DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ALCYONARIA COLLECTED BYTHE U. S. FISHERIES STEADIER "ALBATROSS," MAINLYIN JAPANESE WATERS, DURING 1906.
By Charles C. Nutting,Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa.
INTRODUCTION.But an insignificant proportion of the alcyonarian material col-lected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross during her cruise inthe Northwest Pacific during 1906 was secured outside of Japanesewaters. Hence this paper is substantially a contribution to ourknowledge of the Japanese Alcyonaria.The surprising richness of the marine fauna in the vicinity of Japanhas long been recognized, and the extent of the collection of Alcyona-ria secured by the Albatross was, in some degree at least, anticipated,although the number of new forms is somewhat greater than mighthave been expected, especially in view of the number of excellentpapers that have appeared in recent years treating of the Alcyonariaof those regions.A number of more or less extensive collections have made theirway to European museums and have been reported on by variouswriters. Perhaps the most important of these collections was thatmade during 1904-5 by Dr. F. Doflein and reported on by Prof.W. Kiikenthal, who has discussed the Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea^in three masterly monographs, giving excellent discussions of thesegroups in general, as well as of the species collected by Doctor Doflein.The Pennatulacea are being reported on by Dr. H. Balss, who hasgiven some preliminary descriptions in the Zoologischer Anzeigerfor 1909.A notable work, Primnoidae von Japan, b}^ K. Kinoshita, appearedin the Journal of the College of Science of the Imperial Universityof Tokyo, 1908. The descriptions and figures in this work areexcellent, and proved an unusually efficient aid in identification ofspecies in the progress of the present work.
I Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Doflein, Japanische Alcyonaceen,1906; Japanische Gorgoniden, Teil 1, 1908; Tell II, 1909.Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 43-No. 192348702??Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 1
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.Wright and Stvider, in their report on the Alcyonaria of the CTial-lenger expedition, described a number of species from Japanesewaters, and others have since been reported from that region.In view of these comprehensive monographs and other less pre-tentious papers, it woukl seem that the alcyonarian fauna of theJapanese region had been pretty thoroughly worked, and that furthermvestigations of the same region would not be very profitable, atleast so far as the discovery of new forms is concerned. On thecontrary, however, the collection secured by the Albatross is of ex-ceptional interest, adding many species, most of which are new, tothe already extensive list from that region, as well as furnishingnumerous items of interest concerning the geographical distributionof the group.As a whole the Japanese Alcyonaria are more circumscribed intheir distribution than one would consider likely, there being com-paratively few species found both in Japanese waters and otherparts of the Western Pacific, as is well shown in comparing the listsof species in the present work with those found in the monographicreports on the alcyonarians of the Gulf of Manaar b}^ Thomson andHenderson,^ and the two bulky works which constitute the reportson the Alcyonaria secured by the Investigator in the Indian Ocean.^Such a comparison shows that the faunae of the Indian Ocean and ofJapan are by no means intimately related, reminding one of the samecondition of affairs found in the Caribbean Sea as compared with theadjacent waters of the North Atlantic.SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF ALCYONARIANS COLLECTED BY THE U. S.FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS" IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFICDURING 1906. [The asterisk (*) indicates a new genus or species.]Order ALCYONACEA.Family Cornularid.*;.Clavularia dispersa, C. sulcata* C. eburnea, C. japonica*Family Nephthyid.e.Lithophytum roseum*Dendronephthya splendens, D. acaulis, D. viagnacantha* D. nigripes* D. oviformis.*Paraspongodes striata. Family Alcyonid^.Alcyonium hukenthali* A. gracillimum.Nidalia rubra, N. gracilis.*Bellonella flava.*Anthomastus japonicus.*
1 Report on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, The Alcyonaria, 1905.2 Thomson and Henderson, Report on the Alcyonarians collected by R. I. M. S. S. Investigator in theIndian Ocean. 1 The Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906; 2. (Thomson and Simpson) The Alcyonaria ofthe Littoral Zone, i909.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 3Family Siphonogorgid^.Siphonogorgia splendens. Order PENNATULACEA.Family Pennatulid^.Ptilosarcus brevicaulis*Pennatula aculeata, P. sulcata, P. murrayi, P. pendula, P. naresi, P. longistyla* P.rubescens* P. brevipenna* P. inermis*Pteroides sagamiense.Halisceptrum gustavianum, H. cystiferum, H. album*Family Virgularid.*:.Virgularia, ep.?Balticina finmarckica, B. pacifica, B. californica.Halipteris christii. Family Umbellulid.*!.Umbellula magniflora, U. carpenteri, U. eloisa*Family Kophobelemnonid.*;.Kophobelemnonferrugineum, K. hispidum*Family Anthoptilid^.
Family Echinoptilid.*;.
Family Protoptilid^.
Anthoptilum murrayi.
Echinoptilum macintoshi.
Proloptilum orientate.*Stachyptilum viacleari.Trichoptilum spinosum.*Helicoptilum* rigidum.* Order GORGONACEA.Suborder HOLAXONIA.Family CHRYSOGORoiDiE.Lepidogorgia petersi.Chrysogorgia lata, C. fiexilis, C. agassizii, C. dichotoma.Family Primnoid^.Calyptrophora ijimai, C. japonica, C. kerberti.Stachyodes megalepis.Caligorgia fiabellum, C. ventrilabrum, C. aspera.Plumarella spinosa, P . jlabellata, P. carinata, P. spicata,* P. adhserans.*Thouarella hilgendorfi, T. recta,* T. typica, T. striata, T. alternata.*Primnodendron* superbum.* Family Muriceid.*;.Acanthogorgia striata, A.fv^ca,* A. paradoxa.*Anthomuricea aberrans.*Muriceides cylindrica,* M. nigra*Muricella reticulata* M. abnormalis.*Thesea placoderma.Ads squamata, A. spini/era.*
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.Placogorgia japonica*Villogorgia hrunnea*Elasmogorgia filiformis, E. ramosa*Menella indica.Bebryce hicksoni. Family Plexaurid^.Euplexaura pinnata. Family Isid^.Acanella normani.Bathygorgia profunda.Ceratoisis paucispinosa, C. pMlippinensis.Melitodes dichotoma.Parisisfruticosa. Family Gorgonid^.Platycaulus danielssem.Leptogorgia beringi.*Callistephanus padjicus.* Family GoRGONELLiUiE.Sdrpearella gradlis, S. rubra.Suborder SCLERAXONIA.Family Briareid.*;.Paragorgia nodosa, P. regalis*The above list shows that the collection contains 102 species ofAlcyonaria distributed among 54 genera belonging to 18 families.There are 40 new species and 2 new genera. The Muriceidse includesthe largest number of genera (11) and 17 species. The family con-taining the greatest number of species is the Prinmoidae, with 18species and 1 new genus.The genus represented by the largest number of species is Pen-natula, with 9 species, 4 of which are new, and this genus probablyhas the greatest geographical range.The 40 new species, constituting just about 39 per cent of thewhole number, are pretty well distributed over the various familiesand genera of the order, although there is a proportionally greaternumber in the family Muriceidae than in any other, 11 of the 17species of this family being new. Of the 18 species of the Prinmoidaebut 5 are new.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING.Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the northwest Pacificcruise of the "Albatross" in 1906.
Stationnumber.
4765476647684769477147724778
47804781
47844787479147924793
48074808
4815
4817
48424876
4879488848904893
4894
4895
491849244934
Position. Depth infathoms.West pt. Yunaska Id., S.37? E., 43.5 miles.Koniuji Id., S. 22.5? W., 27miles.54? 20' 30" N.; 179? 09' 30 " E54? 30' 40" N.; 179? 14' E...54?30'N.; 179? 17' E54? 30' 30" N.; 179? 14' E...Semisopochnoi Id., r. t. S.45?W.,l.t.S.12?W.,about12 miles.52?01'N.; 174? 39' E52? 14' 30" N.; 174? 13' E...
East Cape, Attn Id., S. 18'W., 4 miles.North pt. Copper Id., N. 79?E., 8.5 miles.Cape Monati, Bering Id.? N.52? W., 8.75 miles.Cape Monati, Bering Id., N.50? W., 8.2 miles.Torperkov Id., Hbr. ofNikolski, Bering Id., N.68? E., 44 miles.Cape Tsiuka, S. 58? W., 10.3miles.Cape Tsiuka, S. 61? W., 10.6mUes.Niigata Lt., S. 25? E., 21.5miles.Niigata Lt., S. 29? E., 18miles.Tateisha Zaki Lt., S. 53? E.,8 miles.Saigo Misakl (Dogo Id.), S.64? W., 6.1 miles.Oki Shima, S. 29? W., 5.3miles.Oki Shima, S. 70? W., 7.5mUes.Nomo Zaki, N. 57? E., 16.5mUes.Ose Saki Lt., N. 2? \V., 10miles.Ose Saki Lt., N. 29? E., 5.5miles.
Ose Saki Lt., N. 41* E., 5miles.
Ose Saki Lt., N. 42? E., 4.7miles.Gwaja Sbima, S. 38? E, 34miles.Nagada Saki, N. 8? E., ISmiles.Sata Misakl Lt., N. 77.5? E.,7 miles.
1,2171,766764244-237426344-37243-33
1,046482
13554-5776-72722,700
44-4747
70
61
578259
5971135106-95
Kind of bottom.
361
152-103
Fine black sandNo specimenGreen-brown mud:fine black sand.Gray sand; green mudBroken shellsGreenish brown sand.Fine black gravelGray mud; sand; peb-bles.Fine gray sand; peb-bles.
Coarse pebbles.Green sandRockyPebbles
Shells; coarse gravel...Sand; shells; coarsegravel.Dark green sand
.
Fine gray sand. .
Species of Alcyonaria.
Brown-green mud.Fine green sand; shells.Fine gray sand ; brokenshells.
.do.Dark gray sand; bro-ken shells.RockyGray sand; brokenshells; pebbles.
Green sand; brokenshells; pebbles.
.do.
A nthoptilum murrayi.Pennatula aculeata, Bathygor-gia profunda.Balticina pacifica.Plumarella spinosa.f Plumarella spicata, fThoua-rella hilgendorfl.Paragorgia nodosa.Thouarella striata, Primnoden-dron superbum.Plumarella spicata, Leptogor-gia beringi.Clavularia eburnea, Plumarellaspinosa, Muriceides cylin-drica, Callistephanus pacifi-cus.Plumarella flabellata, Muri-ceides nigra.Plumarella spinosa.Clavularia sulcata.Balticina pacifica.f Helicoptilum rigidum.
Nidalia rubra, Ptilosarcusbrevicaulis.Ptilosarcus brevicaulis, Halis-ceptrum gustavianum, Meli-toaes dichotoma.Nidalia rubra, Siphonogorgiasplendens, Pennatula long-
Gray sand; Globiger-ina; broken shells.No specimen; rocky.
.
Rocky
Halisceptrum album.
Elasmogorgia filiformis.EcMnopiilum macintosM.Ptilosarcus brevicaulis, Pen-natula inermis, Haliscep-trum album.? Dendronepfithya acaulis, D.splendens.Clavularia japonica, Dendro-nepfithya oviformis.Acanthogorgia paradoxa, Meli-todes dichotoma.Clavularia japonica, Dendro-nepluhya splendens, Pluma-retla carinata, Muricella re-ticulata, Parisis fruticosa,Melitodes dichotoma, Scir-pearella gracilis, S. rubra.Clavularia japonica, Bellonellaflava, Siphonogorgia splen-dens, Chrysogorgia dichotoma,Plumarella adhxrans, P.carinata, Thouarella typica,Acanthogorgia paradoxa, The-sea placoderma, Euplexaurapinnata, Parisis fruticosa.Plumarella adhxrans, P. cari-nata, Thouarella hilgendorfl,? Muriceides cylindrica, Pa-risis fruticosa.Stachyodes megalepis.Calyptrophora japonica
.
Siphonogorgia splendens, Pen-natula sulcata, P. murrayi,TluMarella hilgendorfi.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43.Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the northwest Pacificcruise of the "Albatross" in 1906?Continued.
Stationnumber. Position. Depth infathoms. Kind of bottom. Species of Alcyonaria.
4935
4936
494649474948
4956
49584959496049734975
49764977
498349844985498649874990499249985005500650075015601650265029503150435047505050545056
Sata Misakl Lt., N. 58? E.4.5 miles.
Sata Misaki Lt., N. 21? E.5.7 miles.
103 Stones.
Okiko Jima, N. 31? E., 4miles.Okiko Jima, N. 17? E., 4.4miles.O Shima Lt., N. 11? E., 12miles.Mizunoko Shima Lt., N. 22?W., 33 miles.Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 26?W., 29.3 miles.Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 23?W., 28.5 miles.Mizimoko Shima Lt., N. 19?W., 30.5 miles.Shio Misaki Lt., N. 82? E.,12.5 miles.Shio Misaki Lt., N. 49? E., 7miles.Shio Misaki Lt., N. 59? E.,6.4 miles.Shio Misaki Lt., N. 65? E., 7miles.Benkei Mizaki Lt., S. 2? E.,12 mUes.Benkei Mizaki Lt., S. 3? W.,15 miles.Kamoi Mizaki Lt.,N.17? E.,15.2 mOes.Benkei Mizaki Lt.,N.35? E.,15 miles.Kamoi Mizaki Lt., N. 76? E.,3.2 miles.43? 40' N.; 140? 58' E45? 24' N.; 140? 49' 10" E...47? 39' 10" N.; 141? 31' 40" E46? 04' 40" N.; 142? 27' 30" E46?04'N.; 142? 29' E46?03' N.; 142? 31' E46? 44' N.; 144? 02' E46? 44' 30" N.; 143? 45' E...48? 36' 10" N.; 145? 17' 30" E.48? 22' 30" N. ; 145? 43' 30" E.44?04'N.; 145? 32' E42? 10' 20" N.; 142? 15' 20" E.Kinka San Lt., N. 69.5? W.,11.6 miles.Kinka San Lt., N. 78? W.,25.
7
miles.Omai Saki Lt., S. 54? W.,29.5 miles.Ose Saki., N. 37? E., 5 miles
-do.
39
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING.Record of dredging stations at which Alcyonaria were secured during the northwest Pacificcruise of the "Albatross" in 1906?Continued.
stationnumber.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43.Geographical and bathymetrical distribution of Alcyonaria collected by the "Albatross" inthe northwest Pacific during 1906.[The asterisk (*) indicates a new species.]
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING.
Geographical and balhymdrical distribution of Alcyonaria collected by the "Albatross'the northwest Pacific during 1906?Continued.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.It is interesting to note in this connection that there are morespecies common to Japan and the west coast of North America thanto the Hawaiian region and the west cohst of North America.^An inspection of the table headed " Bathymetrical distribution"shows that the depth between 100 and 200 fathoms yielded the bestresults, 45 species being secured from that depth. The depth of from50 to 100 fathoms appears to come next in order, with a record of 41species, although a less range of depth is here included than in the 100to 200 fathom column. A very common source of error in discussingsuch tables lies in the fact that no attention is ordinarily given to thenumber of hauls taken in each zone.An examination of the records shows that alcyonarians weresecured from 75 stations during the cruise. A depth of 1 to 50fathoms is recorded for 8 stations, 50 to 100 fathoms at 22 stations,100 to 200 fathoms at 14 stations, 200 to 500 fathoms at 18 stations,500 to 1,000 fathoms at 12 stations, and over 1,000 fathoms at 4 sta-tions. Calculating the number of species to 100 stations in each ofthese zones, we reach the following result:In the 1 to 50 fathom zone the rate was 162 species to 100 hauls.In the 50 to 100 fathom zone the rate was 200 species to 100 hauls.In the 100 to 200 fathom zone the rate was 333 species to 100 hauls.In the 200 to 500 fathom zone the rate was 172 species to 100 hauls.In the 500 to 1,000 fathom zone the rate was 200 species to 100 hauls.In depths of 1,000 fathoms or more the rate was 225 species to 100hauls.Tliis shows still more clearly that the richest grounds were at depthsbetween 100 and 200 fathoms. In order, however, to compare zonesof equal depths we should add the 1 to 50 fathom and the 50 to 100fathom zones, in order to compare with the 100 to 200 fathom zone.When this is done we find that the zone 1 to 100 fathom yielded speciesat the rate of 183 to 100 hauls, which still further emphasizes thedifference between the two; showing that the second, or 100 to 200fathom zone, yields twice the number of species to 100 hauls that weresecured at depths under 100 fathoms.Below 200 fathoms the ratio is still maintained fairly well, theaverage being about two species to each successful haul at all depthsexplored. The number of hauls, however, in the deeper zones wastoo small to give conclusive evidence. It nevertheless indicates, in ageneral way, that the bathymetric distribution is more equable thanhas generally been supposed, and that the deeper zones seem to yieldas much in proportion to the number of successful hauls as theshallower, with the exception of the 100 to 200 fathom zone, whichseems particularly adapted to alcyonarian life.
1 A discussion on this point will be found in my Descriptions of Hawaiian Alcyonaria, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 548.
NO. 1923. DESCRTPTT0N8 OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 11As before stated, Helicoptilum rigidum, representing a new genusand species, was secured at a depth of 2,700 fathoms off Bering Island.So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, this is the greatestdepth fr-om which an alcyonarian of any kind has thus far beendredged. This form is also unique among the Pennatulacea onaccount of its extreme rigidity, being possessed of an exceedinglydense and heavy axis cylinder with a remarkably compact cortexof spicules.No specimens were secured between the extreme depth just men-tioned (2,700 fathoms) and 1,766 fathoms where two previouslydescribed species were secured as noted on page 7.SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF THE ALCYONARIA SECURED BY THEU. S. FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS " DURING ITS CRUISE INTHE NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN 1906.Order ALCYONACEA Verrill.Polyps single or in fixed colonies, without an axis cylinder.Family CORNULARIDvE Verrill.Polyps united by solenia; colonies sometimes forming lobularencrusting masses, sometimes branching through new polyps buddingfrom the sides of older ones.Genus CLAVULARIA Quoy and Gaimard (modified byNutting).Spicules present. Colonies consisting of band-like stolons, fromwhich the polyps arise singl}^, or of branched forms arising from astolon-like or encrusting base.^CLAVULARIA DISPERSA Kukenthal.Clavularia dispersa KiJKENTHAL, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 18.Colonies growing on very dark-colored worm tubes, broken, thelargest fragment being 15 cm. long; but the worm tube is 9.2 cm.longer. The colony rather thinly encrusts the tube, which, with thealcyonarian, is about 4 mm. in diameter. The polyps are dis-tributed without any regularity whatever, sometimes being in clumpsor clusters, and at others being as much as 6 mm. apart.The calyces are tubular or conical, a typical one being 3 mm. inheight and about as broad at base as high, theifc* walls filled withrather slender spindles 1 mm. long and longitudhially arranged.Sometimes there are 8 longitudinal corrugations oji the calyx walls,
1 C. C. Nutting, Descriptions of Hawaiian Alcyonaria, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 553. In this paperand another on Alcyonaria of the Califomian coast (same publication, vol. 35, pp. 681-727) the writer givesshort diagnostic definitions of families and genera. In the present worli these definitions will be used sofar as they appear to the writer to be satisfactory.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.and at others these are not evident. The polyps are often extrudedabove the calyces, their walls are filled with slender spindles verti-cally disposed, and are longitudinally corrugated with 8 ridges onwhich the spindles sometimes assume an en chevron arrangement.The tentacles bear numerous minute spindles irregularly disposedover their dorsal surfaces.The coenenchyma is packed with slender spindles, like those of thepolyps and calyx walls. They are usually vertically disposed, butare sometimes crossed in various directions.The color of the colonies is light grayish yellow.Localities.?Station 4992 ; Bomasiri Shima (off north end of RebunTo), Sea of Japan; 325 fathoms. Station 4985; Kamoi Mizaki Light,N. 17? E., 15.2 miles; 224 fathoms.Type-locality.?Japan Sea, 1,000 meters.Apparently near Sympodium indicum Thomson and Henderson.*These writers describe several species of Sympodium which would gointo the genus Clavularia, as used in this paper.CLAVULARIA SULCATA, new species.Plate 1, figs. 2, 2a; plate 17, fig. 1.The largest colony is growing on a worm tube, and is 3.6 cm. inheight. The polyps are thickly emplanted over the distal portionof the tube. Another colony grows in a straggling manner over apebble. The calyces are bent so as to be directed upward.
? A typical calyx is 1 cm. in height, club-shaped, 3 mm. broad at theclavate end and 2 mm. broad near its base. The 8 ribs are verystrongly marked, and are closely packed with small longitudinalspicules. The margin is 8-lobed, and the polyps are completelyretractile, their walls thin and with 8 strongly marked rows of longi-tudinal and parallel spindles. The general coenenchyma is packedwith stouter spindles than those on the calyces. The tentacles arestrongly retracted and do not appear to bear spicules.The spicules are small spindles, closely warted throughout, rarelyattauihig a length of over 0.5 mm. They ai'e quite uniform, but varyin diameter, some being almost bar-like.Color: Yellowish-brown, or tan color throughout.
' Locality.?Station 4791; Cape Monati, Bering Island, N. 52? W.,8.75 miles; 76-72 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cht. No. 30026, U.S.N.M.This species resembles C. petersoni Kukenthal,^ but differs in thearrangement of spicules.
1 Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Report, The Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 1.2 Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 16.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 13CLAVULARIA EBURNEA Kiikenthal.Clavularia eburnea KUkenthal, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 14.A specimen secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross isattached to an alcyonarian stem. The polyps attain but 7 mm. inlength. Otherwise they agree with the type.Locality.?Station 4781; lat. 52? 14' 30" N.; long. 174? 13' 00"E. ; 482 fathoms.Type-locality.?Sea of Japan, 600-1,200 meters.CLAVXJLARIA JAPONICA, new species.Plate 1, figs. 1, la; plate 17, fig. 2.Specimens in fragments. The largest piece is a straight stem ormother calyx, both ends lacking, 5.5 cm. long, from which a numberof irregularly placed secondary polyps arise. The main stem (orpolyp) shows the even vertical lines of Telesto arhorea, and is 1.7 mm.in diameter throughout most of its length. The secondary calycesare arranged in an irregular spiral, two in a vertical series beingseparated by about 6 mm. They grow at an angle of nearly 45degrees from the stem, are cyUndrical in form, 5 mm. in length and1 .6 mm. in diameter. They narrow gradually toward the base, andare truncate at their distal ends. The calycular surface is perfectlysmooth, without corrugations, either longitudinal or transverse, exceptat distal end. Their walls are filled with vertical spindles coveredwith complex verrucas which interlock with those of adjacent spicules,forming an even mosaic which it is hard to separate. These areembedded in the supei'ficial layer of the calyces. Within this isanother very thin and dehcate layer of more slender spindles.Spicules : These are modified spindles covered with short, variouslybranched and tuberculate processes, as described above.Color: The entire specimen is very Ught yellowish, or cream color.Locality.?Stsition 4888; Nomo Zaki, N. 57? E., 16.5 miles; 71fathoms (type). Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles;106-95 fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms.Type-specimen.^Cat. No. 30039, U.S.N.M.Family NEPHTHYID^ Verrill.Colony with a usually sterile stem or trunk which bears a dendriticbranching mass of polypiferous ramifications. Polyps not retractile.Genus LITHOPHYTUM Forsk^l.Nephthyidae in which the polyps are arranged in lappets, and arewithout "Stutzbundeln" (Kiikenthal).^
1 Revision der Alcyonarien, 1903, p. 106.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.LITHOPHYTUM ROSEUM, new species.Plate 1, figs. 3, 3a; plate 17, fig. 3.Colony a compact lobulated mass 3.8 cm. in height and with agreater diameter of 3.2 cm. and a lesser diameter of 1.9 cm. Themain stem is very short, in the form of a flattened disk. The branchesbear closely approximated nodules, oval vv^hen viewed from above,and with a larger cUameter of 5 mm. on the average; but they afealso smaller in many cases. The branches are very short.The individual calyces are entirely included, looking like those ofPocillopora. Their margins form a very sUght elevated ring. Theyare about 1 mm. broad, and the retracted polyps fill them level withthe margin. The polyp walls bear eight longitudinal bands of pinkspicules vertically arranged, not en chevron. The tentacles are short,broad, fringed, and apparently without spicules. The sides and underparts of the nodules bear warty protuberances which may be zooids,but are more likely young polyps.Spicules: These are minute spindles, usually slender and with regu-larly disposed verrucas. Sometimes they are stouter, tending to anoval shape, and, rarely, irregularly branched. Those in the polypwalls are pink, the others white.Color: The stem is palhd, the retracted polyps and margins of thecalyces are pinkish. The general ccenenchyma is whitish.There are well developed ova in the bottoms of the calyx cavities.Locality.?Stsiiion 5026; lat. 48? 36' 10" N.; long. 145? 17' 30" E.;119 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30020, U.S.N.M.Genus DENDRONEPHTHYA Kukenthal.Nephthyidse in which the polyps are usually in bundles, and inwhich the individual polyp is supported by several large spindlesconstituting the "Stutzbundeln" of German writers.DENDRONEPHTHYA SPLENDENS (Kukenthal).Spongodes splendens Kukenthal, Alcyonaceen von Ternate, 1896, p. 104.Colony a beautifully symmetrical dendroid form 21.5 cm. in height.The sterile stem is 10 cm. high, wrinkled longitudinally throughoutand with fine transverse rugosities on its distal end. The stemgreatly resembles that of Ptilosarcus, and looks as if it were inflatable.The main stem continues throughout the colony to near the distalend, where it forks. The branches are very numerous, short, and tendto an arrangement in whorls. They are sometimes strictly cylin-drical and at others much flattened. The younger branches seemto be the round ones, the older flattened. The branches vary greatlyin the extent of ramification, some of the larger ones being minia-
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 15tures of the colony from which they spring, bearing whorls of branch-lets which again divide once or twice before the final bundles arereached. Other (younger) branches are very simple, in some casesbearing but one bundle of polyps. There are from three to eight ormore polyps in the bundle.The polyp and pedicel together measure 2.6 mm. in height, on theaverage. The diameter of the polyp head is about 1.2 mm. Thecalyx margin is surrounded by a crown of points, some of whichproject as much as 1.5 mm. beyond the margin. Their number isvariable, but eight is quite common. Often two or three of theseare the projecting points of spicules in the " Stutzbundeln." Anotherset of smaller spindles are longitudinally placed on the dorsal sur-faces of the infolded tentacles.Spicules: These are all spindles of various sizes, except stellateforms found in the stem. The largest spindles are on the undersurfaces of the twigs, where they sometimes attain a length of 5 mm.These large spindles are quite smooth under a low power, but showa surface closely set with sharp thorny points under a higher power.The stem walls contain sparsely scattered small spicules, cruciform,or irregularly stellate.Color: The main stem, branches, and branchlets are pallid or whit-ish, the polyp heads are brownish-red.Localities.?Station 4879; Oki Shima, S. 70? W., 7.5 miles; 59fathoms. Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles; 106-95fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles; 103fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles; 103fathoms. DENDRONEPHTHYA ACAULIS Kiikenthal.Dendronephthya acaulis Kukenthal, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 40.The single specimen agrees well with the description and figuresgiven by Kukenthal. I do not find, however, any of the smallbranched spicules illustrated in fig. 30, I. c. Some of the long redspindles from the ccenenchyma of the branches attain a length ofover 4 mm.Locality.?^isition 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5? W., 2.6 miles; ^7fathoms.General distribution.?Uragakanal, Japan, 150 meters. (Type-locality.)Another fragmentary specimen from station 4879, near Oki Sliima,59 fathoms, is referred with doubt to this species. The crown ofthorns is much more conspicuous than in the type described byKukenthal, and the color is a bright red.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.DENDRONEPHTHYA MAGNACANTHA, new species.Plate 2, figs. 2, 2a; plate 17, fig. 5.Colony small, but 2.1 cm. in height and 1 cm. in width. The stalkis 1.3 cm. long, 3.5 mm. in diameter, and is overlaid with large white,bent spindles vertically disposed. Some of these large spindles areas much as 4.5 mm. in length.The head consists of a dense mass of heavily spiculated polyps, eachconsisting of a distinct pedicel and polyp head. The stalk is abruptlybent just below the head so that the tentacles usually face downward.If straightened out, the whole would be about 6 mm. in length; stalkor pedicel, being about 4 mm. in height, and the head 2 mm. highand 2.5 in diameter. The stalk bears on its convex surface a bundleof very strong white spicules about 3.5 mm. long and 2 to 4 in number.The points of one or two of these large spicules usually project be-yond the polyp head, and a few shorter spindles are longitudinallyarranged on the sides of the stalk; but there are none on the ventralor concave side of the stalk or pedicel.There is a very strong collaret of curved white spindles below thetentacle bases disposed in one or two circular rows. Often thesespindles are bent at the middle so that the convex or upper side liesover the tentacle bases.The tentacles are armed with bent longitudinal spindles, two ofwhich are usually placed with their proximal ends divaricated (em-bracing the tentacle bases) and their distal ends approximated so asto form a point directed toward the center of the mass of infoldedtentacles. This pair of spicules is usually a little over 1 mm. inlength, and is often reenforced by one to three smaller white spindles.The distal ends of the tentacles bear a number of comparativelysmall, even minute, spindles, irregularly disposed; but tending to betransversely placed near the tips of the tentacles and longitudinallyarranged nearer the base.Spicules: These are all^ densely tuberculate spindles, many of themunusually stout and heavy, showing white when in situ.Color: The stalk is buffy-yellow, overlaid with white spindles. Thepolyps are chocolate-brown, overlaid with wliite spicules.Localities.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms (type;. Station 5070; Ose Saki,S. 8?W., 1.8 miles; 108fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30090, U.S.N.M.This species is very different from any other DendronepTitTiya in thecollection, and is quite striking in color, the white spicules being wellset off in contrast with the bufty and chocolate color of the stalks andpolyp heads.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 17DENDRONEPHTHYA NIGRIPES, new species.Plate 2, figs. 1, la; plate 17, fig. 4.A number of colonies of this form were secured. A typical one isdentritic in its mode of branching and measures 3.5 cm. in height frombase of stem, and 2.2 cm. in diameter. The main stem or stalk isterete in form, being 1 cm. in diameter at its broadest part andnarrowing both above and below, where it is longitudinally groovedso as to resemble the body of an Umhellula. The main branchesare flattened, very short, and soon subdivide into several very flat,leaf-like terminal twigs which bear polyps both on their edges andupper surfaces.The root of the colony is pecuhar, being divided into numeroussoft, flattened, slender, ribbon-Uke processes which are almost blackexcept at their distal ends, which are an orange-brown. The wholepolypiferous part of the colony is very compactly arranged, so as topresent an almost solid mass of polyps on its surface. The canals ofthe stem extend into the thin-walled root-like processes describedabove.The individual polyp heads are borne on slender pedicels, the twotogether measuring but 2.2 mm.; the diameter of the pedicel beingabout 0.7 mm., and of the head 1.1 mm.The spicules of the "Stutzbundeln" do not project conspicuouslybeyond the polyp head. Those in the polyp walls are arrangedloosely en chevron, and are strongly marked, being red on a white orcreamy background, and the points of the chevron appear as mar-ginal projections over the tentacle bases.Each tentacle is provided with a pseudo-operculum much as inthe Muriceidse, each tentacle bearing on its dorsal surface two ormore long slender spindles reaching nearly to the center of the massof infolded tentacles, the whole forming a slender-rayed rosette,when viewed from above.Spicules: These are all slender spindles with fine points over theirentire surface, and often bent or sinuous. The largest are foundon the under surfaces of the branchlets, where they attain a lengthof 4 mm. and sometimes extend rib-Hke from the base to the polyp-iferous border of the branchlet. These large spicules are inter-spersed with much smaller but relatively somewhat stouter spindles.The spicules of the pedicels are usually white or yellowish longitu-dinal spindles, while those of the polyp heads are still smaller, andpinkish in color. The tentacular spindles are colorless.Color: The pecuhar root filaments are dark greenish-brown, al-most black. The trunk and branches are white, sometimes tingedwith pink. The calyces on some of the branches are white; but inmost of them they are pinkish, sometimes tinged ^vith yellowish.48702??Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.Locality.?St&tion 5074; Omai Saki Light, S. 37.5? W., 6.4 miles;47 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30091, U.S.N.M.This species is not far from Spongodes pulcJira Thomson andHenderson; but the stem and branch spicules are much larger,and the color of the root processes is so striking that it would benoted by any careful describer.DENDRONEPHTHYA OVIFORMIS, new species.Plate 2, figs. 3, 3a; plate 17, fig. 6.Colony ovoid in shape, 3.1 cm. in height, and 2.9 cm. in diameter.The stem is short and stout, being 1 .2 cm. in height and terminatingbelow in a small greenish mass of rootlets. The branches are flat-tened and frilled plates emplanted m two whorls, the lower of whichprojects outward and downward (thereby concealing most of thestem in side view), while the upper extends outward and upward.Each is divided into short flattened branchlets which bear the polypbundles. Each bundle consists of from three to eight polyps, acommon number being four. The branches of the upper whorl bearbranchlets on their surfaces ; these support bundles of polyps whichfill the upper rounded surface of the colony.The pedicels are usually quite short and stout for tliis genus, thepedicel and polyp head together not averaging more than 1.8 mm.in length. The pedicel wall is ornamented with curved red spindlesusually diagonally placed and sparsely distributed on the front andsides, usually being transverse on the latter. The backs are strength-ened by very large yellowish or pink spindles which are sUghtlycurved and attain a length of 5 mm., projecting as much as 1.7 mm.above the polyp head. The upper parts of the polyps bear smallred spindles arranged en chevron. Often several large spicules forma bundle with their points appressed and projecting nearly 2 mm.beyond the margin. Besides these there are a number of spindleends forming a marginal crown, much as in Acanthogorgia.The dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles are armed with arow of curved spiny spindles, placed transversely and curving tofit the rounded surface of the tentacle.Spicules: The spicules of the polyps, twigs and branches are allspindles, the larger ones being comparatively smooth, but bearingvery fine spines on their surfaces. They are usually more or lesscurved, sometimes S-shaped. The bare parts of the stem bearmany minute oval or stellate spicules, and sometimes crosses.Color: The stem, branches, and pedicels are hght yellow. Thepol}^s are white, but this color is largely concealed by the pink orscarlet spicules. The root is dark greenish.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 19Locality.?Station 4888; Nomo Zaki, N. 57? E., 16.5 miles; 71fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30041, U.S.N.M.Genus PARASPONGODES Kukenthal.Nephthyidse, resembling DendronepJithya in structure, but havingpolyps mthout supporting bundles of spicules. Polyps either singleor united in bundles.PARASPONGODES STRIATA Thomson and Henderson.Paraspongodes striata Thomson and Henderson, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report,1905, p. 277.Colony arborescent, 6.1 cm. high and 4.5 cm. broad. The barrenpart of the stem is 2.2 cm. long and 1.8 cm. broad, narrowing aboveand below. Its proximal end is covered with numerous slender,soft, root-like filaments of a dark greenish-brown color. The branchesare in two whorls, those in the lower being contiguous and confluentbasally; some branchlets being directed downward and others up-ward. Except near the bases of the larger branches the branchesare all round in section. Branchings up to the fifth order are at-tained, all branches being very distinctly and regularly wrinkledtransversely, resembling trachseary tissue. The polyp bundles aresmall, as are the individual polyps. The latter are so matted to-gether that it is hard to determine the number in a bundle, probablythe average being six to eight. The pedicel and polyp head togetherare about 2 mm. long, and the head is but slightly broader than thepedicel, the diameter being about 1 mm.The pol3rps are terete in form, like grains of wheat. The walls arearmed with spindles arranged roughly en chevron, and some of themproject over the margin. The largest spicules are those in the twigsbearing the bundles, some of these attaining 5 mm. in length. All ofthese spindles are slender, sinuous or bent, and their surface is coveredwith closely set spiny points. There are few spicules projecting muchbeyond the margin. The spicules in the walls of the stem are intri-cately branched crosses of minute size.Spicules: These are all spindles of various sizes, but of the typedescribed, and crosses which are profusely branched.Color: The stem and branches are grayish-white, the polyps dullbrown. The rootlets are dull greenish-brown.Locality.?Station 5071 ; Ose Saki, S. 53.5? W., 2.6 miles; 57fathoms.Type-locality.?Gulf of Manaar.Family ALCYONID^E Verrill (emended).Colonial Alcyonacea in which the polyps are retractile. The proxi-mal part of the stem is usually devoid of polyps, the coenenchyma is
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.thick, and the spicules abundant. The endodermal canals are not indirect communication with each other.Genus ALCYONIUM Linnssus (emended by Kukenthal).Colonies of various forms. Polyps retractile, as are the calyceswhen evident. Canal system not divided distinctly into inner andouter layers. ALCYONIUM KtjKENTHALI, new species.Plate 3, figs. 1, la; plate 18, fig. 1.Colony an exceedingly irregular lobulated mass, apparently brokenfrom a much larger specimen. Most of the sterile portion of the stemis missing. The part of the colony present is 8.2 cm. high and 5.3cm. wide. The opposite flat surfaces seem to have been the upper andlower sides of a flattened lobular branch of the original colony. Thelower surface is largely devoid of polyps, and appears to be the nakedsurface of the very broad fleshy, spongy, main stem. The upper sur-face and lateral edges of the mass are almost covered with roundedlobes of various sizes averaging about 1.5 cm. broad and 1.1 cm. high.Each is born on a very short, thick, fleshy branch from the main stem.A section of a large branch shows a spongy tissue traversed by verynumerous comparatively small canals, with no spicules in the wallsbetween them. The peripheral canals show externally as longitu-dinal ridges.The polyps are thickly scattered over the lobes, and are completelyretractile, although many of them are fairly well expanded in thespecimen described, reaching a height of 2 mm. Their diameter is alittle over 1 mm. The polyp walls are ornamented with eight verticalbands of tuberculate spindles, each band consisting of several irreg-ular rows longitudinally placed and extending to the polyp margin.There are a few scattered spindles between these rows. The tentaclesare rather long and deeply fringed. They appear to be destitute ofspindles.Spicules: These are very sparse in this species, being confinedmerely to the rows of spindles just described on the polyp bodies.There are none on the surface of the branches, and they also appearto be absent in the spongy interior. They are nearly all small orminute slender spindles, with well marked verrucse. There are alsoa very few minute cruciform spicules and rudely stellate and branchedforms.Color : The whole specimen is a pallid light brown. Another speci-men in the same bottle, apparently the same species, has the polypsall completely retracted, and the nodules subdivided or broken up intosmaller groups of polyps.Locality.?StsitioB. 5016; lat. 46? 44' 30'' N.; long. 143? 45' E.; 64fathoms.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCTONARIA?NUTTING. 21Type-specimen.?Csit. No. 30036, U.S.N.M.Named in honor of Prof. W. Ktikenthal, of Breslau, whose admirablework on Alcyonaria has added so much to our knowledge of thatgroup. ALCYONIUM GRACILLIMUM KUkenthal.Alcyonium gracillimum Kukenthal, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 34.A number of specimens in the collection agree well with the originaldescription and figures of this species. The colonies are growmg onsoft, fleshy tubes which are presumably worm tubes.The polyps are retractile, but in expansion they raise the surround-mg tissue into short calyces with pinkish, warty spindles arrangedvertically. The lower part of the exposed polyp has 8 double rows ofslightly pinkish spindles arranged en chevron and extending upwardinto 8 longitudinal bands. The basal parts of the tentacles beartransverse spicules.The spicules are small stout spindles, with comparatively largeverruc93.Color: Light yellowish-brown.Localities.?St&tion 5005 ;\iit. 46? 04' 40'' N.; long. 142? 27' 30" E.;42-43 fathoms. Station 5006; lat. 46? 04' N.; long. 142? 29' E.;42-43 fathoms. Station 5007; lat. 46? 03' N.; long. 142? 31' E.; 42fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is Misaki, Sagami Bay,Japan. Genus NIDALIA Gray (emended by Kukenthal).Colony simple. The sterile and polypiferous portions sharply differ-entiated. The delicate polyps retractile within nonretractile calyces.Zooids absent. Spicules warty rods and spindles.^NIDALIA RUBRA (Brundin).Bellonella rubra Brundin, Alcyonarien des zoologischeu Museums in Upsala,1896, p. 6.Nidalia rubra Kukenthal, Japanische Alcyonarien, 1906, p. 22.Four specimens from station 4807 agree very well with KiikenthaFsdescription and figures. They are lighter red than those figured bythat author; but one, the smallest, is brighter than the others, and ismore nearly the color represented by Kukenthal.Height of colony 3.6 cm. Stem 1.4 cm. long. The diameter of thestem is 7 mm., and of the polypiferous part of the colony 13 mm. Thedetails of the polyps, spiculation, etc., agree well with the descriptionreferred to.
1 This definition is a condensed and abridged translation of the one given by Ktikenthal, JapanischeAlcyonaceen, 1906, p. 19.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Locality.?StSLtion 4807; CapeTsiuka, S. 58? W., 10.3 miles; 44-47fathoms. Station 4815; Niigata Light, S. 25? E., 21.5 miles; 70fathoms.General distribution.?Korea Straits and Tsugaru Straits, Japan(Brundin). Misaki, Sagami Bay, Japan (Kiikenthal).NIDALIA GRACILIS, new species.Plate 3, figs. 3, 3a; plate 18, fig. 2.Colony unbranched, slender, 8.2 cm. in height. The stem is veryshort, being but 1.5 cm. long with a diameter of 8 mm., while that ofthe widest part of the colony is 6 mm.The stem is forked below and spreads out m lobular processes whichare adherent to the two sides of a flat shell, and is both longitudinallyand transversely corrugated.The polyps are more sparsely distributed than in N. rubra, oftenbeing as much as 3 mm. apart, and scattered over all sides of the rod-like polypiferous part of the colony.The individual calyces attain a height of about 2 mm. and adiameter of 2.5 mm. at the base. The summit is 8-lobed and thewalls contain numerous rodlike spicules which appear like granulesunder low magnification. These spicules are very small, terete,densely tuberculate spindles.The polyps are retractile, but many of them are fairly weU expandedin the type. The distal parts are expanded so as to appear as if borneon pedicels. The polyp extends 2.5 mm. above the calyx margin,and about 2 mm. of this is included in the tentacular mass, which isabout 1.5 mm. in diameter. The polyp walls have a few transverselydisposed red spindles at the bottom, eight double rows arranged enchevron above these, vertical spindles on the distal part formingvertical bands extending to the tentacle bases. The distal parts ofthe tentacles show no spicules.Spicules: These are of two main types. 1. Rather slender buthighly tuberculate spindles found in the polyp walls and the generalcoenenchyma; 2. Very short, oval, much tuberculated spicules whichsometimes intergrade with round, or even stellate, forms.Color: The stem is yeUowish-brown ; the general coenenchyma andsides of calyces rather dull red; the margins of the calyces yellow;and the polyp bodies, below the tentacle bases, yellow, while thepolyp head is white.Locality.?Station 4946; Okiko Jima, N. 31? E., 4 miles; 39 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30101, U.S.N.M.Genus BELLONELLA Gray.Colony unbranched, rod-like or conical. Calyces largely included,verruciform. Spicules often stars, crosses, and other branched forms.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 23BELLONELLA FLAVA, new species.Plate 2, figs. 4, 4a; plate 18, fig. 3.Colony a single, thick, unbranched, curved stem, 4.4 cm. in height,round, with a greatest diameter of 1.1 cm. The basal nonpolyp-iferous part is like a turgid collar around the base, 4.5 mm. high and12 mm. in diameter. The polyp-bearing part is somewhat terete inside view, with a rounded end. The polyps are emplanted on all sideson low rounded eminences averaging about 3 mm. from center to cen-ter. The axis of the stem is traversed by large cylindrical cavities, orconspicuous longitudinal canals. The intervals between the roundedeminences, or verrucae, and the verrucse themselves are marked by amesh of wrinkles which checker the whole surface, the wrinkles beingmainly longitudinal and transverse. The calyces are marked byeight strong longitudinal lobes or corrugations, ending at the marginwhich closes over the retracted polyp. The calyces near the marginare 1.5 mm. in diameter; and the infolded margins are lobed, andyellowish ^n color.There is a weU-marked collaret of small red spindles in severaltransverse rows. The tentacle bases are armed with similar spindlesarranged en chevron, and the distal portions of their dorsal surfacesbear three or four rows of similar spindles longitudinally disposed,forming a rosette when the retracted polyp is viewed from above.Spicules: These are all small, the prevailing types being doubleheads and double crosses. Sometimes the double heads are flattenedso as to resemble the ''coUar-button" spicules of the genus Behryce.There are a few relatively large slender spindles wdth sparsely dis-tributed thorny points on their surfaces ; these are white and yellow.Color: General surface dull, light yellow, brighter on the calyces,polyp spicules bright carmine red.Locality.?Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30089, U.S.N.M.This species differs from Nidalia rubra (Brundin)^ not only in color,but also in the spicules, particularly those of the tentacles.Genus ANTHOMASTUS Verrill.Colony mushroom-shaped, with a thick rounded head on a shortround sterile stem. Polyps large and completely retractile. Zooidspresent, between the polyps.
I Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 6.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol: 43.ANTHOMASTUS JAPONICUS, new species.Plate 3, figs. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 4.Capitulum round, 4.1 cm. in diameter. Total height of colony 7cm., the sterile stem being about 6 cm. in height. The capitulumhas its outer edge folded downward so that its edge is 2.2 cm. belowits central and highest point. The whole colony is in the shape of atypical toadstool. The stem of this specimen differs from the others,and all other species of the genus thus far described, in having a sharpconstriction about 2 cm. from its distal end, below which the stem isproduced into a tongue-shaped termination, rounded and even at theend, like many pennatulids. The other specimens end in raggedlobular edges, where the stem has been torn from its support, the onedescribed being the only one that is certainly complete.The stem measures 15 mm. in greatest diameter. The polyps areabout 45 in number, of which about 30 are situated on the edge of thecapitulum. The upper surface is much less thickly emplanted.Smaller polyps appear irregularly among the larger ones,, the lattermeasuring 12 mm. to base of tentacles, the tentacles themselvesreaching 7 mm. in length. The polyp bodies increase in diameterfrom below upwards, beingm some cases 5 mm. in diameter just belowthe tentacular bases. The body cavities extend directly to join thestem cavity.Siphonozooids are densely crowded over the entire upper surface ofthe capitulum between the polyps, giving it a granular appearance.Under a low power of the microscope they appear as closely packed,
.rounded, or cone-shaped verrucas with a pit in the center. Upondissection these siphonozooids are seen to contain ova.Spicules : These are almost all needle-like or bar-like forms, nearlysmooth, or at least not with pronounced verrucas, as described in otherspecies of the genus. In the polyps there are a number of minute,smooth, barlike spicules, also minute crosses, stars, and double stars.All spicules smaller than usual in the genus.Color: The colony is dark red, the polyps somewhat darker. Thestem is red above, fading to a grayish-red below. Two specimensfrom station 5050 were much more brilliant in color than the type, thecapitulum and polyps being bright scarlet.Localities.?Station 4976; Shio Misaki Light, N. 59? E., 6.4 miles;545-544 fathoms. Station 5043; 42? 10' 20" N., 142? 15' 20" E.;330-309 fathoms (type). Station 5050; Kinka San Light, N. 78? W.,25.7 miles; 266 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C Sit. No. 30038, U.S.N.M.A specimen from station 4976 has a triangular capitulum withlarge polyps at the corners and a greater diameter of 3.2 cm. Oneof the polyps is 2 cm. long to the tentacles, and the tentacles are
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 25l.S cm. long. The polyp bodies are strongly ridged longitudinally,the ridges extending along the basal part of the tentacles. Thezooids have their summits surrounded by circles of small spicules.The color is bright scarlet, the stem being dull grayish. Althoughthis specimen differs considerably from the others, it is doubtlessspecifically identical with them.FamUy SIPHONOGORGID^ Kolliker (emended by Kiikenthal.)Siphonogorgidse Kukenthal, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 69.Alcyonacea with the general appearance of Gorgonacea. Coenen-chyma hard. Polyps borne only on the ends of ultimate branchletsand retractile within calyces, with their body cavities lengthened intocanals which traverse the interior of the branches and contain but fourmesenteries.^ ^Genus SIPHONOGORGIA Kolliker.Being the only genus of the family Siphonogorgidse, its definitionis the same as that given above. It has been abbreviated byKiiken-thal.- The following is the substance of his definition:Sarcosoma with little connective tissue except in the canals, whichare continuous with tlie body cavities of the polyps. Calyces withslightly developed opercula.SIPHONOGORGIA SPLENDENS Kiikenthal.Siphonogorgia splendens Kukenthal, Japanische Alcyonaceen, 1906, p. 80.A specimen from station 4935 agrees very well \vith the originaldescription of this species. The colony is 5.5 cm. long; stem quitethick and longitudinally wrinkled, and breaks up 2.3 cm. from its baseinto three unequal branches. All of the larger branches bear smallultimate branchlets scattered throughout their length; but the distalbranchlets are crowded at their ends with bright red polyps.The calyces vary greatly in size, 3 mm. being a common height.Their walls are supported by strong, usually vertical spicules which areheavily tuberculated and end in a series of blunt, u-regular marginalpoints. They do not project much beyond the calyx margin, however.The polyps are retractile to their strongly marked collar, which iscomposed of three or more rows of transverse spindles. The tenta-cles are armed with a pseudo-operculum much like that in the Muri-ceidsB, and as figured by Kukenthal.The spicules are very strongly tuberculate spindles, sometimesreaching 5 mm. in length.
1 This definition and one for the genus Siplionogorgia are condensed and abbreviated translations fromthe original by Kiikenthal.2 Japanische Alcyonaceen, p. 69.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Color: The stem and branches are very light bufly, the polypsbright red, nearly scarlet.Localities.?Sthtion 4815; Niigata Light, S. 25? E., 21.5 miles; 70fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95 fath-oms. Station4934;SataMisakiLight,N. 77.5? E., 7 miles; 152-103fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles;103 fathoms.Type-locality.?Chma Sea.Another specimen, from station 4935, is much larger, 13 cm. long,and shows the general mode of branching to be irregularly dendritic.Order PENNATULACEA.Colonial forms not permanently attached to the bottom, or to otherobjects. Stem with an axial cavity which is often longitudinally sub-divided by thin partitions, and contains an axis cylinder. Spiculesneedle-like or bar-like, never warty. Both polyps and siphonozooidsare generally present.^FamHy PENNATULID^ Kolliker.Axis and pinnae present, the latter large, and without calcareous,ray-like bodies. Colony pinnate. Zooids on ventral and lateralsides of the rachis.Genus PTILOSARCUS Gray.Calyx with two marginal teeth. Polyps without spicules.PTILOSARCUS BREVICAULIS, new species.Plate 4, figs. 3, 3a.A typical specimen from station 4876, preserved in formalin, meas-ures 18 cm. in total length, of which the stem constitutes 5.2 cm.The stem is spindle-formed, being greatly inflated a little above itsmiddle, and greatly constricted just below the rachis and at its lowerend. Greatest diameter of stem 2 cm. Diameter just below thepinnae 6 mm.This character seems constant in all the specimens secured, and isdoubtless due partly to contraction; but nevertheless it is much morepronounced than in P. quadrangularis.The stem is strongly furrowed longitudinally. Rachis very muchinflated, and nearly round in section, with the exception of the dorsaland ventral grooves. Its greatest dorso-ventral diameter is 2.5 cm.and the diameter from side to side is almost exactly the same. There
1 Hawaiian Alcyonaria, Nutting, 1908, p. 557. The definitions of families and genera of the Pennatulaceaare mostly adapted from those given by Kolliker in his Anatomisch-Systematisehe Beschrelbung derAlcyonaria, Die Pennatuliden, 1872; and the report on the Challenger Pennatulacea, by the same author.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 27are 33 pairs of leaves, and their ventral edges are straight, one of thelongest having this edge 3 cm. long. The polypiferous border is notnearly so extensively convoluted as in P. quadrangvlaris or Leioptilumundulatum, and is about 6 cm. long and rather regularly curved fromthe ventral end to where it joins the rachis dorsally.The calyces are in two or three rows on the borders of the leaves.They are small, usually with two opposite marginal pomts or teeth. Inplaces there appears to be but one wavy row of calyces. The marginalteeth are filled with needle-like spicules, and these descend in bandsabove the partitions between the leaf chambers that are the continua-tions of the body cavities of the polyps. These spicules are not con-fined to a narrow band immediately below the polypiferous border,but are thinly and irregularly scattered along the partitions clear tothe base of the leaf. The calyces measure about 2 mm. in height,along the side of the edge of the leaf, and are less than 1 mm. in diam-eter. They are closely appressed to each other along the border, leav-ing but their margins elevated above the surface.The polyps are small, white, and appear to be without spicules.The zooids are in two very broad turgid bands along the entirelength of the rachis, with a narrow median furrow between them, muchnarrower than in P. quadrangularis. Unlike that species, the zooidsin the present form extend around between the leaves to the termi-nation of the latter on the ventral surface, entirely covering the spacesbetween the leaves. The zooids are minute rounded points emplantedthicldy, but not contiguous. Each is surrounded by a fence of spicules.The spicules are small, smooth, sharp needles, characteristic of thefamily.Color: The colony is light brownish-yellow. The polypiferous bor-ders of leaves and end of stem somewhat darker. Leaves translucent.Localities.?^t2ition 4807; CapeTsiuka, S. 58? W., 10.3 miles; 44-47fathoms. Station4808; CapeTsiuka, S. 61? W., 10.6 miles; 47 fathoms.Station 4876; Oki Shima, S. 29? W., 5.3 miles; 59 fathoms (type).Tyfe-specimen.?C&t. No. 30013, U.S.N.M.Genus PENNATULA Linnaeus.The rachis bears zooids on the ventral side only. Spicules scatteredover the entire surface, not being confined to the leaf borders.PENNATULA ACULEATA Danielssen.Pennatula aculeata Danielssen, Forh. Vid. Sel. Christiania, 1858, p. 25.A few small specimens from station 4766 are referred with somedoubt to this widely distributed and variable species. They may beyoung colonies.Length of colony 7.1 cm, ; stem 3.4 cm. The stem swelling is long,occupying 1.7 cm. The leaves are in 12 pairs, directed forward.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.lanceolate, slender, opaque. There are five or six polyps to the leaf,one of which forms the leaf termination. Calyces slender, obconical,separate, sometimes 4 mm. long to the end of the teeth, with eight veryslender acute teeth or spines projecting 2 mm. beyond the margin.Zooids: The ventral zooids are very numerous on ventral surface,except on the middle band. Lateral zooids in rows of four or sLxbetween leaf bases, really dorsal in position.Spicules : These are long sharp needles, reddish- or yellowish-whitein color.Color: The colony is grayish-yellow, tinged on leaves with red.Locality.Station 4766; Koniuji Island, S. 22.5? W., 27 miles;1,766 fathoms.General distribution.?Greatest depth reported, 1255 fathoms. NewEngland coasts. Common on eastern shores of the Atlantic and in theNorth Sea. Californian coast (Nutting).PENNATULA SULCATA Kblliker.Pennatula sulcata Kolliker, Challenger Report, the Pennatulidse, 1880, p. 8.fPennatula Jimbriata Herklots, teste H. Balss, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 34, 1909,p. 428.Several specimens in the collection agree quite closely with Kolli-ker's description of this species. In some of these there is a moreabrupt swelling on the upper part of the stem than is figured by thatwriter, and in some the rachis is not twice as long as the stem.The length of a large specimen is 12.5 cm. The longest pinna is2.3 cm. in length and its width is 7 mm. There are 20 to 24 polypson the fully developed leaves, and the cal3^ces are armed with eightpoints composed of bundles of spicules. The polyps have rather longtentacles, for this genus; and these are deeply fringed, and bear a fewvery delicate spicules on their dorsal surfaces.The spicules are colorless, stout needles, borne on the rachis, pinnae,and calyces. The proximal portion of the stem has the surface filledwith minute oval disks.The zooids are very numerous, there being two very broad, turgidbands on the ventral surface, and these bands are divided by a deepgroove. There are also narrow bands of zooids between the bases ofthe leaves.Localities.?Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5? E., 7 miles;152-103 fathoms. Station 5056; Ose Saki, N. 37? E., 5 miles; 258fathoms. Station 5092; Joga Shima Light, N. 19? W., 3.5 miles;70 fathoms.Doctor Balss identifies this species with P.fimhriata Herklots, butdoes not give any description. The matter of specific differentiationis so far from being reduced to any actual standard, and the viewsregarding specific characters are so varied, that the writer hesitates
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 29about reducing an accepted name to the ranks of synonymy unlessthe evidence is presented.PENNATTJLA MURRAYI KoIHker.Pennatula murrayi KOlliker, Challenger Report, the Pennatulidse, 1880, p. 5.Total length of colony 12 cm. Stem 4 cm. long, with a sharply definedterete swelUng just below the rudimentary pinnae. The leaves are slen-der, 22 pairs, lanceolate, 10 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. The calycesare 9 to each leaf, when the latter is fully developed, tubular, muchexserted, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. broad; not expanding at the margin,but contracting shghtly. The marginal points are much broken inthe specimen described, but they do not appear to be regularly 8 innumber. The spicules are longitudinally placed on the calyx walls,and are usually nearly parallel. In the leaves the spicules are criss-crossed. The polyps are yellowish, probably yellow in hfe.The zooids differ greatly in size, one or two of the ventral series beingvery large, looking like rudimentary polyps opposite each leaf base.Continuous with these is a broken row or patch of lateral zooids,between the bases of the leaves and running around to the dorsalsurface, wliich, however, they do not invade. The zooids are con-ical in shape and surrounded by a group of spicules with their cUstalends approximated, forming the apex of the cone.The spicules are red and yellow needles, characteristic of thepennatuhds, the longest being about 1.5 cm. long. They are foundin the stem, rachis, leaves, and calyces.Color: The prevaihng color is red. The leaves, ventral surface ofrachis and basal end of stem, rather dull yellow, as are the polyps.The specimen agrees well with the original description.Locality.?Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5? E., 7 miles;152-103 fathoms.General distribution.?^The type was found by the Ohallenger south-east of Ceram, west of New Guinea, 29 fathoms. Maldives, 43fathoms (Hickson).This specimen differs from the original description in the length ofleaves, which Kolhker describes as 17 mm. long, instead of 10 mm.,as in the specimen described above. In detail, however, thedescription talhes well.PENNATULA PENDULA Thomson and Henderson.Pennatula pendula Thomson and Henderson, Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean;I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 118.The colony is scarlet, total length 10.5 cm. The stem to rudimen-tary leaves, 3.1 cm., slender, swollen at about its middle and with amoderately distended end bulb. Its greatest diameter is 2.1 mm.,and its least diameter, below rachis, 1 mm. There are 15 pairs ofleaves from the first that show developed calyces. Leaves triangular
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.in shape, a well developed one being 1.5 cm. in length and 4 mm.broad at the base. The leaves are closely approximated, forming adense tuft or clump at the end of the colony. They overlap on thedorsal surface, being alternate in position. There are eight calycesin a single row on a fully developed leaf, directed outward, forward,and upward.The individual calyces are tubular in shape, 2.5 mm. high and 1.9mm. broad at the margin. The margin is ornamented with 8 sharppoints composed of a bundle of needle-hke spindles with their distalends approximated. The proximal ends of the same bundles form 8rather obscure vertical ridges on the calyx walls. Inside of thesebundles there are a number of shorter horizontal needles on theupper parts of the walls, and others irregularly disposed on otherparts of the walls. Some of the points project as much as 1.5 mm.above the margin.The polyps are white, strongly retracted, and seem to have a fewsmall red spindles on the tentacles.The zooids are small, inconspicuous and situated in broken rows,sometimes patches, in the sides of the rachis and between the leaves,there being 12 to 15 in a row. Each zooid shows as a white papilla,minute and surrounded by a fence of spicules.The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rachis seem devoid of zooids,although one of the rows may end in a patch of 5 or 6 on the ventro-lateral side.The whole rachis is covered with red spicules, laid on haphazard.The axis extends nearly to the end of the end bulb.The spicules are all slender, smooth needles, attaining a length of2 mm.The color of the colony as a whole is a bright scarlet. The stem iscreamy white, and the polyps white.Localities.?StSiiion 4958; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 26? W., 29.3miles; 405 fathoms. Station 4959; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 23?W., 28.5 miles; 405-578 fathoms.Type-locality.?Indian Ocean.This species is very near to P. sanguinea Nutting, which has 6polyps to the leaf, and the leaves less closely approximated.PENNATULA NARESI KblUker.Pennatula naresi Kolliker, Challenger Report, the Pennatulacea, 1880, p. 2.Colony 40 cm. long, stem 8.5 cm. long, with a strong deeplycorrugated enlargement about 1 cm. below the rachis, and a club-shaped end bulb. The rachis is quadrate in section, being laterallycompressed. Its dorso-ventral diameter is 5 mm. and from side toside it is 3 mm. There are about 35 pairs of leaves, which are notclosely approximated. The individual leaves are sickle-shaped, and
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NVTTING. 31are often bent backward, outward and inward so that their distal endsalmost meet. This is not constant, however, some of the leaves tak-ing an opposite direction, their ends almost meeting on the ventralside of the rachis.The fully developed leaves are about 3 cm. long, measured aroundthe polypiferous border, and 1.7 cm. directly across from base to tip.Their greatest diameter is 9 mm.The calyces are curiously distributed, there being a group of 4 or5 on the proximal end of the pinnule, the others being placed in azigzag row (sometimes double) along the border, there being 28 or30 in a full grown leaf. The individual calyces are somewhat hour-glass-shaped, expanding at top and bottom, about 3 mm. high tobase of points, and having a marginal diameter of 2 mm. There isa crown of points, the typical number being 8, around the margin.These points are often very unequal in size, and each is composed ofa bundle of needle-hke yellow spicules with their distal ends approxi-mated. These points occasionally extend 2.5 mm. beyond the mar-gin. Similar spicules are vertically disposed in the calyx walls,tending to form 8 longitudinal bands. A few small red spindles areon the basal parts of the calyx walls.The spicules of the leaves are smaller and red, criss-crossed andmingled with the yellow ones near the polypiferous zone. The polypsare white, with a few red, curved spicules lying lengthwise on thedorsal surfaces of the tentacles.The zooids are very numerous and conspicuous, forming yellowbands along the ventro-lateral surfaces, the bands broadening intotriangular patches between the bases of the leaves and extendingin a line of smaller zooids along between the leaf bases. The zooidsin the ventro-lateral bands are the larger, and are surrounded byclumps of yellow spindles.The spicules are red and yellow, needle-like, smooth spindles,giving their color to the colonj^, and attaining about 2 mm. in length.Color: The leaves, distal portion of the stem, and those parts of therachis not occupied by zooids are rather dull scarlet. The polypsand zooid zones are bright yellow. The lower part of the stem isyellowish.Localities.?Station 4960; Misimoko Shima Light, N. 19? W.,30.5 miles; 578 fathoms. Station 4973; Shio Misaki Light, N. 82? E.,12.5 miles; 600 fathoms.Type-locality.?South of Yeddo, Japan; 345 fathoms.This is one of the most brilliant of all known pennatulids, and mustbe a gorgeous object when symmetrically expanded.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.PENNATULA LONGISTYLA, new species.Plate 4, figs. 2, 2a.Colony 9.8 cm. in length and 2.1 cm. wide. The stem is 4.8 cm.long, with a slight, not abrupt, swelhng 3 mm. in diameter 1 cm. fromthe rachis. There is no evident end-bulb. The racliis bears 20pairs of leaves, wliich are narrow and straight for this genus, and endproximally in a short twisted pedicel, beyond which the leaf is re-markably uniform in width. The length of a fully developed leafis 1.6 cm. and its diameter 3 mm.There are five normal polyps on each leaf, and a rudimentary oneon its proximal end.The calyces he closely set along the leaf border in a single seriesoverlapping each other and almost parallel to the border. Theirlength is hard to determine, but appears to be about 3 mm. Thecalyces are narrow, tubular, and a little over 1 mm. in diameter.The margin bears 8 slender, acute, not very conspicuous points com-posed usually of but one or two spicules. The polyps are white,with long tentacles fringed with long papillse which often appearcapitate.The zooids are much as in Pennatula sulcata as to distribution, butmuch larger and more conspicuous. There are two broad bandsoccupying the whole ventral surface of the rachis except a narrowmedian groove. The zooids are densely crowded and papiUiform,longer than broad, the papillse being directed toward the distal endof the rachis. These bands extend to and cover the rounded top ofthe racliis, and broaden between the leaf bases. The lateral zooidsare in close set lines extending around below each leaf base to thedorsal surface. They are smaller than those on the ventral band-s.The spicules are small needles, light brownish-yellow in color,on the rachis pinnules and calyces; and shorter, more bar-hke needlesin the stem.The color of the colony in general is light yellowish-brown, thestem being lighter than the rachis.XocaZ'^.?Station 4815; Niigata Light, S. 25? E., 21.5 miles; 70fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30095, U.S.N.M.PENNATULA RUBESCENS, new species.Plate 5, figs. 1, la.Colony 12.7 cm. in length, of which the stem is 3.5 cm. The stemhas a very slight swelling a little below the rudimentary leaves, anda very slender termination. The greatest diameter of the stem is2.6 mm., and the least, below the swelling, 1.2 mm.There are about 40 pairs of leaves, counting the rudimentaryones. They are very slender triangles 1.2 cm. in length and 3 mm.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 33in diameter. There are 12 calyces in a single row on each fullydeveloped leaf.The calyces are tubular, enlarging somewhat at the distal endand with margins armed with 8 distinct sharp points, each point con-taining a number of red spicules with their distal ends approximated.A number of other spicules, mostly colorless, are embedded in thecalyx walls and usually vertical in position. The surface of the leafcontains numerous spicules which are criss-crossed. Ova can beseen in the transparent coenenchyma of the leaf. The calyces are2 mm. high and a little more than 1 mm. broad at their margins.The ventral mid-line of the rachis is deeply grooved.The zooids differ greatly in size. There is a group of 3 or 4 verylarge ones on the ventral surface, opposite the base of each leaf and,continuous with these, a patch of 8 or 10 smaller ones extendingtoward, but not reacliing, the dorsal surface. All of the zooids areconical in shape, their walls being beset with red spicules which havetheir distal ends converging to a point. The ventral surface of therachis is beset with red spicules criss-crossed and intermixed withcolorless ones. Ths same is true of the dorsal surface.The spicules are as described above. All are red or colorlessneedles, rather small. There are few if any on the stem.Color: The colony is grayish, except that the calyces are borderedwith light carmine red, and the rachis tinged with red. This coloris also seen in the swelling on the stem. The specimens are muchinjured and dirty. Originally they must have been very daintilycolored.Locality.?Station 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5? W., 2.6 miles; 57fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30047, U.S.N.M.PENNATULA BREVIPENNA, new species.Plate 4, figs. 1, la.Colony very slender; leaves very short, so that the whole affairapproaches a virgularian in general appearance. Total length, 35.7cm. Stem to rudimentary leaves 13 cm., very slender, with a notvery well marked swelling the middle of which is 5.3 cm. from theend; and a slender end bulb. Diameter at swelling 3 mm. Leastdiameter, between swelling and leaves, 1.3 mm.There are about 65 pairs of leaves, rather distant in proximal partof rachis, and closely crowded on distal part. They are a lengthenedtriangle in shape, 9 mm. long, in a straight line, and 4 mm. broad atthe base. They are alternate in position, and their bases overlapeach other on the* mid-dorsal surface of the rachis. There are 10calyces arranged in a single row on each fully developed Jeaf . The48702"?Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 3
34 PROCEEDIl^^aS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.individual calyx is a double cone or spindle in shape, the distal endbeing much longer and more pointed than the proximal ; or they mightbe regarded as flask-shaped, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broadat the basal swelling. The calyx spicules do not project much beyondthe margin, but form 8 well-deflned vertical bands of small delicatespicules, much less conspicuous than other species of this genus in thecollection.Zooids: There is a very large zooid on the ventro-lateral surfacejust at the edge of the base of each leaf, consisting of an elevatedring surrounding a relatively enormous aperture. From this a triplerow of much smaller zooids passes upward and dorsally along therachis between the leaf bases, but does not reach the dorsal surface.This row finally becomes a single row of zooids, and near its end is avery small but evident calyx, showing polyp tentacles; a feature notseen before. The zooids have minute spicules in their walls.Spicules: These are all relatively small colorless needles.Color: Light grayish-brown throughout, darkening to reddish-brownon end of stem.Locality.St&iion 494S; O Shima Light, N. 11? E., 12 miles; 65fathoms.Tyiye-specimen.?Cat. No. 30048, U.S.N.M.PENNATULA INERMIS, new species.Plate 5, fig. 3.Total length of colony, 43 cm.; stem, 7 cn:ft There is a spindle-shaped swelling with a greatest diameter of 5 mm., 4.6 cm. from theend, which is longitudinally grooved in the preserved specimen,and an end bulb in the shape of a flattened lobe.There are about 50 pairs of leaves which are rather distant for thisgroup, there being a space of about 3 mm. between adjacent leaves.The individual leaf is strictly triangular in shape, the edges all beingnearly straight. The lower edge is 14 mm. in length, the polypiferousborder 12 mm., and the attached base 9 mm. The leaf is fleshy andopaque.The calyces are in two rows, although there appear to be three inplaces^ about 28 to the row. They are tubular in form, and so tliinthat the polyps appear to be nude. They are 2 mm. in length, themargin being faintly evident as a slightly thickened collar around thepolyp. There are 8 dimly outlined longitudinal corrugations. Thecalyces and dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are encrusted with veryshort bar-like or oval disk-like spicules.Zooids : There is a band of ventral zooids on either side of a well-marked ventral groove on the rachis, but quite distant from it. Theindividual zooids are minute and there are about three rows in eachband. The lateral zooids are larger finger-like bodies in rows run-
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 35ning dorsally and distally from the end of the polypiferous borderof each leaf, 6 or 8 in each row, diminislimg in size dorsally.Spicules: Those in the calyces and polyps are different from anyothers that I know of in these positions in the genus Pennatula.They are oval, or very short bar-like forms, very minute, seen withdifficulty and apt to be entirely overlooked. They form streaks onthe dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and encrust the calycine walls.Color: The colony is very light yellow, almost cream-colored.The end of stem is reddish-brown.Localities.?Stsition 4876; Oki Shima, S. 29? W., 5.3 miles; 59fathoms (type). ?Station 5072; Omai Saki Light, S. 37? W., 11.7miles; 284-148 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30049, U.S.N.M.A specimen from the station 5072 has apparently been dried andis therefore hard to identify. It has the general form of tliis species,however, and the very characteristic form of the spicules describedabove. The leaf borders are carmine red.This species bears some resemblance to Pennatula splendens Thom-son and Henderson ^ especially in the form of spicules.Genus PTEROIDES Herklots.Pennatulidse with well-developed leaves, each of which is supportedby thorn-like bony stays radiating outward from its base. Zooidsare found on the pinnae, but not on the rachis.PTEROIDES SAGAMIENSE Morofi.Pteroides sagamiense Moroff, Studien iiber Octocorallien, Zoologische Jahr-bucher, Abth. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Thiere, vol. 17, Heft 3, 1902, p. 366, pi. 18,figs. 11-12.There are several specimens in the collection that agree veryclosely wdth Moroff's description of his "specimen No. 2," andespecially in the details of his figure 11, plate 18.The colony is very fleshy, the stem thick and straight, and theleaves straight, and directed upward and forward. On the lowerpart of the rachis the pinnae close over and conceal its dorsal surfacecompletely. Their outer edges are reenforced by strong spine-like spicules in a series parallel to the leaf border. Other similarspine-like spicules are radiated from the bases of the leaves towardthe polypiferous zone. The ventral surface of the rachis is thickand turgid, and shows a distinct median furrow.The color of the colony (in alcohol) is livid or whitish with largeareas of slaty gray. In one specimen this color covers the dorsalsurface of the rachis. In others it simply shows through a whitishintegument.Locality.?Shimizu, Suruga, shore.
> Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 117.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Type-locality.?Sagami Bay, Japan. Type collected by DoctorHaberer. Genus HALISCEPTRUM Herklots.Pennatulidae which bear well-developed leaves devoid of spicules.HALISCEPTRUM GUSTAVIANUM Herklots.Halisceptrum gustavianum Herklots, Nederl. Tijdskr. v. Dierkunde, vol. 1, 1863,p. 31.Colony 13.6 cm. in height; stem, to rudimentary leaves, 3.3 cm.,6 mm. thick with hardly any differentiated end bulb. The rudi-mentary leaves are very numerous, occupying 3.2 cm. of the rachis,diminishing to a mere slender band below.The pinnae are very numerous, closely appressed. The polyps arein several rows on each leaf, very numerous, small, acorn-shaped,the tentacles forming the smaller ends of the acorns. The leaves areconvoluted on their polypiferous borders.The zooids are very numerous on the ventral side of the rachison either side of a small, sharply distinguished median groove. Therealso appear to be numerous lateral and dorsal zooids, and a dorsalgroove.The color of the colony is very light brownish, or "pallid" through-out.LomZi^?/.?Station 4808; Cape Tsiuka, S. 61? W., 10.6 miles;47 fathoms.Type-locality.?Amoy, China.HALISCEPTRUM CYSTIFERUM Nutting.Halisceptrum cystiferum Nutting, Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 698.Colony 13.8 cm. long. Both the proximal and distal ends of thespecimen are missing, leaving 9 cm. of the rachis and part of thestem. The number of polyps to the leaf (4 or 5), as well as theirsize and shape, agrees well with the original description.The end of the stem being missing it is impossible to determinewhether the characteristic structure, that is, the bladder-like end bulb,is present in the specimen or not.Locality.?St&tion 5015; lat. 46? 44' N.; long. 144? 02' F.; 510fathoms.Type-locality.?Off Point Pinos, California, 394-609 fathoms.HALISCEPTRUM ALBUM, new species.Plate 5, figs. 2, 2a.There are two specimens in the collection, one consisting of theproximal and the other of the distal part of colonies of this species,and the following description is a composite of the two, as theyvery nearly supplement each other.
NO. 1928. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?yVTTiyO. 37Combined length 31 cm. Stem to rudimentary leaves 5 cm., witha spindle-shaped swelling with its widest part 3.5 cm. from its end,8 mm. in diameter. There is no distinct end bulb, but the end iscurved. The axis is hard, stony, and quadrangular in section,reachmg to within 12 mm. of the end of the stem, hard and imyield-ing to the end. Part of the fleshy part is stripped from the axis inboth specunens, but is still attached by the fleshy ccenenchyma.There are approximately 50 pairs of leaves, but some of them are somatted together that their number is hard to determine.The individual leaves are broad, and their borders so frilled thattheir true shape is hard to determine. They are broadly triangular,with a much curved and frilled border. Length of fully developedleaf 1.8 cm.; greatest width 2 cm. The polyps are arranged in singlerows at the two ends of the leaf, and in two or three rows throughoutthe median portions of the polypiferous border. They are so softand matted together that it is almost impossible to count them with-out separating them one b}^ one; but there are from 45 to 50 in afully developed leaf.The individual calyx is slender, tubular, gradually enlarging towardthe margm, where it ends in eight rounded fuiger-like lobes whichmight be mistaken for contracted tentacles. These lobes are con-tinued downward, narrowing as they go, into faintly defined per-pendicular ridges running the entire length of the calyx wall. Thecalyces are about 3 mm. m length and 2.8 mm. in diameter at themargin. The polyps are well retracted, only their massed tentaclesshowing above the calyx. The walls of the leaves are translucent,and the septa and mesenterial filaments can be seen to the bottom orstem part of the leaves.Zooids: The ventral zooids are numerous, in two broken series,bordering an impressed line along the mid-ventral surface. Fromthese rows the lateral zooids run in smgle rows around between theleaf bases, but do not extend to the dorsal surface. This is bare ofzooids, and seems to correspond to the ventral surface of Ptilo-sarcus, for instance.Spicules: There are no spicules in leaves, polyps or ccenenchymaof rachis. Near the end bulb of the stem, however, there are numer-ous minute calcareous particles embedded m the ccenencliyma.They are exceedingly u'regular, and seem to have no characteristicshape.Color: The entire colony is very pale yellowish-brown.Localities.?Station 4817; Niigata Light, S. 29? E., 18 miles; 61fathoms (distal part of the colony), type. Station 4876; Oki Shima,S. 29? W., 5.3 miles; 59 fathoms (proximal part of colony).Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30092, U.S.N.M.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi,.4n.Although the presence of spicules would seem to indicate that"this species should be placed in the genus Pennatula, the generalappearance, and absence of spicules from nearly the entire colonyseems to justify assigning it to Halisceptrum.Family VIRGULARID^..Colony slender; pinngs short, often reduced to a band and withouta plate of spine-like spicules at their bases.VIRGULARIA, species?A specimen belonging apparently to this genus, but in too poorcondition, and too fragmentary to admit of satisfactory description,was secured at station 4947; Okiko Jima, N. 17? E., 4.4 miles; 51fathoms. Genus BALTICINA Gray.Stem thick; raehis very long in proportion to stem; pinnre reducedto band-like rows of calyces; spicules in the tentacles of the polyps..BALTICINA FINMARCmCA (Bars).Virgularia finmarchica Sars, Fauna Lit. Norvegiae, vol. 2, 1856, p. 68.Colony 152 cm. in length; stem 53 cm.; end bulb and swellingconfluent and 15 cm. long and with a greatest diameter of 2.8 cm.and least diameter of 8 mm. Stem and raehis dorso-ventrally flat-tened. Greatest diameter of raehis, with leaf bands, 1.7 cm.; lesserdiameter, at same point, 1.2 cm. There are 237 polyp bands, with11 or 12 polyps to each band. Exposed portion of bands 5 mm.broad. The bands are oblique and closely appressed, meeting ondorsal surface of raehis. The ventral surface of the raehis is entirelybare.The calyces of a given row are adherent to each other at theirmargins. Each has two spine-like or horn-like processes projectingfrom the two sides of the exposed surface. These, as well as thecalyx walls, are leathery, without any external evidence of spicules.The calyces decrease in size from the dorsal to the ventral surface ofthe raehis, and are packed full of ova.Zooids: There is a row of rounded verruciform zooids betweenadjacent leaves. Each row spreads into a patch of scattered zooidson the ventro-lateral surface between the leaf endings. The rowand patch combined contain about 15 zooids.Spicules: There are no spicules in calyces or polyps; neither haveI found them in other parts of the colony, except a few amorphouscalcareous particles.Localities.?Station 4983; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 2? E., 12 miles;428 fathoms. Station 4998; lat. 47? 39' 10" N.; long. 141? 31' 40"E.; 66 fathoms. Station 5047; Kinka San Light, N. 69.5?, 11.6 miles;107 fathoms.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIOXfi OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 39Type-locality.?Oxfjord, Finmark.In one specimen the polyps are sometimes 15 in a row; otherwisethe specimen agrees with the description given above.This species appears to the writer to be identical with the onecalled Verrillia hlakei Stearns, and redescribed by the writer in hisAlcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, page 706, where a discus-sion of the synonymy will be found.These specimens agree so closely with the figures and descriptionsof Balticina JinmarcMca (Sare) that I assign them to that speciesin spite of the apparent absence of spicules from the tentacles.BALTICINA PACIFICA Nutting.Plate 6, fig. 4.Balticina vacijica Nutting, Alcyonaria of the Califomian coast, 1909, p. 704.Colony 47 cm. in length, of which the stem is 15 cm. In somespecimens there is a greatly distended swelling on the stem; in onecase 7 mm. thick and over 5 cm. long, while the least diameter ofthe stem below the rachis is but 1.7 mm. In the specimen described,however, the swelling is less distended than the end bulb, althoughtlxis may be partially due to shrinking.There are about 94 rows of polyps, 2 or 3 to a row, on each side.In the lower part of the raclus there is but one polyp to representeach row; liigher up there is one large outer one and a rutUmentaryinner one; still higher a third, innermost one appears, and in thefully developed rows there are three of about equal size. The rowsare quite oblique and are all on the latero-ventral surface, leavingthe whole dorsal surface bare.Each calyx has two sharp spines projecting from its outer margin,the spines being filled with needlelike spicules which also extend toother exposed parts of the calyx walls. The inner margin of thecalyx is not differentiated from the polyp body, and lies snuglyagainst the stem. The height of a typical calyx is about 3 mm., andthe diameter is 2 mm. The tentacles have their dorsal surfacescovered with very numerous barlike spicules in many parallel rows.In one specimen the body walls of the polyps are greatly distended,and form sacklike transparent protuberances on the inner, or stemside, of the polyp.Zooids: The zooids are very few and inconspicuous and irregularin distribution, appearing as whitish dots sparsely distributed on theventral surface. The lateral zooids are in an irregular row or patchof 5 or 6 between adjacent polyp rows.Spicules: These are numerous, being quite abundant in both poh'psand calyces. They appear to be wanting elsew^here. The axiscylinder in the rachis is round in section, and smooth.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Color: The polyps are reddish-brown and the rachis light yellow.The end bulb is reddish-brown.Loealiiies.?Station 4768; lat. 54? 20' 30" N.; long. 179? 09' 30" E.;764 fathoms. Station 4792; Cape Monati, Bering Island, N. 50? W.,8.2 miles; 72 fathoms. Station 4985; Kamoi Misaki Light, N. 17? E.,15.2 miles; 224 fathoms. The specimen described came from thisstation. Station 5031; lat. 44? 04' 00" N.; long. 145? 32' 00" E.;86 fathoms.Specimens from station 4792 had the tentacles expanded, and theirdorsal surfaces were marked by clear-cut white lines of silvery spicules.General distribution.?The type-locality is off the Californian coast.BALTICINA CALIFORNICA (Moroff).Pavonaria californica Moroff, Studien iiber Octocorallien, Zoologische Jahr-biicher, Abth. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Thiere, eer. 5, vol. 17, Heft 3, 1902, p. 393.Length 97.5 cm., stem 32 cm. There are 115 polyp rows, polyps3 to 5 in each row. There are spicules in the two teeth on the marginof each calyx. The tentacles are without spicules, the characteristicfeature of tliis species.The polyps are reddish-brown.Localities.?Station 4984; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 3? W., 15 miles;248-224 fathoms. Station 4986; Benkei Mizaki Light, N. 35? E,,15 miles; 172 fathoms.General distribution.?The type-specimens were presumably fromthe Californian coast, although this fact is not noted in the originaldescription.This species may be the same as the last, but the absence of ten-tacular spicules is a character which, if constant, would be a goodspecific character. Both specimens in this collection have parasiticor symbiotic astrophytons attached to them.Genus HALIPTERIS Kolliker, modified by Jiangersen.^Calyces with 2 to 4 teeth; zooids lateral.HALIPTERIS CHRISTII (Koren and Danielssen).Virgularia chrisiii Koren and Danielssen, Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne,vol. 5, 1848, p. 269.Halipteris christii Kolliker, Anatomisch-Systematiscbe Besehreibung der Alcyo-naria, I, Die Pennatuliden, 1872, p. 249.Length of colony 12 cm. Stem 3.2 cm., very slender, with noevident sv/elling, and a very slender and inconspicuous end ])Ulb.The calyces are arranged in a single zigzag row, or double row,
? This genus is here placed In the family Virgularidse, instead of the Protoptilidse, on account of the argu-ment presented by Jiingersen in Danish Ingolf Expedition, vol. 5, 1904, p. 45. This WTiter, liowever,institutes the family Pavonaridae, in which he includes Halipteris. He Hnds that the genus Stichoptilumof Grieg represents merely the young stages of Halipteris.
NO. 1923. DESCRJPTTO^'8 OF PACIFIC ALCYOl^ARIA?NUTTIWG. 41according to interpretation. The well developed caljces are furtherfrom the mid-dorsal line than the developing calyces, which lie inrfuch a way that each developing calyx is supported as it were on itslower and outer side by a full-grown one. A well developed calyx is2.3 mm. high on its outer side, and reduced to almost nothing on theside next the rachis; and about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Its walls arefilled with vertical needles which project in conspicuous pointsbeyond the margin. Some of them have two very large points andothers four smaller ones. Still others have no regular points. Onthe proximal part of the rachis there is but a single row of calyceson each side. Many of the developing calyces have their distalportions pointed, the spicules closing over the apertures by meetingat the apex of a cone.The polyp tentacles have each a broad band of several rows ofvertically disposed barhke spicules which are very conspicuous.Zooids : The zooids are smooth, brown, yellowish bodies, quitedistant from each other. The plan of distribution seems to be, oneon the inner and dorsal, and another on the latero-ventral side of eachcalyx base; but this order is not constant, although there are gener-ally two to each calyx.Spicules: These are of two general types. The ordmary needle-like form in the calyces and general surface of the rachis, and thebarlike spicules seen in the tentacles.Color: The stem is very light straw color; the calyces have a faintpinkish or purplish tinge due to the showing through of the darkbrown bodies of the polyps. The tentacles are v/hitish.Locality.?Station 4984; Benkei Mizaki Light, S. 3? W., 15 miles;248-224 fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality, Lofoten, Norway. Also re-ported from Tynemouth, England.The specimens in the collection agree in essentials with the defi-nition of the genus SticTioptilum Grieg, which Jiingersen regards as theyoung of Halipteris. From the latter author's discussion, I regardthis specimen as the young of Halipteris christii.Family UMBELLULID^.Poh^ps very large, without calyces and borne in a cluster at theend of a very long and slender stem.Genus UMBELLULA Lamarck.Being the only genus in the family, it bears the characters of theUmbellulidsB.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. 43.UMBELLULA MAGNIFLORA KolUker.Umbellula magnijlora Kolliker, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 24.Five fine specimens in an excellent state of preservation and allevidently of the same species, afford an interesting study in thevariations in measurements of tliis beautiful Vmhellula. The serieswas arranged with reference to the size of polyps.
SpecimenNo.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTTONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTINO. 43Localihj.?Station 4975; Shio Misaki Light, N. 49? E., 7 miles;712 to 545 fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is in the South Sea, eastof Kerguelen Island, 1,600 fathoms. Hawaiian region, 216-438 fath-oms (Nutting), UMBELLULA CARPENTERI Kolliker.Umbellula carpenteri Kolliker, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 23.Two specimens, both female with ova, were secured at station5080; 505 fathoms.The larger specimen is 75 cm. in length, the head measuring 5 cm.,polyp bodies 2.4 cm. long, and the tentacles 1.6 cm. The swellingabove the end bulb is 6 mm. wide, and about 4.3 cm. long. Thestem is very slender, its least diameter being 1.2 mm.There are 8 polyps, almost white, with 8 longitudinal corruga-tions. The tentacles are smooth, their dorsal surfaces colorless,the rest of the tentacles and pinnules being very light salmon. Thepinnules are about 30 in number.The zooids are numerous and many of them bear single tentacles,usually unbranched. There are very few calcareous particles,even in the end bulb.The smaller specimen also has 8 polyps and agrees more nearlywith Kolliker's measurements. The details are much the same asin the other specimen.Localities.?Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 28 miles;505 fathoms. Specimens collected at station 5015, lat. 46? 44' N.;long. 144? 02' E., 510 fathoms, are apparently of tliis species.General distribution.?Type-locality, South Polar Sea, southwestof Australia, 1,975 and 1,950 fathoms. Hawaiian region, 595 to1,124 fathoms (Nutting).UMBELLULA ELOISA, new species.Plate 6, figs. 3, 3a.Total length of colony, 73 cm. Head, including enlargement ofstem, 7 cm. The lower part of the stem has no very evident endbulb, but terminates in a bent, club-shaped end, which is continuouswdth the stem swelling. The greatest diameter of the swelling is6 mm; the least diameter of the stem, 2 mm. The beginningof the enlargement of the rachis to the base of the polyps is 1.9 cm.,the diameter of the rachis just below the polyp bases being 1.5 cm.The polyps are very large, 14 in number, 7 in an outer whorl and7 within. The length of the largest polyp to tentacle bases is 2.4cm. The tentacles are much shrunken and are 1.7 cm. in length,making the whole length of tentacles and polyp 4.1 cm. This isthe largest alcyonoid polyp that the writer has seen.
44 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOXAL MUSEUM. vol.43.The polyp bodies are not regularly corrugated as in many speciesof the genus, but have a tough leathery surface, ^vith a few irregularwrinldes due to slmnking. Polyps of a dull purplish color below,livid above, this color extenthng along the greater part of the doi'salsurface. The tentacles are erect, more rigid than usual, their innerand lateral surfaces being deep purplish-brown, as are the distalparts all around. The pinnules are about 24 on each side, theirdoi'sal sides livid, the rest purplish-brown. Their bases are overlaiilwith comparatively large, bar-like colorless spicules, most of wliichare longitudinally chsposed. Some of them are over 1 mm. in length.Very large, bar-like spicules, some of them 2.5 mm. long, areembedded in the tough coenenchyma of the tentacle bases, a groupof several being longitudinallj' disposed along the proximal doi'salpart of each tentacle and reaching to the pinnules.The general integument of the polyps, racliis, and stem is filledwith minute calcareous bodies of an oval or biscuit shape, wliich aretoo small to be seen with the unaided eye.The zooids are veiy numerous, but small and inconspicuous.They surround the polyp bases and extend downward in ill-definedtriangular patches nearly to the bottom of the swelling below therachis. They are also scattered between the polyps on the rachis;but the polyps are so compactly crowded on the racliis that thereis but little room left for zooids.The whole head is so symmetrical that one can not tell withoutdissection whether there is a terminal polyp or not.Spicules: These have been described. Some of those on thetentacle bases are by far the largest that I find mentioned as foundin the Umbellulidie, except in Z7. durissima Kolliker.Color: The stem is grayish, end-swelling and bulb yellowish-brown; basal parts of polyps redchsh-brown or dull purplish, distalparts of bodies and dorsum of tentacles to near tips livid. The restof the tentacles and most of the pinnules are rich purplish-brown,almost a wine color.Xoca^i/?/.?Station 4973; Shio Misaki Light, N. 82? E., 12.5 miles;GOO fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30009, U.S.N.M.This is the finest Umhellula that the writer has seen. It maypossibly be U. durissima Kolliker, which it resembles in spiculationand color; but it can not be placed here until intergrading specimensare found.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA-NUTTING. 45Family KOPHOBELEMNONID^.Polyps in distinct rows or series on both sides of the rachis, large,sessile, and not provided with calyces. Rachis elongated m com-parison with the Umbelluhdse.Genus KOPHOBELEMNON Absjornsen (modified).Polyi^s not symmetrically in pairs; spicules abundant.KOPHOBELEMNON FERRUGINEUM Kblliker.Kophobelemnon fermgineum Kolliker, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida.1880, p. 16.Colony 9.5 cm. in length, of which the stem is 4.7 cm. The endbulb is evident and swollen in the form of a clavate knob Greatestdiameter of stem, near distal end, 6 mm.; between end bulb andswellmg, 4.5 mm.; end bulb, 7 mm. The rachis has a pomtedtermination. ^ t ^ -u ^ iThe polyps are large, partially retractile, irregularly distributed onthe dorsal and lateral surfaces of the rachis, very much shrunken anddistorted The polyp bodies are almost entirely included or retractedin the specimen. Visible wall, 3 mm. long, 4 mm. m diameter andrudely corrugated vertically. The tentacles are 5 mm. long, eachhaving a dorsal ridge or sharply defined longitudinal crest, packedwith needles which are both longitudinal and criss-crossed, show-ing as a white band and sendmg branches to dorsal surface of each
^^TTere are about 18 pinnules on each side. The sides of the tenta-cles, below pinnules, bear transverse needles, but the mid-ventral lineof the tentacles is almost free.Zooids: These are closely and evenly packed over the entire sur-face of the rachis which is not occupied by polyps. They are com-paratively large, conical, with their distal ends pointed outward andupward, their walls filled with needles usually tendmg to a vertical
^""color: The colony is grayish-brown, the inner sides of the tentaclesdusky brown.Spicules: The entire surface is packed with needles.Locamy.-Station 4990; lat. 43? 40' N.; long. 140? 58' E.; 200fathoms.Tyve-locality.?South of Yeddo, Japan, 345 fathoms.The specimen agrees fairly well with Kolliker's exceedmgly bnefdescription.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.KOPHOBELEMNON HISPIDUM, new species.Plate 6, fig8. 2, 2a.The colony is 7.8 cm. in length. The stalk is short and not sharplydistinguished from the rachis, broadened immediately below thepolyps, where it is 1.5 cm. wide in front view, but only 4 mm. thickfrom front to back. Its proximal end is broadened and truncated,the leathery integument with which it is covered being tucked in atthe end as if partly involuted. The narrowest part of the stem isimmediately above the end bulb, where it is round and 4.5 mm. indiameter, and its surface is covered with numerous small needles,giving it a hispid appearance, which suggests its specific name.The polyjis are three in number, almost in line above the flattenedrachis, the middle one, however, being distinctly higher than thelateral ones, which are on the same level. They are much shrunkenand distorted, the bodies being narrower below and broadening to5 mm. at the tentacle bases. Height to tentacles 1.2 cm. Tentacles1.6 cm. long, laterally compressed. There are 16 pinnules which arevery slender, round in section, and covered on back and sides with aclose felting of longitudinal spicules so closely packed as to completelycover the surface. The tentacles are also covered on all sides withthese slender needles.The zooids are low, verruciform bodies, often showing a centralaperture. They are regularly distributed on all exposed parts of thestem and rachis. Their walls are filled with the same needle-likespicules that cover the entire colony. They are vertically arrangedin the walls of the zooids, with their points converging toward themargins.Spicules: These are all slender needles, or rather slender rods withrounded ends. They are seldom over 1 mm. in length.Color: The colony is gray, excepting the tentacles, which have abrownish tinge.Localities.?Station 4956; Mizunoko Shima Light, N. 22? W., 33miles; 720 fathoms (type). Station 4977; Shio Misald Light, N. 65?E., 7 miles; 544 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30094, U.S.N.M.This form greatly resembles one that the writer has described asUmbellula, sp. ?^Family ANTHOPTILID^ Kolliker.Pennatulids bearing free, sessile polyps. Calyces absent.
I Nutting, Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 565.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 47Genus ANTHOPTILUM Kolliker.Polyps large, disposed in numerous short rows. Rachis without astreak of undeveloped polyps below the developed ones. Zooids maybe on all sides of the rachis. Spicules, if present, confined to theproximal end of stalk.ANTHOPTILUM MURRAYI Kolliker.Anthoptilum murrayi Kolliker, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 14.The colony is 44 cm. in length, of which the stalk is 5.1 cm. Thestem has a distinct enlargement just below the rachis and diminishesgradually in size to the end bulb, the two being almost of the same sizeand insensibly blending into each other. The diameter of the swell-ing is 8 mm. and of the end bulb 5.5 mm. The narrowest part of thestem is between the two and is 4.5 mm. broad. The swelling has aseries of very evident wrinkles or longitudinal furrows.The polyp bodies are tubular, transversely wrinkled or corrugated,6 mm. high to the bases of the tentacles, 2 mm. in diameter at themiddle, diminishing slightly in diameter at each end. The tentaclesare 5 mm. long, not longer than body in specimens studied. The pin-nules are numerous. The polyps are very irregularl}'^ distributed,perhaps an average distance between them is 5 mm. They canhardly be said to be arranged in transverse rows, the midline, ven-trally, being occasionally invaded by polyps, though in general it isfree. On the proximal part of the rachis the polyps are scatteredsingly or in pairs; on the distal portion they are more crowded andgenerally occur in pairs or in short oblique rows of three. At thedistal end they are crowded into a dense tuft, in the larger and olderspecunens, and their arrangement is hard to ascertain, the lateraland ventral surfaces of the rachis being entirely covered with pol3^s.The ventral midline is covered, and the mass of polyps is as denseas in A. thoinsoni Kolliker. The bases of the polyps in a given lineare often slightly coherent,Zooids: These are small and numerous, and are scattered overpretty much the whole surface of the rachis, except the ventral region,which is not occupied by a furrow and is rarely invaded by zooids.There is a narrow dorsal band", sometimes depressed, which is usuallyfree from zooids but is occasionally invaded. The zooids are unevenlydistributed, sometimes forming patches or lines, and at others scat-tered haphazard. They are all small.The spicules are absent. While there are a few calcareous particleson the end bulbs, I am not sure that they are not adventitious.Color: The upper part of the stem, the rachis, and lower parts ofthe pol3rps are pale yellowish, with a reddish-brown tinge. The upperparts of the polyps and the tentacles are warm reddish-brown, the
48 r/((K'i'!/'!i}i\'(ihi o/' 77//'; /v r//o.\'/i/> miihniim. vol. i.-j.formor darkor, HomotimoH a innpliHh-lxowji. 'I'lic, r^vji'\\\\\\r, and vni\bull) a li^hf, /(MldiHli-browri.Lor.atilicH.?Sl-aliofj -1705; W<'-kI, I'oiiil, YunaHka iKlaiid, S. '.',7'' JO.,Ali.r* inWcH] 1,217 fallio/riH. Stalioii 4\n'A; Sliio MJHaki Li^lit, N. 82"E., 12.5 imIr.H; 000 falliojns.<t(i7U'r<d (iiHli'ihut'uyn.. Tlic, (yjxi-Nx-jiJily is Noilli Alla/ilic, hoijIIi ?)!'Halifax, 1,250 fal-Iioins, Hawaiian ro^ion, 2.'i.'i ratliojris (NiiMin^')-Indian Ocwm, 1,000 latliomH ('riioniHon and II(!nd(THonj.Tlic, Hpccijiif'nH frojii nlalion 107.'i n,n'. in wry poor condition andiriay poHHihly Ixi incorniclJy id?nl,ifi(Ml.
Kainil.y K( M 1 1 NOl'Tll d I )/K liuhnuht.SmnJI, p(!nrni,l nlii, lil<(^ foi-jnn in wliicli IIki axin cylinder in wanliti}^.fintiUM ECH I NOI'TI MJ M If 1 1 1 )r'?^u-,lil..
R<Mnj'; I, lie only ?,'ciiiis of lOcliinopI ilidii', i(, haw I lie cluiracicis of l,li(ifaitiily. ECHINOPTII.iiM MACINTOSHI Hubrechl.
J^Jrldri(>i>liJ.uiri. iruiniilimhi II iniuicoii r, I'roc. Zool. So<-. LorKloii, IHHf), p. f)l'2.('olony 9.2 cm. in lcn^(,li, cnivc-d in a HcjiMcircIc, llic'cnd l)idl? inr)ronhaiply c,tjrv<5<) in llicnajne direcfion. Tlic Hlcm, l)clow rndijruMilaryj)olypn, about.'i cm. lonp;, dccr(Mi,Hiti}^ j.';r?idnally in diiiinctcr' from 7 mm.to 4.5 jMjri. near tlu^ ratluir ,sliai|)ly pointed en<!. (IreatcKt diiutM^ter,iicroHH ra<*,liiH, jjim. The racliis is round oi- obHciircily <|na<lran;.';idai'in Hoction, with a distinct /i;roove on the concave side. The |)olypHare arranged iti vertical rowH, about 20 to a row, arid mIso in ()l)li(pi(^transverse rows of to 7 fi'ojn mid-dorsal to jnid-ventra,l snrfacf^.Polyps 'AJ) jnm. lon^, on outer side, to top of spines.lOacli calyx margin f)earH two strorif^ Hpines com[)OH(Ml of }:;roijps ofHfjiciih^s which Kometi;nes pi-oj(ict as ;niich as 1.5 mm. above thornai'f^in. (laiyces abr)ijt 2 jnrn. broad at base, tuuiowiri^ to tlu^ mar-/jfin. The caJycoH arc Hinalhist near the groove ami lower ijichis.Zooids: 'i'he>se are Hcatt<',red [)letitifully betw<'-en th(5 calyces, bf^in;^ahs<int from the groove o/)ly.Spicules: Tlieso ai'e all sfiaiply pointed needles, <liai ncteristic ofthe pennatulids.Tluwe ifi no axis cylinder.(!olor: Kather dull pink throu^diout, the color of flie needles./.or.alUy. Station 4K'12; Sai^^o Misaki (Do^'o island), S. M"" W.,6.1 mihiH; H2 fathoms.(jnirrtd (/.iHl.nh'iUi()n. The lyfxi was from tim .bipan(^s(i Sea, 71fathoms. 'Vlui Hp(M,i(iH has also b<',en reportiid from th?^ liawaiiaiiHcijjion (Nutting;.
NO. 1928. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC A LCYONARIA?NUTTING. 49Family PROTOPTILIDvE Kolliker.The rachis is long and slonder; polyps sessile, in a single irregularseries on each side; calyces present.Genus PROTOPTILUM Kolliker.Zooids on all sides of the rachis, leaving nothing but the ventralline uncovered. PROTOPTILUM ORIENTALE, new species.Plate 6, figs. 1, la.Colony 13.3 cm. in length; stem to first rudimentary polyp 6.3 cm.,ending in an ovoid, bladder-like end bulb which is longitudinallystriated and measures 11 mm. by 7 mm.The least diameter of the stem above end bulb is 2.5 mm.; mediandiameter 3.5 mm.There is a row of polyps along each side of the dorsal median space,about 10 polyps in each. The calyces are short, directed distally, withthe inner walls very short or lacking. The outer wall is 3 mm. high,and with 8 regular, large, vertical corrugations ending in lobular pro-jections around the margin, covered with small needle-like spicules.The polyps are partly retracted, exposing but about 2.5 cm. of theirlength. They are 2 mm. in diameter, and their bodies are coveredwith an armature of very conspicuous spicules which are bar-shapedwith the ends enlarged. They lie in every direction in the body walls,and average about 1 mm. in length. The tentacles are about 3.5mm. long, and have their dorsal surfaces covered by triple or doublerows of the same spicules placed longitudinally and very conspicuous.The pinnules are short and rather distant.There is a row of rudimentary polyps, 17 in one specimen and but 4in another. The spaces between the lateral calyces, mai'gin to margin
,
are about 5 mm.Zooids: The ventral zooids are in two regular rows, one on eachside of the dorsal surface, very regularly spaced. Opposite each ofthe calyces these rows become double. Sometimes there are one ortwo on the outer side of the base of each calyx, and there are oftenone or two opposite the inner margin. The zooids are conical ordome-shaped, with distinct apertures. They bear small needle-shaped spicules in their walls.The rachis ends distally in a blunt, rounded point projecting 3.5mm. above the last calyx.The spicules have already been described. The bar-shaped formsin the polyps are sometimes almost fiddle-shaped.Color: Rather dull grayish-brown throughout.48702??Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 i
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Localities.?Station 5054; Omai Saki Light, S. 54? W., 29.5 miles;282 fathoms (type). Station 5056; Ose Saki, N. 37? E., 5 miles; 258fathoms.Type-specimem.?C&t. No. 30099, U. S. N. M.One specimen has several expanded polyps with bodies 3.5 mm.long. The spicules lie longitudinally in the body walls. Anotherspecimen is attached to a shell by its end bulb, an anomalous condi-tion for a pennatulid.Genus STACHYPTILUM KoUiker.Calyces present, free; zooids ventral.STACHYPTILUM MACLEARI Kdlliker.Stnchyptilum macleari Kolliker, Challenger Reports, the Pennatulida, 1880, p. 12.Length of colony 5.9 cm. Stem 3.5 cm., slender, with hardlyevident end bulb and swelling; greatest diameter 2 mm. Thecalyces are in 12 rows on each side, 4 in each row. Eows oblique.A row of single rudimentary calyces extends quite a distance belowthe fully developed ones. The ventral calyces are the largest andthe dorsal the smallest. The proximal and distal rows bear reducednumbers of calyces.The calyces are contiguous, the larger ones being 2 mm. high andvery obliquely placed, their walls covered with needle-like spiculeslongitudinally arranged, and borders armed with an indefinite num-ber of irregular points composed of groups of spicules. Each ten-tacle bears a narrow band of small bar-like spicules on its dorsalsurface. These spicules do not resemble those figured by Kolliker.Tfte zooids are numerous on all parts of the rachis not occupiedby calyces or a narrow ventral median groove. Each zooid is sur-rounded by a radiating fence of needle-like spicules projecting inpoints. The zooids extend in a line alongside of the line of rudi-mentary polyps described above.Color: The entire colony is white, in alcohol.Locality.?Station 5071; Ose Saki, S. 53.5? W., 2.6 miles; 57fathoms.Type-locality.?Southeast of Ceram, west of New Guinea, 129fathoms.The specimen described above agrees with the original descriptionexcept in the shape of the tentacular spicules.Genus TRICHOPTILUM Kolliker.Protoptilidfe with alternate calyces which have their marginsarmed with 8 spines, dorsal zooids, and nimaerous spicules in polypsand tentacles.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 51TRICHOPTILUM SPINOSUM, new species.Plate 7, figs. 3, 3a.Colony 13.6 cm. long. Stem 6 cm. long, very slender, end bulbhardly evident and but 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are in twovery irregular rows on opposite sides of rachis and of various sizes.Small (or young ?) polyps are usually found growing just above andinside of the larger ones. Some of the larger calyces measure 6 mm.to the ends of the spines, and have a marginal diameter of 2 mm.The general shape of the calyx is a cylinder gradually expandedtoward the margin. The margin is armed with 8 prominent spines,some of which project as much as 2 mm., each point being composedof a number of needles gathered in a bundle. Other long needles form8 longitudinal ridges on the calyx walls, resembling those of Pen-natula. A number of smaller needles are found all over the calyxwalls lying criss-cross, but tending to form a horizontal band justbelow the margin. An almost complete gradation can be foundbetween the large calyces described and apparently rudimentaryones less than 1 mm. high.Spicules are numerous throughout the rachis.Zooids: Although these are present, I am unable to make out anydefinite arrangement, or to discriminate surely between them and thesmallest of the rudimentary polyps, without dissecting the onlyspecimen secured.Color: The stalk is straw-A'ellow, deepening to an orange on theend bulb. The polyps are pallid, Mdth the distal portions showing atinge of red. The spicules are all colorless.XocaZ%.?Station 4959; Mizimoko Shima Light, N. 23? W., 28.5miles; 405-578 fathoms.Type-spedmen.^Cat. No. 30100, U.S.N.M.Genus HELICOPTILUM, new genus.Colony in the form of a stiff spiral; calyces biserial, each with twovery conspicuous spines or horns projecting from its outer margin.HELICOPTILUM RIGIDUM, new species.Plate 7, figa. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 5.Colony (incomplete) growing in an open spiral. Axis very strong andstiff, quadrate in section. The largest specimen is 21 cm. in length,stem missing. The rachis is flattened dorso-ventrally, lesser diam-eter 2 mm., greater diameter (not including calyces), 2.7 mm. Thecalyces are in two rows, regularly alternate, their outer margins beingvery greatly prolonged into two conspicuous horns which often projectas much as 2 mm. beyond the rest of the margin. The length of
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.
calyTc, including spines, 3.5 mm; diameter at base, 1.9 mm; diameterbetween tips of spines, 2.3 mm. The inner sides of the calyces are cutaway to the level of their bases, the polyp issuing ventrally betweenthe enormous spines and facing directly upward as if issuing fromthe upper side of the calyx at its base. The calyx walls are filledwith long orange-brown needles arranged vertically and parallel.Distance between calyx bases, 2.3 mm. There is a swelling beneatheach calyx base.There are no spicules in the pol3rps. The tentacles have largepinnules.Zooids: There are usually two zooids just above and inside of thebase of each calyx on the dorsal ? side, although there is often butone; and one in a'similar position on the ventral? side. There areno grooves on the rachis, and the dorsal and ventral sides differ onlyin the fact that the calyces are slightly inclined toward what I con-sider, with some doubt, as the dorsal side. There is no fence ofspicules around the zooids.Spicules: These are all needle-like forms, slender, smooth andsharp, averaging about 1 mm, long.Color: Golden brown, the rachis lighter and the cal3^ces darker.Pol3rps colorless.Localities.? ?Station 4793; Toperkov Island, Harbor of Nikolski,Bering Island, N, 58? E., 44 miles; 2,700 fathoms. Station 4975;Shio Misaki Light, N. 49? E., 7 miles; 712-545 fathoms (type).Station 4977; Shio Misaki Light, N. 65? E., 7 miles; 544 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No, 30042, U.S.N.M.A remarkable species, differing from all other i)cnnatulids in habitof growth. Order GORGONACEA,Fixed colonial forms with an axis cylinder composed of calcareousor chitinous material. Section HOLAXONIA,Ax:is consisting of amorphous horny or calcareous material, orboth, and not penetrated by longitudinal canals; except, in somecases, a central one.Family CHRYSOGORGID^ VerrUl.Coenenchyma thin; polyps large, distant, uniserial, without dis-tinct calyces, and with neither operculum nor collaret; root calca-reous; axis often with a brilliant metallic lustre.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 53Genus LEPIDOGORGIA Verrill.Lepidogorgia Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, ser. 5, vol. 28, 1884, p. 220.Strophogorgia Wright and Studer, Challenger Keports, The Alcyonaria, 1889,p. 2.Colony unbranched, slender; polyps growing on one side only.LEPIDOGORGIA PETERSI (Wright and Studer).Strophogorgia petersi Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 2.Lepidogorgia petersi Versluys, Chrysogorgiidse of the Siboga Expedition, 1902,p. 7.Specimens fragmentary, the largest being 45 cm. long with bothextremities lacking.The stem is 2 mm. in diameter; axis hard and stony, with a goldeniridescence.The polyps are uniserial, evenly spaced, about 4 mm. apart, 5 to6 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. The polyp walls containlong bar-like spicules, often somewhat flattened, sometimes bent,with rounded ends, sometimes as much as 3.5 mm. long. These arevertical in position. At the bases of the polyps are small groups oftransverse spicules, often 3 or 4 to the group. The retracted tentaclesare very irregularly disposed, being curled up and tucked togetherhaphazard. Their dorsal surfaces are armed with bar-like spiculesmuch shorter than those in the calyx walls. The tentacles are veryunequal in size, the adcauline one being rudimentary, as pointed outby Versluys.The stem is covered with a thin coenenchyma the surface of whichis filled with thin, flattened, scale-like spicules of various forms butnot greatly branched, and wdth closely fitted edges. They areusually smaller than the spicules of the polyps.Localities.?Station 4976; Shio Misaki Light, N. 59? E., 6.4 miles;545-544 fathoms. Station 4977 ; Shio Misaki Light, N. 65? E , 7 miles
;
544 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 28 miles;505 fathoms.General distribution.?^Type-locality, Yeddo, Japan, 345 fathoms.East Indies, 621-1,301 meters (Sihoga Expedition).A specimen from station 5080 was 45 cm. long.Genus CHRYSOGORGIA Verrill.Colony branched ; branches spirally arranged, giving off geniculatebranchlets all from the same side of the branch; stem sympodial;tentacles never retractile.*
1 This definition is condensed from that given by Doctor Versluys In his excellent work on the Chryso-gorgiidac of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, p. 18.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.CHRYSOGORGIA LATA Versluys.Chrysogorgia lata Versluys, Chrysogorgiidae of the Siboga Expedition, 1902, p. 33.Colony incomplete, 18 cm. high and with a spread of about 8 cm.The root is missing. The branch origins are in a left-handed spiral,1/4; that is, the fourth will be immediately above the first, and the 4origins will have made a single spiral around the stem. The averagedistance between branches is about 4 mm., and they give origin tobranchlets up to the fourth order. There are about 3 polyps to eachinternode of the branches and branchlets. The polyps are small,about 1 mm. high to the base of the tentacles, and with bodies ovateor columnar according to the state of contraction and 0.4 mm. indiameter. Their walls are armed with 8 rather indefuiite verticalrows of spindles which are bar-shaped with rounded ends. Theserows are extended over the basal portions of the tentacles, usuallyin double rows. The tentacles are long, with smaller spicules usuallyirregular in distribution but sometimes transversely disposed ondistal portions. There are small spicules also on the dorsal surfacesof the pinnules.The branches have a thin coating of flattened, scale-like spicules.Color: The stem is grayish, lightening distally. The branches areyellowish, with a golden gleam showing through from the iridescentaxis. The polyps are white.Localities.?Station 5091; Joga Shima Light, N. 15?, W., 4.2miles; 197 fathoms. ? Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29? E., 24miles; 475-505 fathoms. A mere fragment, not identified with cer-tainty, was secured from this station.General distribution.?The type was taken by the Siboga Expeditionin Celebes Sea from a depth of 190 meters. Hawaiian Islands,411-476 fathoms (Nutting).CHRYSOGORGIA FLEXILIS (Wright and Studer).Dasygorgia flexilis Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaxia, 1889,p. 10.Chrysogorgia fleriUs Versluys, Chrysogorgiidce of the Siboga Expedition, 1902,p. 43.Several fragments, mostly destitute of polj^js, were secured. Thefirst nodes of the branches are much longer than in the originaldescription, although this is not true of the smaller specimens secured.Branches in a right-handed spiral, 2/5, as described by Versluys fromthe type. Branchings to the fourth order are produced. There isusually but a single polyp to the internode, except in the distal ones,where there may be two or three. The polyps are expanded aboveand below, a typical one being 2 mm. in height.The walls show 8 vertical rows of bar-ljke spicules \vith endsrounded and often expanded. There are a few verrucas on the
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 55
spicules. The spicules at the polyp bases are more crowded andirregular, the whole spiculation beino; more crowded than in type,almost covering the body walls. Usually, however, there are evidentbare streaks between the rows of spicules, the spicules of a given rowoften imbricating. The rows are extended over the basal parts ofthe tentacles; but are smaller, irregularly placed, often transverse onthe distal parts, some extending lengthwise over the pinnules.The stem spicules are more flattened and scale-like, often fitted asin mosaic.Color: The proximal part of the stem is dark brown, lightening ondistal parts of branches and twigs to a horn yellow. The polyps arewhite.Locality.?Station 4975; Shio Misaki Light, N. 49? E., 7 miles; 712-545 fathoms.General distribution.?The type is from the coast of Chile, 120fathoms. Siboga Expedition, East Indies, 822-918 meters. HawaiianIslands, 280-323 fathoms (Nutting).CHRYSOGORGIA AGASSIZII (Verrill).Dasygorgia agassizii Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 11, No. 1, 1883, p. 22.Only a fragmentary specimen of this species was secured, but itshows the essential features as described by Verrill.The base is a delicately branching mass of ivory-white rootletswhich are purely calcareous. Branches 2/5, in the right-handedspiral. The basal internodes of the branches are much shorter thanin the last species, being about 6 mm. long. Intermediate internodesabout 5 mm. long, with a single polyp usually nearer the distal thanthe proximal end of the internode.The polyps are less obliquely placed than described by Verrill,although in some cases they assume the erect posture figured by thatwriter. A typical polyp measures 2.2 mm. in height; body ratherslender but expanding at each end, 1.2 mm. broad across tentacle basesand 1.5 mm. across the base of the polyp. The polyp walls are prac-tically covered with vertical spicules that are not arranged in verticalbands of eight, although there is sometimes such a tendency in thedistal parts. Double rows of thin, broad-ended spicules extend alongthe basal parts of the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. Similar butsmaller spicules lie transversely across the distal portions of thetentacles.Spicules: These are bar-like with slightly expanded and roundedends, and are distinctly tuberculate. The ccenenchyma is rather thick,white, and contains few spicules.Color: The stem is golden 3^ellow and the polyps and brancheswhite.
56 PROCEEDINOS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Locality.?Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 28 miles;505 fathoms.Type-locality.?Georges Bank, Atlantic coast of United States,1,242 fathoms.CHRYSOGORGIA DICHOTOMA Thomson and Henderson.Chrysogorgia dicliotoma Thomson and Henderson, Alcyonaria of the IndianOcean, I, Alcyonaria of the Deep Sea, 1906, p. 29.The specimens are all incomplete. One is 0.8 cm. in height, witha diameter of 6.3 cm. The stem is very strong, wiry, and brittle.The branches are arranged in a spiral of 1/5, left-handed. Thebranches are closely approximated, a whorl occupying but 3 mm. ofthe stem. The longest branch is 4.2 cm. in length. The branchesdivide dichotomously, sometimes forking as much as five times. Thepolyps are lacking on the main stem, and on the proximal internodesof the branches. On one branch there are 3 polyps on the third inter-node, 7 on the fourth, on the fifth, and 2 or 3 on the last. Thefourth internode is the longest (12 mm.). Many of the polyps arestripped off, but it is not uncommon to find as many as 8 on an inter-node.The individual polyps have the bodies greatly expanded with ova,thus being ovate in shape and enlarging again at tentacle bases ; small,measuring less than 1 mm. to tentacle bases. The body spicules arebar-shaped, not scales, with somewhat enlarged ends, more slenderthan in C. japonica.^ They are irregular in distribution, with adecided tendency to a vertical position, sometimes with an approachto 8 longitudinal bands. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles arecovered with sharply marked bands of similar spindles, there beingtwo to tlu*ee rows to the band. Similar but somewhat more slenderspicules are embedded loosely in the ccenenchyma of the twigs andbranches.The zooids are numerous on the surfaces of the branches betweenthe polyps.Color: The axis is dark green, with a metallic luster in main stem.The branches are golden-brown proximally, lightening distally to alight green. The axis of the branches and twigs has a brilliant greenluster except at ends of twigs. The polyps, in alcohol, are of adecided reddish-brown, thus differing from any others that I haveseen in the genus.Localities.?Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N, 41? E,, 5 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N, 21? E,, 5,7 miles; 103fathoms.The type-locality is in the Indian Ocean.
? According to Versluys, Chrysogorglldse of the Siboga Expedition, p. 70.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 57The number of polyps to the internode and the color of the polypsare distinguishing marks of this species.FAMILY PRIMNOIDiE.Colonial Gorgonacea with calcareous roots. Axis calcareous orhorny, but never with alternating calcareous and horny joints.Calyces with opercula composed of 8 scales. Polyps often in whorls,their walls covered with scale-like spicules.Siabfamily CALYPTROI^HORIlNr.-^ "Versluys.Calyx spicules reduced to two or three pairs of large scales.*Operculum conspicuous, turned toward branch when the polyp isretracted.Genus CALYPTROPHORA ^A'^right and Studer (emendedby Versluys).Calyx body with but two pairs of very large scale-like spiculesusually entirely encircling the polyp.CALYPTROPHORA IJIMAI KinoshitB.Plate 16, figs. 2, 3.Calyptrophora ijimai Kinoshita, Ann. Zool. Japan, ser. 6, vol. 3, 1907, p. 234.Arthogorgia membranacea Kukenthal and Gorzawsky, Japanische Gorgoniden,Teil I, 1908, p. 29.Colony 10.5 cm. in height. The first branch arises 8 mm. abovethe base. The branches are pinnately arranged, alternate, undividedand erect, originating at an acute angle with the main stem andsometimes attaining a length of 7 cm. Diameter of the main stem1.3 mm. The branches are attenuated and straight, ending in a merethi'ead.The axis has a light green iridescence near its base, where it isapparently striated. There is no luster in the axis of stem andbranches.The polyps are in whorls of 4 or 5, all facing downward. The whorlsare about 2 mm. apart. Calyces 2.2 mm. in height (measured parallelwith the branch) and project about the same distance from the branch.Both the basal and distal pairs of spicules form incomplete rings,failing to meet on the stem side, and in both the individual spiculesof a pair are cemented together. The distal pair bears four sharplypointed spines projecting nearly 1 mm. from the free fluted border.This pair is about 1.6 mm. long to base of spines.The basal pair bears two very slender, often curved, spines pro-jecting nearly 2 mm. beyond the border. This pair is almost 2 mm.
> In some cases there are a few additional scales of small size near the base of calyx.
58 PROCEEDINaS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.long. The base of the polyp is surrounded by a group of muchsmaller scales, forming a sort of collar in which the polyp is encircled.The operculum is strongly developed, as is usual in this genus; butit is rather high, and the individual scales are slender triangles withtheir distal ends sharply pointed. Those on the abaxial side are longerthan the others and overlap them considerably.The branches are covered with a complete layer of comparativelysmall, flattened, irregular scales.Color: The basal part of the stem and branches very pale yellow,calyces wliite.Localities. ?Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29? E., 24 miles;475-505 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 28miles; 505 fathoms. Station 5087; Joka Sima Light, S. 84.5? E., 14.8miles; 614 fathoms.General distribution.?^Type-locality, Sagami Sea, 550 fathoms.Okinose Bank, 400 fathoms. Yodomi, Sagami Bay.Superficially the calyces of this species greatly resemble those ofC. japonica; but they all face downward, and both pairs of scalesform an incomplete ring.The specimens secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross allshow the curious membranaceous structure formed of strangelymodified spicules which give refuge to a symbiotic annelid.CALYPTROPHORA JAPONICA Gray.Calyptrophora japonica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 25.Colony incomplete, 13.1 cm. in height. The branchlets arise fromthe upper sides only of the branches, regularly spaced, 6 mm. apartand about 11 cm. long. The calyces are in whorls of 4 to 6 on thedistal parts of branches and are about 2 mm. long. Both proximaland distal pairs of calyx spicules form a closed ring. The distal ringhas four spines projecting downward, and the proximal ring has twospines projecting outward.The polyps face the base of the stem or branch.Operculum not very prominent, dome-shaped. Each flap is tliin,triangular, with edges turned upward, the adaxial plate being muchsmaller than the others.The branches are covered with flattened scales of irregular shape.Color: The axis is almost black proximally, lightening distally.The colony in general is light brown.Localities.?Station 4924; Nagada Saki, N. 8? E., 18 miles; 159fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles;103 fathoms.General distribution.?The type was from Japan. The Challengerfound it near the Fiji Islands, 010 fathoms. The Siboga expeditionsecured it from the Malay Ai'chipelago, 400-1,301 meters. Hawaiian
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 59Islands, 135-577 fathoms (Nutting). Japan, Satsuraa, and SagamiSea, 300-400 fathoms (Kinoshita).The U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimens closely resemblethe one figured by Kinoshita.CALYPTROPHORA KERBERTI Versluys.Calyptrophora kerberti Versluys, Primuoidce of the Siboga Expedition, 1906,p. 105.Several fragments of this species were secured from station 5093.The largest specimen is 9.5 cm. high, dichotomously branched. Thepolyps face downward, many of them broken off in the specimen,normally in whorls of four. Wliorls about 2 mm. apart. Thecalyces are about 2 mm. high, and project 1.7 mm. from the branch.The basal scales do not form a complete ring on inner side, each witha spine-like process from its distal end and outer corner a little morethan 1 mm. long. Buccal scales also forming an incomplete ring,often with no spines on distal ends, as figured by Versluys, but quitefrequently showing two small spines. There is often a small ridge orkeel at the superior junction of these two scales. The margin is notso straight as represented by Versluys, but is more or less sinuousand hood-shaped.The scales in the branches are thin, often slender, and their endsare imbricating.The axis is almost black proximally, lighter distally. The branchesare gray and the calyces are almost white.Locality.?Station 5093; Joga Shima Light, N. 8? W., 5 miles;302 fathoms.The type-locality is Japan (Hilgendorf)
.
Genus STACHYODES Wright and Studer.Calyx consisting of three pairs of large scale-like spicules, thebasal pair usually not completely encircling the polyp.STACHYODES MEGALEPIS Kinoshita.Stachyodes megalepis Kinoshita, Primnoidae von Japan, 1908, p. 47.Several small specimens secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamerAlbatross agree quite closely with the original descriptions and figuresof this species.Colony incomplete, 12.3 cm. high, flabellate in form. The mainstem, or branch, gives off two main branches which divide dichoto-mously into four. The axis has a greenish-gold luster. On the basalparts the calyces are in whorls of 7 or 8; on the distal parts they arein whorls of 5, closely approximated. Calyces about 3 mm. high.The basal scales are the largest and the middle pair the smallest,each pair with its margin curved slightly backward, and each has theappearance of having a marginal border of different texture from the
60 PROCEEDiyGS OF THE YATIOyAL IIVSEUM. vol. 43.
rest of the scale. The pairs all fail to make a complete ring, beinglacking on the adaxial side.The operculum is composed of very thin scales more or less flutedor frilled on the edges, so that the borders are turned upward. Theadaxial scales are much smaller and have much less pronouncedfrills than the others.The branches are covered with smaU thin fluted scales. In placesthese are enormously enlarged by a parasitic annelid, forming anarcade along the branch, which furnished a character for Allman'sgenus Calypterinus}Color: The colony is dull, yeUowish-brown.Localities.?Station 491S; Gwaja Shima, S. 3S? E., 34 miles; 361fathoms. Station 4935; Sata ^^lisaki Light, X. 5S? E., 4.5 miles;103 fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, X. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.General distrilmticm.?The type was secured from Gokeba, south-west from the Province of Awa, Japan. Another fragment was fromthe Sagami Sea.Genus CALIGORGIA Gray (emended by Versluys).Colony flabellate, pinnate or dichotomous, without secondarybranchings. Calyces in whorls, club-shaped, appressed to thebranches and with their adaxial walls incomplete. Circumoper-cular scales lacking.CALIGORGIA FLABELLIIM Kailiker).Primnoa jLdbelhen Kolltkek, Icones Histologics, vol. 2. 1865, p. 135.CaRigorfiaflabelhan Sttdek, ilonatsber. Akad. Wise. Berliii, 1878, p. 646.Colony 20 cm. high, strictly flabeUate, breaking up near its baseinto four large branches which are scarcely flattened. Secondarybranches rare. Branchlets regularly alternate, averaging about 6mm . apart, all in one plane.The calyces are clavate, much curved, nearlv facing the branch.Ordinarily they are in whorls of four, but increase proximally untilthere are as many as 18 on the bases of the larger branches. Theindividual calyces are 1.5 mm. in height, and nearly uniform indiameter. There are usually about 8 whorls to the cm. There are7 scales in each of the abaxial rows and 4 or 5 in the outer lateralrows. Adaxial scales 2. The sculpturing on the distal scales is notso pronounced as figured by Versluys and Kinoshita; but the calycesare practically identical with those figured by Wright and Studer.The operculum is high, conical, composed of slender triangularflaps, the adaxial ones being shorter than the others. All of thespicules are plainly granulated.
1 ChaUengeT Heporta, tbe .-Ucyonaru, 13S9, p. 33.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 61Color: The colony is a light buffy-brown.Locality.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.General distribution.?Pacific and Indian Oceans; Japan. Downto 1,250 meters. CALIGORGIA VENTILABRUM Studer,Caligorgia ventilabrum Studer, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 647.A number of very large fragments of one or more specimens ofthis species were collected by the -U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross.Station label lost.One fragment is 54 cm. long. Diameter at base 6.5 mm. Themain branch is somewhat flattened. The branching is typicallydichotomous, except that the main branch gives off a number oflaterals, mainly from one side. The terminal t\\\gs are very long, asmuch as 20 cm. in some cases. All of the branches are erect, nearlyparallel, the whole forming a flabellate structure. The averagediameter of the secondary branches is 4 mm.The calyces are in regular whorls of 4 on distal ends of brancliletsand 12 on large branches. On the longest branches they are irreg-ular, often wanting. There are but 4 or 5 whorls of calyces to the cm.The individual calyces are large, 2 mm. long, with 9 or 10 scales tothe adaxial and outer lateral rows. Some of the latter have thepeculiar lateral processes figured by Versluys in Caligorgia affinis.^Otherwise the specimens agree better with C. ventilabrum.The inner laterals and adaxials are greatly reduced in number,being apparently represented by their distal elements alone; althoughthese appear to be rudimentary scales representing the basal ones.The operculum is not conspicuous, composed of smooth triangularscales, the adaxial being the smallest and the abaxial the largestand overlapping slightly the others.Color: The axis is almost black proximally, lightening distaUy.The general color of the colon}" is very light tan-brown.Locality.?Label lost.Type-locality.?North of New Zealand, 90 fathoms.A very fine species. The specimens just described are the largestof the genus. CALIGORGIA ASPERA Kinoshita.Caligorgia aspera Kinoshita, Primnoidae von Japan, 1908, p. 39.Colony in fragments, the longest piece being 12.2 cm. long andwith a spread of 6.2 cm. There are branches on two sides of themain branch, forming a flabellate structure; side branches dividingdichotomously sometimes to branchings of the sixth order and attain-ing a length of 5.9 cm. in some cases.
1 Primnoidae of the Siboga Expedition, p. 76.
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.The calyces are ordinarily in whorls of 3, the 3 being on front andsides of the branch, usually leaving the back free from polyps. Thereare 8 to 10 whorls to the cm. On thicker parts of branches whorls of4, rarely 5, are seen. They are seldom in pairs, except at the veryends of the twigs. The individual calyces are strongly curved, theirdistal ends turned toward the branch. They are 1.5 mm. long,measuring with dividers across the curve, and about 1 mm. in oper-cular diameter. The scales are well marked, apparently imbricatingand with their surfaces covered with pointed granules. The calyxmargin is quite even, being squarely cut off all around, although theabaxial scales may form slight rounded lobes. The abaxial rowscontain usually 6, sometimes 5, scales; outer lateral with one-largedistal scale and sometimes another proximal one. Occasionally oneor two small inner laterals can be seen, but they are not constant.There are no adaxials.The operculum is strong, dome-shaped, with scales thick, heavilygranulated, with large basal lateral lobes and narrowing distally to acomparatively slender point. The basal edges of the abaxials overlapthe outer laterals, and these overlap the inner laterals. The adaxialopercular scales are shorter than the others, but are not overlappedby their points.The scales on the twig surfaces are rounded, flat, rather large andgranulated like those of the calyces.Color: The axis is light green with a golden luster. The generalcolor of the calyces and branches is tan-brown.Localities.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21" E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms. ? Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles; 108fathoms.Oeneral distribution.?Type-locality, west coast of Satsuma, Japan.
Colony usually pinnate and with secondary short branches.Calyces arranged in various ways, seldom appressed to the branch.Longitudinal rows of calj^'x scales evident, not greatly reduced on theadaxial side.Genus PLUMARELLA Gray (modified by Kinoshita).Colony pinnate, with short twigs, but never with secondary shorttwigs. Calyces never in well-defined whorls or in pairs, with openingsdirected distally. Pol37'p scales in 8 longitudinal rows, withoutcircumopercular scales. Operculum evident.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALGYONARIA?NUTTING. 63PLUMARELLA SPINOSA Kinoshlta (not KUkentbal).Plumarella spinosa Kinoshita, Primnoidse von Japan, 1908, p. 11.Colony 35 cm. long, and with a spread of 25 cm. ; strictly flabellate,the main stem giving off irregularly alternate main branches whichthemselves give off a few irregularly disposed secondary branches.Ultimate branches irregularly alternate, forming a plane surface,about 10 or 12 to 5 cm. The calyces are in 2 rows on distal ends oftwigs only, otherwise in 3 to 5 irregular rows, but not in whorls; club-shaped, 1.5 cm. high including operculum, and 1 mm. broad at distalend. The margin is armed with usually 4, sometimes 5 or 6, notvery long points. The scales are in 8 rows, 6 to the row except in theadaxials, which have 3. The scales regularly imbricating, each mtha rounded distal edge.The operculum is only moderately elevated, composed of flattriangular flaps, the ends of the -adaxial ones being tucked under theends of the others.Color: Axis dark brown, lightening distally. General color hghtbuffy-brown.Localities.?Stsiiion 4769; lat. 54? 30' 40" N.; long. 179? 14' E.;244-237 fathoms. Station 4781; lat. 52? 14' 30" N.; long. 174? 13'E. ; 482 fathoms. Station 4787 ; north point Copper Island, N. 79? E.,8.5 miles; 54-57 fathoms.Distribution.?The type was from Mochiyama, Japan, 180 fathoms,and other specimens from Doketsuba, Japan, 130 fathoms.The calyces resemble the type quite exactly. The specimendescribed above is coarser than the type and usually has 4 rows ofcalyces instead of 2, although there are 2 on the distal ends of thetwigs. PLUMARELLA FLABELLATA Versluys.Plumarella fiabdlata Versluys, Primnoidae of the Sihoga Expedition, 1906, p. 16.A fragmentary specimen is referred to this species. It consists of asingle branch 18 cm. long, slightly flattened (the cross section is 2 mm.by 2.5 mm.), forking distally.The ultimate branches are alternate, 10 or 11 to 5 cm. in length ofbranch. The calyces are irregularl}^ distributed on all sides of thebranches, sometimes in pairs but never in regular whorls, thicklycrowded, 25 to 30 in 1 cm. They are small, stout, club-shaped,usually less than 1 mm. in height. The scales are heavy, coarselygranulated, the edges wdth irregular lobes and points or irregularlyctenate. Some of the marginal scales bear short spines, but theyare often as represented by Versluys. Some of these points aretriangular and others are spatulate. The adaxials are 3 or 4 innumber; the abaxials 6.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.The operculum is strongly developed, conical, each flap consistingof a triangular scale beset with sharp points, the inner scales notmuch smaller than the outer.Locality.?Station 4784; East Cape, Attu Island, S. 18? W., 4miles; 135 fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is Japan.The specimen differs from the type in the superficial granulation ofthe scales and the presence of spines on many of the marginal scales,but it agrees well in other details.PLUMARELLA CARINATA Kinoshita.Plumarella carinata Kinoshita, Primnoidse von Japan, 1908, p. 17.Several specimens, mostly fragmentary, evidently belong to thisvery well-marked species.The calyx scales differ from others of the genus, except P. costataKtikenthal, by having well marked median carinas. These keels,however, are not easily seen when the specimen is immersed in fluid
;
but become quite evident when the specimen is partly dried.Another characteristic pointed out by Kinoshita is the compara-tively small size of the abaxial scales, these being actually smallerthan the laterals, a character that is very rare in this family. Anotherpeculiar feature is the abrupt turning upward of the calyx, which hasits basal part projecting outward and its distal part turned upward,thus resembling a tobacco pipe in form. This results in the adcaulineside of the calyces being entirely free from the branches.Localities.-^tsition 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles; 106-95 fathoms. Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42? E., 4.7 miles; 95fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is Kozu Island, south ofthe Province of Izu, Japan.This species very closely resembles Plumarella cristata Ktikenthal,*with which it may be identical, although this is denied by Kinoshita.PLUMARELLA SPICATA. new species.Plate 8, figs. 2, 2a; plate 18, fig. 6.A number of fragments from Station 4780 resemble Plumarellalongis'pina Kinoshita,^ but seem to be fairly distinct.Colony very loose and straggling in habit, flabeUate, irregularlybranching. The terminal twigs are about 6 to 8 in 5 cm. in length ofbranch. The calyces are irregularly distributed on two sides of thebranch, and are only accidentally in pairs. They often project at a
1 Kiikenthal und Gorzawsky, Japanlsche Gorgoniden, Teil 1, 1908, p. 16.>Prlmnoidae von Japan, 1908, p. 14.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 65right angle from the branch, but are usually incUned outward andupward. Calyces about 1 mm. high to base of spines, club-shaped,but not so much bent as is usual in this genus, although there isconsiderable variation in this feature.The marginal scales have long sharp spines, sometimes 1 mm. inlength. There are 6 scales to each abaxial and outer lateral rows,and 5 scales to each inner lateral and adaxial row. All the scaleshave minutely ctenate edges and minutely granulated surfaces.The operculum is very high, reaching almost to the ends of thespines, each scale being an acute-angled triangle, and the adaxialones being scarcely shorter than the others.The spicules of the stem and branches form an irregular mosaic",and do not greatly overlap.Color: The axis has a bright golden metallic luster, except on theproximal parts of the large branches, where it is greenish-brown.The general color of the colony is very Hght buffy-brown.Locality.?Stsition 4780; lat. 52? 01' N.; long. 174? 39' E.; 1,046fathoms (type). ? Station 4771; lat. 54? 30' N.; long. 179? 17' E.;426 fathoms. Specimens from the latter station are so fragmentaryand broken up that they are identified with doubt.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30050, U.S.N.MThis species has a more loose and straggling habit than any otherof the genus that I have seen.PLUMARELLA ADH^ffilRANS, new species.Plate 8, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 1.Colony (incomplete) 19 cm. long. The main stem, or branch, isflattened, being 2 by 3 mm. in section, and is forked near its middle.There are few secondary branches.The terminal twigs are in the same plane, alternate, and areusually 6 or 7 to each 2 cm. of length of stem or branch. The calycesare in two rows, but not in pairs, usually alternate, and there areusually 11 or 12 to each cm. of branch.The individual calyces are short, stout, almost conical, with theadaxial sides closely appressed to the branch almost to the margin,a little over 1 mm. in height and 0.7 mm. broad at margin. Abaxialand outer lateral marginal scales armed with sharp spines; other-wise the margin is quite even and clean cut all around. Abaxial andlateral scales 5 in a row; adaxial rows with 2 wide short scales. Allof the scales have even margins, not ctenate, but often with a centrallobe and comparatively smooth surfaces.The operculum is a low cone or dome, well developed, each flapbeing a rather broad flat triangle, the adaxial ones being but shghtlysmaller than the others and with their points scarcely overlapped by48702??Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.the latter. Tlie scales on the branches are rather large plates, thetwigs themselves being thicker than usual. The scales often havetheir edges imbricating.Color: The axis is a dull yellowish-olive, branches and calyceslight buffy-brown.Localities.?Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42? E., 4.7 miles; 95fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., L8 miles; 108 fathoms(type).Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 29799, U.S.N.M.This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the sizeand form of the calyces.Genus THOUARELLA Gray (modified).Colony usually flabellate and pinnate; ultimate twigs springingfrom all sides of the branches, very numerous; calyces either isolatedor in whorls, club-shaped, seldom adherent to the branches; caly-cular scales in 8 rows, at least distally.*THOUARELLA HILGENDORFI (Studer).Plumarella hilgendorfi Studer, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 648.Colony (incomplete) 14 cm. high and with a spread of 4.6 cm. Asingle branch only is present in the specimen described, which givesoff numerous twigs from all sides so closely set that a spiral arrange-ment can not be made out, and attains a length of 3.9 cm. Thosefrom the front of the colony are shorter, giving the whole specimen aflabellate appearance. The calyces are in whorls or short spirals of3, the summit of one not usually reaching the base of the one nextabove. There are about 18 whorls to 2 cm. in length of branches.The individual calyces are rather slender cones, but slightly benttoward the axis. Some are almost straight symmetrical cones, 1.3mm. high to margin. Each circumopercular scale has a mediankeel that is produced into a prominent point which is more pro-nounced than in Versluys's description. The eight rows of scalesoverlap laterally, so as to be obscured on proximal portions. Thereare apparently 6 scales in the abaxial rows and 5 adaxials. Theoperculum is concealed by the circumopercular scales. It is com-posed of triangular flaps, the adaxial somewhat smaller than theothers, and with their ends overlapped by the ends of the others.The stem scales are thin and more or less imbricating.Color: The colony is light yellowish-brown.Localities.?Station ?4771; lat. 54? 30' N.; long. 179? 17' E.; 426fathoms (fragment). Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42? E., 4.7
> Some of the points in this definition are condensed from that given by Kinoshita, rrimnoidae von Japan,1908, p. 21.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALGYONARIA?NUTTING. 67
miles; 95 fathoms. Station 4934; Sata Misaki Light, N. 77.5? E., 7miles; 152-103 fathoms (large colony, more decidedly brown than theothers). Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles; 103fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms(much hke the next, but the polyps are smaller; spiculation thesame). Station 5093; Joga Shima Light, N. 8? W., 5 miles; 302fathoms (brighter in color; spines very slender).General distribution.?^The type was from Yeddo Bay, Japan.Other locaHties are Kei Islands, East Indies, 204-540 meters; SagamiBay, Japan, 100-400 fathoms; Suruga Bay, Japan, 1,200 fathoms;Indian Ocean, 371 meters.These specimens differ from Versluys's figures ^ in slenderness ofcalyces and prominence of spines. The latter is also noted by Kino-shita in his description of this species.This is a very abundant and variable species, but the intergrada-tions indicate that all of the specimens noted belong to the sameform. THOUARELLA RECTA, new species.Plate 7, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 2.Colony incomplete, consisting of a stem 4.7 cm. long, on the distalpart of which the branches are arranged in spirals of three, whilethey are arranged irregularly on the proximal portion. The branchesare usually simple, often fork, and occasionally give off branchlets.The longest ultimate branchlet is 2.4 cm. long. Twigs very slender,those of a given row being about 2 mm. apart. Polyps quite distant,very irregularly distributed, mostly lateral, but showing a tendencyto an arrangement in long spirals of about 5 to a turn, each spiraloccupying about 4 mm. of the length of the twig.The calyces stand straight out from the branch, as in Stenella, andare almost radially symmetrical, although the mouth is often slightlyinclined toward the distal end of the colony. The height of a tj^picalcalyx is about 1.4 mm., although they vary greatly in size, as ifcalyces in various stages of growth were irregularly distributed alongthe branches. The circumopercular scales are all armed ^vith longslender spines. There are six scales to each longitudinal row in thecalyx walls, all provided with finely ctenate edges.The operculum is rather low and nearly concealed by the circum-opercular spines. The opercular scales are triangular, and there islittle if any distinction between the adaxial and the others. Thelarge edge of these scales is ctenate.The scales of the stem and branch surfaces are rounded or irregular,with some imbrication of their edges, and form two layers.
? PrimnoidaB of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, p. 27, fig. 17.
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Color: The axis is a golden brown on the proximal parts of thefragment, lightening distally. The calyces and coenenchyma of thebranches are very Hght, almost white.Locality.?Si&iion 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29? E., 24 miles;475-505 fathoms.Typespecimen.?CaX. No. 30040, U. S. N. M.This species resembles Thouarella laxa Versluys,^ but it differs con-sistently in the arrangement of the calyces, which are never, or onlyaccidentally, in pairs, as in the latter species.THOUARELLA TYPICA Kinoshila.Thouarella typica Kinoshita, Ann. Zool. Japan, ser. 6, vol. 3, 1907, p. 23.The specimen secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatrossis broken, but two specimens that seem to match measured together32 cm., with a spread of 5.6 cm. The stem is superficially very-dark, almost black. Greatest diameter 4.3 mm. The stem givesoff two branches. The twigs are very densely aggregated, forminga thick flattened brush, and arise from all sides of the stem, the longestbeing about 3.2 cm. in length.The calyces are in very short verticils of 2 or 3, there being 10 to12 verticils to 1 cm. in length of twig. The individual calyces arerather slender clubs, often almost conical, standing with their innersides almost touching the branch and their mouths opening upward.They are little over 1 mm. in height with an opercular diameterof about 0.7 mm. Calyx scales in very irregular rows, with plainrounded distal edges. The abaxial and lateral rows have 6 scalesto the row, and the adaxials 4. The circumopercular scales haveeach a strong keel projecting from the inner side of its distal edge,and this keel ends in a rather blunt flattened point.The operculum is quite low and is concealed by the circumopercularscales. Flaps rather slender triangles, those of the adaxial sidebeing shorter than the others and having their edges tucked underthem.The scales of the coenenchyma are rounded and often imbricatedlike fish scales.Color: The axis is very dark, almost black, in the stem and twigsalmost to their distal ends. The general color of the colony is agrayish-brown.Localities.?Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.The type-locality is west coast of Satsuma, Japan.
1 Primnojdae of the Siboga Expedition, 1906, p. 30.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTINQ. 69THOUARELLA STRIATA KUkenthal.Plate 10, figs. 2, 2a.Thouarella striata Kukenthal, Gorgoniden dea Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition,1907, p. 204.Colony flabellate in form, 32 cm. in height and with a spread of25 cm. The main stem is 1 cm. thick near base, and flattened, asare the main branches, and after sending off a few irregular smallbranches on one side the stem (11.5 cm. from its base) divides intotwo large branches. These divide irregularly into several branchlets,and these again sometimes cUvide until branchings of the fifth orderare reached. The ultimate twigs are pinnately arranged, close set,often forking, and forming a flabellate structure.The calyces are in irregular whorls of 5 or 6 to even 10, closelyset, nowhere distinct; but the calyces are arranged as in the genusEunicea, for instance, without distinction of well-defined whorlseven on the ultimate twigs. The calyces distinctly overlap. In 1cm. there are about 10 calyces in as near a longitudinal series ascan be found. The individual calyces are not so decided!}^ benttoward the branch as is usual in this genus, but the adaxial rowsof scales are reduced to 2 or 3. The calyces are about 1.5 mm.high, club-shaped, with a greatest diameter of about 1 mm. Thepol5^ps face upward, not inward. The scales all have ctenate edges,the upper ones have radiating ribs and the basal ones are withoutevident ribs. All scales have distinctly granulated or verrucosesurfaces, and the distal ones have radiating ridges, as stated above.All but the adaxial scales have usuall}^ 6 scales each, and thedistal scales have each a median rather blunt projecting point anda series of smaller lateral points on either side.The operculum is low, scarcely projecting above the marginalpoints, the incUvidual flaps being rather thick triangular scaleswith a roughly granulated surface. The abaxial ones project overthe points of the adaxial.The coenenchyma of the branches is covered with a mosaic ofirregular scales.Locality.?Station 4778, Semisopochnoi Island, right tangent S.45? W., left tangent S. 12? W., about 12 miles; 43-33 fathoms.Type-locality.?East side of Bouvet Island, South Sea, 457 meters.The lateral branches and terminal t\vigs of the specimen describedare coarser than is usual in this genus, reminding one of Galigorgla.THOUARELLA ALTERNATA, new species.Plate 9, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 3.Colony 16 cm. high, and mth a spread of 5.6 cm. The ultimatebranches are borne on three sides of the main stem and reach a lengthof 3.2 cm, and are thickly emplanted, the distance between adjacent
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.ones in a given row being but 3 mm. The calyces are distant andusually regularly alternate, averaging about 2 mm. apart. Theyare considerably curved, with large distal and slender proximalparts, as if borne on pedicels, they are almost never in pairs andare usually regularly alternate with the mouths opening upward.A typical calyx is 1.5 mm. high to margin. The scales are all thinand delicate, the circumopercular ones with long sharp spines,those on the adcauline scales being very short or absent. Theedges of the calyx scales are minutely ctenate. The circumopercularspines are 1 mm. long and very slender. Owing to the delicacyof the scales it is hard to determine the number in the several rows,but they are more numerous than usual, probably 8 or 9 in theabaxial rows and 6 or 7 in the laterals, and apparently 4 in theadaxials.The operculum is low, conical, composed of such exceedinglydelicate scales that they are seen with difficulty by reflected light.They are flat, triangular. The tentacles of the polyps are partlyprotruded.The scales are the most delicate of any that I have seen in thisfamily, but are of the common type found in Thouarella, Caligorgia,etc.Color: The axis of the stem is golden-green. The general colorof the colony is almost white.Localities.?Station 5079; Omai Saki Light, N. 29? E., 24 miles;475-505 fathoms. Station 5080; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 28miles; 505 fathoms (type).Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30097, U.S.N.M.The alternate disposition of the calyces and the number andextreme delicacy of the body scales are characteristic features ofthis species.Genus PRIMNODENDRON, new genus.Colony growing in dense flabellate tufts, each branch giving offa series of branchlets from all sides and each branchlet dividinginto a dense tuft of terminal twigs which together form a closelycompacted mass of twig terminations, most of which are directedanteriorly, fornung a peculiar matted surface. Calyces in indistinctrows, being neither in pairs nor in whorls. Individual calyces muchlike those of PlumareUa.Primnodendron differs from PlumareUa in bearing secondarybranchings from the terminal twigs, and from Thouarella in havingthe calyces arranged neither in pairs nor in whorls.Type of the genus.?Primnodendron superbum, new species.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 71PRIMNODENDRON SUPERBUM. new species.Plate 9, figs. 2, 2a; plate 19, fig. 4.Colony 31 cm. lugh, flabellate in general form. The main stemimmediately divides into three branches, the central branch formingthe main part of the colony. This gives off several lateral brancheswhich, in turn, give off innumerable branchlets. These latterdi"^nde so as to form a small rigid tuft of ultimate twigs which togetherform a compact flattened mass so thick as to look like certain lobateheads of coral, as, for example, Pocillopora or certain flat forms.Each main branch gives off very numerous branches from allsides, but those from the front and back are shorter than thosefrom the sides and terminate approximately on the same planes infront and back of the colony. All are very closely compacted sothat the spaces between the twig terminations are hardly greaterthan those occupied by the twig ends themselves.The calyces are rather thicldy emplanted on all sides of the twigs,neither in regular whorls nor in regular longitudinal rows, but some-times approaching the latter. In general there are from 4 to 6such irregular rows of calyces. The calyces are rather slendercurved clubs about 2 mm, long and 1 mm. broad at distal ends.Their openings face directly upward and their margins are orna-mented by sharp points from the abaxial and lateral marginalscales. The adaxial marginal scales have very minute points, ornone. Two or three horizontal rows of scales below the marginalshave similar but smaller points. The eight vertical rows of scalesare very plainly marked, and each scale overlaps considerably thebase of the one above and ends in a somewhat flaring thin marginwith a central point. These points decrease regularly in size fromthe margin to base of calyx, ending before the latter is reached.There are 6 or 7 scales in each abaxial, abaxial lateral and adaxiallateral row, and 3 or 4 to the adaxials.The operculum is well developed, each scale bearing a lengthenedpoint much like those around the calyx margin. The adaxial oper-cular scales are much smaller than the others, and bear no points.The scales in the coenenchyma are smaller than those in the calyxwalls, and are irregular in shape, forming a mosaic.Color: The colony is a light yellowish-brown and the axis is blackproximally, and lightens distally.Locality.?Station 4778; Semisopochnoi Island, right tangent S.45? W., left tangent S. 12? W., about 12 miles; 43-33 fathoms.A second specimen from the same station is larger than the onedescribed, being 45 cm. high.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.This is the handsomest primnoid in the collection, and showssuch marked differences from all other known forms that it formsthe type of a very well marked new genus.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30691, U.S.N.M.Family MURICEID^.^Axis horny, unjointed, not surrounded by a reguiar series of water-vascular canals. Calyces various, but never with apertures turnedtoward branch; a pseudo-operculum present, composed of 8 partseach of which is attached to a tentacle base and is usually com-posed of 3 spicules forming an acute-angled triangle; collaret present,composed of circular rows of spicules; coenenchyma usually bristlingwith spicules which are of exceedingly varied form.Genus ACANTHOGORGIA Gray (emended by Verrill and,later, by Nutting.)Calyces tubular, their walls with spicules arranged en chevron;margins with a crown of points composed of spicules with a distalthorny point and a proximal mass of tubercles or branched processes,the two parts being separated by a bend in the main shaft of thespicule. ACANTHOGORGIA STRIATA Nutting.Acanthogorgia striata Nutting, Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition, III, TheMuriceidse, 1910, p. 20.But a fragment of a branch 3.9 cm. long was secured by the U. S.Fisheries steamer Albatross.The calyces are rather thickly emplanted on all sides of the branch,in no apparent order. The mdividual calyces are tubular, with a,constriction at the distal end, 2.7 mm. high and 1.3 mm. in diameter.The margin is crowned with an indefinite number of sharp thornypoints, usually in small bundles of 3 or 4, projecting 1 mm. above themargin. The calyx walls are distinctly striated longitudinallyon account of the darker brown mesenteries showing through, andare furnished with 8 longitudinal bands of spicules very distinctlyarranged en chevron. Inside of the crown of points are a numberof similar points some of which lie along the dorsal surfaces of theinfolded tentacles.Spicules: The crown spicules are all of the regular acanthogorgiantype, about 1 mm. long, the distal portion smooth and the proximalpart not very abruptly bent and tuberculated. The other spiculesare small warty spindles with an occasional tuberculate form.Color: The colony is light-brown, and the calyces are longitudinallystriated with 8 darker bands.
J The definitions for the Muriceidiae and the genera included in It in the present worls: are condensed fromthe definitions given In the author's Monograph on the Muriceidse of the Siboga Expedition, 1910.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 73Locality.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.Distribution.?The type-locality is North Celebes, 80 meters; alsofomid by the Siboga Expedition in Banda Sea, 304 meters.ACANTHOGORGIA FUSCA, new species.Plate 10, figs. 1, la; plate 19, fig. 5.Colony flabellate in form, very dark in color, 12 cm. in height,and with a spread of 13 cm. The stem is unbranched for 6.1 cm.,above which two large branches are given off from each side and astub on one side. The main branches are closely approximated,and each sends off several irregularly disposed lateral brancheswhich sometimes fork, but usuahy remain sunple. The calyces arevery thickly distributed on all sides in indistinct whorls or spiralsof 4 or 5, the distance between calyces being usually considerablyless than 1 mm.The individual calyces are tubular with an abrupt constriction justbelow the tentacle bases, 1.8 to 2 mm. in height and with a greatestdiameter of 1 .2 mm. There is a crown of conspicuous points projectingupward and outward from the margm, each point being formed by asingle long sharp spicule projecting 1 mm. beyond the margm. Thecalyx walls are filled with long spindles arranged en chevron m 8rows, their points projecting upward and outward from the walls.The distal parts of the walls are much lighter in color than the restand seem to have smaller spicules, excepting those of the margin.Inside the crown are a number of sunilar thorny spindles bending overthe tentacle bases and almost completely concealing the latter whenviewed from above.The spicules are all spindles. Those of the crown are of the regularacanthogorgian type, 1.7 mm. long, with a long, slender, smoothpointed distal part, and a much shorter, densely tuberculate (butnot branched) proximal part which is bent at an angle with thedistal part and immersed in the calyx wall. The other spicules arebent or curved, rather slender spindles with surfaces covered withnot very closely crowded pointed tubercles.Color: The stem is dark brown, calyces umber-brown lighteningon distal parts; crown and tentacular portions appearing white onaccomit of the dense tuft of colorless spicules.Locality.?Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles; 103fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30051, U.S.N.M.
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 4r..ACANTHOGORGIA PARADOXA, new species.Plate 11, figs. 2, 2a; plate 20, fig. 1.Colony (fragmentary) irregular, 5.5 cm. in height and with aspread of 2.8 cm. The main stem is but 9 mm. long. Immediatelyabove the base it gives off 2 short stubs of branches, 1.8 cm. above thisa forked lateral branch is produced, and about 6 mm. above this lat-ter is a branch bearing 2 laterals which are on opposite sides. Thecalyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches,there sometunes being irregular whorls of about 5, although noregular arrangement is discernible.The individual calyces are strictly columnar in shape and attaina height of 3 mm. and a diameter of 1.3 mm. The margin is sur-rounded by a crown of spicules consisting of an irregular number ofsharp points projecting upward and outward. Withm the crownare a number of other similar points bending over the tentacle bases.The spiculation of the calyx walls is unique in the genus AcantJiogorgia.Their surface is covered by a layer of vertical and parallel spindlesmany of which extend straight from base to crown, their proximalends even bending and extending for some distance over the ccenen-chyma surromiding the calyces. Some of these spindles are nearly3 mm. long. Inside of these and occasionally showing betweenthem are a number of much smaller spindles which, at least near thedistal ends of the calyces, show the en chevron arrangement character-istic of the genus.Spicules : The crown spicules are of the regular acanthogorgian type,attainmg a length of nearly 3 mm. The proximal immersed por-tion is proportionally larger than in the last species and densely tuber-culate, and the distal part has a few distant points and is not sosmooth as in the last. The spicules of the outer layer of the calycesand branches are coarse, short, often bent, densely tuberculatespindles sometimes 3 mm. long. Besides these there are the muchsmaller spindles of the inner layer.Color: The whole colony is a rather light, clear tan-brown.Localities.?StSition 4890; Ose Saki Light, N. 2? W., 10 miles;135 fathoms (type). Station 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5miles; 95 fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles; 108fathoms (fragment).Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30035, U.S.N.M.This form may need a new genus to include it; but as it substantiallyagrees with the definition given for AcantJiogorgia, it is thought bestto place it here.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 75Genus ANTHOMURICEA Wright and Studer.Calyces cylindrical, without a crown of points, walls with spindlesarranged en chevron. Operculum conspicuous, 8-rayed, the basalpart with small spindles en chevron.Spicules without "Stachelplatten."ANTHOMURICEA ABERRANS. new species,Plate 13, figs. 3, 3a; plate 20, fig. 2.Colony flabellate, irregularly branching, 9.7 cm. liigh and witha spread of 8.5 cm. This stem is 3.4 mm. in diameter, slightly com-pressed laterally. After sendmg off four minute lateral branchesit forks about 1.2 cm. from its base, into two large branches, both ofwhich send off several irregularly disposed lateral branches whichsubdivide in the same manner until in one case branching of thefifth order is produced. The ultimate branches are scraggly, some-thing like those of an oak tree. The calyces are often in lateralposition, but are on all sides of the terminal parts of the colony.They are as much as 2 mm. apart on main stem and branches, andabout 1 mm. apart on the tmgs.The individual calyces are very low verrucae, but not entirelyincluded although they closely approach this condition when thepolyp is in complete retraction. Wlien partly expanded the calyxmay even approach the form of a very short tube, or rather circularband or collar, about 0.5 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. broad at base.The calyx walls are filled with simple spindles which are often curved.Some are bent and more or less horizontal, while others are obliqueor even vertical. In a dried fragment where the polyp was fairly wellexpanded the upper part of the calyx wall was armed with spindlesarranged plainly en chevron, as in Anthomuricea. The polyp is com-pletely retractile, but often rests with the collaret on the margin.The collaret is well marked but narrow, consisting usually of two orthree circular rows of spindles. The operculum is composed of theusual three spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle, reenforcedby others in varying numbers. Each of the long sides of the triangleis often composed of two curved spindles l3dng side by side, insteadof a single one.Spicules: The spicules of the coenenchyma are small warty spindleslying haphazard. All spicules in this species are rather slender spin-dles, often curved and covered moderately well wdth tubercles, seldomexceeding 1.3 mm. in length, being smaller than in other species of thegenus.Color: The colony is gray; axis yellowish-brown with a faint goldenluster.
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Locality.?Station 4987; Kamoi Msaki Light, N. 76? E., 3.2 miles;59 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30037, U.S.N.M.This species differs from others in the genus m the calyces, wliichare not truly cylindrical, and in the tendency toward a definite enchevron arrangement in the calyx walls.Genus MURICEIDES V/right and Studer (einended byNutting).Muricddes Stvder-]- Clematma Studer.Calyces cylindrical or conical, their walls filled with verticallyplaced spindles, clubs, disks, tri-radiate forms, etc. No crown ofpoints. Spicules on tentacle bases arranged en chevron.MURICEIDES CYLINDRICA, new species.Plate 11, figs. 1, la; plate 20, fig. 3.Colony stragghng in habit, 15 cm. in height, soft and flexible, flat-tened at branch origins, giving off' two ramified branches near itsbase which are at right angles to the other branches. These latterare on the same plane and are very irregularly disposed, there being6 on one side and 3 on the other. The calyces are irregularly distrib-uted on the branches, but are ordinarily lateral in position althoughthey are on all sides of the distal twdgs. On an average they are about2 mm. apart, although this varies greatly.The variation in size of individual calyces is also very great. Theyare tubular in form and arc surmounted by the pol}^ head, which isrelatively large. A tj^ical calyx measures a little over 2 mm. tomargin and is 1.7 mm. in diameter, and the mass of tentacles andoperculiun rises about 2 mm. above this. The walls are filled withrather small, short, much tuberculated spindles vertically arrangedand ending in jagged, irregular, not conspicuous points around themargm. The polyps are apparently not retractile, all of them restingwith the collaret above the margin. Collaret very strong, composedof several transverse rows of rather small spindles aggregated in aconspicuous band.The operculum is heavy, composed of numerous rather small spin-dles arranged en chevron on basal parts of tentacles and lying parallelin vertical bands on distal parts.These bands are broad and conspicuous, covering the entire dorsalsurfaces of the tentacles. The coenenchyma of stem and branches iscovered with small, stout, warty spindles irregularly disposed, butmore often longitudinally arranged.Spicules : These are all spindles, small for this family, those of calyxwalls longer and relatively more slender than those of the coenen-
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 77chyma, which are often terete forms, closely tuberculated. Smallirregular spicules with expanded bases are sometimes seen. Veryrarely they are branched.Color: The colony is dull yellowish-brown, and the spicules arecolorless.Localities.?Station 4781; lat. 52? 14' 30" N.; long. 174? 13' E.;482 fathoms (type). ? Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42? E., 4.7miles; 95 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30046, U.S.N.M.In general appearance this species resembles the genus Anthogorgia,but differs notably from that genus in the arrangement of the oper-cular spindles and in the size of the spicules in general. A specimenfrom station 4895 appears to belong to this species, but the calyces aremuch smaller, as if shrunken.MURICEIDES NIGRA, new species.Plate 12, figs. 1, la; plate 20, fig. 4.Colony flabellate, resembling Muricea or Plexaura in general appear-ance, 17.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 9 cm. The stem is short,and is 6.5 mm. in diameter. A branch is given oflf 1.7 mm. from itsbase, and this again branches, throwing off several lateral branchlets,some of which are again divided; 6.6 cm. from its base the stem againdivides into two subequal parts each of which bears several lateralbranchlets which are directed upward, as in Plexaura. The calycesare rather regularly distributed on all sides of the stem and branchesmthout, however, showing any definite order. They are about 2 mm.apart on distal parts of the colony and more widely separated on theproximal parts.The individual calyces are tubular, a typical one measuring 3 mm.to its margin, and it has a diameter of 2 mm. Many, however, aremuch shorter. The walls are filled with quite small spindles, irregu-larly arranged, but with a strcfng tendency toward a vertical position.The spicules are smaller than in M. cylindrica. The polyps are onlypartially retractile, resting with their collarets above the margins.The collaret is well marked, Avith 2 to 4 rows of spicules encircling thepolyp just below the tentacle bases. The operculum is dome-shaped,moderately high, composed of spicules arranged en chevron on tentaclebases, and others forming longitudinal bands of 3 or 4 spicules inwidth on the distal parts of the tentacles. The coenenchyma bearssmall spindles arranged longitudinally.Spicules: These are mostly spindles which are minute for thisfamily, rather closely tuberculated. There are also a few small, irreg-ular tuberculate forms.Color: The colony (in alcohol) is very dark brown, almost black.The black color is most unusual among the Gorgonacea. This may,
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.however, possibly be due to some action of the preservative or otherchemical process.Locality.?Station 4784; East Cape, Attu Island, S. 18? W., 4miles; 135 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30019, U.S.N.M.Genus MURICELLA (emended).Calyces in the form of verrucse or truncated cones, spicules all spin^dies vertically arranged except on tentacle bases, where they are enchevron. Calyx margin often showing eight blunt points.MURICELLA RETICULATA, new species.Plate 14, figs. 1, la; plate 20, fig. 5.Colony flabellate and reticulate, 24 cm. in height and with a spreadof 15.5 cm. The main stem is straight for much of its length, givingoff numerous but irregularly disposed lateral branches, laterally com-pressed except at basal portion, where it is round and 4 mm. indiameter. On the branch-bearing part it is 5 by 3.5 mm. in section.The main branches are likewise compressed in the same manner, espe-cially in their proximal parts. Those on one side are alternatingstubs and large branches which often again divide, usually in a pinnatemanner, the ultimate twigs often anastomosing with those of adjacentbranches. Branchings of the fourth order are sometimes attained.The branches are about 5 cm. apart. The calyces are thickly dis-tributed on all sides of the branches, but are less abundant on theback of the colony and most abundant on distal parts of the twigs,where they are usually less than 1 mm. apart.The individual calyces are low cones or short tubes according to thestate of retraction of the polyps. A typical calyic measures 1 mm.high to the collaret and is 1.3 mm. broad at the base; but they varymuch in size. Their walls are covered with rather heavy warty spin-dles which often encircle the basal patt, but may lie in almost anydirection. On the distal parts the spindles are smaller, tending to bevertical, sometimes approaching an en chevron arrangement, formingblunt points which arise at regular intervals around the margin.Tentacles armed with strong spindles which are arranged en chevronproximally and are longitudinal distally.Spicules : Besides the spindles in the calyx walls and polyps, thereare two sorts found in the coenenchyma: 1, very large, heavy tuber-culate spindles which are placed often at distant intervals and some-times attain a length of 2.5 mm.; and 2, spindles of much smallersize, often lying deeper on stem and branches, usually longitudinallydisposed except where they encircle the calyx bases.Color : Colony deep chocolate-brown, silvered by the large colorlessspicules.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 79Localities.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms (type). Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5miles; 106-95 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30045, U.S.N.M.This species bears a superficial resemblance to Versluysia ramosa(Thomson and Henderson)^; but the spiculation of calyces and ten-tacles shows it to be a Muricella.MURICELLA ABNORMALIS, new species.Plate 11, figs. 3, 3a; plate 20, fig. 6.Colony (incomplete) consisting of three simple, straight, cylindricalbranches, joined at their bases. The largest is 7.3 cm. in length andhas a diameter of 4.5 mm. The general aspect of the branch is notat all like the typical MuriceUa, but more like the genus Thesea. Thespiculation, however, shows that it can not belong to the latter genus.The calyces are thickly distributed on all sides, being seldom morethan 1.5 mm. apart and usually much closer.The individual calyces are short cylinders or truncated cones, atypical one measuring 2 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter.Their walls are filled with loosely embedded long slender spindles,much more delicate than is usual in this genus, vertically disposed inproximal parts and with their distal ends approximated in an enchevron arrangement in distal part. Some of these spindles reachfrom base to beyond the margin of the calyx. Margin with 8 tri-angular points, usually equidistant, formed by the distal ends of oneor more of these spindles.The polyps are retractile, and their spiculation differs from mostspecies of this genus. There is a distinct, strong collaret composed oftwo or more circular rows of long, often curved, spindles. The oper-culum is composed mainly, if not exclusively, of three spindles whichare so disposed as to form an acute-angled triangle pointing towardthe center of the operculum. This is quite different from other speciesin the genus.Spicules: These are all slender, often bent or curved spindles; some-times attaining a length of 2 mm., but much more slender than isusual in this genus. Their surface is covered with sharply pointedtubercles which are much more thickly distributed on the larger thanon the smaller spindles. These spindles, especially when curved,closely resemble many found in the genus Acanthogorgia.Color: Very light yellowish or creamy-white. The axis is brown.LocaZiiy.?Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms.Type-specimen.?QaX. No. 30093, U.S.N.M.It is with great hesitation that I place this species in the genusMuricella on account of the peculiar formation of the pseudo-oper-culum. Otherwise it goes into the genus easily enough.
> Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Supplementary Reports, No. XX, 1905, p. 301.
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Genus THESEA Duchassaing and Miehelotti (nnodified byNutting).Calyces verruciform, their walls filled with broad scale-like spindlesarmed with thorny processes on one side only, the opposite edge beingtuberciilate. Scales imbricating, the thorny processes being upper-most and overlapping the lower edges of other spicules. Heavyordinary spindles are also present.THESEA PLACODERMA Nutting.Thesea placodermn Nutting, Muriceidse of the Siboga Expedition, 1910, p. 54.Colony flabellate, not reticulate, 7.3 cm. in height and with a spreadof 4.6 cm.The main stem is 2 mm. in diameter and gives off a few stubs ofbranches on one side and a number of simple twigs and two compoundbranches on the other. Branches of the third order sometimes pro-duced. The distance between branches varies considerably, perhapsaveraging 4 to 6 mm. The calyces are mostly lateral, with a few onfront and back, particularly on distal parts. They are ordinarilyless than 1 mm. apart.The individual calyces are low verrucas of variable height, usuallynot exceeding 1 mm., and about 1.3 mm. in diameter. Their wallsare filled with heavy plates or spindles with their upper edges armedwith & row of jagged teeth. These scales are imbricating, the teethpointing upward and outward and surrounding the margin with anirregular series of points. The polyps are retracted to their collarets.The operculum is heavy, each flap being composed mainly of two longspindles with their proximal ends divaricated and their distal endsapproximated to form a point near the center of the mass of infoldedtentacles.Spicules: These are of the characteristic Thesea type, as describedabove. The coenenchyma of stem and branches is covered with scale-like plates with irregular, often jagged, edges.Color: The axis is dark brown, and the general color of the colonyis grayish-brown.Localities.?St&tion 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles; 103fathoms.The type-locality is in Flores Sea, East Indies, 73 meters.Genus ACIS Duchassaing and Miehelotti (modified byNutting).Colony branched, calyces varying in form, their walls and the ten-tacle bases with spindles not en chevron. Spicules of the coenenchymavery heavy spindles or plates, their edges often fitted as in mosaic.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 81ACIS SQUAMATA Nutting.Acis squamata Nutting, Muriceidse of the Siboga Expedition, 1910, p. 42.Colony flabellate, very profusely branched, 6.2 cm. long and with aspread of 5.2 cm. The base is lacking, the part preserved consistingof two main branches which anastomose distally, their basal partsbeing free. The larger branches are three in number, sending offnumerous side branches some of which agaui divide until branches ofthe fourth order are produced. Side branches very closely approxi-mated, often not more than 1 mm. apart. The calyces are all anterioror antero-lateral, mostly the latter, close set, less than 1 mm. apartand often contiguous.The individual calyces are variable in shape, being low verrucae,short tubes, or truncated cones. A typical one measures 1.7 mm. inheight and 2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are armed with largesquarish plates often m two, sometimes in three, series. The trans-verse diameter of these plates is usually longer than the vertical, andtheir free edges are thin and finely ctenate, the other edges being fittedtogether forming a complete covering. The free edges are usuallyrounded. The distal row looks like an operculum composed of aflattened scale for each tentacle, but dissection shows that the trueoperculum is under these and is composed of two comparativelyslender spindles lying longitudinally along the dorsal surfaces of thetentacles. The coenenchyma is covered with squarish or polygonalplates, their edges nicely fitted. Those on the anterior surface of thecolony are much larger than the others, sometimes reaching a lengthof 4 mm. Those on the back of the colony are small, squarish orpolygonal plates averaging not more than 1 mm. in diameter.The spicules have already been described. They are the heaviestthat the writer has seen in the Gorgonacea.Color: The axis is dark brown, and the polyps are dark umber-brown with a slight purplish tinge. The general surface is white, butthe duslry^ color of the axis and polyps shows through somewhat,imparting a slightly bluish tinge.Locality.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.The type-locality is Dutch East Indies, near Saleyer Island, 400meters.The U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimens agree with thetype except in the color of axis and polyps, which, in the type, aremuch lighter. This may be due partly to the fact that the Sihogamaterial has been longer preserved m alcohol than that secured bythe Albatross.48702??Proc.N.M.Yol.43?12 6
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.ACIS SPINIFERA, new species.Plate 13, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 1.Colony flabellate, straggling in habit, 9.6 cm. in height and with aspread of 10 cm. The main stem is erect, slightly sinuous, 2.5 mm.in diameter. The first branch arises 1.7 cm. from the base. Thebranches are lateral and, for the most part, sub-opposite, 6 on oneside and 7 on the other, about 9 mm. apart on the average, and 1.8mm. in diameter. Some of them give off branchlets to the fourthorder. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the stem andbranches, often less than 1 mm. apart.The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders or broadlytruncated cones, a typical one measuring 2.4 mm. in height to top ofspines and 2 mm. broad at base. The walls are covered with broadscale-like plates, usually broader than long, imbricating. Those ofthe lower row have free rounded margins which are finely ctenateand overlap the plates of the upper row. The marginal plates havebroad bases, the sides of which overlap and are suddenly narroweddistally into prominent spine-like points which surround the marginwith a conspicuous crown of points which are somewhat spatulateand often project more than 1 mm. beyond the margin. Usuallythere are but two rows of plates on each calyx wall, although theedges of the plates of the surrounding coenenchyma may extendsomewhat upward over the basal part of the calyx. The collaret iswell developed, consisting of two or more rows of transverse spicules.The operculum is regular, composed of three spindles forming anacute angled triangle.There are two layers of spicules on the stem and branches. First,an outer layer of heavy plates or scales, usually polygonal, of variousshapes and sizes, sometimes with edges nicely fitted; but the largerones often have the edges more or less imbricated, and are rarely aslarge as the calyx spicules. Second, a very thin delicate layer ofminute rather sparsely distributed spindles.Spicules: Mostly polygonal plates of various shapes and sizes, thelargest usually curved to fit the calyx or branch, attaining a size of2.5 by 2 mm. The spine scales of the margin are often 2 by 1 mm.There are also spindles from the collaret and operculum, and minuteones from the inner layer of the coenenchyma.Color: The colony is tan-brown throughout, and the axis darkgolden-brown.Locality.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.Tyye-sj}ecimen.?Q2.i. No. 30088, U.S.N.M.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALGYONARIA?NUTTINO. 83This form resembles Ads spinosa Thomson and Simpson/ butdiffers in color, and has much larger spicules, according to the meas-urements given by these authors.Genus PLACOGORGIA ^A'^ight and Studer (emended byNutting).Colony flabellate, sometimes reticulate; calyces low cones or ver-rucse, their walls filled with imbricating disks or ''Stachelplatten;"operculum composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled tri-angle in each opercular flap.PLACOGORGIA JAPONICA, new species.Plate 13, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 2.Colony (incomplete) 8.4 cm. long. Stem 6 mm. wide at baseabove which it forks into two very unequal main branches, the smallerof which forms the main part of the specimen. This again forks 1.6cm. from its origin, and but one of the resultant branches remains.Above this the stem is imbranched for 2.5 cm., when it again forks.The ultimate branchlets are 3 mm. in diameter. The calyces are dis-tributed on all sides, more thickly on the distal parts, forming clusterson the ends of the twigs, and sometimes being as much as 2.5 mm.apart on the proximal parts of the colony.The individual calyces are low, dome-like verrucse, a typical onemeasuring 2.1 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls arefdled with spindles or long flattened plates of various forms andvariously arranged. Sometimes these plates encircle the base andat others they are all vertical in position, looking like strong spindles.In other cases the plates are haphazard in position, the distal oneswith a tendency to be vertical. These vertical spicules are oftentriangular plates with comparatively straight edges, their acuteangles forming a series of irregular points around the margin.The polyp is retractile, but often rests with the collaret just abovethe calyx margin. This (the collaret) is strong, composed of two orthree rows of encircling spindles. The operculum is composed ofthree spindles forming an acute-angled triangle on each flap. Thepoints of the triangles thus formed reach almost to the center of themass of infolded tentacles.Spicules: These are mostly heavy plates with various contours, butnever forked nor conspicuously branched. They are usually oblong,sometimes squarish, triangular, or roughl}^ oval in outline, seldomexceeding 2 mm. in length, and have their corners rounded. Thereare a few small spindles.
1 Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, vol. 2, 1909, p. 77.
84 i'llOVl'lDUlNOH OF THK NATIONAL MUHEUM. vol.43.Color: The axis is brown proxiinally, lightening diHtally; colony ingeneral apparently dark lirown, but this seems to be accidental, as thespicules when in situ are covered with black or dark-brown speckswhich do not appear in the cleaned spicules. The polyps are umber-browii.Localities.?Station 4935; Sata Misaki T.ight, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles;103 fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms. Station 5070 (<.ypc); Oso Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles;108 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30090, U.S.N.M.This species approaches Muricclla, on the one hand, in the strongspindles, and Ads in some of the plate-like spicules. It boars someresemblance to Aainthomuricea ramosa Thomson and Henderson.
*
This species, however, will go wsy well into the genus Placogorgiaof iiiifhors.Genus VILLOGORGIA Duchassaing and Michelotti (emendedby "Wright and Studer).(/olonyflabellale, often reticidate; cnnnenchyma thin; calyces short;cylinders with an operculum in which each flap is comp?)sed of threespindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle. vSpicules mainly tri-radiate or quadriradiate forms, or "Stachelplatten."VILLOGORGIA BRUNNEA, new species.
Plate- J 2, Hot. 2, 'Zn; plain 21, (if?. :?.(Jolony llab(5llate and reticulate, 5.8 cm. higli and with a spread of 4.9cm. Main stem 2 mm. in diameter; mm. from its base it forksinto two subequnl branches, offslioots of whicli anastomose. Branch-lets op})osit(^ and irregularly alternate, some of the distal ones againbranching. The distance between branchlets averages about 5 mm.The calyces are n)aiiily lateral, but some are on the front of the colony,irregularly alternate on ajitcro-latcral surface, about 1.5 mm. apart.The imlividual calyces are in the form of short cylinders, a typicalone measuring 1 .3 nnn. high to margin and 1.5 mm. broad. Thf^y areoften more like broadly truncated cones. Their walls are filled withsmall trira(Hate and rpiarhiradiate spicules, the points of which areinc()nspicuous ])ut wliich are directed slightly upward and outwardfrom the walls. There are no marginal points. The l)olyps usuallyrest with their collarets on the margin. Collarets well marked, con-sisting of two or more circular rows of spindles. Operculum formedmainly of three spindles in the usual position for this gcims, formingan acUte-angled triangle pointing toward the center of the dome-shap(Ml tentacular mass. There are usually a few accessory spiculesparallel with the others.
? Alcyonarla of Iho Indian Ocean, vol. 1, lonfi, p. fil.
NO. 102:?. DESCRIPTIONf^ OF PACIFTC ALOYONARIA?NUTTINO. 85Spicules: These are mainly small triradiatc and quadriradiatoforms and butterfly shapes. Irregularly branched and radiate forms,with a few true spindles and a few clubs and daggers are found.Color: A rather lively yellowish-brown.Locality.?Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles;103 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Csit. No. 30098, U.S.N.M.Another specimen from the same station is characterized by muchmore prominent spicules, those on the calyx walls forming evidentpoints.Genus ELASMOGORGIA Wright and Studer (emended).Colony simple or sparingly branched, very slender and flexible;calyces very low and distant verrucse; spicules medium-sized spindle^,not attaining the size of those in Muricella or Acis.ELASMOGORGIA FILIFORMIS Wright and Studer.Elasmogorgia fdifonnis Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1SS9, p. 133.Colony an unbranched stem, very slender and flexible, 47 cm. long,diameter 1 mm.Although in places the calyces tend to be lateral and alternate, theyare really on all sides of the stem, somewhat distant but irregularlyspaced, being about 3 mm. apart.The individual calyces are low conical verrucse, about 0.7 mm. highand with a basal diameter of about 1.8 mm., although this is hard toestimate because the calyx walls slope so insensibly into the generalsurface of the coenenchyma. The calyx walls arc filled with smallshort spindles arranged transversely on lower parts and a few smallones vertically placed around the margin, their ends forming aninconspicuous circlet of points. The polyps are usually completelyretracted ami almost entirely concealed by the indrawn margins.Some of them, however, rest with the collaret on the margin. Thecollaret is well marked, consisting of two or more circular rows ofspindles. The operculum is strong, each flap consisting of tlireespindles forming an acute-angled triangle, reenforced by others l^'ingparallel to these, or disposed longitudinally on the distal parts of thetentacles.The coenenchyma is flllcd with a compact layer of short stoutspindles lying lengthwise of the stem.Spicules: These are all rather small spindles for this family, tlieirsurface covered with cons])icuous verrucae.Color: TJie colony is rather dark brown; axis almost black.Locality.Station 4837 ; Tateisha Zaki Light, S. 53? E., 8 miles; 57fathoms.
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.General distribution.?Type-locality, Arafura Sea, 28 fathoms.Keported by Nutting from California coast, 75-134 fathoms, andDutch East Indies, 112 meters.ELASMOGORGIA RAMOSA, new species.Plate 15, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 4.Colony subflabellate in form, 12.5 cm. in height and with a spreadof 8.5 cm. Stem sinuous, 3.2 mm. in diameter, giving off irregularlydisposed lateral branches at varying distances. Some of these latterbranch until brandlings of the fourth order are attained.The branches are slightly clavate at ends, with a distal diameter of2.3 mm., and near base of 1 .7 mm. The calyces are entirely immersed,so that merely the mouths are evident as oval openings in the generalsurface of the coenenchyma. The calyx walls are not differentiatedfrom coenenchyma and are covered with short terete spindles withctenate edges, sometimes imbricating. The operculum is irregularwith mostly longitudinal spicules; sometimes there is an approachto the regular arrangement of three forming an acute-angled triangle.The spicules are all spindles wliich are short, small for this family,and covered with verrucse.Color: The colony is very light grayish-brown.Locality.?Station 4935; Sata IMisaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles;103 fathoms.Type-specimen.?C&t. No. 30043, U.S.N.M.The regular branching seems to be a character which is sufficientto constitute a new species.Genus MENELLA Gray (emended by Nutting).Colony sparingly branched; coenenchyma tliick; calyces included,elliptical in cross section. When the polyps are retracted there is aseries of 8 soft lobes inside of the calyx margins. Spicules various,true spindles being rare. MENELLA INDICA Gray.(The original reference is not accessible to the writer, who identifies this species onthe strength of the description given by Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, theAlcyonaria, 1889, p. liv.)Colony an unbranched cylindrical stem, 29.5 cm. long, averagediameter 1.8 mm., but the diameter near the clavate end is 2.1 mm.Calyces distributed rather unevenly on all sides, the low verrucsefading almost insensibly into the general surface and making it hardto determine their limits. Two mm. is a common distance from sum-mit to summit. The individual calyces are almost entirely included,distinctly oval in section, less than 1 mm. in height. Diameters 1.3
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALGYONARIA?NUTTINO. 87and 1.8 mm. The calyx walls are studded with sharp, conspicuouspoints projecting upward, particularly evident around the margin,where they form a crown of numerous points. Similar projectionsgive a bristling appearance to the entire ccenenchyma. The polypsare completely retractile and are all sunken so that the operculum isconsiderably below the margin. The operculum is composed ofdelicate spindles, two of which are nearly parallel along the dorsum ofeach tentacle.Spicules: These are exceedingly varied in form. The most con-spicuous is a quadriradiate form consisting of a triradiate base fromwhich a much larger, straight, comparatively smooth point arises.This is the form that furnishes the bristling points mentioned above.There are also triradiate and multiradiate forms, symmetrical andunsymmetrical, a few five-pointed stars and ordinary spindles.Color: The colony is rather dark grayish-brown; the spiculescolorless.Locality.Station 5071; Ose Saki Light, S. 53.5? W., 2.6 miles; 57fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is ''India" (Gray).The U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross specimen agrees well with thedescription given by Wright and Studer. The stem is very flexible,so that it can be tightly coiled without breaking, even after severalyears immersion in alcohol.Genus BEBRYCE Philippi (modified by Kolliker).Ccenenchyma very thin, the outer layer filled with peculiar spiculeswhich are shaped like a collar button and have usually frilled or scal-loped margins. They usually have a darker center and lighter mar-ginal area when in situ.BEBRYCE mCKSONI Thomson and Henderson.Bebryce hicksoni Thomson and Henderson, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports; Sup-plementary Reports, No. XX, 1905, p. 294.Colony flabellate, rudely pinnate, 10.2 cm. high and with a spread ofabout 9.4 cm. The main stem is straight and, like the main branches,is distinctly flattened, being 1 .5mm . by 2mm . in section. The branchesare all lateral and in the same plane. One branch is compound andthe others are simple on one side of the colony, and there are twocompound branches and two short stubs on the other side. Branch-ings of the fourth order are produced, but there are no anastomoses andno terminal calyces. The calyces are almost all lateral in position,except near the distal ends of twigs, where they are on all sides.Generally they are either alternate or opposite in arrangement.The individual calyces are conical or dome-shaped; a typical onemeasures 1 .2 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.filled with small round disks with darker centers and lighter edges.The polyps are retractile, with well-marked collarets consisting ofusually three wavy bands of spicules, the convexities lying at thetentacle bases. The operculum is strong, composed of the usual threespindles forming an acute-angled triangle reenforced by other similarspindles, some of wliich lie along the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles.Spicules: These are of the characteristic "collar-button" type ofthis genus, the central stalk or pillar between the two expanded por-tions being rather longer than in other species, and the edges of thelower, or larger, disks being frilled. There are also a few slender,tuberculate, and often curved spindles.Locality.?Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4,5 miles;103 fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality, Ceylon Seas; also reportedfrom the Dutch East Indies (Nutting).Family PLEXAURID.^:.Axis composed of lime salts and corneous matter, not in regularsegments; calyces often included, found on all sides of the stem andbranches; spicules various, often club-shaped; coenenchyma tliick,with a regular series of large primary water-vascular canals arrangedaround the axis cylinder.Genus EUPLEXAURA Verrill (emended).Axis consisting of a horny core surrounded by a thick cylinder ofhorny material extensively impregnated with calcareous matter.Calyces rather large for this family. Spicules mostly short, wartyspindles and small crosses.EUPLEXAURA PINNATA Wright and Studer.Euplexaura pinnata Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 144.Colony subflabellate, straggling in habit. Stem round, 4 mm.thick, unbranched for 4.8 cm. of its length. It then gives off a pairof opposite branches which attain branchings of the fourth order.Above tliis a number of lateral branches are given off, some opposite,some subopposite and some alternate ; all rather distant, the distancevarying from 1 cm. to 2.3 cm. The branches are slightly clavate attheir ends and have a diameter of about 2.5 mm. The calyces arefairly regularly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches andare completely included in the coenenchyma, their oval openings aloneindicating their presence aside from a slight tumidity around themargins. They are about 1.8 mm. from center to center. Thepolyps are completely rectractile. The tentacles bear longitudinallydisposed curved spindles.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 89Spicules: These are all small ovate or terete forms; densely tiiber-eiilate clubs, double clubs and sometimes double wheels or collar-button forms, reminding one of the genus Behryce, are also found.Color: The colony is grayish-brown.Locality.?StSitioii 4894; Ose Saki Light, N. 41? E., 5 miles; 95fathoms.Type-locality.?Kobe, Japan, 8 and 50 fathoms.The primary water-vascular canals are not easily made out, andthis species is hard to differentiate from some Muriceidse, such asBehryce.Family ISID^ Gray (modified by Wright and Studer).Axis composed of alternating calcareous and horny joints, both ofwhich are amorphous. ^Genus ACANELLA Gray (amended by Verrill).Branches arising from the short horny internodes of the axis. Noexternal layer of scale-like spicules.ACANELLA NORMANI Verrill.Acanella normani Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci. and Arts, vol. 16, 1878, p. 212.Colony erect, tree-like, 16 cm. high. The root bears heavy branch-ing calcareous processes. The stem with lower nodes shorter andthe upper longer, dividing into three main branches about 3 cm.from its base. Each of these gives off usually two, sometimes threebranchlets in verticils from its horny nodes. Branchings to thefourth order are attained. The ccenenchyma is thin. The polypsare uniserial and distant on proximal parts of the branches, none onthe stem and larger branches, often about 4 mm. apart, sometimesopposite, more closely crowded on distal parts where the termmalones are often in pairs and larger than the others, sometimes attaininga height of 4.5 mm.The calyces are variable in shape, sometimes cylindrical, sometimesalmost obconical as if on pedicels. Their walls are armed with longsharp spindles, which often project far beyond the margin in eightpoints. Some of these spicules on the outer side of calyx are verylarge and strong, running the entire length of the calyx and attaininga length of 3.5 mm. They are often curved and pass obliquely partlyaround the calyx walls. Their surfaces are covered with minutespmules, as described by Verrill.Color: The colony is ivory-white with a brownish cast. Polypsgolden-brown.Locality.?Station 4956; Mizunoko Shima Light, N. 22? W., 33miles; 720 fathoms.
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.General distribution.?Type-locality, Atlantic coast of NorthAmerica, at considerable depths.Genus BATHYGORGIA Wright and Studer.Spicules of polyps and coenenchyma bar-like forms with turgidrounded ends, often biclavate.BATHYGORGIA PROFUNDA Wright and Studer.Bathygorgia profunda Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 32.A fragment secured by the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatrossevidently belongs to this species. It is 11.4 cm. long, and consistsmainly of two stems or branches which seem to adhere throughout,a condition which is probably accidental or abnormal.The longest calcareous joint is 4.2 cm. long. The homy joints arevery short. The calyces are distant, unequall}^ distributed on allsides of the stem or branch, and are spaced about 7 mm. apart. Thereis a small branch given off from near the top of one of the calcareousjomts, the polyps vary greatly in size, one of the largest being 4 mm.in height with a diameter of 1.5 mm., somewhat larger distally.There are a number of large, biclavate spicules or bars with enlargedends. These bar-like forms are mostly longitudinal, but may beoblique on the basal part of the body. They seem to be stuck on tothe surface of the coenenchyma, and attain a length of 2 mm. Theupper part of calyx walls and bases of the tentacles bear smallerspicules of the same shape, usuall}^ longitudinal in position, but oftencriss-cross. The dorsal surface of the tentacle on median parts iscovered with small bar-like spindles which are mamly transverse.Spicules: These are all bar-like forms, mth turgid ends and surfacesirregularly striated and bearii^ig minute points.The coenenchyma is thin and contains numerous minute spiculesof the same type.Color: Orange-brown, with the axis showing plainly through thecoenenchyma. The polyps are dark brown, silvered by the spicules.iomZ%.?Station 4766; Koniuji Island, S. 22.5? W., 27 miles;1,766 fathoms.Type-locality.?Between Yokohama and the Sandwich Islands,2,300 fathoms. Genus CERATOISIS Wright.Calyces with a crown of needle-like spicules; axis simple or branched;coenenchyma and often the calyces with oblong lenticular or ovalscales with comparatively^ smooth surfaces.
'CO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTINQ. 91CERATOISIS PAUCISPINOSA Wright and Studer.Ceratoisis paucispinosa Wright and Studer, Challenger Keports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 28.A few fragments are ascribed to this species. The largest is adenuded axis 13 cm. long; longest joint, 2.4 cm.; diameter, 1.6 mm.The horny joints are very short.Another fragment has a few polyps. The calyces are long andslender, curved basally so as to lie along the sj^em facmg upward.Length to tip of spines, 6.5 mm; diameter at margin, 1.8 mm.; nearbase, 1.3 mm. There are a few remarkably long pointed spinesiymg vertically in the polyp walls, some of which have their pointsprojecting beyond the margin, forming a very conspicuous crown ofpoints. One of these spicules in 4.5 mm. long. Similar spiculesIymg loose in the bottle measure 5 mm. in length.The coenenchyma of the stem contains a number of sparselyscattered comparatively minute bar-like spicules.Locality.?Station 5083; Omai Saki Light, N. 23.5? E., 34.5 miles;624 fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality, Hyalonema Grounds, offJapan, 345 fathoms; Hawaiian region (Nutting); Dutch East Indies(Nutting). CERATOISIS PHILIPPINENSIS Wright and Studer.Ceratoisis philippinesis Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 27.A number of large fragments with the coenenchyma and calyces wellpreserved are included in the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatrossmaterial. This species breaks so easily at the internodes that it isunlikely that complete specimens will be secured by dredging.There is no evidence of branching, and it is likely that in life thespecies is a very beautiful rod-Uke form.The largest fragment is 13 cm. long and has a diameter of 1.7cm., including the calyces. One large node is 5.2 cm. long and 4 mm.in diameter, mthout the coenenchyma. The surface is smooth, withan appearance of longitudmal striation, and the axis is hollow exceptat the ends.The cal^^ces are densely aggregated on all sides of the stem, not indefinite verticils but in about ten very irregular longitudinal rows;and quite contiguous.The individual calyces have long cylindrical bodies tapering belowinto a thick pedicel. Sometimes they are as much as 1 cm. high tothe top of the mass of infolded tentacles. Around the margin thereis a regular series of rod-Uke wliite spicules alternatmg with the eighttentacle bases, but not projecting appreciably beyond the tentacles.These spicules are sometimes 3 mm. long and are entirely rod-like in
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.form. They have a thick coating of coenenchyma when the polj'psare well preserved. The tentacles have a few irregularly disposed,but mostl}^ longitudinal, much smaller lenticular spicules on thedorsal surface. They often occur in two irregular longitudinal rows.The dorsal surfaces of the pinnules bear minute spicules.Color: The colony is a bright orange-brown. The axis is white,with the horny nodes brown.Locality.?Stsition 5029; lat. 48? 22' 30" N.; long. 145? 43' 30" E.;440 fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality, off the Philippines, 82 fathoms;Dutch East Indies (Nutting).Section SCLERAXONIA.Axis composed of calcareous spicules which are either free orfused into a more or less solid mass.Family MELITODID^.Axis composed of alternating horny and calcareous joints both ofwhich have a sclerogorgic basis with free or fused spicules.Genus MELITODES Verrill.Colony branched and reticulate; coenenchyma with an outer layerof spiny spindles or half-sided spindles. Verrucse rather prominent.MELITODES DICHOTOMA (Pallas).Isis dichotoma Pallas, Eleuchns Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 229.Colony fiabellate in form, the base lacking, 1 1 .3 cm. long and with aspread of 6 cm. The main stem is composed of short, alternatinghorny nodes and calcareous internodes, the former being more swollen.The unbranched portion of the stem is about 4 cm. long, S-shaped.The diameter of the nodes is about 5.5 mm. and of the internodes3.8 mm.The branching is dichotomous as a rule, dividing sometimes until thesixth order of branchings are produced. The branches and branchletsgradually decrease in size. The horny nodes at bifurcations from8,5 mm. to 2.5 mm. apart. There are a few anastomoses in the distalparts of the colony. The calyces are lateral, alternate or opposite as arule, although they are not infrequently found on the front of thecolony, often contiguous.The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verrucse usuallyabout 1 mm. in height and l.G mm. in diameter at the base. Theirwalls are filled with spicules which appear like ctenate scales onsuperficial view, but are really red spindles which are often curvedand from the convex side of which heavy, sometimes branched.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 93tubercles arise. These convex edges are what look like ctenate andoften imbricating scales on superficial view. There are also manyterete spindles, clubs and other forms.The polyps are completely retractile, the collaret well developed.A pseudo-operculum much like that found in the Muriceidse is formedby numerous white, often curved spindles arranged longitudinall}^ onthe dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and assuming an en chevron arrange-ment on their basal parts.The coenenchyma is thick, encrusted with spicules such as are foundon the calyx walls.Color: The colony is brick red and the polyps colorless, in alcohol.Some of the fragments from station 4808 are pink, others white,others yellowish The pink ones have the polyp spicules yellow.Localities.?St&tion 4808; Cape Tsiuka, S. 61? W., 10.6 miles; 47fathoms. Station 4890; Ose Saki Light, N. 2? W., 10 miles; 135fathoms. Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles; 106fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles; 103fathoms. Station 5070; Ose Saki, S. 8? W., 1.8 miles; 108 fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality ? (Pallas). Found by the CJml-lenger in Torres Strait, and reported by Ridley from South Africa.Possibly an adequate amount of material and complete specimenswould enable one to separate this species into definite groups; butwith the material at hand this is impracticable.Genus PARISIS Verrill (emended by Studer.)Colony branched, the branches arising from the calcareous seg-ments; calyces prominent; spicules of irregular forms but consti-tuting a tesselated pavement on the surface of the coenenchyma.PARISIS FRUTICOSA Verrill.Parisis fnUicosa Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, 1864, p. 37.The specimens are fragmentary. The largest is a branch, flabellatein form, 6.4 cm. long and 2.8 mm. m diameter; 1.5 cm, from its basalend it gives off a large branch, from a calcareous internode, whichforms the main part of the colony. The nodes are 5 to 6 mm. long,fluted and rough on surface. The branchlets are mostly broken offon one side, and on the opposite side there are 4 branches, one of whichgives off lateral twigs. One of these twigs is forked distally. Theother fragments show some anastomoses.The calyces are lateral, sometimes opposite, and often subopposite.They are about 2 mm. apart from summit to summit, conical in shape,a typical one being 1.3 mm. high and 2 mm. broad at. base. Thecalyx walls are covered with a mosaic-like pavement of polygonal orirregular spicules, and similar ones cover the coenenchyma. The speci-mens ai-e covered with erect, minute, needle-like sponge spicules, as
94 PROCEEDINGS OF TBE NATIONAL MUSEUM. tol. 4.3.described by Wright and Studer. The polyps are entirely retracted,the calyx walls meeting at the point of the cone. The tentacles aredestitute of spicules. There are often two large ova or planulse in thebasal part of the calycular cavity.Spicules: These are rather irregular disks than spindles, with anoval outline, and coarsely tuberculate throughout. Sometimes theyare thickly branched and have an u-regular outline.Color: The colony is light yellow or creamy-white. The internodesare brownish.Localities.?Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles;106-95 fathoms. Station 4894 ; Ose Said Light, N. 41 ? E., 5 miles ; 95fathoms. Station 4895; Ose Saki Light, N. 42? E., 4.7 miles; 95fathoms. Station 4935; Sata Misaki Light, N. 58? E., 4.5 miles; 103fathoms. Station 4936; Sata Misaki Light, N. 21? E., 5.7 miles; 103fathoms.General distribution.?Type-locality, Sulu Sea; ? Mauritius (Ridley)
;
off Kei Islands, 103 fathoms (Wright and Studer).Family GORGONID^.Colony branched, usually flabellate ; axis usually horny, not jointedcalyces lateral; spicules usually in the form of spindles; stem andbranches often flattened.Genus PLATYCAULUS Wright and Studer.Axis with a calcareous center; calyces prominent; spicules spinyspindles and stellate forms.PLATYCAULUS DANIELSSENI Wright and Studer.Platycaulus danielsseni Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 147.Colonyroughly flabellate, profusely branched ; the branches, but notthe axis, flattened. The axis does not show the calcareous centerdescribed by Wright and Studer.Length 19.5 cm., spread about 18 cm. The stem and proximalparts of main branches are not flattened, although the lateral positionof the calyces gives the appearance of a flattening of the branches. Thestem is 4.5 mm. in diameter and forks 1.8 cm. from its base. One ofthe resultant branches is irregularly branched, approaching a pinnatemanner of branching, giving off two short simple branclilets and twocompound branchlets on one side and three simple branclilets on theother. The other main branch is veiy profuse and complex in itsbranching, some of its branchlets being turned down and boundtogether by parasitic ophiurans. The branches are all lateral andmainly pinnate in their branchings, the side branchlets being lateraland irregular but usually given off at right angles. Branchings of the
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 95fourth order produced. There are many parasitic ophiurans andanemones on the colony. The calyces are usually lateral in position,but there are a few on the front of some of the ultimate twigs. Theyvary greatly in their relative position and in the distance betweenthem. The distal branches are distinctly flattened; but the axis isround and very slender, the flattened appearance of the branchesbeing due to the thickening of the coenenchyma between the lateralcalyces.The calyces are in the shape of domes or short tubes according tothe state of contraction of tho polyps. Their walls are filled withsmall spindles and stellate forms, and the region near the margin bearsa number of dark red, comparatively heavy, bar-like forms trans-versely placed. These are continued over the bases of the tentaclesand the tentacles themselves, being here longitudinal in position andpacking the whole dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles.The coenenchyma contains very numerous terete spindles withregular whorls of tubercles and also double crosses, crosses, and minutestellate forms packed in several layers.A cross section of the stem shows a series of well-marked nutrientcanals such as are seen in the Plexauridse, to which this genus is closelyallied.Besides the spicules already described, there are numerous club-shaped forms.The specimen is exceedingly friable, and fell to pieces in handling.It had been preserved in formalin, and it is barely possible that thishad dissolved the calcareous portion of the axis.Color: The colony is dark red. The spicules are red by reflectedlight, the bar-like forms being darker, almost crimson and yellowishby transmitted light, which may account for the "amber color" ofthe original description.Locality.?The label for this specimen is lost.Type-locality.?Banda., East Indies.Genus LEPTOGORGIA Milne Edwards and Haime (emendedby Verrill).Colonj^ flabellate and reticulate; branches flattened and groovedby the water-vascular canals; spicules minute double spindles.LEPTOGORGIA BERINGI, new species.Plate 16, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 5.Colony flabellate, much branched, 7.9 cm. high and 7.2 cm. broad,base missing. The stem is 2 mm. in diameter, very slightly flattened.The axis is entirely homy. The stem branches 1.8 cm. from its baseinto four main branches, three of which are large, subequal and irreg-ularly branched, producing branchings of the fifth order. The fourth
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.main branch is anterior and gives off a number of lateral bianchletswhich are unequally distributed, being from 4 to 25 mm, apart. Thecalyces are very prominent and are mainly lateral but often anteriorin position; but the back of the colony is bare. The calyces averageabout 2 mm. apart.The individual calyces are tubular in form. A typical one meas-ures 2.5 mm. to the top of the infolded tentacles, and 1.3 mm. in diam-eter. Its walls are filled with small fusiform spindles, closely packed,with no definite arrangement. Toward the margin there is a ten-dency to form eight broad shallow longitudinal folds, extendingupward over the bases of the tentacles and forming a thick crest ontheir dorsal surfaces and eight lobes to the calyx margin. The distalparts of the tentacles are completely hidden and bear few if anyspicules.The spicules are very small short terete spindles, densely tubercu-late, the tubercles forming regular whorls around the body of thespicule. Sometimes there is a girdle without tubercles around thecenter, forming double spindles or double heads.The coenenchyma of the stem and branches is packed with similarspindles, usually longitudinal in position.Color: The colony is very light j^ellowish, almost cream color. Theaxis is dark brown proximally, lightening distally.Localitij.?St2ition 4780; lat. 52? 01' N.; long. 174? 39' E.; 1,046fathoms.Type-specimen.?Csit. No. 30044, U.S.N.M.This species seems to be a Leptogorgia according to the definitiongiven by Verrill, but has longer and more prominent calyces than anyother species of the genus of which I can find description.Genus CALLISTEPHANUS Wright and Studer.Colony feebly branched; axis horny and calcareous; calyces dome-shaped; coenenchyma thick; spicules spiny spindles, clubs and half-sided warty clubs.CALLISTEPHANUS PACIFICUS, new species.Plate 14, figs. 2, 2a; plate 21, fig. 6.Colony flabellate in form, 7.3 cm. high and 6.4 cm. broad, diameterof stem 1.8 mm.; 1.4 cm. above its base the main stem produces twoopposite branches, projecting at right angles, but afterwards bentupward. One of these is unbranched and the other bears threebranchlets on one side; 1.1 cm. above these the stem bends suddenly,giving off from its convex side another branch; 4 mm. above this itbears a large branch, then an opposite pair and a simple branch onone side. The distance between branches varies from 4 to 11 mm.
xo. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA^NUTTING. 97The calyces are lateral, sometimes alternate and sometimes opposite,and about 3 to 4 mm. apart from summit to summit.The axis effervesces slightly in acid, but has no definite calcareouscenter.The individual calyces are conical in shape, sometimes tubular. Atypical one measures 1 .2 mm. in height and 2.2 mm. in diameter. Thecalyx walls are filled with irregularly placed small spindles, giving agranular appearance. The polyps are retractile, but often rest withthe collaret on the calyx margin, and the tentacles are held in a verti-cal position, except their tips, making a subcylindrical mass with 8corrugations. The collaret consists of several rows of rather smallwarty spindles. The tentacles are armed with numerous similarspindles arranged en chevron basally and in several longitudinal rowsdistally.The coenenchyma of stem and branches is filled with spicules simi-lar to those in the calyx walls, with occasional stout, blunt-ended,bar-like forms irregularly placed.Spicules: These are exceedingly varied in form. There are regularwarty spindles, small double spindles, radiate forms, clubs, etc., be-sides the very peculiar bar-like forms mentioned above. These arethicker and denser than the others, and more deeply colored, beingan intense crimson while the others are nearer brick red or scarlet,3 mm. long.Color: The colony is light crimson in color, axis dark brown.Locality.?Station 4781; lat. 52? 14' 30'' N.; long. 174? 13' E.;482 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Csit. No. 30024, U.S.N.M.This species, although bearing a very close resemblance to Cdl-listepJianus Jcoreni Wright and Studer, differs materially in its spicules,particularly in the bar-like forms which are quite abundant and char-acteristic. Geographical considerations render it unlikely that thetwo are identical. Family GORGONELLIDiE.Axis consisting of a homogeneous calcareous structure or of a cal-careous core, not jointed, often fluted by the impressions of the water-vascular canals. Spicules usually girdled forms such as double heads,stars, and double clubs.Genus SCIRPEARELLA "Wright and Studer.Gorgonellidse which are simple or branched, not reticulate; calycesin spirals or oblique rows in adult specimens, lateral in young colonies,rather prominent; coenenchyma rather thick, with spiny spindles anddouble heads.48702??Proc.N.M.vol.43?12 7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.SCIRPEARELLA GRACILIS Wright and Studer.Sdrpearella gracilis Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria,1889, p. 156.Colony incomplete, unbranched. Axis stony, round, 1.9 mm. indiameter. The specimen is 29 cm. long, with a basal diameter of 3mm. and a distal diameter of 2 mm.The catyces are in four rows or two pairs of rows, those of each rowof a pair alternating with those of the other row of that pair. Indi-vidual calyces low conical verrucse with the point inclined towarddistal end of the colony, 0.9 mm. in diameter at base and 1 mm. high.The walls are filled with minute spicules most of which are warty doubleheads. The polyps are retractile, and the dorsal surface of the ten-tacles is packed with small well tuberculated spindles longitudinallyarranged.The spicules are all small, most of them being densely tuberculatedouble heads or spiny spindles with a distinct depression around themiddle. There are also a number of small crosses and a very fewminute ordinary spindles.Color: The colony is ver}'' light grayish wath a pinkish tinge.Locality.?StAtion 4S93 ; OseSaki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles; 106-95fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is off the New Hebrides, 130fathoms. The species is also widely distributed in the Indian Ocean,Dutch East Indies, etc.SCIRPEARELLA RUBRA Wright and Studer.Sdrpearella rubra Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889,p. 107.A single fragment 13.2 cm. long was secured. The calyces are morenearly tubular than in the last species, nearly 2 mm. high and 1.8 mm.wide at base. The margin shows 8 shallow lobes or corrugations.The spicules are much as in the last species, but the girdle aroundtheir middle is less conspicuous and often obliterated. A few of thepolyps are much larger than the others, sometimes measuring 2.5 mm.high and 3.7 mm. in diameter at the base. On one of these beingopened the bod}- cavity was seen to be filled with an oval mass whosenature was not ascertained.Locality.?Station 4893; Ose Saki Light, N. 29? E., 5.5 miles; 106-95fathoms.General distribution.?The type-locality is on the HyalonemaGrounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms. It is also found in the Dutch EastIndies (Nutting).Suborder SCLERAXONIA.Gorgonacea mth an axis cylinder composed of calcareous spicules,fused or free, immersed in a more or less fleshy matrix.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 99Family BRIAREID^.Scleraxonia with a pseudo-axis composed of closely packed spiculeswhich are not fused. Genus PARAGORGIA.Colony upright, branched; axis with large water-vascular canals;siphonozooids present.PARAGORGIA NODOSA Koren and Danielssen.Paragorgia nodosa Koren and Danielssen, Nye Gorgonider og Pennatulidertilhorende Norges Fauna, 1883, p. 18.Colony consisting of a thick stem with short, simple clavatebranches, 17 cm. long, 9 mm. in diameter at base. The stem isstrongly archea throughout so that its distal end points downward,perhaps on account of being forced into a small bottle. The stemgives off a number of branchss from all sides, some of which are merelyirregular nodules seated immediately on the stem, and others areclavate branches. One of these is 3.4 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameternear its base, and 14 mm. across the thickest part of the nodulated,club-shaped distal end. These end swellings are sometimes more likerude nodulated spheres than clavate in form, and at times suchspheres are seated directly on the stem without evident pedicels.Nearly all of the polyps are situated on these nodulated portions.In one case there are about 18 calyces situated on one of these spher-ical terminations of a branch. The calyces are about 6.5 mm. apart,from opening to opening. Occasionally a polyp is seated on a mainstem or branch, where it may be the beginning of a new branch.The individual calyces are low verrucas with 8-lobed margins,about 3 mm. in height and 6 mm. in diameter at the base. Smallpolyps appear in the spaces between the larger ones. The polypsare completely retractile, and in retraction the tip of the infolded ten-tacles are far below the calyx margin, the latter itself being involutedduring the complete retraction of the polyp. The tentacles bearlongitudinal spindles.The zooids are minute, and their external openings so tightlyclosed in alcoholic material as to be invisible. On dissection theycan be seen in considerable numbers just beneath the surface. Theyappear to have but a single mesentery.A cross section of a branch shows the undifferentiated axis to becomposed almost entirely of an aggregation of small spindles trav-ersed by large and conspicuous longitudinal canals of the water-vascular system.Spicules: These are mostly rather small irregular tuberculatespindles, and a few irregular minute double-heads, crosses, etc. Thespicules in the pseudo-axis are mostly white in color.
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 43.Color: The colonj is a light red, tending toward a salmon color.The poljrps are yellow, with red spicules.XocaZ^.?Station 4772; lat. 54? 30' 30" N.; long. 179? 14' E.;344-372 fathoms.General distribution.?The type was from Norwegian waters, 300fathoms. PARAGORGIA REGALIS, new species.Plate 15, figs. 1, la; plate 21, fig. 7.Two large specimens of this superb species were secured, but theyare so friable that it is impossible to remove them mthout muchbreakage from the narrow-necked jar in which they were preserved.The largest specimen is about 30 cm. in height, rudely flabellate inform. The main stem is round and about 1.2 cm. in diameter.The axis is composed mainly of closely packed spindles and is trav-ersed by numerous water-vascular canals.There are two lateral stubs of branches on the lower part of themain stem. Above these the stem forks, and at the base of one ofthe resultant branches a small furcate branch is given off. Each ofthe main branches gives off several small laterals, and these againfork, and this mode of branching continues until the ultimate branchesare produced. All of the branches and twigs are round, nodulatedin places and terminate in rounded knobs. A typical end knob is5.5 mm. in diameter, while the twig supporting it is but 2 mm.across. Branchings up to the eighth order are produced.The calyces are inserted on three sides of the branches, nodulesand terminal swellings, being more thickly implanted on the distalparts of the colony, lacking on stem and larger branches and seldomseen on the backs of the branches except on the terminal swellings.The individual calyces are almost entirely included, being indicatedmerely by slight swellings around their openings. The margins aredivided into 8 distinct lobes. Young polyps are scattered amongthe larger ones and are of all sizes up to the maximum. The largestverrucse are about 2 mm. in diameter, and some of the smallestare hard to discriminate from zooids. The calyx walls are packedwith small terete spindles, as is the general surface of the coenen-chyma. Thepolyps are completely retractile. The upper parts of thepolyp bodies are armed with 8 longitudinal bands of small redspindles, very short and stout and longitudinally arranged. Thesebands broaden at the tentacle bases and pass on up the dorsal sur-faces of the tentacles, where they are usually transversely placed,but may lie in any direction.The smaller or rudimentary polyps so intergrade with zooids, ifthe latter are present, that it is hard to determine which is which.Possibly the zooids are lacking altogether.
%o. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALGYONARIA?NUTTING. 101Spicules: These are mostly small, rather slender and straight,irregularly tuberculate spindles. There are a few minute doubleheads, crosses, etc. The spindles are rather larger and more slender,especially those of the axis, than in P. nodosa. Those of the axisare usually white or colorless.Color: The colony is a light, clear, brick-red, which fades to nearlywliite at the base of the main stem.Locality.?The type and one other specimen were found at sta-tion 5079; Omai Said Light, N. 29? E., 24 miles; 475-505 fathoms.Type-specimen.?Cat. No. 30018, U.S.N.M.This is a very well marked species, with much smaller calyces andless well differentiated zooids than the last. Its size is far beyondthe maximum of the type of the genus, P. nodosa, and both thenodules and individual calyces are much less prominent.LITERATURE CITED.Balss, H. Ueber Pennatuliden des Miinchen Museums, Sonderabdruck aus demZoologischen Anzeiger, vol. 34, Nos. 13-14, June, 1909.Brundin, a. Alcyonarien ausder Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala,Bihang til Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, vol. 22, Afd. 4, No. 3. Stockholm,1896.Danielssen, D. C. Forhandl. Vidensk.-Selsk., Christiania, 1858.HuBRECHT, A. A. On a new Pennatulid from the Japanese Sea, Proc. Zool. Sec,London, 1885.JtJNGERSEN, H. F. E. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, I, the Pennatulida, 1904.KiNOSHiTA, K. Primnoidse von Japan, Journal of the College of Science, ImperialUniversity, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 23, article 12, Tokyo, 1908.
? On some Muriceid Corals belonging to the Genera Filigella and Acis, Journalof the College of Science, Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan, vol. 27, article 7,Tokyo, 1909.KoLLiKER, A. von. Anatomisch-Syatematische Beschreibung der Alcyonaria. DiePemiatuliden, 1872.Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years1873-1876, Challenger Reports, Zoology, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1880.KoREN, J. and Danielssen, D. C. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. 5,1848. Nye Gorgonider og Pennatulider tilhorende Norges Fauna, 1883.KiJKENTHAL, W. Alcyonaceen von Ternate, Abhandl. der Senckenb. naturforsch.Gesellschaft, vol. 23, Heft I, 1896.Versuch einer Revision der Alcyonarien, II, Die Familie der Nephthyiden,Teil I, Zool. Jahrbiicher, Abth. fiir Syst. Geographic und Biologie der Thiere,vol. 19, 1903.(Same publication as above), Teil II, 1905.Japanische Alcyonaceen; Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, Heraus-gegeben von Dr. F. Doflein. Einleitung von Dr. F. Doflein. Miinchen, 1906.und GoRZAWSKY, H. Japanische Gorgoniden (same publication as above),Teil I, Die Familien der Primnoiden, Muriceiden und Acanthogorgiiden. 1908.Japanische Gorgoniden (same publication as above), Teil II, Die Familien derPlexauriden, Chrysogorgiiden und Melitodiden. 1909.Diagnosen Neuer Japanischen Gorgoniden. Reise Doflein, 1904 (5). Zool.Anz., vol. 32, Nos. 20-21, 1908.
102 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.Nutting, 0. C. Descriptions of the Aicyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau ofFisheries Steamer Albatross in the Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902,Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, vol. 34, 1908, pp. 543-601.Alcyonarians of the Californian Coast, Proceedings of the U. S. NationalMuseum, vol. 35, 1909, pp. 681-727.Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition, III, the Muriceidae. Leiden, 1910.Pallas, A. S. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766.Studer, Th. ijbersicht der Anthozoa Aicyonaria welche wahrend die Reiae S. M. S.Gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. Monatabericht der konigl. Akademieder Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878.Thomson, J. A, and Henderson, M. A. Report on the Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf ofManaar, Supplementary Reports, No. XX, The Aicyonaria. London, 1906.An account of the Aicyonaria collected by the Royal Indian Marine Sur-vey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. I, The Aicyonaria of the Deep Sea.Calcutta, 1906.and Simpson. (Same publication as above.) II, The Aicyonaria of the Lit-toral Zone, Calcutta, 1909.Verrill, a. E. Notice of recent additions to the Marine Fauna of the Eastern coastof North America, No. 2. American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. 16, 1878.Report on the Anthozoa and on some Additional Species dredged by the Blakein 1877-1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk in 1880. Bul-letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 11, No. 1; Cambridge, 1883.Notice of the Remarkable Marine Fauna occupying the outer banks off theSouthern Coast of New England, No. 9. American Journal of Science and Arts,ser. 5, vol. 28, 1884.Versluys, J. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga Expedition, I, Die Chrysogorgiidse.Leiden, 1902.(Same publication as above) II, Die Primnoidae, Leiden, 1906.Wright, E. P., and Studer, Th. Report on the Aicyonaria collected by H. M. S.Challenger during the Years 1873-1876, vol. 31, part 64. Loudon, 1889.EXPLANATION OF PLATES.The photographs were made from nature by C. C. Nutting.The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Dayton Stoner.Plate 1.Fig. 1. Clavularia japonica, natural size; la, single calyx X 4.3.2. Clavularia sulcata, natural size; 2a, single calyx X 4.3.3. Lithophytum roseum, natural size; 3a, portion of colony X 4.3.Plate 2.Fig. 1. Dendronephihya nigripes, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Dendronephihya magnacantha, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.3. Dendronephihya oviformis, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3.4. Bellonella flava, natural size; 4a, part of colony X 4.3.Plate 3.Fig. 1. Alcyonium kiikenthali, natural size; la, part of surface X 4.3.2. Anthomaslus japonicus, natural size; 2a, zooids on surface X 4.3.3. Nidalia gracilis, natural size; 3a, part of colony X 4.3.
NO. 1923. DESCRIPTIONS OF PACIFIC ALCYONARIA?NUTTING. 103Plate 4.Fig. 1. Pennatula brevipenna, natural size; la, single leaf X 4.3.2. Pennatula longistyla, natural size; 2a, part of leaf X 4.3.3. Ptilosarcus brevicaulis, natural size; 3a, single leaf X 4.3.Plate 5.Fig. 1. Pennatula nibescens, natural size; la, single leaf X 4.3.2. Halisceptruin album, natural size; 2a, single leaf X 4.3.3. Pennatula inermis, single leaf X 4.3.Plate 6.Fig. 1. Protoptilum orientale; la, end of colony X 4.3.2. Kophobelemnon hispiduin, natiu-al size; 2a, single tentacle X 4.3.3. Umbellula eloisa, natural size; 3a, single tentacle X 4.3.4. Baltidna pacifica, part of colony X 4.3.Plate 7.Fig. 1. TliouMrella recta, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Eelicoptilum rigidum, natural size; 2a, part of colony X 4.3.3. Trichoptilum spinosum, natm-al size; 3a, group of polyps X 4.3.Plate 8.Fig. 1. Plumarella adhserans, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Plumarella spicata, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 9.Fig. 1. Thouarella alternata, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Primnodendron superbum, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 10.Fig. 1. Acanthogorgiafusca, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Thouarella striata, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 11.Fig. 1. Muriceides cylindrica, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Acanthogorgia paradoxa, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.3. Muricella abnonnalis, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 12.Fig. 1. Muriceides nigra, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Villogorgia brunnea, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 13.Fig. 1. Placogorgia japonica, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Ads spinifera, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.3. Anthomuricea aberrans, natural size; 3a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 14.Fig. 1. Muricella reticulata, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Callistephanus pucificus, natui-al size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.43.^ ^ ?Plate 15.Fig. 1. Paragorgia regalis, natural size; la, part of branch X 4.3.2. Elasmogorgia ramosa, natural size; 2a, part of branch X 4.3.Plate 16.Fig. 1. Leptogorgia beringi, natural size; 1?, part of branch X 4.3.2. Calyptrophora ijimai, natural size.3. Calyptrophora ijimai, natural size, showing symbiotic annelid and the remark-able structure of metamorphosed spicules created by its presence.Plate 17.Fig. ]. Clavularia sulcata. Foiu- spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 120.2. Clavularia japonica. Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 250.3. Lithophytum roseum. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 250.4. Dendronephthya nigripes. Tlu-ee spicules, a, b, and c, X 64; b is about one-half total length.5. Dendronephthya magnacantha. Two spicules, a and b, X 64.6. Dendronephthya oviformis. Two spicules, a and b, X 64.Plate 18.Fig. 1. Alcyonium kilkenthali. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 120.2. Nidalia gracilis. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 250.3. Bellonellaflava. Five spicules, a, X 250; b, c, d, and ^ , X 88.4. Anthomastus japonicus. Two spicules, a and b, X 250.5. Helicoptiluvi rigidum. Two spicules, a and 6, X 64.6. Plumarella spicata. Three spicules, oand b, X 120; c, X 250.Plate 19.Fig. 1. Pluviarella adhxrans. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 120.2. Thouarella recta. Three spicules, a and b, X 120; c, circumopercular scale,X 120.3. Thouarella alternata. Four spicules, a, circumopercular scale, X 64; b, c, andd, X 88.4. Primnodendron superbum. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88.5. Acanthogorgiafusca. Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 64.Plate 20.Fig. 1. Acanthogorgia paradoxa. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88.2. Anthomuricea aberrans. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88.3. Muriceidcs cylindrica. Five spicules, a, 6, c, d, and e, X 64.4. Muriceides nigra. Three spicules, a, 6, and c; a and c, X 88; b, X 64.5. Muricella reticulata. Three spicules, a and 6, X 64; c, X 88.6. Muricella abnorinalis. Two spicules, a and 6, X 64.Plate 21.Fig. 1. Acis spinifera. Four spicules, a, b, c. and d, X 64.2. Placogorgiajaponica. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88.3. Villogorgia brunnea, Four spicules, a, b, c, and d, X 120.4. Elasmogorgia raviosa. Three spicules, a, b, and c, X 88.5. Leptogorgia beringi. Two spicules, a and b, X 250.6. Callistephanus pacificus. Six spicules, a, 6, c, d, e, and/, X 120.7. Paragorgia regalis. Two spicules, a and 6, X 88.
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