 583b. albilora 583var. albilora 583eoa 532gracijc 585, 586a. gracise 586b. decora 586gundlachi 521icterocephala 592ignota 615kirtlandi 605kirtlandii 605maculosa 536melanoptera 524montana 7S4, 785nigrescens 559niveiventris 570occidentalis 569olivacea 496palmanim 614, 616a. jialmarum 614b. hypochrysea 616hypochrysea 614, 616palmarum 614subspecies hypochry-sea 616subspecies palmarum 614pannosa 545pensyl vanica 591peridentalis 570petechia . .. 510, 51s, 520, 524, 526gundlachi 518,521melanoptera 521ruRcapilla 520var. gundlachi 518,521melanoptera 524pharetra 619pina 601,602pinus 601pllyophila 606plumbea 618ruficapilla 520rufigula ?- 527rufopileala 526striata 698superciliosa 581, 582tigrina 539townsendi 561, 784tovvnsendii 561vieilloti ,527, 529, 530, 531bryanli 530,531rutignla 527vigorsii 785virens 564, 565Dendroica 429,496,497,634adelaidw 497, 498, 505, 587, 588delicata 5888e.stiva 498,499,513,514,532aestiva 499, 508dugesi 500,613morcomi 509,512,513
800 INDEX.
Pago.Deiidroica sestiva rubigino.sa 500, 514sonorana 500, 512, 513albicollis 521auduboni 503, 553, 554, 555auduboni 503, 551goldmani 503, 556nigrifrons 503, 555audubonii 554andubonis 555aureola 499, 522, 783auricapilla 517aurocapilla 517blackbnrniw 504, 505, 532, 574, 677bryiinti 501,530bryanti 501,529/3 castaneiceps 531castaneiceps 502, 530,531cserulea 571 , 572cserulescens 502, 544, 546cserulesceus. 502,541,516cairnsi 502, 545, 546canadensis 543capitalis 499, 526riifopileata 526carbonata 540, 541castanea 497, 506, 592, 594, 596fhrysoparia 504, 565, 567, 568coerulea 573coronata 497, 503, 546, 549, 553, 784hooveri 551var. coronata 550coronatus 550, 784delicata 497, 498, 506, 588discolor 497, 498, 507, 607dominica 497, 498, 505, 580, 583iilbilorn 505,581,582,583,584a. dominica 581dominica 505, 578var. albilora 583var. dominica .581dngesi 514eoa 499, 502, 531, 532erihtaehoridcs .528, .530crithachorides 501, 527flavida ^ 525goldmani 556gracise 505, 585decora .505, .583, 586, 587gracise .505, 584var. adelaida? .588var. decora 586gundlachi 517, 518, 521icterocephala .592ignota 615kirtlandi 604kirtlandii .507, 603, 604maculosa 497,498,502,532,535montana 784nigrescens .503, .501 , 556, 558, 568nigrifrons 555, 556occidentals 504, 667, .569olivacea 496palmarum .... 497, 498, 507, 613, fill, 616h ypoch rysea 508,615, 616, 617
Page.Deiidroica palmarum palmarum .508, 612, 614var. palmarum 614pennsylvanica 591pensilis .582pensylvanica .506, 589, 590, 591(Perissoglo.ssa?) carbonata 541petechia .500, 512, 518, .520, .521, 532a. petechia 516aureola .501, o21Auricapilla .500, 517, .520bartholemica 500, 518/3. gundlachi 518, .521e. rufiverte.x 524S. melanoptera 524y. ruficapiUa 520flaviceps 500, 517,.518gundlachi .501,51 7, .518, 520, 521melanoptera 524petechia 500, 515, 520ruflcapilla .520rnfi vertex 524var. gundlachi 518var. petechia 516var. ruflcapilla 519,520pharetra 497, 498, 508, 618, 619pinus 598, 601pityophila 498, 507, 606bahamensis 507, 606pityophila 507,605plumbea 497, 498, 508, 617, 618rara .504, 570, .573ruflcapilla 501, 520, .526capitalis 501, 526flavida. . : 601, 524ruflcapilla .501,523rufl vertex 501,524rufopileata 501,525rufigula 501, 626, 527rufopileata 625rufo-pileata .526striata .506, 596, 597, 785striatus 598superciliosa 581, 582tigrina 497, 498, 502, 537, .539, 784townsendi 503,604, 669, 661, 784townsendii 561var. auduboni 655vieilloti 528a. bryanti 530castaneiceps .531var. bryanti 530, 531var. ruflgula 527, 529var. vieilloti 629vieillotii 529var. bryanti 530vigorsii 497. 498, 506, 601 , 603abacoensis . . . 498, 506, 601 , 603achrustera 498,
.506, .507, 601, 602, 603vigorsii . . . ,506, 507, 599, 602,785virens .503, .504, 562, 564, 668, 784vitellina .507. 610, 611DendroictE 429derhamii, Muscicapa 733, 786de-rhamii, Mnscicapa 785
INDEX. 801
Page.diacomiis, Tana^ni 58diacomis, Calliste 57Tanagra 57(Aglaia) 57cana 58, 776Thraupis 58diadcniatus, Icterus 192Dicifuni atorrimiim 423Diglossa 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379baritnla 378, 380, 381carljonaria 379Costa Rifaii 381glaiica 379gloriosa 379Mexican 380inystacalis 378, 379pectoralis 379personata 379plumbea 380, 381, 382, 781sittoides 381Diglossopis 37?, 370, 377, 379eserulcscens 379diniidiatus, Raruphocehis 108, ] 1 7, 777, 778dimidiatns 108,109,116discolor, Dendrocai 497, 498,507, ?07, 609, GIODendrceca 610Mniotilta 609Molothrus 212Passerina 212Phjenicothraiipis salvini 143Phcenicotiiraupis salvini 151Rliimamphus 609Sylvia 609Sylvieola 609Dives 174, 253atroviolaceus : 253dives 254, 255siimichasti 255dives. Dives 254, 255Icterus 254, 779Lampropsar 253, 254, 779Scolecophagus 255Dolichonix oryzivora 373Dolichonyces 175Dolichonyx 170, 171, 172, 175, 369agripeiuiis 374orizivorus 373orizyvora 373oryzivora 373alljiuucha 374oryzivorus 370, 372, 373, 781all)inuclia 374
^. albinuchus 374var. albinucha 374doniiiiica Dendrceca 580,581,583Dendroica 497, 498, 505, 580, 583dominica 505,578a 581var 581Mniotilta 580Motacilla 580Sylvia 580Dominican Bananaquit 417dominicana, Certhiola 418, 782Cnereba 400,417,4183654^voL 2?01 51
Page.dominicensis, Icterus 258, 263, 268, 271, 273, 274Icterus dominicensis, var 274Oriolus 268, 271 , 273Pendulinus 268, 274Tanagra 68Xanthorn us 272, 274D'Orbigny's Blackbird 252dowi, Calliste 775Calospiza 36, 46Dow"s Tanager 46Drab-breasted Chlorospiugus 167Drepanidoe 376drownei.Certhidea 763,767olivacea 767l)u Bus' Red-breasted Chat 699dubnsi , Icterus 301 , 303xanthornus, var. o 301, 303Duges' Warbler 747Yellow Warbler 513(lugesi, Basileuterus rnfifrons 741, 742, 747, 748Dendroica 514tcstiva .500, 513Dulus palmarum 128poliocephalus 128dumicola, Icteria 695Jcteria 695dunstalli, Ramphocelus 108, 115Rhamphocoelus 115Dunstall's Tanager 115duplexus. Icterus cucullatus 259, 292, 293Duiky-headed Chlorospingus 1 60
-tailed Ant Tanager 152Warbler 467Dwarf Cowbird 210E.edwardsi, Buthraupis 33elegantissima, Euphona 13Euphonia 9, 10, 12, 13Pipra 13Emberiza flavifrons 17militaris 350, 3.53oryzivora 372pecoris 209emberizoides. Icterus 210Emerald Tanager 39Enieociehla 634aurocapilla 638aurocapillus 638ludoviciana 641major 642noveboracensis 615sulphurascens 645eoa, Dendrceca 532Dendroica 499, .502, 531 , 532Mniotilta 532Sylvieola 532episeopus, Tanagra 54, 57eques, Motacilla 483Ergaticus 431, 758ruber 759, 760versicolor 759, 760, 761erihtaehorides, Dendroica 528erithachorides, Chloris 528Dendroica 501 , 527, 530erythrocephala, Piranga 76, 79, 102
802 INDEX.
Page.erythrocepliala, Pyranga 102, 776Si>crinagra 102,776erythrocepbalum, Plioenicosoma 102erythrolsema, Phoenicothranpis 153fuscicauda . 153erythroniehena, Piranga orythroinelDena,var 101Py raiiga 100, 101erythromelffina,var 101erythromelas, Phoeiiicosoma 101Piranga 76, 77, 78, 88, 91Pyranga 75, 91, 100, 101Tanagra 100, 101ery thropis, Pyranga 95Erythropsar 319, 321erythrothorax, Leistes 353espinachi, Icterus pectoralis 25.S, 284Espinach's Oriole 284Euconietes spodocephala stictothorax 778Eucometis -1, 138cassini 169cassinii 169cristata 138, 139spodocephala 138, 140, 141pallida .... 138,140,141spodocephala.. 138,13!)stictothorax 138,141,778Eucorystes 175wagleri 177,178Eudacni.s 390Euneornis 423euophrys, Basileuterus 740Euopsar 255Euphagus 244Euphona 8afiQnis 23cinerea 32elegantissima 13Jamaica 32laniirostris 28musica 14Euphone 8musica 14tibicen 13Euphonia 2,8,9afflnis 10,11,21,23,25aunae 18annese 10,11, 17,18Blue-hooded 12Bonaparte's 25Cabanis' 19cteruleocephala 14chalybea 9cinerea 32coelestis 13crassirostris 10, 11, 28, 29cyaneidorsalis 7elegantissima 9, 10, 12, 13flavifrot.f-i 10, 15, 17fulvicrissa 10, 11, 18, 19Fulvous-vented 18gnatho 27godinani 10, 11, 24, 25Uodman'^ ,-..., .... 24
Euphonia guuldi 10, 19, 29, 30Gould's 29gracilis 10, 11 , 19, 20Green 15Haitian 13hirundinacea ... 10,11,25,27,28,29,775humilis 24Jamaica 31, 32jamaicse 32Jamaican 31jamaicensis 32laniiro.stris 27, 28, 29, 775Lesson's 21luteicapilla 10, 1 1, 20, 21minuta 9, 24humilis 10,11,23,24musica S, 9, 10, 13, 14occipitalis 5Porto Rican 1 15rufiventris 18sclateri 10, 15Tawny-capped 17Thick-billed 28White-vented 23Yellow-crowned 20Euphonise 1,2P^uprcpiste 35Euschemon 35Euthlypis 428, 431, 735,739, 740canadensis 718lachrymosa 735, 737, 738lachrymosa 736tephra 738exigua, Geothlypis 6.'')7, 659, 677incompta 657eximea, Cyanerpes cyanea 389eximia, Arbelorhina 389cyanea 389Bnthraupis 32, 33CcEreba cyanea 389Rhodinocichla rosea 770Exococichla 634exsul, Chlorophanes spiza 384Spindalis 74F.fanny, Aglaia 49, 50Calliste 50larvata, var 49, 50Calospiza larvata 37,49,50Fan-tailed Warbler .- 736Western 738fernaudinae, Anabates 648, 649Geothlypis 649Icteria 649Teretistris 648, 649Teretristis 649Fernandina's Warbler 649ferruginea, Gracula 247ferrugineus, Oriolus 244, 247Quiscalus 247Scolecophagus 247, 248, 251festfe, Ramphocelus 108, 115,777Rhamphocoelus 115festae, Rhamphocoelus 777Festa's Tanager 115
INDEX. 803
Page.Fiery Oriole 291figlina, Piranga '. 88testacea 77, 87Pyrauga 88Finch, Baliama 72finschi. Certhiola 422flammea, Piranga 96bidentata 78, !)6, 777Setopliaga 733, 734miniata 733flammeus, Myroborus miniatus 731, 733flammigerus, Rliamphopis Illflava, Sylvia 512Tanagra 35flaveola, Certhia 3ilS, -107, 113, 41-1, 417, 419, 422Certhiola 403,407, 413, 414, 415, 117, 419, 422, 782Cujreba 400, 401, 407, 413, 414, 419, 782Nectarinia 413, 422, 782flaveseens, Basileuterus enlicivorus 742, 755flavicauda, Motacilla 727Sylvia 727flaviceps, Dendroica petechia 500, 517, 518Geothlypis 659, 661, 680, 681fiavieollis, Motaeilla 581Sylvia 581, 582Sylvicola 581, 582flavicrissus, Cacicus 187Cassieulus 189Cassicus 189fiavida, Dendroica 525rufieapilla 501, 524Geothlypis 656, 659, 678coryi 657flavifrons, Emberiza 17Euphonia 10, 15, 17Motacilki 451Sylvia 451Tanagra 17flavigaster, Basileuterus 748rufifrons 742,748Pendulinus 268, 274Psarocolius 268flavipes, Certhia 389flaviv'entris, Dacnis 390, 391flavopygia, Sylvia 551flavovelata, Geothlypis 6.56, 659, 680flavovelatus, Geothlypis 680flavus, Oriolus 321floriria, Calliste .^ 39, 40Calospiza 36florida 36,39Florida Grackle 217Red-wing 333floridanus, Agelaius phoeniceus . . 323, 324, 333, 334Flj catcher, Blue 543Golden-crowned 548Red-throated 590foniiosa, Geothlypis &25, 684Mniotilta 624Myiodioctes 624Oporornis 446,621,622,625Setophaga 624Sylvania 624Sylvia 624Sylvicola 624
Page.formosa, Trichas (Sylvicola) 624formosas, Oporornis 624formosus, Icterus 298sclateri 298Myioctonus 624Myiodioctes 624Oporornis 624Seiurus 625Furns' Warbler 649fornsi, Geothlypis 650Teretistris (ils, 649, 650Teretristis 650forusii, Icteria 650Teretistris 650fortirostris, HoloquiscaUis 225, 229, 230Quiscalus 230fortis, Agelaius phoeniceus . . 322, 324, 337, 338, 339francescse, Calliste 51larvata 51Granatellus 097, 698, 699, 700, 701Icteria 701fran(!ise;*, Callispiza 51Calliste 50frantzii, Calli.spiza (Chrysothraupis) 39Calliste 39fraseri, Basileuterus 740frenatus. Icterus 350Fringilla ambigua 210bahamensis 72cyanomelas 394Jamaica 31oryzivora 369, 371pecoris 205, 209rubra 80, 90zena 65, 70, 72fringillarius, Molothrus 206, 207,frontalis, Agelaius 319Certhiola 418fulvicapilla, Vermivora 441fulvicrissa, Euphonia 10, 11, 18, 19Phonasca 19fulvicrissus, .\croleptes 19Fulvous-vented Euphonia 18Furnarius roseus 769, 770, 773fusoa, Certhidea 763, 766, 767olivacea 767Motacilla 576fuscieauda, Phsenicothraupis 149, 153Phoenicothraupis 153Plioenicothraupis 149, 1.50fuscus, Oriolus 209, 210, 248
Galapagos Yellow Warbler 621galbula, Coracias 255, 312Icterus 261, 262, 263, 310, 312galerieulata, Pipra 13gallapagensis, Dendroeca petechia, f 523Geothlypeee 429Geothlypis 430, 621, 653, 686sequinoctialis 653, 657, 690
;8. chlriquensis . . . 682y.chiriquensis 682var. chiriquen.sis . 682agilis 627,628,666bairdi 683
804 INDEX.
Page.Geothlypis beldiugi 65G, 659, (UVl , ?79, 680caninncha 690icterotis 091(Chamtethlypis) palpebralis 689chiriquensis 657, 081, 682coryi 656, 657, 659, 661, 67 7 , 678coryi 657flavida 657exigua 657, 659, 677fernandin;e 649fiaviceps 659, 661, 680, 681flavida 656, 659, 678flavovelata 656, 659, 680flavovelatus 680formosa 625, 68-1fornsi 650jncompta 657,(i59, 677exigua 657incompta 657macgillivraii 633macgillivrayi 632, 633maugillivrayii 633maynardi 656, 659, 661, 676melanops 674nelsoni 653microrhyncha 660, 661, 685nelsoni 660,661,685palpebralis 689, 691palustris 652Philadelphia 629, 630, 634a. Philadelphia 631a. Philadelphia ... 630b. macgillivrayi... 633/3. macgillivrayi . . . 633macgillivrayi 633var. macgillivrayi. 633var. philadel-phia 630,631poliocephala 686,687,688,689,690a. poliocephala . . . 688palpebralis


INDEX. 807PageHelinitheros rubricapilla 470rubricapillus 470solitarius 458swainsoni 438vermivonis 439Helmitherus 438blanda 649swainsoni 438swainsonii 438vermivorus 441Helonaea 436Helonaea 436swainsoni 438Hemidafiiis 377Hemisplnsns 2, 426, 777Hemithraupis 2, 3, 55, 105, 106, 777chrysomelas 106Henicociolila 634auricapilla 638ludoviciana 641major 641 , 642motacilla 641noveboracensis 645, 647sulphurascens 645Hepatic Tanager 84hepatica, Phoenicosoma 86Piranga 76, 77, 84, 86Pyranga 84, 85, 86, 87hepatica, var 86liepaticum, Phoenicosoma 86herminieri, Anthus 645Hermit Warbler 567Heterospingus 3, 103rubrifrons 103,104,105xanthopygius 103, 104Hidalgo Yellow-throat 685hippocrepis, Slurnella 356, 364, 368, 781ludoviciana 368magna, c 368subsp 368var 368Sturnus 364, 368hippocrepus, Sturnella 781hirundinaeea, Euphonia... 10,11,25,27,28,29,775Phonasca 27Holoqiiiscalus 170, 172, 174, 222, 224, 234brachypterus 224,225,228,229caymanensis 225, 229fortirostris 225, 229, 230guadeloupensis 225, 226, 232gundlachii 222, 224, 226, 227inflexirostris 225, 226, 230, 231insularis 225, 232jamaicensis 224, 227, 779lugubris 224, 225luminosus 225, 226, 232, 233martinicensis 225, 226, 231, 232niger 224, 228, 779rectirostris 225, 233holosericeus, Amblycereus 193, 194, 195Cacicus 194Cassicus 195Sturnus 194Honey Creeper, Bine 386Northern Green 383Shining 389
Page.Honey Creepers 374, 377
-eaters 375Hooded Oriole 287Tanager 52Wa rbler 705Yellow-throat 685hoopesi, Sturnella magna 356, 361, 362Hudsonian Thrush 248hudsonius, Turdus 248hnmeralis, Agelseus 343Agelaius 320, 323, 343Icterus 343Leistes 343humilis, Acroleptes 24Euphonia 24minuta ? 10,11,23,24Phonasca 24Hyphantes j^... 255abeillei 319baltimore 314baltimorensis 314bullockii 317eostototl 289, 319xanthomus 344Hypobletis 205hypochrysea, Dendroeca palmarum 614. 616b 616subspe-cies. 616Dendroica palmarum . .508,615,616hypomelas. Icterus 258, 263, 27 1, 272dominieensis, var 272Pendulinus 272Xanthornus 272Hypophaea 8hypophseus, Chlorospingus 157, 159, 167, 779Hypothimis azurea 573Hypothymis mexicana 478
I.Icleria 426, 428, 430, 691auricollis 695dumicola 695fernandinaj 649fornsii 650franeescae 701longicauda 696pelzelni 698salleei 702velasquezi 695velasquezii 696venustus 700v.rens 693, 694, 697a. virens 694b. longicauda 696/3. longicauda 696longicauda 691, 695, 696var. longicauda 696virens 691, 692viridis 694, 696Icterise 430Icteridse 169,171Icterioides 255icterocephala, Callispiza 39Calliste 38Calosplza 36,37
808 INDEX.
icterocepliala, Chrysothraupis
.
DendroecaDendroicaMniotiltaMotacilla
Page.39592592592591Sylvia 591, 592Sylvicola 592icterocephalus, Agelaius 349Icterus 346, 349Oriolus 319, 321Xanthocephahis '6H9icteronot\is, Cassiculus 189Cassicus 189Ramphooeles 114Ramphocelus . . . 108, 109, 112, 1 13, 114Ramphoccelus 114Ramphopis 114Rhamphocelus 114Rhamphoccelus 114icterotis, Geothlypis eaninncha 091Icterus 172, 174, 255abeillaii 319abeillei 261, 262, 318, 319abeillii 319agripeniiis 374americauus 353atrogularis 307audubonii 281, 282auralus 260, 261, 299, 300, 302, 780auricapillus 255bairdi 260, 305baltimore 313, 314, 780baltimorensis 314baltimorus 314bonana 258,279,280bonanae 280bonariensis 203bullocki 317, 318var. abeillei 319var. bullocki 318bulloekii 261, 262, 263, 314, 316, 317eastaneus 278cristatus 185cucullatus 259,261 , 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293cozumelse 259,292cucullatus 212,259,262,287,289duplexus 259, 292, 293igneus 259, 263, 291 , 292nelsoni 259, 263, 290, 779sennetti 259,263,289,290subsp. ignea 292subsp. nelsoni 291typica 289var. cucullatus 289,290,291curacaoensis 303curasoensis 303diadematus 192dives 254, 779dominicensis .... 258, 263, 268, 271, 273, 274var. dominicensis 274var. hypomelas 272var. portoricensis 273var. prosthemelas 270var. wagleri 269
Page.terusdubusi 301,303emberizoides 210espiiiachi 284formosus 298frenatus 350galbula 261, 262, 263, 310, 312giraudi 294, 295giraudii 259, 262, 293, 294graduacanda 281graysoni 299graysonii 260, 262, 298, 299, 780gualanensis 259, 271, 295gubernator 329guianensis 353gularis 258, 261, 285, 286, 287flammeus 287gularis 258, 284, 286tamaulipensis 258, 286, 287yucatanensis 259, 287guttulatus 283, 284humeralis 343(Hyphantos) bulloekii 317h ypomelas 257, 263, 27 1 , 272icterocephalus 346, 349icterus 2.57, 2G3, 264laudabilis 258, 274, 275lawrencei .' 305lawrencii 260, 304, 305leucopteryx 260, 261, 286, 303, 304longirostris 264maculi-alatus 2.57, 265, 266maxillaris 205melanicterus 190, 192melanocephalus 258, 281, 283auduboni 282audubonii .. 258,261,282melenocephalus 258,261,262,280subsp. typica 281var.


INDEX. 811
lugubris, Holoquiscalus 225Quiscalus 225, 229, 231luminosus, Holoquiscalus 225, 232, 233Quiscalus 231,233luteicapilla, Euphonia 10, 11, 20, 21Phonasea 21luteicapillus, Acroleptes 21luteola , Oerthidea 762, 7 (i4, 7(15olivacea 765Certhiola 407, 410, 412, 781Coereba 399, 406, 407, 416, 782chloropyga 408Luteous Yellow-throat 678lutescens, Helniiuthophila 467celata.... 448,466,467b 467,468|8 467var 467Lutescent Warbler 466luteus, Ampelis 695M.inacgillivraii, Geothlypis 633macgillivrayi, Geothlypis 632, 633Geothlypis Philadelphia 633b .. 633/3... 633var. 633Sylvia 632Sylvicola 632Trichas 632macgillivrayii, Geothlypis 633Macgillivray's Warbler 681Macraglseus 174macropos, Sylvia 545macropus, MniotiUa 545macroura, Quiscalus 240macrourus, Chaleophanos 240Megaquiscalus major 235, 236,237, 238Quiscalus 239, 242major, var 240Scaphidurus major 240macrnrus, Quiscalus 237, 240major * 241var 240, 241maculata, Certhia 435maculatus, Oxyglossus 431, 435maculi-alatus, Icterus 257, 265, 266Pendulinus 266maculosa, Dendra-ca 536Dendroica 497, 498, 502, 532, 535MniotiUa 535Motacilla 535Sylvia 535Sylvicola 535maculosus, Rhimamphus 635Rhimauphus 535magna, Alauda 353, 359, 361, 362, 364Sturnella 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 368magna 356,357,359,360,363b 359var 359magnirostris, Certhiola 408Coereba chloropyga 408magnolia, Sylvia 536Magnolia Warbler 532
Page.major, Certhiola 408, 781Chalcophanes 238Coereba chloropyga 408Enicocichia 642Henicocichla 641, 642Mega(iuiscalus 235major 235, 236Quiscalus 233, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243major, var 238Scaphidurus major 238majuscula, Certhiola 399Malaconotus rubiginosus 4Manakin, Blue 393Mangrove Warbler 530marcomi, Dendroeca 512marginalis. Icterus xanthornus, var. /3 303marilandica, Sylvia 663Trichas 663, 666, 668, 671marilandicus, Trichas 663, 670maritima, Certhiola 540Mniotilta 540Sylvia 539Sylvicola 539, 540maritimus, Rhimamphus 540Maroon-headed Tanager 49martinica, Certhiola 422martinicana, Certhiola 420, 422, 782Coereba 400, 421, 422martinicensis, Certhiola 422Holoquiscalus 225, 231, 232Martinique Bananaquit 421Graekle 231Oriole 2 7 ?Yellow Warbler 526Maryland Yellow-throat 661marylandiea, Sylvia 663Trichas 663, 666, 668, 670, 671marylandicus, Trichas 670, 671maxillaris. Icterus 205maximus, Xanthornus 185maynardi, Geothlypis 656, 659, 661, 676Geothlypis tanheri 657Maynard's Yellow-throat 676mcgillivrayi, Geothlypis 663Meadowlark 357Central American 364Cuban 368Mexican 362Southern 360Texas 361Western 365Megaquiscalus 172, 174, 223, 224, 233major 235assimilis 236, 237graysoni 235, 236, 241macrourus. 235,236,237,238major 235, 236nelsoni 235, 236, 242obscurus 235, 236, 241nicaraguensis 224, 234, 235, 236, 244tenuirostri.s 234, 235, 236, 243melaleucus, Tachyphonus 778melanicterus, Cacicus 192Cassiculus 1 91, 192Ca.ssicus 192Icterus 190, 192Psarocolius 192
S12 INDEX.
Page.melanocephahis, loterns 258, 281, 283melanocephalus. 258,201,280var. 281Psarocolius 255, 281 , 2g3Xanthornus 281. 283melanochrysura, Icterus 310Melanodiglossa 378melanogaster, Raruphocelu.s 108, 109, 116Riimphopis 116melanogenys, Biusileuterus 740, 712, 751, 7.52melanolenc'us, Oriohi.s 131TachyphoniLs 131, 132Melanophantes 319melanops, (leothlypis 674triohas 0,56,658,001,670,673,674y 674var 674Melanop.sar 255melanopsis, Psarocoliu.s 272melanoptera, Dendroeca 524petechia 524var 524Di'iiflroica petechia 524S .524Tanagra 60palmarum ... 55, 68, 59, 60melatiopteriis, Icterus 295Xanthornus 295melanopygius, Lanio 123,125,120leucothorax 126melanorrhoa, Mniotilta .578Sylvia .578melanotis, Basileuterus 742, 752, 753bivittatus 753Meliphagida; 375, 370mentalis, Oerthidea 702, 766olivacea 766Icterus 286, 298meridionalis, Myiodioctes 704Sturnella 3.53Merula meruhi 771merula, Mcrula 771mesochrysus, Basileuterus 740, 750, 751delattrii 751rufifrons 742, 750mesomelas, Icterus 200, 300, 308mesomelas 260, 305, 307Psarocolius 306Xanthornus 306Mexican Ant Tanager 144Bananaquit 409Cacique 191Chlorophcnia 6Diglossa 380Meadowlark 362Oropendola 178Rice Grackle 199Shrike-Tanager 123Thrush-Warbler 772mexicana, Cassidix oryzivora 197, 199, 200Certhiola 407, 410, 781
. mexicana, a 410Ccereba 399, 401, 407, 409, 410, 782chlorophyga 408
Page.mexicana, Coerebra 782Compsothlypis 478Hypothymis 478Parula 478Sturnella 362, 363ludoviciana 363, 364magna 355,356, 361, 362, 363, 364d 363subsp 363,364mexicanus, Cassidix 200Corvus 200(Ca.s.sidix) 196,200Icterus 286, 302Oriolus 286, 302, 304Quiscalus 231 , 2.51, 255Scolecophagus 251Zarhynchus wagleri 178microcephala, Sylvania 710Wil.sonia 704, 709Microligea 428, 430, 651palustris 652microrliyncha, Coereba coerulea 385Geothlypis nelsoni . . 600, 001, 685microrhynchus, Cacicus 188,189,190Cassiculus 190Cassicus 190migratorius, Helmitheros 4.38, 441militaris, Agelaius 3.53Emberiza 350, 353Tanagra 353Mimidse 2, 426, 427miniata, Setophaga 732, 733miniatus, Myioborus miniatus 731, 785minor, Certhiola 408, 781Oriolus 210minuta, Euphonia 9, 24Muscicapa 709Phyllopneuste 610Setophaga 709Sylvania 709Sylvia 610, 709, 760Sylvicola 610Wilsonia 709minutus, Myiodioctes 709Mirador Ground-Chat 689misisippica, Tanagra 81missisippensis, Pyranga 81mississippiensis, Tanagra 81, 83missuriensis, Sylvicola 462mitrata, Motacilla 703, 706, 707Myiodioctes 707, 708Setophaga 707Sylvania 707Sylvia 707Wilsonia 704, 705, 707mitratus, Myiidioctes 708Myioctonus 708Myiodioctes 707, 708Mitrospingus 4, 167cassini 169Mniotilta 428, 431, 498?stiva 510americana 483,485,486auduboni 553aurantia 576
INDEX. 813
Pago.Miiiotilta aiiricollis 445bachmani 459blackburniffi 676borealis 435ccerulea 573canadensis 543capitalis 526carbonata 541carolinensis 512castanea 594celata 464chrysopareia 567ehrysoptera 450(ntrea 443((Srulea 573ccerului^cens 544eoronata 549, 784discolor 609dominica 580eoa 532formosa 624gracise 586gundlachi 521guttnralis 477icterocephala 592incana 576inornata 489kirtlandi 605longirostris 436luciffi 474macropus 545maculosa 535maritima 540melanorrhoa 578mentana 784nigrescens 558oocidentalis 569ol ivacea 496palmnrum 613pannosa 545panis 578pennsylvanica 591peregrina 461petechia 516, 616pharetra 619pinus 457, 601pityophila 606rara 573nibricapilla 470ruficapilla _ 469rufigula 527solitaria 458striata 597snperciliosa 478, 581swainsoni 438tseniata 496tigrina 538townsendi 561varia 432, 434, 783, 784a. varia 435b. borealis 436borealis 435,436var. longirostris 436virens 564virginia> 473Mniotiltse 428
Page.Mniotiltidse 2, 375, 377, 425, 426, 427, 428MniotiltinEe 428modesta, Geothlypis trichas 656, 658,660,072Molobrus 205pecoris 209, 779Mololliri 174Molothrus 170, 172, 174, 205seneus 202, 203, 204, 205armenti 201ater 207, 208, 209ater 207obscurus 207, 210,211var. obscurus 211atrouitens 206, 207, 211, 212, 779a tro-nitens 212badius 205, 206, 207bonariensis 206, 212discolor 212fringillarius 206, 207obscurus 210pecoris 209, 211subsp. obscura 211typica 210var. obscurus 210, 211


816 INDEX.
Page.Ocyalus wagleri 177, 178Old Providence Bananaqnit 405Olivacea, Certhidea 761, 762, 763, 7ti4, 765olivacea 764Chlorothraupis l.>4, 155, 778Dendroeca 496Dendroica 496Mniotilta 496Poospiza 159, 161Sylvia 493, 496Syl vicola 496olivaeeus, Agrilorhinus 381Chloropingus 157, 158, 159, 161Chlorothraupis 778Orthogonys 155Peucedramus 493, 496Peucedromus 496Rhimaniphus 496olivasceus, Certhidea 768Tanagra 59Olive-erowned Chlorospingus 166Warbler 493ophthalmicus, Arreiuon 157,159,161Chlorospingus 158,159, 160, 161, 162, 165Pipilopsis 161, 165Oporornis 429, 621 , 634agilis 621, 622, 6'25, 627, 631formosa 446, 621 , 622, 625formosas 624lormosus 624Philadelphia 621 , 622, 628tolmiei 621, 622, 631varius 628Orange-browed Tanager 104
-crowned Warbler 462Oriole 299Orangequit 424Orchard Oriole 276Oreomanes 375, 376, 377Oreothlypis 429, 475gutturalis 475, 476, 477, 783superciliosa 475, 477,478Oriole, Abeille's 318Alta Mira 286Audubon's 282Baird's 305Baltimore 310Bar-winged 265Black-headed 280Brown-headed 209, 248Bullock's 314Cozumel 292Cuban 271Cura(;ao 303Espinach's 284Fiery 291Giraud's 293Grayson's 298Gualan 295Haitian 273Hangnest 304Hooded 287Jamaican 303Lesson' s 269Lichtenstein's 284
Page.Oriole, Martinique 279Montserrat 265Mugeres 292NeLson's 290Northrop's 266Orange 299Orchard 275Porto Rican 272St. Andrews 304Salvin's 307Santa Lucia 274Scarlet-headed 295Sclater's 297Scott's 308Sennett's 289Spotted-breasted 283Wagler's 267Yellow 300Yellow-tailed 305Yucatan 287Orioles 169Oriolidte 169Oriolus americanus 350, 3-53ater 205, 208baltimore 2.55, 313bonana 2.55, 279capensis 278castaneus 278chrysocephalus 255citrius 185costototl 319cristatus 183, 185dominicensis 268, 271, 273ferrugineus 244, 247flavus 321fuscus 209,210,248guianensis 250, 2.53hsemorrhous 186icteroeephalus 319, 321icterus 2-55, 264leucocephalus 248leucopterus 129. 132ludovicianus 218melanoleucus 131mexicanus 286, 302, 304minor 210mu.sicus 307nidipendulus 304niger 196, 222, 228, 779oryzivorus 197, 198phoeniceus 319, 332, 339spurius 2.55, 278tricolor 314varius 278xan thornus 264, 302xanthorus 302Orizaba Y'ellow-throat 6S3orizyvora, Dolichonyx 373ornata, Tanagra 54, 55Oropeudola, Black 182Cassin's 181Crested 184Mexican 178Montezuma 180Wagler's 176Oropendolas 173


INDEX. 819
Page.phcEniceus, Oriolus 319, 332, 339phcenicius, Agelaius 330Phcenicophilus dominicensis 128palmarum 127, 128poliocephalus 128Phienic-osoma 75aestiva 83erythromelas 101Phceiiicothraiipis 4, 141,155carmioli 154, 155erythrolcenia 153fuscicauda 113,144,149,150erytlirol?ma .. 153ignicapilla 145insularis 152littoralis 150rubiea , 142, 147affinis 142,143,147nelsoni 142,143,145roseus 143,147,148rubicoides. . . 142, 143, 144vinacea 142, 143, 146rubicoides 145, 146, 151, 153affinis 147roseus 148rubicus 149salvini 143, 149, 151discolor... 143,150,151insularis 143,152littoralis.. 143,144,149peninsularis .. 143,151salvini 143,148,149,778vinacea 146, 778Phcenisoma 75rubra 91Phouasca 8affinis 23fulvicrissa 19gnatho 27gracilis 20hirundinacea 27humilis 24laniirostris 29luteicapilla 21phoniceus. Icterus , 332Phyllopneuste canadensis 543minuta 610petechia 616rara 573picta, Setophaga 722,723,728,729,730picta 723, 7-2Spileata, Muscicapa 70STanagra 1C6pileatus, Chlorospingus 157, 158, 165, 770pileolata, Motacilla 712Myiodioctes pusillus, (3 715var 712,715Sylvania pusilla 713, 715Wilsoniapusilla... 701,705, 712,713,715Pileolated Warbler ;i->Golden 714pileolatus, Myiodioctes 715pusillus 713,715
^ T12var.. 712,713,715
Page.pina, Dendrajca 601Helminthophaga 458Pine Creeper 456Warbler 599Abaco 603Nassau 602pinguis, Motacilla 551Sylvia 551Pink-headed Warbler 760pinus, Cerihia 456Dendrceca 001 , 602Dendroica 598, 601Helminthopaga 458Helminthophila . . 446, 447, 452, 454, 455. 458Helmiiitophila 458Mniot il ta 601Motacilla 457Rhimamphus 601Sylvia 456, 457, 600Sylvicola 600, f.02Thryothurus 600Vermivora 601Pipilopsis albitemporalis 161cristata 139ophthalmicus IGl, 165Pipit 427I'ipra elegantissima 13galericulata 13musica 8, 14, 15polyglotta 695Piranga 3.75, 142, 155ardens 76bidentata 76, 78, 97bidentata 78, 95flammea 78, 96, 777sanguinolentii 78,96,777cooperi 84ery throcephala 76, 79, 102erythromelas 70,77,78,88,91figlina 88flammea 96hepatica 76, 77, 84, 86leucoptera 76,78,101latifasciata 79,101,777leucoptera 79, 99ludoviciana 76, 77, 78, 91 , 94, 777roseigularis 99roseo-gularis 76, 78cozumelai 78, 99roseo-gularis 78,98,99rubra 76, 77, 81 , 91, 776cooperi 76,77,83,84,776rubra 76, 77, 79rubriceps 77, 776sauguiuolenta 98testacea 76, 77, 87figlina 77, 87testacea 77, 86pitiayumi, Compsothlypis 479, 487pitiayumi 480,487Parula 490Sylvia 487, 490pityophila, Dendrceca 606Dendroica 498, 507, 606pityophila 507,605Mniotilta 606
820 INDEX.
Page.pityophila, Sylvicolii 60(iPlain-colored Taiinger olplumbea, Dendneca (518Dendroiea 497, -19S, 508, 017, 618Piglo;->ii 380, 381, 382, 781Sylvia ; 487Plumbeous Warbler 617Pogonothraupis 122Polidacnis 390polioeephala, Chanuethlypis 686poliocephala. 087Geotlilyi)is 687, 688, 689, 690poliocephala, a ... 688var G88Trichas 688polioCepbalus, Dulus 128I'h;enicopl)ilus 127, 128I'ho'uicophilus 128Poliopsar 22-)pol yglot ta, Pipra 695Poosjiiza oli vacea 159, 161populonim, Sylvia 573Porto Rica II Banana<iu;t 41'J!Euphonia 15(irackle -2-lSOriole '21 '2Spindalis 05Tanager 156Yellow Warbler 518portoricensis, ('(.Tlliiola 413, 782Baveola, var 413Ccereba 400,401,41-2,413,782Dendrceea petechia 620Icterus 258, 263, '21-2, 273dominicensis, var .. . 273Penduliuus 273Spindalis 63,64, 65Ta nagra 67(Spiudali.s) 67Xanthornus 273postocularis, Chlorospiugus I5s, IGOprfedatoriu.s, Sturnus 332Prairie Warbler 007pratensis, Cirulus 353pretrei, Spindalis 63, 64, 68, 70, 71Tanagra 62, 70(Spindalis) 70firetrii, Chloroiihonia 5Spindalis 70prevdsti, Amblycerciis 195Cassieulus 195( 'assicus 195prevostii, Amblycercus 195Amblyrhamphus 195Prevost's Cacique li)4Procnop^is 2atrocrerulea 2propinquus, Tacliyphonus 105prostheiiielas, Icterus 258, 259, -260, 270, 295ddiiiiniccnsis, var. 270Pendulinus 271Xanthornus 270Prothonotiiry Warbler 44'-'ProtoUdlaria 428, 412citrca -127, 442, 444, 445, 783protonotaria, Daciii- 445
Pageprotonotaria, Sylvia 445Sylvicola 445jirotonotarius, Helinaia 445Helminthophaga 445Helmitheros 445Motacilla 445Sylvia 445Vermivora 445Psarocolius seneus 200, 202, 204, 205auricollis 318baltimore 314bonana 280castaneus 278caudacutus 374coztototl 289, 319cristatus 186croconotus 255cyanocephalus 244, 250flavigastcr 268gubernator 339gularis 255, 285, 286, 287leucopteryx 304melanicterus 192melanocephalus 255,281,283melanopsis 272mcsomelas 306iiigerrimus 195pecoris 209, 211pectoralis 2S3perspicillatus 350phoeniceus 332pustulatus 296xanthornis 302Pseudagelseus 321Pseudagkeus 174Ptiloxena 174, 251atroviolacea 252, 253pulcherrinia, D:;cnis 2.391I ridophanes 2I)ulclu-a, Conipsothlypis 491pitiayumi 480, 4'Jlpumilia, Sylvania 709Sylvia 709punctata, Tanagra 34punctiilatus, Chlorospingus 164Purple Urackle 215purpurascens, Chlorophancs 377, 382, 383pur[)uratus, Chalcophanes 218Quiscalus 216,217.218purpureus, (juiscalus 217,219,220, 221,251purpureus, var 217pusilla, Mu.scicapa 710, 713Myiodioctcs 711Sylvania 710, 713, 715Sylvia 483, 545Sylvicola 483, 445Wilsonia 704, 710, 713, 740pusilla 704, 705, 710, 785pusillus, Myiidioctes 711, 714
-Myioctonus 714Myiodioctos 711, 713, 714, 715pusillus, a 711,714var 711,714])ustulatus. Icterus 260, 261', 2!t5, 29(5, 297. 298Psarocol ius 296Pvranga 75
INDEX. 821
Page.Pyranga cestiva 81, 83cooperi 84var. festiva 83eooperi 84azarse 86bidentata 9ft, %, 971018184102176
bivittatacoccineacoopericucullataerythrocephala 102,erylhromelsena ICO, 101var. erythromeeena 101-erythromelas 75, 91, 100, 101erythropis 95figliiia 88hepatica 84, 85, 86, 87var. hepatica 86leucoptera 101livida 83luctuosa 104ludoviciana 93missisippensis 81pyrrhocephala 776roseigularis 98roseo-gularis 98rubra 90rubriceps 776saira, var. testacea 87, 88sanguinolenta 98testacea 87, 88pyrrhocephala, Pyranga 776Pyrrhodiglossa 378pyrrhopterus, Agelaius 255Pyrrhuphonia 2, 31Jamaica 31Pyrrota 129leucoptera 132valeryi 132Q-Qui.scala 212qui.scala, Gracula 237Sturnus 216Quiscali 169, 170, 171, 174Quiscalus 174, 21 2, 223, 224, 234, 321tenens 221Eequatorialis 2-^3aglreus 218assimilis 236, 237, 241ater 228atroviolaceus 251, 2.53baritus 218, 226, 227, 229, 237var. baritus 227brachypterus 229gundlachi 227niger 228barytus 226brachypterus 229breweri 251caymaiiensis 229corvinus 238eras.sirostris 227, 228, 229ferrugineus 247fortirost ris 230graysoni 242guadeloupensis 232
Page.Quiscalus gundlachii 226, 227inflexirostris 230,231,232,233insularis 225lugubris 225, 229, 231luminosus 231, 233macroura 240macrourus 239, 242obscurus 241macrurus 237, 240major 233, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243macrurus 241var. macrourus 240macrurus 240, 241major 238palustris 242mexicanus 231,251,255nicaraguensis 244niger 228nitens 216palustris 238, 242, 243peruvianus 236purpuratus 216, 217, 218purpureus 217, 219, 220, 221, 251Eeneus 221aglaeus 218, 219var. seneus 221agelaius 218agleeus 218purpureus 217quiscula 216, 219, 222?neus . . . 214, 215, 21!), 221, 779nglreus .. 214, 215, ?217,218, 219quiscula 214,
822 INDKX,
Page.Ramphocelus icteronotus 108, 109, 112, 118luciani 108,109,115raelauogastcr lOS, 109, Ufipasserinli 107, 108, 109, 110costaricensis 777passerinii 777sanguinolentus 121uropygialis 109,


INDEX. 825
Page.Sotophaga nigro-ciiicta 719picta Til, VJo, Tis. 729, 730guatemalci' 7l!3, 7 "iO, 730picta 723, 728rubra 758, 7.i9, 760rubrifrons 721ruflfrons 738, 746russeicauda 728niticilla 7J3, 724, 726, 727sallKi 702torquatn 735versicolor 761verticalis 730, 734vuliierata 733Setophagfe 427, 430sharpei , Certhiola 406Crereba 399, 404, 405Sharpe's Bananaquit 404Shining Honey Creeper 389Shizampelis 776Shrike-Tanager, Black-rumped 125Mexican 1 23White-throated 124Silver-throated Tanager 37Silvia agilis 626sinuosa, Geothlypis trichas 654,656,658,660,672,673sittac^um, Fncirostrum 381sittaceus, Agrilorhinns 378, 381sittoides, Diglossa 381Siurus 634auricapilla 638auricapillus 638ludovicianns 641niotacilla 640, 641naivius 643, 647notabilis 647noveboracensis 642, 644, 647Slender-billed Grackle 243Small-billed Cacique IStt
-headed Warbler 709Socorro Warbler 492solitaria, Helinaia 458Helniinthophaga 458Sylvia 458Sylvicola 458Vermivora 458solitariiis, Amblycercus 193Cassicus 192Helmitheros 458Sonoran Boat-tailed Grackle 242Red-wing 337Yellow Warbler ol2sonorana, Dendroica sestiva 500, 512, 513sonoriensis, Agelaiusphoeniceus. 322,324,337,342Sooty-capped Chlorospingus 165sordida, Helniinthophila celata. . 448, 467, 468, 783Southern Meadowlark 360Yellow-throat 667Sparrow, American Hedge 425speciosa, Compsothlypis pitiayumi 480487,488,783Geothlypis 653, 660, 661 , 683, 684speciosa, a 684var 684speculiferus, Chlorospingus 156, 157Nesospingus 156, 157Spermagra erythrocephala 102, 776
Page.sphagnosa, Sylvia 545Vlreo 545Spindalis 3, 62Abaco 72benedicti 63, 64, 72, 74bilineatus 62, 65Black-backed 70Cozumel 72Cuban 68exsul 74Haitian 67Jamaican 64multicolor '63, 64, 67, 68nigricephala 63, 64, 65Porto Rican .' 65portoricensis 63, 64, 65, 67pretrei 63, 64, 68, 70, 71pretrii 70salvini 74Salvin's 74zena 64, 70, 72stejnegeri 71,72townsendi 64,72zena 64, 70, 71splza, Certhia 382, 384Chlorophanes 383, 384Spizampelis 62spodocephala, Chlorospingus 140Euct>metis 138, 140, 141spodocephala.. 138,139spodocephalus, Chlorospingus 140, 141Sporathraupis 55Spotted-breasted Oriole 283spurius. Icterus 258, 275, 276, 278, 779Oriolus 255, 278Pendulinus 278Xanthornus 278Yphantes 278Starlings 169stejnegeri, Spindalis zena 71, 72stictothorax, Eucometes spodocephala 778Eucometis spodocephala 138,141,778sti. thomse, Certhiola 414, 782stragulatus, Basileuterus 740Straight-billed Grackle 233Streaked-chested Tanager 141Warbler 618striata, Dendroeca 598Dendroica 506, 595, 597, 785Mniotilta 597Motacilla 597Muscicapa 597Sylvia 597Sylvicola 597striatus, Dendroica 598Rhimamphus 597Rhimanphus 597Sturnella 170, 171, 172, 175, 353colaris 360collaris 359, 360hippocrepis 356, 363, 364, 36S, 781hippocrepus 781ludoviciana 359,360,363,364,366,368hippocrepis 368mexicana 363, 364neglecta 367, 368var. neglecta 366
826 INDEX.
Page.Sturiiellii mrtgiiH 359, 361,362, 363, 364, 368alticola 363a. magna 359argtitiila 355, 356, 360, 361c. hippocrepis 368(1. mexicana 363hoopesi 356,361,362inexpectata 356, 364, 365, 781iiiexspectata 365magna 356,357,369,360,363mexi ?ana 355,356,361,362,363,364neglecta 367subsp. hippocrepis 368mexicana 363, 364neglecta 368typica 360var. hippocrepis 368magna 359mexicana 362,363,364neglecta 367meridioiialis 353mexicana 362, 363, 364neglecta 355, 35G, 365, 366, 781Sturnellse 175Sturnidse , 169Sturnus holoscriceiis 194jamaieensis 222, 227junceti 211ludovicianns 359, 360, 363, 364, 366obscurus 210prsedatorius 332qniscala ? 216sulfurascens, Sciurus 645
.Seiurus 645sulphurascens, Enicocichla 645Henicocichhi 645Seiurus 645sumichrasti, Chlorospiugus 158, 162Dives 255Quiscahis 255Sumichrast's Blackbird 254Chloropingus 162Summer Redbird 80, 81Tanager 79AVcstoni S3sundevalli, Ccrthi( la 418supereiliaris, Leistes 353Trupialis 353supereiliosH, Dendrceca 581, 5S2Dendroica 581, 582Mniotilta 478, 581Motacilla 581Oreothlypis 475, 476, 477, 478Parula 478superciliosum, Conirostruni 478suriiianlensis, Certhia 385Tachyphonus 129swainsoni, Helinaia 438, 783HelmintherusHelmiiithothcrusHelmithcrosHelonteaMniotiltaTanagraVermivora
43843843843843857438
Page.swain.sonii, Helinaia 436, 437, 783Helminthophaga 438Helmitherus 438Sylvia 436, 437Sylvicola 437Swainson's Tanager 95Warbler 436Sycamore Warbler 582Sylvania 722bonapartii 719canadensis 718formosa 624microcephala 710minuta 709mitrata 707pumilia 709pusilla 710, 713, 715pileolata 713, 715wilsonii 711Sylvia sequinoctialis 625sestiva 510, .521agilis 626albicolis 516albicollis 516americana 4.v2, 483, 485, 486anthoides 645auduboni 553audubonii 553auricol lis 445aurocapilla 637autumnalis 5i'5azurea 573bachmani 459blcolor 394bifasciata 573blackburni 578blackburnia? 576brasiliana 489cserulea 785ca?rulesceiis 543, 544canadensis 543carVjonata 540, 541carolinensis 512castanea 594, 785celata 464, 466cernlea 571childrenii .512chloroleuca 517chrysocephala 576chrysophrys 744chrysoptera 4-^0citrinella 512crerulea



830 INDEX.
Page.towii.sendii, Dendrceca 561Dendroica 561Mniotilta 561Syl vicola 561Townsend's Warbler 559Tres Marias Parula Warbler 492Red-breasted Chat 700Tanager 96Trifhas 653agilis 626brachidactyUis 666delafieldi 689delafieldii 670,671macgillivrayi 632marilandica 663, 606, 668, 671marilandicus 663, 670marylandica 603, 066, 668, 670, 671marylaiidicus 070, 671nigrot-ristatus 740persouatus 653, 004, 666Philadelphia 629poliocephala 688roscoe 667rostrata 675(Sylvieola) formosa 624tcphrocotis 628tolmsei 632tolmcei 632vegata 633trifhas Geothlypis 653, 656, 657, 663, 664,60.5, 600, 668, 669, 670, 071, 672trichas 654,0.56,058,600,661,663a 600,668,670,671var 663,666, 668, 670, 671Motacilla 063Seiunis 666Sylvia 663, 665, 008, 669, 671Turdus 653, 063Trichothraupis peiiicillata 139tricolor, Agelseus 326, 339phneniceus, d 320var 326Agelaius 322, 323, ;i'24, 326, 780Certhiola 406Coereba 399, 401, 405, 406Icterus 325, 339Oriolus 314Tanagra 34tricolora, Motacilla 728Tricolored Blackbird 324Triglyphidia 4callophrys 4,8occipitalis 6tristis, Sylvicola 559trochilus, Motacilla 512Sylvia 512Troglodytidse 426Troupial "itiSTroupials 109Trupiales 175Trupialis 170, 171, 172guianensis 353siiperciliaris 353Turdus aquaticus 645
I'ago.Turdus aquatius 645ater 278auricapillus 638aurocapillus 637brunneus 217carolinus 244, 247eitreus 038coronatus 63shudsonius 24,sjugularis 27slabradorius 24sludovicianus 641motacilla 640,045noveboracensis 248, 643palmarum.*. 120, 127, 128(Seiurus. novseboracensis .. 645noveboracensis 643thilius 319trichas 653, 063virens 091,093vulpinus 709, 770typica, Calliste larvata 49Dacnis cayana, subsp 394Icterus cucullatus, subsp 2.s9Icterus melanocephalus, subsp 281Molothrus pecoris, sub.sp 210Quiscalus versicolor, subsp 217Sturnella magna, subsp 360typicus, Quiscalus versicolor 217U.ullramarina, Dacnis 395cayana 392,3!?4,390subsp 395, 396Ultramarine Dacnis 3!t4umbria, Motacilla 551Sylvia -551Uncirostrum 378brelayi 381lafresnayei 378sittaceum 3.siuropygialis, Basileuterus 740, 757, 7.5sCassiculus 190Cassicus 1 90Coereba 7sjCoereba 400, 420, 421Ramphoccelus 120Rhamphoccelus 120usnece, Compsothlypis americaua 479,4S4,4.s.5,480V.varia, Certhia 434Mniotilta 432,434,783,784varia, a 435Motacilla 431 , 433Nectarinia 435Sylvia 433Sylvicola 435varians, Ramphocelus 114variegata, Tanagra 83varius. Icterus 27oOporornis 028Oriol us 278Xanthornus 278vegeta, Sylvia 633Trichas 033
INDEX. 831
velasquezi, Icteria 695velasquezii, Icteria 696velata, Geothlypis 653, 657, 681Sylvia 681venusta, Dacnis 392, 396, 397, 781Sylvia 4S7venustus, Granatellus 697, 698, ?!??), 700Icteria 700Vera Cruz Red-wing 335Veraguaii White-shouldered Taiiager 130veraguensis, Basileuterus 740, 757leucopygiu.s 757semicervinus . 7-12, <.>6Vermivora bachmani 459carbonata 54
1
celata 464, 4(;()chrysoptera 450ful vicapilla 441nigrescens 558peiinsylvanica 441peregrina 4G1plnus 601protonotarius 445rara 573rubricapilla 470solitaria 458swainsoni 438vermivora, Motacilla 438Sylvia 738vermivorus, Helmiutherus 441Helminthotherus 441Hclmitheros 430Helmithcrus 441versicolor, Calliste 53, 54Calospiza 37, *>3Cardellina 761Ergaticus 759, 700, 7G1Quiscalus 212, 216, 218, 220, 22(5Setophaga 761verticalis, Myioborus 731vicarius, Tanagra 62(Aghiia) 62Thraupis 02vieilloti, Dendrceca 527, 529, 530, 531Dendroica 528vieilloti, var 529Syl vicola 531vleillotii, Dendroica 529vigorsii, Dendrceca 785Dendroica 497, 498, 500, 601 , (103vigorsii .. ,50(>, 507, 59i?, (102, 7.s5Sylvia (101vireo (101vigueri, Dacnis 396viguieri, Dacnis 392,390Viguier's Dacnis 390vinacea, i'hrenicothraiipis 145,146,147,778Phoenicothraupis 778Phwnicothratipis '. 778rubica 142, 140Vinaceous-throatcd Ant Tanager 140violacea, Tanagra 8violea, Cassidix oryzivora 197, 199violilavata, Tanagra 60virens, Dendrceca .564, 565Dendroica 503,504,562,564,568,784
Page.virens, Icteria 693,694,697virens 691, 092a 694Mniotilta 564Motacilla 563Rhimamphus 564Rhimanphus 564Sylvia 563Syl vicola .563, .564Turdus 691,693Vireo sphagnosa .545virgor.sii 601vireseens. Chalcophanes 248Icterus ' 272, 282virginife, Helmlnthophaga 472-473Helminthophiia 448,471,473Helmintophila 473Mniotilta 473virginianus, Parus 551Virginia's Warbler 471virginica, Loxia 81, 83viridis, Chlorophonia 5Icteria 694, 696Jcteria 694Muscicapa 691 , 694Peteria 694Tanagra 4vitellina, Dendroica 587,610,611Vitelline Warbler 010vitellinus, Cacicus 187, 188,779Ca.ssicu.s 189vulgaris, Icterus 264Quiscalus
832 INDEX.
Page.Warbler, Black-cheeked 751
-eared 752
-fronted 556
-poll 595
-throated Blue 541Gray 656Green 56'2Blackburnian 574Blue-gray 543
-winged 455Brasher's 765Brewster's 453


U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50. PART 2, PL. I

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. II
I. TANAGRA cana.
2. SPINDALIS nigricephala.
3. PIRANGA erythromelas.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. Ill
I. RAMPHOCELUS passerinii.
2. PHLOGOTHRAUPIS sanguinolenta.
3. HETEROSPINGUS rubrifrons

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. IV
I. LANIO aurantius.
2. CHLOROSPINGUS olivaceus.
3. PH/ENICOPHILUS palmarum.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. V
I. EUCOMET)S cristaia.
2. PHCENICOTHRAUPIS rubicoides.
3. CHLOROTHR,'\UPIS carmioli.

U. S, NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. Vt
I. TACHYPHONUS rufus.
3. MITROSPINGUS cassini.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7 FL. VII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. VIII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. IX

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2. PL, X

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XI

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, MART 2, PL. XIV
3. iVIEGAQUISCALUS major.

U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XV
I. HOLOQUISCALUS jamaicensis.
2. QUISCALUS quiscula.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2. PL. XVI
I. LEISTES militaris.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM JLLETIN NO, 50, PART 2, PL. XVII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, FL. XVIII
I. DIGLOSSA baritula.
2. CHLOROPHANES spiza
3. DACNIS cayana. 4. GLOSSIPTILA ruficollis.
5. CYANERPES cyaneus. 6. CCEREBA flaveola.
7. MNIOTILTA varia. 8. HELMITHEROS vermivorus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XIX

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XX
I. OPORORNIS formosa. 2. SEIURUS aurocapillus.
20017
4. GEOTHLYPIS trichas.
3. CATHAROPEZA bishopi.
5. MICROLIGEA palustris. 6. TERETISTRIS fernandinae.
7. CHAM/ETHLYPIS poliocephala.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XXI

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 2, PL. XXU
I







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