SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONBureau of American EthnologyBulletin 169 River Basin Surveys Papers, No. 10Archeological Investigations at the Tuttle Creek Dam,KansasBy ROBERT B. GUMMING, Jr. 41 422141—58- CONTENTS PAGEIntroduction 45Situation and environment 46Enthnological and archeological background 47Sweat Bee Mound (14P014) 48Fieldwork 48Artifacts 52Conclusions 54The Spillway site (14P012) 56Fieldwork 56Artifacts 57Conclusions 57The Reany site (14P013) 58Fieldwork 58Artifacts 58Conclusions 60Site 14RY10 61Summary 62Literature cited 62Appendix. Skeletal remains of the Sweat Bee Mound site (14F014) 65Introduction 65Methods 65Cranial data 65Physical type 68Postcranial data 69Summary and conclusions 70Tables 71ILLUSTRATIONSPI ATES FOLLOWINGPAGE13. a, A view of Sweat Bee Mound before excavation, b, Sweat BeeMound after clearing off the overgrowth 7814. a, Sweat Bee Mound after removal of the soil fill, b, Excavating SweatBee Mound 7815. a, Excavating and mapping Sweat Bee Mound, b, View of the upperburials of Feature 1 of the Sweat Bee Mound 7816. o, View of the lower burials of Feature 1 of the Sweat Bee Mound, b,Views of the male skull of burial 2, No. 50, of the Sweat BeeMound site 7817. Views of the female skull of burial 1, No. 49, of the Sweat Bee Moundsite 7818. Artifacts from the Sweat Bee Mound site 7819. Artifacts from the Sweat Bee Mound site 7820. a, A view of the remaining portion of the Spillway site, b, Testingvillage site 14RY10 7821. Artifacts from the Spillway site 7843 44 CONTENTS PAGE22. a, Testing at the Reany site. Spillway site above cut in background.b, The Spillway and Reany sites being destroyed by constructionactivities. Sweat Bee Mound in the foreground 7823. Artifacts from the Reany site 7824. Artifacts from the Reany site 78MAPS3. Site location map of the Tuttle Creek Dam area facing 464. Site map of Sweat Bee Mound (14P014) 50 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THETUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANSAS^By Egbert B. Gumming, Jr.INTEODUCTIONThe Missouri Basin Project of the Smithsonian Institution RiverBasin Surveys, conducted archeological excavations in the construc-tion area of the Tuttle Creek Dam site from June 10 to June 30, 1953.These field activities and the present report resulting from themwere a part of the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage Program.This program combines the cooperative efforts of the SmithsonianInstitution, the National Park Service, the Corps of Engineers, theBureau of Reclamation, and various State and local agencies. De-tails of the organization, background, and accomplishments of thisprogram are published elsewhere (e. g.. Brew and others, 1947; Wedel,1947; Roberts, 1952) and need not be detailed here. Lack of fundsprevented extensive fieldwork in the season of 1953 in any of the lo-calities of the Missouri River Basin. However, some money was avail-able and this was diverted to the areas of most critical salvage needs.Tuttle Creek was one of these.Previous archeological investigations in the area to be flooded bythe Tuttle Creek Reservoir had located upward of 119 sites, 9 of whichwere situated in the immediate construction area of the dam (Solecki,1953 a, p. 6) . Of these, 5 would not be destroyed until the later phasesof dam construction but 3 were already partially destroyed and thefourth was in imminent danger of destruction from dam-buildingactivities. The field party, limited by funds to only 3 weeks, selected1 site (14P014) for complete excavation and conducted sampling testsin the other 3. The field party was under the direction of the writerand James M. Shippee, of the Smithsonian Institution, River BasinSurveys staff. Linwood L. Hodgdon, assistant professor of Anthro-pology at Kansas State College, acted as field assistant. Marvin Carl-son, Randall Weeks, Alfred Johnson, and John Hennes made up theremainder of the crew. The writer wishes to express sincere apprecia-tion for the splendid work of the entire crew during the field season.Long range direction of the project was given by Dr. Frank H. H. 1 Manuscript submitted April 1954 ; some revision July 1956. 46 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Boll. 169Koberts, Jr., Director of the Kiver Basin Surveys, and Robert L.Stephenson, acting chief of the Missouri Basin Project. The assist-ance given the field party by Burney V. Reany, project engineer,Corps of Engineers, and by the many others who so generously volun-teered their help is gratefully acknowledged. The writer also wishesto express his apprecation to Dr. John L. Champe, of the Universityof Nebraska, for his assistance and advice; to Dr. G. Neumann, ofthe University of Indiana ; and to Dr. T. D. Stewart, of the NationalMuseum, for their criticisms and suggestions; and to Roy W. Drier,of the Michigan College of Mining and Technology, for the metallo-graphic examination of the copper specimens.At the termination of work on site 14RY10, evidence of a dwellingstructure had been found, but time limitations did not permit excava-tion of the structure. Subsequent investigations at this site were madepossible by a volunteer party organized by Dr. Linwood L. Hodgdonand consisting of himself, John Hennes, Warren Shaw, and JamesTuback of Kansas State College ; Dr. John L. Champe, Mary Kiehl,and Raymond Wood of the Laboratory of Anthropology, Universityof Nebraska; Harold A. Huscher of Columbia University; and Dr.Theodore E. Wliite, Lee Madison, and Francis Brown of the MissouriBasin Project. This volunteer party worked at the site for about aweek in July 1953, It is contemplated that Dr. Hodgdon and otherswill cooperate on a separate report of the overall activities at thissite in the near future. Consequently only a brief account of thetesting accomplished here in June 1953 by the Smithsonian Institutionparty will be included in the present report.SITUATION AND ENVIRONMENTThe proposed Tuttle Creek Reservoir area is located in the Big BlueRiver basin in northeastern Kansas (map 3) . The dam site is locatedapproximately 12 river miles upstream from the junction of the BigBlue River and the Kansas River, or about 6 miles north of the townof Manhattan, Kans. The Tuttle Creek Dam, a Corps of Engineersproject, is to be an earthfill structure 7,350 feet long and 136 feet high.Its purpose is the storage of jflood waters from the 9,550 square miles ofdrainage area of the Big Blue River, above the dam.The Tuttle Creek area lies within the Interior Plains physiographicdivision. Central Lowland province, dissected till Plains section (Fen-neman, 1931) , and within the Tall Grass, Prairie Grassland vegetationarea of Shantz and Zon (Kroeber, 1947) . Locally the Big Blue Riverflows through a flat alluvial valley, a little over a mile in width, withthe dissected tableland bluffs rising several hundred feet above theflood plain. In the area as a whole, dark brown silty soils underlainby a yellowish brown subsoil are characteristic. The rich, alluvial soil i \ ' \ \ IC) TUTTLE CREEK DAM AREASITE LOCATION MAP Adapted from Corps of Engineers Mop No a-9-7-14 Map 3.—Site location map of the Tutile Creek Dam area pip.Nalo"^' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 47of the flood plain is excellent for farming, and the bottom lands areand have been mider cultivation for many years. The upland slopesare, for the most part, in pasture. On the top of the bluffs a shallowsoil cover is underlain by the limestone and shales of the Wolf Capgroup of the Permian.The climate throughout the general region is characterized by warmsummers, with an average temperature of 70° to 80°, and cold winters.Temperatures are very changeable and show a wide range of variation.Maximum temperatures as high as 121° and minimum temperatures aslow as 40° below zero have been recorded (Kansas Agr. Exp. Sta.,1937, p. 5). The prevailing winds are from the south in summer andfrom the north in winter. The growing season averages 170 to 180days. Average annual precipitation is from 32 to 34 inches, with about70 percent falling within the warm season (U. S. Dept. Agr., 1941),thus making the region quite suitable for primitive horticulture.There is an abundant growth of trees and shrubs along the rivervalley. The following have been observed within the reservoir area : Cottonwood, elm, burr oak, walnut, hard maple, sycamore, willow, lin-den, ironwood, box elder, buckeye, hackberry, juniper, honey locust,pignut, redbud, dogwood, buck brush, and sumac. Food-bearingplants native to this area include mulberry, plum, hazelnut, elderberry,gooseberry, chokecherry, and grape.Game formerly abundant throughout this area included elk, deer,antelope, bison, bear, wolf, cougar, wildcat, otter, and turkey. At thepresent time mink, muskrat, red squirrel, gray squirrel, woodchuck,beaver, opossum, raccoon, coyote, and rabbit may all be found. Quailand prairie chicken inhabit the uplands and ducks and geese are andwere plentiful during the migi-atory season.The valley of the Big Blue River, in northeastern Kansas, providedexcellent resources for hunting and gathering cultures, and an exten-sive utilization of long duration of these resources is indicated by theSurvey's location of approximately one hundred nonceramic sites inthe Tuttle Creek Reservoir area alone.ETHNOLOGICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDDuring the historic period the Tuttle Creek Dam area was wellwithin the habitat of the Kansa Indians. To the north of their range,near the Nebraska border, were the Pawnee, to the south and southeastthe Osage, to the east across the Missouri the hunting range of varioustribes such as the Iowa and Sac, and to the west, in the high plains, thehunting ground of the Apache, Comanche, Sioux, Cheyenne, andothers. During the beginning of the historic period the Wichita in-habited the area about the great bend of the Arkansas River.According to Kansa tradition, the Kansa moved upstream along theMissouri River as far as the Nebraska border and were then forced 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169southward (Wedel, 1946, p. 6) ; however, this has not as yet been veri-fied by archeological investigations. The distribution of identifiedKansa village sites, recorded by Wedel (ibid,, p. 2), shows the Kansato have been along the Missouri Eiver, at the Doniphan site, near thetown of Doniphan in 1724 ; along the Kansas River, at the Salt Creeksite, about 6 miles from the town of Leavenworth in 1757 ; at the "OldKansas village" reported by Lewis and Clark, between the junction ofSoldier Creek and Cross Creek with the Kansas River in 1804 ; and atthe Blue River site, about 2 miles east of the town of Manhattan, andabout 6 miles downstream from the Tuttle Creek Dam from about 1800to 1830. Three known village sites, between the junctions of CrossCreek and Soldier Creek with the Kansas River, were inhabited dur-ing the period of 1830 to 1846. From 1847 to 1873 the Kansa lived inthree villages below the town of Council Grove on the Neosho River.From there they were removed to Indian Territory.The section of the Big Blue River valley to be inundated by theTuttle Creek Reservoir was virtually unknown archeologically untilthe summer of 1952. At that time a Smithsonian Institution recon-naissance party consisting of Ralph S. Solecki and James M. Shippeeexamined most of the area. The reconnaissance of the area, even yetincomplete, yielded evidence of 119 archeological sites. The only ex-cavated site near this area was the Blue River site, the historic Kansavillage, 2 miles east of the town of Manhattan (Wedel, 1946, p. 2).The abundance of archeological remains that have been and are beingfound in this area clearly indicate that northeastern Kansas has beeninhabited from very early prehistoric to historic times. Suggestions ofPaleo-Indian occupation are found here as evidenced by occasionalartifacts identified with the Folsom and Plainview groups (Solecki,1953 b, p. 52-53, and Shippee, 1953, p. 54) . Sites of other preceramicor nonceramic groups are abundant. Cultural manifestations ofWoodland, Upper Republican, and Nebraska cultures have beenfound, and it is quite probable that further investigation will also dis-close elements of the Oneota and Hopewellian cultures.SWEAT BEE MOUND (14P014)FIELDWORKThis site is located in Pottawatomi County, Kans., in the NWl^NEi^ sec. 19, R8E T9S. It consists of a rock mound situated on aprominent elevation along the top of the ridge bordering the east sideof the Big Blue River flood plain (pi. 13, a). Site 14P013 is about500 yards farther north along the same ridge. From the mound,which is about 180 feet above the Big Blue River, a fine view may behad of the valley below. The slopes of the ridge are wooded, and thetop sparsely covered with grass and brush, and studded with limestone Kiv. Bas. SuuPAP. No 10] TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS. GUMMING 49 rocks. Beneath a shallow, dark, soil zone at the surface is a gravelstratum underlain by bedrock limestone and shale.The method of excavation consisted of first clearing the mound ofgrass and brush (pi. 13, &), laying out a grid of 10-foot squares, andestablishing a site datum. The partial dirt cover over and betweenthe rocks was then removed, outlining the entire extent of the mound.Surface elevations were taken and the mound was mapped (pi. 15, a).The rock-slab covering was then removed, leaving a small profilesection in place until excavation of all else was completed. The en-tire mound fill was screened (pi. 14, b).Before excavation the mound appeared as a small, circular, earthand stone hummock, grass-covered between the rocks with a clumpof brush near the south side. After clearing off the brush, grass,and dirt, above and between the stones, the mound was found to beirregularly circular in shape, 26 feet in diameter and 1^/2 f^^t high(map 4), The mound structure consisted of a pile of irregularlyshaped limestone slabs, placed without any semblance of order, butin sufficient quantity to completely cover and protect that whichlay beneath. The covering rocks ranged from small fragments toslabs 3 feet long, li/^ feet wide, and nearly a foot thick (pi. 14, a).It seems most probable that the dirt over and about the stones hadblown in during later years, and that the mound, as originally built,was a stone-slab mound.The remains of 7 individuals were found within the mound, 6 ofwhom were in 1 pit (Feature 1) and 1 (Feature 3) on top of thegravel underlying the mound.After the mound had been cleared off and some of the ujDper stonesremoved, a basinlike pocket was found in the rock covering, 7 feetin from the east edge and 3 feet south of the center of the mound.This proved to be the location of Feature 1. Feature 1 was an oval-shaped pit 3 feet in north-south diameter, 3% feet in east-west di-ameter, and 2 feet in depth from the surface of the gravel underlyingthe mound. Limestone slabs had been placed around the perimeterof the pit and rocks thrown witliin it, covering a group of three burialsthat lay within the pit at the level of the base of the surrounding slabs.Two distinct groups of burials were found within Feature 1.Burials 1, 2, and 3 were at the level of the gravel base of the mound,and were surrounded by the rock slabs (pi. 15, h). Burials 4, 5, and6 were within the pit below the base of the mound (pi. 16, a). Theupper-level burials were mixed with soil and stones and covered overby a foot of stone rubble. The bones were crushed, badly weathered,and, to a considerable extent, jumbled together.Burial No. 1, in the center of the pit, was a semiflexed, primaryburial. A large rock slab had settled through the midsection of theskeleton, that of an old adult female, crushing the bones beneath. The 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169 SWEAT BEE MOUNDSITE pip N^^'lO^"' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 51Burial No. 2 was the remains of an old adult male. The right sideof the skull was completely crushed and the skull was no longerin articulation with the spinal column. The state of preservationof the bones, combined with the fact that they had been somewhatdisplaced, made it difficult to determine the original manner of deposi-tion. It appears to have been a primary semijflexed burial, orientednorth-south, with the head to the north.Burial No. 3, the bones of which are crushed and disintegrated,was that of an old adult male. It appears to have been a primaryfully flexed burial, oriented southeast-northwest, with the head tothe southeast.Many of the bones of the lower burials were badly disintegratedand jumbled. Burial No. 4, the central one, was that of a middle-aged adult male. It was a primary, semiflexed burial, oriented ap-proximately southwest-northeast, with the head to the southwest,facing north. The skeleton was on its left side. Burial No. 4 hadevidently been placed in the pit at a later date than burials 5 and 6,for the latter appear to have been pushed to either side of the pitin order to make room for it. A group of 4 circular copper beads(14P014-116), 1 large and 3 small, were found resting on the rightmandibular condyle, and 2 more (14P014-118) were located beneaththe left temporal. An additional pair of the same type of bead wasfound while screening fill from the area immediately about the skull.Both the right and left mastoid process of the skull were stained greenfrom the copper. The beads had apparently been attached to theears at the time of burial. A small disk shell bead (14P014-117)was also found close to the skull. Fragmentary bits of copper and atubular conch shell bead (14P014-119) were found close to one wristof the skeleton.Burial No. 5, a semiflexed primary burial, was that of a middle-aged adult male. It was oriented api^roximately east-west, with thehead to the west, facing to the north. Several of the long bones of thisskeleton are unusually large. An ovate stone scraper (14P014-131)was found directly over one of the scapulae.Burial No. 6 was the badly disintegrated remains of a middle-agedadult female. The outline in the soil indicated that it was probablysemiflexed, with the head to the west.Two stone scrapers (14P014-123 and 124) were found in the fillabout the lower burials.A group of 4 chert nodules and 1 piece of hematite (Feature 2)were found in the gravel beneath the mound fill, 11 feet north ofFeature 1.In addition to the burials of Feature 1, the fragmentary remains ofan extended, supine, adult burial (Feature 3), burial No. 7, werefound lying directly on the gravel deposit under the mound, and 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169about 5 feet north and 5 feet west of Feature 1. The lower leg andfoot bones were present and in articulation but crushed by the over-lying rocks. A section of the right radius and ulna, and severalphalanges indicated that the arm had been extended along side ofthe body, which was oriented northwest-southeast, with the head tothe southeast. The remainder of the body bones were missing or frag-mentary. The outline of a pit was evident in the reference block ofthe mound profile at the spot where the skull should have been ; hencethe skull may have originally been present. No associated artifactswere found.Burial No. 7 appears to have been intrusive and to have no connec-tion with the other burials in the mound. Individual extended burials,placed beneath piles of rocks, were customary among the Kansa, andit is quite possible that the nearby site, 14P013, is a Kansa site;however, there was no certain evidence to indicate that the burialwas intrusive. ARTIFACTSA total of 47 artifacts was recovered from the mound. No potterywas found. Thirty-five stone artifacts, mostly scrapers, cutters, andchoppers, were recovered from the dirt between or below the rock-slabcovering, and a few specimens were found in association with theburials.Four chert projectile points (pi. 18)^ and the base of a point werefound in the mound fill. Specimen No. 4 is a small, delicately chipped,straight-based and straight-sided triangular point with two small sidenotches and one base notch, all of the same size. The tip of the pointis missing. Specimen No. 31 is a medium-sized point with sidesslightly convex in outline, is flat on one side, and has an expandedstem containing a small, shallow notch. Point No. 29 is double con-vex in cross section, apparently straight based, and evenly chipped.Half of the stem and the lower portion of the blade is missing. No. 5is a rather small, evenly chipped point, convex sided and concave basedin outline. No. 37 is the base of a straight-based projectile point.Table 1 gives data on the projectile points.Table 1. — Projectile point dataCat. No. pip.Na'lO^"" TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS. GUMMING 53The point end of a chert blade (No. 38) was found in the moundfill (pi. 18). The fragment, 33 mm. long and 26 mm. wide, is doubleconvex in cross section and is neatly chipped.Two small end scrapers were found (pi. 18). Specimen No. 9,from the mound fill, is a snub-nosed scraper with an expanded bit, flaton both sides, and retouched on the end and part of one side. It is25 mm. long, 16 mm. wide, and 6 mm. thick. Number 131, a small flatovate scraper, is retouched on both sides and one end, and is 29 mm.long, 23 mm. wide, and 7 mm. thick. It was found directly over thescapula of a lower burial of Feature 1.Thirteen of the 35 chipped stone artifacts are scrapers (pi. 19).They are made from irregularly shaped chert spalls, and show aminimum of modification. The ventral surface is a single cleavageplane. One or more of the edges are retouched. No. 32 is a high-backed, subelliptical scraper with a concave ventral surface. The en-tire dorsal surface is flaked, and one edge is retouched. No. 1, foundon the surface, is a nearly circular scraper. Its dorsal surface is con-vex, and the ventral surface has a prominent medial ridge. No. 3,also from the mound surface, is an ovate, stemmed scraper, and is flatventrally and convex but unmodified dorsally. It is retouched aroundthe entire edge. Two scrapers were found associated with the lowerburials in Feature 1, Nos. 123 and 124. No. 123 has a broad blade thatis more or less oval and tapers toward one end. The ventral surface ismoderately convex, the dorsal surface beveled, with the maximumthickness close to the left edge. The broad end and one side are re-touched. No. 124 is a rather small subelliptical scraper, concave ven-trally, beveled dorsally, with the maximum thickness close to the leftedge. It is retouched on both ends and on one side. Table 2 follows.Table 2. — Measurements of scrapers^ Cat. No. Length 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169line, double convex in cross section, with a depression in the center ofone side. It is edged on both ends and one side, and measures 68 mm.in length, 47 mm. in width, and 19 mm. in thickness. This was foundin association with the upper burials of Feature 1 ; the others all camefrom the mound fill.Five roughly modified cores show some evidence of use. SpecimenNo. 46 (pi. 19) is a large, coarsely flaked bladelike chopper, flaked onboth ends and on one side. It is 102 mm. long, 76 mm. wide, and 25 mm.thick, and was found in association with the upper burials.A rectangular piece of reddish quartzite, 117 mm. long, 100 nun.wide, and 68 mm. thick, was found in the mound fill (pi. 19). Therock is smooth and the corners well rounded. It might have served asa hammerstone or as a small anvil ; however, there is no clear-cut evi-dence of battering.A pendantlike object of catlinite (pi. 18) came from the mound fill.The specimen (No. 28) is subrectangular with one end having a smallstem or projection 3 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. The object is 33 mm.long, 26 mm. wide, and 2 mm. thick.The two pieces of worked shell recovered were associated with thelower burials of Feature 1. One is a disk shell bead (No. 117) 6 mm.in diameter, and the other a cylindrical conch shell bead (No. 119)27 mm. long and 11 mm. in diameter (pi. 18) . A notch has been worninto the same side of each end of the bead.Feature 2 yielded a piece of worked hematite (No. 130) . In outlineit resembles half of a cross-sectioned elliptical object. The ventral anddorsal surfaces are flat, and the edges are rounded at the tapered end.The piece is 55 mm. long, 43 mm. wide, and 23 mm. thick.Eight copper disk beads (pi. 18) were associated with the lowerburials of Feature 1. The beads, made by rolling copper strips 5 to 7mm. wide and 2 to 3 mm. thick, range from 9 to 12 mm. in diameter,with a hole 4 mm. wide. Metallographic examination of the beadsshowed them to be of native copper.CONCLUSIONSThe cultural identity of the mound is, as is so often the case withburial mounds, difficult or impossible to definitely determine. There ishowever, some reason to believe that the mound belongs to the Wood-land Complex. Two of the five points (Nos. 29 and 31), found wellwithin the mound fill, resemble Woodland points attributable to theValley Focus. The other three points do not resemble conventionalWoodland types, however ; one of these occurred at grass-root level andhence may be unassociated with the mound.Burial mounds of earth and stone construction are numerous andwidespread in Missouri, and are associated with the Woodland Pat-tern. The burials are sometimes in a pit dug into subsoil beneath the pIp. Na lo"'*' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS. GUMMING 55mound, on a stone platform with or without a stone covering, in stonechambers or vaults, or in cists (Chapman, 1948, pp. 110-125) . A groupof stone vault mounds, ascribed to the Hopewellian Complex, is situ-ated at Kansas City, Mo., and stone vault mounds have also been foundin Kansas, in the northern part of Doniphan County (Wedel, 1943,p. 159).The Younkin Moimd, a rock and earth mound with a stone-slab floor,located about 6 miles northwest of Junction City, Kans., has been ex-cavated, and is ascribed to the Hopewellian Complex (Spaulding,1949, p. 106). Its only resemblance to site 14P014 consists of rock-covered burials and a highland location.Stone-slab mounds at site 14EW18, 10 to 30 feet in diameter and 2to 3 feet in height, have been found on the high bluffs near the mouthof Bluff Creek, Kanopolis Eeservoir, Ellsworth County, Kans. (Kivett,1947, p. 9). These mounds are similar in external appearance to theSweat Bee mound ; however, they are unexcavated and their culturalidentity is unknown.Burial cairns, excavated at site 14EW24, on the bluffs above theSmoky Hill Eiver in Ellsworth County, are somewhat similar but con-siderably smaller than 14P014. In one cairn, 12 feet in diameter, aflexed skeleton, crushed by the overlying rocks, was found in rec-tanguloid cist (Smith, 1949, p. 229).Subsurface burial pits, covered by an extensive layer of rocks, havebeen found in Nebraska. An example of this is the Lindsey site(25CC29) in Cass County, li^ miles west of the town of WeepingWater. Primary burials were found in five pits or cists, dug into thesubsoil of the base of a rock-slo.b-covered area 30 feet in diameter.The site belongs to the Woodland Pattern (Kivet, Marvin F., per-sonal communication. Data on file at Nebraska State HistoricalSocietj^) . Turtle Mound, one of a series of mounds along the Missouri Riverbluff near the town of Rock Bluff, Nebr., proved upon excavation tobe a 24-foot circular limestone slab-covered mound with one concen-tration of human bones close to the eastern border of the mound (Gil-more, 1932, pp. 167-169).A rock-covered burial pit containing four individuals in an oval-shaped pit was found at site 25NC201, 5i/^ miles northwest of the townof Fullerton, Nance County, Nebr. This was on a high ridge over-looking Timber Creek. The few sherds found in the pit indicatedthat the burial was Woodland (Cumming, 1953, pp. 8 and 9).A characteristic of the Woodland burial complex is the wide rangeof variation of the burial pattern. In Missouri both semiflexed andextended burials have been found within the same mound. Multiple,semiflexed, or flexed primary burials within mounds or pits in mounds,as at 14P014, fall within the Woodland burial pattern. 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169Although the Kansa, no doubt, frequented the region in which site14P014 is located, it is doubtful that the mound burials are Kansa,with the possible exception of burial 7, which may be intrusive. Whilethe Kansa often used bluff and hilltop locations for their burials, andusually covered the graves with rocks, they customarily buried theirdead in individual graves and in an extended or semireclining posi-tion (Wedel, 1946, p. 27).The nearest known habitation site to 14P014 is site 14E,Y10, anearby village site adjacent to the west end of the dam axis. It isimprobable that the mound burials are associated with this village,for preliminary investigations indicate that 14K,Y10 belongs to theTable Rock Focus of the Nebraska Aspect, and so far as is known,the Nebraska Aspect burial pattern is that of secondary burials inossuary pits.It seems quite possible that the rock mounds and rock-covered pitscontaining multiple burials, and always placed on a highland loca-tion, found in northeastern Kansas and parts of Nebraska, may repre-sent an attenuated form of the Woodland burial mound buildingcomplex of Missouri. There seems to be a reasonable probability thatsite 14P014 is a manifestation of this complex.THE SPILLWAY SITE (14P012)FIELDWORKAfter completing work at the Sweat Bee Mound, 2 sites about 500yards to the south, in the spillway area of the dam, were sampled.Site 14P012 was the least promising of the two, and little time wasallotted to it.The Spillway site (14P012) is located in Pottawatomie County,Kans., in the SWi/4 sec. 18, R8E T9S. The site is on the northeastside of the spillway of the Tuttle Creek Dam (pi. 20, a). Spillwayexcavation had, at the time of the investigation, destroyed over halfof the site. The occupational area is situated on a relatively flat-topped ridge about 200 feet above the Big Blue River, and commandsan excellent view of the river valley and of the hills bordering thetableland to the east. The soil about the area is rocky and sparselycovered with grass and sumac. The underlying bedrock of limestoneand shale is covered with a gravel deposit containing many chert in-clusions. Over this is a thin covering of darker soil. Cultural ma-terials are spread over an area of about 1 acre and occur from the sur-face down to a depth of 0.6 to 0.8 foot. In the short time available,surface examination and the digging of one 3- by 4-foot test pit, 1 footdeep, were all that could be accomplished. From the surface, whichwas littered with chert chips, and from the test pit, a few sherds andchipped-stone artifacts were obtained. rip.NaloT' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—CUMMING 57ARTIFACTSA total of 25 artifacts were obtained. The pottery sample consistsof 12 small body sherds, all from the surface. These sherds are tem-pered with finely pulverized shell, their outer and inner surfaces aresmooth but have a chalky feel, and the cores consist of a dark-graypaste. Colors range from light brown to buff, with the exception ofone sherd which has an orange sliplike finish both inside and out. Theware is relatively thin, sherd thicknesses varying between 4 and 5 mm.Hardness ranges from 4 to 5. On all of the sherds the surface finish isplain, and three have narrow, sharply incised lines across them. Thesample is too limited to permit making a cultural identification ; how-ever, the sherds are suggestive of Glen Elder Focus material.The chipped-stone sample consists of 4 end scrapers, 7 side scrapers,1 utilized core, and 1 blade or knife. All of the specimens are of grayor banded chert. Of the end scrapers (pi. 21) , all found on the surface,3 are medium sized and 1 is small. They are roughly rectangular, withthe snub end rounded on two of the specimens. The under surface isunmodified and slightly concave ; the upper surface fairly flat. Twoof the scrapers are retouched on the front end and two retouched alongthe front and right side. The end scrapers range from 26 to 38 mm.in length, 21 to 31 mm. in width, and 5 to 11 mm. in thickness.The side scrapers (pi. 21) are of the spall variety. The chert chipsfrom which they have been made are unmodified on one surface andretouched along one edge. A patinated portion, from the nodule fromwhich the chips have been struck off, is present in three of the scrapers.The shapes are irregular, but tend to be somewhat rectangular. Onespecimen (14P012-5 (pi. 21)) is roughly semicircular and retouchedalong the working edge. A semicircular notch, 19 mm. wide, along oneside, indicates that the scraper mnj also have been used as a bow-shave.Side scrapers range from 45 to 71 mm. in length, 29 to 47 mm. in width,and 10 to 15 mm. in thickness.One flat-bottomed, high keeled core shows evidence of use but noretouching on its work edges.The one blade or knife (14P012-2) has a curved cutting edge and iscoarsely flaked with the upper edge thickened and smoothed. It is 55mm. long, 30 mm. wide, and 9 mm. thick.CONCLUSIONSThe artifact sample is too limited and nondiagnostic to make a cul-tural identification of the site. The sherds are suggestive of, but cer-tainly not identical to, material from the Glen Elder site (14ML1) inMitchell County, and the White Rock site (14JW1) in Jewell County,Kans. It has been suggested that these latter two sites be assignedto the Glen Elder Focus of the White Rock Aspect (Kiehl, 1953, p. 4) . 422141—58 6 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBnLL. 16»Sites 14P012 and 14P013 are adjacent to each other and may be 1site rather than 2. Scrapers are the most numerous of the stone arti-facts at both of the sites and are similar in style. On the basis of thepottery recovered, sites 14:P012 and 14P013 are different sites; thismay, however, be a reflection of unavoidable but admittedly inadequatesampling. THE REANY SITE (14P013)FIELDWORKThe Reany site (14P013) is located on the southwest side of thespillway, about 800 feet west of site 14P012 (pi. 22, a). It is in theSWiASEy4 sec. 18 and NWi^NEi^ sec. 19, R8E T9S. The site orig-inally covered an area of about 1^/^ acres; however, at the time ofinvestigation the north third of the site had been destroyed by con-struction operations. A day and a half was spent testing the remain-ing portion of the site. During this time the surface was intensivelyexamined and nine test pits were dug in the area of the greatest sur-face artifact concentrations. Here, as at 14P012, the surface wascovered with chert chips, but sherds and chipped stone implementswere more numerous than at the former site.ARTIFACTSA total of 244 artifacts was recovered. Potsherds were found onthe surface and in the test pits, at depths of 0.1 to 0.6 foot. The pot-tery sample totals 177 body sherds (pi. 23) and 1 rim sherd. The wareis tempered with rather finely pulverized shell. The exterior surfacetexture is smooth, the interior slick or imperfectly polished, and thecore consists of a dark gray to black paste, compact, and often lam-inated. The exterior surface, ranging from light brown to buff incolor, is plain, with seven sherds having small punctate impressionsmade with a sharp pointed instrument held at an acute angle to the pot.Body sherd thickness ranges from 4 to 7 mm. and averages 5.8mm. Hardness ranges from 4 to 5 in Mohs' scale. The one rim sherd(14P013-86) (pi. 23), a surface find, is straight. Shallow diagonalnotches, about 2 mm. in width, encircle the top of the lip. The rimis 7 mm. thick and 3.6 mm. high, and once had either a lug or straphandle riveted to it. The slight amount of curvature of the rim sug-gests that it is from a wide-mouthed pot. One small strap handle(pi. 23) was found in test pit No. 4.All of the 65 stone artifacts found were of chipped stone. Theseinclude projectile points, scrapers, blades, and one chopper. Of the6 projectile points found (pi. 23), all from the test pits, 2 are com-plete, and 4 consist of the shoulder and about half of the blade. Thepoints, made from chert, are small, triangular, straight sided, and del- Riv. Bas. Sor.Pap. No. 10] TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—CUMMESTG 59icately chipped. Five of them have a straight base and one a slightlyconcave base. Specimen 14P013-61 (pi. 23) resembles a point butis concave near the tip, and may be a small scraper or knife. Theprojectile points range in length from 19 mm. to an estimated 30 mm.,in width from 10 mm. to 15 mm., and in thickness from 2 mm. to2.5 mm. Table 3 gives projectile point measurements.Table 3. — Measurements of projectile points Cat. \o. 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169the remainder rounded. The ventral surface is flat, and the workingedge on the dorsal surface is retouched on all but a small portion ofone side. The scraper is made of chert.Twelve specimens, four of which are incomplete, have been classedas side scrapers (pi. 24). They consist of irregularly shaped chertflakes, one side of which is flat and unmodified and one edge retouched.Table 4 gives measurements of scrapers.Table 4. — Measurements of scrapers pip.No^lo7' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 61tory of the historic Kansa, and do not know of other tribes in this im-mediate area at that time. Unfortunately, little is known archeologi-cally of the Kansa. Ethnological data indicate that there were manysimilarities between the cultures of the Kansa and of the Osage, and itis interesting to note that the shell-tempered pottery and triangularpoints found at 14P013 fall within the range of that described forthe Osage (Chapman, 1946, pp. 22-23) . It seems quite probable thatthe Keany site is a protohistoric or early historic Kansa site. Theoccurrence of chert all along the ridge, and the abundance of chertchips covering the surface of the site indicate that stone-chipping wasa major occupation at this spot.SITE 14RY10Site 14RY10 is a village site located 2,500 feet south of the south-west end of the Tuttle Creek Dam, in an area of construction activity(pi. 20, h). The site is in the SWi^ SEi^ sec. 24 T9S R7E. It issituated on a low terrace in the bottom lands, several hundred feet westof the right bank of the Big Blue River. To the south a small creek,the bed of which is 30 feet below the terrace surface, limits the occupa-tional area. The relatively flat surface of the terrace has an eleva-tion of 1,040 feet, 20 feet above stream level. The whole area, coveredwith a clayey loam topsoil, has been under cultivation for almost 100years.Surface indications consisted of a sparse scattering of occupationalrefuse. Dr. Linwood Hodgdon had previously made an intensivesurface survey of the site and had marked the areas of major refuseconcentrations. A north-south base line was established immediatelyeast of one of these areas and a grid system, based on 10-foot squares,was laid out.The first test, excavation unit 1, was dug 150 feet east of the baseline. Here a 30-foot-long, 4-foot-wide trench was dug to subsoil, witha deeper pit at one end to check for possible stratification. The topsoilcovering in this section of the site was 0.6 foot in depth and underlainby a sterile yellow clay subsoil. The cultural materials all occurredwithin the first 0.3 foot from the surface. No subsurface features werefound. "Work next proceeded on excavation unit 2, a 70-foot-long, 4-foot-wide trench, dug along the west side of the base line. The excavationwas extended by digging a 100-foot-long and 3-foot-wide east-westlateral at line N310, a 35-foot lateral at N330, and 15 feet of trenchalong a third lateral at line N360. All trenches were dug to sterile sub-soil with intermittent pits dug deeper. No subsurface features wereencountered and artifacts were sparse. A large concentration ofwattle was found just west and north of the N310 lateral trenchindicating a possible house location. Lack of funds prevented further 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169work by the Missouri Basin Project unit, but volunteer units continuedworking and uncovered the remains of one dwelling. Observation ofthe artifacts obtained indicates that the site may be assigned to theTable Kock Focus of the Nebraska Aspect.SUMMARYDuring the field season of 1953, a Smithsonian Institution party ex-cavated 1 site and tested 3 others in the construction area of the TuttleCreek Dam, northeastern Kansas. None of the sites may be positivelyidentified with any specific cultural group but indications point to sometentative identifications. The Sweat Bee Mound (14P014) was ex-cavated and it is suggested that this is a Woodland burial mound.Seven burials (one intrusive) were found here in a stone-slab mound.The Spillway site (14P012) was briefly tested and few artifacts wererecovered. Ceramically it is suggestive of the Glen Elder Focus.The lithic materials indicate that it may be a continuation of site14P013. The Reany site (14P013) was briefly tested and it is sug-gested, on the basis of the pottery and the metal artifacts, that thismight be a protohistoric or early historic Kansa campsite. Site14R,Y10 was tested briefly and such indications as could be determinedhere suggest that this may be a village site of the Table Rock Focusof the Nebraska Aspect.It is felt that the potentialities of sites 14P012, 13, and 14 have beenexploited to the limits of practicability under the circumstances.These sites, at best, could yield but little additional information. Site14RY10, which, for the most part, has been investigated by volunteergroups under Linwood Hodgdon and under John L. Champe, meritsfurther work. The urgent need in this area now in order to begin toclarify the picture of the prehistory of this area is for excavation of anumber of additional sites here. These additional sites have beensuggested by Solecki (Solecki, 1953 a) and are here heartily endorsed.LITERATURE CITEDBrew, J. O., Chairman ; and Others.1947. Symposium on river valley archeology. Amer. Antiq., vol. 12, No. 4,pp. 209-225.Chapman, Carl H.1946. A preliminary survey of Missouri archeology. Part 1, Historic Indiantribes. Missouri Archeol., vol. 10, October.1948. A preliminary survey of Missouri archeology. Part III, MiddleMississippi and Hopewellian Cultures. Missouri Archeol., vol. 10,April.CuMMiNG, Robert B., Jr.1953. Appraisal of the archeological and paleontological resources of theLower Platte Basin, Nebraska : supplement. Missouri BasinProject, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution. Lincoln,Nebr. (Mimeographed.) pIp.No^Io']^" TUTTLE creek DAM, KANS. GUMMING 63Fenneman, Nevin M.1931. Physiography of western United States. Map, physical divisions ofthe United States. New York.GiLMOEE, O. H.1932. Turtle mound, in Cass county, Nebraska. Nebraska Hist. Mag., vol.13, No. 3, July-September.HooTON, Earnest A.1922. The skeletal remains (from the Turner group of earthworks, HamiltonCounty, Ohio). Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Arch, and Ethnol., Har-vard Univ., vol. 8, No. 3.1947. Up from the ape. New York.HbdliCka, a.1947. Hrdli^ka's practical anthropometry. Edited by T. D. Stewart. TheWistar Institute of Anat. and Biol. Philadelphia.Kansas Agbicultural Experiment Station and Kansas State Planning Board.1937. Agricultural resources of Kansas. Kansas State College Bull., vol. 21,No. 10. Manhattan.Kiehl, Mary.1953. The Glen Elder and White Rock sites in north central Kansas. Proc.Nebraska Acad. Sci., Inc., Sixty-third Annual Meeting, May.KivETT, Marvin F.1947. Preliminary appraisal of the archeological and paleontological re-sources of Kanopolis Reservoir, Ellsworth county, Kansas. Mis-souri Valley Project, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution,March. (Mimeographed.)Kboebeb, A. L.1947. Cultural and natural areas of native North America. Berkeley, Calif.Martin, R.1928. Lehrbuch der iVnthropologie. Jena.Moeant, G. M.1923. A first study of the Tibetan skull. Biometrika, vol. 14, Nos. 3 and 4.Neumann, Georg K.1950. Racial differentiation in the American Indian. Ph.d. dissertation.Univ. Chicago. Microfilm.Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr.1952. River basin surveys : the first five years of the Inter-Agency Archeo-logical and Paleontological Salvage program. Smithsonian Inst.Ann. Rep. for 1951, pp. 351-383.Shippee, J. M.1953. A Plainview Folsom fluted point from Marshall County, Kansas.Plains Archeol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 5, No. 4, February,Smith, Carltle S.1949. Archeological investigations in Ellsworth and Rice counties, Kansas.Amer. Antiq., vol. 14, No. 4, April.SoLECKi, Ralph S.1953 a. Appraisal of the archeological and paleontological resources of theTuttle Creek reservoir, Marshall, Pottawatomie, and Riley Coun-ties, Kansas. Missouri Basin Project [River Basin Surveys]Smithsonian Institution, January. (Mimeographed.)1953 b. A Folsom fluted point from Marshall County, Kansas. PlainsArcheol. Conf. News Letter, vol. 5, No. 4, February. 64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169Spauldinq, Albert C.1949. The Middle Woodland period in the central plains. Proe. FifthPlains Couf. Archeol., Note Book No. 1, Lab. Anthrop., Univ. Ne-braska.Strong, Willim Duncan.1935. An introduction to Nebraska archeology. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,vol. 93, No. 10.United States Department of Agriculture.1941. Climate and man. Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington.Webb, William S.1946. Indian Knoll, site 0H2, Ohio County, Kentucky. Dept. Anthrop.and Archaeol., Univ. Kentucky, vol. 4, No. 3, pt. 1. Lexington.Wedel, Waldo R.1943. Archeological investigations in Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri.U. S. Nat. Mus. Bun. 183.1946. The Kansa Indians. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol., 49, No. 1.1947. Prehistory and the Missouri Valley development program : Sum-mary report of the Missouri River Basin archeological survey in1946. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 107, No. 6, pp. 1-17.WiLFORD, Lloyd A.1941. A tentative classification of the prehistoric cultures of Minnesota.Amer. Antiq., vol. 6, No. 3. APPENDIXSKELETAL REMAINS OF THE SWEAT BEE MOUND SITE(14P014)INTRODUCTIONThe skeletal remains to be described consist of the remains of sixadult burials, all from Feature 1, in a slab-rock mound. Feature 1 con-sists of an unlined pit, containing the lower burials, Nos. 4r-6 (pi. 16,a) , dug into the base of the mound, and a circle of rock slabs placedon edge just above and around the pit, containing the three upperburials, Nos. 1-3 (pi. 15, h). Apparently the pit had been reopenedfrom time to time and burials added. In the lower group of burialsthe manner in which the bones were mixed indicated that the thirdburial had been added at a later date than the other two and that thebones of the first two had been pushed, each to one side, to make roomfor it. Many of the bones were poorly preserved. The same procedureseems to have been followed with the upper burials. Many of the bonesof these were crushed by overlying rocks. Because of the fragmentarynature of many of the bones, and their displacement caused by forcinga third burial into each of the two groups, it was possible to definitelyassociate the skull and body bones of one individual only, burial No. 1,cat. No. 49. With this exception, the burial numbers apply only tothe crania. METHODSThe crania were sexed without further supporting evidence exceptfor specimen No. 49. Aging is based on endocranial closure and tooth-wear. Observations of the long bones supported the conclusion that thetotal series consisted of 6 individuals, 4 male and 2 female. Measure-ments are taken in accordance with Martin (1928) unless otherwiseindicated. CRANIAL DATACondition of specimens.—Specimen No. 47 (burial 3) consists oflarge portions of the occipital, right and left parietal, and frontalbones. The petromastoid and the tymj)anic portion of the left tem-poral is also present. The articulations between the parietal, frontal,and temporal bones are tenuous.Cranium No. 49 (burial 1) lacks the sphenoid, a portion of the base,and the processes of the maxillae. The ascending portion of the rightmandibular ramus is missing. 65 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bdll. 169Specimen No. 60 (burial 2) consists of the cranial vault minus mostof the right side and face, and all of the base. A portion of the leftzygomatic and part of the maxillae are present.Specimen No. 65 (burial 5) consists of the left parietal and most ofthe right parietal bone, the squamus portion of the right temporal, theleft half of the frontal and most of the left half of the maxilla andmandible.Cranium No. 66 (burial 4) consists of the cranial vault with thetemporal bones, but minus the sphenoid, face, and base. The left zygo-matic, the glabellar portion of the frontal, together with the upperpart of the nasal bones, and a portion of the body and alveolar borderof the maxillae are also present. The mandible is complete exceptfor the right ascending ramus. A severe warping of the cranial bonesprevented restoration of the skull.Specimen No. 73 (burial 6) consists of fragments of the left halfof the mandible.Measurements and indices.—Archeological considerations suggestthat site 14P014 belongs to the Woodland Complex. There is a possi-bility that it represents an attenuated form of the mound buildingcomplex to the east. In order to see what inferences may be gainedfrom the physical types involved, a skeletal series from the KansasCity vault mounds, Hopewellian Woodland, located about 129 mileseast of the Sweat Bee Mound site, has been chosen for comparativepurposes. Stewart (in Wedel, 1943, pp. 245-265) has demonstratedthe similarity of the Kansas City Mound series to that of an OhioHopewell series from the Turner site.The measurements and indices of the 14P014 crania and a compari-son of these with the series from the Kansas City vault mounds(Stewart, in Wedel, 1943, pp. 250-254, 268) are given in table 5.Only 2 skulls from 14P014, 1 male, No. 50 (pi. 16, &) , and 1 female,No. 49 (pi. 17), are complete enough to yield comparative metricaldata. Neither these nor any of the others, so far as could be observed,were artificially deformed. The skulls are dolichocranic, with thecranial indices falling close to those given for the Kansas City series.Head height is noticeably lower in the 14P014 group than it is inthe Kansas City series. The basion-bregma height in both crania No.50 and No. 49 was estimated and hence it and the indices derived there-from are only approximate. The male skull is chamaekran or low ac-cording to the length-height index and the auricular height index, andlow as judged by the mean height index. It is akrokran according tothe breadth-height index. The female skull is in the medium heightrange of the various height indices. Head height of both the male andfemale crania of the Kansas City series is high. pIp No!"'!!?"' TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 67General head size, as indicated by the cranial module, is medium inthe male and comparable to the Kansas City Hopewell. None of the14P014 crania is thick walled.The unusually small minimum frontal diameter of the Kansas Cityskulls is not present ; 92 mm. as against 96 mm. for the 14P014 skulls.Observations of facial structure had to be made, for the most part,from one female skull. The upper face height falls within the rangeof the Kansas City female series, but the face width is considerablyless, resulting in a leptene face rather than the mesene one of the KansasCity series.Orbital shape is similar to that of the Kansas City series, hypsi-conch, but a marked difference is indicated by the nasal index whichis hyperchamaerrhine in the 14P014 skull and messorrhine in theKanas City series.The upper alveolar arch is greater in length than width (maxillo-alveolar index 93.22) in female skull No. 49, while in the Kansas Cityseries the reverse is true (maxillo-alveolar index 117.5).From this comparison of the two series it is apparent that althoughthere are similarities, there are also distinct differences.Morphological observations.—Observations of the individual craniaare given in table 6. The following summary indicates the generalcharacteristics of the 14P014 series.Skull vault and base : Ovoid head formDivided type brow ridges of small to medium sizeSmall to medium-sized glabellaLovsr frontal height and small frontal breadthMedium frontal slopeSmall postorbital constrictionSmall frontal bossesAbsent to small median crestSlight sagittal elevationLack of postcoronal depressionMedium parietal bossesFlat temporal regionMedium to large mastoidsMedium to large supramastoid crestMedium to pronounced occipital curveSlight to medium amount of lambdoid flatteningLack of occipital torusSmall inionLack of platybasiaShallow to deep glenoid fossa depthSmall postglenoid processesThin tympanic plateElliptical-shaped auditory meatuses 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Boll. 169Facial skeleton : Square-shaped orbits of slight inclinationAbsent to shallow suborbital fossaeSmall to large-sized malars with slight lateral projectionSlight nasion depressionMedium nasal root height and breadthMedium to sharp nasal sillsSlight amount of alveolar prognathismMedium palate vault heightMedium to large mandibleBilateral chin form with slight chin projectionMedium-sized genial spinesLack of mandibular torusNeutral to slightly everted goniansDentition.—The general condition of the teeth is good even thoughtooth wear varies from pronounced to very pronounced. The crownsof the teeth are worn off markedly and in some cases the roots areexposed. Of a total of 74 teeth, some in place and others not, 2 casesof apical caries occur. Abscesses and other pathological conditionsare not apparent, and the teeth were retained into late middle age andold age in spite of excessive wear. Pronounced tooth wear with a re-tention of teeth late in life, and a minimal number of abscesses andcaries is characteristic of skeletal material from the Turner Mounds(Ohio Hopewellian) and from the Kansas City Mound series (Hope-wellian) (Stewart, in Wedel, 1943, p. 249).Pathology and anomalies.—No pathological conditions in the craniaare apparent. No ear exostoses are present. The tympanic plate isperforated in sj)ecimens No. 66 and No. 50, and unperforated in twounarticulated left temporals.PHYSICAL TYPEThe identification of the physical type of as small and fragmentarya series as that of the 14P014 crania must necessarily be consideredtentative and suggestive. With little supporting metrical data avail-able, reliance is basically on morphological observations.The 14P014 crania appear to fit morphologically with the easternEarly Woodland long-headed group, characterized by the Otamidvariety of Neumann (Neumann, 1950), a group found from Ne-braska to the east coast, and represented by such peoples as those of theWoodland Black Sand Focus in Illinois, the Coastal Focus of the At-lantic coast, and the Karankawa of the Texas coast (Neumann,1950, p. 16).The 14P014 crania are a long-headed group. The cranial index ofskull No. 50 is 70.47. Cranium No. 66, although not complete enoughfor accurate measurement, is obviously long headed. The meancranial index of the Otamid male series is 70.66 (Neumann, 1950,p. 20). S'^- ?^^^-i m"*- TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 69Ir'AP, ISO. lUJIt was possible to compare the morphological traits of the 14P014series with 39 of the 46 morphological traits listed by Neumann forthe Karankawa series of the Otamid variety (Neumann, 1950, p.21). Observations of the styloid processes, nasal height and breadth,nasal profile, anterior nasal spine, total prognathism, and palate shapecould not be taken on the 14P014 series. The two series differednoticeably in only four traits. Glabella and brow ridge size are con-siderably smaller in the 14P014 series, the lateral projection of thezygomatics is less, and nasion depression is less in the 14P014 seriesthan in the Otamid series. The tendency to a small to moderate de-velopment of glabella and of the brow ridges is characteristic of Ne-braska Woodland. In a series of 16 male Nebraska Woodland crania,the modal distribution of glabella size is small (10), medium (3),and large (2), and of brow ridge size small (6), medium (5), large(3), and trace (1) (Neumann, unpublished data). The 14P014crania show a greater morphological resemblance to the NebraskaWoodland series than to the Karankawa Otamids.POSTCRANIAL DATAThe poor state of preservation of the skeletal material prevented therecovery of many of the body bones. Most of the long bones recoveredlack one or more of the articular ends. Burial 1, cat. No. 49, is the onlyone in which the paired bones and the crania were definitely associated.No pathological conditions were apparent in any of the skeletalbones.Bones measured or observed consist of the following: 9 femora (5male, 4 female), 6 tibiae (3 male, 3 female), 7 humeri (3 male, 4 fe-male), 4 radii (2 male, 1 female, 1 sex ?), 3 ulnae (2 male, 1 female),and 4 fibulae ( 1 male, 1 female, 2 sex ? ) . Measurements and observa-tions of the individual skeletal bones are given in table 7.Of the femora, two males show a pronounced development of thepilaster, as indicated by the middle shaft index. Pilaster developmentin the 14P014 female is greater than that given for the Kansas Cityfemales series, and close to that of the Turner Mound series. The sub-trochanteric region is less flat than in the Kansas City series. Of ninefemora, the third trochanter was pronounced in one male, submediumin another, and medium in both the left and right femora of one fe-male. In the Turner Mound series the third trochanter occurred insome form in all of the males and 4 of 6 females (Hooton, 1922,p. 128).In the 14P014 series the shape of the shafts of the tibiae is predomi-nantly the ordinary prismatic.Of 6 humeri, 2 female pairs had large sepatal apertures, 1 male amedium-sized aperture, and 1 male no sepatal apertures. 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169Estimates of stature are dubious since they are based on individuallong bones and very few of these. The estimates are based on Pear-son's formulae (Hooton, 1947, pp. 728-729) . Among the male burialsthere appeared to be one unusually large individual represented.Femur No. 97, with a maximum length of 515 mm., was considerablylarger than the rest of the femora. The stature estimate based on thisfemur is 180.5 cm. (5 feet 11 inches). An unusually long left radius,290 mm. maximum length, which probably belongs with femur No. 97,gives a stature estimate of 180.7 cm. (5 feet 11 inches) . The other malelong bones, if measurable, would yield shorter stature estimates. Theaverage stature for the Kansas City male series is 160 cm. (Stewart, inWedel, 1943, p. 259). The stature of female No. 49, based on the lefthumerus, is 153.5 cm. Using Manourier's tables (Hrdlicka, 1947, p.182) the stature is 155.2 cm. (61.1 inches). The stature range for theKansas City vault mound female series is 156 to 157 cm. (Stewart, inWedel, 1943, p. 259), and for the Turner female series 157 cm.(Hooton, 1922, p. 126).SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe comparison of the Sweat Bee slab-rock mound crania with thatof the Kansas City vault mounds has shown that although thereare similarities, there are also distinct differences between the craniaof the two groups. Excessive tooth wear accompanied by soundteeth relatively free of caries and retained late in life is commonto the 14P014, Kansas City vault mound, and Turner Mound groups.On the basis of the available data, it is suggested that the 14P014crania fit in morphologically with the early Woodland Otamids. TheOtamid variety has been found, among other places, in the stone vaultgraves that occur along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas Rivers,and is encountered in the Hopewell mounds of the Illinois valley(Neumann, 1950, p. 121). Riv. Bas. Sur.Pap. No. 10] TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 71Table 5. -Cranial measurements and indices of I4POI4 series with comparativemeasurements of Kansas City Mound series (Hopewellian) . 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169 -si55, eS 03 • CD CJ cr c3 o g 5 B w--' 2 £; Riv. Bas. Sor.Pap. No. 10] TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 73 o % o 3„ , „^ -« '3 5 2- a CQ-«J 3 hioeraOQtZJ a 'm"< tOCQ _: 3 o5qS S<1 com ^S 2^ ; Ko 3 60c;3COCCI J 2 o o O L, b -/lA - 422141—58- 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169 oO PS, n- -a^S (yam 55 §S ->krH G?^ C3 J2 lO W3 1-H CO ^ -^ M <.H.2§ Kn rt frt (^ ^ _M .n -^ +5 "l* 1^1 §2 a a >K^p-s a»- ps; .-- . . . o) ij tH o g— jq - CO ra „ .c32pag;525McQ^>nox3S-9'»-^a _(^ 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169 N t-H t^ W Cc o .2 (c 6^''^.2 eliM o M Ph h) 02 tnO 2 --S^ • "S f^ 1111° T! <» S °' CkJ^^ot 300 fl • . fi as ce Igo„§ Riv. Bas. Sdr.Pap. No. 10] TUTTLE CREEK DAM, KANS.—GUMMING 77 siwo Wm 1 P^i S O .2 C3 gSgS So SSf '^ if 2 03C?ra S.SB.2-;Sfej -a _OPMfl 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 169In June 1956, some 2 years after this report was completed andsubmitted for publication, William M. Bass checked the skeletal ma-terial from 14P014: in the Division of Physical Anthropology at theUnited States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and sub-mitted the following comments : The condition of the specimens, age, sex and a few measurements were checked.As a result of this study I feel that Cummiug's report is well done and wouldrecommend only the following additions and changes :Cranium No. 66 (burial 4) showed intense copper staining on both sidesof the skull, centering on the ears and right ascending ramus of the mandible.Less obvious copper staining was found on the distal end of the left radius andon both clavicles (Gumming, p. 51). There was a slight suggestion of copperstaining on the left supra-orbital margin of cranium No. 65.The three lower burials at this site, specimens Nos. 65, 66 and 73 showed ablack staining on some of the bones, especially the arm and leg bones. Thisblack staining may be due to manganese. Scrapings from the stained part ofthe bone yielded a positive micro-chemical test for manganese (micro-chemicaltest conducted by Edward P. Henderson in the Museum's chemical laboratory).Webb noted similar stains on bones from Indian Knoll and upon chemicalanalysis concluded that under certain conditions where a limited amount ofred ocher is used on the flesh of the dead body a chemical change occursfollowing decomposition, which results in a black staining of the bone (Webb1946, pp. 247-48). Webb makes no reference to having tested the bones formanganese.The ages of all six specimens given by Gumming were too high. By carefulanalysis it has been possible to definitely establish the age of 2 individuals,specimens 49 and 66, and to lower the age of the remaining 4. Aging was basedon tooth wear and epiphyseal union. The following are the ages assigned toeach specimen : Specimen No. Age50 40-50 ?47 40-50 ?65 30-40 ?66 22-2549 17-2173 25± ? BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 13 1J BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 14 eat Bee Mound. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 15 Excavating and mapping Sweat Bee Mound, b, View of the upper burials of feature 1of the Sweat Bee Mound. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 16 a. View of the lower burials of feature 1 of the Sweat Bee Mound, h. Mews of the maleskull of burial 2, No. 50, of the Sweat Bee Mound site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 17 Views of the female skull of burial 1, No. 49, of the Sweat Bee Mound site. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 180- \\-\ 29 CMSweat Bee Mound site. Projectile points: Nos. 31, 5, 29, 4. Blade: No. 38. Scrapers:Nos. 9, 131. Conch shell bead: No. 119. Catlinite object: No. 28. Disk shell bead:No. 117. Copper beads: No. 116. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 19 Sweat Bee Mound site. Scrapers: Nos. 123, 20, 32, 124, 1, 3. Cutters: Nos.Modified core: No. 46. Anvil: No. 19. i, 7, 36. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 20 a, A view of the remaining portion of the Spillway site, h, Testing village site 14RY10. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 21 Spillway site. End scrapers: Nos. 1, 3, 8. Side scrapers: Nos. 6, 9, 13, 5. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 22 ^ ':, :Jl-^'^- a, Testing at the Reany site. Spillway site above cut in background, b, The Spillway andReany sites being destroyed by construction activities. Sweat Bee Mound in theforeground. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 23 Reanv site. Rim sherd: No. 86/1. Body sherds: Nos. 28, 40/1, 27, 40/2. Strap handle:'No. 85. Projectile points: Nos. 80,' SO, 60, 49, 73, 61. Copper jingle: No. 83. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 169 PLATE 24 I Z2 S:u ,.'Z ^ o Cli