9,+ 30:;  RED LIST OF MARINE BONY FISHES OF THE EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC Beth Polidoro, Gina M. Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent E. Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean Noel Bibang Bi Nguema, Jack R. Buchanan, Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi Camara, Youssouf Hawa Camara, Kadiatou Cissoko, Bruce B. Collette, Mia T. Comeros-Raynal, Godefroy de Bruyne, Madeleine Diouf, Roger Djiman, Mathieu Ducrocq, Ofer Gon, Antony S. Harold, Heather Harwell, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Andrew Hines, P. Alexander Hulley, Tomio Iwamoto, Steen Knudsen, Jean de Dieu Lewembe, Christi Linardich, Ken Lindeman, Ebou Mass Mbye, Jean Egard Mikolo, Vanda Monteiro, Jean Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Jean Hervé Mve Beh, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Caroline Pollock, Stuart Poss, Richmond Quartey, Barry Russell, Alphonse Sagna, Catherine Sayer, Aboubacar Sidibe, William Smith-Vaniz, Emilie Stump, Mor Sylla, Luis Tito De Morais, Jean-Christophe Vié and Akanbi Williams 9,+ 30:;  THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES ™ IUCN-MBU marine.biodiversity@iucn.org tel +01 757 683 4197 fax +01 757 683 5283 http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/marine www.sci.odu.edu/gmsa ZLWKWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWRI PRCM IUCN MACO and IUCN PACO University of Ghana ICRODT (Dakar) Parcs Gabon (ANPN) iRed List of Marine Bony Fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic Beth Polidoro, Gina M. Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent E. Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean Noel Bibang Bi Nguema, Jack R. Buchanan, Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi ĂŵĂƌĂ͕zŽƵƐƐŽƵĨ,ĂǁĂĂŵĂƌĂ͕<ĂĚŝĂƚŽƵŝƐƐŽŬŽ͕ƌƵĐĞ͘ŽůůĞƩĞ͕DŝĂd͘ ŽŵĞƌŽƐͲZĂLJŶĂů͕'ŽĚĞĨƌŽLJĞ ƌƵLJŶĞ͕DĂĚĞůĞŝŶĞŝŽƵĨ͕ ZŽŐĞƌũŝŵĂŶ͕DĂƚŚŝĞƵƵĐƌŽĐƋ͕KĨĞƌ'ŽŶ͕ŶƚŽŶLJ^͘,ĂƌŽůĚ͕,ĞĂƚŚĞƌ,ĂƌǁĞůů͕ ƌĂŝŐ ,ŝůƚŽŶͲdĂLJůŽƌ͕  ŶĚƌĞǁ ,ŝŶĞƐ͕ W͘  ůĞdžĂŶĚĞƌ ,ƵůůĞLJ͕  dŽŵŝŽ /ǁĂŵŽƚŽ͕ ^ƚĞĞŶ <ŶƵĚƐĞŶ͕ :ĞĂŶ Ğ ŝĞƵ >ĞǁĞŵďĞ͕ŚƌŝƐƟ>ŝŶĂƌĚŝĐŚ͕<ĞŶ>ŝŶĚĞŵĂŶ͕ďŽƵDĂƐƐDďLJĞ͕ :ĞĂŶŐĂƌĚDŝŬŽůŽ͕sĂŶĚĂDŽŶƚĞŝƌŽ͕ :ĞĂŶ Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Jean Hervé Mve Beh, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Caroline Pollock, Stuart WŽƐƐ͕ZŝĐŚŵŽŶĚYƵĂƌƚĞLJ͕ ĂƌƌLJZƵƐƐĞůů͕ůƉŚŽŶƐĞ^ĂŐŶĂ͕ĂƚŚĞƌŝŶĞ^ĂLJĞƌ͕ ďŽƵďĂĐĂƌ^ŝĚŝďĞ͕tŝůůŝĂŵ^ŵŝƚŚͲ sĂŶŝnj͕ŵŝůŝĞ^ƚƵŵƉ͕DŽƌ^LJůůĂ͕>ƵŝƐdŝƚŽĞDŽƌĂŝƐ͕:ĞĂŶͲŚƌŝƐƚŽƉŚĞsŝĠĂŶĚŬĂŶďŝtŝůůŝĂŵƐ͘ IUCN Global Species Programme ii Published and prepared by the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily replace those of the IUCN. Citation: Beth Polidoro, Gina M. Ralph, Kyle Strongin, Michael Harvey, Kent E. Carpenter, Titus Ayo Adeofe, Rachel Arnold, Paul Bannerman, Jean Noel Bibang Bi Nguema, Jack R. Buchanan, Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi Camara, Youssouf Hawa Camara, Kadiatou Cissoko, Bruce B. Collette, Mia T. Comeros-Raynal, Godefroy De Bruyne, Madeleine Diouf, Roger Djiman, Mathieu Ducrocq, Ofer Gon, Antony S. Harold, Heather Harwell, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Andrew Hines, P. Alexander Hulley, Tomio Iwamoto, Steen Knudsen, Jean De Dieu Lewembe, Christi Linardich, Ken Lindeman, Ebou Mass Mbye, Jean Egard Mikolo, Vanda Monteiro, Jean Bernard Mougoussi, Thomas Munroe, Jean Hervé Mve Beh, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Caroline Pollock, Stuart Poss, Richmond Quartey, Barry Russell, Alphonse Sagna, Catherine Sayer, Aboubacar Sidibe, William Smith-Vaniz, Emilie Stump, Mor Sylla, Luis Tito De Morais, Jean-Christophe Vié and Akanbi :LOOLDPV5HG/LVWRI0DULQH%RQ\)LVKHVRIWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF*ODQG3XEOLFDWLRQV2I¿FH of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 81 pp. Design and layout: Emilie Stump and Gina Ralph Printed by: Colley Avenue Copies & Graphics, Inc. Picture credits on cover page: All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individaul captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: IUCN Publications Services. www.iucn.org/publications More information on the IUCN Red List is available on the Internet (www.iucnredlist.org). ISBN: DOI: (c) IUCN Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commerical purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Printed in the United States. iii Table of contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................3 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................5 1. Background ............................................................................................................................................7 1.1 The Eastern Central Atlantic ......................................................................................................7 1.2 Diversity and Endemism ...........................................................................................................9 1.3 Importance of Marine Fishes .....................................................................................................9 1.4 Assessment of Species Extinction Risk ...................................................................................13 1.5 Objectives of the Assessment ..................................................................................................15 2. Assessment Methodology ....................................................................................................................16 2.1 Geographic Scope ....................................................................................................................16 2.2 Taxonomic Scope ....................................................................................................................16 2.3 Regional IUCN Red List Assessment Workshops ...................................................................17 2.4 IUCN Red List Assessment Protocol .......................................................................................18 2.5 Methodology for Spatial Analyses ..........................................................................................18 3. Results .................................................................................................................................................19 3.1 Threat Status ............................................................................................................................19 3.2 Status by Taxonomic Group ....................................................................................................22 3.3 Spatial Distribution of Species ................................................................................................28 3.4 Major Threats to Marine Fishes in the ECA ............................................................................32 3.5 Population Trends ....................................................................................................................35 3.6 Gaps in Knowledge .................................................................................................................36 4. Conservation Measures .......................................................................................................................37 4.1 Conservation of Marine Fish ...................................................................................................37 4.2 Marine Protected Areas ...........................................................................................................42 4.3 IUCN Red List versus Priority for Conservation Action .........................................................45 5. Recommendations ...............................................................................................................................46 5.1 Recommendations for Management and Policy ......................................................................46 5.2 Recommendations for Marine Protected Areas and Conservation Action ..............................46 5.3 Recommendations for Research and Training .........................................................................47 5.4 The Future: IUCN Red List Assessments and Key Biodiversity Areas ..................................48 References .....................................................................................................................................................49 Appendix 1. ...................................................................................................................................................54 Appendix 2. ...................................................................................................................................................83 3This project was funded primarily by the MAVA Foundation and the New Hampshire Charitable Trust. In particular, we would like to thank Thierry Renaud (MAVA) for his support of this project and Roger McManus for his undying encouragement of the Global Marine Species Assessment. The preliminary results were presented at the Forum of the Regional Marine and Coastal Conservation Programme for West Africa (PRCM) in 2013 by Mathieu Ducrocq (IUCN) and in 2015 by Idriss Deffry (IUCN). We thank the following organizations for logistical support during the three workshops: IUCN Regional Marine and Coastal Programme for Central and West Africa (IUCN MACO), IUCN Senegal Programme 2I¿FHWKH&HQWUHGH5HFKHUFKHV2FpDQRJUDSKLTXHV Dakar (CRODT), IUCN Programme for West and Central Africa (IUCN PACO), IUCN Ghana Project 2I¿FH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI 0DULQH  )LVKHULHV Science of the University of Ghana, the Ghana Marine Fisheries Research Division of the Fisheries Commission, Agence Nationale du Parcs Nationaux (ANPN), Gabon Bleu and the Direction General de la Peches et d’ l’Agriculture (DGPA). We also thank the following for their support during these workshops: Alain Nkoghe Nze (ANPN), Andrew Rodrigues (IUCN), Massal Fall (CRODT), Michael Vakily (Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission), Pablo Chavance (IUCN), and Philippe Tous (Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission). About 1,000 species were assessed during the three West African workshops, while about 300 species were assessed during previous taxonomic and regional initiatives. This project could not have been completed without the experts who assessed these species, including: Acknowledgements E. Abdulqader R. Abesamis A. Acero A. Adams P. Afonso S. Alam G. Allen H. Alnazry A. Amorim W. Anderson K. Antony Aiken R. Arnold P. Auster T. Ayo Adeofe A. Azeroual A.B. Williams P. Bannermann M. Bariche F. Barthelat S. Bartnik A. Beresford A.A. Bertoncini R. Betancur M. Bilecenoglu J. Bishop C. Bizsel J. Bouchereau T. Bousso A. Boustany J. Brenner M. Brick Peres J. Brown D. Buddo C. Buxton T. Camarena-Luhrs K. Can Bizsel C. Canales Ramirez G. Cardenas K. Carpenter S. Chang N.L. Chao A. Chenery W. Chiang H. Choat K. Cissoko T.A. Clarke B. Collen B.B. Collette M. C.Biscoito R. Cook A. Cornish M. Craig M. Curtis A. Cuttelod C. Czembor L. da Costa K. David Clements G. de Bruyne N. deOliveira Leite Jr. A. Di Natale D. Die K. Dine Camara R. Djiman J. Dooley A. Edwards M. Entsua-Mensah M. Erdi Lazuardi W. Eschmeyer M. E. Vega-Cendejas P. Eurico Pires F. Travassos C.V. Feitosa S. Fennessy P. Fernandes A. Ferreira Amorim B. Ferreira C.E. Ferreira A. Florin W. Fox R. Francini-Filho P. Francour T. Fraser F. Fredou J. Freyhof R. Fricke R. Fritzsche L. Gil de Sola J. Gil Herrera G. Gilmore A. G. Guzman-Mora D. Golani O. Gon M. González Castro J.D.M. Gordon M. Goren J. Graves K. Guindon G. Hardy M. Harmelin-Vivien A. Harold K. Hartel S. Hartmann K. Hassan-Al-Khalf Y. Hawa Camara F. Hazin P.C. Heemstra D. Herdson J. Herler M. Hichem Kara M. Hinton F. Hissa Viera Hazin W. Holleman A. Horodysky J. Howard Choat P. Hulley G. Huntsman T. Iwamoto Y. Iwatsuki R. Jardim Albieri A. Jassim Kawari L. Jing M. Jose Costa M. Jose Juan Jorda O. Kada M.H. Kara 4E. Karmovskaya F. Kaymaram Ç. Keskin R. Kishore S. Kobyliansky M. Kottelat M. Kovacic P. Lalèyè H. Larson J. Leis N. Leite R. Lessa K. Lindeman M. Liu S. Livingstone P. Lorance F. Lucena Fredou J. Luiz Nascimento T. MacDonald B. Mann F. Marcante Santana da Silva L.M. Grijalba Bendeck J. Marechal A.M. Torres Rodrigues S. Marques E. Mass Mbye E. Massuti E. Masuti K. Matsuura R. McBride J.E. McCosker J. McEachran J. McIlwain E. Mendonca G. Milagrosa Bustamante C. Minte Vera N. Miyabe T. Moelants R. Montano Cruz V. Montiero J. Moore S.K. Morgan H. Motomura R. Moura A. Muljadi T.A. Munroe E. Murdy R. Myers C. Nanola K. Nedreaas J. Nelson R. Nelson J. Nielsen N. Noemi Fadré A. Nouar F.K. Nunoo B.D. Olaosebikan H. Oxenford B. Padovani Ferreira J. Paes Vieira A. Palmeri C. Papaconstantinou S. Pardede R. P. Teixeira Lessa J.R. Paxton P. Pearce-Kelly F. Pezold F. Pina Amargos A. Pires Marceniuk A. Polanco Fernandez B. Polidoro D. Pollard R. Pollom S. Poss I.G. Priede A. Punt R. Pyle R. Quartey J. Quignard P. Rahardjo G. Ralph M. Ram V. Restrepo N. Richman A. Rijnsdorp C. Roberts R. Robertson R. Robins E. Robinson L. Rocha B. Russell Y. Sadovy &6D¿QD A. Sagna E. Salas M. Samoilys C. Sampaio K. Schaefer J. Schratwieser R. Serra K. Shao J. Shenker A. Sidibé S. Singh-Renton D. Smith W. Smith-Vaniz W.C. Starnes D. Stein B. Stockwell C. Sun M. Sylla C. Thierry K. Tighe L. Tito de Morais L. Tornabene P. Tous Travasso J. Tyler F. Uiblein Y. Uozumi J. Van Tassell L. Villwock de Miranda A. Vincent R. Ward S. W. Knudsen I. Williams J. Williams L. Woodall E. Yanez B. Yokes G. Zapfe In addition, the scientists who contributed to the XSGDWHG FKDSWHUV RQ PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VKHV LQ WKH forthcoming Food and Agriculture Organization Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic were an essential source of data and information for these assessments and distribution maps, including: A. Acero-P., M.E. Anderon, W.D. Anderson, N. Bailly, R. Bentacur-R., M.G. Bradbury, J.C. Briggs, A. Brito, R. Britz, K.E. Carpenter, J.H. Caruso, B. Chanet, N.L. Chao, D.M. Cohen, B.B. Collette, M. Desoutter-M., J.K. Dooley, A. Edwards, C.J. Ferraris Jr., R. Fricke, R. Fritzsche, D. Golani, O. *RQ':*UHHQ¿HOG5/+DHGULFK$6+DUROG I.J. Harrison, K.E. Hartel, P.C. Heemstra, P.A. Hulley, W. Ivantsoff, T. Iwamoto, Y. Iwatsuki, G.D. Johnson, R.K. Johnson, C.P. Kenaley, L.W. Knapp, J.M. Leis, D. Lloris, J. Matallanas, K. Matsuura, J.E. McCoskre, J.D. McEachran, R.J. McKay, G.C. Miller, P.J. Miller, J.A. Moore, H. Motomura, T.A. Munroe, E.O. Murdy, T. Nakabo, I. Nakamura, J.S. Nelson, J.G. Nielsen, J.E. Olney, T.M. Orrell, N.V. Parin, J.R. Paxton, T.W. Pietsch, S.G. Poss, W.J. Richards, C.D. Roberts, T.R. Roberts, L.A. Rocha, B.C. Russell, K. Sakai, I.B. Shakhovskoy, D.G. Smith, W.L. Smith, W.F. Smith-Vaniz, V.G. Springer, W.C. Starnes, D. Stein, D.E. Stevenson, M. Sylla, C.E. Thacker, B.A. Thompson, T. Trnski, M.W. Westneat, J.T. Williams and N. Yagishita. We gratefully acknowledge the editorial support provided by M. Kautenberger- Longo, E. D’Antoni, N. De Angelis, E. Biesak and B. Polidoro, without whom the guide would not exist. Finally, we thank the many individuals involved in the data collection, initial map generation and post- workshop clean-up, including A. Bubnash, B. Corley, A. Goodpaster, C. Gorman, N. Muniz, B. Pogue, C. Radtke, A. Santa Cruz, D. Slater, S. Smith, S. Soto, C. Twiford and S. Weller. 5 Executive Summary Aim The Red List of Marine Bony Fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) is a review of the conservation status of all native marine bony fishes in ECA according to the global Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the global level and occur within the ECA region. This comprehensive assessment, which is the first of its kind in the ECA, aims to provide improved knowledge of species presence and extinction risk status for the purposes of guiding conservation actions and improved policies for these species both globally and regionally. Scope All currently described marine bony fishes native to the Eastern Central Atlantic (a total of 1,288 species), have been assessed in this Red List. The geographic scope encompasses all marine areas extending from Mauritania to Angola, including the offshore islands of Cape Verde, Saint Helena and Ascension, and Bioko, São Tomé and Príncipe and Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea. Of the 1,288 species assessed, approximately 18% (231 species) are considered endemic to the Eastern Central Atlantic region. Status assessment All species were assessed using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, which is the most widely accepted system for measuring extinction risk. Species data were compiled based on data and knowledge from a network of leading regional and international experts on marine fishes. Species assessments were primarily completed and reviewed at three large workshops held in Dakar, Senegal; Accra, Ghana; and Libreville, Gabon; as well as through email correspondence with relevant experts. More than 65 experts participated in the assessment workshops in the region, and more than 250 experts overall contributed data, expertise and to the review process for these fishes. All species global assessments and final results were made available on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in November 2015. Results Approximately 3% (37 species) of the 1,288 marine bony fishes present in the Eastern Central Atlantic are classified in threatened categories (i.e. Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). A further 1.1 % (14 species) are considered Near Threatened. However, for 13% (164 species) there were insufficient data available to evaluate risk of extinction and thus these species were classified as Data Deficient. When more data become available, some of these species may qualify for a threatened category. The major threats to marine bony fish species in the ECA are overfishing, habitat degradation, pollution, climate change, and invasive and problematic species. Current population trends for the vast majority of species in the ECA are largely unknown, especially as many of the marine fishes present are deep-sea species that are only known from a few specimens or have unresolved taxonomic questions. The majority of species with known population declines are species that are directly targeted by fisheries, or have been indirectly affected as by-catch. In the ECA, the diversity of marine bony fishes is highest around the Cape Verde Islands and off the coast of Senegal, with a maximum of 757 species of marine fish per 100 km2. The diversity of fishes in oceanic waters is substantially lower than that of coastal waters, except for the area surrounding St. Helena and Ascension. The top 10% of endemic species diversity (116-128 species per 100 km2) occurs from Sierra Leone to Gabon, including Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) in the Gulf of Guinea. 6Recommendations Although a number of local, national and regional conservation measures and management bodies exist, this comprehensive Red List assessment of DOOPDULQH¿VKHVLQ WKH(&$KDVUHLQIRUFHGVHYHUDO recommendations to improve marine resource management and conservation. ‡ In many countries, limited surveillance and HQIRUFHPHQWFDSDFLW\OHDGVWR LOOHJDO¿VKLQJDQG RYHU¿VKLQJZKLFKLPSHULOVQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDO management efforts. Perhaps the greatest need in the region is to strengthen governance, including increased capacity, training and resources, in order to improve management and reduce illegal DQGXQUHJXODWHG¿VKLQJDFWLYLWLHV ‡ Research capacity to conduct stock assessments or assess population trends in much of the region is limited. There is a great need to increase capacity, training and resources for local and national ¿VKHULHVPDQDJHPHQWDJHQFLHVWREHWWHUTXDQWLI\ WKHLPSDFWVRIORFDOQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDO¿VKHU\ efforts on targeted and non-targeted species. ‡ Of particular importance is the need to train more key scientists and middle level practitioners RQ WD[RQRPLF LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DQG WR GLVDJJUHJDWH ¿VKHULHV GDWD UHSRUWHG E\ IDPLO\ RU JHQXV ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV ¿VKHV EHLQJ UHFRUGHG LQ ODQGLQJV ¿VK PDUNHWV DFDGHPLF VXUYH\V DQG RWKHU LQVWDQFHV DUH LQFRUUHFWO\ LGHQWL¿HG FRPSRXQGLQJ WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ species distributions and population trends. ‡ Although a number of marine and coastal protected areas have been established in the region to limit harvesting of coastal resources and ensure their sustainable utilization, many are in need of increased capacity, funding, infrastructure and governance for effective enforcement and conservation. ‡ Many nations are still lacking in adequate marine or coastal protected areas. In addition to the creation of more marine and coastal protected areas, there is a need to identify, and include within protected areas, critical habitats and spawning sites. ‡ As in many regions around the world with a large number of governments, ethnic groups and languages, and management goals, there is a need for improved transboundary collaboration on VKDUHG¿VKVWRFNVUHJLRQDOGDWDPDQDJHPHQWDQG the creation of marine protected area networks. ‡ With increased capacity, training and resources, WKHUHLVDQHHGWRLPSURYHFROOHFWLRQRI¿VKHULHV GHSHQGHQW GDWD RI FRPPHUFLDO ¿VKHULHV LQ particular data on catch composition, by-catch, landings, discards, and catch per unit effort, and to establish monitoring schemes for the vast number RIVPDOOVFDOHDUWLVDQDO¿VKHULHV ‡ Increased resources need to be directed to LQFUHDVH¿VKHULHVLQGHSHQGHQWGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQG monitoring throughout the region, and to ensure that data are made available to all countries and UHJLRQDOVFLHQWL¿FERGLHVDQG5HJLRQDO)LVKHULHV Management Organizations (e.g., ICCAT, FAO, etc.). ‡ :LWK WKH FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKLV ¿UVW FRPSUHKHQVLYH 5HG/LVWRIPDULQH¿VKHVLQWKH(&$DQHVVHQWLDO next step is to identify marine Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) to more effectively prioritize local conservation action towards the mitigation, regulation, or cessation of threats impacting marine species. 71.Background 1.1 The Eastern Central Atlantic The Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), also known as the Eastern Tropical Atlantic, can be ELRJHRJUDSKLFDOO\GH¿QHGDV WKHPDULQH]RQH IURP Mauritania to Angola, including the offshore islands of Ascension, Cape Verde and Saint Helena, and Bioko, São Tomé and Príncipe and Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea (Spalding et al. 2007; Figure 1). The West African coast can be divided into 3 coastal segments: the semi-arid coast from Morocco to Senegal, which is characterized by the cool Canary Current; the humid tropical coast from Cape Verde to the Congo River, which is dominated by the Guinea Current; and the sub-humid coast south to Angola, ZKLFKLVLQÀXHQFHGE\WKHFRROHU%HQJXHOD&XUUHQW and coastal upwelling (Schwartz 2006). Although variable across the region, the continental shelf is generally narrow, extending 15-90 km offshore, and breaking at depths of approximately 100-120 m. It is the smallest tropical shelf area of the 4 tropical regions of the world (Briggs 1974). The dominant coastal features in the ECA are the Gulf RI*XLQHDDQGWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKH*XLQHD&XUUHQW There are no coral reefs in this region, although some limited coral communities exist in the southern Gulf of Guinea, mixed with rocky reef (Spalding et al. 2001). Mangroves, coastal lagoons and large estuarine areas from the drainage of major rivers, including the Niger, Volta, Gambia and Congo, all serve as important reservoirs for biological diversity (Ajao et al. 2009). Mangrove forests and swamps are WKHPRVWELRORJLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWFRDVWDOHFRV\VWHPV in the Gulf of Guinea region and collectively represent 15% of the world’s mangrove area (Schwartz 2006). The mangrove regions of the ECA provide critical EUHHGLQJJURXQGVIRUPDQ\¿VKDQGVKULPSVSHFLHV and essential habitats for a variety of other coastal species, including mammals, reptiles and birds. Seven species of mangrove are native to the ECA, though most of the mangrove forests are dominated primarily by stands of Rhizophora racemosa (Polidoro et al. 2010). The most important mangrove stands are the Niger Delta communities in Nigeria and Yawri Bay in Sierra Leone (FAO 2007). Mangrove stands of the Niger Delta are considered to be the largest in Africa, and the third largest in the world (Ukwe et al. 2001). 10°0°-10°-20°-30° 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° ¯ 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 kmRegion Boundary Coordinate System: WGS84. Projection: World Cylindrical Equal Area. The boundaries used on this map do not imply any official endorsement, acceptance or opinion by IUCN. )LJXUH/LPLWVRIWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQLWFDVGH¿QHGIRU this project (following Spalding et al. 2007). Mangrove stand in Libreville, Gabon. (c) B. Polidoro. 8About 40% of the region’s human populations live in coastal areas and are dependent on the lagoons, estuaries, creeks and inshore waters for their sustenance and socio-economic well-being (GCLME 2008). Although poorly developed, rivers and lagoons are important waterways for the transportation of goods and people. Presently, ORFDO ¿VK DQG VKHOO¿VK FRQVWLWXWH D PDMRU VRXUFH of animal protein in coastal communities. Despite the rich endowment in natural resources and recent improvements in economic growth, the majority of the population lives in conditions of widespread poverty due to huge imbalances in the production and distribution of goods and services and socio-political issues, among other concerns (GCLME 2008). 7KH VWDWXV RIPDULQH ¿VKHV HVSHFLDOO\ FRDVWDO DQG SHODJLF ¿VKHV LV RI JUHDW FRQFHUQ LQ WKH(&$GXH to overharvesting of marine resources (unsustainable JDWKHULQJ ¿VKLQJ DQG KXQWLQJ  FRQYHUVLRQ RI PDQJURYHVZDPSV ULFHVKULPS¿VKFXOWXUHDQGVDOW production); oil exploration, drilling and production; coastal erosion and habitat degradation; urban and tourism development; pollution; sedimentation and siltation; changes to the hydrological cycle; potential impending changes due to sea-level rise; and inadequate policy responses, legislation and HQIRUFHPHQW 'HVWUXFWLYH ¿VKLQJ SUDFWLFHV LQFOXGH intensive inshore and offshore trawling with associated consequences of unwanted bycatch, the use of explosives and chemicals in inshore areas, and the use of small-sized beach and purse seine nets in offshore regions (GCLME 2008) and in juvenile nursery habitats. 6SHFLHV GLYHUVLW\ DQG ¿VK VL]H IRUPDQ\ LPSRUWDQW commercial species have markedly declined over the past few decades, and several reviews report that PDQ\DUWLVDQDODQGFRPPHUFLDO¿VKVWRFNVDUHQRZ considered to be overexploited (Ajayi 1994, FAO 2000, Mensah and Quaatey 2002, Srinivasan et al. 2012). With the human population in this region H[SHFWHGWRGRXEOHLQWKHQH[W\HDUVWKLV¿UVW DVVHVVPHQWRIDOOPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVLQWKH(&$DLPV to provide comprehensive information about species inhabiting this region that will transform the current capacity to identify and enact marine conservation priorities. /RFDO¿VKLQJYHVVHOVLQ$FFUD*KDQD F %3ROLGRUR 91.2 Diversity and Endemism 7KH  PDULQH ¿VKHV SUHVHQW LQ WKLV FRPSOHWH DVVHVVPHQWRIDOONQRZQERQ\¿VKHVIRXQGLQWKH(&$ collectively represent a wide diversity of deep-water, pelagic and near-shore species in 32 orders and more than 200 families (Table 1). This list is currently the most up-to-date, complete taxonomic list of all PDULQHERQ\¿VKHVLQWKH(&$ELRJHRJUDSKLFUHJLRQ Until now, the most authoritative sources for complete OLVWV RI DOOPDULQH¿VKHV LQFOXGHG WKHCheck-list of the Fishes of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (Quéro et al. 1990) and A Revision of Irvine’s Marine Fishes of Tropical West Africa (Edwards et al. 2001), both of which were, in part, based on the currently out-of-date version of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO) Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic (Fischer et al. 1981). 7KHFRPSOHWHOLVWRIPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVSUHVHQWHGKHUH LVEDVHGRQWKHVRRQWREHSXEOLVKHGDQGVLJQL¿FDQWO\ updated version of the FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic (Carpenter and De Angelis 2014, Carpenter and De Angelis in press). +RZHYHUWKHUHDUHVRPHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHGH¿QLWLRQV of the region that impact the species included in this UHSRUW7KH)$2)LVKLQJ$UHDVDQGDUHGH¿QHG by latitude, and include the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Strait of Gibraltar to the eastern coast of South Africa. The FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central AtlanticGH¿QHGWKH(&$DV WKHHDVWHUQSRUWLRQRI)$2¿VKLQJDUHDDQG WKH QRUWKHUQ SDUW RI ¿VKLQJ DUHD :H WRRN D PRUH UHVWULFWLYHELRJHRJUDSKLFGH¿QLWLRQ IRU WKLVSURMHFW (Spalding et al. 2007; Figure 2). Many species present in the ECA have geographic ranges that extend across the Atlantic to the Caribbean Sea (e.g., Joyeux et al. 2001, Floeter et al. 2008), spill northward into Moroccan waters and into the Mediterranean Sea, or extend southward into waters of northern Namibia. A large proportion of the deepwater species included in the assessment have ranges that are thought to be circumglobal, based on currently known taxonomy and relatively few records. For these reasons, endemism in the ECA is relatively low, with less than 20% of all marine bony ¿VKHV FRQVLGHUHG HQGHPLF WR WKLV ELRJHRJUDSKLF region. 1.3 Importance of Marine Fishes Marine resources form the foundation for food security and coastal livelihoods for the nearly 400 million people that inhabit western and central African countries with a marine coastline. The ECA supports VRPHRIWKHPRVWSURGXFWLYH¿VKHULHVLQWKHZRUOG DQGLQGXVWULDOL]HGDUWLVDQDODQGVXEVLVWHQFH¿VKHULHV are critical to food security, household income and national economies. Unfortunately, marine resources are under immense pressures from various threats, LQFOXGLQJRYHU¿VKLQJGHVWUXFWLYH¿VKLQJSUDFWLFHV pollution, coastal and urban development and habitat PRGL¿FDWLRQ 7KHVH WKUHDWV DUH FRPSRXQGHG E\ Figure 2: Boundaries of the various political and biogeograph- LFGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF7KHWZR)$2 ¿VKLQJDUHDVLQFOXGHGZLWKLQWKHGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKH(&$DUH - Eastern Central Atlantic and 47 - Southeast Atlantic. 10 7DEOH5LFKQHVVRIPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVSUHVHQWLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLFLQFOXGLQJWKHQXPEHURIQRPLQDO species and families in each order, as well as the number and percentage of endemic species in each order. Order Number of families Number of species Number of endemic species Percentage of endemic species Albuliformes 1 1 0 0.0% Anguilliformes 13 100 29 29.0% Ateleopodiformes 1 2 0 0.0% Atheriniformes 1 3 1 33.3% Aulopiformes 13 64 4 6.3% Batrachoidiformes 1 4 1 25.0% Beloniformes 4 28 1 3.6% Beryciformes 5 14 1 7.1% Cetomimiformes 3 10 0 0.0% Clupeiformes 3 9 4 44.4% Elopiformes 2 3 2 66.7% Gadiformes 7 56 7 12.5% Gobiesociformes 1 8 2 25.0% Gonorynchiformes 1 1 0 0.0% Lampriformes 6 9 0 0.0% Lophiiformes 14 66 5 7.6% Mugiliformes 1 10 5 50.0% Myctophiformes 2 82 0 0.0% Notacanthiformes 2 11 0 0.0% Ophidiiformes 5 36 5 13.9% Osmeriformes 7 68 0 0.0% Perciformes 69 404 118 29.2% Pleuronectiformes 6 51 19 37.3% Polymixiiformes 1 1 0 0.0% Saccopharyngiformes 4 7 2 28.6% Scorpaeniformes 9 45 12 26.7% Siluriformes 1 3 3 100.0% Stephanoberyciformes 2 18 1 5.6% Stomiiformes 4 130 5 3.8% Syngnathiformes 4 11 3 27.3% Tetraodontiformes 6 25 1 4.0% Zeiformes 5 8 0 0.0% 11 the challenge of managing shared stocks across a culturally, politically and geographically diverse landscape. In 2011, nearly 500,000 metric tonnes of seafood was exported from the 21 countries in the region, and these resources were valued at approximately US$972 million (FAO 2016). Although the largest ¿VKHU\ SURGXFWLRQ UHSRUWHG LQ  RFFXUUHG LQ Nigeria, followed by Senegal, Ghana and Mauritania (Neiland 2006), more recently Mauritania and Angola have surpassed Nigeria (FAO 2016). Throughout WKH UHJLRQ WKH DUWLVDQDO VHFWRU GRPLQDWHV ¿VKLQJ HPSOR\PHQWDQGWKH¿VKLQJLQGXVWU\LQ:HVW$IULFD ZLWKRIWKHWRWDO¿VKHU\SURGXFWLRQHVWLPDWHGWR FRPH IURPVPDOOVFDOH DUWLVDQDO¿VKHULHV *&/0( 2008, De Graaf and Garibaldi 2014). However, it is estimated that high levels of illegal and unreported ¿VKLQJ DUH SURYLGLQJ OLWWOH EHQH¿W WR QDWLRQDO HFRQRPLHV DQG ¿VKHULHV DUH XQGHUSHUIRUPLQJ and overexploited due to poor governance and unregulated, open-access policies. For example, it is estimated that illegal catches represent more than 40% of the reported legal catch (Pauly and Zeller 2016) in many countries. In some countries, few ORFDO ¿VKLQJ FRPSDQLHV DUH LQ RSHUDWLRQ ZKHUHDV a large number of local agents are engaged in joint YHQWXUHVZLWKIRUHLJQÀHHWVZKLFKUHVXOWVLQIHZ¿VK actually landed locally. ,Q WKH (&$ LQGXVWULDO ¿VKLQJ LV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH offshore waters of maritime countries. It often relies RQ QRQ$IULFDQ WUDZOHUV DQG ÀHHWV DQG KDV OLPLWHG GLUHFW HFRQRPLF DQG HPSOR\PHQW EHQH¿W WR :HVW $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV 7\SLFDOO\ DUWLVDQDO ¿VKHUPHQ use traditional wooden boats, sometimes motorized, with a variety of gear types, including nets, lines and seines. Aquaculture is rudimentary in most of the region, although it has recently received higher levels of governmental and private support (Davies HWDO ,QODQG¿VKHULHVH[LVWLQPDQ\FRXQWULHV and frequently provide subsistence incomes. /RFDO¿VKLQJYHVVHOVLQ$FFUD*KDQD F %3ROLGRUR 12 Throughout the region, women are responsible for DUWLVDQDO SURFHVVLQJ DQG DVVXULQJ WUDQVSRUW RI ¿VK to urban areas and inland. Traditional processing methods include smoking, drying, and salting and curing. Industrial processing—including canning, ¿OOHWLQJ DQG SHHOLQJ²H[LVWV LQ VRPH FRXQWULHV In many countries, inaccessibility of cold storage facilities inhibits the growth of a value-added industry. $WDUHJLRQDOVFDOH¿VKHU\PDQDJHPHQWLQWKH(&$ is overseen by the FAO Fishery Commission for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF). Composed of members from each of the nations in the region, WKLVUHJLRQDO¿VKHU\ERG\LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDOOOLYLQJ PDULQH UHVRXUFHVZLWKLQ WKH DUHD ZKLFK LV GH¿QHG by the FAO as extending from approximately the Straits of Gibraltar and northern Morocco to northern Angola). The CECAF committee produces UHSRUWVRQ WKHVWDWXVRIH[SORLWHG¿VKVWRFNV LQ WKH UHJLRQLQFOXGLQJVPDOOSHODJLFDQGGHPHUVDO¿VKHV The CECAF commission includes three sub-regional ¿VKHULHV FRPPLVVLRQV WKH 6XE5HJLRQDO )LVKHULHV Commission (SRFC) that covers Mauritania to Sierra Leone, including Cape Verde; the Fishery Committee of the West Central Gulf of Guinea (FCWC), which extends from Liberia to Nigeria; and the Regional Fisheries Committee for the Gulf of Guinea (COREP), which covers the area from Cameroon to northern Angola, including the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), a UHJLRQDO¿VKHULHVRUJDQL]DWLRQPDQDJHVDOO VSHFLHV of Atlantic tunas and their relatives (https://www. iccat.int/en/); most, but not all, of the countries in WKH(&$DVGH¿QHGKHUHLQDUHFRQWUDFWLQJSDUWLHVWR ICCAT. Other sources of regional marine biodiversity data LQFOXGHVSHFLHVFDWFKGDWDIURP¿VKHULHVLQGHSHQGHQW VFLHQWL¿F VXUYH\V7KH'DQLVK$WODQWLGHH[SHGLWLRQ (1945-1946) to tropical West Africa took 170 samples along the West African coast from the Canary Islands south to Angola (Bruun 1950). Another vital dataset is the Guinean Trawling Survey (1963-1964); during two phases, each with two French trawlers, eight transects off the West African coast were conducted at depths ranging from about 15-20 m to 400-600 m (Williams 1968). The species collected were LGHQWL¿HGLQFOXGLQJSRWHQWLDOFRPPHUFLDO¿VKHVDQG some samples were preserved for future analyses. More recently, surveys have been conducted by the RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, in collaboration with the FAO and funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). Since the early 1990s, the Nansen Programme has expanded on its original scope of undertaking national and regional marine biodiversity surveys to also include capacity EXLOGLQJ LQ ¿VKHULHV UHVHDUFK DQG PDQDJHPHQW (institutional strengthening in partner countries), and organization of post-survey meetings to provide ¿VKHULHV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQV ZLWK UHVXOWV RI VXUYH\V Other sources of marine species information in the UHJLRQ LQFOXGH QDWLRQDO ¿VKHULHV VWRFN DVVHVVPHQWV and catch data, and independent academic surveys. .H\PDULQHFRQVHUYDWLRQDQG¿VKHULHVPDQDJHPHQW programs in the region include the Programme Régional de Conservation de la Zone Côtière et Marine en Afrique de l’Ouest or PRCM, a joint initiative between IUCN, WWF, Wetlands International and the Fondation Internationale du Banc d’Arguin (FIBA, recently merged with MAVA Fondation pour la Nature), in partnership with the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC). The PRCM covers seven countries: Mauritania, Pagellus bellottii 5HG3DQGRUD IURPD¿VKPDUNHWLQ$FFUD Ghana. (c) F.K.E. Nunoo 13 Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Cape Verde. The goal of the PRCM is to coordinate the efforts of institutions and individuals to strengthen the conservation of the coastline in the coastal countries in the sub-region. 1.4 Assessment of Species Extinction Risk The conservation status of plants, animals and fungi is one of the most widely used indicators for assessing the condition of ecosystems and their biodiversity. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2001) are the most widely accepted system for classifying extinction risk at the species level (e.g., Butchart et al. 2005, de Grammont and Cuarón 2006, Rodrigues et al. 2006, Hoffmann et al. 2008). The IUCN Red List process consolidates the most current and highest quality data available, and ensures peer- UHYLHZHG VFLHQWL¿F FRQVHQVXVRQ WKHSUREDELOLW\RI extinction for each species (Regan et al. 2005). All species data and results of Red List assessments for the ECA were published on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in November 2015. The IUCN Red List Categories (Figure 3) are based on a set of quantitative criteria linked to population trends, size and structure, and species’ geographic ranges. The IUCN Red List Categories are nine different levels of extinction risk: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near 7KUHDWHQHG 17 /HDVW&RQFHUQ /& 'DWD'H¿FLHQW '' DQG1RW(YDOXDWHG 1( $VSHFLHVTXDOL¿HVIRU one of the three threatened categories (CR, EN, or VU) by meeting or exceeding the threshold for that FDWHJRU\LQRQHRIWKH¿YHGLIIHUHQWDYDLODEOHFULWHULD (A-E: Table 1). These different criteria are based on extinction risk theory (Mace et al. 2008) and Figure 3: The nine IUCN Red List categories used to classify species based on symptoms of extinction risk (IUCN 2011). 14 form the real strength of the IUCN Red List as they provide a standardized methodology that is applied consistently to any species from any taxonomic group (e.g., Stuart et al. 2004 , Butchart et al. 2004, Dulvy et al. 2005). For the ECA Red List Assessment, the marine bony ¿VKHV LQ WKH(&$ZHUHDVVHVVHGIRUH[WLQFWLRQULVN based on their entire global population and range, using the IUCN Red List Global Categories and Criteria. By contrast, many regional or national assessments assess only the status of the species in that region, using the IUCN Red List Regional Guidelines (IUCN 2012a), which include two additional categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) and Not Applicable (NA). Regional assessments also account for species population connectivity outside the region of interest to consider the impact of immigration on the regional population. As the extinction risk of a species can be assessed at global, regional or national levels, one species can have different Red List Categories in the global Red List than in the regional Red List. For example, a species that is common worldwide and classed as Least Concern (LC) in the global Red List could face a high level of threat in a particular region and therefore be listed as Endangered (EN) in the regional Red List. Logically, an endemic species should have the same category at regional and global levels, as it is not present in any other part of the world. 7KH PDMRULW\ RI PDULQH ¿VKHV LQ WKH (&$ WKDW TXDOL¿HG IRU D WKUHDWHQHG FDWHJRU\ ZHUH DVVHVVHG under Criterion A, which measures the rate of decline over the longer time frame of three generation OHQJWKV RU WHQ \HDUV*HQHUDWLRQ OHQJWK GH¿QHG DV the average age of the current cohort of reproducing individuals, can be calculated in several different ways, depending on the data available (IUCN *XLGHOLQHV   )RU WKHVH DQDO\VHV ¿VKHV ZLWK stock assessments and age class data, including estimates of numbers of individuals and mortality rates in each age class, were used to determine JHQHUDWLRQOHQJWK)RU¿VKHVZLWKRXWDJHFODVVGDWD the average age of reproducing adults was calculated DVWKHPHGLDQDJHEHWZHHQDJHRI¿UVWUHSURGXFWLRQ and historical maximum longevity. In some cases, calculation of generation length using both methods for the same species can yield different values, resulting in an overestimation or underestimation of generation length depending on the method chosen. Criterion Description A The population has declined, is declining, or will decline over the past three generations. B The range is small AND two of the three sub-criteria related to (i) fragmentation, small number of threat- based locations, (ii) continuing declines in range or mature individuals, and (iii) H[WUHPHÀXFWXDWLRQV C The number of mature individuals is small and the population has experienced, is experiencing, or will experience a continuing decline. D The number of mature individuals is very small or the range is very small. E A quantitative population analysis indicates that the probability of extinction in the wild is high. Table 2: Summary of the IUCN criteria for listing a species in a threatened category (Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered). Mola mola 2FHDQ6XQ¿VK DVVHVVHGDV9XOQHUDEOH F $ Hines 15 In these cases, decline was calculated over the range RIJHQHUDWLRQOHQJWKVYDOXHVZLWKWKH¿QDO5HG/LVW &DWHJRU\FODVVL¿FDWLRQEDVHGRQVXSSRUWLQJGDWDDQG information within the range of population decline under Criterion A. 6RPHPDULQH¿VKHVZLWKUHODWLYHO\VPDOOUDQJHVL]HV TXDOL¿HG IRU D WKUHDWHQHG FDWHJRU\ XQGHU &ULWHULRQ B, which measures extinction risk based on a small geographic range size (extent of occurrence < 20,000 km2 or area of occupancy < 2,000 km2 to meet the lowest threshold for Vulnerable), combined with a small number of locations, and/or continued decline and habitat fragmentation. The majority of marine ¿VKHVDVVHVVHGXQGHU&ULWHULRQ%IRUH[DPSOHZHUH island endemics with an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km2GXHWRYHU\VSHFL¿FKDELWDW requirements. Although not used to assess marine ¿VKHVLQWKLVVWXG\&ULWHULRQ&LVDSSOLHGWRVSHFLHV with small population sizes estimated to be less than 10,000 mature individuals, Criterion D is applied to species with less than 1,000 mature individuals or those with an area of occupancy of less than 20 km2, and Criterion E is applied to species with extensive population information that allows for population declines to be appropriately modelled over time. A category of Near Threatened was assigned to species that come close to, but do not fully meet, all of the thresholds or conditions required for a threatened category under Criterion A, B, C, D or E. 1.5 Objectives of the Assessment The main objective of the ECA assessment was to assess the global population and conservation VWDWXVRIDOOPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVSUHVHQWLQWKH(&$ biogeographic region using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. A number of other important REMHFWLYHVDQGJRDOVZHUHIXO¿OOHGLQFOXGLQJ 1) development of a network of regional experts to enable species assessments to be continually updated as new information is discovered and to provide expert opinion on policy and management recommendations in the region; 2) support of regional marine and coastal planning initiatives and policy development in the ECA for the conservation and sustainable management of marine ¿VKHVE\SURYLGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHSRUWVWRLQIRUP the current status of species and regions;   SURYLVLRQLQJ RI D FRPSUHKHQVLYH PDULQH ¿VKHV species database stored within the IUCN Species Survival Commission’s (SSC) data management system, the Species Information Service (SIS), which contains information on distribution, population, habitat preference, major threats, conservation PHDVXUHV DQG NH\ OLWHUDWXUH IRU HDFK PDULQH ¿VK species assessed as a baseline dataset and in a format suitable for use by scientists, stakeholders and decision makers; 4) publication of this information on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, in a regional report, and in a peer-reviewed publication, to make the data and analyses widely available throughout the region; and 5) provision of increased capacity, facilitation and improved species data to complete the much needed revision of the FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. The main outputs presented in this report are: a comprehensive species list of all native marine bony ¿VKHVSUHVHQWLQWKH(&$ELRJHRJUDSKLFUHJLRQ QRW including the vagrant, introduced or diadromous species); an IUCN Red List categorization of each species; a summary of the main threats affecting the WKUHDWHQHG¿VKHVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUUHJLRQDO FRQVHUYDWLRQRIPDULQH¿VKHVDQGWKHLUKDELWDWV The IUCN Global Species Programme’s Marine Biodiversity Unit will facilitate wide dissemination of this document to concerned decision-makers, scientists and non-governmental organizations in RUGHUWRPRELOL]HPDULQH¿VKFRQVHUYDWLRQDFWLRQDW the local, national and regional levels. 16 2.1 Geographic Scope This ECA assessment includes all valid bony marine ¿VKHV ZLWK D FXUUHQW NQRZQ JOREDO GLVWULEXWLRQ that overlaps the marine zone from Mauritania to Angola, including the offshore islands of Ascension, Cape Verde and Saint Helena, and Bioko, São Tomé and Príncipe and Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea. The updated version of the FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic (Carpenter and De Angelis 2014, Carpenter and De Angelis in SUHVV  LQFOXGHV VLJQL¿FDQWO\PRUH VSHFLHV WKDQ WKLV assessment for several reasons. Firstly, the FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic includes most of the FAO Fishing Area 34 and the northern part of Fishing Area 47 (see Figure 2) in the ECA, which is a political rather than biogeographic region. The guide therefore includes species that can be found in Morocco, many of which are primarily known from more temperate zones to the north (including the Mediterranean Sea), and those found in northern Namibia, many of which are primarily found in the southern temperate region around South Africa. Secondly, many deeper-water or poorly-known species reported in the FAO Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic are assumed to be circumglobal, but may not yet have published records in the biogeographic ECA region. For the latter group, if a species was reported in the FAO publication, but no reported occurences could be found as to allow a reasonable distribution map to be drawn that included the ECA biogeographic region, then that species was not included in this assessment. 2.2 Taxonomic Scope 7KH OLVW RI  PDULQH ¿VKHV FRPSLOHG IRU WKLV assessment (see Appendix I) is currently the most updated, complete taxonomic list of marine teleost ¿VKHV LQ WKH(&$ELRJHRJUDSKLF UHJLRQ H[FOXGLQJ vagrant, introduced or diadromous species. The taxonomy primarily follows Nelson (2006); however, the Argeniformes are here included within the Osmeriformes. In addition, recent molecular analyses suggest that the Girellinae should be elevated to a family within the Perciformes (Knudsen and Clements 2013), but it is here considered a subfamily of the Kyphosidae. The species-level taxonomy follows the Catalog of Fishes (Eschmeyer et al. 2016). $OOGHVFULEHGYDOLGERQ\PDULQH¿VKHVZLWKDGUDZQ distribution map that overlapped the biogeographic delineation of the ECA were included in this DVVHVVPHQW$VDJURXSWKHPDULQHERQ\¿VKHV in this region represent a wide diversity of deepwater, pelagic, dermersal and near-shore species from 32 orders and more than 200 families. A number of deep water species, such as many of the species of Stomiiformes and Myctophiformes, were known only from a few individuals from trawl surveys or by-catch in the region, but were still included in the assessment. The commercially important Orange Roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) was not included in the assessment, as its distribution is primarily anti-tropical, and no reliable catch records exist IRU WKLV VSHFLHV LQ WKH (&$ DV GH¿QHG KHUHLQ Additionally, species that were newly described or had reported range extensions into the ECA after the workshop assessment process was completed, such as Malacoctenus carrowi (Labrisomidae, newly described from Cape Verde, Wirtz 2014) and Liopropoma emanueli (Serranidae, newly described from Cape Verde and Senegal, Wirtz and Schliewen 2012) were not included. Finally, this initiatve assessed the global status of currently valid species, so no subspecies assessements were included. 2.Assessment Methodology 17 2.3 Regional IUCN Red List Assessment Workshops 2I WKH  PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VKHV DVVHVVHG LQ WKH ECA, approximately 250 species were globally assessed during prior IUCN Red List initiatives. 7KHVH LQFOXGH WXQDV DQG ELOO¿VKHV &ROOHWWH HW DO  VXUJHRQ¿VKHV &RPHURV5D\QDOHWDO  JURXSHUV 6DGRY\HWDO ERQH¿VKHV $GDPVHW al. 2014), blennioids (Polidoro et al. 2014), porgies (Comeros-Raynal et al. in review), puffers (Stump et al. in prep), wrasses and eels, among others.The remaining ~1,000 species were assessed during three workshops held in West Africa over the course of three years (January 2012-December 2014) with generous funding from the MAVA Foundation. IUCN Red List assessment workshops in the ECA LQYROYHG PRUH WKDQ  OHDGLQJ VFLHQWL¿F H[SHUWV LQFOXGLQJ¿VKHULHVELRORJLVWVHFRORJLVWVWD[RQRPLVWV JRYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOVDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQSUDFWLWLRQHUV from 14 countries, including Australia, Benin, Cape Verde, Denmark, France, Gambia, Gabon, Guinea, Ghana, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and the United States (see Appendix II for a list of participants at each of the three regional assessment ZRUNVKRSV $SSUR[LPDWHO\PDULQH¿VKHVZHUH DVVHVVHGGXULQJWKH¿UVWZRUNVKRSLQ'DNDU6HQHJDO (9-13 July 2012) with logistical support from IUCN MACO, IUCN Senegal Mission, and the Centre de Recherches Océanographiques Dakar (CRODT). $SSUR[LPDWHO\  PDULQH ¿VKHV ZHUH DVVHVVHG during the second workshop in Accra, Ghana (5-9 May 2013) with logistical support from IUCN MACO, ,8&13$&2,8&1*KDQD2I¿FHWKH'HSDUWPHQW of Marine & Fisheries Science of the University of Ghana, and the Marine Fisheries Research Division of Ghana’s Fisheries Commission. Approximately  PDULQH ¿VKHV ZHUH DVVHVVHG GXULQJ WKH WKLUG workshop in Libreville, Gabon (7-11 July 2014) with logistical support from IUCN MACO, Agence Nationale du Parcs Nationaux (ANPN), Gabon Bleu and the Direction Génerale de la Pêches et de l’Agriculture (DGPA). 3DUWLFSDQWVDWWKH¿UVW:HVW$IULFDQUHJLRQDO,8&15HG/LVW assessment workshop in Dakar, Senegal, July 2012. (c) B. Polidoro and M. Comeros-Raynal Particpants at the second West African regional IUCN Red List assessment workshop in Accra, Ghana, May 2013. (c) B. Polidoro and M. Comeros-Raynal Particpants at the third West African regional IUCN Red List assessment workshop in Libreville, Gabon, July 2014. (c) B. Polidoro and M. Comeros-Raynal 18 2.4 IUCN Red List Assessment Protocol 2.4.1 Pre-workshop data collection The IUCN Red List assessments are data driven, and involve initial data collection and compilation of information and range maps for draft assessments, to be used at Red List workshops. During this process, all species data are entered into the IUCN Species Information System (SIS), and draft digital range maps are created for each species. Data collected include information on each species’ taxonomy, distribution, population status and trends, habitat, ecology, use and trade, major threats and current conservation measures. Data collection is often conducted with the assistance of the participating :HVW$IULFDQ¿VKH[SHUWV7KHGUDIWVSHFLHVDFFRXQWV and maps are made available to the experts for review prior to the workshops. 2.4.2 Expert review and evaluation Three 5-day IUCN Red List Workshops were conducted in the region between 2012 and 2014. Each workshop hosted leading experts on the relevant :HVW $IULFDQ PDULQH ¿VKHV 7KH ZRUNVKRSV ZHUH facilitated by IUCN MBU staff in collaboration with representatives from a number of local organizations DQGUHJLRQDO,8&1SURJUDPPHVWDII7KH¿UVWGD\RI each Red List assessment workshop was reserved for the provision of an overview of the project; initial training on the IUCN Red List assessment process and the application of the IUCN Categories and Criteria; and to consolidate a network of marine scientists with IUCN Red List experience for future collaboration and marine conservation activities. 2.4.3 Post-workshop editing, consistency check and external review )ROORZLQJ HDFK ZRUNVKRS DGGLWLRQDO VFLHQWL¿F FRQVXOWDWLRQVFRQWLQXHGE\HPDLOWR¿QDOL]HHGLWLQJ for each species’ assessment and digital distribution map. Each species assessment also went through a peer-review evaluation process by outside reviewers, and an internal consistency check for application of the Red List Criteria before they were considered ¿QDO DQG UHDG\ WREHSXEOLVKHGRQ WKH5HG/LVW RI Threatened Species. 2.4.4 Submission of the data to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 7KH ¿QDO SHHUUHYLHZHG VSHFLHV DVVHVVPHQWV ZHUH submitted to IUCN Red List Unit in Cambridge, UK in August 2015 and published on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2015) in November 2015. 2.5 Methodology for Spatial Analyses Digital generalized distribution maps were generated for each species in ArcGIS 10.1, following accepted IUCN Red List spatial protocols (IUCN 2012b). The PDSV IRU FRDVWDO VSHFLHV GH¿QHG DV WKRVH VSHFLHV found to depths of less than 200 m, were generated using a basemap that followed either the 200 m bathyline or 100 km from shore, while the maps for pelagic and deep sea species were digitized by hand, following known and inferred occurrences. Regardless of the ecological preferences, the maps for species known from very few localities (typically less than 10) were created by adding a 50 km buffer to each known point of occurrence. For all richness analyses, the species’ distributions ZHUH UHVWULFWHG WR WKH (&$ UHJLRQ DV GH¿QHG IRU this project (Figure 2). Individual species’ polygons were converted to 10 km by 10 km raster grids by assigning a value of “1” to cells that overlapped with the species polygon and a value of “0” to all other cells. The number of species in each cell was then calculated by adding the raster grids together. This ZDVFRPSOHWHGIRUDOOVSHFLHVDVZHOODVIRUVSHFL¿F subsets of species, including the endemic species, WKUHDWHQHGVSHFLHVDQG'DWD'H¿FLHQWVSHFLHV 19 3. Results 3.1 Threat Status 2YHUDOORIWKH(&$PDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHV assessed against the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were listed as threatened (Table 3, Figure 4): 1 Critically Endangered, 10 Endangered and 26 Vulnerable; the species assessed as globally threatened are listed in Table 4. Approximately 50%, 22 species, were listed based on population declines (Criterion A), while 35% (13 species) and 5% (2 species) were listed based on small geographic ranges (Criterion B and D2, respectively). Another 14 were listed as Near Threatened; these species were close to meeting, but did not quite meet, the thresholds for inclusion in a threatened category. To date, no species in the ECA are known to be Extinct or Extinct in the Wild. 7KH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VK VSHFLHV 83.3%, were listed as Least Concern. This category encompasses species that are: widespread and abundant; currently stable; or declining at a rate unlikely to lead to extinction in the near future. For H[DPSOH 'DPVHO¿VK Chromis chromis) is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, and can be common in parts of its range. Red List Category Number of species Proportion of species Number of endemic species Proportion of endemic species Critically Endangered (CR) 1 0.1% 0 0.0% Endangered (EN) 10 0.8% 5 2.2% Vulnerable (VU) 26 2.0% 10 4.3% Near Threatened (NT) 14 1.1% 2 0.9% Least Concern (LC) 1073 83.3% 145 62.8% 'DWD'H¿FLHQW '' 164 12.7% 69 29.9% TOTAL 1288 231 Table 3: Summary of the number of Eastern Central Atlantic species listed in each of the IUCN Red List global categories for all species and endemic species only. No species were assessed as Extinct (EX) or Extinct in the Wild (EW). Figure 4: Proportion of Eastern Central Atlantic marine ERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVDVVHVVHGLQWKH,8&15HG/LVW&DWHJRULHV CR - Critically Endangered; EN - Endangered; VU - Vulner- able; NT - Near Threatened; LC - Least Concern; DD - Data 'H¿FLHQW Chromis chromis (Linneaus, 1758) assessed as Least Concern. (c) Albert Kok. 20 7DEOH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLFPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVDVVHVVHGDVWKUHDWHQHG &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG&5(QGDQJHUHG(1 or Vulnerable - VU) based on the IUCN Red List methodology. *Recent molecular analyses suggest that the Girellinae should be elevated to a family (Knudsen and Clements 2013), but it is here considered a subfamily of the Kyphosidae. Order Family Species RL Category Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus itajara CR Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius senegalensis EN Perciformes Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus earnshawi EN Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus marginatus EN Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca fusca EN Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius burtoni EN Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis ascensionis EN Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus senegalensis EN Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena ascensionis EN Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena mellissii EN Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella maderensis VU Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops atlanticus VU Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Apletodon barbatus VU Perciformes Blenniidae 6FDUWHOODQXFKL¿OLV VU Perciformes Blenniidae Scartella springeri VU Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus trachurus VU Perciformes Gobiidae Corcyrogobius lubbocki VU Perciformes Gobiidae Didogobius amicuscaridis VU Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius tetrophthalmus VU Perciformes Gobiidae Gorogobius stevcici VU Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU Perciformes Kyphosidae* Girella zonata VU Perciformes Labridae Bodianus scrofa VU Perciformes Mullidae Pseudupeneus prayensis VU Perciformes Polynemidae Pentanemus quinquarius VU Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix VU Perciformes Sciaenidae Atractoscion aequidens VU Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus senegallus VU Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU Perciformes Sparidae Dentex dentex VU Perciformes Sparidae Rhabdosargus globiceps VU Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus algiricus VU Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes punctatus VU Tetraodontiformes Molidae Mola mola VU 21 Approximately 13%, 164 species, were listed as Data 'H¿FLHQW 6SHFLHVZHUH DVVHVVHG DV'DWD'H¿FLHQW for two main reasons. Some species, such as Young :KDOH¿VK Danacetichthys galathenus), are known from very few museum specimens, which creates uncertainty as to the true distribution and population size of the species. Other species, such as Silver 6FDEEDUG¿VK Lepidopus caudatus), were assessed DV 'DWD 'H¿FLHQW EHFDXVH WKHUH ZHUH LQGLFDWLRQV RI SRSXODWLRQ GHFOLQHV FDXVHG E\ RYHU¿VKLQJ EXW WKH GDWD ZHUH LQVXI¿FLHQW WR FDOFXODWH SRSXODWLRQ declines over three generation lengths. The best estimate of the percentage of threatened PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VKHV LQ WKH (&$ LV WKH PLGSRLQW ZKLFKDVVXPHVWKDWWKH'DWD'H¿FLHQWVSHFLHV are equally as threatened as the species for which VXI¿FLHQWGDWDZHUHDYDLODEOHWRDVVHVV$FFRXQWLQJ IRU WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ VXUURXQGLQJ WKH 'DWD 'H¿FLHQW species results in estimates of the percentage threatened ranging from 2.9%, if none of the Data 'H¿FLHQWVSHFLHVDUHWKUHDWHQHGWRLIDOOWKH 'DWD'H¿FLHQWVSHFLHVDUHWKUHDWHQHG 7DEOH  Of the 1,288 species that occur in the ECA, the best available data suggest that 231 (~18%) are endemic. A larger percentage of endemic species were assessed as threatened (6.5-36.4%, with a midpoint of 9.2%) than the pandemic species (2.1-11.1%, with a midpoint of 2.3%). The threatened endemic species were primarily restricted-range species, such as :KLWH+DZN¿VK Amblycirrhitus earnshawi), known only from Ascension Island; 13 of the 15 threatened endemics were listed based on small geographic ranges (Criterion B), and only two were listed based on population declines. Lepidopus caudatus (XSKUDVHQ DVVHVVHGDV'DWD'H¿FLHQWLQDQ,WDOLDQ¿VKPDUNHW F *'DOO¶2UWR Estimator Percentage Threatened Lower bound (CR+EN+VU)/(assessed-EX) 2.90% Mid-point (CR+EN+VU)/(assessed-EX-DD) 3.30% Upper bound (CR+EN+VU+DD)/(assessed-EX) 15.60% Table 5: Range of percentage of threatened marine bony ¿VKHVLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLFXVLQJWKHHVWLPDWRUV recommended in IUCN (2011). 22 3.2 Status by Taxonomic Group 7KH PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VKHV RI WKH (&$ UHSUHVHQW  orders and over 200 families, with a maximum species richness of 404 (in the order Perciformes) and 92 (in the family Stomiidae). Three orders are currently represented by only one species in the (&$LQFOXGLQJWKHVKDOORZZDWHUERQH¿VKHV RUGHU $OEXOLIRUPHV  DV ZHOO DV WKH PLON¿VKHV RUGHU *RQRU\QFKLIRUPHV   DQG WKH GHHSZDWHU EHDUG¿VK (order Polymixiiformes). The majority of the orders contained species assessed as either LC or DD, while all of the threatened bony ¿VKVSHFLHVRFFXUUHGLQRIWKHRUGHUV )LJXUH 7KH midpoint estimate for the percentage of threatened species in each order ranged from 2 to 50%. The largest number of threatened species occurs in the Perciformes, representing approximately 7% of this diverse order. Figure 5: Percentage of species in each order assessed as threatened (CR, EN or VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern /& DQG'DWD'H¿FLHQWZLWKWKHQXPEHURIVSHFLHVLQHDFKRUGHULQSDUHQWKHVHV7KHPLGSRLQWUHSUHVHQWVWKHEHVWHVWLPDWHIRU the percentage threatened, and was calculated as: threatened species/(all species - DD species). Euthynnus alletteratus (Little Tunny) assessed as Least Concern. (c) F.K.E. Nunoo 23 The family Clupeidae consists of many important commercial species. Sardines, sometimes called pilchards, depending on size, are typically caught LQ ERWK DUWLVDQDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO ¿VKHULHV ZLWKLQ the ECA with the use of purse or beach seines, and gill nets. Sardines also provide a staple food source, typically being marketed fresh, frozen, smoked, canned or dried (Whitehead 1985) and are often used DVEDLWLQ¿VKHULHV Seven common species of sardine are found in the ECA: (WKPDORVD ¿PEULDWD, Pellonula leonensis, P. vorax, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella aurita, Sardinella maderensis and Sardinella rouxi. (WKPDORVD ¿PEULDWD, Sardina pilchardus and Sardinella maderensis are the three most important clupeid commercial species in the region. Their schooling nature and relative proximity to shore during certain periods allow for easy harvesting. Pellonula leonensis and (WKPDORVD¿PEULDWD occur in fresh and estuarine waters within their ranges. Pellonula leonensis is known from the Congo system (Gourène and Teugels 1991), where its preferred KDELWDWV PDNH LW FRPPRQ LQ DUWLVDQDO ¿VKHULHV A small population of ( ¿PEULDWD occurs in large concentrations in lagoons and estuaries, and is also known from Lake Nokoué, Benin. ECA sardine populations are wide ranging and, depending on the species, can be found from Iceland south to the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, the exact geographic extent of these species is not clear because reported landings of sardines are often contain multiple species and therefore under- reported for a particular species. 2YHU¿VKLQJKDVFDXVHGPDQ\SUHYLRXVVWRFNFROODSVHV (Worm et. al 2009), and the recent collapses of 3DFL¿FVDUGLQH Sardinops sagax) stocks emphasize the importance of monitoring population size and structure (Zwolinski and Demer 2012). This project has highlighted the need for additional population assessments in the region. (WKPDORVD ¿PEULDWD Sardinella maderensis and Sardina pilchardus are DOOFRQVLGHUHGRYHU¿VKHGZLWKLQWKH(&$/DQGLQJV reported to the FAO have gradually increased for sardine species over the last 60 years (FAO 2011). However, the effect of the increased effort RQ VWRFNV LV GLI¿FXOW WR HVWLPDWH GXH WR WKHPL[HG landings. Clupeids are dependent on high levels of recruitment to maintain current stock levels and climate variability increases recruitment uncertainty (Failler 2014). Since these species are commonly IRXQG LQ PL[HG FDWFKHV LW LV GLI¿FXOW WR HVWLPDWH true population size, or overall effect of exploitation on individual species. These mixed landings have created a knowledge gap regarding the population of Sardinella rouxi. This species is currently thought to be the least abundant sardine species in the region, EXW PRUH UHVHDUFK LV QHFHVVDU\ WR EHWWHU GH¿QH LWV current population status. The population status of these clupeids is further complicated by the overlapping Mediterranean and European ranges of many similar commercial species, in addition to the ECA sardine populations. Fishing pressure from European and Mediterranean ÀHHWV DORQJ ZLWK LQFRQVLVWHQW UHSRUWLQJ RI PL[HG landings between the two regions have complicated Sardines in the Eastern Central Atlantic Mixed sardine landings. (c) D. Ventura 24 HIIRUWVWRFOHDUO\GH¿QHWKHFXUUHQWSRSXODWLRQVWDWXV DQGODUJHUHIIHFWVRI¿VKLQJSUHVVXUHV Several conservation measures have been put into place in an attempt to conserve populations, following the management advice provided by the permanent FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish off Northwest Africa (FAO 2013). These measures include catch limits, freezing LQYHVWPHQWV LQ FDQQLQJ IDFWRULHV DQG ¿VKLQJ DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV RI D UHGXFWLRQ LQ ¿VKLQJ HIIRUW 7KLVODWWHULWHPZDVVXJJHVWHGEHFDXVH¿VKLQJHIIRUWV in the region have steadily increased and juveniles of Sardinella maderensis are currently being harvested, while observed adult size is decreasing (FAO 2013). These data, combined with an estimated minimum 30% decline in population over the last 10 years, have resulted in Sardinella maderensis being listed as Vulnerable. Moving forward, it will be necessary to monitor these populations individually. The data gaps created by mixed landings of sardine species KDYHPDGHLWGLI¿FXOWWRIXOO\XQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWV RILQFUHDVHG¿VKLQJSUHVVXUHRQHDFKRIWKHVHVSHFLHV Although (WKPDORVD ¿PEULDWD 6DUGLQD SLOFKDUGXV and Sardinella maderensis face the greatest commercial pressure, Sardinella rouxi was listed as 'DWD'H¿FLHQWSDUWLDOO\GXHWRODFNRIVHSDUDWHFDWFK statistics. School of sardines. (c) A. Duci 25 Status of Croakers (Sciaenidae) in the Eastern Central Atlantic Throughout much of the ECA, sciaenids are highly sought during seasonal occurrences inshore or in estuaries. Many species are found in schools or spawning aggregations, making them easy targets for ERWKDUWLVDQDODQGFRPPHUFLDO¿VKHULHV*HRJUDSKLF ranges for these species extend from off the coast of Norway in the north to off the coast of Namibia in the south. Many species also occur in the Mediterranean Sea. Croakers or drums get their name from the characteristic “croaking” sound they produce. The sound, which is produced by specialized muscles vibrating against the swim bladder, is used as a means of communication either for mates, warnings or understanding surroundings in turbid water (Ramcharitar et al 2006). Depending on the species, males and females are both capable of producing sounds, though some species are only able to do so on a seasonal basis. Many West African countries are considered WUDGLWLRQDO¿VKLQJFRXQWULHVDQG¿VKSURYLGHDODUJH portion of the dietary intake of protein. In addition to being a staple food item for local populations, many FRXQWULHVDOVRGHSHQGRQWKHVH¿VKHVDVDQLPSRUWDQW economic resource. The largest West African FRPELQHG FRPPHUFLDO DQG DUWLVDQDO ¿VKLQJ ÀHHWV occur in Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ghana. 6WRFNV LQ WKHVHDUHDV DUH HDVLO\RYHU¿VKHGEHFDXVH QHDUVKRUHWUDZOHUVDQGWUDGLWLRQDODUWLVDQDO¿VKHULHV are occurring in similar geographic areas. The recent LQFUHDVH LQ UHFUHDWLRQDO ¿VKLQJ LQ WKH UHJLRQ KDV IXUWKHU H[DFHUEDWHG WKH SUREOHP RI RYHU¿VKLQJ RQ these stocks (Belhabib et al. 2014). Reported landings for numerous species have shown a steady increase over the last several decades (FAO 2006), though the stocks of several species including Atractoscion aequidens, Pseudotolithus PEL]L and Pseudotolithus senegalensis are in decline Sciaena umbra Linnaeus 1758 assessed as Near Threatened. (c) A. Abadie 26 (Hutton et al. 2001, Gaffer 1994). Increases in landings can most likely be attributed to changes in JHDU0DQ\¿VKHUPHQKDYHVZLWFKHGIURPJLOOQHWVWR trawling. This, in conjunction with increased issuance RISHUPLWVKDVUHVXOWHGLQLQFUHDVHG¿VKLQJHIIRUWLQ the region. RV Nansen sciaenid surveys conducted from 2000-2006 show an overall estimated reduction in biomass from 1,046 tonnes to 664 tonnes, representing a 37% decline in stocks. The increase in landings and decrease in population size has also led to an observed decrease in mean body size. This decline in body size is most likely due to the use of VPDOOHUPHVKVL]HVLQPDQ\¿VKHULHVZKLFKUHVXOWV subsequently in an increase in catches of juveniles. These declines have resulted in one species, Pseudotolithus senegalensis, to be listed as Endangered, two species, Atractoscion aequidens and Pseudotolithus senegallus, to be listed as Vulnerable, and two species, Pentheroscion mbizi and Sciaena umbra, to be listed as Near Threatened. Each of WKHVHVSHFLHVKDVH[SHULHQFHGVLJQL¿FDQWGHFOLQHVLQ population size in the last few decades, which can be GLUHFWO\ DWWULEXWHG WR WKH LQFUHDVHG¿VKLQJ SUHVVXUH DQGRYHU¿VKLQJFXUUHQWO\VHHQLQWKH(&$UHJLRQ The overall decline in sciaenid stocks highlights the importance of further conservation actions focused on this group. Currently, there are few conservation measures in place for sciaenids (Argyrosomus regius, Atractoscion aequidens, Miracorvina angolensis, Pentheroscion mbizi, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Pseudotolithus epipercus, 3VHXGRWROLWKXV PRRULL Pseudotolithus senegalensis, Pseudotolithus senegallus, Pseudotolithus typus, Pteroscion peli, Sciaena umbra, Umbrina canariensis, Umbrina ronchus and Umbrina steindachneri) in the ECA. Several species’ ranges may overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs). However, it is unknown if these are effective in stabilizing or increasing local sciaenid populations because regulations in the region are lax regarding demersal and pelagic ¿VKHULHV&DWFKDQGVL]HOLPLWVIRUA. aequidens have been enforced in South Africa for both recreational DQG FRPPHUFLDO ¿VKHULHV 5HFHQW 6RXWK $IULFDQ surveys have shown that to address declining stocks, a 70% reduction in commercial effort, in addition to recreational regulations, will be needed in order to allow stocks to recover. As is common with many species, more research is necessary to better understand the life history RI VFLDHQLG VSHFLHV7KH HIIHFW RI LQFUHDVHG¿VKLQJ pressure, especially on juveniles, is not fully understood. While improvements in gear types FRQWLQXH DQG ¿VKLQJ UHJXODWLRQV DUH VORZ WR FDWFK up, these species, and others like them, are more likely to face declines in stock size. It is important WR HPSKDVL]H WKDW WKLVJURXSRI¿VKHV LV HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW WR QHDUVKRUH DUWLVDQDO ¿VKHUVZKRZLOO be most negatively affected by stock declines. With improved research and regulations, such as those seen in South Africa, it may be possible to see long term improvements in sciaenid stocks in the ECA. Figure 6: IUCN Red List status of the 15 sciaenid species in the Eastern Central Atlantic. 27 Mudskippers and Mangroves in the Eastern Central Atlantic In the ECA, only a single species of mudskipper (Family Gobiidae, subfamily Oxudercinae) is present: Periophthalmus barbarus. Although heavily exploited in parts of its range, and also subject to habitat threat and pollution, this species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread and considered to be relatively common. It can be found in fresh, marine and brackish waters in exposed intertidal PXGÀDWVRIPDQJURYHVZDPSVFRDVWDOODJRRQVDQG estuaries from Senegal to Angola, including Sáo Tomé and Príncipe Islands (Stiassny et al. 2007). In the Niger Delta region, P. barbarus is harvested in VXEVLVWHQFH¿VKHULHVDQGWDUJHWHGIRUWKHFRPPHUFLDO aquarium trade. Although little data are available on WKH YROXPH DQG YDOXH RI RUQDPHQWDO ¿VK WUDGHG LQ Nigeria, P. barbarus was exported at approximately 86SHU¿VKLQ 8NDRQXHWDO ,Q the Imo River Estuary, in southeast Nigeria, the stock of P. barbarus is now considered to be over-exploited, ZLWKRIWKHDYDLODEOHVWRFNEHLQJ¿VKHGDQQXDOO\ 8GRKHWDO ,QJHQHUDOPXGVNLSSHU¿VKHULHV DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU WURSLFDO DUWLVDQDO ¿VKHULHV LQ WKH region, are considered to be poorly-managed (Udoh et al. 2013). Mangrove habitat across Africa has on average declined by about 14% since 1980 (FAO 2007), with the highest losses occurring in western central Africa, where more than 60% of mangrove habitat has been lost along the coasts of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, and Liberia. In West Africa, a 35% decline in overall mangrove coverage was observed by remote sensing between 1986 and 2010 (Carney et al. 2014). In western central Africa, mangrove areas DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IRU ¿VKHULHV DQG DV D VRXUFH RI timber and fuelwood (Feka 2015, Feka and Ajonina 2011). Widespread mangrove losses have also occurred due to conversion to urban or agricultural lands. Oil and gas extraction in the Bight of Biafra, which extends from the Niger River Delta to Gabon, has severely GHJUDGHG PDQJURYH DUHDV GULQNLQJ ZDWHU DQG ¿VK stocks. Oil exploration and extraction activities in this area, including dredging of channels, digging new canals, clearance for platforms, pipelines and VHLVPLFVXUYH\VKDYHVHYHUDOO\FKDQJHGZDWHUÀRZV salinities and siltation rates (Spalding et al. 2010). Direct pollution incidents from oil spills are a regular occurrence, with more than 2000 incidents recorded from 1997-2001 (Nwilo and Badejo 2006). In the Niger Delta region, total hydrocarbons measured in sediment, surface water and mudskippers exceeded the national permissible limit for inland waters and seafood (Clinton et al. 2009). /RFDO¿VKHUPHQXWLOL]LQJPDQJURYHKDELWDWVLQ/LEUHYLOOH Gabon. (c) B. Polidoro 28 3.3 Spatial Distribution of Species 3.3.1 Species richness In the ECA, the maximum species riches is 757 species per 100 km2'LYHUVLW\RIPDULQHERQ\¿VKHV is highest around the Cape Verde Islands and off the coast of Senegal (Figure 7). The remaining coast of West Africa, including the offshore islands in the Gulf of Guinea (Bioko, São Tomé and Príncipe and Annobón), is also home to a large diversity of bony ¿VKHV$VH[SHFWHGWKHGLYHUVLW\RI¿VKHVLQRFHDQLF waters is substantially lower than that of coastal waters, except for the area surrounding the islands of St. Helena and Ascension. 10°0°-10°-20°-30° 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° ¯ 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 km Number of species per 100 km2 190 - 261 262-317 318-426 427-544 545-630 631-757 Region Boundary Coordinate System: WGS84. Projection: World Cylindrical Equal Area. The boundaries used on this map do not imply any official endorsement, acceptance or opinion by IUCN. )LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF 29 3.3.2 Endemic species richness In general, the highest density of endemic species occurs along the African coast from Senegal to Angola (Figure 8). The top 10% of endemic species diversity (116-128 species per 100 km2) occurs from Sierra Leone to Gabon, including Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) in the Gulf of Guinea. The offshore islands of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe are also home to substantial numbers of endemic species. Very few endemic species are found offshore, except when associated with the oceanic islands of St. Helena and Ascenscion. 10°0°-10°-20°-30° 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° ¯ 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 km Number of species per 100 km2 1 - 13 14-44 45-73 74-100 101-128 Region Boundary Coordinate System: WGS84. Projection: World Cylindrical Equal Area. The boundaries used on this map do not imply any official endorsement, acceptance or opinion by IUCN. )LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHHQGHPLFPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF 30 3.3.3 Distribution of threatened species The distribution of threatened species primarily follows that of the overall species richness, with the highest numbers of threatened species (16-18 species per 100 km2) occurring around the islands of Cape Verde, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and Sao Tome, as well as along the coasts of Senegal and eastern Gabon (Figure 9). The remaining coast of West Africa and offshore islands have fewer threatened species (8-15 species per 100 km2). Low numbers of threatened species occur in the offshore waters, less than 4 species per 100 km2. The relatively low variability in richness of threatened species along the coast appears to be driven by the overexploited species that are distributed along much of West Africa. For example, Epinephelus itajara, the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, is found from Senegal to Gabon in the east Atlantic, and was assessed as Critically Endangered due to estimated declines of >80% over the past three generation 10°0°-10°-20°-30° 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° ¯ 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 km Number of species per 100 km2 1 - 4 5-8 9-12 13-15 16-18 Region Boundary Coordinate System: WGS84. Projection: World Cylindrical Equal Area. The boundaries used on this map do not imply any official endorsement, acceptance or opinion by IUCN. )LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHWKUHDWHQHGPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF LHWKRVHDVVHVVHGDV Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable).. 31 lengths (Craig 2011). However, the richness around the offshore islands is more a function of restricted range endemics, such as Priolepis ascensionis, an endangered goby known only from St. Helena and Ascension islands (Carpenter et al. 2015). 'LVWULEXWLRQRI'DWD'H¿FLHQWVSHFLHV The concentration of species assessed as Data 'H¿FLHQWLVKLJKHVWRII'DNDU6HQHJDOUHSUHVHQWLQJ the top 10% of species richness, 75-83 species per 100 km2 (Figure 10). Another large region of high ULFKQHVV RI 'DWD 'H¿FLHQW VSHFLHV LV DW WKH &DSH Verde Islands, with up to 64 species per 100 km2. The offshore zone along parts of West Africa, especially from Mauritania to Liberia and Ghana, also stand out as having a relatively high richness of species DVVHVVHGDV'DWD'H¿FLHQW 10°0°-10°-20°-30° 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° ¯ 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 km Number of species per 100 km2 1 - 25 26-40 41-55 56-70 71-83 Region Boundary Coordinate System: WGS84. Projection: World Cylindrical Equal Area. The boundaries used on this map do not imply any official endorsement, acceptance or opinion by IUCN. )LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVLQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLFDVVHVVHGDV'DWD'H¿FLHQW 32 3.4 Major Threats to Marine Fishes in the ECA Major threats were reviewed for the 51 species assessed as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) and Near Threatened. The PDMRUWKUHDWVWRPDULQHERQ\¿VKVSHFLHVLQWKH(&$ ZHUH RYHU¿VKLQJ  KDELWDW GHJUDGDWLRQ SROOXWLRQ climate change and invasive and problematic species (Figure 11). Almost 40% (19 species) of species assessed as threatened or Near Threatened are negatively affected by more than one major threat. 2YHU¿VKLQJ 7KHELJJHVWWKUHDWIDFLQJPDULQH¿VKHVJOREDOO\LV RYHU¿VKLQJ 5REHUWVDQG+DZNLQV'XOY\HWDO +DUQLFNHWDO DQGSURORQJHGRYHU¿VKLQJ renders recovery improbable for the majority of the world’s depleted stocks (Neubauer et al. 2013). 2YHU¿VKLQJLVDOVRDPDMRUWKUHDWLQWKH(&$DVZHOO with 39 of the 51 threatened and Near Threatened VSHFLHVQHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWHGE\RYHU¿VKLQJLQFOXGLQJ both direct and indirect effects. 0DQ\:HVW$IULFDQQDWLRQVUHO\KHDYLO\RQ¿VKDQG ¿VKLQJDVDVRXUFHRIIRRGLQFRPHDQGHPSOR\PHQW WR YDU\LQJ GHJUHHV 7UDGLWLRQDOO\ ¿VKHUV PDQXDOO\ SURSHOOHG GXJRXW FDQRHVZLWK VLPSOH ¿VKLQJ JHDUV such as hook and line, gill nets and beach seines. Over the past 50 years, these labor-intensive methods were replaced by larger, fuel-propelled vessels and PRUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG JHDUV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH HI¿FLHQF\ DQG H[SDQGLQJ ¿VKLQJ UDQJHV RI WKH ¿VKHUV VHH Atta-Mills et al. 2004 for a history of West African ¿VKHULHV  $ QXPEHU RI $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV KDYH FRPPHUFLDOYHVVHOVWKDW¿VKDOO\HDUURXQGZLWKKXJH trawls and purse seine gears that are non-selective UHVXOWLQJLQFDSWXUHRIMXYHQLOHVEUHHGLQJ¿VKHVDV well as remarkable amounts of discards. However, some West African countries have lacked the monetary means to acquire and operate commercial- FDSDFLW\¿VKLQJYHVVHOVDQGKDYHRIWHQVROGOLFHQVHV to European Union (EU) and other non-African FRXQWULHVVRWKDW WKHVHFRXQWULHVFDQKDUYHVW¿VKLQ the EEZs of the licensing countries. These licenses are often purchased at prices well below the monetary value of the marine resources exploited by licensed ¿VKLQJ YHVVHOV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ H[DFHUEDWHV DQG )LJXUH0DMRUWKUHDWVWRPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVDVVHVVHGJOREDOO\DVWKUHDWHQHG &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG±&5(QGDQJHUHG±(1 RU9XOQHUDEOH±98 DQG1HDU7KUHDWHQHG 17 LQWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF Q  OLVWHGLQRUGHURIWKHQXPEHURIVSHFLHV impacted. 33 SHUSHWXDWHVWKH¿QDQFLDOLQVWDELOLW\RIWKHUHJLRQDQG destabilizes the economic and nutritional sovereignty of West Africa countries. With these increases in capacity in both the artisanal and commercial sector, as well as illegal, unreported DQG XQUHJXODWHG ,88  ¿VKLQJ HIIRUW KDV ULVHQ VKDUSO\ FRQFRPLWDQWZLWK GHFOLQLQJ¿VK FDWFKHV LQ PDQ\:HVW$IULFDQQDWLRQV6SHFLHVGLYHUVLW\DQG¿VK size for many important species have also markedly declined over the past few decades, and many stocks are characterized as overexploited (Ajayi 1994, Mensah and Quaatey 2002). 3.4.2 Habitat degradation Habitat degradation is another major threat facing marine species globally. In the ECA, almost half (23 species) of the threatened and Near Threatened species were negatively affected by habitat degradation. Some species are affected by the destruction of juvenile habitats, such as mangroves and seagrasses. For example, juveniles of the Critically Endangered Epinephelus itajara may rely on mangrove areas (Sadovy and Eklund 1999), which have declined by 35% or more in some locations along the West African coast (Carney et al. 2014). Fishing vessels in Accra, Ghana (c) F.K.E. Nunoo /RFDO¿VKLQJPDUNHWLQ'DNDU6HQHJDO F %3ROLGRUR 34 3.4.3 Pollution Local declines in water quality resulting from land and sea based pollution are another major concern in the ECA (Ukwe et al. 2006). Industries and populations of large coastal cities are often limited in waste-water treatment capabilities, causing widespread eutrophication, dead zones and contamination of sediments and organisms (Ukwe et al. 2006). Pollution from oil and gas exploration and extraction, including tar balls, can be a major issue in oil producing countries such as Nigeria (Ukwe and Ibe 2010). Another issue of increasing concern is marine debris, including plastic waste from anthropogenic sources, which has been found in all marine habitats (Wang et al. 2016). However, the direct and indirect impacts, such as smothering sessile species and hindering essential life processes (e.g., feeding, respiration and reproduction) of PRELOH VSHFLHV RQ PDULQH ERQ\ ¿VKHV DUH RIWHQ hard to quantify at the population level. Pollution was indicated as a major threat for only 13 of the 51 threatened and Near Threatened species. 3.4.4 Climate change Although global climate change has and will FRQWLQXH WR DIIHFW PDULQH ¿VKHV DQG ¿VKHULHV WKH long-term changes to the extinction risk of marine ¿VKHVDUHXQFHUWDLQ1RUWKZDUGGLVWULEXWLRQDOVKLIWV and relative changes in abundance are expected in response to increasing seawater temperatures (Perry et al. 2005, Pinsky et al. 2013, Rutterford et al. 2015). When physical barriers prevent individuals from migrating to preferred temperature regimes, marine species may be driven towards extinction (e.g., in the Mediterranean Sea: Ben Rais Lasram et al. 2010). The open nature of the ECA marine zone may limit effects of climate change on the ichthyofauna, at least in the near future, as physical barriers to the expected poleward migration are lacking. However, other intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the pelagic larval duration, population density and swimming ability, will likely also impact which species can successful migrate poleward in response to climate change (e.g., Feary et al. 2014). Further, the long term HIIHFWVRIFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGRFHDQDFLGL¿FDWLRQRQ the ecology of marine systems, including changes in predation rates (e.g., Ferrari et al. 2015), have not been well studied to date. The long-term implications of these changes for the extinction risk of marine bony ¿VKHVLVSRRUO\XQGHUVWRRG7KXVFOLPDWHFKDQJHLV only indicated as a major threat for three of the 51 threatened and Near Threatened species: Pagellus bogaraveo and Merluccius senegalensis are thought to be negatively impacted by changes to atmospheric oscillations (Meiners et al. 2010, Báez et al. 2014) and Pseudotolithus senegalensis by increased sea 0DULQHGHEULVZDVKHGRQVKRUHDWD¿VKLQJEHDFKLQ'DNDU6HQHJDO F %3ROLGRUR 35 surface temperatures and reduced upwelling (Nunoo and Nascimento 2015). 3.4.5 Invasive and problematic species The negative effects of invasive and problematic species are currently limited in the ECA, with this category of threats being indicated for only three species. Two species listed as Near Threatened globally are impacted by invasive species. Although the primary threat to Balistes vetula, the Queen 7ULJJHU¿VKLVRYHU¿VKLQJLWKDVDOVREHHQIRXQGLQ WKHGLHWRIWKHLQYDVLYHOLRQ¿VK Pterois volitans) in the western Atlantic (Bejarano et al. 2015). While the impact to B. vetula is currently thought to be limited, the introduction of P. volitans and P. miles to the Caribbean has caused dramatic adverse impacts RQ ¿VKHULHV DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ HIIRUWV 6FKR¿HOG 2009, Bejarano et al. 2015). Fortunately, to date, OLRQ¿VKHVKDYH\HWWRVSUHDGLQWRWKHHDVWHUQ$WODQWLF Replacement of native mangroves by an exotic palm (Nypa fruticans) in Nigeria may be affecting the juveniles of Galeoides decadactylus, which rely on the three-dimensional structure provided by native mangroves (Moses 2000). Unlike most mangroves, the trunk of N. fruticans grows underground, limiting the available structural refuge for juveniles. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been implicated LQ¿VKNLOOVRIEpinephelus itajara (e.g., in the Gulf of Mexico: Smith 1976). HABs can produce large ¿VK NLOOV DQG VKRUW WHUP UHFUXLWPHQW GHFOLQHV EXW the long-term impacts on populations are currently unknown. In the ECA, harmful algal species have been documented in the upwelling systems in both the Benguela and Canary current regions; of the 29 common algal species responsible for HABs, 20 occur in high-biomass blooms in the Benguela Current region and 11 in the Canary Current region (Trainer et al. 2010). Further, algal species known to cause marine mortalities, including Heterosigma akashiwo, Karlodinium micrum and Karenia cristata, occur in high-desnity blooms in the Benguela Current region (Trainer et al. 2010). 3.5 Population Trends In the ECA, the current population trend for the vast majority of species is unknown (Figure 12). Many of these are poorly known deep-sea species with ongoing taxonomic problems. For example, it was recently determined that different life history stages RIWKHÀDEE\ZKDOH¿VKHVIDPLO\&HWRPLPLGDHKDG been described as belonging to three different deep- sea families (Johnson et al. 2009); the six species in the family Cetomimidae found in the region were DVVHVVHG DV 'DWD 'H¿FLHQW ZLWK XQNQRZQ FXUUHQW population trends. However, this large proportion of species in the ECA with unknown population status UHÀHFWV WKH UHODWLYHO\ SRRU VWDWH RI NQRZOHGJH LQ general, regarding the living marine resources of the region. Currently, the populations of 36 species are decreasing, including 27 of the 51 species listed as threatened or Near Threatened. The majority of these are exploited species. For example, populations of the four heavily exploited Thunnus species present Nypa fruticans stand (c) B. Dupont 36 in the ECA (T. alalunga, T. albacares, T. obesus and T. thunnus) are decreasing and the majority of the VWRFNVDUHRYHU¿VKHG ,66)  3.6 Gaps in Knowledge Overall, aspects of the taxonomy, ecology, life KLVWRU\DQGSRSXODWLRQG\QDPLFVRI WKHPDULQH¿VK fauna of the ECA are poorly known, despite the long history of marine resource exploitation in the region. 7D[RQRP\RIWKHPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVUHPDLQVDPDMRU FKDOOHQJH7D[RQRPLFWUDLQLQJDQGLGHQWL¿FDWLRQDUH sorely lacking by regional scientists, resulting in OLPLWHG VSHFLHVVSHFL¿F GDWD IRU QHDUO\ DOO VSHFLHV in the region. This lack of taxonomic resolution hampers effective conservation of the marine resources, as landings data are often grouped at the genus or even family level. In addition, it results in an underestimate of the true biodiversity in the region. For example, the commercially and recreationally important Caranx hippos complex was recently found to include two species in the eastern Atlantic: C. hippos and &¿VFKHUL(Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter 2007). Additionally, there is a lack of support for the GHYHORSPHQWDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIVFLHQWL¿FFROOHFWLRQV of specimens. Very few, if any, institutional natural history collections exist in West African countries. The collection of specimens assembled by Dr. J. Cadenat of l’Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire in Goree, Senegal, has been neglected for decades and many of the specimens have since been damaged, destroyed or lost. Rigorous natural history collections provide essential information for a variety of research and conservation needs, including IUCN Red List assessments (Rocha et al. 2014). Given the potential of this collection to serve vital research and WUDLQLQJQHHGVRIWKHUHJLRQDOVFLHQWL¿FFRPPXQLW\ immediate priority should be given to the curation and improvement of this collection before this valuable research resource is lost. Figure 12: Current population trend of the 1,288 marine bony ¿VKVSHFLHVRIWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF Collection of specimens assembled by Dr. J. Cadenat of l’Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire in Goree, Senegal. (c) B. Polidoro. 37 4.1 Conservation of Marine Fish Countries in West Africa increasingly rely on marine resources for economic, social and nutritional VWDELOLW\5HFHQWO\WKHUHKDYHEHHQVLJQL¿FDQWHIIRUWV independently as well as cooperatively in regional agreements, to more actively pursue an agenda for the reclamation of the marine resources within West African EEZs, as well as to formulate and execute VXVWDLQDEOH¿VKLQJSUDFWLFHVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH ¿VKHULHVLQWKH(&$+RZHYHUPRVWOHJLVODWLRQDQG regulation in the region relates to elasmobranchs UDWKHUWKDQERQ\¿VKHV 4.1.1 International conservation measures Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) CITES is an international trade treaty signed in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) aimed at ensuring that the international trade of wild animals, plants and other biota is not conducted in a fashion that threatens the survival of the species in the wild. Species considered at risk are listed in one of three appendices. Appendix I lists species threatened with extinction; wild-caught species listed in this appendix are banned from international trade. Appendix II lists species that have not yet been formally declared endangered, but are threatened to the degree that necessitates control of trade in wild individuals in order to ensure the sustained survival of the species in question. Appendix III is reserved for species in which one member country requests other member countries to assist in the control of trade of a species, mostly of which may be locally threatened but not necessarily globally threatened (CITES 1973). Only WZRPDULQHERQ\¿VKHVLQWKHUHJLRQ Hippocampus algiricus and H. hippocampus) are listed in CITES Appedix II, though two sharks (Cetorhinus maximus and Rhincodon typus) are also listed (Table 6). 4. Conservation Measures Species Common Name Red List Status Hippocampus algiricus West African seahorse VU Hippocampus hippocampus Short snouted seahorse DD Cetorhinus maximus Basking shark VU Rhincodon typus Whale shark VU 7DEOH0DULQH¿VKHVRFFXUULQJWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF that are listed in CITES Appendix II. Hippocampus hippocampus (Short-snouted Seahorse) assessed DV'DWD'H¿FLHQW F /5RRPDQ*X\OLDQ 38 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Since 1994, UNCLOS has provided a framework for establishing environmental and managerial responsibilities of nations regarding the equitable use and conservation of marine natural resources. The convention sets standards for responsible PDQDJHPHQWRI¿VKHULHVLQERWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOZDWHUV and those within the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of independent nation states. UNCLOS balances the rights of nations to exploit marine environments and biota of the oceans and seas with the responsibilities to preserve them by resolving continental shelf jurisdiction disputes, regulating deep seabed mining operations and identifying key VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK LQLWLDWLYHV .LPEDOO   7KH UN recently completed The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment, providing a global framework for the assessment of the status of the marine environment, with the intention of periodic status reevaluations (http://www.worldoceanassessment. org/). International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) ICCAT is an inter-governmental organization designed to protect and conserve approximately 30 species of tuna and tuna-like species in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent water bodies, of which 16 occur in the ECA (Table 7). Its primary concern is WRPRQLWRUWKHVWDWXVRIWXQDVE\FRPSLOLQJ¿VKHULHV statistics from its members, coordinating research on the conservation status of the species and the GHYHORSPHQW RI VFLHQWL¿FDOO\ VRXQG PDQDJHPHQW advice on the exploitation of tunas, derived from conducting stock assessments and other relevant studies. Family Species Common Name RL Status Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri Wahoo LC Scombridae Auxis rochei Bullet Tuna LC Scombridae Auxis thazard Frigate Tuna LC Scombridae Euthynnus alletteratus Little Tunny LC Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis Skipjack Tuna LC Scombridae Orcynopsis unicolor Plain Bonito LC Scombridae Sarda sarda Atlantic Bonito LC Scombridae Scomber colias Atlantic Chub Mackerel LC Scombridae Scomberomorus tritor West African Spanish MackerelLC Scombridae Thunnus alalunga Albacore NT Scombridae Thunnus albacares . International Union for the Conservation of 52 Nature. IUCN, 2014. Species Survival Commission. 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Developmental patterns within a multi- VSHFLHVUHHI¿VKHU\PDQDJHPHQWDSSOLFDWLRQVIRU HVVHQWLDO¿VKKDELWDWVDQGSURWHFWHGDUHDV%XOOHWLQ of Marine Science, 66(3), pp.929-956. Mace, G.M., Collar, N.J., Gaston, K.J., Hilton-Ty- aylor, C., Akçakaya, H.R., Leader-Williams, N., Milner-Gulland, E.J. and Stuart, S.N., 2008. Quan- WL¿FDWLRQ RI H[WLQFWLRQ ULVN ,8&1¶V V\VWHP IRU classifying threatened species. Conservation Bi- ology, 22(6), pp.1424-1442. doi: 10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2008.01044.x. Meiners, C., Fernández, L., Salmerón, F. and Ramos, $&OLPDWHYDULDELOLW\DQG¿VKHULHVRIEODFN hakes (Merluccius polli and Merluccius senegalen- VLV LQ1:$IULFD$¿UVWDSSURDFK-RXUQDORI0D- rine Systems, 80(3), pp.243-247. doi: 10.1016/j. jmarsys.2009.10.013 Mensah, M.A. and Quaatey, S.N.K., 2002. 17 An RYHUYLHZRI WKH ¿VKHU\ UHVRXUFHV DQG¿VKHU\ UH- search in the gulf of guinea. Large Marine Eco- systems, 11, pp. 227- 239. doi: 10.1016/S1570- 0461(02)80039-8. Moses, B.S., 2000. 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Ramcharitar, J., Gannon, D.P. and Popper, A.N., %LRDFRXVWLFV RI¿VKHVRI WKH IDPLO\6FLDH- nidae (croakers and drums). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 135(5), pp.1409-1431. doi: 10.1577/T05-207.1 Regan, T.J., Burgman, M.A., McCarthy, M.A., Master, L.L., Keith, D.A., Mace, G.M. and An- delman, S.J., 2005. The consistency of extinction ULVN FODVVL¿FDWLRQ SURWRFROV &RQVHUYDWLRQ %LRO- ogy, 19(6), pp.1969-1977. doi: 10.1 111/j.1523- 1739.2005.00235.x Roberts, C.M. and Hawkins, J.P., 1999. Extinction risk in the sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14(6), pp.241-246. Rocha, L.A., Aleixo, A., Allen, G., Almeda, F., Bald- win, C.C., Barclay, M.V., Bates, J.M., Bauer, A.M., Benzoni, F., Berns, C.M. and Berumen, M.L., 2014. Specimen collection: an essential tool, Sci- ence, 344(6186), p.814-815. Rodrigues, A.S., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoff- mann, M. and Brooks, T.M., 2006. The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. 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Fishing groupers to- wards extinction: a global assessment of threats and H[WLQFWLRQULVNVLQDELOOLRQGROODU¿VKHU\)LVKDQG ¿VKHULHV    SS GRL M 2979.2011.00455.x 6FKR¿HOG3-*HRJUDSKLFH[WHQWDQGFKURQRO- RJ\RIWKHLQYDVLRQRIQRQQDWLYHOLRQ¿VK 3WHURLV volitans [Linnaeus 1758] and P. miles [Bennett 1828]) in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbe- an Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 4(3), pp.473-479. doi: 10.3391/ai.2009.4.3 Schwartz, M.T. (ed.). 2006. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer. Springer Netherlands. Dordre- cht, Netherlands, p. 1213. 6PLWK*%7KHLPSDFWRI¿VKNLOOLQJSK\WR- plankton blooms upon mideastern Gulf of Mexico UHHI¿VKFRPPXQLWLHV5HSULQWHGIURPWKH3URFHHG- ings of Colloquium on Snapper-Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean (Bullis, H. and Jones, A. (eds.), Florida Sea Grant College Program, No. 17, Nov. 1976. p. 8. Smith, W.L. and Craig, M.T. 2007. 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Worm, B., Hilborn, R., Baum, J.K., Branch, T.A., Collie, J.S., Costello, C., Fogarty, M.J., Ful- ton, E.A., Hutchings, J.A., Jennings, S. and Jen- VHQ 23  5HEXLOGLQJ JOREDO ¿VKHULHV Science, 325(5940), pp.578-585. doi: 10.1126/sci- ence.1173146. Zwolinski, J.P. and Demer, D.A., 2012. A cold oceanographic regime with high ex- SORLWDWLRQ UDWHV LQ WKH1RUWKHDVW 3DFL¿F IRUHFDVWV a collapse of the sardine stock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(11), pp.4175- 4180. doi :10.1073/pnas.1113806109/-/DCSupple- mental 55 Appendix 1. Red List status of Eastern Central Atlantic marine ¿VKHV 7DEOH$5HG/LVWVWDWXVRIPDULQH¿VKHV OLVWHGDOSKDEHWLFDOO\E\ Order, Family, and Species). Cat = Red List category and Crit = Red List criteria. Note that Crit is only applicable to species listed as threatened (i.e., Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable). Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Albuliformes Albulidae Pterothrissus belloci DD No Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chlopsis bicolor LC No Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chlopsis olokun LC Yes Anguilliformes Colocongridae Coloconger cadenati LC Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Ariosoma anale LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Ariosoma balearicum LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Ariosoma mellissii DD Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Bathycongrus bertini LC Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Bathyuroconger vicinus LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Conger conger LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Heteroconger longissimus LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Japonoconger africanus LC Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Paraconger notialis LC Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Promyllantor atlanticus DD Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Pseudophichthys splendens LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Uroconger drachi DD Yes Anguilliformes Congridae Uroconger syringinus LC No Anguilliformes Congridae Xenomystax congroides LC No Anguilliformes Derichthyidae Derichthys serpentinus LC No Anguilliformes Derichthyidae Nessorhamphus danae LC No Anguilliformes Derichthyidae 1HVVRUKDPSKXVLQJRO¿DQXV LC No Anguilliformes Heterenchelyidae Panturichthys isognathus LC Yes Anguilliformes Heterenchelyidae Panturichthys longus LC Yes Anguilliformes Heterenchelyidae Panturichthys mauritanicus LC No Anguilliformes Muraenesocidae Cynoponticus ferox LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Anarchias longicauda LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Channomuraena vittata LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Echidna catenata LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Echidna peli LC Yes Anguilliformes Muraenidae Enchelycore anatina LC No 56 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Anguilliformes Muraenidae Enchelycore carychroa LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Enchelycore nigricans LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax afer LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax bacalladoi DD No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax maderensis LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax mareei LC Yes Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax miliaris LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax moringa LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax polygonius LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax unicolor LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax vicinus LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Monopenchelys acuta LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena augusti LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena helena LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena melanotis LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena pavonina LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena robusta LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius macularius LC No Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius wheeleri LC Yes Anguilliformes Myrocongridae Myroconger compressus DD Yes Anguilliformes Nemichthyidae Avocettina infans LC No Anguilliformes Nemichthyidae Nemichthys curvirostris LC No Anguilliformes Nemichthyidae Nemichthys scolopaceus LC No Anguilliformes Nettastomatidae Hoplunnis punctata LC No Anguilliformes Nettastomatidae Nettastoma melanurum LC No Anguilliformes Nettastomatidae 9HQH¿FDSURERVFLGHD LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus anguiformis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus caecus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus gracilis DD Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus kendalli LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus monodi LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Bascanichthys ceciliae LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Bascanichthys paulensis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Brachysomophis atlanticus LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Callechelys bilinearis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Callechelys guineensis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Callechelys leucoptera LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Dalophis boulengeri LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Dalophis cephalopeltis LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Dalophis multidentatus DD Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Dalophis obtusirostris DD Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Echelus myrus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Echelus pachyrhynchus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Echiophis punctifer LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Hemerorhinus opici DD Yes 57 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Herpetoichthys regius DD No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ichthyapus insularis DD Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ichthyapus ophioneus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Myrichthys pardalis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Myrophis plumbeus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Mystriophis crosnieri LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Mystriophis rostellatus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophichthus leonensis DD Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophichthus ophis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophichthus pullus LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophisurus serpens LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Phaenomonas longissima LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Pisodonophis semicinctus LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Pseudomyrophis atlanticus LC Yes Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Pseudomyrophis nimius LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Quassiremus ascensionis LC No Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Xyrias guineensis DD Yes Anguilliformes Serrivomeridae Serrivomer beanii LC No Anguilliformes Serrivomeridae Serrivomer lanceolatoides LC No Anguilliformes Serrivomeridae Stemonidium hypomelas LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae Dysomma brevirostre LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae Haptenchelys texis LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae Ilyophis brunneus LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae Simenchelys parasitica LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae 6\QDSKREUDQFKXVDI¿QLV LC No Anguilliformes Synaphobranchidae Synaphobranchus kaupii LC No Ateleopodiformes Ateleopodidae Guentherus altivela LC No Ateleopodiformes Ateleopodidae Ijimaia loppei LC No Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina boyeri LC No Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina lopeziana DD Yes Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina presbyter LC No Aulopiformes Alepisauridae Alepisaurus brevirostris LC No Aulopiformes Alepisauridae Alepisaurus ferox LC No Aulopiformes Anotopteridae Anotopterus pharao LC No Aulopiformes Aulopidae Aulopus cadenati LC Yes Aulopiformes Aulopidae $XORSXV¿ODPHQWRVXV LC No Aulopiformes Bathysauridae Bathysaurus ferox LC No Aulopiformes Bathysauridae Bathysaurus mollis LC No Aulopiformes Chlorophthalmidae Chlorophthalmus agassizi LC No Aulopiformes Chlorophthalmidae Parasudis fraserbrunneri LC No Aulopiformes Evermannellidae Coccorella atlantica LC No Aulopiformes Evermannellidae Evermannella balbo LC No Aulopiformes Evermannellidae Evermannella melanoderma LC No Aulopiformes Evermannellidae Odontostomops normalops LC No Aulopiformes Giganturidae Gigantura chuni LC No 58 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Aulopiformes Giganturidae Gigantura indica LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathymicrops regis LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois atricolor LC Yes Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois dubius LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois grallator LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois longipes LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois phenax LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae %DWK\SWHURLVTXDGUL¿OLV LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois viridensis LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathytyphlops marionae LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathytyphlops sewelli LC No Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Ipnops agassizii LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Ahliesaurus berryi LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Luciosudis normani LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Scopelosaurus argenteus LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Scopelosaurus lepidus LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Scopelosaurus meadi LC No Aulopiformes Notosudidae Scopelosaurus smithii LC No Aulopiformes Omosudidae Omosudis lowii LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Arctozenus risso LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Dolichosudis fuliginosa LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae /HVWLGLRSVDI¿QLV LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops cadenati LC Yes Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops distans LC Yes Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops jayakari LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops similis LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops sphyrenoides LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidium atlanticum LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestrolepis intermedia LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae 0DFURSDUDOHSLVDI¿QLV LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Macroparalepis brevis LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Magnisudis atlantica LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Paralepis elongata LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Stemonosudis gracilis LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Stemonosudis intermedia LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Stemonosudis siliquiventer LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Sudis atrox LC No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Sudis hyalina DD No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Uncisudis longirostra DD No Aulopiformes Paralepididae Uncisudis quadrimaculata LC No Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Benthalbella infans LC No Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Rosenblattichthys hubbsi LC No Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Scopelarchoides danae LC No Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Scopelarchus analis LC No Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Scopelarchus guentheri LC No 59 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Aulopiformes Scopelarchidae Scopelarchus michaelsarsi LC No Aulopiformes Synodontidae Saurida brasiliensis LC No Aulopiformes Synodontidae Synodus saurus LC No Aulopiformes Synodontidae Synodus synodus LC No Aulopiformes Synodontidae Trachinocephalus myops LC No Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Batrachoides liberiensis LC Yes Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Halobatrachus didactylus LC No Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Perulibatrachus elminensis LC No Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Perulibatrachus rossignoli LC No Beloniformes Belonidae Ablennes hians LC No Beloniformes Belonidae Belone belone LC No Beloniformes Belonidae Platybelone argalus LC No Beloniformes Belonidae Strongylura senegalensis LC Yes Beloniformes Belonidae Tylosurus acus LC No Beloniformes Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon cyanopterus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon exsiliens LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon furcatus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon heterurus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon melanurus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon milleri LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon nigricans LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Exocoetus obtusirostris LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Exocoetus volitans LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Fodiator acutus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae +LUXQGLFKWK\VDI¿QLV LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Hirundichthys speculiger LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Parexocoetus hillianus LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Prognichthys gibbifrons LC No Beloniformes Exocoetidae Prognichthys glaphyrae LC No Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Euleptorhamphus velox LC No Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus balao LC No Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus brasiliensis LC No Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus picarti LC No Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Oxyporhamphus similis LC No Beloniformes Scomberesocidae Scomberesox simulans LC No Beryciformes Anoplogastridae Anoplogaster cornuta LC No Beryciformes Berycidae Beryx decadactylus LC No Beryciformes Berycidae Beryx splendens LC No Beryciformes Diretmidae Diretmichthys parini LC No Beryciformes Diretmidae Diretmoides pauciradiatus LC No Beryciformes Diretmidae Diretmus argenteus LC No Beryciformes Holocentridae Corniger spinosus LC No Beryciformes Holocentridae Holocentrus adscensionis LC No 60 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Beryciformes Holocentridae Myripristis jacobus LC No Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron hastatum LC No Beryciformes Trachichthyidae Gephyroberyx darwinii LC No Beryciformes Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus cadenati LC No Beryciformes Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus mediterraneus LC No Beryciformes Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus vniro DD Yes Cetomimiformes Barbourisiidae Barbourisia rufa LC No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Cetomimus compunctus DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Cetomimus gillii DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Cetostoma regani DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Danacetichthys galathenus DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Ditropichthys storeri DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Gyrinomimus myersi DD No Cetomimiformes Cetomimidae Rhamphocetichthys savagei LC No Cetomimiformes Rondeletiidae Rondeletia bicolor LC No Cetomimiformes Rondeletiidae Rondeletia loricata LC No Clupeiformes Clupeidae (WKPDORVD¿PEULDWD LC No Clupeiformes Clupeidae Pellonula leonensis LC Yes Clupeiformes Clupeidae Pellonula vorax LC Yes Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardina pilchardus LC No Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella aurita LC No Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella maderensis VU A2d No Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella rouxi DD Yes Clupeiformes Engraulidae Engraulis encrasicolus LC No Clupeiformes Pristigasteridae Ilisha africana LC Yes Elopiformes Elopidae Elops lacerta LC Yes Elopiformes Elopidae Elops senegalensis DD Yes Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops atlanticus VU A2bd No Gadiformes Bregmacerotidae Bregmaceros atlanticus LC No Gadiformes Bregmacerotidae Bregmaceros nectabanus LC No Gadiformes Lotidae Enchelyopus cimbrius LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Bathygadus favosus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Bathygadus macrops LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Bathygadus melanobranchus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Cetonurus globiceps LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coelorinchus caelorhincus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coelorinchus geronimo LC Yes Gadiformes Macrouridae Coelorinchus labiatus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coelorinchus polli LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides armatus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides guentheri LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides leptolepis LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides marshalli LC Yes Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides mediterraneus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides paramarshalli LC No 61 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides rudis LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Coryphaenoides zaniophorus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Gadomus arcuatus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae *DGRPXVORQJL¿OLV LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Hymenocephalus italicus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Hymenogadus gracilis DD No Gadiformes Macrouridae 0DFURXURLGHVLQÀDWLFHSV LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Malacocephalus laevis LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Malacocephalus occidentalis LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Mesobius berryi LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia aequalis LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia africana LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia duodecim LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia micronychodon LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia milleri LC Yes Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia sclerorhynchus LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Odontomacrurus murrayi LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Sphagemacrurus hirundo LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae 6TXDORJDGXVPRGL¿FDWXV LC No Gadiformes Macrouridae Trachyrincus scabrus LC No Gadiformes Melanonidae Melanonus zugmayeri LC No Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius capensis LC No Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius merluccius LC No Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius polli LC No Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius senegalensis EN A2bd No Gadiformes Moridae Antimora rostrata LC No Gadiformes Moridae Gadella imberbis LC No Gadiformes Moridae Laemonema laureysi LC No Gadiformes Moridae Laemonema robustum DD No Gadiformes Moridae Laemonema yarrellii LC No Gadiformes Moridae Mora moro LC No Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus cyanostrophus LC Yes Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus dalwigki LC No Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus helenaensis DD Yes Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus huloti LC Yes Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus karrerae DD No Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus maslowskii DD No Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus microbarbata DD Yes Gadiformes Phycidae Phycis phycis LC No Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Apletodon barbatus VU B2ab(iii) Yes Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Apletodon pellegrini LC No Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Apletodon wirtzi LC Yes Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Diplecogaster bimaculata LC No Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Diplecogaster ctenocrypta LC No Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Lecanogaster chrysea LC No 62 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Lepadogaster purpurea LC No Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Opeatogenys cadenati DD No Gonorynchiformes Gonorynchidae Gonorynchus gonorynchus LC No Lampriformes Lampridae Lampris guttatus LC No Lampriformes Lophotidae (XPHFLFKWK\V¿VNL LC No Lampriformes Radiicephalidae Radiicephalus elongatus LC No Lampriformes Regalecidae Regalecus glesne LC No Lampriformes Regalecidae Regalecus russelii LC No Lampriformes Stylephoridae Stylephorus chordatus LC No Lampriformes Trachipteridae Desmodema polystictum LC No Lampriformes Trachipteridae Trachipterus trachypterus LC No Lampriformes Trachipteridae Zu cristatus LC No Lophiiformes Antennariidae Antennarius pardalis LC No Lophiiformes Antennariidae Antennarius striatus LC No Lophiiformes Antennariidae Antennatus nummifer LC No Lophiiformes Antennariidae Fowlerichthys senegalensis LC No Lophiiformes Antennariidae Histrio histrio LC No Lophiiformes Caulophrynidae Caulophryne jordani LC No Lophiiformes Caulophrynidae Caulophryne pelagica DD No Lophiiformes Caulophrynidae Caulophryne polynema LC No Lophiiformes Centrophrynidae Centrophryne spinulosa LC No Lophiiformes Ceratiidae Ceratias holboelli LC No Lophiiformes Ceratiidae Ceratias uranoscopus LC No Lophiiformes Ceratiidae Cryptopsaras couesii LC No Lophiiformes Chaunacidae Chaunax pictus LC No Lophiiformes Chaunacidae Chaunax suttkusi LC No Lophiiformes Diceratiidae Bufoceratias wedli LC No Lophiiformes Diceratiidae Diceratias pileatus LC No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis elsmani LC No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis gibbsi LC No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis golovani LC No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis gracilicauda DD No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis longicirra LC No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis vanhoeffeni DD No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Gigantactis watermani DD No Lophiiformes Gigantactinidae Rhynchactis macrothrix DD No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus albinares DD No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus brevirostris DD No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus cornifer LC No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus crinitus LC Yes Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus groenlandicus LC No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus macroceras DD No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus macroceratoides DD No Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus multifurcatus DD Yes Lophiiformes Himantolophidae +LPDQWRORSKXVSDXFL¿ORVXV LC No 63 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Lophiiformes Himantolophidae Himantolophus rostratus DD No Lophiiformes Linophrynidae Haplophryne mollis LC No Lophiiformes Linophrynidae Linophryne arborifera LC No Lophiiformes Linophrynidae Linophryne pennibarbata LC No Lophiiformes Linophrynidae Photocorynus spiniceps LC No Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophiodes kempi DD Yes Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophius budegassa DD No Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophius piscatorius LC No Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophius vomerinus NT No Lophiiformes Melanocetidae Melanocetus johnsonii LC No Lophiiformes Melanocetidae Melanocetus murrayi LC No Lophiiformes Neoceratiidae Neoceratias spinifer LC No Lophiiformes Ogcocephalidae Dibranchus atlanticus LC No Lophiiformes Ogcocephalidae Dibranchus tremendus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Chaenophryne draco LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Chaenophryne longiceps LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Chaenophryne ramifera LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys allector LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys danae LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys dinema LC Yes Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys jubatus DD No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys longicornis LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Dolopichthys pullatus DD No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Lophodolos acanthognathus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Lophodolos indicus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Microlophichthys microlophus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Oneirodes carlsbergi LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Oneirodes eschrichtii LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Oneirodes macrosteus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Oneirodes theodoritissieri LC Yes Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Pentherichthys atratus LC No Lophiiformes Oneirodidae Spiniphryne gladisfenae LC No Lophiiformes Thaumatichthyidae Lasiognathus saccostoma LC No Mugiliformes Mugilidae Chelon bispinosus LC Yes Mugiliformes Mugilidae Chelon labrosus LC No Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza bandialensis DD Yes Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza dumerili DD No Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza falcipinnis DD Yes Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza grandisquamis DD Yes Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil bananensis LC Yes Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil capurrii LC No Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus LC No Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil curema LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Benthosema glaciale LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Benthosema suborbitale LC No 64 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Myctophiformes Myctophidae Bolinichthys distofax LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Bolinichthys indicus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Bolinichthys photothorax LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Bolinichthys supralateralis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Centrobranchus nigroocellatus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus maderensis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus warmingii LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus anderseni LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus bertelseni LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus brachycephalus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus dumerilii DD No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus effulgens LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus fragilis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus garmani LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus holti LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus lucidus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus luetkeni LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus metopoclampus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus mollis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus perspicillatus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus problematicus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae 'LDSKXVUD¿QHVTXLL LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus splendidus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus subtilis DD No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus taaningi DD No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus termophilus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus vanhoeffeni LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diogenichthys atlanticus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Electrona risso LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Gonichthys cocco LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum benoiti LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum hygomii LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum macrochir LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum reinhardtii LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum taaningi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampadena anomala DD No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampadena chavesi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampadena luminosa LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampadena pontifex LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampadena speculigera LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus alatus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus australis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus crocodilus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus festivus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus intricarius LC No 65 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus macdonaldi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus nobilis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus photonotus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus pusillus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus tenuiformis LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus vadulus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lepidophanes gaussi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lepidophanes guentheri LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae /RELDQFKLDGRÀHLQL LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lobianchia gemellarii LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Loweina rara LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae 0\FWRSKXPDI¿QH LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum asperum LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum nitidulum LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum obtusirostre LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum phengodes LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum punctatum LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum selenops LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Nannobrachium atrum LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Nannobrachium cuprarium LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Nannobrachium isaacsi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Nannobrachium lineatum LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notolychnus valdiviae LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus bolini LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus caudispinosus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus resplendens LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Scopelopsis multipunctatus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Symbolophorus kreffti LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae 6\PERORSKRUXVUX¿QXV LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Symbolophorus veranyi LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Taaningichthys bathyphilus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Taaningichthys minimus LC No Myctophiformes Myctophidae Taaningichthys paurolychnus LC No Myctophiformes Neoscopelidae Neoscopelus macrolepidotus LC No Myctophiformes Neoscopelidae Scopelengys tristis LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Aldrovandia gracilis LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Aldrovandia oleosa LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Aldrovandia phalacra LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Aldrovandia rostrata LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Halosauropsis macrochir LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Halosaurus attenuatus LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Halosaurus guentheri LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Halosaurus johnsonianus LC No Notacanthiformes Halosauridae Halosaurus ovenii LC No Notacanthiformes Notacanthidae Notacanthus chemnitzii LC No 66 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Notacanthiformes Notacanthidae Polyacanthonotus challengeri LC No Ophidiiformes Aphyonidae Aphyonus rassi DD No Ophidiiformes Aphyonidae Nybelinella erikssoni DD No Ophidiiformes Aphyonidae Sciadonus jonassoni DD No Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Cataetyx bruuni LC Yes Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Cataetyx laticeps LC No Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Grammonus longhursti LC Yes Ophidiiformes Carapidae Carapus acus LC No Ophidiiformes Carapidae Echiodon dentatus LC No Ophidiiformes Carapidae Snyderidia canina LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Abyssobrotula galatheae LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Acanthonus armatus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Apagesoma delosommatus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Barathrites iris LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bassozetus compressus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bassozetus levistomatus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bassozetus normalis LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bassozetus oncerocephalus DD Yes Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bassozetus taenia LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Bathyonus laticeps DD No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Brotula barbata LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Dicrolene introniger LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Holcomycteronus squamosus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Lamprogrammus brunswigi LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Lamprogrammus exutus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Lamprogrammus niger LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Luciobrotula corethromycter LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae /XFLREURWXODQRO¿ LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Monomitopus metriostoma LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Penopus microphthalmus LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Porogadus abyssalis DD No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Porogadus miles LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Porogadus nudus DD Yes Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Porogadus subarmatus DD Yes Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Selachophidium guentheri LC No Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Spectrunculus grandis LC No Ophidiiformes Parabrotulidae Parabrotula plagiophthalma LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus agassizii LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus australis LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus bairdii DD No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus rostratus LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Asquamiceps caeruleus LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Asquamiceps hjorti LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bajacalifornia arcylepis DD No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bajacalifornia calcarata LC No 67 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bajacalifornia megalops LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bathylaco nigricans LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bathytroctes macrolepis LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bathytroctes michaelsarsi LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bathytroctes microlepis LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Bathytroctes squamosus LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Conocara macropterum LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Conocara salmoneum LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Einara edentula LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Einara macrolepis LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Herwigia kreffti LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Leptoderma macrops LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Narcetes erimelas LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Narcetes stomias LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Photostylus pycnopterus LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Rinoctes nasutus LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Rouleina attrita LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Rouleina maderensis LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Talismania antillarum LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Talismania homoptera LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae 7DOLVPDQLDORQJL¿OLV LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Talismania mekistonema LC No Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Xenodermichthys copei LC No Osmeriformes Argentinidae Glossanodon leioglossus LC No Osmeriformes Argentinidae Glossanodon polli LC No Osmeriformes Bathylagidae Bathylagichthys greyae LC No Osmeriformes Bathylagidae Bathylagoides argyrogaster LC No Osmeriformes Bathylagidae Dolicholagus longirostris LC No Osmeriformes Bathylagidae Melanolagus bericoides LC No Osmeriformes Leptochilichthyidae Leptochilichthys agassizii LC No Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Microstoma microstoma LC No Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Nansenia atlantica LC No Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Nansenia megalopa DD No Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Nansenia pelagica DD No Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Xenophthalmichthys danae LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Bathylychnops brachyrhynchus DD No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Dolichopteroides binocularis LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Dolichopteryx longipes LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Opisthoproctus grimaldii LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Opisthoproctus soleatus LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Rhynchohyalus natalensis LC No Osmeriformes Opisthoproctidae Winteria telescopa LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Barbantus curvifrons LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Barbantus elongatus DD No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia anomala LC No 68 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia cyanocephala LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia innesi LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Holtbyrnia macrops LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Maulisia argipalla LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Maulisia mauli LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Maulisia microlepis LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Mentodus facilis LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Mentodus longirostris LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Mentodus mesalirus LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Mentodus perforatus LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Mentodus rostratus LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Normichthys operosus LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Platytroctes apus LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Sagamichthys schnakenbecki LC No Osmeriformes Platytroctidae Searsia koefoedi LC No Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus bahianus LC No Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus chirurgus LC No Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus coeruleus LC No Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus monroviae LC No Perciformes Acanthuridae Prionurus biafraensis LC Yes Perciformes Acropomatidae Synagrops japonicus LC No Perciformes Acropomatidae Synagrops microlepis LC No Perciformes Ammodytidae Gymnammodytes capensis LC No Perciformes Ammodytidae Gymnammodytes cicerelus LC No Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon axillaris LC No Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon imberbis LC No Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon pseudomaculatus LC No Perciformes Apogonidae 3DURQFKHLOXVDI¿QLV LC No Perciformes Apogonidae Phaeoptyx pigmentaria LC No Perciformes Ariommatidae Ariomma bondi LC No Perciformes Ariommatidae Ariomma melanum LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Bathyblennius antholops DD Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Blennius normani LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus cadenati LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus textilis LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Hypleurochilus aequipinnis LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Hypleurochilus bananensis LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Hypleurochilus langi LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Lipophrys pholis LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Microlipophrys bauchotae DD Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Microlipophrys caboverdensis LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Microlipophrys velifer LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Ophioblennius atlanticus LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius dialloi LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius goreensis LC Yes 69 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius incognitus LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius parvicornis LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius pilicornis LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius salensis LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius sierraensis LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius tentacularis LC No Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius verryckeni DD Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Scartella caboverdiana LC Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Scartella cristata LC No Perciformes Blenniidae 6FDUWHOODQXFKL¿OLV VU D2 Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Scartella springeri VU D2 Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Spaniblennius clandestinus DD Yes Perciformes Blenniidae Spaniblennius riodourensis DD No Perciformes Bramidae Brama brama LC No Perciformes Bramidae Brama dussumieri LC No Perciformes Bramidae Pterycombus brama LC No Perciformes Bramidae Taractes rubescens LC No Perciformes Bramidae Taractichthys longipinnis LC No Perciformes Callanthiidae Callanthias ruber LC No Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus bairdi LC No Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus lyra LC No Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus maculatus LC No Perciformes Callionymidae Draculo shango LC Yes Perciformes Callionymidae Synchiropus phaeton LC No Perciformes Caproidae Antigonia capros LC No Perciformes Caproidae Capros aper LC No Perciformes Carangidae Alectis alexandrina LC No Perciformes Carangidae Alectis ciliaris LC No Perciformes Carangidae Campogramma glaycos LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx bartholomaei LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx crysos LC No Perciformes Carangidae &DUDQ[¿VFKHUL LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx hippos LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx latus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx lugubris LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx rhonchus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx ruber LC No Perciformes Carangidae Caranx senegallus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Chloroscombrus chrysurus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus macarellus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus muroadsi LC No Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus punctatus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus tabl LC No Perciformes Carangidae Elagatis bipinnulata LC No Perciformes Carangidae Hemicaranx bicolor LC Yes 70 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Carangidae Lichia amia LC No Perciformes Carangidae Naucrates ductor LC No Perciformes Carangidae Pseudocaranx dentex LC No Perciformes Carangidae Selar crumenophthalmus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Selene dorsalis LC No Perciformes Carangidae Seriola carpenteri LC No Perciformes Carangidae Seriola dumerili LC No Perciformes Carangidae Seriola fasciata LC No Perciformes Carangidae Seriola lalandi LC No Perciformes Carangidae Seriola rivoliana LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachinotus goreensis LC Yes Perciformes Carangidae Trachinotus maxillosus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachinotus ovatus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachinotus teraia LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus mediterraneus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus picturatus LC No Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus trachurus VU A2bd No Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus trecae LC No Perciformes Carangidae Uraspis helvola LC No Perciformes Carangidae Uraspis secunda LC No Perciformes Caristiidae Paracaristius aquilus LC No Perciformes Caristiidae Paracaristius nemorosus LC Yes Perciformes Caristiidae Paracaristius nudarcus DD Yes Perciformes Caristiidae Platyberyx andriashevi DD No Perciformes Caristiidae Platyberyx opalescens LC No Perciformes Centracanthidae Centracanthus cirrus LC No Perciformes Centracanthidae Spicara alta LC Yes Perciformes Centracanthidae Spicara melanurus LC No Perciformes Centrolophidae Centrolophus niger LC No Perciformes Centrolophidae Schedophilus pemarco LC No Perciformes Centrolophidae Schedophilus velaini LC No Perciformes Cepolidae Cepola macrophthalma LC No Perciformes Cepolidae Cepola pauciradiata DD Yes Perciformes Chaetodontidae &KDHWRGRQKRHÀHUL LC No Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon robustus LC Yes Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon sanctaehelenae LC Yes Perciformes Chaetodontidae Prognathodes dichrous LC Yes Perciformes Chaetodontidae Prognathodes marcellae LC Yes Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Chiasmodon braueri LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Chiasmodon niger LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Dysalotus alcocki LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Dysalotus oligoscolus LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Kali indica LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Kali kerberti LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Kali macrodon LC No 71 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Kali macrura LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Kali parri LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Pseudoscopelus altipinnis LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Pseudoscopelus scriptus LC No Perciformes Chiasmodontidae Pseudoscopelus scutatus LC No Perciformes Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus earnshawi EN B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus pinos LC No Perciformes Cirrhitidae Cirrhitus atlanticus LC Yes Perciformes Coryphaenidae Coryphaena equiselis LC No Perciformes Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus LC No Perciformes Dinopercidae Centrarchops chapini LC Yes Perciformes Drepaneidae Drepane africana LC Yes Perciformes Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Phtheirichthys lineatus LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Remora albescens LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Remora australis LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Remora brachyptera LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Remora osteochir LC No Perciformes Echeneidae Remora remora LC No Perciformes Eleotridae Eleotris vittata LC No Perciformes Emmelichthyidae Emmelichthys ruber LC No Perciformes Emmelichthyidae Erythrocles monodi LC No Perciformes Ephippidae Chaetodipterus lippei LC No Perciformes Ephippidae Ephippus goreensis LC Yes Perciformes Epigonidae (SLJRQXVDI¿QLV LC Yes Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus constanciae LC No Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus denticulatus LC No Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus pandionis LC No Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus telescopus LC No Perciformes Epinephelidae Alphestes afer LC No Perciformes Epinephelidae Cephalopholis nigri LC No Perciformes Epinephelidae Cephalopholis taeniops DD No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus adscensionis LC No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus aeneus NT No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus caninus DD No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus costae DD No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus goreensis DD Yes Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus itajara CR A2d No Perciformes Epinephelidae Epinephelus marginatus EN A2d No Perciformes Epinephelidae Hyporthodus haifensis DD No Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca fusca EN B1ab(v) No Perciformes Epinephelidae Mycteroperca rubra LC No Perciformes Epinephelidae Paranthias furcifer LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Diplospinus multistriatus LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Gempylus serpens LC No 72 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Gempylidae /HSLGRF\ELXPÀDYREUXQQHXP LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Nealotus tripes LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Nesiarchus nasutus LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Promethichthys prometheus LC No Perciformes Gempylidae Ruvettus pretiosus LC No Perciformes Gerreidae Eucinostomus melanopterus LC No Perciformes Gerreidae Gerres nigri LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius burtoni EN B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius casamancus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius soporator LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Corcyrogobius lubbocki VU B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Ctenogobius lepturus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Didogobius amicuscaridis VU B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Didogobius kochi LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Didogobius wirtzi LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gnatholepis thompsoni LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides africanus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides sagitta LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gobionellus occidentalis LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius ateriformis LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius cruentatus LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius niger LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius paganellus LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius rubropunctatus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius senegambiensis LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius tetrophthalmus VU B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gorogobius nigricinctus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Gorogobius stevcici VU B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius friesii LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius koumansi LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius sanzi LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Mauligobius nigri LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Nematogobius brachynemus LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus microps LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis ascensionis EN B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Thorogobius angolensis LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Thorogobius rofeni LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Vanneaugobius canariensis LC No Perciformes Gobiidae Wheelerigobius maltzani LC Yes Perciformes Gobiidae Wheelerigobius wirtzi LC Yes Perciformes Haemulidae Brachydeuterus auritus NT No Perciformes Haemulidae Parakuhlia macrophthalmus DD Yes Perciformes Haemulidae Parapristipoma humile LC No Perciformes Haemulidae Parapristipoma octolineatum LC No Perciformes Haemulidae Plectorhinchus macrolepis LC No 73 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Haemulidae Plectorhinchus mediterraneus DD No Perciformes Haemulidae Pomadasys incisus LC No Perciformes Haemulidae Pomadasys jubelini LC Yes Perciformes Haemulidae Pomadasys perotaei LC Yes Perciformes Haemulidae Pomadasys rogerii LC Yes Perciformes Howellidae Howella atlantica LC No Perciformes Istiophoridae Istiophorus platypterus LC No Perciformes Istiophoridae Kajikia albida VU A2bd No Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans VU A2bd No Perciformes Istiophoridae Tetrapturus georgii DD No Perciformes Istiophoridae 7HWUDSWXUXVSÀXHJHUL LC No Perciformes Kyphosidae Girella zonata VU B2ab(iii) Yes Perciformes Kyphosidae Kyphosus sectatrix LC No Perciformes Kyphosidae Kyphosus vaigiensis LC No Perciformes Labridae Acantholabrus palloni LC No Perciformes Labridae Bodianus insularis LC No Perciformes Labridae Bodianus scrofa VU B2ab(iv,v) No Perciformes Labridae Bodianus speciosus DD No Perciformes Labridae Coris atlantica LC No Perciformes Labridae Doratonotus megalepis LC No Perciformes Labridae Labrus mixtus LC No Perciformes Labridae Lappanella guineensis DD Yes Perciformes Labridae Nicholsina collettei LC Yes Perciformes Labridae 6FDUXVKRHÀHUL LC Yes Perciformes Labridae Sparisoma cretense LC No Perciformes Labridae Symphodus bailloni LC No Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma pavo LC No Perciformes Labridae Xyrichtys novacula LC No Perciformes Labrisomidae Malacoctenus africanus DD Yes Perciformes Lethrinidae Lethrinus atlanticus LC Yes Perciformes Lobotidae Lobotes surinamensis LC No Perciformes Lutjanidae Apsilus fuscus LC No Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus agennes DD Yes Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus dentatus DD Yes Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus endecacanthus DD Yes Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulgens LC Yes Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus goreensis DD Yes Perciformes Luvaridae Luvarus imperialis LC No Perciformes Malacanthidae Branchiostegus semifasciatus LC No Perciformes Malacanthidae Malacanthus plumieri LC No Perciformes Microdesmidae Microdesmus aethiopicus LC Yes Perciformes Microdesmidae Microdesmus africanus DD Yes Perciformes Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax LC No Perciformes Moronidae Dicentrarchus punctatus LC No Perciformes Mullidae Mulloidichthys martinicus LC No 74 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Mullidae Mullus barbatus LC No Perciformes Mullidae Mullus surmuletus LC No Perciformes Mullidae Pseudupeneus prayensis VU A2ad No Perciformes Nomeidae Cubiceps caeruleus LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Cubiceps capensis LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Cubiceps gracilis LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Cubiceps pauciradiatus LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Nomeus gronovii LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Psenes arafurensis LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Psenes cyanophrys LC No Perciformes Nomeidae Psenes pellucidus LC No Perciformes Percophidae Bembrops cadenati LC Yes Perciformes Percophidae Bembrops greyi LC Yes Perciformes Percophidae Bembrops heterurus LC No Perciformes Pinguipedidae Parapercis atlantica DD Yes Perciformes Polynemidae Galeoides decadactylus NT No Perciformes Polynemidae Pentanemus quinquarius VU A2bd Yes Perciformes Polynemidae 3RO\GDFW\OXVTXDGUL¿OLV LC Yes Perciformes Polyprionidae Polyprion americanus DD No Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge resplendens LC Yes Perciformes Pomacanthidae Holacanthus africanus LC Yes Perciformes Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus paru LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae $EXGHIGXIKRHÀHUL DD Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Abudefduf luridus LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Abudefduf saxatilis LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Abudefduf taurus LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis cadenati LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis chromis LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis limbata LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis lubbocki LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis multilineata LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis sanctaehelenae LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Chrysiptera unimaculata LC No Perciformes Pomacentridae Microspathodon frontatus LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes imbricatus LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes lubbocki LC Yes Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes sanctaehelenae LC Yes Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix VU A2bd No Perciformes Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus LC No Perciformes Priacanthidae Priacanthus arenatus LC No Perciformes Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum LC No Perciformes Sciaenidae Argyrosomus regius LC No Perciformes Sciaenidae Atractoscion aequidens VU A2bd No Perciformes Sciaenidae Miracorvina angolensis LC Yes Perciformes Sciaenidae Pentheroscion mbizi NT No 75 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus elongatus LC No Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus epipercus LC Yes Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus moorii LC Yes Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus senegalensis EN A2bd No Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus senegallus VU A2bd No Perciformes Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus typus LC Yes Perciformes Sciaenidae Pteroscion peli LC Yes Perciformes Sciaenidae Sciaena umbra NT No Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina canariensis LC No Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina ronchus DD No Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina steindachneri DD Yes Perciformes Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri LC No Perciformes Scombridae Auxis rochei LC No Perciformes Scombridae Auxis thazard LC No Perciformes Scombridae Euthynnus alletteratus LC No Perciformes Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis LC No Perciformes Scombridae Orcynopsis unicolor LC No Perciformes Scombridae Sarda sarda LC No Perciformes Scombridae Scomber colias LC No Perciformes Scombridae Scomberomorus tritor LC No Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus alalunga NT No Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus albacares NT No Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus VU A2bd No Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus EN A2bd No Perciformes Scombrolabracidae Scombrolabrax heterolepis LC No Perciformes Serranidae Anthias anthias LC No Perciformes Serranidae Anthias cyprinoides DD Yes Perciformes Serranidae Anthias helenensis DD Yes Perciformes Serranidae Holanthias caudalis DD Yes Perciformes Serranidae Holanthias fronticinctus DD Yes Perciformes Serranidae Meganthias carpenteri DD Yes Perciformes Serranidae Pseudogramma gregoryi LC No Perciformes Serranidae Pseudogramma guineensis LC Yes Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus saponaceus LC No Perciformes Serranidae Rypticus subbifrenatus LC No Perciformes Serranidae Serranus accraensis LC Yes Perciformes Serranidae Serranus africanus LC Yes Perciformes Serranidae Serranus cabrilla LC No Perciformes Serranidae Serranus hepatus LC No Perciformes Serranidae Serranus heterurus LC Yes Perciformes Serranidae Serranus sanctaehelenae LC No Perciformes Serranidae Serranus scriba LC No Perciformes Sparidae Boops boops LC No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex angolensis NT No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex barnardi LC No 76 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Sparidae Dentex canariensis LC No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex congoensis LC Yes Perciformes Sparidae Dentex dentex VU A2bd No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex gibbosus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex macrophthalmus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Dentex maroccanus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus bellottii LC No Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus cervinus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus fasciatus LC Yes Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus prayensis LC Yes Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus puntazzo LC No Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus sargus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus vulgaris LC No Perciformes Sparidae Lithognathus mormyrus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Oblada melanura LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pachymetopon blochii LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus acarne LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus bellottii LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus bogaraveo NT No Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus erythrinus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus auriga LC No Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus caeruleostictus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Rhabdosargus globiceps VU A2bd No Perciformes Sparidae Sarpa salpa LC No Perciformes Sparidae Sparus aurata LC No Perciformes Sparidae Spondyliosoma cantharus LC No Perciformes Sparidae Virididentex acromegalus LC Yes Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena afra LC No Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda LC No Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena guachancho LC No Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena sphyraena LC No Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena viridensis LC No Perciformes Stromateidae 6WURPDWHXV¿DWROD LC No Perciformes Symphysanodontidae Symphysanodon berryi LC No Perciformes Tetragonuridae Tetragonurus atlanticus LC No Perciformes Tetragonuridae Tetragonurus cuvieri LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus araneus LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus armatus LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus collignoni DD Yes Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus draco LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus lineolatus LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus pellegrini LC No Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus radiatus LC No Perciformes Trichiuridae Aphanopus intermedius LC No Perciformes Trichiuridae Benthodesmus tenuis LC No 77 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Perciformes Trichiuridae Lepidopus caudatus DD No Perciformes Trichiuridae Lepidopus dubius LC Yes Perciformes Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus LC No Perciformes Tripterygiidae Helcogramma ascensionis LC Yes Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygion delaisi LC No Perciformes Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus albesca LC Yes Perciformes Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus cadenati LC Yes Perciformes Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus polli LC Yes Perciformes Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus scaber LC No Perciformes Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius LC No Perciformes Zoarcidae Melanostigma atlanticum LC No Perciformes Zoarcidae Pachycara bulbiceps LC No Perciformes Zoarcidae Pachycara crassiceps LC No Perciformes Zoarcidae Pachycara crossacanthum LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus capensis LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus imperialis LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus thori DD No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus guibei DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus lunatus LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus mellissi LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus podas LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Chascanopsetta lugubris LC No Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Monolene helenensis DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Monolene mertensi LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Monolene microstoma LC No Pleuronectiformes Citharidae Citharus linguatula LC No Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus browni DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus cadenati DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus canariensis NT No Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus monodi NT Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus senegalensis NT Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus insularis LC No Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus ligulatus LC No Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus lubbocki DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus nigrescens LC No Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus normani LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus reticulatus DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus vanmelleae LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae &LWKDULFKWK\VVWDPSÀLL LC Yes Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae Syacium guineensis LC No Pleuronectiformes Psettodidae Psettodes belcheri DD No Pleuronectiformes Psettodidae Psettodes bennettii DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Bathysolea lactea DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Bathysolea polli LC Yes 78 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Bathysolea profundicola LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Dagetichthys lusitanica DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Dicologlossa cuneata LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Dicologlossa hexophthalma LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Heteromycteris proboscideus DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus azevia DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus boscanion DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus frechkopi DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus ocellatus DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus theophila DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus variegatus LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus wittei LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Monochirus atlanticus DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Pegusa cadenati DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Pegusa lascaris LC No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Solea senegalensis DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Solea solea DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Solea triophthalma DD Yes Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Synapturichthys kleinii DD No Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Vanstraelenia chirophthalma DD Yes Polymixiiformes Polymixiidae Polymixia nobilis LC No Saccopharyngiformes Cyematidae Cyema atrum LC No Saccopharyngiformes Eurypharyngidae Eurypharynx pelecanoides LC No Saccopharyngiformes Monognathidae Monognathus jesperseni DD Yes Saccopharyngiformes Monognathidae Monognathus nigeli DD No Saccopharyngiformes Monognathidae Monognathus taningi DD Yes Saccopharyngiformes Saccopharyngidae Saccopharynx ampullaceus LC No Saccopharyngiformes Saccopharyngidae Saccopharynx ramosus LC No Scorpaeniformes Dactylopteridae Dactylopterus volitans LC No Scorpaeniformes Liparidae Careproctus albescens LC No Scorpaeniformes Liparidae Paraliparis copei DD No Scorpaeniformes Peristediidae Peristedion cataphractum LC No Scorpaeniformes Platycephalidae Solitas gruveli LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Psychrolutidae Cottunculus thomsonii LC No Scorpaeniformes Psychrolutidae Ebinania costaecanariae LC No Scorpaeniformes Psychrolutidae Psychrolutes inermis LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Idiastion kyphos LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Neomerinthe folgori DD No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus accraensis LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus kuhlii DD No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus leda LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus nigropunctatus LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena angolensis LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena annobonae DD Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena ascensionis EN B2ab(iii) Yes 79 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena elongata LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena laevis LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena loppei LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena maderensis LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena mellissii EN B2ab(iii) Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena normani LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena notata LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena plumieri LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena scrofa LC No Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena stephanica LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes africanus DD Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes elongatus DD Yes Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes insularis LC No Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae Helicolenus dactylopterus LC No Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae Trachyscorpia cristulata LC No Scorpaeniformes Setarchidae Ectreposebastes imus LC No Scorpaeniformes Setarchidae Setarches guentheri LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys cuculus LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys gabonensis LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys lastoviza LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys lucerna LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys obscurus LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Lepidotrigla cadmani LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Lepidotrigla carolae LC Yes Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Trigla lyra LC No Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Trigla macrodactylus DD Yes Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Trigloporus lastoviza LC No Siluriformes Ariidae Carlarius heudelotii LC Yes Siluriformes Ariidae Carlarius latiscutatus DD Yes Siluriformes Ariidae Carlarius parkii LC Yes Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes ebelingi DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes eulepis LC No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes hubbsi DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes leprus LC Yes Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes longivelis DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes polylepis DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes pumilus DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes simus LC No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes suborbitalis DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Melamphaes typhlops DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Poromitra capito DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Poromitra crassiceps LC No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Poromitra megalops DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Scopeloberyx opisthopterus LC No 80 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Scopeloberyx robustus DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Scopelogadus beanii DD No Stephanoberyciformes Melamphaidae Scopelogadus mizolepis LC No Stephanoberyciformes Stephanoberycidae Abyssoberyx levisquamosus DD No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Bonapartia pedaliota LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone acclinidens LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone alba LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone braueri LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone livida LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone microdon LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone obscura LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone pallida LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone parapallida LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone pseudopallida LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Diplophos taenia LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Gonostoma atlanticum LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Gonostoma denudatum LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Gonostoma elongatum LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Manducus maderensis DD No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Sigmops bathyphilus LC No Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Triplophos hemingi LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Ichthyococcus ovatus LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Ichthyococcus polli LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Phosichthys argenteus LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Pollichthys mauli LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Polymetme thaeocoryla LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Vinciguerria attenuata LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Vinciguerria nimbaria LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Vinciguerria poweriae LC No Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Yarrella blackfordi LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus aculeatus LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae $UJ\URSHOHFXVDI¿QLV LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus gigas LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus hemigymnus LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus sladeni LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Maurolicus walvisensis LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Maurolicus weitzmani LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Polyipnus polli LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Sternoptyx diaphana LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Sternoptyx pseudobscura LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana LC No Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Valenciennellus tripunctulatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Aristostomias lunifer LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Aristostomias polydactylus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Aristostomias tittmanni LC No 81 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Stomiiformes Stomiidae Aristostomias xenostoma LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes atlanticus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes caulophorus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes decoratus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes gemmifer DD No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes haplophos LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes indicus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes karsteni LC Yes Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes leucopogon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes macropogon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes micropogon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes niger LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Astronesthes richardsoni LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus brevis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus digitatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus longipinnis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus metallicus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus nigerrimus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus pawneei LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus schizochirus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus vaillanti LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Borostomias antarcticus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Borostomias elucens LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Borostomias mononema LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Chauliodus danae LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Chauliodus minimus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Chauliodus schmidti LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Chauliodus sloani LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Echiostoma barbatum LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias acinosus DD No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias aequatorialis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias arborifer LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias bigelowi LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias enbarbatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae (XVWRPLDV¿VVLEDUELV LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias furcifer LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias insularum DD Yes Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias intermedius LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias kreffti LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias lanceolatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias longibarba LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias macrurus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias melanonema LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias melanostigma LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias monoclonoides DD Yes 82 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias obscurus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias patulus DD No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias satterleei LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias simplex LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias spherulifer LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias tenisoni DD No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Eustomias triramis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Flagellostomias boureei LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Grammatostomias dentatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Heterophotus ophistoma LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Idiacanthus fasciola LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Leptostomias gladiator LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Leptostomias gracilis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Leptostomias longibarba LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Malacosteus niger LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias bartonbeani LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias biseriatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias melanops LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias paucilaternatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias spilorhynchus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias tentaculatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Melanostomias valdiviae LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Neonesthes capensis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Neonesthes microcephalus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Odontostomias masticopogon LC Yes Stomiiformes Stomiidae Odontostomias micropogon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Pachystomias microdon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes braueri LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes caerulescens LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes margarita LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes mirabilis LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes parvimanus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photonectes phyllopogon LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photostomias atrox LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photostomias goodyeari LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Photostomias guernei LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Rhadinesthes decimus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae 6WRPLDVDI¿QLV LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Stomias boa LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Stomias brevibarbatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Stomias lampropeltis LC Yes Stomiiformes Stomiidae Stomias longibarbatus LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Thysanactis dentex LC No Stomiiformes Stomiidae Trigonolampa miriceps LC No Syngnathiformes Aulostomidae Aulostomus strigosus LC No 83 Order Family Species Cat Crit Endemic Syngnathiformes Centriscidae Macroramphosus scolopax LC No Syngnathiformes Fistulariidae Fistularia petimba LC No Syngnathiformes Fistulariidae Fistularia tabacaria LC No Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Cosmocampus retropinnis DD No Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Enneacampus ansorgii LC No Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Enneacampus kaupi LC Yes Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus algiricus VU A2cd+4cd Yes Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus hippocampus DD No Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Microphis brachyurus LC Yes Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus acus LC No Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus VU A2bd No Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes punctatus VU A2bd No Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes vetula NT No Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Canthidermis maculata LC No Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Melichthys niger LC No Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Chilomycterus reticulatus LC No Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Chilomycterus spinosus LC No Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Diodon eydouxii LC No Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Diodon holocanthus LC No Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Diodon hystrix LC No Tetraodontiformes Molidae Masturus lanceolatus LC No Tetraodontiformes Molidae Mola mola VU A4bd No Tetraodontiformes Molidae Ranzania laevis LC No Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Aluterus monoceros LC No Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae $OXWHUXVVFKRHS¿L LC No Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus LC No Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Cantherhines pullus LC No Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Stephanolepis hispidus LC No Tetraodontiformes Ostraciidae Acanthostracion guineensis LC Yes Tetraodontiformes Ostraciidae Acanthostracion notacanthus DD No Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Ephippion guttifer LC No Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus laevigatus LC No Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus lagocephalus LC No Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides marmoratus LC No Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides pachygaster LC No Zeiformes Grammicolepididae Grammicolepis brachiusculus LC No Zeiformes Grammicolepididae Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi LC No Zeiformes Oreosomatidae Allocyttus guineensis LC No Zeiformes Oreosomatidae Allocyttus verrucosus LC No Zeiformes Parazenidae Cyttopsis rosea LC No Zeiformes Zeidae Zenopsis conchifer LC No Zeiformes Zeidae Zeus faber DD No Zeiformes Zenionidae Zenion hololepis LC No 84 Appendix 2: Workshop Participants 7DEOH$3DUWLFLSDQWVDWWKH¿UVW,8&15HG/LVWZRUNVKRSLQ 'DNDU6HQHJDO-XO\ZLWKLQVWLWXWLRQDODI¿OLDWLRQVDQG country of residence, organized alphabetically by family name. Participant Name Institution Country Titus Ayo Adeofe Department of Fisheries Nigeria Paul Bannerman Department of Fisheries Ghana Khairdine Mahamed Abdallahi Camara Mauritanian Institute of Oceanographic Research and Fisheries (IMROP) Mauritania Youssouf Hawa Camara Direction Générale du Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Bossoura Guinea Pablo Chavance ,8&10DXULWDQLD3URJUDPPH2I¿FH Mauritania Kadiatou Cissoko Direction Générale du CNSHB Guinea Bruce B. Collette National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory USA Madeleine Diouf IUCN Programme Marin et Cotier (MACO) Senegal Roger Djiman Department of Fisheries Benin Mathieu Ducrocq Gabon National Parks (ANPN) Gabon Massal Fall Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Senegal Ofer Gon South African Museum South Africa Heather Harwell IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and Christopher Newport University USA Andrew Hines IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration USA P. Alexander Hulley Iziko-South African Museum South Africa Tomio Iwamoto California Academy of Science USA Ebou Mass Mbye Department of Fisheries Gambia Thomas Munroe National Marine Fisheries Service USA Francis K. E. Nunoo Department of Marine & Fisheries Science, University of Ghana Ghana Beth Polidoro IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and Arizona State University USA Stuart Poss California Academy of Science USA Andrew Rodrigues IUCN Headquarters Switzerland Barry Russell Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory Australia Alphonse Sagna Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Senegal Aboubacar Sidibe Independent Consultant Senegal Emilie Stump IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and University of British Columbia Canada Mor Sylla Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Senegal Luis Tito De Morais Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) France Philippe Tous Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (CSRP) Senegal Michael Vakily Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (CSRP) Senegal 85 Table A2.2 Participants at the second IUCN Red List workshop LQ$FFUD*KDQD0D\ZLWKLQVWLWXWLRQDODI¿OLDWLRQVDQG country of residence, organized alphabetically by family name. Participant Name Institution Country Rachel Arnold Northwest Indian College USA Jack Buchanan IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and Old Dominion University USA Khairdine Mahamed Abdallahi Camara Mauritanian Institute of Oceanographic Research and Fisheries (IMROP) Mauritania Kent Carpenter IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and Old Dominion University USA Mia T. Comeros-Raynal IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency USA Roger Djiman Centre de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin Benin Antony S. Harold Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston USA Tomio Iwamoto California Academy of Sciences USA Christi Linardich IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and Old Dominion University USA Ken Lindeman Florida Institute of Technology USA Vanda Monteiro Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas - Cabo Verde Cape Verde Francis K. E. Nunoo Department of Marine & Fisheries Science, University of Ghana Ghana Beth Polidoro IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and Arizona State University USA Richmond Quartey Marine Fisheries Research Division Ghana Alphonse Sagna Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Senegal Aboubacar Sidibe Independent Consultant Senegal William Smith-Vaniz Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida USA Emilie Stump IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and University of British Columbia Canada Mor Sylla Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT) Senegal Luis Tito De Morais Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) France Akanbi Williams Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Nigeria 86 Table A2.3 Participants at the third IUCN Red List workshop in /LEUHYLOOH*DERQ-XO\ZLWKLQVWLWXWLRQDODI¿OLDWLRQVDQG country of residence, organized alphabetically by family name. Participant Name Institution Country Jean Noel Bibang Po Ngueba Direction General de la Peches et d l’Agriculture (DGPA) and Centre 1DWLRQDOGHOD5HFKHUFKH6FLHQWL¿TXHHW7HFKQLTXH &(1$5(67 Gabon Kent Carpenter IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and Old Dominion University USA Mia T. Comeros-Raynal IUCN Marine Biodiveristy Unit and American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency USA Godefroy de Bruyne Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) France Mathieu Ducrocq Gabon National Parks (ANPN) Gabon Antony S. Harold Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston USA Steen Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Denmark Jean de Diem Lewembe Direction General de la Peches et d l’Agriculture (DGPA) Gabon Jean Edgard Mikolo Direction General de la Peches et d l’Agriculture (DGPA) Gabon Jean Bernard Mougoussi Direction General de la Peches et d l’Agriculture (DGPA) Gabon Jean Herve Mve Beh &HQWUH1DWLRQDOGHOD5HFKHUFKH6FLHQWL¿TXHHW7HFKQLTXH &(1$5(67 Gabon Alain Nkoghe Nze Agence Nationale du Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) Gabon Beth Polidoro IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and Arizona State University USA William Smith-Vaniz Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida USA Emilie Stump IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit and University of British Columbia Canada Luis Tito De Morais Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) France