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^epavimeni of fhc ^nicrior;
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
GOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875.
<^

C H E C K - L I S T ^- _^^61
North American B^vtrachia and Eeptilia;
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS,
/
ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
BASED ON
THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED Df THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By EDWARD D. COPE.
WASHIJ^GTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875.
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work is the first of a series of papers intended to illustrate the
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United
States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10,
184G.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, Xovember, 1875.
ATTENTION READER
The paper in this volume is brittle or the
inner margins are extremely narrow.
We have bound or rebound the volume
utilizing the best means possible.
PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE

TABLE OF C0NTP:NTS.
Page.
IXTKODCCTOEY RYMAUKS, 3
P.\r:T I. Arrangftment of the iamWina and hi'^hkT divisioTiis of Batra«bia and
K«ptilia. [Adopted i>rovijsionally by tbe Srnithsr»Dian In-stitntion.].. 7
C7a«* Batracbia 7
Or<?<?r Annra 7
Stegoc«phaH 10
GymDox>hidia 11
Urodela 11
Proteida 12
Tracbystomata -.1 12
CZa** Eeptilja 12
Ortfer Omitbosauria 12
Dinosanria 13
Croco<lilia 14
Sanrox»tferygia 14
Anoniodontia L5
Icbthyopterygia 15
Bbyncbocexibalia 15
Testndinata 16
, Lacertilia 17
Pytbonomorjjba
Ophidia
Part IL Check-lLst of the sjiecies of Batracbia and Heptilia of the Xearctic or
North American realm 24
Class Batracbia 24
Order Tracbystomata 24
Proteida 24
Cadncibrancbiata 25
Annra 29
Bafoniformia 29
FJrmisternia 30
Arcifftra 30
Eanifonnia 32
Clasm 'ReitiWa, 33
Ord«rOphidia 33
Solenog] \-j»ba 33
Proteroglypha 34
Asinea 34
Scolecophidia 44
II TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Pa-re.
P.via II. Check-list of the species of Batruchia and Reptilia, «S:c.—Continued :
Cla«8 Reptila—Continued
:
Order Lacertilia 44
Opheosauri 14
Pleurodonta 44
Typhlopbthahni 44
Leptoglo.ssa 44
l)il)loglof<sa 4r)
Igiiauia 47
Nyctisaura '^0
Testudinata 50
Athecie oO
Cryptodira 51
Crocodilia 54
I'.vitT III, On geographical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Kegnuni Nearc-
ticuni, with especial reference to thcBatrachia and Reptilia 55
I.—The faunal regions of the earth 55
II.—Number of species 58
III.—Relations to other realni;- 61
lA'^.—The regions 67
Austroriparian iiS
Eastern 70
Central 71
Pacific 7J
Sonoran 7:>
Lower Californian 74
V.—The Anslroripariau region 76
VI.—Tlie Eastern region 82
VII.—The Central region 88
VIII.—The Pacific region 89
IX.—The Sonoran regiou 90
X.—The Lower Californian region '.'^
XI.—Relation of distribution to physical causes IK?
Pvirr IV. Bibliography <J7
A.—Works on the classification of Butrachia and Reptilia t>7
H.—Works treatingof the geographical distribution of North American
Batincliia and Reptilia 100
ALril.MlETIC.VL INDEX 101
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
The present contribution to North American Herpetology is a prodro-
nms of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at
the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate-
rial which has been accumuhiting in the museum of that Institution
has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of
anatomical structure, variations of specific characters, and geographical
distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the
study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, since these animals are especially
susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds,
and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra-
tious, their habitats express neai^ly the simjilest relations of life to its
surroundings.
In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt
the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens
as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the
better a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do
we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of
supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rauk
of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi-
viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone,
and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that,
since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to ijredicate
what those "certain peculiarities" shall be, the only test of specific defi-
nition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most
diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two
recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded
Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well-
marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some
oruithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of these have been here-
tofore regarded as species.
In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibohis
may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the
genus, the 0. trianf/ulitm and 0. coccineus^ have always been regarded as
distinct species; and so niinierous are their difterential characters, in col-
oration, size, and sfjuaniation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat-
isfactory IbiindatioM. I lind, however, that individuals exist which rep-
resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes
them, although eel tain typesaypearto be moreabundant than the interme-
diate ones. 0. trianijuhim is li species of larger size, with two temporal
plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a
grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the
head, and a band posterior to the eye. 0. cocci>ieu.s is a small snake with a
small loreal plate and one temi)oral shield ; color red, with pairs of black
rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting
that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of
the occi]>ital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom-
plished thus : The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of 0. iriangulum
break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and
posterior dark borders. The chevron of the top of the head first breaks
into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The
borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the
remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a
black line. This breaks up and disappears, leaving the annuli open;
and these are then completed in many specimens. The general colors
become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more dei)re.ssed ;
in immediate relation to this form, the loreal i)late is reduced in size,
and the two temporal shields of 0. irianguhim are reduced to one. I'^very
form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent
six species of the books (in North America), viz: 0. iriangulum, 0. doli-
atu.s, 0. aiinuhttus, 0. gcutilis^ 0. aDiovruSjUud 0. coccineus. The oldest
name is the 0. doUatus, Linn. Another series of specimens resemble
very closely those of the subspecies eoccineus ; in fact, are identical with
them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows
of scales are i educed by one on each side. These specimens simply carry
one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account
of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these
indiviiluals not only as a distinct s[)ecies, but, on account of the absence
of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Cahima-
ria chtpsoidea of Ilolbrook; the Osceola claijsoidea of Baird and Girard.
It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted
on, '• that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote
species of identical generic characters," which indicates that generic char-
acters originate independently of the specific*
The classification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks.
I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen-
clature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as
based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association,
and elaborated in luore detail by W. H. Edwards,t after Thorell and
Wallace ; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol-
lowing definitions :
(1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a description
or plate of the object intended.
(2) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate
definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive
features.
Note.—These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of
uoiDenclature, since they ofier the only means by which the writiugs of
authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of
these rules will become increasingly api)areut, .'-ince, as the systematic
sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in
any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author-
itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A
generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the
classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than
one generic type; hence, the following additional rule has been found
necessary :
(3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be
adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the di\isions to which
they refer; the remaining natural generic group retaiuing the original
name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions,
as prescribed.
(4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read-
ing of papers.
Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank
must be defined in order to be understood, names of these unaccompa-
nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator.
In regard to orthography, the same code of rules has been followed,
viz, iu the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been
** Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1888.
tThe Canadian Entomologist^ 1873, p. 32.
appliccl especially to the coniiioniKlin*? of fainily-names. Thus, if the
jjieiiciic name is si)ellid aecoidiiig to Latin rule, Ibe family-name derived
from it must be so also; lienee, I write Scaphi&pidae, not Scapbiopodidae;
Rhinoceridae, not IHiinocrrotidae.
In the ebeck-list, tbe correct name of each species and subspecies is
j^iven witb reference to a good description. To eacb is added its geo
graphical range.
FA.RT I.
ARRANGEMENT
OF
THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS
OF
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
[ADOPTED PROVISIONALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.]
Class BATRACHIA.
Order ANURA.
(Anura, Dumeril ; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.)
Eaniformia.
(Raniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist, Rev., v, 114, 1865.^)
Ranidae =Ranidae, Cope, ]^. H. Rev., v, 114-
119, 1865.'
Colostethidae = Colostetliidae, Cope, P. A. IST. S.
Phila., 1866, 130.'
1 Raniformia, partim, Dnm. et Bib., Erp. G6n.
- Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 169, 1867 ; Ranidae, Polypedati-
dae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1358, 4-26.
3 Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867 ; " Calostethidae,"
Mivart, Proc. Zocil. Soc. London, 1869.
FlRMISTEKXIA."
(Bnfonoid Kaniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Xat. Sc. Phila.,
11. s., vi, 190, 18G7.)
Dendrobatidae = Dcndrobatidae, Cope, X. H. Kev., v,
103-104, 1865.'
Phiyniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., 11. s., vi, lUO, 1867.'
Engystomidae = Eiigystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867."
Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. '^. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
Gastrechmia.
(Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.)
Heinisidae = Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. X. S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 198-199, 1867.'
•• Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or rauifonn sterual structure to have about
e(iual systematic value with the presence or abseuce of teeth, I have separated the
toothless families with rauifonn sternuui umier the uauie of Firmisternia. It is not
impossible that this group may turn out to be inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The
toothed Aglossa must be distiugui.shed on the same ])rinciplt' from Pipa, and the sub-
order is accordingly named Odoutagh)Ssa.
* Hyhiplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126.
* Braehycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42.
Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100-101, 18G5 ; Michrylidao, Brachymeridae,
Eugystomati(hie, llylaedactylidao, Gthr., Cat. Bat. .Salien., 185H.
" BracLymerulao, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 18()r>.
* Hemisidae; Rhiuophryuidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhinophrynidao
ct Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1869, 281-288.
BUFONIFOEMIA.
(Bufoniformia, Dumeril et Bibron, partim ; Cope, partim.)
Ebinophrynidae = Bhinoplirynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat.
Sal. B. M., 127, 1858.'°
Bufonidae = Bufoiiidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 102-
103, 1865.^^
Batracliophrynidse = Batracliophrynns, Peters, Monatsb.
Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873, 411.
Aglossa.
Pipidae =Pipidae, Gtbr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M.,
2-3, 1858.''
Odontaglossa.
Dactylethridae r= Dactyletbridae, Gtbr., Cat. Bat. Sal.
B. M., 1-2, 1858.''
Arcifera.
(Arcifera, Cope, K H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.'^)
Cystignatbidae = Cystignatbidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v,
105, 1865.''
10 Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, TOO, 1865, pars, nee Mivart ; Cope, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 1867.
11 (Bnfouidae) Chelydobatracbus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salieu., part., IS.'SS, 51, 53-54.
'2 Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865 ; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1869,287,295,
1' Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865 ; Dactylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1869, 295.
"Arcifera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866.
i^ Cystignatbidae, Rauidae partim, Cystif^uathidae, ITperoliidae, Bombiuatoridae
partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr.; Ranidae partim, Polypodatidae partim,
Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869.
10
Homiphractidae = Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. X. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, (59, 18G6.
Hylidac > Hylidac, Gtbr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96,
1858.'"
Scapliiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. X. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 09, 186G."
Pelodytidae = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. X. S. Phila.,
vi, (59, 18(56.'^
Asterophrydidae = Asterophiydidae, Cope, J. A. X. 8.
Phila., 11. s., vi, 79-80.*"*
Discoglossidae == Discoglossidae, Cope, X. H. Pev., v,
105-107, 1865.''
Order STEOOCEPHALI.
(Stegoccphali, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila., 1868, 209.'°)
Labyrinthodontia.
Baplietidae = Baphetidae, Cope, MSS.
Anthracosauridae = xinthracosauridae, Cope, MSS.
Colosteidae
Ganocephala.
= Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.*'
'« Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N. S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 186G.
" Scapliiopodidao partiin, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 18C">.
'"Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pans, Cope, olim. Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., vi,C9,
18C(3.
''^Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi,Gy, 1866; Discoglossidae partim,
:14, Honihinatoridae partim et Alytidac partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858;
Mivart, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, 18Gi», *2'J-l-295.
-0 Stegoccphali, Cope, Trans. Am. Piiil. Soc. 1870, 6-7.
-' Colosteus, Cope.
11
MiCROSAURIA.
Phlegethontiidae — Phlegethoiiiiidae, Cope, MSS.^""
Molgophidae — Molgophidae, Cope, MSS."
Ptyoniidae = Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS."^
Tuditanidae — Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS.
Peliontidae = Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.~'*
Order GYMNOPHIDIA.
(Gymnophiona, Miiller.)
Caeciliidae — Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 57, 1850.
Order IJRODELA.
( Seiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. S.
~ ( Pleurodelidae, ) London, xxvi,
137-143,1858.
= Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. S. Lon-
don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858.
— Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
Desmognathidae = Desmognatliidae, Cope, J. A. IST. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
Thoriidae = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila..
1869, 111-112.
^^'^ Phlfgethontia, Cope.
2- Molgopbis, Cope.
*^ Leptorputon, IIuxl. ; OestocoplKilus, Copa ; UrocoL'dylus, Hiixl.
-• Pel ion, Wymau.
2'S;il;vain(lriilac, Cope, Jour. Aciul. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 186G.
-" Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Giay, IdoO.
Pleurodelidae
Salamandridae
Hynohiidae.26
Plcthodoiitidae ^
Amblystomidae'*"'
Mcnopomidae
Ampbiumidae
Cocytinidae
Protcidac
12
= Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. X. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, ISiUi.
= Ainblystomidac, Cope, J. A. N. 8.
Pbila., 11. s., vi, 105-106, 1866.
— Protoiiopsidac, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad.
B. M., 52-54, 1850.
= Aiiipbiuniidae, Cope, J. A. X. S.
Pbila., 11 s., vi, 104-105, 1866.
= Cocijtinidae, Cope, MSS."'
Order PROTEIDA.
— Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 64-67, 1850.
Order TRACHYSTOMATA.
Sirenidae = Sirciiidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 67-69, 1850.
Class REPTILIA.
Order ORXmiOSAURIA.
(Ornitbosauria, Bonaparte, Fitziiiger, Seeley.''")
Dimorphodontidac — Dimorpbodoiitidae, Cope, P. A. A.
A. S. 1870, 234, 1871.=^^
s'Plethodoutidsie, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, IH66, partini Gray, ia'>0.
''^ Ainltlystomidae. Plethodontidae partiiii, Oray, 1(^50.
'^Coiytiiiiis, Copo, Trans. Am. Philos. Sue. Phihi., 1874.
^'Oniithosiniria =; Pteiosaiiria, Owcu.
3' Diniorphodoiitac, Seeley.
13
Pterodactylidae = Pterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871.^
Order DINOSAUEIA.
(Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley ; Pachypodes, Meyer
;
Ornithoscelida, Huxley.)
Symphypoda.
(Symphypoda, Cope ; Compsognatha, Huxley.)
Gompsognathidae — Compsognathidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871^' (name only).
Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., 234, 1871^^ (name only).
GONIOPODA.
(Goniopoda, Cope ; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.)
Megalosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
8., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).''
Teratosauridae = Teratosaiiridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).''
Orthopoda.
(Orthopoda, Cope ; Therosauria, Haeckel.)
Scelidosauridae — Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
^- Rhaniphorhyncbae et Pterodactyl ae, Seeley, loc. cit.
'3 Coiapsognatliidae = Compsognathiis, Wag.
^^ Oiuitbotarsidae = Oruitliotarsns, Cope.
3^ Megalosauridae, Huxley.
='' Teratosanrus, Plateosanrns, Me^'er, etc.
'^'' Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 1870.
14
Iguanodontidae — Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
11. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
Hadrosauridae — Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91-98, 1869.''
Order CROCODILIA.
(Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.)
Parasuchia.
Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).'"
Amphicoelia.
Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).
Goniopholidldae — Goniopholis, Owen, etc.
Procoelia.
Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Coj)e, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
Order SAUKOPTERYGIA.
(Sauropterygia, Owen.)
IPlacodoJitidae = Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."*'
M Ijjuanoiloiitidae, Huxley, Jonni. Gfol. Soc. London, Id/O.
^ Hadrosiiuridao, Hiixlej-, Juurn. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.
*o Thecodontia, Owen, \>\.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 18C9, 32.
" Tboracosaurus, Leidy, Cope.
** Crocodilidae + AUi^fatoiidae, Gray,
-f Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thccach-
huipsa, Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.
" Placodus, Aga«)s.
15
Plesiosam^idae — Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
Elasmosauridae — Elasmosauridae, Cope, Tr. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.'^
Order ANOMODONTIA.
(Anomodontia, Owen.)
Bicynodontidae — Bicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'*^
Oudenodontidae — Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.
Ichthyosauridae — Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871.
Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
ProtorosauTidae — Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
Sphenodontidae = Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A, A.
S., xix, 235, 1871.'^
Bhynchosauridae — Rhynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1870 (name only).'"
** Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, etc.
^ Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, etc.
••6 Dicyuodontidae, Owen, Paleontology.
*"' Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology.
"* Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum).
<9 Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 225-7.
^ Rhynchosaurus, Owen.
16
Order TESTUDINATA.
Atuecae.
(Athecae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, p. 235, 1870.)
Spliargididae = Spliargididae, Gray, Ann. Pliilos.,
1825.'^
= Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. 8.,
1872, 413.
Protostegidae
Chcloniidae
Pi'opleuridae
Trionychidae
Emydidae
Chclydridac
Cinosternidae
Testudinidae
Cryptodira.
= Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso-
phy, 1825.'^^
= Propleurklae, Cope, Am. Jour. Sc.
and Arts, 1, 137, 1870.
= Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi-
losophy, 1825.='
= Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist.
U. S., i, p. 351.^
= Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H.
U. S., i, 341.=^"
— Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat.
Hist. U. S., i, 347.
= Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phil, 1868, p. 282.''
" Si)liarf^i(li(lap, Bell, FitzinjTcr, Afjassiz.
6-Cb.'l()nii(la.>, Gray, Ann. Pliil., isiT. ; Aross., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.
"Trionychidae, Bell, Wiefjinaiiii, Duin. et Bibr., Agiiss.
'^Einydiilae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).
f*»Chelydra, Copo, P. A. N. 8. Phila., 1872.
^Testudinidae, Graj', Agass.
17
Pleurosternidae = Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282 (name only).
Adocidae =:Adocidae, Cope, P. A. P. S.,
1870, 547.
Pleueodiea.
(Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron ; Chelyoidae, Agass.)
Podocnemiclidae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. Is. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. S. London,
1869, pp. 208-209.
Hydraspididae = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
Pelomedusidae = Peloniedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119.
Sternothaeridae = Sternothaeridae. Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 119.
Order LACERTILIA.
(Lacertilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1870.)
Ehiptoglossa.
(Acrodonta Ehiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope
;
Chamaeleonida, Miiller.)
Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards
B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).''
^ Wiegmann, Gray, etc.
2n
Pachyglossa.
(Pachyglossa, Cope ; Acrodonta Pachyo;lossa, Wagler,
Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N. S. Pliila., 18G4, 220-227.)
Agamidae =Agamidai', Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845,
230.
Nyctisauea.
(Xyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M. ; Cope, P. A. X. S.
Phila., 18(34, 225.)
Gecconidae = Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 1845, 142."
Pleurodoxta.
(Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila., 1864, 22{5.)
a. Iguania.
— Anolidae, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila.,
1864, 227, 228.
= Iguanidac, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila.,
1864, 227, 228.''
b. Diplorjlossa.
— Anguidae, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila.,
1864, 228.
— Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. X". S.
Phila., 1864, 228.''
" Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1871.
^Ij^iiaiiulae pursauctoruiu.
*" Zouuridae, pt., Gray.
Anolidae
Iguanidae
Anguidae
Gerrhonotidae
19
XeDosauridae = Xeiiosauridae, Cope, P. A. IS". S.
Phila., 1866, 322.
Helodermidae = Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards
B. M., 1845.*^°
c. Thecaglossa.
(Thecaglossa, Wagler, Fitzinger, Cope.)
Varanidae = Varanidae, Cope, P. A. A A. S., xix,
237, 1870.
d. Leptoglossa.
(Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope.)
Teidae = Teidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix,
237, 1871.'^
Lacertidae =: Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 26-44, 1845.^'
Zonuridae = Zonuridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix,
237-241, 1871.'\
Chalcidae == Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
57-58, 1845.^'
Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
70-120, 1845.'^
Sepsidae — Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
121-126, 1845.^'^
60 Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 228 ; 1866, 322.
61 Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229)
;
Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Eiamidae, Gray.
62 Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 2.8; Lacertidae et Cricosauri-
dae, Peters ; Xantusiidae, Baird.
63 Zonuridae, pt., Gray ; Lacertidae pt.. Cope.
64 Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
65 Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
66 Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
20
e. Typhloph tlialm i.
(Typlilophthalmi, Cope, P. A. X. 8. Philn., 1^04, 228.")
Feyliniidae = Anclytropidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 230.^'
Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 126-127, 1845.''
Aniellidae = Aiiiellidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 230.
Opheosauri.
(Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 226.^
Aiiq)rii.shaenidac = Amphisbaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort.
Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844."
Trogonophidac — Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort.
Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.'-
Order PYTHOXOMORPHA.
(Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P. 8., n. s., xiv, 175-182,
1870.")
Mosasanridae > 3Iosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 182-211, 1870.
s'Typliloplitlmliiii, pars., Dam. et Bib., Erp. Gen.
^Typlilinidae, Gray.
® Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
'"Ophisauri, Merrem ; Aninilati, Wiegmann ; Ptycliopleures Glyptodernies, Dum. et
Bib.; Ampbisbaeuoidca, Miiller.
^' Ampbisbacnidae, Wiegmann.
"' Trogonopbes, Wiegmaiiu, Fitzinger.
"Pytbonoinorpha. Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. 8oc., 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natantia,
Owen, Paleontograpbical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles.
21
Typhlopidae
Stenostomidae
Tortricidae
Uropeltidae
Xenopeltidae
Pythonidae
Order OPHIDIA.
SCOLECOPHIDIA.
(Scolecopliidia, Dum. et Bib.'^'')
— Typhlopidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).''
= Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).''
TOETEICINA.
(Tortricina, Mtiller.'')
= Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. ^. S. Pliila.,
1864, 230.
= Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Pliila.,
1864, 230.''
AsmEA.
(Asinea, Miiiler, Cope.)
a. Peropoda.
(Peropoda, Miiiler.)
= Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. X. S.
Phila., 1864, 230.''
= Pythonidae, Cope, P. A.K S. Phila.,
1864, 230.''
" Scolecophidia et Catodouta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
^^ Epauodontiens, Dum. et Bib.
"s Catodoutiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodouta, Cope, olim.
" Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
'8 Uropeltacea, Peters ; Rhinophidae, Gray.
^' Xeuopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British ludia.
*" Holodoutiens, Dum. et Bib.
22
Boidae
Lichanuridae
xVchrochordidae
Horaalopsidae
Colubridae
Rhabdosomidae
zr Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila,
18G4, 230.'^
= Lichanuridae, Cope, P. A. X. S.
Phila., 18G8, 2.
b. Colubroidea.
— Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 231.^
= Tlomalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 167.^
= Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. 8.,
xix, 238, 1870.''
— Eliabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 238, 1870.^
Proteroglypha.
a. Conocerca.
Elapidae = Elapidae, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila.,
1864, 231.^
Najidae — Xajidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 231.^
*' Aproterodontiens, Dum. et Bib.
*"^ Achrochordieus, Dam. et Bib.
"3 Natricidao, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1.S58, .')0-84, Potamophilidao, .Tan.
"^Asinea, Group ,i-bh. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1(^4, 231; Calainaridac,
Olgodoutidae, Coronollidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Deiidropliididae, Dryiophididae,
Psauiinopbididao, Lycodoutidao, Scytalidac, Dipsadidae, etc., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes
B. M., I808, et op. alt.
»Calaniaritlao partim, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M.. IS'tS, 2-22.
«> Elapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 18.5S, 201V-237.
«' Elapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237.
23
b. Platycerca.
Hjdrophidae = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M.,
2, 35, 40, 1849.''
SOLENOGLTPHA.'^
(Solenoglypha, Dum. et Bib.)
Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes
B. M., 239, 1858.'°
Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. N. S., Phila.,
1859, 334.
Viperidae =Viperidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.,
p. 18.'^
Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.^^
** Hydridae, Gray; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859
333.
89 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333.
9" Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334.
91 Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; Giinther.
92 Crotaliuae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes B.
M. et auctorum.
P^RT II.
C II E C K - L I S T
OF
THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICA.N REALM,
BATRACHIA.
TEACllYSTOMATA.
SIKENIDAE.
Siren, Liun.
Siren lacertina, Linn,; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101.
The Austroriparian reg:ion ; extivme i)oiuts North Carolina, Florida,
jMatamoras, ]\Iexico, and Alton, Illinois.
PsEUDOBEANCHUS, Gray.
Fsendobranchiis striatus, LeCoute; Holbrook, American Herpetology,
vol. V, p. 109. Georgia.
PROTEIDA.
PROTEIDAE.
Kectuhus, Raf.
Neciunis lateralis, Say; liolbrook, Am. Ilerp., vol. v, i)p. Ill, 115.
Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States;
from a few points in the Austroriparian.
Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina.
25
CADUCIBRANCHIATA.
AMPHIUMIDAE.
Amphiuma, Linu.
AmpJiiuma means, Liun. ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. Austrori-
pariau region, from North. Carolina to Mississippi.
MuRAENOPSis, Fitzinger.
Muraenopsis tridactylus, Cuvier ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana.
MENOPOMIDAE.
Menopoma, Harl.
Menopoma allegheniense, Harl. ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All
tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianiau dis-
trict to North Carolina.
Menopoma fuscum, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the
Tennessee Eiver.
AMBLYSTOMIDAE.
Amblystoma, Tschudi.
Amblystoma talpoideum, Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila-
delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region ; mountains of South
Carolina.
Amblystoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1867,
p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas.
Amblystoma punctatmn, Linn. ; Cope, loc. cit., 1867, p. 175. United
States, east of the plains ; Nova Scotia.
Amblystoma conspersiim, Cope, loc. cit., 1867, 177. Pennsylvania to
Georgia.
Amblystoma bicolor, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jersey.
Amblystoma tigrinum, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United States, east
of the plains.
Amblystoma mavortium, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., 181. United States, in
the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions.
Amblystoma mavortium, Baird ; subspecies californiense, Gray ; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 187. Pacific region.
26
Ambh/stoma obscurum^ Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 102. Iowa.
Ambli/fitoma xiphias, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio.
AmbUjHtoma iriftruptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico.
Ambli/stoma jeffersonianum^ Green, subspecies jeffersonianum, Green;
Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Peunsylvania and Ohio, and northward.
Ambhjstoma Jcffersonianuin, Green, subspecies laterale, Ilallowell ; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward.
Ambh/stoma jcffer.sonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, nallowell ; Cope,
loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia.
Amblystomajcffersoniaiium, Green, subspecies platineum
; Cope, loc. cit.,
p. 198. Ohio.
Amblt/stoma macroflactt/htm, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., p. 198. Pacific
region.
Amblystomaparoticum, Baird
; Cope, loc. cit., p. 200. Vancouver's Island
and Washington Territory.
Amhlystoma atcrrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Northern Rocky Mount-
ains.
Ambh/.stoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 202.
Pacific region of Oregon and California.
AmbUjHtoma texanum, 3Iatthes; Cope, loc. cit., p. 204. Texas.
Amblystoma cingiilatum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 205. South Carolina.
Amhhjstoma microstomum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 200. xVustroriparian and
Eastern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains.
DiCAMPTODON, Straiuh.
Dicamptodon cnsatus, Eschscholz, Zoological Atlas, part v, p. 6, pi. xxii.
Pacific region.
PLETnODONTIDAE.
Batrachoseps, Bonap.
Batracftoseps attcmiatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phila.
1858, p. 348. Pacilic region.
'
BatrachoHcps ni^riventris, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1SG9, p. 98.
Fort Tejon, California.
Batrachosepft paciJicus,Co\^c, Proceed. Acad. 1805, p. 195. Santa Bar-
bara, Cal.
Demidactylium, Tschudi.
Ecmklactylium
.scutatum, Schlegel ; Dunieril et Bibron, Erp. Gendrale,
IX, p. 118-9. Bhode Island to Illinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico.
27
Plethodon, Tschudi.
Plethodon cinereus, Greeu, subspecies cinereus, Green 5 Cope, Proceed.
Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Eastern region.
Plethodon cinereus, Greeu, subspecies erythronotiis, Green ; Holbrook,
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 43. Eastern region.
Plethodon cinereus, Green, subspecies dorsalis, Baird, MSS. Louisville,
Ky.
J
Salem, Mass.
Plethodon intermedius, Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209.
Vancouver's Island.
Plethodon glutinosus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 99. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Plethodon oregonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 99. Pacific region.
Plethodon Jlavipunctatus, Straucb., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg,
1871, xvi, 71. ? New Albion, Cal.
Plethodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California.
Stereochilus, Cope.
Stereochilus marginatum, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia.
Manculus, Cope.
Manculus remifer. Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass.,
1869, p. 84. Florida.
Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 65. North
Carolina to Florida.
Spelerpes, Eaf.
Spelerpes multiplicatus. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 106.
Arkansas.
Spelerpes hilineatus. Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions, excepting Texas.
Spelerpes longicaudus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions, except Texas.
Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbrook; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. North and
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudin; Cope, loc. cit.,
1869, 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
28
Spclerpes ruber, subsiiecies sticticeps, Baird, MSS. South Carolina.
iipdvrpts ruber, Daudin, subspecies montanus, Baird; Jour Acad
Pliila, vol. i, p. 293. Alle-bany Mountains, from reunsylvauia to
Soutb Carolina.
GYRrxoPHiLus, Cope.
Gyrinophilusporphyritieus,GToen', Cope, Proceed. Acad, rbihi., 18G9
p. lOS. Alleghany Mountains, from Xew York to Alabama.
'
'
Ana IDES, Baird.
Anaules luguhris, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1809, p. 109. Entire Pacific
re^rion.
Anaules /erreus, Cope, loc. cit., 1809, p. 109. Oregon.
DESMOGNATHIDAE.
Desmognathus, Baird.
Desmofjnathus ochrophaea, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1809 p. 113.
Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia.
Desmognathus fusca, Kafinesque; Cope, loc. cit., 115 ; subspecies fusca,
lint; Cope, loc. cit., 110. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi!
^Mississippi.
Desmognathus fusca, Kaf., subspecies aurh-ulata, Holbrook : Cope
loc. cit., p. no. Soutb Carolina to Louisiana.
'
Desmognathus nigra, Green
; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount-
ains, from Pennsylvania sontiiwanl.
PLEUUODELIDAE.
DiEMYCTYLUs, Rafiuesquc.
Diemgcfj/Ius torosus, Escbscholz; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 6.
Paeilic region.
DiemyctyluH miniatus, llaf., subspecies miniatus, Eaf.; nallowell, loc.
cit.; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Uerp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions.
Diemyvtijlus miniatus, Ilaf., subspecies ririfhsccns, Kaf.; Holbrook,
N. Am. nerp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austrorii)ariau regions.
29
AIURA.
BUFONIFOEMIA.
BUFONIDAE.
BuFO, Laurenti.
Bufo punctatus, Baird; Giraicl, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25.
Sonoran and Lower Califoiiiian regions.
Bufo debilis, Girard ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26 {B. insiclior).
Sonoran region.
Bufo halojyhihis, Baird; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Pacific
region.
Bufo columbiensis, Baird ; Girard, Herpetology U. S. Expl. Exped., 77.
Pacific region and Montana.
Bufo alvarius, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Sonoran
region.
Bufo microscaphus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 301.
Sonoran region.
Bufo sijeciosus, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv,, ii, p. 26. Lower Eio
Grande (Sonoran).
Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1866, p. 301. Sonoran region.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v,
p. 21. Texan district.
Bufo lentigitiostis, subspecies americanus, LeConte; Holbrook, Girard,
U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Eastern and Austroriparian
regions to the plains.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,
V, p. 7. Austroriparian region.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies foiclerii, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to
Lake Winnipeg.
Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, K Am. Herp., v, p. 13 ; Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1862, p. 341. Floridan and Eastern Lousianian districts to
Ijforth Carolina.
Bufo valliceps, Wiegmann ; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25,
pi. xl, figs. 1-4 {B. nebulifer, Girard). Texan district (also Mexico).
30
FIEMI8TERXIA.
ENGYSTOMIDAE.
Engystoma, Fitziu{,'er.
JEngysfoma carolinensc, Elolbrook, X. Am. Ilerp., v, p. 23. Austroripa-
riiiu region.
AECIFERA.
HYLIDAE.
ACRis, Dum., Bibr.
Acris gryllus, LeCoute, subspecies gryllus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv,
p. I'M. Austroriparian region.
Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crcjyitans, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions.
Choropiiilus, Baird.
Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound-
Surv., 1). 28. Texan district.
Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies triseriatns, Wied. Central and East-
ern regions.
Chorophilus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis, Cope, MSS. New Jersey.
Chorophilus nigritus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 107. South
Carolina and Georgia.
Chorophilus augulatus, Cope {Cystiguathus ocularis), Holbrook, N. Am.
Herp., iv, p. 137. South Carolina.
Chorophilus ocularis, D-dutMii {Cystiguathus onm/?/^), Giintber, Cat. Bat.
Salien. Brit. Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia.
Choro2)hilus ornatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina;
Georgia.
Hyla, Laurenti.
Ryla curta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18GG, p. 313. Lower Californiau
region.
Hyla regilla, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 60. Pacific region.
Hyla eximia, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region.
Hyla andersonii, Baird; Cope, Proc, Phila. Acad., 18G2, 154. New Jer-
sey to South Carolina.
31
Hyla squirella^ Daudin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pi. 30. Austrori-
pariau region.
Ryla carolinensis, Pennant; Holbrook, N. Ara. Herp., iv, p. 29. Aiistro-
riparian region.
ffyla carolinensis, Penu., subspecies semifasciata, Hallowell, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1856, 306. Texan district.
Hyla piclceringii, Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., iv, pi. 34. Eastern region.
Ryla femoralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 31. Eastern
j)art of Austroriparian region.
Hyla versicolor, LeConte ; Holbrook, K Am. Herp., iv, p. 28. Eastern
and Austroriparian regions.
Hyla arenicolor, Cope ; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., 29. Sonoran region.
Hyla cadaverina, Cope ; Hallowell, U. S. P. R. E. Surv., x, Williamson's
Eeport, 21. Pacific region.
Hyla gratiosa, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, 146. Florida; Lower
Georgia.
Smilisca, Cope.
Smilisca haudinii, Dum., Bibr. ; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., p. 29, pi.
xxxviii, figs. 1-3. Lower Rio Grande, Mexico.
CYSTIGNATHIDAE.
LiTHODYTES, Cope.
LitJiodytes ricordii, Dum., Bibr. ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, 153.
Southern Florida (Bahamas ; Cuba).
Epirhexis, Cope.
Epirhexis longipes, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., pi. xxxvii, figs 1-3.
Lower Rio Grande.
SCAPHIOPIDAE.
Spea, Cope.
Spea bomhifrons, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Central region.
Spea hammondii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Pacific
region to San Diego.
Spea multiplicata^ Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Fear city of Mexico.
ScAPHiopus, Holbrook.
Scaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies varius, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Lower
California.
32
Scaphiopus rariiis, Cope, suhsjiccies rectiffcnis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 53.
Sonoran region.
Scaphiojms couchii, Baird; Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Souoran region.
Scaphhipus Itnlhrookii, Harlan; Cope, loc. cit., p. 54. Eastern and Aus-
troriparian regions.
RANIFOEMIA.
RANIDAE.
RanA, Linn.
Rana arcolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies capHo, LeConte, Proc. x\cad.
Phila., 1S55, p. 425. Floridan district.
Fana areolnta, Baird and Girard, subspecies arcolata, Bd. Gir., U. S.
Mex. Bound. Surv., 28, pi. xxxvi, tigs. 11-12. Texan district.
Rana montezumae, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., \). 27. Mexican
plateau.
Rana halccina, Kalm ; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 91 ; subspecies
haleciiia, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 185G. pp. 141, 250. Eastern
coast-countries of Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
Rana haJccina, Kalm, subspecies heylandicri, Baird, U. S. I\Iex. Bound.
Surv., p. 27. l*>ntire Interior of iS^ortb America ; Mexico.
Rana palustris, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, i). 95. Eastern
region.
Rana septentrionaliH, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. Gl [R. sinuata,
Bd.). Canada to Montana.
Rana clamitans, Merrorn.; Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., iv, pp. 85-87. East-
ern region, Louisianian district.
Rana catesbiana, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 77. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Rana temporatia, Linn., subspecies aurora^ Bd. ; Gird., U. S. Exi)l. Ivxped.
Herp., p. 18.
Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies «j7ra<tca, LeConte; Holbrook, X. x\.m.
Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region.
Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantabrigensis, Baird, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1854, p. Gl. Canadian district of Eastern region to Kocky
Mountains.
Rana prcfiosa, Baird ; Girard, U. !S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific
subregion.
33
OPHIDIA.
SOLENOGLYPHA.
CiiOTALIDAE.
Aploaspis, Cope.
Aploaspis lepida, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 206. Western
Texas.
Crotalus, Linu.
Crotalus pyrrhus, Cope, Proc. Pbila., 1866, i\ 308. Central Arizona.
Crotalus mitchelUl, Cope, loc. cit., 1861, p. 293. Lower California.
Crotalus cerastes, Hallowell; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p.
14. Arizona.
Crotalus iigris, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 14. Ari-
zona.
Crotalus enyo, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1801, p. 293. Lower California.
Crotalus hortklus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p. 9. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Crotalus a<3amanfetis, Beauvois, subspecies adamanteus, Beauvois; Baird
and Girard, N. Am. Serpents, p. 3. North Carolina to Florida.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies atrox, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 5. Indian Territory and Texas to Sonora and Southern and
Lower California.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies scutulatus, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 207. Arizona.
Crotdlus lucifer, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 6. Pacific subregion ; mount-
;iins of Arizona.
Crotalus polystictus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land
of Mexico.
Crotalus coufluentus, Say; Baird and Girard, loc. cit., p. 8. Central and
Sonorau regions, entering Texan district of the Austroriparian.
Crotalus molossus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 10. Sonoran region, enter-
ing the Texan district.
Caudisona, Laurenti.
Caudisona rava, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1805, p. 19 L Table land of
Mexico.
3h
34
'Cau(lisona miliaria^ Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 11. Austroriparian
region and Sonora.
Caudisona edicardsii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 1.5. Sonoran region.
Caudisona tergemina, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 14. Eastern region
west of the Allegheny ^Mountains ; Georgia.
Ancistrodon, Beauvois.
AnciKtrodon pisci varus, Lacepede, subspecies j>f.sc/ro>-?f."}, Lae<^'pede; Baird
and CJirard, Cat., ]i>. Austroriparian region, except Texas.
Ancistrodon piseivoruSj Lac<5pede, subsjiecies j;M</;m.r, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. L'O. Texan district.
Ancistrodon contortri.v, Linn. : I>aird and Girard, Cat., p. 17. Entire East-
ern and Austrorijtarian regions.
Ancistrodon atrofuscus, Troost.; Holbrook, N. Am. llerp., iii, p. -43.
Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina.
PROTEKOGLYPHA
ELAPIDAE.
Elaps, Schneider.
Elaps fidvius, Linn., Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21 ; subspecies fulcius.
Austroriparian region.
Elaps fulriu.s, Linn., subspecies tencr, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 22.
Texas.
Elaps euriixanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phihi., 18G0, p. 337. Sono-
ran region.
Elaps distans, Kennicott, loc. cit., p. 338. Chihuahua ; Florida.
A8INEA.
COLUBBIDAE.
CARPHoruioPS, Gervais. ^'^A^ ^^J
Carpho})]iioj)s lirlcnac, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 100. South-
ern Illinois; Mississippi.
Carphophiops amocnus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Massachu-
setts to Louisiana and Illinois.
.Carphophiops rcrmis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. ^Us-
souri; Kansas.
35
Virginia, Baird and Girard.
Virginia harpcrti, Dum., Bibr., Erp^tologie Generale, vol. vi, p. 135.
Texas; ? Georgia.
^Virginia valeriae, Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois
and North Carolina.
Virginia elegans, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Southern
Illinois; Arkansas.
Haldea, Baird and Girard.
^aldea striatula, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to
Texas.
Tantilla, Baird and Girard.
Tantilla planiceps, Blainville ; Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 154. Lower
California.
Taniilla gracilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 132. Texas.
Tantilla hallotcellii, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 7. Texas.
Tantilla nigriceps, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 328. Texas;
New Mexico ; Arizona.
Tantilla coronata^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia ; Mississippi,
Abastor, Gray.
^Abastor erythrogrammus,Di:^(\\\\', Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. North tt
Caroliua to Alabama. '
Paranoia, Gray.
^Farancia ahacura, Holbrook; Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 123. Austro-
riparian region.
Chilombniscus, Cope.
Cliilomeniscus stramineus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 339. Lower
California.
Chilomeni^cus ephippicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 85. Owen
Valley, California (Sonoran subregion).
Chilomeniscus cinctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 303. Sonora.
Chionactis, Cope.
Chiotiactis oGcipitalis, Hallowell, U. S. Pacific E. R. Survey, vol. x, ^Vill-
iamson's Eeport, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona.
Chioiiuctis occipitalis, Ilallowell, subspecies anntilata, Keniiicott, U. S.
Mex. Bound. Siirv., vol. ii, p. 1*2. Colonulo Desert, Arizona.
COXTIA, Baird and Gir;ird.
Contin mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. HO. Paeitie region.
Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 180G, p. 304. Utah; Arizona.
Contia episcopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas.
Contia pygaea. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida.
SONORA, Baird and Girard.
Sonora semiannulata, Baird and Giiaitl. Cat., p. 117. Souora.
LODIA, Baird and Girard.
Lodia teniiifi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p 1 1<>. Wasliin{,^ton Territory.
GvALOPiUM, Coi)e.
Gi/alopium canum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 18(50, 243. Arizona.
M^'^t^c^ve^^ti^ , ^- ^^. Cemopiioka, C<)i)e.
Cemophora coccinca. Bhinienbacli, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus-
troripariau region.
KniNOCiliLUS, Baird and Girard.
Rhiuochihis Iccontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South-
ern Pacific regions.
Osceola, liaird and Girard.
Osceola elapsoidca, Ilolbrook; Baird and (iirard. Cat., p. 133. Virginia to
Florida.
OriiiBOLUS, Baird and Girard.
02)hiholus(loHati(s, Linn.,snl)sp^ciescom«rJ^^', Schlegel ; P>aird and Girard,
Cat., J). 80. Florida to New Mexico; Kansas.
^ 1
Ojthiholns floliatus^ Linn., subspecies ii)ii<nn-iis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila.,
L^" 1860, p. 258.
OphUiohis (loVmtnfi. Linn., subspecies {jcntilis, Baird and (rirard. Cat., p.
00. Arkan.sas.
OphiholuK (loliatus, Linn., subspecies ainiuhttus, Kenuicott, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 18(>0, p. 329. Kan.sas; Arkansas and Texas.
37
OpMboIus doliatus, Linn., subspecies doliatus, Linn.; Cope, Proc. Acad.,
18G0, p. 256, Maryland and Virginia to Kansas ; Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Texas.
' Opfiiholus doliatus^ Linn., var. triangulus, Boie; Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 87. From Virginia northward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
Ophibolus muliistratus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 328. Ne-
braslia. '
Ophibohis pyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 305. Arizona
and California.
Ophibolus getvlus, Linn., subspecies boylii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82.
Pacific and Souoran regions.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies conjunctus. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1861, 301. Lower California.
OpMbolus getulus, Linn., subspecies splendidus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.
83. Sonoran region.
Ophibolus getulus, var. sayi, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84.
United States, between the Allegheny and liocky Mountains, from
the Gulf of Mexico to Illinois.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn. ; subspecies getulus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 85. From Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the
Alleghenies.
Ox)hibolus ca7(/bniiae, Blain v.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower
California.
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 86.
North Carolina to Georgia.
' Ophibolus calligaster, Say ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 255. Illi-
nois to Kansas and Arkansas.
DiADOPHis, Baird and Girard.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies punctatus, Liim. ; Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 112. United States and Canada, east of the piains
and Texas.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies stietogenys, Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1860, p. 250. Texas.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amabilis, BaivA and Girard, Cat.,
p. 113. Pacific and Sonoran regions ; occasional in Texan district
and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio.
38
Diadophis dysopes, Cope, Proc. Acad., ISGO, p. 251. Habitat unknown.
Diadophis arni/i, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1859, p. Ol>. Illinois inni Kan
sas.
Diadophis regalis, Baiid and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona; Souora.
(30NI0PHANES, Ilallowell.
ConiophancH imperialism Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23.
Chihuahua.
Hypsiglena, Cope.
Hyprnjlcna ochmrhyncha. Cope, Proc. Acad., 18G0, 240. Lower Califor-
nia north to San Diego.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies cMorophaea^ Cope, loc. cit.,
18G0, p. 247. Arizona.
SiBON, Fitzinger.
Sihon annulatum, Linn., subspecies septentrionale, Kennicott, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. IG. Southwestern Texas.
Teimokpuodon, Cope.
Trimorphodon Jyrnphanes^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila,, 1860, p. 343. Lower
California and Arizona.
PUOIOTHYRA, Cope.
Phimnthyra grahnmiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California
and Sonoran regions to L'tah and Texas.
^ 9 Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, subspecies hcxalepis, Cope,
^'
'
Proc. Acad. Phila., 18GG, p. 304.
Plti)ti()thyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 18G8, p. 310. Lower California.
Deomicus, Bibron.
Droniicus favilatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. IMiila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of
North Carolina.
CvcLOPHis, Giinther.
Cyclophis i-o-iKilis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 108. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions; rare in the latter.
liAit/U^ rjr Qydopliis aestiviiSj Linn. : Baird and Girard, Cat., p. lOG. Austroriparian
- ' ^- region, and the Eastern as far as New Jersey, Maryland, and South-
ern Illinois.
Coluber, Linn. =• S^^^^ , ^^ ^^>
Coluber emoryi, Baird and Giiard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and ihe Missis-
sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois {C. caUigaster, Kenn. ; G. rhino-
megas, Cope).
Coluber lindheimerii^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 74. Texas and Arkansas.
Coluber vulpimis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 75. Massachusetts to Mich-
igan, Kansas and northward [C. sinloides^ D. & B.).
Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 80. North
Carolina to Florida.
Coluber obsolefus, Say, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330; sab-
species obsoleius, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Eastern
United States, from Middle Texas to Massachusetts.
^Coluber obmletus, Say, subspecies conjinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76
(0. rubric€j>s, D. & B.). Austroriparian region; \Yestern Missouri.
Coluber guttatus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian
region to Central Virginia.
Spilotes, Wagler. = V^irrg^a^ /d-iy.
Spilotes coiiperii, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia.
Sjnlofes erebennus, Cope ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala-
bama {Georgia obsoleta, B. & G.).
PiTYOPHis, Holbrook. ^ HtZ^^A^^^^ ^-7 -rX
Pitiiophis melanoleucu.% Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New
Jersey to South Carolina and Ohio.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicanus, Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. Gen.,
vol. vii, p. 236. Sonoran and Central regions, entering the Texan
district.
Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. bellona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. QQ.
Sonoran and Pacific regions, with Nevada and Utah.
Pityophis catenifer, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacific
region.
Pityophis vertebralis, Blainville ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342
(P. haematois, Cope). Lower California.
Pityophis elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 18. Sonorr
region.
40
Bascaxiim, IJaiid and Giiaul. =- Baj^^^^*^ /^t^.
-^Bascanhim constrictor, Linn.; Baird and (liiard, ('at., p. 03. Central,
Anstroriparian. and Eastern roj^ions.
Bascaniuni constrictor, Linn., .subspecies vctiistiiin, Baird and Girard,
Cat., 1). 1»7. Pacitic region.
liascuiiium anthicioii, Cope, Proc. Aead. Phila., 18G1', p. L'.'J.S. Loui-
siana (?).
Bascanimn jUtgeUiforme, Catesb., subspecies jflagcUiformc, 15aii<l and
Girard, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida.
BaHcanium JfageUiformr, Catesb., subsi)ecies ^>/tr«m, Cope, ;^LS. Camp
Grant, Arizona.
Bascaniiim JiageUiformc, Catesb., subspecies /f.s'fflc'e?<w, Say; Baird ami
Girard, Cat., pp. 00 and 150. Lower Californian and Sonoran re-
gions, with ^^'vada, Utah, and Texas.
Ba.scdniitiit faoiidtioii, Hallowell, subspecies hitcrale, IIalU)\vell, Pioc.
Aca(L Phihi
,
l.So.'J. Sonoran and Pacific regions.
Bascanium tacitiatuni, UaHowell, subspecies /<u;<<afwm, Hailoweil; Baird
and Girard, Cat., pi). 103 and KiO. Pacific and Souorau n-gions;
Utah and Nevada.
Bascanium tacniatam, Halloweil, siib.species ornatum, Baird and (iirard,
Cat., p. 10i». Western Texas.
Bascanium uuriguhim, Coi)e, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1801, j). 301. Lower
Calitornia.
CniLoroMA, Cope.
Chilopoma nifopumtatuin. Cope, liejiort on lieptiies of Wheeler's Survey
west of one huiidredtli Micridiaii. 187.") (.MS.). Sonoran district.
EUTAE^'IA, Baird and Girard.
Eutaciiin stairita, Linn.; Baird and Crirard, Cat., p. L'l. Anstroriparian
and Eastern regions.
Eutaenia xaclvnii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Pliila.. lS."J!t. p. 00. I'loiiihin
district.
Eidacnia faingi, Baird and Giiaid, Cat., |). -~>. Mississippi ^'aIlev, from
Louisiana to Wisconsin.
Eutaciiui pro.viiiKi, Sa v : Baird and Girard, Cat., ]>. L*.~). Valley of the
.Mississipjii, from Wisionsin to I.iaiisiana ; Texas; Northea.steru
]Me.\ic().
Eutaenia radix, Baird and (iirard, Cat., p. 34. Central region to Lake
^Michigan
; (_)regon.
41
'3utaeitia viacostemma, Keuuicott, subspecies megalops, Keuiiicott, Proc.
Acad. Phi la., 18G0, p. 330. Sonoran regiou.
Eataenia hammondii, Keunicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Pacific
regiou.
Eiitae:iia marciana, Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 36. Arkansas, Texas,
and entire Eio Grande Valley.
// Eutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard^ subspecies vagrans, Baird and
Giraid, Cat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and northern i)arts of Sonoran
regions.
Eutaenia vagrmis, Baird and Girard, subspecies angustirostris, Keunicott,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region.
Eutaenia elegans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. California.
Eutaenia cyrtopsis, Keunicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, \). 333. Lower
Californian and Sonoran regions.
Eutaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 16. Valley of the
Eio Grande del Norte.
^.^utaenia fiirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31.
Entire North America.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subsi^ecies ordinata, Linn.; Baird aud Girard,
Cat., p. 32. Northern part of Eastern region ; Nova Scotia ; North
Alabama.
.^^Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies sirtalis, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 30. North America, excepting the Sonoran, Lower Cali-
fornian, and southern half of Pacific regions.
_^- Eutaenia' sirtaliSj Linn., subspecies j9flrie^«/is. Say, Lon^j's Exped. Rocky
Mts., i, p. 186. Central and Pacific regions ; Illinois.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies ohscura^ Cope, MS. Eastern subre-
gion north of Washington; northern part of Pacific region.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 31.
North America, except the Sonoran aud Lower Californian regions.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Baird and Girard, subsi)ecies piclceringii, Baird and
Gu^ard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region ; Minnesota ; Texas.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies tetrataenia, Cope, MS. Pitt River,
California.
Eutaenia atrata, Keunicott, Cooper and Suckley's Zool. Wash. Terr.,
p. 296. California.
Eutaenia cooperii, Keunicott, in Cooper aud Suckley's Nat. Hist. Wash.
Terr., j). 296. Washington aud Oregon.
42
Stoeeria, Baiid and Giianl.
Storeria occipitomaculata., Storer; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 137. East-
ern region ; South Carolina ; Georj^ia.
Storeria dekayi, Uolbrook; JJaird and Girard, Cat., j). 133. Centiai, Au.s-
troriparian, and Eastern regions.
TK0PID0(iL0NlU3I, Cope.
Iropidodoniinn slorerio'ides, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., iso.j, p. 1<J0.
Plateau of Mexico.
TropidodoIlium lineatum, Uallowell, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1S50. Jvansas
to Texa.s.
Tropidotlnnium Jiirtlandii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. IMiila., 185G, p. 95.
Illinois; Ohio.
Tkopidokotus, Km hi.
TropidonotuH datlii, Baird and Ciiranl, Cat., p. 18. Texas.
\Tropidonotus grahamii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi
?iyii,a liy^.) ^'alley, troiu Louisiana to Wisconsin ; ^lichi^an.
TropidnaotuH Icberis, Linn.; Baird and (iiiard, Cat., [>. 43. Austroripariau
and Eastern regions, including Texas.
Tropidonotus ngidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 40. Penn.sylvania
to Georgia, east of the Allegheny ^louniains.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 334. Lower Calitbrnian and Sonoran regions;
Utah.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subs[)ecies cehwuo, Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., p. 341. Lower California.
Tropidonotus compsoluemus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G0, p. 308.
Florida.
Tropidonotus compressicaiidus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G(), j).
335. Florida.
Tropidonotus ustus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1800, \k 340. Florida.
Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro-
M^./i.r^. lipaiian region.
^^^^ Tropiilonotus sijicdon^ Linn., subspecies sipcdon, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroripariau regions, excepting Texas.
Ti'ojyidonotus sipcdon, Linn., subspecies tcoodhousei, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 4'J. Texas to Mi.ssouri.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies coudiii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad.,
1800, p. 335. Souoran region.
43
. Tropidonotus sipedon^ Linn., subspecies erythrogaster, Shaw; Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 40. Austroiipariau region, except Texas ; Michigan
and Kansas.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus^ Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43.
North Carolina to Georgia.
Tropidonotus rJioniMfer, Hallowell ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui-
siana to Illinois and Michigan.
Tropidonotus cyclopium^ Dum. et Bibron ; Cope, Proc. Acad., 1801, p. 299.
Florida.
Helicops, Wagler.
Melicops allenii, Garnian, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92.
Ploridan district.
Heterodon, Beauv.
.
Meterodon platyrhinus, Latreille; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 51. Entire
Austroriparian and Eastern regions.
Heterodon platyrhinus, Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia.
Reterodon sinius, Linn., subspecies simus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 59.
Austroriparian region, excepting Texas.
Hetcrodon simus, Linn., subspecies nasicns, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 61.
Sonoran and Central regions and Texas.
BOIDAE.
Chaeina, Gray.
Charina bottae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. Nat., iii, 1S34, 57.
Lower Californian region.
Charina plumbea, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region
;
1 Nevada.
LICHANURIDAE.
LiCHANURA, Cope.
lAehanura trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower
California.
Liclianura myriolepis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
Lichanura roseifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
44
SCOLECOPIIIDIA.
STENOSTOMIDAE.
Stenostoma, Wagl.
Stenostoma dulce, B.iiid and Giniid, Cat., \). 142. Soiioran region
;
Texas.
Slcnustttma humile, Baiid and (jiiard, Cat., i>. 143. Pacific legioo.
LACEIITILIA.
OPHEOSAURI.
AMIMlISr.AKNIDAK.
liuiNEt KA, Cope.
Rhincilra Jiorichnia, Uaiid ; Co^ie, Pioc. Acad. Phila., 1801, p. 75.
Floridaii district.
PLEUKODOiNTA.
TYPHLOPHTIIALML
ANIELLIDAK.
Aniella, Cray.
Anicllu pulchrdj Gray. Pacilic rej^Moii. Iroin San I-'iaiicisco .soutliward.
LEPTOGLOSSA.
SCINCIDAE.
Oli(;o.S().ma, (Jirard.
Ori<iost>iua hitcrale, 8ay ; llolbrook, N. Aai. llcrp., ii, p. 13.j. Aiistro-
ripariau region; Northwest South Carolina.
EUMECES, Wie-niaiui.
Euvieces septentrioiKilis, Paird, Proc. Acad. Phihi., 1858, p. -'A). .Miuue-
sota and Nebraska.
45
Emneces egrcgius, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 256. Florida.
Eumeces onocrepis, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem., 1869, p. 82.
Florida.
Eumeces tetragrmnmus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, 256. Lower Rio
Grande.
Eumeces anthracinus, Baird, Jour. Acad. Pbila., i, p. 293. Pennsylvania
to Texas, in mountains.
Eumeces inornatus^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 256. Nebraska.
Eumeces multivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 215.
Central region.
Eumeces leptogrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Central
region.
Eumeces obsoletus, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129.
Sonorau region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian.
Eumeces guttulatus, Hallowell ; Sitgreaves's Report on Zuni, p. 113. Souo-
ran region and Western Texas.
Eumeces sbiltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury's Report
Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacittc region.
Eumeces fasciatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp.
121, 127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions.
Eumeces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 313. Bermuda
Islands.
LACERTIDAE.
Xantusia, Baird.
Xantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 255. Pacific sub-
region.
TEIDAE.
Cnemidophorus, Wiegmann.
Criemidophorus maximiis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower
California.
Cnemidophorus grahamii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p.
128. Eastern Sonoran region.
Gnemidopliorus sexUneatus, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109.
Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Southeast Virginia.
Cnemidophorus inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. South-
ern Sonoran region.
Cnemidophorus octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, j). 255.
Southern Sonoran region.
46
Cncmldopliorus perplexna^ Baird and flirard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p.
128. Rio Graude Valley.
Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tcssellatus, Say; Baird, TJ. S.
P. R. R. Surv., X, Beckwith's Report, p. 18. Southern Colorado.
Cncmidophorus tcsscUatus, Say, subspecies tigris, Baird and Girard;
Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p. 338. Pacilic and Sonoran regions
to Utah.
CntmiiJophoruH tf-sscUafiis, Say, sul>si)ecies 7)irhinos(cthiis, Cope, Proc,
Acad. I'liila., 1803, p. 104. Soutliea.st Arizona.
Cyiemidophorus iessellatuSj Say, subspecies gracilis, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1852, 128. Southeast Arizona.
Yerticaria, Cope.
Verticaria Jnjpcryfhra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 103. Lower
California to San Diego.
DIPLOGLOSSA.
ANGUIDAE.
Opheosaurus, Daudin.
Opheosaurus rentralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., ii, p. 139.
Austroriparian region ; Tennessee; Kansas.
GERRHONOTIDAE.
Barissia, Gray.
Barissia olivacca, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1858, p. 255. Southern
California.
Gerrhonotus, Wiegmann.
GerrlionotuB nohilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129.
Sonora.
Gerrhonotus principis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175.
Northern Pacific region.
Gerrhonotus mitlticarindtus, Blainville {0. formosus), Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacilic and Lower Calit'oniian
regions.
Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176.
Pacitic region.
47
GcrrJionotus sGincicaiidus, SkiltoD, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, lf^4:9, j). 202.
Pacific and Lower Californiau regions.
Gerrhonotus infernalis, Baird and Girardj Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
186G, 322. Western Texas.
HELODEEMIDAE.
Heloderma, Wiegmann.
Heloderma suspectum, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi.
Sonoran region.
IGUANIA.
IGUANIDAE.
HoLBROOKiA, Girard.
Eolbrookia maculata, Girard, subspecies maculata, Girard; Stansbury's
Eeport, 1852, p. 342. Central and Sonoran subregions.
RolbrooMa maculata, Girard, subspecies propinqua, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila. 1852, p. 126. Texas.
HolhrooMa texaiia, Troschel ; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852,
p. 125. Sonoran region ; Western Texas.
Callisaurus, Blainville.
CalUsaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies ventralis, Hallowell; Sit-
greave's Eeport Zuiii, p. 117. Sonoran region.
Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies gabhii, Cope, MS. North-
ern Lower California.
Gallisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies dracontoides, Blainv., Nouv.
Ann. de Mus., p. 426. Southern Lower California.
Uma, Baird.
Uma notata, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Sonora region.
Sauromalus, Dumeril.
Sauromalus ater, Dumeril ; Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 6.
Sonoran region.
Crotaphytus, Holbrook.
Crotaphytus collaris. Say ; Holbrook, K Am. Herp., ii, p. 79. Sonoran
region ; Central region to latitude 40°.
48
CrotaplnituH icislizotii, Baird <nnl Girard, Staiisbury's Report Salt Lake,
J). 340. Pacilic and Souoraii refjions; Nevada, Utah.
Crotaphiitm reticulatiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pliila., IS.jS, p. L'3;3. Western
Texas.
DiPSOSAURl'S, Ilallowcll.
JJlpaosaurus dormlis, Baird and Girard, I'roc. Aead. Pliila., 18.">2, p. I'JG.
Lower Calilbrnian, Southern Pacific, and Sonoran regions.
Uta, P>air(l and Girard.
Uiit tlnitaNsina, Cope, I'roc. Acad. Pliila., 18();J, p. 101. Lower Calitornia.
Uta graciosoj Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1S.~)4, p. 02. Pacific regrion.
Uta nifiricauila, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., ISOl, p. 17(». Lower Cali-
fornia.
Uta .scliotfii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18.jS, p. iM.'i. Southern California.
Uta ornata, Baird and Giiard, Proc. Acad. Phila., IS.-ili, p. IL'C. Sonoran
rejiion.
Uta stansburiana, Bainl and Girard, Sfansb'irv\s lieport Salt Lake, p.
345. Pacific, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions; Nevada,
Utah.
ScELOPORUS, Wieginaiin.
Sceloporxis ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv., \). 5. Southeastern
Sonoran region.
Sceloporus jarrovii^ Coiw,^lS., Zo'6\. W\\oo\efs Expl. west of the lOOth
merid., 1875. Sonoran region (Southern Arizona).
Sceloponm poitisettii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila,, 1852, i>. 120.
Sonoran region.
Sceloponi.s toniuatus^ Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Phila., ii, p. 131.
Southern Sonoran region.
Sceloporus couchii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, j). 254. Southern
Sonoran region.
Scelojmnts viannorutus, llallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178.
Sonoran region ; Utah.
Sceloporus bi.scriatus, Hallowell, U. S. P. P.. K. Surv., x, Willianison's
Keport, p. 0. ? Habitat.
Scelo2)onis undiilatus, Harlan, subspecies undnlatus^ Harhui ; Ilolbrook,
Am. Ilerp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower
Californian regions.
40
Sceloporus midulatus, Harljui, subspecies fhaycrJi, Baird and Girard,Proc.
Aca-'. Pliila., 1852, p. 127. California, Utali, New Mexico, and Rio
Grande Valley.
Sceloporus consobrinus, Baird and Girard ; Marcv's Eeport Ked River,
1853, p. 237. Souoran and Central regions; Oregon and Texas.
Sceloporus scalaris, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, 1834, p. 52. So-
nora.
Sceloporus floridanus^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Florida.
Sceloporus spinosus^ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 50. Texas.
Sceloporus clarldi, Baird and Girard, subspecies clarMi, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. Sonoran and Southern Pacific
regions.
Sceloporus clarJcii, Baird and Girard, subspecies zosteromus, Cope, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1803, p. 105. Lower California.
Phrynosoma, Wiegmann.
Phrynosonia modestuni, Girard, Stansbury's Eept. Salt Lake, p. 365. So-
noran region.
Phrynosonia platyrhimim, Girard, Stansbury's Rept Salt Lake, p. 361.
Utah and Nevada.
Phrynosoma maccaUii, Hallowell ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9.
r>esert of Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma regale^ Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of
Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma planiceps^ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. South-
ern Sonoran region.
Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan
;
Girard, Stansbury's Rept. Salt Lake, p.
300. Texas.
Phrynosoma hernandezii^ Giraid, Herp. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 395. New
Mexico ; Rio Grande Valley.
Phrynosonia doiiglassii. Bell, subspecies ornatissimum, Girard, Herp. U.
S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 396. Souoran region.
Phrynosonia douglai^sii, Bell, subspecies douglassii. Bell ; Girard, Herp.
U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 398. Entire Central region ; Oregon and
Washington.
Phrynosonia blainvillei, Gray j Girard, U. S. Ex[)l. Exped. Herp., p. 400.
Pacific region.
4 H
50
Phrynosoma coronatum, Blainvillo, Nonv. Mdm. Mnsenm, iv, p, 28. Lower
California.
CycLURA, II;illaii.
Cyclura hcmilopJui, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 18G.1, p. 10,1. Lower Cali-
fornia.
ANOLIDAE.
Anolis, Merrem.
Aiwlis princijmlifi, Linn. ; llolbrook, X. Am. Ilerp., ii, 07. Austroriiia-
rian region.
AtioUs cooperii, Bainl, Proc. Acad. IMiila., 180S, p. 254. TCaliform'a.
NYCTISAURA.
GECCONIDAE.
CoLEONYX, Gray.
Coleonyr varkgatiis^ Paird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12, Sonoran
region.
Spuaerodactylus, Cuv.
Sphaeroilactyliis not(xtus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bomid. Surv., j). 12. Key
West, Fla. (Cuba).
Phyllodactylus, Gray.
PhyUoflactylits tuberculosua, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad., xvii,
]). 241. Sonoran region.
Phyltodactylns xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., }). 102. Lower California.
Diplodactylus, dray.
BiploJactylus unctus^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1863, p. 102. Lower Cal-
ifornia.
TESTUDIMTA.
ATHECAE.
SPIIARGIDIDAE.
Spiiargis, Merrem.
Sphargis coriacea, Rondelet; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., ii, p. 45. Atlan-
tic coast to Massacbusetts.
51
CEYPTODIRA.
CHELONIIDAE.
Thalassochelys, Fitz.
Thalassochelys caouana, Linn. ; Holbrook, IS". Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En-
tire Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys, Fitz.
Eretmoclielys imbricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South-
ern Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys squamata, Linn. ; Agassiz, Cont. Kat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 382.
Pacific coast.
Chelonia, Broug.
Chelonia mydas^ Schw. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic
coast south of Long Island.
Chelonia virgata, Schw. ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast.
TEIONYCHIDAE.
Amyda, Agassiz.
^Amyda mutica^ Lesueur, Mem. dn Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 263. Middle
t/- and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence.
ASPIDONECTES, Wagl.
Aspidonectes ferox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 11
Georgia to Western Louisiana.
^Aspidonectes spimfer, Lesueur, Mem. de Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 258.
/. Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law-
rence.
Aspidonectes asper, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower
Mississippi tributaries.
Aspidonectes nuchaUs, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 406. Cumber-
land and Upper Tennessee Rivers, Tennessee.
Aspidonectes emoryi, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 407. Texas.
CHELYDRIDAE.
Chelydea, Schw.
y^-Chelydra serpentina^ Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From
7 • Canada to Ecuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion.
52
Macrochelys, Gray.
Macrocheh/.s lacertina, Sdiweigjjcr; Ilolbrook, if. Am. ITcip., i, p. 147.
Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Texas,
extending to Missouri in tbe Mississippi.
CINOSTEKNIDAB.
AROMOcnELYS, Gray.
Aromochelifs o(Ioratus,lii\trin\\i", Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus-
troripariaii and Eastern subregions.
Aromoclu'li/s <'((titiafit,s, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianian dis-
trict.
OiNOSTERNUM, Wagl.
^ Cinoafernum ]>ennsylranicum, Bosc, subspecies pennsylvanicum, Bosc;
Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., i, p. li'T. Austroriparian (? Texas) and
Eastern subregions.
Cinoftternum pennftylvayxicnm^ Bosc, subspecies douhledayi, Gray, Cat.
Tort., Croeod., and Ampbisb. V>. M,, p. 33. Southwestern United
States.
CinoHternum sonoriense, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 183. Ari-
zona.
Cinnntcrnnm Jhircsceus, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. ITist. U. S., i, p. 4.')0.
Arizona.
Cinosternum henrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 182. Sonoran
subregion.
EMYDIDAE.
PsEUDEMYS, Gray.
Pscudemyn rufiosa, Shaw ; Ilolbrook, N. Am. ITerp., i, p. oo. New Jersey
to Virginia.
^ Psendemys concinna, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Uerp., i, pp. 11!>, 05.
Austroriparian region (? Texas).
Pseiiilcmys mobilicn.sis, Ilolbrook, N. Am. TIcrp.. i, ]>. 71. I'loiida lo the
Eio Grande of Texas.
^Pseudcmys hierof/lyphica, Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ileri)., i, p. 111. Middle,
Western, and Gulf States.
PsaidemyH scahra, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. xVm. Herp., i, p. 49. North
Carolina to Georgia.
53
^Pseudemys troostii, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 123. Valley of the
•^ Mississippi to Illinois.
Fseudemys elegans, Wied. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central
yj^ region and Texan district.
Malacoclemmys, Gray.
^ Maldcoclemmys geograpMcus, Lesueur; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99.
..^ Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York.
Malacoclemniys pseudogeographicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103.
/f: Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and Northern Ohio.
Malacoclemniys palmtrls, Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87.
Coast from New York to Texas.
Chrysemys, Gray.
Chrysemys picta, Herm. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 75. Eastern
,y region; Louisiana, Mississippi.
Clirysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107.
Central region.
Chrysemys reticulata^ Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 59. Gulf
States.
Chelopus, Eafinesque.
CJielopns guttattis, Schneider; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chelopus muhlenhergii, Schweigger ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp,, vol. i, p. 45.
New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania.
Chelopus insculptus^ LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chelopus marmoratus, Baird and Girard; Hallowell, U. S. P. K. E. Surv.,
X, Williamson's Report, p. 3, Pacific region.
Emys, Brong.
^ Emys ineleagris^ Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Alleghenian
/y , district of Eastern region to Wisconsin.
CiSTUDO, Flem.
Cistudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gni.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,
i, p. 31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts.
Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis^ Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro-
riparian region to Georgia; Eastern Pennsylvania.
Cistudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region.
54
TESTUDINIDAE.
Testudo, LiiiM.
Tcstiulo Carolina, Linn. ; Ilolbiook, N. Aui. Ilerp., i, p. 25. Aiistroiipariau
lejjiou, not iioitL of iSoulh Carolina.
Testudo ayassizii, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.* SoutUeru Pacific and
Western Souorau regions.
CEOCODILIA.
CKOCODILIDAE.
Alligator, Cnv.
Alligator viississi2)2)ieniiis, Daudiu ; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., vol. ii, p. 53.
Austroriparian region.
Ckocodilus, Cuv.
Crocodilun amcricaniis^ Schji. ; Dniii. et ]>ih., Erp. Gt'n., iii. p. 110. Flori-
daii district.
Enumeration of genera and species.
Genera. Species.
BATKACIIIA.
Trachystomata 2 2
Proteida 1 2
Urodela - 15 40
Aiuua 11 48
20 101
REPTILIA.
OPIIIDIA.
kSolenofilyplia 4 18
Proteroglvpba 1 3
Asinea./. 30 lUO
Scolecopbidia 1 2
42 133
Laceutilia.
Oi)beosauri 1 1
Pleurodonta 23 76
Nyctisanra . 3 5
20 82
Testudinata.
Atbecae .. 1 1
Crvi)todira 10 40
17 41
Crocodilia 2 2
257
Total species 358
• Referred to, vol. for 1«70, p. 67.
PA^RT III.
ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OP THE
VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTICUI,
WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
I.—THE FAUNAL REGIONS OE THE EARTH.
As is well kuowu, the life of the dift'ereut regions of the earth presents
marked i)eculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected
with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents.
To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined;
and the sum of these, or the " fauna," is found in each case to i)reseut
marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian
(which includes Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, etc.); the
Neotropical^ including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the
INearctic, or ]!!forth America ; the Ethiopian, or Africa south of the Desert
of Sahara; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent
islands; and, lastly, the Palaearetic, or Asia north of the Himalaya,
Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are
variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different
ones. The name of "realms" has been given to them.
The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of nearly all types of
mammalia, except the Ornithodelphia and the Marsupials ; in the pres-
ence of various Struthious birds ; in great development of the Elapid
serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs
(i.e., Solenoglypha iiuCi Raniformia) ; in the existence o{ Dipnoi {Cera-
todus) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the
lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa,
viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines.
The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are
not found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood
as embracing the three realms called Australian, Neotropical, and
55
56
Etbiopian,* the Sirenian luatninalia ; Stntthiot(fiWni\i>; Elapid nin\ Pero-
/>o//f*».v snakes; Diptman, Chnnnid, aiul Cliaracin tislies ; iuid PU'iirodire
tortoises, are niiiveisal, ami not, or very sparsely, found in the noitliern.
Of other ji^roups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial rejiions, the
Eilentate luiimnniWn belong to the Neotropical and Ethiopian ; 4he Oatco-
(jlosxiii lishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Austialian ; while
monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and iu
the ralaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the
Northern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and Kani-
form lVo;::s, are only found here in the southern hemis}>here.
The Ni'otropical realm oidy jiossesses exclusively ihe Platyriiine mon-
keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with
other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi-
ous, Pullastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous
frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoau tishes. It
has l)ut few types of the Northern regions; these ai*e numerous pleuro-
dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent; and a few bears,
deer, and Oscine birds.
The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the [>revalent features
of the Palaearclic region with the southern-hemisphere types already
mentioned, together with some found el.sewhere only in the Palaeotrop-
ical, and a very few peculiar. The two latter classes not being men-
tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares,
with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Ek'pUantidaf Rhi-
noccroiUUie^ and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae,
HippopotamUlae, and CumeleopardaUdae, among mammals, and Pohjpter-
idae antl Mormi/ridae among tishes.
The Northern realms of the earth agree in possessing all tlie earless
seals; but most of its common characters are shared by India and
Africa. With these regions they [)ossess most all of the Kuminant and
Insectivorous mammals, and all the Kauitorm frogs. The I'alaearctic
and Palactitrojiical are very much alike, and ought probably to be
uniU'd. The latter dilfers in jmssessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros,
and tapir, Elnpid serpents (cobras), and O-stcogUhssid tishes. In other
res])ects, as in ummmalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh-water tishes,
and reptiles generally, it agrees witli Northein Asia an«l Europ«'.
The Nearctic or North AnuMicau realm is that with wliii-h we have
here to «lo. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across
Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It
'"Eo<ruea" uf Gill, cliuTact>-ri/.ud iu iiis article "Ou the pu)i^rapbical distiibutiuu of
Fisbus", in tbc "Annals and Ma^^aziiii- ol" Natural History" (4), xv, 2oo.
57
agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and
has been united with it hj some authors ; but its peculiar types, and
those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such an
arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table :
Agrees with Palaearctic
58
AonTican. Of these, the birds ofifer uiaoy genera peculiar to North
America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The
greatest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic
region is seen in the Mainnmlia. Arouiiil the Arctic regions as well as
further souti), several species, botii of M.niim;dia and IJirds, are
identical.
Among Molhisk's there is also much resemblance. AiuxJonta, Fnio,
and Siicrinca are common to both the northern faunae, l)ut have no
common species; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North
America. The snails of tlie west coast are very Kurupean in character,
but there are but few Pupae in the liegio Neaictica, and no Cl(iusHi(ti\ and
Billim UN is represented by few species.
II.—MMIJER OP^ SPECIES.
The numbers of the Vertebrata foinul in the Nearctic realm are nearly
as follows
:
Ma:mmalia:
Mnnotn-itiata
Miirsupialia I
EiU'u tiihi 1
Rodeniia 139
Insectivura *. 28
Chirnptera 23
Cctiicia 42
Siren ia 1
Ilyracoidca
ProhoficUJca
I'rris.s<>(l(tcti/l(i
i Oiiinirora 1
ArtiodactyUi
^
/ Rnmitiantia 14
( Pinniped id 13
('(iniiroftt .'
I
Fis.sipcdi(i 4(>
J'riiiKitrs 1
310
AVES
:
( Oiteines ;50(>
J'(i.s.seres J
) Ciainatores 33
Zijiiodnctiili 30
tSi/ndtU'tijIi 20
59
AvES—Continued.
Fsittaci 1
Accipitres ,
.
61
Pullastrae 12
Gallinae 22
Brevipennes
Grallae 81
Lamellirostres 49
Steganopodes 13
Longipennes 71
Pygopodes 51
Reptilia :
Crocodilia 2
Testudinata 41
Lacertilia 82
OpMdia 132
BATRACHIA :
Anura , 48
Urodela 49
Gymnophidia .
Proteida 2
Trachystomata 2
Pisces :
> PharyngognatJd 12
Lahyrinthici
Distegi 178
Bhegnopteri 2
Percomorphi { Epilasmia 18
Scyphobranchii 77
Haplodoci 3
Anacanthini 36
^ Heterosomata 22
Plectognathi 30
Pediculati 8
Hemibrancliii 20
Lophohranchii 7
SynentognatJii 10
Percesoces 13
756
257
101
60
Pisces—Continued.
Ilnplom i 34
IsonpomhjH 70
Plectospondyli 15(»
Scyphophori ()
iiematixjnathi L'7
Notacanthi (>
Glancncheli (i
Ichthyocrphali
HoloHtom i
Enchvlyccpiiali li
ColoccphdU 3
Ualecomorph
i
li
Gimjlymodi l.j
Ola niofitom i MO
tSelucliontoin i 1
llulocephali li
Phigioatoiiii 4()
Dipnoi
81()
Dermopteri 8
Leptocardii 1
Total species of Vertebrata l', 1140
Tliis nuiiil)er is eoiisideiahiy lielow the tiiitli, as many ot tin- li>lM's,
both ot ihe ocean aiul of the licsli watt'is, leiuain iin(lesciil»e<l.
It is more tliliicult to state the nun. her ot sjiecies ot the inlet ior divis-
ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,<!()0 species of Cole-
Opterons insects have been discovered in the Nearctic region, and that
this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give li.',(>00
species of this the most numerous order, and the Lvpidoptint, llymenop-
iera, and Diptcra will follow at no great distance. l'rol)ably ."»(>.(>(»() is
below the mark as an estimate of the nun»ber of species of insects »)f this
region. One thousand species are to Im' added lor the remaining Arthro-
poihi—say, LMtO Myriopodu, 4(M> Anirliiiithi, and 40(1 Criistdccd. (.)(' wtdins
of land and water there are luimerous species, the greater proportion
of which are not yet known to science.
The number of the MoUusca and Molluscoirht tioni the coasts and inte-
rior of the North American region is about 1,8l'1, of which only 100 are
murine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes,
61
and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among
the classes as follows:
Cephalopoda 25
pulmonata 400
( Fresh-water 438
Prosobranchiata< ,^ .
) Marine 297
Heteropoda 28
Opisthobranchiata 53
Pteropoda 25
scaphopoda . 4
( Fresh-water 596
Laiviellibranchiata^ ,, .
V Marine 377
molluscoida.
Braohtopoda 10
ASCIDIA 30
Bryozoa 39
The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to
number nearly as follows
:
ECHINODERMATA (123).
East iDte- West
coast. rior. coast.
HOLOTHURIDA 32 4
ECHINOTDEA , 50 18
Crinotdea 2
asteroidea 17 'i
Coelenterata (144).
Medusae :
Discophora 80 22
Siphonophora 3 2
Ctenophora 12 2
Polypi ]3 7
Hydroidea 3
The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the
numbers of our Spongiida, Infusoria and Ehizopoda, have not jet
been ascertained.
III.—relations to other realms.
It lias been already remarked that several species of Vertehrata are
common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the
62
wolf oxteuds tlirougliout tlu» iiortliein heinispbere ; the same maybe
said of tlie fox, the eruiine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not
improbable that our buffalo {Bos amerieanua) is a variety only of the B.
bison of tin* Old World, and that the grizzly bear ( Ursus liorribilis) bears
the same relation to the European brown bear {Cantos). There are
also certain coiTesponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox
( VtiJjjes/ulvus) is nearly related to the European fox ( V. I'ulgaris), and
the red s(]uirrel {sciurus hiuhonivus) to the /S. ruh/oris of Europe. The
oik and moose {Cerrus canadensis and Ahcs americanns) respectively
answer to the C elaphus and Ahrs eiiropacus.
The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group {Cariacus)
mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm ; while the species of the
orders liodentia and Insci-tivora are mostly of characteristically distinct
species or higher groups.
Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the
most characteristic of any continent, and here we tind in North America
the greatest number of species, genera, and lamilies of birds which
differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal-
lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers; while the genera
of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers,
Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the liulk of our avifauna, do
not exist in the Old Worhl. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers,
and warblers are absent from North America.
As we direct our observation to birds of extended tlight, as the
Accipitrcs and water-birds, cases ol idt'utity of species of opposite con-
tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to
the northern regions. The marsh-hawk {Circus cyancus), peregrine
falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae.
Among owls, the cases are still more numerous ; such are Nyctca nirea^
Siiniia uhila, Otus hrachyotus, Strix fiammca. Some of these present
geographical varieties. Corresponding si>e('ies are common here, e. g.,
the American
—
Ualiactns Iciicoccphahis to If. alhicilla of Europe
;
Falco spari'trius to F. tinnunculus ;
Fulco columha rills to F. aesalou ;
Bubo riryinianus to B. maximus
;
Otus vilsonianu;; to O. rul(jaris ;
etc., etc.
63
The Kearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathortidae
(turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures
properly so-called.
There are several wading-birds common to the two continents; and
cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still
more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct,
though not without a few corresponding species.
Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one
frog {Bana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water,
the northern pike {Esox lucius). The numerous tortoises of North
America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the
western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal
life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is
peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in
character.
The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor
differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all
of Neotropical families, except the seines [Eumeces), which are found
elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all
peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo-
tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a
correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows : The Nearctic
—
Teiidae to Lacertidae
;
Gerrhonotidae to Zouuridae
;
Iguanidae to Agamidae.
The Batracliia present relations to the Europeo-Asiatic fauna in the
species of one genus {Rana) of frogs, and one genus {J^otophthalmus)
of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachian fauna is
highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in
numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs
{ScapJiioindae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are
of a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Biifo. The
salamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of
Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial ', while
the genera Besmognathus and Aniblystoma., each alone in its laniily,
present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire-
dons, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their
metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining
unchanged.
64
As porinanont fjill-lieariiifi Batracliin, ynturus represents the Palae-
arctie Protcujij and Sireu is quite i>eculiar to North xVmeriea. The
Anipliiuma, or s-nakeliUe Batrachia. calls to mind the sirciiar extinct
loiiiis of the Coal-Measnres ; whiU- I'rotonopsis is rel)re^ented by livinj;
species in Eastern Asia, and l»y a fossil pMiiis in thr Miocene of Ger-
many.
The niaiine fishes embrace some species whirh lange both coasts
of thr Xoitii Athintic. Snih are the sabnon, tin* haddock, the mackerel,
etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on
the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet {Mucjil alhiila) is a
valued food-tish, and is caught and i)acked in <;reat numbers. The
fislies of the Pacitic coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic,
except a t\'\v circumijolar fojms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several
(as GnduH rachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the
warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others
exist which have a fjreat range over several seas, noticeable among
wliieh are certain species of Plcctogimthi^ particularly of JHodon, Ba-
lifitis, etc.
The fresh-water lishes embrace many families characteristic of the
northern hemisphere, as the cods {Garlidae), Perciflae or perch, the scul-
]iins {(U)ttidae), pike {Esoeidae), chubs {C!jpri)(i(h(e), the salmon, and
herrin;,% eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catlis'.ies, the
reg'on reminds us of the troi)ical and southern regions; though it is a
.singular fact that one of our genera [Amiurus) is rei)reseuted by single
si)ecies in Ciiina.
The suckers {Caiostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all
fresh waters; but here, again, a single species {C(n2)iodcs sinensis) has
l^een detected in China. This is i)aralleled by the genus Polyodon {\ku\-
dle-lish), ot w hieh one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and
one in the Yang tse kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc-
tie waters is the presence of the family of Lcjiidosteidae, or bony gars,
which is represented by two genera and numerous species. Xo form at
all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one
species in China, and one otiier wiiieh is found in the adjoining Neotrop-
ical region. Not less peeidiar are the species of dog-fish {Amia), type of
the order llalecomorphi, which have some remote aflinities with South
American forms.
The relations to the Neotropi<;al realm aic in part indicated in the
table on i>age 57. liut lew species are coininoii to the Nearctic and
65
Southern Neotropical realms. Bat one mammal (the cougar, Fcli^j con-
color), and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into
Brazil
; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both
realms. These are mostly waders, as follows
:
Ralhis crepitans.
Limosa fedoa.
Tryngites rufescens.
Actiturus bartramius.
Heteroscelus hrevipes.
Symphemia semiixdmata.
Ereunetes petrificatus.
Aegialitis vilsonius.
Nyctherodius violaceus.
To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then
certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts ol both
regions, but their number is comparatively small.
The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex-
ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples
of mammals, and several species of wood- warblers, vireos, and hawks
represent the birds as far south as the Isthm'us of Darien. The only
reptiles are the suapping-tortoise and tbe ringed snake Ophiholus dolia-
tvs y the only batrachian is the Bana halecina herlandieri. A few other
species, as Eutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same
region.
In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com-
munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and
ReptiUa extend to its Brazilian region, but there are a few common
genera of Mammalia {Mepliitis^ Procyon, Ursus, Scinriis, Hesperomyfij and
Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and
the scansores, syndactyli, and clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae.
The number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much
greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and
batrachians as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds.
Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms
are omitted.
5 H
66
Mammalia.
Lynx.
Urocyon.
Putorius.
Bassaris.
Geomy8.
Tlionnnnys.
Oclu'tddon.
Arrkola.
I^eotoma.
Sigmodon.
Curiae us.
Antilocapra.
Reptilia.
Crotalus.
Candisona.
Ancistrodon.
TropidocUmium.
Tropidonotus.
Eutaenia.
Trimorphodon.
Uypsiyhna.
OphiOn I us.
Phimothyra.
Pityophis.
Coluber.
Tantilla.
ChilomeniscKs.
Cinosternum.
Chelydra.
Pseudemys.
Chelopus.
Sceloporus.
Phrynosoma.
Hcloderma.
Barissia.
Gerrhonotus.
Oligosoma.
Eumeccs.
Cnemidophorm.
G7
Batrachia.
Amhlystoma.
Spelerpes.
Rana.
Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are
Girardinus, Gambusia, HapIocJiilus, aud Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae,
and J.^rrtctos<e?^s of the bouy gars. The southward distribution of the
above genera terminates at various points ; but those which belong to
the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly
confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with
a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic,
which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject
will be considered in a subsequent paper.
In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the
Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the
Reptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the Anolts prin-
cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and
there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of
Florida. The Anolts is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in
the Nearctic realm which occurs in the W^est Indian region. The W^est
Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from
the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of
species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan
genera Bufo and Hx^la.
IV.—THE REGIONS.
We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component
parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six
principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian,
Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro
riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the
isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a
belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes
south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis-
sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis-
sippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the
high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Eio Grande.
68
The Eastern is the most extended, veacbing from the isothermal line of
77^ F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west
of the Mississipi)i River. ]Many of its forms extend up tlie bottoms of
the rivers which How to the eastward throuf;h ''The l^lains."" The Cen-
tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the
Sierra Nevada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the
inountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New
^lexico, Arizona, and Sonora in ^lexico. It does not cross the Sierra
Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower
California. It sends a belt northwaid on the east side of the Sierra
Nevada as far as, including Owen's Valley in Eastern California, latitude
37^, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies
the lower valley of the Rio Grande, iind extends into Texas as far as
the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in ^Vestern
^lexico as far as ]\Iazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the
peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego.
The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions
included in Eastern North Ameriea ditfer from all the others in the
abundance of their turtles and the sjnall number of their lizards.
Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar-
riers. Hence, though its sjx'cies i)resent great varieties in extent of
range, it is not divided into districts which are very shar[)ly defined.
The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than
the cooler; and as we advance noi thward many species disappear, while
a few others are ailded. The natural division of the eastern part of the
continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which
traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have
been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian ; the Canadian
;
and the Iludsonian.
The AuHtroripnrian rc<iion includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and
Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of rei)tiles not
found elsewhere, while the region north of it jiossesses none, its genera
being tlistributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num-
ber of peculiar species in all dei)artments of animal life is large.
It presents the greatest developnuMit of the eastern reptile life. Six-
teen genera of Reptiles and eiglit of liatrachia do not range to the
northward, while ninety-nine si)ecies are restricted in tlie same manner.
The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area arc
—
69
Lizards.
AnoUs.
Oligosoma.
Snakes.
Haldea.
Cemophora.
Taut ilia.
Spilotes.
Ahastor.
Farancia.
Tortoises.
• Macrochelys.
Crocodiles.
Alligator.
Batrachia.
Engystoma.
Manculus.
StereocMlus.
Miiraenopsis.
Siren.
1 have omitted from this list teu genera which are restricted to one or
the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis
(chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char-
acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting J.woZ<s and
Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the
Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of i!s^eotropical char-
acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as
the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re-
gions ; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Elaps
(also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Haldea, and
Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern
region.
This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the
tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found
here, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), Rana, and Ghorophihis.
70
Tlii'ie are no less than nine genera cf birds wliieh do not, or only
accidentally, range northward of this district. They are
—
Plotus.
Tantalus,
riataka.
Elanua.
lot iIlia.
Coitunis.
Chamarpt'Iia.
Campipliiliis.
Hclmithcnis.
All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or
larther.
Among mammals, but lew species and one genus (Sigmodon) are
contined to it. Lcjiits aquaticiis and L. j>«/ms^>/.s, the cotton-rat, the
Florida Neotoma^ etc., and a few others, are restricted by it. The lish-
launa is very similar to that oi' the Eastern region, under whuh it
will be considered.
The JAistirn region dillers from the Austroriparian almost entirely
in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it
is so widely separated from the Central region. No genus of mam-
mals is found in it which does not range into the Central or other
region, excepting Comh/lura (star-nosed mole) ; but numerous species
are confnied to it, not extending into the Au.strori2)arlan. These number
frt>m t wenty to twenty-five. Among birds, tlu^ following genera are shared
with the more southern region only: Qulscalus, Sclurm, Oporornls,
Ili'hnlthenis, Protonotarla, Panda, Mnlotllta, Orti/x. No genus of llep-
tiles, and but one of Batrachians {Gyrhi<iphllus), is contined to this
region ; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It
has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemldophorus, Eumeccs, and Scelo-
poriis, which are univeisally Nearctic. The IJatrachian genera nt)t found
in the Central are
—
Scaphiopm.
Gifrlnophlhis.
iSpclcrpt's.
Plethoilon.
Ilcmldactyllum.
Dcsniatognathus.
Menoponta.
yccturuJi.
71
Tbe cliaracteristics of the fishfaniia of Eastern iJfearctica are much
more marked; two eutire orders, represented by the gar [Ginglymodi)
and dog-fish {Ualecomorplii), are confined to it, and a series of genera ol
Percidae, embracing niany species, known as Etheostominae, have the
same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority
of the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions,
the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow-
ing rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or
I)addle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.*
The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests,
as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each
peculiar in its vegetation : jthe division of the plains, which extends from
the eastern border to the liocky Mountains; and the Eocky Mountain
region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered
with grass, and is tlmost totally treeless; the latter is covered with " sage-
brush" (Ar</!mma),a short stout bush, which forms extensive areasoftree-
less brush. The gra^s-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it
formerly sought alsothe tracts of grass occasionally found among the
Artemisia. The regitn, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern
by the possession of seeral genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, i. e., An-
tilocapra, Haplocerns, aid Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group,
i. e., Cariaeus macrotis (Hack-tailed deer) and G. leucurus. Other genera
of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomyn^
Spermophilus, Dipodoniys. PerognatJms, and Larjomys. A few species
of SpermopJiUus extend iiJ;o the northwestern portion of the Eastern;
while the extensive genui Geomyfi (the subterranean gophers) range
over the Central subregio., and into the Western and Gulf States
the Austroriparian as far as lie Savannah Kiver. A great many species
of birds are peculiar to the Ontral region, and the following genera :
Ooscoptes.
HfJrohata.
Mladestes.
Necoryx.
Sallncies.
Picurvus.
Choiiestes.
Calahtspiza.
Emhemgra.
Centra>rcu8.
Pedioeites.
" Excepting the course of the Missi?ppi, and perhaps the Rio Grande.
72
Tlie game-birds of the Central region are larger tban those of the
Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrucercus urophasinnus ; the Peili-
oeci'tis jjhasiaHeUus, or cock of the pUiins; the Tetrao obfcunis : several
ptai luigan {Lagopua) ; and BonnNa ; the hist three Tahi'-arctic j^onera
also.
Tlie reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are esjiecially rare.
Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern distiict, it
adds ritrynosoma, Crotiqjhytu:/, and Jlolhtoolia. Among snakes, no
genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and I-Jlajjs are wanting. There is
but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batri:chian> an- lew
;
most of the genera of Aunra are found, except JJyln. Among sala-
manders, the only genus is Amhiystoma ; but this is abindant, its large
larvae developing in the temporary pools of nniny aritl regions. The
burrowing-frog, «S^>m homhifron,s, ranges the same regidi, and breeds in
much the same way. Iso genus of IJatrachians or liij)tiles is iMctiliar
to the Central region. /
Fishes are few in families and species, largely initonsequence of tlje
poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In tie Western Colorado
and the Humboldt, perch, pike, iSiluridae, herring, cod, eels, gwr, dog-
fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. CyprinitnCj Catofttomidae, Snl-
monidac, and Cottidae are the only families abun(jl»nt in individuals and
species. The same remarks apjily in great part^'o the Columbia Kiver,
where, however, the Salmonidac have a great (Bvelopment. These sal-
mon are principally marine species, which asc*nd the river to deposit
their spawn. They belong lo many species, Al peculiar to the region,
and embrace incredible numbers of individuas.
The Pacific region is nearly related to t'e Central, and, as it con-
sists of only the narrow district west of th' Sierra Nevada, might be
regarded as a subdivision of it. It, howver, lacks the mammalian
genera 7>o.9 and AniiUn-aina, mmX possess^ certain peculiar genera of
birds, as Ocococry.r (ground-cuekoo or ctip'^rral-coek). Clunnard, and
Orcor/}/.i' (mountain-partridge). Of mariu mammalia, there are several
peculiar types, as the eared seals (OtuMae) and sea-otter (Enhydra).
There are some genera of reptiles, e. <;r^C^rtr//ja, related to the Boas,
Lodia, A)iicll((, Gerrlionotxs, and Xnnfii^'i^ which do not occur in the
Central subregion. There are three cbiacteristic genera of Batrachia,
all salamanders, viz, Aiuddcs, Batraeh<jpps, Aud Dicamptodon ; while the
Kasteiii gt'uera Pletltodon and Dhmucl^^'fi re-appear after skipping the
entire Central district. The other t;>es of Eastern Anura are fomid
here, there being two species of Hyk
I
73
A single species of tortoise {Ghelopus marmoratus) exists in the Pacific
region.
The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district iu
being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Fliaryngognathi of the fam-
ily of Umhiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The
marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number
of species of Salmo and Sehastes and the variety of types of Cottidae. In
its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab-
itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same
coast, and several valuable species of cods {Gadus auratus, G. periscopus,
and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong
especially to the northern coasts.
The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de-
scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found
4n the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals
than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are
different from those of the Central ; such are Callipepla (partridge), Gich
•iepsis, Mitrepliorus {Tyramiidae), Ganipylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most
of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also.
It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The
following genera are not found in any of the other regions described
:
Lizards.
Eeloderma.
Sauromalus.
Uma.
Coleonyx.
Serpents.
Oyalopium.
Ghionactis.
Sonora.
HhinocMlus.
Ghilopoma.
Eight other genera ofEeptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the
Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder-
ma, Goleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely
developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the l!^eo-
tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran
74
region is obaraeterizetl by a pe<niliar structure of the rostral plate, which
is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree ; two of
tlj(i genera {Fhimothi/ra and ('liihutu'uisciia), common to the Lower Cali-
toniiaii region, i)resent the same peculiiirity.
This region is tlie head(]uarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no
less than nine species found in it, of which six are jjcculiar. It also
possesses a majority of tlie species of horned toads (J'lirynosomd); only
four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu
dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few si)ecies of Nearctic charac
ter, and three Cinostenui, two of them of Mexican type.
The IJatrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Crodela, but several
of the Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one liana.
l»ut six species of toad {Bu/o), this being the headipiarters of that genus
in the Kegnum Xearctieum. The eastern genus lScaj)liia2)u.s appears here,
instead of the ISpea of the other western regions. There is one species
of tree-frog.
Two species of turtles of the ClnosternUlae have been found. The
fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo-
rado Itiver proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting,
leaving only Cyprinidac i\ud Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division
of the former, the Plagojjterinae, which eiiibr;ures three genera, is mainly
restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most strikingfeature
of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region.
Tile Loiccr CaUfoniian region much more neatly resembles the Souorau
than tlie Pacific region. It possesses, however, many i)eculiar species
of birds and reptiles. Seines ajjpear to be wanting, but other lizards
abound. The following genera of rejitiles have been found here, which
do not occur in any other region of Xt'arctica :
Lizards.
yerttcaria.
Diplodacfyhts.
Cyd lira.
Snakes.
Lichan}ir((.
These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America.
It shares with the Sonoran only, the following:
75
Lizards.
I>i2)sosaurus.
CalUsaiirus.
Uta.
Phyllodactylus.
Snakes.
Trimorphodon.
Hypsiglena.
Fhimothyra.
Ghilomeniscus.
These genera coustitute the most characteristic feature of the two
fauuae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho-
don, Hypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico.
Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Hyla, Scaphiopus, and
Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Eastern.
Of the fresh-water fish-fauna, nothing is known ; the streams are few
and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary
of California.
Among the Invertebrata, the Mollmca present facts of distribution
similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata.
Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly
marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are
entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the
Unionidae, which together coustitute more than two-thirds the species
of the Xearctic realm. Of laud-shells, the great series of toothfd snails
{Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con-
fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the
group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina and Hygromia. The
Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects
Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific
region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of
the four hundred land- shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be-
long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and
Pohjmita are represented by handsome species. MacrocycUs and Bin.
neya belong especially to this region.
As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi-
visions than the other animals. Tho fresh-water Crustacea have been but
sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution;
thus Camharus (craw-fish) and Anemia are found everywhere where
physical conditions are suitable.
76
V.—THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION.
V''. Keptiles whose distribution correspouds with the area of the
Austroriparian region—21
:
Trachystomata.
Siren laccrtina.
Anura.
Engystoma carol inense.
Acris grylhis <;rylhis.
Hyla squirelhi.
IJyla carolinensis.
Caudisona miliaria.
/Ancistrodon piscivurus.
Elaps fulvius.
^Haldea stiiatula.
/ Faraucia abaciira.
Cemophora coccinea.
.Ophibolus <loliatiis coccineus.
, Coluber obsoletus contiuis.
Coluber guttatus.
Tropidonotus lasciatus.
Lacertilia.
Oligosoma laterale.
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlinoatus.
Oi>heosaunis ventral is.
Anolis princi[)alis.
Tentudinota.
Maerochelys lacertina (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudcmys inobilicnsis (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudcniys concinna.
Testudo Carolina.
Crocodilia.
, Alli;;ator niississip[)icnsis.
As alcady remarked, this fauna is comi)()scd oi the Flondan, Louis-
iauian, and Texan districts.
77
Tbe Floridan district contains either peculiar species of aniraals, or
those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic
birds are chiefly of the latter character, but among reptiles the follow-
ing are confined to it
:
V^. Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18
:
Urodela.
Manculus remifer.
Anura.
Hyla gratiosa.
Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas).
Eana areolata capito.
OpMdia.
Blaps distans (Sonoran also).
Contia pygaea.
Eutaenia sackenii.
Tropidonotus compsolaemiis.
Tropidonotus compressicaudus.
Tropidonotus ustus.
Tropidonotus cyclopium.
Helicops allenii.
Lacertilia.
Rhineura floridana.
Eumeces egregius.
Eumeces onocrepis.
Sceloporus floridanus.
Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba).
Crocodilia.
Crocodilus americanus (Cuba).
Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, SpliaerodacUjlus, and Litho-
dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above
list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Kearctic fauna
are
—
Lithodytes.
Helicops.
Rhineura,
Sphaerodactylus.
Kaptores.
'aders.
78
A venomous snake, the Ela2)s distans, is common to this district and
the Sonoran fauna.
Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of
birds that do not range north of it are
—
Certhiola.
Zenaeda
Orcopclia ) Pigeons.
Starnaenas
^
Rostrhamus
Polyhoriis
Aramus ) .„
Auduhonia
^
Fhoenicoj)term.
IlaUnlana >_.
. > Terns.A nous \
The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa-
rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of
Mammalia, the genera J./ces, MusteIa,Jaculu.s,Arctomy8, Fiber, aud Condy-
lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit,
etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, i^*ory-billed wood-
pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its Elapsfulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the
most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also
confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantca, and llic well-known moccasin
A7icistrodo7i j^i-'fcivonis does not range outside of its boundaries. A
species of the West Indian Vromicus (serpents) has been found on the
Atlantic coast.
¥•=. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36 : (E confined to
the Eastern portion ; "W to the Western, as far as known).
Trachystomata.
Pseudobranchus striatus. E.
Proteida.
Necturua punctatus. E.
Urodela.
Aiiipliiuiiia means.
!\Iuraenopsis tridactyla. W.
Amblystoma talpoidcuni. E.
Amblvstonui ciniifulatum. E.
79
Stereochilus margiuatnm. E.
Manculus quadridigitatus. E.
Spelerpes guttolineatus. E.
Anura.
Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus.
Bufo quercicus.
Chorophilus iiigritus.
Choropbilus augalatus.
Chorophilus oculatus.
Chorophilus ornatus.
Ophidia.
Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus.
Virginia harperti.
Virginia elegans. W.
Tantilla coronata.
^ Abastor erythrogrammus.
Osceola elapsoidea. E.
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus.
Coluber quadrivittatus. E.
Spilotes couperii. E.
Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. E.
Bascaniuni authicum. W.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus.
Heterodon simus simus.
Testudi7iata.
Aspidonectes asper. W.
Aspidonectes feros.
Aromochelys carinatus.
Pseudemys bieroglyphica. (?)
Pseudemys scabra.
Chrysemys reticulata.
Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.)
A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to
extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows :
Pseudohranchus.
Muraenopsis.
Virginia.
Abastor.
Osceola.
80
The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether
within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating" tlie hitter
from file I^ouisianian district is not well known. The S2)elerpc.s multi-
j)Iir(tti(s, a rare saianianch'r iVoni Western Arkansas, is in the same way,
of uncertain reference.
The species of the f()lh»\\ing list have a peculiar ranjie, some oC tliem
(marked E) extending beyond the borders of the Anstroriparian region
V'*. Species which range along the ]\Iississippi Valley and not east-
ward (it it— 1.)
:
I'rodehi.
Aniblystoma microstomum (E.).
Ophidin.
Carphophiops helenae.
Virginia elegans.
Ophibolns calligaster (E.).
Coluber emoryi (E.).
Eutaenia faireyi (E.).
Eutaenia proxima.
^^Tropidonotiis grahsimii (E.).
Tropidonotus rhond)ifer.
Tcstudinata.
^Macrochelys lacertina.
Pseudemys troostii.
]\Ialacoclemmys geograi)hica (E.).
Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.).
The Texan district of the Austroriparian region is not the range of
any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the
Louisianian district, many of which are represented by correspond-
ing anil peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be
enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam-
mals are also peculiar to it, ». <., live rodents and two skunks. Of birds,
three ajipear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Orttjx tcxanus, Vircn
atrivapilhis, aiul Milrulus forjicatux. Many Mexican birds are found on
the K'io (Haiide, while a few enter Texas to a greater distan<'e, as Icterus
paristntDn. The high northwesteru regions of the State should be
assign>'d to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two i)artridges
{Calliptjifd siiiinmata and Cyrtonyx )nnfise)u() and the tinch (rciicacd
casHiniij.
81
Several genera of mammals, birds, and reptiles exist in the Texan
region, which constitute its chief claim for distinctiou from the Louis-
iauiau ; these are
—
Mammals.
Dicotyles (Nt.).
Bassaris (P. Nt.).
Birds.
Qeococcyx (P. S.).
Eeptiles.
HoIbrooMa (C. S.).
Fhrynosoma (C. S. P.).
Stenostoma (Nt. P.).
None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the
Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran ; and (Nt.) the Neotropical
region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan
district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary.
V^ Species confined to the Texan district—21
:
Cadiicihranehiata.
AmbljvStoma texanum.
Amira.
Bufo valliceps (also Mexico).
Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii.
Hyla carolinensis semifasciata.
Eana areolata areolata.
OpJiidia.
Crotalus adamanteus atrox.
Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax.
Elaps fulvius tener.
Tantilla gracilis.
Tantilla hallowellii.
Tantilla uigriceps.
Contia episcopa.
Ophiboliis doliatus annulatus.
Diadophis punctatus stictogenys.
Coluber lindheimerii.
6 H
82
Eiitaeuia marciaua (exteuds W.)-
Tropidonotiis clarkii.
Tioi)iiloiiotii.s sipedou woodliousei.
Lacertilia.
Ilolbrookia texaua.
Pbryiiosoina corniitura.
Tcatudinata.
Aspidoneetes t'liioiyi,
VI.—THE EASTERN REGIO^^
This fauna presents lour districts, viz, the Caioliniaii ; tbe Allegbe
iiiaii : tbe Canadian ; and tbe Iludsouiau. Tbese are distinguisbed by
tbe ranges of niamuials and rei)tik's, and tbe breeding places of birds.
Tbe C«uolinian fauna extends in a belt north of tbe Louisianian, and
south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend
from Long Island, south of the bill-region of New Jersey, to the south-
eastern corner of rennsyjvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide
belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and
then narrows very much in passing round south of tbe Allegbenies of
Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, tbe greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and
the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin
and ^Minnesota, all of Iowa, and tbe greater part of Missouri. The
Allegbanian embraces tbe States north of tbe line just described,
excepting tbe regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now
describe. This includes Northern Maine, New ITampsbire, and Vermont,
with tbe Green Mountains ; tbe Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg-
hany ^louutains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north
of the lakes. The lludsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal
of oO°. It has great extent west of Hudson's Bay, and is narrowed
.southeastward to Newfoundland.
Vl". Species peculiar to tbe Eastern region—34 :
I'rotcida.
Necturus lateralis.
CaducibranchiaUx.
Menopoma fuscum.
Amblvstoma bicolor.
83
Amblystoma xiphias.
Amblystoma jeffersouianum.
Spelerpes ruber montanus.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus.
Desmognatbus ochrophaea.
Desinognatbus fusca fusca.
Desmogoathus nigra.
Anuru.
Bufo americaEiUS fowlerii.
Cboropbilus triseriatus corporalis.
Hyla pickeringii.
Eana palustris.
Kana temporaria silvatica.
Rana temporaria cautabrigensis
Rana septeutrioualis (nearly).
Ophidia.
^Candisona tergemiua.
y Virginia valeriae. ,
Opbibolus doliatus triaugiiluin.
/ Cyclopbis vernalis (rare soutb).
Coluber vulpinus.
Pityopbis sayi sayi.
y Storeria occipitomaculata.
y Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata.
Tropidoclonium kirtlandii.
Lacertilia.
Eumeces antbracinus.
Testudinata,
y Aspidonectes spinifer.
Amyda mutica.
Pseudemys rugosa.
Cbelopus guttatus.
Cbelopus mublenbergii.
Cbelopus insculptus.
Eniys meleagris.
84
The Carolinian fauna is not so marked among reptiles as among birds.
One peniis of tlie former, Cneniiflophotufi (swift lizard), does not range
north of it, with the genera Viryiuid, Cyclojyhis, UahJca, and Pityoj^his
among serpents. Species confined in their northern range by the same
limit are
—
Ophibolus doUatus doUatus.
Ophibohis (jvtulus.
Tropidonotus nipcdon erythrogasier.
Pseudemys riigosa.
Mahteoili'nimyx palustris.
Hula andersouii.
Genera of birds restricted in the same way are
—
-Guiraca.
Helmitherus.
^ Mini us.
^ PidioptiJa.
^ Gallinula.
^Herodias.
^Florida.
-Himantopns.
Eecurvirostra.
The AUeghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species
of Eeptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do
not extend north of it are the following
:
Lizards.
^ Sceloponis.
^ Eutneces.
Snakes.
Car2>hophiop8.
^Coluber.
^ Cyclnphis.
^ Tropiilonotm.
,- Ophibolus.
Tleivrodon.
^Caudisonn.
^Crot(tins.
Ancistrodon.
85
BATRACniA.
Chorophilus.
Hyla.
Hemidactylnim.
Desmognathus.
Menopoma.
Necturus.
The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds
which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are
—
^Sialia.
^Vireo.
^Pyranga.
^ Harporky7iclius.
^ Troglodytes.
^Cyanospiza.
X Pipilo.
^Ammodromus.
Sturnella.
y Icterus.
^Zenaedura.
^Cupidonia.
y Ortyx.
^ Meleagris.
.Ardetta.
, Ballus.
The catamount, red-squirrel, jumpiug-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed
mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna.
The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being
only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows
:
Tortoises.
^Chelydra serpentina.
Chelopus insctilptus.
Chrysemys plcta.
Snakes.
^Bascanium constrictor.
^ Eutaenia sirtalis.
^ Diadophis punctatus.
^ Storeria occipitomaculata.
86 •
Frogs.
Fana tcmporaria cantahrif/ensis.
liana scptcnlrionali^.
Salamandeks.
Deamogna th um och rophaea.
Desmof/nathus nipra.
Sj^elerpes ruber.
Spehrpes hiliNcattifi.
iSpeUrpcs loiH/iaiuda.
This f'iuiiia exteiuls south :ih)n<x tlio crests of the Alloghenies, where
we liiid the catimiount, snow biid. rcd-sciuirrd, aiul brook-trout {Sahiio
J'ontinalis), and Desmof/iiathus ochrophaca, as far as Georgia.
Several mammals are restricted in northward ranjje by the boundary
of this fauna; such are the butfalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, paiither,
star-uosed mole, etc.; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do
not range, according to J, A, Allen, south of it.
VI^'. Si>ecies conlimnl to the Canadian district, or nearly so:
Urode!a.
Amblystoma jetrersonianum laterale.
Anura.
Bufo leiitiginosus fowlerii.
Rana septentrionalis.
Eanai temporaria cantabrigensis.
In the nudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh waters
begin to present various new species of Salmo and Cnregonus (trout and
white-fish). The catamount, (isluT, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel,
ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing- birds
bleed there
:
Aitth HH htdovivianu.s.
Sajcicola ocnanthe.
AmpcUs garnda.
Acgioth us linaria.
PUvtrophaucs lapponica.
Fleetrophanes uivalis.
Plectrophanes pieta.
Leueostictc tephrocotis.
The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe.
Numerous waders and swimming-binls bind in this region, the whole
87
number being thirty-six ; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander
north of it. To this category- many of the common species of the Mid-
dle States belong.
North of this the species of vertebrates are circnmpolar or arctic.
The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to
be considered. For the present, they will be united, though the distri-
bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con-
trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the
seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle
in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of
the IsTearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution
of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as jet exam-
ined—those of Semotilus, CeraticMhys^ Hijpsilcpis, Catostomus, etc., or
by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by
the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in
its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi
constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari-
ations i:>resented by the Atlantic coast streams might be regarded as
exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of
both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (I), which belongs to the Lake
region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to
the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity
of the Atlantic subdistrict (II) may be said to be the abundance of Esox,
Salmo, and Anguilla^ and the absence of Haploidonotus. Tlie first two
are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have
but a partial distribution 'there. In (HI), the Mississippi basin, Esox is
represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salmo
occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists
in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in
those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in
those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is
especiallj" characterized by the paddle-fish [Spatularla or Polyodon)^ the
shovtlstnrgeon (Scaphirhpi eho]^8), and the aWig-dtor-gur {Atractosteus)^
also by the buffalo {Buhalichthys)^ the Cycleptus, etc., among suckers,
and the fork-tailed catfish {Ichthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Ha^)-
loidonotus is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the
herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu-
ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the
Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from
88
those emptying iuto the Gulf of Mexico toward the east aud northeast,
until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great-
est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed
out by Agassiz, who calls this region a "zdological island,*' and enu-
merates the characteristic Nearctic genera \\ liidi are wanting there. I
give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as
we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our
l)res('nt knowledge extends.
Gulf rivers: Ilaploidonotns has not yet been indicated from eastward
of these, excei)t in the Lake area.
Ivoanoke : Cainpostomu ceases here.
James : Microptcrna and AmhUtplites cease.
Potomac : Pomoxys, according to Professor Baird (verb, commu.), ceases
here.
Sus<|uehanna : Ceraiichthijs; J-JxixjJossum, Chrosomus, Carjfiodfs, cease.
Delaware : Clinostomus, Uypsilepis analobtanusj JJnneaninihiifi, and Lepi-
dostens cease.
Hudson : Seinotilns corpora//*, according toF. W. Putnam (verb, commn.),
ceases.
The types reu)aining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis-
trict (IV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perca ; and, secondly, the
general types Boleosoma. SemotilKs, Ilijpsikpis, Stilbe, ffybopnitf {bij're-
natus), Funduhis, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Xofa aud Coregonus.
VII.—TUE CENTRAL KEGION.
YII". Species peculiar to tin,' Central region—12 :
Antira.
Spea bombifrons.
Ophidia.
Ophibolus multistratus.
Eutaenia radix,
pjutaeuia vagrans vagrans.
Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis.
Lacertilia.
Eumeces septentrioualis.
Eumeces inoniatus.
Eumeces multivirgatus.
Dolbrookia maculata iii;uiilata.
IMirvnosoma doujjlassii dousjlassii.
89
Testudinata.
Pseudeinys elegans.
Chrysemys oregonensis.
Cistudo ornata.
VIII.—THE PACIFIC REGION.
VIII''. Species confined to the Pacific region—44
:
Urodela.
Arablystoma macrodactylum.
Amblystoma iiaroticum.
Amblystoma tenebrosum.
Amblystoma aterrimum.
Dicamptodon ensatus.
Batrachoseps attenuatus.
Batracboseps uigriventris.
Batracboseps pacificus.
Plethodou intermedins.
Plethodon oregonensis.
Anaides lugubris.
Anaides ferreus.
DiemyctyUis torosus.
Annra.
Bufo halopbilus.
Hyia regilla.
Hyla cadaverina.
Spea hammondii.
liana temporaria aurora.
Eana i)retiosa.
Opliidia.
Crotalus lucifer.
Contia mitis.
Lodia tenuis.
Pityophis catenifer.
Bascanium constrictor vetustum.
Eutaenia bammondii.
Eutaenia elegans.
Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii.
90
Eutaenia sirtalis conciiina.
Entaonia sirtalis tetrataeuia.
Eutaenia eooi)erii.
Eutaenia atrata.
Cliarina plunibea.
Steuostoma liiitnile,
Lacertilia.
Aniella pulchra.
Eunieces skiltonianus.
Xantusia vigilis.
Baiissia olivacea.
Geiilioi.otiis iniiici[)is.
Gerrhonotus grand is.
Gerrhonotus seincioaudus.
Uta graciosa.
Uta schottii.
IMirynosorna l)lainvillei.
Testudinatd.
Chelopus ni;innoratus.
Gerrhonotus multicarinafus is connnon to tlie Pacific and Lower Cali-
fornia regions.
IX.—THE SONORAN REGION.
IX". Species confinetl to tlie SoiMuan region—08:
A nurd.
Bufo alvarius.
Bufo debilis.
Jinfo niicroscaplius.
Bufo speciosus.
Bufo lentiginosus frontosus.
Ilyla exiinia. (Mexico also.)
]Iyla arenicolor.
Scapliiopus variua rectifrenis.
Scapliiopus concliii.
Ophidia.
Crotalus ]\vrrhus.
Crotalus cerastes.
Crotalus tigris.
91
Crotalus adamanteus scatulatus.
Crotalus molossus.
Caudisoua edwardsii.
Elaps euryxauthus.
Chilomeniscus ephippicus.
Chilomeniscus ductus.
Cliionactis occipitalis.
Coutia isozona.
Sonora seiniaunulata.
Gyalopium canum.
Rliinocliilus lecontei.
Opbibolus pyrrhomelus.
Opbibolus getulus splendidas.
Diadopbis rogalis.
Hypsigleua ocbrorbyncba cbloropbaea.
Pbimotbyra grabamiae.
Bascauium flagelliforme piceum.
Cbilopoma rulipunctatum.
Eutaeuia inacrostemma.
Eutaeuia vagraiis angustirostris.
Tropidonotus validus validus.
Tropidouotus sipedon coucbii.
Stenostoma dulce.
Lacertilia.
Eunieces obsoletus.
Euuieces guttulatus.
Cnemidopliorus grabamii.
Cnemidopborus iuornatus.
Cueinidopborus octoliueatus.
Cuemidopborus tessellatus gracilis.
Cnemidopb'orus tessellatus raelauostetbus.
Gerrbonotus nobilis.
Gerrbonotus iufeiualis.
Heloderma suspectum.
Callisaurus dracoutoides ventralis.
Uma notata.
Sauromalus ater.
Crotapbytus reticulatus.
Uta oruata.
92
Sceloporus oruatus.
Sreloponis jarrovii.
Sceloporus i)oiiisettii.
Sceloporus torquatus.
Sceloporus coucliii.
Sceloporus maruioratus. i
Sceloporus clarkii.
Phrynosoina modest uni.
Phrynosoma roaccallii.
Pbrynosoraa regale.
Phrynosoma i)lanicei)S.
Phrynosoma hernandezii.
Coleouyx variegatus.
Phyllodactylus tuberculatus.
Testudinaia.
CiDosternum sonoriense.
Ciuosternum henrici.
Ciuosternum tlavesceus.
Testudo agassizii.
Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed iu Nevada only.
X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION.
X*. Species peculiar to the Lower Califoruian region—27 :
Urodcla.
Plethodon croceater.
Anura.
Hyla curta.
Ophidia.
Crotalus enyo.
Crotalus mitchellii.
Tautilla planiceps.
Chilomeniscus stramineus.
Ophibolus californiae.
Ophibolus getulus conjuuctus.
Hyp.sigkMia ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha.
Phimothyra decurtata.
Pityophis vertebral is.
Buscanium auriirulum.
93
Tropidonotus validus celaeno.
Gharina bottae.
Licbanura trivirgata.
Licbanura myriolepis.
Licbanura roseofusca.
Lacertilia.
Pbyllodactylus uuctus.
Pbyllodactylus xauti.
Cnemidopborus maximus.
Verticaria hyperytbra.
Callisaurus dracontoides.
CTta tbalassina.
Uta uigricauda.
Sceloporus claikii zosteroraus.
Pbrynosonia coronatum.
Cyclura bemilopba.
XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES.
Tbe first observation witb regard to tbe Batracbian and Kepiilian
fauna of ISTortb America is tbe usual one, viz, tbat tbe number of spe-
cific and generic types exbibits a rapid increase as we approacb tbe
tropics. Of tbe area inhabited by tbese forms of animals, less tban one-
fourtb is included in tbe tbree Soutbern regions—tbe Austroriparian,
tbe Sonoran, and tbe Lower Calitornian
;
yet tbese contain more tban
half of tbe entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are
found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the
total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly
resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani-
mals, that temi^erature, and therefore latitude, has the greatest influ-
ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than
iu multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col-
ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilliantly-colored species
are much more abundant there than iu temperate regions. Although
the Eegnum Kearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south-
ern districts are tbe habitat of most of the species characterized
by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a
wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog-
nathus among salamanders, and Hyla among frogs. So witb snakes of tbe
genera Crotalus, Caudisona, OpMholus, Bascanimn, and Eutaenia. It is
94
also true of the lizards of the genera I'JirynosovKf, UoWroolia, and See-
loporus. Euhunia and ticcioporuH become metallic in the ^lexican sub-
region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species
of Anolis ([ova not display natallic luster, while a large part of those of
Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the AVest Indies exhibit it.
Another imi»ortant inllueuce in the modification of the life in (jues-
tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmosi>lieric moisture. Jn the
case of llie IJatiacliia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since
a greater or less i)art of their lite is, in most species, necessarily spent
in the water. The rejjtiles are less dependent on it, but, as their iood
consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation
for sustenance, the modifying inllueuce of moisture on their habits must
be very great.
The Central region conil)ines the disadvantages of low tempera-
ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos-
phere
;
hence its poverty in Batrackia and licptiUa. There are but nine
species of both classes i)eculiar to it, while a lew others enter from sur-
rounding areas.
The distribution in tho other regions is evidently de[»endent on the
same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and
Austroriparian regions aie the home of the salamander.s, the frog.s,
the tree-toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and
Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacitic re-
gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination
of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with
iiunierous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise.
Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen
in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed
by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the
body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This
prevails throughout the Batrachiii and IJeptilia of the JSonoran re-
gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of
which red is much the mo.st usual. This peculiaiity doubtless results
iiiiiiicdiatcly from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, i)ossessed
by all coldblooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume
the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of
such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces-
.sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the coloi*
is naturally established.
95
Another peculiarity of the Sonoran region, and which it shares
with a part of Mexico, is the precloaiinaiice of snakes which i)ossess an
extraordinary dev^elopment of the rostral shield either forward or out-
ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred
such genera to a group he termed the Prohletorhinidac, but which has
not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of
snakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are
found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares
two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter
{PIdmothyra) is closely imitated by a genus {Lytorhynchus) which occurs
on the borders of the African Sahara. The Meterodon of the Eastern
States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds
there; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon
Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As
the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto-
gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela-
tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment
and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation
to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the
foot in the genus Uma^ a character exhibited in higher perfection in the
South African genus Ptenopus. *
The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta-
tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones
especially developed for excavating purposes.
* Proc. Acad. Phila-., 1868, p. 321.

P^RT IV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The present list ouly includes the titles of works and memoirs which
embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of the
reptiles of the Regio JSTearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe-
cies only will be added at a future time.
The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially
investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer ; while Baird, Agassiz,
LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe-
cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Kearctica. In 1856,
Dr. Hallowell remarked the rarity of salamanders and turtles in the
Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the
complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles
in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the
faunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success,
basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia.
The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian
regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value,
adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay
I am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information
on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor
Baird on the birds and mammals.
A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Beptilia.
1817. Cuvier. Regne Animal. First edition. Paris.
1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum.
1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium.
1825. Latreille. Families Naturelles du Regne Animal. Paris.
1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London.
1826 (June). Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien.
* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309.
' 7 H
.
97
98
1826 (October). Boie, 11. Erpetologie vou Java in Ferrusac's Bulletin
(les Sciences Natnrelles et Geologiques.
1827. Boie, F., in Isis von Oken, p. 508.
1830. Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibian.
1831. Miiller. Beitriige znr Anatomic der Ampbibien, Tiedemann u
Treviranus' Zeitscliiift I'iir Physiologic, iv, p. 199.
1832. Wiegmann und Kuthe. Ilandbucli der Zoologie. Berlin.
1832. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribuzioue Metodica degli Animali
Vertebrati. Home.
1834. Duiiieril et Bil)roii. Er[>ctologie Generale, vol. i. General Clas-
siticution and Anatomy. The Icstudinata. Paris.
1834. Wiegmann. llerpetologia Mexicana. Berlin.
1835. Dumeril et Bibron, Erpetologie G6n6rale, vol. ii. Tcistudinata ;
Laccrtilia, in general.
1830. Dumeril ct Bibron. Erpetologie Geucrale, vol. iii. Crocodilia,
Cltdinaeleontidac, Gecconidae, Varanidae.
1837. Dumeril et Bibron. Erpetologie G(5ni}rale, vol. iv. Sauriens
{Iguaniddc and Agamidae). Paris.
1837. Schlegel. Essai sur le Pliysionomie des Serpens. Hague.
1839. Dumeril et Bibron. Eri)etologie Generale, vol. v. Lucertidae,
Chalcididae, and Scincidae.
1841. Dumeril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. viii. Batravhia
Gijmnophiona, and Anura.
1813. Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna.
1844. Dumeril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale. vol. vi. Ophidia in
general; Seolccophidia and A.sinca. parts.
1844. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians
in the British Museum. London.
1845. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London.
1849. (iray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum.
Ijondon.
1849. Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, etc.
Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281.
18.5(>. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British
Mus<nim. London.
18.'>3. (January). Baird andGirard. Catalogueof the Serpents of North
America. Washington.
1853. Dunjihil. Prodioiiu' de la Classilication des Reptiles Ophidiens
InstiUit d«' Fiance.
99
1854. DuQieril et Bibrou. Erpetologie Generale. Tome vii, part 1,
Ophiclia Asinea; part 2, Venomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra-
chia Urodela. Tome x, plates.
1854. LeConte, J. Gata\ogneof the l^orth American Testudinata. Por-
ceediugs of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii.
1855. Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Eeptiles in the British Museum.
London.
1857. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233.
1858. Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, p. 235.
1858. Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British
Museum. London.
1858. Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salieutia in the British
Museum. London.
1859. Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the
Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 330.
1860. Ov/en. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep-
tiles.)
1863. Jan. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per
I'lconografia Generale. Milan.
1864. Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Reptilia Squamata.
Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224.
1864. Giinther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society.
1865. Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia
Natural History Review. London.
1866. Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
1867. Cope. On the Families of the Raniform Anura. Journal of the
Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189.
1867. Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of iTaf/erm. Philosophi-
cal Transactions.
1869. Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of
North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. xiv.
1869. Cope. A Review of the Species of PletJiodontidae and Besmogna-
thidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93.
1870. Cope. Oa the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the
Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class.
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge.
1 00
1870. Gray. Siii>pl<nient to the Catalogue of Shield KeptiUvs in the
British Museum. Loudou.
1872. Huxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. Loudon.
Ji.— Works trcatiwj of the geographical disirihution of North American
Batrachia and lieptilia.
1857. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, vol. i, i)art i, p. 449. On the Geographical Distribution
of North American Testudinata.
18GG. Baird. Thv Distribution and Migration of North American Birds.
American Journal of the Sciences aud Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan-
nary).
1806. Verrill. lleport of some Investigations upon the Geographical
Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 259 (May).
18GG. Cope. On the lieptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province
of the Nearctic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy, p. 300 (October).
18G1). Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia.
1871. Allen, J. A. Bulletin of tlu; Museum of Comparative Zoology.
vol. ii, No. 3, p. 404.
1873. Cope. Gray's Atlas of the United States, \\. 32. Geographical
Distrilmtion of North American Vertebrata (with map).
INDEX.
Page.
Abastor 35
Achrochordidae 22
Acontiidae 20
Acris 30
Adocidae 17
Agamidae 18
Aglossa 9
Allegliauian district 84
Alligator 54
Amblystoma 25
Amblystomidae 12, 25
Aiupbicoelia 14
Ampbisbaenidae 20, 44
Auipbiuma 25
Ampbiuinidae 12,25
Auiyda 51
Anaides 28
Aucistrodon 34
Auguidae 18, 46
Auiella 44
Auiellidae 20, 24
Aiiolidae 18, 50
Aaolis . .' , 50
Anoiuodoutia 15
Antbracosauridae 10
Anura 7, 29
Aploaspis 33
Arcifera 9,30
Aromocbelys 52
Arraugemeut of tbe families aud
higber divisions of Batracbia aud
Reptilia 7
Aspidouectes 51
Asinea 21, 34
Asteropbrydidae 10
Atbecae 16,50
Atractaspididae 23
Austrorii)arian region 68, 76
Bapbetidae 10
Barissia 46
Bascaniuni 40
Batracbia 7, 24
Batracliopbrynidae 9
Bairacboseps 26
Beiodontidae .. 14
Bibliograpby 97
Boidae 22.43
Brevicipitidae 8
Page.
Bufo 29
Bufouidae 9,29
Bufoiiiformia 9, 29
Caducibrancbiata 25
Caeciliidae 11
Callisaurus 47
Caiiadiau fauna-
. 85
Carolinian fauna 84
Ciirpbopbiops 34
Caudisona 33
Causidae 23
Ceuiopbora 36
Central region 7 1 , 88
Cbalcidae 19
Cbainaeleontidae 17
Cbarina 43
Cbeck-list of tbe species ofBatracbia
and Reptilia of tbe Nearctic or
Nortb American realm 24
Cbeloniidae 16, 51
Cbelonia 51
Cbelopus 53
Cbelydid.te 17
Chelydra 51
Cbelydridae 16, 51
Cbilonieniscus 35
Cbionactis 35
Cbilopoma 40
Cboropbilus 30
Cbrysemys 53
Ciuosternidae 16, 52
Cinosternum 52
Cistudo 53
Cuemidopborus 45
Cocytinidae 12
Coleouyx 50
Colosteidae 10
Colostetbidae 7
Coluber 39
Colubridae 22,34
Couipsognatbidae 13
Couiopbanes 38
Contia 36
Crocodilia 14, 54
Crocodilidae 14
Crocodilus 54
Crotalidae 23,33
Crotalus 33
101
102
Page.
Crotapby tus 47
Cryptodira 16, 51
Cyclopbis 38
Cyclurii 50
Cystignatbidae 9, 31
Diiotyletbridae 9
Dendrobatidae 8
Desiiiognatbidae 11,28
Diadopbis 37
Dicamptodon 20
Dicyuodontidae 1")
Diemyctylus 28
Diiuorpbodontidae 12
Diiiosauria 13
Uiplodactylus 5U
DijilogluHsa 40
Dipsosaurus 4"?
Discloylossidao lU
Dnmiicus 38
Eiisteru region CH, 82
Elapidae 22,34
Eliips 34
Elartiuosauridao 15
Eiiiydidae 10, 52
Eiuys 53
Eugyetoma 30
Engystomida* 8, 30
Epirbexia 31
Euiiiecos 44
Eut;enia 40
En^tiuocbelys 51
FaniiK;ia 35
Eauiial regions of tbe eartb 55
Feyliniidae 20
Fiiinisternia "',30
lloridan district 77
Ganoeepbala 10
Gastrecbniia 8
GecconicUe 18,50
Geograpbical distribution iu tbe
Regnuin Nearcticuni, witb special
reference to tbo Batracbia and
Kept ilia 55
GerrliDiiot idao 18, 40
Gerrli(ini)tns 40
Gonidpiiolididae 14
Goniopoda 13
Gyalopinui 30
Gyniiiophidia 11
Gyrinopbilus 28
Iladrosauridae 14
Haldea 35
Helicops 43
Helodernia 47
Page.
llelodermidae 19, 47
Heniidactylium 20
Ileniipbractidae 10
Hemisidao 8
Heterodou 43
Hollnookia 47
Honialopsidae 'i2
Hudsonian district 86
Hydraspididae 17
Hydropbida« 23
Hyla 30
Hylidac 10,30
Hyuobiidao 11
Hypsiglena 38
Icbtbyopterygia 15
Icbtbyosanridae 15
Iguania 47
Iguanidae 18
Igiianodoutidao 14
Introductory remarks 3
Labyrintbodontia 10
Lacertidao 19, 45
Lacertilia 17,44
Leptoglossa 44
Licbanura 43
'Lichanuridae 22, 43
Litbodytes 31
Lodia 30
Louisianian district 78
Lower Californian region 74,92
Macrocbelys 52
Macrollenimys 53
Manculus 27
ilegalosauridae 13
Menopoma 25
Menoponiitlao 12,25
Microsauria 11
Molgopb idae 11
Mosasauridae 20
Mur;enoitsi.s 25
Na jidio 22
Necturus 24
Number of species 58
Nyctisanra 18, 50
Odon taglossa 9
Oligosoma 44
Opbibolus 30
Oitbidia 33
Opbeosauria 44
Opbeosaurus 40
Ornitbosauria 12
Ornitbotarsidae 13
Ortliopoda 13
Osceola 30
103
OiKleuodoiitidae 15
Pacbygloss.i 18
Pacific region 72, 89
Parasucbia 14
Pelioutidae 11
Pelodytidae 10
Pelomedusidao 17
Phimothyra 38
Pblegethontiidae 11
Pbryniscidae 8
Pbiynosoma 49
Pbyllodactylus 50
Pipid?e 3
Pityopbis 39
Placodontidae 14
Plesiosauridae 15
Plethodou 27
Pletbodoutidae 12, 26
Plenrodelidae 11, 28
Pleurodira 17
Pleurodonta 44
Pleurosteruidae 17
Podocnemididae 17
Procoelia
,
14
Propleuridae 16
Proteida 12,24
Proteidae 24
Proteroglypba 22,34
Protorosauridae 15
Protostegidae 16
Pseudeniys 52
Psendobranchus 24
Pterodactylidae 13
Ptyouiidae 11
Pytbonidae 21
Pythonomorpboi 20
Eana 32
Ranidae 7, 32
Raniforraia 7, 32
Relation of distribution to physical
causes 93
Relations to other realms 58
Reptilia 12
Rhabdosomidae 22
Rhiueura 44
Rbinochilus 36
Rbiuophrynidae 9
Rhiptoglossa 17
Rhynchocepbalia 15
Rbyuchosauridae 15
Salamandridae 11
Saurotnalns 47
Sauropterygia 14
Page.
Scapbiopidae 10, 31
Scapbiopus 31
Scelidosauridae 13
Scelopor us 48
Sciucidae 19, 44
Scolecophidia 21, 44
Sepsidae 19
Sibon 38
Siren 24
Sireuidae 12,24
Smilisca 31
Solenoglypha 23,33
Souora 36
Souoran region 73, 90
Spea 31
Spelerpes 27
Spbaerodactylus 50
Sphargididae 16, 50
Sphargis 50
Sphenodontidae 15
Spilotes 39
Stegocephali 10
Steuostoma 44
Steuostomidae 21, 44
Stereocbilus 27
Sternothaeridae 17
Storeria 42
Synipbypoda 13
Tautilla 35
Teidae 19,45
Teleosauridae 14
Teratosauridae 13
Testudinata 16,50
Testudinidae 16,54
Testudo 54
Texan district 80
Tbalassochelys 51
The regions of the Regnum nearc-
ticum 67
Tboracosauridae 14
Thoriidae 11
Tortricidae 21
Tortricina 21
Tracbystomata 12, 24
Triouychidae 16
Trimorphodou 36
Trogonopbidae 20
Tropidoclonium 42
Tropidonotus 42
Tuditanidae 11
Typblophthalmi 44
Typhlopidae 21
Uma 47
104
Page.
L^rodela U
I'ropeltidae 21
Uta 48
Vuraiiidae 19
Vertioaria 46
Viperidae J.'J
Virgiuia 35
Works ou the classification of Ba-
tracliia and Reptilia 97
Poge.
Works treating of the geographical
distribution of North American
Batrochia and Reptilia 100
Xantnsia 45
Xenopeltidae v>i
Xenosauridae i<j
Zonuridae 19
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