8CR0PHULABIACEAE OF TIE CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES. By Francis W. Pennell. INTBODUCTION. The purpose of a series of papers, of which this is the first, is to present in summarized form our knowledge of the plants of the family Scrophulariaceae growing within the states of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, and in Idaho west to the 113th meridian. Within this area it is planned to consider all species, and to give for each its taxonomic history, its flowering season, and its distri- bution. Eastward from these states occur the Black Hills, with a flora akin to that of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and southward from them a great expanse of high plains in all respects identical with the high plains of eastern Colorado. To include the former and a large portion of the latter, the area of this study has been extended eastward to the 100th meridian. From this additional territory—western Kansas, western Nebraska, and southwestern South Dakota—comparatively few specimens have been seen, and consequently the specimens here cited do not indicate with the same degree of completeness the distribution of the species. However, eastward the species of this family are few and mostly long known. Within the large area of this study, an area except for slight irregularities on its northwestern boundaries rectangular in outline, occurs a considerable diversity of natural environment, but a much greater diversity of flora. The lower and vastly the larger portion consists of a flat or rolling tableland, sloping upward from our eastern frontier, the Platte River below North Matte at about 750 meters altitude, to about 2,130 meters altitude on the continental divide in southern Wyoming. Northward, westward, and south- ward occur various broad valleys and relative depressions. The most important are the valleys of the Powder, Tongue, and Bighorn rivers in northern Wyoming; of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho; the broad basin of the Great Salt Lake, itself about 1,300 meters in altitude, and the deserts westward; the valley of the Virgin River of southwestern Utah, at St. George but 840 meters 313 314 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. above the sea; a large portion of the drainage of the Colorado River and its tributaries, the Green, the Grand, and the San Juan; and the valley of the Rio Grande in southern Colorado. This whole area impresses the traveler by its apparent botanical uniformity. It is throughout a country naturally arid; the gray dull growth of the sagebrush (Artemisia) is over the higher land, varied in the lowland with the somewhat livelier hues of the greasewood (Sarcobatus). Between the scattered plants bare earth is always visible, for sage- brush can not be said to "cover" or "clothe" the ground, nor does the greasewood hide the whiteness of the alkali in which it grows. Westward and southwestward the aridity increases; through much of central and southern and over enormous areas of western Utah the land is even without sagebrush—a desert almost or quite devoid of vegetation. Through a land seemingly so uniform one would expect a uniform flora, but in Penstemon, the genus with which my studies have made me most familiar, precisely the opposite is the case. The high plains of the east have their distinctive species; others enter the valleys of northern Wyoming from the plains of Montana; different species occur on the "Red Desert," the valley of the Green River in southwestern Wyoming; in the North or Middle Park of northern Colorado; in the Grand or the Gunnison valleys of western Colorado; in the San Juan and Dolores valleys of southwestern Colorado; in the western drainage of the Colorado River from the base of the Uintas southward to northern Arizona; in the valley of the Virgin; in the Salt Lake Valley; and through the valley of the Snake River. No species of the lowland occurs over more than two or three of these regions. Ill-defined divisions within larger areas may be noted, as the valley of the Arkansas River from Pueblo to Las Animas counties, Colorado, and the valley of the Duchesne River in northeastern Utah. Evidently the factor controlling the development of species has been not diversity of valleys one from another, but simply the geographic isolation of each. Throughout this dry country permanent watercourses are few, and their isolation when upon different river systems would seem far greater than that of the upland plains. Yet the few aquatic or wet- land Scrophulariaceae are wide-ranging species, and occur in streams draining to the Atlantic and to the Pacific. Such are several species of Mimulus and Veronica. Doubtless the explanation of this seem- ing anomaly is that these species owe their distribution to the trans- porting agency of birds. The surface of this plateau was summarized as level or rolling, and such also are the geologic strata; but eastward, and much more so westward, this surface is broken by steep escarpments, buttes, and bluffs which mark the edge of geologic formations, many of them PENNELL—SCROPHULARIACEAB OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS# 315 geologic faults. It is also more evident westward that the streams, and temporary washes as well, have cut for themselves deep and precipitous chasms. The greatest of these are along the Colorado River, but in Utah such canyons occur along most of the lowland streams. The flora of the buttes and canyon walls brings down to the plateaus many species of the hills. Low, flat or slightly sloping table-topped ridges, whose steeper slopes are conspicuously covered by junipers, occur over much of this area, and many of the species which geographically are ascribed to certain valley plains grow only upon these "mesas." From central Colorado, or in fact from central northern New Mexico, northward and westward, the basal plateau is broken by many mountain chains. All these are more or less isolated. Some are low ridges scarcely to be distinguished from the mesas except by their sharper contour, but some are among the highest mountains of the continent, having about their bases masses of foothills which themselves resemble mountains. From the viewpoint of plant dis- tribution these mountains and the highlands about them may be grouped in three associations: 1. Northern Rockies.—These enter our region from the northwest and include all ranges north of the great "saddle" valley plateau of southern Wyoming. They include the ranges about Yellowstone Park, the Teton and Wind River ranges, and the outlying Bighorn Mountains. 2. Southern or Colorado Rockies.—These include all the intricate chains of mountains of Colorado, extending northward into the Med- icine Bow Range of southeastern Wyoming, and including the out- lying La Sal and Abajo mountains of southeastern Utah. 3. Wasatch or Utah RocJcies.—These extend from the Bear River Range of southeastern Idaho southward across central Utah to the southwestern extremity of that State. Adjoining or somewhat out- lying these to the east are the Uinta Mountains, extending to the Colorado line across northeastern Utah, and, farther south, the Henry Mountains. Dr. Rydberg includes the Wasatch in the South- ern Rockies, but at least the Penstenwn flora of each group is quite distinct. While each of these mountain groups has its peculiar species, the parallelism of the vegetation upon each is most striking. This parallelism is dependent upon altitude, and much has been written concerning the zones of vegetation or life zones which may be recognized. From the sagebrush semidesert at the base one ascends to a scattered low growth of junipers and pinyons; then to a "chaparral" of shrubby, gnarled oaks; then to an open belt of conifers, largely of Pinus scopulorum; then to a denser forest of other pines and Pseudotsuga, with open groves of Populus tremuloides, the 316 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. quaking aspen; next to a belt of spruce and fir; then out above the few stunted, highest growing individuals of these to the open alpine meadows and slopes. In this progress, corresponding to in- creased altitude, there is increased moisture. The alpine meadows are continually moist from more or less permanent snowdrifts, while here and lower on the slopes frequent showers occur in summer. The foothills exist as a particularly wide and definite zone to the east of the Southern Rockies, and a peculiar flora of foothill species extends from Las Animas County, Colorado, to Albany County, Wyoming, The Black Hills of South Dakota are essentially a foothill region. Ranges of foothills, with a characteristic flora, running through southwestern Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, and northern Utah, connect the Northern with the Wasatch Rockies. In Utah and western Colorado many of the ranges are equivalent to the mountain foothills. In their flora the low mountains, the foothills, and the lower slopes of the main mountain chains are identical. The different zonal treatments of the life of the Central Rocky Mountain States are based primarily upon the account and the classic map of Dr. C. Hart Merriam,1 a map of the United States which, however, shows but little detail for this region. The work which Dr. Merriam then roughly outlined has, under his direction or stimulus, since been carried out in greater detail and made far more satisfactory by the United States Biological Survey. A series of state biological surveys has been begun, and for our area that for Colorado,2 by Merritt Cary, was published in 1911, and that for Wyoming,® by the same author, in 1917. These contain excellent maps and interesting and pertinent text. His discussion is based upon personal field study, including practically every portion of these states and botanical even more than zoological evidence. The maps, slightly modified, as explained below, have been my best guide in expressing the zonal distribution of species. In the plant distribution of the area covered by my study, Dr. Rydberg has been especially interested, In the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club he is publishing a series of sketches of Rocky Mountain vegetation, zone by zone; but the paper which logically introduces these sketches and gives the author's delimitation of each zone is one published in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden.4 I am greatly indebted to this outline and to an unpublished 1 Life zones and crop zones of the United States, by C. Hart Merriam. U. S. Dept. Agr. Biol. Surv. Bull. 10. 1898. 3 A biological survey of Colorado, by Merritt Cary. U. S. Dept. Agr. N. Amer. Fauna 33 1911. 8 life zone investigations in Wyoming, by Merritt Cary. U. S. Dept. Agr. N. Amer. Fauna 42. 1917. 4 6:477-499. 1916. PENNELL—SCBOPHULABIACEAE OF THE ROOKY MOUNTAINS. 317 map by the same author. The map covers the entire area of my study, but it is not based upon so full a field acquaintance and does not attempt the detailed zonal delineation which makes Gary's map so valuable. However, in general terminology and broad limitation of zones I have followed it. The terminology used by Rydberg is in accord with that used abroad, and its names have more appropriateness than have those of Merriam, followed by Cary, A third nomenclature has been evolved by Mr. Marcus E. Jones in his studies of Utah vegetation. Appar- ently, Jones has reached the same conclusions as to the belts of vegetation to be recognized, so that his names may be correlated readily with those in current use. The three systems of zonal nomenclature are: Rydberg . Merriam. Jonbs. Lower Sonoran. Lower Sonoran. Tropical. Upper Sonoran, Upper Sonoran. Lower Temperate. Submontane (Subboreal).1 Transition. Middle Temperate. Montane. Canadian i _ Subalpine. Hudsonian.} Temperate. Alpine. Alpine-Arctic. Alpine. The main point of divergence in which I follow Rydberg and not Merriam is in carrying the northern boundary of the Upper Sonoran Zone eastward and northeastward across the high plains following the divide between the Arkansas and Kansas river systems to the south, and the Platte drainage to the north. In the plains any zonal limit must be broad and more or less vague, but it certn inly seems to accord better with Penstemon distribution to recognize from this line northward an area of Subboreal plains than it does to com- mence such an area in Montana. Slighter divergence from Gary's maps is in considering the Arkansas Valley above the Royal Gorge to be wholly Submontane (or Transition), with only some Upper Sonoran intrusion—at Salida I found only foothill Penstemons. The same treatment applies to the isolated Upper Sonoran areas or, as I view them, local Upper Sonoran intrusions into the Submontane Zone, above the canyon of the Grand River. Of botanical collections made within this total area there have been many, and yet, such is the diversity of the flora that with collections much more ample than those of many areas of the same size eastward, our knowledge of the flora is still much less complete. The best known sections are the foothills of eastern Colorado, especially those easily reached from Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, or Colorado 1 "Subboreal" applies to the Great Plains, "Submontane" to the mountains and intermontane plateaus. 318 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Springs, and the more or less immediate vicinity of Laramie, Wyo- ming, and of Salt Lake City, Utah, and Yellowstone Park. At some time, from the early expeditions of James, Nuttall, and Fremont, to the present day of resident collectors, Osterhout, Ramaley, Nelson, Jones, and Garrett, nearly every natural region of this area has been visited by botanists. But most of the land is still practically unsettled, much is reached only with great difficulty, since railroad lines are far apart and mostly away from the mountains, and many sections have been visited but once or twice, and that at only one season of the year, so that even to-day, in spite of a century of collecting, it is evident that a great amount of further exploration needs to be done. The truth of this will appear after noting in the following revision the number of species which have been collected but once, but for which it is quite feasible to predict a natural range. Such is Penstemon paysonii of the Dolores Valley. My own field work, of which primarily this revision is the out- growth, was undertaken in the summer of 1915. The itinerary of the trip, listing only places for collecting, follows: June 5-7. Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado, 8. North Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, Colorado. 9. Manitou, Garden of the Gods, El Paso County, Colorado. 10. Nob Hill, South Cheyenne Canyon, North Cheyenne Canyon, Bear Creek Canyon, El Paso County, Colo- rado. 11. 12. Palmer Lake, El Paso County, Colorado. 12. Aurora, Denver County, Colorado. 13. Golden, Morrison, Jefferson County, Colorado; Val verde, Denver County, Colorado. 14. Boulder, Marshall, Boulder County, Colorado. 15. Denver, Yalverde, Denver County, Colorado. 16. 17. Windsor, Weld County, Colorado. 17. Horse tooth Mountain, Larimer County, Colorado. 18. Fort Collins, Owl Canyon, Larimer County, Colorado. 20. Laramie, Albany County, Wyoming. 21. Rawlins, Carbon County, Wyoming. 22. Wamsutter, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. 23. Point of Rocks, Sweetwater County, Wyoming 24. Green River, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. 24, 26. Evanston, Uinta County, Wyoming. 26, 27. Echo, Summit County, Utah. 27, 28. Devils Slide, Morgan County, Utah. 29. Parleys Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. 30. Salt Lake City, Becks Hot Springs, Salt Lake County, Utah. PENNELL—SGBOPHULABIACEAE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN'S. 319 July 1, South Fork of Big Cottonwood Creek, Salt Lake County, Utah. 2. Emigration Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. 3. Along Madison River, along Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 3, 4. Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 5. West Thumb and near mouth of Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 6. Yellowstone Canyon, Hedges Peak, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 7. Mammoth Hot Springs, Golden Gate, Swan Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 8. Near Gibbon Falls, Yellowstone National Park, Wyom- ing. 9. Ashton, Fremont County, Idaho. 10, 11. Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho, 12. Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. 13-15. Silver Lake, Salt Lake County, Utah. 14. Little Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. 16. 17. Near mouth of Provo Canyon, Utah County, Utah. 17. Rock Canyon, Slide Canyon, Soldier Summit, Utah County, Utah. 18. Castle Gate, Helper, Price, Carbon County, Utah. 19-21. Glen wood Springs, Garfield County, Colorado. 22. Grand Junction, Mesa County, Colorado. 24. Ouray, Ouray County, Colorado. 25. Mount Abram, Ouray County, Colorado. 26. Ouray, Ouray County, Colorado. 27. Along Canyon Creek, along Sneffels Creek, Yankee Boy Basin, Ouray County, Colorado. 28. Along Horse thief Trail, east of Ouray, Ouray County, Colorado. 29. 30. Cimarron, Montrose County, Colorado. 30. 31. Sapinero, Gunnison County, Colorado. 31. Gunnison, Gunnison County, Colorado. August 1. Near Gunnison River, west of Gunnison, Gunnison County, Colorado. 1, 2. Sargents, Saguache County, Colorado. 3. Salida, Chaffee County, Colorado; Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. 4. Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado; Garden of the Gods, El Paso County, Colorado. 5. Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado. 320 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM: THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. August 6. North Cheyenne Cannon, South Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, Colorado. 7. Near switch west of Arena, Jefferson County, Colorado. 8-10. Tolland, Gilpin County, Colorado. 11. Golden, Jefferson County*, Colorado. 12. Valverde, Denver County, Colorado. 13. 14. Windsor, Weld County, Colorado. 17. Julesburg, Sedgwick County, Colorado; Ogallala, Keith County, Nebraska. 18. North Platte, Lincoln County, Nebraska. To Prof. Ellsworth Bethel, of Denver, Colorado, with whom I col- lected June 13 to 15, to Mr. G. E. Osterhout, of Windsor, Colorado, with whom I collected June 16 to 18, July 20 to 28, and August 13 and 14, and to Prof. A. O. Garrett of Salt Lake City, Utah, with whom I collected June 29 to July 1, and July 12 to 15, I am under obliga- tions for scientific assistance and unstinting hospitality. Of all species of Scrophulariaceae seen collections were made, these at as many localities as possible. Duplicates were freely included and these have been distributed to leading herbaria. Descriptions of fresh flowers were made and field notes taken of other features. It would be difficult to overestimate the value of such records. Since my return from the Kockies in August, 1915, much time has been devoted to the study of these Scrophulariaceae. At first I planned to consider little more than the species of the route traversed, extending my study to the northern limit now adopted, but definitely excluding the species of the southern tier of counties in Colorado and of southern and southwestern Utah. This southern country includes many species possessed in common with the northern portions of New Mexico and Arizona, and many or most of these do not reach the main line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, along which I collected. But certain causes have led to the inclusion of these. Rydberg's Flora of the Rocky Mountains, recently published, includes all species to the southern boundary of Colorado and Utah, and he had desired me to extend the range of this study to the same limit. Also, in asking from herbaria the loan of specimens, exclusive of southernmost Colorado and southern and western Utah, I have received in all cases full representation from these entire states. It has seemed appropriate, in view of the courtesy extended and the opportunity thus afforded, to make full use of these specimens. The study of this additional material has delayed the present report, but the chance to review the rich collections of Jones, Ward, Brande- gee, and many others has made the delay worth while. PENNELL—SCBOPHULAMACBAB OF THE ROOKY HOUKTAUTS. 321 Specimens have been seen from most of our leading herbaria. The herbaria in which a given collection is to be found are indi- cated by the following letters: A. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. B. University of Colorado. D. State Museum, Denver, Colorado. E. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. F. Field Museum of Natural History. H. Gray Herbarium.1 K. Royal Botanic Garden,1 Kew, England. M. Missouri Botanical Garden. P. University of Pennsylvania. II. Rocky Mountain Hei barium, University of Wyoming. S. Stanford University.1 U. United States National Herbarium. Y. New York Botanical Garden. Z. New York State Museum. To the custodians who have generously aided by lending material, I am much indebted. Also, I have seen the herbarium of Prof. A. 0. Garrett and the large herbarium of Mr. George E. Osterhout. The latter is of special value for the Colorado species. While I have not as yet seen the collection at the Gray Herbarium, through the kindness of Mr. J. Francis Macbride I have verified all types there. The type of Pen- stemon petiolatus T. S. Brandeg., at the University of California, has been critically examined at my request by Dr. H. M. Hall, formerly of that institution. In the following account, keys to species are included and descrip- tions are provided for all species considered new. So far as possible all types have been verified. Full synonymy is given, but only for names of the area considered. The paragraph concerning distribution is primarily so restricted, and includes statements of environment; of altitude followed by that of life zone; of the province or physio- graphic natural region; of the actual surface distribution; and, in cases where the species occurs beyond the area considered, of its wider range. So far as the facts are known, statements of flowering seasons are made. These are compiled from records accompanying specimens seen, and not accepted from literature. By this process our information, while accurate, is obviously imperfect and will need many additions from future field observation. Specimens are listed only from the area outlined. Under CoUinsia and Scropkularia, genera with but one species each in our area, none are cited, although to afford a basis for the summary of the range 1 Herbaria not seen, but to which duplicates of my specimens have been sent. 322 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. indicated, counties from which specimens have been seen are stated. Under OkionophUa, a monotypic genus, no specimens are cited, but for a plant so local it is of interest to know the peaks upon which it occurs. For these genera the numbers of my own collections are given. Under Penstemon, a genus of many species and these much confused, it has been thought best fully to cite localities and speci- mens seen, the latter one to a county. All care has been taken to attribute localities to their proper county, but in this there is neces- sarily some possibility of error. The county is used as a logical, easily located unit of area. The name of each county is followed by a colon, and throughout county names are in alphabetical sequence. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. VERB A SCUM L. SET TO THE SPECIES. Leaves green, dentate, glabrous, not decurrent; stem (above) and calyx with simple glandularhaire; inflorescence lax; pedicels 10 to 15 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, 6 to 6 mm. long, much shorter than the capsule; corolla 25 to 30 mm. wide, yel- low or white; filaments all densely lanose with knobbed purple hairs; capsule 7 to 8 mm. long, glandular-puberulent; seeds dark gray, 0.8 to 0.9 mm. long. 1. V. blattaria. Leaves yellowish green, finely crenate, decurrent; stem, leaves, and calyx densely woolly with stellate-branched nonglandular hairs; inflorescence densely crowded; pedicels very short or none; sepals ovate, 6 to 8 mm. long, slightly shorter than or equaling the capsule; corolla 20 to 22 mm. wide, always yel- low; 3 posterior filaments lanose with filiform yellow hairs, the 2 anterior ones glabrous; capsule 6 to 8 mm. long, stellate-pubescent; seeds brownish gray, 0.4 to 0.5 mm. long 2. V. thapsua. 1. Verbaacum blattaria L. Fields and roadsides; rare (Boulder, Colorado, Osterhout 2462). Introduced from Europe. 2. Verbascuxn thapsua L. Fields and roadsides; frequent (Pennell 5958, 6116). Introduced from Europe. LIN ARIA L. EET TO THE SPECIES. Corolla (excluding spur) 15 to IS mm, long, yellow, the posterior lip arched over the anterior one, the anterior lip forming a conspicuous protruding orange palate, the spur tapering from a broad stout base; capsule 10 mm. long, much ex- ceeding the sepals; style 8 mm. long; seeds 1.7 mm. long, flattened circu- larly and broadly winged; stem 30 to 100 cm. tall, densely leafy; young stems not prostrate .. 1. L. linaria. Corolla (excluding spur) 14 to 17 mm. long, blue, the posterior lip erect, the anterior one broadly spreading but not forming a raised palate, the spur very slender throughout; capsule 2 to 3 mm. long, equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals; style 1 to 1.5 mm. long; seeds 0.3 to 0.4 mm, long, cylindric, obtusely prismatic-angled, not winged; stem slender, 20 to 80 cm. tall, less leafy young stems prostrate 3 L. texana. FENNELL—SCBOPHULABIAOEAE OF THE BOCEY MOUNTAINS. 328 1, Lin aria linaria (L.) Karat. Fields and roadsides; rare (Gunnison, Colorado, Shear 5074). Introduced from Europe. 2. Iiinaria texana Scheele. Linaria texana Scheele, Linnaea 21: 761. 1848. "Zwischen Houston tind Austin (Texas) haufig: RCmer." Type not seen or verified, but description evidently of the plant here characterized. Occasional in sandy fields or along railroads, base of foothills of northeastern Colo- rado, at altitudes of 1,500 to 1,740 meters; possibly locally introduced; flowering in June. Colorado: Boulder: Penard 89. Jefferson: Golden, Penmll 6386. Larimer: Horse- tooth Mountain, Pennell 5856. Closely related to the eastern L, canadensis (L.) Dum.-Cours., but mostly distin- guishable as follows: Corolla of early flowers (excluding spur) 7 to 8 mm. long, the spur 2.4 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate to subulate-tipped; seeds sharply prismatic, the angles thin, the faces smooth to somewhat tuberculate. Apparently native through the eastern Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and eastern Texas; Illinois, and likely introduced elsewhere northward and inland. L. canadensis. Corolla of early flowers (excluding spur) 14 to 17 mm. long, the spur 5 to 9 mm, long; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, obtusish to acute; seeds not sharply prismatic, the angles more or less rounded, the angles and faces densely tuberculate. From South Carolina, southwestern Missouri, Colorado, and Van- couver Island southward, within the tropics through the Cordilleras and Andes to Argentina and Chile. (L. mbandina Diels Is evidently a synonym. From Florida to Texas, and perhaps elsewhere, intermediates with L. can- adensis occur.) L. texana. COLUMBIA Nutt. 1. Collins!a parviflora Lindl. Collinxia parviflora Lindl. Bot. Reg. 13: pi. 1082. 1827. "Received by the Horticultural Society from Mr. David Douglas, In 1827, by whom it was found in the vicinity of the River Columbia.1' In account of C. grandifiora Lindl. (op. cit., pL 1107), "We learn from [Mr. Douglas] that the species published at folio 1082 of the present volume is confined to the rocks in the vicinity of the ocean." Type station evidently near the mouth of the Columbia, probably near Fort Vancouver, Washington. Specimen in herbarium of Columbia University, New York Botanical Garden, labeled "X. West. Amer.," received by Torrey from Liudley, if not actually an isotype,1 is certainly authentic. Moist or dry, shady or open, loamy soil, gravelly or rocky, on banks and hillsides, at altitudes of (1,850) 1,500 to 2,850 meters; Submontane and Montane zones; flow* ering from mid-April to late August, depending upon latitude and altitude. Foothills and lower mountain slopes, descending into plateaus along canyon sides and river banks; throughout the area. British Columbia and Keeweenaw County, Michigan, to northern New Mexico and southern California. South Dakota : Meade County. 1 The word isotype is used to denote specimens of the type collection other than the type itself. 129510°—20 2 4 324 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Wyoming: Albany (5875),1 Carbon, Fremont, Laramie, Lincoln, Sheridan, Uinta (5911), and Weston counties, Yellowstone National Park (5993,6005,6017,6026), Idaho: Bannock (6058) and Fremont (6051) counties. Colorado: Archuleta, Boulder (5829), Clear Creek, Delta, Denver (5836), Douglas, El Paso (5805, 5812), Fremont, Gil pin, Grand, Gunnison, Huerfano, Jefferson (5818), Larimer (5857), Montezuma, Montrose, and Pueblo counties, Utah: Beaver. Box Elder, Cache, Kane, Morgan (5946), Fiute, Salt Lake (5981, 5982), Summit (5928, 5938), Utah, Washington, and Webor counties, SCBOFHTJLARIA L. 1. Scrophularia occidentalis (Rydb.) Bicknell. Scrophularia nodosa occidentalis Rydb. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 517. 1896. "Rapid City [South Dakota], altitude 1,000 m., July 25, [1892, P, A. Rydbcrg] (No. 914)." Iaotype seen in herbarium of New York Botanical Garden. Scrophularia occidentalis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 315. 1896. Moist soil, loam or sand, frequently gravelly or rocky, woodland, especially thick- ets along streams, more rarely in open, at altitudes of 1,350 to 2,700 (3,000) meters; Submontane (Subboreal) and Montane zones; flowering from early June to middle of August, depending upon latitude and altitude. Foothills and lower mountain slopes, descending into plateaus along canyon sides and river banks; throughout the area. A widespread species, apparently not distinct from S, leporella Bicknell of the Atlantic states. South Dakota: Fall River and Pennington counties. Idaho : Bannock (6057) and Fremont (6047) counties. Colorado: Boulder (5832), Clear Creek, Denver (5837, 6391), El Paso (5778, 5783, 5809, 5815, 6336), Garfield (6161, 6171), Grand, Gunnison (6278, 6279), Huerfano. Jefferson (5819, 6824, 6388), La Plata, Larimer (5852, 5866), Montrose, Routt, Summit, and Weld counties. Utah* Box Elder, Cache. Morgan (5942), Salt Lake (5966, 5974, 5983, 6077), San Juan, Utah (6117, 6122, 6128), and Weber counties. CHIONOPHILA Benth, 1. Ohionophila jamesii Benth. ChionophiUi jamesii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10; 331.1846. "In montibus Scopuloefe Americae borealis juxta nives perpetuas (James I) * * * (v. in herb. Torrey et Hook.)." Iaotype seen in herbarium of New York Botanical Garden, doubtless from Pikes Peak. Moist, gravelly slopes, above timber line, at altitudes of 3,600 to 4,200 meters; Alpine Zone; flowering from early July to late August. High mountains, Medicine Bow Mountains of southeastern Wyoming, southward through the Front Range of northeastern Colorado; on Pikes Peak; on the Ban Juan and Uncompabgre moun- tains of southwestern Colorado; doubtless through intervening ranges. Wyoming: Albany: Medicine Bow Mountains. Colorado: Boulder: Arapahoe Peak; Longs Peak. Clear Creek: Berthoud Pass; Douglass Mountain; Grays Peak; Mount Flora; Mount Lincoln. El Paso: Pikes Peak (6330, 6335). Jackson: Ethel Peak. Larimer: Mountains above Beaver Creek; Estes Park; Longs Peak. Mineral:* Near Pagosa Peak. Ouray: Mount Hayden, San Juan: Red Mountain. Summit: Mount Bartlett. County un- certain: Sawatch Range; Sierra Sangre de Cristo. 1 In Collintia, Scrophularia, and Chionophila numbers refer to specimens of my own collecting. PENNELL—SCROPHULARIACEAE OF THE BOCKT MOUNTAINS. 326 PENSTEMON [Mitchell] Schmidel.1 KEY TO SECTIONS. Anther sacs opening from the distal apex, throughout or partially; seeds grayish brown or brown, deepening to blackish, minutely or obsoletely reticulate. Corolla scarlet, somewhat fleshy, the throat tubular. Elmigera (Reichenb.) Benth. Corolla 25 to 30 mm. long, the posterior lobes 5 mm. long, united one-half their length, the anterior lobes scarcely spreading; anther sacs 2 mm. long, lanceo- late, minutely puberulent, slightly united at base; seeds 2.5 mm. long, less sharply angled; leaves at base of stem obovate, those on the stem ovate, the upper ones rounded at base, the opposite leaves completely clasping the stem; thyrsus strict, the peduncles and pedicels short. .1. Centhranthifolii. Corolla 30 to 35 mm. long, the posterior lobes 8 to 12 mm. long, united two-thirds to three-fourths their length, the anterior lobes decurved-reflexed; anther sacs 1.5 to 2 mm. long, triangular-ovate, scarcely puberulent, broadly united at base; seeds 2 to 2.2 mm. long, sharply angled; leaves at base of stem lanceolate-oblong, those on the stem linear to lanceolate, narrowed at base and slightly clasping, the opposite leaves not meeting; thyrsus lax, the peduncles and pedicels longer II. Barbati. Corolla dull red, blue, purplish blue, or white, membranous, the throat usually wider. Anther sacs glabrous to lanate; seeds merely angled; corolla throat terete or anteriorly flattened and ridged within. Inflorescence tbyrsoid, rarely seeming racemose; leaves thin to succulent, not coriaceous; plants her- baceous to suffrutescent at base. Etjpknstemok Benth. Corolla throat rounded anteriorly; seeds brown, 1.5 to 5 mm. long; stems erect from base, hot suffrutescent; plants probably biennial. Corolla glandular-puberulent within, white or red. Corolla red, the throat narrow; sterile filament glabrous; leaves entire; plants glabrous, glaucous HI. TTtahenaes. Corolla white, the throat broad; sterile filament bearded; leaves fre- quently dentate; plants rough-puberulent, not glaucous...IV. ATbidi. Corolla not glandular-puberulent within, blue or purplish blue (except in Spectabiles and Petiolati). Leaves broadly linear to orbicular. Corolla throat nearly tubular, the posterior lobes united but slightly at base, the corolla scarcely 2-lipped. Plants cinereous-puberulent; corolla glabrous within V. Fremontiani. Corolla throat evidently inflated anteriorly, the posterior lobes united at least one-fourth their length, the corolla evidently 2-lipped. Leaves relatively thin, not fleshy; plants scarcely or not glaucous (except in Spectabiles and Petiolati); sterile filament relatively slender, scarcely or but slightly enlarged distally; seeds 1.5 to 3.5 mm. long, finely and closely reticulate; posterior corolla lobes more arched, usually but slightly spreading. Plants more or less densely puberulent or pubescent; corolla mostly purplish, the posterior lobes mostly less united, always for less than one-half their length; anther sacs always glabrous, the line of contact between the sacs relatively long. Sterile filament conspicuous, densely bearded with yellow or orange hairs; seeds more evidently reticulate VI. Cristati. 1 C. C. Schmidel, Icones Plantarum 2. 1762. Type, from description and pre- T.innwin citation, CheUme pentstemon L. This would establish the orthography *'Penstemon.** CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Plants glabrous or finely puberulent, rarely decidedly so; corolla mostly blue, the posterior lobes moetly more united, for one- third to usually over one-half their length; anther sacs glabrous to lanoee, with short line of contact. Stem leaves ovate to orbicular, dentate or serrate, glaucous; corolla (probably in ours) not blue. Corolla 15 mm. long, scarcely inflated, strongly bearded within, apparently reddish; anther sacs short, semicircular; sterile filament not exserted, relatively short-bearded; leaves orbicular, dentate, the lower ones on conspicuous petioles, the upper ones distinct; plants cinereous-puberal ent, glandular-pubescent in the inflorescence .. VH. Petiolati. Corolla 25 to 30 mm. long, strongly inflated, slightly bearded within, "cream-white, and usually suffused or particolored with pink"; anther sacs ovate; sterile filament conspicu- ously exserted, bearded with long hairs; leaves ovate, serrate, the lowest somewhat petioled, the upper ones fre- quently connate; plants glabrous below, glandular-pubes- cent in the inflorescence VIII. Spectabiles. Stem leaves linear to lance-ovate, entire, not or scarcely glaucous, the upper ones always distinct; corolla blue. Sterile filament bearded with short hairs or glabrous IX. Glabri. Leaves relatively thick, more or less fleshy; plants strongly glaucous; sterile filament relatively broad, more or less enlarged distally (bearded with relatively short hairs); seeds 2.5 to 5 mm. long, more coarsely alveolate-reticulate; corolla lobes all widely spread* ing (posterior lobes united less than one-half their length). X. Coerulei. Leaves filiform to narrowly linear. Corolla 13 to 15 mm. long, the throat straight, inflated anteriorly, pubes- cent within over bases of the anterior lobes; sterile filament bearded; plants 10 to 30 cm. tall, the leaves more or less crowded at or near the base XI. Laricifolii* Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long, the throat decurved, narrow, not inflated, puberulent within over bases of all the lobes; sterile filament glabrous; plants 20 to 40 cm. tall, the leaves more scattered on the stem XII. Ambigui. Corolla^throat flattened and 2-ridged within anteriorly; seeds grayish brown, 0.5Jto 2 mm. long; stems usually depressed and more or less suffrutescent at base; plants probably all perennials. Corolla white, glandular-puberulent within over bases of all the lobes; leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate XIH. Deustl. Corolla blue or chocolate-purple, pubescent to lanose within over bases of the anterior lobes; leaves, at least the basal ones, entire or nearly so. Corolla 8 to 22 mm. long, pale to deep blue, pubescent within over bases of the anterior lobes, these equaling or somewhat exceeding the posterior ones. Corolla somewhat expanding, the posterior lobes more or less spreading; seeds pale toward the margin, lighter in shade, 0.5 to 2 mm. long; stems erect, diffuse-spreading only at base, not forming mats; plants finely puberulent or glabrous XIV. Graciles. "I PENNELL—SCROPHULARIACEAE OF THE ROOKY MOUNTAINS. 327 Corolla nearly tubular, the posterior lobes projecting; seeds uni- formly dense, very dark, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; stems lower, diffuse- apreading partially or throughout, forming mats; plants more or less puberulent .XV. C&espitosi. Corolla 25 to 30 mm. long, lavender-blue or chocolate-purple, lanoee within over bases of the strongly projecting anterior lobes. XVI. Whippleani Anther sacs densely comose; seeds slightly wing-angled; corolla throat strongly flattened anteriorly and ridged within; inflorescence by reduction seemingly racemose; leaves coriaceous; plants shrubby, woody below. Dasantheba (Raf.) Pennell1 XVII. Fruticosi. Anther sacs opening partially by short confluent proximal slits, the anthers horse- shoe-shaped; seeds pale gray, minutely honeycombed. Plants shrubby at base; corolla widely inflated, glabrous without and within; sterile filament glabrous. Saccanthbka Benth. Corolla scarlet-red, the throat nearly tubular, deeply 2-lipped, the posterior lobe projecting, the anterior ones strongly descending-recurved. XVHI. Bridgesiani. Corolla violet or blue, the throat inflated, Bhallowly 2-lipped, the lobes all spreading. XIX. Heterophylli. I. CENTRANTHIFOLII. Stem glabrous; leaves glabrous or nearly so; sepals triangular-ovate, acute to acumi- nate, 3 to 5 mm. long 1. P. eatonl. Stem and leaves finely pubescent or puberulent; sepals triangular-ovate to lanceolate, acute or more frequently long-acuminate, 3 to 7 mm. long. la. P. eatonl undosus. II. BARB ATI. Anther sacs not lanate, more spreading; corolla throat relatively broad. Corolla within the throat glabrous anteriorly or with a few white hairs; sepals mostly 3 to 5 mm. long 2, P. toireyi. Corolla within throat lanate anteriorly with yellow haire; sepals mostly 5 to 9 mm. long. Stem and leaves glabrous; stem leave tlinea? or nearly eo 3. P. barbatua. Stem and leaves puberulent; stem leaves broader than linear. 3a. P. barbatus puberulus. Anther saca more or less lanate, slightly thicker and more erect; corolla throat narrow. 4. P. txicluuider. III. UTAHENSES. A single species 6. P. utahensis. IV. ALBIDI. A single species 6. P. albidus. ' V. FREMONTIANI. Plants 40 to 80 cm. tall; basal and lower leaves obovate, emarginate, the upper leaves oblong-ovate; calyx lobes broadly ovate, abruptly short-caudate, with relatively conspicuous, erose, scarious margins; corolla 23 to 25 mm. long; sterile filament nearly or quite glabrous 7. P. jonesii. 1 Dasanthera Raf. Amor. Month. Mag. 2:267. 1818. Type species, Gerardia frutieosa Pursh. 328 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Plants 10 to 30 cm. tall; baB&l and lower leaves oblanceolato to obovate, acutish, the upper leaves lanceolate; calyx lobes acute to acuminate, with narrow, scarcely eroee, ecarious margins; corolla 15 to 20 mm. long; sterile filament bearded. Calyx lobes acute; anther sacs glabrous; sterile filament moderately bearded. 8. P. leptanthua. Calyx lobes acuminate; anther sacs barbate; sterile filament but slightly bearded. 9. P, fremontii. VI. CRIST ATI. Anther sacs opening nearly throughout, the line of contact of the sacs short; basal and lower leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; sterile filament densely bearded throughout with orange-golden hairs; seeds blackish. Corolla 20 to 25 mm. long, much more than twice exceeding the sepals; stems relatively stout 10. P. auriberbis. Corolla 12 mm. long, much less than twice exceeding the sepals; stems slender. 11. P. parviflorus. Anther sacs opening throughout, the line of contact of the sacs longer; basal and lower leaves lanceolate to ovate; sterile filament bearded, especially distally, with yellow hairs; seeds brown. Corolla throat moderately (i. e., less abruptly) inflated, slightly pubescent to gla- brous within anteriorly, all the lobes spreading; anther sacs with moderate line of contact; sterile filament bearded with short hairs, rarely slightly exserted. Inflorescence, stems (throughout), and calyx cinereous-puberulent but not glandu- lar; plants 2 to 10 cm. tall; basal leaves 1.2 to 3 cm. long 12. P. dolius. Inflorescence, stems (above), and calyx glandular-pubescent; plants taller; basal leaves 3 to 6 cm. long. Basal leaves lanceolate; stem leaves narrowed to a clasping base; corolla 18 to 22 mm. long; anther sacs oblong-lanceolate, with medium line of con- tact; plants 8 to 16 cm. tall 13. P. paysonii. Basal leaves ovate; stem leaves cordate-clasping at base; corolla 15 to 17 mm. long; anther sacs ovate, with longer line of contact; plants 10 to 40 cm, tall 14. P.moffattl, Corolla throat abruptly and strongly inflated, lanoee within anteriorly, the posterior lobes arched and projecting forward (not spreading); anther sacs with long line of contact; sterile filament bearded with long hairs, usually exserted. Corolla throat not contracted distally, the lobes one-fourth to one-third the total length; anther sacs with line of contact nearly equaling the length of each. Corolla 20 to 35 mm. long, the throat very widely inflated, the lobes one-third the corolla length; basal leaves ovate, rough-puberulent, more or less lanate- pubescent; stem (above) and sepals white-lanate with gland-tipped hairs. Stem leaves lanceolate, entire or nearly bo; corolla 25 to 35 mm. long. 15. P. eriantherus. Stem leaves lanceolate-linear, more or less dentate with salient teeth; co- rolla 20 to 28 mm. long Ida. P. eriantherus saliens. Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long, the throat leas inflated, the lobes one-fourth the corolla length; basal leaves lanceolate, roughish-puberulent to glabrate; stem (above) and sepals puberulent with gland-tipped hairs. 10. P. ophianthuB. Corolla throat obviously contracted distally, the lobes one-fifth the corolla length; anther sacs with line of contact longer than the length of each. 17. P, cleburnel. VII. PETIOLATI. A single species. 18. P. petiolatus. p 1 PENNELL—SCBOPHULABIACEAE OF THE BOOK? MOUNTAINS. 329 VIII. SPECTABILES A single species 19. P. palmeri. IX. GLABRI. Anther sacs glabrous (or in P. hallii Bometimee with a email tuft of hairs precisely at the summit of the filament). Anther sace with relatively long line of contact, opening throughout. Corolla throat abruptly inflated and decurved at base; sterile filament ehort- bearded (very rarely glabrous); anther sacs with relatively long line of con- tact; sepals glandular-puberulent externally, with broad lacerate scarious margin. Plants 5 to 25 cm. tall 20. P. hallii. Corolla throat gradually much expanded from the base, not abruptly decurved; sterile filament glabrous (very rarely with a few hairs at apex); anther sace with short line of contact; sepals glabrous externally, with or without a narrow entire scarious margin. Plants 5 to 10 cm, tall, puberulent; basal leaves 2 to 2.5 cm. long; stem leaves few; thyrsus of 1 or 2 1-flowered fascicles; sepals ovate, not or scarcely scarious-maigined; corolla glabrous within 21. P. parvus. Plants 40 to 90 cm. tall, glabrous; basal leaves 6 to 12 cm. long; stem leaves numerous; thyrsus of many several-flowered fascicles; sepals oblong-ovate, slightly scarious-margined; corolla glabrous or sparsely pubescent within anteriorly 22. P. unilateralis. Anther sacs scarcely contiguous, the line of contact very short. Anther sacs opening throughout. Sepals narrowly ovate, more or less caudate-tipped, conspicuously scarious* margined, glabrous externally; lower stem leaves narrowly oblanceolate, sometimes 12 cm. long 23. P. xnagnus. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, not or obscurely scarious-margined, glandular- puberulent externally; lower stem leaves lanceolate, tapering diatally, 4 to 10 cm. long 24. P. leiophyllus. Anther sacs opening partially. Plants 40 to 70 cm. tall, glabrous throughout; sepals broadly ovate, more or less abruptly acuminate; corolla glabrous externally, the throat more inflated anteriorly; sterile filament slightly bearded 20. P. laevis.1 Plants 20 to 35 cm. tall, cinereous-puberulent throughout; sepals ovate-acumi- nate; corolla glandular-puberulent externally, the throat lees inflated anteriorly; sterile filament glabrous 26. P. wardii. Anther sacs hispid-pubescent to lanate on the sides, scarcely contiguous, the line of contact of the sacs very short. Anther sacs short-pubescent with relatively stiff hairs. Anther sacs opening throughout. Corolla 25 to 30 mm. long, the throat much inflated anteriorly and slightly narrowed to the orifice, the anterior lobes abruptly deflexed-spreading and pubescent or glabrous at base within; sepals not glandular-puberulent ex- ternally. Sepals 2 to 4 mm. long, nearly orbicular, with short acute or no tip; corolla pubescent or glabrous within 27. P. glaber. Sepals 5 to 7 mm. long, mostly ovate, with more or less prolonged acuminate tip- 1 For description of a related new species, Penstemon tidestromti, omitted in the key, see p. 379. 330 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Sterile filament relatively slender, scarcely or not lobed at the apex, bearded near the apex with yellow hairs; corolla 23 to 30 (-33) mm. long, usually decidedly pubescent within; sepals with an acuminate tip nearly equaling or exceeding the body; stem glabrous or puberu- lent 28. P. alpinus. Sterile filament relatively stout, frequently or mostly bilobate at the apex, glabrous (rarely with a few hairs at apex); corolla 30 to 40 mm. long, slightly pubescent or glabrous within; sepals with an acuminate tip shorter than the body; stem puberulent 29. P. brandegei. Corolla 15 to 25 (-30) mm. long, the throat inflated anteriorly and not narrowed to the orifice, the anterior lobes spreading and glabrous at the base within; sepals minutely and usually obscurely giandular-puberulent externally. Corolla widening from a narrow basal tube; sepals ovate, with acuminate tip; plants 30 to 100 cm. tall. Corolla 15 to 22 mm. long, the posterior lobes united less than one-half their length; sepals with a long acuminate tip 30. P. gaxosorum. Corolla (20-) 22 to 30 mm. long, the posterior lobes united over one-half their length; sepals with a short acuminate tip 81. P. subglaber. Corolla gradually widening from a broad basal tube; sepals broadly ovate, acute; plants 10 to 20 cm. tall 32. P. uintahensis. Anther sacs opening partially. Corolla 27 to 30 mm. long, the throat slightly narrowed to the orifice; sepals broadly ovate to orbicular, with broad scarious denticulate margin and short acuminate tip; thyrsus strongly secund; stem leaves lanceolate, narrowed to slightly rounded at the base 33. P. cyaneus. Corolla 20 to 30 mm. long, the throat not narrowed to the orifice; sepals lanceo- late to ovate, with no or moderate scarious margin, acuminate-attenuate; thyrsus not strongly secund; stem leaves with a broader rounded base. Corolla 20 to 25 mm. long; sepals attenuate-tipped, not or scarcely scarous- margined. Stem leaves ovate, the largest 2 to 0 cm. wide; stem glabrous throughout or puberulent only near the base; capsules 9 to 12 mm. long. 34. P. cyan an thus. Stem leaves lanceolate, the largest mostly 1 to 1.5 cm. wide; stem more puberulent, frequently so nearly throughout; capsules 8 to 10 mm. long 34a. P. cyananthus subglaber. Corolla 25 to 30 mm. long; sepals shorter-tipped, decidedly ecarious-margined; stem glabrous or puberulent 34b. P. cyanantL.ua longiflorus. Anther sacs lanate with flexuous white hairs. Corolla deep blue, the throat obviously exceeding the basal tube; anther sacs less densely lanate; sterile filament more or less bearded (rarely glabrous in P. ntrictu»y, thyrsus strict, secund; pedicels relatively short; herbage brighter green, rarely glaucous. Anther sacs lanate-pubescent with slender hairs, these shorter than or about equaling the width of the sac. Anther sacs opening partially; pedicels and sepals somewhat giandular- puberulent. Leaves lanceolate, the cauline ones narrowly so, mostly acuminate, the largest 6 to 10 cm. long; sepals with broad scarious margin, acuminate to an attentuate tip; corolla 20 to 30 mm. long.1 1 For description of a related new species, Penstemon mensarum, omitted in the key, see p. 380. PENNELL—SCEOPHULABIACEAE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 381 Sepals 8 to 9 mm. long, the margin finely denticulate distally and with an acuminate-attentuate tip, this nearly or quite equaling the sepal body; corolla 30 mm. long, the posterior lobes projecting; leaves lanceolate, the widest 0.9 to 1.1 cm, wide. .86. P. scariosus. Sepals 4 to 6 mm. long, the margin coarsely denticulate distally and with an acuminate tip, this much shorter than the sepal body; corolla 20 mm. long, the posterior lobes apparently more spreading; leaves linear-lanceolate, the widest 0.7 to 0.9 cm. wide. 36. P. garrettii. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, the cauline ones lanceolate, obtuse to acute, the largest ones 3 to 7 cm. long; sepals with obscure narrow scarious margin, acute; corolla 15 to 20 mm. long 37. P. cyanocaulis. Anther sacs opening throughout; pedicels and sepals glabrous. Corolla 15 mm. long; plant 10 cm. tall 38. P. caryi. Anther sacs lanate with tortuous hairs, these mostly much exceeding the width of the sac. Sepals 7 to 10 mm. long, long-acuminate, with broad conspicuous scarious margin, slightly puberulent; corolla more widely expanded. 39. P. stiictiformia. Sepals 3 to 5 mm. long, obtuse to acute (or short-acuminate), with narrow scarious margin, glabrous; corolla less widely expanded. Basal leaves and stem (throughout) nearly or quite glabrous, usually not or but slightly glaucous; leaves mostly lanceolate, those of the stem frequently narrower.. 40. P. etrictus. Basal leaves and stem (at base or frequently throughout) puberulent, more commonly glaucous; leaves narrower, the basal ones narrowly lanceo- late, the cauline ones linear , . 40a. P. strictus angnstus. Corolla pale blue, the throat scarcely exceeding the relatively long basal tube; anther sacs densely lanate with long hairs; sterile filament glabrous; thyrsus ]ax, less secund; pedicels relatively long; herbage more glaucous. 41. P. comarrhenus. X. COERULEI. Stamens and style included; anther sacs explanate. Corolla 40 to 45 mm. long, glabrous within, the lobes slightly spreading; sterile filament closely short-bearded near the apex; capsule 20 to 25 mm. long, con- spicuously acuminate 42. P. grandiflorus. Corolla 10 to 25 mm. long, the lobes strongly spreading; sterile filament strongly bearded toward the apex; capsule 10 to 15 mm. long, acuminate. Corolla 15 to 25 mm. long, lanate-pubescent within at base of the anterior lobes lavender-pink to lavender-blue; sterile filament very densely bearded. Corolla (15-) 20 to 25 mm. long; sterile filament strongly enlarged distally, very densely bearded with golden hairs; stem leaves ovate, the upper ones acuminate, all firm to somewhat fleshy. Sepals ovate-acuminate; sterile filament bristle-bearded to the apex; basal and stem leaves lanceolate to lance-ovate. Thyrsus strongly secund, composed of relatively lax fascicles; flowers lavender-pink; leaves firm, very glaucous, scarcely veined. Corolla 20 to 25 r»m- long; stem leaves lanceolate to lance-ovate; plants tall 43. P. secundiflorus. Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long; stem leaves narrower; plants smaller. 43a. P. gecundiflorus lavendulas. 332 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Thyrsus not secund, composed of close fascicles; flowers bluish; leaves somewhat fleshy, slightly glaucous, evidently reticulate-veined. 44. P. osterhoutii. Sepals broadly ovate, mostly acute; sterile filament more shortly bearded, much of the expanded white apex frequently glabrous; basal and stem leaves broadly obovate to elliptic-ovate 45. P. versicolor. Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long; sterile filament slightly enlarged distally, densely bearded with yellowish hairs; stem leaves ovate, the upper ones acumi- nate to rounded-mucronate, thickened-fleshy. Corolla 13 to 20 mm. long; sterile filament relatively short-bearded. 40. P. lentus. Corolla 15 to 18 mm. long; sterile filament relatively long-bearded. 47. P. pachyphyllus. Corolla 10 to 25 mm. long, glabrous within (sometimes somewhat lanate-pubescent in P. arenicola), changing from pink to coerulean blue; sterile filament less densely bearded. Corolla 25 mm. long; sterile filament slightly enlarged distally, slightly bearded near the apex; sepals lance-attenuate, S mm. long; stems in large clumps; lowest leaves linear, the upper ones lanceolate; bracts large, ovate- acuminate, the lower ones elongate 48. P. haydeni. Corolla 10 to 20 mm. long; sterile filament obviously enlarged distally, more strongly bearded, especially toward the apex; sepals acute to acuminate, 4 to 8 mm. long; stems in small clumps; lowest leaves not conspicuously narrower than the upper ones; bracts not so conspicuously enlarged. Sterile filament moderately enlarged distally, but not terminating in a broad white apex; seeds more than one-half as wide as long, dark brown; lower bracts more or less elongate, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate. Leaves linear to lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 15 to 20 mm. long. Bracts elongate, mostly gradually tapering from the base; corolla 15 to IS mm. long, the lobes spreading less than 12 mm. wide; capsule narrowly ovate to ovate, mostly 7 to 8 mm. wide. 49. P. ang-ustifolius. Bracts less elongate, mostly abruptly contracted from the widened base; corolla usually nearly 20 mm. long, the lobes spreading 15 mm. wide; capsule more broadly ovate, about 10 mm. wide. 49a. P. angustifolius caudatua. Leaves mostly oblanceolate, obtusely mucronate to short-acuminate; corolla 10 to 15 mm. long 50. P. arenicola. Sterile filament expanded distally into a broad white apex; seeds less than or about one-half as wide as long, reddish brown; lower bracts not elongate, ovate. Sepals lance-acuminate; capsule pale brown; seeds about 3 mm. long. 51. P. nitidus. Sepals ovate, acutish to acute; capsule dark brown; seeds about 4 to 5 mm. long 45. P. versicolor Stamens and style conspicuously exserted; anther sacs approximate. 52. P. cyathophorua. XI. LARICIFOLII. Plants grayieh-puberulent; leaves narrowly linear, more crowded on the lower part of the stem and on the basal branches arising from the elongate caudex; corolla throat strongly inflated. Plants closely puberulent .53. P. coloradoenais. Plants more loosely and strongly puberulent 53a. P. coloradoenais sileri. PENNELL—SCROPHTJLABIACEAE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 333 Plants essentially glabrous; leaves filiform or nearly so, closely tufted on abbreviated basal branches arising from the shortened caudex; corolla throat less inflated. Corolla throat evidently inflated, 9 to 10 mm. long, evidently 2-Iipped, the pos- terior lobes 4 to 7 mm. long, the lobes spreading to a breadth of 10 to 15 mm., "white"; anther sacs ovate-lanceolate; sterile filament densely bearded doreally 54. P. extiifolius. Corolla throat rfightly inflated, 10 to 12 mm. long, sligntly 2-lipped, the posterior lobes 3 to 4 mm. long, the lobes spreading to a breadth of less than 11 mm*, light red-violet; anther sacs linear-lanceolate; sterile filament slightly to moderately bearded dorsally 50. P. laxicifolius. XII. AMBIGUI. A single species 56. P. ambiguus. XIII. DEUSTI, A single species 07. P. deustus. XIV. GRACILES. Corolla glabrous externally (rarely with a few glandless hairs distally). Sepals triangular, slightly scarious but nearly entire below, one-third to two-fifths the length of the capsule. Thyrsus of lax fascicles; flowers more distinctly pediceled 58. P. wateonl. Sepals long-acuminate to caudate-tipped, conspicuously scarious and more or less arose-lacerate below, at least one-half the length of the capsule. Corolla 8 to 10 mm. long, the throat 2 mm. wide. Calyx glabrous externally. Sepals with long caudate tip and with relatively slightly toothed scarious margin 50. P. procerus* Sepals with short caudate tip and with relatively more lacerate scarious margin 59a. P. procerus aberrans. Calyx pubescent externally 59b. P. procerus pulvereus. Corolla 10 to 18 mm. long, the throat 2.5 to 4 mm. wide. Corolla 10 to 14 mm. long, densely pubescent within, deep violet-blue; sepals with conspicuously broad, strongly lacerate margin below, #nd relatively shorter tip, always glabrous; thyrsus densely congested.. 60. P. rydbergii. Corolla 15 to 18 mm. long, slightly to moderately pubescent within, lighter violet-blue; sepals with narrower, less lacerate margin below, and rela- tively longer tip, pubescent or glabrous; thyrsus less densely congested. 61. P. aggregatus. Corolla glandular-puberulent externally. Corolla pale to deep blue, the throat 1.8 to 4 mm. wide; capsule lance-ovate, 5 to 7 mm. long; plants erect, 10 to 80 cm. tall; thyrsus of many several-flowered axillary clusters. Corolla deep or violet blue, slightly paler anteriorly, the throat less strongly ridged within anteriorly and not apparently inflated posteriorly, the posterior lobes abruptly spreading and but little exceeded by the anterior ones; plants ascending from creeping stems. Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long; stem puberulent in lines. Blades of basal leaves over 3 cm. long. Corolla 17 to 20 mm. long, deep blue, the throat slightly inflated; sepals 3.5 to 7 mm. long, with broad and more or less lacerate scarious margin; stem leaves nearly always entire; thyrsus more crowded; plants paler green 62. P. pseudoprocerus. 884 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Corolla 15 to 18 mm. long, violet-blue or blue, the throat more inflated; sepals 3 to 4 mm. long, with narrow, nearly entire, scarious margin; stem leaves frequently dentate; thyrsus lax; plants deeper green. 63. P. virens. Corolla 8 to 12 mm. long; stem uniformly puberulent. Plants greenish, minutely puberulent, 10 to 30 cm. tall; basal leaves ovate to broadly oval; stem leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate to oval-ovate; sepals lanceolate, two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the capsule. Trailing subaerlal rhizome-like stems much developed; blades of basal leaves ovate to broadly ovate, acute, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide; stem leaves mostly oval-ovate 64. P. brevifolius. Trailing subaerial rhizome-like stems little developed; blades of basal leaves broadly ovate, obtuse (to acutiah}, 2 to 3 cm. long, 1.5 to 2.2 cm. wide; stem leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate. .65. P. obtusifolius. Plants grayish, evidently puberulent throughout, 20 to 40 cm. tall; basal leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate; stem leaves lanceolate; sepals triangular to ovate-acuminate, about one-half the length of the cap- sule 66. P. humilis. Corolla pale blue, decidedly paler anteriorly, the throat strongly ridged within anteriorly and abruptly and slightly inflated posteriorly, the posterior lobes projecting, spreading only at the apex, somewhat exceeded by the anterior ones; plants strictly erect. Plant grayish-puberulent throughout. Rootstock slender, much branched and densely matted. Leaves entire 67. P. radicosus. Plants green, minutely puberulent or glabrous; rootstock stout, less branched and not matted. Leaves entire; blades of basal leaves mostly 2 to 3 cm. long, those of the cauline ones lanceolate-linear and mostly shorter than the intemodes; thyrsus lax, the lower peduncles ascending, mostly 2 to 4 cm. long, the pedicels over 5 mm. long .68. P. oliganthus. Leaves denticulate; blades of basal leaves mostly 3 to 5 cm. long, those of the cauline ones narrowly lanceolate and mostly longer than the inter- nodes; thyrsus more strict, the lower peduncles erect, rarely 2 cm. long, the pedicels shorter 69. P. graciiis. Corolla violet, the throat 5 to 6 mm. wide; capsule ovate, 8 to 9 mm. long; plants spreading in tufts, 10 cm. tall; thyrsus of few usually 1-flowered fascicles. 70. P. harbourii. XV. CAESPITOSI.1 Leaves linear-lanceolate to obovate. Leaves cinereous-whitened; plants little spreading. Stems 15 to 20 cm. tall; calyx lobes not scarious, acutiah, 3 to 5 mm. long; corolla 16 to 20 mm. long, the anterior lobes decidedly exceeding the posterior ones. 71. P. retrorsus. Stems rarely 10 cm. tall; calyx lobes scarious-margined below, acuminate, den- tate, 5 to 8 mm. long; corolla 15 to 17 mm. long, the anterior lobes scarcely exceeding the posterior ones 72. P. thompsoniae. Leaves light green; plants widely spreading, forming mats. Corolla 20 to 25 mm long, with broad tube, more deeply 2-lipped, Anterior corolla lip 5 to 7 mm. long 73. P. crandallii. 1 Limitation of species of this group difficult and unsatisfactory. They need much more field study. PENNELL—SCEOPHULARIACEAE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 335 Corolla 15 to 20 mm. long, with narrow tube, less deeply 2-lipped, Leaves glabrate; calyx lobes less puberulent, scarious-margined. Stems usually more ascending, sometimes 10 cm. tall. Leaves obovate, obtusish; calyx lobes acute 74. F. sufiEruteacens. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish; calyx lobes acuminate 75. P* xyltu. Leaves canescent; calyx lobes densely puberulent, not or scarcely scariouB- margined. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, reaching 1 to 2 cm. long; branches more ascending at apex, frequently 3 to 4 cm. tall. 76. P. c&eepitoBus. Leaves spatulate-obovate, mostly shorter; plant with branches scarcely ascending 76a. P. caespitosus perbreviB. Leaves linear or nearly so. Plants heathlike. Corolla 16 to 18 mm. long. Leaves canescent; calyx lobes densely puberulent, not or scarcely scarious-mar* gined; corolla more pubescent within 77. P. teucrioides. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; calyx lobes slightly puberulent, scarious-margined; corolla usually less pubescent within 78. P. glabreacens. Corolla 12 to 14 mm. long 70. P. abietinus. XVI. WHIPPLEANI. A single species 80. P. whippleanus. XVII. FRUTICOSI. Leaves ovate, dentate with spreading teeth, pubescent, 2 to 3 cm. long; sterile fila- ment 0.25 to 0.5 mm. wide, slightly lanose or glabrous distally. 81. P. montanus. Leaves lanceolate, slightly dentate or entire, glabrous, 3 to 6 cm. long; sterile filament 1 to 1.5 mm. wide, strongly lanose near the apex. 82, F fruticosus. XVIII. BRIDGESIANI. A single species -83. P. bridgesii. XIX. HETER0PHYLLI. Anthers purple; seeds 1.5 to 2 mm long; sepals lanceolate, 5 to 8 mm. long; leaves lanceolate to ovate, 3 to 5 cm. long, green; stems puberulent. Corolla lavender-violet, 20 to 30 mm, long; anther sacs frequently more or less pubescent on the sides; leaves elliptic-ovate, 4 to 5 cm. long, usually conspicu- ously acuminate; plants 30 to 70 cm. tall 84. P. platyphyllus. Corolla violet-blue, 15 to 19 mm. long; anther sacs always glabrous on the aides; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3 to 5 cm. long, obtuse to acute or somewhat acuminate; plants 10 to 40 cm. tall 85. P. leonardi. Anthers dark gray; seeds 2 to 3 mm. long; sepals rounded-ovate, 2 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, 6 to 9 cm. long, glaucous; stems glabrous. Corolla violet, 25 to 30 mm. long; plants 60 to 80 cm. tall 86. P. sepelulufl. 1, Penstemon eatonl A. Gray. Penstemon eatoni A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 395. 1872. "Mr. Watson * * * in company with Professor Eaton, found it abundantly in Provo Canyon, Waa&tch Mountains," Utah. Isotype, S. Watson 776, collected in July, 1869, at 1,800 meters altitude, seen in the herbarium of Columbia University, at the New York Botanical Garden. S. 836 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM 1 Rocky ravines and mountain sides, in the open or among junipers, at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,600 (3,000) meters; Upper Sonoran and Submontane zones; flowering from late April to late July. Foothills and mesas, through the southern Wasatch region from Utah and Wasatch counties to Washington County, Utah, in the San Juan Valley of southwestern Colorado, and in northern Arizona. Southward probably passes into P. eatoni undents. Colorado: Montezuma:1 Mesa Verde, Vreeland (M). Utah: Beaver: Frisco (U, Y ); Milford, Rydberg & Carteton 6301 (Y), 6303 (Y). Carbon: Castle Gate, Pennell 6137 (H, U, Y). Piute: Jugtown (near Marys vale), Jones 5405q (U). San Pete: Indianola, Tidestrom 2252 (U). Utah: American Fork Canyon; Prove, Pennell 6111 (A, D, 8, Y), 6114 (Y), 6121 (F, M, P, R, Y); Thistle (M, U, Y). Wasatch: Midway, Carleton tic Garrett 6709 (U, Y). Washington: Santa Clara Valley, Jones 5129a (M, U, Y); Springdale (U). Wayne: Bromide Mine, Jones 5695am (U). la. Penstemoii eatoni undosus Jones. Penstemon eatoni undosus Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 715. 1895. U[M. E. Jones] No. 5110ah. April 26, 1894, in red Band at St. George, Utah, 2,700° alt." Type seen in U. S. National Herbarium; isotype in herbarium of New York Botanical Garden. This is the same as P. coccinatus Rydb., described from Arizona. Apparently more variable, at least in sepal length, than the species, and here distinguished solely by the pubescence. Perhaps a form rather than a variety, but it seems to have a differ- ent range. "Among the junipers in gravelly soil"; doubtless in situations similar to those of P. eatoni, but known from altitudes of 810 to 1,650 meters; Upper Sonoran Zone; flowering from late April to mid-June. In the Colorado drainage, southwestern Colo- rado, southern Utah, and northern Arizona. COLORADO: Montezuma: Mesa Verde, Cary 186 (U). Montrose: Naturita, Payson 333 (F, M, R). Utaii: Grand: Court House Wash, Eastwood 6104 (Y). Kane: Johnson, Jones 5289u (U). Washington: St. George, Jones 5110ah (Uf Y); Silver Reef (Y). 2. Penstemon torreyi Benth. Penstemon torreyi Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 324. 1846. "Versus montes Scopu- loeos(iter Longl) * * * (v. in herb. Torr.)." Type seen in herbarium of Colum- bia University at the New York Botanical Garden. Penstemon barbatus torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 94.1876. Rocky sagebrush and wooded slopes, at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,000 meters; Sub- montane and Montane zones; flowering from mid-June to late August. Foothills, lower slopes of mountains, and on mesas, from Garfield, Lake, and Teller counties, central Colorado, southward into New Mexico; on both continental slopes. Colorado: Archuleta: La Pagosa', Newberry (U). Chaffee: Buena Vista; Salida, Pennell 6308 (Y). Coetilla: Placer, Shear 3630 (Y). El Paso: Artiste Glen, Clements 100 (M, U, Y); Bison Creek (F); Cascade; Mount Manitou (F); North Cheyenne Canyon (Y); Ute Pass (M, P). Fremont: Canon City, Brandegee 85 (M). Garfield: Glenwood Springs; Shoshone, Pennell 6160 (D, M, U, Y), 6163 (R, Y). Gunniaon: ISapinero, H. N. Wheeler (B). Hinsdale: Lake City, New- berry (Y). Lake: Twin Lakes, Porter (A). La Plata: Rockwood, Tweedy 418 (U), Las Animas: Berwind (B); Stonewall, Beckwitk 170 (Y); Trinidad (U, Y), 1 In lists of exsiccatae names of counties are given in alphabetical sequence, and are each followed by a colon. k PENNELL—SCBOPHXTLAEIACEAE OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 337 Mineral: Wagon Wheel Gap, B. E. Smith, (A). Montrose: Cimarron, Pennell 6249 (F, Y). San Miguel: Norwood Hill, Walker 457 (R). Teller; Florissant, Ramaley 1374 (B). 3. Penstemon barbatus (Oav.) Roth. Chelone barbata Cav. Icon. PI. 3: 22. pi. 242. 1794. "Habitat in Imperio Mexi- cano, unde nuperrime introducta in hortum Regium Pharmaceuticum * * * Floruit * * * 1794." Type not verified. Penstemon barbatus Both, Catal. Bot. 3: 49, 1806. Through central highlands of Mexico, apparently extending northward to south* em Utah. Reported from an altitude of 864 meters. Utah: Washington: St. George, Palmer (F, Y). 3a. Penstemon barbatus pufterulua A. Gray. Penstemon barbatus puberulus A. Gray in Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 114.1859. "Guadalupe cafion [Arizona], May, 1851; Tkurber." Type not verified, but evi- dently the plant here considered. Arizona and apparently southern Utah. Probably a distinct species. Utah: Without locality: Bishop 154 (U). 4. Penstemon trichander (A. Gray) Rydb. Penstemon barbatus trichander A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 94. 1876. "S. W. Colorado, T. S. Brandegee, in Hayden's Exploration, 1875." Isotype (no. 1H9, "ex herb. J. H. Redfield ") seen in herbarium of Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. Penstemon trichander Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 151. 1906. Hillsides, at altitudes of 1,650 to 2,100 meters; probably Submontane Zone; flower- ing from mid-June to late July. Foothills and mesas, San Juan and Dolores valleys, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. Colorado: Arohuleta: La Pagosa (U); Piedra, Baker 597 (F, M, U, Y). La Plata: Durango, Baker, EarU tfc Tracy 513 (F, M, U, Y). Montezuma: Mesa Verde, Vreeland 877 (Y). Montroae: La Sal Creek, Payson 453 (M). San Miguel: Nor- wood Hill, Walker 457.1 (R). Utah: San Juan: Allen Canyon, southwest of Abajo Mountains, Rydberg Nelson] no. 2960, Evanston [Wyoming], May 28, 1897." Isotype seen in herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Gravelly sagebrush slopes, at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,400 meters; Submontane Zone (descending rarely into Upper Sonoran Zone); flowering from mid-May to early July. Foothills, from Jacksons Hole southward through the Teton and northern Wasatch regions to Juab County, Utah, southern Idaho, and northeastern Nevada. Wyoming: Lincoln: Cokeville, Nelson 4549 (F); Jacksons Hole, Hoyden (M); La Barge (U). Uinta: Evanston, Nelson 2960 (M, Y), 7197 (B, M, U, Y), Pennell 5894 (B, D, Y), 5901 (K, P, Y), 5922 (A, S, Y); base of Medicine Butte, Penndl 5914 (Y); Piedmont (R). Idaho: Bannock: Oxford; Pocatelio, PenneU 6063 (A, F, H, M, R, U, Y); Soda Springs (M, Y). Bear Lake: Montpelier, Macbride 15 (M, U, Y), 202 (M, U). Utah: Cache: Logan, C. P. Smith 1629 (E, R), 2202 (Y). Juab: Eureka, Jones (M, U, Y), Morgan: Devils Slide, PenneU 5941 (F, U, Y), 5951 (Y). San Pete: Ephraim Canyon, THdestrom 1171 (U); Indianola (U); San Pitch Mountains (U). Sevier: Fishlake Forest, Eggleston 11127 (U). Summit: Echo, Penndl 5930 (Y), 5936 (H, M, Y). Uinta: Brush Creek Canyon, Goodding 1289 (F, U, Y). Utah: Provo, PenneU 6112 (A, D, F, H, K, M, P, R, U, Y). 67. Penatemon radicosus A. Nek. Penstemon radicosus A. Nels. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 280. 1898. "Type specimens in Herb. University of Wyoming, [A. Nelson] no. 2962, Evanston [Wyoming], May 28,1897." Isotype seen in herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Dry, gravelly slopes, sides of mesas, sagebrush draws, at altitudes of 1,600 to 2,300 meters; Submontane, descending into Upper Sonoran Zone; flowering from late May to early July. Mesas and foothills from Medicine Bow River westward across southern Wyoming to the valley of Snake River in southern Idaho, southward enter- ing North Park, Colorado, Summit County, Utah, and northern Nevada, northward through valley of Henry River and entering southwestern Montana and Yellowstone National Park. 129510°—20 5 372 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Wyoming: Albany: Ridge (R); Rock River, Goodding 27 (F, M, U, Y). Carbon: Boggs (Y); Fort Steele (XJ, Y); Freezeout Hills (F); Medicine Bow (R); Rawlinp, Pennell 5879 (F, H, M, R, Y). Fremont: Pacific Springs, Parry 208 (F). Lin- coln: Cokeville, Nelson 4659 (R). Sweetwater: Bush Ranch (B, M, U, Y); Leucite Hills (U, Y); Point of Rocks, Pennell 5887 (Y); Tipton; Wamsutter, Pennell 5883 (A, B, D, F, H, K, M, P, R, S, U, Y), 5885 (Y; albino). Uinta: EvanBton, Nelson 2962 (M, Y), Pennell 5896 (D, P, Y), 5903 (A, K, M, U, Y), 5920 (F, H, Y); base of Medicine Butte, Pennell 5915 (R, Y). Yellowstone National Park: Mammoth Hot Springs, Pennell 6033 (B, P, S, Y); on south fork of Shoahone (Y). Idaho: Bannock: Oxford (Y); Pocatello, Pennell 6064 (A, B, D, F, H, K, M, P, R, S, U, Y). Bingham: Big Butte Station, Palmer 203 (U). Fremont: Beaver Canyon, Rydberg (Y). Colorado : Jackson: Pinkham Creek, Goodding 1471 (A, B, M, U, Y). TJtah: Summit: Echo. Pennell 5939 (Y). 68. Penstemon oliganthus Woot. & Stand!. Penstemon oliganthus Woot. & Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 172. (Feb. 12) 1913. "Type in the TJ. S. National Herbarium, no. 259061, collected in the moun- tains west of Grants Station [New Mexico], August 1,1892, by E. O. Wooton." Type seen in the U. S. National Herbarium. Unfortunately this consists of late, small, shriveled-flowered specimens, with only few and small basal leaves still attached. Penstemon griffinii A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 56: 70. (July 16) 1913. "Collected by Alfred A. Griffin in the Rio Grande Valley [Colorado], on moist east slopes, at 8,200 feet, July 28, 1912, no. 145." Type seen in the Rocky Mountain Herbarium. Grassy glens, open pine woods, and rocky hillsides, at altitudes of 2,100 to 2,600 meters; Submontane and Montane zones; flowering from late July to mid-August. Mountain slopes from Park County, Colorado, southward to north-central New Mexico. Colorado: Chaffee: Base of Mount Princeton, Sheldon 243 (U), 554 (U, Y); Salida, Pennell 6310 (D, R, U, Y). Fremont(?): Wet mountain valley, Redfield 5981 (M), 6021 (M), Park: Divide west of salt works, South Park, Porter (F, Y). Mineral: Wagonwheel Gap, Griffin 145 (R). 69. Penstemon gracilis Nutt. Penstemon gracilis Nutt. Gen PI. 3: 52. 1818. "Hab. from the Arikarees [South Dakota] to Fort Mandan [North Dakota], in depressed soils." Type seen in her- barium of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Chelone gracilis Spreng, Syst. Veg. 2: 813. 1825. Penstemon digitalis gracilis Trauttv. Bull. A cad. St. P6tersb. 5: 345. 1839. Pen8temx>n pubescens gracilis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. A cad. 6: 69. 1862-3. Moist grassy places, at altitudes of 1,000 to 2,100 meters; Submontane and Upper Sonoran zones; flowering from early June to mid-July. High plains, entering north- central Wyoming and eastern Colorado to the base of the foothills. Manitoba to Saskatchewan, south probably to Kansas and northeastern New Mexico. South Dakota: Fall River: Hot Springs, Rydberg 921, in part (Y). Lawrence: Dead wood, Carr 35 (U, Y); Este (Y); Lead City (Y). Meade: Bear Butte (^ Bear's Peak") (M); Fort Meade, Forwood 286 (U). Pennington: Rapid City, Visher (F). Stanley: Cedar Pass (U); Fort Pierre, Geyer 127 (U). Washabaugh: Cottonwood Canyon, Visher 200 (Y). Nebraska: Deuel: Rydberg 279 (Y). Lincoln: Herehey, Mell 75 (U). Thomas: Halsey, Krautter (P). Wyoming: Johnson: Eastern slope of Bighorn Mountains, Tweedy 3413 (Y), 3414 (Y). Sheridan: Little Goose Creek, Nelson 2375 (R). PEKNT5LL—SCROPHTJLABIACEAE OF THE ROOKY MOTTNTATN'S. 873 Colorado: Boulder: Boulder, Ramaley 9593 (B). Douglas: Larkspur, Johnston & Hedgcock 436 (Y). El Paso: North of Cheyenne Canyon, Bessey (Y); Colorado Springs; Monument Park (A, U); Palmer Lake (U); TJte Pass (M). Huerfano: Wahatoya Creek, Rydberg & Vreeland 5640 (P). 70. Penatemon harbourii A. Gray. Penstemon harbourii A. Gray, Proc. Amer. A cad. 6: 71. 1862. "Rocky mountains of Colorado Territory, in the high alpine region, no. 396 of Hall and Harbour's dis- tribution; found only by Mr. J. P. Harbour." Isotypc seen in herbarium of Colum- bia University at the New York Botanical Garden. Penstemon baieri Greene, Pittonia 4: 318. 1901. "At 11,500 feet in the mountains about Pagosa Peak, southern Colorado, 6 Aug., 1899, C. F. Baker.'* Rocky slopes above timber line, especially on rock slides, at altitudes of 3,300 to 4,100 meters; Alpine Zone; flowering from early July to early August. High moun- tains of Colorado, from Medicine Bow Mountains to Sangre de Crieto Range and La Plata Mountains. Colorado: Chaffee: Mount Princeton, Sheldon 241 (U), 553 (U, Y). Clear Creek: Above Berthoud Pass (M); near Georgetown (M); Grays Peak (M, U); Mount Flora (M); Mount McClellan, Patterson 118 (F, M, XI, Y). Fremont: Sangre de Cristo Range, BrancUgee 804 (M). Gunniaon: Sheep Mountain, Purpus 607 (F). Larimer: Near Lulu Pass, OsUrhout 603; Mount Richtophin (Y). La Plata: lift Plata Mountains (U); Virginia Gulch, south slope of Needle Mountains, Cross 27 (U). Ouray: Along Horsethief Trail east of Ouray, Penncll 6236 (A, B, D, F, H, K, M, P,R, S, U, Y). Mount Abram, PenneU 6187 (U, Y), San Miguel: Yellow Mountain, Ophir, JV. BrewsUr (D). Summit: Mount Baldy (M); Mount Bieckenridge, Hall & Harbour 396 (A, E, F, M). 71. Penatemon retrorsu* Payson, sp. nov. Stems loosely tufted, much branched below, spreading and soon ascending and erect, 10 to 20 cm. tall, from a very short caudex, pubescent with reflexed-spreading cinereous hairs; leaves light green, not veined, cinereous-pubescent, entire, the blades of lower leaves oblanceolate, attenuate to an ill-defined petiole, the stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, the largest leaves mostly 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, 0.3 to 0.4 cm. wide; thyrsus narrow, composed of 6 to 12 fascicles, each consisting of 2 axillary branches, each of these bearing several flowers, their pedicels usually shorter than the common peduncle; sepals 3 to 4 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acutish to acute, not ribbed, not acarious-margined, densely and finely cinereous-pubescent; corolla 16 to 20 mm. long, the tube and throat 13 to 15 mm. long, the throat slightly inflated, flattened and 2-ridged within ventrally, the 2 posterior lobes 2.5 to 3 mm. long, united and arched about two-thirds their length, projecting, the 3 anterior lobes 3 to 5 mm. long, united at base, spreading; corolla externally glandular-puberulent, within pubescent over the bases of the anterior lobes, glabrous elsewhere, blue (not seen fresh); anther sacs widely divaricate, 0.6 mm. long, ovate, glabrous, distinct, with relatively long line of contact, opening throughout, the suture minutely ciliolate; sterile filament in- cluded, flat, not enlarged distally, bearded most of its length (densely distally) with golden-yellow hairs on the posterior face; capsule not seen. Type in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, collected on a dry adobe hill near Montroee, Colorado, altitude 1,740 meters, in flower, June 15, 1915 by Edwin Payson (no. 673). Adobe hills, at an altitude of 1,740 meters; Upper Sonoran Zone; flowering in mid- June. Valley of Uncompahgre River in western Colorado. Colorado: Montroee: Montroee, R. Daw ton (D); Payson 673 (Y). 374 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM 72. Fenstemon thompsoniae (A. Gray) Rydb. Penstemon pumilus thompsoniae A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 21: 269, 1878. "S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson." Type, from Kanab, Utah, collected in 1872, seen in Gray Herbarium. Penstemon thompsoniae Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 80: 690.1909, Southern Utah and northern Arizona. Utah: Kane: Kanab, Mrs. Thompson (H). Without data, Bishop 250 in 1872 (U). 73. Penstemon crandallii A. Nela. Pemtemon crandallii A. Nek. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 354. 1899. "I am indebted to Prof. C. S. Crandall for specimens of tbis plant, collected by him near Como, Park County, Colorado, July 23, 1897." Type seen in Rocky Mountain Herbarium* "Gravelly places," at altitudes of 2,800 to 3,000 meters; Montane Zone; flowering from early July to early August. Park and Chaffee counties, central Colorado. Colorado; Chaff ee: South Cottonwood Gulch, Sheldon 547 (U, Y, Z). Park: Como, Cowen (F, M, U, Y), Crandall 4197 (Y), Shear 4582 (Y), 4583 (Y). 74. Fenstemon suffrutescens Rydb. tPenstemon caespitosus suffruticosus A. Gray, Syn. F1.21: 270. 1878. "Utah, near Beaver, Palmer." Type, in fruiting stage, seen in Gray Herbarium. Pedicels and calyx more glandular than in P. eufrutescens. Probably distinct. Pemtemon suffrutescens Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 38: 503. (Sept. 30) 1901. "Colo- rado: Ridgway, 1895, F, Tweedy 170." Type, collected June 20, seen in herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, Pemtemon procumbent Greene, PI. Baker. 3; 23. (Nov. 18) 1901. "Forming large mats on open slopes at Keblar Pass [Colorado], 7 Aug., 1901, [C. F. Baker] n. 733." Isotype seen in U. S. National Herbarium. With smaller, broader leaves, and more procumbent habit than specimens seen of P. suffrutescens; needs further field study. "Woods," at altitudes of 2,200 to 3,000 meters; Submontane and Montane zones; flowering from late June to early August. Gunnison and Delta to Ouray counties, west-central Colorado, and probably to central Utah. Colorado: Gunnison: Keblar Pass, Baker 733 (M, U, Y); Elk Mountains, Brandegee (M). Ouray: Ridgway, Tweedy 170 (U, Y). Utah: Piute: Mountains north of Bullion Creek, near Marysvale, Rydberg & Carlton 7106 (Y). 76. Fenstemon xylus A. Nels. Penstemon xylus A. Nels, Bot. Gaz. 84: 31.1902.' "The specimens beforie me were collected by Mr. H. N. Wheeler at Sapinero,Colorado, 1898, no. 446." Type seen in Rocky Mountain Herbarium. Apparently but one specimen collected by me while at Sapinero, and this among dense growths of P. teucrioides. Perhaps the "species," at least at times, represents an intermediate (hybrid ?) between P. teucrioides and P. suffrutescena. Needs further field study. Sagebrush hills, at altitudes of 1,700 to 2,800 meters; Upper Sonoran and Sub- montane zones; flowering from late May to mid-July. Scattered through western Colorado and southeastern Utah. Colorado: Delta: Paonia, Osterhout 4523 (Y); Mesa Grande (F). Eagle: Woloott, Osterhout 2112. Fremont: Brandegee (M). Gunnison: Sapinero, Pennell 6269 (Y), H. N. Wheeler 446 (B). Hinsdale: Lake City, Purpus 721 (F). Mineral: Wagonwheel Gap, B. H. Smith (A). Montrose: Cimarron, Baker 333 (F, M, R, U, Y); Naturita, Payson 361 (R). Ouray: Ridgway, Tweedy 171 (U). Utah: La Sal Mountains, Purpus 5693 (M). PENITELL—SCROPHULABIACEAE OF THE BOOST MOUNTAIN'S. 375 78. Penstemon caespitosus Nutt. Penstemon caespitosm Nutt.; A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad, 6: 66. 1862. "Rocky Mountains, Nuttall (a diminutive specimen in herb. Acad. Philad.)." Type, labeled "R. Mts., N. Calif.," Been in herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dry, gravelly, sagebrush slopes, at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,100 meters; Submontane Zone; flowering from late May to early July. Foothills and lower mountain slopes, Wasatch Mountains, southwestern Wyoming, Uinta Mountains of northern Utah, and in northern Colorado. WYOMING: Carbon: Saratoga, Bujfum 713 (F, R). Uinta: Carter (R); Fort Bridger; Evanston, Pennell 5895 (F, H, M, U, Y); Leroy (R). Colorado: Eagle: McCoys, Osterhout 2762 (Y). Grand: Mount Dross, Patterson (F, M, Y); Sulphur Springs (Y); Willow Creek (M). Moffat: North of Craig, Osterhout 2623 (Y). Routt: Egeria Park, Eastwood (Y). Utah: Uinta: Dyer Mine, Goodding 1237 (F, R, U, Y). 76a. Penstemon caespitosus perbrevis Pennell, subsp. nov. Leaves shorter, 0.5 to 1 (sometimes 1.2) cm. long, much more abruptly widening upward, spatulate-obovate, nearly all with petiole-like bases; sepals less attenuate, acuminate; plants closely prostrate, the ultimate ascending branches very short. Otherwise as in the species. Type in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, collected on dry sage- brush summit of mesa, at Castle Gate, Carbon County, Utah, altitude about 2,200 to 2,400 meters, in shriveled blossom, July 18, 1915, by F. W. Pennell (no. 6138). Sagebrush-covered mesas, at altitudes of (1,600) 2,100 to 2,400 meters; Upper Sonoran and Submontane zones; flowering from early June to early July. Wasatch region of central Utah. Utah: Carbon: Castle Gate, Pennell 6138 (R, U, Y). Garfield: Tropic, Jorui 5312ai (U). Utah: Soldier Summit, Jones 5599 (M, U, Y); new Thistle (U, Y). 77. Fenstemon teucrioides Greene. Penslemon teucrioidet Greene, PI. Baker. 3: 23. 1910. "Collected at Sapinero [Colorado], 19 June [1901]; said to be commom there on dry ground, [C. F. Baker] n. 186." Isotype seen in U. 8. National Herbarium. Dry, stony, sagebrush slopes, at altitudes of 2,100 to 2,800 meters. Submontane Zone; flowering from late June to early August. Common to abundant in Gunnison Valley, west-central Colorado. Colorado: Gunnison: Gunnison, Pennell 6283 (Y); Sapinero, Baker 186 (M, R, U, Y), Pennell 6263 (B, F, Y), 6268 (D, H, K, M, P, R, U, Y), 6276 (A, S, Y), B. N. Wheeler 399 (B, R). Hinsdale: Lake City, Pur pus 721, in part (F), Sftguache: Sargents, Pennell 6302 (D, F, H, M, R, U, Y). 78. Fenstemon glabrescens Pennell, sp. nov. Stems tufted, much branched, prostrate and ascending, spreading, 7 to 15 cm. tall, from a woody caudex, with long woody prostrate stems, puberulent with reflexed cinereous hairs; leaves somewhat thickened, light green above and beneath, not veined, sparsely puberulent above proximally or usually glabrat©, entire, all cauline, the blades sessile, linear, acute, the largest mostly 1 to 1.5 cm. long, 0.7 to 1 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow (flowers seemingly axillary), composed of 4 to 8 fascicles, each con- sisting of 2 axillary branches, each bearing 1 or 2 flowers; sepals 5 to 8 mm. long, lance-ovate to ovate, acuminate to caudate, not ribbed, proximally with margins more or less scarious and erose, slightly glandular-puberulent; corolla 16 to 18 mm. 376 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. long, the tube and throat 12 to 13 mm. long, the throat slightly inflated, flattened and 2-ridged within ventrally, the 2 posterior lobes 4 to 5 mm, long, united and arched two-thirds their length, projecting, the 3 anterior lobes 4 to 5 mm. long, united at base, spreading; corolla externally glandular-puberulent, within slightly pubescent over the bases of the anterior lobes, glabrous elsewhere, sky-blue, within violet at base of lobes, pale within the throat, on anterior side with violet lines, one of these extending median!y into each lobe (not seen fresh); anther sacs widely diva- ricate, 1 mm. long, oblong, glabrous, distinct, with short line of contact, opening throughout, the suture minutely eiliolate; sterile filament included, flat, scarcely enlarged distally, bearded nearly throughout (densely so distally) with golden-yellow hairs on the posterior face; capsule 7 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, glabrous; seeds 1.5 to 1.7 mm. long, irregularly quadrangular, curved, the angles sharp, not winged, the surface very minutely alveolate-reticulate, blackish, slightly glistening. Type in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, collected on open mesas and gravelly hillsides at Fagosa Springs, Colorado, in flower, July 2, 1917, by E. Bethel. Open sagebrush (?) mesas and slopes, frequently gravelly, at altitudes of 2,000 to 2,200 meters; Upper Sonoran Zone; flowering from June to late July. Valley of Ban Juan River in southwestern Colorado. Colorado: Archuleta: Pagosa Springs, Bethel (D, Y). La Plata: Bayfield, Bethel (D, Y). Montezuma: Lone Mesa (IT); Mancos, Baker, Earlt & Tracy 27 (F, M, U, Y). 79. Fenstemon abietinus Pennell, sp. nov. Stems tufted, much branched, prostrate and ascending, spreading, less than 5 cm. tall, from a thick woody caudex, although often with long woody prostrate stems, densely grayish-puberulent with reflexed hairs; leaves thickened, dull pale green above and beneath, not veined, sparsely puberulent above or glabrate, entire, all cauline, the blades sessile, linear, acute, the largest mostly 1 to 1.2 cm. long, 0.8 to 1.2 mm. wide; thyrsus narrow (flowers seeming axillary), composed of few (1 to 4) fascicles, each consisting of 2 axillary shortened branches, each of these bearing usually but a single flower; sepals 4 to 5 mm. long, lanceolate-attenuate, acuminate, not ribbed, proximally with slightly erose, expanded, scarious margins, slightly glandular-puberulent; corolla 12 to 15 mm, long, the tube and throat 8 to 10 mm. long, the throat scarcely inflated, flattened and 2-ridged within ventrally, the 2 posterior lobes 4 to 5 mm. long, united and arched one-third to two-fifths their length, projecting, the 3 anterior lobes 4 to 5 mm. long, united at base, spreading; corolla externally glandular-puberulent, within slightly pubescent over bases of the anterior lobes, glabrous elsewhere, blue (not seen fresh); anther sacs widely divaricate, 1 mm. long, oblong-ovate, glabrous, distinct, with short line of contact, opening throughout, the suture nearly glabrous; sterile filament included, flat, scarcely enlarged distally, densely bearded nearly throughout with golden-yellow hairs on the posterior face; capsule not seen. Type in the TT. S. National Herbarium, no. 237297, collected at Ireland Ranch, head of Salina Canyon, Utah, altitude 2,400 meters, in flower, June 15, 1894, by Marcus E. Jones (no. 5440; distributed as P. caespito&us Nutt.). Isotype in herbarium of New York Botanical Garden. Probably Submontane Zone. Utah: Sevier: Ireland Ranch, head of Salina Canyon, Jones 5440 (F, M, R, U, Y); Salina Experiment Station, Fiahlake Forest, Eggleston 11138 (U). 80. Fenstemon -whippleanus A. Gray. * Penatemon glaums stenosepalns A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 6: 70. 1862. "Rocky ^ Mountains, - about Pikes Peak, Clear Creek, &c., Dr. James in herb. Torr., Dr PEN NELL—SCBOPHULABIACEAE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 377 Parry, 261, 262, and coll. 1862, distributed by Hall and Harbour, 399." Isotype, Parry 261, "from the headwaters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying east of Middle Park, Colorado," collected in 1861, seen in herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Penstmon whippleanus A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad, 6: 73. 1862. "Arroyae in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande, Dr. J. M, Bigelow, in Whipple's Expedition, Oct., 1853." Sterile filament in species alightly barbed at apex to nearly or (in type material) quite glabrous. Penstemon stenosepalns Howell, Fl. Northw. Amer. 1: 514. 1901, Occurs in several apparently distinct color forms, separable only by field observa- tion. Through the Colorado and Utah mountains red-violet is prevalent, but high on some mountains—e. g., Pikes Peak—a very pale greenish brown form occurs. In the Wasatch Mountains 1 have seen the color lavender, but Watson says that this is not the prevalent form. In the Teton Mountains, Wyoming {Nelson 100) a blue form exists. Wooded or subalpine grassy mountain slopes, at altitudes of (2,200) 2,500 to 3,600 (3,900) meters; Subalpine and Montane zones, ascending to Alpine Zone; flowering from early July to late August. High mountains, from Teton and Wind River mountains, Wyoming, southward through Bear River Range, Idaho, through nearly all fhainR of Colorado and Utah to northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. Wyoming: Albany, Carbon, Fremont, Lincoln, and Park counties. Idaho: Oneida County. Colorado: Bewilder, Chaffee, Clear Creek, Delta, El Paso (6326), Gilpin (6361, 6362), Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Jackson, Lake, La Plata, Larimer, Min- eral, Montrose, Ouray (6192, 6202, 6206, 6210, 6244), Park, Routt, Saguache, San Juan, San Miguel, and Summit counties. Utah: Grand, Piute, Salt Lake (6074, 6104), San Juan, San Pete, Sevier, Summit, Utah, and Wayne counties. 81. Penstemon montanus Greene. Penstemon montanus Greene, Pittonia 2: 240. 1892. "Mr. Tweedy's n. 866, from alpine heights on the mountains of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming." Isotype, col- lected on Mount Norris, in flower, July, 1885, seen in U. S. National Herbarium. Rocky slopes, at altitudes of 2,400 to 3,000 (3,200) meters; Subalpine and perhaps neighboring zones; flowering from late July to late August. High mountains, from Yellowstone and Wasatch mountains to San Pete County, Utah. In southwestern Montana and central Idaho. Wyoming: Lincoln: Buffalo Fork, Tweedy 232 (Y), 233 (Y); headwaters of Cliff Creek (Y); Hoback River Canyon (U). Park: "Stinking-water," Parry 204 (F). Yel- lowstone National Park: Electric Peak, Rydberg