SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 76. NUMBER 9
THE BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES1860-1922
BYWILLARD J. FISHER
(Publication 2751)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFEBRUARY 18, 1924
BALTIMORE, MD., II. S. A.
THE BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES1860-1922By WILLARD J. FISHERAfter Struve and Dollen had pointed out the advantages in observ-ing occultations of faint stars during lunar total eclipses, and hadcirculated data facilitating the observations, there was an interestaroused among professional astronomers, who paid much attentionto eclipse occultations for a considerable time ; but only a few, asFlammarion, Barnard, M. Wolf, paid much regard to lunar eclipsephenomena in relation to the earth's atmosphere. The observationand description of the peculiarities of the earth's shadow, both beforeand after the occupation campaign, was largely left to amateurs.The organization and growth of great societies, like the SocieteAstronomique de France and the British Astronomical Association,have greatly increased the number of such observers and the volumeof the recorded observations.The present paper was undertaken with the expectation that inthe mass of lunar eclipse literature there would be found evidence ofa structure of the earth's shadow corresponding to the known dustlayers of the atmosphere.'' It was found that this object could notimmediately be attained ; rather, it seemed desirable first to studythe brightness of recorded eclipses. This, to be sure, has been doneby A. Danjon,^ in papers in which, from a study of records goingback to 1583, he has drawn the conclusion that there is a remarkablerelation between the solar cycle and the brightness of lunar eclipses,mostly total. These papers have been destructively criticised byE. W. Maunder,^ as using partial eclipses illegitimately, omittingdetails of evidence, such as criteria of brightness, durations, moonaltitudes, magnitudes of eclipses, together with all references, making
^ S. P. Langley, New York Tribune, Jan. 2, 1884; Knowledge, 5, pp. 80-81,1884; Sidereal Messenger, 3, pp. 21-23, 1884; Nature, 29, p. 324, 1884; A vastdust envelope.W. J. Humphreys, Bull. Mt. Weather Obs., 4, pp. 397-401, 1912; Dust layers inthe atmosphere, and changes in the neutral points of sky polarization.^A. Danjon, C. R., 171, pp. 1127-1129, 1207-1210, 1920; Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr.,35, pp. 261-265, 1921.
^ E. W. Maunder, Jour. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 31, pp. 346-350, 1921.Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 76, No. 9
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
no use of observed solar phenoniena, and depending in all proba-bility upon a false eclipse cycle.This paper is not intended to traverse the extensive ground coveredby Danjon ; the period covered is 1860-1922, the former date havingseemed natural, as about that time began the serious application ofthe spectroscope to astronomy, and also the publication, in the BritishNautical Almanac, of more complete elements, convenient for makingprojections of eclipses.It was soon obvious that spectroscopy has played but a limitedpart in the study of lunar eclipses. And so of instrumental photometry
;
determinations of the brightness of the eclipsed moon, except byrough comparison with stars, have been few. And so too of photog-raphy; while innumerable photographs of the eclipsed moon havebeen taken, apparently little use has been made of the plates. Almostall observations have been made with plain telescopes of all sizes,and with the naked eye ; the brightness of the moon has seemedsecondary to the moments of contact of the umbra-edge with themoon's limb and with various lunar objects. Seeliger ^ having shownthat in all probability the apparent enlargement of the shadowdetected by such observations has no objective importance, it iseasy to agree with Crommelin that there is little use in piling upmore of them.Due to well-known optical principles, the telescope does not increasethe brightness of any extended area, but really diminishes it. How-ever, it is a fact of observation that during a lunar ecHpse, objectswhich may be seen in the shadow with large telescopes are invisiblewith smaller. It is like the effect of night glasses ; or like the factthat newspaper headlines in twilight can be read when the text belowis a blurred mass. This suggests a criterion for the brightness ofeclipses, usable when the observations are simply telescopic or withthe naked eye.On account of the mixed quality of the data a simple three-stepscale of brightness has been adopted.Grade 2.—When the naked eye sees the " spots " on the eclipsedmoon, or the seas and other detail can be seen with hand instruments
—
opera-glasses, field-glasses, spy-glasses.Grade i.—When instruments of aperture of 2 inches up to 6 inchesare necessary to show detail on the eclipsed surface. This includesordinary stand-telescopes, porch telescopes, etc., and some fixedobservatory telescopes.
* H. Seeliger, Abh. Akad. Wiss. zu Miincheii, II KL, 19 II, pp. 383-448, 1896-97 ; Die scheinbare Vergrosserung des Erdschattens bei Mondfinsternissen.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER 3Grade o.—When apertures of 6 inches or more are needed. Thiscovers the larger part of fixed observatory instruments.Table i shows the almanac date of the beginning of totality, themagnitude, the grade on the above scale, and the position of theterrestrial terminator (sunrise-sunset line) at mid-eclipse, for eachlunar eclipse i860- 1922 for which data suitable to grade on the abovescale have been found—68 eclipses in all. These facts for each eclipseare followed by the name of the observer, the place, a number inparenthesis referring to the list of references placed later in thearticle, and an abstract of the observations reported, beginning withthe condition of the sky and the aperture of the telescope, or somestatement about the means employed. Strength of twilight is asstated by the observer, or based on moon's altitude. Under eachechpse the observers are mostly arranged in an order indicated bythe column headed Phase—Air Mass. The phases of an eclipse areindicated bya, e, first and last external contacts.b, d, first and last internal contacts (lacking in partial eclipses).c, middle of the eclipse.The relative air mass along a ray from the moon's center to theobserver's eye is given to one decimal ; thus 5.3 means an air mass5.3 times the mass along the zenithal ray of an observer at 45° andsea-level. These air masses were found by three-place computing ofthe moon's geocentric altitude, corrected for parallax and refractionto about 0.1° ; values were then taken from Wolff's table.'' For astation considerably above sea-level, the tabular number for therefracted zenith distance is multiplied by the ratio of the pressurethere to 760 mm., pressures being taken from Humphreys' table.*The code used for brevity in this column may be thus illustrated
:
c=i.4, relative air mass at mid-eclipse= 1.4.a= 2.3, relative air mass at first external contact= 2.3.b 1.7 c, relative air mass at a moment between first external contactand mid-eclipse = 1.7.The grade of the eclipse, 2, i, or o, is derived from a comparisonof the observations. The tendency in grading has been to favorbrightness, i. e., positive statements of visible details have been pre-ferred in general to statements of the contrary. So that the meansof brightness grades are not likely to be too low.It was expected that the arrangement according to air mass wouldtend to explain some of the discrepancies among the different reports.
^ H. Wolff, Beitrage zur Geophysik, 11, table, pp. 412-413, 1912..^W. J. Humphreys, Physics of the Air, 1920, p. '/2.
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76But it helps very little. Some of these discrepancies are extremelypuzzling.Take, for example, the total eclipse 1902 X 16.Barnard, Yerkes Observatory, air mass c=i.i, reports the darkesteclipse in his experience ; no surface details visible to the naked eye,few with a 6-inch telescope, and those dimly. This report, by itself,would justify a grade of brightness = 0.Payne, Northfield, Minn., air mass c=i.2, 5-inch telescope, couldeasily see all the prominent details of the surface, and recognizedmany of the lesser ones. This by itself would justify brightness= i.O'Halloran, San Francisco, air mass c=i.3, says that the seasand the white streaks so conspicuous at full moon were visible evenwithout magnifying power.Godden, London, England, air mass a 4.6 b, could see the seasblack as soot, both before and after totality began, with a field glass.The last two were experienced amateurs ; their reports agree wellenough, and by themselves would justify brightness = 2.Taking these four definite reports together, the only possiblecourses are, a compromise grade =1 (the course adopted) or toreject the reports of the amateurs in favor of Barnard's or Payne's.To do this latter, however, is practically to disqualify amateur evi-dence, which, in the case of many an eclipse, is all the evidence.Again, the total eclipse of 1895 IX 3
;
Barnard and Perrine, Mt. Hamilton, air mass c=i.5, the mainfeatures visible to the naked eye, and easily seen in telescopes of2.5-inch and 12-inch aperture; hence grade= 2.Payne and Wilson, Northfield, Minn., air mass b=i.7, at first nomarkings visible, soon after, many markings in 16-inch, but invisiblein 5-inch finder; grade= 0.Campos-Roderigues, Lisbon-Tapada, air mass b= 5, with 11.7 cm.aperture was able to see details, maria and craters, continuously.He says that Aristarchus was notable ; but L. Swift, Echo Mountain,Cal., says that Aristarchus was a very inconspicuous object.Grade= i.The amateurs reporting are also in disagreement, as well as the aboveprofessionals. The majority of the observers has been allowed tomake the grade= 2.It will be noted that the discrepancies between Mt. Hamilton andNorthfield in the two eclipses are not due to dififerent air masses,these being about the same, and are opposite in sign in the two cases.These two instances are not alone ; discrepancies occur of a verypuzzling character, and can sometimes be resolved only somewhat
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 5
arbitrarily. However, in other cases there is unanimity ; the eclipse1903 IV II is one—the most certainly dark eclipse in the periodstudied.Table i.—Observations on the Brightness of 68 Lunar EclipsesPhase and 1860 II 6; 0.812; Grade 2?air massc Pacific, Antarctic ice, Indian Ocean.Ward, Dublin, (3) ; occasional light clouds with halos.a 1.4c N. e. and telescope, size not stated; the seas; Grimaldus shows well;not a trace .... of Aristarchus or Plato nothing so like asa red hot penny with a httle white hot piece at its lower edge.Pogson, Hartwell, Engl., (i) ; sky not stated.c=i.4 "With the equatorial," size not stated; actual shadow .... in-definite ; . . . . visibility—it might almost be termed the brilliancy
—
of Aristarchus. Kepler and other spots were comparatively lost, or atmost barely discernible .... in the shadow.Schmidt, Athens, (2) ; very clear sky ; occasional light cirrus.c = 1.8 Means not stated. All parts of the earth's shadow remained withoutexception completely transparent. (Other details briefly given agreewell with Ward.)Grade 2, with interrogation point because Ward does not make itabsolutely clear that the seas were observed with the naked eye.
1862 XII 15; 1.415; Grade 0?
c Portugal, S. Sweden, N. Russia, Siberia, Manchuria, Japan Sea, NewZealand, near Tierra del Fuego, Canary Islands,a= 5.4 Cantzler, Greifswald, Ger., (4) ; civil twilight most of the time; skyclear, with stars. Means not stated,a 17.8 b Eclipsed part invisible.d'Arrest, Copenhagen, (5) ; Means not stated.The moon vanished completely, but its altitude was low and it wasseen through heavy haze.Grade o, with interrogation point because of twilight.1863 VI i; 1.224; Grade 0?
c Bay of Bengal, Asia, Russia, N. Atlantic, Carribean Sea., Antarcticice, near C. Leeuwin.Backhouse, Sunderland, Engl., (6) ; Clear break in clouds ; weakastronomical twilight.b 4.9 c N. e. and opera-glass ; the greater part of the moon's surface invisible
;
reflecting telescope, size not stated. Mare Crisium and some othermarkings, but not the whole surface. Darker than any other that Ihave seen.Bird, (7), place, sky and means not stated.
— • Saw seas and spots, varying with the stage of eclipse ; Aristarchusdisappeared in the shadow, except at beginning and end.Noble, Maresfield, Engl., (8) ; sky and means not stated.
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76Could see lunar detail at mid-eclipse save just in center of shadow,where everything was obscured.Tempel, Marseille, (9) ; small stars and even nebulae visible near themoon.Means not stated ; could see various-colored spots, and the mountain-ous regions clearly.Grade 0, with interrogation point because Backhouse does not statethe aperture of his telescope.1863 IV 11; 0.196; Grade ic S. Pacific, Antarctica.6.9 Hoefer, Beauceron, France, (11) ; sky and means not stated, moonabout 8° high. The eclipsed part was completely obscured, with notrace of red.Freeman, Menton, (10) ; clear and serene; the divisions of Saturn'srings and the dusky ring, also 3 satellites, distinctly visible. Brighttwilight at mid-eclipse.c= 17.8 41/2 inch; able throughout to distinguish through the shadow the edgeof the obscured part of the moon, but could distinguish nothing uponthat part. i86s X 4; 0.344; Grade ic • Arctic O., Hudson's Bay, E. N. America.De la Rue, Cranford, Engl., (14) ; night bright, atmosphere tolerablysteady.0=1.5 4^ inch and 13 inch reflector; details plainly perceptible in the tele-scope, obscured portion perfectly visible without.
. Cantsler, Greifswald, Ger., (12) ; sky not stated, means not definitelystated ; the eclipsed limb remained continuously visible.
— Flaniinarion, (13); place, sky and means not stated; the rays ofTycho remained perfectly visible in the middle of the eclipse, as wellas the eclipsed amphitheatres and craters.1867 IX 13; 0.704; Grade ic S. Pacific, Antarctica, Indian O.Ingall, London, (17) ; sky not stated.c= 1.8 4J^ inch ; Aristarchus continued to be well seen till nearly the greatestphase, just before which I saw it as an 8th magnitude star, but afterthat I did not see it at all. KBrowning, London, (16) ; sky remarkable for its clearness.c^i.8 4 inch, and loYz inch reflector; the whole surface of the moon wasat all times to be made out, many of the markings within the shadowbeing easily visible .... some of the ray streaks.Slack, London, (18) ; sky not stated, but compare Browning.c^i.8 6^ inch reflector; at times the visibility of obscured parts was verystriking, [especially at mid-eclipse].Brothers, Manchester, Engl., (15) ; sky not stated.c= i.9 5 inch; during the whole period of the eclipse some of the brighterpoints of light within the shadow continued visible, as did also theentire disk, with many of the details of light and shade.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 71869 I 27; 0.450; Grade I
c S. W. Pacific, Antarctic ice, S. Indian O.Prowde, N. Allerton, Engl., (20) ; sky not stated.= 1.3 2% inch; the shadow was of a blackish-brown color, not so ruddy as
.... sometimes. The main details of the lunar surface were wellvisible in the telescope through the shadow, and the bright craterswere well marked.Gribble, Constantinople, (19) ; sky not stated.c=i.5 2ji inch and 4% inch; all the prominent features of the moon's sur-face under the shadow were quite distinct through [both telescopes]
.... strong red hue on the eclipsed limb.
1869 VII 22; 0.559; Grade ic N. W. Pacific, Bering's Sea, Siberia, Indus Valley, Indian Ocean.Tcbbutt, Windsor, N. S. W., (21) ; sky not stated.c:=i.o 2>}/^ inch; .... irregular and ill-defined character of the shadow.The colour of the shadow was very dark iron grey; the red tint ....was not noticed. Even with a power of 30 and the illuminated disk[out of] the field, the details of the obscured part of the surface wereperceived only with the greatest difficulty. The eclipsed limb ....pretty distinct 1870 I 17; 1.664; Grade ic Antarctica, W. Indian O., Arabia, C. Europe, Greenland, S. California,Pacific.Tebbutt, Windsor, N. S. W., (22) ; remarkably well seen .... thinfilmy cloud till about 1 1 h. 43 m.c=i.8 3l^ inch; .... when the moon shone unclouded, the details of thelunar surface began to be perceptible in the telescope. These becamegradually more distinct .... disk .... copper hue throughout thetotal phase, and continued distinctly visible both to the naked eye andin the telescope. 1870 VII 12; 1.687; Grade ic S. Pacific, W. Australia, Indo-China, N. Sweden, Windward Islands,Peru.Walker, Teignmouth, Engl., (25) ; .sky not stated, astronomical twi-light,d 4.6 e Binocular and sweeper, not clear which used for the following : AtII h. 47 m. the configurations on the moon's surface were mostlydiscernibleNoble, Maresfield, Engl., (23) ; clouds till after end of totality,d= 5.5 4.2 inch ; the shadow .... browner than I remember to have seenit before. The lunar detail was strikingly visible through it.Thompson, Cardiff, Wales, (24) ; sky apparently mostly clear, butclouds a while during totality; twilight, strong toward beginning ofobservations.b= 6.6 3J/2 inch; the seas were distinguishable before and after totality; attotality, the extreme western limb was scarcely visible.
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
18/ 1 I 6; 0.693 ; Grade i
c W. Pacific, Bering's Sea, Arctic N. America.Birmingham, Millbrook, Ireland, (26) ; the sky was good enough forhim to observe 6 occultations.c^i.5 6 foot [=43/2 inch aperture?] The bright parts of the moon had acoppery color, and the dark regions showed a slate blue.
18/3 V ij; 1.437; Grade i
c Missouri and Mackenzie Valleys, Siberia, Siam, Indian Ocean, Ant-arctic ice, N. Patagonia, far Eastern Pacific, Yucatan.Tebbutt, Windsor, N. S. W., (27) ; sky clear.c=i.3 4^ inch; at no time during the partial eclipse did the limb or thelunar details become indistinguishable in the telescope, and during thewhole of the total phase the moon was plainly visible to the naked eye.
iSj6 IX 3; 0.341 ; Grade i i
c Antarctica, Australia.Perrotin, Toulouse, (30); interrupted by clouds; means not stated.c= 2.2 The eclipsed limb was clearly seen, and also the lunar surface, particu-larly the part near the .shadow boundary.Arcimis, Cadiz, Spain, (28) ; atmosphere magnificent, not a cloud
.... extraordinary and exceptional purity,a 3.1c 4 inch and d. v. spectroscope; [The inner shadow was too dark togive a spectrum, which was obtainable only near the boundary].F. R. A. S., (29) ; place, etc., not stated.
— I remember myself how very nearly the moon disappeared from thesky on October 4, 1884, and also the notable darkness of the earth'sshadow during the partial eclipse of Sept. 3, 1876.Grade i, with interrogation point because of indefinite data.
1877 II 27; 1.671 ; Grade 2
c Antarctica, Pacific, E. Siberia, Greenland, near C. Verde.V. Sterneck, Vienna, (35) ; sky not stated.c= 2.2 6.4 cm. and 9.5 cm. ; certain parts of the moon's surface, as MareSerenitatis, Imbrium, and several others, appeared of a brighter redthan their surroundings and stood out clearly from them. Aristarchustoo was clearly visible as a shining point after its immersion till 7 h.,and for an equal time before its emersion.Barber, Rome, Italy, (33) ; the sky was so good that 8 very smallstars were visible to him within one diameter distance from the moon,and the Galaxy and Zodiacal Light were brilliant.c = 2.3 i^ inch; at the middle of the eclipse the central parts of the lunardisk were especially dark, and the markings upon it were barelyto be distinguished ; the circumference .... was much brighter.Ricco, Modena, (34) ; sky not stated.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 9
c= 2.5 The red light of the umbra was so intense, that during totality it pro-duced distinct shadows of the telescopes and other objects illuminatedby it.Arcimis, Cadiz, Spain, {2,^) ; clear after beginning of totality; weakastronomical twilight.04.3. d N. e. and telescope, aperture not stated ; no details were distinguishableby either.A. H. S., (31) ; place and sky not stated.6^{> inch reflector, after beginning of totality; what struck me mostwas the absence of bright spots, such as Aristarchus.1877 VIII 23; 1.761; Grade 2c Antarctica, E. Indian O., Malay Pen., Nova Zemlya, Greenland, Labra-dor, Carribean Sea, E. S. Pacific.Johnson, Crediton, Engl., (z?) ', "ot a cloud throughout.c 1.4 d 2^/4 inch ; Mare Crisium, Fecunditatis, Nectaris, Tranquilitatis, Sereni-tatis in a smoky gloomRand Capron, Guildford, Engl., (39) ; sky not stated.d = 2.2 8^ inch ; as shadow began to pass off ... . the indistinctness notice-able during approach and continuance of totality gave way to a con-siderable sharpness of the moon's features as seen through the shadow.The shadowed part glowed with a richer copper tint, on which wereseen dark, almost black, spots and patches A good field glassrendered them hardly less distinct.3^ inch ; the dark spots or patches were distinguished to be moondetails, but they were remarkably sharp and well-defined. [He saysthe same of details with 3^<t inch before totality.]Maunder, Greenwich, (38) ; sky not stated.c= 2.3 .... to the n. e. the eclipsed part was fairly bright and of a copperyhue, and the details of the surface seen with great distinctnessElgcr, Bedford, Engl., {2>^) ; exceptionally favorable circumstances.a 2.7 b .... details visible in the finder [of the 4 inch].1878 VIII 12; 0.590; Gradec White Sea, Greenland, Labrador, Florida.Maunder, Greenwich, (41) ; sky not stated.c:=2.5 Finder of the great equatorial; .... the eclipsed part completely cutout, the shadow being so dense and black that the outline of the moon'slimb could not be traced under it, even in imagination ; nor could anyfeatures be made out on the eclipsed part, except at the very edge ofthe shadow.Slack, Forest Row, Engl., (42) ; occasional cirro-stratus.c= 2.s 6]/4 inch reflector; Copernicus faintly visible as a pale white spot
.... most of the umbra coppery, but not bright or transparent. Allthrough the eclipse the umbra was darkest at the approaching marginfor a width about equal to that of Copernicus Moon's limbalways visible, if faintly.E. E. M., (40) ; place and sky not stated ; probably somewhere inEngland.
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 762^ inch. I could detect the limb of the moon through the shadowalmost as soon as it began to creep over the disk At 11 o'clockthe moon presented a superb spectacle, blood-red1S80 VI 21; 1.071; Grade 2?c S. W. Pacific, Antarctic ice, Antarctic and Indian oceans.Tebbutt, Windsor, N. S. W., (45) ; cloudless.c=:i.o 4^ inch; .... badly defined nature of the periphery of the shadow
.... the eclipsed moon a conspicuous object .... unusual bright-ness for a total eclipse, especially on the southern limb.c= i.o (43) ; nothing about means or sky; well seen at Melbourne Observa-tory .... the usual copper-red colour .... the western edge of themoon retained a greater brightness than the rest of its surface duringthe whole period of totality The features of the moon wereplainly visible throughout the darkest phases.Russell, Sydney, N. S. W., (44) ; air very clear and nearly calm.c=i.o 11V2 inch; .... the red light .... more conspicuous, and yet wasso translucent that all the conspicuous features of the moon could beseen, even the markings on the inner wall of the Aristarchus, etc.Grade 2, with interrogation point because dependent so largely onTebbutt's recollection of previous eclipses.
1881 VI 11; 1.36s; Grade ic N. Atlantic, Artie N. America, N. Pacific; almost a complete greatcircle of sea.Barnard, Nashville, Tenn., (46) ; sky not stated.c= 2.i .... the moon was strikingly conspicuous during totality. It wasof a beautiful bright cherry red, and the general details of its surfacewere very noticeable in a 5 inch telescope.Hall, Washington, D. C, (47) ; means and sky not stated,c = 2.6 Nearly all the details of the surface of the moon could be seen duringthe total eclipse.Hooper, Harvard, Mass., (48) ; clear ; faint astronomical twilight.c^ 3.3 4 inch ; . . . . even during the middle of totality .... the most promi-nent details of lunar scenery were easily made out. Color .... adull orange red. 1881 XII 4; 0.979; Grade 2c S. Pacific, Antarctic ice, S. Africa.Piat, Bagdad, (51) ; very cold; nothing but sky.c=i.2 Good opera-glass; in the red region the details were perfectly dis-tinguishable.lohnson, Bridport, Engl., (50) ; sky propitious, civil twilight.c =: 6.9 Telescope, aperture not stated; western seas; Aristarchus, a whitespot in the coppery disk .... continued so.Rand Capron, (52) ; place not stated ; the moon was low and the nightmisty; small banks of clouds on the horizon; in England somewhere.3]^ inch ; no red patches or brilliant tints were seen, but the nioon'sconfiguration was well made out through the shadow.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER II18S4 IV 9; 1.438; Grade 0?
c Antarctica, Indian O., Burmah, Lena Valley, Mississippi Valley,Yucatan.c= 4.9 Java, Java Head, astronomical twilight.= 2.8 Java, Bantiman, dark.Ch. Diifour, (53), states, on an authority not given, that the very rareoccurrence of a dark eclipse, in which the moon disappears, happenedtwice in the year 1884, as it was observed, first, Apr. 10, in the islandof Java, second, October 4, in Europe. Java Head and Bantimanare extreme, maritime positions given in Bowditch's Navigator.Grade 0, with interrogation point because the original authority isnot stated definitely.
1884 X 4; 1.533; Grade i
c Lena Valley, Arctic Archipelago, New England, Venezuela, E. Argen-tina, Antarctica, far Western Australia, China Sea.This eclipse was widely observed in Europe, and has generally beenclassed with dark eclipses like that of 1816. But the records hardlyjustify that; while Young's General Astronomy, (1898), p. 254, says,
"
. . . . the moon was absolutely invisible to the naked eye . . . .,"the following observations show that it was brighter, though quitedim. Coming in the period of the Krakatoa phenomena, it was muchdiscussed in that connection.Parsehian, Constantinople, (63) ; conditions excellent.c=i.2 5.0 cm.; Tycho, like a star of the second magnitude. The moon duringtotality was feebly but definitely colored in red.Berge, Romorantin, France, (55) ; nothing about sky or means.c= i.5 During totality the eclipsed moon remained constantly visible, and theMare Tranquilitatis, Mare Serenitatis, Oceanus Procellarum, etc.,were easily distinguished.Byl, Brussels, (56) ; atmospheric conditions hardly favorable, skyvery cloudy and often completely covered.0= 1.6 ID cm. ; during totality the disk was continuously visible, colored darkred, with a luminous circle around, white within, blue vvithout. Theseas were visible as brownish spots, very dark ; the peaks, as brilliantpoints with slight red aureoles.Guiot, Soissons, France, (60) ; nothing about sky or means.b 1.6 c Moon very dark, although sharp; Tycho, Copernicus, Plato and Gri-maldi easily seen, but not Aristarchus.Trepicd, Paris Obsy., (65) ; sky not stated.b 1.6 c 25 cm.; early in the partial stage the shadow edge was tinted red, andbeyond 2' or 3' within it nothing was perceptible. Later the shadowsuddenly brightened, it became possible to see the limb and the prin-cipal details of the surface. On the whole the shadow was completelyuniform, of a pale but decided blue.Spitta, Clapham, Engl., (64) ; sky cloudless.cr^i.6 10 inch reflector; during totality the moon was, generally speaking,exceedingly faint .... at times barely visible to the n. e., and
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76presented none of the coppery color usual on these occasions. It wasbluish at the lower edge No markings were plain enough to berecognized.Beechey, Downham, Engl., (54) ; sky and means not stated.c= 1.7 During totality it presented one equal flat tint of cold grey, throughwhich every feature of the lunar surface was distinctly visible.Denning, Bristol, Engl., (57) ; perfectly cloudless sky.c= i.7 10 inch reflector; .... her sharply circular contour, however, stilladmitted of satisfactory observation, and many leading features of thesurface were recognized amid the prevailing gloom ; . . . . interiorregion the coloring .... dark reddish brown.Guillaume, Perronas, France, (59) ; nothing about means or sky; theb 1.7 c seas were all visible.Lowe, Chepstowe, Engl., (61) ; sky cloudless, stars very brilliant.c^i.7 Telescope, aperture not stated. Having previously observed a numberof lunar eclipses, .... the density and blackness of the shadow wasfar greater than any previous one that I had seen. In all previouseclipses I have been able to trace the outline ; in the present case thiswas quite impossible. The moon had more the appearance of a largestar whose light was just able. to pierce through a dense haze. [Henowhere in his long account says anything of surface details.]Muller, Copenhagen, (62), and wife. Nothing about sky or means.b= i.8 Immediately after the beginning of totality, saw a bright red copperdisk, which lasted perhaps 2 m. Others in Copenhagen agreed as tothe color, but not as to intensity; outside of Copenhagen Danishobservers noted fainter reds.Erck, Shankill, Ireland, (58) ; most favorable circumstances.c^ 1.8 Means not stated. Obscuration so great that the disk could hardly bediscerned with the n. e. There were changes in the brightness of thesurface, described with sketches.In his summary, Flammarion says that there are brought out curiousand striking discrepancies among the accounts received. This is clearin the above. Such discrepancies seem frequent in descriptions of dimeclipses, of which this was surely one.
1885 III 30; 0.886 ; Grade I
c N. Pacific, Bering's Sea, Finland.Buisson, St. Denis, Reunion, (69) ; temps splendide; astronomical twi-light at beginning.a 4.3 c 10.8 cm.; the eclipsed limb became invisible at 6 h. 57 m., 1. m. t., andc 1.4 e remained so till near last contact ; about 9 h. 15 m., 1. m. t., Aristarchusand Mare Crisium were sometimes visible; during a great part of theeclipse the shadowed part was entirely or nearly invisible. Colors notmentioned.Biggs, Launceston, Tasmania, {6y) ; quotation from Launceston " Ex-aminer " ; sky and size of telescope not stated, but he observed con-stantly for three hours.c= 1.5 [At most (mid-eclipse) 25° of the eclipsed limb was visible, from theshadow-border inward; with this exception] all within the shadow
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER I3
was Utterly obliterated—lost in the dead slaty tint of the sky. I couldnot distinguish a single crater after once it was fairly within theshadow. Not the slightest trace of the coppery tint was visiblethroughout.Ballot, Rolfontein, Transvaal, (66) ; detached clouds ; astronomicaltwilight,a 4.0 c 6 inch ; when the shadow line had reached to midway between Platoand Aristarchus, I could plainly trace the limbs of the obscured partall round.Broune, Odessa, (68) ; sky pure to the end; bright civil twilight atbeginning of observations= mid-eclipse.c ;= 18.2 12 cm. ; Kepler and Aristarchus shone brilliantly as usual. The eclipsedpart was colored blue like the surrounding sky. The eclipsed limbwas invisible in telescope and in opera-glass, even quite close to thebright part.
1887 VIII 3; 0.424; Grade 0?
c Siberia, Kara Sea, N. Atlantic.Rayet, Bordeaux, {jti) ', sky very fine; astronomical twilight at mid-eclipse.c= 4.4 38 cm.; the whole disk of the moon never ceased to be visible in thetelescope, and the eclipsed part showed no coloration at all sensible.Klein, Cologne, (71) ; clear sky; astronomical twilight.c= 4.7 3 foot {=z2'%. inch?] and 6 foot [=43^ inch?] No details visible inthe eclipsed part, except toward the end.Grade 0, with interrogation point because all observations weremade in weak twilight ; this weakens the evidence for a dark eclipse,though it would strengthen that for a bright eclipse.
1888 I 28; 1.647; Grade 2
c Antarctic ice, S. W. Atlantic, Pampas, Ecuador, Mississippi Valley,near Pt. Barrow, E. Asia, Cochin China, S. W. Indian O.Brugiere, Marseille, (74) ; sky not stated,b = 1.2 Opera-glass ; of the lunar surface in the shadow, the seas are dark andthe plains are bright, easily visible.Terby, Brussels, (78) ; lunar corona in light clouds at beginning, anda halo at end.c^ 1.2 Equatorial and n. e. ; remarkable for the intensity of the red coloration,which caused the surface details to be constantly perceived.L. TV (tVjf^w.?),. Brussels Obsy., (76) ; advantageous conditions.c= 1.2 During totality, for i h. 38 m., it was not absolutely obscured, but as ifcovered with a red veil, through which the eye could follow thecontours of the principal spots.Soc. Astr. France, (77) ; several members report corroborating theabove.Fromme, Giessen, (75) ; sky continuously clear.c=:i.2 The seas easily visible to the n. e. throughout totality.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 761888 VII 22; 1.816; Grade i
c S. Greenland, Arctic Archipelago, near Sitka, Pacific, Wilke's Land,Cape Colony, Gulf of Guinea, Morocco, N. Atlantic.Barnard, Mt. Hamilton, (79) ; evening clear,c := 2.3 6j^ inch ; details during totality singularly indistinct.Valderrama, Teneriffe, (82) ; sky not stated ; dawn at mid-eclipse, i. e.,strong astronomical twilight.b=:2.3 2j^ inch and opera-glass; during totality the configurations of thec:=7.7 lunar surface were continuously visible.Duprat, Constantine, Algeria, (80) ; sky very pure; dawn a hindranceto color observations ; means not stated, but his figure must have beena = 8.5 made with a telescope. The eclipsed part was absolutely invisible.G. H., New Orleans, (81) ; and Romani, Port-au-Prince, (8ia), bothhad very favorable conditions, but otherwise report very incompletely.Both speak of the copper color and redness of the moon.i8Sg I 16; 0.696; Grade
c Libya, Black Sea, Russia, Siberia.Barnard, Mt. Hamilton, (83) ; sky not stated, but he observed through-out the eclipse.c= I.I 12 inch; the obscured portion of the disk was conspicuous to the n. e.throughout nearly all the eclipse, and appeared of a lightish redcolor The prominent objects were easily seen within theshadow [presumably with the telescope].Mitchell, Chester, Engl., (86) ; beautifully clear, clouded over beforemid-eclipse,c = 2.5 8^ inch reflector; with a low power the darkened limb was justvisible.Eginitis and Maturana, Paris, (85) ; sky fine at first, completelycovered after mid-eclipse.c= 2.9 Equatorial ouest; the dififerent craters, and in general all the detailsof the eclipsed part very clearly distinguished.Stuyvaert, Brussels, (87) ; favorable weather, image throughout sharpand steady.c= 3,o 15 cm. ; the lunar formations disappeared rapidly as soon as they wereinvaded by the shadow.le Cadet, Lyons, (84) ; sky not stated,c = 3-2 38 cm. ; almost all the details visible in the shadow.1889 VII 12; 0.486 ; Grade o
c N. S. Wales, Antarctic ice, Magellan Str.Riccd, Palermo, (93) ; sky apparently clear.c= 2.9 25 cm.; notable lack of light and color compared with precedingeclipses. Aristarchus visible a while after immersion.Mascari, with Ricco.c := 2.9 25 cm. ; shadow very dark, Aristarchus hardly visible, in contrast withother eclipses, when it and others were very visible.V. Gothard, Hereny, (88) ; sky not stated ; astronomical twilight.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER I 5
c ^ 4.2 4>4 inch ; the ecHpsed part was very dark, grayish black.V. Kotikoly, O'Gyalla, (89) ; sky not stated, but a halo stopped obser-vations later ; astronomical twilight.c =: 4.2 6 inch ; at mid-eclipse could see the eclipsed part only with the brightsegment out of the field.Krueger, Kiel, (go) ; sky and means not stated.The brilliancy of Aristarchus in the surrounding gloom was verystriking. 1891 V 23; 1.306; Grade ic N. W. Pacific, Saghalien, N. Russia, Italy, Sahara, near C. Palmas,Graham Land, S. Pacific.Wooster, Ballarat East, Victoria, (96) ; beautifully clear.c=::i.7 8 inch reflector; some of the larger and bolder formations weretraceable during the whole of totality. After passing the center ofthe shadow, though still wholly immersed in it, the N. and E. partsbecame much lighter, quite a pale ash color, in which Sinus Iridum,Plato, Aristarchus, Grimaldi, etc., stood out boldly.Jackson, Constantinople, (94); moon rose out of haze and fog;apparently clear thereafter ; weak astronomical twilight about end oftotality.d= 3.7 6 inch; [Y2 hr. before end of totality] Aristarchus and the regionimmediately north of it became conspicuous, and increased in bright-ness from that time forwards. The moon was visible to the n. e.throughout.Leimtsky, Kharkov, (95) ; cloudless sky, astronomical twilight.c S.I d 3 inch ; the whole disk plainly visible, with some formations visible butdim. 1891 XI 15; 1.393; Grade 2c Antarctic ice, Indian O., B. of Bengal, near Yakutsk, Alaska, RockyMountains, near Manzanillo, S. Pacific.Gore, Ballysodare, Ireland, (98) ; clear and cloudless sky.d i.3e Binocular; markings on dark part pretty conspicuous.Power, Cape Observatory, (100) ; clear.b:=i.8 N. e., [from context;] the coppery hue characteristic of "bright"eclipses was distinctly visible .... there were darker patches on thecoppery surface .... it resembled drawings of Mars, with patchesof darker shade scattered over the moon's surface.Fenef, Beauvais, France, (97), and Decroupet, Soumagne, both withgood sky, used opera-glasses, and report seeing the spots and con-figurations. Others with larger telescopes agree as to the brightnessand visibility of details. But Leslie, Southampton, Engl., (99), clearsky, "glasses," says that "the darkness and absence of color of theshaded part of the moon was even more marked in this eclipse thanin that of October 4, 1884."1892 V 11; 0.953; Grade 2c Antarctic ice, S. E. Pacific.Codde and others, Marseille, (lOi) ; good conditions.
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'jd
cr=2.2 i6 cm.; Kepler .... and the principal topographic details are veryvisible.Goodacrc, Highgate, Engl., (103); weather clear; markings morec = 2>-2i distinct to the n. e. than in the telescope.Crossley and GledhUl, Halifax, Engl., (102) ; weather all that couldbe desired.c= 3.7 The principal lunar seas, etc., were readil_v seen and identified with thehelp of an opera-glass.Observers at Louvain, (104), saw the seas and the northern region of
• the moon with the n. e. Others, at various points, with telescopes largeand small, report visibility of details.1892 XI 4; 1.092; Grade
c C. Europe, N. Sea, N. Atlantic, Greenland, Baffin's Bay, Queen Char-lotte's Sd., S. Pacific, Antarctica, Mozambique Channel, Tripoli.Gale, Paddington, Sydney, N. S. W., (107) ; well seen, in spite of hazeand light cloud.c = 2.0 816 inch reflector; the want of sharpness of objects on the lunar sur-face was noticeable throughout, although Jupiter was very welldefined with power 280 Detail was only seen near the northernand western limbs during the total phase.Russell, Sj'dney Obsy., (no) ; was occupied with photographs of theeclipse, and makes no report about the visibility of details, except thatnone were visible for a while after first contact ; aperture not stated,breaks in clouds. The coppery color was brilliant, except in earlystages. Contrary to the prediction of the Nautical Almanac, he saysthat this eclipse as observed was certainly not total.Doberck, Hong Kong Obsy., (106) ; weather not stated; 2% inchbinocular ; nothing about visibility of details ; the early shadow wasbluish gray, the later stages brighter.In France, the moon rose in bright twilight, past totality. Gio-vanozzi, Florence, (108), and Cartel, Chateau Chinon, (105), both saythat the eclipsed part was entirely invisible, not distinguishable from
— • the sky. v. Glasenapp, Abastuman, (109), emphasizes the varyingintensity of the red color, and gives the moment of its disappearance,S h. 04 m. G. M. T., which agrees with Russell's statement of S h. o.'^ m.He says nothing of details.jSg4 III 21; 0.248 ; Grade oc N. W. Pacific, Mackenzie Valley, Arctic O., E. of Ural Mts.Rzyszczewski, Minoussinsk, E. Siberia, (m) ; sky completely pure;twilight over mid-eclipse.c=:3.o 7.2 cm.; he notes (i), the complete invisibility, even in the field ofmy telescope of the eclipsed part of the moon .... for eventhe contour of the disk was invisible. (2) .... the shadow was likean opaque smoke, completely black, with a slight greenish shimmer.(3) The eclipsed part is much more invisible, both to the n. e. andin the telescope, than the ashy disk of our satellite during the firstdays of the first quarter
NO. 9 r.RIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLITSES FISHER YJ1894 ^^ 14 i 0.231 ; Grade 2c Antarctica, S. and C. Africa.Barnard, Mt. Hamilton, (112) ; skj' not stated, but he observed andmade photographs all through.= 2.0 12 inch and its finder; in 12 inch, a pale, ashy, dusty shade, withscarcely any boundary line ; in finder, outline of shadow quite marked.Limb of the moon and details on the surface seen while in shadow
—
limb more conspicuous than at same stage in other eclipses Ithink it was lighter than usual.Comas-Sola, Barcelona, (113); excellent sky; astronomical twilight.c = 5.2 Opera-glass ; there are seen in the shadowed part the principal lunarconfigurations, as Mare Imbrium, Mare Frigoris, etc In spiteof dawn and low altitude, the eclipsed part more visible than ever[at about a quarter-hour before end of totality. He observed no red.]Riccd and Mascari, Catania, (116), Pilloy, Chateau-Thierry, (iiS),Ladoiix, Frontignan, (114), agree as to the lead color of the shadow,Pilloy seeing a faint tint of red.1895 III 10; 1.627 ; Grade 2c E. Black Sea, near Nova Zemlya, Alaska, Pacific, Antarctica, Portu-guese E. Africa, middle Red Sea.Observers at NorthHeld, Minn., (124) ; sky beautifully clear.c— 1.7 At the edge of the umbra the light was quite bright, so that the moreprominent details of the moon's surface could be seen with the n. e.
.... Toward the center of the shadow the illumination lessenedrapidly .... the surface markings could hardly be distinguished[with the n. e. ?].Dunienil, Yebleron, France, (119) ; aureole and halo.c= 2.3 Marine glass, 5.8 cm.; in the early stages, shadow black like soot, nodetail visible. Previous to mid-eclipse, brighter, itw details visible,but Mare Crisium pretty plain. Later during totality, the moon wasabsolutely invisible to the n. e.Martial, Ploermel, France, (122) ; sky of perfect limpidity.c 1=2.3 S-7 ^^^- '' much like the report of Dumenil, except that he was not ableever to see any details during totality.Everett, Greenwich, Engl., (121) ; nothing about sky.c--=2.4 Opera-glass; ruddiness confined to lower half of disk; 4 inch; noruddiness, maria easily seen in telescope.Bosshard, Winterthur, Switz., (117) ; clear, except for occasional smallthin clouds near the end.c = 2.6 3V2 inch; at beginning of totality, ]\Iare Crisium weakly visible; thisand other details were not noted at mid-eclipse ; Grimaldi appearedas a dark spot just before end of totality.c:=2.9 Perrine, Mt. Hamilton, (125); haze the entire evening, sufficientlythick to interfere materially, especially with the occultations. Themoon's disk was visible at all times, and quite conspicuous except fora brief time at mid-transit, and even then the outlines of the principaldark areas were visible to the n. e.Eddie, Grahamstown, Cape Colony, (120) ; sky apparently good; twi-light came with beginning of totality.
l8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76b= 2,.y Aperture not stated. All lunar detail was completely obliterated, andthough it was decidedly a red eclipse, it was undoubtedly a very darkone.
• Comstock, Madison, Wis., (118) ; perfectly clear sky; noteworthy forthe unusual brightness of the moon during totality.
• Qiielin, Angers, France, (126) ; at first a halo, then clear. Aperturenot stated; no detail visible in telescope, and, part of the time, mooninvisible.Rudaux, Donville, France, (127) ; sky and means not stated, but heobserved throughout totality, and no doubt with telescope.Comparing his sketches of the eclipse with theory, he concludes thatthe apparent center of the shadow is north of the theoretical center.Whence one may conclude, he says, that the terrestrial southernhemisphere enjoys an atmosphere very pure, refracting the solar lighten entier. [Sketches not published by editor.]Newbegin, (123); place not stated, no doubt in England; fine andclear, [last hour of totality].Finder, aperture not stated ; the whole outline of the moon and allthe details of the surface were most distinct
1895 IX 3; 1.557; Grade 2
c Antarctica, S. Atlantic, Ashanti, Morocco, Iceland, near Bering's Str.,New Zealand.Nauzvelaerts, Rosario de Santa Fe, Arg., (131) ; fairly good sky up tototality.c= 1.3 Aperture not stated; Aristarchus remained visible some time, Kepler,Copernicus and Tycho disappeared almost at the time of contact withthe shadow. At totality, to the n. e., the color is reddish Inthe telescope, .... all the selenographic configuration is readilyvisible Certain regions, as the Mare Fecunditatis and MareSerenitatis, are very dark.Barnard, Mt. Hamilton, (128) ; night very satisfactory; observedthroughout eclipse.0=1.5 2^ inch; in telescope all the lunar details clearly seen. The darkregions seen easily with the n. e.Perrine, Mt. Hamilton, (133) ; sky overhead clear, and the air verytransparent.c:^ 1.5 12 inch. The moon remained plainly visible all through the total phase,the main features being discernible with the n. e., and distinct in thetelescope.Payne and Wilson, Northfield, Minn., (132) ; sky cloudless, hazy atbeginning, clear afterwards.b = 1.7 Shadow at first very dark, to n. e. almost black ; No detailsvisible till [about 10 m. after second contact] when Aristarchus wasdimly seen. Soon after, many markings visible in 16 inch, but invisiblein 5 inch finder.Campos-Roderigiies, Lisbon-Tapada, (129); sky not stated; totalitybegan in mid-twilight.b= S.O II. 7 cm.; the details of the disk were continuously visible, particularly
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER I9c= 17.8 the contours of the maria, and certain craters, notably Aristarchus andManiHus.Flammarion, Juvisy, France, (130); sky hazy; strong astronomicaltwilight,a 7.6 b The half-eclipsed moon hard to see, with n. e. and opera-glass, on thefield of the sky.Roulaud, Dragueville, France, (134) i sky and means not stated.The principal spots were visible.
' Vereri, Bellevue, France, (136) ; sky and means not stated.The shadow was entirely black.Szmft, Echo Mt., Cal., (135) ; cloudless sky.
• Aristarchus was on this occasion a very inconspicuous object, notnoticeable unless looked for.1896 II 28; 0.870; Grade 2c Antarctica, S. Atlantic.Moller, Bothkamp, (138) ; sky not stated.c = 2.4 6.0 cm. ; the smaller craters were visible after immersion only in theneighborhood of the shadow-edge, and no longer after they had pene-trated deeper into the shadow.W. P (ruisf),lJcde, Belgium, (141); sky almost completely hidden.c= 2.6 To "the n. e., the shadow which covered the moon was reddish, andgrayer toward the center of the disk; in it one could distinguish thegray spots of the lunar seas as well as the brilliant crater Tycho.Dumenil, [Yebleron], (137) ; apparently a pretty good sky betweenclouds.c^2.8 Marine glass, 5 cm.; the light rose-color which covered 8/10 of thesurface was admirably transparent. In it there were perceived all thedetails; continents and mountains, very blue; the seas, a little moregray.Taylor, S. Kensington, Engl., (140).c = 3.0 2 inch ; the principal lunar seas and formations were easily seenthrough the red part of the shadow, which was redder to the n. e.than in a 2 inch o. g.Roberts, Aberdeen, Scotland, (139) ; sky not stated,c^ 3.2 The maria could be distinctly traced with the n. e.1898 I 7; 0.157; Grade i
c Siberia, near Bering's Str., Alaska.Sfuyraert, Brussels, Ci45) ! excellent conditions.c=i.i 38 cm.; the shadow was throughout of a uniform slate gray. Fora while after beginning, and again before ending, the brilliant rayextending S. E. from Tycho was visible in the, shadow. Previous tothe middle of the eclipse the immersed limb was seen only withdifficulty.Chevrcmont, Congis, France, (14^); during the eclipse the sky wasperfectly limpid.c^i.i 6.0 cm.; about mid-eclipse the shadow is so dense that the details ofthe surface disappear entirely; but, a curious fact, the bright ray
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
extending S. S. E. from Tycho is clearly visible throughout its wholeextent .... with telescope. These conditions persisted throughoutthe eclipse.Guiot, Soissons, (144) ; says that to n. e. the limb was entirelyinvisible.Godden, [London?], (143) ; night calm and slightly foggy.c:= I.I 15/16 inch and 3 inch; could see the limb, but no surface detail what-ever. 1898 VII 3; 0.934 ; Grade 2c Southern Pacific Ocean, Australia.Saija, Catania, (153) ; sky clear throughout eclipse,a 3.0 c 12 cm. ; a little way inside the shadow edge the lunar topography isnot visible.Ricco, Catania, (152) ; sky clear throughout eclipse.a 3.0c 153 cm.; Aristarchus brilliant, Kepler and Copernicus well seen.Marckimck, Gibraltar, (150) ; very favorable circumstances.C3.2e Binocular; possibly many would hardly have noticed there was aneclipse The principal markings of the lunar disk seen perfectlywell in the shadow.Moye, Bordeaux, (151) ; sky not stated.[About half-an-hour before mid-eclipse] with an opera-glass thereare visible in the shadow the Mare Crisium and the principal lunarconfigurationsc 3.5 e [About a half-hour after mid-eclipse] with an opera-glass the MareCrisium is visible in the shadow, dark on a brighter ground. Proclusshines with a reddish light in the shadow.Struve, Kharkov, (154) ; clear at first, clouds during second half.c^3-7 6 inch; the eclipsed part of the moon was pretty dark, but in the6 inch refractor the largest craters could still be recognized in theshadow; but not in smaller telescopes.Wcinek, Prague, (156) ; good weather, after a while completely clear,a 3.8 c 9.76 cm. ; he mentions various details as visible at different times,particularly Mare Crisium and Aristarchus.Ambronn, Gottingen, (146) ; thin filaments of cirro-stratus.c 4-3 e 8.3 cm. ; the more sharply limited seas and craters are also visible inthe eclipsed part.Grein, St. Emilion, France, (148) ; sky not stated.c^=S.2 4.3 cm.; at maximum eclipse he could see the principal spots, a littlevaguely ; with n. e., nothing.Gaythorpe, Barrow-in-Furness, Engl., (147) ; breaks between clouds,later clear and observations continuous.e = 6.l 3 inch, [during latter half]. When the illuminated portion of themoon was moved out of the field, the umbra was sufficiently trans-parent to show the Mare Crisium, and a few of the neighboring ring-plains, such as Cleomedes.Vereri, Bellevue, France, (155) ; sky not stated; astronomical twilight,a 6.4 c The red coloration is particularly intense on the eastern part of thelimb ; it shades off gradually towards the still illuminated region, andpermits the seas of Serenity and Tranquillity to be seen by the n. e.and with an opera-glass.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 21
H'au'ct, Paris, (149) ; cleared up sufficiently for good observations.Astronomical twilight.c=:6.4 At maximum eclipse, with n. e., the contours of the eclipsed portionwere clearly visible. The principal spots were equally visible throughthe shadow
7595 XII 27; 1.384; Grade 2
c S. Atlantic, near Santiago, near Vera Cruz, near Sitka, near Bering'sStr., near Bangkok, Indian O.IVhichello, Chester, Engl., (169) ; cleared off before first contact,cr^i.i During totality, both by n. e. and in 9 inch reflector, outlines of themaria, etc., could be easily seen.Staus and Milndler, Frankenthal, Ger., (167) ; clear air during totality.c^i.i 3 inch; details mentioned as visible in the shadow, Tycho and Aris-tarchus.Bareel, Louvain, (157) ;,bad state of sky and strong wind,a I.I b 6 inch; all the seas visible in the equatorial, but not Tycho.King, Leicester, Engl., (164) ; clear breaks in clouds,d i.2e 2 inch; details well seen.Blacklock, Gateshead, Engl., (158) ; unclouded and nearly black sky.0=1.2 2tV2 inch reflector; during the whole time the details of the moon'ssurface were distinctly visible in the telescope.Gaythorpe, Barrow-in-Furness, Engl., (162) ; sky clear, strong wind.b 1.2 c 3 inch ; . . . . everywhere sufficiently transparent to allow most of thecoarser details to be seen.Smith, Edinburgh, Scotland, (166) ; observed the eclipse throughintervals in the clouds.c= 1.2 AH through, the dusky surface markings were easily seen with the n. e.Fran::, Breslau, Ger., (161) ; sky not stated.= 1.2 3/^ inch; easily visible during totality—Grimaldi. Aristarchus, SinusIridum, Plato, Promontorium Acherusia, Manilius, Menelaus.Ellison, Monkswearmouth, Engl., (159) ; perfectly clear sky allthrough.a-b 4 inch ; Grimaldi, Mare Crisium, and other dark spots within theumbra very distinct Tycho and rays noted to be very con-spicuous.Fauth, Landstuhl, Ger., (160) ; occasional cirrus.c 17.8 cm. ; spots, and rays of Tycho, Copernicus and Kepler perfectlyclear during totality.Killip, St.-Anne's-on-the-Sea, Engl., (163) ; clear sky.c 5 inch ; detail everywhere remarkable. Menelaus and Manilius only alittle less bright than Aristarchus. The rays from Tycho very fine.Stuyvaert, Uccle, Belgium, (168) ; sky clear.c 15 cm. ; the great configurations of the seas are visible ; Aristarchusbrilliant All selenographic details are very visible."No Sig," (165) ; place not named ; moon quite clear, and so remained.c The features on the moon's surface were discernible with the n. e.,the contrast between seas and highlands being well marked. 9 inchreflector; Tycho, Grimaldi, many of the streaks, Plato, and so on.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76iSgg VI 22; 1.487; Grade 0?
c Siberia, near end of AHaska Pen., Pacific, W. Antarctica, S. Atlantic,near Antanarivo, Indus Valley.Bernacchi, Cape Adare, Antarctica, (170) ; fine and clear, but misty;but small stars in Sagitta and Crux were visible during totality. Aper-ture not stated ; he calls it " the big telescope." Eclipse visiblethroughout.c=i.6 During this time there was absolutely no ... . detail observable onthe lunar surface, and at no time was the whole of the disk visible.
.... During the first half of totality the western limit was of a dullred color, and the eastern quite invisible. During the latter half it,was the reverse.Grade 0, with interrogation point because of the mist, and the aper-ture not being given.
1899 XII 16; 0.996*;' Grade 2
c Far S. Atlantic and Pacific, Weddell Sea.Lafitte, Sa'ida, Algeria, (176) ; sky not stated,a 0.9 c Opera-glass ; the principal seas.Saija, Catania, (180) ; sky clear throughout.a I.I c In the finder, 4 cm., the topography of the eclipsed part is entirelyinvisible, but in the telescope, 15 cm., well enough.Daguin, Beyris, France, (172) ; sky very pure, stars brilliant, the reda I.I c color is bright and sufficiently transparent to allow details to berecognized in it, even without telescope.Grein, St. Hippolyte, France, (174) ; sky not stated.c=:i.i 4.3 cm.; the principal spots were quite visible.King, Leicester, Engl., (175) ; clear sky throughout,a 1.2 c 2% inch; the seas plainly visible.Liizct, Mar£illy-en-Villette, France, (178) ; exceptional conditions.c^ 1.2 4.3 cm. ; the general background during maximum eclipse, bright wine-color, the seas a decidedly bluish ashy color.Crusinherry, Des Moines, Iowa, (171) ; sky slightly hazy; aperture notc = 2.0 stated. At the middle of the eclipse the center of the moon was quitedark, but the " seas " showed up finely in the finder of the telescope,and Tycho was quite easily seen.Gauhert, Martinique, ^173) ; sky admirable; aperture not stated.The cirques, seas, the lunar topography were perfectly visible duringmaximum.Levreau, Santiago del Estero, Arg., (177) ; sky and means not stated.The form of the seas very visible in the shadow.Maclachlan, Largs, N, B., (179).
• 5 inch ; the details of the features of the moon were curiously irregu-lar in visibility .... without any apparent cause, such as interferenceby clouds.
* This is treated as a total eclipse in Tables 2, 4, 5.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 231901 X 27; 0.228; Grade i
c Great Slave Lake, Greenland, S. Scandinavia, C. Europe.Zlatinsky, Mitava, Russia, (181) ; moon rose out of haze, about a0=13.5 lialf-hour before mid-eclipse; about 10 m. after mid-eclipse, Tychovisible in shadow. 7.5 cm., civil twilight.190S IV 22; 1.338; Grade i
c Antarctic, S. Atlantic, Senegambia, Spain, Sweden, Nova Zemlya,Okhotsk Sea, Pacific, New Zealand.Khalatov, Tiflis, (185) ; sky not stated,b = 2.6 Even with opera-glass, the Mare Serenitatis and Mare Imbrium havethe appearance of two black spots. Later, 10.8 cm., various craters
;
the contours of the principal seas very distinct.
" Mathcmaticus," Syra, Greece, (186) ; sky not thoroughly black, yeteven the smallest stars visible.c= 2.8 The color of the moon's disk was very dark, so dark as he has neverobserved since .... October 4, 1884.Godden, London, Engl., (183) ; sky gray; astronomical twilight,d 6.6 e 3 inch ; area in shadow invisible. Thinks it as dark as October 4, 1884.Goodacre, London, Engl., (184); cloudy; astronomical twilight.d 6.6 e The shadow .... very dark, almost black, and quite obscured theeclipsed limb when looked at with a binocular and 3 inch refractor.Zlatinsky, Mitava, Russia, (189) ; fine sky, astronomical twilight.0=7.2 7.5 cm.; Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, all the seas.Wejnek, Prague, (188) ; sky cloudless throughout; twilight.= 7.9 3 observers, with 9.76 cm., 6.27 cm., 8.37 cm.; within the umbraremarkably little detail was visible.AUandcr, Malmo, Sweden, (182) ; sky not stated; twilight.= 14.4 Could see the various maria with the n. e.Parr, Florence, Italy, (187) ; sky not stated; twilight,c > 20 3 inch ; seas, etc., visible.Grade i is a compromise among remarkable discrepancies.
1902 X 16; 1.464; Grade i
c Arctic O., Khamchatka, Pacific, Antarctica, S. Atlantic, Ashanti, nearMarseille, Sweden.Barnard, Yerkes Observatory, (190) ; favorable conditions.c^i.i [Had observed 6 total eclipses.] The present eclipse was by far thedarkest For a portion of the time the eastern and westernedges could not be seen with the eye Very few details werevisible in the telescope [6 inch] during totality. Aristarchus and someof the darker regions could be made out dimly. Tycho and the detailsin its region were not visible No details of the surface werevisible with the n. e., though at previous eclipses such have been seen.Payne, Northfield, Minn., (198) ; broken clouds.= 1.2 5 inch; during the last part, all the prominent features of the surfacewere easily seen, and many of the lesser ones could be recognized.O'Halloran, San Francisco, Cal., (197) ; sky not stated.
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 760=1.3 .... before long the seas were visible, even without magnifyingpower .... the white streaks so conspicuous at full moon were dis-cernible .... coppery hue .... revealed lunar topography with un-expected distinctness, especially in a telescope. [4 inch.] The color ofthe seas closely resembled a dull gray object, such as gray paper, onwhich light through a red lamp falls. The streaks were discernible,even those around Copernicus, and the latter crater was more con-spicuous than Tycho. Aristarchus as usual outshone all other fea-turesJohnson, Bridport, Engl., (194) ; sky and aperture not stated.a 3.1b .... Over one fourth eclipsed, but no details of this part visible.As the moon sank down toward the horizon it could be discerned as afaint ruddy circle until 6 o'clock, when the daylight overpowered thetotally eclipsed disk. He thinks it a very dark eclipse.Marckwick, Devonport, Engl., (195) ; clear breaks between showers;b = 4.4 astronomical twilight. He says nothing of details ; would call this a
" bright " eclipse.Godden, London, Engl., (192) ; sky not stated.a 4.6 b [Just before totality.] In field-glass, margin of eclipsed area veryred, the " seas " area black as soot. [Just after totality began] margincoppery, " seas " as black as before.Crommelin, Greenwich, (191) ; weather conditions perfect; there wasnot the slighest difficulty in tracing the moon's limb, even when thesky was quite bright with twilight. He followed the eclipsed disk ofthe moon low down, even through London smoke .... was not avery dark eclipse.Howe, Chamberlin Obsy., (193) ; one haze cloud mentioned.First observation, 20 inch, the eclipsed portion was totally invisible.Later, the whole became visible, in 5 inch and to n. e., before visiblein 20 inch. Nothing about details.Amateur observers in Mexico City, (196) ; good weather; aperture notstated. During the totality it was possible to observe the details of thelunar surface.Wilson, Goodsell Obsy., Northfield, Minn., (199) ; sky not stated.Opera-glass ; at the beginning of the totality .... across the equatorwas a dark shadow, in which no detail could be seen at all ... . notdue to clouds. [He makes no other reference to detail.]Almost all observers mention a dark smear across the moon,especially in the early stages. There is disagreement about thevisibility of the eclipsed limb in the early stages.Grade 1 is a compromise among discrepancies.
J903 IV 11; 0.973 ; Grade
c E. Siberia, Kara Sea, Arctic O.1.5 to 4.5 Many observers, instruments large and small, generally good condi-tions, within the area Lisbon, Syra, Kasan, Nassjo, Sunderland. Allagree, shadow at first black, later dim. No detail observed by anyone.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 2$1903 X 6; 0.869; Grade 2
c Antarctica, S. Pacific.Johnson, Shepparton, Australia, (207) ; night fine and clear.c::= 1.4 Means not stated. A very light one. At mid-eclipse the whole outlineof the disk, and, on the shadowed part, considerable detail, wereclearly visible.Bordage and Garsault, Reunion, (205) ; breaks in clouds.c 2.T, e Opera-glass and spy-glass ; at mid-eclipse, Aristarchus. Later, thelunar topography clearly seen-—eastern border of Mare Humorum,Grimaldi, Oceanus Procellarum.Dubiago, Kasan, Russia, (206) ; troublesome clouds.e= 2.7 24.4 cm.; 9.6 cm. The craters were hardly visible, and the eclipsedpart was dark red.
" Mathcmaticus" Syra, Greece, (208) ; sky and means not stated.
• The eclipse was indeed a bright one, as the whole dark border of themoon was clearly visible.1905 II 19; 0.410; Grade i
c Southern Ocean, Antartica, S. Atlantic O.Rengel, Lyons, (220) ; break in clouds ; astronomical twilight.c := 3.2 7.5 cm. ; shadow ashy gray, no details visible.Larronde, Cenac, France, (216); sky not stated; astronomical twi-light.c= 3.7 Opera-glass ; shadow slate gray ; in it there were feebly distinguishablethe important details in the form of spots just perceptible; like theashy light just before the first quarter.Moye, Montpellier, (218) ; sky not stated; astronomical twilight.c= 3.3 Eclipsed part was plainly seen with the n. e., even since the beginning.The rosy hue was evident, but perhaps less strongly than usual. With2 inch I saw in the shadowed part some features of the lunar topog-raphy ; Aristarchus was shining in the dark as a little star. Theeclipse was a bright one.Crommelin, Greenwich, (213) ; sky not stated; astronomical twilight.c = 3.9 Binocular ; could see the limb distinctly, but no markings.Hanhidge, Hackney, Engl., (215) ; sky not stated; astronomical twi-light.c = 3.9 2]/^ inch ; the eclipsed part was very dark .... there was not a traceof surface features. Part of the moon's eclipsed limb showed brightlythrough the earth's shadow. In fact, I could trace it all round, butdisconnectedly.
"Meteor," Worthing, Engl., (217) ; very satisfactorily observed.Conditions as perfect as could be desired. Astronomical twilight.c = 3-9 3^ inch ; . . . . when the illuminated portion of the disk was put outof the field .... the markings on the lunar surface, as well as thedark limb of the moon, could be very plainly seen.Caron, Lillebonne, France, (211) ; sky not stated, astronomical twi-light.c= 4.i Marine glass; limb visible throughout, but no details.Chczremont, Quiberon, France, (212) ; sky not stated; astronomicaltwilight.
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
c=4.S 6.0 cm.; shadow dark or iron gray; no details visible.Quenisset, Nanterre, France, (219) ; with a telescope, [aperture notstated], the umbra so transparent that it allowed all the features of thelunar surface to be seen. Coloration slate gray.
• Aynie, Douai, (209) ; at mid-eclipse the part in the umbra was in-visible to the n. e. ; in telescope, [aperture not stated], bluish gray;like the ashy light at first quarter.Burnerd, (210) ; place and sky not stated. A lunar eclipse alwayscalls forth such contradictory statements. Here we have a numberof observers favored with clear skies, and most of them in disagree-ment as to the intensity of the earth's shadow To me theeclipse was a decidedly light one—so much so that the obscured por-tion of the disk was clearly visible to the n. e. With 2^4 inch o. g.and 6 inch reflector, several craters beneath shadow stood out promi-nently, especially Aristarchus.Dennett, (214) ; place not stated.The 2 inch held in the hand .... showed the markings within theshadow even.W. G. T., Southampton, Engl., (221) ; fairly favorable, occasionalpassing clouds.5 inch ; the bright crater Aristarchus was visible through the shadowall the time the eclipse lasted.Grade i is a compromise.
1905 VIII 15; 0.292; Grade i
c British Columbia, Franklin Str., Greenland.Bcnoit, Juvisy, France, (222) ; superb weather ; astronomical twilight,a 3.9 c 10.8 cm. ; the shadow is not very opaque ; certain details on the diskare visible, and the limb is perfectly visible.de Perrot, Puy, France, (225) ; sky very pure; astronomical twiHght.c = 4.i No details visible on the eclipsed part, either with an opera-glass orthe n. e.Guerin, Marseille, (224) ; sky pure ; astronomical twilight.= 5.4 7-5 cm.; the shadow was black without color, and although theeclipsed part of the moon was quite visible in the instrument, thebrilliant mountains, even Tycho, disappeared completely.Block, La-Queue-des-Yvelins, France, (223) ; astronomical twilight.
• 4.3 cm. ; throughout the duration of the observations the obscuredpart was visible although very weak, and not one detail of topographywas perceived in the shadow, which was colorless.Quignon, Mons, (226) ; exceptional sky ; astronomical twilight.c= 6.i 4.0 cm., shadow grayish black, no details visible.Stuyvaert, Uccle, Belgium, (228) ; favorable weather ; twilight.c^j.y 15.0 cm.; the shadow is dark .... no lunar configuration is visiblein the eclipsed part, the limb is hardly distinct.Winkler, Jena, Ger., (229) ; twilight.0=14.7 4 inch; the eclipsed part of the moon was almost invisible.JVuillemter, Galway, Ireland, (230) ; sky and means not stated.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 2"]Shadow intensely black and indistinguishable from the sky, limbinvisible.Rey, Marseille, (227), de Sforza, Trieste, (227a), report that Tychowas visible, even brilliant ; means not stated.
1906 II 8; 1.631; Grade 2
c Antarctica, South Island, Hokkaido, Nova Zemlya, Norway, GreatBritain, Canary Islands, S. Atlantic.A. Lopes, Hacienda Santa Rita, Mexico, (234) ; clear.c = 0.8 The peculiarities of the lunar surface (the spots) were perceivedwith the n. e.E. Lopes, Chignahuapan, Mexico, (235) ; sky and aperture not stated.= 0.8 The peculiarities of the lunar surface are just visible, like dark spots.Ross, Glasgow, Scotland, (238) ; sky almost free from clouds, buta thin misty veil appeared from time to time ; first contact at end ofdarkness, beginning of totality in strong astronomical twilight.a ^3.6 3 inch; Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, after first contact; Aristar-b.-=7.2 chus, Menelaus, before totality.Macpherson, Johnsburn, Scotland, (236) ; perfect weather, astronom-ical twilight.b = 7.7 2 inch ; during the first stages of totality the lower part of the diskappeared brighter than the upper, and on the lower several of theprominent lunar features were noted.Blum, Paris, (231) ; breaks in snow clouds; strong astronomical twi-light.8.5 4.0 cm. ; the illumination was like the ashy light, but neverthelessinsufficient to allow the lunar details to be seen. Aristarchus enteredthe shadow and disappeared immediately. The moon disappeared inlow haze when yi eclipsed.Rudaux, Donville, France, (239) ; breaks in clouds ; means not stated.b = 13.5 The moon continued visible with all its details.Denning, Bristol, Engl., (232) ; well seen. Means not stated.From the entering of the moon into the earth's shadow until after thetotal phase was reached, the outline of the whole disk, with a largenumber of included details, continued very plainly visible.
• Dias, Guadalajara, Mexico, (233) ; sky and aperture not stated.In the telescope all the large details of the lunar configuration wereseen.Quenisset, Nanterre, France, {22,7) ; atmosphere of perfect limpidity.Equatorial, aperture not stated. All the details of the lunar surfaceperfectly visible.
1906 VIII 4; 1.786; Grade 2c Lena Valley, E. India, Indian O., Graham Land, S. E. Pacific, LowerCalifornia, Alaska.Harris, Ngaruawahia, New Zealand, (243) ; clear between showers,b I.I c Aperture not stated. Not the slightest trace of the moon could beseen with or without the telescope for some time on either side of the
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
greatest phase, although the lunar markings were very plain justbefore the moon began to leave the shadow^.Ward, Wanganui, New Zealand, (244) ; beautifully clear ; apertureb = i.i not stated. Brilliancy of the moon was very remarkablePrincipal markings could be made out by n. e., much faint detail wasseen in telescope. Aristarchus, which appeared to be wholly obliter-ated at half immersion in the dusky hue, now shone conspicuously.Gale, Waratah, N. S. W., (242) ; perfectly clear.b := I.I 10 inch reflector and 3^ inch ; all the gray plains and Tycho visible tothe n. e.le Cadet, Phu-Lien, Indo-China, (240) ; good conditions.c= i.5 7.5 cm.; disk visible throughout, except at beginning. Shadow un-equal, generally red, bright enough in south to see details of sur-face; a dark zone, concealing all detail, enveloped all the northernseas and the Oceanus Procellarum. Eastward of this it brightenedduring the second hour of totality and appeared darker on the MareNectaris, Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Tranquilitatis.Dias, Guadalajara, Mexico, (241); good weather; means not stated.a-b Details of the globe and the general configuration of its mountainsand seas were seen.1907 I 28; 0.711; Grade 0?
c Texas, Hudson's Bay, Caspian Sea.E. Lopez, Chignahuapan, Mexico, (245) ; best atmospheric conditions;a 9.7 c twilight. During the early part of the eclipse the covered part wasinvisible to the n. e. ; this continued as the dawn came on.Grade 0, with interrogation point because only observations withthe n. e. are reported.
1907 VII 24; 0.620; Grade ic Mozambique Channel, Antarctic ice, Antarctica, S. Pacific.Diaz, Guadalajara, Mexico, (247) ; breaks in clouds,c 1.5 e 10.2 cm.; the details of the lunar configurations were completelylost, and not before 10.15 [after mid-eclipse] were we able to observesome of the bright and radiant craters involved in the earth's shadow.E. Lopes, Chignahuapan, Mexico, (248) ; bad atmospheric conditionsat first, later fine. With telescope [aperture not stated] the aspectand color of the shadow is such that all the peculiarities of the lunarsurface are very readily distinguishable.Constantin, Port-au-Prince, (246) ; magnificent weather ; means notstated. Aristarchus continued visible in the shadow.1909 VI 3; i'.i64; Grade 2c Persia, Norway, Greenland, Labrador, Mexico, S. Pacific, Antarcticice, Indian O.Serrano, Frenda, Algeria, (253) ; sky not stated.c = 2.i 4.3 cm.; during totality, all selenographic details easily seen.Taffara, Catania, (254) ; sky not stated.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 29h= 2.6 3.8 cm.; seas, mountains, volcanoes, etc.Bougourd, Tunis, (250) ; admirable sky.c:=2.6 7.5 cm.; seas turned notably dark—Maria Nubium, Humorum, Tran-quilitatis, Fecunditatis. Not due to any clouds.dc Roy, Antwerp, (252) ; breaks between clouds, astronomical twi-light,b = 4.3 4.3 cm. ; the N. W. limb was more easily visible, and the principaldetails of lunar topography were distinguishable, except the OceanusProcellarum.Elgie, Leeds, (251); sky not stated; astronomical twilight.c^S.i Although at its first encroachment the shadow was dead black, whenthe disk was fully eclipsed many features could be perceived by then. e.Borelly, Marseille, (249) ; sky clear.Comet-seeker; Aristarchus remained visible. Many cirques visiblein the shadow.Zlatinsky, Mitava, Russia, (255) ; excellent atmosphere.c > 18 9.5 cm. ; the lunar details were easily visible in the shadow.1909 XI 26; 1.372; Grade 2
c Antarctic ice, S. Pacific, near Para, N. Atlantic, Lapland, nearIrkutsk, near Shanghai, Gulf of Carpentaria, near Sydney.O'HaUoran, San Francisco, (259) ; moon shone brilliantly, with nohalo near or distant.c = I.I Many of the markings were recognizable without magnifying power,and an opera-glass showed several of the craters.Ginori, Buenos Ayres, (257) ; sky most limpid.b= 2.i But when half of the lunar disk was covered, .... the generaldetails of the m.oon were then seen easily across the shadow, with abinocular.Cainpariole, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, (256) ; sky practically cloudlessc= 3.5 2 inch refractor, prism binocular; the parts first covered by theshadow appeared very dark, but by the time it had crept over aboutYz of the bright lunar surface, they began to lighten considerably, andthe maria stood out well.1910 V 22; 1.099; Grade 2
c Southern Ocean, Antarctica, Cape Colony.Cainpariole, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, (260) ; the condition of theatmosphere rendered definition poor, even when the moon was unob-scured by clouds,a 1.2b 2 inch and field-glass; the eclipse was one of the brightest I havewitnessed. Shadow enters Mare Serenitatis .... maria, etc., standout very well. 1910 XI 16; 1. 131 ; Grade 2
c Bay of Bengal, L. Baikal, Alaska, Rocky Mts., W. Mexico.Amann and Roset, Aosta, Italy, (261) ; sky clear.
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
c = i.i During totality, to the n. e. the lunar disk appeared of a dark redcolor, and the principal details could be perceived.Goudey, Besangon, France, (262) ; good conditions during totality,c = I.I During totality, to n. e., the moon assumed a dark red color on whichthe seas stood out in black.Laiitte, Roanne, France, (263) ; completely clear.c = i.i During totality the principal spots were visible to the n. e., andespecially, the contours of Mare Imbrium and Mare Serenitatis werevery distinct.Nijland, Utrecht, Holland, (264) ; very clear breaks in snow clouds.c=^i.2 3 inch; the chief formations of the eclipsed moon remained easilyvisible.Other observers agree in describing the brightness of the eclipse.
1912 IV i; 0.187; Grade i
c Near Formosa, China, Siberia, Greenland.Rey, Ajaccio, Corsica, (271) ; sky not stated.a= i.y The eclipsed part is very dark and almost invisible in an opera-glass.Libert, Paris, (269) ; superb sky.c^ 1.9 10.9 cm.; no detail visible; eclipsed part invisible to n. e., or nearly so.Leroy, Paris, (268) ; clear weather.a ^ 1.9 7.5 cm. ; in the shadow of the earth, Tycho was visible like a brightspot standing out in the dark slate gray shadow. Only Tycho seen.Peneaii, Nantes, France, (270) ; sky and aperture not stated,a 1.9c To the n. e., the eclipsed part is almost invisible; in telescope greenishgray.c= 1.9 Hauet, Paris, (267) ; means not stated; no detail of the lunar surfacewas visible in the eclipsed part.Van der Bilt, Utrecht, Holland, (272) ; weather partly unfavorable,partly very favorable.c= 2.o 4^^ inch; describes the shadow as remarkably dark, with only a rayof Tycho visible in it.Dennett, Hackney, Engl., (266) ; eclipse well seen.c=:2.i 3 inch. The limb within the shadow was easily seen, and some ofthe objects upon the disk; two rays of Tycho.Barlow, (265) ; place not stated; night extremely clear.Binocular and 414 inch; by putting the bright portion of the lunardisk out of the field of view, the two bright streaks which convergeto the east of Tycho from the south, the irregularities of the lunarlimb and many of the various markings were plainly visible.
1913 III 21; 1.575; Grade
c Close to both poles ; through Bay of Bengal and Yucatan.Ball, Echuca, Australia, (273) ; sky not stated.c^i.6 4^ inch; I should say it was a composite sort of an eclipse, for apart was blue, a part copper color, but the greater part of it wasdecidedly black.Jackson, Mannum, S. Australia, (277) ; ideal weather.
NO. 9 BRKIHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 3I
c^i." During totality, there remained visible to the n. e. only a luminouspoint, not much larger than the planet Mars and of the same color.With a small telescope the whole disk of the moon was visible.c = 2.3 Gray, Eldridge, Cal., (276). I repaired hastily to my telescope house.On the walk thither the eclipse was so thorough that it cost me sometrouble to locate the moon, and many on night duty were unable tosee the eclipse because of want of knowledge where to look for themoon. I saw the eclipse well Used binoculars, finder andtelescope. All the instruments revealed the dull, coppery hue of theexpanse of the moon's disk. [Apertures not stated.]Pargoire, Vinhlong, Indo-China, (279) ; weather and means notstated. Nearly total when the moon cleared the horizon haze.d= 2.5 The eclipsed part was totally invisible. Later it began to reappear atits eastern limb.Flint, Madison, Wis., (275) ; the sky seemed remarkably clear, downto the horizon all around ; astronomical twilight.br=6.3 Opera-glasses; it was an exceedingly dark eclipse. It is difificult forme to believe that any but a remarkably dark eclipsed moon couldhave disappeared entirely in the degree of dawn indicated
• Barnard, Mt. Hamilton, (274) ; I think it probable that this was adark eclipse.Newton, Irvine's Landing, B. C, (278) ; a dark eclipse.
igiS IX 4; 1.435 ; Grade
c Near both poles ; near Manzanillo and near C. Comorin.Kuyper, Medan, Sumatra, (280) ; sky very pure.c =r 2.8 Means not stated. During totality the shadow appeared of a bluishgray. Later it remained of a reddish brown, very dark.Schafer, Port Byron, Ills., (281); sky not stated. Civil twilight,a= 7.0 6 inch ; the shadow was very black, and not a trace could be seen ofthat portion which it then covered.
1914 III 11; 0.916; Grade 2c Antarctica, S. Pacific.Nolte, Newton, Mass., (284) ; very favorable weather conditions.c^ 1.3 At the moment of greatest eclipse, it was light enough to render thechief surface details visible in a field-glass.Schafer, Port Byron, Ills., (285) ; the evening was an ideal one.6 inch ; when the shadow had advanced as far as ... . Mare Sereni-tatis, .... I could see some of the larger markings, such as Gri-maldi, the dark area in Riccioli, the Sinus Iridum, Aristarchus, Coper-nicus, Plato and Pico.c := 1.5 At the middle of the eclipse .... with a pair of 8-power field-glasses,the maria were plainly visible.Cordier, Menton, (282) ; sky not stated.b= i.9 With n. e., noted the redness of the disk, and the visibility of theplains and the seas.Tramblay, Montpellier, France, (286) ; exceptional sky.
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
c= 3.o At mid-eclipse, with an opera-glass, and especially with 7.5 cm.,Aristarchus, Kepler, Copernicus white, Grimaldi and Plato dark.Leboeuf and Chofardet, Besangon, France, (283) ; sky not stated.c = 3.4 Opera-glass and n. e. ; limb and principal details quite visible.Several other observers, with larger telescopes, or who do notstate aperture, corroborate the visibility of details.
1917 I 7; 1.369; Grade 2
c Spain, Wliite Sea, near Yokohama, Pacific, near Wellington, Ant-arctic ice, S. Atlantic, near C. Blanco.Prior, Hayling Id., Engl., (288) ; sky clear ; civil twihght.b= 6.9 aVi inch and binocular; the lighter formations visible in binocularsc= 18.7 throughout.Ellison, (287) ; place not stated; most favorable of weather condi-tions ; so clear that he saw Venus on the horizon edge.S}i inch; Proclus was hardly visible, Aristarchus not much more so,Pliny and Menelaus were conspicuous, and a small crater .... apoint on the rim of Dionysius .... shone like a small star forsome time after entering the shadow.
ig>i/ VII 4; 1.625; Grade 2
c Lapland, N. Atlantic, Guiana, near Santiago, S. Pacific, Tasmania,near Manila.de Paolis, Rome, (292) ; splendid weather,c ^ 2.8 13.5 cm. ; the lunar topography was easily recognizable, even duringtotality.Rey, Marseille, (293) ; sky pure,d= 2.8 With field-glass, a few details visible.Ellsworth, Lyons, (289) ; at first much cloudiness, later clear ; astro-nomical twilight,c= 3.8 5.8 cm. ; could see certain details of the surface.Grabowski, Lemberg, (290) ; good weather ; astronomical twilight.= 3.7 12.2 cm. and 7.2 cm.; the shadow was pretty bright, so that evenwithin it the details of the moon's surface were for the most partclearly visible.Weber, Leipzig, Ger., (294) ; sky not stated ; civil twilight.c^4.7 14 cm.; around, but not in, the darkest region, certain details visible.Nodon, Bordeaux, (291) ; sky very pure; apertures used not stated.The principal peculiarities of the lunar surface remained perfectlyvisible during the duration of the eclipse.
1917 XII 27; i.oii ; Grade 2
c S. E. Pacific, Antarctic ice, Tasmania.Reichelt, Honolulu, (295) ; sky not stated.c=i.o The dark and light spots and the familiar markings on the moon'ssurface were almost as easily distinguishable during totality as underordinary conditions.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNKSS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 331919 XI 7; 0.184; Gradec N. Pacific, near Bering's Str., Baffin Land, N. Atlantic.Quenisset, Juvisy, France, (297) ; clear spell between clouds.c =z I.I 24 cm. ; the shadow was very transparent and of a slate gray tone.Fock, Frederiksvaerk, Denmark, (296) ; air free of clouds, slightlyhazy, a faint ring around moon.c= i.3 16.2 cm.; the long ray of Tycho in the direction of Longomontanusremained visible during the whole eclipse [till clouds stopped observ-ing]- 1920 V 2; 1.224; Grade 2c Southern O., Antarctica, S. Pacific.Bougourd, Tunis, (299) ; sky not stated,a 1.9b 7-5 cm.; putting out of the field the part still bright, all the lunargeography is easily distinguished.Raymond, Antibes, France, (306) ; clear sky.a 2.2 b Opera-glass, and telescope, aperture not given. Telescope shows allthe details, which are also visible, a little, with the opera-glass.Perse, Angers, France, (305) ; sky not stated,a 2.3 b 7.0 cm. ; the craters are visible, as well as the seas.Hersog, La Ferriere, Switz., (303) ; occasional breaks in clouds,aperture not stated.a 2.4 b No detail visible, even with the telescope.a 2.6 b Hestin, Compiegne, France, (304); clear.c=:3.2 The contour of the seas in the eclipsed part is visible to the n. e.Geneslay, Fay, France, (301); sky not stated.c= 2.9 7.5 cm. ; toward the middle of totality the red light weakens, the graypredominates, the details of the surface disappear.Choiiard, Melun, France, (300), fine weather.c= 3.o 7.0 cm.; the larger features of lunar relief were very visible.Roguet, Peronne, France, (307) ; sky clear.c= 3.3 The dark spots of the disk remained clearly visible during the wholeduration of the observations, which were made with the n. e.Hauptmann, Uccle, Belgium, (302) ; sky not stated.= 3.5 The great visibility of the disk during totality; all the seas wererecognizable by the n. e.de Roy, Antwerp, (308) ; favorable conditions.= 3.5 All the seas were visible to the n. e.Bartrum, Hampstead, Engl., (298) ; almost cloudless.At all times even minute details could be made out in the shadow[but with which of 5 telescopes and several field-glasses, or with then. e., is not made clear.]The visibility of details is corroborated by others, who do not stateconditions, means, etc.1920 X 26; 1.404; Grade 2c N. Atlantic, near Petrograd, E. Black Sea, Gulf of Aden, Indian O.,Antarctica, Pacific near Los Angeles.Mcintosh, Auckland, New Zealand, (309) ; light clouds, becomingheavier and hiding moon about totality.
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
a I.I b Aperture not stated. Umbra of a slate gray color, like earth-shineon the moon 4 or 5 days old In it I suspected seeing OceanusProcellarum, Tycho, Aristarchus and Copernicus.Stephenson, Jhansi, India, (310) ; weather very fine.c= 2.1 The chief maria in eclipsed portion visible to n. e. ; [this noted severaltimes during the eclipse].Tomkins, Barrackpore, India, (311) ; clear, occasional passing clouds.a 2.8 b The shadow was of a dull copper color, and details were visible in itall over the moon, and especially so with the aid of the telescopes.
1921 IV 21 ; 1.074; Grade
c N. Atlantic, Arctic Archipelago, Bering's Sea..c= 2.i Sanner, Guadaloupe, (313); at totality, the eclipsed part was nobrighter than the ashy light. With a small telescope, like the fingersviewed against sunlight.Blundell, New Plymouth, New Zealand, (312) ; sky not stated,b = 3.2 6 inch ; near the S. E. limb .... at no time could any object bedetected. Grimaldi could be seen with difficulty, but Aristarchuswas plainly visible. Tycho and some of its rays were observed beforetotality, but the latter disappeared entirely later.
ig2i X 16; 0.938; Grade 2
c Antarctica, S. Indian O.Honnorat, Barcellonette, France, (320) ; sky not stated.c=i.i Prism field-glass; details with difficulty visible; somewhat betterduring the second half.Lagarrigue, Rodez, France, (321) ; sky not stated.c:=l.2 4.3 cm. and Foucault telescope 12.5 cm.; at first, no details visible;later, certain details visible.Fabry, Marseille, (316) ; sky not stated.c= l.2 Opera-glass; like the ashy light a little after new moon. The darkspots on the lunar surface are quite easily visible,16.0 cm.; Jasse observing; no mention of details; the limb is weaklyvisible, disappearing later.26.0 cm., Michkovitch observing ; at the middle of the eclipse, thedetails of the lunar surface and the limb of the moon are readilyvisible.Vetter, Yverdon, Switz., (324) ; sky not stated,a 1.3 c With n. e. and opera-glasses, the principal configurations in theshadow are easily distinguished.Croste, Bayonne, France, (314) ; sky not stated.c=i.3 Opera-glass; at mid-eclipse, the shadowed northern part brick-red,allowing the details of the surface to be seen.Trarieux, Chamboulive, France, (323) ; sky not stated.c=i.3 Seas visible, but not Copernicus, Plato or Tycho, after entry intothe shadow.Curtis, Winchester, Engl., (315) ; sky perfectly clear most of thetime, then haze
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER 35
c=:i.4 6y2 inch reflector; during mid-eclipse all maria were conspicuousboth in telescope and to n. e. Most of the brightest craters, includingTycho and his ray system, Copernicus and the Alps, were easily seenwith the telescope.Heath, Kingsbridge, Engl., (319) ; at first, haze and corona; later clear.c = 1.4 zYs inch ; all the lunar maria prominently visible in the eclipsed portion.Tycho neither it, nor most of its bright streaks, becameinvisible at any time.Meyermann, Gottingen, Ger., (322) ; good air conditions.c ^ 1.4 13.8 cm. ; even during the maximum phase of the eclipse all seaswere clearly recognizable, particularly notable Mare Humorum andMare Tranquilitatis. Grimaldi was a very noticeable dark spot. Cen-sorinus, Menelaus, Manilius, Aristarchus, Tycho, of which two rayswere especially bright, were easy to make out ; Copernicus and Kepler,difficult.
Since Kepler, the visibility of the totally eclipsed moon has beenlaid to refraction of light by the earth's atmosphere into the geometri-cal umbra; of late years, since the researches of Tyndall, Raleigh Iand others on the blue of the sky, scattering of light into the umbraby dust and air molecules has been added. At the time of the Krakatoasunsets the attention of all was directed to the results of dust in theair; the dim eclipse of 1884 X 4 caused the suggestion to be made byseveral^ that the classical explanation of dark eclipses—cloudinessalong the terrestrial terminator—should be at least supplemented byopacity due to the same causes which produced the strange twilightglows. Dufour and Johnson ^ called attention to the coincidence ofdark eclipses with volcanic dust haze, as in 181 6, after Temboro, 181 5.The dark eclipse of 1903 IV 11, after the West Indian and Guatemalaneruptions of 1902, brought this explanation to the fore. But othersuggestions for the varying brightness of the eclipsed moon havebeen made ; the moon's varying distance, from perigee to apogee
;
the moon's longitude, whereby, she being near an equinoctial point,vernal or autumnal, the refracted light comes largely from the Arcticand Antarctic polar regions, supposed to have purer and more refrac-tive air, while, near a solstitial point, the terrestrial terminator passesclose to the Arctic and Antarctic circles of latitude, and the lightcomes through more cloudy regions of the atmosphere. This sugges-
^ I do not know to whom priority should be assigned ; S. J. Johnson, Mon.Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 45, pp. 43-44, 1884-5, and G. F. Burder, Nature, 30, pp.590-591, 1884, were among the first.
* Ch. Dufour, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., i, pp. 58-60, 1887, L'Astronomie, 7, pp.28-30, 1888.S. J. Johnson, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 63, pp. 400-402, 1903.
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
tion seems to be due to Smith/ 1825. Finally, the transparency ofthe air being affected in some way by emanations from the sun, thereshould be a relation between the brightness of the eclipsed moonand the solar cycle.'The effect of volcanic eruptions being supposed non-periodic anddesultory, in a long series of well-reported eclipses it should averageout. So the proposed astronomical causes of variation in brightnesswill be examined first.The results of table i are arranged in table 2. The eclipses aregrouped in three columns, headed North, including eclipses in whichthe moon passed wholly north of the geometrical center of theshadow, Central, in which the moon passed over the center. South,in which the moon cleared the center on the south side. Each grouphas columns headed Magnitude and Grade. At the foot the magni-tudes and grades are averaged. This is a rough arrangement accord-ing to the moon's latitude, the center of the shadow lying on theecliptic.The footings show that south eclipses, mean grade 1.62, have beenduring 1860-1922 decidedly brighter than central eclipses, mean grade1.32, and these again than north eclipses, mean grade 0.64; themean magnitudes, south 0.77, north, 0.71, show that the differencebetween north and south eclipses can hardly be laid to differencesin the moon's immersion. In this connection 13 pairs of consecutiveeclipses are collected in table 3. The footings of this table show thatwhile the mean magnitudes, 0.68 and 0.72, are not far from equal, themean grades are wide apart, north 0.54, south 1.54.From these two tables the conclusion lies near that during theperiod 1860-1922 in general the southern zone of the earth's shadowhas been brighter than the central, and this again than the northern.Credit for first noticing this inequality must be yielded to theFrench amateur Rudaux (127), whose observations and sketches of1895 III 10 showed the center of darkness to be displaced northwardfrom the geometrical center of the umbra. This inequality showsitself in a very marked way in the photograph of 1909 XI 26, takenby Metcalf, (258), figures 2 and 3 at end of this paper. For Rudaux'sconclusions, see table i.Table 4 shows a comparison of the brightness of every total eclipsein table i with the moon's equatorial horizontal parallax at opposition.
^M. Smith, Phil. Mag., (i) 66, p. 168, 1825.
'This idea appears, but without suggestion of novelty, in an unsigned note,Nature, 46, pp. 64-65, 1892.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 37According to Young's General Astronomy, 1898, p. 259, the meanparallax is 57' 02". In the table the 37 eclipses are grouped in threecolumns, the center column including parallaxes within 02' of thismean, or from 55' 02" to 59' 02". This begins with the break—doubt-Table 2.
—
68 Lunar Eclip
38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. y6Table 3.
—
Comparison of Path-Position and Brightness of 13 Pairs ofConsecutive EclipsesNorth
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 39The mean grade of lO eclipses in the apogee group is 1.30; in themiddle group of 13, 1.46; in the perigee group of 14, 1.21. In so faras the arithmetic mean averages out errors and non-periodic causes,this would indicate that at middle distances the totally eclipsed moonhas been somewhat brighter than at greater or less, near apogee ornear perigee. This differs from the anticipation of L. Giinther,^ thatdark eclipses occur at perigee, bright at apogee. But the differencesare small, considering the coarseness of the grading, and it can onlybe concluded that varying distance has not caused much difference inbrightness.Table 5 shows a comparison of the brightness of every total eclipsein table i with the longitude of the center of the umbra at opposition.The longitudes are in four groups, each in a quadrant of the ecliptic,for the seasons as indicated. The quadrants are not separated by theequinoctial and solstitial points, as it was found by plotting and trialthat a quadrant from 82° to 172° gave a mean grade greater thanany other ; a division based on this comes near, however, to a strictdivision according to the seasonal points.The footings for the columns give as average grades. Autumn,1.25, Winter, 1.89, Spring, 0.91, Summer, 1.33. So that, in the periodstudied, winter total eclipses have been very bright, spring eclipsesonly dim, autumn and summer eclipses intermediate and not muchdifferent. Then the longitude effect suggested by Smith exists, butits maximum phase is quite 45° away from that which he expected,Jenkins (49) says :"".... of the seven recorded eclipses in whichthe moon disappeared, none was later than June 15: May 15, mo,June 15, 1601, April 14, 1642, May 18, 1761,-June 10, 1816, June i,1863 .... middle of April and the middle of June .... it is onlyin this period when the earth is approaching aphelion that thephenomenon is possible." This fits in well with the dimness of thespring group of table 5, but must be considered in connection withvolcanic dust.The curve of mean solar radiation published by Kimball ' showsthe mean relative intensity of received solar radiation, as measuredat a variable number of stations (all in north temperate latitudes)for every individual month, 1882-1918. This mean is expressed asa percentage of the mean for the like named months for the wholeperiod ; e. g., the mean for February, 1900, is divided by the mean forall the Februaries of the period to get the relative intensity. The
^L. Giinther, Weltall, i, pp. 101-103, 112-116, 127-131, 137, 1900-01.
^ H. H. Kimball, Mon. Weath. Rev., 46, pp. 354-355, 1918.
40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
tt^
-si
Q
U
1
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 4I
curve is drawn amid a cloud of observation points, and its formis unavoidably somewhat arbitrary. As the depressions count informing the denominators, the curve rises often above lOO per cent.Beside minor variations, there are three very deep depressions, whichfollow certain volcanic catastrophes, and are named from them
:
Krakatoa depression, 1883 VIII to 1886 XII.Pelee depression, 1902 VII to 1904 X.Katmai depression, 1912 III to 1924 VI.On account of the peculiarities of the method, the dates of begin-ning and ending of these depressions can be only roughly stated ; e. g.,the Krakatoa depression seems to have been well started by the endof 1882, though Kimball begins it with the month of the eruption.This curve is copied in figure i of this paper.During these volcanic depressions there were lunar eclipses asshown in table 6.Table 6.
—
Relation of Volcanic Haze and Brightness of 10 Lunar EclipsesDepression Date Path Magn. GradeKrakatoa 1884 IV 9 C 1.44 0?1884 X 4 C I.S3 I188s III 30 N 0.89 1Pelee 1902 X 16 C 1.46 i1903 IV II N 0.971903 X 6 S 0.87 2Katmai 1912 IV i N 0.19 i1913 III 21 C 1.581913 IX 14 C 1.441914 III II S 0.92 2Summaries; Eclipses 1880-1922Nvimber Sum of Meangrades gradeI. All included
:
In depressions 10 8 0.80Not in depressions 42 57 1.36II. Southern excluded
:
In depressions 8 4 0.50Not in depressions 28 23 i-i8III. Southern only
:
In depressions 2 4 2.00Not in depressions 14 24 1.73Taking all the 10 eclipses occurring during depressions, meangrade 0.80, and comparing with the 42 eclipses, mean grade 1.36,not in depressions but in the period 1880- 1922 which surrounds thedepressions, the eclipses in the depressions average much dimmerthan those without. But 2 of those within are southern eclipses,
42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76both of grade 2. This suggests a similar comparison, II, of the eclipsesin and out of depressions, excluding all southern eclipses, and III,including only southern eclipses.The results of comparison II are, mean grade of eclipses in depres-sions, 0.50, without depressions, 1.18; of comparison III, mean gradeof eclipses in depressions, 2.00, without, 1.73. So that the effect ofvolcanic haze has been practically confined to the northern zone ofthe shadow.As to the suggested eft'ect of the solar cycle of sunspots, etc.
;
during the period considered there is no obvious way in which suchan effect could be disentangled from the effects of dust.Dust is continuously blowing into the air from the deserts andseasonal drought areas of Asia, Africa, North and South Americaand Australia, whence it goes far, as in the trade wind belts of theNorth Atlantic and on the Pacific to leeward of the loess areas ofChina.Then, the number of known volcanic dust eruptions, big enoughto send clouds well up toward the stratosphere, is considerable, andin the past there have doubtless been very many great unknowneruptions; an illustration is the great volcanic dust fall of 1907, overthe Seward Peninsula and the Yukon Valley, but of unknown origin ;this coincides well enough with one of the minor depressions inKimball's curve. The details of many known eruptions, the heightof the cloud and the spread of the ash, are ill-reported. Thus, aneruption ascribed at first to one of the craters of Skaptar Jokull wasseen at Reykjavik, Jan. 9, 1873, and " for days thereafter the cloudstood high in the sky." Thoroddsen assigns this to the Kverkfall,which is 162 miles from Reykjavik ; whence the cloud must havebeen over 15,000 feet high to be seen there at all; how much higherit was is unl^nown ; and the spread of the ash outside of Iceland isunknown. This must have been a very important eruption.The pyrheliometric observations at Arequipa, Peru, showed noeffect of the great Katmai depression. Whence we may concludethat probably volcanic dust from either temperate zone has little effecton atmospheric transparency the other side of the equator. As thegreatest deserts and a very large number of the dust-producingvolcanoes are in the northern hemisphere, it may be that the darknessof the northern part of the earth's shadow is due to desert and vol-canic dust.The observations do not yield any very definite conclusion as toa difference in brightness of the eastern, or sunrise, side of the umbra,
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER 43
and the western, or sunset side. In the scanty allusions to this point,observers frequently disagree about identical eclipses, or record thephenomena in some cases one way, sometimes the other ; and somedefinitely state that no difference was observed.Figure i is an attempt to show some of the preceding relationsgraphically. The abscissas are time, in years ; the date number standsfor Jan. i in each year, so that the year interval extends to the rightof each number. The upper curve is Kimball's radiation curve, withper cents as ordinates. The next (broken) line connects points
110
100
44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
whence it must have been at least 3.4 km. high, to be seen over theearth's curve—but how much higher cannot be guessed ; so the upwardHne for Katmai is tipped with an arrowhead at about 5 km.In conclusion, thanks are gladly rendered to Dr. Harlow Shapley,Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, forthe privileges of the Observatory Library ; to the Librarian of Har-vard University, and to Mr. W. B. Briggs, Assistant Librarian, forprivileges granted in the University Library ; to the staff of theBoston Public Library ; and to Mr. L. Campbell and Miss L E.Woods, of the Harvard Observatory, for assistance freely and oftengiven.Professor Alexander McAdie, Director of Blue Hill Observatory,and Dr. Shapley, have been very generous in the matter of confer-ences. But for selection of data, for methods, results and conclusions,and for errors in this paper, the writer alone is responsible.SUMMARYThe observational data on lunar eclipses, published by professionalastronomers and amateurs for the period i860 to 1922, have beenread, and have been collated, as far as possible, without referenceto any theory of the illumination of the eclipsed surface.A scale of brightness adapted to the data has been devised, con-sisting of three grades ; grade 2, details on the eclipsed surfacevisible with hand instruments or to the naked eye; grade I, detailsvisible with apertures of 2 to 6 inches, but not with less ; grade O,apertures of 6 inches or more necessary to show detail. In assigninggrades the writer's bias has weighted positive statements of visi-bility.This scale has been applied to all suitable data for each eclipse.On account of curious discrepancies in the reports of both amateurand professional observers, the grading has frequently been some-what arbitrary.In the hope that the varying masses of air along the ray mightprove to have an effect in causing these discrepancies, the relativeair mass has been computed for each important report used ingrading, and the reports under each eclipse have been arranged inorder of increasing air mass ; but there seems to be no well-definedconnection.Assuming that the grades thus assigned are significant, the datahave been selected and arranged in several sequences, to test therelations of various astronomical and accidental causes to the bright-ness of the eclipsed moon.
NO. y BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER 45
It is found that the position of the moon's path with regard tothe center of the shadow is significant ; when the moon passes clearof the center on the south side, the shadow is brighter; when itpasses over the center, less bright ; when it clears the center on thenorth side, decidedly dim, on the average. This is shown not onlyfor all 68 eclipses, but also for 13 pairs of consecutive echpses.In 37 total eclipses there seems to be no very decided effect ofdistance ; on the average, the shadow at middle distances is perhapssomewhat brighter than at perigee or apogee.In 37 total eclipses there is a marked effect of the seasons, whichare implied in the longitude of the shadow ; winter eclipses havebeen bright, spring eclipses dim, summer and autumn eclipses inter-mediate and not very different, on the average.The eft'ect of volcanic dust haze in the 3 great atmospheric dis-turbances named for Krakatoa, Pelee and Katmai has shown itselfin the average dimness of 10 included eclipses, as compared with42 eclipses, 1880-1922, not in the disturbed periods.If all the southern eclipses occurring in the disturbed periodswere removed, the discrepancy between the brightness of the eclipsesin the disturbed periods and of those outside them would be increased.It is as if the northern part of the shadow were specially affected bythese disturbances, and were in general darker than the southernpart.The average difference between winter and spring total eclipsesis perhaps increased by the absence of winter eclipses during the dis-turbed periods.During the period discussed there is no discernible relation betweenthe solar cycle and the brightness of lunar eclipses. And, given theeffects of north latitudes and volcanic dust hazes as proved, andacknowledging ignorance as to the magnitude, or even the occurrence,of suitably great volcanic eruptions, it is doubtful whether an effectof solar activity can ever be disentangled from dust effects, in recordsprior to 1880, all the more as the earlier records show greater gapsand fewer detailed statements.It is to be hoped that in the future eclipses of the moon may bestudied with more respect, by astronomers and meteorologists, profes-sional and amateur; and especially, in western North America, inSouth America, in the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, the Philippines, EastIndies, Australia, New Zealand, the islands of the South Sea, andeven the Arctic and Antarctic ; and that results may be published inaccessible scientific periodicals, without biassed and destructive edit-ing. Anybody with good eyesight and a watch can make valuable
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76
additions to knowledge, stating where, when, how and what hesees during a lunar eclipse.NOTE ON FIGURES 2 AND 3Figure 2 is a reduced half-tone reproduction of the originallunar eclipse photograph made by J. H. Metcalf (258) at Taunton,Mass., 1909 XI 26. The lens used was his 12-inch doublet; scaleof plate 93" = I mm.; exposure from 20 h. 13 m. 30s. to 21 h. 34 m.COS., G. M. T. ; the telescope was guided on a star and the moonallowed to trail through the earth's shadow between internal contacts.
Fig. 2.Of course the shadow also trailed among the stars a little ; andon the plate the moon, and the shadow taken at the moon's distance,are displaced among the stars by parallax ; they being seen fromTaunton, N. 41° 54', with the moon's zenith distance changing from52° to 66°, and not from the center of the earth.Figure 3 is a diagram on about the same scale as figure 2, roughlyshowing these geometrical relations. The corners of the rectangleof hour and declination circles were marked approximately on thenegative, and a blue print made; on this were drawn the necessarylines, hour and declination circles, ecliptic and orbit, and the out-line of the moon trail. On the orbit, the points a and /? are thegeocentric positions of the moon's center at beginning and ending
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 47
of the exposure; a and fi' are the same, displaced by parallax. Onthe ecliptic, a and b are the geocentric positions of the center of theearth's shadow at beginning and end of the exposure ; a' and b' arethe points where the axis of the shadow pierces a plane at the moon'sdistance ; they are displaced from a and b by parallax. As, at Taunton,the parallax of the moon increased during the exposure, nearly asthe sine of the zenith distance, and so not in proportion to the time,the parallactic displacements of corresponding points are greater anddifferently directed at the end of the exposure. This partly accountsfor the departure of the upper and lower limbs of the moon trail fromparallelism with the orbit, and for the curvature of these limbs, slightbut real in the dim northern limb, easily seen in the southern limb.
Mr. Metcalf also points out another cause—enlargement of themoon's image by irradiation.The half-tone shows gradations of brightness in the umbra, whichare more easily seen in the original. In the diagram these are dis-tinguished as in three zones ; A, an outer bright zone ; B, an inter-mediate dimmer zone, single hatched ; C, an inner dark zone, doublehatched. The boundary of A is, of course, the outer edge of theumbra, not shown ; the boundary of B is roughly concentric with thecenter of the shadow, which lies from a' to b' ; C is markedly elliptical,or flattened on its south side. These peculiarities cannot be due tolunar surface features, which are hard to make out anywhere onthe negative ; the Mare Frigoris made a faint streak, and faint stripesdue to one or two other seas, etc., can barely be traced.
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76This is the only photograph of a lunar eclipse ever taken by thismethod, so that we have no similar data about the form of C on thenorth side of the shadow center. If we suppose that C is oval, withthe point of the oval northward, then Rudaux's statement (127),that the center of darkness, 1895 III 10, was displaced northwardfrom the geometrical center of the umbra, is seen to agree well withthis photograph.Thanks are rendered to Rev. J. H. Metcalf, for permission to usethe original negative ; and to Dr. Shapley, for having it suitablymarked, and for conferences regarding its interpretation.The photograph for figure 2 was kindly loaned by PopularAstronomy.Additional Note.—After reading proof, I learned that another photographof the lunar eclipse of 1909 XI 26 was made at the Harvard Observatory, withthe 8-inch Draper telescope. A print (kindly handed me by Prof. E. S. King)might easily be taken for a reduction to Yi size of Rev. Mr. Metcalf 's photo-graph. It was at his suggestion and by his method that this photograph wastaken.—W. J. F. Table 7.
—
References for Table ii860 II 61 N. Pogson, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 20, p. 218, 1859-60.2 J. F. J. Schmidt, Astr. Nachr., 52, pp. 233-234, i860.3 M. Ward, Recreative Science, i, pp. 279-283, i860.1862 XII 54 Cantzler, Heis Wochenschr. f. Astr., Met. u. Geog., n. s. 6, pp. 84-86, 1863.5 H. d'Arrest, Astr. Nachr., 59, p. 92, 1863.1863 VI I6 T. W. Backhouse, Astr. Reg., 19, pp. 143-144, 1881.7 Bird, Les Mondes, 2, pp. 385-386, 1863.8 W. Noble, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 23, p. 251, 1862-3.9 Tempel, Les Mondes, i, p. 511, 1863.1865 IV II10 D. A. Freeman, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 25, p. 273, 1864-5.11 F. Hoefer, Cosmos, (2) i, pp. 428-429, 1865 ; Astr. Reg. 3, pp. 169-170, 1865.1865 X 412 Cantzler, Heis Wochenschr. f. Astr., Met. u. Geog., n. s. 8, pp. 356-357, 1865.13 C. Flammarion, Cosmos, (2) 2, p. 398, 1865.14 W. De la Rue, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 25, p. 276, 1864-5.1867 IX 315 A. Brothers, Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, 7, pp. 52-54, 1867-8.16 J. Browning, Astr. Reg., 5, p. 217, 1867.17 H. Ingall, Astr. Reg., 5, p. 240, 1868.18 H. J. Slack, Intellectual Observer, 12, pp. 226-227, 1867. Annual Encyclo-pedia, 1867, p. 65.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNE^SS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 491869 I 2719 C. B. Gribble, Astr. Reg., 7, pp. 114-115, 1869.20 R. Prowde, Astr. Reg., 7, pp. 90-91, 1869.1869 VII 2221 J. Tebbutt, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 30, p. 26, 1869-70.1870 I 1722 J. Tebbutt, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 30, pp. 159-160, 1869-70; Astr. Nachr.,75, p. 379, 1870. 1870 VII 1223 W. Noble, Astr. Reg. 8, p. 200, 1870.24 G. C. Thompson, Nature, 2, p. 236, 1871.25 G. J. Walker, Astr. Reg., 8, p. 174, 1870.1871 I 626 J. Birmingham, Astr. Nachr., yj, p. 206, 1871.1873 V II27 J. Tebbutt, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 34, pp. 72-72, 1873.1876 IX 328 A. T. Arcimis, Mo. Not. Roy Astr. Soc, 37, p. 12-13, 1876.29 F. R. A. S., Engl. Mech., 77, p. 297, 1903.30 Perrotin, C. R., 83, p. 571, 1876.1877 II 2731 A. H. S., Engl. Mech., 25, p. 33, 1877.32 A. T. Arcimis, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 37, p. 400, 1877.33 J. T. Barber, Astr. Reg., 15, p. 100, 1877.34 A. Ricco, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 18, p. 152, 1889.35 R. V. Sterneck, Astr. Nachr., 89, p. 191, 1877.1877 VIII 2336 T. G. Elger, Engl. Mech., 25, p. 609, 1877.37 S. J. Johnson, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 37, pp. 467-468, 1877.38 E. W. Maunder, Observatory, 2, p. 197, 1878.39 J. Rand Capron, Observatory, i, pp. 216-218, 1877.1878 VIII 1240 E. E. M., Engl. Mech., 26, pp. 9-10, 1878.41 E. W. Maunder, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 38, pp. 514-525, 1878.42 H. J. Slack, Astr. Reg., 16, p. 256, 1878.1880 VI 2143 Melbourne observers, Engl. Mech., 31, p. 580, 1880.44 H. C. Russell, Observatory, 3, pp. 565-568, 1879-80.45 J- Tebbutt, Astr. Reg., 19, pp. 20-21, 1881.
50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 761881 VI II46 F. E. Barnard, Astr. Nachr., 161, pp. 81-84, 1903.47 A. Hall, Observatory, 4, p. 282, 1881.48 W. L. Hooper, Engl. Mech., 3s, P- 403, 1881.49 B. G. Jenkins, Astr. Reg., 19, pp. 120-121, 1881.
1881 xn 450 S. J. Johnson, Astr. Reg., 20, p. 16, 1882.
' 51 L. Piat, La Nature, p. 190, 1882 I.52 J. Rand Capron, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc , 42, p. 262-263, 1882.
53 1884 IV 9C. Dufour, L'Astronomie, 7, p. 29, 1888.1884 X 454 Beechey, Observatory, 7, pp. 336-339, 1884.55 Berge, in C. F., L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 23-30, 1885.56 Byl, in L. Niesten, Bull, de Brux., (3) 8, pp. 361-369, 1884.57 W. F. Denning, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 45, pp. 42-43, 1884-5.58 W. Erck, Nature, 31, p. 28, 1884.59 Guillaume, in C. F., L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 23-30, 1885.60 Guiot, in C. F., L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 23-30, 1885.61 E. J. Lowe, Nature, 30, p. 590, 1884.62 Kj. Muller, in C. F., L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 23-30, 1885.63 J. Parsehian, L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 69-70, 1885.64 E. J. Spitta, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 45, p. 154, 1884-5.65 Trepied, C. R., 99, pp. 562-563, 1884.1885 III 3066 J. Ballot, Engl. Mech., 41, p. 277, 1885.67 A. B. Biggs, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 13, p. 28, 1902-3.68 O. et S. Broune, L'Astronomie, 4, p. 227, 1885.69 E. du Buisson, L'Astronomie, 4, pp. 376-378, 1885.1887 VIII 370 B. J. Hopkins, Engl. Mech., 45, p. 558, 1887.71 H. J. Klein, Sirius, 20, pp. 193-4, 1887.72 E. Lescarbault, C. R., 105, pp. 370-371, 1887.73 G. Rayet, C. R., 105, p. 305, 1887.1888 I 2874 H. Brugiere, L'Astronomie, 7, p. 107, 1888.75 Fromme, Sirius, 21, pp. 61-62, 1888.76 L. N(iesten,) Ciel et Terre, 8, p. 559-561, 1887-8.77 Observers of Soc Astr., France, in P. Gerigny, L'Astronomie, 7 pp98-103, 1888.78 F. Terby, Bull, de Brux., (3) 15. pp. 349-350, 1888.
XO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 5I
1888 VII 2279 E. E. Barnard, Publ. Lick Obs., No. 4, pp. 117-121, 1891.80 Duprat, L'Astronomic, 7, p. 428, 1888.81 G. H., L'Astronomic, 7, p. 351, 1,888.8ia J. F. Romani, L'Astronomic, 7, p. 351, 1888.82 J. Valdcrrama, L'Astronomic, 7, pp. 350-351, 1888.1889 I 1683 E. E. Barnard, Sidereal Mess., 8, pp. 137-138, 1889.84 G. le Cadet, C. R., 108, pp. 129-130, 1889.85 D. Eginitis et Maturana, C. R., 108, pp. 130-132, 1889.86 J. Mitchell, Observatory, 12, p. 126, 1889.87 E. Stuyvaert, Astr. Naclir., 121, pp. 135-138, 1889.1889 VII 1288 E. V. Gothard, Astr. Nachr., 122, pp. 351-352, 1889.89 von Konkoly, Sirius, 22, pp. 197-200, 1889.90 A. Krueger, Astr. Nachr., 122, p. 263, 1889.91 A. Mascari, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 18, pp. 151-152, 1889.92 A. Nikolajcwitsch, Sirius, 22, pp. 199-200, 1889.93 A. Ricco, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 18, pp. 151-152, 1889.1891 V 2394 W. E. Jackson, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, i, p. 463, 1890-91.95 G. Lewitsky, Astr. Nachr., 128, pp. 137-138, 1891.96 W. H. Wooster, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 2, pp. 44-45. 1891-2.
1891 XI 1597 L. Fenet, L' Astronomic, 10, pp. 464-470, 1891.98 J. E. Gore, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 2, pp. 88-89, 1891-2.99 R. C. Leslie, Nature, 45, p. 53, 1891.100 J. Power, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 2, pp. 127-128, 1891-2.1892 V IIloi Codde et al., C. R., 114, pp. 1099-1100, 1892.102 E. Crossley and J. Gledhill, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 52, pp. 560-562, 1892.103 W. Goodacre, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 2, p. 414, 1891-2.104 Louvain observers, in L. Niesten and E. Stuyvaert, Cicl et Terrc, 13,pp. 145-152, 1892-3. 1892 XI 4105 E. Cortel, L'Astronomic, 12, pp. 13-18, 1893.106 W. Doberck, Astr. Nachr., 131, pp. 399-400, 1893.107 W. Gale, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 3, p. 140, 1892-3.108 Giovanozzi, L'Astronomic, 12, pp. 13-18, 1893.109 S. V. Glasenapp. Astr. Nachr., 131, pp. 399-402, 1893.no H. C. Russell, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 53, pp. 125-126, 1893.
52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 761894 III 21111 A. Rzyszczewski, L'Astronomie, 13, pp. 192-193, 1894.1894 IX 4112 E. E. Barnard, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 13, pp. 705-706, 1894.113 J. Comas Sola, L'Astronomie, 13, pp. 390-392, 1894.114 M. Ladoux, L'Astronomie, 13, pp. 390-392, 1894.115 Pilloy, L'Astronomie, 13, pp. 390-392, 1894.116 A. Ricco and A. Mascari, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 24, pp. 12-14, 1895.189s III 10117 E. Bosshard, Sirius, 28, p. 152, 1895.118 G. C. Comstock, Astron. Journ., 15, p. 39, 1895.119 A. Dumenil, Les Sciences Populaires, 9, pp. 104-105, 1895.120 L. A. Eddie, Pop. Astr., 2, pp. 449-452, 1894-5.121 Everett, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 5, pp. 291-294, 1894-5.122 Martial Les Sciences Populaires, 9, pp. 103-104, 1895.123 G. J. Newbegin, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 5, pp. 349-350, 1894-5.124 Northfield observers. Pop. Astr., 2, p. 384, 1894-5.125 C. D. Perrine, Publ. Astr. Soc Pacific, 7, pp. 110-112, 1895.126 J. Quelin, La Nature, p. 270, 1895 I; Ciel et Terre, 16, pp. 67-68, 1895-6127 L. Rudaux, Les Sciences Populaires, 9, pp. 174-176, 1895.1895 IX 3128 E. E. Barnard, Pop. Astr., 3, pp. 102-103, 1895-6; Astr. Nachr., 161,p. 81-84, 1903.129 Campos Roderigues, Astr. Nachr., 165, pp. 193-199, 1904.130 C. Flammarion, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 9, pp. 317-320, 1895.131 A. Nauwelaerts, Les Sciences Populaires, 9, p. 372, 1895.132 Payne and Wilson, Pop. Astr., 3, pp. 101-102, 1895-6.133 C. D. Perrine, Publ. Astr. Soc. Pacific, 7, pp. 289-291, 1895.134 P. Roulaud, Bull. Soc, Astr. Fr., 9, pp. 317-320, 1895.135 L. Swift, Pop. Astr. 3, pp. 103-104, 1895-6.136 S. Vereri, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 9, pp. 317-320, 1895.1896 II 28137 A. Dumenil, Les Sciences Populaires, 10, pp. 96-97, 1896.138 J. Moller, Astr. Nachr., 140, pp. 373-374, 1896.139 C. Roberts, in T. G. Elder, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 6, pp. 252-255, 1895-6.140 C. A. Taylor, in T. G. Elder, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 6, pp. 252-255,1895-6.141 W. P., Ciel et Terre, 17, p. 18, 1896-7.1898 I 7142 Chevremont, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 97-106, 1898.143 W. Godden, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 8, pp. 194-195, 1897-8.144 L. Guiot, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 97-106, 1898.145 A. Stuyvaert, Ciel et Terre, 18, pp. 570-571, 1897-8.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 531898 VII 3146 Ambronn, Astr. Nachr., 148, pp. 245-248, 1899.147 S. B. Gaythorpe, Engl. Mech., 67, p. 502, 1898.148 Grein, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 397-399, 1898.149 Hauet, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 348-365, 1898.150 E. E. Marckwick, Engl. Mech., 67, p. 524, 1898.151 Moye, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 348-365, 1898.152 A. Ricco, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 27, pp. 153-158, 1898.153 G. Saija, Mem. Soc. Spett Ital., 27, pp. 157-158, 1898.154 L. Struve, Astr. Nachr., 147, pp. 323-328, 1898.15s S. Vereri, in G. A., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 12, pp. 348-365, 1898.156 L. Weinek, Astr. Nachr., 148, pp. 55-58, 1898-9.1898 XII 27157 V. Bareel, Bull. Soc. beige d'Astronomie, 4, pp. 108- no, 1898-9.158 A. W. Blacklock, Engl. Mech., 68, p. 491, 1899.159 W. F. A. Ellison, Engl. Mech., 68, p. 612, 1899.160 Ph. Fauth, Astr. Nachr. 148, p. 305, 1899.161 J. Franz, Astr. Nachr., pp. 397-400, 1899- 1900.162 S. B. Gaythorpe, Engl. Mech., 68, p. 491, 1899.163 R. Killip, Engl. Mech., pp. 490-491, 1899.164 A. King, Engl. Mech., 68, pp. 491-492, 1899.165 " No Sig," Engl. Mech., 68, p. 514, 1899.166 C. F. Smith, in W. Goodacre, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 9, pp. 148-156,1898-9.167 A. Staus u. M. Miindler, Astr. Nachr., 149, pp. 391-394, 1899.168 E. Stuyvaert, Ciel et Terre, 19, pp. 567-571, 1898-9.169 H. Whichello, in W. Goodacre, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 9, pp. 148-156,1898-9. 1899 VI 22170 L. Bernacchi, in C. E. Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent
.... 1898-1900; p. 136, p. 139.1899 XII 16171 W. A. Crusinberry, Pop. Astr., 8, p. 55, 1900.172 E. Daguin, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 76-82, 1900.173 G. Gaubert, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 129-131, 1900.174 A. Grein, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 76-82, 1900.17s A. King, Engl. Mech., 70, p. 469-470, 1900.176 Lafitte, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 76-82, 1900177 J. Levreau, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 129-131, 1900.178 Luzet, in Em. T,, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 14, pp. 76-82, 1900.179 N. Maclachlan, Engl. Mech., 70, p. 493, 1899.180 G. Saija, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 28, pp. 230-231, 1899.
1901 X 27181 V. Zlatinsky, Bull. Soc Astr. Fr., 15, p. 520, 1901.
54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 761902 IV 22182 A. Allander, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr.', 16, pp. 513-517, 1902; and inM. Hauptmann, Ciel et Terre, 38, pp. 117-119, 1922.183 W. Godden, Engl. Mech., 75, p. 248, 1902.184 W. Goodacre, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 12, pp. 275-276, 1901-2.185 S. and D. Khalatov, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 16, pp. 513-517, 1902;and in M. Hauptmann, Ciel et Terre, 38, pp. 117-119, 1922.186 "Mathematicus," Engl. Mech., 75, p. 336, 1902.187 W. A. Parr, in W. Goodacre, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 12, pp. 275-276,1901-2.188 L. Weinek, Astr. Nachr., 160, pp. 9-12, 1902.189 V. Zlatinsky, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 16, pp. 513-517, 1902. .1902 X 16190 E. E. Barnard, Astr. Nachr., 161, pp. 81-84, 1903.191 A. C. D. Crommelin, Observatory, 25, pp. 395-396, 1902.192 W. Godden, Engl. Mech., '/(i, p. 230, 1902.193 H. A. Howe, Pop. Astr., 10, pp. 549-550, 1902.194 S. J. Johnson, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 13, pp. 27-28, 1902-3.19s E. E. Marckwick, Engl. Mech., 76, p. 250, 1902.196 Mexico City observers, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, i, pp. 62-66, 1902.197 R. O'Halloran, Pop. Astr., 10, p. 551, 1902; Publ. Astr. Soc. Pac, 14,pp. 188-189, 1902.198 W. W. Payne, Pop. Astr., 10, pp. 480-486, 1902.199 H. C. Wilson, Pop. Astr., 10, pp. 503-504, 1902.1903 IV II200 A. Allander, in C. F., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 17, pp. 223-231, 1903.201 T. W. Backhouse, Observatory, 26, p. 213, 1903.202 D. Dubiago, Astr. Nachr., 166, p. 289, 1904.203 " Mathematicus," Engl. Mech., "JT, p. 276, 1903.204 F. Oom, Astr. Nachr., 165, pp. 197-200, 1904.1903 X 6205 E. Bordage et A. Garsault, C. R. 137, pp. 897-898, 1903.206 D. Dubiago, Astr. Nachr., 166, pp. 295-298, 1904.207 P. H. Johnson, Engl. Mech., 78, p. 334, 1903.208 " Mathematicus," Engl. Mech., 78. p. 448, 1903.1905 II 19209 Al. Ayme, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 191-193, 1905.210 F. Burnerd, Engl. Mech., 85, p. 129, 1905.211 G. Caron, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 240-243, 1905.212 Chevremont, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, p. 191-193, 1905.213 Crommelin (presiding), Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 15, pp. 189-190, 1904-5.214 F. C. Dennett, Engl. Mech., 81, p. 85, 1905.215 H. R. Hanbidge, Engl. Mech., 81, p. 65, 1905.216 C. Larronde, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 240-243, 1905.217 " Meteor," Engl. Mech., 81, p. 65, 1905.218 M. Moye, Observatory, 28, p. 141, 1905.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 55219 F. Quenisset, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 191-193, 1905.220 A, Rengel, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 240-243, 1905.221 W. G. T., Engl. Mech., 81, p. 85, 1905.1905 VIII IS222 A. Benoit, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 389-391, 1905.223 A. Bloch, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 389-391, 1905.224 R. Guerin, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, p. 462, 1905.225 E. de Perrot, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, p. 462, 1905.226 A. Quignon, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 389-391, 1905.227 H. Key, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 389-391, 1905.227a G. de'Sforza, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, p. 462, 1905.228 E. Stuyvaert, Ann. Obs. roy. de Belg., n. s., Ann., Astr., 9, pp. 74-75, 1906.229 W. Winkler, Astr. Nachr., 171, p. 123, 1906.230 H. Wuillemier, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 19, pp. 389-391, 1905.1906 II 8231 G. Blum, in C. F., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 20, pp. 192-194, 1906.232 Denning, Observatory, 29, pp. 144-145, 1906.233 S. Diaz, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 5, pp. 749-753, 1906.234 A. Lopez, Bol.- Soc. Astr. Mexico, 5, pp. 748-749, 1906.235 E. Lopez, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 5, pp. 741-747, 1906.236 H. Macpherson, Engl. Mech., 83, p. 36, 1906.237 F. Quenisset, Bull. Soc. Astr., Fr., 20, pp. 140-142, 1906.238 A. D. Ross, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 16, pp. 206-207, 1905-6.239 L, Rudaux, La Nature, p. 224, 1906 I.1906 VIII 4240 G. le Cadet, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 22, pp. 544-546, 1906; C. R., 143,pp. 509-510, 1906.241 S. Diaz, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 5, pp. 852-854, 1906.242 W. F. Gale, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 17, pp. 33-34, 1906-7.243 W. B. Harris, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 17, pp. 31-32, 1906-7.244 J. T. Ward, 17, pp. 32-33, 1906-7.1907 I 28245 E. Lopez, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 5, pp. 957-960, 1907.1907 VII 24246 Constantin, Bull. Soc Astr. Fr., 21, p. 451, 1907.247 S. Diaz, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 6, pp. 85-88, 1907.248 E. Lopez, Bol. Soc. Astr. Mexico, 6, pp. 88-91, 1907.1909 VI 3249 Borelly, C. R., 148, pp. 1499- 1500, 1909.250 H. Bougourd, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 23, pp. 476-477, 1909.251 J. H. Elgie, Nature, 80, pp. 502-503, 1909.252 F. de Roy, Ciel et Terre, 30, p. 248, 1909-10.253 J- Serrano, in (T.), Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 23, pp. 331-336, 1909.254 L. Taffara, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital, 38, pp. 155-156, 1909.255 V. Zlatinsky, in (T.), Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 23, pp. 331-336, 1909.
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 761909 XI 26256 P. C Campariole, Engl. Mech., 90, p. 468, 1909.257 N. V. Ginori, Revista di Astronomia, etc., 4, pp. 30-31, 1910.258 J. H. Metcalf, Astr. Nachr., 184, p. 10, 1910 ; Pop. Astr. 18, pp. 87-90, 1910.259 R. O'Halloran, Pop. Astr., 18, pp. 61-62, 1910.1910 V 23260 P. C. Campariole, Engl. Mech., 91, p. 452, 1910.1910 XI 16261 Amann et CI. Rozet, C. R., 151, pp. 1104-1106, 1910.262 Goudey, in E. Touchet, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 25, pp. 29-32, 191 1.263 Lafitte, in Em. Touchet, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 25, pp. 56-66, 191 1.264 A. A. Nijland, Astr. Nachr., 188, pp. 131-134, 1911.1912 IV I265 E. W, Barlow, Engl. Mech., 95, pp. 275-276, 1912.266 F. C. Dennett, Engl. Mech., 95, pp. 275-276, 1912.267 G. Hauet, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 26, pp. 248-251, 1912.268 Th. Leroy, in Em. T,, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 26, p. 248-251, 191 2.269 L. Libert, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 26, p. 284, 1912.270 J. Peneau, in Em. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 26, pp. 248-251, 1912.271 H, Rey, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 26, p. 284, 1912.272 J. van der Bilt, Astr. Nachr., 194, pp. 47-48, 1913.1913 III 21273 W. Ball, Engl. Mech., 97, p. 331, 1913.274 E. E. Barnard, Pop. Astr., 21, pp. 277-278, 1913.275 A. S. Flint, Pop. Astr., 22, pp. 425-427, 1914.276 E. Gray, Pop. Astr., 21, pp. 276-277, 1913.277 G. Jackson, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 27, p. 262, 1913.278 H. P. Newton, Pop. Astr., 21, p. 376, 1913.279 Pargoire, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 2."], p. 262, 1913.1913 IX 14280 H. A. Kuyper, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 27, p. 512, 1913.281 J. J. Schafer, Pop. Astr., 21, pp. 651-652, 1913.1914 III II282 N. Cordier, in (T.), Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 28, pp. 234-238, 1914.283 Leboeuf et Chofardet, in (T.), Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 28, pp. 234-238, 1914.284 G. F. Nolte, Pop. Astr., 22, p. 372, 1914.285 J. J. Schafer, Pop. Astr., 22, pp. 253-254, 1914.286 G. Tramblay, in (T.), Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 28, pp. 234-238, 1914.1917 I 7287 W. F. A. Ellison, Engl. Mech., 105, p. 10, 1917.288 J. C. Prior, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 2^, pp. 119-120, 1017.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES—FISHER 571917 VII 4289 J. Ellsworth, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 31, pp. 294-300, 1917.290 L. Grabowski, Astr. Nachr., 205, pp. 128-139, 1917.291 A. Nodon, C. R., 165, pp. 176-177, 1917.292 A. dePaolis, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 31, pp. 330-333, 1917.293 H. Rey, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 31, pp. 294-300, 1917.294 J. Weber, Astr. Nachr., 205, pp. 133-134, 1917.
1917 XII 27295 C. A. Reichelt, Mo. Weath. Rev., 45, pp. 575-576, 1917.1919 XI 7296 A. Fock, Astr. Nachr., 210, pp. 293-294, 1919-20.297 Quenisset, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 33, pp. 522-523, 1919.1920 V 2298 C. O. Bartrum, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 30, pp. 250-252, 1919-20.299 H. Bougourd, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.300 P. Chouard, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.301 E. Geneslay, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.302 M. Hauptmann, Revue du Ciel, p. 870, 1920, July; Ciel et Terre, 38,pp. 121-123, 1922.303 J. L. Herzog, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.304 Hestin, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.305 A. Perse, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.306 G. Raymond, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 262-263, 1920.307 D. Roguet, in E. T., Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 34, pp. 249-263, 1920.308 F. de Roy, Ciel et Terre, 36, pp. 126-127, 1920.
1920 X 26309 R. A. Mcintosh, Engl. Mech., 112, p. 266, 1921.310 G. E. B. Stephenson, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 31, pp. 63-64, 1920-1.311 H. G. Tomkins, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 31, pp. 108-109, 1920-21.
1921 IV 21312 O. Blundell, Journ. Brit. Astr. Assoc, 31, p. 333, 1920-1.313 L. Sanner, Bull. Soc Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 15-16, 1921.
1921 X 16314 R. Croste, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 31-40, 1922.315 A. C. Curtis, Engl. Mech., 114, p. 168, 1921.316 L. Fabry, C. R., 173, PP. 687-688, 1921.317 L. Grabowski, Astr. Nachr., 215, p. 247, 1921-2.318 M. Hauptmann, Revue du Ciel, pp. 1198- . . . . , 1921 ; Ciel et Terre,38, pp. 123-126, 1922.319 M. B. B. Heath, Engl. Mech., 114, p. 168, 1921.
58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 76320 M. Honnorat, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 31-40, 1922.321 J. Lagarrigue, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 31-40, 1922.322 B. Meyermann, Astr. Nachr., 215, pp. 34-35, 1921-2.323 J. Trarieux, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 31-40, 1922.324 J. Vetter, Bull. Soc. Astr. Fr., 36, pp. 31-40, 1922.
Table 8.
—
References on the Photometry of Lunar Eclipses1863 VI I G. B. Airy, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 24, p. 67, 1863-4.Extra-focal (short-sight) images of stars.1863 VI I C. Flammarion, Popular Astronomy, p. 187.Comparison with stars.1870 VII 12 C. Flammarion, Popular Astronomy, p. 187.Comparison with stars.1877 VIII 23 J. J. Plummer, Observatory, i, pp. 197-199, 1877.Rumford photometer and candle.1884 X 4 G. L. Tupman, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 45, pp. 41-42, 1884-5.Comparison with stars.1888 I 28 Dorst, Sirius, 21, pp. 241-242, 1888.Comparison with stars.1888 I 28 C. Flammarion, Popular Astronomy, p. 188.Comparison with stars.1888 I 28 E. C. Pickering, Ann. Harv. Coll. Obs., 18, pp. 73-83.Photographic.1888 I 28 G. Tramblay, L'Astronomie, 7, pp. 103-106, 1888.Comparison with stars.1888 I 28 W. G. B., Engl. Mech., 46, p. 554, 1888.Extra-focal (short-sight) images of stars.1888 VII 22 E. S. Holden, Publ. Lick Obs., 4, pp. 107-121, 1891.Lines of equal illumination traced in focal plane of 36-inch.1891 XI 15 W. H. Pickering, Ann. Harv. Coll. Obs., 32, pp. 255-256.Photographic.1891 XI 15 Safarik, Astr. Nachr., 129, pp. 397-400, 1892.Extra-focal (short-sight) images of stars.1895 IX 3 F. W. Very, Astrophys. Journ., 2, pp. 293-305, 1895.Special photometer.1898 XII 27 G. W. Hough, Science, 10, p. 794, 1899.Photographic.1898 XII 27 W. Laska, Astr. Nachr., 149, pp. 137-140, 1899.Extra-focal (short-sight) images of stars.1898 XII 27 W. H. Pickering, Ann. Harv. Astr. Obs., 32, pp. 256.Photographic.1903 IV II Ruhmer, Weltall, 3, pp. 200-202, 1902-3.Selenium cells.1910 XI 16 J. Elster u. H. Geitel, Phys. Ztschr., 11, pp. 1212-1214, 1910.Photoelectric cell.1921 X 16 A. Danjon, C. R., 173, pp. 706-708, 1921.Special polarizing photometer.1921 X 16 J. Hopmann, Astr. Nachr., 215, pp. 269-274, 1921-22.Special photometer.
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 59Table 9.
—
References on the Spectroscopy of Lunar EclipsesW. Huggins, Astr. Reg., 3, pp. 169-170, 1865.
" Spectroscope."College Romaine, Les Mondes, 10, pp. 183-184, 1866.
" Spectrum."A. Poey, C. R., 62,, pp. 353-357, 1866.
" Spectrum."Chacornac, C. R., 65, pp. 501-502, 1867.
" Spectroscope."J. Browning, Student and Intellectual Observer, 5, p. 368, 1871.12 inch and spectroscope.A. T. Arcimis, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, Z7, PP- 12-13, 1876.4 inch and spectroscope.J. Rand-Capron, Engl. Mech., 25, p. 64, 1877.2,y^ inch and d. v. spectroscope.N. V. Konkoly, Observatory, i, p. 370, 1877.4 inch and 5-prism d. v. spectroscope.M. Ashley, Observatory, i, p. 177, 1877.3^4 inch and McLean star spectroscope.J. Rand-Capron, Observatory, i, pp. 216-218, 1877.W. H. M. Qiristie and E. W. Maunder, Mo. Not. R. Astr. Soc,37, pp. 469-470, 1877.Greenwich equatorial and i -prism spectroscope.E. W. Maunder, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 38, pp. 514-525, 1878.Greenwich equatorial and i -prism spectroscope.H. C. Russell, Observatory, 3, pp. 565-568, 1879-80.11^ inch, spectroscope with measuring appliances.C. Trepied, C. R., 99, pp. 562-563, 1884.25 cm. and d. v. spectroscope.G. Rayet, C. R., 105,. p. 305, 1887.38 cm. and 3-prism spectroscope.Copeland, Observator}^ 11, pp. 157-158, 1888.
" Spectroscope."1888 I 28 S. J. Perry, Mo. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 48, pp. 276-279, 1888.Spectroscope with i or 2 prisms.1888 I 28 C. Piazzi-Smyth, Observatory, 11, pp. 157-158, 1888.
" Spectroscope."1888 I 28 C. Trepied, C. R., 106, pp. 408-409, 1888.50 cm., i-prism spectroscope.1888 VII 22 J. E. Keeler, Publ. Lick Obs., 4, PP- 115-116, 1891.12 inch and 5-prism d. v. spectroscope.1889 VII 12 A. Ricco, Mem. Soc Spett. Ital., 18, pp. 151-152, 1889.
" Spettroscopio registratore."1891 XI 15 A. Ricco, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital., 20, p. 176, 1891.6.5 cm., McLean star spectroscope.1895 III 10 A. F. Miller, Trans. Astr. and Phys. Soc. Toronto, 6, pp. 20-23,1895.4 inch and d. v. spectroscope.
1865
6o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. "J^189s IX 3 A. F. Miller, Trans. Astr. and Phys. Soc. Toronto, 6, pp. 93-94,1895.4 inch and d. v. spectroscope.1914 III II V. M. Slipher, Astr. Nachr., 199, pp. 103-104, 1914.Spectrophotograph.
Table 10.
—
List of Periodicals ConsultedInd. = General index to volumes indicated
;
V.= Indices of individual volumes as indicated.Annual Encyclopedia v. 1861-1868Archives des Sciences (Bibliotheque Universelle) v. 1859-1879Astronomische Nachrichten Ind. 41-150 v. 151-217Astronomische Rundschau v. i-ioL'Astronomie v. 1-13Astronomical Journal v. 1-32Astronomical Register Ind. 1-20 v. 21-24Astronomy and Astrophysics Ind. 1-3Astrophysical Journal Ind. 1-25Boletino de la Sociedad Astronomica de Mexico v. 1-13Bulletin Astronomique v. 1-31, n. s.v. 1-2Bulletin de la Societe Astronomique de France v. 1-36Bulletin de la Societe Beige d'Astronomic v. l-io,15-21Ciel et Terre v. 1-38Comptes Rendus Ind. 32-121 v. 122-175Copernicus v. 2-3Cosmos V. 18-25,(2) 1-7English Mechanic v. 6-116Fortschritte der Physik, (especially III) v. 16-74Heis Wochenschrift fiir Astronomic u. s. w v. i-ii,n. f. i^Himmel und Erde v. 1-26Jahresbericht der Astronomischen Gesellschaft v. 1-17Journal of the British Astronomical Association. .Ind. 1-17 v. 18-32Kleins Jahrbuch v. 1-23Memorie della Societa degli Spettroscopisti Italiani v. 1-2, 5-39,n. s. I, 2, 5Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,Ind. 20-70 v. 71-82Les Mondes v. 1-31Nature v. l-iioLa Nature Ind. 1873-1912 v. 1913-1921Observatory v. 1-45Popular Astronomy Ind. 1-16 v. 17-29Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,Ind. 1-25 V. 26-32
\
NO. 9 BRIGHTNESS OF LUNAR ECLIPSES FISHER 6l
Recreative Science ; The Intellectual Observer ; The Student andIntellectual Observer of Science v. 1859-1871Revista di Astronomia, etc., v. 1-7Revista do Observatorio v. 1-6Royal Society of Canada, Journal v. 1-16Sidereal Messenger Ind. l-iiSirius V. 8-55Transactions of the Astronomical and Physical Society ofToronto v. 1890-1901Vierteljahresschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft. Indicesthrough 1921Das Weltall v. i- 22