ATOLL RESEARCH BULLSTIN I s s u e d by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD Na t iona l Academy of Sciences--Nat ional Elesearch Council VJashington, D . C. nugust 31, 1955 No. 47 F i s h e s of t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s John E. Randal l - It i s a p l ea su re t o commend t h e f a r - s i g h t e d p o l i c y of t h e O f f i c e of Naval Research, w i th i t s emphasis on b a s i c r e sea rch , a s a resu.1t of which a g r a n t has made p o s s i b l e t h e con t inua t ion of t h e Coral A t o l l Program of t h e P a c i f i c Science Board. It i s of i n t e r e s t t o n o t e , h i s t o r i c a l l y , t h a t much of t h e fundamental in format ion on a t o l l s of t h e P a c i f i c was g a t h ~ r e d by t h e U. S. Navy's South P a c i f i c Explor ing Expedi t ion , over one hundred y e a r s ago, under t h e command of Captain Char les Wilkes. The cont inu ing n a t u r e of such s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t by t h e Navy i s shown.by t h e suppor t f o r t h e Pacif5.c Sc ience Board's r e s e a r c h programs, C I N A , SIN, acd ICCP, du r ing t h e p a s t seven years . The Coral A t o l l Program i s a p a r t of SIM. The p r e p a r a t i o n and. i s suance of t h i s Bu l l e t i n i s a s s i s t e d by funds from Cont rac t N7onr-29154. The s o l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l s ta terncnts made by au tho r s of papers i n t h e A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n r e s t s with them, and do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t t h e vievrs of t h e P a c i f i c Science Board o r of t h e e d i t o r s of t h e B u l l e t i n . E d i t o r i a l S t a f f F; R. Fosberg, e d i t o r M. H. Sache t , a s s i s t a n t e d i t o r Correspondence concerning t h e A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n should b e addressed t o t h e above c /o P a c i f i c Sc ience Eoard Nat iona l Research Council 2101 C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, N. It?. l iasnington 25, D . C . , U.S.A. FISHES OF THE GILSERT ISLANDS by John E . Randall Department of Zoology and Erltnmology U n i v e r s i t y of Sawaii IIonolulu 14, T. H. Submitted a s a r e p o r t f o r t h e O f f i c e of Naval Research Cont rac t No. 685 ( 0 0 ) . . Reproduction i n whole o r i n p a r t i s permi t ted f o r any puispcse of t h e United S t a t e s Government. i i TABLE OF CONTXTS Page .. nmber Acknowled~ments ........................ i v . In t roduct ion ........................... v Parnil.v Orcctolobidae ........................ 1 Triakidae ........................... 2 Carcharhinidae ....................... 2 Kyliobatidae ......................... 3 iviobu.lidae ............................ 4 Clupeidae ............................ 4 Dussumieridae ........................ 5 . Chanidae ............................ 6 Synodontidae ......................... 6 Kuraenidae ........................... 7 Ophichthidae ......................... 20 Moringuidae .......................... 23 Auiostom? . dae ......................... 25 F i s t u l a r i i d a e ........................ 26 Syngnathidae ......................... 26 Belonidae ............................ 27 Hemiramphidae ........................ 29 Exocoetidae .......................... 31 Holocentridae ........................ 33 Nugilidae ............................ 43 Atherinidne .......................... 46 Sphvraenidae ......................... 46 Serranidae ........................... 47 Pseudochromidae ...................... 62 Apogonidae ........................... 65 Kuhilidae ............................ 79 ........................ Priacanthidae 80 Scombridae ............. .............. 81 . ....................... Histiophoridae 82 Gempylidae ........................... 83 Carangidae ........................... 83 ........................... Lutjanidae 90 Leiognathidae ........................ 102 ............................. P4ullidae 103 .......................... Pempheridae 107 .......... ........... Pomacentridae . 108 ........................ Walacanthidae 132 Labridae ............................. 132 ............................. Scaridae 153 Kyphosidae ........................... 157 Chaetodontidae ....................... 158 Ephippidae ........................... 168 Zanclidae ............................ 169 Acanthuridae ......................... 171 Teuthididae (Sigan2dae) .............. 192 C i r r h i t i d a e .......................... 193 iii TbBLE OF CONTBNTS P a s nmb e r . ........................ Scorpaenidae 199 ..................... Platycephal idae 203 Caracanchidae ....................... 203 ............................ Eiothidae 20k Pleuronect idae ...................... 205 Echeneidae .......................... 206 Gobi.idae ............................ 206 .......................... Eleotrid9.e 206 ......................... Brotulid2.e 206 ......................... Parapercidae 208 .......................... Blenniidae 208 ...................... Tr ip te ryg i idae 215 ........................... Carapidae 215 Ba l i s t idne .......................... 217 Mona-canthid-ae ....................... 227 Ostracionidae ....................... 231 ..................... Canthigasterida-e 232 ........... ............. Tetraodontidae ; 233 ......... ..... .... Antennariidae .. . . . 236 ................. Gilber tese f i s h names'. . . 238 Food h a b i t s ( index t o species ' ............. . inves t iga ted ) . . . 241 . . . ......................... References . . . . 242 . .. . . The p r e s e n t sys temat ic vrork' c o n s t i t u t e s t h e f i n a l r e p o r t f o r a p a r t of t h e r e sea rch conducted under Cont rec t 695(00) between t h e Off ice of Naval Research of tile Navy Deywtment and t h e U n i v e r s i t y ' o f Hawaii; ' ~ t . i s based l a r g e l y on a c o l l e c t i o n ' o f f i s h e s made by t h e au tho r whi le a member of an exped i t i on t o t h e G i l b e r t Is!.ands i n 1951, t h e second i n a s e r i e s of f i v e i n connect ion v i t h t h e Cora l A t o l l Research P r o j e c t . o f t h e P a c i f i c Sc ience Board of t h e Nat iona l Research Counci l . The f i e l d vork i n t h e G i l b e r t s V J ~ S supported 3y Con t r ac t N7onr-29101+ (MR 089 001.) Setveen t h e Of f i ce of Naval Research of t h e Navy Depart~ment and t h e Xat iona l Academy of Sciences . The s tudy of t h e f i s h e s has been undertaken a t bo th t h e ' Un ive r s i t y c f Hawaii and t h e Uni ted St? . tes Nat iona l Nuseum. I am ve ry gi.a.tefW f o r t h e guidance of D r . V i l l i am A . Gosline o f t h e Un ive r s i t y of Hawaii who h a s supervised much of t h i s w . D r . Leonard P. Schu l t z , t h e Curator of F i s h e s of t h e United S t a t e s Nat iona l Pluseum, D r . E r n e s t A . Lachner and" o t h e r s of t h e National. Museum have been most coopera t ive . D r . Schu l t z h a s nade t h e e x t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n s of f i s h e s of t h e no r the rn Marshal l I s l a n d s and t h e manuscr ipts of h i s work and t h a t of h i s c o l l a b o r a t o r s on t h e s e f i s h e s f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e t o me. The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s of G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . p a r r o t f i s h e s ( S c a r i d a e ) and f r o g f i s h e s (Antennar i idae) , d i f f i c u l t taxonomic g o u p , were made Fy D r . S c h u l t z who i s monographing t h e s e f a m i l i e s . The gobies and e l e o t r i d s from t h e G i l b e r t s w i l l be worked up by D r . Lachner and t h e r e s u l t s incor?orated. with B i k i n i m a t e r i a l f o r volume 2 of ..----.- Fi shes - of t h e P!Iarshall and Marianas I s l a n d s . D r . Lachner k i n d l y con- - f i rmed my i d e ? k t ? f G i i o s 3 - i h T g o a t f i s h e s ( f a m i l y Nu l l i dae ) f o r t h i s r e p o r t . D r . E a r l S. Herald i d e n t i f i e d t h e seven specimens of p i p e f i s h e s from Onotoa. The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s and m e r i s t i c d a t a of t h e b l e n n i o i d f i s h e s ( f a m i l i e s Blenni idae and T r i p t e r y g i i d a e ) were made by D r . D . 1 . Strasburg . I wish t o express thanks t o t h e former d i r e c t o r , A . B. Walkom and t h e i c h t h y o l o g i s t , G i l b e r t P. Whitley of t h e Australian h s e w n f o r t h e l o a n of a c o l l e c t i o n of f i s h e s ma-de i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s by D r . R . Ca ta la . My a s s o c i a t e s i n t h e f i e l d , D r . P r e s ton E. Cloud Jr.! t h e l e a d e r of t h e exped i t i on , D r . A lbe r t H . Banner, t h e s e n l o r marine z o o l o g i s t , D r . D . !". St ra sbu rg , D r . 1'. H. Goodenough, and D r . E . T . iYoul were most helpful . i n innumerable ways. S p e c i a l thanks a r e due Mr. Harold. Coolidge, Miss E r n e s t i n e Akers, and Mrs. Lenore Smith o f t h e P a c i f i c Science Boa.rd who worked t i r e l e s s l y o rgan iz ing and e q u i p i n g t h e expedi t ion . Ass i s tance was a l s o provided by personnel bf t h e Armed Forces. I n t h e G i l b e r t I s l e n d s t h e Colony Lands Commissioner B?. Richard Turpin and h i s wi fe a t Onotoa and t h e B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l s a t Tarawa were exceedingly coopera t ive . The G i l b e r t I s l a n d s a r e 8 p a r t - of t h e G i lbe r t and E l l i c e I s l a n d s Crown Colony of Great 3 r i t a i n . T h e y l i e i n t h e P a c i f i c Ocean d i r e c t l y s o u t h e a s t o f t h e Marsha l l 1 s l a n . d ~ and s t r a d d l e t h e equator from 3 decrees North L a t i t u d e t o 3 degrees South L a t i t u d e . A l l a r e low i s l a n d s and n o s t a r e a t o l l s . They a r e dense ly i n h c b i t e d by Nicroneslan people who a r e g r e a t l y dependent on t h e s e a f o r food. I n 1951 e r e s e a r c h tea10 of s i x men was s e n t by th.e P a c i f i c Science Board of t h e Na t iona l Research Council t o t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s , s p e c i f i c a l l y Onotoa (lo 4.7'3. , 175' 32' e. ) , where f r o a June 2 L t o August 30 a g e n e r a l s tudy of t h e geology, b io logy , nnd anthropology of t h e a t o l l wa:; made. The au tho r w a s g iven t h e t a s k of s t udy ing t h e f i s h e s and n a t i v e f i s h i n g methods. I n view of t h e pauc i ty of r e c o r d s of f i s h e x from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s , t h e necessary f i r s t s t e p was tho c o l l e c t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e f i s h e s of t h e a r e a . The l i m i t e d time i n t he f i e l d d i d n o t permit much i n v e s t i g e - . , t i on beyond t h i s approach: t h e r e f o r e t h e p re sen t r e p o r t i s l a r g e l y sys t ema t i c . A pre l imina ry r e p o r t on t h e marine biology -of Onotoa hus been publ i shed (&.nner and Randa l l , 1 9 5 2 ) . The ' s e c t i o n of f i s h e s was devoted mainly t o f i s h i n g ffiethods of the . GilbNr$?se .'j: An approx.j.ma t e breakdown of t h e number of s p e c i e s of f i s h e s t aken i n each f a g i l y was g i v e n , end t h e metho&@ of . c o l l e c t i n g f i s h e s ' were Bescr'ibed . . . . :. . , . This c o n s t i t u t e s t h e f i n a l ' r e p o r t on t he ichthyofauna of t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . The m a j o r i t y of t he s,peciruons r e p o r t e d ' o n a r e from Onotoa. A: few were t a k e n a t Tarawa and U u t a r i t a r i (kiaicin). Specimens of 98 s p e c i e s of f i s h e s (exc lud ing gobies and e l e o t r i d s ) were c o l l e c t e d i n 1 9 5 1 by R. Oata la a t Tarawa, Abeo~ama (I;ydrogra,bhic Of ? i c e c h a r t s p e l l i n g , Aparsama) , i\lulcun~u, and Maralrei (t;ee F igu re -1). The Cata la col1ectio.n w w s losned by G. P. Whit ley of t h e Aus tyh l ian ?~Iuseura i n o rder t h a t 11; might be combined w i t h t h e : crjll .ections made by t h e au tho r . . . . , "I: W A S h t o . r e p o r t s n e r r o r which appeared on page t c 3 . ,The Res iden t Comliss ioner of t he G i l b e r t and E l l i c e I s l a n d s Colony, through M r . R . Davies , informe'd me t h a t t h e o u t r i g g e r canoes on Onotoa a r e not b u i l t o f . k u s t r a l i a a plunk lumber but Canadian r e & wood which i s irnrorted. both by way of Ocenn Islanfi and T ~ r a W n . . Also it was f e l t t h a t my s ta teraent on page 57 conceyning t h e shor t t ins r e q u i r e d by t h e Onotoan f isherman f o r h i s d e l . 1 ~ ca tch of f i s h should be q u a l i f i e d by adding lrwhen t i d e s , weather , e t c . a r e s u i t a b l e " . I concur . . i n t h i n . ' I lso i n c h d e d a r e a l l r e c o r d s of ~ i l b e r t ' " f s 1 a n d s f i s h e s f r o % t h e i . i t e r , t ~ ; r s vrlhich ny,pear t o be va l i i l . Those wi th i n s u f f i c i e n t descr ip t i .ve in . fol -mtion which could be confused wi th c l o s e l y r e l e t e d forms a.re excluded. I n . s p i t e of my c a u t i o n , some mis iden t i f i c t . , t i ons probably occur among t h e I . i t e iaa ture r eco rds I . h a w chosen t o in .cor .~or&e. A l i s t of ~ror l ts i n which . G i i h e r t I s l a n d s f i s h e s a r e c i t e d is g iven e t t i e end o f t h i s ~ e 9 o r . t . Only t h r e e of t h e s e c p t a i n mcre t h a n a few reco rds of f i s h a s from t h e G i l b e r t s : Gunl;hert s Andrew G a r r e t t 1 s F i sche d g r &clue (1873-1910), Fowlert s .. FEsh=-'of -- ~'Clc-6,?nia -.- -. - , .-- mYTjT- and i:'ni.tl.ey arxl Colef ax ' F ' s & e s ? ~ o ~ ? I z ~ ~ y , G i l b e ~ t - - . . . .- - I s lanc ' s - . . . -- -, - .j" rkean ia -.-a (1938) . Like d h h e r , Fowler based h i s G i l b e r t ;!ail s Tish r e c o r d s on t h e specimens c o l l e c t e d by G a r ~ e t t . He examined many of t h e s e a-t t h e Nuseum of Compa.ra t i~e Zoology, Harvard College. Although he duplicat .ed many of Gunther s r e f e r e n c e s t o f i s h e s from t h e G$lberts;. some.. 'original r eco rds a r e t o b e c r e d i t e d . t o him. Gunther. o i " t e n ' g e $ ~ e r a l i z e d on t h e range of wid.ely d i s t r i b ~ t e d s p e c i e s wher,eas Fo@.er L i s t e d most of t h e l o c a l i - t i e s by i s l a n d kroups. 'Both Gunther and Fovrler o f t e n em- ployed t h e 10c.al.ity n m k Kingsmil l I s l a n d s . Th i s i s prob- a b l y equ iva l en t t o t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s a s a whole; however t h e n m e Kingsmil ls 1ia.s ' a l s o been a p ~ l i e d t o Tabi teuea and subord ina t e i s l a n d s t-rithin t h e G i l b e r t s . Therefore a l l . l o c a l i t y r eco rds of Kingsmil l I s l a n d s a r e c i t e d a s such. Whit ley and Colefax added new reco rds t o t h o s e a l r e a d y ltnown f o r DIa.uru 2nd reviewed t h e l i t e r a t u r e f o r r e p o r t s o f - co l l ec - t i o n s of f i s h e s from t h i s i s l a n d and Ocean I s l a n d . The most impor tan t p r i o r work was t h a t of Waite (1903) . Although , Nauru and Ocean l i e about 370 and 220 mi l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , from t h e n e a r e s t of t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s proper , t hey a r e o f t e n t r e a t e d as o a r t of t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . Therefore I am i n c l u d i n g hk re in t h e s e e m i n ~ l y a u t h e n t i c r e c o r d s from IJh i t l ey and Colefax. These should be regarded with even more suspi- c i o n t h a n r eco rds from Fowler, however, f o r most a r e mere l i s t i n g s of t h e s c i e n t i f i c names of f i s h e s wi thout any des- c r i p t i v e d.ata. Kr. Whitley h a s informed me by l e t t e r t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e specimefis o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n Museum upon which theNauru-Ocean s tudy was based a r e no l o n g e r i n ex i s t ence . When specimens 0 f . a s p e c i e s r epo r t ed i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e were a v a i l e b l e t o me, t h e prev ious r eco rds a r e n o t inc luded , g e n e r a l l y , u n l e s s t h e r e is a d i s p a r i t y i n nomenclature t o which I wish t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n . No new s y e c i e s a r e desc r ibed i n t h i s r e p o r t . A t o t a l of 396 s p e c i e s o f i n s h o r e marine and p e l a g i c f i s h e s a r e h e r e recorded from t h e G i l b e r t I s l e n d s . !n es t imated 16 more i n t h e f a m i l i e s , Gobiidne and E l e o t r i d a e w i l l be r epo r t ed on by E. A. Lachner i n volwne 2 of .- F5 shes - of -- t h e - Narsha l l and I'tai-j. anas I s l -nds . It shou ld 'be 'emphasized t h a t t h i s i s - ---.- n o t even a n e a r - d e f i n i t i v e X i s - & o f . a l l t h e s n e c i e s ufnich occur i n t h e G i l b e r t s , a fa& rd1ic6 is r e a d i l y apparen t u~hen t h e number of s p e c i e s i n a l n o g t ar iy . family of f i s h e s from t h e n o r t h e r n PIarshall I s l a n d s t r ea - t ed by SCliul'cz and c o l l a b o r a t o r s (1953) i s comj;ared wLth t h e same f ami ly i.n t h i s repor t ' . The f i s h fauna of t h e oceanic is lancls of t h e t r o p i c a l Pa- ci.f i c i s . p a r t i c u l a r l y uniform (.the Hawaiian I s l a n d s e x c e p t e d ) f o r so vast an a rea . It i s t h e r k f o r e n o t s u r p s i s i n ~ t h a t t h e f i s h e s of t h e G i l b e r t Is lamds a r e ' v e r y p imi l a r t o t h o s e of t h e I'rial-shall Islanc'.s, espen,i$.lly s i n c e on ly about 170 mi l e s s e p a r a t e t h e n o r t h e r n G i l b e r t s from th:: sou thern ? .k r sha l l s . The s i m i l a r i t y was ev iden t from underwater obse rva t ion by t h e w r i t e r i n t h e sou thern Marsha l l s p r i o r t o and follow&ng t h e e x p e d i t i o n t o Onotoa. Subsequent s tudy of t h e G i l b e r t s co l - l e c t i o n s and comparison wi th Piarshal l I s l a n d s m a t e r i a l c l e a r l y demonstra ted t h e h i&.pe rcen tage of s p e c i e s of f i s h e s common t o bo th i s l a n d groups, D i s p a r i t y i n t h e recorded f aunas , , such 2s t h e g r e a t e r number of s p e c i e s known from t h e P.farshalls, is undou.bt&dly a r e s u l t of f i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i n t e n s i - t y of col- l e c t i n g . O f t,he s p e c i e s from t h e G i l b e r t s of which I have seen syecimens, on ly 3 1 i n t h e f a m i l i e s t r e a t e d by Schu l t z e t .- -- 2.1 i n volume 1 of Ei_s_hes p_f_ $ug %shI?11 and Marianas 1sl .ands a r e h e r e l i s t e d from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s and a r e un- recorded from t h e n o r t h e r n M a r s h a l l s . These a r e a s fo l lows : Anthias s s a m i p i n n i s ----..--.- -- Ptirolabrichc& ---- -- t u k a kpogon a u r i t u s Anogo~? Z o r v s s Pseudami-a oolyst igma - Gymnapogon p h i l i p p i n u s h t 'anus vaiciens* ~ ~ ~ a . e r u ~ a u r e u s -- ----- Gerres oblongus --- Chaetodon b e n n e t t i - -.-- Chaetodon va~abun* --~-.- Chaetodon melreri -.--- - L-;- Heniochus .- a c u m ~ n a t u s Peniochus v a r i u s Acanthurus maculiceps *--- -- Paracanthurus beoa tus ----- Nine of t h e above, N. kunze l , C.chanos. , g. mAc.r-o,ogr?es, . Uts, 2. t uka , G: o h i l i o q i n y , L. v a i g i e n s i s , C. - -- - - v a g a b u n d s , and 2. meveri --- have been recorded by U. I.!: S t r a s b u r g from t h e sou thern 'Marsha l1 I s l a n d s i n a mimeographed r e p o r t f o r t h e Of f i ce of Neval Research. Most o f t h e r e s t w i l l probably u l t i m a t e l y be t a k e n from t h e Marsha l l s f o r t hey a r e known from o t h e r i s l a n d g o u p s i n Oceania. .Only Ceohalophol is hemist2Gs, &$kik.is sauamipinnig, Pseudamia -- &sit*m-n, Aca.nthurus -macul iceps , and - Paracanthurus hepa tus a r e h e r e recorded from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s and n o t elsewnere from oceanic i s l a n d s of t h e P a c i f i c . v i i i 'Nearly a l l of .t.!?e Gi lbe r t 1sla:lds f i s h e s l i s t e d ip . . tbe present i - e l ~ o r t a r e cilso :?ound i n ' t h e Indo-Pialavan reo'ion. This i s co&rary t o Ekrnan who s t a t e s , " I n 1905 Jorden from Samoa of which 92 (0;. 19;5) were nefhr t o sci&cel alt$fough they be1onr:ed t o In-10-Austmlian o 'werasif "The g r e a t number ! -. - - of endemic spec ies among t,l2e Samoan f i s h fauna which we have j u s t mentioned suggests t h a t t h e present f a u n i s t i c connections between I?ol.yn~s5.a-!4icronesia.'ana t h e Ia&-Austrclian c e n t r e of d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e r a t h e r weak. I - t i s unfor tunate t h a t Zltman chose t h e work of Jordan and Seale upon ~,~rhich t o draw conclu- s i o n s concerning t h e zoogeography of marine f i s h e s i n t h e t rop- i c a l P a c i f i c , f o r manyor" t h e spec-ies descr ibed a s new by these auLhors a r e no longer v a l i d ( o r a r e 'val id b u t h?.ve t c rned up i n t h e Indo-IvInlapan reg ion) . 65 of t h e i r new soecies are' l i s t e d as synonyms hy t h e autgors of he Fishes. .of y~iie-Indo-A:ustra.lian - -- -..- Archiqe&o (Ueber., de Beanfort , Ghapman a r i d . ~ o u m a n s ~ I t c j l l - ~ - 195% and%y Schultz :and co l l abora to r s 11953) and by Fowler (1928). Species pl.aced i n synonymy by one of these authors (except Fowler) bbt recognized as gooil s?ec ies by o thers a r e no t included amone t h e 65. A l t h o u ~ h some of t h e s e 65 svnonvms - " may u l t i m a t e l y prove t o be v a l i d s5ec ies , s t i l l o t h e r s no t Get i n synonymy w i l l probably become synonyms. . . Although t h e r e is no l a r g e number of spec ies apparent ly endemic t o Oceania i n g e n e r a l , - a s u f f i c i e n t number e x i s t s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t some :>.re Eruly confined t o . t h e oceanic i s l a n d s of t h e t r o p i c a l PacLfic. A few of these , apparent examples being - . . Acanthurus a c h i l l e s 1 I Pomacentrus v a i u l i , and Apo~on -.- ---- snx~der&, a r e abundant i n t h e m i f i c . A l l . such spec ies need n o t be i-egarded.as t r u l y endemic i n t h e sense chat they a rose i n Oceania. It : i s , p o s s i b l e t h a t some' of them v,ere once present i n t h e Inclo-?.lalayanregion. but a r e surv iv ing only i n t h e Pac i f i c . . . . . . Endemic spec ies ' of- f i s h e s with pela.=ic l a r v a e . would n o t be expected, a ~ r i o r i , t o a r i s e i n t h e waters of t h e isLands of most of 0czani.p because of i n s u f f i c i e n t i s o l a t i o n . O f t h e major island groups i n Oceania, only t h e Hawaiian I s l ands a r e wel l i so la ted , . : , and . the high percentage of endemism i n Hawaiian f i s h e s a t t e s t s .to: t h e e f f i c a c y of such i s o l a t i o n . . ' One poss ib le means of increas ing t h e number :.oi sp'ecies of f i s h e s p e c u l i a r t o broad are.as of 0ceani.a rr.aki?s use of 1ia.waiian endemism. I f a s?ec ies of f i s h of t h e wcstel-n P a c i f i c reached t h e Haws-iian A r c h i p e l q o a t such i c f requcn t i n t e r v a l s t h a t it was e f f e c t i v e l y isol2tecl i n FIevraii and ~vc,lv$&, t o a., degree t h a t it was no longer cnpable of in te rb reed ing wi%h t h e p r o g e n i t o r s tock , it mi.:b.t i:lva.de more southern and. i ies tern area.$ .f'rom Hawaii i f a nzche m r e avai lab le . A.oo~on, s:?ycl.eri - - . -.- - m d &cgon menesemus r e p r e s m t possibxe exa.mples 0%' t h i s mcde o f e.v.olution and d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s e e discuss ion under 1:. - . A s n ~ r d e r i ) ._I.. .; .. . . The .enormous number of. s ~ e c i e s o f marine organ?sms of t h e In@o-Malayan . . . region, along with a l a r g e number pecuTiar t o t h i s area , has l ed t o i t s designation a s t h e center of d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e Indo-Pacific fauna. It i s general ly accepted t h a t most of t h e f i s h e s of Oceania have been d i s t r i bu t ed out i n t o t h e Pac i f i c from t h e East Indies and Phil ippines. Since these i s l a n d s a r e not i s o l a t e d from o ther i s l ands o r continents , the explanation of t h e evolution which has occurred i n these waters would se6m t o demand some e f f ec t i ve means of i s o l a t i o n within t h e area. The i s l ands a r e numerous, v o i c ~ a i c , and many a r e l a rge . It is known t h a t they have been variously connected i n t h e pas t . It i s not d i f f i c u l t t o suppose t h a t good-sized arms of t h e sea n ight have bcen Ssolated f o r long periods of time. Perhaps even t h e t r o p i c a l Indian and Pac i f i c Oceans were sep- ara ted by land, r e su l t i ng i n a s i t u a t i o n comparable t o t h a t a t t h e isthmus of Panama ( v ~ i t n e s s t h e geminate species of Jordan) . The iden t i f i c a t i ons of t h e f i s h e s i n t h i s repor t and t h e o r i g i n a l c i t a t i o n s of t h e renera and saecies a r e based 1ar.celv v e on Golume 1 of Fishes - - - of t g e Marshall 'and Narianas 1sl.nrids --.--.- --- (1953) by Schultz -- e t a 1 and t h e manuscripts t o volume 2. This work supercedes Schul tzf Fishes of t h e Phoenix and Samoan -- - --* -- ---- I s l ends (1943) a s t h e most imoortant and use fu l taxonomic t r e a t i s e of t h e f i s h e s of the* oceanic i s l ands of t h e t r o p i c a l Pac i f i c (except Ha.waii) . A s pointed out by Schultz (1953: x ix ) t h e vas t Indo-Pacific fauna cannot be in te rpre ted on a l oca l bas i s . More than most authors of f a u n a l s t u d i e s , Schultz have not r e s t r i c t e d themselves t o the mere tagging of species with the most convenient names a t hand'but have attempted ten- t s t i v e revis ions of many of t h e genera. Complete rev i s ions a re , of course, beyond. the scope of t h e i r study. I n s a i t e of the g rea t improvement. they have brought t o t h e systematics of f i s h e s i n Oceania, many of t h e g r o u p s t r e a t e d a r e i n need of f u r t h e r revis ion, not 'from t h e faunal approach, however, but on a world-wide bas is . Therefore some of t h e names i n F ' of t h e Marsl~al l and Ikriams I s l m d s and hence of t h i s repor t -- - - w i l l eventual ly be changed. I n my write-up, I have sought t o provide suff ic ienz diag- nos t i c information f o r each species t o enable subsequent workers t o resol.ve t h e i r i d e n t i t y with assurance, name changes notwith- standing. The importance of colora t ion a s a f a c t o r i n t h e recognit ion of f i s h e s has been s t r e s sed by Schultz (z. *: x i x ) . A de t a i l ed co lor desc r ip t ion alone w i l l serve t o d i s - t ingu ish t h e majority of t h e species herein, even from c lose ly rela- ted forms. I have t he re fo re placed considerable emphasis on color . The l i f e co lors of many of t h e species a r e given from notes made when they were co l lec ted , The co lors of s t i l l more a r e described. from 35 mrn Kodachrome transparencies taken by me i n t h e Gi lber ts . Some of t he se descr ip t ions re9resent t h e ' f i r s t , r e c o r d s of t h e color i n l i f e of t h e species. Merist ic da ta a r e tabula ted fo r . the . fo l lowing famil ies : Exocoetidae, C i r rh i t i dae , Pomacentridae; Acanthuridae, Bal is t idae , PIonacan- th idae , and Tetraodontidae. These t a b l e s appear a t the end of t h e respect ive family sect ions. The counts made f o r o ther f a m i l i e s a r e given f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s i n abb rev ia t ed s t y l e a f t e r t h e l i ~ t i n y of t ~ ~ e n w : a i i e r ofss?zc.'-mcns examined and th,? i s l a n d v l ~ e r e c o l l e c f s d . The numbe'r oi" specimens on whhich coun t s were made is ii.ldj.cated i n ? a r e n t h e s i s fo l lowing t h e counts . T c o few s p e c i e s have Seen c o l l e c t e d i n t h e Gi lbey t I s l a n d s from. most of tlle f 2;ni-lies t o arrant t h e . p repara t ' ion . of keys, Rqys a re . g iven onLy f o r t h e Apogonir?.ae, C i r r h i t i d a e , Pomzcentrid?e, .Acmthurluae, B a l i s t i d a e , and Fonacanthidae, Genera l ly , t h e k e ? s $reser,ted by Schu l t z - e t -- a 1 r:orl: very . h e l l f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t , i o n o'f G i l b e r t I s l a n d s f i s h e s . A l l l e n g t h s of'...spec j ~ i ~ e n s a1.e s t m d t r d leng th . G i l l r a k e r counts i n c l u d e all'~i-~~dim~cts.,,,',~~~l~en a s i n g l e number is g iven , it r e p r e s e n t s t i le t o t a l count on t h e first g i l l arch. Counts of p e c t o m l . . f i n r a y s i n c l u d e nQ elements. ' , t j i , . I n a d d i t i o n t o d e s c r i p t i v e d a t a , t h c r e a r e ofcen;'rernarks on t h e r e l a t i v e abund.ance of t h e s p e c i e s , and t h e m e a s w i t h i n t h e a t o l l s where t h e y were collecf,ecl a.nd/or observed a r e u s u a l l y give.n. No f i e l d d a t a of any s o r t were a v a i l a b l e ' wi th t h e f i s h e s c o l l e c t e d by Catala, however. 1% should be noted t h a t - t h e r e l a t i v e abundance of many of t he ' - spec i e s v a r i e d nmrkedly f r o r n . a t o l l t o a t o l l and even a t wtiat seemed . . t o be e q u i v ~ l e n t ~ l o c a l i t i e s . y i t h i n t h e &me a t o l l . @ s , o t h e , . . l i s t i n g of t h e .$.re2 where a p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i e s was co l l$c ted ; ; , . , , . ,j: o r observed d o e s n o $ iit@.y t h a t t h i s a r e a r e p r e s e n t s %!ie , . phys i ca l habitat'o~,the..species, al though such is probably , , . , , . o f t e n t h e case. ' a . , The a r e a s ' from which ' s$ec ies of f i s h e s were t a k e n were u s u a l l y des igna t ed by t h e f o f l o w i n g : lagoon (wi th q u a l i f i c a - t i o n s ) , chanf?@l', o u t e r r e e f f l a . t , s u r g e channel , c o r a l l i f e rous . , ' t e r r a c e ' ( o u t e r : r e e f b e n e h ) ' , o r p e l a s i c (open s e a ) . F igu re 2 . . may a s s i s t t h r i ' r e a d e r i n v i s u a l i z i r i g ' t l ~ e s e l o c e l i t i e s . The . . . l a g o o n ' i s ' th bod? of water en'closed by t h e ri.ng of c o r a l ,. . . . r e e f and i s l a n d s t h a t comprise' t h & ' a . t o l l . Onotoa i s l a c k i n g , . , . '. l a n d a r e a on t h e l e k o r s o u t h i ~ e s t s i d e of t h e a t o l l ; nqver- . . , . t h e l e s s t h e custommy r e e f o h w s - h e r e t o more or+ less.:com- . . . , : . . p l e t e t h e r i n g . The lagoon s i d e of t5is r e e f i s des igna ted - lagoon o r west r e e f (no c o l l e c t i o n s were made from t h e ocean o r weskern s i d e of t h i s ' r'cief). : 3 u c h of t h 6 0notoa. lagoon is shallovr a n d sandy with on ly occas iona l i s o l a t e d c o r a l ?cads. reachii ig n&ar t h e sur face . ' The g r e a t e s t dep th i s 8 f&homs. .. . Channels connec t lnz th.e lagoon and t h e open' s e a a r e ve ry . . . , . .. sha l low on t h e tieGther o r n o r t h e a s t s i d e of t h e a t o l l ; t h e y ..,,. . . . . a r e u s u a l l y exposed o r tiearl$ .exposed a t low t i d e . Breaks . . o r pas ses through t h e r e e f on $ l $ a l e e s i d e a r e of g r e a t e r dep th , up t o 2 fathoms o r mor'e.' The ' term o u t e r r e e f i s ap- . : p l i e d t o r e e f a r e a s o u t s i d e of t h e Tagoori. Extending o u t . . . from shore on t h e n e s t h e r , s i d e o f - t h e a t o l l t h e r e i s a ' r e e f , . , , : .. f l ~ t which v a r i e s .l"rom about ' 6 0 0 t o 2000 f e e t i n wid th . ' , It " i s e n t i r e l y covered a t h igh t i d e ' a n d ' e x p 6 s e c l ~ v ~ i t h numerous . .. sha l low t i d e ~ ~ o o l s a t low t i d e . The o u t e r edge of t h i s r e e f ~. . , : f . . . . . . . . . ! . ' . , ... . , . ,.. . . , , .. . , .. > . . . ... . i s d i s sec ted v&th h igh ly to r tuous surge channels of about 40 t o 30 f e e t i n l eng th and s loping from about 4 f e e t i n depth dovm t o 8 o r 1 0 f e e t a t t h e r e e f f r o n t . Surf breaks h e a v i . 1 ~ aga ins t t h e r ee f f r o n t and sweeps i n t o t h e surge cl~nnnels . The ree f z rea between t h e surge channcls i s somewhat e levated and pink i n c o l o r due t o t h e encrus t ing growth of c o r a l l i n e r ed a lgae , l a r g e l y w l i t h o n . Behind t h e surge channel a r e a t h e r e i s a d i s t i n c t shal low depression i n t h e r ee f f l a t , t h e so-called. back r i d p t r o u , ~ h . Beyond t h e surge channel zone i s t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e s loping from 8 o r 1 0 f e e t down t o about 50 f e e t i n de?th over a d i s t ance of about 2 0 0 f e e t o r more. This bench ends suddenly with a c l i f f - l i k e drop i n t o deep water. The c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e is very r i c h i n c o r a l growth, being dominated by low f l a t t e n e d s tands of Aci-opora. It possesses An abundant and h igh ly var ied f i s h fauna. Un- f o r t u n a t e l y it was not adequately sampled. For a more de- t a i l e d account of t h e geology and marine environments of Onotoz., s ee Cloud 11952). An a n a l y s i s of t h e stomach contents of some of t h e f i s h e s . was made, e s p e c i a l l y when a su rp lus of specimens was ava i l ab le . The l o c a l Gi lbe r t e se names f o r f i s h e s a r e recorded on pages 238 t o 24.0. These were obtained by in terv iews with n a t i v e s on Onotos. It tras found t h a t many of t h e smaller spec ies had no names. Collect?-ng ririth rotenone resu l t ed i n t h e tak ing of many i i s h e s which t h e n a t i v e s had never seen and f o r which t h e y obviously had no names. There was no t a l - ways complete agreement among t h e Gil .bertese on Onotoa f o r t h e i r names of f i s h e s . Also it i s expected t h a t considerable v a r i a t i o n of l o c a l names w i l l be found from a t o l l t o a t o l l . The f i r s t s e r i e s of specimens from t h e Onotoa f i s h col- l e c t i o n is deposited. i n t h e United S t a t e s Nat ional Nuseun i n V a s h i n ~ t o n , D. C . The bulk of t h i s s e r i e s i s cataloged under U.S.P?.lL numbers 167177 t o 167553; A second s e r i e s i s l o - ca ted a t t h e Univers i ty of Hawaii, Honolulu. The Cata la col- l e c t i o n was re turned t o t h e Aust ra l ian Museum at Sydney. Tbe typewr i t t en f i e l d notes a r e on f i l e a t t h e Division of F ishes , United S t a t e s National Nuscum, . I , ONOTOA ATOLL , Adapted from a map by P . E. Cloud, Jr. Roman n u m e r a l s I t o X i n d i c a t e l o c a t i o n o f \ \ , f i s h p o i s o n s t a t i o n s 0 1 2 I I Miles :... Ginglynostoma M6ller and Henle 1837. S i tz -Ber . Ada. : ~ s s . B e r l i n , p. 113. (Type s p e c i e s Squnlus --- c i r r a t u s 3 s n n a t e r r s ) . Scylliurn f e r r u g i n e u n Lesson 1.830. Bogage e u t a u r du msnde. . . ' ' C s q ~ i l l e ' ~ , Zool., v o l . 2 , p t . 1, p . 9 5 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Po r t i ' r a s l i n , New I r e l a n d and Offack 3ny, " ia igiu) . Snout b l u n t , t h e d i s t o n c e from ! ; i ~ 1;;) mauth a ~ e r t u r e 26 ran; i n t e r o r b i t a l . space 90 mi: eye s m a l l , i t s g r e a t e s t d i a n e t e r 9 mm; swi?acle 1 3 mm behind eye nnd s l i g h t l y v e n t r a l t o eye, it:; dinineter abou t 2 urn; t h i r d g i l l opening j u s t above s r i g i n of p e c t o r a l f i n ; f o u r t h and r i f t h g i l l 'openings c l o s e t o g e t h e r ; l e n g t h of f i r s t g i l l o y n i n g 21 im, of lsst 22 mil; h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e from snout t o f i r s t g i l l opening 1.22 x u ? ; n a s a l openinc w i t h a n e longa t e p a p i l l a , 1 5 m a i n l e n g t h ; a l l f i n s p o i n t e d , p o s t e r i o r margins s1iahtI .y cancave; o r i g i n of f i r s t d o r s a l f i n s l i g h t l y i n advance of s r i6 ; in of p e l v i c f i n s ; o r i g i n of s e c x i d d o r s a l f i n about 15 t o 20 1x3 5.11. advance o r o r i g i n of a n a l f i n ; l e n g t h of cauda l f i n f r o u o r i g i n oL' l o v ~ e r l o b s t o o u t e r t i p s f upper l o b e 275 {an; t i p of cauda l f i n b i l a b e d v e n t r a l l y , t i le o u t e r l s b 6 c'uout Sm x i d e , $he i n n e r a b o u t 1 7 mm; t e e t h srnall ( m e upper t o o t h measured 1 . 5 m i i n hei f rht and 2 .5 nm i n ~ ~ i d t h ) , t he margin rounded, w i t h l!+. d e n t i c u l a t i s n s ; c en t e r - rnoat d e r l t i c u l ~ l t i s n about tw:i.ce a'; b r o a d a s adjaccr i t d e n t i c u l a t i o n s and p r a j e c t i n i : s l i q i l t l y . .- more than o t h e r s . . .. Color ye l lowish brown, s h a d i n g t a t a n v e n t r a l l y . The specimen w3s cap tu red b y a G i l b e r t e s e nativi: who grabbed i t by t h e t a i l when he observed the shzrk wiLh i t s head I.n a h o l e i n the. c ~ r a l , a p p z r o n t l y t r y i n g t o f e e d an f i s h p o i s ~ n e d by ro t enone . The pa i son s t a t i o n was run on t h e ].agoon s i d e . o f t h e west r e e f i n about 5 f e e t of w a t e r . Thc sha rk seemed q u i t e u n a f f e c t e d by t h e ro tenone . This specimen compares c l o s e l y w i t h t h e description given by S c h u l t z (1953: l,.) f o r a n 885 LUJ specimen of t he s p e c i e s . The most no t ab l e d i f f e r e n c e i s i n t h e t e e t h . 3 c h u l t z s t a t e s t h a t t h e t e e t h of h i s specimen had a centrnl . po in ted cu.sn., n o t s b l y wro jec t ing . I n my s~ .ec imen t h e r e i s a broad c g n t r a l d e n t i c u l a t i a n , but i t p r o j e c t s on ly s l i g h t l y rrmore t han t h e o t h e r s . I was unable t o l o c a t e t h e bead of t h e 2260 r?m specimen from Bik in i i n t h e U. 9. Nat iona l Nuseum f o r d i r e c t comparisoii. The 885 iilm B ik in i spec inen i s a t t h e Un ive r s i t y of %shing ton and was riot s een by ms. ' f Wiaenodon - Muller and I-ienle. 1817. Stz-.-13er. AseCr.. 7:!iss. f S e r l i n , p . 117. ( ~ y p e s p e c i e s , --- Csrcha r in s obcsus ~ u p p e l l ) Triaenodon obesus , . Carchar ias obesus dppe!. l 1835. Neus V i r b e l t h , F i s che . p . 6&, - -.- p l . 1 8 , P i g . %. ( ~ g p e l o c a l i t y , 3ed s e a ) . Ro spec inens of t h i s blunt-nosed s g e c i e s were secured ; however, i t was o f t e n s een i n both t h e o u t e r r e e f ayeas and tile lagoon. T!?e t i p s of t h e d o r s a l f i n s end both. l obes of t h e caudal f i n were whi te and i n she rp c m t r a s t t o t h e dark gray c o l o r of t h e r e , s t of t h e sha rk . : , Genus CkRCEIiRliIK[J:3 Carcharhinus B l a i n v i l l e 1816. 321. Sot. Phi lo~f i . , p . 121. (Ty j ,~ s p e c i e s , 3qua lus cocmersonii Z a i r i v i l l e ) . -- Carcharbinus menisorrah Carchar ias ( l2r iodon) -- nienisorrab. d h l e r and ~ e n l e l8k1 , Sys t . Heschreibung Hngiosto:aen, p. 4 6 , p l . 17. (Type l o c a l i t y , Java , A u s t r a l i a , and Red S e a ) . 1 cipecirrsn ( d o r s a l f i n , cauda l f i n , arid p a r t of upper jaw o n l y ) . e s t i v e t e d l e n g t h 6 f e e t . Onatoa. The specimen via:; seen only a f t e r it wes cu t i n t o p i eces by G i l b c r t e s a f ishermen. It -vm:; dark g r a y i n c o l s r . Tho la r r ;cs t upper teet.11. rleasure 9 n t t h e base and 5.5 mm i n v e r t i c a l he igh t S r m t h e Gums; edge of t h e s e t e e t h s e r r a t e d , t h e s e r r a t i o n s becor~~ing very exsail a t t h c t i p ; l a r g e ~ t d e n t i c u l a t i o n s on bnse l t h i r d of a n t e r i o r m r g i n ( t h i s margin showing a s l i g , h t anjiular i n d e n t a t i o n a t t h i s p o i n t ) : p o s t e r i o r margin of t e e t h indented about 2 wr a t h a l f - w ~ y mark, the two edges of t h i s i n d e n t a t i o n being nea s l y s t ra l -ght ; 1engt.h of upper lobe of caitdnl f i n 450 m a : end of !Irj,i>rS lobe of caudnl f i n w i t h 2 smal l ven tmr l ly -d i rec te r ! l o b e s , t h e o u t e r one po in t ed and measuring 11 rat2 a t i t s base , t h e rnore e n t e r i o r m e 6 4 n:m a t t h e base , w i t h o u t e r margin c2ncave; dorscil f i n (p robably t h e second r l o r sa l ) measures 14.4 i:lm a t t h e base and 145 11x3 i n h e i g h t ; i t has a l ong (about 70 m a ) po in t ed 2os t e ro -bs sn l p r o i e c t i n g p o r t i o n ; 23 round r a d i a l e1e:nents of t h e f i n hzve been cu t i n c ros s - sec t i on . Carcharhinus melanopterus - Carcha r i a s -- r n e l a i e r u s Quoy a n d Gaimard 1824. Voyage au.tour -du monde.. ."UranieW, Zool.., p. 194 , p l . 43, f i g s . 1, 2. (Type l o c a l i t y , Waigiou i s l a n d ) . 1 specimen. 415 nra ( t o t a l l e n g t h ) . Onotoa. 1 specir!len ( f i n s o n l y ) . Taraea . Color i n a l c o h o l : upper two-th2rdc of body g r a y i s h brown, lower t h i r d l i g h t t a n ; a l i g h t t a n band i n lower p a r t of gray-brown r eg ion from above p e c t o r a l f i n t o above o r i g i n of m a 1 f i n ( t h i s b a n d o n l y f a i n t l y v i s i b l e ) ; t i p s of a l l f i n s and. n a r g i n s of l o b e s of caude l f i n j e t b l a c k . ) This was t h e most cormon r e e f s h a r k a t Onotoa. It was r a r e l y troublc6ome. Genus iiji;GAl?RIOIJ Ne$aprion -- Whitley 194.0. F i s h . Aus t . , vo l . 1, p. 111. (Type s p e c i e s , - Aprionodon acu t ide i i s -- yueens land icus Y h i t l e y ) . Be - a p r i o n a c u t i d e n s a -- Carcha r i a s a c u t i d e n s ~dppe1 . l 1835. Veue " X r b e l t h . , F i sch , , p. 0 5 , p1.8, f i g . 3 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . I i p r i o n ~ d o n a a u t i d e n s Garman 1913. ibem. Pus. Conp. Zool. , v o l . 36, p. 118. (Abaiong, G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . 5igelow and Schroeder ( F i s h e s -- of' -.- t h e W e s t e ? N o s At lant ic , p t . 1, 1948: 304) r e f e r r e d Carchrlr ias - a c m e n s Ruppeil t o t h e genus N e ~ a p r i o n . . . h e t o b a t u s B l a i n v i l l e 1816. Bu l l . Soc. Philom. P a r i s , v o l . 8 , ---- p.. 127. * (Type s p e c i e s , - Raia --- n a r i n a r i Euphrasen) . f ietobatus sp . A w h i t e s p o t t e d eag l e m y was observed. t o l e a p f r e e of t h e wa te r i n t h e Onatoa l:~goon.. ' It may h b v e been h . - .--- n a r i n a r i . ShalLov~, roughly 6 i r c u J a r excavnt ions were ,: , . found i n channel a r e a s ' s e p a r a t i n g islEts a t Onotoa. T h e . . presence of pelsoypod s h e l l fragments ' suggested t h a t t h e s e . exceva t ions were dug by r a y s . A. n a r i n a r i i s w e l l known - --.- f o r such a rnode of f e e d i n g ; however, nany o t h e r r a p s a l s o f eecl i n t h i s manner . ... . , , Pteromylaeus - Garrnan 1913. Kern. Mus. Conp. Zool . , v a l . 36, p . 437. [ ~ y p e s p e c i e s , Myl ioba t i s asperrfmus Jordan and .- ~ver f i i ann) , ! Pteromylaous puncta t u s . , .. Mpliobates punc ta tus Maclay and iviacleay 18e'd. roc'. Cinn. ': Soc. 13. S . Yfales, vol.. 1 0 , p. 675, p l . 46, f i g s ; 1-6: i ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Admiral ty and Lub o r Hermit ~ ' s l a n d s ) ' . ( ~ e f e r e n c e copied from Fowler, 1928; B e r r e , 1942, g i v e s t h e a u t h o r s a s Mklul~o-Maklai and Xacleay) . , , Pterornylaeus punctotus I ierre 1942, Copein, no. 3 , p . 1\24. (Xu,uru / . Genus I.UANTA , . . . . . . , . , . Manta Bancroft. 1826-29. 2001. Jour . , : vo l . 4 , , p . 14.4.. ( ~ y p e s p e c i e s : , Cephalopterus rnanta ~ a n c r d f t ) . . II. . .. . . . A l a r g e manta r a y , a t l e a s t t e n f8e.t i n t o t a l width was observed s w i r r m i ~ ~ g s l o w l y ' near t h e s u r f a c e a t Ghe o u t e r edge of t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s ~ t e r r a c e a t Onotoa. It @ppeared t o be . . e n t i r e l y b lack on the d o r s a l s u r f a c e ; howevor, i t was view& from t h e s ide and d i s t i n c t i v e rmrkings could have been misseR Family CLUI?KEXE . . : Genus CLUPEA , . . . . . , ;. .. . Glupea Linnaeus 1756. S y s t . nat . ' , ed. 1 0 , p. 522. ( ~ y p e s p e c i e s , c lupea hc i r en~us Linnaeus ) , 5 Clupee s i r n - 0 Clupea - sirn P o r s k a l 1775. Descr. animalium, p. 17 . (Type ' l o c a l i t y , Red S e e ) . Clupea sirni Giinther 1910. Tour. Nus. Godeffroy, v o l , 16 , - 8 383. (Kingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) . Both Jordan a n d 3 e a l e (1906) and Fowler (19.28) p laced t h i s s p e c i e s i n genus - S o r d i n e l l a Cuvier and Valerlciennes) . H a r s n ~ u l a Cuvier and Valenciennes 1847. H i s t . nn t . p o i s s . , v o l . 20, p. 277. (Type s p e c i e s , Herengula --- l n t u l u s Cuvier Valenciennes = Clupea ma crophthsliila ~ a n z a n 3 . f . . . . Marengula -- kunzei Harengula ltunzei Bleeker 1856. Net. T i j d sch r . Ned. - Ind . , vo l . 1 2 , p . 209. (Type l o c a l i t y , T e r n a t e ) . , . , , . . , 6 speciinenn. 8 1 - 94 mm. . Taratva. 1) I I , 1 6 o r 1 7 ; 8 ' 3 , 1 6 o r 1 7 ; I? 1 5 o r 1 6 ; V. 8 ; t r a n s v e r s e s c a l e rows f r o n g i l l openine t o base of caudal f i n 42 o r 43; s c u t e s i n midven t r a l l i n e p o s t e r i o r t o o r i g i n ; of v e n t r a l f i n s 13. ( 2 spec imens) . Color i n a l c o h o l s i l v e r y , brown on back; t i p s o f . jaws b l ack i sh : a s h o r t b lack l i n e mid-dorsa l ly on snou t . Depth of body 3.8 i n ' s t a n d a r d l e n ~ ~ t h ; ead 3.5 i n s t anda rd . l e n g t h ; eye 3.2 i n hend; .ad ipose e y e l i d co.vering i r i s . . a n t e r i o r l y and p o s t e r i o r l y . A schao l of t h i s s p e c i e s w a s observed a t t h e s u r f a c e nex t t o a dock i n t h e lagoon a t Tarawe. Large ca rn ivorous f i s h e s (p robably barracuda o r ca r ang ids ) were g rey ing upon i t from below. S p r a t e l l o i d e s Bleeker 1'8'51. 'Nat. T i j d s c h r . Ned.-Snd., v o l . 2 , . p , .ZlL, (Type. s p e c i e s , Clupea a r g y r o t a e n t a Bleeker ) . Spra t e l l . o ides d e l i c a t u l u s .. . . Cluuea __i_._ _-_._ deli-cntu ._-_l a Bsnnett 1831. P r o c . 2001. SOC. London, p t . I, p . l G . - ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , T.4auritius.) . ... 97 srecircens. - 7 - 24 mil. AQermnd.. ~ ~. . . 11 specir:iens. 35 - 45 r m . Marakei. . . D 2 2 ; .A LO; P 11 t o 1 3 ; V 0 . ( 4 specimens) . The specimens a r e i n very goor cond i t i on . !To s c a l e counts could be made. Family CHAXIDAE Genus CIiUNOS Chanos ~ a c g ~ e d e 1903. H i s t . n a t . p o i s s . vo l . 5 , pp. xx ix , 395. (Type s p e c i e s , Charios a r a b i c u s ~ a c e ' p & d e ) . - Mtillgil chaiios ~"ors!c%l 1775. Descr. animaliurn, pp. x i v , 74. ( T y p e l o c 3 1 i t y , I l j ~ d d a , ked S e a ) . . . 3 specimens . . . 117 - 400 mm. Onotba. D 15 ; A 10 ; V 10; P 18; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 83. ( 2 spec i - mens) . C o l o r i n l i f e s i l v e r y . This spec i e s i s we l l known t0 t h e G i l b e r t e s e who used t o cap ture t h e young and p l a c e . t h m i n b r s c k i s h ponds, u l t i - mately t o ha rves t them a s a d u l t s . Such a pract.L..ce has only r e c e n t l y been d i scont inued . Genus SYNODUS Scopol i 1777. I n t r o d u c t i o ad h i s t o r . n a t u r . . . , ~ . 449. s p e c i e s , Esox -- s,yliodus Linnaeus) . . . . . , Salmo v a r i e g a t u s ~ a c 6 p g d e 1803. H i s t . n e t . po i s s , , vo l . 5 , p. 157, p l . 3 , f i g . 3. (Type l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . 3 specimens. 90 - 148 ran. Onotoa lagoon. D 11; A 9 ; P 12 ; V 8 ; l e t e r a 1 l i n e $ c a L s 61 ; scal 'es .from l a t e r a l l i n e t o o r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n 55. ( 2 s p e c i u e n s ) . Color i n a l c o h o l t a n wi th about 9 v e r t i c a l dark brown b a r s d o r s a l l y on body,. t h e lower p a r t of -each being s p o t - l i k e and cen te red on l a t e r a l l i n e ; a l l f i n s p a l e ; 3 p a i r s of smal l b lack d o t s oa upper s u r f a c e of s n o u t ; a b lack dot a t a n t e r i o r base of a n t m i o r n o s t r i l . P a l a t i n e t e e t h i n a s i n g l e band. Teeth n e a r l y completely covered by l i p s . Genus 3AURIDA W d a Cuvier and Valenciennes 1849. H i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , ~ 0 1 1 2 2 , p i 499.. ( ~ y p e s p e c i e s , -- Salmo -- t u m b i l B l o c h ) . . , .. Saurus g r a c i l i s QUO^ and Gaimard- lh+. Voyage au tou r d u ' ------ monde.. . W r a n i e V , Zook., 1): 224. (Type l o c a l i t y , Hawai ian I s l a n d s and 'Nau.ri t ius) . 9 specimens. 108 - 150 m. Onotoa. D 1 1 ; A 10; P 1 3 ; l z t e r u l l i n e s c a l e s 5 2 ; sc .a les froni l a t e r a l . l i n e to: o f i g i n of d o r s a l f i n 34, ( 3 spec iuens ) . Color from 35 r& Kodachrome t r anspa rency wh i t e , dense1.y mo t t l ed w i t h b l a c k i s h brown, tiie ruos t conspicuous markings being a s e r i e s of n i n e b lo t ches a long t h e s i d e of t h e body, each of which ex tends s l i g h t l y above l a t e r a l l i n e ; a p a i r of sma l l e r b l a c k i s h b l o t c h e s , one above t h e o t h e r , ( o r a s i n g l e s m a l l b l o t c h ) i n t he pa l e a r e a between. each of t he l a r g e r b l o t c h e s ; caudal f i n and p o s t e r i o r ha l f o T d o r s a 1 f i n w i t h i r r e g u l a r v e r t i c a l b l a c k i s n mar.kings ; pa i r ed f i n s ' w i t h dusky s p o t s ; a n a l f i n p a l e ; ad ipose f i n w i th a s i u g l e black- i s h s p o t ; dusky s p o t s on c h i n ; p h p i l of eye green. Teeth on. p a l a t i n e i n two rows, t h e i n n e r rmv nuch s h o r t e r t han the o u t e r ; t e e t h i n jaws ex tend l a t e r a l l y a n d a r e expssed when mouth is c losed . A 1 1 of the specimens but o n e were taken from sandy Rreas of t he lagoon. Family i\lTIRAENIi)AE The no ray e e l s were abundant a t Onotoa, and. a good r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of a l l of t h e genera 'exeept Aaarcliias were taken . Apart f r o n one i n s t a n c e of b i t i n g a f i s h impaled on e s p e a r , no morays e x h i b i t e d any o v e r t viciousness such a s is o f t e n a t t r i b u t e d t o thetz. The G i l b e r t e s e v a l r ~ e d e e l s a s rood and cap tured them w i t h t r a p s , by spec r ing , and wi th hook and l i c e . An 01:. ~et! !od, :lot fiiucli u sed torlay, invo lves a noose, x~+i,i;li~;h tail be tighbtined on the end of n s t i c k . This i s placed 0'iit.r ail e e l l s lm le and drawn t i g h t l y around h i s body a f t e r be i s l u r e d ou t w i t h b a i t . Echidca F o r s t e r 1777. Icones i n e d i t a s , p. l ( 3 1 . (Type s p e c i e s , -- Echidna va r i ega fa F o r s t e ? ) . --- - Echidna zebre P Gymnothorax -. zebra Shuw 1797. Ea t . Misc., voL. 9 , p l . 322. 2 sgecimens. 550 and 600 r>m. Onotoa. Color i n ~ l c o h o l cizrk brown wi th nuoierous pa le yello~ivish l i n e s e n c i r c l i n g body r rore-or- less v e r t i c a l l y ( t h e 550 mu specircen hcs 55 such l i n e s and s e v e r a l s h o r t e r l i n e s d o r s a l l y wl:i.ic !I d. o riot c r i c i r c l e body) ; v e r t i c a l l i n e s ubout one - th i rd t o one-fourth u s narrow a s i n t e r v e n i n g dark a r e a s ; a n t e r i o r p e r t of head w i t h s h o r t i r r e g u l a r p a l e yellow Lines and s p a t s . The t e e t h a r e m o l a r i f a m , a s i n o t h e r s p e c i e s of :Echicina. ..- The two a d u l t specimens were t aken livith rotonone P r o r ; ~ t he lagooil s i d e of Lhe w e s t r e e f . Echidna polyzona Muraena -- polyzona Richardson 1844. Zool.. voyage Y 3 ~ 1 l p h u r ~ ~ , Ich thyology , p. 112, p l . 55, f i g s . ' 11-14.. 1 specimen. 160 am. Onotoa. Color i n a l coho l Light redd . i sh t o n w i th 30 broad black ve r t i ca l . ba r s on t h e body which extend :md becoiile narrower on d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s ; v e r t i c a l . b lack bars about 2 t o 3 tirnes b roader t h a n i n t e r v e n i n g po l e a r m s : head w i t h a broad v e r t i c a l band which pas se s through eye or1 t o ch in ; t i p of snout and lower jaw dusky; n o , ? t r i l s pa l e . The specimen was c o l l e c t e d from a co ra l - r i ch a r e a of t h e o u t e r r e e f iil about 7 f e e t of' w a t e r , Muraena nebulosa -Ah1 178'). Specirx?n icht l lyolo(~icum de Muraeria e t Ophichtho (Thunberg) , 1). ' 7 , p l . , ri:.:.ht f i g . (Type l o c a l i t y , 3 a s t I u d i a ) . 1 specimen. 220 mi. Tarawa. Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown w i t h 24 round black c i r c l e s i n a row on s i d e of body, each w i t h a r b o r e a l - l i k e pro jec- t i o n s r a d i a t i n g from o u t e r u a r g i n ; a second rovc of s i m i l a r b l o t c h e s d o r s a l t o t h e f i r s t , each of which i s u s u a l . 1 ~ i n l i n e % i t h s b lo t ch of t h e row below; b lo t ches of d o r s a l row ex tend i n t o d o r s a l f i n ; a t h i r d row of b lo t ches a n t e r i o r t o tinus and v e n t r a l t o m i d - l a t e r a l row ( t h e s a b lo tches a r e s o l i d b l e c ~ and l e s s d e n d r i t i c ) ; between the major b lack b lo t ches on t h e body a r & t i n y s h o r t i r r e g u l a r l i n e s and s p o t s , nany of whi,ch a r e s te l l i ! t e or d e n d r i t i c . Echidna l e u c o t a ~ n i a -- Echidna l euco taan iu S c h u l t z 1943 , Bull . U c 3. Nat. Vus. 180, p. 22 , p l . 3. ( ~ f p e loca l iGy , Phoenix and Samoa I s l a n d s ) . 2 specimens. 280 and lcZO iwr Onotaa, Color i n a l c o h o l brown; f i n s dark brown w i t h broad w h i t i s h m r g i n s ( t h e margins a r e about twice a s broad r e l a - t i v e t o t k e r e s t of' t h e f i n s i n t h e 280 mm specimen a s i n t h e k20 ram s p e c i m ~ m ) ; head a n t e r i o r t o a l i n e runnirig from j u s t behind. r i c t u s t o j u s t behind oye dark brown w i t h w h i t i s h blotcP&s surrounding t h e mucous pores on t h e s i d e s of t b e Jaws. The two s,%ci.mens were taken' f r o a $he same h a b i t e t a s t h e s p e c i i ~ e n of EcRitiiia ----.- &irzonu. --- . . E n e h e l ~ n a s s a Kaup 1 8 5 5 . Arch. na tu rp . v o l . 21, ' p . 213. (Type s p e F i e s , Enchel.yne.ssc b lee i ie r l &up = kiuraena c a n i n i Quoy and Gaimnrd). Enche1,ynasna c n n i n i -- --- BIuraena c a n i n i Qnoy and Gainlard 1824. Voyage ~ ~ t o u r d u .* rnoi~de .r?hic;7t. .2001. , p. 247. ( ~ y pt? l o c a l i t y , Wnifiiou and Rnwak) . 1 specimen. 750 LW. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e derk brown w i t h very n a r r o ~ ~ i r r e g l l l a r v e r t i c a l b l a c k i s h l i n e s on: body. The single specimen token w 6 s poisoned wi th ro tenone i n o surge channel . Murama -- p n r d s l l s - Teruuj.nck arid Sch lege l l8i,6. Fauca Japonica , P i s c e s , p t . 5 , p. 266, ' p i . 119. 2 specimens. 76 and 18G m. Onotoa s u r s e channel . Color Prom 35 .m Koda.chrome t ransparency orange-brown w i t h ,prominent whi te s p o t s zncl sml ls r dark browr~ s p o t s on $ body and 'P in s ; head w i t h a l t e r n a t i n 3 v e r t i c a l whi te and. da rk brown, 'ornnge-centered baniis. , . Gymaothorsx Hloch 17.9L., idatur. a ~ ~ l 8 n d . . P i s c h e , v o l . 9 , p. E 3 . (Typo +pec ick , r ~ m r ~ o t i i o r a x r e t i c u l a r i s . . . .. . . - . - ., . . .. . . Rloch). Ggmriothorcx: --? s ckisinatorh:rnchus ~; , / . . , ... 6 specimens. 190 - ,750 am. Onotoa. Color i n u lcoho1 g r a y i s h brown w i t h . a nzrrow l ~ b i t i s h margin on P ins . ' Thi s s p e c i e s has s l e n d e r , s l i g h t l y ' hooked jaw8 s i r i i i lar t o those of Znchelyaa s sa . cnn in i and hfuroncahis p r d a l i s . ' + -..--- The d e n t i t i a i l f i%rr . tba diagrnr;; & ? : ~ e n i n P i p . 4. b:J,kiiltz ( . l9k3) . A 1 1 of t:~c ay+cimens w e r e t aken frm two sLet i3 t is of t he o u t e r ree f ir? t!i- northkrrl yirt of t h e a t o l l i n about 6 t o 7 f e e t 02' ,xt,t;er w k r e c o r a l was abundant;. , uuraena - mononti:iii:: R e g r n 1911). Ann. I\I::g. Nat. K i s t . , s e r . 8, ---. -- v o l , L+, p. L.38. (Type l o c a l i t y , Ta!iiti and Ral .atea) . Color i n a lcol lo l ornngish b r o w ; fi.i;.s o:-acirigi-.h., c-3,pcci- a l l y p o s t e r i o r l y ; a l u r g e b l a c t opot immedis t e l y behinfi aye ( t h i s i s miss ing on t h e 90 nm specimen and just ,r?aki .ng i t s appearance i n a 130 m:n specimen) ; p o s t e r i o r n a s t r i l s wh i t e ; two mucous ?ores bclow eye and 4 o r 5 on lovier jaw surrounded by w h i t e , t hus appear ing a s s p o t s ( i n t h e 130 mm specimen t h e w h i t e s p o t s a r e l a r g e and co- joinha) . The specimens yere t e k e n from f o u r s t a t i o n s ; each q u i t e d i f f e r e n t ; surge channel , windward s i d e ; surge channel , leeward s i r lc ; . backrid,ge t rough; lagoon r e e f . The specimen from t h e backridge t.roug,h was t h e 130 ram one nen t ioned .. above. It was ceug.ht by hand by A. FI. Banner f'rora a smal l head of Poc i l l opo ra m e ~ n d r i r m . . I n l i f e i t had a b r i g h t orange border on i t s f i n s which was broad cauda l ly , and the eye was b r i g h t red. Gynnothorax pidta Nuraena picta Ah1 1789. Specimen ichthyologicum de IdJuraena e t O p h ~ c h t h o , p. 6. (Type l o c a l i t y , C a s t ~ n d i a ) . , ., . .. . . 2 specimens. 340 and 450 IUI. 2 specimens. 70 and 85 mm. Onotoa. 2 specimens. 250 and 310 m. Tarawa. . . Color i n l i f e whi te , dense ly speckle.2 .&th b lack except v e n t r a l l y . . . . This e e l . i s a c o r m o n i r lhnbi tnnt of th'e c r e v i c e s of t h e o u t e r r e e f f l a t . A t low t i d e i t was a t t imes encountered by t u r n i n g over rocks exposed on t h e r e e f . G i l b e r t e s e n a t i v e s were occasionall 'y . . . seen . hun t ing f o r i t i n j u s t t h i s . . . . , * manner f o r use a s food. Nuraena e t e l l i ' ~ l e e i t e r 1856. Xat. ~ i ~ d s c h r . Xed.-Ind., vo l . 1 h k . ( ~ y p e . l o c a l i t y , J a v a ) . , . ,. Side rca p i c t a l % i t l e y a n d . Colefax 1938 .. Proc. i i n n . sot. m. m, vo l . 63, p. 287. (Kauru). 5 spec imens . 110 - 300 rm. Onotoa. . , > Color f r o 3 35 :m Kodachrosne of 200 nm specimen whi te 'with ' 1 9 v e r t i c a l b a r s 'on 'body, about equa l o r s l i g h t l y snia l ler i n w id th t han whlte ' i n t e r - spaces ( p o s t e r i o r 14 dark bars do no t ex tend t o extreme iilargin of d o r s a l ::in); a b lack ban2 a c r o s s head s l i g h t l y 'behFnd eye , t h i s barid n o t extending v e n t r a l t o eye ; a b l e c k i s h a r e a from eye an te r io ic t o n o s t r i l ; a b lack mark on c h i n next t o ~ o u t h . Larger specimens were browner and tile b lack ba r s d i d not s t a n d ou t i n such s h a r p c o n t r a s t . Specinens were c o l l c c t & d from bo t !~ lasoon ancl o u t e r r e e f s . . . I l a loph i s -1liae dicSlellani2 1545. C a l c u t t c Jouz. Na - H i s t y vo i . 2 , p. 213. ( ' i 'yjx l o c a l i t y , Red. Sea '?) Color i n a l c o h o l l i&t brown r l i t h 17 black rin,cs whicl?. co~riplf; t e l v e n c i . ~ c l e ileed anci bsdy ; (lor s a l h a l f s f body between d3rk bars dcsky. G. r u p e l . l i can most r e a d i l y be c1 i s t i n~~u i she .d from the s ~ ~ T ~ R T pet ,&Tli by t he ' na tu re of t h s r i .nzs . I n t h e l a t t e r those a n t e r i o r r y on t h e body and bend d ~ not c i r c l e t he v e n t r a l p m t of t h e bofiy. Oymnotliorax z o n i n e c t i s G.ywnot.horax zm&t,;s SeS1.e 1906. Occ. Bp ' . 3,. P. ... i ! i lhop -.,- - - iviu!:., vo;. i+, I?. 7 , f i g . 1. ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , T a h i t i ) . =thorax .--- ~ r a c i l i c a u4.a - Gyrnnothorax g r n c i l i c ~ . ~ d a . J enk ins 1903, Bu l l . U. 8. F i s h Coint~., v o l . 22, p. 1,X; TI.@. 6.. (Type l o c a l i t y , ~ o n o l i l l n ) . 4, sptcimeiis. 88 - 21+0 im. Onotoa. Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown wi th d e n d r i t i c d c r k brown b lo t ches i n two t o t h r e e i r r e g u l a r l e n g t b i s e . s e r i 6 s an body; two i r r e g u l a r ve r t i ca l . da rk brown b a r s on head hetween eye and o r i g i n of ciorsnl f i n which r e e c h f r o n i- id-dorsal l i n e t o m i d - l a t e r a l l i n e ; a n i r k e g u l e r dusky urea behind eye which extends t o r i c t u s ; a dusky urea I'roin snout t a i 1 s s t r j . l ~ ; f i n s p a l e r t han body. I compared ray spe circens w i th ; rw.kins t t ype . The d e n t i t i a n i s the sen6 ani! t h e c o l o r yet5e'r.n ve::? sis11iLar. , , . . The ' specikens w & e coll.;ctc;d f&ic legoon anh: '~e&ar .d ou te r r e e f s . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnotnorax f i n b r i a t a -.-.- - lfuraena f i m b r i a t a Bennett 1831. Proc. 2,001. Soc. London, p t . 1, p. 168. (Type l o c a l i t y , b k u r i t i u s ) . 1 speciiiien. 80 ~KI. Onotoa lagoon. Color i n ~ l c o h o l t a n w i t h high1.y i r r e g u l a r brown nork ings v e r t i c a l l y a l i ~ n e d on body except v e n t r a i l y a n t e r i o r t o anus ; 2 brown s p a t s behind eyc m d an i r r e g u l a r brov~n l i n e over t o p of k a d behind eye : s n a a t a o t t l e d wi th brown. Gymnothorax iaa rgnr i topharus Bleeirer 1865. Ned. T i j d s c h r . Uierk. , vo i . 2 , p. 53. (Type l o c a l i t y , Anbon, Eas t I n d i e s ) . 6 s , ~ c i r i l e n s . 160 - 350 cila. Onotoa. Color i n a l c a h o l r edd i sh brown, orange-brown v e n t r a l l y , lrrith p a l e s p o t s and b l s t c h e s on t h e body, t he se . more d i s - , t i n c t cauda l ly ( i n soroe spc-cirnens t he pule b lo tohes a r e i n t e r connec ted , and the do lo r p a t t e r n l ~ o u l d more app rop r i - a t e l y be considered a s dark b lo t ches on a pa l e broNn groukd . c o l o r ) ; a s e r i e s of a bout t h r e e t 3 s i x darl: brown e longa te b l o t c h e s behind eye; a pa l e band mid-dorsolly . . on bead ru iming f rom snout'. p o s t e r i o r t o l e v e l of eyes . .. . . G. i j a r & r i t o p h ~ i G w,as co ' l l e c t ed ir? barn1 a r i a s & the lagzon and o u t e r ' r e e f . . . 'I 1huPilusaena f l a ~ i r n a r ~ i i a t a ' ~ ; p & i l . 1828. A t l a s ' ~ e i s e . nord. Afrika, P i sche Rothen '?leers, p . 119, 1 . , i . 3 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Red Sea) . 2 specimens. 320 and 396 mi. 1 spscimer:. 80 ~ m . Onotoa . Color i n a l c o h o l o rongish bro?wn w i t h o f i n & m o t t l i n g of d a ~ k brown b l o t c h e s ; g i l l openiiig i n a b lack spo t ( t h i s spo t j u s t forming i n 8u nun s p e c i n e n ) ; p o s t e r i o r m r g i n s of f i n s %~ narrowly white ( b r i g h t green-yellow i n l i f e ) . . . , The two l a r g e s ~ ~ c i r i i e n s we;:&. t aken from a su rge channel on t h e tiindwer'd s i d e of t h e a t o l l . . The 80 irm was col lectec! from a s n a i l o r a l head i n a shal low, sandy channel . . . Murwena ;r.v.:!nic.us 2?-ee!ci:r lfj!jo. ;Tat. Tijcizchr; Tied.-Ind., --... 0 1 9 , u . 34.7. ('!'y;)e l o c a l i t y , J o v n ) . Color i n a l c o h o l of :erg? ,~pecirnc;r; zedd ish br'own wi th aUmerous i r regu le : b lack s p o t s and b l o t c h e s coverini", head, body, ar.d f i i x ( t h e s e bLotcSes of ttvo d i f f ' e r c n t s i%e!i , t h e h r g e ones about t h e s i z e of a ciine or l a r g e r and o f t e n cOn.tuiilir& i r r e g u l r r brawn a r m s , t ,he others zmel ler tbnri s i z e oi' t h e e y e ) ; fin. :nrgr--si?,ed blac: . b lo t ches J n a r i t e r i o r f i f t h of body excep t one which encloec-s ( r i l l openine: c o r n e r of noa th blackish . I n . t h e 170 m speciruen the:ct: a r e on ly l a r g e - s i z e d b l o t c h e s which a r e rounder thar: .th.osc of t he 1000 mu spectnren and ex t end on to heed; a l s o t h e r e i s narrow p a l e rnar6;in p o s t e r i a r l y on f i n s . Smal le r javailica have a c 'olor pe t t e r n s i m i l a r t o G . - . - f i m b r i a t a . I n t h r l a t ~ o r ' t h e s p o t s a r e i n general. , s rna l le r , U O r 6 3catte;?cd, yet; more i n c l i n e d t o ca - jo in wi th o ther s p o t s ; p a l e m r g i n s extc,t!d t h e whale 3_6ilgtkL o r t h e f i n s i n --.-.-d f i u b r i a t a aiid t h ~ . p a l 1 opeilfng i s not surrounded by a l a r g e blecic b l o t c h . The den t i t i o n of t h e l a r g e syeciicen compnres c l s se ' l y w i th t h a t g iven i n t h e dia{;re:u f o r t h i s s p e c i e s by Sohu l t z (1953; f i g . 27 ) ; t h e m a l l s p e c i m n , however, has s e v e r a l l a r g e t e e t h i n an i n n e r row on t h e m a x i l l a r y and s n a l l t e e t h interspe3?seci be tween - the l a r g e rnarqinal i n t e r n l a x i l l a r y t e e t h , s i m i l a r t o t h e p;? t tern f ' w .i'i-1+b-r_&%.1;~a-. . . . The 1arg.e specirnsn was encountered w i th i t s head 1:rotrud- i n k from a c r e v i c e i n a c o r a l h i ad n e a r t he cen t e r . 3f t h6 lagoon. Thref; s p e a r s were ::hot i n t o ' i t s head befyare i t could be puLlr-d frorrrl i t s iialf;, and evetl then it 'v~as a & i f f i c u l t t a s k . Gg!nno thorax undu'ln t a -- / . Eduraenophis undula tu:z Ln cepede 1803. !%.st. ria t . p c i s s . , v o l . 5 , ppT?ZT7642, 6 4 ~ , f ' i f ~ . 2. Color from 35 mn ?<.othchronie t r anspa rency of 600 9% spec i - men c'?os tnut ; brown. e n t e r i o s l y , riarx browri ' , p m t e r i o r l p , w i th narrobj wiiitc? l i n e s ci ividing body col.or i n t o i r r e g u l a r b l ~ c ! ~ ~ ; a n t e r i o r h a l f of' head w i t h ' c r ~ l ~ t r a c e s of w h i t i s h ::pots and s h o r t l i n e s ; gi!.?. opening n s t i.t: t blacir blotcii (t.hoiif?h t he margin i s darker t han rest; of b A g ) ; na 6e::init.e p?Le rnr-%:;.n on f i n s . I n the smal le r s p c c i r x n s ti1ci.e i s a :;ale r;i::i.gi.i! p o s t e r i a r l y 01-1 t h e f i n s , anc t ! ~ pal(=; :Lint-s 311 the bL)i!,y a r e broader and l e s s i r r e g i i l a r ; t.h~s the dark brown of t h e body i s fitor6 s p o t - l i k e . The specimens were secured from ba th lagoon and seaward r e e f s . mnothorax buruenois a.---- ..- -. ?mraena bu roens i s Uleeker 1857. Nat. Tkdschr. Ned. - h d . vole--13, p . 79 . (Type. l o c a l i t y , Nova-,+elme, Buro, Ambon, and Ceram ) . 24 spec inens . 92 - 245 r m . Onstoa. . co lor ' i n a l c o h o l dask brown w i t h numerous c lo se - se t b lack b l o t c h e s , more o r l e s s a r ranged i n ba r s ( p s t e r i o r l y on body t h e s e b l o t c h e s a r e s o 1arg.e t>hat t h e pa le a r e a s between a r e r e s t r i c t e d a s sma l l s p o t s which ton8 t o f s r r l r o w s ) ; f i n s w i t h pa l e margins 110s t e r i o r l y ( b r i g h t orange i n l i f e ) . Many specimens Etre a lmost b lack , an6 t h e co lo r p t t e r n can '38 perceivoil only wi th d i f l ' i c u l t g . There a r e two rows of t e e t h 3n t h e m a x i l l a r y , t h e t e e t h of tlie i m e r row be ing longer . There a r e t h r e e rows of long canines on t h e i n t e r m a x i l l a r y i n a d d i t i o n t~ the n a r g i n e l t e o t n , This i x l a i i i s t i a e e l appeared t o be t h e a o s t abundant s p e c i e s .of t h e gents a t Onotoa us16 was, t aken f r o 3 Elany d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s . Gvmnothorax favag ineus Eloch and Schne ider 1601. S y s t e m - i c h t h . , p. 525. (Type 1ocal . i ty , Tranqyebar, I n d i a ) . Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t kimwn wi th IRTP,E round black s p a t s iri a ron on t h e body and a second s e r i e s of s p o t s d o r s a l l y , each spo t out o f f a t 6dge o f . d o r s a l f i n . I a s s i g n t h i s t , iny j uven i l e swcirnen t o favag inee mainly an c a l o r p a t t e r n . The d e n t i t i ; > n L i s d i f f e r e n t t hen t h a t g iven by 'Yeber siid de B ~ a u f o r t (1916: 379) + There a r e t h r e e rows of t h r e e f a n ~ . s . m e s i a l l y on t he i n t e r m a x i l l a r y which a r e longer t h a n t he 1s t c - r a l s e r i e s . 5.r:ialler t e e t h extend po r ; t e r i o r ly fro;^' t h e f i r s t itnd t h i r d rows t o m e t i c . t h e n i d l i n e a t t he anter'i0.r end of t h e s i n g l e row of voner ine t e e t h . Priodono?iii.s .uoLuccer.sls Sleeiser 186i+. A t l ~ s ich th . . , vo l . 4, ---, .-- --- .., n . 10c !:I. 1-27, fi2.g. 1. ( ~ y ; > e l o c a l i t y , Amboii, m a t h i i e s ) , 1 specimen. 3C0 am. Onstoa. Color p l a i n brown, a l i t t l e t i a r ~ e r p o s t e r i o r l y . Teeth on. den t a ry v e r y fi.cel:r ser;'atc?d on p o s t e r i o r edges ; two medial c m i n e t e e t h on i n t crnaxi l . lary , t i le mci's p o s t e r i o r one t h e l o n g e s t t o o t h i n t h e jaw ( t i l e r e o r e s o c k e t s , bowever, f o r two :nor?, one on e i t h e r 3idc and. s l i & t l y anter!.or t o t h e long t o o t h ) ; no i n n e r row of a a x i l . l a r y t e e t h ; n s i n g l e row of s h o r t t e e t h on v o m r ; roof and f l o o r of nloutii f'i.nely p a p i l l a t e : eye 1 . 5 i n snout : snout 6 .5 i n head: f i n s somo- . ~. , - I N ~ L e l e v a t e d , thouE?h no t a s much a s i e sc r ibed . ' by Schu l t z (1943: 38) f o r - G. pssudothyrso idea . TPLc speci.~%?ri w % s t aken w i t h roteilone from a n a r e a of t he ou te r r e e f w i t h iltmerous coraL heads a t a rr,axiinum ilepth of about 7 f e e t . Gyranotbornx b i k i n i e n s i s S c h u l t z ii2 Schu l t z andco l . l abo ra t o r s ---- ---.-- 1952. i i c l l . U . 9. ;,kit. M U . ~ . 2C2, 11p. 109, 116, f i g s . 23 e , 2 1 ~ . (Tyjx l o o a l i t g , ai.!iini A t o l l , k r s h a l l Is1.and:j). 1 s p e c i m r . 2/33 mn. Onotoa surge channel . Color i n a l coh31 brow (under a d i s s e c t i n g microscope one 0a.n see a f i n e n o t t L i n g of l i g h t and dark brown); edges of f i n s a l i t t l e ~ s i l e r t k a n body; snout derker t han l ove r jaw. I have i n i;;y f i ~ I d da t a a n o t e on t he co lo r i n l i f e which r e a d s , "Narruw d e n d r i t i c v e r t i c a l dark brown b a r s on n du.skg g r e e n i s h y e l . 1 ~ background. Snout and anus d c r k ; b e l l y pa l e . " I can f ind. no ev idence of bars on the preserved specimen. The specimen wan coiilpared w i th I ;chul tz l t ype . This s p e c i e s resembles Xnchelynassa -- cnn in i e s p e c i n l l y i n d e n t i t i o n . and nias form the. b a s i s f o r co.rlsirlerine the clenus Gymotborax t hq r so idea Muruena thyrso icka - Ilicherdson 1844. 2001. voyaee "Sul.phur", F i s h e s , p. 111. (Type l o c a l i t y , China Seas and Canton) . Lycosdontis t hy r so idse Fov~ler 1928. :'MI. iH. ? . Bishop Xurz., A.. , ..-. v o l , l o , p . >-aiang, K~cgs:2il.l I s l e n d s ) . 2 specimens. 70 acd. 155 1x.1. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e w h i t e ; i n a l c o h o l , l i g h t brown. The t e e t h a r e s h o r t and c o n i c a l , none of them be ing long an(? f a n g - l i k e a s i n most s p e c i e s of Gymnothorax; two s t o u t medial t e e t h on t h e i n t e r r a s x i l l a r p , one behind t h e o t h e r i n the. mii t- l ine; two rows of s h o r t t e e t h on vorner which j o i n p o s t e r i o r l y t o a s i n g l e row; Snout 6 i n head; eye 1 .4 i n snout . Richardson 's specimens were brown wi th a r e t i c u l a t i a n Of whi te l i n e s . Xy speci~iions a r e everywhere pa le and may thus be d i s t i n c t f'rarn a s s o i d e a . Secause of t h e s i m i l a r i t y i n d e n t i t i a n , hoWv?r , I p r e f e r t o cons ide r t h e Onotoa ones a c o l o r v a r i a n t . I n view of t h e i r sma l l s i z e , they may be e x h i b i t i n g juven i l e c o l o r a t i o n . Symo thorax s n . 3 specimens. 190 - 220 mp. Onstoa lagoan Color i n alcohol. l i g h t ye l lowish brown w i t h a dense r e t i c u l a t i o n of s l i ~ h t l y browner, h i ~ h l y t o r t u a u s l i n e s . Maxi l la ry t e e t h i n ane. row ( a s i n g l e inner tocrth i n two of t h e specirnena); t h r e e e longa te can ines i n mid- l ine of i n t e r r ~ a x i l l a r y ; a si.i:gle row o r vomerins t e .e th ; s i x inrier e l s n g a t e can ines i n two raws a n t e r i o r l y s n den ta ry ; snout 5.8 i n head l e n g t h ; eye 1 . 6 i n s n o u t ; a r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n 1 t o 2 snout l eng ths a n t e r i o r t a g i l l opening. I sic unable t o i d e n t i f t h i s s p e c i e s . ?t U r o p t e r y g i ~ i s Ruppell 1835. ETeue '*iirbel.th,., F i s c h e , p. R 3 . (Type s p e c i e s , Uroptervg,ius concolor Ruppel l ) . Uropterygius concolor Uropterygius p. 8 3 , pl, csncolor ~ G p p l l 1835. Neue 20, fi;: 4 . (Type l . o c a l i t y , Y i r b e l t h . , F i s c h e , Red S e a ) . 4 specimens. 100 - 140 m.:. Onotoa l e g o m . 1 specimen. 185 ma. Tsrawa . Color i n a l c o h o l uniforia l igh t brown; f o u r mucous pores on s i d e o f upper jaw p o s t e r i o r t o a n t e r i o r n s s t r i l , t h e i r rmrgins s l i @ t l y p a l e r thiln r e s t of head. T%o rows of ~ a x i l l a r y t e e t h t h ~ s e o f . tkie i n n e r row i u c h longer t kan t h e o u t e r nfid well .-svactd; oiie r3w of ~ h o r t , s t s u t voner ine . , t e e t h : t i i ~ ic;~~; ctinine t ee th . io, g i d - l i a e on i . l i t~r ! i~c~~: i l l . : i : -y : s::oct 5 ;.n heed l e n g t h ; eye 1.9 i n s n o u t ; c e n t e r of' e g c slif;ht;l;l c l s s e r t o r i c t u s 'thar; t i a of s n s u t ; . . p s s t e r i o r n a b t r i l nbovs c e n t e r of eye nn* x i t h a s l ight1 .y ,... , . ,: . - e . l : e . v a t ~ a r i z ~ ; dif2l;ence fro:$: t j . ~ : S' s m u t t o anus csntairiecl 2 . 2 t i i i e e i n totn:! . . lenb:>th ... . . Color i n sl. cqhs l i~.flii'oriil l i g i l t bro-:!in: r i n s end i n t e r i o r of! f o q ~ . mucou.$ ' p r e s Jn side of x!)per jc5.i~ I?ehiii:1 a n t e r j o r : : n o s t r i l , pal,?. . . ph i s spe.ci.nen has n o t d l s t i uguisbed f&i i T . o n c o l o r u n t i l t h e tee. th wer? .examined. . I f s l l s w S c h u l t z i:! co~::id:erT:ng t j l~es.?mvc s p e c i e s , and n o t t h i s one, l i . concolor . ' . . - U r o p t e r y ~ ; i \ ~ s xan thopte ruo 13leekcr 1859. Nab. ~i jdschr'lFhJ&.- - -,- l n d . , vo l . 1 9 , I?. 350. (Type Local i ty . Java and Amban, Eas t I n d i e s ) . . . .. . , ' . Color i n a l c o h o l dnl'k brown, iGtt;i~ci wit! ' d a~kc : brown., w i t h numrous t i n y whi te :+pats , rwst. av iden t on h e a d and a n t e r i o r p a r t 0," bad:; ; marpin of t a i l . lir3nZ15; pa1.e orar:gish. / \ Gyranomuraena .marfi:ora t c L a c c p d e 140 1. Kin!:;. n e t . p0i43. , -.- . - vo l . 5; j j j . t l , j , bi+g. ('!'ype iocol . i l ;y, !.WV T3ritain.j. 1 s p e c i m n . 380 r m . Tarawa. Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown, niot t led w i t h blacKish p a t c h e s , and t h i s o v e r l a i n wi th numerous b lack s p o t s (most ly l ~ r g e r t h a n cl iuneter of e y e ) which tend t o be l a r g e r d o r s a l l y than v s n t r a l l y ; n s s t r i l s b l a c k i s h . Uropte ryg ius supraf o r a t u s Syuno:iluraena s u praf s r a t a Regan 1909 ; Ann; Mag. Ti% t . Tiis t . , s e r . 6 , vo l . 4 , p. 439.. (Type l o c a l i t y , Savag and T a h i t i ) . 4 specimens. 170 - 250 nm. Onotoa lagoon. Color i n l i f e l i g h t g r e e n i s h gray .wi t i1 about 5 rows af i r r e g u l e r brown b lo t ches which a r e s l i g h t l y l a r g e r p o s t e r i o r - l y than a n t e l r i ~ r l y (average s i z e about e q c a l t~ s i z e of eye ) ( p a s t e r i o r l y on body t h e b l s t c h e s tend t a j o i n v e r t i c a l l y t 3 form i r r e g u l a r b a r s ) ; s p o t s on head no t a r ranged i n rows and of' a s i z e about equa l t o s i z e of p u p i l ; a s l i g h t b l u i s h c a s t over abdonen. . . . . ' . , . . Ntlinel:ous. s h a r p e iqnga te t e s t h : i n jaws,. t h e i o n g e s t maxil28ry t e e t h being the innermost of mgny rows; a s i n g l e row of long t e e t h on vomer, corltinuous w i t h t e e t h o n m i d - l i n e of in termaxi 1-lary . , .. . . . . , . ~. Uroptergg ius n i c r o p t e r u s - . I . . .. . . . 3hrae:na roicro t e r u s ~ l e d k e r 185'2-1 Rat;.. ~i jdschr . Ned . - lnd. , v o l . 3, ' _ g ? r ; _ ~ - T y p e p. 29 l o c s l i t y , F l o r e s , N r o , E b r a t a i , Lmbon , Csaril, Aru , and .ri'i~?~or);. . .. , . 3 speciraens,. 210 - 24.5- ma. Onotoa. . . . . , . . . . . . , Color i n l i f e l i g h t g r a y i s h , almost whit,? ve.ri.tral.ly, w i t h a f i n e - r e t i c u l a t i o n o f snia l l b l a c k i s h d e n d r i t i c z b lo t ches . . . , . . . . . . . . , . < , . . .. . . . Two rows of' t e e t h s n t he m n x i l l a r y , t h e t e e t h of t h e i nne r row abou t f o u r t i n e s longer than those 'of t!le o u t e r ; a s i n g l e row af lone, t e e t h on - the v.3mer; eye s l i g h t l y . c l o s e r t o end of snout t han r i c t u s ; d i a n e t e r of eye conta ined 1 .9 i n l eng th of snout . . , . . . The specimens were co1le;cted. by h a n d f r o r ; ~ beneu t h . exposed rocks on t h e ou te r r e e f f l a t . . . . Uro p t e ryg ius .macrscopha,lus Gyanotho.ra.x.iilacr3co h a l u s Bleeker. 1865. Ked. T i J d s c h r . D ie rk . , vol . 2 , p. 54. ---?-- Type l o c a l i t y , .Anban, E a s t I n d i e s ) . . , 1 specircen. 200 im. Onotoa l a ~ o o n . Color in l i f e l i g h t pray-brown, w i th r e t i c u l z r wh i t s b l o t c h e s i l l . i r r epc i . a r ba r s i::l.'on~, s i d e of bofiy; end of cnudal f i n wMtis i r : p s s t c r i o r nos t r i . 1 above center of e y e , cj.1~ s l i g , h t l y elevated, i n t e r i o r p o l s ; a n t e r i o r nos tr il. browc, l i k e r e s t of snout . Tws rows of t e e t h on m x i l l n r y , those of the inner row c lo se - se t an6 about one-four th t s one-thi.rd 3% lon i . o s t h e wall-s?aced t e e t h of the i nne r row: : :3 s i n p i e row of 7 t e e t h 011 voiaer;' t h r e e rows 3 f 2 t e e t h each o.il wdinr ; p a r t of i n t e r m x i l l a r y , Ch.ose of ti16 mi.dd1.e row t h e l o n g e - t ; two sows of tect!: on eisnt;a?y, s i m i l a r ts those or, i m x i l l a r y ; n3 e longa t e can ines c in t c r io r ly ail denl;ary; snmi; c a n t a i n ~ d 7 t imes i n head l e n g t h ; eye 1 .8 i n snoui; c w t t r of eye c l o s e r t o t i p of snout than corner of' mouth: d l s t m c e l'roi.1 snout t o anus 2.3 i n t o t a l 1Bngtii. Rabula Jordan and Davis 113!!c4. Rep. U. S. C ~ a i i . F i sh . and F i s h t r i e s , v o l . 16 , pp. 590, 598. (Type s p e c i ~ s , Rabula -.- d a v i s i j'o:tvler). --- . . Rabuin f'usoomaculatu -..-- -. Rabula fuscsrnaculata S c h u l t z i n k h u l t z and c o l l a b o r a t o r s 1953. Bu l i . b . 5. Bat . ?bus. 202, pp. 139, 147, f i g . 30. , (Type l o c a l i t y , Rongsrick A t o l l , l',Jarsilall I s l a n d s ) . 3 specimens. 120 - 160 am. Onotoa. Color i n al-coho1 l l .@t brown w i t h numerous da$k brown s p o t s about t h e sj.ze of t h e eye cover ing body and f i n ? ( a n t e r i o r l y t he sc s p o t s a r e s m a l l e r and. indistinct); mucous pores on s i d e of upper jaw (and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t those of the lower jaw) broadly o u t l l n e d w i t t i wh i t e . The Onotoa snecirnens wcre compered w i t h t h e holotype i n the Uni ted S t a t e s 1Jat ional Xuseuu and found ts be t h e same. 3qo of t h e specimens wcre c o l l e c t e d on t h e lapoon s i d e of t he west r e e f and the t h i r d on t h e o u t e r r e e f i n the ao r the rn - most p a r t of t h e e t o l l . I11 each ca se t h e dep th of t be .vmte r was about 8 f e e t . The snalce e e l s a r e sand dwe l l e r s an2 o f t e n occur i.n a r e x where f e w o t h e r f i s h c s a r e found. T:sually e l a r g e anocnt of rotenone' i s needed t o poison them.. There was not suff : ic ient ro tenone on hand a t Onotos t o war ran t i t s use f o r ouhich th ids - a l o n e ; thus on ly one s p e c i e s wes t aken . ii l a r g e specimen of another s-pecies, p?obably e i t h e r Myrichthys co lubr inus (i3oddaert) o r Myrichthys b l e e k e r i - ~ o s l i n e , war; s e i z e d i n ankle-deep w t e r on a t i d a l f l a t zone of t h e i a ~ o o n . but i t . escaped, 2s snake oe1.s a r e prone t o do. The speciinsns from Tarawa afid Abemal~ia were c o l l e c t e d by K. Ca ta l a . i v i v r i c h t a Gi fa rd 1859. I r s c . Acad. NaC. 9 c i . P h i l a . , p. 58. ""i-iIij;i;-d s p e c i e s , M,yric.hthys t i g r i n u s - G i r a r d ) . Tdyrichthys rnaculssus - . . Muraenz rnacuiosa C ~ v i e r 1-217. Khgne anirnal., vo l . 2 , ' p . 232 . . , 'm m l o c e 3 i t y , Euro2ean s e a s ) . 1 spe cimen . 241 mi. Onotm . Coior i n l i f e n a l e g r e e n i s h yellow on back, shading t o w h i t i s h on , s i d e s and v e n t r a l l y , w i t h 31. round b lack s p o t s $not a l l t h e s p o t s a r e i n alignment w i t h ones ori t h e o the r s i d e ) : e black sadd le 03 head over both eyes ; 4 e l l i p t i c a l b lack n a r m on ch in a t l e v e l of eye. The s i n g l e specimen was taken w i t h ro tenone froom a sondy 2egbo.n of about 8 f o o t dep th between c o r a l heads on t h e o u t e r r e e f i n t h e r io r thernnss t part of t h e a t o l l . . . . . . : , . . ' ' . ' :. . . . - . . . , . . . . , .. . . . , . : a . . Nyrichthys co lubr inus -. Muraena -.-. colubr ina aoddaer t 1781. Neue Nard. Beyt r . , vol . 2 , ri- j?. 5b, p l . L , f i g . 3 . . : . e ~ ~ ~ . p e l o c a l i t y , Umbon, E a s t I n d i t - s ) . Color i n a l c o h o l ~ r o w n wi th 32 semicircular . black s a d d l e s i n l i n e on body and 2 such sadd le s on head between g i l l opening and eye ( t h e s e s edd le s a r e t w i c e . e s broad d o r s a l l y a s i n t e r v e n i n g pa l e a r e a s ; they do n o t extend i n t o d o r s ~ l f i n and r e a c h t o o r s l i g h t l y below t h e l a t e r a l l i n e ) . Snout po in ted arid fl-attenect dor s o - v e n t r a l l y ; l e n g t h of snout 6.5 i n head l e n g t h ( t o g i l l opening.); p e c t o r a l 5 i n Lead l e n g t h ; eye 2 i n l e n g t h of p e c t o r a l . . . I arn u n c e r t a i n of t h e use of t h e name co lubr inus f o r t h i s specimen. It has been r e tu rned t o t h e ~ u ~ ~ - % u s e u m . 0phi:surus si:mici.tlctus Lay 2116 i3silrrctt 1633. 2331. Cap!;. - .- -- --- ---- l ieechey's voyaqe, l l ' ishes, p. 66, 1 . 2 ; f . (Type l o c G i t y , 0ahu1 , Color i n a l c s h o l brow11 with. 31 narrow b l a c k b a r s on t he bo3.y ~!+iiich extand up i n t o d o r s a l f i r , but :jhfLch d ~ n o t meet v e n t r a l l y ( t h e p s t e r i o u enrl of t,hc boay i s b lun t and i t i s be l i eved t h a t t h e hind s e e t i a n of' t h e body was l o s t dur ing l i f e ; t h e imxir;un bodi7 d e j ~ t h . o r t h e speciinen i s 12 m:a) ; inaxi,m&;n- wid th 02 biacic b a r s con ta ineh & e a r l y 4 t ims i n width of p3I.e i n t s r s p a c e s ; head w h i c h l such ber between g i l l opcnirig ail-? eye ; a bl.uck siic?dle' ovc r i . i l t e ro rb i t a1 space wlbh b i f u r c a t e s a t u?.!xx a d g ~ 01' eye , one l i n b e;:tending nlitero- ventr2:Lly t~ fixti-:, t n e o t h e r formlng a .spot a d j a c e n t t o k)ssterovetiLrd .e!';ee of . e y e ; blacrr s p o t s on ch in . Lzngth of snout coil tained 6 t h e s i n len(:tb 0:': head t o g i l l openin&<; cJ.i?~r%ter of eye 2.2 in snou t ; I.eni.,th of p e c t o r a l f i n nea r ly equal. to d iamete r of eye . Ca l l eche lys i h u p 1855. Cat . a1x~da l f i s h i n c o l l e c t i o n of - ? 3 r i t i s h T u s . , p. 51. (Type s p e c i e s , Ca l l eche lys gu i cheno t i -.- Kau p ) . Cal l eche lys m e h n o t a e n i a - Cal l eche lys i ie lanotzenia Rlee!;er 1864. A t l a s i c h t h . . . . , v o l . -- , p . 1 . 2 ( ~ y p elocn? i ty . , A~iibon, :East I n d i e s ) . . . . . C a l l @ c i ~ e l y s i a t lanoteei l ia Fowle r 1928. :,'em. 9. - ~ 3 1 . 1 0 , p . h 3 . (I;bt?~;iai3a, G i lbeu t I s l a n d s ) . Muraen ich thy~ a l e e k e r 1853. !Tat. TiJds.chr, Ned.-Tnd., v o l . k , 1:. 505. ( ' T y w s ? e c i e s , i2uraaenichth.v~ pymnopterus S l e e k e r ) . - I fo l low Kyers and 3 to rey (S tenfo$d Ickith. X ~ l l . , v o l . 1, 1939: 157) and Gos1j.m ( F n c i f i c .3ci . , : 31.3) i n -. f cons ide r ing t h e genus !i;ur3ae.nichthyr, a?: belonging i n t h e Ophichthidae. . . .Murueniciltllys C.,yiilnotus :Bleeker 1864. A t l a s i c h t h . . . . , v o l . 4 , . . 11. 3.3. .(Type l o c a l i t y , Ambon, !Cast I n d i e s ) . 8 specimens. 1 0 3 - 121 ~ N J . Onotoa. Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown; s c a t t e r e d , t i n y , dark brown f lecKs d o r s a l l y on body and on head, t h e most pronounced a ' u c u ~ u l a t . i o n be ing on head p o s t e r i o r t o eye. . , .. Ante r io r n o s t r i l t u b u l a r , d i r e c t e d a n t e r o - v e n t r a l l y froro f r o n t p a r t of upper l i p a t base of p r o b o s c i s - l i k e end of silotit; p s s t e r i o r n o s t r i l w i th an e l o n g a t e f l a p a t f r o n t &dge which hangs downward. from upper l i p . j u s t sn t e r j . o r t o eye ; tee : th s h o r t and inconsp icuous ; voiiierine t e e t h i n tw , c lose - se t , i r r e g u l a r . r o w (hence appea r ing a s s i n g l e nar3ow band) ; m a x i l l a r y and den ta ry t e e t h j.n a narrow band, u s u a l l y no more.thcin two t e e t h : in w id th ; o r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n s l i g h t l y a n t e r i o r t o anus ; snout moderate ly po in ted ; a n t e r i o r edge of e y e ebou t equ . id i s ten t between r i c t u s and tin of s n o u t ; eye about 3 i n snout l e n e t h ; d i s t a n c e from Clp of s n o u t t o r i c t u s c o n t a i n e d a b o u t 3.7 t imes i n l e n g t h of .head. The specimens were not d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e f i e l d from Muraenichthys l a t i c a u d a t a . Labels were mixed, t h e r e f o r e t h e r e a r e no r e l i a b l e l o c a l i t y d a t a . Diuraenichtkys l a t i c a u d a t s ----- Myro&ertiro -- -- l a t i cauc la ta -- Ogilby 1897. 13roc. Linn. Cjoc. Y. S . Wales, v o l . 22, p . 247. (Type l o c a l i t y , F i J i ) . 5 speciixens. 9 1 - 120 m:.. Onstoa Color i n a l c o h o l uniforri, brown; clediari f i n s l i g h t brawn. .Xos t r i l a a s . i n wrticeding sptjc.ic 8 e x c e p t . pos t e r io r n j s t r i l l a c k s n p r s j e c t i n g ' f l a p and .is not' v i s i b l e i n >a t e r&. l v 5 . e ~ ; t e e t h moderate ly conspicuous , about t w i c ~ a s long s s t hose of the pl; eced ing s p e c i e s ; voner ine t e e t h u n i s n r i a l ; n ~ x i l l a r y t e e t h i n two rows; t e e t h on derl tary i n a s i ng l e . row; o r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n s l i g h t l y p o s t e r i o r t s anus ; snout b l u n t , i t s l e n g t h con ta ined about 5 ti:aes i n 'head l e n g t h : post r?r ior edge of eye only s l i g h t l y a n t e r i o r t o . r l . c t u s ; d iameter of eye about 3 i n snout l e n g t h ; d i s t s n c e frorn t i? of snout t o r i c t u s con.tai.~ied about 4 times i n head l e n g t h ; body depth a t anus 36 t o 43 i n t o t a l l eng th . I n the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the worm e e l s I have fol lowed Gosline and S t r a sbu rg , T h e Hawaiian f i s h e s of t h e famil!/ Koringuidae: ano the r e e l problem", i n p r e s s , Copeia, 1955. i'::orrigua Gray 1331. '_"he i l l u s t r a t i o n s of In6 i an zoolspy. .. I-+? Harciv~lcix, vo l . 1, p t . 5 , p l , 95, (Type s p e c i s s , v !o r in~us r a i t a b s r w Cciiltor) .. -. .- . . . Tiorinp,ua nscroc l i i r Bleeker 1855. &-it. Ti j'i:jchr. PTed . - Ind . , vo!..,-i-('Tji]~ l s c a l i t y , i3otuj. 5 s p e c i m n s . RE; - 285 i&i. Onotoa. Pores .',L l a t e r a l l i n e fro13 g i l l opeking t o nezr end of body ( n o t i nc lud ing v e s t i g i a l pores which a r e c l o s e l y spaced s t extreme end of body) 103 t o 109. ( 3 spec imens) . Color i n a l c o h a l u n i f o m l i g h t yel lowish brown. The f o l l o w i n & p r o p a r t i a n a l netisureriient:? fron; 8 280 ' m a . spec inen : body clepth can t a ined 4.7 t imes in t o t a l l cny t ' r ; d i s t a n c e fr3i;l t i p .of snout t o r l .c tus k.6 i n he& l e n g t h ; snou t 6.4 i n head l e n g t h ; eye about 6 i n s n o u t ; p e c t o r a l f i n about t he s i z e o" ,. t h e eye. io?,:er jaar p r o j e c t s a n t e r i o r t o upper jaw; Cr?udiil. f i n sl ipJ, . t ly ;minted; o s i n c , l e row of t e e t h on m a x i l l a r y ; a s i n g l e :row of vomerine t ee th . ; , s i x p r o ~ l i n e n t canines on i n t e r - m e x i l l n r y ; poster ior* n o s t r i l l oca t ed inmedia tc lg a n t e r i o r t o eye. The sl~eciraens were secured w i th rotenone froin sandy a r e e s of both t he lagoon snd o u t e r r e e f . 2 specirnenc. 513 and 74.0 nil. tinotsii. Pores i n l a t e r a l l i n e I'rorn [;ill spenin~: t o near end 'o f body 139. (1 speci.men) . The fa1lo~;vin::. p r o p o r t i ~ n a : nmsurco ien t i f r o n t he 513 m specimen: body depth cou tz ined 78 t i i ; ~ ~ ~ i n t o t & l l e n g t h ; d i s t a n c e froin t i p a f snout ts: r ictu:? contained 5 .e ti::ies . i n head l e n g t h ; snout about 8 i n 'head 1en:;th; eye aboc t '7 in . snout l e n g t h ; p c c t o r s l f i n t i n y , i t s Length equa l t o about one-ha l l t h e diameter of t h e eye . Lower jaw p r o j e c t s a n t e r i o r t o upper jaw; caudel f i n s l i g h t l y poiri ted; d e n t i t i o n and n o s t r i l s si..milar to above. One specimen m:; c o l l e c t e d froril a shal low channel between i s l e t s and the o the r from a surge channel . Xorin&ua -. sp . 1 speci.men. 390 m. Onototi. Nuinber of l a t e r a l l i n e pores on p o s t e r i o r 155 m. of body 17 ( d i f f i c u l t t o c o u n t a n t e r i o r t o t h i s because of t w i s t i n g of t h e body) ; thus t he t o t a l nunber of pores t o t h e g i l l openin(y i s es t imated a t 4G. Color i n a l c o h o l ye l lowish brown. Body depth 5 2 i n t o t a l ieng,th; d i s t e n c e from t i p of snollt t o r i c t u s conta ined 4 t i n e s i n h e ~ d l e n g t h ; snout about 7 i n head l e n g t h ; eye about 4.7 i n sn0u.t l e n g t h ; p e c t o r a l f i n about t h e s i z e of t h e eye. Lower jaw p r o j e c t s a n t e r i o r ts upper jaw; caudal f i n p o i n t e d ; t e e t h s i m i l a r t o above two s p e c i e s except they a r e d i r e c t e d xo re sha rp ly backward. I am unable t o i d e n t i f y t h i s moringufd t o s p e c i e s . It appears t o be d i s t i n c t i n i t s low pore count acd moderately sbout body. The speciraen was c o l l e c t e d from a p ro t ec t ed ou te r r e e f area. Aulostouus ~ a c d ~ e ' d e 1803. H i s t . n a t . p o i s ~ . ~ vo l . 3, p. 356. (Type s p e c i e s , Aulostomus -- c h i n e n s i s Lacepede = P i s t u l n r i a c h i n e n s i s L innaeus) . --- F i s t u l a r i a ch inens i s Linnaeus 1706, S g s t . n a t . , ed. 1 2 , - p. 5 1 5 T ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , I n c i a ) . 1 specimen. 300 nun. onoton. D ~ 1 1 , 2 7 ; 4 30; V 6 ; P 16; l a t e r a l l i n c s c a l e s 260 , Color i n lif e brown, becorning a b r u p t l y b lack p o ~ t e ~ i . O r t o o r i g i n oi' s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s ( t h i s b lack a r e a w i t h l i nea r ly -a r r anged l i g h t brown. . . s p o t s or e longa te b l o t c h e s , most ly i n 2 rows whic,h c o c t i n u s on t o cauda l peeunblk) ; rnsx i l l avr w i t h a n e l . o n ~ . a t e b lack b l o t c h : ?nus b l acx ; s o f t d o r s e l rsc 'disl i , b!.ack ~ i i t e r i o r l y anci b a s ~ 1 l . y : c n a l f i . n reddisr l , l?lvidth of upper jaw e r e t e r t han l e n g t h . . . This s p e c i e s was t aken both i n s u r f a c e wate rs of t h e lagoon and the o u t e r r e e f . Hemirampnus Georgii. Cuvier ' and Valerieiennes 1.81~6. H i s t . n e t . p o i s s . , ~ ~ ~ . 27 , p l . 555. (Type l o c f i l i t y , ??ah.e Ye:?, Coromandel) . 5: liemir5iphus (Rhynchorhanphus ) g e o r g i i Powler 1928. &a. 13. P. Bishop Mus., vo i . 10 , p. 75.-mill I s l a n d s ) . I do n o t b e l i e v e Fowler (1928: 7 5 ) i s i u s t i f i e d i n s e t t i n g . . .. up t h e su bgepus ~hynchorhaaphus for- t h i s s p e c i e s . I;is prirnery bas'i's f o r t h e subgenus was t he very long lomx- jaw. The r e l a t i v e ' l e n g t h of t he jcw o f h a l f beaks v a r i e s w i t h age. Family EXOCOXTIDAE. . . . . . . . The f l y i n g f i s h e s were caught a t n i g h t by p a r t i c i p a t i n g w i t h G i l b e r t e s e n a t i v e s who ca t ch t he se f i s h e s wi th long- handled d i p n e t s a f t e r s t t r c l c t i n g them w i t h t!?e l i g h t of t o r c h e s . The f j .shing i s done from o u t r i g g e r canoes ~ % h i l e . u n d e r . s a i i . The Onotoa exocoe t id s were a l l caug!~t o u t s i d e o f t h e lagoon, though I was t o l d t h a t f i s h i n g f o r f l y j n g f i s h e s i s a t t imes under taken i n t h e l a g o m . The g e n e r a l G i l b s r t e s e name f o r f l y i n g f i s h e s is Teonaut i . . . : .. . .:,. , , . . L . The m e r i s t i c d a t a f o r a l l of t he specinlens a r e g iven i n Table 1. ~ i p p a r e n t l y ' s & l e counts a r c v e r i a ' b l e ' w i t h i n t h e . . . . . ;: 5.: s p e c i e s . . * j . . . .:. . . ~owl.F?r '.('2928:. ' 8 0 ) : f d & n t i f i e d :a specimen i n t h e I~?useum of Comnarative Zoology frors t h e R i n g s n i l 1 I s l a n d s a s Evo,lnntia microp te ra -- (Valenc iennes) :, . . . . . :, . . . , . . ~ . . Genus CKPSGLLBW3 ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... Cyps i lu rus .Swainson 1838. nit, h i s t . c l a s s . fys 'hes, atflphiblans ,..,, v o l . 1, p. 299. ( ? p e l l i n g chsnped t o Cypelurus Lowe 18Lb1 by t h e In tey .na t ione1 Cocunission on . . :. Zoolog ica l Nomenclature) i'i.. ........ . , . . - . . . . . . Bxocoetus s p i l o n o t o p t e r u s Bleeker 1866. Ned. T i j d s c h r . Dieric., v o l . 3, p. 113: ((Type l o c a l i t y , Paclang, Sumat ra ) . 2 specimens. 267 and 273 IN?. Onotoa. Color from 35 LW;I LodachroaF? t rhnsperan.cy: upper ' ~ ? n e - t h i r d of boay gun m e t a l b l u e , lower two-thi rds s i l v e r y wh i t e ; a' ' Large. b l ack a r e a i n d o r s a l f i n f r o ~ l t h e thira ' . t o t h t,en.th r a y ; caudal f i n da rk p u r p l i s h ; p e c t o r a l f i n derk p u r p l i s h wi. t h a s i l v e r y sheen c e n t r a l l y ; a r la l . and p e l v i c fj.113 w h i t e . I n alcohol:' t h e p e c t o r a l membranes a r e . b l a c k i s h e x c e p t extreme . . . o u t e r porti'onk u h i c h a r e hynl ine . . Exocoetus u n i c o l o r C u v i e r and 'iTalenciennc-,s l 8 L h . I i i s t . n n t . ------ -.- p o i s s . , vo l . 19 , p. 97. (Tyj2e l o c a l i t y , Vanikoro and J z v n ) . 2 specimens. 230 and 265 mm., ' Onotoa. Color i n a l c o h o l : upper h a l f ' t o t h i r d of body da rk pray- brown, lower p a r t of body l i g h t t a n : hor izonta l . a r e a from g i l l opening t o p e l v i c f i n s a t l e v e l of lower base of p e c t o r a l f i r , w l t h 8 s p a r s e s t i p p l i n y : of t j .ny b lack d o t s : d o r s a l , a n a l , l o c t o r s l , and p e l v i c f i n s p a l e ; cauda l f i n brownish; o u t e r a x l l of p e l v i c f i n s b l a c k i s h . Cypselurus s u t t o n i b facu l scoe tus s u t t o n i Whi t ley end Colefax 1938. roc.' Linn. --.-- Sac. $3. S. ?$ales , val.. 63, p . 288, p l . 1 4 , f i g . 1.. (Type l o c a l i t y , Nauru and Ocean I s l a n d ) . 2 specimens . 253 and 257 mm. Onotoa. . . Color i n a l coho l : upper h a l f o f body d a r k g ray brown, lower h a l f t a n : d o r s a l f i n brown w i t h e l a r g e b lack s p o t on t h e f i r t h t o benth r a y s ; pec t a s t i l f i n usnbranes h y a l i n e brown : w i t h b l a c k s p o t s ; c auda l f i n l i g h t brownish; pe1vi.c f i n s pa l e . P rogn ich thys Ureder 1928. B u l l . Binghan Oceanogr. Co l l . , v o l . 2 , p . 20. (Type s p e c i e s , --- Exocoetus g i b b i f r o n s Cuvier and Valenc iennes ) . P rogn ich thys a lb imacula t u s c y p s e l u r u s --- ( l?xonautes) --- - a l b i m a c u l a t u s F 0 ' ~ l e r 1933. ( o n . ' Cypse:urus s p e c u l i g e r Kende l l and C.oldsborough, 1911 ) . >roc . ~ c a z . Kat . S o i , P h i l a . , vo l . 85 , p . 327, f i g . 81. (Tyge l o c a l i t y , Cuami . Color i n alcohol.: upper h a l f of body ila:rk pray-brown, lower h a l f t a n ; d o r s a l and cauda l f i n s l i g h t brownish; , - p e c t o r a l f i n nembranes b l a c k i s h , e s p e c i a l l y lower o u t e r . p o r t i o n s , ( e x c c p t c e n t e r of . f i n which i:3 l i c , h t clusky); ana l and p e l v i c f i n s p a l e l i k e vuntra l . h a l f a f body. U n l i ~ e Cypselurus i n which o n l y t h e upper p e c t o r a l r a y i s branched, - Frognich thys has t h e upper two p e c t o r u l r a y s un- branched. Also , t h e T n a l . and d o r s a l f j .ns i n E ro~~n ich . t h , v s . -. --- a r e about t h e same l e n g t h a t t h e i r base and . h E b o u t ciie s a m n~li iber of r a y s . I n Cypselurus t h e do r sa l f1.n base i s longer aad t h e r e a r e riore r a g s t han t h e a n a l . I n my singl.6 sgecirnen of 2=gni?hthys ~ l b j . m ~ c u l a t u s --.. -. . - (rind i n t h e i;y pe which. was examlnecl by meJ t he a n a l f i n t a k e s i t s o r i g i n j u s t beneath the o r i g i n of t h e dorsal. f i n . Table I Counts !Jade on t h s :b=etid.ae Co l l ec t ed --- i n t h e G i l b e r t i s l a n d s -- -- -.- Dorsal r a q s Anal r a y s G i l l r a k e r s p e c t o r a l r a y s 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 -- - - -. -- 1 3 1 4 1 5 16 17 18 7 ----- C . s p i l o c a t o p t e r u s 2 - C . un i co lo r 1 1 1 1 - C. sutton!; 1 1 2 H . 7ibirn.aCulatus 1 1 - --- s c a l e rows l'rm upper end of g i l l o:~ening t o base of caudal f i n 4.4 45 $5 47 11.8 49 50 5 1 52 5 3 54. 55 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I . - - - - - . - C. s p i l o n o t o p t e r u s . ... 1 1 - C . unico Lor - . 1 1 s u t t o n i 2.' -- 1 1 P. a l b i n c c u l a t u s 1 - -- The s q u i r r e l f i s h e s a r e wel.1 r e p ~ e s e n t e d among th . e c o l l e c t i o n s from the G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . They a r e sp iny , u s u a l l y r e d , w i t h l a r g e eyes , a p e l v i c fl.11 fc~rmula of I,?, and n o c t u r n a l h a b i t s . The G i l b e r t e s e value$ them a s food f i s h and caught thcro whi le f i s h i n g w i t h t o r c h e s a t n i g h t . Holocentrus Scopol i 1777. I n t r o d u c t i o ad h i s t o r i a n na tura lem. . . , p. 449. (No type s p e c i e s d e s i g n a t e d , but a f t e r Gronowfs IIolocentrus inaxi i l a ) . ___- --7 Ilolocen trus s p i n i f e r 0 Sciawia s p i n i f e r a Fo r skb l 1775. Descr. ani.raaliur;i, pp. 1 2 , 49. l o c a l i t y , Hed S e a ) . . . . ..- . 1 specimen. 222 m. Onotoa. 2 specit i~ens. 150 and 170 mm. Tarawa. : . . .. . Spine a t e a rne r of p r eope rc l e l ong , i t s l e n g t h measured t o c e n t e r of t he corner 3.3 i n head l e n g t h ; p r o f i l e of head very s l i g h t l y concave. Color from 35 raid iiodachrone t ransparency r e d ; each body s c a l e w i t h a narrow whi te o u t e r edge; e x t r e n e ' v e n t r a l p a r t of body w h i t e ; sp inaus d o r s a l f i n b r i g h t r e d ; s o f t d o r s a l f i n l i g h t r e d ; caudal f i n r e d except d i s t a l p a r t which shades t o orange; a n a l and p e c t o r a l f i n s orange y e l l w ; p e l v i c P ins r e d w i t h n whi te roargin, .. . . Although the only speclmen from Onotoa was t a k e n f r o m an o u t e r r e e f a r e a , t h e s p e c i e s w n s o therwise s e e n on ly . i n r e l a t i v e l y shallow a r e a s of t h e l agoonh id ing . i n i n t e r s t i c e s i n dead c o r a l . Holocentrus o p e r c u l a r i s Holocentrum ogercu l&. Cti l ier And Valenciennes 181.1. I-Iist . n a t . poiss; . , vol.' 7 , g . 501.. (Type l o c a l i t y , C a r t e r e t 3a rbo r , New I r e l a n d ) . 3 specirflens. 185 - 192 ru, Onotoa, , 3 ; n I V , 9 ; . P 1 k ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 40. . ,. ( 2 s p e c i i ~ e n s ) . . :, . . . . . . ~ . . . Color - i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown, d a r k e r d o r s a i l y , w i t h t h e cen t ro-basa l p e r t o f each s c a l e dark brown; a broad, u n i n t e r r u p t e d , J e t b lnck band i n splnous do rga l f i n ; o u t e r p a r t of each i n t e r s p i n o u s nembrane ond an i r r e g u l a r pale b l o t c h near base of each nembrane p a l e ; remaining fin:; l i g h t brown except upper and lower p a r t s of caudal f i n which a r e s l i g h t l y dusky. . . The t h r e e spec inens were t aken i n poisor~ s t ~ t i o n number I1 a t the no r the rn p a r t of the a t o l l . 0 Sciaena snnmara For nka l 1775. . Descr. aniiaalium, pn. 12 , 48,. l o c a l i t y , Djeddn, Red % a ) . . . . . ., . . .. , i . " '" . . 2E specimens. 31 - 123 mu. Onotoa. D X-I,12; b IV,8 ; P 13 or 14; l c t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 41 a n t 42. ( 2 s p e c i n e n s ) . Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown w i t h a row ol' c l o s e - s e t , darX brown s p o t s down the c e n t e r of each s c a l e row ( t h e rWNS of s p o t s i n Illany of t h c epecirnens a r e f a i n t ) ; a round, j e t blaci; s p a t a n t e r i o r l y i n d01 : s~ l f i n (between the f i r s t and f o u r t h s p i m s ) ; a l i g h t dus!i.y band i n rniddle of f i n g a s t e r i a r t o black, s p o t ; en t e , r i o r margin o f s o f t d o r s n l f i n , upper and lower l o b e s of caudal f i n , and r e g i o n of f o u r t h a n a l s p i n e and f i r s t s o f t r a y dusky. '. Specinens were c o l l e c t e d f r o n bo th t h e lagoon and o u t e r r e e f a r e a s . Holocentrun --.- l a e v e ~ h t h e r 1859. Ce t . f i s h e s B r i t i s h Nus. , v o l . 1, p. 47. (Type l o c a l i t y , i o u i s i a d e Archipelago; Guada lca i ln l , Solomon I s l a n d s ; i2robon, E a s t I n d i e s ) . 11 specimens. 30 - 1138 m a . Onotoa. D X-1,12; A I V , 8 : i' 1 2 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 41. ( 2 spec imens) . .. . . . t .: . Color from 75-!nfi Xodeohrorne t r anspa rency : s i l v e r y blile d o r s a l l y , shading t o wfi , i te ' 5 0 s i d s s a .ncl ' :vei t t ra l lg , wLth a row of d a r k b r o m s p o t s down the oen t e r of each row of s c a l e s ; spinoue d o r s a l f i n ye l lowish vii th a far;.nt dusky i.ensthwise band i n . o u t e r y a r t of f i n ; s o f t d o r s s l f i n whi.tish excep t a n t e r i o r m r g i n which i s dusiiy r e d ; . . c a u d a l f i n w h i t i s h w i t h upper tind lower fmrg i i i s broadly d a r k r e d d i s h brown; aria1 f i n w h i t i s h excep t r e g i o n of l a 2 t a n a l spine. and . f i r s t , a n a l r a y which i s dusky r e d ; p e l v i c f i n s w h i t e ; p e c t o r a l f i n s h y a l i n e , Speciinens were col l tzc teCfrorn around c o r a l heads i a s h a l l o v ~ a r e a s of t he lagoon, c h a n ~ r e l s , and o u t e r r e e f . Kolocentrus d iadeaa / . Hslocen t rus diaderna Laoepede 1802. B i s t , n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 4 , - pp. 335, 3 n y p e l o c a l i t y , South % a s ) . 8 specimens. 47 - 108 rm. Onotoa lagoon. 1 specimen. 110 cm. Tarawa. r) ~ I , 1 3 ; 1! IV,g; P l h ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 48. ( 2 spe- c i aens ) . Color i n a l c o h a l l i g h t browc w i t h . a p a l e l i n e narrowly bordered wi th brown i n t h e c e n t e r of each s c a l e rob^; an i r i t i i s t i nc t s l o n g a t e brown pa tch on bacX be.neat;h p o s t e r i o r p a r t of spinoua d o r s a l I ' in ; membranes of sp inous 4or.sa.l. f i n blacii. ( s p i n e s h y a l i n e ) , w i t h a narrow len+gthwise p a l e barid skumine from base of f i r s t s p i n e t o 011s-fourth up on s i .x th sp ine and a s i m i l a r band froin two- th i rds ou t on seven th sp ine t o jui lcture of sp inous and s o f t d o r s a l f i n s ; re:uaining f i n s pa l e . Iloloceritrurfi lac teo-gut ta turn Cavier and Tral.enoieanes 1~329. ---- ---- --- ~ - ; ~ s t . n a t . p o i s s . , vo l . 3 , p. 214. (Type l o c a l i t y , :;vlsr des 1nd .e~ ) . 11 specimens. 46 - 120 mm. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 39 ml. Tarawe. D XI-13 or 14.; A IT , ? ; F 1 5 ; l a t e r a l , l i n e s c a l e s 41, t o 48. ( 4 spec i~uens ) . Color froiii 35 !mil Kodccbrome tr'nns,parer:cv: body si. l ve sy ; s c a l e s on d o r s a l t h i r d of body iowgino6 wi th red end dotted. w i t h f i n e brown. s p o t s ; d c r s a l pa:rt of bencl r o d ; o u t e r t h i r d of spinous d o r s a l f i n b r i g h t r e d , t he r e s t p a l e ; rsmaiainp, median f i n s l i g h t r e d ; p a i r e d f i n s w h i t i s h . T e n o f t he specimens were taken wi th ro tenone from n s u r g e channel of t h e o u t e r r e e f on the windtvnrd s i d e of t he a t o l l ; one sj!ecinlen was t aken from t h e lagoon si.de of t he west ' r e e f . i3olocanl;rura vio1nceui;l. 13lselrer 1853. N u t . T i jdschr . Ned. - Ind. , --- vo l . 5 , 11. 335. m , p e l o c a l i t y , Ambon, Eas t I n d i e s ) . 2 s p e c i ~ w n s . 158 and 166 ma. Onotoa. D 21 ,14 ; A I V , y ; P 1 5 ; l a t t r a l l i n e s c a l e s 35. ( 2 sps - cirnens ) . Spirie a t corner of p r eope rc l e very l ong , i t s l e n g t h 2.8 i n head l e n g t h ; spinous d o r s a l f i n s h o r t , l o n g e s t dorssil s p i n e 2.7 i n head l e n g t h . Color i n l i f e r t .dd is l .1 brown. Color in alcohol, da rk brown, each body s c a l e w i t h two i n d i s t i n c t pa l e s p a t s , one i n upper c e n t r a l p o r t of s c a l e , t h e second i n lower cent~:al. war t ; opercul:3r ms~ubrane dark brown, almost 'bli3ck i n doi'snl portl.011; f i n s l ig ,h t browr~. The spec ineas were teken from c o r a l r i c h a r e a s , one f ron t h e went r e e f of t h e a t o l l and t h e o t h e r from t h e no r the rn o u t e r r e e f . Holocentrus microstomus -. - jIolocentrum microstoma ~ Z n t h e r 1859. Cat. r i s h e s B r i t r s h !'us., v o l . 1, p. 34. l oc i : l i t y , Ambon, Eas: I n d i e s ) . 1 3 specimens. 43 - 134 urn. Onotoa. D XI-12 or 13 ; A IV,g; P 1.5; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 5.0 n r 51. ( 5 specimens) . Third anal. sp ine very lo.ng, i t s l e n g t h about 1 . 3 i n head l e n g t h ; m a x i l l a r y ends a t a v e r t i c a l pass ing through a n t e r i o r one - fou r th of eye . Color from 35 mm K o d a c l ~ o n e t r anspa rency : body r e d w i t h a broad wh i t e band. down t h e c e n t e r of each s c a l e row; head r e d exce2t v e n t r a l l y and margia of p reoperc le which a r e w h i t e ; medinn f i n s l i g h t r e d ; p e l v i c f i n s w h i t i s h ; p e c t o r a l f i n s h y a l i n e . One L32 mi specimen i s r:iore m e l a n i s t i c t han t h e o t h e r s , w i th . s t r e a k s of b l a c k i s h nigment i n t h e s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n . It hes only l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s . I n o the r respect:: i t appea r s Like the o t h e r specimens of - E. uicrostomus. Most of t h e sp6cirnens were t a k e n from around c o r a l heads i n shal low lagoon and channel a r e a s . tiolocentrura t i e r e Cuvier and Valenciennes lE29. IIist, . n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 3 , p . 202. ( T y p l o c a l i t y , T a h i t i ) . ' ' i o locen t rus e ry th raeus ' i 'h i t ley and Colefax 1938. ?roc. Linn 9oc. N. 3. Yales , vo l . , . 63 , p. 289. (Ocean I s l a n d ) ( a f t e r Holocentrus -a h r o e u s --- Wcite, 1903: 3 ) . . . 10 specimens. 120 - 195 n m . . 5 specimens 38 - 49 mni. Onotoa . 2 specimens. 142 ,m. Tnrawa . I D XI-14; k I V 9 ; P 14 o r 1 5 ; l a t e r a l l i n s s c a l e s 48 t o 51. ( 4 specl.mensj. . . S2inous d o r s a l f i n s h o r t , l o n g e s t sp ine 3 .1 i a head l e n g t h ; dep th of body 2.7 i n s t a n d a r d len(93. (Type s p e c i e s , M y r i p r i s t i s l i m a -Cuvier and ~ a l e n c i e a n e s ) . . . . Holotrachys Ijma. - Myr ip r i s t i s l ima Cuvier and ,Valenciennes 1831. H i s t . n a t . poiss' . , , V O ~ , p . 493. ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . 1 specimen. 70 r m . Onotoa. . , ,. . . ' , I :: . D. KII-15; A' TV,l1; 1-''$.7; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l ? s tr-2. . . :,.No e longa te sp ine a t - :corner of p reoperc le ; t h i r d a n a l sp ine only s l i e h t l y ' l o n g ? i and s t o u t e r than f o u r t h spii le . Color i n l i f e b r i g h t r e d , The one specimen taken >vas c o i l e c t e d from the lagoon s i d e of t h e west r e e f of Onotoa, P&r-rlstis Cuvier 1934. ~ 8 g n e a n i n e l . ed . 2 , p . 150. (Type --. - s p e c l e s , - : : i y r ip r i s t i s ;jacabue Cuvier and Val.enciennes) . M y r i y r i s t i s -- - a d u s t u s Bleelcer 1053. Wat. T i jdschr . Wed.-Irid., v o l . L , n . 10t i . (~y]>e l o c e l i t y , Ambon, :Cast 1 n d l . e ~ ) . 2 s aec inens . 185 and 190 m n . 1 4 specimens. 33 t o 6 3 &;I. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 2 9 . Tarawa. D T-I ,15; A IV,13; ? 1 5 o r 1 6 ; l a t e r s l l i n e s c a l e s 2 s ; g i l l r~kc?I?s 3 8 . ( 2 s p e c i r ~ e n s l . Calor from 35 m ~(obechrone t ransparer icy of a 190' r.m ad11l.t: c e n t e r s of s c a l e s p a l c , n e a r l y rphlte, rirns de rk b lue dorsalJ.y, shad ing t o sa luon pin.% on s i d e s cnc! v e n t r a l l y ; sp inous d o r s a l f i n blac:; excep t f o r a broad pa le 1eng tS~a i se band down the iiiidd3.e; d i s t a l p a r t of s o f t d o r s a l , cauda l , and a n a l r a y s b l a c k ; b a s a l p a r t of t h e s e S i n s p a l e p ink ish shading t o orange r e 2 n e x t t o b1ac.k o u t e r p e r t ; c b l a c k i s h s p o t a t postero-medial p a r t oP o p s y c l e ; e x i l of pectoral . f i n b l ack i sh ; i r i s of eye pa l e yel low. The s tonacns of f o u r cimens from Tsrawa ( n o t r e t a i n e d f o r the-; c o l l e c t i o n were opened. ?!vo were en?pty and two conta ined one shrimp e i c h . % y r i r i s t i s micropht.halmus Bleeker 1852, :\Tat. Tj-jdschr . , J ~ L . -A v : 3 , p . 2&. (Type l o c a l i t y , Anbon, ?%st I n d i e s ) . n X - I , l g or 16; ~1 IV, 1 3 ; P 1 5 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 20; p i l l r a k e r s 42 o r h3 ( 2 7 or 28 on lower l i n b of a r c h ) . ( 3 speciraens). Diameter of eycj equa l t o o r l e s s th8.n _nostorbit,?!. p a r t of head (measured t o o p c r c u l a r s g i n c ) ; dep th of bod:! 2.2 ic s t anda rd l e n g t h ; head. l e n g t h 3.3 i n s tandard l e n g t h . Color f'rom 35 rm Kodachrom~j t r anspa rency : c e n t e r s of s c a l e s l i g h t b l u i s h gray (a lmos t w h i t e ) ec?ges r e d d i s h brawn ( p u r p l i s h i n . nape r e g i o n ) ; poster:. or ed.ge of o p e r c l e broadly marg,ined w i t h r e d d i s h b r o w , t h i s r ~ o s t pronounced a t l e v e l of eye; bro~wnish red spo t i n m i l of p e c t o r a l ; sp inous do r se l f i n l i g n t r e d ; s o f t d o r s a l , c auda l , and a n a l P in s pifik b a s a l l y , shading t o r c d aii$eror!.istally i n . the . d o r s a l and anaL and d i s t a l l y . i n t he cauda.1 f i n s ; a n a l s p i n e s v ~ h i t e ; . , . . . . pscto'nl f i n s h y e l i n s reci; p e l v i c f i n s whj.te. . . . . A l l of the speciriieris ivere 'obtai .ned i n poison st8tj.m II i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t k e a t o l l . . . M y r i p r i s t i s murdjnn - l+ s;mcinens. ' 7 1 - 155 :au. Onotoa su rge c h s n n ~ l . D X - 1 , ~ ; A 1v,11. o r i 2 ; ~ 1 5 ; h t s r a l l i n e s c a l e s 31 t o 3 3 . . . , g r l i 'd Pakers 43 (26 oc 27 on l ~ m i ? l i rnb) . ( 2 specin?ens). . . Diameter o f eye s l . i g h t l y ' t han p o s t o r b i t a l . p a r t , o f ' head ; d e n t h of b0d.Y 2.b: ,ill s t a n d a r d l e n g t h ; Length of . . . . head. 3 i n s tamlard l e n g t h ; p a t c h of t e e t h on a n t e r 2 ~ o r p a r t . , of each s i d e of lower jaw d i r e c t l y below s i m i l a r but broader : p a t c h on efich s i d e of upper jaw. . . . , . . , Cdlor of ' 1.05 mni specinen: ? r ~ m - a 3 5 mrn Kodachrome t r a n s - . parency b r i g h t r e d , ' t h e k d t e r s , o f . . t h e s c a l e s wh i t e ; sp inous d o r s a l f i E pink b a s a l l y , red d i s t a l l y ; s o f t d o r s a l f i n w i t h r a y s r e d , msinbranes ye l l owi sh exoept d i s t a l h a l f or' more of t hose between the f i r s t . f i v e r a y s whic!l a r s s o l i d red. , shading t o browtl outvmrdly ; anzl;: f i n w i t h s i m i l a r c o l o r a t i o r ~ ezcep t a n t e r i o r sp inous p o r t i o n v ~ h i c h i s wh i t e ; caudal fi.11 s o l i d r e d excep t upper and lower narg i i l s which a r e wh i t e ; ope rcu l a r menbrane r e d d i s h brown (d'us:e.cinen c l e a r l y s e p a r a t e i t , however, P r a m a r g y r m u s , u n 1 . e ~ ~ i t is a b e r r u n t i n tihis r e g a r d . The sp , c imen wa-s - c o l l e , c t e i froci t he same s u r g e channel a t Tarawa an t h e two s ,pcc i~?ens S aygyroo. . , . . > .. . : . . , . . . , . . i V i y r i ~ r i s t i s - b e r n d t l - --- l&ripr i s t i s b e r a d t i .Jord.aii end Xvc;r.rr,onn 1002.' i?ul.l , ti. S. 1 s . 0 1 2 , p. / ( ~ 3 7 ~ " I ~ o c a l i t y , Honaluiu; , , , . Wa'wai i ) . . . O X - I , l & o r 1 5 ; .A IV,12 or 1 3 ; 2 1 5 : l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 3 0 ; g i l l ra< t o l i g h t . ~ $Town on s i d e s and v e n t x a l l y : a n i n d i s t i n c t b l ack i sh spot a t upper edge of base of p e c t o r a l f i n . KO ad ipose e y e l i d ; l ins 6~100th; ven t ro -an t e r io r margin of p r e o r b i t a l s t r a i g h t and f i n e l y s e r r a t e ; rnaxil~um body depth con ta ined 3.7 t i n e s i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; caudal f i n , though damaged, appea r s t o be l u n n t e ; second d o r s a l and a c a l f i n s s c a l y ; pec to ra l . . s l i g h t l y silOZ.ter t han l e a g t h of head , a x i l l a r y s c a l e a t l e v e l of upper rmsgln of p e c t o r a l nea r ly h a l f t he l e n g t h of t he p e c t o r a l . Mugil e n g e l i ;3lee!rer 185C. Nat. T i jd sch r . Ned.-Ind. , v31. 1 5 , p . 385.-(Fype l o c a l i t y , Hs t av i a , J ava ) . 3 specimens. 110 - 123 ram, Onotoa. 1 s p e c i ~ i e n . 111 im. T R F ~ w ~ ~ . D I V - I , 8 or 9 ; A IIl,8 o r 9 ; P 1 6 ; s c a l e rows f r o a upper end ' o f g i l l opening t o base of caudal f i n 32 or 33. ( 4 spe- c imens) . . . Color i n a l coho l : d o r s a l h a l f of body dusk$browa ( c s n s i s t i n g of a iiense sti!:?ling of t i n y broxdii dot^); 1 0 ~ ~ h a l f of body t a n ; operculu.fii ches t l a r g e l y oi.l.verg; Fins p a l e with f i n e speck le s of' aa rk brown. Adipose e y e l i d only s l i g h t l y developed; l i p s sfcooth; d e p t h of body con ta inea about t i n e s i.n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; v c n t r o - a n t e r i o r margin of ;?reo.?bi ta l With an a n ~ u l a r concav i ty ; l e n g t h of p e c t o r a l f i n absu t equa l t o 3.en.gth of head; cpudal f i n s l i g h t l y l 'orked. One of t h e specimens was ob ta ined from a G i l b e r t e s e f i sherman who had s e v q r a l f o r use a s b a i t -;$hilt t r o l l i r i p f o r t u n a . The hook was complete ly imbedded i n t h e m u l l e t f o r thi .s purpose . Xupi l -3- v a i g i e n s i s -- Mugil v a i g i e n s i s Qgoy mii Gaimard 1824. Voyegt? au tour du -- -- monde . . . wUranie! ' . . .Zool. , p . 337, n1. 5 9 , fj.g. 2 . (Type l o c ~ ~ l i t y , Waigeo I s l a n d , Xew Gu.inea) . El loche lon v a i g i e n s i s Whit ley and Sole fax 1938. Proc. Linn. -- Sot. N. S. : V ~ l c s , v o l t 63 , p . 289. (PTauru). 2 specimens. 93 and 205 n i . Onotoa lagoon. 2 specimens. 92 and 93 1x1. T ~ r a l ~ a . I) I V - I , 7 or e ; A I I I , g ; P 16; s c a l e rows f r o n upper end of g i l l opening t o base of caudal ? i n 25 or 26. ( 2 snecimens) . Color i n l i f e of l a r g e specimen s i l v e r y wh i t e ; s c a l e s on back w i t h b l e c ~ i s h edges ; upper h a l f t o two-thi rds of p e c t o r a l f i n b lack , l o v e r h a l f p a l e ; o t h e r f i n e dusky b lu i sh excep t p e l v i c s which a r e wh i t e . The 93 niiu specimen had a ye l l owi sh czudal P in i n l i f e . Mupil t a d e -;r- - 0 Xu;ugil -& c r e n i l a l j i s va r . t ade P o r s k a l 1775. Descr. animeliurn, pp. x i v , 7 n T y p e l z ? X i t y , Red S e a ) . Mui.,il -- t ~ & e Fovvler 1:228. iviern. R. P. Bishop Xus., v o l . 1 0 , p . 1 2 2 , f i g . 26. (Abai,ang, K ingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) . Crenimueil S c h u l t z 1946. Proc . U. S. Nat. Mun., vo l . 35, p. 3 . (Type s ~ e c i e s , i a c r e n i l a b i s P m s l & l ) , - Crenimupi. .-- 1 c r e n i l a b i s 0 niIugil c ren i la 'uus Po r ska l 1775. Descr. animalrum, pr). x i v , 73. -(Type l o c a l i t y , Red % a ) . 1 specimen. 109 m. Onotos lagoon. . .' r . . . ." , . . . D IV-I, 8; A 111 ;9; 1' 1 7 ; stele r o w s f r xfl upper end o C g i l l opening t o base of' caud&lL..ini~i 39. Co1.o.r i n a 1 coho1 dari; brornlnish d s r s r i l l y shading. t o ta.n on s i d e s ant1 ve. : i t ral ly; a h l a c ~ r s p o t a t uppw ecige of base of p e c t o r e l f ' in. ... .. . . . ; . Margin of' lower Li;, stron@;l,v ol:eriu3.nte; i n s i d e of a ~ a r g i n a row of r i dc . e - l i ke , i i ' r egu l a r papillae; upper l i p w:':.tb . . about 4 rows of sr;ialL p i ip i l l ae on outel: edge. . .. . .. A l l a n e t t a Vhit:Ley 194.3. Proc . Liri!!. Soc. $3. S. ' ?alf ;s , vo l . 68, p. 135.. (Y'ypc - s p e c i e s , A t h e r i m - m ~ I l . o i d e s ~ l c ~ u l l . 0 ~ 1 ~ ) . . . . .. A l l n n e t t a ovalcua -- .~ . . Ather ina .ovt::l$u& Iierrr: 1935. Eubl, F i e l d X u s . Nzt. ' !!i& t. ; 2001. sol!., vo l . 18, p, 401.. (Type 1ocaU.ty; F . i j i I s l a n d s ) . 3 spec inens . 27 - 6 1 Onotoa logoon. 3 spe ciinens. 21; - 43 inn. Abeniamu . .. . D V I o r VIZ-I,9 5r 10; A I , 9 or, 10; P 1.7. ( 1 , specimens) . Transverse s c s l f ; rows fro12 : g i l l 0,pening to bass of caudal f i n 43. '(1 specimen) . Color o r 61 ia~l spccirnen ili. a l c o h d l l i e h t b r d m wi th a dusky b l u i s h l i n e about; e q u a l t o diaiiif;ter of pu.1jil ' in wid th runninf j f r o i ~ upper a x i l of p e c t o r a l f i n t o base of caudal f i l l ; s c a l e s on d o r s a l p a r t of body edged i n b lack ; end of snout and lower J m ::iith a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of black pl.gfient; a narrovi blsclc d o t t e d l i n e s t base. !of pectora l . f i n ; 1% t i n y blacic spo t a n t e r i o r t o upper base af peC$oksl f i n ; a l . 1 f i n s hya l ine except a b i l obed a r e a i.n mid-bas? o f ceud,al i'ip which i s dusky. Hacii of mnndibSes d i s t i n c t l y e l e v a t e d e t r e a r o f toothed a r e a ; anus bet!.iesn . + l v i c f i .ns : dep th of body 6.5 in s t anda rd l e n g t h . Paini 1 y SPiiYfl~'."T"ID),~ IIAV :5phyraena 'Jalbaum 1792. P e t r i 2,rted.i s u e c i genera pisciiwj, pp. 91c, 584. (T1,ype s p e c i e s , ZSOX sphjrraena L j . n n ~ e u s ) . 47 S n h l r 3 - e n ~ f o r st e r i Bahvraena f o r s t e r i Cuvier and Valenciennes 1929. Ilist. n a t . --- - 5 i s s . , vo l . 3Fp. 353, (Type l o c a l i t y , ~ a h i t i ) . 1 specimen. 820 i~m. Onotoa.. (Only head and caudal f i n p r e s e r v e d ) . D V-I,9; A I1,8; P 1 4 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 116. Angle of preoperculum rounded; max i l l a ry reaches a v e r t i - c a l through a n t e r i o r edge of eye ; no e longa te g i l l r a k e r a t a n ~ l e of f i rs t %ill a r c h ; numerous t i n y bony s p i n u l e s on g i l l a rch from ang le over h a l f way t o v e n t r a l o r i g i n of a r c h ; eye 7.7 i n l e n g t h of head from t i p of upper jaw t o end of operculum; eye 3.3 i n p o s t o r b i t a l p a r t of head; no rasp- l i k e t e e t h v i s i b l e on tongue; an c longnte can ine t o o t h i n upper ja.w about an eye d iameter d i s t a n c e from t i p of upper jaw, t h i s t o o t h f l anked with one a n t e r i o r l y . n d one p o s t e r i - o r l y about one- th i rd t o one-half as long ; a gap s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n an eye d iameter i n d i s t e n c e s e p a r a t e s t h e long a n t e r i o r can ine t o o t h from a s e r i e s of f o u r of comparable l e n g t h p o s t e r i o r l y i n t h e jaw which, i n t u r n , ars. fo l lowed by t e e t h of g r a d u a l l y s m a l l e r l e n g t h ; t e e t h i n p o s t e r i o r p a r t of lower jaw s h o r t , s h a r k - l i k e , t h e a n t e r i o r edge of each somewhat l onge r t h a n t h e p o s t e r i o r edge; edge of o p e r c l e wi th two f l e x i b l e f l a t t e n e d sp ines , t h e lowermost more p r o j e c t e d than t h e upper ; p o s t e r i o r margin o f caudal f i n deep ly concave with two ?x-ominent bump i n mid-port ion, T h i s specimen d i f f e r s from -- f o r s t e r i -.- as desc r ibed by Weber and de Eeaufor t (1922: 223) i n l a c k i n g r a s p l i k e t e e t h on t h e tongue, and having a s m a l l e r eye, and a bi - lobed shape t o t h e p o s t e r o - c e n t r a l margin of t h e caud?.l f i n . The eye i s s m a l l e r t h a n s?ecimens of t h i s s p e c i e s re;>orted by SchuLtz (1953: 2&4) frorn t h e P4ars!iaL1 Isl-ands. S ince my specimen i s . l a r g e r t han any seen by Veber p c ? de Seau fo r t and by Schu l t z , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s i z e of eye and shape of cauda l f i n a r e a f u n c t i o n of. age . The snecimen tms caught by a G i l b e r t e s e f isherman by t r o l l i n g . Family SERRAMID A% T h i s f ami ly , a s based on G i l b e r t I s l a n d s c o l l e c t i o n s ; i n - c l u d e s t h e groupers , a n t h i i d s , and t h e genus Ynsigramma. The groupers were numerous a t Onotoa. The yom? of some s p e c i e s were very a.bundant i n t i d e p o o l s and were cnusht by t h e G i l b e r t e s e and dried. i n t h e sun b r food. Adult ,Troupers were n o t s o commonly secn because of t h e i r p r o c i l i v i t y f o r h i d i n g i n h o l e s and caverns i n t h e r e e f , but now and t h e n one could be observed purposeful1.y swimming from one :%rt of t h e r e e f t o another . Genus EPIIVEPZIJJS . .. . . Epinephelus l>i .:-. ". ...- Bloch 1793. Nutur. aus l snd . P i s che , vo l . 7 , P . (Type s p e c i e s , --.-- Zpinenimlus --- marpjna tvs T.~ -~~ . - - Hloch = Perca f a r c i a t u s For a k s l ) ----- ~ ~ i n e p h e l u s f u s c o f u t t a t u s - i . Perca sunmaka'. va r . f u sco -gu t t a t a P o r s k a l . 1775, J e sc r . . an imal iun , pp. 11, 42. (Type l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . . . Ser ranus f u s c o g u t t a t u s ~ i l p ~ e l l 1P28. A t l a s Heise nsrd. -- - Afr ika , P i s c h e des r o t h e n Ke?r s , p. 108, p l ; 27, f i g . 2 , &inephelus - fusc&tta tus S c h u l t z 1943 ( i n p a r t ) . Bull . -r-- UY S. Nat. Xus. l W , p . 106. , .: . . C o 1 o r i n . a l ~ c h o l 'brown w i t h l a r g e i r r s g u . l a i d a r k brown b l o t c h e s on hsaci and body ( f ~ o s t p o n i n e n t d o r s a l l y ) and everywhbrs covered wi th nui.lc;rous, ' s m a l l , c l s s e - s e t da rk : brown s p o t s ; a p r o i ~ i n e n t b l ack saddle d o r s a l l y on cauc?al peduncle; Another g rouper , Epinsphelus h o r r i d u s ( ~ u v i e r and . V a l e n c i e n n e s ) , has a very s i m i l n r c o l o r p a t t e r n t o fusoogut tp , tue , and t h e two hnve l o n g been confused. I t 1s d i f f i c u l t t o dec ide from ~ o i s k a l ~ s 'b r ie f d e s c r i p t i o n of f u s c o g u t t a t u s which s p e c i s s . s h o u l d ~ b e a r h i s nami. .I have chosen t h e m%e s l e n d e r form a s f i g u r e d by ~ ; f p p e l l (1828) f r o m t h e Red Sea. I a n i n f luenced f u r t h e r by s ee ing t h r e e specif i iens of t h i s s p e c i e s from t h e Re@ %a among t h e c o l l e c t i o n s i n the Uai ted S t ~ i t e s 'I'Jjtional. ?Tuseua and f a i l i n g t o f i n d any (nor any d e f i n i t e r e f e r e n c e from the l i t e r a t u r e ) of t h e deeper bodied Porm which I a n d e s i g n a t i n g h o r r i d u s from t h i s l o c a l i t y . ~ o r s k a l ' s d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s p o t s a s tleddish brown suppor t s ny d s c i s i a n , f o r t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l p rese rved s,peci1!1ens from t h e Marohall Is lancis i n t h e n u s e m on which t he s p o t s a r e s t i l l s l i g h t l y r edd i sh . A iiodachrome t ransparency of h o r r i d u s from l i f e shows t h e :spots u s d e f i n i t e l y not r e d d i s h . In view of t h e w e l l known a b i l i t y f o r t h s g roupe r s t o a t t a i n va?ied hues , t h i s b i t of evidence n u s t be t aken l i g h t l y , however. Counts were uqde f r o n o : ~ of t h e Red Sea specimens a n d . . one of t h e Marsha l l i s l a n d s spec inens . The counts were. t h e same a s those of the G i l b e r t I s l a n d s specirsen excep t f o r t h e d o r s a l s o f t r a y s and p e c t o r a l r a y s of t h e one frorn the Red. Sea which were l l + and 18 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . For f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n of - 9 f u s c o p u t t a t u s s ee -- h o r r i d u s below. Epinephelus h o r r i d u s Ser ranus ho r r idus Cuvier and Va lenc i ennes 1828. F i s t . n a t . - p o i s s . , vo l . 2 , p . 321. (Type l o c a l i t y , J a v a ) . Serrnnus f u s c o g u t t a t u s Day 1876. F i shes of I n d i a , p. 22, - PI. 5 , f i g . 3. Ruinephelus f u s c o ~ u t t a t u s Bchultz 191+3 ( i n p a r t ) . Bul l . 5. 5. N a T . v 101. 1 specinen. 304 mud. Onotoa. D XI,lL+; A 111,s; P 19; g i l l r a k e r s 36. Color frofa 35 mil Kodachrome trz!.lsparency l i ~ ~ h t yellow?.sh brovjn wi th l a r g e i r r e g u l a r dnrl: brown pa tches on bfiiid. and. bady ( d a r k e s t ? o r s a l l y ) and n u n a o u s , c l o s e - s e t , smal l brown s p o t s on head, body, and f i n s ; a very dark brown sadd le d o r m l l y on ca:ldal peduncle;. E . lriorricius m y be t o l d a t a i:,la~lce from f u s c o g u t t a t u s by aody uep th and by t!..e p r a f i l e o r t h e head. The latte?: i s a more s l e n d e r spec ies - -and has a s1 igh t l .y and. s m o ~ t h l y convsx forehead; i n ho r r idus t h e r e is a d.isti11ct i n d a i t z t i o n --- a t t h e eye where t he convexi ty of the snout m e t ~ c7 ;::a.rked corlvexitj7 of t h e nape. G i l l raicer and pect(ora1 f i l l r a y counts provide conc lus ive x:rl.st.ic s e p a r a t i o n . G i l l r ake r counts included a l l rudiments . A specinen of h s r r i d u s from Saritoil I s l a n d , Filoeuix G r o u , ~ , identified a s f u s ~ ~ g ~ ~ . t F t i t w by S c h u l t z (19fc3) , gavs t h e same :ner i s t i c dnta a s t h e 0na'toa specimen. Zpinephelus c o r a l l i c o l a Xpinephslus c o r a l l i c o l n C u v i ~ r and Valenciennes 1828. H i s t . n a t . POISF. , vo l . 2 , p. 336. @insphe lus m a c r o s ~ i l u s -Bleeksr 1873-76. At las i c h t h . , vo l . 7 , p0. 33, 5 2 , p i . 290, f j . ~ . 2. Epinei;helus a l t i v e l i o i d e s Bleeicer i b i d , pl.. 308, f i g . 1 - - ; p inephe lus m c r o s p i l u s Schu l t z i n Sahii l tz and c o l l a b o r ~ t o r s 1353. 3~11. U. S. ?;at . Xus. 2 O z vo l . 1, pp. 330, 31+L+, -> 111. 25, i ~ . . . Q&xphs lus s c i l ~ t u s S c h u l t z i.0 i3chultz and col laborator ; : 1953. Bul l . U. S. Nat. Uus. 202, v o l . 1, pp. 332, 352, f i g . 55. 5 spec inens . 7 2 - 310 mm. Onotoa lneoon and l e e reef.a 2 specimens. 98 and 160 ra. Nukunau. D X I (one w i t h X I I ) , 16 o r 1.7; A I I I , # ; P 17 t o 19; g i l l r a k e r s 24 or 25, ( 3 spec imens) . Co1o.r. from 35 rua KoAachrnme transparerlcy of 120 nn sne- c i tnen: body d u l l ':#bite wi th wide ly sc r i t t e red b l a c k i s h orange s p o t s ( s l i g h t l y siilellel* t han p u p i l of eye i n average s i z e ) : caudal fir1 yell0:sJish :nl.hite with. s c a t t e r e d black s p o t s , a concen t r a t i on of t h e s e formirig a !;ubmarginal band; margin of caudnl f i n l i g h t yellow; Corsrll f i n d u l l whi te w i t h s c a t t e r e d b lack s p o t s and p a l e t~ ia rg in ; a n a l f i n s i m i l a r t o d o r s a l but d u s k i w ; p a i r e d f i n s b l e c k i s h , t h e p e c t o r a l s w i t h na r row l i g h t yellow margin and t h e p e l v i c s lvi th narrow white margin; i r i s yellow; p u p i l blu'.sn. The 72 inm specimen has fewer s p o t s ( a t o t a l of 2 3 appearin&: on head and body, t he n o s t prominent being t h e 5 a t t h e base of t h e d o r s a l f i n and one d o r s a l l y on caudal peduncle . I n the 310 ma specimen (which d i f f e r e d from the r e s t i n having X I 1 d o r s a l s p i n e s and 1 7 p e c t o r a l r a y s ) , t h e s p o t s . a r e r e l a t i v e l y n o r e numerous and smal le r t han t h e 120 mm specimen, but s t i l l w l l - s p a c e d . There i s n s l i g h t concen t r a t i on of s p o t t i n g at, t h e bass of t h e l a s t f e v s p i n e s of tiie d o r s a l f i n nnd. d o r s a l l y on caude l peciuncle t o form a smal l b lack s add le . A 126 in;;^ specimen inc luded aiilong t h e f i v e above i s (%ark brown w i t h blacjs s p o t s i r l s tcad of l i g h t brown wi th black s p o t s . G i l l r akexs of 5 specinens from the N a r s h a l l I s l a n d s (pa ra types of ---.- sni lo tu: ; ) nunbered 25 . The stomach con ten t s of a 2.75 rm specimen were examined. The specimen had c a t e n a s c y l l e r i d l o b s t e r . Tho s t o m c h of a 150 m spncitaen was e~xpty . SpinepheLus sp. - 1 specimen. 215 ma . Onotoa lagoon. D X 1 , 1 7 ; A I I 7 , 8 ; P 17; g i l l r a k e r s 25. I am unable t o i d e n t i f y t h i s spec i e s . In color i t i s more-or-less i n t e r m e d i a t e t o f u s c o g u t t e t u s and c o r a l l i c o l a . The body i s brown wi th i r r e c , u l a r darker brown a r e a s aX- f a i n t s p o t s ; t h e r e a r e l+ da rke r a r e a s a long t h e base of t he a n a l f i n , but t he se can be perce ived only rvl.th d i f f i c u l t y . The head i s densely s p o t t e d w i t h sma l l brown d o t s l i k e f u s c o y u t t a t u s ; tile fin:: a r e b rowni s .hv~ i th dark brown t o . - - 1 . - black s p o m l a r g e r and niore e v i d e n t t han t hose oil body) and p a l e runrgins. The edge of' t he hollow m e n i n thn cheek ir i to which t he r.xilxillary f i t s when tiie noutki is closed i:; b l s c k i s h . The s c a l e s a r e more ev iden t on t h e body than the p r s v i o ~ ~ s e p i n e y h e l i d s , and 100 were cou;?terl from upper fdce 81: g i l l opening t o base of caudel f i n . Caudal f i n rou.nded; l onges t d o r s a l s o f t r a y about equa l i n l e n g t h t o lonp,est dor.sill, s p i n e ; head 2.7 i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h ; p e c t o r a l f i n 1.7 i n head; g r e a t e s t d i o n o t e r of eye 5. j i n head; dep th of bndy 2.9 i n s tcn: larc l e n g t h . There i s rid dc j f in i t e blaci: s a d d l e J n t h e Caudal peduncle; t h e r e a r e no whit,e s p o t s on t he body a r f i n s . Ser ranus s o c i a l i s ~ l f n t h e r 1873. Jour . Nus , Godeffroy , v o l . -- 2, p t . 3, JI. 7 , 111. t;, f i g . B. (1;in;;snill I s l a n d s ) . Epinephelus - n e r r a - Epimphe lus s ier ra Bloch 1793. Natur. a u s l ~ n d . F i sche , vo l . 7 , p t . 10,;. 17 , p l . 329. (Type l o c a l i t y , .Sea of J apan ) . 1 0 s p e c i m n s . L+O - 132 :"XI, Onotoa. D XZ,16; A 111,8; P 17 or 1 8 ; g i l l i.c;kers 22 t o 24.. ( 3 sgec imens) . Color from 35 im Xodechrorne t ransparency of a 145 rim specimen ( d i s c a r d e d i n f i e l d ) : w h i t e w i t h numerous c lu se - se t r ound i sh brown s p o t s on head, body, and f i r i s ( t h o s e on body rr,ostly l a r g e r t han s i z e 0;" p u p i l but sma l l e r than s i z e of e y e ) ; s p o t s on p e c t a r e l Tin sma l l e r and dailker t h a n s p o t s e lsewhere on body or o t h e r f i n s ; ground c o l o r of p e c t o r a l f i n l i g h t y e l l o w i s h ; s p o t s d i s t a l l y on caudal and s o f t p o r t i o n s of d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s sma l l e r and d a r k e r ; no l a r g e b lack s p o t o r s p o t s a t base of d o r s a l f i n or' d o r s a l l y on caudal peduncle . Depth of body 3 t o 3.2 i n s t s n d a r d l e n z t h ; l s n g t h of p e c t o r a l f i n 1 . 5 i n head l e n g t h . This was a > p a r e n t l y t h e most comon s p e c i e s of Epinephclus a t Onotoe. It was confused i n t h e f i e l d wl.th E . hexaponn%- 2, and many specimens of bo th speciGs were discp.rxed.s now imposs ib le t o dec ide on t h e exac t l o c a l i t i e s a t Onotoa where t he two were c o l l e c t e d . It i s d e f i n i t e , ho-wever, t h a t t h e young of merra -were abundant i n t he o u t e r r e e f t i d e p o o l s . The two s p e c i e s may be s e p a r a t e d by g i l l r n k c r counts (see t a b l e under hexagonatus below). Both 11:. rilerra and 2.' hexap,onatus appear t o be'wna1:l- '. spec i e s , - r a r e ly exceez ing 200 :XI i n s t anda rd l e n g t h . Epinephelus hexagonatus Bloch and .3chneider 1801. Systsma l o c a l i t y , T a h i t i ) . Epincphelue iaelnnostlgros % h u l t z i n !3ciiultz and co l l abo ra - t o r s 1953. Bul l . W. S. Mat. Xus. 202, v o l . 1, pp. 331, 348, f i g . 54. ( T y p l o c a l i t y ; Swains I s l a i ~ d s , Samoa Group). . . . . Epinephcjius s p i l a t o c e F s S c h u l t z i n gchu l t z and c o l l ~ b o r a t o r s -- _. 1953. N l l . u. 9'. ;Sat.- i?ius. 202, vo l . 'I., p p , 332, 357, . f i g s . 56, 57. (Type l o c e l i t y , B i a i n i A t o l l , Mzrsha l l . I s l a n d s ) . 7 s p e c i m n s . 25 - 9 1 m. Onotoa. 2 specimens. 42 and 102 L'N. faraw8. - ' . . . . . . . . . . . . CoLor i n a l c o h o l ' l i g h t brown w i t h numerous. cl.ose-set r ound i sh t o hexa&onal da rk brown sn0t.s on body ( i n average d i a u e t e r about one h a l f eye d i a n e t e r ) . ; . 4 t o 5 ve ry d a r k brown t o black b lo t chks a l o n g .base of. d o r s a l ' f i n snd another d o r s a l l y on. caulla1 peduncle ; s p o t s i n , f i n s g e n e r a l l y no t d a r k and o f t e n wi th p a l e c e n t e r s ; ' ou t e r h a l f of pecto.ri-11 f i n unspot ted , o r . v.ery. f a i n t l y :spotted. ' . . .. . . . , , I examined. type r n a t ~ r i a l of :PQhe:helus L- s p i l o t o c e p s ,--- S c h u l t z and'j:; ~ x l a n o s t i g i n a SchuLtz, and I ,am csnv~.nc,ed t h a t these . a r e t h ~ ~ ' s a r ; e a s hera(gonatils. :ijchultz s epa ra t ed s p i l o t o c e p s frorn w o n a t u s --- pr in i a r i l y on t he presence of ?mall b lack m o t s on the . front. h a r t o r t h e head of t h e formor and wh i t e t r&ngu1ar s p o t s a t t h e a n g l e s betv&n brown, s p o t s on . t he body of' t h c l a t t e r . I found exaizples Sron t h e ' , Marsha l l Islanci's c o l l e c t i o n s which were i n t e rmed ia t e between the se two c o l o r p a t t e r n s . ;,One showed very di..stinctl.y' both t h e s m l l whi te s p o t s betvieen the l a r g e hexagondl brown s p o t s on t h e body a n d t h e t i n y black s p o t s a n t e r i o r l j r o n t h e head.. G i l l r a k e r c o u n t s were m d e ,on t h e t y p e aad para types of s p i l o t o c e p s and a r e g iven i n t h 6 t a b l e below where they can be coupaPed v ~ i t h the counts of . . hexagonatus .' 111terkd.ia t e s p e c h e n s were not countad. . : . ... & h u l t z separa t ed r a e l a n o s t ~ ~ a a ' fro'in o t h e r s i m i l a r g$oupors p r i m a r i l y by i t s lac!cing a b lac . ic ,dorsal sadd le on t h e caudal peduncle and i n having' only one h r g e bldck spo t a t , t h e base o r t h e i io r sa l f i n . Ac tua l ly most of t h e type raater.Xa1 sho:nis a dwrkening of. s p o t s d o r s a l l y on t h e caudal peduncle a n d - t h e fou r o r f i v e da rk blo ' t 'chas~ a long tkie d o r s a l base e s i n h o s a ~ o ~ m t u s , a l t hough t h c l a r g e spo t a t t h e r e a r base of t h e su inous o o r t i o n of t h e d o r s a l f i n i s r e l s t i v e l v more promi- ,~ ~ - nent i n melanostigma than i;e x.;!:onatun. I n the t a b l e o f . p i l l r a k e r counts i t win 'be observed thgt n e l a n o s t i ~ m a has more n i l 1 r a k e r s . I n most o f . t h e snecirnens t h i s h i ~ h e r count 'lles -. duo t o the a d d i t i o n of two t i n y rud iments , on the nvc-:rt?[ge, a t t h e extrerie upper end of tihe a r c h . The type nmd a l l of t h e parn types of - m e l a n o s t i ~ q m -- a r e from t h e Fhzenix and Samoa I s l e n d s ; S c h u l t z r e c o r d s na specimens of hexa.gonatus Prom these i s l a n d groups. H i s 2 i l o t o c e p s and hexagonatus a r e from t h e Marsha l l and Marianas I s l a n d s . U n t i l melanostigma - and l ? e x e ~ o m t u s can c l e a r l y be shown t o occur i n t h e same a r e a , I: p r e f e r t o cons ider t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s which s e p a r a t e t h e s e two forms a s s u b s p e c i f i c , Table 2 G i l l Raker Counts o f Spec ies of Qinephelus of t h e "merraW Complex - Number of r a k e r s ( i n c l u d i n g rud imen t s ) 011 f i r ~ t e rch 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 - - - - . . - - - - - merra = s h a l l and G i l b e r t I s l a n d s 1 3 5 2 - hexagonatus X a r s h a l l aild G i l b e r t s p i l o t o c e p s h r s h a 11 I s l a n d s me l anos t i@,ma Phoenix and Ramon I s l a n d s Holocentrus f lnvo-caeru leuS ~ocLp&ie 1802. H i s t . n a t . poS.ss., . y o l . 4, 138. 331, 367.. (Type l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . Epinephelus I ioedti Bleeker 1873-76. A t l a s i c h t h . , vo l . 7 , pp. 32 , 45; p l . 283, f i g . 2. Serranus f l avo-caeru leus Fowler 1928. i h n . B. P. Bishop Fdus . , v o l . 1 0 , p . 177. ( G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . .. . 10 specimens. 50 - 104, mi. Onotoe.: 1 speciruen. 310 mm. Tarawa. D XI,l.6' o r 1 7 ; A I I I , g ; P 19 or. 20: g i l l r a k e r s 26 ( 2 specimens) . Color f r o f : ~ 35 im :;odnchror~:e t r m s p a r e n c y of 104 n a specimen p u r p l i s h b l u e , shading,. t o yellow on ceudal. peduncle ; b lue p a r t of body and head with numerous smal l blacic s p o t s ; spinous d o r s a l f i n b lue w i t h sma l l b lack s p o t s except margin which i s broad ly yel low; s o f t p a r t of d o r s a l f i n yellow except en t e ro -basa l po r t i on which i s blue w i t h smal l b l a c ! ~ s p o t s ; a n a l f i n 'ye l low; caudal. f i n yellow wi th w h i t i s h p o s t e r i o r margin.; p e c t o r a l f i n s hyal-ine yel low; n e l v i c f i n s yellow, t h e t i p s b l a c k i s h . Caudal. t r u n c n t e ; dep th of body 2 .4 i n s t anda rd l eng th ; raidd1.e of t h r e e o ~ e r c u l a r sp inos aezirest t h e lowest sp ine . This c o l o r f u l grouper wes conrnon !.n shol.low sandy a re28 of t h e lagoon wi th s c a t t e r e d , w e l l - i s o l a t e d c o r a l htiads. It was seen i n no o t h e r h a b l t a t . Epinephclus c a e r u l t o p u a c t s t u s .I Holocentrus caeru leo-punc to tus Dloch 1730. Ra tu r . aus land - - P i s c h e , v o l . 4, p. 94 , 111. &I., f i g . 2 . :<1,16, A 111 ,8 , P 1 8 ; g i l l r a k e r s 1.5. , .. Color i n a l c o h o l da rk brown w i t h s c a t t e r e d sma l l whi te s p o t s of d i f f e r e n t s i z e on head end body (38 s p o t s i n a l l on one s i d e ) ; f i n s a l l dz rk brown w i t h sraa11 wh i t e s p o t s and whi te margins . Genus CXI?ilT;LOPBOLIS Ce h l o p h o l i s Bloch and :jchneider 1801. S y s t e m i c h t h , , p . 311. -f+- Cype s p e c i e s , Cephal.opholis tlr;:,us 13loch end S c h n e i d e r ) . +- Cephalonhol is nrgus Cephal.opholis a r g u s Blocii and Schneider 1801. 3ysl;eha i c h t h . , p. 1 p m ~ y p s l o c a l i t y , F c ~ s t I n d i e s ) . 1 2 specimens. 38 - 209 mm. Onotoa. . . 1 spec inen . 140 mln. Tarawa. D 1 ~ , 1 6 ; A I:CI,9; P 18: g i l l r a k e r s 27 and 28 ( i n c l u d e s many r u d i m e n t s ) . ( 2 s n e c l n e n s ) . Color from 35 mi& Kodachrorae t ransparency dark p u r p l i s h brown w i t h nuuerous dark-edged b r i g h t blue s p o t s on head c~nd body; f i v e v e r t i c a l p a l e bonds on p o s t e r i o r h a l f of body (no t seen irL a l l speci raens) ; b a s a l p a r t of s p i n o w p o r t i o n of d o r s a l f i n co lored l i k e body, ends of rdenbranes orange: remaining f i n s dark blue' w i t h blue s p o t s sornewhat obscured; p o s t e r i o r n a r g i n of caudal f i n w h i t i s h . This was a common s p e c i e s a t Onotoa and was seen i n many d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s . The s tonachs of 10 specimens, 95 t o 260 rim in .-itartdard l e n g t h , were o p n e d . One con ta ined ,3 saeL l f i s h ( v e r y f r e s h and probably p r i o r v i c t i a s of t he rOt.enom) . Another con- t a i n e d a psnae3 .d shr imp; t h e r e s t v)ic+re'empty. . . Cephalophol is s o n n e r a t i Sc r r anus s o n n e r a t i Cuvier and Valenciennes 1828. H i s t . n e t . n o i s s . v o l . 2, p . 299. (Type l o c a l i t y , Pondicherry and 5 e y l o n j . 1 specimen., 6 1 mi. Onotoa lagoon. 1 specimen. 223 mm. Tarawa. Il Ix.,15; A 111,'); P 1 8 or 19 ; g i l l r a k e r s 22 and 23, ( 2 spec imens ) . Color i n l i f e of 6 1 :nm specimen l i g h t ye l lowish brown w i t h 5 or' 6 fw in t dark v e r t i c a l b a r s on upper h a l f of body; s m a l l brown s p o t s cove r ing head and body ( o r a n g i s h brown on h e a d ) ; f a i n t wh i t e s p o t s p o s t e r i o r l y and v e n t r a l l y on body; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s brown w i t h whrJhitis11 margins on s o f t p o ~ t i o a s ; caudal. f i n brown w i t h a broad w h i t i s h poste- ridi. b'oriler ( b r o i d e r . a t ends of upper and lower r a y s t h sn median r a y s ) , t h e extreme margin r e d d i s h ; p e c t o r a l f i n dusky i n basa l c e n t r a l p o r t i o n , w h i t i s h on ou t e r h a l f ; ' p e ' l v i c ' f i n s d a r k brown. The 223 cllil specirnen i s uniform brown i n al.coho1. Middle o p e r c u l a r s p i n e n e a r e s t lower s p i n e ; cauda l f i n rounded; p a l a t i n e and vomerlne' t e e t h p r e s s n t ; 127 v e r t i c a l s c a l p rows f r a m . uppe,r a n t e r i o r end 3f g i l l opening to . ra iddle ,.. . b a s e . o f cauoa, l . , f i .n ; dep th 2.5 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h . ... . . . . ' ' Cephalophol is h e m i s t i k t o s , I Serraruls hern i s t ik tos Rllfppell 1828. A t l a s Re ise n0r.d. . Afr ika , - - . .,.. ~ i s c h e , r o t h e n Ivkers , ' p . 109, p l . 2'7, f i g . 3. (Type . , l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . JCpine;2helur; h e m i s t i c t u s Boulenger 1895. ' c a t . f i s h e s B r i t i s h ,r S , p . ,190. . , .,. . . .. 1 specirnen. 84 run. Onotoa lagoon. D ' I x , ~ ~ ; . ~ I I I , 9 ; P 1 8 ; i i l l r a k . e r s 22. , . . . , . . , ~ o l o r i i l a l C & h o ~ very d a r k brown w i t h s , m e i l , b l a c k i s h s p o t s on head, body, and medien f i n s (more prominent on head, but d i f f i c u l t t o s e e even h e r e because of dark ground co lo r of t h e specirnen); ' caudal f i n w i t h a d i s t i n c t whi te p o s t e r i o r r ~ a r g i n (b roade r fit upner and. lower p a r t ) ; s o f t po r t t ons of ci.orsa1 and a n a l f i n s w i t h a very narrow w h i t i s h margin; p e c t o r a l f i n b l ack i sh , . . shad ing t o dusky p a l e o n about o u t e r one - th i rd of r a y s . ' . " To my know.le8ge t h i s s p e c i e s has never been recorded from the' Yacif i c . ' ~ o u l e n g e r (1895:191) l i s t s i t f r o m t h e Red ;en, sou th c o a s t of Arabia , and Zanzibar . I have coinpared n y specimen w i t h a 13% mfl one.frorn t h e Red Sea. The counts of t h s l a t t e r a r e D IX,l&; A I I I , 9 ; P 1 7 ; g i l l . r a k e r s 21. The ' G i l b e r t Is lar ids specimen i s more m e l a n i s t i c ; t h e r e i s a l a r g e b l aca s p o t posteriorly olr t h e o p e r c l e ; t h e pa l e band p o s t e r i o r l y on t he caudal. i s b roede r ; t h e p a l e o u t e r p a r t of t h e p e o t o r a l i s l e s s obvious. The d e n t i t i o n i s very s i f a i l a r i n both . There i s a p a i r of canines a n t e r i o r l y i n t h e upper Jaw s e p a r a t e d by about 3 / h of an eye diameter and a p a i r a n t e r i o r l y i n t he lower jaw s e p a r a t e d by about h a l f a n eye d i ame te r ; t h e bands of p a l a t i n e and vomerine t e e t h a r e narrow. The, snout i s s l i g h t l y s h o r t e r i n t h e G i l b e r t 1slan.d.s specimen, i t s l e n g t h c;ntaine$ 4.7 i n thc head l e n g t h ; t h a t of the Iled Sea specirnen . 'is . about. 4.2 i n t h e head l e n g t h . . . I i d e n t i f y my specimen a s he in i s t l k to s w i t h some uncer- t a i n t y , 1 b e l i e v e t h a t t h e differences noted might be due t o the, d i f f e r e n c e ir . s i z e of t h e two specimens which were compare6 and t o t h e i r g r e e t s p a t i a l s e p a r a t i o n . "!hen spe- cimens of Indo -Pac i f i c s r iec ies o P f i s h e s f r o n t he Red %a a r e cornpared w i t h ones f r o a Oceania s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e of t e n bpparent , ~ e p h a l o p h o l i s u rode lus Percam u rode t an ( F O ~ s t e r ) Blooh and Schneider 1801. Systema Z c h t h . , p. 333. (Type l o c a l i t y , S t . C h r i s t i n a , V a i t a h o ) . Ser ranus u rode lus ~ l f n t h e r 1073. Jour. Mus. Godeffroy, vo l . 2 , p t . 3, p . 3 , p i . 3, f i g . A. (Klngsmi l l I s l a n d s ) ' . Cephalophol is urod.elus Fowler l j 2 8 : Men1. B. P. 'Bishop Mus., v o i . 10 , p. 175. ( G r l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . . .. . .. ~.. D IX,15 o r 1 6 ; k I I I , 9 ; P 17 or 18: g i l l r a k e r s 23. ( 2 specimens) . Color i n a l c o h o l darX brown; a proiainent b lack s p o t p o s t e r i o r l y on o p e r c l e ; caudal f i n b l a c k i s h wi.th o broad angu1a.r r e g i o n of t he upper and lower co rne r s pa l e w i t h dusky ( b r i g h t r s d i n l i f e ) c e n t e r ; d o r s a l a n d a n a l f i n s b l ack i sh , t he s o f t p o r t i o n s of each w i t h a narrow dusky iliargin and a broad p a l e submarg ina l band; cen t ro-basa l . p a r t of p e c t o r a l f i n b l a c z i s h , o u t e r p a r t p a l e ; p e l v i c f i n s p a l e wi th dusky margins . S-jahultz (19b3) canfused 2. l eopardus w i t h u rode lus . The specimens f r o n t he Phoenir, and i3amoe I s l a n d s which he i d e n t i f i e d a s l eopa rdus -were a c t u a l l y u rode lus and v i ce ve r sa . He c o r r e c t e d t h i s e r r o r i n U. I. ??at. ?'Us. 13uLl. Cephalo,>holis l eopardus -- Labrus leo2ordu.s ~ a c k ~ h d e 1802. Hist. n o t . p o i s s . , v o l . 3 , --pp., 4.50, 1 , 1 . 30, f i g . I. (Type l o c a l i t y , :'le grande o c k m e q u a t o r i a l " ) . Cephalopholirj urocielus S c h u l t z 1943. j3ull. TJ. S. Nat . Mu~ur;. l a c , I!. 109. 33 specimens. 27 - 95 am. Onotoa , D IX,ll+.; A I I I , 9 ; ? 1 7 ; g i l l r a k e r s 23 or 224. ( 2 spec i - iclens ) . Color from 35 a n Xodachrome trc?r!.sparency of 95 ria specimen: body lig!lt g r a y i s h pin.:: w i t h 5 i n d i s t i n c t p iak v e r t i c a l b a r s which c o n t a i n l i g h t g r a y i s h p ink s p o t s ; sa e longa te black spot ( i n some specimens 2 s p o t s ) mit l-darsally on cauea l peduncle; head l i g h t p u r p l i s h gray w i t h numerous f a i n t p i n k i s h s p o t s and a dusky band frorii eye t o uppcr n o s t e r i o r edge of operculuw; d o r s a l f i n c o l o r of b0d.y exce,ot ?or broad l i g h t r e d margin; m a 1 f i n l i g h t r e d ; caudal f i n l i g h t red w i t h ti diaf;onal blscic band on upper hind. c o r n e r ; 1 ,ectorel fin. orarigf w i t h a narrow f a i n t r e d d i s h margin. This s i ,ec ies was abundant i n c o r a l a r e a s o f t he l r ~ o o n and the o;ter r e e f . The stornschs of 6 spec inens 80 t o 109 rm i n s tandard l e n g t h were opened. One contai.ned a srcall f i s h , an4 t h e r e s t were empty. An3'perodan d n t h e r 1859. Cat . f i s h e s B r i t i s h Idus.,, vo l . 1, :3 ; T ( ~ y , p e s p e c i e s , -- .?erranus 1eucogran;micu:: ~u.vl:e.r and ~ a l e n o i e n n e s ) . ( I . m m r o d o n -- leucogreamicus erra anus l encograu i~ icus Cuvier srld V6,lenciennes 182C. I t ~ s t . --- n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 2 , p. 34.7. (Type l o c a l i t y , Moluccas and S e y c h e l l e s ) . 2 specimens. 160 and 169 ma. Onotoa lagoon. Color i n l i f e o l i v e green w i t h rds t -co lore (1 s p o t s on head and body. Body s l e n d e r , dep th about 3.7 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; no p a l a t i n e t e e t h ; caudal rounded. Genus ?LLCTROPGUJS Plectronoinus Oken 17e2. Isis, p. 1782. (Type s p e c i c s , Uodianus imculatu..; Ecloch) . -..- - Flactroporfius t r u n o a t u s Fowler and Rean 1930. '-3~11, T i . S. Xat. liius. 1 0 0 ; ~ v o l . 1 0 , p . L96., fig. 5 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Atulagan i s land , , Luzon) . , . . . . . . 2 speciciens. 290 and 368 rm. 1 s p e c h e n . 32 WE. Onotoa . D V I I I , 1 1 ; A I I I , 8 ; P 13 o r ' l 6 . ( 2 specimens) . gi.11 r a k e r s 11 ( a l l but 3 a r e ' P u d i m e n t 8 ) . (1 specimen) .. Color ' f r o m 35 mi.;:odach.rorne t ransparency of 36Fj nifi s p e c i - roen da rk brown with head, body, and f5.m covekeriavith. numerous s~na l l . dark-edged. n e t a l l l c blue-green s p o t s . . . . . Caudal f i n t r u n c a t e ; dep th of body'about 3.2 511 s t anha rd l e n g t h ; a p a i r of c lose-s& can ine t e e t h a n t e r i o r l y on each s i d e of upper jaw, each p o i r s e p a r a t e d by about an eye diarneter i n d i s t a n c e ; lower jaw wi th s i m i l a r a n t e r i o r d e n t i - t i s n , t he p a i r s being s l i g h t l y c l o s e r t o g e t h e r , and two' a d d i t i o n a l well-spaced can ines p o s t e r i o r l y . . The e n d s o f t h e s e l o n g can ines f i t ' i n t o ~ o c k d t s . . on t h e oppos i t e . .. jaw. Ths srilall specimen was t aken with ro tenone f ro i i the su r f ece of a lagoon c o r a l head .ill t h r eE f ee t . of wate r . It was brown wi th dark blue s p o t s . One ' o f ' t h e a d u l t s was c o l l e c t e d from t h e . lagoon s i d e . o f the west r e e f i n about 5 f:eet of water and ' the 0 t h 6 r fr0ri.i t h e leeward o u t e r r e e f i n th$ . norther11 p k r t . o P t h e a t o l l . a t about t h e sa-medcipth. Genus VARIOLA Var io la Swaiason 1839. 1Je.t. h i o t . c l ~ s s . f i s h e s , amphibians, ..., vo l . 2, p. 202. (Type s o e c i e s , V a r i o l ~ longipinnn wainso on). 0 I'erca l o u t i Forska l 1775. Descr. anirnal.l.um, pp. x i , 40. ( T y p T T E k l i t y , ~ e d s ~ R ) . . . 2 specimens. 182 and 225 m. Tarnwe., D I X , l 4 , ; A I I I , 8 ; P 1 9 ; $ill rn!cer:s 24 (count ing a l l r u d i & n t s ) (1 specimen) . Color from 35 r m Kodachrorae t r anspa rency of a specimen c o l l e c t e d a t Kwajzlein, ??Tarshall I s l a n d s : g reen i sh brown, shading t o p u r p l i s h on c h i n and abdor~en, wi th numerous dark-edged r e d s p o t s on head, body, and f i n s ( t h o s e on body h o r i z o n t a l l y e longa te . ) ; pectoral f i n y e l l o q , b l s c k i s h b a s a l l y ; margin of caudcL f i n o rang i sh . . . A p a i r of e l o n s a t e cbnine, t ea t i1 a n t e r i o r l y i n upper and lower jaws, t h o s e on lower ';jaw more .filedially l oce t ed t h a n those oil upper jaw; two e l o n g a t e can ines i n middle of s i d e of d e n t a r y ; canine t e e t h f i t t i n g i n t o s o c k e t s i n t he oppo- s i t e jaw; caudal f i n very l u n a t e . Genus GRi;!XISTES G r a m i s t e s Bloch and Schneider 1801. S y s t e m i .chth. , p . 182. ( m e cJ.es, CTTa1mi$&4.s+ ori .entr i1. i~ Bloch and %hneider = Per sa s e x - ! . i n . e w ~ u u b c - r r : ~ Grramdistes s e x l i n e a t u s - Perca s e x l i n e a t a T h h b e r g 179.2. ;:ongl. Vet. Akari. Nya 11andl., v o l . 13, p. 142 , p l . 5. (Type l o c a l i t y , Cas t I n d i e s ) . Grarnmistes - o r i e n t a l i s ~ l f i t h e r 1873. J o u r . Xus. Godokf'roy, vo l . 2 , p t . 3 , p. 10 . (Kingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) . . . . . . . Y,nsigraou.a S c h u l t z i n ,;chultz and c o l l a b o r a t o r s 1953. I3ull.. U. S. Nat . B.;us. 2=, p: 372. ('c'ype s p e c i e s , Ypsigremna l i n e a t a g c h u l t z = Chor l s t i s t iu rn -- susur&i ~ordnEa=al]re) . Ypsigramma b r o c k i Y.mi ramuia SrocKi :';chultz i n ~ c h u l t z and c o l l a b o r e t o r s 1953. . Hat. Xus. 2 0 2 ; pp. 3'73, 379, f i g . 60. (Type l o c a i k t y , Rongelap A t o l l , Marsha l l I s l a n d s ) . 1 specimen. 58 iillil. Onotoa. D VI-1,12; A I I I , 8 ; ? 14; g i l l r a k e r s 6-1-13. Color1' i n l i f e l i g h t gray w i t h i r r e g u l a r olive-brown loiigi t t idi 'ni l '1.ines on t h e body, t h r e e of which c a r r y forward t o h h d c d r r , e of eye ; f i n s p ink ; Snout r e d d i s h ; i r i s yellow. This specimen was des igna ted by Schu1 . t~ (1953) e s a pa,ratype of b rock i . . . I examined t h e kolotype of Y'. s u s w i (Jordnn and Sea le %906:256, f ig ' . 4.8). The chief-basis f o r S c h u l t z t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of Y. l i n e a t a a s d i s t i n c t f r o n susumi i s t h e pos se s s ion by t h e - l a t t e r of' 10 n redo r sa l s c a l n t e n d of 1 2 . I countkd 12 on susun i . I h v ieu of t h i s and t h e g r e a t s i n i l a r i t y i n c o l o r p a t t e r n , I p lace l i n e a t a i n the synonymy of susumi . Y. brocki i s obviously ve ry c l o ~ j e l y r ~ l a t e d t o sus.umi -.' fro?;i whlch i t d i f f e r s s l i g h t l y in. color & t t e r n . ' 'ilho holo type o f brocli i i s 40 rim long . It hns only t r a c e s of l eng thwise ' ~ ~ n t h e body. Th6 Onotca p a r a t y p e , 5 8 im i n l e n g t h , . is . i n t e rmed ia t e i n c o l o r between t h e holotype of b rock i and the ho lo type of susumi, which neasu re s 66 m. m Z l j 7 -.- brock i should a l s o be a synonym of susuu i . Iflore 'specimens a r e needed t o . ? l u c i d a t 6 . . t h i s probleir . , . .... . . . . . enu us , ANTHIAS .. . , , Anthias Bloch 1792. Natur. auslk(nd. F i s che , vo l . 6 , p t . 9 , p. 97. (Type s p e c i e s , Labrus a n t h i a s Linnaeus) . Ser ranus (An th i a s ) s uami , i n n i s P e t e r s 1855. Monatsb. Akad. TViss. B e r l i n , p. 429 *Type l o c a l i t y , Edozambicpe). . . , . . ' i ? Anthins n o b i l i s ~ r a n z - l 9 1 0 , : . ~ b h . '&ye%. ~ k a d . l t l i s s , , vo l . 4 . ,{3= , fi?. 4 k . , i . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . , , . 1 spec inen . 64 mu. Onotoa &goon. . . D X,17; A III,7; P 1 8 ; g i l l r a x e r s 9-1-24. Color i n l i f e brown w i t h an oran e band from eye t o p e c t o r a l Pin ( f a i n t i n p r e s e r v a t i v e ? ; snout and t i p of lower jaw o r m g e ; rows of l o n g i t u d i n a l orange s p o t s on s i d e of body (no l s n g e r v i s i b l e i n . p r e se rva t ive ) ; a . b r i g h t red s p o t . owuppe r d i s t a l ' p a r t of p e c t o r a l f i n between t h i r d and . : seven th r a y s : ( . t h i s s p o t b l a c k i s h . i n p u e s e r v a t i v i ) ; . . . . . . caudal .. f i n b r i g h t yellow, t h e upper 'and lower l o b e s orange; d o r s a l f i n brown b a s a l l y , orange d i s t a l l y ; a n a l f i n ye l lowish . . . . . . . . . There a r e 45 t o 50 l a t o , r a l . ~ l i i i f j ' s c a l s s . ' The specimen was speared and badly dgnaged 4n t h e m i d d l e of 6h.e. body. on: both... s i d e s , h,ence an accu~a .ke :oount or l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s can no t be'fande; 5 Obalbs, between ~ n t e s i o r end of I a ' t e r a l l i n e and orig3.n of d o r s a l f i n : two ope rcu l a r s p i n e s ; e n t i r e head s c a l e d ; E a x i l l a r y s c a l s d ; c a u d ~ l f i n deeply fo rked , ' the l obes drawn o u t i n f i 1 a m c n . t ~ ; d i s t a n c e from t i p of upper lobe t o most c-lnterior p a r t of p o s t e r i o r m r g i n of caudal : f i n con ta ined 4.7 t imes i n s t andnrd l e n g t h ; depth o r body 3.1 i n s t ~ l i d a r d l e n g t h ; eye 3.7 i.n head lenf?, th; h.ead 3.6 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; a canine. t s a t h extendin? a n t e r o - l a t e r n l l y : from each corner o f . t i p of Lowcr jaw; a secand can ine t oo th , s l i g h t l y l a r g e r , a s h o r t d i s t a n c e behind the f i r s t and recurvecl p o s t e r i o r l y ; d o r s a l f i n con t inuous ; t h i r d d o r s a l s p i n e not nroduced t o r, f i l ame t i t . According t o Fowler and Bean (1939:305) t h e t h i r d d o r s a l s p i n e of t h i s s p e c i e s i s no t always e longa t e . I examined a specimen froic t h e P h i l i p p i n e s i d e n t i f i e d ss ~ a m i p i m i i s by Fowler and Hean. It d i f f e r e d from t h e one from 0 r l o t o a i n having t h e t h i r d d o r s a l s p i n e p:roduced, a l e s s ev iden t b l a c k i s h s p o t on t h e p e c t o r a l f i n , hO l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s , and a g i l l . r a k e r count of 10-1.-22. ir'owl.er and Sean cons idered Anth ias n o b i l i s P r a m from Jepaii a s a v a r i e t y of ~unr; i&inri is . -.- -. dt l e a s t i n c o l o r a t i o n , t h e Onotoa s.pecirnen no ra n e a r l y resembles t h i s form. Mi ro l ab r i ch thxs lieure 1927. ; - h i l i p p i n e jour . Sc i . , vol.. 32, p. 413. p y p c s p e c i e s , ?d i ro l ab r i ch thys tuka Herre and - - MoatalSsn) . Miro lab r i ch thys tuka -.- Miro lab r i ----- chthys - tuke ~ e r r & and it1ontal.ba.n 1927 .; Shi l ippi i lc? Jou r . 3c i ., vol.. 32, p . 413, p1. I. (Type l o c G l i t y , Xarioaban I s l a n d , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s ) . 1 specimen. 85 ma. Onotoa D X , l6 ; A ILI ,7 ; P 1 8 ; @ l l r a k e r s 3 b . Color i n l i f e .r.o:sJi:..iavender shadj.ng t o 1ight" lavender v e n t r a l l y ; an o rnrqe l i n e f r o n snout t o base of p e c t o r a l f i n ; f a i n t 1ong i tuCina l l i n e s of orenge d o t s on body; f i n s . ,. b r i g h t magenta. :' ... .. .. ;. A'5mal.l f l e s h y - prominence ex t end ing v e n t r a l l y from t i p of upper. jew; ~?iaxi l l a r y broad', maximum depth more t han one-half eye d i ame te r ; a can ine t o o t h p r o j o c t i n g e n t e r o - l a t e r ~ l l y frorr, each s i d e of end of lower jaw; a second can ine t o o t h , i t s t j .p curvefl backwarcl, on each s i d e of mnnikible p o s t e r j . 0 ~ t o f i r s t c an ine ; margin of hind h a l f of o r b i t p a 9 i l l a t e : c auda l f i n deeply for!ied.; t h e l o b e s produced t o f i l s m e n t s ; dep th of body about 3 i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h ; eye 4.5 i n . head l e n g t h ; d o r s a l f i r l cc)ntinuous. I lerre and Montalban desc r ibed the l i f e color ol tuka f r o n -- t h e P h i l i p p i n e s a s brownish r ed above, tl.16 s i d e s r o s e a t e , wi th two longi tud ina l . golden r e ? bands, and go lden f1.m w i t h 8 v i o l e t pa t ch on t h e s o f t dorsr:l. I examined specimens i n t h e United s t a t e s Nat iona l Museum f r o n t h e P l i l i p p l n e s and E a s t I n d i e s idc;ntifie:l a s - tu!:ia ari(1. found, no important d i f f e r e n c e s ' i n t h e co lor la pr esBrv%t&ve o r mornhulogy. between the se ;?nd t h e Onotoa 's;jecim?n, Tile counts from a specimen pop2 Borneo a r e : E XJ5; A .I11,7; 17 17.; g i l l r a !, .:. < ..- . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . Pharopteryx n i g r i c a n s . R&tl?ell :18T8;i:i:$t.~~s,.,.~~;.i~e i m n&dl ichen A f r i k a , p . 1 5 , p l . k - , J i g . 2 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . . . . t. ! :::, ... ! .. , , ,..~ < , . I . . .." .-... 8 . ! . . . . . l . s p e ~ i m c n . 88rd1nn:~"0n'otoa.'. - . , . 2 specimens. 85 . . . . . . . . . ,and 96 ran. Tsrawa. . . . . . . . . D X11,7;,:)~ I?I,,G; ,?P ,zO; s c a l e s froi ' ;~ g i l l opening t o base of caudnl iYii 27' ' f l s fJeclmen) . Color i r i . '11P 'e ' 'b l~i ik i?f( ' .~ i$h: sma l l l i g h t blu5sh green s p o t s (one per S c b l e ) on body and-'gxt'encling ou t on f i n s ; a prominent dark-edged blue spo t on o p e r o l e : a blue l i n e a t bass of d o r s a l f i n ; d i s t a l end of p e c t d r s l .-,.. , f i n and membrarie 'bGt,v#een f i r s t b r anch ios t ega l r a y and o p e r c l e b r i e h t ol?cin&e-yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; : . . :' . . . . , The Onotoa s p e d r o e ~ ~ ~ims caught :by h i lnd , .bp :~ ; 'I!?;. ~ t r e ~ b u r g fronl bensqth, ,a roc;!: L a n sha l low t i .de poul , j u s t shoreward. of . . t h e t!~,itfi~$bylr@ +1 +d[:e a t loye tl.d+3;'!.':: i-:. ,,.. ' , . . . . . : ; V ' . , . !i.*;,p:; . . . . >.,. ..... s . . . . J,,; ;.,. . . . I :-:, . . ! ! : ,.... !I .Acco . rd . in~ ,$p: ;Rup~el l ' s d e s c r i p t f on':i~ld. f lg l t i?~,. P. ni ,c r icans l ac l t s . , t he .,da'P&:.spot 'on t h e oper6I.e :wh$aYr ~ikk:scrich~~Fac%erL.st;ic . . , .., . , ,. . . . . . . of t h e s$ec&s i i j '0cesri ia . . .. , . ,.. ,!., i;-;L.;y{;i;:;j;:; ,:: . . . ..... < . . , . . . . , . . .\ ,., . 1; ,, ' t i ) : . , . . : 1 . : . . : ~ i , s fami ly i n c l u d e s smal l f i s h e s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e mouths and eyes and two s e p n r a t e d o r s a i f i n s . The males of a t l e a s t some genera i neuba t e t h e eggs i n t h e mouth. kpogonids a r e r a r e l y seen underwater a s they a r e n o c t u r n a l and a r c foui:d under rocks o r i n h o l e s i n t h e c o r a l du r ing t h e dny. T h r e w$re no G i l b e r t e s e names f o r t he s p e c i e s o r even f o r t h i s g r m p of f i s h e s i n g e n e r a l . Lncbner i n Szi lu l tz and c o l l a b o r a t o r s ( 1 9 5 3 ) recorded 22 s p ~ c i e s of &d~::al f i s h e s from t h e n o r t h e r n Marsha.11 I s l a n d s . S i x t e e n a r e he re l i s t a d from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s , f i v e of which were uo t repor ted , by Lachner. Vildoubtedly more s p e c i e s of' t h i s f a u i l y occur i n both e r e a s t h a n have t h u s f e r been . . . c o l l e c t e d . Key t o t he Spec ies of Apogonidae Recorded from the G i l b e r t 1sla:lds l a . A n e a r - v e r t i c a l , d ~ r k brown band f r o n o r i g i n of sp inous d o r s a l f i n t o abdomea between p e l v i c and a n a l f i n s ; prominent da rk brown s ; )ots on head and body; body dep th g r e a t , nbout 2 i n s t a n d a r d Length ...,........... ....................:.-.:............... .hpogon o r h i c u l a r i s - l b . No n e a r - v e r t i c a l da rk brown band on body; no prominent dark brown s p o t s on head and body; body depth n o t .......... g r e a t , about 2 .5 t o 6 i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h . r .2 22. Enlarged canirle t e e t h l a c k i n & i n jaws; bociy somewhat e l e v a t e d , i t s dep th con ta ined l e s s t han 4 tirnos i n . standcrrd l e n g t h ; p a l a t i n e t e e t h ? r e s e n t o r absen t . . - 3 2b. Enlarged can ine t e e t h , 3 t o 6 t imes longnr,.th,a.n remairiing v i l l i f o r m t e e t h , p r e s e n t i n jaws; boc3.y r e l a t i v e l y e l o n g a t e , i t s dep th con ta ined 4 o r more t imes i n ............. s t a n d a r d l e n g t h ; p a l a t i n e t e e t h p r e s e n t 13 3a. F i r s t d o r s a l f i n composed of 6 s p i n e s ( t h e f i r s t s p i n e i s sma l l and e a s i l y ove r looked ) , t h e second s p i n e t h e l o n g e s t ; body pa l e ( t r a n s p a r e n t r e d i n l i f e ) wi th no ............ d e f i n i t e markings; pa1atir :e t e e t h p r e s e n t 4. 3b . F i r s t d o r s a l f i n composed of 7 s p i n e s , t n c t h i r d s p i n e t h e l o n g e s t ; body w i t h d e f i n i t e da rk markings; p a l a t i n e ......................... t e e t h p r e s e n t or absent . . . . . 5 4a. Second d o r s a l s p i n e very l o n g , 3.6 o r l e s s i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; p r o f i l e fro21 snout t o o r i g i n of f!.rst d o r s a l f i n almost s t r a i g h t ; p o s t e r i o r n a r g i n of p r e o n e r c l e very f e e b l y s e r r a t ed . ; 1 2 p e c t o r a l rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... Apogon doryssa 4b. Second d o r s a l s p i n e of uode ra t e l e n g t h , 4.2 o r more i n s tandard l e n g t h ; p r o f i l e from snout t o o r i g j n of f i r s t d o r s a l ria d e f i n i t e l y curved; p o s t e r i o r margin of p r e o p t r c l e w i t h obvious s e r r a t i o n s ; 14. p e c t o r a l r a y s . ................................ . n p o e r y t h r i n u s 5 ~ . ~ p e r c l e w i t h a round o r e l l i p t i c a l b lack b lo t ch about two-thi rds d iamete r of eye i n w id th ; l a t e r a l l i u e incomplete , ending under base of second d o r s a l f i n ( though a Pew pores may be v i s ib l e . p o s t e r i o r l y ) ; no p a l a t i n e . t e e t h ; ceudal f i n rounded; p o s t e r i o r and a n t e r i o r margins of p r eope rc l e not s e r r s t e d ; p o s t e r i o r end of m a x i l l a r y ex teads beyond a ve r t i ca l . through the p o s t e r i o r edge of eye ( i n young specimens t h e maxillary ioay r e a c h only t o p o s t e r i o r edge of e y e ) . ... 5b. Opercle wi thout a round o r e l l i p t i c a l b lack b l o t c h ; l a t e r a l l i n e coolplete; p a l a t i n e t e e t h p r e s e n t ; caudal f i n eruarginate or f o r ~ ~ e d ; pos t e r i . 0 ~ margin of p r eope rc l e s e r r a t e d , a n t e r i o r margin may or may not be s a r r a t e d ; p o s t e r i o r end of max i l l a ry t e rmina t e s i n . f r o n t of a v e r t i c a l th rough P o s t e r i o r edge o f eye. . ,7 6a . Sonewbet i r r e g u l e r , l eng thwise l i n e s of smal l b lack spo t s . . . on body.. . . . . . . . . ..................... Apogon i sos t igma ............ 6b. No smal l black s p o t s on body.. Apogon a u r i t u s 78. Body wi th one o r a few l o n g i t u d i n a l dark s t r i p e s ; no dark diagonal s t r e a k on cheek running from posteroven- t r a l edge of eye t o p o s t e r i o r margin of p r e o p r c l e ; a n t e r i o r margin of p r eope rc l e smooth or s e r r a t e d . . . . . 8 7b . Body wi thout l o n g i t u d i n a l da rk s t r i p e s ; a d ~ r k d iagona l s t r ea i r running from eye t o p o s t e r i o r rmrg in of p r e o p e r c l e ; a n t e r i o r margin of p r eope rc l e ~ r i o o t h . . . . l 2 8a. Body wi th 5 l o n g i t u d i n a l dark s t r i p e s , t h e uppermost a d j a c s n t t o d o r s a l f i n s ; a n t e r i o r margin of p r eope rc l e smooth; s u b o r b i t a l smooth; a dark spo t a t base of caudal f i n hay or rnny i:ot be p r e s e n t ( i f p r e s e n t , i t i s cen te reu on t h e end of the l a t e r a l l i n e ) . . . . . . . . . . 9 8b. Body w i t h only 1 l o n g i t u d i n a l dark s t r i p e , t h i s s t r i p e pas s ing from snout through eye t o caudal peduncle ( i n a few specliaens t h i s s t r i p e i s f a i n t , e s p e c i a l l y p o s t e r i o r t o heacl.) ; a n t e r i o r margin of p r eope rc l e s e r r a t e d ; s ~ b o r ' n i t a l s t r o n g l y s e r r a t e d ; a da rk round- is11 s p o t on caitdtil, peduncle nea r end o f , and s l i g h t l y above, l a t e r a l .lin.e...........,........,.............ll 9s. second and f o u r t h body s t r i p e s cu rve t o meet nildd.le body s t r i p e a t bese of cuudr,l f i n ; ugper and lorw: i:ierc,ins of caudal f i n no t narrowly dsricr brown; median body s t r i p e ends a t base of cauda l f i n i n a roundish j e t b l a c k s p o t (obscured by s t r i p e i n m e l a n i s t i c s p e c i - ................... mens) . . . . . . . . . Apogon n i g r o f a s c i a t u s 9b, 3econd.and f o u r t h body s t r i p e s do no t curve t o n e e t midd'le body s t r i p e a t b s s e of caudal f i n ( i f second a n d f o u r t h s t r i p t s j o i n median s t r i p s , they do so w e l l o u t on caudal f i n r a y s ) ; , upper and lower margins of caudal f i n . riarrowly d a r k , brown ( f i i i n t i n novemfcisciatus) ; a e d i a n body s t r i p e may o r a a y no t end i n a b l a c k . s p o t ( i f a s p o t i s p r e s e n t , i t appears more a s an e l l i p t i c a l erllargement o f end. o f s t r i p e t han a d i s t i n c t s p o t ) .... .......................... ;.........................lo 108. Second a n d f o u r t h body s t r i p e s end a t ba se of cauda l f i n ( though t r a c e s of d a r k pigrcient may sx tend ou t on caudal f i n r a y s f r o n s t r i p e s ) ; medim body s t r i p e e n l s r g e d s l i g h t l y t o 811 e l l i p t i c a l - s h a p e d a r e a a t base of cauda l f i n ( u s u a l l y a l i t t l e da rke r than s t r i p e ) ... ....................................... Apogon robus tus 0 Second and f o u r t h body s t r i p e s ex ton3 on caudal f i n , -converging t o ' j o i n or n e a r l y j o i n median s t r i p e near end of f i n ; .median body s t r i p e not en la rged a t base of caudal f i n . . ..................... .Anogon novemfascia tus l l a . Body somwhat longa ate, , i t s dep th co'ntained 3.2 t o 3.11 t imes i n stand.ard l e n g t h ; caudal. ped'uncular s p o t l a r g e , 2 t o 3.8 i n l e a s t dep th of caudal peduncle: l eng thwise body s t r i p e a13ruptly nkrrow p o s t e r i o r t o hend and i n d i s t i n c t on lar$e,specirne.ns; p ignen t on :paler r e g i o n s ' of body uniform; rio da rk brown saddle on bdck beneath . . . ,second ~ o ~ s R ! . . f i n ; ; . . . . . .~~~.~. . . . . . . .Apo&on exostigme I l b . Budy.~orcewhat e l e v a t e d , i t s d e p t h coritained 2.7 t o 2.9 t imes i n s t anda rd leng th : zoaudal pedunculal: s p o t s n a l l , 3.4 t o 6 i n l e a s t dep th of cauda l peduncle; l eng thwise bociy , s t r i p e of equa l w i d t h throughout nos t of i t s . ' . l e n g t h ; pigment .on p a l e r r e g i o n s of body c o n c ~ n t r a t e d on p e r i p h e r a l p o r t i o n s of s c a l e s ; a dark brown saddle u s u a l l y on back beneath second d o r s a l f in . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ Apogon snyde r i 12a . Caudal peduncis w i th a dark; s a d d l e d o r s a l l y ( t h i s s add le r e a c h i n g midventral . l i n e i n spebimene sma l l e r t ha~ : approximately &5 1.m); a prominent d i a g o ~ l a l d a r k mark on cheek, n o t i c e a b l y broader a t edge of eye t han a t p o s t e r i o r :liargin of preopercle. ; a dark band i l l upper and lower l obes of cauda l E n . . ..... .Apogon savagens i s . . - . . 12b ; ~audal~pe~unc1~:v~ithout d a r k & r k i n g s or with on ly a sma l l d a r x spot l o c a t e d ' s l i g h t i y above a i d l a t e r a l l i n e ; d a r k mark on cheek very f a i n t , narrow, and of almost uniform wid th ; no d a r k band i n upper anc? lower l o b e s of caudal f i n . . ..... .; ........:........ .Apogon nubi lus 138. Poster io ' r inargin o f p.reopercle wi th a s i n g l e , s t o u t . . s p i m and a ner.ibrsnous vss i t ra i . f l s g .xhicj* p r ~ , i e c t s p o s t e r i o r l y ; body ',pi-11.e ( t r a n s p a r e n t , v ~ i t h e1lvc;rg abdomn i n l i f e ) wi thsu t eng d e r i n i t o desk na rk ings ; each p e l v i c f i n un i t ed i n i t s e n t i r e 1c;ngth wi tk a membrane t o mid-ven t ra l l i n e of body; cnudal f i f i fo rked . . ....................... Cyrlinapo(:on pbil.l.p+nus l 3 b . P reope rc l e lacicinp a s i n g l e s t o u t s p i n e 2nd mernbrnnou.n f l a p : body w i t h a d e f i n i t e p i p i m t p a t t e r n ; ~ c l v i c f i n s n a t u n i t e d w i t h a mcabrane t o body; c a u d : ~ l f i n rounded o r fo rked . . . . . . . . . , ................................. 1 4 ' 146. L a t o r u l l i n e incomplete , ending beneath sacon:! d o r s a l f i n ; a n t e r i o r preop~rcu1:t' n a r g i n no t v i s i b l e ex t e r - n a l l y ; o p e r c u l a r margin wi th a notcl i a t l e v e l of r aax i l l a rg ; caudal f i n ropnded; s c a k s small . , about 55 i n l eng thwise s e r i e s ; body wi th about 1.5 l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s end. w i t h smal l dtirk. s p o t s supcr- imposed oil lint? p a t t e r n . an& on /i6?d; a l t ~ r g e rouiid black b l o t c h a t base of caudal f i n , i t s c e n t e r above . . rnidline 01' boc?y; an e longa t e black f l a g e t pouterTor efi(~e of a n t e r i o r nus t r i l . ........ ,Pseudai:&a :~olys t igma ----.- 14b. ~ a t e r a l i n e c o a p l s t e ; a a t : ? r i o r 'prco!,c:rcu?Ler imrg in evid-ont e x t e r n a l l y ; no notch i n opo rcu l a r filargin; c auda l f i n f o r k e d ; s c a l e s l a r g o , 25 i n 1eng.t.h":dise s e r i e s ; body w i t h 5 l o n g i t u d i n n l dark l in i~s , 3 of t he se extending p a s t ends of second' d o r s a l oad e n a l f i n s ; a b lack s p o t c m t a i n e d i n a p a l e a r e a i n i:iic!- l i n e a t base of cauda l f i n ; a r l t e r i a r n.out:il t u b u l a r . . . ........................................................................................... 1.5 . . . . . . . .......... 15a. T ip of lower jaw wi thout en la rged c.?r.~ino t e e t h ;CheilodipI;erils ouinquel.inoatus ........................ -.--- d. -- 15b. Tip of lower jab on each s i d e :)f symphsis with 1 or 7 en la rged canine t e e t h . . ...... .Che i lod ip t e rus i,sostigc;a Genus APOWiP i i ~ o g o n LacepGde 1802. I i i s t . n a t . ~ o i s s . , v o l . 3 , n . 411. *;;~j s p e c i e s , Apogon rube r LacepBdt?). Apopon o r b i c u l a r i s Apoeon or b i c u l a r i s .(Kuiuhl a n d Van I iasse l t ) Cuvier and -"T?i&ciun-ries 1828. f i i s t . n e t . oo i s s . , voJ.. 2 , p . 155 . (Fowler, 1928, g ive$ the type i a c a l i t y a s J a v a ) . Amia -o r ' b i c u l a r i s Fo~wler 192f3. Xem. 5. P. Bishop?&.::. , ~ o l . 10, p. 1.54. ( ~ ~ i n ~ s m i l l . I s l a n d s ) . A p B doryssa - Amia doryssa Jordan and Sea le 1906. .7ulL. U. 3 . B u r . F i s h . , - V O l . 25 , p. 245, f i g . 39. (Type l o c a l i t y , Apia , Samoa). 2 specimens. 23 and 36 m. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e was probably t r a n s p a r e n t r e d , a s t h i s s p e c i e s was not d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t he f i e l d from Aaogon e r y t h r i n u s which i s t h i s c o l o r . The co lo r ir. a l c o h o l i s pa l e w i t h t r a c e s of b lack pigment a n t e r i o r l y a t base of each d o r s a l f i n and a t base of caudal. f i n . Apogon d.oryssa d i f f e r s from A. e r y t h r i n u s p r i n c i g a l l y i n having a stout^^. and longe r sec-d;ld d o r s a l s p i n e , a s t r a i g h t e r p r o f i l e froii? t h e snout t o t he o r i g i n ' o f t h e d o r s a l f i n , and 1 2 i n s t e a d of 14 p e c t o r a l r a y s . The holotype wcs examined. an& cornpared w i t h t h e two specimens frorn t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . Apos,or, d o ~ y s s a -appea r s t o be a r a t h e r r a r e s p e c i e s , . i n c0nt r t ;y t t o t h e u s u a l l y abundant A a o n e r y t h r i n u s . Th.ere may be h a b i t a t d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e t w o s p e c i e s . The specimens of e r y t h r i n u s were taken fro19 the lagoon o r shallow channel between the sea r e e f and t h e lagoon. A . doryssa was ob ta ined from t h e sea s i d e of t h e a t o l l , thougK i-1- p r a t e c t e d a r e a of numerous sma l l c o r a l heads . Apogon e r y t h r i n u s Apogon e r y t h r i n u s Snyder 1904. B u l l . U . 9. F i s h . Com. , vo l . -- 22, p. 526, p l . 9 , f i g . 17. (Type l o c a l i t y , Puako Bay, I-lewaii) . . ' 9 specimens. 23 - 30 m. Onotoa. D V I - I , g ; A I I , 8 ; P 14; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows 22 t o 24. ( 4 specimens) . Color i n l i f e t r a n s p a r e n t r e d . Color i n a l c o h o l p a l e , u s u a l l y w i t h a ' smal l e l o n g a t e p a t c h of t i n y black spec!:s p o s t e r i o r l y and m i d l a t e r a l l y on caudal geduacla . Occasional specimens w i t h t i n y s p e c m of d a r k pigment s c a t t e r e d on the body; o f t e n t h e ou te r edges of n c a l e s appear s l i g h t l y darker t h a n t h e c e n t r a l p o r t i o n s . A l l of t he above-mentioned p igmenta t ion i s inconspicuous, however, and the g e n e r a l co lo r e f f e c t i s of a uniformly p a l e f i s h . The type was examined. Th i s and o t h e r Eawaiian specimens had n o r e t i n y dark s p o t s on t h e body than the specimens frorn t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s , and they appear t o be of l a r g e r average s i z e . Apogoa i s o s t i g s a A p o g o n i c h t a s isos t igma Jordan and % a l e 1906.' Bul l . U. 9. Sur. F i s h . , v o l . 25, p. 251, f i g . 45. ( l y p : ? . l o c a l i t y , . . Apia, Semou ) . 7 spec inens . 30 - 58 run. Onotoa lagoori and sea r e e f . Color i n a l c o h o l brown w i t h a prominent roundish black s p o t on s p e r c l e a r~d nurflorous sriiall dark s p o t s in ~ p p r a x i - - mate l i n e a r s e r i e n on body; a h o r i z o n t a l dark l i n e above ope rcu la r s p o t ; two darls l i n e s ex tending p o s t e r i o r l y nnd s l i @ t l g dovv'r~waru from lower p o r t i o n o f eye ( t h e lower l i n e i s n.arrow and the upper l ine , : :which ex tends t o margin of p reope rc l e a t l e v e l of ope rcu la r s p o t , i s broader and more d i f f u s e ) ; o r ee on c h e w between t h e s e two l i n e s and around t h e o , p r o u l a r spo t p a l e r ' than r e s t of bead.; finc; dusky, e s p e c i a l l y th& caada l , whic.11 has a pule edge p o s t e r i o r l y ( t h i s p a l e edge' narro'vkr i n median p o r t i o n of f i n ) . A 1 7 mra specimen from .the . M a r k h s l l I s l a n d s c-,n be i d e a t i f i e d a s i s o s t i . ; bov&v~r , t i l e l i ne s of s p o t s on t h e body a r e not -- apparen t , though s c a t t e r e d sma l l s p o t s o c c w . The type a a s examined. I n c o n t r a s t t o S c h u l t z ' s ststkriient (191+3: 93) t h a t p a l a t i n e t e e t h a r e u sua l ly p r e s e n t i n this s p e c i e s , none were found i n any of t h e specimens from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . J o r d a n end Sea l e (1956) u t i l i z e d t h e l a c k of p a l a t i n e t e e t h , a long w i t h t h e ope rcu la r spo t and i n t e r r u ? t e d l a t e r a l l i n e a s a b a s i s f o r including -- i s o s t i g m i n &o~pn ich thys S leeker . %Apogon a u r i t u s Cuvier ' and Valenciennes 1831. B i s t . ;flat. p o i s s . , v o l . 7 , p . 4.1c3. (Type l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . , 6 specimens. 26 - 38 . a n . 2 specimens. 62 and 72 mi. . . . Onotoa . ,. . . . . . . . D bfI1-'I,9; A II,8 o r 9 ( u s u a l l y 8 ) ; P 14.; v e r t i c a l s c a l o e rows 24 o r 25. ( 3 specirncns). G i l l r a k e r s . o f t he two l a r g e spec inens 14. (count ing rud imen t s ) . . . Color i n a l coho l brown w i t h a . p ~ o a i n s n t round or e l l i p t i - c a l blacic spo t -on ope ro l e , ~ e l a t i v e ~ y l a r g e r i n siml1r;r specimens ( i n l a r g e specinens t h e a n t e r i o r p o r t i o n of t k e spo t i s s l i g h t l y c o v ~ r e d by t h e p r e o p e r c l e ) ; a sh.ort h o r i z o n t a l da rk l i n e v i s i b l e above ope rcu la r spo t ( t h i s i s r a t h e r i r i d i s t i n c t i n l a r g e specime.ns); tv;o or t h r e e dark l i n e s ex tending p o s t e r i o r l y from eye a s i n A, i sos t igma ( i n t h e l a r g e specimens on ly the lowermost of t z e s e l i n e s i s d i s t i n c t ) , Small speciraens exhl .b i t v e r t i c a l Cuslcy b a r s on t h e body. 'i.h.& 38 ma specimen has t r a c e s of t h e s e ba r s and is cons idered i n t e r m e d i a t e between t h e a d u l t and juven i l e c o l o r pa t t e r n . Th i s specimen i s a s e x u a l l y n a t u r e female. Color i n l i f e orange-brown. The s p e c i e s was c o l l e c t e d from both t h e lagoon and the o u t e r r e e f . Bpogon - n i g r o f a s c i a t u s R ogon n i g r o f a s c i a t u s Lachner i n S c h u l t z and c o l l a b o r a t o r s %. B k l . U . S. Nat. Mus. 2 , v o l . 1, p. 4.66, f i g . 81. (Type l o c a l i t y , B ik in i A t o l l , N a r s h a l l I s l a n d s ) . 17 specimens. 28 - 64. mu. Onotoa lagoon and o u t e r r e e f . D VII-1,Y; A II,B; P 1k ; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows 24 or 25 . Color i n a l c o h o l p a l e w i t h 5 l o n g i t u d i n a l dusky t o b lack s t r i p e s on t h e body, a l l converging on t h e head ( t h e f i rst s t r i p e i s l o c a t e d mid-dorsal.ly; t h e t h i r d . s t r i p e pas ses from snout th rou& eye t o base of caudal f i n ; s t r i p e s above and below t h i s s t r i p e ex tend o n t o caudal peduncle , and a l l t h r e e merge a t base o f cauda l f i n ) . The s t r i p e s do not ex t end on t o t h e cauda l f i n r a y s . I n specL!ens i n which t h e s t r i p e s a r e c o t w r y da rk , a b lack s p o t i s v i s i b l e mid- l a t e r a l l y a t t h e base of t h s ,caudal fin.., An ob l ique dgrk s t r e a k may be seen b a s a l l y i n t he second d o r s a l .and a n a l f i n s . I n l i f e the body was r e d d i s h and t h e f i n s p a l e r e d . The s t r i p e s on t h e body v a r i e d from golden through dusky yellow t o b lack . This v a r i a b i l i t y i n c o l o r a t i o n occur red i n specinlens taken i n t h e sane poison s t a t i o n . n i g r o f a s c i a t u s anpears t o be very c l o s e l y r e l e t e d - -- t o Apogon a r o u b i s n s i s iiornbron and J scqu ino t . Lachner (1.953) s e p a r a t e d t h e two on t h e b a s i s of a l i e h t l v d i f f e r e n t g i l l r a k e r counts , l a r g e r s i z e o r n i g r o f a s c i a t b s a t m a t u r i t y , and b roade r , browner s t r i p e s i n a r o u b i e n s i s ; however, t h e s e two s p e c i e s have not y ~ t been c o l l e c t e d f r o q t h e same isl t lnd group, a r o u b i e n s i s being c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y Eas t Indinn and n i g r o f a s c i s t u s from Oceania (Marsha l l I s l a n d s , iitariunn I s l a n d s , Samoa, and A u s t r a l I s l a n d s ) . It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e two forms a r e merely subspec i e s of one wide-ranging s p e c i e s . They a r e however, about a s e a s i l y s epa ra t ed a s o t h e r s p e c i e s i n t h e d i f f i c u l t " f o s c i a t u s t l --..- complex, such a s nomenfascia tus , r o b u s t u s - 9 and angus t a tu s . Amia robus t a Smith a n d R a d c l i f f e ~ lY l2 . Proc. U. S. N i t . Mus., -- -.--- vol.. l i l , p . 255, f i g . 2 . (Type. l d c e l i t y , J o i o R e e f s , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s ) . . , . , . . . , . Amia -novei;ifasciiita ---- Jordan and See l e ' ( i n p a r t ) 1906. Bu1.l. U. S. Bur. F i s h . , vo l . 25, p . 242, f i g . 37. 1 spec i~nen . 58 ml:;.:.: . , . Tarawa . . , . . . . surge . . . . cbannsl . 1T) VTI-1,9; A II ,U'; 'P '~ll , ; . . . . v e r t i c a l s c n l s rows 24'. , . , ,, This s p e c i e s i s colore'ci. mpch l i k e n i g r o f a s c i a t u s , It d i f f e r s c h i e f l y i n t h e l a c k o f a round b lack spo t a t t h e b ~ s e . o f t h e caudal f i n , . i n t h e f d i l u c e of the sec.ond., t h i r d , and. f o u r t h body s t r i p e s t o merge a t the base of t h e cauda l f i n , and i n . t h e e x t s n s i o n of t h e s e s t r i n e s f a i n t l y on t o t he caudal f i n r a y s . Th&e i s ' s t r a c e of b lack pigment on t h e uppermost and lowermost p r i n c i p a l r a y s of t h e cauda l f i n . Y i ~ u r e 37 .of. Jordan and Sea le dl9061 . o o r t r a v s a Samoan sp&cimeh' of t h i s s p e c i e s , collsidered by t h e s e a u t h o r s e s a c o l o r v a r i e ~ J I of iipogo~i novemf'dscia t a . 'The . s p c i m e n frdt: t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . a o ~ ~ e a r s v e r v nuc5 l i k e th i s fisrure.:. but %, t h e p o s t e r i o r end of . t h e - ~ i i d d l e " body s t r i p e . i s n o t a s &oah o r u s d a r k and t h e r e i i l ; no. b l i g h t conve rgencso f t he s t r i $ e s abov-e'clnd below t h e r u i d d l e . s t r i p e Covdard t he end 01: t h e .' middle ' one. : Wch- marking : s e e m t o be charhcter is t1 .c of: "::: s p c i i a e n s from Guam and the .Marsha l1 I s l n n d s as w e l l aS ' . . Samoa. The specii!ien. frorc t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s d i f f e r s f u r t h e r from Jordan and S e a l e t s f i g u r e i n . l a c k i n g the b r ~ a d e n i n g of t h e s t r i p e B n : the"cheel.k a n t e r i o r t o t h e base of t h e 5 e c t o r a l f i n ; and thus I t posses se s a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e s i l v s r y ' a r e a on t he operc;uluin aboire t he p e c t o r a l base. The isthrilus, abdomen, and s i d e of'. t l ~ boliy t o . t h e end of t he pec . tora1 ' f i r 1 i s somewhat s i l vo r j i i n t h e preserved specimen. . .. I :> ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. > . . .. . > .... : . . . . . . * . . . . . &%on noveinfasciatus . . . - . .. Apogon nover, lfasciatus Cuvier :&.a Valenciennes 1828. I S s t . n & t . p o i s s . , voi., p. 1 5 & . . ' . ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Timor and G u a m ) . . . . . : . . . . . .. . : , . i - :, ,! I? . . hpo ,on f a s c i a t u s 'Gunthsr ( i n : p a r ~ j ' 1873. Jour .' Nus. Godeffroy, % 2 , : pt.; 3 , p. 19 , p l . 20,:Pj.g. 3. ( ~ i n & m i l l : I s l a n d s ) , . . , . . . . . . . Amia e x o s t i p m ~ Jordan and S t e r k s i n Jorf i~in erid 4fh31e ~ 0 6 , ~ . S. Bur. ~ i s h . , VZ. 2 5 , p. 2 3 8 , r i g . 31.. (Type l o c a l i t y , Apin , Samoa ) . A s 1 1 - f r a e n a t u s --- Lachner i n Schu l t z and c o l l a b o r a t o r s 1953. ~ u l y . U. 3. Nat. M U ~ . 2=, vo l . 1, p . 451. 6 specimens. 36 - 6 1 mm. Onotoa. D VI I - I , 9 ; A II,fl. i-' 13. v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows 24. ( 3 specimens ) . Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown w i t h a black s t rJ .pe extend- i n g frorn snout through eye t o middle of base o f : c m d a l f i n ( t h i s s t r i p e narrows a b r u p t l y p o s t e r i o r t o head; 111 l n r q x spec inens the p o r t i o n o f t h e s t r i , p e on t h e body i s f a i n t ) ; a smal l b lack spo t p o s t e r i o r l y on. cauda l pedunc le , general-l:? j u s t above l a t e r a l l i n e ; a f a i n t d a r k l i n e b a s a l l y i n second d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s ; upper and lower margins of caudal f i r l narrowly d a r k ; body and head f i n e l y speckled wi th dark s p o t s , e s p e c i a l l y v e n t r a l l y ( t h q s e s p o t s a r e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r end da rke r i n sma l l e r specimens) . T h i s s p e c i e s may be confused w l t h Apogon snyde r i Jordan - and Evermann o r Apogon f r aena tua V n l e n c ~ e n n e s , both' of which a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a - s i n g l e median ' l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r i p e and a caudal. peduncular s p o t . Lachner (1953) r teccrded --- f r a e n a t u s from the Marsha l l I s l a n d s and sepe ra t ed i t from e x o s t i m a on t b e b a s i s of t h e caudal peduncle spo t being above t h e l a t e r a l l i n o i n t h e l a t t e r s p e c i e s and both above and below i n f raena t u s . Upon examining thc cpeaimens i d e n t i f i e d a s f.raenytus i'rortil. l3il-liniI I conclude t h a t they a r e a c t u a l l y exostipqna i n which some of thC s p o t pigment : appears below t h e l a t e r a l l i n e t ube . I b e l i e v e t h a t f r a e n a t u s may be a P h i l i p p i n e and Eas t Ind ian form t h a t .does n o t occur i n ' t h e r e s t of Oceania. Specimens of f r a e n a t u s frorn the P h i l i p p i n e s d i s p l a y a more prominent a n m r % body s t r i p e . and a s l i g h t l y l ~ i r g e r and rounder caudal pedunculnr s p o t which i s cen te red on t h e -1bt.eral l i n e . C,pogon exostigian may be sepa ra t ed from s n y d e r i , a s i n d i c a t e d I n G y , i n i ts being a more s l e n d e r n s s rne lan is t i c f i s h . Speoiruens of exosti@na were ob ta ined from b t h lagoon and ou te r r e e f a r e a s . & s o n s n y d e r i Jordan and Everisann 1903. Bull.. U. 5. F i & COG., v o l . 2 2 , p. 180. (Type l o c a l i t y , Honolulu). 42 specimens. 41 - 83 mra. Onotoa. D VI I - I , 9 ; A I1 ; f l ; P 14; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows 214. o r 25; ( 4 specimens) . The g i l l r a k e r counts of 12 specimens were 17 t o 1 9 (most ly 18). Color i n a l coho l l i g h t brown w i t h a dark brown s t r i p e ( i n average width about seven-eighths t h e he igh t of a body s c a l e ) running frorri snout tkrougii, eye t o base of cnudal. f i n ( t h e i n t e n s i t y of' t h i s s t r i p e v a r i e s c o n s i i c r a b l y from speCir3eri t o s p e c i m n ; i n so& it is b ~ r c l y v i s i b l e ) ; n desk broxn spo t of v a r i a b l e s i z e p o s t w i o r l y on caudal peduncle ( t h i s spo t i s u s u a l l y l o c a t e d e n t i r e l y above the l ~ i t e r r i l l i n e , but i n occas iona l specimo.ns a sma1.L amount of pigment may extend below i t ) ; body s c a l e s o.arrow1.y riru[:1ed i n dar!.c brown ( i n p ~ l e r s p e c i m n s t h i s c o l o r a t i o n o f , tl;~. ~:c:&s i s most ev iden t on the n a p e ) ; a nar rm; dark l i n e basrrl.ly i n t h e second d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s r u m i n ? p a r o l l e l w i t h contour o f body; an t e r l . o r r ~ o r t i o i i of f&st Corsal f i n b lack ; upper and loue r margins of cauda l . f i n Cark brown; f i r s t two r a y s o,f p e l v i c f i n s w i t h some bleck n i g m n t ; most specialens w i t h a darked cunceu t r a t i on of dark brown co lo r be1.0~ the second d o r s a l f i n . I n adit.it.ion t o th is- d a r k , s add le - l i ke a r e a mcny specimens a r e dark a long t h e d o r s a l a spec t of t h e body, e s p e c i a l . 1 ~ p o s t e r i o r l y on t h e caudal. peduncle where t h e p i e e n t t ends t o obscure t h c o u t l i n e o f t h e s ~ ~ o t i n t h i s r eg ion . I n some spec inens t h e r ~ i s n concen t r a t i on of 3ark brown p i g m n t a n t e r i o r l y ' on t h e l e teraL l i n e . I n l i f e t h e body has a l i g h t lavender or p i n k i s h c a s t , ,and t h e p e c t o r a l and caudal f i n s a r e f a i n t l y pink. The G i l b e r t I s l e n d s s~pecimens were comparsd w i t h t h e type froln ilevmii, wi th Sainoan specimezis , and w i t h s~,eei;?ien:: f?om t h e NiRrsllall I s l a n d s . They tend t o bs more fiiulanir.f;ic t han t h e o t h e r s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e Trom t h e Xar shn l l I s l a n d s , and t h e ur l t e r io r prdopercular s e r r a t i o n s a r e not so w e l l developed, Apogon snyds r i was abundant a t Onotoe, where it was ob ta ined from t h t lagoon, chnnoel , and o u t e r r e e f . T h i s s p e c i e s seems t o reach much l a r g e r s i z e i n Hav~eil t h a n the r e s t of Oceania. m A w e i i i t may a t t a i n a s t anda rd l e n g t h of about 180 m, a . v e r y l a r 3 e s i z e f o r an apoyonid. Of' 367 specimens from t h e IMnrshall I s l a n d s , t h e . ,. l a r g e s t was 97 mra, . . A s f a r a s i s known, t h i s s p e c i e s i:< not recorded f r o u the P h i l i p p i n e s , Eas t I n d i e s , o r more w e ~ t e r n ' ~ ~ m t e r s . . I t s d i s t r i b u t i o n sugges t s t h a t i t n i g h t be a Hawaiian endemic form t h a t has d r i f t e d southward and becomc-estwbllshed i n t h e n n j o r i s l a n d g,roups of t he South and Cent ra l P e c i f i c . The cL&ely r e l a t & . ~ : i w s i i u n s p e c i e s , Ap3go11 rnenesomus Jenk ins , may be e x h i b i t i n g t h o same p a t t e r n of' d i s t r i h ~ . t 5 . o n i n an i n c i p i e n t s t age ; Apogon. nsneoemo,ps Lachner i s recorded on ly from the nor thorn iWnrsha1.l. I s l a n d s . Lnchner 's soec i - n sns a r e probably only subspec i f l c a l l y d i f f e r e n t from Apogon menescr~%. The stomach con ten t s f r o ~ i 10 specimens of s n y d c r i , v;hic,h -- were c o l l e c t e d du r ing d a y l i g h t hou r s , were examined. Onc had e a t e a a s iaal l f i s h which was h a l f d iges t ed . Another conta ined u n i d e n t i f i e d o rgan ic m a t t e r w i t h a ~ W N s r a n l l p i e c e s of hard substarics which a r u robab ably c rus t acean f ragments . The remaining stoiaachs we'e empty. lxpogon savayens i s &o on savsyens i s ~ h t h e r 1871.. Proc. 7,001. Soc. , p. 656. h e l o c a l i t y , S a v a i i , Samoa). 1 5 specinens . , 34 - 94 fur!. Onotoa lagoon and o u t e r r e e f . D VI I - I , 9 ; b I l , e o r 9 ( u s u a l l y 9 ) ; P 1 3 ; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows 23 or 24. ( 4 specimens) . Color of body i n a l c o h o l 6ar.L~ brown d o r s s l l y , shading i n t o l i g h t brown below l a t e ~ a l i n e ; head and nape da rk brown; e deri; brown sad.dle on caudal peduncle ( i n sinall specimens t h i s mark extends as, a band t o mictventral l i . n e ) ; a prominent d iagona l da rk l i n e on cheek extending p o s t e r i o r - l y and dorvnward f r o a lower r e a r quadraut of eye. P ins .. dusky; a dark sulxmrginal band.' i n t he upper and lower l o b e s of t h e caudi;l f i n . Ver t ical . dusky bers may he seen on the s i d e s of sone specimens. Apogon n u b i l u s Garnan 1903. Hul l . Mus. Gomp. ~ o s l . , p.. 229, p l . 1, 1.. (Tyl~e l o c a l i t y , Suva, F i j i I s l n n d s ) , 7 specimens; 38 - 84 r.m. Onotoa. . . D V I I - I , 9 ' A' 11,8; P 1%; v e r t i c a l s c a l e ~ o w s 2 4 or 25.. j : . ( 3 s p e c i m n s . . . Color i n a l c o h o l 1Lght browndsh w i t h body ond hfafi vt?ry P lne ly and uniformly s p e c ~ I e t 3 w i t h t i n y b lack d o t s . h few specimens show v e r t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e s e t i n y d o t s t o form f a i n t b a r s , on, t h e bouy .. A very f a i n t and narrow d iagona l n a r k i s v i . s ib le on t h e cheei: a s i n -- savnyens i s . Only one specimen has a s p o t on t h s cauda l p e d u n c l e ~ o v e t h e l a t e r a l Line. I n a11 specimens t h e f i n s a r e dusky, e spec i aP ly the Yirst d o r s a l . f i n . Color i n l i f e : back brownish, s i d e s s i l v e r y w i t h a lavender c a s t . A 1 1 7 specimens were taken 'from one Heliopora c o r a l head i n shal low water of a sandy cha.nnel coiiTecting ragoon and the open ocean. Such a d i s t i n c t i v e h a b i t a t , i f shovm t o be c o n s i s t e n t , may s e p a r a t e t h i s s p e c i e s e c o l o g i c a l l y f r o a t he c l o s e l y r e l a t e d A . - sav8yenc;is. Lachner (1951) d i scus sed thc t h e ruorpholog1cal d i s t i n c t n e s s of t h e s e two s p e c l e s and A . bandanensi s Bleeker . - - IIeniciohthys p h i l i p p i n u s I i e r re 1.339, Copeia, no. 4, p. 200 -- (Type l o c a l i t y , Durnaguete, O r i e n t a l Xegros, P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s ) . 5 specimens. 1 1 . 5 - 24 mm. Onotoa. TI YI-I,9 or 10 (most ly 9 ) ; A 11,8; P 1 5 . ( 4 speci .~nens). Color i n a l c o h o l uniform' p a l e g e l l o ~ i f s h w i t h melanophores forming numerous i n d i v i d u a l t i n y s p o t s over b r a i n and u s u a l l y w i t h a few i n -mid-dorsal. l i n e p o s t e r i o r t o second d o r s a l f i n . I n one 1 3 wm specimen t h e p e l v i n f i n s were dusky. Th&e i s i n a11 specifflens a c r i s s - c r o s s i n g of sb.ort s t r a i g h t l i n e s of p a p i l l a e on. t he head which becolue whit i .sh when the spec inens dry and the p a p i 1 l . a ~ a r c pene t r a t ed by a i r . Color i n l i f e t s c i ~ s p a r e n t w i th s i l v e r on operculum and over abdomen; an orange-red l i n e on body from r e g i o n of p e c t o r a l f i n t o middle of base of caudal f i n ; a n orange-red l i n e a t base of d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s . These 5 speciinens were c o q o r c 3 wi.th a 28 rm para type of Heniciohthys p h i l i p p i n u s Xerre . The fo l lowing @.f fe reaces were d f s c e r n i X e : srriali black s v o t s on t i n of i aws i n t h e 2 ~~ " -. . ~ ~ ~ -~~ l a t t e r , d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n of p a p i l l a e , and a l avendor - s i l ve r sheen on the p reoperc le . Col.or i.n l i f e , a s descr ibed by I i e r re , was t rens lube .n t : r o s e w i th a b l u i s h p e a r l y l u s t r e . Regards body form, f i n r a y counts , and e s p e c i a l l ) d e n t i t i o n t he c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which Lachner i n Schu l t z and c o l l a b o r a t o r s 11.953) has s e t down i n tabula>: f o r f i o ~ t h e i:.nown s p e c i e s of @ m a o ~ ) t he G i l b e r t Lsland and. P h i l i p p i r ~ e specimens were ??kdcal. It i s t h e r e f o r e bel ieved t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n o t : ~ iuentioned above raay be on ly s u b s p e c i f i c . The spec inens were ob ta ined from the f i r s t 175 f e e t of a t r a n s e c t of t he o u t e r r e o f f l s t a t Onotoa s t lov~ t i d e . They were i n sffiall, shallow' t i d e p o o l s which conta ined spa r se a l g a l growth and i n which t h e temperature d u r i n g the day sometimes reached o r exceedsu LO" C. Gymnapop,or, has been c l a s s i f i e d in . v a r ious f a n i l i e s , and i t s a f f i n i t h s w i t h t he bpogonidae o f t m questis::cil. Lachner (1353) has d i s cus s~c l . t h e genus i n d e t a i l and p r e f e r s t o i nc lude i t w i t h i n t h e A?ogoni'dze, though a s a d i s t i n c t subfanli ly. I do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s 1s ad.visable i n view of tho c h a r a c t e r s of t h e mon.&ypic P s e u ~ m i n which s e r v e t o connect G.yicinapo%on 7i;if;h :nor e t ypico 1 igen(:,x!!-3 of' the fami ly . Gyrnnapogcn i s ria=& whereas 0ti;c:r spogonid gelif;ra hsve l a r g ~ ; , well-fTrmed s c e l e s ; Pseu! l . ads -.- litis sibla11 t h i n . , sca1c;s wllicll tend t o f u s e on the,boi?y. - Gyninapogon possesses a s i n g l e s p i n e a t t h e ang le of t h e p r e o p e r c l e ; sma l l Pseudamia have s e v e r a l m a l l s p i n e s e t t h i s l o c a t i o n ; t he - p a t t e r n df t he l i n e s of po re s on t h e head of Pseuda~nia i s very s i m i l a r t o t h e l i n e s of p s p i l l a e on Gymnapo~orl. T o t a l g i l l r a k e r counts ( i n c l u d i n g r u d i u e n t s ) of Gyi.:inapogon 11 t o 1 2 ; of Pseudamia, 1&.<' Genus PSZUDlUKIA Pseudamiu Bleeker 1865. Bei. T i jdschr . Dierk . , vo l . 2 , p . 284. (Type s p e c i e s , C h e i l o d i p t e r u s polys t igma s l e e k e r ) . C h e i l o d i p t e r u s p o l y s t i ~ m a Bleeker 1859-186G. ?$at . Tijdscl-ir. Ned.-Ind., vo l . 20, p. 454. (Type l o c s l i t y , S ingapore ) . Pseudarnin polystippa- Weber and de a e s u f o r t 1929. F i s h e s Indo-Austra l . Arch. , v o l . 5 , p. 370, f i e . 90. 2 specimens. l+7 and 70 nun. Onotoa. 1 sljacimen, 25 ram. Aberuzna. D V I - I , ? ; A I 1 , 9 . P 1 5 ; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows about 50. ( 2 specirmns) . Color of 70 mm specimen i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown w i t h numerous s m a l l da rk s p o t s on head sad body; narrow, some- what i r r e g u l a r , l o n g i t u d i n a l da rk l i n e s on body: a k e g e round d w k b l o t c h p o s t e r i o r l y on cauda l peduncle , d i s p l a c e d s l i p . h t l y above m i d - l a t e r a l poir;t of body; a bl,?ck !;pot i n middle of upper 5 o r 6 caudal f i n r u g s ; a blac!: e longa t e f l a p p o s t e r i o r l y on the a n t e r i o r n s s t r i l s ; meclian f i n s dusky, e s p e c i a l l y t . h e cauda l , w i t h o u t e r margins p a l e ; p a l r e d f i n s p a l e o r f a i n t l y dusky. .Color i n l i f e b l u i s h s i l v e r w i th brown l i n e s and spo ts , ; ,dorsal . f i n s and a n a l f i n p u r p l i s h brown, edged i n w h i t e ; c auda l peduncular G o t and cauda l f i n d a r k blue t o p u r p l e . The 25 rn specif ien, which was c o l l e c t & by Cata la a t Abenari~a- A t o l l , hhs no da rk s p o t on t he caucial peduncle , but; on ly t h e one OLI the upper of t h e caudal f i n ; t h e r e a r e no dark l i n e s on the boag; t h e u.crso1 an4 'd'nal f i n s a r e h y a l i n e , The 47 rnrn s p e c i ~ i e n , however, i.s i n t e r r n e d i ~ t e i n co lo r t o t h e 25 end 70 mn specimens. The sma l l specimen has s e v m a l i n d i s t i m t s p i n e s t-lt t h e a n g l e of t h e preoperL.cle, and c r i a s - o r o s s r d oa t he head a r e p ron inen t s h o r t rows of pores ( t h e s e pores a r e m e s e n t on t he l a r g e r specimens but a r e no t d i s t i n c t ) . Pseudafiiia polys t ipma s e r v e s a s a l i n k between t h e b i z a r r e Gyronapogon and more t y p i c a l a,pogonic!s. See f u r t h e r d i s c u s - -..-- . . s i o n under Gyscnc;po&g~. The 47 rum specimen was talcen from a shallow water a r e a of t h e lagoon where t h e r e was c o n s i d w a b l e t u r t l e g r a s s ( T h a l a s s i a ) und occas iona l c o r a l r ocks . The l a r g e specimen was teken from a poorly def'ined surge channel r e g i o n on t h e l e e s i d e of t h e a t o l l wheXe t h e bo t ton was mostly co ra l - covered. Che i lod ip t e rus ~ a c 6 ~ 6 d e 1802. [:is%. nab. p o i s s . , vol.., 3 , Peran ia Bleeker 1863. Ned. T i j d s c h r . Dierk. , v o l . 1, p. 233. -- Chei lod ip te ropc Schu l t z 1940. Proc. U. S. Tiat. K u s . , v o l . 88, p. L13. Che i lod ip t e rus p i n q u e l i n o e t u s Cuvier und Valenciennes 1 R 2 8 . I i i s t . . n a t . poist?. , v s l . 2 , p. 1 6 7 . (Type l o c d i t y , Bora Bore, s o c i e t y I s l a n d s ) . Parcimia quinqueli.neatw Bleeker 1865. Ked . T i j d s c h r . Die rk . , v o l , 2 , p . 11~7. . '* Chei l o d i p t e r u s guinguel inea t ~ s Weber and. de Reaufort 1929. F i s h e s indo-Austra l . Arch., vo l . 5 , p. 361. - u i n r u e l i n e a t a S c h u l t z 1940. Froc. U . S. N n t . Mus., v 01. . Corrected. t o P?ramis q.u.inquelinea.ta -by S c h u l t z , 19k0, Co',ie~a, no. 3 , p.201.). Paramia qu inque l inea ta Lachner 1951. .P roc . 'U. S . !.Tat. Mus, , vo l . 101 , p . 606. 1 specimen. 35 ma. Onotoa channel . Color i n a l c o h o l very l i g h t brown w i t h f i v e l o n g i t u d i n a l da rk brown l i n e s on t h e head and body, the p a l e i n t e r s p a c e s between t h e s t r i p e s being two t o t h r e e t inies a s broad a s t h e s t r i p e s themselves; a round black s p o t cen te red on l a t e r a l l i n e a t base of caudal f i n , t h i s spo t surrounded by an. unpigmented a r e a (ye l low i n l i f e ) . The f i r s t body s t r i p e l i e s i n mid-dorsal l i . ne , beginning i n t he i n t e r - o r b i t a l space and b i f u r c a t i n g t o surround hase of tlio two d o r s a l f i n s ; t h e secoild s t r i p e r u n s from snout through t o p of eye, e n d i a g e t edge of p a l e z r e a on caudal peduncle; t h e t h i r d s t r i p e r u n s down iuiddle of body from snout t o c:iudaJ. pedunc le ; t h e r o u r t h ex t ends fro:] t he ch in through lower edge of eye t o cauda l pedunc le ; t h e f i f t h s t r i p e i s double on chii i , t r i p l e i n pe1vj.c r e g i o n , double .around a n a l f i n , and a s i n g l e mid-ven t ra l l i n e on caudal peduncle. I an i n agreement w i t h Weber an& de Beaufort (1929) i n n o t , s e p a r a t i n g t h i s s p e c i e s i n t o ano the r genus , Paramia. . . -- C h e i l o d i p t e r u s i so s t i gma Che i lnd ip t e rops i s o s t i ~ m a S c h u l t z 1940. Proc. U. S. Nat. L ~ u s . , v o l . P 8 , p . L + l T r ( ~ ~ ~ e l o c a l i t y , New ~ u i n e a ) , 1 specimen. 40 m. Onotoa lagoon . Color a s i n C h e i l o d i p t e r u s u i n u e l i n e a t u s , excep t t h e s t r i p e s on t h e ch in and a b ~ . k : @ ~ a r e l e s s d i s t i n c t . C . -- isostig,ffia i s very d i f f i c u l t t o d i s t i n g u i s h f r o n C . $u i i ique l inea ta w i thou t exeri:ination of t h e t e e t h st t h e - ti.;: OT t h e lower Jaw where the p resence of one o r two can ines i n i sos t ig iuz ~ f f 0 r d . S a c o n s i s t e n t means of s e p a r a t i o n . s i n c e botX s p e c i e s pos se s s can ines , I do not b e l i e v s t h a t t h e i r presence or absence i n one p lace i n t he jaws c o n s t i t u t e s a gene r i c a i f F e r e n c e a s i n d i c a t e d by S c h u l t z (1940) . Genus :UHLI!! ICuhlia G i l l 1861. I'roc. Acad. Wet. S c i . P h i l a . , p . 1,8. 'Tit: s p e c i e s , --- Percn. c i l i u t a Cuv ie r ) . Kuhlie marginate Dules marg ina tus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1829. K i s t . n a t . g o i s s . , vo l . 3, p. 116 , p l . 52. ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Tava) . 1 specimen. 154 ran. Nukunau. D X , 1 1 ; I I I , 1 1 ; P 1 4 ; i e t c r a l l i n e s c a l e s 56 ( l a s t 4 p o s t e r i o r t o b * ~ s e of caudal f i n ) ; me3ian p r s d s r s u l s c a l e s 12. The g i l l a r ches have been removed; t h e r e f o r e no g i l l r a k e r counts a r e The specirren appears t o bnve been d r i e d before p r e s o r v a t i o n , :;o c i i s t i n c t i v e c o l c r :nariricg: ( such a s b lack margin t o cauda l f i n ) a r e apparen t . Dules taeflii:rus Cuvisr ~ n d V 8 l e n c i e a i ~ ~ 1823. H i s t . n c t . - -i. -- p o i s s . , vo l . 3, p. l l b . (Type l o c a l i t y , J a v a ) . Dulzs --.- a rgen teus ~ G n t h e r 1873. Sour. Mas. Godeffroy; v o l . 2, p t . 3 , p. 25; p l . 1 9 , f i g . C. (Kingsinil l I s l a n d s ) . Kuhlia -- t a cn iu rn Fowler 1928. Men. B. 1'. Bishop Mus., vo l . 1 0 , p.(~bniag, G i l b e r t I s l s n d s ) . b:oronopsis t a e n i u r u s b!hitley end Colefax 1938. Proc. Linn. - -. Sot. 1,:. S. -"isles, vo l . 63, p . 292. (Ocean I s l a n d ) . D X,10; k IS I ,11 ; P 1 4 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 56 (l2st 5 p o s t e r i o r t o base o f caudal f i n ) ; median pr8edorsa l s c s l e s 11; g i l l r a k e r s 10-1-23. Color i n a l coho l : bac2 b l a c k i s h , rer.lainiier of body t a n ; caudiil f i n w i t h 5 b lack bands, 1 median s a d 2 on each l o b e ; spiilous d o r s a l v i t h a t t e n u a t e d ends of aeinbranes b l ack ; s o f t ciorsal v v i t i : broad, b lack band i n ou t e r p a r t of f i n . Genus PZL'iCAXTSTJS 1817. I s i s , p. 1183. (Type s p e c i e s , Antbias Bloch) . Pr i ecan thus c r u e n t a t u s Labrus c r u e n t a t u s ~ a c k ~ S d f : 1802. Xs t . n e t . po i s s . , vol.. 3, pp. l+p, 5 2 2 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ; l o c a l i t y , Mar t in ic lue) . D X,13; A I I I , 1 4 ; ? 1 7 o r 1 8 ( u s u a l l y 1 8 ) . (7 specitnens). l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 63 and 69; g i l l . r a k e r s 23. ( 2 specimens) . Color i n l i f e r e d , b lo tched w i t h s i l v e r ; median f i n s r e d d i s h wi th smal l r e d d i s h brown s p o t s ; pa i red f i n s pa l e r e d d i s h . The s p e c i ~ l e n s were taken i n c o r a l a r e a s of the lagoon and p r o t e c t e d o u t e ~ r e e f . . . Neothunr~us Kishinouye 1923. Jou r . Col lege Agri c . Tokyo Univ. , v o l . 8 , p . 445. (Type s p e c i e s , Thynnus macropterus Teminck and ~ c h l e g e l ) . Thynnus nacro&terus -- I-~ e i m i n c k and Sch lege l 1844. Fnune Japon.i.ca, !-'olssons, p. 98, p l . 5 1 . ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , . . Nagasaki) . . . , , . . ,.. 1 specimen. 720 r:m ( o n l y d o r s e l and a n a l f i n s s a v e d ) . Onotoa. Euthynnus ~ g t k e n i n Jordan and G i l b e r t 1882: ' ~ 3 ~ 1 1 . ; U. S. Rat . lqius. 16 , ~~74.29. ( ~ n e s p e c i e s , ThyniuS - --- thunnina Cuvier and Yalencisnnes) . .. . Eutiqmnus y a i t o Euthynnus --- y a i t o ;Cishimuye 1915 . .Su i san Cakkwai ISo (J 'roc. 5 c l . F i s h . Assoc. ) , vol.. I , p. .22, p l . I , f i g . 1 5 . (Type l o c a l i t y , J apan ) . 2 spec inens . 265 and 340 m r ~ . Onotoa. 1 speciuen. 123 WI. Tarawa. Acanthocybiua G i l l 1862. F r o c ; Acad. Ra t . S c i . P h i l a . , v o l . 14, p. 125. (Type s p e c i e s , Cybium - Sara Benne t t ) . Bcanthocybium s o l u n d r i -.-. - - - - C-1 --- so1andr.i Cuvier end Ve.lenciennes 1.831. K i s t . nn t . p o i ~ ~ . , vol.. 8, p. 192. (Type l o c a l i t y , open s e a s ) . 1 speci imn ( o n l y head s a v e d ) . Length of head about 250 :nm. Onotoa. , I s t i o p h o r u s - -. Lac&p&de ltj03. H i n t . n a t . ~ j o i s s . , vo l . 3, p . 2n.(sj>elling c o r r e c t e d t o His t .onhorus by Ouvier ------ and V'elenciennes 1331: 291) (Type s p e c l e s , G t i o p h o r u s g lad i i ' e r Lac&p&de) . - i l i s t i -ophorus g l a d i u s 1 specimen. 1550 mm ( n o t r e t a i n e d i'os c o l l e c t i o n ) . Onotou, o f f s h o w . Color from 35 wm ilodochrome tsnnsparencjr dark blue on back, . shad i rg t o l i g h t blue on s i d e and s i l v e r y whi te v e n t r a l l y ; f i n s d a r k b lue . Dis tance from t i p of sword t o eye 3.9' i n for!< l e n g t h ; l o n g e s t d o r s a l s n i n s about 3 3.n f o r k l e n g t h ; second d o r s a l f i n f o l l o v ~ s f i r s t by n d i s t a n c e l e s s t hen tw ice t he l e a s t dep th of t h e cauda l peiiuncle; pa i red Keels a t base of cauda l f i n ; l e n g t h of pectora l . f i n sl . ight%y g r e a t e r t h a n body fiepth; p e l v i c P ins with. one s p i n e and, one r a y prol.onged t o L20 ma. . I i d e n t i f y t h i s s p e c i e s u s 13. -....- [{loilius - from t h e key, d.es- c r i p t i o n s , and nhotoeraph of H: ----a- o r i e n t a l i s in. th.e work of de Beaufort and Chapman (1951: 240-2423, ' ' Makaira ~ a c k ~ h d e 1802. Exist. at. p o i s s . , vol.. 4 , pp. 688, r ( ~ y p e s p e c i e s , Makaira -..--.. ---.-.- nigricv.ns Lac6pBde). Makaira sp. The. sword. from a l a r g e i f i a r l i n was o b t a i n e d from a G i l b e r t e s e f isherman who s t a t e d t h a t he had caught t i l e specimen a t Onotoa. The specimen was not seen by.W; Promethichthys G i l l 1893. Kern. I%t . Lie. S c i . , vo l . 6 , pp. 115, 12.3. (Type s p e c i e s , Pro:netheus a t l a n t i c u s Lows). Gefgylus prometheus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1831. H i s t . - - n u t . p o i s s . , . v o l . 8 , p. 213. (Type l o c a l i t y , T t . Be lena) . Proranthichthys =theus !Yhitley and Colefax 1938. Proc. . - -- Llnn. S O ~ . N. S. Wales , v o l , 63, p , 293. (Ocean I s l a n d ) . Genus RUV%T'?U3'U!: Ruve t tus Cocco 1833. Giorn. S c i . S i c i l i a , vo l . 42 , p. 2. T & . F s p e c i e s , Ruve5tus ~ r e t i o s u . ~ .Cocco') . . . . . . . . - Ruvet tus tydemani Ruvettus Tydernarli Weber 1913. ,Siboga Exp. F i s c h e , p..401. -7--- - .,Tjpe l o c a l i t y ,'Binongka ~ s l a n d ) ... . . . . . . . .. ., Ruvet tus t deuani 3Vhitley and Colefax 1938. Proc . Lino. + Sot. N. 5. Via e s , V O L . 63 , p. 293. (Ocean 1s l and . and Nausu). Yoivlt r (19'2" 1135) rnaintoins t h 2 t W v e t t u s tydcrnoni WSer i s not d i f f e r e n t f r ~ r . t h e . : t lun t i c --- 9uve t tu s p r e t i o 9 . 1 ~ Cocco. . . , . . Baui 1 y CARANGIIIAE . . The jacks r e p r e s e n t o n e ' o f . t h e dominant Sami l ies of ' f i s h e s i n t h e G i l b e r t IsMndn; a s elsewhere i n t r o p i c a l . marine w a t e r s . P a s t swilurning and mainly p i s c i v o r o u s , f i s h e s of t h i s group f i l l t h e n iche of "roving ca rn ivo rew on t h e r e e f more . than those of any o t h e r group., .. The most i ~ n p o r t a n t f a ,u i ly c h a r a c t , e r i s t i c i s t h e presence of two i s o l a t e d a n a l s p i n e s a n t e r i o r t o the a n a l f i n proper. Genus !;JAGATIS E l a g a t i s Bennett 18~&.. N a r r a t i v e of a wha1in.q vovage. around ( m, t h e g iobe , v o l . 2 , p. 283. ~ , p e s p e c i e s , QerioLa b ip innula t a Quoy and GainarBj . Ser io la w n n u l a t a Quoy and Gaimard 1824. 'Voyage au tou r ---- - d~nonde...~Uranie~~...Zool~, p . 3 6 3 , p l . 61, f i g . 3. , (Type l o c a l i t y , 'files des PapousT1). 1 specimen (on ly t h e henC savcd) . 580 Onotoa. D VI-1,2L+-2; A 11-I,1,7-2. The specimen was caught by G i l b e r t e s e f i shermen by t r o l l i n g o f f t h e edge of t he wes t r e e f of t h e a t o l l . Dorsal and a n a l f i n r a y counts were made .and t h e head was purchased. Scomberoides ~ a c & ~ b ~ l e 1802. E i s t . n u t . po i s s . , vol . 3 p . 50. T y p e speci,es ' , -. Scbxberoides comaersoi!.ianus - ;a c6phd.e 1 . Scomberoides - s a r i c t i p e t r i ~. Chorinemus Sarict i P e t r i Cuvier a n d Valenciennes 1831. I I i s t . - n a t . poiss. . , V O L T - p . 379, p1. 236. (Tyne l o c a l i t y , coas t of Malzbar) . . . Choringmus s a n c t l p e t r i Whit ley a n d C o l e f a x 1938. Proc. Linn. S o c . IT. S, Vales , vol.. 63, p. 2 9 2 . (Nauru ) . 2 specimens. 340 and 390 m. Onotoa. 2 specimens. 251 and 318 m. Tarawa. D V I o r VI I - I , 20 ; A 1 1 - I , l 5 o r 1 9 ; P 1'7 o r 1 8 ; g i l l r aKsrs 25 or 26 p lu s 2 t i n y rud iments . ( 2 specimens) . Color f r o n 35 mn ii'odnchr.me t ransparency l i g h t s i l v e r y blue on back shad ing t o s i l v e r y whi te on s i d e s and v e n t r a l l y ; a r o w of f a i n t duslry roundish b lo t ches on s i d e of body j u s t above l a t s r a l l i n e ; 3 o r 4 sirailnr b lo t ches m i d - l a t e r a l l y on body below l a t e r a l l i n e i n a row j u s t p o s t e r i o r t o t i p o f , p e c t o r a l ; a l a r g e black sgo t on t h e ' d o r s a l f i n between tho f'irst and s i x t h s o f t r a y s ( t h i s s p o t covers a l l but the basa l p a r t of t h i s s e c t i o n of t he f i n ) ; a n a l f i n pa l e w i th a b l a c l i s h spo t a n t e r i o r l y ; caudal. f i n p u r p l i s h ; p e c t o r a l f i n dusky; p e l v i c f i n s wh i t e . Eye 4.6 i n head; max i l l a ry r eaches s l i g h t l y p o s t e r i o r t o v e r t i c a l from hind edge of eye ; depth of body 4.4 i n s t anda rd Length; l e n g t h of p e c t o r a l f i n 1 .5 i n head l e n g t h : f i r s t 6 o r 7 d o r s a l s p i n e s and. f i r s t 2 a n a l sp ines i s o l e t e d ; p o s t e r i o r r a y s of d o r s a l and a n a l occur a s s e p a r a t e f i n l e t s ; course of l a t e r a l l i n e , e s p e c i n l l y a n t e r i o r l y , i r r e g u l a r . The two Onotoa speoimei~s were t a k e n w i t h ro tenons on t h e lagoon s ide of' t he west r e e f . Yhen f i r s t brought from t h e wate r t hey had a ye l l owi sh c a s t v e n t r a l l y . The l a r g e s t Tarewa specimen was speared f r o n a b0a.t anchored. i n t h e lagoon a f t e r i t was a t t r a c t e d by n i g h t l i g h t i n g . Kendall and Goldsborough (1911: 267) and Fowler (192i3: 140 ) recorded - Scomberoldss - tolo=ah ( ~ u v i e r ) f r o 3 t h e Gilbert I s l a n d s . The f o r a e r a u t h o r s suggested t h a t to looparah might be t h e young of 2. s a n c l ; i p e t r i . Genus D&CAPTi&'R?J;? Dec!?;!.t-ri.i.i BLeeker 1851. Nat. T i j d s c h r . Ned.-lnd., vo l . 1, - -- . . . . . . . -- .. .. ,. , p. ;>2. (Ty? ;e s p e c i e s , Caranx k u r r a Cuvier and Valenc iennes) . Decapterus rnuroadsi Caramx !ncrczi?si Tewminck and S c h l e g e l 18&. Ft luaa ,Japonica , -. --... p . 10'Lr;-'ij1.58, f i g ; 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , Japan) ' . D 'V1:CI-1,34-1.; ii 11-I ,2E-1; P 23; g i l l r a k e r s 49. . . Color i n a l c o h o l brown wit!: a b l ack s p o t on n a r g i n of one rc l e above t h e p o s t e r i o r p ro j ec t i 0 .n of t h e operc'llar membrane a t l e v e l of' up2er edge of baSe of pectoral. . Depth of body 5.3 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; body almost c y l i n d r i c a l , body wid th 1.2 i n body i iepth; no t ee th , i n jaws, on vomer, o r p a l a t i n e s ; afiipose e y e l i d tve l l developerl, maximum wid th of t h e open s l i t ove r p u p i l conta ined more t han 3 t imes i n d iameter of eye. Many of the s c a l e s and s c u t e s were mi s s ing ; hence no s c a l e o r s c u t e coilnts were made. G i l l 1862. Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc i . F h i l a . , p . 238 = Sconber -- orumenopththalmus -- Bloch Tracliurops crumenoohthalmus --.-- - 3comber crumenophthalmus Bloch 1793. d n t u r . n u s l h l . P i sche , ------ - v o l . 7 , DL. 1 0 , . 77, p l . 343. (Tyne l o c ~ ~ l i t y , Acarn Bay, West Af r i ca 7 . 1 specimen. 128 am. Tarawa. 1 specimen. llc8 m a . Kulcunau. D V I I I - I , 2 7 ; A 11-1,22; P 21; g i l l r ,skers 37. (1 speci- men). Color h ' a l c o h o l : upper h a l f of body bro7wn, lower ha l f l i g h t brown; t i p s of jaws s l i g h t l y b l ack i sh . Depth of bodg 3.7 i n s t a n h e r 6 l e a g t h ; mnxirnum width of body 1.8 i n dep th ; sma l l t e e t h i n jaws, on. vome?, p a l a t i n e s , and tongue; ' ad ipose e y e l i d w e l l developed, maxirnura width of open s l i t over p u p i l con ta ined about 3 t imes i n d iameter of eye. The snecimerls a r e i n poor cond i t i on and s c d e and scu.te counts could not be made. Carnnx ~ , ackp&e 1802. Hist. n e t . p o i s s . , v o l . 3 , 13. 57. - m e s p e c i e s , Scomber carnngus Bloch = Sco:aber m s - - - Linnaeus 1 . Carunx melarnnygus Caranx nelampyy,us C u v i t r arid Valenciennes 1833, ! l i s t . na t . - p o G s . , ~ 0 1 . 9 , p . 116. (Type l o c a l i t y , 1V8igiu, Rawak, Buru , Vanicolo, and M a u r i t i u s ) . Caranx n s c s n s i o n i s Fowler 1928. Men. 8. P. Uishor) Mus., v s l . - r p . 11+5. (Abainng, G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . 2 s p e ~ i i u e ~ i ~ . 345 and 400 rm. 8 specimens. 79 - 127 mnl, Onotoa. 5 specimens. 76 - 245 m i . Tarawa. Color from 35 mi Kodaohrome transpare.ncy of a 600 mm specimen (no t saved.): upper h a l f of body brownish blue wi th sca t te rec l small. b lack s p o t s ; lower hn1.l" of bodg w h . 5 . t ~ (no sha rp demarcation., bowever, between t!le u?per enc! lower ha lves i n c o l o r ) ; head dark g r e y i s h , brownish d o r s a l l y tin4 w h i t i s h v e n t r a l l y ; median f i n s b l u i s h ; d o r s a l f i n w i t h a b r i g h t b l i ~ band a t base; p e c t o r a l f i n dusky. .. , : Color i n l i f e ~f 102 m specimen: back g reen i sh b lue , s i d e s e n d b e l l y s i l v b r y w h i t e ; . d o r s a l and caudal f.i.11~ blul.sh ; a n a l f i n ye l lowish , t i p p e d !vi ti1 b l u i s h ; upper h a l f o f 'pe c t o r n l yel low. Czranx roelanpygus was the most abundant s p ~ c i e s of t h e -.- - genus a t Cnotoc.. It appears t o be a rov ing predktor on o t h e r r e e f f i s h e s . Adul t s were . o f t en seen s i n g l y or i n groups of t:70 t o f i v e , c o n s t a n t l y on the aove an& g e n e r a l l y i . n one d i r e c t i . o n , on t he c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r e e f . . Schools of j u v e n i l e s were observe6. i n sha l low lagoon a r c a s . The stomach c o n t e n t s of f o u r a d u l t specinens fro^^ 250 t o 450 mrn i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h were examined. Bvo of t h e s p e c i - mens were t aken wi th ro tenone . They had e a t e n a g r e a t many smell f i s h which were undoubtc+dly e a r l i e r r e s u l t s of t h e po ison thtin t he Caranx i;h,emseives. The two o t h e r specimens were speared . The storuach of one contnined no th ing ; the stomach of t h e o t h e r con ta ined t,wo f i s h . one of which was n o t i d e n t i f i a b l e a n d the ,c&tnes wa.8 Mi ro i ab r i ch thys tui:a; -There was a.l.so a mass of . ... f i s h , % s c a l e s . .... ,... . . .,,.... . . . . , , . . . Caranx (h ippos? ) , i !,; . ... ?Scomber hSppos Linnmus. Clyb6. syst. n a t . , ed . 1 2 , p . 4911. , l o c a l i t y , ~ a r o l i n a ) . . :::, Caranx s e x f a s c l a t u s Quoy and Gaimsrd 18211. Voyage autoilr dl: mor~de.. .vUraniq". . .4@ol::,; p,. 3 5 8 , pl.. 5 j , f i g . 4.. (Type l o c n l i t y , " i l e s -8:es ,-Pa~apausll) . , .. . . C a r h x ' s e i f a s c i a t u s owl& l i Q d .: . J j l x l l . R. P. Bishop Kus;., vo l . 3, p. 149. ( ~ b a i a n g , G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . Caranx -. f o r s t e r i %enda l l and Go1.dsborough; 1911. ':Men. Mus. Camp. Zobl . , v o l . 26, p . 268. ( B u t a r i t a r i , G i l b e r t Is1a11Ci.s) . : ,2: s ~ e c i r n e n s . . . 59 and 61 am. , Onotoa lagoon., 2 specimens. 8 5 and 109 Taracva. . . . . . . ' 2 speb inens . 149 and 176 mil. E u t a r i t a r i . ( C . , -. . ---....- f o r s t e r i of i i enda l l an& Goldsborough), . , , , D VII I - I ,20 or 21; A 11-1,16 o r 1 7 ; P 20 o r 21; s c u t o s 30 t o - 3 3 ; g i l l r a k e r s 22 t o 25. ( 4 spec imens) . . . . Color i n alcokl.01 of '59 m specimen l i g h t bro%'n w i t h 6 broad dusky bass extending from mid-dorsal l i n e ' t o about a i d - l a t e r a l l i n e of body. The 149 and 176 ma specimens no l onge r show such b a r s . I conpared t.he specimens from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s w i th - . , Carans h . i p ? o ~ of comparable s i z e from P l o r i d a . The mer i s . t i c --- d a t a on t i : ~ i'eiv specimens counted a r e i d e n t i c a l . There a r e a few s l i g h t morphological and co lor d i f f e r e n c e s ; however I be l i eve t h e s e a r e only s u b s p e c i f i c i n magnitude (p rov i - d ing g ippos i s conf ined t o t h e A t l a n t i c an s s c r . an ina l ium, pp . x i % , 5 5 . ' l o c a l i t y , DJeddn, Red S e a ) . 1 s p e c i m n . 260 im?. Onotoa. D ---- I , 3 l ; P 24; s c u t e s 30; g i l l r a k c r s 32. Color i n l i f e l i g h t r r r i d e s c e n t g reen above, s i l v e r y on s i d e s anc? below; 7 or I! s n a l l e l l i p t i c a l b r i g h t yellow s p o t s s c a t t e r e d i n a g,rou.p on s i d e of body (oil t he l e f t s i d e t h e s e a r e i n t h e middle of t h e bod:? and j u s t bolo-w t h e l a t e r a l l i n e ; on t h e r i g h t s i d e they a r e s l i g h t l y r , ~ s t e r i o r t o the middle of t h e body and some above and the. r e s t below t h e l a t e r a l l i n e ) ; e longa ted a n t e r i o r p r t of d o r s a l and r i n ~ l f i n o b1c.e; r e m i n d e r of t h e s e f i n s and ciiudal f i n blu.ish gray ; p e c t o r a l f i n f a i n t l y ye l lowish ; i r i s o f eye ye l lowish . F a i n t ve r t i ca l . derk b a r s were v i s i b l e on the f i s h . before i t W'IS speared a.nd fo r a s h o r t t i . m e t h e r e a f t e r . The s p e c h e n was ta!ren on t h e coral l i ferou: : t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r e e f . It i s Lacking the spinous d o r s ~ l M.a; t h e r e i s evidence of i n j u r y t o t h e u sua l s i t e of t h i s fir1 i n t h e speciiacn. The spear damaged t h e a n a l f i n such t h a t counts of f i n r a y s could not be meds. Daranx spec iosus 0 Scoaiber a e c i o s u s Fo r ska l 1775. Descr . aninal ium, p. 1.2. -5 l o c a l . i t y , Arab ia ) . Two i n d i v i d u a l s of what i s t e n t a t i v e l y i d ~ r l t i f i e d a s t h i s s p e c i e s wore observed underwater o f f t h e I s l a n d of Aunteuma i n t h e no r the rn p a r t of Onotoa. They were about 2 f e e t i n l e n g t h and had v s r t i c a l . dark b a r s on t h e body a s f i g u r e d f o r t h i s s p e c i e s by Fowler (1928: p l . 11, f i g . C ) . One was speared but %as not cap tured . Carunx c i l i a r i s Zeus c l l i a r i s Bloch 1787. & t . ausl8n.d. F i s c h e , p t . 3 , -.... .- p. 1 . 9 . i?$pe. . l o c a l i t y , E a s t 1n.di.e~ and S u r a t t e ) . ' t t ' ' Caranx c i l i a r i s Gunther 1876. Jour. Mus. G o d e f f r ~ y ; vo l . L , p t . 11, p. 135, p l . 89. (Kingsinil l I s l a n d s ) . . . . . , . . . . P'amil y LUTJ&NIDIII': Along w i t h t h e groupers , t h e snappers a r e t he most i n p o r t a n t . gr0U.p of ca rn ivorous f i s h e s . i n t h e G i l b e r t . ' IsLands. . The s p e c i e s aye nuraeroas and . t h e . . . i ~ i d i v i d u ~ l s of . . s e v e r a l a r e a bundaiit . . . . A s w i l l be no ted , I have followed. Schu-ltz e t a 1 (1953) -- i n c l a s s i f y i n g such g;ener.a'as- L e t h r i n u s , Aphareus, Caes1.0, i iprion, Gnathodentex and Monotaxis i n t he Lu t j an idae . --9 - &*nus .- Bloch 1790. Natur. a u s l & l . P i s c h e , vol.. 4 , p t . 7 , p. 105. (TYPE s p e c i e s , Lutj ' t in.us'lut.ianus - Bloch) . , , - . . . . . . .. . . . Lut Janus ' v a i g i e n n i s . . - - . . . Diacope va . i&iens i s Quoy and Gaiaard 18216. Vo,yage' nutour du monde.. . l . 'm- -- Sciaena ibba ~ o r ~ & & . 1775. Descr. afiiunlium, .pp. x , i , .46. -F. ;L- A Y ~ , & 10 , ca l l ty., iyrabia ) , I , . . . . . 1 specimen. 200 WJ.. 28 s p e c i u m s . 35 - 50 m. . .. . . . . Onotsa lagoon. . , . . . . . . . . . . ( . . . . . . . . , . 1. specimen. . , 1 6 3 m a ; :. -Tarawa . . . . , D X,14; A 1 1 1 , s ; ? i 7 ; . v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows from uppw end of g i l l o p e n i n g ' t o base of caudal f i n about 63. ( 2 s > ~ c i n e n s ) . . . I?176file of heed of adu.lt;s co,ncave, the upper p e r t ' ascend- irlg st 'ehply t o o r i ~ ? i n of d o r s a l , f : in ; . l o b e s of cauday f i n , rounded. &bfi l .e -of be@ ,of yQunF, *..straight; ends of cautial l obes pa in t ed . Color frora 35 nm iCod.eckro:~e t ransparency of 200 ma spec i r en : red. , t h e c e n t e r s . of t h e s c a l e s on t h e body and ol~erculur i w h i t i s h ; epinous -po r t i on "of d o r s a l f i n r e d ; s o f t p o r t i o n of d o r s a l f i n , a n a l f i n , , and caLidal f i : l r e d d i s b : . b lack w i t h narrow wiiita marg ins ; : p e c t o r a l f i n s r e d w i th a golden s p o t i n r eg ion from upper p a r t of base t o g i l l opening a t l e v e l of opercu lor s n i n e ; p e l v i c f i n s r e d d i s h ; a sma l l golden pa t ch p o s t e r l o r t o knob on i n t e r o p e r c l e ; i r i s yellow excep t f o r a nerroco r e d r i n l a r o u n d p u p i l . Color i n l i f e of j u v e n i l e s 35 t o 60 mrn i n l e n g t h : blue- greai . on bacic, p a l e below; borders of s c a l e s b l ack , r e s u l t i n g i n an ob l ique l i n e d e f f e c t on bhe body due t o t h e zsceni?ing s c a l e rows; a l a r g e black a r e a on caudal peduncle and base of' cauda l f i n ; r e s t of cauclal f i n b r i g h t yellow; d o r s a l g r a y i s h w i t h a p a l e margin and a dark sdb- marginal band. The a d u l t specimen wh?ch was r e t a i n e d f o r t he c o l l e c t i o n was poisoned. w i t h rotenone a t s t a t i o n V I a t Onotoa. The s i t e of t h i s s t n t i o n cons i s ted . of a l a r g e t runca t ed c o r a l heod wliich reechsd t o w i t h i n 3 f e e t of t h e s u r f a c e of t he lagoon. ??he J u v e n i l e specimens were t aken from t h e Tha lass ia - f l e t r eg ion of s t a t i o n V. . . . . . .. The s p e c i e s was observed only i n shallow lagoon wa te r s around c o r a l heeds. I n t ho no r the rn Marshal l i s l a n d s , however, Schu l t z (1953) r e p o r t s t a k i n g i t only fro10 mod.erately deep wa te r . The stomach c o n t e n t s of t h r e e Onotoa snec in~ens , 250 t o 290 m i n s tandard l e n g t h , were examined. These f i s h e s were ~ o l l e c t e d w i t h t h e use of ro tenone . They had e a t e n small. f i s h e s which were probably p r i o r v i c t ims t o t h e poison than t h e l u t i a n i d s theinselves, 1,ut janus kasrnira Sciaenn kasrnira ~ o r s k z l 1775. Descr. a n i n a l i u n , pp. x i , lc6, -fy, A r a b i a ) . 20 specinens . 30 - 120 mm. Onotoa 2 speciraens. 3 j and. 45 nun. Taravia. D X,15; A I I I , 8 ; P 16; v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows f r o n upper end of g i l l opening t o base of caudal f i n about 65. ( 2 sue- c h e no ) . Color from a 35 m Kodachrome trc:nsparenoy of a 90 mrn specimen: yellow d o r s a l l y , shading t o white v e n t r a l l y , w i t 1 1 f o u r l o n g i t u d i n a l l i g h t blue bands on head and upner two- t h i r d s of body; f i n s yellow. No l a r g e a d u l t s o f t h e s p e c i e s were taken. %os t of t h e Onotoa specimens weye c o l l e c t e d f r o n around c o r a l heads i n shal low a r e a s of t he lagoon. U i a c o ~ r ivu l -a ta Cuvier and Valenciennes 1828. H i s t . n a t . T s s . , vo l . 2 , p . 312, p l . 38. (Type l o c a l i t y , Coromandel, J ava , Red Sea, and Nalubar f . . . . . . 9 4 Lut janua r i v u l a t u s Fowler 1928. Mem. B. P. Bishop Xus., --.- ---- v o l . 1 C , , , .p . 202. (i'ibaiang, G i l b e r t ' ~ ~ l a n d s ) . , , , .:. Genus Ai7110'iL' .,,, . . &pion -- Cuvier an& Valenc ie i~nos 1830. H i s t . tl&t.. pol.r,s., : v . 0 1 . 6 , p . 54.3. (Type s p e c i e s , .Aprioa vi?&t,ens Cuvier arid Vr..len'ciofi.ne.~ ) . . . Q r i o n -- v i r e e c e n s --- Aprion v i r e s c e n s Cuvier and Valenciefi.aes ~ # b . H i s & . .st. p o i s s ~ ~ ~ , p. 544. ,(Tyi?o l o c a l i t y , : ~ e y c h e l l e r ; ) . . . $ . . 1 specimen (head o n l y ) . lo i lg th of head 161). am. T a r a w ~ . ! .. . . . . . . : ,. . ! :: . . Anhareus Cuvicr arid Valenc&en~xes. lP3J . H i s t . nat. ' poi ' ss . , m r - z p . 485. (Type s p e c i e s , Aphareus cae ru l e scens ~ u v i e r j . -- Labrus -- f u r c n t u s ~aco /p&de 1802. i3'ibt. n a t . p o i s s . , vo l . 3, pp. 429, 4'77, p$. 21, fig..,. 1. ..(Type l o c a l i t y , l e grand 0c6ar1). .... , > . < 4 specirrlens. 120 - 2 3 5 r m , Onotoa. . ,. . . , . D X,11;; A TII,c; .P 15;. l n t e r e l l i n e s c a l e s 76 and 77,; g i l l rulcerb 26 ( t h e l a s t 5 of the 10 011 t h e upper l h b of t he a r c h a r e t i n y rud imen t s ) . ( 2 specimens) . . . . . . . . . Color i n l i f e of u 230 hi: specimen : blue ' lkreen dbove ,, s h a d i n g t o ' p a l e blue below, w i t h enteY.ior t h i r d of t h e .: cvposed p a r t o f each s c a l e d a r k brownTsh @a)?, g i v i n g a n o v e r a l l b l u i s h g rey e i f e c t t o tile f i s h ; a .broad b r i g h t yellow barid from t , i p of ch in a c r o s s rnoutl~ . t o i n t e r o r b i t a l spac.e, 'nrjrrowink beyond . t h i s poii l t . a s i t extends t o o r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n (pos te r io i - t o i n t e r o r b i t a l space the yellow i s su f fused w i t h brownish gruy on the edges of t he s c a 1 . e ~ ) ; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s orange-yellow; caudal f i n ye l lowish brown b a s a l l y , shad ing t o - brownisi~::%ed:ciistally; . . . . . . . .-.. p e c t o r a l f i n s l i g h t y e l . 1 0 ~ on upp& h a l f , c l e a r r e d d i s h brown below; p e l v i c f i n s yel low, rod .medial ly ; . iris of eye orange n e x t t q ; p u p i l , l i g h t blue i n o u t e r .ha.].$ ...? The other: thr'ee pp,ec.imens were co lored si.oila~!l.y..ezicept: they lacked 'tile b r i g h t yellow b ~ t l d meii ial lg on t he !~er:d.. The f ' inh w i t h t h e yellovi band i s a r i p o fomale. A s has been po in t ed o u t by Fowler (1928: 1 9 5 ) . specimens of A . f u r c a t u s w i t h t he :yellow f r o n t a l band ( A . f1a; ivul tus ; ~ e n E i n m t noteern t o d i f f e r i n any o t h e r wzy f r o n those 1acLing t h i s yelloiv c o l o r a t i o n . This s p e c i e s was always seen a s s o l i t a r y i n d i v i d u a l s a c t i v e l y stviinming s e v e r a l f e e t o f f t he bottom i n c o r a l - r i c h a r e a s such a s t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e of t h s ou te r r e e f . Thc stomachs of a l l f ou r specimens tvtre opened. TvJo were empty, one contained an u n i d e n t i f i e d f i s h , and t h e l a s t had ea t en whet anpea r s t o be a specimen of P r i a c a n t h u s , Genus Cl.3310 Caesio ~ a c 6 p k e 1802. i i i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , ,v? l . 3 , p. 85. - - m e s p e c i e s , Caesio c o e r u l ~ u r e u s - Lacepede) . Caesio coerulaureuo -- e u s ~ a c 6 ~ k d e 1802. B i s t . n a t . -.- 3, p. 85. T f y p e L o c a l i t y , ~ o l u c c z s ) . t 1 specimen. 240 mm. Onotoa. l X,15; A I I 1 , l l ; P 22; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 6 9 , s c a l e s 1 from l a t e r a l l i n e t o base of s p i n o w d o r s a l f i n 7 z ; g i l l r a k e r s 41. A s i n g l e 'bony process on p remax i l l a ry besl.8es t he median process ; t e e t h on p remax i l l a ry i n one row (one-or two t i n y t e e t h wore found raedigl t o t h i s row); no p a l e t i n e , E vocler i n s i b l 6 ; dep th of houy 3.7 in . standar'd l e n g t h . C&OY horu a '35 rmi'~odac1~romi t ransparency dark blue ' t i o r s a l l j , shading t o . l i g h t blue on s i d e and w$ite v e n t r a l l y ; a g r e e n i s h ~ e l l o w l o n g i t u d i n a l band from uppar edge of g i l l o p e n i n g t o upper base of caudai f i n ; r3edi8n p a r t of' lobes of caudal f i n broadly b lack ; a tria,ngul.ar blaolc nark on uppsr: h a l f of b a s e of p e c t o r a l P i n ; d o r s a l f i n g.r.8~1; aria1 f i n redt i ish; p e c t o r a l f i n l i g h t ye l lowish ; i r is p a l e yellow. The specimen was speared from a school. of about 1 2 individuals s w i m i n g a t a depth of about 39 f e e t on t h e c o r o l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r e c f . Caesio xanthonotus -- Cassia xanthonotus Hlebker 1853. Nat. T i j d vo l . 4 , p . . & 6 6 r ( ~ y p e l . oca l i t y , Bt l t av ia ) . 7 specii;lens. 125 - 185 mi. Onotoa. D X,15; A 111.12; 21; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 59 and 62 ( t h e s e eTt:end ,hal f way o u t oil caudal f i n ) ; s c a l e s from l a t e r a l ' l ' ine t o base of spinouk p o r t i o n of d o r s a l P in 6: .: g i f l . r a k e r s ' 34 and 35. ( 2 specimens). A s i n g l e e longa te p rocess ex tending d o r s a l l y rrorn s i d e of premax2llery ( i n a d d i t i o n t o median p r o c e s s ) ; two rows of t e e t h on premaxi l la ry , t h e o u t e r row s h o r t and c o n i c a l , t h e . i n n e r row minute and v i l l i f o r m ; no t e e t h on p a l a t i n e s ; voraer e s s e n t i a l l y t o o t h l e s s (under high power of a b inocula r microscope s e v e r a l t i n y t e e t h were found a f t e r probing i n t h e p a l a t s l i n i n g ) ; depth of body 3.6 t o 3.7 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; p e c t o r a l f i n l o n g e r tnun head, 2.9 t o 3.1 i n s t a n d a r d l eng th . Color i n l i f e : pos t&io r h a l f 0.f body above l a t e r a l l i n e , o a u d ~ l peduncle, end caudal f i n b r i g h t yellow; lower t h i r f i of head and body whi te ; r e s t o f head and body b?tween t h e yellow d o r s a l and v s n t r a l whi te r e g i o n s b r i g h t blue ( b l a c k i s h i n p r e s e r v a t i y a ) ; b lack on t i p of chin , a x i l of p e c t o r a l f i n , and bas& of pec to r . a l f i n (broader a t upper p a c t o f base og f i n tfmn lo ive r ) ; . d o r . s a l ' f i n g r a y on basa l s c a l e d por t ion , ye l lo i t i sh d i s t a l l y except f o r .a narrow blbck h a r e i n ; anzil f i n r e d d i s h b a s a l l y , shading t o y e l l o w a n d f i n a l l y w h i t i s h d i s t a l l y ; pni red f i n s h y a l i n e : i n n e r p a r t of i r is r e d . A f t e r death t h e ' : b r i l l i a n c e 6f t h e s h a r p l y de f ined yellow reg ion on t h e bat;; chenges t o : d u l l yeklow2sh g reen and r e d d i s h a r e a s a1spea.r :on '%he. v!h,$Ce' Y e n t r a l ' rcgiop, , . . . . . ~ h l s r p s e i e s W E I S coimonly seen i n agg rega t i ons of a bout 50 o r mot.--indlvt.Auals i n mid-water on t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e . of tho ou te r r e e f ; s o m e t Q e s ~ h e ' s c h o o l was d i spe r sed a a a r l y fr~m th.e su r f ace t o t h e battom.1n a W u t 30 br more f e e t of water and tended t o rerhain t n app rox lna t e ly t h e , . same l o c a t i o n . .The. i n d i v i d u a l s of the. school ivsre su rp r i- s i n g l y una f r a id of nn approaching s w t m e r snd cou18 b e speared . w1Ch . ease . A l l seven speoimens were taken i n t h i s . manner, : . :. . .: . . " he : stomaoh con ten t s of two o f t h e specimens 'was examined, As the. elo.ngate . g i l l r a k e r s and t h e swisming position w e l l . o f f th6 bottora sugges t , thes'e indivl.dua1.s proved . t o be . , ,p lankton f eeddr s . The bulk' of t h e food u a t e r i a l c o n s i s t e d of p e l a g i c copepods. Other t y p i c a l p l ank ton ic o o n s t i t u e n t s such a s mollusk l a r v a e , l a r v a l s t a$es .o f shrirap, and f i sh . : eggs were found. Genus PTZROCAESIO P t e r o c a e s i o Bleeker 1875. Vers l , Akad. Amsterdam, s e r . v o l , 9, p, 353, (Type spec ies , Caesio m u l t l r a d i a t u s Steindachael, e -- Caesio t i l e OUW%- ?alenciennesf . P t e r o c a e s i o t i l e ------ - Caesio t i l e Cuvier ~ ~ n d Vrilenciennes 1830. H i s t . n a t . s o i s s . , 1 , 8 (Type l o c a l i t y , Caro l ine .Archipelago) . 1 ::pccimen, 11~0 mn. 23 specime.ns. 70 - 90 run. Onot oa . . . . . - . . D XI o r XII, 20 or. 2 1 ; A I:CI, 13 o r I l k ; :I? 2 2 o r 23; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 73 o r 80 ( l a s t l a t e r a l l i n s s c e l e i s n e a r l y h a l f w ~ y o u t on caudal f i n ) ; s c a l e s irocl l ~ t e r a l l i n e t o base of sp inous p o r t i o n o f d o r s a l f i n 62:; ,.. g i l l r a k e r s 35 and 36, ( 3 spec imens) . Two e l o n g a t e pocesse: : on t h e s i ( l e of t h e =i:emoxillary i n ~ d d i t i o n t o t h e medifin i:rocesS; t e ~ t h on. yreiinx.ill.ary i n a ~ i r : g l e row; uo t e e t h on y a l a t i n e s o r vonzr ; deijth of body . . 3.9 i n s t anda rd lenc, th of 140 r m specimen, about 4.6 i n t h e siilall specimens; l e n g t h - of p e c t o r a l f i n nbuut 4.5 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h . Color i n l i f e of 140 ma specimen: dar!c b lue dorsa1l.y (da rk by v i r t u e of each s c a l e beinel rimmed i n b l s ck ) down t:, a narrow 1cn~ ; i t ud ina l . b lack b a ~ d which ex tends from the u l p e r p a r t of eye o u t i n t o upper l o & of caudn.1 P in ; b e l w t h i s b lack br:rid t o midJle of f i ~ h i r r i d e s c e r i t l . i ~ h t b lue ; lower h a l f of body and head wh i t e ( t h i s became r e d d i ~ h s h o r t l y a f t w thi ; f 'ish was spes red) . ; a b l t c k longituc!in?l. band. i n lower l o b e of cnudel f i n 1n6dial t o lowermoi-,t two p r i n c i p a l caudal. r a y s ( l i k e band i n upper l obe excep t t h p . t , i t does not extend on t o body) ; f i n s f a i n t l y r e d d i s h ; a t r i a n g u l a r b l ack spo t a t upi)er base of p e c t o r a l f i n . Specinens of about "l4O nun i n l e n g t h w e r observed i n l o o s e oggregeti .ons i n .rniti-water on t h e co rn l . l i f e rous t e r r a c e of t he o u t e r r e e f . ~1.1 of t h e s m e l l spocl.aeno werf; ob ta ined over c o r a l heads i n t h e l a g o o n , During our s t ~ y a t Onotow, t h e young of C . --.- t i1.e appeared i n t h e ingoon i n g r e a t numbers, a. phenormnon %hicli 1 w m t o l d occu r s ~ r i c e i n ~ b o u t every t e n y e a r s . The G i l b ~ r t e s e hold t h o s e sma l l f i s h i n h i : ~ h est*een and emi~loy o spec ia l . f i s h i n g rilsthod t o c a t c h the:~i ( s e e Randa l l - i n Banner slid Randa l l , 1952: 52-53). Genus IXXTAPUS P e n t a ~ u s Cuvier end Vnl~nc l . ennes 1830. H i s t . m t . p o i s s . , - v o l . 6 , p . 258. (Type :^species, E e n t m - i r i s Cuvier srld -Valencicnries ) . S c o l o ~ s ! tle.is cznii lus Cuvier 3nd Valenciennes 1830. H i s t . n n t . v. 7- ;:ozss., vo l . 5 , p. 266. (Type l . o c a l i t y , New Guinea) . Beterognnthodon - caninus ~ h t h e r 187b. Jour . Mus. Godef'f'roy, V O ~ . 2-3, p t . 7-6, p. 32. (dbemema, G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . Genus SCOLOPSIS Sco lo s is Cuvier 1814. Bu l l . Soc. P h i l o ~ i . P a r i s , p . 90. '+pecies Scolopsi i ies i t u r i t e Cuvier Anth ias vosne r i ijloch j . --- Scolops ides c a n c e l l a t u s Cuvier nnd Valenciennes 1630. H i s t . - ------ nat;. ~ O I L S : ; . , ?&I.. 5 , I:+ 351. (Type l o c e l i t y , i I ~ w a i i , : i i o Rawe!c, New Guinea, Vanicolo, a & Ulea ) . Sco lops i s ca.ncel.latns Fowler 1 9 2 8 . %em. E. P. . Q i s h o ~ Xus. , -- v o l . 10 ,!.,=@asnope = Oceaa I s l a n d ) . Gnathotlentex Blcelcer lG73. V'ersl.. A k ~ t l . Amsterdam, s e r . 2 , -- vo l . 7 , p. lcl. (Type s p e c i e s , P e n t ~ ~ p u s ~ u r i l i n e a t u s -.- Rleelrer ) . Gnn thodentex a u r e o l i n e a t u s - - 9 s r u s a u r e o l i n e c t u s ~ n c 6 ~ & d e 1802. Sist. o a t . n o i s s . , v a l . l - , 4 , PP. 427 132. 1 8 specimens. 53 - 185 c m . Onoton. D X,10; A I I i , 9 ; I? 15; l n t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 7 1 and 77. ( 2 specimens) . A s t r o n g l y s e r r a t e lon,.:i tkdinal ricige on a a x i l l a r g . Color i n l i f e of s 185 m specimen: s i l v e r y brown w i t h n proxineni; yeliow b l o t c h a t base of s o f t :lorsal f i n and l o n g i t i ~ d i ~ ~ ~ l yellow l i n e s of fibout a s c a l e ' s v!icith on % i d s of body; f i l l s r e d d i s h . Adults were most cormonly observed swiiming i n groups of about e i g h t o r tc:n c l o s e t o t h e bottom on the i n s h o r e p a r t of t h e c o r a l l i f ' e r h u s t e r r a c e of t he o u t e r r e e f . The young were t aken from shallow 1asoo.n and channel a r e a s . Monotaxis Bennett 1830. IXemoir . . .Sir 3 t m f ord R a f f l e s , 7%(Type s p e g i e s , T~~ionotaxis -- i n d i ca Bennett = Sciaena g randocu l i s For s k n l ) . - Monotaxis -- ~ ~ _ n S t o c u l i s .- 0 .Sciaena g r a n d o w l i s Porsical 1775. Uescr. aniinalium, pp . x i i , ---- 4 3 x ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Djedda , Re3 s e a ) . 24 spccimens. 34 - 169 am. Onotoo. LO; A III,9; P 1 4 ; l a t e r a l . l i n e noales 47. ( 3 spe- Jaws wi th c m i n e t e e t h a n t e r i o r l y , large:: t r u n c a t e molar i form t e e t h p o s t e r i o r l y . S:pecimens up t o 39 rm i n s t anda rd l e n g t h show no i n d i c a t i o n of moluriforru t e e t h . The l a s t t o o t h i n t h e lower jaw of a 40 mil juveni le i s s l i g h t l y enlarger?. I n a 49 rm specimen t h i s l a s t lower t o o t h i s f u r t h e r enlarged mi! a p i c a l l y rounded, and t e e t h i n f r o n t of t h i s t o o t h a r e e n l a r g i n g . The smal l specir%ns d i s u l l s a d i s t i n c t r idr .e on t h e max i l l a ry w i th about 10 t o L " 1 2 po in ted d e n t i c u l a t i & s a long t h e t op a s seen i n Gn~ith:;ic;ntex. -. - .. -- l a t h e l e r g e specimerlv of Monotaxis I-C t h i s ri.dg,,e i s f l ~ t t s n e d and inconspicuous and t n e d e n t l c u l s t i o n s rounded and v a r i o u s l y fused . The c o l o r i n l i f e i s v a r i a b l e , some ~;pecirnens being more i e l a n i s t i c t han o t h e r s and uurue Clispl.aring broad v e r t i c e l blacik b a r s d o r s a l l y on Lhe body which a r e completely absen t i n o t h e r s . The color of a 158 ran speclinen frorn ldy f i e l d no te s i s a s fo l lows: g reen i sh purp1.e d o r s - l l y , .shadl.ng t o s i l v e r y on t h e s i d e s and v e n t r a l l y ; a l a r g e black a ren above p e c t o r a l f i n ; i n t e r o r b i t a i ye l lowish ; s n o u t , l i p s , and chin b l a c k i s h ; d o r s a l , m a l , and p e c t o r a l f I n s l i g h t r e d ; caudal f i n l i g h t r e d except proxir ia l h a l f of upper and lower l o b e s which a r e ye l lowish orange; p e l v i c f i n s h y a l i n e ; a x i l of p e c t o r a l f i n black. A s t r i k i n g co lo r change i n t h e young is apparent from ray s e r i e s of juveni le spcciwens. Spcciiaeris from 32 t o 3'7 mro a r e p a l e ( l i g h t g reen i sh d o r s a l l y i n . l i f e ) wi th two l eng th - wise da rk l i n e s , t h e f i r s t runnirlg from s l i g , h t l y above c e n t e r of eye t o upper base of caudel f i n , and t.he second from lower base of p e c t o r a l f i n t o lower base of caudal. f i n : t h e r e i s a r e g i o n of black pigment d i s t a l l y i n t h e d o r s a l f i n between t h e second and s i x t h d o r s a l sp ines . A 40 mm specircen i s l i g h t brow11 wi th f o u r broad b lack ba r s on upper h a l f of body, t h e second and. t h i r d of which extend up i n t o d o r s a l f i n ; a s h o r t v e r t i c a l b l a c k i s h l i n e extends v e c t r a l l y f ro& t h e middle of the lower edge of t h e eye. A 39 am specimen e x h i b i t s i n t e rmed ia t e c o l o r a t i o n . The j u v e n i l e specimens wi th the two lengtbwisf; darl; l i n e s were a11 c o l l e c t e d fro12 around sma l l c o r a l beads i n sacdy, shal low lagoon and channel a r e a s , Adul t s were taken f'rom c o r a l l i n e a r e a s of both, t h o 1af;oon anti o u t e r r e e f . Adults wers conmoti. on t he c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r f i ce of t h e ou t e r r e e f . .Cndiviauals s e v e r a l t imes l a r g e r t han t h e l n r i e s t specinen tnken wore observe8. Kost s p e c i e s of r e e f l ' isheo e i t h e r seek r e fuge i n hol.es i n t h e c o ~ a l o r f l e e a cons iderab le d i s t a n c e when alarined by an approa ch.ing swimr.ier. ;loriotaxis 9 however, a s u a l l y noves away froi i~ an i n t r u d e r vesy SEowl37 1.n t he d i ~ e c t i o : : of clee;~:~:. w:?ter. The gat cont znCs ol' t w spec inens , 158 :ind "1.60 rnn i n s t ands rd l e n g t h , were exemineci. These, cs : l s i s ted i:iail~ly of t h e crushea s h e l l s of s.rfia11 ~ o l . l u s i i s a long with.. the rcr,mins of s i u n l l sea u r c h i n s . . .Considert. ,ble ';iattoin d e b r i s was p r e s e n t , a s would be expec ted . Le thr inus C u v i e r l 8 2 3 . ~ & p , n e . a n i n a l ~ e d . , 2 , vo l . 2 , p , 18L. 7~---- ppe s p e c i e s , 'Sparus ch~afi,rorbyndllus- B l o c h and Schne ider ) . - f ~ e t b r i a u r s vsri.c?'~i;u.s I.-.-- -___<_I_ L e t b r i n i ~ s v a r i e m t u s Cuvi.er and Vnlenciennes 1830. H i s t . ---..-, ---. L- n n t . po?.ss., v o l . 6 , p. 287. (Type l o c a l i t y , Ifassush mii r;uez) . 1 specinen. 345 mn. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 245 om. Tarawa. D X , 9 ; A III,8; P 1 3 ; l a t e r a l lLne s c a l e s 48; s c a l e s from l c t e r a l l i n e t o n i d d l e of spinous p o r t i o n of d o r s a l f i n 1 1 (1 , s i e , cimea) . . . . . Snout 1-.7. i n head l e n g t h ; dep th of body 3.4 i n s tandard l e n g t h ; eye: 2 ? 7 i n . head l e n g t h . Color froin 35 i m Kodachrome t r a r ~ s p a r e n c y of a . l a r g e a d u l t : l i g h t g r a y , edge? of :scales r i m e d i n dark grny ( e s p e c i a l l y d o r s a l l y ) , w i t h a . h a l l ora~nge-red s ~ o t a t upper base of . .c peo to rn l f i n ; a x i l ; o f p e c t o r a l f i n oi:nnge-red; d o r s a l and an.al f i m @ g y ; c.auda1 f f n brownish.,gray; . . p e c t o r a l f i n r a y s f a i ~ l t l g orr:ng.ls.h; , iric; p a l e gel.lov~ ,,, . . . . . The stociiiohs:of two l a r g e s p e c i i G ~ i c o l l e c t e d with ro tenone were f i l l e d w i th sna11 f i ~ h e s ha6 undoubteclly . ,: been p r i o r v i c f i a s . . . of t h e poison. The ~ n o t o k s p & ' c i h e n r e t a i n e d f o r t he c o l l e c t i o n was c o l l e c t e d z t i t a t i o n Tll: on the lagoan s i d e of t h e west r e e f of t h e ~ t b l l . L e t h i n u s - nebulosus 0 Scinena nebulosus Fo r ska l 1775. Descr. an ina l iu r~ i , pp. x i i , - 7 r ~ y p e laxity, Arab ia ) . 1 specimen. 2 2 1 . 2 specimens. 95 mu. Onotoa. D X,y; A III,8; P 1 3 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 48; s c a l e s from l a t e r a l l i m t o base of middle p a r t of spinous d o r s a l f i n 5 ( 5A i n srnall specimens) , ( 3 speciinens) . Length of snout 1.8 i n head l e n g t h ; depth of body 2.7 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; head 2.9 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; l e a s t dep th o f caudul peduiic1.e l . 5 i n snou t ; eye 2.3 i n head l e n g t h ; t h i r d a n a l sp ine us long a s eye ( p r o p o r t i o n a l measurements based on 225 lm spec inen ) . Color i n l i f e : l i g h t g r e e n i s h on back; s c a l e s narrowly rimmed w i t h dark brown; f a i n t longi tud ina l . s t r i p e s of b l u i s h and of orange; a inoderately prominent orenge l o n g i t u - d i n a l band a t l e v e l of' p e c t o r a l f i n ; head l i g h t g r e e n i s h yellow w i t h b ~ o w n i s h mot t l i .ngs; d o r s a l , a n d , and. caudal r a y s with dark a n n u l a t i o n s . The 225 rn specirflon was ttzker: i n poison s t a t i o n V I I ; t h e two smal l specimens were s e ined from the pond-like body of water n e a r l y enclosed i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e most n o r t h e r n of t he two p r i n c i p a l :?lands of t h e a t o l l . Le th r inus rhodopterus Bleeker 1852. Nat. T i j d s c h r . Ned.-Ind., ~ ? ; e l o c a l i t y , ing gap ore). 13 spec iuens . 50 - 158 ma. Onotoa lagoon. 1 specimen. 112 mu. Tarawa. I) X,9; A I l I , 8 ; P 1 3 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s L7 or 48; s c a l e s from l a t e r a l l i n e t o ruirtdle of base of spiiious d o r s a l f i n 5 . ( 2 cpecimens). Length of snout 2 i n head l e n g t h ; depth of body 2.6 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; l e n g t h of head 3.2 i n s tandard l e n g t h . Color i n l i f e of a 158 urn spec inen which was speared i n about 7 f e e t of water over sand near a lagoon c o r a l head: l i g h t g ray , each s c a l e c e n t e r a w h i t i s h s p o t ; a l a r g e b l ack i sh spo t j u s t below l a t e r a l l i n e , nea r ly cen te red on t i p of o u t s t r e t c h e d p e c t o r a l ; f i n s r e d d i s h , e s p e c i a l l y t h e caudal on t h e p o s t e r i o r h a l f of which t h e r e i s a broad i r r e g u l a r r e d d i s h band s which con ta ins pa l e a r e a s . I m e d i - a t e l y upon being spea red , t h e e n t i r e p o s t e r i o r h a l f of t he f i s h became dark . The stomach of t h e above specimen conta ined a s iaa l l , u n i d e n t i f .led f i sh . The storuach c o n t e n t s of 10 specimens frolli po i son s t n t i o n V which measured 75 t o 134 run i n s t anda rd l e n g t h were examine&. One f i s h was en~pty , and the o t h e r s contained. sma l l f i s h e s which were probably e a t e n fo l lowin$ t h e i r being k i l l e d o r n e a r l y so by t h e ro tenone . I n a d d i t i o n t o f i s h e s one indLviduai had p rev ious ly e a t e n . . an u n i d e n t i f i e d c rus t aceen . . Le th r inus r e t i c u l u t u s -.-- -" -.-a Lethr ihus ' __-_ r e t i c u l & t u s Cuvier m d V ~ l e n c i e n n e s l E 3 O . Xist. n a t . poi.ss. , v o n 6 , n . 298. (Type l o c a l i t y , . New Guinea) . . . Le th r inus m o e n s i i -- ~ h t h e r 1674. our . :vfus. c o a k r r r o y , v o l s . 2-3, p t s . 5-6, p . 64 , p1. 46, f i g . A . (Kingsmil l i s l a n d s ) . . . . . . . Le tb r inus ramak : . . . -- ' . 6, ,'..<, ,: ' :. Sciaenn ramak 'kor ~ 1 ~ 8 1 l 7 f5 . Descs. an'irnaiiun, p. 52. (Type l o c n i i t y , Hed 3%) . . . . . ' . . . . . . . .. ~ e t h r i n u . 8 r e m k ';' a e n d a l l and Goldsborough 1911. Xenl. Mus ? CoEp. ZOO^., v o l . 26, p . 289. ( 9 u t a r i t a r 1 , G i l h e r t I s l a n d s ) . . . . . . ~. . , . ?has s p e c i ? s may not be d i s t i n c t f r o a I e t h r i n u s nebu.losus - Tor s k a l . Genus GERRES . . . , . . .:.,. ., . . . . . .. . Gerres Quoy and Gaimard 182k. Voyage a u t o u r (ju monde.. . . - . ' 7Uranie ' f , , Zool . , p. 292. (Type s p ~ c i k s ; - . ~ ~ e ~ q & s , . v a i r ~ , i e ~ l s i ~ , . . . . . . . . Q,U,uoy and Gaiuasd) . . :', . ., . , >. : .. I . . . : . . i ' . . . - . . . ~ e r r s s oblongus . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . Gerres oblongus Cuvier :hi Velenciennes 1830. sist. n a t . poiss . . , . v0l.6,. , P... 479,: (Type l o c a l . i t y , 'Caylo'n) ; , .,, . . : . . , , . . - . . . . . : . 1.specir;ien. 243 .&. Onotos lagoon. , . . 1 specimen. 187 an. Tarawe. . . . , . . I , . ' . . ' , D LX;10; A ~II,?; P i 6 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s . t o base of caueal g i n 45 o r 11.9; s c a l e s f r o a o r i g i n o f ti&s:!l, f i ,n t o ,. , 1aEf;rid 1 i n . e 7 ; g i l l r a k e r s 5 or 6-1-7. ( 2 ' s p e . ~ i m ~ n & ) . ' . . . , ., , . . . . . . . . , , .. . . . . . . . . . . Color i n l i f e si1ver.y w i t h 5 o r 6 v e r t i c e l l i n e s of f a i n t orange s p o t s i n middle of sXde body. ,. . . ' . . ~ k p t h of body' cantdined 2.6 t o 2.7 i n ' s t andard l e n g t h ; eye 3.6 i n head l e n g t h ( w i t h mouth not produced). . . . : . ~ 8 Gerres a rgyreus . . d i o b l a nrpyrea Bloch and Schneider 1801. Systena i c h t h . , ---- "A. p. 34-11.. ('i'ype l o c a l i t y , Tanna I s l a n d and I ' ec i f ic I s l a n d ) . . 'Ge r r e s ka 'as Fowler 1928. ::Xem.. 13. P. Bishop Nus., v o l . 1 0 , -2&aiang, Kingsmil l ~ s l a n d s ) . 2 specimens. 97 and. 99 rm. Tarawa. D IX,10; A I I I , 7 ; P 1 5 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s t o b a s e of cau'dal f i n 41; s c a l e s .fron: o r i g i n of d o r s a l f i n t o l a t e r a l . - l i n e 4 o r 5 ; g i l l r a k e r s '5-1-7. Color i n u lcohol dussy d o r s a l l y shading to l i g h t t a n on s i d e s end v e n t r a l l y ; margln of' spinous d o r s a l dusky. Depth o f body conta ined 2.7 t o 2.8 t i n e s i n s tandard l e n g t h ; eye 2.7' i n head l eng th {with noubh no t produced). The. g o a t f i s h e s a r e r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y . ' t h e i r e lon- g h t e bodice and p a i r of long b a r b e l s t h a t o r i g i n a t e o n the ch in . These f i s h e s a r e bottom-dwell&rs a n d ape usual . ly founid over sandy a r e a s . The b a r b e l s a r e normally Ci rec ted backward, bu twhen . s ea rch ing f o r food they a r e extentled a n t e r i o r l y and downvmrd i n t o t h e sand. and !cept i n r a p i d , almost v j .bra tory, motion a s the f i s h s w i m forward. The g o a t f i s h e s were 'most comonly seen i n t he Lagoon a t Onotoa. The G i l b e r t e s e g i v e eech s p e c i e s a d i f f e r e n t narae, . a - f a c t . which r e f l e c t s t h e v8lue of t h e s e f i s h e s a s food. Iden t i f i k a t i o n of th6 G i l b & t I s l and r x ~ l l i d s WEIS rm de w i t h t he a s s i s t a n c e o f D r . E rnes t A . Lachner. Genus Ul)liNXJS . . . . . . . , U p e n e u ~ Cuvier and ~ a l e n c i e n n e s 1829. H i s t . n a t . pOiss j , ~ 0 1 7 3 , p. 4./+8.- . (Ty$ . s p e c i e s , Mullug v i t t a t u s F o r s k d l ) . Uueneus a r g e Dpeneus arge ~ o r d a h and EverEiann 1903. B u l l . U. S. F i s h - -.- Gown., v o l . 2 2 , 11. 187. ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , i ionolalu) . U~eneus,gr&e_ Lachner 1954. Proc. U. S . Nat. Xus . , v o l . 103 , p. 5 1 t , p l . 1 4 , f i g . A . , . 2 specimens. 235 and 270 ran. Onatoa. 1 specimen. 225 ram. Taraua. 9 -VI I I - I , 9 ; B ' I , ~ ; P 1 4 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 40 or 41. ( 2 S ~ H C ~ L G C L ~ S ) . Color i n l i f e : body l i g h t g r e e n i s h d o r s a l l y , s i l v e r y wh i t s on s i d e s arid. v c n t r z l l y , w i t h 2 lengthwise orange- yello~w l i n e s from back o f . h e a d f o b a s e of caufial f i n (upper- most of t h e s e two l i n e s begirls a t l e v e l of eye and i s broader t han tfi6 lower one which s t a r t s a t a x i l of . p e a t o r a l ) ; 5 narrow larigthwise orange l i n e s oil, back above the 2 p r i n - c ip :? l l i n e s which break up !.nto s p o t s i n l i n e a r s e r i e s c n t e r i o r l y on body ; .head wi.th numerous s h o r t i r r e g u l a r ornnge l i n 6 d o r s a l l y , a pro.mineqt h o r i z o n t a l orange ' l i n e a n t e r i o r t o e y e , and i r r e g u l a r orango-red b lo t ches v e n t r a l t o eye and on o p c r ~ l u i n ; f i r s t dorsnl. f i n w i t h f a h t o ranee bands; secoud d o r s a l f1.n w i t h 4 h o r i z o n t a l orange bands; v.pper l o b s o r caudal f i n ; s i t % 7 dusky orange t o black h o r i z o n t a l bands; lower l obe of 'caudal f i n w i th 5 such bands. The two s p e c h e n s were speared from a smal l school of about s i x rapi*ily-s~~ii?u3ing i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e >,agoon i n bout 5 f e e t oT water over sand. . . Thc stomach of t h e l a r g e s t specimen was opened and found t o be empty. Parupeneus Rleeker 1.863. Ned. T i j d s c h r . Dier$ , , y o l . 1; p . 242. (Type s p e c i e s , Mullus t r i f s s c i a t u s Lacepgde) . Parupeneus t r i f a s c i a t u s -. ,- iv~ullus t r i f a s c i a t u s ~ a c & p & i s 1002. B l s ' t . n n t , poiss ; , Y O ~ . --.- 3, p p ~ ~ ~ ~ - 4 0 4 , pL. 1 5 , f i g ' . 1. . . Upemus ~ n u l t i f a s c i a t u s Fowler 1928:Mem. B. P. Bishop Xus., vos. 1 0 , p.. 228. (Kingsmil l I s l a n d s ) . . . 17 specimens. 53 - 120 ma. Onotoa. D VIII-9; A 7 ; P 16; l a t e r a l : l i n e s c e l e s 29. ( 2 spec i - mens ) . . . Color from a 35 mi Kodachrom t ransparency wh i t e w i th a v e r t i c a l b l a c ~ bar ex tending v e n t r a l l y from a n t e r i o r p a r t of' seconii d o r s a l f i l l , and another b lack bar on caudal peduncle; a narrow dusky v e r t i c a l bar between first and second d o r s a l f i n s and a broad. dusky v e r t i c a l bar beneath f i r s t do r sa l , f i n ; a s h o r t b l a c k i s h band ex tending p o s t e r i o r l y and s l i g h t l y d o r s a l l y from j u s t below middle of eye; snou t , l i p s , and. b a r b e l s p ink ; i r i s r e d ; f i r s t dorsal. f i n pele pin!:; remaining f i n s f a i n t l y y e l l o w i s h . Th i s i s the n o s t omnipresent g o a t f i s h fit Onotoa. , , . The stomach c o n t e n t s of t h r e e smell specimens ( 5 4 t o 55 mm) were examined. The f i s h had ea ten amphipods, cope'pods, ot!ler sme l l u n i d e n t i f i e d c r u s t a c e a , and u n i d e n t i f i e d epgs . :;urprisinp,ly, t h e r e was no ino rgan ic sediment p r e s e n t . Parupeneus ba rbe r inus . Uul lus barber inus ~ a c d $ d e 1802. E i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , ~ 0 1 . 3 , pp. 283, 1,06,1.. 13', f i g . 3 . (Type l o c a l i t y , near Moluccas) . 1 specimen. 168 mu. -Tarawa. .: Color from 35 m iiodilchroc!s t ransparency of a 280 rn specincn: a b lack band runking from j u s t a'bove upper l i p tiirou&h eye a long back t o - 'beneath r e a r base of second d o r s a l f i n ; boCy above t h i s band b r i g h t yellow, pelow whi t e w i t h occas iona l s m a l l yellow s p o t s ; a , l a r g e round b l a c k ' s p o t on p o s t e r i o r pa r t of caudal peduncle cen te red s l i g h t l y above mid l ine ; b lack bund- on head bordered ::vith b lue ; a r e d d i s h v i o l e t pa t ch on o p e r c l e ; s h o r t i r r e g u h r g e > . l . o w l i n e s on head below black band; l i p s and lower p a r t of head orange; d o r s a l f i n s pa l e g r a y i s h lavender ; ceudel f i n l avende r ; a n a l f i n w h i t i s h ; p e c t o r a l f i n s l i g h t c?us!ry yellow; p e l v i c f i n s l i g h t orange; i r i s yellow e x c s ~ t s narrow r i r ? & nex t t o pupil. whichi i s orange. , ~ . This s p e c i e s was fou.nd i n s3nd.y area's o f both . t h & :.lagoon and ou te r r e e f . . , / \ . ?JuIullus -- chryserydros Lncepede 1802. E i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , vo l . 3 , BP. 384, 406. 5 s p e c i m ~ n s . 60 - 130 m. Onotoe. D VIIS-9; il 7 ; P 1 7 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 17 . (2 s p e c h e n s ) . Color i n . l k f e o f 611 of t h e Onotoa specimens e . n t i r e l y bllight yellow. X. A . 1.achner (Ms) i s unable t o s e p a r a t e t h i s ye1lc:v f o m r f i e r i s t i c a l l y o r o therwise from t h e u sua l I?. chryrer:;drcYs and t h e r e f o r e ooas ide r s i t a c o l o r phase. - -..-..- - Beceuse of i t s yellow c o l o r , t h i s s p e c i e s n s s e a s i l y s p o t t e d u n d e r i s t e r . It was s een i n both lagoon and ou te r r e e f a r e a s ; however i t was no t c o m r : ~ ~ . Parupeneus - pleurostip,ma 'Qxaeirs -- ~ 1 e u r o s t i . g f a a -. Bennett 1831. Proc. 2,001. Soc. London, v ~ i , 1, :.?. 59 . T y ' p l o c a l i t y , Xfeur i t ius) . TJpeneus p lenros t ! . - . . --. m a Fowler 1928. Xem. B. P: Bishop 14us. , v o l ? L 0 , p. 2:l .T~bemane, G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) . ~ ~ u l l o i d i c h t h y s -- '::hitleg 1929. Rec. Aus t r a l i an Mus. , ;v?l . 1 7 , p. 1-e s p e c i e s , Xu l lu s ' -- f l a v e o l i n e n t u s Lacepede) . ,--.--.-. Mulloides -sunloensis ~ 8 n t l n e r 1874, Jou r , Mus . .Codeffroy, v o l s . m, p t s . 5 - 6 , p. 57, p l . h.3, f i g . B. (Type l o c a l i t y , Apia, Samoa ) . 8 specimens. . .80 - 1 4 5 uxl. O n o t ~ a . 3 spec inens . 90 - 193 nil. Tarawa . 2 specimens. 70 and 7 1 ran. Nukunsu. D VII-9; 6 7 ; P 1 7 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 37; g i l l r n k e r s 27 and 28. ( 2 specimens ) . Color i n a l coho l l i g n t brown, t h e edges of t h e s c a l e s s l i g h t l y d a r k e r , wi th a blac!.cish s p o t , about h a l f t h e s i z e of t h e ?.ye, on s i d e of body a t l e v e l of t he f i r s t do r sa l ? i n j u s t below t h e l a t e r a l l i n e ; pe r i t oneun black; a dusky spot on i n s i d e of operc le . A 1 1 of t h e Onotoa specimens were ob ta ined from r e l a t i v e l y shal low sandy a r e a s of t he lagoon. The species . i s abundant. Mull.oidichthys ( a u r i f l a m a ? ) MU~lus - a u r i f l a m a ~ o r s k i l 1775. Descr. a n i n a l i w , pp. 10 , F ( v p e l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . 1 specimen. 78 m ~ . Onotoa. Color i n l i r e : a b r i g h t yellow band from eye t o upper base of caudal f i n , bordered. above and below by narrower blue bands,; upper blue band eniis below p o s t e r i o r p a r t of a n a l f i n ; r e g i o n below low@r blue band ye l lowish , shnd.inp, t o wh i t e v e n t r a l l y ; d o r s a l f i n s dusky yellow; a n e l , c auda l , and p e l v i c f i .ns b r i g h t yellow; p e c t o r a l f i n s l i g h t yellow: no black spo t was v i s i b l e on t h e s i d e . Th i s sma l l specinen has beeii g iven t~ D r . Lachner who i s s t i l l n o t c e r t a i n of t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . He counted 30 g i l l r a ~ c e r s . The smc imen cvos speared i n a Tha la s s i a f l -a t a r ea of t h e lagoon. . . . Shavi ) . 1829. ~ d g n c oniraal., ed. 2 , v o l , 2 , p . 175. 11ernpheri3 touea Cuvier = sparus? compressus Penpher is o u a l e n s i s Psmpheris o u a l e n s i s Cuvier 2nd Valenciennes 1831. H i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , vol,. '/, p. 299. (Type l o o a l i t y , Oualan) . Pempheris m n g u l e G h t h e r 1873. Jour. 1.1~s. Godeffroy, v o l . 2 , p t . 3 , p . 102, p l . 59, f i g . B. (Kingsmi l l islands). & speciuler!s: 1 - 1 . Onotoa. . . . . . . . n VI,9; A I I I , L + O . t o L3; P 17 ; l a t e r a l l i .ne s c a l e s 65 o r 66; g i l l r a k e r s 29. ( 3 specimsns) . co lo r froril 35 m Kodacfirorna t r anspa rency , irovdnish s i l v e r ; a bluck s p o t at; base of p e c t o r a l f i n ; dorsa l f i n ye l lowish .brown w i t h a n t e r i o r edge broadly b lack ; aria1 f i n ye l lowish . . , . , brown, blaci: a n t e r i o r l y and a t base;.. caudal f i n base and uyner and lower l o b e s da rk brown, r e s t of f i n ye l l owi sh brown. This s3eCies was t aken i n surge channels and, ou t e r r e e f t e r r a c e near t h e en t r ance t o s u r g e channe ls . It i s very s e c r e t i v e , be ing s sen on ly i n r e c e s s e s i n t h e r e e f dur ing t h e day. I suspec t t h a t i t may be a n o c t u r n a l f i s h . The l a r g e eye s u p p o r t s t h i s con ten t ion . , . . Family p@ij\CZ?:pcTTJ+r:: . . The d a m e 1 f i s h e s a r e u s u a l l y smal l and o f t e n v i v i d l y 'colored. As a group they a r e c h s r e c t e r i z e d c h i e f l y by h a v i t ? ~ ., a s i c g l e r,os t x i l ' on each s i d e of t h e snout . They' were well. r e r r e s e n t e d a t Onotoa, both i n nuraber of s p e c k s and abur:- dance of? i n d i v i d u a l s . %os t s p e c i e s e x h i b i t d i s t i n c t i v e hai;:tat p r e f e r m c e s ; they u s u a l l y t ake cover i n i n t e r s t i c e s i n c o r a l o r ho l e s i n t he r e e f ( o r , i n t h e well-known case of r , -.. i n sea anenomes ) upon approaching Cringer. The Gil.bf;rl;ese g e n e r a l narce f o r pomacentrids i s -- t e r e i b u . Key t o t h e 9 m c i e s of T'omecentridae Recorded f r o n t h e G i l b e r t I s l n n d s . . . l o . Dorsa l s 3 i n e s X o r XI; s c a l e s siiiall., about 50 >;sca,le row.: fro:ii upper edge of g i l l opening t o base of caudal f i n ; body wi th 2 or 3 v e r t i c a l p a l e b a r s ( l i g h t b lue i n .............................. .................... l i f e ) i 2 l b . ~. Dorsal SPII.I.&R X I 1 r ) ~ X I J ; smI.es n o t sma7.l., 30 or fewer s c a l e rows from upper edge of g i l .1 opening t o base of caudal f i n ; body withput.. 2 or 3 v e r t i c a l p a l e b a r s . . . ..................................................... 3 2a. Body, a t l e a s t i n a d u l t s , w i t h 2 v e r t i c a l pale ba r s ; one on .head r u n n i n g from nupe behind -eye t o suboperole and interoperc1.e and t h e o t h e r , n o t i c e a b l y narrower ( c o v e r i n g 2 t o 4 .5 l a t e r e l l i n e s c a l e s ) , l o c a t e d i n middle of body, and l a c k i n g an upper . p o r t i o n extend- . i n g ob l ique ly backward on unscaled p a r t of t h e d o r s a l f i n ; next t o l a s t d o r s a l sp ine canti i insd 1 . 2 t o 1 .4 . t i n e s i n l o n g e s t d o r ~ a l spine'; c a ~ x l a l f i n u n i f o r n l y . . p a l e . . ........................... . A m p h i . p i n b ic i ,nc tus -- 2b. Body ( a t l e u s t i n G i l b e r t I s l a n d s specimens) w i th 3 v e r t i c a l p a l e b a r s , one on the head a s i n 28, t h e second n e a r l y a s broad ( cove r ing 6 . 5 l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s ! , l oca tkd i n middle of bodg a n d exteiiGi.n(i, ob l ique ly backward t o o u t e r ed{!e of d o r s a l fil i . , and t h e t h i r d o r &udai peduncle ; nex t t~ l a s t d o r ~ t i l s p i n e conta ined n e a r l y 3 t imes i n t h e l e n e t h of ti ie l onges t d o r s a l s p i n e ; ct%~.d.al f3.n w i th 8 l a r g e , c i r c u - l a r c e n t r s - p o s t e r i o r dusky a r e a . . .... ..Acipllipr!.or. s c l m -- -- 38. Teeth i n f r o n t p a r t of jaws conics!., u s a a l l y we l l - .......................................... sepa ra t ed . . 4 3b. Teeth i n f r o n t p a r t of jaws no t c o n i c a l , a t l e a s t sorne- what coiiipressed, arld u s u a l l y c l o s e - s e t ............. .10 422. 30dy deep, t h e g r e a t e s t d e p t h con ta ined l . 5 t o 1.7 t imes i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h ; s u b o r b i t a l ev iden t e x t e r - n a l l y end s e r r a t e u ; p r eope rc i e s e r r a t e d . . .......,....f, 4b. 3ody not d e e ~ , t h e g r e a t e s t dep th conta ined more t han 2 t imes i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; s u b o r b i t a l no t ev iden t e x t e r n a l l y o r poor ly-def ined end l e c k i n g s e r r a t i o ~ l ; ... preope rc l e n o t s e r r a t e d ( excep t i n - C. I s p i d o l e p i s ) 6 5a. Body p a l s w i t h 3 broad v e r t i c e l b lack b a r s ; cauda l f i n ............................. fo rked . . D a s c y l s aruanus 5b. Body d a r k , wi thout v e r t i c a l b a r s , and w i t h a p a l e s p o t i n middle . . , . j u s t above l a t e r a i l i n e . (mare e v i d e n t i n . young) ; caudal f i n t r u n c a t e o r s l i g h t l y e m r g i n a t e . . ............................... Jjzs3cyllus t r i m a c i ~ l e t u s 6a . Xach body s c a l e wi th 1 t o 3 small., b a s a l , a u x i l i a r y s c a l e s ; edp.e of pr eope rc l e s e r r a t , e d ; region. f r o n ...... n o s t r i l t o ur;per l i p s c a l e d . .Chroro.is l . ep i i !o l~p i s 6b. 30 basal. a u x i l i a r y s c a l e s p r e s e n t ; edge of p r eope rc l e snoo th ; narrow r e g i o n from n o s t r i l . t o u t ~ p e r l i p naked ................................................ 7 70. 1306:~ more or l e s s u n i f o r u brown i n color (b lue-green i n l i f e ) wi thout z h a r p l y - c o n t r n s i ; i ~ ~ g r i ~ a r i c i ~ ~ g s ; s eco r~d d 0 r s ~ l spine t h e l o n g e s t ; d o r s a l and ana l s o f t r a y s 9 or 10 . ............................. Chro~nis caeruleuc; - 7b. Body not u n i f o r r ~ l i g h t brown and w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e da rk snd l i g h t c o n t r a s t i n g imri:ings; riiiddle d o r s a l spir les t h e l o n g e s t ; d o r s s i ai;d a n a l :;oft r a y s 11 or 12. . ; . , - ,8 ea. t 'pper and lower l obes of caudal f i n dark bro!wn; s c a l e s on an te r j .o r l / 3 of i i i t e r o r b i t a l sFac6 and dorsal l ;? on snout very sma l l , . about 1 /8 t h e S ~ Z O of t hose i n . t h e i n i d - i n t e r o r b i t a l r e z i o n ; b a s a l t h i r d of p e c t o r a l . f i n p n l e (yel low i n i i f e ) , o u t e r p o r t i o n of f i n w i t h ....... r a y s dusky, menbranes c l e n r . .Ch.romir; xa.athochir - 8 b . Upper arid lower l o b s s of cuuual f i r , pa l e l i k e r e s t o f ' f i n o r very s l i g h t l y dusky; sca!.es on an tey i .o r 1 /3 of i n t e r o r b i t a l space a n d d s r s a l l y on snout n o t markedly srualler thafi nore p o s t ~ r i o r s c a l e s ; ba sa l t h i r d of p e c t o r a l f i n not paler. t l p n re . r~o in?er of f1.n.. ...... .y ya. p o s t e r i o r p a r t of body a b r u p t l y p:~lt? ( w h i t e i n l i f e and ' i n , shary, c o n . t r ~ s t t o remainder of' body vihich i s d a r k . . ' , , . . . . . . brown) i n a v e < t i c e l demarcation a t t h e l e v e l of base o r 7 t h d o r s n l s o f t r a y : a l a r g e fonnd bl.ack ' s p o t a t . base of ;3ectoral. f i n ; preoperc~~!.!:r ups r tu r e no t mnrgined wi th dark brown; gi l .1 openi,ng w?thout . .' R dark brorw edge; p e c t o r a l r a y s 16 o r 17 . . ......... ,. .................................... .Chromis dimidi? t u 8 9'0. P o s t e r i o ~ : p a r t of body p u l e r than r o s t of body (w i th sha rp c v n t r n s t on ly i n l n r g e a d u l t s ) e t a l e v e l p o s t e r i o r t o base of l e s t d o r s a l and w.;l r a y s ; e naryow currvec', b lack or da rk 'Drown l i n e c t t;Iw base of t h e gectora l . P i n ; p reopercu la r s p s r t u r e aa rg ined :>in~, only 2 intc-ral. Line s c a l e s i n w i d t h , cad, ex.c.e.pt. .at t h s eads , of tibout uni.f.'orm width;. t he cnuc?sl gei?li;?cl.e i.s dark brown.; t he sof ' i d o r s a l r a p s r;am!ier 1 5 ; t h e p ~ r - o ) + r c u l n r i:irrein is se:.rri t e . 111 t he o t h e r t i l t occ , )-" A . ~ . v e r t i c a l bar i s broader ( I + 1 t : t e rn l l i n e s c a l e s i!l 2i%cltL1.) ail6 n u r r w e r v e n t r a l l y ; t h e caudal periuncle i s largt: . ly ;:?If?, esnocia l . ly ven t r a J . l y ; tihe do:.sal s o f t r a y s number 1 7 ; t h e m r g i n of t h e n reope rc l a i:; rsmcoth. O n e xould suspec t thf;se di;:fe.rences t o be of a spec.if.ic l e v e l weye i t 1:ot f'or the spcimc:n fro.% B u t a r i t a r i which i s i n t e r m e d i a t e i n a l l of t hc se c.i?.aractets e.~(:ept t h e secoud pa l e b l u s v e r t i c a l bar which is L+;% l i ! t w a l l i n e s c a l e s i n width i3n& g radua l ly mrrowvs a s i t . z rocseds ve.n tr:i LLy. Yhe Largest s p ~ c i m e n was s p e a r e d iil f~!on 35 t o /,&I f e e t 0 1 water on t h e ' o u t 6 r i;eci'reei' bench j u s t a s it was e t l t e r i ng a l a r g e sea anenoiie. The o t h e r Onotoa specimen was brought i i ' r by a GiLber tese boy wi th no d a t a a s t o l o c a l i t y . The spc i i : i ea from I i u t a r i t a r i was spea red i n q u i e t water of about 5 f e e t i n depth on the s ea r e e f on t h e l e e s i d e of t h e e t o l l . '3 m i g r i o n gebae Dleexer 1853. Nat. T i j d s c h r . Red.-Indie, vo l . 4 , p . 478; 1677, R t l a s i c h t h . , vo l . 9 , p l . bOO, f i g . 9. (Typs l o c a l i t y , S a t a v i a , ~ a v e ) . . . . . 1 spe cinen.. 1 I . 0110 toa . Color i n l i f e dark y e l l o w brown shading t o yellow-orange on head a n t e r i o r t o eye and v e n t r a l l y on ches t and abdomen; body with 3 v e r t i c a l l ig>li t pu rp l i sh -b lue ba r s edged i n black ( t h e first; este.ndi.ng from nape t o o p e r c ~ l u m a s i n A . - - b i c i n c t u s ; t he second, 6; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s i n y i d t h and ilarrower v a n t r a l l y , i n n i d d l e of body end on d o r s a l f i n f r o n 9 t h d o r s a l spine t o f i r s t d o r s a l s o f t r a y ; t h o th8.S:: reaching, 2 / 3 t h e ?a:? dom OR cauda l paduncle) : OEU-~H!. P i n y e l l o w o r a n g e w i t h a l a r g e round dusky patch i n centvo- p o s t e r i o r jzrt of f i n ; d o r s a l f i n yellow-orange except pos te r i .o r p a r t of s o f t ' d o r s a l which i s dusky orange; p e c t o r a l , p e l v i c , and a n a l f i n s ' ye l low-o range ; 811 f i n s except pecto- r a l w i t h a very narrow blac!~ margin. . . The speciqen was s e c u r e d w i t h ro tenone i n t he Onotoa !lagoon i n a sandy r e g i o n iyit;ki o c c a s i o n a l pa t ches of c o r a l r u b b l e a t a &p th of 5 f e e t . , Before b e i n g poisoned i t was observed t o be i n cl.ose associati .o.n w i t h ' n sea anenome of about 5 inches i n t i i a m t e r (when expanded) . 'There is a specimen of t h i s s p e c i e s i.n t h e ~ 1 s h o p ~~u~unc?uu, Honolulu, bear ing t h e l a b e l , Apiang, G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . Genus DRSC'ILLUS Dascyl lus Cuvier 1829. R&& onimal, vol . 2 , p. 179. (Type - s p e c i e s , Chnot odon aruanus Linnaeus) . -. -.---- D a s e u s aruanus -- -- --- Chaetodon aruanus Linnaeus 1758. S y s t . n e t . , ed . 1 0 , p. 275. ' T i o c a l i t y ,' I n d i e s ) . 23 specimens. 10 - 45 am. Onotoa. 2 spec inens . 38 and 46 m. Tarawa. Co lw i n l i r e wh i t e w i th 3 broad n e a r - v e r t i c a l black b a r s , one running from nape through eye t o c h i n , t h e second from regio.2 of 5 t h t o j u s t beyond 8 t h i i o r sa l s p i n e s passing down- ward under e c t o r a l f i n , and t h e t h i r d from base of 1 2 t h d o r s a l sp ine and r e n a i n d e r o f d o r s a l f i n ( excep t d i s ta l . ends of 1 4 s t few s o f t d o r s a l , r a y s ) v e r t i c a l l y downward t o a n a l f i n ( t h e l a s t 2 b a r s i n t e r c o n n e c t d i s t s l . l y i n t h e spfnous d o r s a l f i n ) ; pecLoral and caudal f i n s whi te ; p e l v i c and a n a l f i n s (except ex t reme t i ~ s of . l a s t , a n a l r a y s ) b lack . A l l o f t h e Onoto3 speci:ilens weFe obtained. from c o r a l a r e a s of t h e lagoon. Xany were collected merely by breaking of f s;uall co ra l heads , removing the c o r a l from water , and p ick- i n g t h e l i t t l e f i s h o u t w i th f o r q e p s . . . . ., . ..... Pomncentrus ---- t r i m a c u l a t u s Rdppel l 1828. A t l a s Re lse i m n8rd. A f r i k a , F i sche des Rothen Meeres p. 39, p l . 88, f i g . 3 . (Type . l o c a l i t y , Massnua ; Red 3ck j .' 1 speciruen. 106 mrr,. Onotoa. . . . . Color i n l i f e d a r k p u r p l i s h brown b~coming o rang i sh i n extrecie ven t ro l r e g i o n , w i t h c e n t e r s of s c a l e s w h i t i s h ; a whi t e spo t on s i d e j u s t above l a t e r a l l i n e a t t he l e v e l of t h e 8 t h d o r s a l s p i n e , t h . i s spo t Tnding u.non d e s t h of t he . specimen; spinous por t ion. o r 3 o r s a l Tin p u r p l i s h brown w i t h . a row of' gel low s p o t s , one per i n t e r r a d i a l cier:!br-me; b s a a l h a l f of s o f t d o r s 9 l f i n pu rp l i sh brown, o u t e r h a l f w i t h . membranes c l e a r , ' r a y 3 brown: a n a l , p e l v i c , and. caudp? f i n s dusky orange, nnrrowly d a r k brown nt.margir:s; pec tora l . f i n h g a l i ~ i e . , ' Tk~e s i n g l e specimen seen was speared on tine c o r a l l i f e r o u s " t e r r ~ c s of t i l e o u t e r r e e f o t an es t imated dep th 03: 35 f e e t . . . .. , Genus ClJiO.~.iiS Chr:>i;iis C u - ~ i e r 1815. l d m . Nus. I3.st. Not. Parj .s , v o i . 1, ------ p . 393. (Type s p e c i e s , Sparus chrsmis Linnaeus) . Chroc1.i~ l e p i d o l e p i s Chroui s l e p i d o l c ) i s T)lee&er 187'7. V ~ r s l . Aka:t. iiriisterdam, -.---- ---+ .' . , . . . v o i . 1 0 , p. 3 . ' j ;--Atlas i cb . t h . , vo l . 9 , p l . 403, f i g , 2. (Type l o c a l i t ? , TiimP, &st I n d i e s ) . ' . . . . Dascyl lus PI;-.---_, o..nac?ntroides & n d a l l and . Goldr,borou.~~:h . 1.311. Kc';.cn. ~hfus. Coiiip. ZaoL., v0.L. 26, p. 298, p l . .ij, f ? g . 1. ( N i t a r i t a r i ) . , . 2 spec inens . 4 l anC 44 cm. Onotoa. . , . , . . Color a f t e r 3 days i n . forrnalin: da rk brown do r sa lSy , l i g h t e r bmwo on s i d e s and v e n t r a l l y ; sce2 .e~ wi th narrow dark bxovr.:~ margins ; d o r s a l end a n a l f i n s dark brown, ua ie p o s t e r i o r l g a very d n r : ~ brown l e n ~ , t t i w i s e band i n each lobe o f ' eeudni f l n . The 2 &pcii?ens were o b t a i n & i n t h e ' Onotoa lagoon very c l o s e t o . the west r e e f i n an a r e a con ta in ie$ nnumerous c o r a l heads . Chroumis c a e r u l a u s -- - ' , . H a l i s s e s cae ru l eus Cuvier an& Vdlenciennes 1830'. H i s t . n a t . - p o i s s . , v o i . 5 , p. 497. (Type l o c a l i t y , ii!ew Gu.inea and Ulea ) . . . . . . . , . . , . , ~ $ l i a s t e s - 1 e p i d . u ~ ~ ~ l f n t h e r ; l $ @ . Tour. M u s . Godeffroy, vo l . 7 , p t . 1 5 , p. 238, p l . 1-28, Ties. C & I). (Xi1 lg~i2 i l l I s l a n d s ) . Chromis cae ru l eus Kendall and, Goldsborough 191.1. . Xenl. JvJue. Conp. ZoBl., vo l . 26, p. 299. ( B u t a r l t h r i ) . . . . 1 2 specimeas. 27 - 64. m1. Onotoa. 3 specimeas .. , :32 - 57 m. Tarav~a. . .. .. . Color fsorn 35,rxfl Ko6:achroms t ransparency: fiorsal. h e l f of body l i g h t .blu.e-green, $hacling t o whi te on v e n t r a l hell"; d o r s a l and a n e l P ins b l u i s h ; baso-cen t ra l po r t i on of caudal f i n blue-green, {<.reding t o dark b1u.e on u.pper and lower l o b e s ; p o s t e r i o r t h i r d of caudal f i n pa l e . . . . . A 1 1 Onotoa spec inens were obta ined i n t he lagoon where t hey were always seen c l o s e t o c o r a l hearls i n which they . .. sought r e fuge . .. . . . .. .. . , . . Chromis xanthochir . . I t I-leliases - xanthochir Rleeker 1851. ,Hat . T i j a s c h r . Xed.-Indie, v o l . 2 , p. 24.8;=1877, At1.a~ i c h t h . , v o l , 9 , u Z ; L02, f i g . 5 . ('Type l o c a l i t y , &ndi% 1slan:iri). , . Pomacentrus a n a b a t 0 i d . e ~ Bean aa:l '%feed (no t of l i leeker) 1912. Proc. U . S . Ra t . &is., vol.; 4.2, p. 63L;. Chromir, -- tveberi Fowler and Desn 1 9 2 ~ . ,13ull. U.3 . Net . Xu..;. 100 , vo l . 7 , p. 41, p1. I.. Chromis r e t i c u l a t u s F'oiuler nnd'Rean 1928. Bul l . U. S . Nat. ~ I U S . 100, v01, 7 , p . 40. . ~ : : Chromis s c o t o c h i l o p t e r u s Fowler 1918. Proc. Acad, Xat. S c i . m,, v o l . 70, p. 6 1 , f i g . . 24 . . . : 1 specimen. .65 uM. Onotoa. Calm i n l i f e d a r k brown d o r s a l l y , g rad ing t o dark o l i v e green on s i d s s ; spinous d o r s a l dusky yellow wi th Large' brown b lo t ches p a s t e r i o r l y on basal. 2 / 3 of f i n roembranes, l e av ing a narrow band of yellow a n t e r i o r t o brown r eg ion an each i t i t e r sp inoue membrane; s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s dark , brown w i t h dusky yellow on p o s t e r i o r p o r t i a n , espec l .a l ly on s o f t d o r s a l wh*re t h e upper p o s t e r i o r h a l f of the f i n i s dusky yellow; p e c t o r a l f i n dusky with a La'rge dark yellow spot b ~ s a l l y on r ays ; . ou.ter edges of t h e upper' an2 10Wr 1.obe-s of t h e widely-for!ced caudal f i n d a r k brown., g e d i e l p o r t i n n s and c e n t r ~ l p a r t of . c ~ u d a l f i n c l e a r ; p e l v i c . . f i n s dusky. .: . ' The s i n g l e specimen taken was speiked from a smal l school of t h i s s p e c i e s seen i n a poorly-defined surge channel on t h e l e e s i d e of t h e most n o r t h e r n i s l a n d of t h e a t o l l i n about 5 f e e t of wate r . A l l of ~ t K ' 1 f i s h i n t h e aggsege t ion were of about t h e same size. . . . , , . . . . The type of C. r e t i c u l a t u s F o v J ~ ~ ~ arid Bean froin Bouro I s l a n d was e x a r u h d . The d x k edges of t h e s c a l e s a r e not a unique f e a t u r e , f o r they appear i n Rleeker ' s p l a t e of . . C. xsn thochi r nnd were seen i n some of t h e t y p e s of C . weberi . --TheTno toa specimen i s very m e i m i s t i c , but t h e earl~-edges t o t he s c a l e s a r e v i s i b l e i n i t ss w e l l . Gltkough the type of C . s co toc i i i l op t e rus was no t seen , spec inens fponj t h e -. ~ l b s t r o s e c o l l e c t i o i i s i n t h e U. S. %tionti1 Nuseum which were i d e n t i f i e d by Fowler a s s~otoc1ij . loptert i .s appear, t o be C. xen thochi r . C. t e r n a t ' e n s i s (A1ee;:er) i s d'i , ? t i n c t -or1 t he - . , b a s i s of 1 2 d o r ~ ; l s p i n e s $nd n deeper body. . . . . . . . Chroxis dirrridiatus -- - H e l i o s t e s d imid i a tu s Klunzinger l E r ? 1 . Verk. zoo l . bo t . Ges. ---- ------ Yien, vo l . 21, p. 529. (Type loca l . i t~7 , Red' S e a ) . Chrornis 1eucuru.s G i l b e r t 1905. B u l l . U. 5. F i s h Conn. 23, ---- -..-- pt.. 2 , p. 620, p l . 77, f i g . 2 . 22 specimens. 36 - 50 ram. . Onotoa. . . : Coior i n l i f e dark chocol.ate brown wi th p o r t i o n of body end fins p c r ; t e r I o r t o a v e r t i c a l l e v e l a t besi: of the 7 t h s o f t d 5 1 ' s ~ i rtiy abru-pt ly w h i t e ; a JaYgs r0u.n.d .b la .ck~$pot a t . - base .of pe.ct;,oral f i n . . . Wi.t.h t he excep t ion of C. cacrbkeun t h i s speoj.es: of I -f C h r o n i s was t h e inost abunzant a t Oriotoa. ~ l l s p e o i ~ ~ i e n s were ----- secured w i t h ro tenone on e i t h e r t he lagoon o r sea s i d e of t h e west or l e e r e e f of t h e a t o l l . . . . . Ifales of t h e s p e c i e s have l a r g e r t e e t h than t h e f e m a l e s . ... . . . . . I n Hawaii C. - l eucu rus G i l b e r t has bken 'consi.itr?red d i ' i t i n c t by some a u t h o r s . The demarcat ion between the a n t e r i o r d s r k wnd p o s t e r i o r p a l e p a r t s of t h e body occurs ' j u s t behind t h e . . basd of t h e l a s t d o r s a l wnd a n a l r a y s ; and t h e body co lo r i n g e n e r a l i s l i g h t e r ( though v a r i a b l e ) . 'Counts of t h e s o f t d o r s a l s a y s a r e 13 and those of t h e a n a l ' u s u a l l y 13; nector i i l r u y s a r e 17 o r 18, The d i s t i n c t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , i s 2. . v e r y n i n o r , ~ m l t h e npedies i n Hawaii. should perhaps be con- s ide red only u v u r i e t y o r subspec i e s of dimidiatu..;. ', . . ' C.. iomelas Jordan and 9enJ.e f rora Samoa uny , however, be a . - v a l i d s p e c i e s w i th t he d i v i s i o n of ehe ,dark and l i g h t p a r t s of the body occu r r ing a t t h e l e v e l .or t he 6 t h o r 7 t h d.orsal s p i n e s and t h e fi.11 r a y , coun t s , : a s g iven by Jordan 'and ';?ale, being 11 f o r t h e s o f t d o r s a l and 1 2 f o r the a n a l f i n s . Chromis o p e r c u l m i s . . Keliaste:: o p e r c u l h r i s ~ h t h e r i. :p lagfa . r and Gznther 1866 - 7 . - r l s h e s of Zanz ibar , p. 84, p l . 1.1, f i g . 2. 5 specimens. 45 - 88 m i l . Onotoa. Color i n l i f e bfawa, w i th edges of scaLes s l i g h t l y da rke r t han c o n t e r s ; a v e r t i c a l , very dark brown . l i n e a t preoper- cu la r ' aper time; a n o t h m l h e , - equakly broad and d e r k , running from upper edge of g i l l opening $5 d o r s a l 6dge of base of p e c t o r a l f i n and contiiiuous v$ i tb de rk a x i l of ' p e c t o r a l f i n and a cLrved dark l i n e a t t h s l a t c r a l base of t h e f i n ; d6rsa1. and a n a l f i n s dark brown except p o s t e r i o r r ays which u r e . a b r u p t l y p a l e ; caudal peiluncls and caudal f i r , p a l e r t han r g o t of body. The caudal ree.iol? Ls iaarkedly and a b r u p t l y p a l e i n t he t h r e e l a r g e s p e c i c w r (over 77 m long) and sugge:;tive oP - C. - diruid i a t u s co lora t ion . ' A l l of t h e specii.nens of t h e ppecieS were taken i n one l o c a l i t y a t Unotoa, t h e lagoon s i d e of t h e ws t r e e f i n an e ~ ; t i m t ~ d 10 F e e t of s ia tes l - . . .. . . . . The 0 n o t o ~ ' sp~c.?.rr,ens d i f r e r frorn.: ~ f l n t h e r s f i g u r e and descz iy t io r l in:l:.;cklnij, m y dark spo t on t h ? - c.au@dil f i n r ,ays. . , C. o p e r c u l a r i s ' :is v e q c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o 'C. 'xa.~lthurus - -.- Bleeker which.-abparsntly l a c k s t h e d m ~ l i x e s o n , t b e edge . . . . of' t h e pr eope rc l e and o p e r c l e . . . ' . . . : ,. . . .,. . ' ! ; / . . . .. ' . . , , . . . . , ~, < . . . , . Genus ABuD]$Y,L;ITF , .. . 0 ~ b u - d e r h u f Forskti l 1775.. J l e ~ . c r . . , a n i ~ a l . i u i ~ ; p. 59. (Type - s p e c i e s , '-Chaetodon -- sordi& Forskai .) . , . i .: . . . . . : 0 Chaetodon so rd idus .Forskal1775. , Descr . a n l m a l i m , p . 6.2. -- - n y p e l o c a l i t y , Ujedda, ,Red Sea ) . . , 2 specimens. 130 and 140. m. Onotoa. Color from 35 m,ICodachr~me , tra.:?sparency l i g h t brownisn gray w i t h 6 verticai"blacicish:~rown bass on body, t h e firr;t j u s t p o s t e r c b r : t o : heed. and. t h e l u s t . . or, caudal peduncle; c e n t e r s of s c a l e s pa le r . .tb:8n. edges.; upper p a ~ t of., &i. t i .cal bar on caudal peduncle b lack ; f i n s dusky, t h e b a s a l .half of cauda l , so f t . d o r s a l , and a n a l , f i n s darker t h a n ou te r h a l f ; eve b l u i s h . " . . . ! , . . . , ' $he two spec'iinefis' of; '8budefd.uf -k r ? l i d u $ w& ccbllected ' ,frors. a surge: channel on . t he ..a.ut e r r e e f , one 'with t h e use of .rotenone a n d t h e o the r by. a. ~ i ; lb . ' e r .~ese .man Who caught,' i t w i t h - book hnd.' : l i n e us ing h e r d t c r i b f o r b a i t . . . . .. , . : . . . . The stomach c o n t e n t s oi' one a d u l t specimen cons i s t6d p r i m a r i l y of greens a lgae . .. . . . ,. .I ..: : . . . . . . , , , . . . , , . . . . . , . .. Gly hisodon sept e m f n n c i a t u ~ Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830. *. p o i s s . , vo l . 5 , p. 463. ( ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Waur i t iuu) . kbudefduf --,- s e D t e f i f a s c ~ a t u s Kendall and Qoldsborough '1.911. IVI~I?. Mus. Coup. Zool. vo l . 26, p. 295. ( R u t a r i t a r i ) . . . 3 specimens. 120 - 134 m a . 2 spec.i~i1ens.. L'T and 1 7 urn. Onotoa. . . .., 1 specimen. 13% ran. Tarawa. . . . . Color i n l i f e of a d u l t spec inens dusky white w i t h . ' a . f a i n t ycllowisln c a s t ; ,6 v e r t i c a l browilish bars on body s i m i l a r ' t o ' t hose of so rd idus , but no s p o t on d o r s a l p a r t of caudal peduricle.. T I h e uI>l!per p a r t of t he t h i r d and . f o u r t h v e r t i c a l b a r s i s a l i t t l e 'darker , however, a;)pearin(< ' a s i f i d i s t i n c t dark s p o t s ) ; nedian f i n s dusky, 1ishG gelloTif&h brawn dis ta1l .v excep t ends of caudal lobcjs which a r e t u i n t l y b l a c k i s h ; . j ec tosa l r a y s l i g h b dusky ye l low. The j u v e n i l e s p e c i m n s imve a j e t b lack s a d d l e d o r s a l l y on t h e caudal peduncle an6 a l a r g e black spo t i n t h e f r o n t p e r t oS t h e dorsal . f i n . The 1 5 ur~d 17 mm spec iuens were talken f rom.an inshore t i d e pool on t h e o u t e r r e e f f l a t . On& . ~ . d u l t was col3.ect.ed from a surge chc\nnel, ano ther from a Hel iopora f l a t i n a shal low chanae l , and the l a s t was s e i x by G i l b e r t e s s from t h e bn ck r i d g e t rough . . ) . . . . The stornach c o n t e n t s of two a d u i t spegi@e.ns f x m Onotoa wep6 exmil led . They were erit ir e l y a l g a l , . &ii:?cily t he f i n e co rwl l i ne r e d , J a n i a . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Chavtodon s n x a t i l i s Linnaeus 1758. Oyst. n u t . , ed. 1 0 , . (Type l o c a l i t y , Ind.i:i) . P* 276 . , . . . . 2 specimens. 102 and 110 ma. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e blue-green wi th 5 v e r t i c a l b l u i s h black bars on t h e body,; :tn& f i r s t f r o m o r i g i n of d o r s a l t o a x i l of' p e c t j r c l f i n , t h e i o u r t h from p o s t e r i o r - p a r t of d o r s a l f i n ., alioost t o p o s t e r i o r . x i r t of a n a l f i n , and t h e l a s t , a narrowe13 b a r , a t end of cauda l p sdunc l e ; . a l l f in . s cxcept pectol:al b l a c k i s h ; . p e c t o r a l i lynl ine , r a y s s l i g h t l y d u s k y . iibudefduf s a x a t i l i s was seen in only one l o c a t i o n a t Onotoa. tile c o r e l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r e e f uirur:l.lv nea r tile en t r ance t o surge charnels. It was not a b u n ~ a n t . " The two specimens were speared w i t h di l ' f l .cul . ty due t o w w i - n e s s of i n d i v i d u a l f i s h . The c l a s e l y - r e l a t e d A . a h d ~ m i l l ~ l i ~ of the Eawaiian , . I s l a n d s invades riany h n 6 i t a t s and 5.3 much .:nor;e coimon. 'It d i f f e r s 'from s a x a t i i i s i'g having '13 o r . 1 4 d o r s n l and anel. s o f t rc .ys, t h a f o u r t h da rk Hal'.on t h c body o r i g i n n t i n g a t t h e baae of t h e f i r s t l ' ewdor sn l s o f t r a y s ( i n s t e a d of 1.ast f+w) , find i n devel.opin& i n $ d u l t n a. l a r g e b l a c k i s h s p o t b a s a l l y a t t h e p o s t e r i o y p&rC of th-e clorsn!:and a n a l ' f i n s (and conco~umitailt l o s s of t h e verticr-11 blacir, b t i r ) . Another s i m i l a r s p e c i e s , is A . s e x f a s c i a ttis. Althbuc;h no t s e e n i n t he G i l b e r t IslBnds;, I ' - ~ o u l d ~ % ? ~ t t o a c c u r t h e r e . This s p c i s s can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d by the da rx uuper and lower l o b e s o< t h e caudal fLn and 29 v e r t i c a l s c a l e rows. Abudofduf curn oao ----.. -.-- hadt to don curacao Uloch ,1787. Natur . a u s d i i d . F i s che , p t . 3 , p . 106 , , , p1 . 21.2, f i g . 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , Curacao I skand , o f f Venezuela.,' posc!ibly a n e r r o r ) . . . ~ . . . . . , Abudcf'duf curacao Powler 1928. ;$&I. B. 1:. Bisho; N u s . , v o l . 1 0 , p . 3x8, f l c . 55. ( K i n ~ s n ~ i l l I s l a n d s ) . . . . . . . Although 'no jr,eci&$ns of t h i s speci.es. ,were 6i$l.:lea.ted.,,. i t was commonly se'en 2n'Eh6 s h ' R ' 1 : ~ o ~ ~ ' w ~ t e r of Lbd 'oi\$.er p a r t of Lhe seeward r e e f f ].at;. It w n s never observed .id ^ t%de~!ools . , . . .. . . Abudefduf phoenJxensis * . A-budefdqf phoen ixe i i s i~s .5chu l t z 1943. Bull.. U. S. Ns t . Mus. . , . "fm. 190 , l ' T p n . (.Type l o c a l i t y , Eiider b u r y Ipl-cind., .. . . "Et ioenlx I s l ' ~n (1s ) .: , . , .' . . . . . . . . . Color i n a l c o h o l , brown with '5 v e r t i c a l p a l e ba r s on bofiy and ciiudal. pedu~ic le .( t he se bdrs r e c k l l e d 88 2inicish i n l i ? e ) , ' t h e f l r s t runnin[;from n a p e o n t o o p e r c l e , t h e second o r i g i - , . natiii(; a t ; base ,of 5 t h d o r s a l s p i n e , tlic t h i r d n t base of . . l a s t d o r s n l , sy;+ik: a'n&.::fi.r4$, t i o r sn l s o f t ,rq:! ( t h e s'ecmcd and : . , : . th l r .d ba r s Bxtend,.a. , , s k o r t " i i l ' ~ t ~ j ~ . c e . . . . i n t 5 e o r s a l f i n , . . . . . . . parelleli.n;, direcL1on of f i n rc~g~s) , Lhe ' f o u r t h and. f i f t h ad i ahen t t:, a b r j a d v&rt icr : l b l eck bar o'h'coudzj: ps~1uncl.e; base and a x i l of p e c t o r a l f i n da rk brown; d o r s a l ~ i n d a n a l f i n s da rk brown; an i n d i s t i n c t b l ack i sh spo t a t upper, p o s t e r i o r p a r t of s o f t d o r s a l f i n ; caudal. f i n p a l e yel lowish: p e c t o r a l f i n hya l ine ; p e l v i c s ble ck i sh . A. hoen nix ens is, appears t o ' be r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e ou te r ' re&? f l a t nea r 'surge channels . It was only occes iona l ly seen. . . Abudefduf i i c k i - . -- m h i s o d o n d l c k i i ~ i & a r d 1839. I)ixi&me Eapp. Soc. Z i s t . N u t . Maurice, p . 35. (Type l o c a l i t y , Uliiaurltius) . 6 specimens. 28 - 60 m. Onotoa. This s p e c i e s i s r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d by i t s color p a t t e r n . There i s a black v e r t i c a l bar' on the body a t t h e l e v e l of t h e 2nd t o 6 t h d o r s a l s o f t r a y s . Anter io r , t.3 t h i s bar the head and body i s cinnamon brown, the body s c a l e s with o u t e r edges dark brown; p o s t e r i o r to t h e b ~ r t he body and caudal f i n i s wh'itish. The s p e c i e s was taken on both the lagoon and sea s i d e of t h e west or l e e r e e f of t h e a t o l l . . .. Glv hlsodon lacryinatus Quoy and Gafoia~d 1824. Voyage au tour -&PL+&.- du mon 6. . . t tUruniet r . . .Zool. , p. 388, p l . 62 , f i g . 7. (Type l o c a l i t y , Guam). 11 specimens. 23 - 6 3 mm. Onotoa, 1 specimen. 64 m. B u t a r i t a r l . Color i n l i f e dark brown w i t h smal l , wide ly-sca t te red , p a l e blue s p o t s on upper two-thi rds of body, hcad, and d o r s a l f i n ; p o s t e r i o r p a r t of d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s , caudal peiiuncle, and caudal f i n p a l e ye l lowish . A . lacrymatus x s taken i n t he same cora l - r ich . a r e a s a s A. z i c k i . - - Quoy and GaimardTs f i g u r e i s of a j u v e n i l e specimen i n which the pa le blue s p o t s occur v e n t r a l l y and p o s t e r i o r l y on t h e body and a r e of r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r s i z e than on a d u l t s . A West Ind ian p o m c e n t r i d , Microspathodon chrys r u s (Cuvier + and 'Valenciennes). ha s a s imi lk r secjuence of co o r m t t e r n i n l i f e . The young a r e brown w i t h b r i g h t blue s c o t s ; wf t h age the s p o t s a r e reduced and a yellow t a i l deve lo r s . 123 Abudefduf leucopomms_ .----.. --- Glvrhisodon leuccpomus Lesson 1830. Voyage au tou r d l ~ monde... -- ----- f l ~ o q u i l l e ~ ~ - . ~ . - ~ o ~ l ~ ~ p. 189. (T,ype l o c a l i t y , 0uals.n). 2 specimens. 38 and 1+.8 mn. Onotoa. The s a l i e n t c o l o r c h a r a c t e r i n l i f e i s t h e broad b lue band a t t h e base of t h e s ~ i n o u s d o r s a l f i n which narrows a s ,. it ex tends forward through upper edge o f eye and c i r c l e s snout. There is a prominent b lack s p o t enclosed wi th in t h e ' p o s t e r i o r p a r t of t h e b lue band; ano ther d i a g n o s t i . ~ mark is t h e b l ack s p o t a t t h e upper edge o f t h e base of t h e caudal f i n ; t h e r e a r e f a i n t yc l low l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s on t h e body and about 14. i r r e g u l a r rows of obscure p a l e bl.ue s p o t s ; a l l f i n s s l i g h t l y ye l lowish . The two specimens were s ecv . r edwi th rotenone i n a wel l - p r o t e c t e d a r e a wi th numerous small ' c o r a l , heads a t t h e ' : extreme n o r t h e r n p a r t o f ..$he a t o l l . . . . :..:.. . . . ! . . . ~ - Abudefduf a l a u c u s . .. Qphisodon &laucus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1g3O. H i s t . na t . p o i s s . , vo l . 5, p, 475. .(Ty?e l o c a l i t y , Guem). 2 specimens, . 28 a n d .43 mn~. . Onotoa. L specimen. 71 iiini. . Tarawa. , Color i n 1 4 f e o f .43 . nun s-oecTmen. bluish ' g r ay , p a l e r v e n t r a l l y ; back wi th s m ~ . l l b l u e s p o t s and narrow s h o r t ' , l i n e s ; a narrow b l u e l i n e th rouzh .upper pawt of eye ; inedian f i n s . p a l e ye l lowish wi th f a i n t Harrow b lack margin; pectoral. ' f i n s h y a l i n e ; p e l v i c f i n s dusky yellow. I n sma l l e r specimens t h e b l u e l i n e through t h e eye i s r e l a t i v e l y broader and extends . ~ t o t i p of snout . . . Abudefduf g laucus i s a very common s p e c i e s of t h e o u t e r --~- ~-.-- r e e f f l a t . Ybunacrsoecimens were f r e a u e n t i v observed i s o l a t e d i n shalrow t i d e poo l s a t l o w G i d e ; a d u l t s tended t o s t a y f a r t h e r ou t on t h e r e e f f l a t . . . ; . . Abudefduf a m a b i l i s - v C&phisodon a m a b i l i s Ue V i s 18g4.. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol.-l+52. ( T y p e ' l o c s l i t y , . . South Seas i s l a n d s ) . 8 s?ecimens. 29 - 53 nun. Onotoa. 2 specimens. 37 and l+9 mm. Tarawa. ' Color i n a l c o h o l cbestnut:brown, c e n t e r s of s c a l e s w h i t i s h ; an e l l i p t i c a l whi te s p o t v e r t i c a l l y a l i g n e d on o p e r c l e ; extreme edge of o a e r c l e w i t h a s h o r t dark brown band; a l.arg.e bl.ac.!.c , spo t '& b a s a l t h i r d of caudal f i n , con- t r a s t i n g w : i t h r e s t of cauaal f i n a n d w i t h caudal peduncle which a r e p a l e ; fl v e r t i c a l wh i t e b a r , which ang les s l i g h t l y backward a s i t pas se s v e n t r a l l y , may be p re sen t on middle of body ( i n 4 of 18 Onotoa s p e c i . n e n ~ of t h e f i e l d c o l l e c - t i o n t h i s bar was absen t or i n d i s t i n c t ) ; dorsal. , a n a l , and p e l v i c f i n s b l a c k i s h , p e c t o r a l f i n h j a l i n e , base dark brown. . . k common s n e c i o s on the seaward r e e f f l a t i n the o u t e r rough zone nea r t h e surge channels . Abudefduf .. b i o c e l l a t u s G&phisodon. b i o c e l l a t u s Quoy and Gainard. 1821,. Voyage autour du rnonde.. . s 'Ureniev. . . .Zoo1 . , ' p. 389. (Type l o c a l i t y , Guam). . . (&yhisodon b i o c e l l u t u s .- Whitley and Colefax 1938. Proc . Linn. Sot. N. 9. Wales, v o l . 63 , p. 298.. (Nauru) . 3 specirnens. 34 - 62 m. Onotoa. 5 s p e c t n e ~ s . 34 - 70 mn. Tarawa. Color i n a l c o h o l brown w i t h 2 l i g h t l y - o c e l l a t e d bleck s p o t s a t base 'of d o r s a l f i n , one a t base of l a s t 2 d o r s a l s p i n e s and the o t h e r a t a x i l of s o f t dorsal . ; a broad w h i t i s h v e r t i c a l bar may be p r e s e n t on iuiddle of body; caudal f l .n p a l e ye l l owi sh ; d.orsel f i n p a l e t o dusky wi th a narrow b l ack i sh margin; a n a l and p e l v i c f i n s dusky; p e c t o r a l f i n s p a l e . See f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s s p e c i e s under zonntus below. Bbudefduf zona tus G&phisodon -.-.. zona tus Cuvier and Valenciennes . 1830. B i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 5 , p. 483. (Type l o c a l i t y , New Guinea and Vanicolo I s l a n d ) . 4 specimens. 65 - '70 mm. Onotoa. Color s i m i l a r t o b i o c e l l a t u s though da rke r and wi thout t h e tv~o b l a c ~ s p o t s ( e t l e a s t i n a d u l t s ) . Eer re (1936) and o t h e r s have regarded b i o c e l l a t u s and zonatus a s v a r i e t . i e s of t h e same s p e c i e s .' Schu l t z r1Ti3) could not f i n d i n t e r g r a d a t i o n of co lo r pa t t e r i i and o o w i - dered t h e two a s s e p a r a t e s p e c i e s . I am unable t o scphrc;te t hen on any o t h e r b a s i s t han c o l o r , rilthough 1: have too :i'~,.:. specimens f o r a d e t a i l e d s tudy of n e r i s t i c d a t a . A l a r g e number of g i l l r a k e r counts might show a d i f f e r e n c e . T o t a l g i l l r a k e r counts ( i n c l u d i n g rud iments ) of t h r e e b i o c e l l a t u s were 23, 23, and 24; of t h r e e zonatus 23, 25, 25. ..- I p r e f e r t o r e g a r d t h e two a s d i s t i n c t s p e c i e s because Of t h e i r d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s a s observed a t Onotoa. A . zona tus was always s een i n r e l a t i v e l y sha l low, somewht t u r b i d w a t e r of t h e e a s t e r n sho re of t h e lagoon where t h e bottora was sandy w i t h i n t e r rn i t t e n t p i l e s of c o r a l r u b b l e . A . b i o c e l l a t u s was t aken only i n o u t e r r e e f a r e a s where r i v i n g c o r a l was ~ b u n d a n t . Genus POMACENTRUS Pomacentrus ~ a c l ~ 2 d e 1802. H i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 4 , p . 505. (Type s p e c i e s , - Chaetodon pavo Bloch) . Pomacentrus l i v i d u s Chaetodon l i v i d u s F o r s t e r ) Bloch and Schne ider 1801. Systema .: .. . .. .,.., ". . i c h t h . , p . 235, Type l o c a l i t y , P a c i f i c Ocean)'. " ' Eupomacentrus l i v i d u s Whitley and Colefax 1938. P roc . Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, v o l . 6 3 , p. 298. ( ~ e u r u ) . Pome c e n t r u s - au reus Foaacen t rus a u r e u s Fowler 1927. Bul l . B. P. Bishop Mus. 38 , p . 22, f & F r ~ y p e l o c a l i t y , Rowland I s l n n d ) . 2 speo11ut.n~. 67 m d 70 m. Onotoa . Color i n l i f e b r l g h t yellow w i t h a s m a l l b lack saddle d o r s a l l y on cauda l pedunc le , a smal l b l ack s p o t a t upper base o f p e c t o r a l f i n , a b l ack anus , and s l i g h t l y b l a c k i s h l i p s . One of t he two specimens i n p r e s e r v a t i v e h a s brownish o u t e r edges on t h e body s c a l e s . This s p e c i e s was r a r e a t Onotoa; i t was seen on only two occas ions . Onc speciulen was speared i l l about 20 f e e t of water on t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r e e f and tile o t h o r i n l+ f e e t on t h e lagoon s i d e of t h e west r e e f . Pomact.;ntrun a lboJ ' ssc iu t u s Pomacentrus a l b o f a s c i a t u s S c h l c g e l and d l l e r 1839-44. Verh. N a t . ~ e s y h . 2,001. Le idsn , v o l . 2, p. 21.. (Type l o c a l i t y , C e l e b e s ) . Pomacentrus -- - a l b o f a s c i a t u s a l b o f u s c i a t u s S c h u l t z 1943. Bul l . U. S. Nat . Nus. 180 , p . 185. 1 specimen. 63 ,pa. Onotoa. , . :, , . . Color i n l i f e ilarg::?yy.e lo&ll.t:.-, P i i~ t iagasce~ , : ? , aur i t ius , a d Heilniorl ) 8 specimens. 63 - ll+O i o n . 3 spoi:nen,s. 25 - 4.3 imn. Onotoa . Color from 35 cm Xodachrosie t ransparency of 1-35 mm 'spec.i.i:lexi: ljody l i g h t gray d o r s s l i g , wh-iite on s i d e s and abdomen, w i t,h. a n e longa t e b l a c k spo t tit the base of each s c a l e ; two yronii?cnt ye1102 s p o t s o ? ~ back ad j aoen t t o d o r s a l f i n , t h e f i r s t a t base of f o u r t h t o f i f t h dorsal. s p i n e s and fol lowed b;. a b l a ~ k i s i i a r e a , and. t h e second, a t the base of t h e f i f t h t o s i x t h d o r s a l s o f t r a g s ; liead l i g h t gr:!y ( snoht g r e e n i s h ) wi th P i . r e ~ u l Z r s h o r t rjinii banils; dors::l o r ang i sh wi th nurnerons yellow s p o t s (more evidt?nt b u s a l l y ) ; caud.a.1 f i n b r i g h t orango-yellow; a n a l f i n l i g h t yel low; pec tora l . f i n hya l ine w i th a b leck spo t a t upper edge of ba se ; p e l v i c . f i n s whi te . The t5wo sma l l e s t s p i c i n e n s ( 2 5 arid 30 have a d i f f e r e n t co lor p a t t e r n f r o u t h e l a r g e r specimens, s s i s so o f t e n t r u e of t h e Labr idae . There is a l a r g e black spot on t h e nape, a Lwge black o c e l l a t e d sno t i n the x i d d l e of t h e d o r s e l f i n . , end a lergr; black spot basel1.v a t t h e a n t e r 5 . 0 ~ p a r t of t h e a n e l f i n ; l e s s e r black s p o t s a r e p r e sen t on dorsa l end v e n t r a l edges of' t h e caudal. pcidunc!.e, m id -cen t r a l l y a t base of caudal f i n , nnd on body a t base of l a s t fsw a.na1 r e g s . I n t h e inidtlle of the body runa ing frofa d o r s a l t o a n a l and p e l v i c f i n s and on t h e cnrrd~l. pedun.cle t h e r e 3.s a network of s c a l e s w i t h dark edges ( t h i s p a t t e r n on t h e s c a l e s of t h e body is sj .milar t o t h a t of H. margar i t aoeu3 . - 9 i n t h o 1 .a t t c r s p e c i e s t h e dark edged scn1 . e~ :%re r e s t r i c t e d most ly t o t h e d o r s a l 1 ~ l f of t h e body). A 42 m specimen has l o s t n o s t of t h e black :;pots except t h e :lorsal. o c e l l u s ; a 68 nm speci.n;en s t i l l has a v e s t i g e o f t h e d o r s e l o c e l l u s . ~ d p p e l l ' s elate of Ii. eximiu:: f r o n t h e Iie? s ea s b d ~ i s some --- d i f f e r e i l ce s i n c o l o r from t h e C l l b e r t I s l a n d s specinens. . =-: i n s t e n d of Notable a r e tho blue-green grour!.d c a i o r , t::r,-. two ycllow s p o t s on the IbaCk; lac.:< of o bleck sl!ot bchinc;. tile f i r s t yel low s p o t , ::nd pre:;en.ce of 8 sioall black S r j c t a t upper base of caudal f i n . These d i f f e r e n c e s a.re p r h a p s of s u f f i c i e n t magnitude t o r e c o ~ n i z e t hen by app ly ing subspe- c i f i c namec. I d e f i n i t e l y do n o t regard . . t hen 8s d i s t i n c t s p e c i e s , . however: This s p e c i e s .of Hali.choc;rss was cormon. It d i d not s een t o i r e f e k any s p e c i f i c h a b i t a t , but was seen i n n e a r l y a l l a r e a s . ?'he s'iomach c o n t e ~ i t s of two a d u l t spociiaens were examined. They c o n s i s t e d raostly of s inall ga s t ropods and pelecypods. I n both s tonachs t h e remains of a s i n g l e unident:,?ie'd c rus t acean were found. Jul . is t r i m a c u l a t a Quoy and G a i m r d 183!;.. Voyage ' fAstrolabe ' f , =l?ol. 3; p. 705, p l . 20 , f i g . 2. ( ' i an iko lo ) . P l a t y g l o s ~ ~ ~ v i c i n u s d i t h e r 1909. Jour . Nus. Godeffroy, ------ ---- v o l . 6 , p t . 1 6 , p . 267, p1. l k 2 , f i g . C. (K ings f i~ i l l I s l a n d s ) . 23 specimens. 2 9 - 9 5 mm. Onotoz . : D IX,11; A II,11; P 1 4 ; l e t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 27. ( L + spe- c imens) . Color i n l i f e of 95 nm specimen: back g r e e n i s h , shading t o ' ' l i & t t a u below; o u t e r edges of s c a l e s da rke r on upper twp- th i rds of body; head g r e e n , . t h e upper ba1.f from snout t o j u s t behind eye i r r i d e s c e n t l i g h t g r een , wi th b r i g h t orange-rose bands which a r e narrowly dark bordered; round- i s h and e l l i p t i c a l s p o t s of orange-rose on bead behind e y e , on nape, and a n t e r i o r l y on body t o p e c t o r a l r e g i o n ; 1 long orange band from a x i l . o f p e c t o r a l o b l i q u e l y downward and backward a lmost t o m'l8-pGlvic rc?gion ( t h i s band shaded outwardly w i t h b l u e ) ; , $ dark p u r p l e spo t above l a t e r a l l i n e on caudal peduncle broadly bordered w i t h b r i g h t g,reen; dor- s a l f i n w i th 2 ~ r a n g e - ~ i h k bands i n spinous p o r t i o n and 3 i n s o f t p o r t i o n ; a n a l f i n gre:enish i n proximal h a l f w i th .a r o s y leng thwise band i r i middle of f i n ; caiidel f i n , orange, ?deny specimens were very p a l e and had l i t t l e b r i g h t c o l o r ; t he se were connected w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e s t o t h e d a r k e r , more c o l o r f u l form a s dep i c t ed above. . . Th.is spijoies i s abundant; i t appea r s t o be p r i m a r i l , ~ a lagoon f o r u . It was seen i n o u t e r r e e f a r e a s only where t h e water was q u i e t and the bottom predominately sandy. J u l i s roargar i taceus C c v i w and Valenciennes 1.P39. %s t . n a t , --I-- ---- po~ . s s . , o l . 1 3 , . p . 484. (Type" l o c a l i t y , 'Vanicolo) . ZulLs lrawariti 9 l e e k e r 1852. g a t . -...- . T i j d s c h r . Ned.-In*. , vo:. 3 , 1727---- P . . . Ha1ichoer.c;~ !rewarin Bleeker 1862. n t l a s icht l i . , vol.. I , -. Fs 121 , p l . 41, f i g . 4. 2 speci inms. 54 end 55 r m . Nukunau. D IX, 11; A T I . , 1 1 ; P 1 3 or 11,; l s t e r i l l i n o ~ 6 a i . s ~ ~ 27 or . , ; . 28. ( 3 spsc.imen,o). . . Colo?. l n alco.hol l i ~ b t an wi th edges of n o s t or s c a l e s . - da rk brown on .do r sa1 two- th i rds of bcdy ( f ; rou?s of s ca1 . e~ ,~vi.tbin t h i s regiori w i thou t d a r k pj.gnient, 6;j.vi.n~ a n o v e r a l l i:ottl.sd e ~ f e c t ) (i!l t k e 7 1 am specinen. Lhs s c a l e s m e more bro:ia.l.y da rkened ) ; h ~ a u wi t ! i i l c rk s t r i p e s running tbroug,h e;le ( f : ~ i n t i n snail spec ixens ) ; s v e r t i c a l :black mnl'g j u s t 'behind eye ; a b lack i sh s p o t sn opercu la r nembrane (much more ev iden t o n l a r g e specir i im); R b lack o c e l l u s i n o u t e r p a r t of d~rs;:!. f i n between second and th!.rd .:;oft r a y s ( aohoce l lo t eb i l l 71 n m sr),ecl.mcx ) ; re :s t . of' d o l ~ ~ r i l f i i ; w i t l i f.a i n t i r r e g l l l a r l i n e e which. a u t , l i a e p a l e spot,:: ; reimin:ng f i n s p a l o , :gal -- i c n 8 r e s margin3tus K N ~ ~ E I . . I 1835. Ne& nll.rbel.th. ; Fische , p. 16. (Type l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . . , JulXs n o t o p s i s Cuv!er and V~'lcncienne3 1839. H i s t . nc t . -- - p o i s s . , v o l . 1 3 , p. 485. P l t ~ t y ~ , l o ~ : ~ u ~ &mgina tus Aleeker 1862. A t l a s i ch t l i . , vol.. 1, --- 7 1 0 9 , p l . 4 1 , f i g . 3. P l a tyg , l o s sus &oto>sis S l e e k r 1.862. Atilas i c l l t h , , vol ... 1, p . 111, p l . 41, f i g s . 1, 2 . . . . . . . . 3 specimens. 8 1 - 104 ma. 4 specimens. 26 - 63 inm. Onotoa. Color i n . l i f e of t h e 8 1 mm specimen: body g reen excegt a n t e r o - d o r s a l p o r t i o n which i s b l u e ; 4 l eng thwise l i n e s of b r i g h t r e d s p o t s beneath p e c t o r a l f i n ; head hlua wi th orange s t r i p e s , t h e s e becoaling golden on nape; dorsal . and a n a l f i n s da rk purpl.ish blue wi th a narrov; green. !i?arp,in nnd w l i g h t blue submarginal l i n e ; caud-?l f i n %reen wi th a l a r e e l i g h t blue-edged, da rk blue crescent-shaped b l o t c h , t h e upper and lower edges of which r e a c h the upper and 1.ower ~ n a r g i n s of t h e t i n (concave s i d e or' c r e scen t f a c e s a n t e r i - o r l y ) ; p e c t o r a l membranes hya1in.e. I n the f i e l d I i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o u r sraallc-r s ~ e c i m e n s a s no tops i s . . -- Upon c l o s e r examinet i on 1 am convinced t h a t n o t o x is t h e young o f marg ina tus . The 26 ~ M I specisaen i s p a l e w i t b 5 dark brown bnnds runnine, t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h of t he body from snout t o base of caudal P in ( t h e s e baads about a s wide a s a l t e r n a t i n g p a l e i n t e r s p a c e s ) . There i s a p r o ~ i i n s t e o c e l l a t e d black s r ~ o t i n t h e d o r s a l f i n b e t w e n t h e second and f i f t h s o f t r a y s . I n a 39 mm specirnan t h e da rk ballds e r e twice a : s broad a s t h e p a l e . I n a 60 rnrn spe- cirdcn they a r e n.o longer appa ren t . A dusky a r e a can be seen i n t h e caud.al f i n s of t h e 60 and 63 m u specimens which pr e sages t he fo rmat ion of t he da rk crescent-shaped b1,otch so typical . of marginatus . ? h e o c e l l u s i s s t i l l . e v i d e i ~ t . i n tile d o r s a l f i n i n t he se specimens, though t h e d o r s a l f i n h a s become d a r k e r . The 8 1 mi specimen has the a d u l t ' oo io ra - t i o n of t h e s p e c i e s . , I n t h i s and even t h e 1.04 !nm spe'ci!nen t h e o c e l l u s can be f a i n t l y rilede ou t i f t h e d o r s a l f i n i s e l eva t ed w i th a b r i g h t l i g h t behind i t . Smal.1 p a l e s p o t s develop i n t he f i n and invade t h e o c e l l u s rmd the i n t e n s i t y of t h o bluck s p o t d imin ishes . The l a s t reranant of the o o a l l u s i s t h e p a l e r i n g . A p a l e margin develops on t he d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s d u r i n g t h i s same per iod of a l t e r a t i o n . . . . . i l l c o l m . . . Two of t h o speciroens were c o l l e c t e d from -@ote'ct;ed . . wett?rs of t h e o u t e r reef' and bhe r e s t i n t h e lagoon. Macropharyngodon Bleeker 1861. P r o c . Zool. Soc. London, p . 412. (Type s p e c i e s , J u l i s g o o f f r o y i Quoy end Gairnard). Macropharyn&odon -.- peof f r o y i J u l i s -&- Geoffroy Quoy and Gaimard 1824.. Voyti!?,~: au tou r du moncie ..." u'ranielf , Zool . , 1). 270, p l . 56, f i g . 3. (Type loca- , l i t y , ~iawa l . i un ' I s l an i l s ) , . , . . J u l i s meleagr& Cuvier and Vnlenciennes 1839. B i s t . n a t . -.. p o l s s . , vol.. 1 3 , p , lr81. (Type l o c a l i t y , i J lea Z 1yolea.i, . . Caro l ine I s l a n d s ) . 2 specimf>.ns. 72 and 76 mn. .Cdo toa ' lagoon., Ij TM,11; A I I , 1 1 ; P 1 2 ; l a t e r a l liik s c a l e s ' 23; @ill r a k e r s 17 ( 2 spec imens) . . . Color. i n a l c o l ~ o l b l a c k i s h wi th a s l i g h t l y n a l e r spo t i n . the cen t e r of each s c a l c ; 2 b lack s p o t s , one a b ~ v t . i the o t h e r , j u s t p o s t e r i c r t o upper end of g i l l opening; a b lack spo t a n t e r i o r l y on is thmus; head wi th pal65 d a r k - e d ~ e d band,? r a d i a t i n g from eye or runniq? , d i agona l ly below eye and wi th pp.le dmk-edged s p o t s v e n t r a l l y ; meiiian f i n s l i g h t dusky with i l i r egu la r pole bx tds an6 s p o t s ; a b l a c k i s h a rea w t e r i . o r l y i n . dci. p a l f i n ; p a i r e d f i n s h y a l i n e . Some au. thcrs have. cons idered t h e s3eci.e:: i n EIawaii d l s t i n c t from t h a t i n t h e r e s t of t he In3o -Pac i f i c , s i v i n ~ , t h e 1a t t : i r . ,. he n k e of rneleag!& (Cuvier a.?d Valencien.nes) . I c o w --- ~ > a r e & two suecimens from t h e 'iinw?ii'ian I s l a n d s wi th t h e two i'rom t h e ~ i i b e r t I s l a n d s . Counts of f i n r a y s , l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s , and g i 11 r a k e r s of t h e Hawaiian specimen::. y e r e i d e n t i c a l v ~ i t h counts of t h e ones f r o n i t h e G i l b e r t s . I caa f i n d only s l i g h t c o l o r . d i f f e r e n c e s a s So l lo r . :~ : t h e Iiawaiian specimsns l a c k t h c black s p o t s just behind t h e upper end of t h e g i l l openink; and t h e s p o t on the i s thmus , and tho bands on t h e h e a d a r e narrower. I n my opin ion t h e s e difference:: a r e not s p e c i f i c . 1 , e p t o J u l i s a r c l a l i s h e r 1867. S i t z . Akad. Wiss. W e n . , v o l . ~ s 7 2 k ( 5 ~ l o c a l i t y , l i ' i j i I s l a n d s ) . 56 , " 3 specimens. 58 - 67 mm. Onotoa lagoon. . . ,.,. . . D I;1,11; A I I , 1 1 ; P 12; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a i ~ s 28. ( 2 spe- cimens ) . . . .. Color i n l i f e wh i t e , l i g h t g r een i sh on back, wi th numerous l a r g e i r r e g u l a r b lack s p o t s on body and most of hsad; dusky orange l i n e s on snout and i n t e r o r b i t a l space ; Zlorsal. and caudal S i n s w i t h sma l l brownish. orang,o s p o t s ( t h e s e f o r x v e r t i c a l l i n e s 0.0 c a u d a l ) ; a n a l f i n yellow w i t h a row of b lack s p o t s b a s a l l y and sma l l orange s p o t s d i s t & l l g ; p e c t o r a l c l e a r ; i r is of eye ybllow with R green r i n g ond 4 s h o r t r n d i a t i w red-orange l i n e s . Labr ioh thys Bleelcer 1851,. Nat. T i j d s c h r . I?ed.-Snd., v o l . 6 , p . 331. C T ~ ~ ~ s y e c i e a , Labr ich thys cyanotaenia R leeke r ) . Lab r i ch thys c y a n o t a e n i a Lsb r i ch thys cyanotaea ia j?l.eek;cr 18.54. :Sat. T i J d s c h r . Ned.- - I n d . , v o l . 6 , p. 331. (Type l o c a l i t y , L a r a n t u ~ a , P l o r e s ) . 1 specimen. 30 im. Onotoa. D I 9 , l . l ; A l I l , 1 0 ; P I & ; l e t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 27 . Color 111 a l c o h o i dark brown. wi th a p a l e l i n e f r o n snout through lower p a r t of eye t o n i d d l e of caudal f i n ; a second p a l s l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e , l e s s d i s t i n c t than t h e f i r s t , r uns fTorn ch in , beneath base of pec to ra l : t o lower p a r t of c a u r i ~ l peduncle ; m a r g i n s o f n e d i s n f i n s h y e l i n e ; p e c t o r a l p a l e , t h e ex t r ene basa l p a r t of t h e r a y s w h i t i s h ; p e l v i c f i n s pa l e with dusky c e n t e r s . The c o l o r a t i o n a s de sc r ibed above i s based on t h e s i n c l e 30 rm specimen taken. This i s a i f f e r e n t f r o n t h e u sua l co lor ? a t t e r n of numerous f a i n t long i tud ine , l p a l e l i n e s , but I b e l i e v e my specinen e x h i b i t s t h e j uven i l e c o l o r p a t t e r n f o r t he s p e c i e s . It h a s t h e well-developed f l e s h y t u b u l a r l i p s and p e c u l i a r d e n t f t i o n of t h u genus. Genus LEROIDEC; ,Labroides Rleeker . 1851. Nat. T i j d s c h r . Ked . - Ind . , v o l . 2 , p. 249. (Type s p e c i e s , L,abroides ~ a r a d i s e u s Bl.ee.k.er = d i m i d i a t u s Cuvier and Valenc iennes) . - Labroides d i m i d i a t u s Cossyphus d i m i a i a t u s Cuvier and Valenciennes 1E39. E i s t . n a t , p o i s s . , vol.. 1 3 , rj. 136. (Type l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . 4 specimens. 50 - 82 am. Onotoa. I> IX,11; A I I I , 1 0 ; P 1 3 ; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 52 or 53. ( 3 spe c inens ) . Color i n l i f e b r i g h t l i g h t b lue wi th a b l ack band running from snout through eye a long upper p a r t of body t o end. of caudal f i n , t h i s band becoming p rog re s s ive ly broader a s i t passe s p o s t e r i o r l y ; a black l i n e s t base of a n a l f i n which connects narrowly wi th a .hook-like ven t r r i l e x t e a s i o n from , - end of broad black band oil caudal f i n ; o v e r t i c u l l y - e longa t e sm,2all bl~iclc spot below a x i l of p e c t o r a l ; d o r s a l f i n black b a s z l l y , pa le C i s t a l l y ; pa i red f i n s p1 . e . This s p e c i e s was seen only i n q u i e t o u t e r r e e f B r e e s o r i n t he lagoon. I t - o f t e n e x h i b i t e d a n unusual mo8.e of stvimrning by o s c i l l a t i n g , t h e p o s t e r i o r p e r t of t h e body up and down a s i f t o a t t r a c t ~ t t e n t i o n . It was seen t o dance around o t h e r f i s h e s . ' i n t h i s nanner and t o i n t e r m i t t e n t l y p ick a t t h e i r bodies . The f i s h e s r e c e i v i n g such a t t e n t i o n o 'f ten slowee t h e i r sw'iming o r came t o a s t op . It was thought a t t h e time t h e t the Labroides were p i ck ing o f f e x t e r n a l p n r a s i t e s from the.se f i s h e s . The gu t con ten t s of two specimens f r o n t h e G i l b e r t I s len i i s and t h r e e from t h e 1;i;iarshell. I s l a n d s cons i s t ed o f . cn lago id cop,epods and a few f i s h s c a l e s . :Pile two remain iag G i l b % r t Xslands specimens hzd, e a t e n t i n y isopods a long w i t h s e v e r a l f i s h s c a l e s . Ba?nerd (1927: 749) noted t h e g r e a t resemblance of i a b r o i 6 e s d i m i d i a t u s --- t o t h e p e t r o s c i r t l a n blenny, Aspidoatus t e e n i e x , c.nd suggested t h a t t h e phjnomenon of mimicry a ip ,h t be i n \ ; o lveZ Ra o f f e r ed no e x n l a n a t i o n of such ni&cry beyond a ,?tater,ient t h a t one Lf' the two s p e c i e s might Lave j)oisoilous q ~ e l i t i c s . The :i:.r:iiI.a2j.ty i n co lo r ' us t t e r n of t h b s s two ; ~ t y l o e t i c a l l d . : j e i i & i ~ ~ ~ spec!,es i s c e r t a i n l y s t r i . t u g , and miiaicrg might w e l l . be o p e r a t i v e . I f s o , i . t i s iily b e l i e f t h e t t h e blei?rg is minicicin'g t h e l eb r id . , Lnbroides d i n i d i e t u s may escepe p reda t ion by v i r t u e of i t , s ; )ar ,as i te- -_ feed ing i m u i t . ii blenny of c w j x r a b l e s i z e end t h e same co lo r pe t t e r r ; might ga in t h e sa!:~e. protect . ion. . . b ~ b r o i d e t : bic.olor Fowler ~ n c ! Bean 1928.. B u l l . U. S. ?kt . 131:s l O O , , . v o , : ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.21,. ( T p e locr:lit;l., F o r t Ms7%cab%il, P h i l i p p i n e Islarrds.) ; 1 s p e c i ~ w n . C 1 m. Onotos. D TX,12; A IIl,10: 1. 1 3 : l s t e r a l l i n e s c a l e - 25. . . Color from 7 5 riim iliodachrone t r n n 3 p ? i : r ~ ~ ~ & y : a(!, .nn" untc.'. r i o r p a r t of bo : '~~ b lack ; e o s t e r i o r p o r t of' bod:! r~r ld ' cAuilal peduncle b r i g h t yellow ( t h i s yel low s e g i o n rounded a n t e r i- o r l g ) ; caudiil f i n g r e m a n t e r i o r l y snd c e n t r r i l l y , t h i s s r e a ou t l i ned p o s t e r f o r l y by u b lack c r e s c e n t ; regioii of caudal S in posteriox, t o t h e c r e sckn t l i g h t b lue ; margin of s o f t portior: of dorod. f i n and a n a l f i n l i g h t b l u i s h ; pector::l f i n s p u l e ; p e l v i c ffncj b lack. . . . . .. This r a r e s p e c i e s was s i g h t e e only twice , bot;ki tiiaos ofi t he c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r n c e of t h e wiiidvvard r e e f . The sirii.le specinien taken was obtained, w i t h a spea r . S t e t h o j u l i s ~ { n t h e r 1362. Cac. F i s h e s d r i t i s b Mus., vo l . 4 , p. 140. (Typ,; s p e c i e s , J u l i s s t r i g i v e n t e r Benne t t ) . P J u l i s s t r i ,g . iven te r Bennett 1832, ?roc. Corn. Zool. Soc. - London, p. l 8 b . (Type l o c a l i t y , M a u r i t i u s ) . J u l i s ( i i a l i c l ioeres ) Renardi S l eeke r 1851.. Nat. T i j d s c h r . Ned.-Sncl., vol.. 2 , p. 253. X e t h o j u l i s s t r i g i v e n t e r B l e e k e ~ 1862.. A t l a s ic.ht-h.. , .pI.. 43 , ' -- . f i g . 1. . . . S t e t h o j u l i s Renardi Rleeker , ibid..; fig. 2. - 10 spec inens . 52 - 75 mm.. Onotp? l a p o o n . * . : D 1 ; A 1 1 1 ; I 4 o r 1 (mos t ly 1 5 ) ; l a t e r a l ' l i n e s c a l o s 27; e i l l Takers 24 t o 26. ( 5 spec$.aens). .. I . .,. . , Color i n a l c o h o l o k o 65 ro@ f &ale , , ~ ~ & ~ i i i & : . l g h t brown excep t upper p a r t of :head ~nd: :nape , . a$ove . l o y m edge of' eye which i s da rk brown; naSroy : l eng thw&s& whi te l i n e s on lower h l f of,, .body;. .a sna , l l b lack spo t ( a . l ~ d i i - : o f . . . . s p o t s on some s ~ ~ e c i m e n s ) a t base of . c auda l f i n : j u s t abqve l e s t l z t e r a l l i n e s c a l e . . . . . . . z . . : . . . F i v e ,of as sneoimsns. 'were i d e n t i f i e d in t h e f i e l d a s . . . . S. renr;rdL., " . ~ h k s e .'rgn&d f i+& 72 t o 75 ,mfl i p s t anda rd - l e n g t h ancl were more c o l o r f u l th:m t h e sma l l e r -.- s t ~ ! i g i v e n t e r . The lowes h a l f of . the bpdy ~ u s wh i t e r wi th -on ly t r a c e s of - . brownish l o n g i t u d i n a l 14nos; ,on ' the up&r h a l f - of t h e head 8nd 'body were 4 dark-edgeti r ed 1ine.s. a s f igye$ ,$or r e n a r d i i n Bleeker ; t h e a r e a bctween t h e two lowermost r e d lm- was blue . . . , . . . . . . . . I sexed t h e s e f i v f - r , r ? e ~ ~ f ~ ~ n ~ ' ~ ~ ~ i d ~ ' f o u n . d t h a t a l l were A qa le s , , ,The f i v e s p e c i r ~ e n s of .:stpi&i-venl;sr ( 52 to169.10m3 . . .. , . .. . . . .. . were e j $ h e r males o r fcmal.e$. . .- . . - - . ..-. . . . :. ,' ,I t hen examinsd a Large .ser.S.es . . . . of syecl.mens of both . s p e c i e s i n t h e iJnited S t a t e s . i ~ a t i o ~ ~ % u s e u r f l which were .. c o l l e c t e d a t Guam. There were '18 spedimens"of renar r l i , r ann inn from 62 t o 8 1 mm, a n d . . a l l .were males. s ~ e c i m e n s . . . , , " . .. ~, l a r g e ? tlmu 3l+ 'an w w e 3.abeiled :3tnZgive.~tter; o f t h i s e 14 wsro f e n a l e s f r o n 6 3 t o 68 wm. The remaining 28 cons i s t ed of 1 6 females and -12 -ma,leq:., Three,.5pecimens, 6 1 t o 62 mm i n s tandard l e n ~ t h . were i n t e rmed ia t e i n c o l o r o a t t e r n t o t y p i c a l renardiYaa6 . s t r i g l v e n t e r i I . t h e r e f o r e ^concl.ude t h a t r e n a r d i i s t h e l a r g e a d u l t male of s t r + g i v e n t k r . , . . . . The male a p p a r e n t l y r eaches s l a r g e r s i z e than the f e m l e . The l a r g e s t f co~a l e specimen wes 68 m,,; 10 ~ m l e s were longer > . t han 70 nm. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e sraal l caudal s p o t , t he sma l l e r s p e c i - mens h.ad e t i n y black spo t on t h e next, t o l a s t d o r s a l r a y near t he base and ano the r on t h e ne.:rt t o l a s t a n a l r a y . The a n a l spot d i s appea r s a t a s i z e of about 50 mm i n s t anda rd l e n g t h and the d o r s a l spo t a t a length. of about 64 11101. . . J u l i s a x i l l a r i a Quoy and Gai~nard 162!+. Voyage au tou r du -- nonde.. . ' tUranie ' t , Zool. , p. 272. (Type l o c a l i t y , ilatvaiian I s l a n d s ) . 1 0 specimens. 38 - 80 iXI. Onotoa. U IX,11; A I1,ll; P 1 4 ; l a t b r a l l i n e s c n l e s 27. ( 4 spe- cirnels) . Color ii! a l c o h o l of a 64 r;?m speciiilen: d o r s a l h a l f of head and body dufk g~,fayis.h brown, lo!ic:r h a l f l i g h t brown, t h e s e two a r e a s s epa rz t ed by a l i g h t br0w.n band ( s m a l l e r specimens wi th a second p a l e bfind f r o x plbove eye t o top o f ceuda l . pedunc1.e); 1 t a 3 s m l l blac!: s p o t s i n mid-1-irie a t bave of Caudal f i n ; a l l f i n s p a l e . SiIal l specimens w i t h a s ~ a a l l black spot on a n a l f i n n e a r b a s e of l a s t 2 a n a l r a y s . I n l i f e t he re >;$as an ornng,o e r ea a t upper a x i l of pecto- r a l f i n and a yellow band frorr, snout t o lower edge 01' eye c s i ~ t i n u i n g a3 a l i g h t gray band t o bask of caudsl.. This s p e c i e s i s a p p a r e n t l y a b u n d ~ n t throughout a l l of Oceania. It was taden i n s c v e r a l d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s a t Onotoa from shal low lacoon t o o u t e r r e e f . S t e t h o f u l i s ---- c a s t u r i ~ h t h e r 1909 ( n o t of Bleeker) . J o u r . Mus. Godeffrny, vo l . 6 , p t . 1 6 , p l . l b l , f i t ~ . A . S t e t h o J u l i s -- a l b o v i t t a t a F 0 ~ 1 6 r 1928 ( i n p a r t ) . i'lem. 3 , 7. Bishop Nu's,, v.,L. 1 0 , p. 335. (iCingsnil1 i s l a n d s ) . S t e t h o i u l i s c a s t ~ r i Schu l t z 1943. 3 u l l . U. 3. PIat. !$us. 180, - pp. 2I^S-po2i14.- 3 specimen$. 74 - 82 mm. Onotoa. Color i n ' l i f e l i k e t h e p l a t e of S . c a s t u r i i n ~ G n t h e r ( l r ~ C 9 ) and t h e key ' t o c a s t u r i i n ~ c K u l t z (1943: 213) . This s p e c i e s w i l l b s d e s c r i b e d a s new by Schul tz i n volurue 2 of t h e F i s h e s of t h e Marr;hall. and Marianas I s l a n d s . The s p e c i e s f i r s t descr ibed a s c a s t u r i (Rleeker , 1852) i s now recognized . a s C r i l i n e a t a (Bloch and Zchneider) . - :)e Bcaufor t (1940: 161 ) hzs di:icussed t h e nroblez of j u s t i 3 c o l o r v a r i e t y of' t h e forin known i n r e c t n t t i n e s a s c u s t u r i (p1 . 141, f i g . k i n ~ d n t h e r , 1909) . -- Genus CORIS Cori s ~ a c 6 ~ g ~ i . e 1802. Hist. a a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 3 , pp. 96, 97. - m p e s p e c i e s , Cor i s aygula Lackpkde) . Cor i s ~ a i f n a r d i J u l i s ~{uiinard Quoy and Gniianrd 18211. Voyage autour du --- --& ff ionde. . .Wraniel ' , Zool.., p . 245, p l . 54, f i ~ , . I . (Type l o c a l i t y ; . . .~ ? > l!Iaui, Hawaiian I s l a n d s ) . . . . . No s p s c i ~ i e n s of' t h i s c o l o r f u l s p e c i e s were c o l l e c t o d i n t he G i l b e r t I s l a ~ d s . L). W. : ; trasburg s i g h t e d one when swimming undcrwitterb a t Onotoa,'. ., ' . . :. . . . . . , . . . . . Genus NOVACTJI,ICHTHY3 Novaculichthgs Bleeker 1841. P roc . Zool. Soc. , p. 414. (Type s p e c i e s , Labrus t aen iou rus ~ a c & p & d e ) . : : : . .... . . , . ' Novaculichthgs t a e n i o u r u s , - . . .. Novaculichthys t a e n i o u ~ u s Fowler 1928. Item. 9. P.. Bishop m s . , v o : . 1 0 ~ ~ ~ 1 . . 41, r i g . A. ( x ingsmi r l .. I s l a n d s ) . . Anahpses yuoy and ~ i i h a r d 1824. Voyage a u t o u r '&u mondb. . . W r a n i e t 7 , Zool. , p. 276,. ,(Type s p e c i e s -Ananpses ;cuv ' ier i Quoy and Gaimard). . . . . Anampses cae ru l eopunc ta tu s - - I , Anslnpses - -- caeru leopunc ta tus --- ~ ~ p p e l l 1828. A t i a s Re i se n m c h e n A f r i ~ a . F i s c h e , p . 42, p l . 1 0 , f i g . 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . No specimens were . . co l l ec t ed i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . I observed t h e s p e c i e s ori s e v e r a l occas ions on Onotoa r e c f s . Gom:,bosus ~ ,ac$p&de 1802. E i s t . n s t . p o i s s ' vol.. 3 , p . 100 . / ' ' -'l?$=species, Gol;.i,~hosus cae ru l eus L8c'ephd.e) . . . Com,hosus t r i c o l o r ~Quoy nnd Gairricrd 113211.. Toyage ai~. tour du -- .-.-. .-*~..--.- monae.. . " b r a n i e V , Zool . , p. 280, 111.. 5 5 , , f i g . .2. .(Tyne l o c a l i t y , Xa-wiian I s l a n d s ) . . ., , 3 spec i sens . 125 - 230 run_. Onotos. D V I I I , 1 3 ; A II,11; P 1 6 ; . l a t e r a l l i q c scales . . . . 2.7,. ( 2 spe- c imens) . G i l l ra!ters 23 ( l . . s ~ ~ e c i m e n ) . , . . . . . . . . . . . .. Col.or% f r o a 35 :am iCodachrome t ransparency of' 230 mm spes imm: head y u r p l f s h b ~ a c k , , ' b a d y b l u i s h green w i t h . a l i g h t a p j ~ l e g reen band from nape t o p e c t o r a l f i n ba s s ; dor- s a l and a m 1 f i n s and a l a r g e crescent-shaped nreo ; )os ter i - . o r l y i n cnudal fF . r l t u rquo i&e bl.ue; p e c t o r a l f i n blackish. wi th o u t e r edge broadly . p u r p l e : .end sl black spo t a t u;:per edge of base. The stomach c o n t e n t s of two specimens, 220 and 230 .r!m i n s t anda rd l e n g t h , were exartlined by A. fi. B n n c r . The f i s h . had ea t en s t o m t o p o d s and crangonici sh.rimps. Gomphosus v a r i u s ~ac&$dc; 1802, i i i s i ; . flat;. p ~ i s s . , vo l . 3 , ---- -- p?. 100, 1011.. (Type l o c ~ l i t y , T a h i t i ) . !I ~ 1 : ~ 1 , 1 3 ; k I1,l.l.;. 1' 1 6 ; J . a t c j r a l l i n e s c a l e s 27; g i l l . r t l e r s 24 and 25. ( 2 spe'cimens) . Color i n a l coho l of 89 m specimen: tieac! and a n t e r i o r h a l f of body l i g h t t an ,wi th . :a s i n g l e black spo t on ou t e r ed.ge of esch sca1.e of nape a11d body ( excep t abG.omen). and r i hori 'zontal b lack l i n e through eye; p o s t e r i o r h a l f of body b l ack ixh , t h e s c a l e s wi th si.mil.ar b lack s p o t s which, however, a r e v i s i b l e only i n t h e a n t e r i o r p a t of b lack p o r t i o n of body where pigmentat ion i s not SO i n t e n s e ; ~ C T S T , ~ f. 'iri black-. i s h wi th a narrow p a l e margfn on. s o f t p o r t i o n ; anal. f i n b h c k w i t h 2 p a l e margin and a p a l e spot on, eqch %ntel;?.ri31?:.1. meoibrane; caudal f i n . b lack w i th a brond p8.le j!c::tsl:i.o:r margin; p a i r e d f i n s p a l e . , . . Color i n l i f e of 42 ~mm ' specimen: two narrov) b lack -bands runn ing e n t i r e len8t .h of body, t h + f i r s t from snout through eye t o upper base of caudal f i n , t h e seconcl from ch in t o lower .base of caud3.l f i n ( t h e two bands co;i.n.ect i r r e g u l a r l y &t bake of caudal f i n ) ; body d o r s a l t o f i r s t bind g r e e n , v e n t r a i l y i ~ h i t e ; Both s p e c i e s of ~orapiiosus -were seen Zn t h e Lrtgoon and ou t e r : r ee f : a r ea : ; , but never where wave, a c t i o n was s t rong . Hefiixymnus ~ U n t h e r 1861. Ann. %lag. Nat. H i s t . , London, vo l . 7 8 , p. 386. (Type s p e c i e s , f!Iullu.s f a s c i a t u s Thunberg = Labrus f a s c i a t u s Bloch) . -- Hemigymnus - f a s c i u t u s . . Labrus f a s c i a t u s Bloch 1792. Watur .. a ~ s l & d . ; P i s c h e , v o l . 6 , p. 6 , p l . 290. (Type l o c a l i t y , J a p a n ) . . . 1 specimen. 295 mm. Onotoa. D IX,11; A I I , 1 1 ; P 11,; l a t e r a l . l i n e s c a l e s 2%. Color f r o & 35 nm Kodachrome t r ansps rencg : body block ( excep t f o r ches't a n t e r i o r t o o r i g i n of p e l v i c . f i n s wii!.ch i s w h i t e ) w i t h 4. v e r t i c a l whi te b a r s ; t h e f i r s t r unn ing from a n t e r i o r p a r t o f spirious p o r t i o n o f ' d o r s a l f i n t o m i d - abdomen, t h e l a s t - c r o s s i n g cauda l pedunclu; d o r s a l p a r t of heed and nape blacrk; head below l e v e l of eye l i g h t yellow- ?,reen w i t h broad, i r r e g u l a r , blue-edgeii, rose -co lored bands ; median and p e l v i c f i n s b 1 . a ~ ~ ~ ; p e c t o r a l f i n w i t h r a y * blac.::, membranes hya l i ne . :. . . . . , . ,. Tkie one specimen seen was speared S t , a dep th of about 30 f e e t on t he c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e s r a c e o r t h e o u t e r . r e e f . Hemigymnus me l sp t e rus Labrua mclaptcrua 13loch 1791. Natur . a u s l h d . F i s c h c , v o l . 5 , p . 137 , p l . 285. (Type l o c a l i t y , J a c a n ) . 2 spec iuens . 100 and 119 am. 1 specimen. :2:3c;~un. ~. Onotoa . D IX,11; 11 II,11; P 11+; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 28. ( 2 spe- ciinens) . . . Color br 330 nm specimen a f t e r one da;y . : in f.ormal. i n : dark green w i t 1 1 a p u r p l i s h casC; s l i g h t l y .cur'ved v e r t i c a l narrow b lue l i n e s on s c a l e s of body; head w i t h - t o r t u o u s ro 'se bands except f o r a broad block of t h i s co lo r und.er eye ; eye r i m e < wi th i r r i d e s c e n t g reen . Color i n l i f e of 100 nun specimen: body a r i t e r i o r t o a d iagonal l i n e of d e m r c a t i o n frorn second d o r s a l spine near3.y t o end of p e l v i c f i n s wh i t e ; body p o s t e r i o r t o t h i s l i n e t o caudal ped.unc1.e blacii; caudal. peduncle 3nd caudal. f i n yel low; 3 black s p o t s i n a v e r t i c a l l i n e a t base of caudal. f i n on one s i d e of f i s h and a s i n g l e spo t a t t h l s l o c e t i o n on t he o t h e r s i r l e ; head d o ~ s a l t o lower edge of eye b l a c s , v e n t r e l l y w h i t i s h ; p a l e blue s p o t s , one per s c a l e , l o c a t e & p o s t e r i o r l y on blacii .portion. of body; d o r s u l f i n black with a r e d d i s h marginal bend; a n a l f i r ; b lack wi.t;h a nnrrow r e d d i s h raargin and a blue s,ub.merginal band of about e q u s l wid th . , . - . Pse.utlocheili.nus -- Bleeker 1861. Proc. Zoo!.. Soc. . i .oadon, p. 4.09 . T 1 y p e s p e c i e s , Cha i l i nus hexatc3enia Bl.ee%er) . 8 specimens. 38 - 49 mi. Onotoe. Chej. l i n u s - --- kexa t een i a , Ijleeker 18 57, .4ct, Soc. " J C L ' . I r ~ d . !Jc:?rl, , v o l . 2 , 1;. . 4.. 7Type l o c a l i t y , limbon, :!Cast I n d i e s ) . D I X , 11, A I I 1 , 9 ; P 1 5 o r 16 ; l a t c z a l l i n e s c a l e s 23 ( a n t e r i o r p a r t 1 8 , peduncle p a r t 5 ) . ( 3 s p e c i a e n s ) . Color from 35 a m Kodnchror~ie t ransparency : %o2y dark bluish . ( r e d d i s h on abd.onen) wi th 6 leng thwise bright; oran,ye l ine r : ; e s r i ~ i i l l 'black spot a t upper edgs of base of caudal f i n ; d o r s u l and a n a l f i n s o range , dusky blue a t base; c a u d ~ l . f i n Green, o u t e r p a r t yel low; heed b l u i s h i i o r sa l l y , shading t o buff on snout and cheeks. ,111 specimens \vere secured w i t h rotenonr: i i i t,he l.s~?.oor? o r p ~ ~ c ~ t e c t e d . oute1: r e e f .waters. / \ . C 1 1 ~ ' l i n u s Lacepcds 1802. B i s t . n a t . p o i s s . v o l . 3 , p. 529. - I?'ype s p e c i e s , --- Chei l inus --- t r i l o b e t u s ~ a c k h ~ d e ) . Che i l i nus - t r i l o b a t u s I \ .. . . Cheil.ir~us t r i i b b a t u s Lncepede lZG2.. i - i l s k . n a t . p o i s s . , vol , -.--...-- . . . . 3, pp., 529.; 537. (Type loca l . i t y , iG~adaea:;crr, 2:::iur8:tiu:;, and Reunion) . 9 specimens. 50 - 220 ma. 1 specimen. 17 m. Onot oa r . D I*,10; .A 111,s; P 12; l a t e r a l ' l i n e s c a l e s 25 ( a n t e r i o r p a r t 1 6 , peduncular p a r t Y). ( 5 specimens) . Color i n l i f e of 173 rm specfmen o l i v e brown w i t h a v e r t i c a l . orange-red l i n e i n t h e lriiddle o f each body ' s c a l e ; n u m r o u s orange-red s p o t s and s h o r t l i n e s on head, t h e 4 l o n g e s t l i n e s r a d i a t i n ~ a n t e r i o r l y f ro& eye ; c h e s t i nd sbdoiflen wi th Large orange s p o t s , t h e l a r g e s t i n mid-ven t ra l : l i n e ; s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s r e d d i s h w i t h g r e e n i s h r a y s ; a n a l f i n , i n add.i t l .on, b lotched w i t h brown; sp inous p o r t i o n of d o r s a l f i n orango d i s t a l l y w i t h a ~ N R V ~ p e e n submarginal .. l i n e , then. a narrower orange l i n e , and blotched orange and .. , green a t t h e base . : . .,. . >%al ley specimens u s u a l l y had broad v e r t i c a l de rk end , l i g h t a r e a s on t h e s i d e of t h e body and a s e r i e s of about 5 dark s p o t s m i d l a t e r e l l y , t h e more p o s t e r i o r spot:; bei,.ng more conspicuous. The 17 ,ma .specimen i s provi,sisnel.ly i d e n t i f i e d a s U o b a t ~ i s . It was p e o n i n l i f e nnd had %he 5 a e d i a n s p o t s on t h e body from behind g i l l opening t o base of caudal f i n , The 220 11Ui specimen has a pronounced tri-1-obecl cauda l f i n . The s p e c i e s was most commonly taken i n t he lagoon. Che i l i nus undula t u s -- C ~ r e i l i n u s - undu la tu s I?Uppell 1835. Neue Wirbel th . P i s c h e , . p.: 2 0 , pL. 6 , ' f i g . 2. (Type locality, Rea S e a ) . 1 specimen ,370 mm. 2 specimens 77 and 78 nun. Onotoa. , . I) I;i:,lO; 1: 111,s; P .12; l a t e r a l l i n e . s c a l c s 25 ( e n t e r i o r . :>ert 1 6 , peduncular p a r t 9). ( 2 spec imens) . Color i n l i f e of 675. mm..c;pe'cimen ( d i s c a r d e d i n f i e l d due t o l a r g e s i z e ) : o l i v e ' & s e n wi th broad v e r t i c a l d s r k brown l i n e s on .body ~ c a l e s ( t h e s e l i n e s a n t e r i o r t o t i p -of pectm- r & l orknge-brown); ;insari r e t i c u l a t e d wi th a l t e r n a t i n g orange and gray l i n e s ; 2 black l i n e s ex t end ing p o s t e r i o r l y from or b i t , t h e lowerrilpst. t he l o n g e s t ; rdsdian f i n s . narrowly - 6 a r r e d wiLh o l ive-green and.. b r ~ w n ; p e c t o r a l f i n s oli-ve; . p e l v i c f i n s dusky. 77 an& 78 ma specirnens w i th . b r ~ a d . ve rb i ce1 da rk bars on body due t o a v e r t i c a l l y ^ e l 6 n g a t e b l a c k i s h spo t on o u t e r edge of each body ..sacale . i n t h e s e ' a r e a s 'and absence of t h i s spot o n , n o s t of t h e s c a l e s . i n i n t e r v e n i n g pa l e a r e a s ; two black l i n e s extending d i agona l ly an6 p o s t e r i o r l y f r o g o r b i t and meet ing jus,t a n t e r i o r t o upper edge ,pf g i l l opening: a s i m i l a r p a i r of da rk l i n e s ex tend ing a n t e r i o r l y from eye toward mouth ( t h e s e l i n e s f a i n t i n 370 ixi spec imen) . The two scla1.l specimens . w r e h k e n i n a sandy-bottomed pond-1ili.e boii;: o f wa te r narrovily conf luen t w i th t he la,3UI,IS Cuvier 1817. ~ & n e an imal , p. 264. (Type s p e c i e s i n s i d i a t o r P a l l a s ) . W b u l i s -- i n s i d i a t o r - Sparus i x s i d i a t o r P a l l a s 1770. S p i c i l . Zool . , vo l . 8 , p . 41 , p l . 5 , f i g . 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , J o v a ) . 4 specimens. 87 - 220 ILL?<. Onotoa lagoon. D I X , l 0 ; A III,e; P 12; l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 21 t o 23 ( b n t e r i o r p a r t 1 2 o r 1 4 , neduncular p a r t 9 or 1 0 ) . ( 3 Rpe- c i m n n " Color in l i f e of 220 rm specimen dark ye l l owi sh brown wi th f o r e s t g r e e n edges t o s c a l e s i n middle of body; i r i s orange ; f i n s daric brown excep t p e c t o r a l which. i s dusky orangs . 20 spcc i~nens i n t h e yellow co lor phase were s igh t ed . The p a r r o t f i s h e s were one of t h e dominant f a m i l i o s of f i s h e s i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s , a s elsewhere i n t r o p i c a l mer ine wa te r s . Taxonoraically, t hey a r e a very d i f f i c u l t g roup; t h e r e f o r e much t ime was devoted t o c o l l e c t i n g them (mos t ly by s p e a r i n g ) , making c o l o r n o t e s , an6 t a k i n g co lo r photographs . A l l of t h e specimens, f i e l d n o t e s , end co lor p i c t u r e s were aade a v a i l a b l e t o D r . Lesnard P . Schu l t e of t h e Uni te6 S t a t e s Nat iona l isiuseum who i s monographing t h e f a m i l y . The Onotoa and Tarawa r e c o r d s l i s t e d below r e p r e - s e n t h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . Genus SCAIIUS 0 Scarus P'orskal 1775. Descr. ani:mliua. p. 25. (Type s p e c i e s , Scarus p o i t t a c u s ) -. . Scarus sor d idus ~ o r s l & l 1775. m e i . o c a l i t y , Red :%a). Pseudoscarus -- abacurus ~ d n t h e r v o l . 6 , p t . 1 6 , p . 329, p l . 38 specimens. 38 - 200 ;qescr. animalium, pp. x , 30 1909. Sour. MJ s . Godef Troy, 1 6 2 ) . (Kingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) mm. Onotoa. . - ' f Scarus microrh inos Blesirer 18jjL+. h a t . TiA::.sc!lr. Sea.- I n d i e , ------ val.. 6 , p . 200. . . . (Type l o c a l i t y , %t t i v i a , J s v a ) . ' t Scarus j avan icus -- Eleeker 1854. Xat. Ti jdschr . Ned. I n d i e , vo:!. 6 , p. 19S'. ('pipe l o c n l i t q , J z v c ) . No s p e c i ~ e n s were taken. L ~ r p a r r o t - f i s h were seen on t h e ou-ter c o r a l l i f e r o u s t e r r a c e wili.oh may have been this s p e c i e s . They ~ p p e n r e d g r , y uniierw?.$er; vuj.t'h t h e p o s t e r i o r h a l f of tfle body a b r u p t l y p a l e r t h @ n . t h e m t ' e r i o r h a l f . . . > , : : . . . . . . . . , . ,. . Scarus f'orraosus . . -- --.-.- .. . . ' Scnrus f o r r ~ o s n s Cuvier &nd. ~ a l e n c i e n n e s 1839. Xist. n a t . . . --- psis~. , v o l . l L i , . p . 283. (Type,' l o c a l i t y , Hawaiian , I s l a n d s ) . , . Pseucloscarus s c h l e g e l i Blesker 1.861.. Verslf ig. ' 4kad. Vet . - I r m s t e r d ~ i , v o l . 1 2 , p . 24%: (Type l o c a l i t y , Ce l ebes ) . 1 speciiaen. 180 im, Onotoa. .. . Scnrus f o r s t e r i . . s c a r u s f o r s t e r i . Cuvier and Vhlenciennes 12839. K i s t . n a t . 1 -pois:;., vol.. 1 4 , p . 275. (Type l o c a l i t y , ~a ,hi3i , ) : , i Sca rus g l o b i c e g s Cuvier and Valenc iennes 1839. H i s t , n e t . ---- - - p o i s s . , voL. 14 , p. 242. (Tyge l , . o ca l i t y , ' T a h i t i ) . . . 1 s p e c i m n . 170 rnm. Onotsa . 1 spec inen . 2th0 rm, B u t a r i t a r i . ~ ' S E U ~ W U S .- - -, b r e v i f i l i s ----- G h t h e r 1909. Tour. hius. Godeff roy, v o l . 6 , pt;. 1c p. 327, p l . 161. (Type l o c a l i t y , T a $ i t i and ' libemailla, Gi l .ber t I s l a n d s ) . , . . . 7 specimens. 23 - 225 mn. Onotoa. :;carus. 1ep id .w Tecyns 184.2. Z~ool . voyage "Seagle ' I , p t . 4 , --- --. i s , . 3 . (Type l o c a l i t y , ' . l : ihiti) . Cellyodoa l a x t o n i lk%itley. 19118. Rec. L u s t r a l i a n Nus., v o l . - 22, p . 9TI - ; j%n i s l . and ) . Callyodon vermicu1at;us F'owlw an:! 13ea:: 1928. Z u l l . U . '3. Kat . -.--- Mus. 100 , v o l ~ ' . ? , p.. 4.72, p l . li9. ( ~ y p e l o c a l ( t y , ~ h i l i ~ ~ i n e I s l a n d s . . . . 1.. . . . . . . . 2 specimens. . 65 end 2!l.0 Lax. 0not.oo.. : . . . Scarus - chlorodon Jsnyns 184.2. Zoo]. . voyage qfi?ea{:le", p t . 4 , T ioh , p. 105 , : p l . 21. (Type l o c u l i t y , Keel ing .?sl:and; I n d i a n Ocean) . : . !I Pseudoscarus a l t i ~ : i n n i s Gunther 1909. Tour. Kus. Godeffroy , vo l . 6 , pt .576;-p.%, 91. 160 . ( iLingsni l1 1slar:ds) . 3 s p e c i m n s . 150 - 205 ax. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 260 nr. B u t a r i t a r ? . . . .. . ,. Sca rus ov i ceps Guvier and ~ e l e n c i e n n e s l d 3 9 . X i s t . m i ; . p i s s . , -- -- vo:. 1 4 , p. 244. (Type l o c a l i t y , T a h i t i ) . 4 s p ~ c i m e r s . 1 2 e - 223 1x11. Onotoa. i) :?carus n i g e r Por s k n l 1775. Descir . animI.iu. i i , pp.' x , 28. - - r y g e l o c a l i t y , Xed S e a ) . , . , 3 spaci:.iens. 135 - 200 ixi. Onotoa. . . . . . . . Scerus ee rug inosus , -1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scnrus aEru,%iimsus Cuvier arid Valencier~ries i03.9. T3ist. nrrt . -- --_.... po:.ss., 801. 1 4 , . p. 2.57. (Type l o c a l i t y , Red % a ) : . . ........ Cuvier .ant3 . ~ a l : . e n o i e n ' n e s . l . ~ ~ ? ; H i s t . n a t . p. 252. (Type l~ua l i . t ' : ? , . Seychell .es) . 2 speciriiens. 78 and 87 r m . Onotoa. . . . . . . , . ... . , ., . . . . . . . . . . .: . , . . ,.. . . : . , . > . . . . . . . . . , . . > Scnrus ghobban --..-- - : Q . . S c a ~ x s ghobbari Pclrs!:al 1775. Descr , anir;lnlium, p. 28. (Type -- l o c n l i t y , Tied & a ) . . . . . . . I l ?si:udoscorurs r m r e t t i Grmther 1903. J 3 u r . E1u.s. GoclefProy, v o l . 6 , PF. 1 6 , p. 306, . . p l . . . 153 , f i g . C. (Type l o c a l i t y , Kingsiuill I s l a n d s ) . . . . . . . ic specimens . 1 6 - 1 .x.. onotoii. . . This is a r e d d i s h brown p a r r o t - f i s h w i th l o n g i t u d i n n l l i n e s on t h e body, r e d f i n s , and a p a l e caudal peduncle which will 'be desc r ibed a s new by L . S . Schu l t z . Sh lo ru rus Swainson 1839. N n t . h i s t . c l a s s . f i s h e s , amphi- bians,. . , v o l . 2 , p. 227. (Type s p e c i e s , ;Scarus g i b b u s ) . . I ' I Scarus -1s RuppelI 1828. :? t las Reise no rd l i chen Af r ika , - p . 81, p l . 20, f i g . 2. (Type ' l o c a l i t y , Red S e a ) . ,A school of over 20 very l a r g e p a r r o t - f i s h e s wi th tremen- dous ly swol len fo reheads was observed s t the west r e e f a t Onotoa. Frori my c?eucr ip t ion D r . Schu l t z b e l i e v e s t h u t t he se vkre g ibbus . L- . . Chl.orurus b ico lor . ' -- Although t h i s spec ' ies was s e e n on nunierous occasi ons , no specimens were t aken . . A . c l .ose-range spea r ing a t t emp t r e s u l t e d i n t h e s e c u r i n g of..:a s i n g l e s c a l e frois a larc ,e adult;. . . , No kypho'sids were c o l l e c t e d i n ' thg ~ i l b e r t I s l a n d s by t h e : s u t h o r ; however, u n i d e n t i f i e d i i idivZdunls :of t h e genus Kyphosus were o c c a s i o a a l l y seen underwater . L fo l low Fovle r (1,928: 221) i n consider ia .g J%chyrretopon - squarnosum Alleyne 81x3 & c l e a y a s a 'synonym of Kyphosu.~ -.. c i n e r a s c e n s ~ o r s k g l . I .. Ky hhosus Lacepede 1802. H i s t ; . n a t . p o i s s . , vo l . 3, p . 114. .%specie., Kyphosus b ig ibbus ~ac&$?de Xyster - fuscus Lacepede) . , i . ' . . The b u t t e r f l y an& ange1 ' f . sh ,cs 1iec.d r!:o ir!trocluction. .. !!!ith the.i:r. s t r i k i n p , c o l s r n a t t c r n s nud, high coi:j:res::ed 30(116:;, t h e y s r e w e l l kriown t o 81.1. They we:re very csns?icuous on Gil.be'ft i n l a n d s r e e f s , especial1.y' : the s ;~eci .en w i t h b r i g h t yellow col.or . One wondert; r ? t t k f ; s~.irviva!. yai.!.:e 0:;: eu.ch co lor w":ich 30 a t t r a c t s t he eye. To ny %nol!il&d{re i t doer; not a d v e r t i s e poisonous s p i n e s Qr. d i s t a s t e f u l y : : a l i t i c s ( a t l e a 3 t . t o - n i a n ) . 3omc a u t h o r s such a s !ior~?cn..(l9?1: 21%) have s,tressecj: t h e r o l e of d i s r u p t i v e cd?ora t io .n i n t h e . . 51i:ck bonclr, and s p o t s t h a t a r e 86 o f t e n p r . e s< :~ t i n Chsoto6.0;:. n------- Tllcse faarkin@ may be o p e r n t i v e J.rf thl:; weg i o r sor::e inarine pred,atos:i, 'but I hove never found rnysclf n e a r l y ovr~r lookiog 'a chaetodorit'. cn t h i s S e s i e . 1 b e l i e v e $ha t t h e bright co lor n n 6 di: ; t l .nct ive !:~arki:li:s fu i i c t ion more f s r specie:; reco@- t i o r i , no t j u s t i n chaetodofi ts , b u t i n reef ' ::'l.sl?es of t r o ~ ~ : . c s e a s i.11 g e n e r a l . This I ;i:nJ:.c?~. . f roc t h e 6 ~ r e n t : n u l t i ~ l i c i t y of s p e c i e s mid froi!! tiik c l e a r w;ite: .- !yllicii ..enilun.ccS. t he u:,e of v i s u a l s t i a u l i i n s2ecie8'~&'co6nit:: .oii . 'A l sa , f i s h e s o f t he r e e f a r o n s a r e p.r..ovitled' x:iith s s c c l l e n t cover ir. t.he m n y i . u t e r s t i c e s i r i ti16 core:, aixi the r!ee? f o r bl 'sndlng ivit..h. ti^ sur roundings .~ t o esca.pe !:lotice of' roxrin.~> predntoss i s not auch a k ~ e n o m . 'iJnder siich c i r cumtanc i : s sel.octiori a g ~ i n s t b r i k i ~ t . . ;color a t t e r i ; i s lenseiled. So:w s p e c i o s 3:i' S ~ u t t e r f l v f i s l c s such a s Chaetoi!on a~iri!:~! -. ----- eiaploy n r,io&(-? of swirnd.~;~ by ~ h i t h e f t avoid c!ete.ction. They angle t h e i r bodies t a w ~ r r ! a oot ez t j . a l ci i?wer. di.solm5.n.r: . . ., .. > t l i m i n narrow d o r s a l cs1,ect. . . .. . The h i g h body and: a r r a y ,of s t o u t dors:.!. rind. a n a l s.rji.p~:- of t h e s e f i s h s u ' i s , -probob1 y af' coiisi:ler.e'ble i~ s .p : ) r t anc ; , ' i n . . . . t h e i r escap ing p::edetlsn. . . . . . . ,.. . . ' . . . . . . . A t 0no tmj ' ; the Gi lber te36 t o cee,:r.Ly $312. t h s s p e c i e s of Soetotibr: .by t h e ant; n a m '1'eibabt:). --..-- , ! . , . , Includecl i n t h i 8 groupl.itg & r e t ! ~ b\itt.crfl.:y f:.~hc:c, o'is- t ingu iri!led f rof i t he anzel. .- :?isKc-S..- cr ' iG:r . l y by l.nc:k:.j.ng t h e .. long s to i i t sp :!., tie.: ..m a~ t hc a n g l e of t ?LC preorx+r c!.e . . Although observed i n n e a r l y a l l h a b i t a t s , t h e b u t t e r f l y f i s h e s were no where abundant. They were u s u a l l y seen s i n g l y or i n p a i r s . Genus . CHAETODON Chnetodon 1,innaeus 1758. S y s t . n a t . , ed . 1 0 , v o l . 1, p. 272. ('i'ype s p e c i e s , Chaetodon c a p i s t r a t u s Linnaeus) . Chaetodon a u r i e a - 0 Chaetodon a u r i g a 3'orsl;al 177.5. Descr.. animalium, pp. x i i i , 60. (Type l o c a l i t y , Red % a ) . Chaetodon s e t i f e r Kendel l and Goldsborough 1911. Mem. Mu&. *r--- CoJW. Zool . , vo l . 26, p . 306. (ButarS.tariZj. 2 specimens. 90 and 125 rim. 1 2 specimens. 22 - 2.5 mi. Onotoe , Color i n l i f e w h i t e , yellow-orange p o s t e r i o r l y and on soft d o r s a l and a n a l T ins ; a brood v e r t i c a l . b lack bnr through eye ; a l a r g e black spot i n o u t e r p a r t of s o f t d o r s a l f i n ed j acen t t o r a y which extends a s a f i l a m e n t ; 5 d i agona l blac!c l i n c s runn ing from o p e r c l e toward sp inous d-orsal ; about 9 , s i m i l a r p a r a l l e l l i n s s ,pe rpendicu la r t o t h e f i r s t s e t and runnlng a c r o s s ches t and s i d e of body t o base of a n a l f i n ; f i brownish r e g i o n d o r s a l l y between yellow and whi te c o l o r a t i o n of body i n which t h e r e a r e yellow l i n e s n8 ra l l e . l - i n g both s e t s of b lack l i n e s a s d e s c r i b e d . m. ~ n i s was t h e rmst; abundant s p e c i e s i n t h e Onotoa ' lagoon. Chaetodon ephippiun Chaetodon ephj.p.pium Cuvier and Valenciennes l g 3 1 . H i s l ; . n a t . --. p o l s s . , vo l . 7 , c. 80 , p l . 17h. (Type. l o c a l i t y , Iilolucoas and ~ o c i e t y Ts l ands ) . . . . , . . . 1 specimen. 135 mn. . 3 specimens. 19 - 36 ma. Onotoa. D ~111, 23; 4 . 1 1 1 , 2 0 ; P 16 . (1 specimen]. ' . . . . . , . . . Color from 35 rm Xodablirome t ransparency l i g h t gr2.v w i th a l a r g e p u r p l i s h black Rrea on bick aj:d d o r s a l f i n p o s t e r i o r t o 6 th d o r s a l s p i n e , t h i s a r e a broadly bordered v e n t r a l l y i n whi te ; t i p of snout and a broad r e g i o n v e n t r a l l y on chea t t o orl.gin of p e l v i c f i n s - orange; about, ' 6 l f?ngthwise p u r p l i s h l i n e 8 on l w e r h a l f of s i d e o f . body; c a u d a l - f i n p u r p l i s h ,. . , . hga l inc w i t h upper and lower l o b e s narrowly yc?I.lo~~, an3 base r k d d i s h or8nl!ge; a band of yellow a n d re(+-oran('e i n c u t e r n o r t of s o r t ilorsal. f i n runnin,? f r o a b:!se of f i l a m e n t t o d l of s o f t d o r s n l ; a n a l f i n whi te wi th a brned yellow i:ins@inal and a reddish. slubmsryinal band, ; , .?e lvics yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . , Thi s s p e c i e s was seen o n l . ~ ~ i n t h e l a ( l , ogna t ,Onotoa. . ' . . . . . . Chaetodon - l i n e o l a t q s C;h.~etuuon - I.'kneoi.o.tus .---.--- Cuvisr ail6 Vale i ic ienms 1831. H i i ; t . nrit.. . . . . . . poi!;s, ,. val , : . 7 , . . ,p: l i O . (Type l o c a l i t y , ;!ia'u'r,itius) ..:. i : . .......... . . Chcetcdon l i r , e o i a t u s (.;ilnther. 12'73. Jour . i'fus. Oodeffroy , --.---- -. ~ 0 3 . . 2 , p t . 3 , p . 4.5, &. 34, f i g , A . (Xingsia i l l I s l a n d s ) . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . : , .. ' . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chaetodon :~?:ig.i'uuxlils . . :. . . . . . . .................. ------ . ,.,., . . . , , :., . . . , : . . . . ' . Colo?: fro16 35 fim Koie:.,chro:ne ;traa5$a?ency w:i:J'te, (ii;z!c:q whi t e p h s t e i i b r l y , with 3 v e r t :Leal: block b a r e:iten.diilg Pro.? n a p thkough ?;ye . t o i s t i m u s ; a b lac~ : 11.!16 6.k bnqe of spinous 4or.snl;' bl?oadenil@ i n t o a band fit hase of s o f t . cl;o:'s:fl, anc! ' c h i $ i n u i n . ~ ' a 0 r o s s . . bzse of criudal f i n on t o a n a l f i n ' ; 6 . .diagonni ,nar.r'orv, Mac!; lines. running .fror?, upper p a r t of bend . . . . . ' toward :ipino~~:: d o r s a l . f i n ; 12 s i rn i l a s lint;?, ~)ernend.j .cul: .~r t o f irst s e t running, :across body froward a n a l S i n and b a s e of caudal. P i n ; s o f t d o r s a l d.n yellow with a broad b lack ,?larain; . . . : .... . . ' aim1 f'in yellow wit1t .a pa l e margin and a b lack submarginal l i n e ; c auda l f i n yellow (excep t narrow fiiarg,.irl which i a h y o l i n e j w i th 2 v e r t i c a l . b lack b a r s , t h e ou t e r one na r row mil submerginal ts h g s l i n e out,er psrt of f i n . C . vagabund~is was t aken only i n the , l agoon . It was more , - - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : of a r e a s of r i c h c o r a l growth ' t h a n iiurig,n o r epiij-ppium which :;ee~ti t o p r e f e r s@ n d y rc+gions wi th 'TZTTe c o r a l . Chaetodori o r i ? a t i s s i ~ ~ ~ l ~ s Cuvier and Valer ic ienms 1.831. H i s t . n u t . p o i s s , , vol.. 7 , p . 2 2 . (Type loca l . i t y , T ~ h i t i . ) . 1 specimen. 1'5 I . dnotoa . co lor ' f rom 35 mm Xodechrsme t r anspa rency whi te w i t h . 6 . proirrincnt d i agona l orange 'bnnC.s c ross icp , 'body, t h e most ' v ? n t r r i l n e a r l y p a r a l l e l w i t h base of anr.1 Tin; h.ead and nape qellov!; a v e r t i c a l black band tkrough eye ; a v e r t i c a l blakk l . ine j u s t bkhind eye ex t end ing s s a submarginal l i n e i n t 6 t h e i lo r sa l f i n , meet in3 a t i t s terrrrinus t h e f o u r t h . . orange body bend; a v e r t i c a l b lack l i n e on s n o u t ; 1.owf.r l i p b lack : a &sky orange v e r t i . c a l l i n e on opei*culum; cauda l f i n w i t h ' b a o a l h a l f w h i t e , t h e n a b lack band, a broad y e l . 1 0 ~ - i s h a:'ea, n.nd a b lack uargin. 'T!?e s p e c i e s v!as only sip:htol"l on. tw occas ions , each tirne on t.he c o r a l l j . f e r o u s ter race- . of t h e o u t e r r e e f . Chaetodon i,it; er4. Wioc.h' and 3chns ide r 1801. SyBteiia iclith . , -.- p . 233. ' ~ l . o c a i i . t y , . . t M ~ l u c c a s ) . , . . . . . . . . . . co io r 'fror.1 35 K6dachrofile t r anspa rency whi te ' wi th , long curv ing black bands a s fo l lows : on? beg inn ing a s a submargi- n a l bwnd .near e n d of s o f t dox$z l . f i n , l e a v i n g f i n a t l e v e l o f 4 t h d o r s a l s p i n e and sweeping a c r o s s onerculum hnd ches t t o b a s e o r ' - ana l f i r , ; r: second beginning d o r s a l l y near ' b a s e o f : e e u d a l . f i r , , ' ex tend ing t o base of p e c t o r a l f i n , up to . . ' s.pinous &or'sa:, and ci lrving back t o p e c t o r z l bane; t h i r d arid fo~ur tk: beginning beneath p e c t o r a l f i n , running dia? ,onal ly b d c k t o sof ' t d o r s a l , an2 curvi1-igror1;~1a'rd 'on t h i s f i n ; a yel low-nargined, v e r t i c a l , black bzlr through eyt; ; a l l f i n $ ,yellow, median f i n s w i t h b l a c k bands; a row of orange ' d o t s i n s o f t r l o ~ s a l , s e v e r a l rows d o r s o - a n t e r i o r l y on body, and 2 nnrrow , v e r t i c a l , oranp,e l i n e s i n cnudal Pin. . . . . . .. , . This s t r i k i n g s g e c i e s wss tej:~;n both, i n t he lagoori and , in owter r e ' e f a r e a s , but alMays i n r e g i o n s of .hip,h c o r a l -.. . . . . cover . . . Chaetodon f a l c u l a . . . . , . . I1 Chnetodon fulcu1.a Bloch 1793. X a t u r . a u o l a n d , Yische, p t . 7 , --- p . 102 , p l . 325,, f i g . 2.. . . - . . . 3 X I I , 21+; b 111, 2 0 ; 1, 1 5 o r 16 . ( 3 specimens) . Color. f r o n 35 !r; Xoriachrom t ranspnrency dusky whi to , yel low ~ o ~ t e r i . o r l y , ~ . ~ i t i j . 2 l a r g e v e r t i c a l ?>lacliisl: a r e a s on si.de and. ex tend ing on t o dolxcrl f i n , t h e f i r s t j u s t behind head, t h e s e c m d ad. jacsnt t o yellolii co lo r of . p s s t e r i o r !::art of body: about 17 v e r t i c a l blricii l i n e s on body, Diore apparen t i n r \ ,h i t i sh a r s s between th.e two b l a c k i s h a r e a s ; :i v e r t i c d black band c r o s s i n g head and pas s ing through eye; a b lack spot tit beise of caudal f i n ; ncrli.an f i n s yel low, ciiuds:~ w i th edge h y a l i n e and a s u b m r g i n e l b lack l i n e ; i , . . .a i si;j.net s u b m r g i n a l bloc^ l i n e s i~ l d o r s a l and a n a l ; p e l . v b f i n s 1wh.ite; p e c t o r a l s h y a l i n e . A 1 1 of t h e spc':cimens were c o l l e c t e d i n th.6 lagoon around c o r a l hsads . Cheetodoil k le j .n i -.-- -- 9 t . ., . Chaetodon .- -- k l e i n i l . Rloch 1790. h h t u r . ausland . r rschf:, p t . 4., p . ' 7 , p l . 21i3, f i g . 2. (Type l oca l . i t y , E a s t I n d i e s ) . 4 specimens. 36 - 80 me. Onotoa, Color i n l i f e of 00 m n specinen d u s k y ye l lowish on a n t e r i o r h a l f of body , d u l l orange p o s t e r i o r l y and on Ciorsgl and a n a l f i n s ; e v e r t i c a l b lacx band runn ine from nape ac ros s head through eye end curv ing a c r o s s c h e s t t o p e l v i c f i n s which a r e derl;; 2 i a d j - s t i n c t broad v e r t i c a l brown a r e a s , t he i'irst j u s t behind. h3ad, tile second a t f r o n t of pos t -e r io r orange paxt of body; cauda l f i n yelloi,,i w i t h a whi te band a t bas^:, c a t e r one-i'ow t h hyai i i le ; p o s t e r i o r e r t 'of s o f t d o r s a l find. s o f t a m 1 f i n s w i t h narrow h y a l i n e .margin and a narro: blsck submarginal l i n e ; t i p of snout b lack . n A r a r e specie:;, 2 . k l e f n i wac talcen. 3.n only tlwo l o c a l i - t i e s , one 5.n t he lagoon i n 1 8 f e e t of water near a l a r g e c o r a l head and t h e o t h e r on t h e outer.. r e e f on t h e l e e s i d e . C h a e t o d o ~ bennent i . - - - 5 s p e c i x e ~ s . 75, - 120 m n . Onotoa. I) X I V , 17 or 18; A 111, 1 6 ; P 1 6 o r 17 (most ly 1 6 ) . ( 5 spe cimsns ) . co lor from 35 mm Kodacbrome transpeienc!? 37eli .o~ ~di t b n l a r g e round b lack s p o t rimmed i n blue on t,he hack j u s t . , . . . ~ . . p o s t e r i o r t o midpoint of .bod.y; .areq around t h i s lack s p o t dusk:^;. t ~ o b r i g h t b lue bands orYgiaatidii, on o p e r c l e and pas s ing p ~ s t e r i o , ~ l y u'nd v e n t r a l l y ori bbey ;. a b l acx i sh blua- bordered band running froin nape acror-;ir head through eye. . Chaetodon bennent i was found i n a l l major r e g i o n s of t h o a t o l l , b u t T a s not COiiiinon i n any. Chaetodon quadr imacula tus . - Chaetodon - ' q ~ a d r i n a c u l a t u s - Gray 1831. . zool . E4isc. , .p. 33 .: (Tyr~e l ~ c a l i t y , . I%awi iun is1a:ids) . . 1 specimen. 3 8 m. Onoton. Color i n a l c o h o l : body d a r k brown on do r sa l , h a l f , p a l e ye l l owi sh (ye l low i n . l i . f e ) v e n t r a l l y ; 4 round pa le ( ~ ~ i l i t e i n . l i f e ) s 2 o t on a i d d l e of back j u s t above l a t . w & l l i n e ; a . , . :8@cond pa.le a r e a ( 'a lso whi te i n l i f e on back, hd l f way from +aLe spo t t o bas@ o f caudal f l i i ( t h i s a r e a con f luen t w i th pp&e ye l lowi sh o ' f : lo?~B~' .hal f o f b'ody) ; head pa l e wi th a ' - . b l a c k bordered baaa ( r e c a l l e d ar, o'rsnge i n l i f e l runn ing ' from 0rigj.n of dorsu!. thkough e y e '%a lower edge of onerculum; .a c a u d a l f i n an8 @ o s t e r i o r 1 m r t s ' of ' s o f t ' d o r s ? , l aild a n a l S in s ., pa le ; pe1vi.c f i n s ' :pa 1s;: p e b t o r a l Tin:: .hya l ine . . . , . , : .. . . t . . , . < . . . ,. , ' . : . I . . The sihy1.e s~mll. -spee~iraen:wak"th& o:lly one seen a t ~ n o ' t o a . It was spearea ~ClosB' inshor&. . :of f the:sm.alX I.sland of ,, Zi.unteuna i n b h e n o r t h e r n p a r t - o f . t h e ' a t o l L . : . . . . . . : , . . . ~. ,' . Chcetodon . l u n u l a -.- .. . . ... . . . . . . , . . . D XII, 24 or 2 5 ; A 111, l e ; JJ 1 6 . ( 2 specimens) . Col-or from 3 5 mm Roc?echrsme t r anspa rency of 62 mn s n c c i - men: d o r s a l h a l f of body and bano of d o r s a l f i n b l ack i sh p u r p l e ; v e n t r a l bu l f .%i' b o d ~ d ~ r t y - ye~'&tv; head p e l e iv!.th a v e r t i c a l b lack band through. eye.;, ad j acen t ,and y o s t s r i o r t o t h i s , a broad v A l k . . e; bmd;'. a 11,ro'dd b3:ac.!r band. bordered. -. w i t h yellow narrowihg: 8 2 ; i't .patsse+,' tts' cii'ddle of base.'or' sp inous d o r s a l f i n ; a ltirg'e .black a r e a .o.ri"baudal peduncle edged i n b r i g h t , yel low; a blacic s p o t i n fiiiddle bsse 08. s o f t dorsal. f i n wigh a ys l low T i n e runn ing f roh ' f t s ' i k se to ; . ' yel low Elrea a t f r o n t of b lock a r e a oil bEiu.dal pedunc1e;"basal h a l f of cauda l f i n yel low, o u t e r h a l f . c l e a r , t h e s e two r r e g i o n s s epa ra t ed by a nar rox black band; dorsa l f i n wi th a d i s t i n c t b lack marginal band, yellow s~tbrnarginal ly ; a n e l f i n . yel low w i t h a narrow black ka rg in ; . p e l v i c s yello:,vi'sh; p & c t o r a l s ye l lowish-hya l ine ; f a i n t diagonal. l i n e s on body. This well-known s p e c i e s was eeen i n rndny mtoll. environ- ments, but moot commonly i n t h e lagoon. Chaetodon t r i f a s c i a t u s --- Chaetodon t r i f ~ s c i a t u s Mungo Park .Lr?97. Trans. Linn. Soc. --- - London, voL, 3 , p. 34. (Type l o c a l i t y , Sumatra) . 10 specimens. 22 - 37 ram. Onotoa. Color from 35 nro iCod.iichrorne t ransparency tan clor:;ally. shadin&!. t o orange-yellow v e n t r a l l y wi th about l l + narrow, s l i g h t l y curved, iengtlxwise:, p u r p l i s h l i n e s on s iZe of body: a b1ac.i: bar., edgc;d i n .bi!ight oranye-yellow, on head pas s ing through eye ; p o s t e r i o r and ad j acen t t o t h i s e narrow whi te and a m r r a w blac:!:: band; end of snout blas!:; ba sa l p a r t of spinous d o r s a l with many na.rro?v l i n e s such a:; apnear on body ; o u t e r inembranes of :qinou.s d o r s a l h h i t i s b ; s o f t c3:orsnl with 4. l eng thwise bands of about equa l wid th , a l i g h t dusky o u t e r band, a whi te band narrowly edged i n b lack , a yellow- i s h 'band, and a b lack basa l band. (b roade r p o s t e r i o r l y and '. edged i n ye l l owj ; base of a n a l s o f t f i n b l u i s h ; th.en a broad s h i t e l i n e , a b lack Sand, a narrow b r i g h t yellow l l n e , a broad b l ack i sh a r e a , and a narrow wh.iti.sh m r g i n ; a n a l s p i n e s dusky orange; caudal peduncle. ,blu. ish. wi th a b lack spot d o r s a l l y ( i n l i n e wi th black band a t base of s o f t dor,qal.) ; caudal f i n wh i t e on base, fol lowed by R v e r t i c a l b lack 'band, a narrow yel lowish l i n e , m d owter one- th i rd hyn l ine ; p e l v i c f i n s yellow; p e c t o r a l s hya l ino . A ve ry omnipresent chnetodont , thLs s p e c i e s wa:~ prabablg t h e r~iost abundant g e n e r a l l y a t Oaotoa. The stom&i c o n t e n t s of 7 a d u l t spec inens were examined. They cons i s t ed p r i m a r i l y of &:reen a l g e e . Chaetodon r e t i c u l a t u s -- Chactoiiori r e t i c u l n t u s Cuvier and Va1encienn.e~ 1831. Hist. ---- n a t . pis: ; . , vol . 7 , p . 32, p l . 171. (Type l o c i ~ l i t y , ' ? t lb . t i , and Ul.e:.% = Woleai, Ca ro l ine I s l a n d s ) . This d i s t i n c t i v e s p e c i e s was seen a t Cinotaa, but; nu spe c i~aens were ' taken. illepa rotodon Guichenot 1848. Rev. Zosl -ies, *todon -. b i f a s c i a t u s Valenciennes ) . , v o l . 11, p. 1 2 , Cuvier and Megaprotodon s t r i g a n g u l u s - Chaetodon s t r i g a n g u l u s Gmelin 1788. Sys t . n a t . , ed . 1 3 , p 1m. 2 specimens. 54 and 140 mu. Onotoa lagoon. D XIV, 1 5 ; A I V 1 4 0.Y 1 5 ; P 1 5 . (2 speciruens) . Color -froit1 35 iim Rodachrorfle of l a r g e specimen whi te w i th about 14. tT'--shaped l i n e s on s i d e of body, t h e b o t t o r ~ of' each V point ing, forward about i n mid- l ine of body ( p a s t e - r i o r l y t h e r e a r e more d o r s a l lirabs of the V t s t h a n v e n t r a l ) ; :i black band, bordered i n yellow, runtling from nape through. cge t o isthmus; caudal f i n blacii vdtth u ~ b e r and lower n a r g i n s narrowly yel low, a black p o s t e r i o r margin, and a yellow submarginal band; do~!!:al f i r i orange-yellow w i t h a very narrow black ~ a r & p o s t e r i o r l y ; a n a l f i n pa l e yellow- i s h wi th a narrow black n a r g i n - ovs:r ends of s o f t r a y s ; p e l v i c f i n s w h i t e ; p e c t o r a l f i n s h y a l i n e w i t h a ye l lowish spot a t upper edge of base. The 54 iila speciiiien has a l a rg? Llncl: crescent-shaped a r e a (preceded by a pa16 band) on hind '$art of b o a , p o s t e r i o r p a r t of d o r s c l and anal. f i n s , anti bass of caudal f i n : p o s t e r i o r t o t h i s i n t he caudal f i n i s a p a l e t r i a n g u l a r aPea wi th a blac!.; l i n e a t i t s b3s.a which i s submarginal t o . . o u t e r h y a l i n e p a r t of-' f i a i ... . . . . Herliochus Cuvier lel7'. ' R&gnc an l rna i , ed. 1, vo l . 2 , p . 335. (Type s p e c i e s , Ghaetodon = ro l ep ido tus BLoch). .Fln,niochu,s *-- aest iu ta tus Cuvisr and Talenciennes 1831: W i H t . n a t . poiss.. , vo l . . 77, p. 99. 2 q e c i n e n s . 118 end 127 m. 6 spec icans . 36 -: 112 filr71. Onotoa . Color O f 42 fm juven i l e specimen frora 35 rm Kodachrome t ransparency whi te wi th 3 d i sgona l black bands on body, t h e f i r s t runn ing from napc a c r o s s head t o p e l v i c re[:ion, tkc; > . second frow. t h e 3rd t o ' 9 t h dorsa l . s p i n e s (and. exter!.ding out oil long f i larnent of Lith d o r s a l :ipii~.e) t o the s o f t ;ina1. f i n , arid t h e t h i r d ( a nsrrciwer ,banL') ~t be,%? of s o f t (10,rsql; a pale-rimiiieA, b lack s p o t . i n s o f t . Anal: f . in ; caudal. f i n h::al.ino w i t h a b lack s p o t a t base of ugper rays:; p e l v i c fin?: bl i?ck: p e c t o r a l f i n s hya l ine ; snout yellow. The young were. ts!cen fkom' t i d e p o o l s : on t he o u t e r r e e f f l a t ::nil i n shallow l.ag,ooa or channel w a t e r s . The two a d u l t s tiere Ooisone'd w i t h rotei lone f r o ~ n . a r o t e c t e d . o u t e r r e s f a r e a with nuriieroos c o r a l heads . Chaetodoa acurninatus L i m a e u s 1758. Sys t . n a t . , ed. 1 0 , p. . :. ---- , . . , .1ndi&s ) . 24 specimeris. 25. - 46 mm. Onotoa. T) XI, 25 o r 36; A 16 o r 1 9 ; j) 17 o r 14 . ( 5 .specirdens). . . Color i l l a l c o h o l ivhite w i t b -2 broaC1 d i agona l b l a c k b a a d o on boiry, t he f i r s t from an te r i ' o r p a r t of d o r s a l f i n t o pelvic, f i n s (and incluct.i'nLy tiiem).', t h e ~ e c o i l d :.froni 5 t h t o 1 1 t h ddi;rsnl. spine:. t o ~ b s t e r i o r h ~ i l i ' o f u n s T f ' i f l . The nemb~aneocs f'il::li!f;izt of t h e Lkth d o r s n l qi:k of t h P s s p e c i e s (no t w e l l i i . eve lo~a& i n t h e smaller specimeils). i s wh i t e . Only j u v e n i l e s were c o l l e c t e d , a l l from shallow-water lagoon ' a r e a s . Taur ich thys v e r i u s Cuvicr 1829. Rsgne an imal , ed. 2 , v o l . 2 , -.- --,A- p . 19%. (-Type l o c a l i t y , E a s t I n d i e s ) . 3 specimens. 33 - 42 mm. Onotoa. D X I , 23 o r 24; A 111, 17 o r 18 ; P 1 5 . ( 3 specimens) . Color of 4.7 film speciixe!~ f row 35 m* Kodaci~rorne t ransparency fiarx broxn with u white band running from o r i g i n of dorsa l . f i r , a c r o s s y s t e r i o r p a r t of .head t o ches t arid ano ther one runniiig d i a e o n a l l y frat;! pos te r io r . p a r t of spinous d o r s a l t o caudal peduncle ; ou te r p o r t i o n of s o f t d o r s a l f i n and a l l of caudal f i n an6 p e c t o r a l fits h y a l i n n ; p e l v i c and anal. f i n s da rk browri; numerous, p a l e , l eng thwise l i n e s fni.:itly v i s i b l e on body. A l l s pechen . s were taken from eround c o r a l heads i n t h e lsgoon. One was speared. 11:; I). l:i. S t rasbi i rg . Genus POi'lrlCBIUTHUS / . Po~clcan thus 1,acepede 1802. H i s t . n e t . p o i ~ s . , v o l . I,., P. 517. (Type s p e c i e s , Chaetadon a r c u a t v . ~ Linnaeus , a s r e s t r i c t e d -- by Cuvie r ) . Poma ceuthus impera t o r ----- Cbeetodon i . e r a t o r Bloch 1787. Na t u r . aus l znd . F i s che , vo l . 3 , p. 51: p l . 174. (Type l o c a l i t y , Jupan) . Pomacanthoides irnperator Whit ley and Colefax 1938. Proc Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vo l . 63, p. 293. (Nauru ) . 1860. Arch. Naturg. , v o l . 26, p t . 1, p . 1hO C e n t r o p y ~ e t i b i c e n Kaup) . Centropyge f l a v i s s l m u s .EIolocc.nthus -- f l av i s s imus Cuvier and Valenc iennes ' 1831. E i s t . n a t . ~ o i s s . , v o l . 7 , p. 197. (Type l o c a l i t y , Ulea = ,Wolea i , ~ a r o l i n e I s l a n d s ) . ! :? , . 3 specimens. 74 - 100 a m . Onotoa. . . D x I V , 1 5 o r 1 6 ; A 111, 16; P 16 or 1 7 . ( 3 specimens) . Color from 35 run Kodachrome t r a n s p a r e n c y b r i g h t yellow w i t h a b lue r i n g around t h e eye ; edge of o p e r o l e l i g h t b lue w i t h extreme margin above base of p e c t o r a l b l a c k ; sp ines a t corner an.d lovrer l imb of preo,porcle Light b lue ; s o f t d o r s a l , s o f t a n a l , and caudal f i n s wi th a narrow p a l s b lue margin and a t h i n blacl i submrgj .na1 l i n e . . . . . . The s p e c i e s was t aken on. t he o u t e r reef.' or i n t h e lagoon where c o r a l was abuildant. It i s t h e most comon ange l f i s h a t Onotoa. Centrogyge b i c o l o r - 1t Chaetodon b i c o l o r Bioch 1787. Nat. aus l and . B'isobe, p t . 3 , -,- p. 94, p l . 206, f i g . 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , E a s t I n d i n ? ) . Iiolacanthus b i c o l o r Powlw 1928. Meal. B. i . Bishop Nus., v o l . 1 0 , p. ? % i , - ~ s m i l l I s l a n d s ) . A sma l l , b r i g h t p l i o w allgel f:i.sb w i t h broad blue ba r s was s i g h t e d a t a dep th of about 25 f e e t i n t h e Onotoa lagoon near a c o r a l k n o l l . It was probably t h i s s p e c i e s . , . . , Genus PYGOPLITGS . . . Pygop i i t e s Fraser-Brunner 193 3 .. .~l'o.c.;.%ool.. . Soc . . lpndo.n, .._::. . :.: --- p. 587. (Type s p e c i e s , C h a e t o d n - diacan thus ~ o f i d a e r t y : I , , . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . ; ,, , . . . . . . 1 syjecimen. l.lc0 mu. Onotoa .' .: - 1 specimen. 131 mm. :Tara?.v,zi. , . . . L, .~ .. ...... .. :: Col-or from 35 mi?. ibdachrome t ransperency : body wi th . ~ , , a l t e r n a t e be r s of blue pnd orange ( t h e blue da rk wi th pa l e c e n t e r s ) which extend &..tb.:'qa@ c:urve bao;?,wards on d.orsal. snd a n a l ,$ins;. c a u d a l f i n bri&.ht .'yell.ow; head and ches t purgl'isli;' 2 v e r t t i c i l blue, ; l i n e s .running f ro i ;~ nape t o eye ; razrgia of' operc le and i:ier&in bf pr.eoporcl6 w i th a blue l i n e ; s p i n e a t oornor of' p r eopesc l e b1.ue; 'nout'h onange-y.ef.Lpw; . p e l v i c f i n s orurige; p e c t o r a l f i n s hyn l ine -ye l . 10~ . . . . - . . . The '0n8toa:. s p e c i i ~ e n was speared n e a r . a e o r a l head i n t h e lagoon ., . . i. ~. ., . :., . . ... . . P l a t a x Cuvier 1817. I;?gne nrri.za!., ed. I..,:vo~~., ' . 3, p. 334.. ( ~ y 5 e s p e c i e s , Cbaetodon t i e r a Bloch) . . - -- 0 Chaetodon pa--v orb i cu l . a r i s Fo r ska l 1775. Descr. animi?liurn, 'p. 59 . . . (Type l o c a l i t y , Red. S e a ) . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , 1 specimen, 88 ':urn.. Tarawa? Teeth a s i n F i g . 49 b arid b 0 . b shape n s i n l?ig. 5 1 ( l e f t ) of' \?eber and de Seau fo r t (1936) . ..... . . . . . . . . . , .. Genus ZAECLUB Zanclus ~ u v i e r - and Valenciennes 1831. H i s t . n e t . p o i s s . , vol . 7 , p. 102 . (Type s p e c i e s , Chaetodon cornutus L innaeus) . Zenclus cornutus ---- Chaetodon cornu tus Linnaeus $758. S y s t . n a t . , , e d . 1.0, p. 273. (Type l o c a l i t y , I n d i e s ) , . . Chaetodon canescens Linnakus. 1758. ,Sys.t. na t. , ed. 1 0 , p . ----- 215.. . ' . .. . . . . . . . . ' t t Zanclqs cornu tus Guntber 1876. Jou r . Mus. Godef fl:oy, v o l . 5 , . -- p t ; . 11.; p . 1E, p l . 92. . . . . . . .. . . . . , . . Zanclus canescens Herre 1927. P h i l i p . Tour. S c i : , vol . 34., -------- p . 472, p l , 8 : . . . , . . . ~ u n c l u s -- cornu tus Her re , ~ i b i d . , p . 473, p i s . 9 , '10. . , Zanclus co rnu tus Weber a n d de Beaufor t 1936. F i shes 1nd.o- . .Aus t ra l . Arch. , vo?.. 7 , ' p . 170, f i g . l+&. . .. ,., * ' ~ a n o l u s canescens ~%ber ' and d e ~ e a u f o r t , i b k ; $. 172 , ' f i g . h5. . . . Zanclus co rnu tus ?$oods i-n 13chultz and c o l l a b o r a t o r s :1953. B u l l . U. $. Bat . Mus. 202, p . 6 1 0 , p l . 50, A . , . >,, . . .. . . . .. . ' ' . , Zanclus canescens 'Yoods, i b i d , p. ,612, p l . 60. , 4 specimens. 57 - 130 ma. Onotoa. . . Color fraig 35 5% ~ko,da&h~ome tl.'in3Q&ency 'of ilg ' .&. .: specimen: body whi te and yellow iirjtii a very broad bldck.'- -yegion Sro13 o r i g i n of dorsal . and nape', & c l o s i n g eye aria base .of p e c t o r a l f i n , and broadening v e n t r a l l y on che&:'i.i.nd . abdorzen; a broad;:b:leck band on . p o s t e r i o r g a ~ t .of body-,extencl.- i n g i n t o s o f t d o r s a l z n d s o f t a n a l f i n s ( t h i s ar .&fol . lowed. ;by R narrow white. .and a .na.rww b lack l i n e ) ; caudal. peduncle and p o s t e r i o r p a r t of s o f t d o r s a l a n d a n a l f i n s y6llow; cauda'l f i n b lack wi th a 'white niafgin and a whi te diagotTa1 l i n e a t ba se ; snout w h i t e with a 'black-edged, orange. saddfe- l i k e mark d o r s a l l y ; l o w e r l i p and o u t e r h a l f o f ch in- b l ack ; p e c t o r a l f i n s h y ~ l i n e wi th dusky r a y s ; . p e l v i c f i n s ) l a ' ck , . . . S p e c i m n s were t a i & from both the l agoon and. o u t e r r e e f . The stornach c o n t e n t s of .two a d u l t specimens were examined and fouad t o be most1.y a l g a l . i i srnall amouat of bottom sediment had a l s o been inges ted . . Thel.e has been a ' long-standing, con t roversv a s t o whether - .. Zarrclus canesc6ns Liti..ntieus i s t h e young of Zanc1.u:; c s r n i l t u . ~ -, .--. - - .. - - -- ._ . _ - .- - _ - - -_. - - Lilinaeus or whether t.he two & r e v ~ l i d , s p e c i e u . Tkl,:: consensus of r e c e n t works f a v o r s t he l a t t e r op in ion . !4eber and de Beaufort ( 19%: 173) have r e v l e w d t h e probler:, i n d e t n i l . 4ltlloiigh t h e s e a u t h o r s adroit t h e t cbnescsns is probe~bly of ------ a ffiore pe?.a&o h a b i t and no specir icns above SO ;air i n l e n g t h (apparent1.y t o t a i l e n g t h ) a r e known, t hey p r e f e r t o recog- n i z e both s p c i e s . I have exaniried Zanclus i n t h e c o l l e c t i s n s of t h e U!ii.ted S t a t e s Net iona l ;?iluseum, S tanford B a t u r a l E i s t o r g W.:;euri, C a l i f o r n i a Acade;:,y of Science 's , Bishop Xuseuit., and Un ive r s i t y of Ikwa i i . 611 of' the l a r g e specimens a r e counutus . Those specimens wi th a proininent p r e o r b i t e l s p i n e - j w % o v e ul.lr! s l i g h t l y p o s t e r i o r t o t h e r i c t u s (canescens ----- o f sonle a u t h o r s ) were a l l s m a l l , t l e l a r g e s t being .m i n s t a ~ ~ d a r d l e n g t h . Some specimens of t y p i c a l --- cornu tus were a s smal l n s 52 ~ 1 . 2 . I n my op in ion canescenx -.- i s t h e l a t e pos t l a r v a l stay:e of cornutrrs and -ze a t t rensfornie. t ion from t h e canoscens --, --- form t o t h e j uven i l e ---.-- cornu tus i s v a r i a b l e a s h e s been demEZ- s t ra te ; ; f o r va r ious s p e c i e s of surgeon f i . shes (Breder , Copeia 1949: 296) (?.andal.l, M9) . -.-- 9 . ' . , . .. Although specimens v e r e found v~hic!~. were v a r i o u s l y i n t e r - ~ ~ e d i a t e i n colov between the p e l e (probably t r s n s p a r e n t . i n l i f e ) -.--- ':EHeSCGn.S with ' s i l v e r y abdomen and t h e b3.ack-banded cornutu,s, none were seen wi th t h e p r e o r b i t a l s p i n e under- ..- go= gradua l r e s o r p t i o n a s was expccteil . Two specimens. a t t h e C a l i f o r n i a Academy of Sciences (No. 7162) , 52 and 54 LUU i n s taadard, length . , .provi.de a possib3.e answer t o t h i s enigrnn. Although t r a c e s of s i l v e r y c o l o r a r e s t i l l p r e s e n t on t h e abdomen of t he se spec imens , and the broad v e r t i c a l b a r s s r e no t i n t e n s e l y blacl:, t.h.e s p i n e on each s i d e of both i s corn- p l . e te ly gone. A t i t s s i t e i s a s l i g h t l y depressed a r ea of exposed p r e o r b i t a l bane ,about t h e s i z e of t h e base of t he s p i n e . The epideriaio a t t h e margin of t h i s a r ea i s f r e e and jagged. This sugges t s t h a t t h e p r e o r b i t a l s p i n e may be shed a s a u n i t d u r i n g t r a n ~ f o r i ~ m t i o n . It s e e m u n l i k e l y t h n t the s p i n e on both s i d e s of t h e bwo specinens would have been tor11 o f f d u r i n g of subsequent t o t h e i r c ap tu re . Confir.mation of t h e hypothes i s t h a t t h e sp ine i s shed could be most convin- " tingly obta ined by p l a c i n g a l i v e S 2 s c ' e n s i n an aquarium and observ ing t h o p o s t u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o a i n t o ---- oornutus . . . . . . I exao l ineh the ' 63 rm specimen r e p o r t e d by '400d.s i,p ~ c h u l t z and c o l l a b o r a t o r s '(1953: 612, pl.. 60) a s Z. canescens . It was t aken a t the e n t r a n c e t o a channel to-~i-rll by n i g h t l i g h t i n g , and i t s t i l l S ~ O ~ W S t h e s i l .ve r c o l o r a t i o n over t h e abdomen. On r ecoun t ing t h e f i n r a y s , I fi.r~.d t h a t t he re a r e 33 s o f t r a y s i n t h e a n a l f i n i n s t ead of 3 2 . ?he 57 tia speciinen rrom Onotoa i s a l a t e --.-- canescens form witi;. t h e preo rbL ta l s p i n e . I t s f i n r ay counts a r e D VI I ,42 ; A III,35, w e l l wi, thin t h e range p,iven by "\roods f o r ---- cornutus : t hus t h e apparen t s e p a r a t i o n of -. canesoens and --- cornutus by f i n . r a y counts a s t a b u l a t e d by t h i s au thor i s probably no t v a l i d . It r e s u l t e d from h i s two s,necimens of canescens be ing , by chance, ones w i t h low counts . Ts iiiy iinov~ledge, ~ ; n t h e r (1876: 142) was the f i rs t t o i n d i c a t e t h a t Z . canescens i s t h e young of 2 . oornutus . He - --.--- -- .-- - - used only t h e name cornutus ; t h e r e f o r e t h i f i a l u e is p r e f e r r e d i n s p i t e t he page n r i o r i t y of canesccns . - The p a i r of s u p r a o r b i t a l horns t h a t a r e deemed c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c of cornutus were not seen on any m a l l examples of Zanclus . $om speci:aens n s l a r g e e s 120 am i n s tandard. -.- l e n g t h l ackee t h e s e bony prouineilces; o t h e r s a s smal l a s about 90 :.m had them a t l e a s t p a r t l y formed. Good-sized a d u l t spec i aens gene rn l ly showed e i t h e r well-developed horns or s ~ o r t nubbins. F i f t e e n such specinuns w f r e sexed. Seven had l a r g e horns and were a l l males ; t h e remainini: e i g h t had shor t horns were f eroales. A 129 m ma3.e from t h e P h i l i p p i n e s had horns which exceeded i n l e n g t h t h s diameter .of t he p u p i l of t h e eye. The horn l e n g t h (measured from t i p t o bnse where hesa sqGai.?ation api.:earsj of n l.30 rm female t a l c n i n t he Gilbe1,t i s l a n d s was contained about 4 timos i n t h e iliariietrr 01' t he p u p i l . It i s suspected t h a t t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n l.ene,th of f i s h a t which horns devel-op i s a l s o a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of sexua l d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e males forming t h e i r horns sooner. T11i.s could no t be demonstrsted because of t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n 6e te rmin ing t h e sex o f subadulk' speci.mens t h e t have been i m p r e s e r v a t i v e f o r many yefirs . The s w g e o n f i s h e s a r e w a l l know&for t h e i r herbioorous food h a b i t s and the possess ion of defensive appa ra tus i n t he fdrrn of a s i n g l e f o l d i n g s p i n e o r a p a i r of f i x e d , k e e l - l i k e s p i n e s on each s i d e of t h e caudal peduncle. 4 t Gnotoa they were t h e roost abundant fami ly of f i s h e s of t h e i r s i z e on t h e r e e f s . Sone s p e c i e s such a s ncan thurus mata, A. b l e e k e r i , .A. - pyro fe rus i = - c e l e b i c a s ) a n m - o m f ; r i e Neso were iiot seen o r . taken i n t h e G i l b e r t 1slsnd.s but p robarn-occur there.. Fol?ller (1928: 270) recorded. -..- B c o c t i i u r . ~ ~ dussumieri --- ( a s I-IepatUs b s r i e n e ) from t h e Ringsmil l Islanrlii . I-eiv of' t h e k i i o r - d i s t l i b u t i o n of t h i s s p e c i e s ( l i and~l .1 , i n p r e s s ) , t h i s record should be checked. iin i n t e r s t i n g zona t ion of d . i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s of acan thu r ld s was observed on t h e o u t e r sea r e e f a t Onotoa. Xn in sho re r e e f a r e a s , exposed a s t i& poo l s a t lo~w t i d e , t h e young of Acnnthurus tri2g.q- were very abundant. Fa r the r seaward - but s t i l l on t h e reef ' f l a t t h e a d u l t s of - A . --- t r i o s t e g u s were t h e domiriarlt surgeon f i s h e s . I n t h e surc?e clmnnels t h r e e .d s p e c i e s of ~ c a r ' t h u r u s were boixnunonly s e e n . tL. g u t t a t u s was - observed i n smol i s c h o s l s i n .the bigh1.y turFulei:i; v a t e r to-:ard t h e a p i c e s o f t h e surge chan!lel&. j;. ecl?j.iie:; was ---- occasio!lzlly seen i n t h e same e r e a but see&$ t o p ~ e f e r l e s s turbulexlt su rge oh&rl~iel >uater t o sskward. The colorfu- l A . 1inenl;u.s occurred, t'nroughout t h e su rge channels but pre- - doninated i n t h e broad o u t e r p a r t s a s . tb.e$ opened on t o t h e c o r ~ l l i i ' e r o u s t e r m c e . . A . glaucopareiu:: and Ctenochaetus s t r i a t u s were espec ia l ly -nbundmt in . t h z 1.8 t t e r zone. ,-..-.- , K e y to t h e Spec ies o f ' ~ c a n t h . u r i d a e Iiecorded from t h e G-i lber t I s l a n d s i a . Caud~l . >eduncle armed on each s i d e e i t h e r ~ 4 t h 2 s h a r p , l a t e r a l l y - p r o j e c t i n g , f i . x e d s p . i n e s or' a p a i r of i m a l l bony ; , rotuberences; a o r s a l s p i n e s V t o V T I (u!iuall.t. '\TI or VZI) a n e l .zpi r ies 11; ne1.vj.c i ' in r a y s I,]; C4et84, conica l or a l m s t so , t v i t hout dent i cu l a ti onk or wl. ti:] very s l i g b t rmcgi~:al s w r a t i o n ; l e e s t dep th of caudal peduncLe conta ined ,3. j t o 6 t i n e s i n head l e n g t h ; a .... proroixent Siiinp o r horn or t en 1~reser:t on f oreilead .2 l b . Caudal neduncle o r m e on each s i 3 e wi th a s i n g l e , s l~r ; rp , f o l d i n g s p i h e , f i t t i n g i r l t o a i i o r i b n t a l . groove i r l s i i ie of body; d o r s a l s p i n e s :Pi , V! VI I :T , or I':,i; an21 s p i n ~ , s 111; p e l v i c . f i n : . r n y s 1 , 3 o r 1,s; t e e t h f l a t - t ened , always w i t h prolainent r;iary,.i.iial den ' t icula t i o n s ; l e a s t d.c?cth of c:iudel peuumle conttiined 2.1 - 3. j i n head le.ngtli! a p roa inen t bumr o r bbrn never p r e sen t on i 'orehcad. ...................... ; . . . , . . . . . . . , , . . . . . 6 20. Caudal peduacle s p i n e s '%ad.. broad a r m surrounding each sp ine p u l e (o range i n l i f e ) and i n sha rp c o n t r a s t t o . . : . da rk brown co lor of' r e s t of body; no horn. o r Pony prominence p r e s e n t on forehetid; a d i s t i a c t pa le . . (yel1oi.1 i n . l i f e ) f %no running d o r s e l l y from r i o t u s an& cu rv ing p o s t e r i o r l y t o . eye ; margin of p5eope.r c l e p a l e . .................................. W ~ B O l i t ~ r a t u ~ - ,--- 2b. Caudal peduncle ~ p i n e s or p ro tuberences and surround- i n g a r e a not d i s t i n c t l y y l e r . th3.n r e s t . of body ; .~ l conspicuous horn or.rounc1ed bori!: eninanoe p re sen t ........ on ?orehead of a d u l t s ; co lor not a s i i l 2n. ...3 . . ...... 3a . i: horn - l i ke protuberance on f o r e h e ~ r t of a d u l t s . . ,l+ .............. 3b. .A psomir,ent h u q on f o r e h e a d o f a d u l t s . . .5 b c . of r o s t r a 1 horn p o s t e r i o r t o r i c t u s ; body (excep t i n a c roau rus or k e r i s s t a g e which i s s p o t t e d ) wi th- . . oi" s p o t s o r . v e r t i c a l . l i n e s ; . cau8al s p i n e s , surrouniied by b l a c k i s h a r e a s ( b l u e i n l i f e ) ; t e e t h wi thout G : i l i r l l d e n t i c u l a t i o n s ( though t e e t h a t s i d e s of jaw m y show f a i n t iiliirginal s e r r a t i o n ) ; pectoral . r a y s 1 7 or 1 8 ( a l l e l enients coun ted ) . ................ .Naso u n i c o r n i s -- - - 4b. % s e of r o s t r a 1 horn an t e r i . o r t o r i c t u s : 'body f a i n t l y marked wi th i n d i s t i n c t v e r t i c a l dark l fn . e s , v e n t r a l - l y wi th s p o t s ; no b l a c k i s h a r e a s around caudal s p i n e s : margins of t e e t h wi th smal l d e n t i c u l a t i o n s ; p e c t o r o l r a y s l 5 or 15 ( a l l e lements counted) ......... .................................... . N a s b r e v i r o s t r i s -,- - 5a. S ide of body wi thout nurnerous l ong v e r t i c a l da rk l i . n e s ; head, d o r s a l 2/;1 of body, an& cauds l f i n wi th many sma l l b l a c k . s p o t s ; dorsaJ. apd a n a l f i n s not e l e v a t e d , l e n g t h of l e s t d o r s a l s p i n e contai.ried more t han 2 tirues i n l e n g t h of' snoi i t ; cauda l s p i n e s ( a t l e a s t i n specimens a s Large a s 250 arn i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ) not lorig and b l a d e - l i k e with t i p s curved forward ; cauda l f i n w i ti10u.t l o n g narrow f i.la.?lents. ............. ......................................... Naso tube rosus P ---". 5b. S ide of body w i t h numerous long. v e r t i c a l da rk l i n e s ; back, head, c h e s t ; an6 abdomen v . l t h . m a l l .da rk s p o t s : d o r s a l and a m 1 f i n s e l e v e t e d , l e n g t h of l a s t d o r s a l s p i n e about eaual. t o l e n g t h of snou t : cauda l s e i n e s o? a d u l t s l o n 6 a f l d b l ade - l i ke wj.th t i u s curved %, -~ ~ forword (similm t o -- 1 i . t u r o t u s and. u n i c o r n i s ) ; caudal - f i n m a y have l o n g , narrow, p o s t s r i o r f n m e n t s , one from the upper and one from t h e lower .......... . . .......................................... Naso vlamiilgi we..-- , , . . , . 6a . P e l v i c f i n r a y s I , 3 ; s o f t . d o r s a l r a y s 1 8 , t G ;20; s c a l e s on head broad and t u b e r c u l a t e d ; a broad b l a c k a r e a on back e n c l o s i n g a.n o v a l grayish . ( b l u e i n l i f e ) r e g i o n a t t i p of p e c t o r a l f i n ; a long ye l lowi sh t r i a n g l e (yel low i n l i f e ) w i t h apex a n t e r i o r t o cau- dal: s p i n e and base f o r m d by t r u n c a t e p o s t e r i o r margin of caudal f i n ; upper and lower l o b e s of caudal f i n b l a c k , t h i s c o l o r c o n t i n u o u . ~ w i th b l a c k . o n back; r e s t of body g r a y i s h ( b l u e i a l i f e . ) . . .Paraicnntiiurus !~.eratns ----- - 6b. P e l v i c f i n r a y s I , 5 ; s o f t d o r s a l r a y s 22 t o 33; s c a l e s on head n o t broad and t u b e r c u l a t e d ; c o l o r no t a s i n 6a ................................................... 7 78. Dorsal s p i n e s IV o r V; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s e l e v a t e d , t h e f i r s t s o f t r a y of t h e d o r s c l fin conta ined 2.0 t o 5.7 t i n e s i r ? t ! ~ e s ta i~d t i rd l e n g t h ; snout markedly prodaced ............................................. 8 7 b . Dorsal. s p i n e s VISI o r I X ; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s no t e l e v a t e d , t he f i rs t s o f t ray of d o r s a i f i n conta ined 4.5 t o 7.5 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; snout no t marlredly produ.ced.. ........................................... 9 8a. Dorsal s o f t r a y s 30 t o 3 3 ; . a n a l s o f t r a y s 24 t o 26; d o r s a l and a n a l f i'ns' extremely e l e v a t e d , t h e f i r s t sof '6 r a y of d o r s a l f i n 2.0 t o 2 .3 i n s tandard l e n g t h (1.23 i n a 25 -run j u v e n i l e specimen) ; body ......... w i t h . . a l t e r n a t i n g pu le d a r k v e r t i c a l bands. ................................... ;i,ebrrlsomrl veli:.'eruu . . 8b. Dorsal 8 o l " t r a y s 23 t o 25; a n a l s o f t r a y s 19 t o 21; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s moderately e lev j te i : . , t h e f i r s t : s o f t r a y o r d o r s a l f i n '2.7 t'o 3 .7 i n st;andard ~. . , l e n g t h . ( 2 . 2 i n a 32 l i r a j u v e n i l e s y ? c i n i & ~ ? ) ; body of ' . a i i ~ l t . s brown. wi th f a i i l t , pic, nclrrow, lori( (not. exceecliilp, 22 i n . upper ja?.:r of lr-irgest ' a i l u i t s ) , :.. f latDe.?ed, nnd . d e n t i c u l a t e d o ~ i -entir .e margin: Aorsnl : sp ines I( (rarel..y ,VIII). . . . . .:. .................. '. . . I 0 1 0 a . Body l i & t : g r a g wi th 6 v e r t i c a l . b lack bar:; (1. on head pas s ing t h r o u g h eye , Lb on body, and 1 o!l caud:il. petiun- .: c l e ) ; a n a l s o f t r a y s 19. , t o 21.;. c&iid:il poduncle s v i n e very s? \ l a l l , i t s g r e i t ' e s t l e n g t h containecl. about 3 t o l+ . . t imes i n g r e a t e s t i? i :amter o f eye . . .................... . . . .............. , .., ? . ... , .... , ... .AoanI;hur~~s t r i . o s t e [ y s . . . . . . . . . . ----- . . . . . 10b , Body no t l i g h t ( q a y wi.tb v.ert ical. b lc clc bars ; a n ~ l s o f t r a y s 22 O T , p ~ r e ; . : : ~ ! : : u ( l d peduncle sp ine no t very snrill, i t s : l eng th contai i ied 1 . 5 tiole:: or l e s s i.11 g r e a t e s t dlsmetec.ol ' eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 I ' l l a . P o s t e r i o r ha1-C 01' boay and d o r s a l and an41 f i n s w i t h numerous whi te s p o t s on u da rk brown background; . body w i t h 3 broad v e r t i c r i l p a l e bands'; bodg very deep, g r e a t e s t depth conta ined 1 . 5 - 1.6 t imes i n . . . . . s tani lard l e n g t h . . . . . , . , .......... ; . A c a i ~ . t h ~ r u s g u t t n t u s . . l l b . P o s t e r i o r h a l f of body a n a d o r s b i and a n e l f i n s wi thout whit.e spots . ; bogy wi thout 3 broad v e r t i c a l . pnle b:r.ads; body nol; ve ry dekp, ' g r e a t e s t dep th ' contaj.ned 1.7 -- 2.2 t imes i n stanclgrd l e n g t h . . ...................... 12 . . . 12a . Upper 3/4 of bodg. l ined. wi th ;bout 1 0 tilack bands, ench contain in^ a meflian. pa16 l i n e ( 'blue in . l i f c i ) , running n e a r l y hor.i.zonte1lv (ma'r iy oY t h e ' s e bands con t inac on t o head and converge on eye ) ; spaces bc?'iwce:i b?io!.!:: p a l e (ye l low i n l i f e ) : caudal S ~ i n e v m p long , al>i:!tt 1 .9 t o 2 i n head l eng th . .... , . , , , , . A c a i ~ t h ~ ~ ~ r u . r - 1i.11-::til.s - . . . . , , , . . < , . . , . . . . . . . . . 12b. 'J:pper 3/4 or:' body not l i n e d wi.th nbout 10 n e a r l y ' h o r i z o n t a l b lack bends con ta in ing m d i e n p a l e l i n e s ; . c auda l s p i n e not very l ong , about 2 .5 t o 8 i n head . . .............................................. l e n q t h 1 3 l 3 a . 3ody very dark brown or b lack w i t h a whi te l i n e under ' ch in and a p a l e l i n e or band a t th'6 bane of t h e dor- s a l and a n a l f i n s ; mouth ve ry s m a l l , i t s w i d t b from r ' i c tus t o ? i c t u s contairied. 5 t o 6 t i a e s i n len&h , . . , . . of head; iaaximum number of upper o r lower t e e t h 1 2 ; , body d.e@th r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t , about 1 .7 t o 1.8 i n s t azda rd l e n g t h ; d o r s a l s o f t r a y s 223 t o 33; an81 s o f t r a y s 26 t o 29.. . . . ............................. l k 13'3. Body n o t very da rk brown o r b lack w i t h a wh.ite l i n e under ci1j.n and a p a l e band. a t base of d o r s a l n n 6 a n a l f i n s ; rilouth not very s m a l l , i t s w id th from r i c t u s t o r i c t u . s con.taj.risd 3.2 t o L.8 i n 1 .er l~t t l Of head; 'nufiber of t e e t h i n upper or 1ocGr jaw 14 t o . . 24 , ( i n fipeoiriens ,over 5 O .ma . long) ;. .bo%y bepth n o t g r e a t , 1 . 8 t o 2.l+ i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; d o r s a l s o f t r a y s 23 to':2..8; a n a l ,sort r a y s 22 t o 26 ............. , 15 148.. .Eody with. tl. .lar$e, e U ~ i p t i c ' a l . :>ale g e l l o w i s h ( oI'ange i l l l i f e ) s p o t p o s t o r i o r l ~ , e n c l o s i n g caudal peduncle . - . . spine. . ( t h i s p a l e a r e a absen t i n spec inens of about 65 nm or l e s s i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ) ; an e longa t e whi te ' s p o t a t edge of o p e r c l e ; no p a l e nrea under eye ; . p a l e l i n e o:i ch in no t ~ x t e n d i n g above. r i c t u s ; caudal f i n I n n a t e ; dor ' sa l s o f t r a y s 29 t o 211 (mos t ly 30 t o ............... .... ............ 3 2 ) . ; , .Acanthurus - n c h i l l e s - 14'11. Body wi thou t a l.srp,e e l l l p t i c t j l p a l e shot p o s t e r i o r l y ; no e longa t e wh i t e s p o t . a t co rne r of o p e r c l e ; a p a l e a rea under eye ; pn i e l i r i e on ch in ex. tendin& w e l l ... a l ! o . v ~ . ' ~ i c t u s ; caudal f i n e ros rg imte t o moderately concave; d o r s a l s o f t r s y s 28 t o 31 (most ly 29 t o . , ...................... . . 30);. .; . A c a n t h l ~ , p , l . a u ~ s . . 158. Snout. very s h o r t , i t s l eng th contained 7.9 t o 8 .2 times i n si;'sqdarrl l e n g t h ; t e e t h very small. . ( g r e a t , e s t leng,th of undetached upper t e e t h .7 mm i n 135 ma specimen); dark browa s p o t ex tend ing s l i g h t l y below a x i l of ...... p e c t o r a l f , i n ; e n t i r e ceuda l fi.n palel: t h a n hod$. .................................... ..A caa-tJzss t&omps'oni -- 15b. Snout not very s h o r t ,. i ts ' l e n k t h aonta ined 3.9 t o 5.3 i n standa'rd l e n g t h ; t e e t h no t very snia.Il; no dark brown spot extend.ing below ax.i.1 0.f pe c t o r k l f i n ; , , ............ e n t i r e caudal f i n not; p a 1 . s ~ t han body.. . I 6 . , 1 6 a . B black s p o t a t base. o f . l a s t f e w d o r s a l & and wnal r a y s . . .........................................,.......*..l , 7 16b. NO black s p o t a t . base of l a s t fev~ d o r s a l bnh' a n a l r a y s . . ...............,............................,...e...l8 178. Caudal f i n l u n a t e , c auda l concav i ty ( h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a l m e from t i p of u-pper lobe of cauda l f i n t o most a n t e r i o r p o r t i m of hiud ed-ge of f i . n ) contained '4..5 t o 6 tirces i n s t ; x d a r d l e n g t h ; a d e f i n i t e b lack . .mox~i ,n a.round cauda l peduncle s p i n e groove ; black: spo t a t a x i l of s o f t d o r m 1 - f i n l a r g e , i t s g r e a t e s t ~ b i d t h con ta ined l e s s t h a n 2 t i ines i n g r e a t e s t d..i.s- meter of ep s ; 8 d e f i n i t e wh i t e margia t o : - o s t e r i o r edge of' c ~ u d a l fil?.: ,shape of ex1d.s ol' medi.81 u:x:er ............. t e e t h ( i g i i o r i ng de.nti .cu1ation.s) po in t ed . . ............................... .P.canthurus ti igrof uscu!:i -. - .- ..... 17b. Candel f i n n o t l u n a t e , c auda l cc>ncavitg coi l tainsd 6 .7 - 1 2 , t i ~ n e s i.n stnndarcl lenn, th ; no b1ac.k .margin around caudal pec:uncle ' sp i .uegroove; b lack spo t a t a x i l of s o f t dor:;al. f i n sm11, i t s g r e a t e s t width con ta ined more t h a n 2 times i n g r w t e s t di.ameter of eye ; w h i t e margin t o p o s t e r i o r edge of c auda l f i n b a r e l y d i s - c e r n i b l e ; &ape of ends of media l uppep t e e t h rounded............................Acanthurus n i g r o r i s --- =--a- l g a . A h o r i z o n t a l p i g ~ i e n t e d b a r on s h o u l d e r , eitiier m t i r e l y b lack or p a l e y e l l o w i s h w i t h d a r k margins ( t h i s bar not p r e s e n t i n j u v e n i l e s ) ......................... -19 ............. 1Bb. Eo h o r i z o n t a l pip;:;:iented bar' on shoul:!er. .21 1 9 a . Shoulder bar p a l e y e l l o w i s h (o range i n l i f e ) edged i n b lack ( i n specimens below about 80 mi the b lack border i s riot p r e s e n t ; i n spoci.mens below abou t 4.5 m t h e r e i s no t r a c e of a bur a t a l l ) ; a b road , wh i t e , c resced t - shaped r e g i o n i n p o s t e r o - c e n t r a l pa r t of coudal. fi .n; body un i f s rm brown ( p a l e i n j u v e n i l e s which a r e yel low i n l i f e ) w i thou t l o n i t u d i n a l l i n e s ; d o r s a l s o f t ra!{s 21 t o 25 ( u s u a l l y 247; a n a l s o f t r a y s 22 t o 24 ( u s u a l l y 2 3 ) . ...... .Acanthurus o l i voceus --.A l g b . Shoulder ba r b l ack ; no b road , w h i t e , c rescen t - shaped r e g i o n i n pos tero-cent ra l . p a r t of cauda l f i n ( t hough a w h i t e t e rmina l inurgin i s p r e s e n t on t h e cauda l f i n of 2. r;"mj; body d s r k brown, w i t h or v ~ i t h o u t f a i n t , narrow, i r r e g u l a r , p a l e , l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s ; d o r s e l s o f t r a y s 24 t o 28; a n a l s o f t r a y s 22 t o 2 6 , . . . . , . . . 2 0 20a. P o s t e r i o r edge of caude l f i n w i t h a d i s t i n c t w h i t e m a r g i n ; a I.ong, bl.ack, l a n c e t - l i k e l i n e ex tend ing forward from a n t e r i o r end .of cauda l neduncle s p i n e ; no 1.on.gitu.dinal bnnds or 1.i.nes i n dorsal. or a n a l f i n s ; no narrow, i r r e g u l a r , p a l e , l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s on body; no yel low s p o t s on hend i n l i f e ; d o r s a l . . . s o f t r a y s 25 t o 211 ( u s u a l l y 26 or 2 7 ) ; a n a l s o f t r a y s . 24 t o 26.. .............. ,........... .- .I?can thurw: - F I ~ ! ~ ' ~ Q 20b. P o s t e r i o r edge ,o f cauda l f i n w i t h o u t a d.istir!.ct vdhi.tt: margin; no l ong b l a c k . l i n e ex tend ing forward fro!c cauda l peduncle s p i n e ; d o r s a l f i n w i th l o n g i t u d i n a l dark brown b m d s (about 8 i n s o f t dorsal .) a l t e r - n a t i n g w t h p a l e bands ( y e i l o s i s h i n l i f e ) 3f nbout t h e same uridtb.; numerous i r r e g u l a r p a l e ( y e l l o w i s h i n l i f e ) l onq i tu -d ina l l i n e s on.body ( f a i n t o r absen t i n p rzserved speci.mens); ye l low s p o t s on head i n l i f e ; d o r s s l s o f t r a y s 24 t o 26 ( u s u a l l y 2 5 ) ; a n a l s o f t r a y s 22 t o 21+ ( u s u a l l y 23) ..kcanthu.rus -, ....... m a c u l i 9 g ,---. 21a. Outer 1 /3 of p e c t o r a l f i n ? a l e (ye l lowish i n 14.fe) and c o n t r a s t i n g vd th d a r k e r b a s a l 2/3 -of f i n ( i n specimens over about 120 mm .in s t anda rd 1.ength); d o r s a l f i n wi th about 4- broad lengthwise bands; . cauda l f i n very l u n a t e , caudal c ~ n c a v i t y abbout 4.5 , t o 7 i n . s t anda rd l e n g t h ; caudal spl.ne u s u a l l y sma l l , about 4.5 t o 5.5 i n l e n g t h of head; dark marsin. around socke t of caudal s p i n e u s u a l l y narrow and i n d i s t i n c t ; a n t e r i o r g i l l r a k e r s 16 t o 22. poste- r i o r g i l l r a k e r s 1 7 t o 22. (1ndo-pac i f ic ] . . .......... ................................ A c a n t h u r ~ s xs~~tho&terus --~ -.- -..- 21b. P e c t o r a l f i n uniform broun; d o r s a l f i n ( a t l e a s t i n Hawaiian specimens) wi th about 8 narrow lengthwise bands; cau-dal f i n no t ve ry l u m t e , cauda l concavi ty about 6 t o 1 0 i n s t anda rd leng+tli; c auda l s p i n e usua!.ly no t smz.l.1, abou"u tt L1,.2 i n l eng th o f head; a 5 - f i n i t e dark b r o m o r b lack mary;in around socke t of c m d a l s p i n e forniin$ an a r e a about twice a s h igh a s ~aximum wid-th o'f sp lne ; wh i t e band aC base of cauda l f i n u s u a l l y d i s t i n c t ; a n t e r f o r =ill r a k e r s 21 t o 25; p o s t e r i o r g i l l r a k e r s 23 t o 25. (Indo-Vest- P a c i f i c ) ............................................... . .Acanthurus mata ( n o t y e t known from G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) ----- - 22a. Body wi th numerous p a l e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r i p e s (may be f a i n t i n p reserved specimens) ; i n t e r r a d i a l membranes of p e c t o r a l f i n hya l ine ; margin of lower l i p smooth; t e e t h of upper jaw w'ith 5 t o 7 ( u s u a l l y 6) denti .cu- l a t i o n s on expanded ends ......... Ctenochae tss , s _ t ~ f a t ~ ~ 22b. Body wi th s t r i p e s , when a l i v e speckled with numerous b r i g h t b lue s p o t s which may o r may no t p e r s i s t i n p reserved specimens; i n t e r r a d i e l membranes of pec- t o r a l f i n ?ark brown; margin of l ower l i p n a p i l l a t e ; t e e t h of upper Jaw with 4. den t i cu l a+ , ions (count ing . - t h e t i p ) on expanded ends.. ........... . .Ctenochaetus -. SJ. Genus NASO FJaso ~ac;$de 1802. Hist. na t . p o i s s . , vol . 3 , p. 105. (Type - s p e c i ~ s , -- Naso -- f r o n t i c o r n i s Lac6pSde = B a e t o d o n un_@-~_r_n~e Forskgl . Naso l i t u r a t u s ---- ' Aqanthurus l i t u r a t u s i3loch and Sci-ineider 1801. S y s t e m : i c h t h . , pp . xxxvi ' r i , 216. . . his unmikt'&fible s p e c i e s wan s i g h t e d ococ::ionully under- . . . . w a t e r h t ' 0 i i o t o a and a l s o a t B u t a r i t a r i ; however, no s ~ e c i - . .. mens were secured . . . Naso - -- u n i c o r n i s - Ci%etod.on -.- un1.corn'l.s Fors!c$l. 1775. Descr. ' anira:~ium, 1:. x i i i , - 6 3 7 ( T y 2 e l o c a l i t y , l l j e d d a , Red S e a ) . ! l\!useue -- unicornir ; -.-- ~ h t h e r 1873. J o a r . Mus; Godeffrog, voi.. 1, p p . IITf-121, y l . YE. KRSO -- u n i c o r n i s ---- V h i t l e y and Colefax 1936. Proc . Lini?. qoc. N. .S . :!!ales, v o l , 63, p . 2 9 7 . (Nauru). . Naseus b r e v i r o s t r i s Cuvier ana Valeaciennes 1835. R i s t . n a t . _.- - - 1 - -. -. - -- p o l s ~ . , r o l . 1 0 , p. 277. ( T y w l o c a l i t y , hioluccas, M ~ u r i t i u s , New Guinea, and 1ndia.n 0cean7, Naseus ...- -.- b r e v i r o s b r i s . ~ h t h e r ' 1873. Tour. Xus. Godeffrsy , v o l . 7p. 121 , p l . 79 , f i g . A . ( i i ingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) a . ~ . , . , . , . . . , Naso tuber ,asus , , . . -- . . , . . . Naso tube rosus i,acQ,pkde 1802. B i s t . nat , . p.oi..ss.., , v o l . 3 , -- - 1' . 1.11, 111. 7 , f i g . 3. . . . . . . 11 Nsseus tuberosus Gunther ,1873; Jou r . Ivius. dode f f roy , v o l . I , -- . . . . . . p. 12.3, p l . 8G. .. . . . . . . Na'so 1;uberosus l?owlt,r 1928. Mem, B. 1) . Bishop F u n , , vol.. 10 , --.... - p. 2 7 6 . T a h e r t i s l a n d s ) . . . Naseus v l aming i i Cuvier. and Velenci'ennes 1835. E i s t . n a t . p o i s s . , v o l . 1 0 , 9. 2 9 3 . (Type l o c a l i t y , ! ,~ialuccee). Although t h i s s p c i e s was c a n s i s t e a t l y seen z t t h e seaward edge of t h e o u t e r r e e f a t Onotaa i n a p o i ~ t 1:O f e e t of wa te r , ncspe.cirriens were t aken . It uppenred a l ~ n o g t blzck underwater. One specimen, when speared a t Arm A t o l l i n t h e Marsha l l I s l a n d s , suddenly a l t e r e d i t s dnrk c o l o r t o p a l e , t hus maklnp, ev iden t t h e cha rac t e r i s t i c v e r t i c a l b lue 1.ines and small. blue s p o t s on t h e body. B 37 rxn specinen of - Tic:so i n t h e k e r i s s t a g e was ob ta ined w i t h ro tenone i n G t i d e pool. 160 Fee t from shore on t h e s ea r e e f f l a t a t Onotoa. It i s p e l e ( t r a n s p a r e n t i n 1 l . fe) w i t h s i l v e r o v e r abdomen aild p o s t e r i o r p n r t of head. There a r e 6 n e a r - v e r t i c n l rows OF i n d i s t i n c t b l ack i sh s p o t s on t h e d o r s a l h a l f of t h e bod? , s c a t t e r e d t i n y b lack ish f l e c k s on p o s t e r i o r ha l f of' bocly, and a dusky band a t t h e base of t he cauda l f i n . Tha d o r s a l r a y s a r e V I , 27 and t h e a n a l r z y s II, 28. There a r e 16 p e c t o r a l r a y s . I am unable t o iden- t i f s t h e specimen t o s p e c i e s : however I susnec t t h e t i t may be b r e v i r o s t r i s . It 18 d e f i h . t a l y no t - - ) un iob rn i s f o r t h i s ' s p e c i e s h a s 17 or 18 2ec to i sa l r a y s and r eaches a l a r g e r s i z e iri t h e k e r i s s t a g e (ove r 50 m i n sttlr!dard l e n g t h ) . Paracan thurus 3leeKs.T 1863. Ned, T i jdschx . CierL:., v o l . 1, p. 252. (Type s p e c i e s , L ~ ~ ? t h i s hepa tus Linnaeus , i n p a r t ) . . . . . . ... .. .,. . ,~ - . . Paracant:huru,s 11epa t u s . . T e u t h i s h e p a t u s Linnaeus 1766. ( i n p a r t ) . riyst. n a t . , ed. 1 2 , -- - P. 507. / \ Acarithurus t h e u t h i s Lacepedc 1802. i I i s t . n a t . po5ss . , v o l . I+, --- ---.- PI>. 547, 549. Aoanthurus hepa tus ~ h t h e r 1873. Journ . Xun. Godeffroy , vo l . -.----- 1, p. 115 , p l . 7 5 . (::ingsfiil.l I s l a n d s ) . Zebrasoma .Swainson 1339. Nat. h i s t . and ol.ns?, f ishec;, amphibians ,..., vo l . 2 , p. 256. (Type snec i e8 , .Acncthurus - v e l i f e r lo oh) . -- Zebrasoma v e l i f e r u m .I Acanthurus -- vell.f 'er Bloch 1795. I!Jatur. auslanci. lpiscbe, p t . 9, I?. 106 , p l . 427, f i g . 1. (Type l o c a l i t y , East I n d i e s ) . 2 specimens. 175 and 193 a m . 8 spe~ci~osn:;. 20 - 2.5 m. Onotoa. ~ o l o r of a d u l t froffl 35 rnrn 1';odachroiile t recsnarency p u r p l i s h black w i t h 6 v e r t i c a l . ye l lowish b8.r:ds obout 1/3 wid th of da rk i n t e r s p a c e s (excep t d.srk i r i terspt ice through eye which i s OF compsrable wid th) on head and body; narrox+; dark l i n e s v i s i b l e w i t h i n t he p a l e ye l lowish bands and narrow m a n g i s h v e r t i c a l l i n e s i n t h e da rk i n t e r s p a c e s ; snout p u r p l i s h , dense ly covered w i th ortiall greenish-yel low .spots; f i n s . p u r p l i s h b l ack ; .base of cauda l ?i.n w i t b a w h i t i s h v e r t i c a l . . band. Color of 20 inn juvenl . le p a l e yellow with v e r t i c a l b lacx b a n d s , t h e 2 a n t e r i o r o m s ( t h rough ;?ye and a t edge of opercuiuim) much b l acke r and .awe d j . s t i n c t ; sriout and uase or' cauda l f i n b r i g h t . o r a n g e . . . . . Adul t s were seen oh b5th s:e.a r e e f and deeper s e c t i o n s of t h e lngoo:~ i;i t11 n:odor:ite oo,r.al growth; t h e :;r?oll j u v w i l e 3 . I : . W61'6 a l l . t aken i i i s h : ~ l l o w - y i t e r . . lagoon a r e a . .. , 'Acanthuru- ---L +.- s c o m s Cuvier 1829. itegne ~ini:n:il, ed . 2 p . 224. ( l y p e l ~ c a l i t y , Ne i rn , Province of !:ini~du Zebrasoma f1ave:;cenr: Nh i t l ey a n d Colofax 1938. Prc -. S s c . N.. S. Wales, v o l . 6 3 , p . 297. (iV!iuru). . , vol . 2 , . Linn. 1 si.,ecimen. 88 nm. 2 specimens'. 3>? and 34 inm. Onotoa. Co!.or i n l i f c of 88 mrn speci.m& dark brown wi th numerous, narrow, w.vavy, l i y ,h t bl.u,e, 1ongi~ ;u i l inn l l i n e s on body " ' ~ a n t 6 r i o r l y on. t h e body t h e s e l i n ~ s becor. . ;~ ' c lo t t ed ; on t h e head the l i n e a r p a t t e r n i s l o s t and d i s c r e t e b lue d o t s o c c u r ) ; a n t e r i o r median por t io r l of t h e . body . y,ellow-brown; c.11 f i n s except. t h e p e c t o r a l da rk brov.)n; ne .c to r&l f i n clr?;7: vi i th duslcy oran.(;e r a y s and r i narrov! b lack upper edpo: C R I I ~ C ~ peduncle sp ine sieat;h. wh i t e . Col.or of juvenl.lc; Prox 35 om Kodachrome trm:?,;arer!cy: trnterj.or f o u r t h 6 f bjdg -brow,iish yel low, ]ioater?; :I:? tl;ilr.ee-fourth-; d a r k broswn; snont ar\d i n t : ? r - o r bitaL space b:owii, rt-!,uaindcr of hcjati, brownish yellow; booy wi th nuolerous vi :~ . t ic t . , l I . i n ~ . s ; head ::nd ches t d t h many t i n y p a l e yellow s p o t s . .kt Onotoa aGul t s vjere s een oA1.y i l l . t h e lrigoqn; h!id.int; 1-11 t h e recesses i n a 'mars ol' t iead st;dg,iiord :(idlf.ql. . They/ were cbserved on t h e sea ]lee;' a t B u t z r i t o r i on t h e l e e s.i.O.e of t h e 6 t o l l . A t Ccoto:! t h e gaaag were t;:!cen f rwc t h e env i rons of small. i s p l a t ed c o r a l hearls i n a s h a l l o w - w t e r s e c t i o n of' t h e lagoon. ' &To yellow Zebrasor:la were seen by --.-. me i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . , . . . . . Acrinthurus ~ o r s k s l 1775. Uescr. aniiiialiu.rri, p . 59. ( ~ y p e -. s p e c i e s , C h ~ e todon sohu l - P O ~ &%I 86 dosignabe(l by Torclan, 1917) (The genus ~ u t h ~ Linnaeus :was 'rest . r i 'c t ,ed t o , the s i 'ganids by Opinion 93 of t h e i n t o t n u t j.o'rl:il COi:!mi~~ibn on Zoological Nonenclature .) . . Chaetodor~ t r i o s t - L h n a e u s - 1758. :3ys t . n a t ., ed. 1 0 , p . 46%. ~ T y p e l o c a l . i t y , I n a i e s ) . ~ e u t h i s t r o u b ~ h t o n i Whitley and Colefax l.938. :Proc. TSnn. -- ---- F.:oc, N. 5 . Wales, vol.. 63 , p . 294, t e x t f i g . 3. (Nauru) . . . 1 1 U speciraens. 21 t o 114 .ma. Onotoa. . .. 1 specimen. 112 mm. Tarawa. Color i n l i f e : l i g h t g r e e n i s h g r a y , becoming o b rup t ly 'ghite v e n t r a l l y , w i t h 4 narrow v e r t i c s l b lack ba r s on body, 1 n e a r - v e r t i c a l bar through eye , and. a s h o r t bar : lo r sa l ly on caudal. peiiuncle ; a ciedian black l i n e on f'oreheacl.; ti snla l l b lack s p o t v&ntrctl.ly on ceudsl. peduncle; n :jiiiall b lack s p o t , . 2 s p o t s , or a s h o r t bar s t t h e b a s e of t h e ~ ) e o t o r ~ ~ l i?,. t r i o s t e p u s was a very cormon s p e c i e s on both iilsllore - --d- s e a r e e f m d . sandy s h a l l o w - a t e r lagoon a r e a s . In t h o i ' i r n t 175 f e e t of a 50 foo t wide t s a n s e c t at' t h e o u t e r rt:fif T1a t a t Onotoa, 29 j uven i l e s jec imens were tel ten wi th ro tenone r ang ing i n s i z e Proio 23 t o 35 ml. I n t h e next 12.0 f e c t (n~:proxic ia te ly 95% covered' w i th wat'er i?t low t i d e i v h m the i n s h o r e 175 fe6.t i s nbout he l f ' covered) , tll specimens were obtair ied of s i z e s 21 t o 52 m h . I n tht! next 120 f e e t 0il.l.y 2 s l l a l l specimens weqt;, t o w n . A d u l t s appeared i n t h e J an i a zone s t i l l f a r t h e r from s h o r e and i n t h s ss cd. ler! -- back r i d g e t rough . . No qua r i t i t a f ; i v s d n t a were securt:d Trorn t h e . deeper a r e a s of t h e o u t e r r e e f . Aconthurus g u t t a t u s Rlocli and Schneider 1801. S y s t e m i c h t h , , -.- pp. x x x v i i i , 215.. '(Type l o c a l i t ; y , . Tah i . t i ' ) . 'L'eiithis g u t t a t u s ~ e r i r h l l und G'olclsboTorigh 191.1. iilen~. m s . -- G o mp. Z O O ~ . , vol.. 26, p. 310. ( B u t a r i t a r i , G i l b e r t I s l a n d s ) , . . . , I ' e u t h i s f u l i g i n o s u s Whitley and ColePax 1938. Proc. Linn. -So3. N ~ S . Wales, v o l . 63 , p . 9 1 . 1 , f i g . 4 ( N a u r u ) . " . 3: specimens. .33 - 1 6 5 ma.. Onotoa. 1 specinlen. 160 ram. T ~ r 8 . w . .Color from 35 rim Kodachrone transpare.ncy bro~vn wi th p o s t e r i o r h a l f of body covered w i t h sma l l wh i t e spots. ; a v e r t i c a l whi:te band frofa o r i g i n of f io rsa l t o edge of o p e r c l e ; ano the r broader whi te band f r o n t h e base of t h e 3rd t o 5 t h d o r s a l s p i n e s t o r e g i ~ n of anus ; a t h i r d , narrow, whi te band from tho .3rd dorsal . s o f t r a g t o t h e 3rd a n a l s o f t r a y ; r e g i o n of c h e s t wh i t e ; p e l v i c . f i n s brigl i t yel low w i t h narrow daric, b r 0 ~ ~ 1 l margins ; caudal f i n b r o w , v~h i t i s h a t base , and dark brown t c r n i n a l l y . . . This s p e c i e s tvbs observed on ly i n t h e surgo chnnnel i of t h e o u t e r r e e f whers i t swam r a p i d l y abo .u t . i n sinall schools i n t h e r o u g h e s t , mil-ky-white water of t.b:is h a b i t a t . The s t o m c h c o n t e n t s of 1 0 specimens i&re examined; tho bulx of t h e r ~ a t e r i a l was algol . , though t h e r e vias some f i n e ca l ca reous sanCi. Many k inds of ti lgae were p r e ~ e n t , but J a n i a probably predominated.. . Prese r~ce of , t h e blus-gre61i -- Calo th r ix i n d i c a t e s a cropping - c l o s e t o t b e - :jubs&rw%e. , - . . ,: , : .: ' . . . , . . . i ,canthurus ' l i n e a t u s -.....-...-- -.- Chaetodon l i n e a t u s 1,i.nnaeus l75??. 3 y n t . n e t . , ed. L O , p . - - ' m y ~ - i o c z i t . y i i n d i e s ) . 2 specirfiens. 163 and 170 mm. Taraoa. Color f ror , 35 r m Kodnchrome t ransparency : upper 3/4 of body yellotv v ~ i t h 10 black J..engthwise s t r i p o s , each s t r i p e containin?, a b r i g h t blue cen t e r ( t h e s e s t r i p e ? , cqu.tinue on t o hood where t hey a r e narrower a n d t e n d t o conv8rge on +';ye); l o v ~ e r f o w t h o f .head and body b l u i s h w h i t e ; p e l v i c f i n s orange w i t h dark l a t e r 8 1 marcin; caudal f i n b l a c $ .i,vitk .a 1 . l a r g o crescerlt-shaped dusky ye l lowi sh a r ea narrowly. r;iaPgfned i n . b lue i n the p o s t e r i o r m d i a n p a r t of t h e f i n ; pec tor i i l ale; dorsal. f i n yell .owish, i . ined w i th b lue ; a n a l f i n ye l lowish . . . . . . . . . . Juv,eni les aljout 40 rm i n l eng th displayed. , i n a d d i t i o n t o co lors ' l i k e a d u l t s , r e d c o l o r a t i o n on d.orsal . ,and a n a l f i n s ( e s p e c i a l l y p o s t e r i p r l y ) . .a This s p e c i e s was abundqnt i n or nea r surge channels of t h e o u t e r r e e f a t Onotoa and was a l s o very comon i n r e l a t i v e l y shallow q u i e t t iator of p ro t ec t ed r e e f a r e a s such a s t h e lagoon s i d e of t h e >west r e e f of t h e a t o l l . The gut c o n t e n t s of 10 :;pccimeiis, 120 t o 160 a!n i n l e n g t h , c o n s i s t s prinicirily of f i n e l y d i v i d e d r e d a lgae . Acanthurus a c h i l l e s Shat'~ 1803. G ~ l l e r a l zoolagy, v o l . 4 , p t . 2, I?. 383. 3 specimens. 100 - 119 mm. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 129 nun. Tarawa. Color frorAi 35 i i m Kodachroiile t r anspa rency ble ck wi th a l a r g e b r i g h t orange e l l i p t i c a l spo t enc los ing caudal pedun- c l e sp ine ; d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s blacrc wi th narrow d.u.al- colorpd ( o u t e r h a l f orange, i n n e r h a l f b l u i s h w h i t e ) l i n e s basalxy i r i .$oc;t,erior p a r t s of t h e s e f i n s ; a n a l f i n w i t h a narrow blue margin; a wh i t e p a t c h ~t edge of o p e r c l e ; a l i c h t blue l i n e under ch in ; i r i s b lue ; p e l v i c f i n r , b lack wi th l a t e r a l b lue n a r g i n ; caudal f i n w i th a narrow whi te margin; a narrow b lack aub.frmrgina1 l i n e and then (1 broad b r i g h t orange zone; basa l h a l f of f i n black. This s p e c i e s tvns seen only i n t h e surge channels a t Onotoa. ,Its abundance va r i ed i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e u t o l l i n s i i t e of apparen t s i m i l a r i t y of t h e surge channels i n t h e d i f f e r e n t q r e a s . Acanthurus Cuvier 1829. ~ s ~ n u snirfla&, ed. 2 , ' vo l . 2 , a s i nd i ca t ed by Gunthes 1861, T a h i t i ) . .hcanthurus a l i a l a Lesson 1830. Voyage au tou r du moncie, . . --. --". ~Coqu.il . le", . , .vo l . 2 , p t . I , p. 150. Teu th i s g l aucopa re ius Whitley and C o l e f ~ x l93t?. Proc . Llnn. ;3oc. N. 3 . Wales, v o l . 63 , p. 297. (Xauru) . 11 specimens. - 50 - 107 am. Onotoa. , . 1 specimen. 1 5 5 ma. Tarawa. . , . . . . Color from 35 rom iCodach~oiilo t ransparency purg1i::h b l ack ; d o r s a l cnd a n a l f i n s w i th a yellow band b a s a l l y which broadens p o s t e r i o r l y ; a n a l f i n v!ith narrow blue margirl; a promine,nt white pa t ch under eye; a whi te l i n e on ch in ad j aceo t t o iower l i p extendi.ng we l l above corner of raouth and running adj,adent t o upper l i p ; caudal s p i n e yellow; caudal f i n l i g h t b l u i s h gray w i t h a suimarginal yellow band: p e l v i c f i r i s 'b lac i i w i t h a 'b lue l a t e r a l edge; membr8nes of p e c t o r a l f i n s c l e a r , the r a y s b l ack i sh . I n t h r e e specimens 52 t o 55 rn i n l e n g t h t h e subtna~~gi.nul band i n t h e caudal.. f i n was r e d i n s t e a d of yellow. . , . . . . This 'vas a very abundant s p e c i ~ Y on t ; 'h~'T~o~'R!. ,~iferous t e r r e c e of t h e o u t e r r e e f 8 t Onotoa and i n c o r a l a r e a s i n the lagoon. It was. a . 1~0 : observ:ed .it. Butasit:ri.S.. The gu t o f s i x , spec i r~eng , . 7 0 t o 1.&5.&.11 5.n standnrd. len,?th, was f i l l e d w l t h a l g a e , most ly f i . lanimtous reds . . . . , I . . . . , , .. . . . . Acanthurus thompsoni - He:;atus thorilmo n i I?owler 1923. Occ. Pap. D. P.. ;BiabLop ?Jus., -Av... --- v o l . 7 , p.= (Type l o c a l i t y , I-Ionolulu). , .:,. . , Acenthurus &hili$i>inus f e r r e 1927. P h i l i p . -;Tour. .Sc.i. , v o l . - --. -31+., p. &3$, 121. 5 , f i g . 1. . . Acantilurus ' p h i l i p p i n u s :?cbultz cud VJoudl; i n ~ c h u l t z ' and - c o l . l a b o i ~ t o r s 195.3. B u l l . U. 3. N u t . 1~Ju.z: 202, vo1. 1, P,. 637. . . .. . . 1 specii ien. 138 mm. Onotoa. Color f r o u 35 ~ X J iiodachrome t ransparency : umiforv 'brow11 with a dusi<$ whi te caudel f i n ; i r i s b lue ; dorsal . an.d a n a l f i n s da rk broGfl w i th s t i l l d a r k e r l o n g i t u d i n a l bonds ba re ly d i s c ~ r l l i b l e : Ia l i f e t he most c;)mspicuous feature? of t h i s spec i f i s C V F ~ O . it:i p u r whi te caudul"fln;~~t&i+$s%LLg which was c o l l e c t e d from t h e Onotoa lagoon. is-:?. ~ h t 'z yel low caudal f i n i n 1-ife. L a t e r examination of t h o s2ec l - men i n a l c o h o l rzveal-ed t h e l a s t , few r a y s of t h e s o f t d.orsal and a n a l f i n s t o be c o l o r i e s s except f o r a s i ~ a l l b lack spo t a t t h e base of t!:es~ r a y s ; small. 'o rom s 2 c t s . could be perceived on t h e head and a r i t e r l o r l y on t h e bccly, The counts a r e : D V I I I , 27; A III, 25; P 1 5 ; a n t e r i o r g i l l r a k e r s 27; p o s t e r l o r g i l l r a k e r s 27. There a r e 22 u p y r and 22 lower t c c t h . The upper t e e t h b e a r 6 o r 7 ( u s u d l y 7 ) dei?ticu!.ations and t h e lower t e e t h 3 o r 4. (mos t ly 4.). T h i s may b e t h e youn;x of & t , e ~ r ~ ~ n ~ e & ~ sp . Randal l ( i n p r e s s , Z o o l o ~ ? i c a ) , ' r e p o r t e d on ly trom t h e Philippine I s l a n d s and ..----I-- East I n d i e s . Table 5 . F i n -- B 2 Counts of t h e Acanthuridae Co l l ec t ed in t h e G i l b e r t I s l m d s -- --- ------- - -- Dorsz.1 f i n - Spines -. LX 22 23 24 2 1v v - -- -. . - 1 0 S o f t rays* .- . .- 26 27 28 29 30 31 3 2 3? - - - - - - . . - . - - - - 4 4 2 ::Each f i n r a y with a d i . s t i n c t base was counte-' r e g a r d l e s s of how c l o s e a d j s c e n t r ays nii.;ht be. At t i n e s & i s s e c t i o n w a s necessary t o determine whether t h e l a s t two r a y s or' t n e dor- sal and a n a l f i n s shared t h e smie b a s a l element o r not,. S o f t rays Spines _^ -- I11 28 26 -3 -25 -19 22 , ,, 22 23 3 -- - -- F'arnily TUJTBIDID~JJ ( = Sigan idae of a u t h o r s ) Gentfs TiUTHI3 Anphacantbu.~ -+- r o s t r a t u s Cuvier and Valenciennes l e35 . E i s t . n a t . p o i . ~ ~ . , vol . .m, p . 15G. ( T y p L o c a l i t y , ~:.icssuah, Red :;en ) . '3% unub a r rea teus i n S c h u l t z and co l l abo ra t o r s 1953. L J L . 2 uL B i ~ l l . . S. Nat. M U S . mi, pp. 6119, 651.. i i g a n u s r o s t r a tus Vood.s in Schu l t z ~ i n d c o l l a b o r n t o r s 1953. - -, 'rJ. S. 1Jtjt. M u c ~ . 202, pp . 650, 654, p l . 74. 3 specimens. 160 - 220 m. 12 specimens. 50 -- 62 ma. Onotoa . Jl ' X 1 l l , l O ; f i 1 ; P 1 ; V 1 1 ( 4 specimens) . Color i n l i f e &ark o l i vaceous b lue with numerous i n d i s - t i n c t pu le o rangish s p o t s ; sp inous d o r s a l , ,postcirior p a r t o f caudal., sp inous a n a l , and p e c t o r a l f i n s ol.ive-gollo~w; s o f t d o r s a l and s o f t a n a l f i r m w i t h r a y s o l i v e , mmbranes h y z l i a e . Color in a l coho l of 62 IUI specin?.en brown, p n l e r over abdomen and clmek, w i th i: dense s t i p p l i n g of tiiny b l eck do t s on d o r s a l two-thi rds of body; about 10 o r 12 small. brownish b l o t c h e s on poster l .or !;art of body; upper end l o w r roargirls of cauda l f i n wi th e row of sma1.Z Grown s p o t s ; rnambranbs of sp inous d o r s a l dusky, e s p e c i a l l y h a s e l l y s l i d d is ta1l .y . Th'.e co lor p a t t e r n i s q u i t e i n t e r m e d i a t e t o subadul t r o o t r a t u s and s m l l e r npecl.!aens i d e n t i f i e d by l%oods a s e rg imteus : and I b e l i e v e t h a t t he f o r ~ a o r r e p r e s e n t t h e l a t e m Z F 6 1 s t a g e ....* of t he l e t t e r , as suspected by Woods. H3.s s pec imr i s oi" a rgen teu? were pelafizic and ca!ue: t o A l i g h t a t n i g h t . One 60 inin specimen w t ~ s . , speared . zear a rack< j e t t y i n t h e lagoon by I). W. Stri)sburg.:;: Subsequently 11 o t h e r s of ooruparnble s i z e we?e kaiien w i th rotenone i!i t h e s a r ~ a r e a . Sio < i d i l l t s were seen - . ,,... i,n t he lz.goon, 3 u t .?;ere occwsl.o:~:llly observed i n o u t e r r e e f ars:$s: The 3.60 ;xi: s p s c i m n WE:; speared from 8 slo\u swimii:lg ciense school. oi i t . 1 ~ o!.itr. coral l i fe1:ous t e r r a c e a t a dep th of zbout 2;) f c ; ~ t , Tiiest. wa:; no e c a t t e r i n g of i n i l i v idua l f i s h of the school a t sly approach nor any i n c r e a s e i n r a t e of s~vimming. I bad t h e ml.sfortune t o be spined by t h e speared specimen. A a t h y i n g pa in follow.?& almost immediately and Lasted f o r airnut t? h a l f a n hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , !.whaounthus .LA&+.-.- p u n c t a t u s 4L.. Bloch an f i . $chmidgr '1801.. Systema , .. ~ c h t h . . , . p. 210 , 7 l ? y p e l o c a l i t y , . . : P s c i f i c Ocean) . . . .: . . ~ o l b r . i n . ' l i f e , dark brow,fi' wikh numerous, cl .ose-set , promi- .nen t dusky orange s p o t s on head and body. . . . , . 5 % ~ s p e c i ~ t i e n W E S taken i l l ' t h e lagoon i n about 5 f e e t of ~' 'V$?~$G.F near t'. l a r g e ' expahse OP. T h a l e s s i a ; . . . . .. . . . . . .. ! . . , . . , . Teu t h i s . p u e i l a ---"' impha ha can thus. ~ U e l l u s Sch lege i 1892. H i j d r . Di.erk., v o l . 1, -- p . ~ Y ~ . ~ $ ~ F ; l o c s l i t j i , E a s t I n d i e s ) . The hawk f i s h e s ht-ive, a s t h e i r n o s t c h a r c : c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e , - t h e l o w e r 6 or 7 he'ctokhl i . t? ls s t~ fo l ' l ' e~ mr l unbrznched. These ca rn ivo rous f ishe; a r e s e d e n t a r y , and . . though l e s s car;.ov,T'laged than. t h e scorpnenids which. h a v e t h e $rime h a b i t , t hey r;Ye u g ~ a l l y ~ no t. . .&en u n t i l t h e y move, froxn one . . p a r t of t h e r e e f ::. . . W . ~ p t h g ? : , .. . , . , , . . ( . . , . .In t h e ~ . , d i s c u s s i o n s b,eiow u@er - C i r r h i t i c h t h y s and I ' a r n c i r r h b t e s ----, . c l . a r i f i c a t i o n pi' some of tile ,nro,bi.fsns i n t h e . . . . . . ~ , e n e r i c . c l a s s . i f i , c a t i o n . a s con.ceJ!r~s t h e G i l b e r t I.slanc1.s s p e c i e s . . . , ! ,. . , 4' . . a . Key t o t h e ' Spec ies of ~ i r r . k t i d a e ~eco rdec l ' from . , . . t h e Gidber t i s l a n d s . .. , , . . , ' . . l a . ~ i n y i n c i i s t i n d t ' i c a l e s 'oh oheek; 40 or i;l t r k n s v e r s e s c a l e r o w s grorn upper end of gill opening t o base of ogudal fin,;: brown s p o t s op d o r s a l , a n a l , end. cauda l , , . * , . . . . . , .. , f i n s ; b lack b l o t c h e s on back a d j a c e n t t o d a r s a l f i n and d o r s a l l y on caudal peduncle. . . C i r r h i t u s ~ i n n u l n t u s -&-.,- l b . 4 t o 6 rows of l a r g e s c a l e s on cheek; 43 t o 51 t r a n s - ve r se s c a l e rows from upper end of g i l l open i iy t o base of caudal f i n ; no 'brown s p o t s on d o r s a l , e n e l , and caudal f i n s (excep t f a i n t l y i n 1'. a o l y s t i c t u s ) ; no black b lo t ches on back ad j acen t To m n 1 . fnlflc and d o r s a l l y on cauda l pedunc le . ( b l o t c h e s , i f p r e - s e n t i n t h i s l o c a t i o n , l i g h t brown) .................. 2 2a. P reope rcu l a r margin s t r o n g l y s e r r a t e d : d o r s n l s p i n e s l o n g , l e n g t h of 4 t h a o r s a l sp ine l e s s t han 2 i n head l e n g t h (measured from snout t o most p o s t e r i o r ex t ens ion of ope rcu l a r membrane) ; i n t e r o r b i . t a l r!.arrow, bony i n t e r o r b i t a l width coatal.ne6 ;:bout 2 t imes i n eye; d o r d a l s o f t r a y s 1 2 ; anr iu la t ions plaj .nly v i s i b l e i n lower pectorc71 i'ays; d o r s a l h a l f of body wi th l a r g e roundish b lo t ches ( a s l a r g e o r l a r g e r t han eye ) ..........,..... Cirrhi . t i c i i t h y ; ~ ap r inus ---..-...-- -- 2 b . i ' reopercular mnrgin f i n e l y s e r r a t e d ( l a . p a r t , snooth) ; d o r s a l sp ines no t ion$, l eng th of 4 t h d o r s a l spirie about 3 i n head 1en;;t.h; i n t e r o r b i t a l n o t narrow, bong i n t e r o r b i t a l width contained 1 . 5 o r l e s s t i n e s i n eye ; d o r s a l s o f t r a y s 11; a n n u l a t i o n s not p l a i n l y v i s i b l e i n lower p e c t o r a i r a y s ; dorsi i i h a l f of body without l a r g e round i sh b lo t ches ( s p o t s , ' i f p!:;esmt d i s t i n c t l y sma l l e r then eye ) ...................... : . , 3 . . 3a. k diagona l "U" shaped n a r k behind eye , t h e ends con- f l u e n t (with eye ; no da rk s;)ots on ileat ~::: -.---...-.-,..- . ..,. - -., 5b, Color. brown o n ' b i c k , t a n : v - e n t r a l l y , w i th n.o'cah?ibe . . s p o t on s ide : of ,body; no b l eck s:)ots on lovi.er . ':. ' t h i r d of body; a median p a l e ( p i n k i s h white i n l i f e ) . . . . l i n ~ on s i d e of body. . . P ' a m c i r r h i t e s - h e m i s t i c t u s - . . . . . - ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus CZRRHITUS . . . . . , ' . . . . C Q r h i t u s . ~ a c & ~ G d e 1803. H i s t . n e t . pais?. , v o l ; 5 , ;o. 2. T y 5 % p ~ o h , -- Cirrhi tus : , - i>a.cula t u s Lacep&de ? &brus p i n n u l a t u s Eloch a ~ i d ~ c h l i & i d e r ) , . . . . -7 - C i r r h i t u s p ianula t r t s ' : I , a b r b ; b P P Bloch and ~ c h n e i d e r 1801. syste:aa .ioilth.. , P. Type l o c a l i t y , T a h i t l ) . , , ~ i r r h i t u k p innu la tus ' l > W f & ~ i n d G l e f a x 1438; p i o c . Linn. . . Soc. N,., S . WaTes, vo l . 6 3 , p . 293..- (i\jauru). . . . . . , . : ..;,,,. .. ' , . 4- specimens. 53. - 123 mm, On&~a . Co.l.or from 35 mm Ilodachrosne t ransperenoy whi te w i t h l a r g e i r r e g u l a r b r o w b lo tches and sma l l r e d d i s h s p o t s on body an6 i r r e g u l a r y e l l o w i s h brown l i n e s on heed; 5 l a r g e b l a c k i s h b l o t c h e s on back ad j acen t t'o h o r s a l f i n an6 Ciorsally on . .c@uGal pefluncle.; filedian f i n s . . . w i t h . . . . . ,byown. .s~ots~; , p & c t o r ~ l f i n l i g h t r edd i sh . , . . . . . , . ... . . . . . . . . . f , ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ..... This s p e c i e s was c o l l e c t e d o ~ l l y f r o a surge chdnn&l.s of' : : t h e o u t e r . r ?e f . . . . . , . ~ . . , : . . . . % , . ..< .-, , ............ The stomach of one a d u l t spe cirnen cbntoined ' t h e ' b b s l a e a n d g 8 s t r i . c ; n i l l of a . brachyuran c rab . Another- bas . . . . empty. .... .. * . . , . , . . . . . . . , . ! . . .. _..^ .,,-, . . , . , . , .*.: ...... .. .................. 1 , . Genus CIRRHITICI~THYS ' . . . , . . . . . ~ i r ~ h i t i c h % h . y % - Bleeker . 1557:. . j e t . Soc .' B:cjl. , I ndo -Ee~r? . , 'u- .. :.. - u.01. .2, p . 39 . (Type ppe&$e~, , ~i-rrl~i.$gsi-.~x.hd~&a$%bi:us / . . . . . . . . Bleeker . -r C1cfhi.tes a:pr?.nus C U T T T ? I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . ~ . . ,. ! . . . . .. . , . , :; . . '. ....- ....".. -.....-. .;,:'.; . . . . , , . . I ' ..., ,.\... . * . : ; . c i r k h i t a i h & Jenkihg 130j. ~url::, U. S,~$sI-uG,a~w::;~v~1.. 22, p:.- 489.. , (Type spec i&s , ..Cirrhi$b?.d,ea . . ' b&aculs ;Tenkl'ns). . . I . . . , ! . ., .. , Jenkins e r e c t e d C i r r h i t o i d e u f o r t h e , s i n g l e specie:; bimacula, a p p a r e n t l y C i r r h i t i c h t h y s Lileekor, a gonus i n t o which bindcula f i t s very n i c e l y . Jenk ins i s mis taken i n s t a t i n g t h a t t h e r e a r e no pa1i:tlne t e e t h on. biinacula, I examined t h e ho lo type and found t e e t h ;)rec.ent a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . P a r a c i r r h i t e s c i n c t u s Jenkine ( z C i r r h i t e s f a s c i a t u s Bennet t , T828) anTCTFrh i t e s oxgcephnlus Bleeker --- e l s o belong in? the genus C i r r h i t i c h t h y s . . . - . . Schultz (1943) l i s t e d a p s i n u s i n t h e genus C i r r h i t i c t t ~ y s ... y but p laced ----.- biruacula i n P a r a c i z h i t c s , C i r r h i t e s ep r inus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1829. H i s t , n a t . -- pols::. , v o l . 3T p . 76. (Type l o c a l i t y , Timor). 3 specimens. 34 - lc9 mnl. Onotoa lagoon. Color i n a l c o h o l t a n w i th l e r g e brown b lo t ches on d o r s a l h a l f of body, l a r g e s t and most prominent adJacen t t o d o r s a l f i n ( t h e upper p a r t of t h e l a t t e r s p o t s , e x t e n d i n s . on t3 b a s a l p a r t s of d o r s a l f i n r a y s ) ; a b l ack . spo t a t base of f i r s t 2 or 3 d o r s a l s p i n e s ; head wi th ,scgt te : .ed small. brown s p o t s . Genus 1'-4RACIRR3ITEs P a r a c i r r h i t e s Bleeker 1874. P o i s s . Viadag~scar e t duni ion, - Amblyc i r rh i tus Rchultz (no t of G i l l ) 19LL3. Bu l l , U. S. Wet. I i u ~ u s . ~ ~ . 132. Gymnoc$rrhites Smith 1951. Ann. b l j . Nat. Iiist, , s e r , 1 2 , vo l . 4, pp. 627, 638. (Type s p e c i e s , C i r r h i t e s a r c a t u s Cuvier and Valenc iennes) . . , The type s p e c i e s of t h e genus Amblyc i r rh i tus G i l l i s C i r r h i t e s f a s c i a t u s Cuvier and Valenciennes (1g29: 76, p 1 . 4 7 ) . Fowler (1938: 4 9 ) , n o t i n g t h a t t h i s name was preoccupied by C i r r h i t e s f a s c i a t u s Bennett (1828: 3 9 ) , proposed ~ r n b ~ y c i r r h i t u s -- i n d i c u s t o r e p l c c e i t . This s p e c i e s , accord- i n ~ t o t h e p l a t e o f Cuvier and Valenciennes , is a deen-bodied forin .v 5 .. . . . . .. . . . P e t r o s k i r t e s tapeinosorua Dleekex 1857. Act. Sac. ,303.. 1n:io- K e e r l . , v o l . 2 , . p . 64. (Type l o c a l i t y , Ambon, !%st I n d i e s ) . Color i n l i f e : a broad blacti band from snout through ?ye t o ba:;e of caudal, f i n and narro7$$i.ng out 0.1 cnud.al f i n r e y s , t h i s band. broken. uy iiiit,o. bl.otch'es *on 'a bout t e r i o r t ~ w - t h i r d s of body; body g reen i sh above this; 'band, v ~ h i t i s h below: n sma l l yel low spo t a t base of cauda l T in j u s t above m d i s n 6ar.k band; d o r s a l f i n w i t 1 1 a narrow p a l e mrg3.n m d a blsCk su'bmarginal band; a n a l f i n d-usky w i t h narrov; ::pale 1Csrgifl. Th is s l e n d e r l i t t l e f i s h often. made i t s presence known by f i i r e c t a t t a c k on E stvlymer. The bi$e was usual>y:, bar,e:;x: h s r c e p t i b l e f o r t h e . t e o t h could no t .norrcal lg he i~iser t ied . ; ' n e v e r t h e l e s s this""'Bc4havior wes d i s t i n c t l y annoying. .. . ksnid.ontus C&oy and~:111nard. 1834. Voyage l f j i s t r n l ~ i h e w , Zool. , 0 v o l . 3 , p. ,719. {Type s p e c i g s , -. Asp.iGoptus' ta'eilip - tm Guoy and Gaimard.) . . R s p i d o m -. t a e n i a t u s Quoy and. G ~ i m a r d 1834.. V.oy;if:e tf34r:trolnbe", "IZZl., vol.. 3 , . p . 719, p 1 . .19, f ig . . I,.. '[Type l o @ a l i t y , : Guam and no r the rn New, ~ u i n e u ) i , . . . 2 specineils . , 5l+ ~ n d 57 mu. Onotoa. ' . ' ~olo! r i n l i r e b r i g h t h iue w i t h o bl.ac!c banci runn ing f r o n s n o a t through eye down middle of s l d e of body t o txid of c a ~ d a l f i n , t h i s band becoming broader. p o s t e r l o s l y such t h e t t he caudal f i n i s e n t i r e l y b lack e:ccfipt Ui)1)6T a ~ i d lotver l o b e s which a r e narrowly b lue . See f u r t h e r remarks on t h i s s p e c i e s under t h e l s b r i d s p e c i e s - Labroides d i n i d i a t u s . --- Meiacanthus --- Norman 1943. Ann. Mag. IJat . I i i s t . s e r . 11. v o i . 1 0 , p. 805. (Type s p e c i e s , P ~ t r o s c i r t e o o u a l c n s i s - d n t h t r ) . Meicnnthus a t r o d o r s a l i s ----- - - I f P e t r o s c i r t e s a t r o d o r s a l i s Gunther l Z Y 7 . J ou r . ME::. Godeffroy, --.-.--.-- ------- vol.. 4 , p t . 1 3 , p. 198 , p l . 1 1 5 , f i g . 13. ( ~ y p e l o c e l i t g , Samoa ) . 2 specimens. 36 and 46 mn. Onotoa lagoon.. D I V , 26 o r 27; A 11, 16 o r 1 7 ; I? 1 4 . ( 2 specinen,?) . Color i n l i f e b r i l l i a n t da rk b1u.e-psen w i t h caudal peduncle , c auda l f i n , and ' caudal f i l a m e n t s b r i g h t gel low; 9 black band a t base of d o r s a l f i n . . , Genus PETE0 SCIHti.'X; , . 1)e t rosc i r t e . s - ~i lppe l .1 1828. n t l a s Reise nd rd l i chen A f r i ~ a , ~ 0 3 . . 1, p. 110 . (Type s p e c i e s , P e t r o s c i r t e s m i t r n t u s I d p p e l l ) . P e t r o s c i r t e s sp . '2 specimens. 37 and 42 nm. 0noto.r legoon. Li IX, 28; A 11, 22 o r 23; 7 o r fi ch in ba rbe l s . ( 2 spec i - mens) . . . Color i n l i f e : a n t e r i o r h a l f of body blue d o r s a l l y shadirig ' t o purp le v e n t r a l l y ; p o s t e r i o r h a l f bright; yel low. . . . . . This s a e c i k s is t e n t a t i v e l y laced i n t h e genus " * ~ e t r o s c i r t e s . It could no t p rope r ly be i n d u z e d i n any of tile genera of th.e subfamily a s de f ined by Morman (l.943). It hns a body dep th about 6 i n s t anda rd len&h: t he iG.11 -. opening is s m i i l l and j u s t above base of p e c t o r a l ; t h e d o r s a l p r o f i l e of t h e head i s s t e e p and u n i f o m l y convex; t h e i n t e r o r b i t a l i s s l i g h t l y wider than eye d i ame te r ; the a n t o r f o r edge of t he lower jaw i s . t r anSve r se ly t r u n c a t e . Genus CIRIiIPXCTIJS Cirr-tus S ~ ~ a i n s o n 1839. i h t . h i s t . and c l a s s . f i s h e s , - - amphibians, ... v o l . 2 , pp. 7 9 , 80 ( C i r r i p e c t e s on i,D. 182 , '--i-- 275) . (Type s p e c i e s , = e r i a s v a r i o l o s u s -- Cuvler an;' Va lenc iennes) . C i r r i p e c t u s va r io losus , S a l a r i a s --- vario1osu.s Cuvier arid Valenciennes 1836. H i s t . n o t . p o i s s . , v o l . 11, p. 317. (Type l o c a l i t y , Guam!. 3 specimens. 57 - 59 rorn. Onoto~ , . D X I I , 14; A I I , l 5 : ' ( 3 spe:cimens) . : . ' Color i r i a l c o h o l re t ld ieh brovin'wl.th a ,few t i n ? p a l e s p o t s a n t e r i o r l y on i i e a d ; . f i n s dusky excep t a n t e r i o r p a r t of d o r s a l , o u t e r .upper p a r t Of cauda l , an2 pec tora l . membranes. C i r r i ~ e c t u s sebae S a l a r i a s - sebae Cuvier and Valenciennes 1836. Hist. n o t , . . p o i s s . , v o l . 1 1 ; 'p . 323. :, 8 spe cimens . 30 - 48 mi. 0notoi.l. 3 specinens.. ..: i;? . - 3 8 , r m . . , Tarawa surge channel . D X I I , 14 ; k Is, 1 4 . (2 spec im6ns) . . ~ . . , . Color i n a l c o h o l brown wi th V e r t i c a l 8a rk brown b a r s ; hand w i t h a f a i n t r e t i c u l a t e d p a t t e r n of ii!hitish l i n c . One sma l l specirce~i has a 1ength.wi:ie .blaclr,band. a long s i d e of body from upper e d f p of g i l l opening t o caudal f i n . I n ano ther speci~nen v ~ i th a s i m i l a r band, v e r t i c a l ba rs a r e . f o r r i n g v e n t r a l l y from t h e band. R u p i s c a r t f s -- Qua .d Fowler aria Ball. 1924. P roc , Acad. N 3 b . SCi. 7 % i l a . . , v o r * p . 2 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Wake I s l a n d ) . 6 spe",inens. 47 - 59 ram. Onotoa. D X I I , 1 5 ; A 11, 1 6 . ( 2 specimens) . Color i n a l c o h o l b r o w 7~it;h v e r t i c a l dark brown b a r s on s i d e of boity; some spec inens with numerous s r a n l l p a l e s p o t s ; head wi th~" f r r egu1a r dark l i n e s . and p a l e s p o t s . C i r r i p e c t u s ,j e n n i n g s i C i r r A e c t e s Lenn inps i S c h u l t z 1943. Bu l l . U. S. Nat . Nus. 1.Z9, - - -.L- pn.. 273, 271,, f i g . 27. (Type ' l o c a l i t y , Swains I s l a n d ) . 1 spec inen . 76 m. Onotoa. D X I I , 1 5 ; A 11, 16. Color i n a l c o h o l : a n t e r j o r . h a l f of ,body t a n w i t& . : . ? . :~e r t i - c a l da rk 'brow.n b a r s 'fiil.nir.fn(i,"-from ' d o r s a l , f i,n, tti+er:j. elklo~~efi , ; p o s t e r i o r h a l f of body da rk brown; b d y covere? ~ i t l ~ ~ s ~ m l ~ w h i t i s h s p o t s (more e v i d e n t on da rk bro!vn p o r t i o n s ) : henc'r w i t h s m a l l da rk 8;)ots ( n l s o f e i n t l y ev iden t or1 a a t e r i o r h a l f o f body) .. . .. . . . . ' .. . . / . C i r r i p e c t u s f u s c s p u t t e t i s - - C i r r i ~ e c t u s f u s c o ~ c u t t a t u s S t r a s b u r g and S c h u 1 . t ~ ,1953. Tour. -.- --- -- W a ~ h i u g t o n Acad. Ycl. , v o l . b3 , pp. 1 2 9 , 130, f i g . $. (Type l o c a l , i t g , Ronger ik A t o l l , Mer sha l l I s l a n d s ) . . . D X I I , 14; A 11, 15. The t w spec inens were used a s pa r a types by S t r a s b u r g end s o h u l t z . . , .- ,. . . :. . , ' . . .. .,, . . . . . . . . , . . . C i r r i p e c t u s s t ~ . ~ , : . i l ~ t i c u s , . , . , .., . . . . . .. . .. C i r r l p e c t u s s t i g m a t i c u s S t r e s b u r g and. S c h u 1 . t ~ 1953. ~ % r . - - Wabhington Acad. S c i , , vol.. 43 , pp. 130 , 132', f i g . 2. (Type l o c a l i t y , Hongerik BtollC, Mar sha l l I s l a n d s ) . ,. . 1 6 specimens. 36' - 76 mrfl.. Qnotoa. . . , . , . . , .. , D XIT, 1 5 ; A . 1 1 , 1 6 . . . : . ,' ., . ~ h e ~ e ' specimens were used a s ~ p a r a t Y p e s by:'S$rasburg- and Soilultz: . . C i r r i p e c t u s sp . . . l+ specimens. 0 - 6 r . Onotoa. D X I I , 14 ; A 11, . .15 o r 16. ( 4 spsc lmens) . . . Color i n a l coho l : body and f i n s 'uniform dark. .brown, Th i s s p e c i e s ig. d i s t i n c t i v e i n l a c k i n g a notch. i n t h e d o r s a l f i n between t h e sIjinous. and s o r t p o r t i o n s . ~ h a b d o b l e n n i u s p. 20. (Type B a l l 1. Whitley 1930. Mem. r;ueensland Kus. , vo I., 10 , s p e c i e s , Blennius rhab4ot rache lu3 Fowler and ---- - Rha bdoLlemius snowi -- Fowler 1928, Men. 33. P. Bishop M U ~ . , vol.. 10, 71. (Type l o c a l i t y , S t rong ' s I s l a n d , Carol ine Nixi 'olennius snowi 'Nhitley and So le f ax 1938. Proc. Linn. Soc. i?. S. Wales, vo l . 63, p. 298 (Nauru y ~ e f f:.at.j. . . Color i n e l coho l l i g h t t a n w i th 7 whi.te rmrks i n l i a e a r s e r i e s on s i d e of body, t h e a n t e r i o r 4 or 5 each i n t h e form of the l c t t , ~ , r 'W; most specimens wi th i r r e g u l s r dark brow1 b lo t ches e s p s c i u l l y a n t e r i o r l y on body; head wi th w i d d y - s c a t t e r e d sixall whi te s p o t s . A l l of t h e s lmcinens were coi lec tof i from t h e h i g h e s t t i d e poo l s of ti;e o u t e r r e e f f l a t which a r e n o r n a l l y covered by h igh t i d e . Rhabdoblenni~tc sp. 2 specirnens. 22 and 23 Onotoa, Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown wi th 2 lenp,thruise rows o f about 1 2 brownish s p o t s down t h e s i d e of t h e body ( t h e s e s p o t s tend t o be a.rmnged ir. groups of 4 ) ;. 2 i r r e g u l a r ob l ique dark brown l i n e s on head behind eye which Qoin below eye gad con t inue on t o c h i a ; a da rk brown spot v e n t r a l l y on gill. membranes J u s t a n t e r i o r t o base of p e l v i c f i n ; a n t e r i o r pn r t of head and upper l i p w i t h a concen t ro t i on of dark pigment s p a t s r 3od.y e longa t e , i t s dep th con ta ined ab0u.t 6 . 5 t imes i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; one broad s imple nuchal c i r r n s on eech s i d e ; a n t e r i o r n o s t r i l w i t h a t u b u l a r r i m , one edge of which i s produced i n t o a broud, sl.niple f l a p : a median cephal! .~ c r e s t w i t h a dark brown spot i n i t s c e n t e r (and an a n t e r i o r ani! p o s t e r i o r spo t o s w e l l i n t h e l a r g e r specimen). .The two specimens were c o l l e c t e d by use of ro tenone on t h e o u t e r r e e f i n an a r e a of t h e no r the rn payt of t h e a t o l l wi th ... ." . , nuiilcrous sma l l heads of c o r a l r e a c h i n g t o w i t h i n a Toot of t h e s u r f a c e ; rfiaximum depth of t h e ws te r was 7 f e e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l s t i h l e n ~ i i u s . Whit ley 1943. . 4 u s t r g l i a n Zool . , v o l . 1 0 , p . ! ( T y p s p e c i e s , S a l a r i a s m u l l e r i 1:lunzl.nger) . --- I s t i b l e n n i u s e d e n t u l u s - , ... Blennius eden t u l u s Blocb and. Schneider " l g 0 l . :jys tena i c h t h . , p. l 1 ? 2 . 7 y p e l o c a l i t y , Huahine I s l a n d , Soc i e ty I s l a s d s ) . S a l a r i a s ~ ~ t u l u s Whitley and Colefax l93k'. Yroc. Linn. Soc. . . K . S . ViaAes, v o l . 63 , p. 298. (Wauru). . . 5 specimens. 35 - 81' , . am. dnotoa. 5 specimens. 51 - 92 ~ h a l y s . D Y l l : I , 1 9 t o 21; A 11, 21 o r 22. (!, specimens) . Coior i n a l c o h o l b r ~ w i . : w i t h p a i r s of' v e r t i c a l derk brown bnrs on t he s i d e of body; roeciian f ins . d a r k e r t han body. A l l sGecirflens from t i d e pools o!' o u t e r r e e f f l e t . . . . . . I s t i b l e n n i u s l i n e a t u s m . * . .. . 8 ~ i i a r i a s l i n e a t u s Cuvier and ValencLennes 1836. 'xist. .' h t . , . .--- - p o l s s . , v o l . 11, p. 314. (Type l o c a l i t y , J a v a ) . . .. , 8 specimens. 31 - 108 mm. . Onotoa. . . D .;YIII, 22 t o 24; A 11, 2% t o 24. ( 8 speoirasns) . Color i n a1coho.l l i g h t brown h i t h p a i r s of' bpown s p o t s on back a d j a c e n t t o t o r s a l f i n and i:n l i n e w i t h t he se on t h e s i d e brown b r r s which fol low myotoroe con tours ; ; aSout 10 o r 1 2 . smal l da rk brown s p o t s o n s i d e ox 'cuuc?al peduncle; f.in.s l i g h t brown: .,. The speciL?ens were c o l l e c t e d from t i d e pools on t h e o u t e r r e e f f l e t . , . . . s I s t i b l e n n i u s pnulus S a l a r i a s paulus Bryan and Herre 1 9 0 3 . Occ. Pap. B. P. B i s h o ~ - Kus., v o l . 2, p . 136. (Type l o c a l i t y , Marcus I s l a n d ) . S a l a r i n s p r i o p h t l i a l m u s Whitley and ~ o l e f u x 1938. Proc . Linn. s o c . K. S . Wales, v o l . 63 , p . 299. (Nauru). . . . . . 1 2 specimens. 1 8 - 69 mm. Onotoa. . .. Color i n a l c o h o l . &in w i t h , about 7 browni'sh: W f shaped n a r k s i n l i n e a r s e r i e s on s i d e of body, t h e upper p a r t oi" t h e "HY l e s s d i s t i n c t ; two t i n y e l l i p t i c @ dnrir-edged whi te sDots , one above the otrher.; . w i t h i n eaci?. Yiv: -%hn,pec? alark; s o f t d o r s a l f i n w i t h basal .ha l f dusky, . 'outer l h l f p a l e ; o m 1 f i n !;vit! l o u t e r one-th. ird dilsicy , i nne r two- tb i rd s p e l e ; lower n o r t i o n of caudal f i n dusky ( o r a n g i s h i n l i f e ) , upper ha l f pu l e . . . This spec i e s was t a k e n both from t i d o ' p o o l s of tb'e o u t e r r e e f f lak , . .and in. deeper wate r ( abou t 5 . f e a t ) o:f' tbk. , . . ,o u t e r r e e r and lacoon. , ... S a l a r i a s g ibb i f ronsQ~l ioy a A GaiSlard 1 ~ ' 2 & . ~~oyz ige ' su tour du aQild6.. . , , ? ~ r a i l i e ~ . . .Zool. ?, ,p. 253. ('i'ype locality, Knwai i~r i I M e n ( 3 s ) ' . . ~ .. . ,. , ; , : . 3 . 'specimens ; 3 5 - y/ m. Onotoa . . . Color of reinale specimr1 "in 'f;l:cohol l i g h t t:in tijzt h very P a i n t . i r r e g u l a r v e r t i c a l dark :aarl?ings., on sid< ,of horly j a j e t .' black: su'ot: on f i n iiienibrane between ?;if s t 2 dor 'sol 'rn:: '~; d o r s a l and. caudal f i n s p a l e wi th sioal.1 bln'ck' s p o t i forriiing i r r e g u l a r , l i n e s . . . > ,. . . . . . .. : "The sp6cimens were co l lec te f i from t i d e ' 1,061s. ,find' water up t o 7 f e e t : i ,n. dep th on t h e o u t e r ' r e e f .' . . , .. : , . . , Family TItITITERYGIIDAI; ... . . , . , . . , ~ . , . . . . . . . , . , : i . . . . . . . .. . Genus TRIPTERV-GION T r i p t ~ r y ~ j o n R i s s o 1 6 2 6 . I-Iist. Nat;.. l3ur. Merid . , v o l . 3 , ,,,:--.L- p. 241. (Type s p e c i e s , T r i p t e r y g i o n nasus R i s s o ) . 5 specimens. 1 - 1 . Onotoa. D 111-XI-9; a n t e r i o r l a t e r a l l i n e pores 1 3 o r l k . ( 5 spe- c i m n s ) . Color i n a l c o h o l p a l e w i th t i n y smal l black s p o t s (melanophores) on body and f i n s , most concentra ted. on edger: of body s c a l e s , caudal f i b , a n a l f i n , , and veritrel. h a l f of head and ches t . . . 'llnis ~111811 s p e c i e s was t aken i n t ide r ,oo l s or, t h e o u t e r r e e f f l a t about 200 f e e t from sho re . Helcogramma % c ~ u l l o c h and V a i t e 1918. Rec. South Aus t r a l i an . --- M v s . , vo l . 1, p. 57, (Type s p e c i e s , @Lcop,raima d o c u r r e n ~ McCulloch and Waf te ) . Helco6zramm sp. 4 specimens. 30 - 31 m!:. Onotoa n 111-xr11 o r X I V - 1 1 , o r 12; n I, 20 o r 21; P 1 6 . (14. spe- c imens) ; a n t e r i o r l a t e r a l l i n e s c a l e s 25. ( 2 s p e c i n m s ) ; p o s t e r i o r s c a l e s l l+; ob l iyue s c a l e I'CINS 39. (1 speci.men). Color i n l i f e l i g h t brown w i t h 7 p a i r s of v e r t i c a l r e d l i n e s on each s i d e of body ex tend ing froin mid-dorsal l i n e about f o u r - f i f t h s t h e body dep th ( t h e members of each p a i r of l i n e s tend t o meet v e n t r a l l y ) ; head b lack ish due t o nur:lerous black d o t s ( excep t o c c i p i t a l reg ion which i s b r igh t r e d ) ; eyes r e d , The s p e c i e s was t aken & hvo d i k ~ r e n t l o c i i l i t i o s a t the a to l l . ; one was i n t he lugoon n e a r t h e ' w e s t r e e f w i t h . consi-. de rab l e c o r a l and i n 11 f e e t 01: w a t e r ; t i le o t h e r was a s i m i l a r r e g i o n though on t h e o u t e r r e e f , t h e dep th being 8 f e e t . These specimens have been s e n t t o C. W, St rasburg . 3.t Duke U n i v e r s i t y who b e l i e v e s they may r e p r e s e n t an undescribed. s p e c i e s . Oxybeies honei ~ i cha ' rd son ' .18'46 . ' Ichthyology voyage T W e b ~ s ' ~ ----- and "Terror ' ' , D, 74, pl. '-&l+, f i g s . 7 - 1 9 . . (Type l o c a l i t y , s e a s of ~ u s t s a i i a ? and Timor). Color i n tiicon01 uniform p a l e yel lowish. P e c t o r a l r a y s counted a s 17 . 3 e longa te g i l l r a k e r s or lupper .la rt of f i rst a r c h , remaining r a k e r s rud imentary . 3 s t o u t t e e t h i n :aid- l i n e on vornel> w i t h s m a l l t e e t h i n a s i n g l e row on e i t h e r s i d e ; 2 rovusof t e e t h o n , p a l a t f n e , ; t e e t h i n jaws i n 2 r o w , those near s j n p h y s i s about 2 o r 3 t imes lbnger than remain- i n g t e e t h . . . . . . S i x o f , t h e .specimens were brobp,h.lt t o ne by G i l b c r t e s e chi l .dren; when quer ied 8 9 ts how t h e r i s h ::sert., ,c0:.16c$ed, . t h e y r e p l i e d t i le t they were t aken f r o n sea C u c G S e r s f r i t h e l a ~ o o n . . , . . . One specinen of ' t h i s speci&s; ' ' i n l e n g t h , ~ v a s , - i n n d v e r t e n t l : ~ c o 1 ~ e c t e d ' b . V 'P: 'E.. CloQd tit: '0fi0f233.. ??e picked up 8 sea u r c h i n wi th 1 0 ~ ~ " b e n d e d sp ines ( e i t h e r Di&e.c~a o r E c h i n o t b r i x ) and placed i,t i n a f a c e p l a t e . ' La tb r t h 6 ' - l i t t l e ,. - % p e a r l 1 1 . s h ~ m ~ discovered i n t h e sane f a c e pl.cte.' Because ' . . O f t he b t ib i t s .of tKese f i s h e s , i t was a t f i r s t assumed t h a t t h i s individual . r i s h heE bsen i n s i d e t h e t e s t of t h e u rch in when i t rives p i c ~ e d up. In view of t h e d i . f f l . c u l t y i n v i s u a l i - 'zing q m a n s of . e x i t from $n ecLinaid., e s p e c i e l l y : one sz1B11 enough t o -?it i n t o ' a face . p l a b e , I now be l i eve the f i s h n i g h t have h idden among t h e Gpiiles oi' t he u r c h i n when it wns c o l 2 e e t e d . D r . CLou6,' howevkr; s t i l l . sus$ec ts t i k t t h e f i s h n a y have bsen w i t h i n t h e u r c h i n and soneho7.v menaged t o e x t r i c c t e i t s e l f . . . .~ ., . . . . . , .. . . . , . . , . . , . Family Bf:I;ISr~ID.A;l . . s . . , . T11k t r i @ g e r f i s h e s , :kt!:. t h e i r unuc;ual s t r u c t u r e , b r i g h t 'color , and p e c u l i a r mode of stvimaing by undula t ion of t h e . , 7 .. . S b f t ' do r sa l and a n a l i f i n s , proved t o be a grominent group of .:. f i s h e s on G i l b e r t I s l a n d reefs ; ' TKeg'1bei.6 '-akw&y S ' seen a s s o l i t a r y i n d i v i d u a l s , gild were u s u a l l y wary of ail obse rve r . The, na . t ives r e f e r r ed , . . t o s p e c i e s i n t h i s fii,l;ly, as . t e -- bubu. K0s.t a r e r e a d i l y caught w i t h hook: ?nd , , l i ne . . , lit Onotoa Rh:necapihus a ' c u l e a t u , ~ vms . t h e most abundant i n t y p i c a l lngoon a r e a s ,?bi le % l i s t a ~ u s pnhula tus gFnern l ly .pr edoninated elsewharB. ~ h m i v e Rhinecanthus r e c t a n g u l u s was'.cbmbfily ' $ e m b l i t h e ' o n t e r ' r 6 e f ; ' Beeking , re fuge i n ve ry suial l . ~ n o l e s i n t h e r e e f . . . when ap7roached. Only s i x s p c c i & s were t aken a t 0,notoa. , Another, v idua , was o f t e n seen' underwater a t t h i s a t o l l . It ~ G s pI'evi0Usly c o l l e c t e d by Andrew G a r r e t t a t Abainru and - " ~ r e p o r t e d by ~ h t h e r (1910) . Also. c o l l e c t e d by G a r r e t t f r o n t h e Kingsmil l I s l a n d s were Pseudoba l i s t e s f u s c u s and Sufflamen ch rysop te r a . --- --.- Odonun n i ~ e r , R a l i s t o i d e s n i g e r ( = B. consp ic i l lu rn) , "-" Pseudoba l i s t e s f l a v i m a r g i n a t u z , and Sufflamen T u r s a w e r e no t - .*- - --.. seen nor a r e they r eco rded from t h e x l b e r t I s l a n d s , but t h e s e s p e c i e s , and p o s s i b l y o t h e r s , may occur t h k r e . Key t o t h e S p e c i e s of B a l i s t i d a e Recorded, from t h e G i l b e r t I s l ~ n d ~ l a . A s h o r t groove runn ing forward below t h e n o s t r i l s from ' the roost a n t e r i o r part of eye. ....................... 2 I'D. No groove running forward f r o n eye ...................... 13 2a; .Th i rd d o r s a l sp ine n o t v i s i b l e i n e l e v a t e d f i n ; v e n t r a l p r o f i l e from mouth t o p e l v i c spi.ne prominent ly con- ve~.................'..........~~..~~..,.:.. ......... 3 2b. Third d o r s a l s p i n e r e a d i l y v i s i b l e i n e l eva t ed f i n ; v e n t r a l profi1.e f r o n mouth t o p e l v i c s p i n e s t r a i g h t o r only s l i g h t l y convex.. ......... ; ............... 5 3 u 4 A s e r i e s of 5 l o n g ob l ique grooves on cheek, t h e 3 a e n t r a l . one8 moat prominent; b0d.y a e p t h no t @ e a t , 2 .5 i n s tandnrd l e n g t h ; co lor of body i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brow.n"with a s i n g l e round brown s p o t on. each .............................. s c a l e - Xanthichthys - r l ngens 3b. No s e r i e s of l o n g grooves on c h e e k body dep th g r e a t , about, 2 i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; , c o l o r of body very dark brown t o black.......................................4 La. A s e r i e s of 8 t o 1 0 conspi&.ous l eng thwise r i d g e s on p o s t e r i o r t h i r d of b0d.y; cauda l f i n l u n a t e ; a l l f i n s d a r k excep t a narrow p a l e ( l i g h t b lue i n l i f e ) l i n e a t t h e base of t h e s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s .......... ..................................... I Je l i ch thys --- buniva hb. No s e r i e s of conspicuous l eng thwise r i d g e s on poste- r i o r t h i r d of body; caudal f i n double emargLna t e t o t r u n c a t e ; p e c t o r a l f i n pa l e . (> ig l i t yel low i n l i f e ) , s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l ' f i n s w h i t e wi th narrow black marg ins , cauda l f i n pa1.e ' ( i n l i f e w i th basal. t h i r d whi te and d i s t a l two- th i rds b r i g h t salmon-pink) ....... ...................................... IJe l ichthys vidua -- 5a. No rows of s p i n e s on cauda l peduncle ; head naked m t e - r i o r l y , s c a l e d p o s t e r i o r l y ; 4 s h o r t ho r i zon ta l . grooves 011 cheek; s o f t d o r s a l find a n a l f i n s marksdly e l eva t ed a n t e r i o r l y ; cauda l f i n With prolonged po in ted upper and lower l o b e s ; mar&.ns of p e c t o r a l , s o f t dors:?l, a n a l , and caudal f i n s a b r u p t l y 'yhle.. .................. .................................. P s e ~ t d o b a l i s t e s fuscus -.-- --." ---- 5b. R o w of s m d T f o rward-pro jec t ing s p i n e s on cauda l ~ e d u n c l e ; tiead. completely s c a l e d ; no h o r i z o n t a l shal low grooves on oheek; s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l fins no t riiarkedlg e l e v a t e d nn.tt:riorly; margins of necto- r s l , s o f t dorsul., ~ n a l , and caudal r i n s no t ab rup t ly pu l e . . . . . . ............................................. 6 Ga. Dorsa l p r o f i l e of head frm mouth t o o r i g i n of ?;pinous :lors::: P i n s l i g h t l y convex; body wi th d ~ ~ l ' s t i l . sadille- l i k e black a r e a s extendin:: nidl.ater8l.l .y; eye lar&;e, coiltained about 4 t imes ( 3 i n young) I.n d i s t a n c e f r o x snout t o upper enc? of g i l l opening; c r u d a l fit1 nari iedly rounded.. ............ , & l i s t o i < i e ~ vi.:ridescens - - -..-....---- 6b. Dor sa l i , rof i . le of head a lmost s t r a i g h t ; d o r s a l p ~ r t of bod:! wi thout any sciddle-l ike black n r e a s i eye r o l e - . t i v e l y - sna11, conti l ined about 5 t o 5 . 5 t1.mc.s i.11 t h o d i s t a n c e from t h e snout t o t h e upper end 31' tile g i l l opening; caudal f i n s l i g h t l y rounded or s l i g h t l y elnarglnats ...................,..,...,.,.............. 7 7 a . Caudal f i n s l i g h t l y rounded; caudal f i n , unj.fori;l brown i n c o l o r ; ~ e m b r a n e of sp inous d o r s a l fir?, extend:; t o t i? of f i r s t d o r s a l spi.il(+, t h e f r e e edge of tlii:; mem'3riirie be ing a lmost s t r a i g h t . . . .Suf ---. flaner! c a p i s t r e t o --. 7b. Caudal. f i n s l i g h t l y eroarghn t e ; caudal, f l ii very dark bro~vh w i t h broad i t b i t s c r ~ s b e n t f a rne$ginfll ursc pos,Le- r i o r i y and narrower vlhite'rnargS.no1 a r e a s d . c r s ~ l . l y and v e n t r a l.ly ; ri~e.mbra.rie of t h e s p i n o u ~ d o r s a l f i n does not ex tend t o extreme t i p of f irst dorsal. spl.ne, and t h e f r e e edge of t h i s mernbraae i s d i s t i n c t l . ~ ~ ....................... concave.. . . Ir,uPTlancln -.. .- -2 c h r Y 7 ~ ~ o p t e r a ---.---.- . . $a. Third d o r s a l sp ine l c r g e , t h i i t ' s e e n above i:orsal. body p r o f i l e conta ined .4 t o .8 t imes i n p e a t e s t fij.ul:letev of eye;' sl;i.nes on cr:u.dal peduncle Larg.e, i r r r j ~ ~ l a r L : ~ : e r rango3 i n 2 s h o r t rows, and coa to ined i n a i.arg2 r o u ~ i d Slacir a r ea ; body dafii brown ~i th nuueroua aurrow sweepiag p u l e (oran;?,e i n l i f e ) 1 i~ :es . . ..,...... .................................. I ~ l i : ; t e , p u s undula tus L- ----... 8b . Third d o r s a l s p i n e minu te , no'; v i s i o l e o r on ly bare ly v i s i b l e a l s c ~ ~ e d o r s a l body p r o f i l e ; spinerr on cau.!lal. ~ r i u n c l e sua l? . , l i n e a r l y arranged i n 3 t o 4 rows, 3 r d no t contained. i n a. round b l a c k a r e a ; body p a l e t o l i g h t b r o w w i t 1 1 d i s t l . nc$ ive black markingecif i c names have been i n common use bunivn r a d u l a and r l . n g e g . ---) L - - . . ? - The r i np -ns .s- of ~ l . n n s 6 u s (17583 i s c l e a r l y n o t t h i s s p e c r e s , ~. f o r &,.'mention.jd t he t h r e e ~ r rooves on the ct!.eek sucb 8s W e see i h t h e A t l a n t i c Xanthichthys -- 9 and t h e s e a r e no t present; i n Melicht&. --- The name -- buniva l"eckp5de p r e d a t e s --- raflu1.u So lander . : ' & l i ~ t e s : ' v i ~ & i i ~ . ' S o l a ~ i d e c ; , in .Ric l le rdson 18k4. Z60i. .. ~f%llph!Ur", -. . - P i s i l e s ; x 128 , pl. 59, Ties. 9 , 10.. (Type loCnl:ity, . . . . . . . . . . . ' Tah i t ' i ) . ' . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . Melichthys -- vidua 'WhhitTey:.and Co le fax L938. ;?roc. Linn: S30. . . N. S. Wales, vo l . 63 , p . 299. (Nauru) . : , > . , ,, . ,. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An e1udiv.e e p e s i e s a t Onotoa j i t was f r e q u e n t l y seeri on t h e c ~ r a l l ~ i f er6us' t e r c a c e af 'tkie router r e e f nea r t h e en t r ance t o surge . ckmne '1 .s . : It avoided c a p t u r e by r e t i r : i n g .to .;deep recesses : .:$n t h e r e e f . A specimen procured l'n t h w U a r s h a l 1 I s l a n d s .pPovidkd t h e fo l lowing .col'or c7escription:;. bUd,yYY p u r p l i s h blaci i ; ,ba:sal: t h i r d . of cauda l . f i n !snow %htl;e, . l i s t a l . two- th i rds b r i & h t : s a M m @:ink; p e c t o r a l f ~ i n . c l e a r yellow; s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s e Q e @ 'in. b l ack ; w i t h i n t h e black iaacgins f i n r a y s white, . , menbranes h y a l i n e ; spinous , d o r s a l f i n b l ack ; l i p s f a i n t l y r edd i sh ; , ' i r is .yeWm,. . . - I : . . . . . . . ! . . , , . . . . . . . ~seuYtobs1~1.8tes f u s c u s --- . ..I . . . . - -- B a l i s t e s fu scus 1-3 loch . -and '~~ch~eld .e r 1801. :;~sterna ic.h!h., -.- p. 471 I- B a l i s t e grande-teche ~ a c d p h d e 1799) . % l i s t e s c h r y s G 2 i l u s Bleeker 1065. Atlas icht},. , v3:i. 5 , - - .- p . 111, pI . 225, f i g . 3. Ba l i s te r ; f u scus G h t h e r 1910. J o u r . Eus. Godeffroy, v o l . 9 , ---.. -.-- p t . n, p. 442, pl., 168 . (Kingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) . Genus .3ALI:ITOIDES Ea1 . i s to id .e~ Fraser-Brunner 1935. .Ann. ;via{?. Nat. H i u t . , s e r . -.- 1 0 , vo l . 1 5 , p . 662. (Type s p e c i e s , B a l i s t e s v i r i d e s c e n s -.- Bloch) , B i l i s t o i d e s v i r i d e s c e n s --- 13al.istes v i r i d t j s cens E loch Bnd Schneider 1801.. Systena ich th . , - p . L77 -(ZTi:LeTaTTste v e r d a t r e Lacdpbde 1799) . (Type l o c a l i t y , I i G u r i t i u s ) . . . 6 specimens. 23 - 29 r m . Onotoa. . . , Color of j uven i l e s i n l i f e l i g h t golden :'lit?; s c a t t e r e d dark brown s p o t s on head and body. R f a i n t dark a r e e occurs beneath t h e s o f t d o r s a l f i n ; a. s i m i l a r b lo t ch can be seen a d j a c e n t t o t h e base of t h e sp inous d o r s a l f i n ; do?sal . , a n a l , and p e c t o r a l f i n s unspot ted excep t i n t h e l a r g e s t s p e c i m a which. possesses 3 f a i n t s p o t s i n t h e s o f t d o r s a l f i n ; cau.dal f i n dusky w i t h smal l b l o t c h e s c e n t r a l l y . These smal l specimens were i d e n t i f i e d a9 v i r i d e n c e n s on t h e b a s i s of f i n r a y c 0 u n . t ~ which were c o n s i s t e n t ~ i + ~ t h . o , ~ e of specimen:; from t h s P h i l i p p i n e s , E a s t I n d i e s , 98n10:1, ancl t h e ,Marshal l I s l a n d s i$nd by comparison wi th p r o g r e s s i v e l y I.cr&r specimens from t h e s e a r e a s which' g r a d u a l l y assume t y p i c a l a d u l t c o l o r a t i o n . A n 80 rm speciiien froc; t h e P h i l i p p i n e s d i sp layed t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c broed dark band extendl-ng and narrowing posteriorly frou; t h e upper 110 and c o n t a i n i n g a t h i n p a l e l i n e . Bleeker has portrayed. t h i s s p e c i e s i n c o l o r a s F igure 2 of P l a t e 131 i n Volume 5 of h i s A t l a s Zchthyologique ( 1 8 6 5 ) . 5 spec inens (22-23 m) were co l l ec t e ( l by hmid i n a sandy channel r e g i o n %here t h e wa te r was only a few inckes deep. !?he 29 mm specimeri was secured wi th rotenone I2-m e dep th of about 5 f e e t i n t h e Onotoa lagoon. Adul t s u r e s t a t e d by G h t h e r (191.0) t o reach a l e n g t h of 2 f e e t . A speciiiien of n e a r l y t h i s s i z e from t h e Line I s l a n d s , e r roneous ly i d e n t i f i e t j z s f u s c u s , 1s preserit i n t h e a e r n i c e 1'. Bishop Museum, I-Ipnolulu; The a d u l t s v??re n o t i n f r a ~ p . e n t l y seen i n t h e Onotoa lagoon w e l l ou t of s p e e r i i i ~ r znge . It .is poss ib l . e , how~;ver, t h a t they might be coflfused n , t t h i s d i s t a n c o wi th 1. fu scus o r P. - f l a v i m a r g i n ~ t u s -tq?hich a i s o r e a c h l a r g e s i z e . ,Sufflamen Jordan 1916. Copeia, no. 29, p . 27. ( ~ e 3 natfle f o r --,- Pachynathus Swainson 1839 preoccupied) . ' ( ~ y p e s p c c i e s , B a l i s t e s c a p i s t r a t u s ~ h a w j . - . . . . Suff'lanen c a g i s t r a t a P a l i s t e u 9 i s t r a t ; u s Shaw 1804. General ?oologg, vo1 . , 5 , --.- pt;. 2 , p . -7bne %lists b r ide Lac~p 'ede 1799) . (Type l o c a l i t y , Indian Ocean). Sufflamen f r a e n a t u s r?mitley and Golefax 1938. PrOC. LinIi. - - Sot; N. S . Wales, vol.. 63, p. 299. (Nauru) . 1 s$?ciillen. 135 a n . 0not;oa. . . Color from 3 5 ram Kodachrome t ransparency brownish g ray ; proximal h a l f of ' l o v ~ e r l i p . b r i g h t yellow; remainder of t h i s l i p and upper l i p b l u i s h ; . a p a l e l i n e on ch:n extending upwerGs almost t o r i c t u s ; sp inous d o r s a l and cauda l f 4 . n ~ dark brown, t h e former f i n wi th a black spot d i s t a l l y i n tho f i n mrnbrane; p e c t o r a l , s o f t d o r s a l , end a n a l fills brownish, beooiiiing ye l lowish d i s t a l l y . , . . , ,:. . A second l i n e under . th .e c h i 0 gnd a prominent l i n e extend- i n g from t h e r i c t u s almost t o t he base of t h e pector:.rl. f i n were not pres,ent i n t h e Onotoa spscimen. Such marklnfts a r e shown i n LaceP&de's p l a t e and. a r e included i n Shawls desc r ip - t i o n . The absence of such markings, however, i s coilsidered wit;hin tho v a r i a b i l i t y of t h i s s p e c l e s by Fowler (192G). . . . . . Suf f l a m s ctiry s o G e r a .-- , i > * : , P a l i s t e s chrysopte rus 13loch;and Schnei.der 1g01., &ysteria"ichth., -. 6- 70.0 Le R a l i s t e arme Lacdphdo 1799) . :(Type l o c o z i t y , Indian Ooeall). 11 i3a l i s tes n i ~ Gunther, 1910, Jour .<,.Atus. Godcffroy, V O ~ . 9 , -.-..- - p t . 17, p. 439. (i(ingsmil1 I s l ands . ) . . ... . . . . Ualis tapuS T i l e s i u s . 1820. Mein. Acad. Imp. Sc i . St: P e t q s b u r g , --- T O ~ . 7 , p . 306. (Tg,e s p e c i e s , 3al . i s tnpus c r :p i s t r&tu$ . i T i l e s i u s 1820 -7- 381 s t e s -- un t h e j uven i l e b a l i s t i d f e a t u r e of a r e l a t i v e l y l o n g first d o r s a l s p i r ~ e , h ~ s a c o l o r p a t t e r n very sini1:ir t o t h n t of a d u l t f i s h . I n s t end of about 20 ob l ique orange l i o e s on t h e body, however, i t has 8 . B. - undula tus VJaS probably t h e most abundant b a l i s t i d a t 0noFoa and was taken f r o n o u t e r r e e f , iagoon, and channel a r e a s . The stomach and i n t e s t i n a l . c o n t e n t s of 8 a d u l t specimens from Onotoa were examined. On137 one con ta ined a f i s h , t h i s being i n t h e : fo repar t of t h e stomach znd probably a p r i o r v i c t i m $0 rotenone t h a n t h e b a l - i s t i d i t s e l f . Three snecimens h a d e a t e n l a r g e l y green a l g a e ; one of t h e s e had a good- s i z e d brachyuran c r a b , an.other a nu.mber of smal l .Acropora f ragmeats , and p o s t e r i o r l y i n t he in test in^ of t h e t h n d were the broken sp ines and t e s t of n sea u r c h i a . Included a l s o i n t h e g reen a l g a e were s e v e r a l sri lsl l l sponges, tun . ica te f ragments , a n egg mass, a few sma l l f o r a m i n i f e r a , and con- s i d e r a b l e bottom d e b r i s . Three o t h e r specimens conta ined mostly t h e c o r a l l i n e r ed a l g a J a n i a , one of t he se having in. t h e p o s t e r i o r p ~ r t of t h e s t o m a c h mass of c o r a l f ragments . One specimen conta ined only u l i t t l e bottom d e b r i s 8nB an isopod. The l a s t had made a meal of what appears t o be a l a r g e po lychae te . It seems, t h e r e f o r e , i h a t t h i s s p e c i e s does no t have spe- c i a l i z e d food h a b i t s , but is a r a t h e r genera!. bottos!~ f e e d e r . By v i r t u e of i t s rugged d e n t i t i o n it i.s a b l e t o cope w i t h such unusual food i t ems a s c o r a l and sea u r c k i c s . 111. :;r?ite of t h e preponderance of a l g a e i n some specimens i t i s doubti':l i f a l g a e c o n s t i t u t s s important food t o t h e s p e c i s 8 , f o r t h e g u t i s very s h o r t . Genus RiilNECAiJTHUS Rhineconthuo Swainson 1839. Nat. h i s t . e.nd c l s s s . f i s h e s , - aniphibian<, ,. . , voL. 2 , pp. 194 , 325. (Type s p e c i e s , B a l l v t e s u c u l e a t u s L inneeus) , .-- Rhinecanthus r ec t engu lus - B a l i s t e s r o c t a n , l u g Bloch and Schneider 1,801. Syste:aa --y . ichth.. , p , 465 on Lt i3alist.e dcharpe Lacepkde 1799). (Type, l o c a l i t y , Ind i an Ocean). 3 specimens. 26 -. 86 mm. Onotoa. 2. specimens. 97 and ' 114 m a . Tarawa. Color from 35 m j~odachrone t r anspa rency l i g h t brown, shading t o wh i t e v e n t r a l l y on head, c h e s t , znd abdomen; a black band ex tending df agonal l y Prom eye, becoming b r o ~ d e r j u s t b e f o r e r each ing p e c t o r a l f i n , and angling. more ~ h a r p l y backward a t t h i s l o c a t i o n t o .end i n midvent ra l l i n e a t a n t e r i o r two-thi rds oT a n a l f i n and 8 s h o r t d i s t a n c e be fo re t h i s f i n ; a broad blue band a c r o s s i n t e r o r b i t n l space contai .n ing 3 black l i n e s ; t h r e e blue l i n e s e x t e r ~ d d iu&ona l ly doGnward Sromjeye t o p e c t o r a l r e g i o n , 2 of t he se s e r v l n g a s 'margins ' t o t h k p rev ious ly mentioned bleclic band a t . t h i s l o c a t i o n ; a blue lirxe over upper l i p ; a l a r g e t r i a n g u l 3 f blaqk a r e a o n ciiudal peduncle Lnargined wi th golden l i n e s ; s l ight ly: - removed, f rom, bu t i n al ignment w i t h t h e anteraior po in ted p o r t i o n of t h i s black a r e a . . i s a second golden l i n e , t h e lower liriib of which l i e s ad jacen t t o t h e upper edge of t h e bpoad d i agona l black band which extende from p e c t o r a l rog ion t o a n a l f i n a r e c ; r e d l i n e a t base of p e c t o r n l f i n r a y s ; p e c t o r ~ l , s o f t d o r s a l , and, ' :unal, f i n s p a l e , sp inous d o r s a l and cauda l f i n s dusky. The 26 m ? ~ s p e c h e n h a s typ ica l . ad t .~ l t c o l o r a t i o n . ?'his s p e c i e s was observed and taken only i n t h e o u t e r r e e f a r e a . Rh inecmthus a c u l e a t u s -- r g B a l i s t e s a c u l e a t u s Linnaeus 1?>.~. S y s t . nat,,. , e d . . 1 9 , p . -- . - 3 2 8 7 ~ g p l o c a l i t y , I n d i a 1'. . . 5 specimens. 28 - 14.5 mm. Onotoa. Color froin 35 am Kodachrome t ransparency: ground c o l o r of body l i g h t t a n above, g rad ing t o . white, v e n t r a l l y ; a black band bordered by blue l i n e s ex tending from eye to base of p e c t o r a l f i n ; a s e p a r a t e blue l i n e s t a r t i n g f ~ o m j u s t i n f r o n t of eye p a r a l l e l s th.e blue-bordered. band and curves t o j o i n i t a t p e c t o r a l base ; i n t e r o r b i t e l space blue wi.th 3 blacir l i n e s running fromleyc ts eye ; e l a r g e dusky black a r e a c e n t r a l l y on Pody.'$ending an oran@.sil b l a c ! ~ . . band up*dard t o o r i g i n of.:scif.t ,.dorsal f i n a n d a second. dusky branch t o p o s t e r i o r p a r t of s o f t d o r s a i f i n ; vetl- t r a l l y t h e c e n t r a l dusky a r e a i s d i s s e c t e d by 4. l i g h t b lue bands runn ing d i a g o n a l l y b.wck t a . t h e a n a l f i a ; a 5 th bend i s marg ina l , running, t o r e g i o n of anu;:; imnedi?,t e circum- a n a l r e g i o n b l ack ; cauda l 'peduncle s p i n e s black end conta ined w i t h i n a l i g h t b lue i r e a ; l i p s b r i g h t 9 r m g e , t h i s color ex tend iug broad ly from l i p s t o lower bas3 of p e c t o r a l f i n , narrowint; a s i t approaches t h i s l o c a t i o n and d i s p l a y i n g a . s l i g h t hook a t t h e end; a blue l i n e occurs w i t h i n t h e orange yel low a r e a j u s t above t h e upper l i p ; p e c t o r a l , . so f t . d o r s a l , ;.end a n a l - f i n s pr!le: sp inous d o r s a i almost b lack , caudal f l n dusky. The 28 rim speciolen h a s t y p i c a l aduli ; c o l o r a t i o n . This s p e c i e s was observed on ly i n sandy lagoon a r e a s around m a l l c o r a l heads . , . S o f t r B y s of t h e d o r s n l f in*: -- -- . ., . , . . Anal f i n rays* hl -. buniva S. c a n i s t r n t a - D. undula tus g . r r e t a n p u l u s R. - a c u l e a t u s Sca l e rows*" ..-A. 5L - 55 .b7 3 5 - 38 33 - 36 33 - 36 "A11 elements of s o f t d o r s a l an& a n a l f i n s , whether a r t i c u - l a t e d or n o t , were counted a s r a y s . **scale rows were counted from t h e upper exid of t h e g i l l open- i n g t o t h e end of t h e h y p u r n l p l a t e . No s c a l e counts could be made f o r B. v i r i d e s c e n s , f o r they were not completely formed i n th; j uven i l e specimelw which were c o l l e c t a d . . . . Family MONACANTFIIDAE The f i l e f i s h e s were no t abundant a t Onotoa, w i th only n i n e specimens of fou r s p e c i e s being taken . G a r r e t t c o l l e c t e d Aleu te ra s c r i p t a a t .Abemama, gene ra l G i l b e r t e s e name f o r ---- t he monacanthids a t Oaotoa was t e bubuawai. --- K& t o t h e Spec i e s o f Monacanthidae Recorded from t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s l a . Caudal f i n very l a r g e , i t s l e n g t h contained about 2.5 t imes i n s tandard l e n g t h ; dorsal. s p i n e s a a l l and. f e e b l e , contained more than 5 t imes i n s tandard l e n g t h ; body g ray or brown i n l i f e wi th black s p o t s ........... and s h o r t curved blue l i n e s ----.--... Aleute ra s c r i p t 8 -.- l b . Caudal f i n not very l a r g e , i t s l eng th conta iaed t o 4.5 t imes i n s t anda rd l e n g t h ; d o r s a l sp ine n o t . . s m a l l and f e e b l e , contained 3 t o 5 t imes i.11 s t anda rd . . . . . . .............................. l e n g t h ; co lo r not a s i n l a 2 2a. Snout l ong and t u b u l a r ; mouth very s ~ ; ~ a l l and. d i r e c t e d sha rp ly upwards; g i l l opening smal l ( l e s s t han h a l f an eye diar~ie ter i n l e n g t h ) , v e r t i c a l , and p o s t e r i o r t o eye; body l i g h t brown (blue-green i n l i f e ) and covered wi th numerous roundish p a l e (orengf? i n l i f e ) ................... spo t s . . .Oxynonacanthus - -- -- l o n g i r o s t r i s 2b. Snout not long and t u b u l a r ; mouth not very smal l and d i r e c t e d only s l i g h t l y upwards; g i l l opening not smll ( . 8 t o 2 eye d i ame te r s i n l sng th ) , ob l ique , and ............................... n o t p o s t e r i o r t o eye.. ..3 3a. Dorsa l sp ine wi th a l s t e r ~ l s e r i c s of 8 t o 12 prorni- nent downward-curved s p i n e s ; p d v i c sp ine long , w i t h 2 o u t e r s r t i c u l a t e d p o r t i o n s bear ing s t o u t s p i n e s ; g i l l opening re1et ivc; ly s h o r t (about .8 eye d i ame te r s ) and contained i n a b lack a r e a ; body scr,leo ( i n s>eci.mens over 50 nin) with a v e r t i c a l s e r i e s of 3 t o 5 l a r g e s p i n u l e s ( t h e c e n t r a l one being about twice a s long a s a d j a c e n t 2 ) , t h e s e s p i n u l e s becoming coaspicuouslg longer on caudal peduncle , g iv ing i t 8 marked b rush - l i ke t e x t u r e . . . ; . . . . .............................. Pervapor n e l a n : ~ c k p h a l i ~ s . . 3b. Dorsal s p i n e without prominent s e r i e s of sp ine$ ; p e 1 v . i ~ sp ine s h o r t , wi thout o u t e r a r t i c u l a t e d p o r t i o n s ; @ill opening r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e , 1 .2 t o 2 eye d i a ~ n e t e r s i n l e n g t h , and not con ta ined i n a black a r e a ; s p i n u l e s on body s c a l e s srnall and, n o t a s i n 3a.. ........... . . .4. . . . ha. 4 p r o u i n ~ n t ( a t Least i : ~ a d u l t s ) a n t e r i o r l y curvea s p i n e s i n 2 rows oil c a u d a l peduncle; cauda l f i n orange i n l i f e . . ...................... .Aiuanses ca ro l ae -- ---- 4b. NO sp ines on caudel psduiicle;. c auha ,~ f i n grayish- . .............. brown i n l i f e . . ;. .... .&mnses sandiuichiensis -- AIeutera Oken 1817. I s i s , p. 1183. (Type s p e c i e s , 33alistes . -- :. . . . . monqceros Linnaeus) . . . B a l i s t e s s c r i p t u s Osbec,~ 1765. Re ise nacll Os t ind ien und Ch ina . . , , p . 145. (V?ype l o c a l i t y , China yen ) . Monacanthus s c r i p t u s ~ h t h e r 1910. Jour . , t ius. Godef'froy, vo l . 9 , p t . 17, p. 452; bemam mama). . . Osbeckia s c r i p % Whitley and olefa fax 1938. roc. ~ i n h . Soc . .. . . N. S. Wales, v o l . 63, p. 300. (Nauru) . . . . ,. . . ~xymonacanthus Bleeker l g66 . Nat. T i j d s c h r . D?erk. Amst., v o l . 3;p. 13 , (Type s p e c i e s , Oxymonacanthus ch rysosp i lu s Bleeker = B a l i s t e s l o n g i r o s t r i s i3loch) . . Oxymonacanthus l o n c , i r o s t r i s - B a l i s t e s h i s p i d u s v a r . l o n g i r o s t r i s ~ l o d h . . . . ' : :-. .1801. Systema Tchth . p. 464. and Schn6idc.r 1 specimen. 60 lorn. Onotoa. Color i n a l c o h o l l i g h t brown w i t h 7 s e r i e s of prominent roundish p a l e s p o t s on body; s h o r t l o n g i t u d i n a l pa le l i n e s on head; t i p of snout p a l e , t h i s pu ie nl'ea w i t h . a black p o s t e r i o r iaargin; p e l v i c spin<-: and adjacent, a r e a of body black ,%it11 snial l p3le s p o t s ; membrane connect ing p e l v i c sp ine t o body p a l e ; d o r s a l ant1 a n a l f i n s p a l e ; caudal fiil p a l e wi th 2 v e r t i c a l dusky bands; c e n t r a l regfon of p o s t e r i o r caudal. dusky band b lack . Brief co lo r n o t e fro[? l i f e : body b r igh t blue-green wi th b r i l l i a n t orange' -spots . The s i n g l e s p e c h e n wes ob ta ined w i t h r o t e r ~ o m over t he west r e e f o f t h e a t o l l on t h e lagoon s i d e i n 11 f e e t of wa te r . It was occas iona l ly s i g h t e d i n s imi la? a r e a s hover- i n g j u s t over c o r a l k n o l l s . E2ervap,or -- VJhitley 1930. A u s t r a l i a n Zooi . , vo l . 6 , p . 120. -"Tfyps s p e c i e s , - Ivionacanthus -- -- s l t e r n a n s Ogilby) . Pervagor melanocephalus Monacanthus ---- melanoce ----. h a l u s Bleeker 1853. Nat. T i jdschr . Ned .- I n d . , v o l . 5, p . - $ x P e l o c a l i t y , LawaJong, S o l o r ) . 4 specimens. 45 - 66 mu. Onotoa. Color i n . a l c o h o 1 dark brown wi th f a i n t evidence of narrow l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s ; g i l l opening,surrounded. by a 'black b lo t ch which ex tends upward t o l e v e l of eye ; r e g i o n - of body between allus and p e l v i c sp ine b lack ; s o f t d o r s a l and a n a l fl.ns w i t h numerous, s l i g h t l y i r r e g u l a r , narrow black l i .nes ; caudal f i n w i th numerous, s l i g h t l y wavy, blaci.< l i n e s which p a r a l l e l t h e rounded p o s t e r i o r edge of t h e f i n , t h e s e line:: being absen t i n cen t r a l . p a r t of f i n where a p a l e crescent-sh.aped a r e a i s v l s i b l e ( t h i s p a l e a r e a i s ve ry i n d i s t i n c t and more a n t e r i o r i n l o c u t i o n i n t h e b5 ram specimen, s u g s e s t i n g t h a t i t might be a b s e n t . i n smeller. spec imens) . There i s d e f i n i t e l y no broad submarginal b lack band i n t h e caudt.,l. f i n of any spec i - men. 'Phis f e a t u r e . o l u s t h e oresence a f t h e blaclc a r ea around > t h e g i l l opening sugges t s t h a t t.hese specimens a r e Pervagor melanocepbalus melanocephalua, Schultz, an5 Woods w r - i nc lude a d i s c u s s i o n of subspec ies of P. rselal.locephalus -. i n v o l . 2. of F i s h e s -- of t h e Marsha1:L @ ~ z r i a n a s -- I s l a n d s . The specimens were ob ta ined wi th rotenone f rom- lagoon and p r o t e c t e d o u t e r r e e f a r e a s . Amanses Gray 1832-35, '111. Ind ian Zool.. , v o l . 2 , p i , 98.. -(Type s p e c i e s , Morlacanthus (Amansss) -- -t----.._- h v s t r i x Gray = Monacanthus scoFas Cuvie r ) . Arnanses c a r o l a e Canther ines c a r o l s e Jo rdan and i ~ t c ~ r e g o r i n Jordan. and -..-. --Evermanil 1999. Rep. U . S . F i s h Cowfl. fG 199~3. p . 281, p l . 6 . (Type l o c a l i t y , Socono I s l a n d ) . . . . . 1 spe ciinen. 245 ion. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e grayi.sh brown wi th s l i g b t ye l lowish c a s t vsn. t r a l l y ; p o s t e r i o r two-th. irds of body wi th about 12 f a i n t v e r t i c a l da rk broym bands; l i p s f l e s h co lored , darker on d i s t a l margins ; bony p o t u b c r m c e s bear ing caudnl poduncle s p i n e s orange; d -orsa l , n n e l , and p e c t o r a l f i n s p a l e yellow- i s h , c auda l f i n orange wi.th dclsky r a y s ; i r i s orange-yello::~. . . . . . . . ' The Onoton spec.inen ~ v a s speared i n . a r e c e s s i n c o r a l i n about 20' f k e t of . water on t h e coral l igercous t e r r a c e of t h e o u t e r r eef . . . . . .: . . Arnanses sandwi chiensi . s . . . , ~ a l i s ' t e s sandwick iens i s Quoy and Gai ra rd 1824. Togage au tour -.- L[u ~~.on( le . . W r a n i e l f , 2,001. , p. 21Lc. (Type l o c e l i t y , I i a w a i i a ~ I s l a n d s ) . Canther ines p a r d a l i s Whit ley arid ~ 6 l e f a x 1935. F roc . L i n n . Foc. ,?T. 9. Wales; v o l . 63 , p.: 299. . . 3 specimens. 48 - 95 mm.':Ono'toa. Color f r o a 35:,?lm.Kodachrol;le t r anspa rency l i g h t gray wi th a f a i n t r e t i c u l a t i o n of l i g h t b lue on body and narrow l i n e s on head'; a prominent w h i t s s p o t (d i sap ,pear ing i n p rese rved specimens) d o r s a l l y on t h e cauda l p e d u n c l e a t p o s t e r i o r end of th'Ci'do,rsal f i n ; p e c t o r a l , dorsal. , and a n a l f i n s f a i n t l y y e l l ~ w i ' s h ; c a u d a l ' f i n da rk g r a y . The spec iuens . were t aken wi th rotenone on west r e e f of a t o l l . Tnble 7 F i n Koy Counts of t h e Monacanthidae Co l l ec t ed -- - -- --.-----.---- i n theiirm I s l a n d s -- Dorsal f i n -. Anal f i n -.-- 3 1 2 3 & 2 28 ?O 30 31 32 -- 0. l o n g , i r o s t r i s -" 1 P. melanocephxus 2 1 - - 3 - - - - -A . c a r o l a e 2 1 - I_- 1 1 1 1 - A . sandwichiensi s 3 3 P e c t o r a l f i n (bo th s i d e s counted) - 11 1 2 Q & lJ 0. l o n g i r o s t r i s - -2 P. melsnocephalus ..' 4 2 - - A . c a r o l a e x. sandwi c h i e n s i s 1 3 - - 2 4 Family OSTRA G I ONIDAE Genus OSTHARION Os t r ac ion Linnaeus 1758. Sys t . f i a t . , ed. 1 0 , , p i 330. ( ~ y p e ... . , . s p e c i e s , cubicus %innweus). . . ... ... . Ost rac ion cub icus -- Ost rac ion cubicus ~ i :m&us 1758. 3 y s t i n a t . , eil. 1 0 , p . 332. 7 T y p e ~ o c a l i t y ,, . I n d i a ) . . . . ,. . . . . . ~ . ! . . . . a : 0 s t r a o i o n cubicus .Fowler 1928. Mem, -B. F.' Bis+o!: JJus., v o l . 10 , p. @=baianp,, iCingsnii3.1 I s l a n d s ) . No spec inens 'were c o l l e c t & by rue i n t h e G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . Color from 35 mi ;Codachrome . t r anspa rency of a 132 ira specimen which I speared a t firno A t o l l i n t h e Marsha21 I s l s n d s : carapace d u l l yellow wi,th s c a t t e r e d smal l b .1z .c~ s p o t s , alore ilumerous a n t e r i o r l y . ; . caudal peduncle , f i n s , and l i p s b r i g h t yellow. Os t r ac ion rne leagr i s -- Ost rac ion m l e a g r i s Shaw 1796. Nat. Misc . , vo l . 7 , p3 . . 253. (Type l o c a l i t y , Southern Ocean ) . ' Ost rac ion sebae G h t h e r 1910. J o u r . Jvlus. Godeffroy, v o l . 6 , p t . 1 7 , p. 454. (Kingsmi l l I s l a n d s ) . 1 specimen. 83 mm. Onotoa. . . D LO; A 1 0 ; P 1 0 . . . , cdior'.fr.i;$: 3% &: Kodachrbme trailspar. ency dark p u r p l i s h b lue wi th n~ihnrous whi te d o t s on ca rapace , cauda l peduncle, and t a i l ; s p o t s on bssd r j r m l l ~ r and l e s s nist5.nct than those on b0d.y; d -orsa l , a n a l , , a n d p e c t o r a l . . f i n s h y a l i n e w i t h black- i s h r a y s . . . . . . . . 'i'his was t he only t r u r ~ k f i s h taken a t Onotoa, qnd no o t l i s r s were s een . According t o Fraser-:?runner (191c0 : 391) Os t r ac ion sebae --"-- -- Bleeker i s t h e male form of - 0. --. l e n t i g i n o s u s = m_elengrig). I on unable t o sex i ~ y speciineri f o r t he gomiid i s very sma l l , ,but I b d i e v e it i s a l ' e~?a l e . The g u t i s t f i r e e 6,i.~@s a s - ,_. , .. l o n g a s t h e s t anda rd l e n g t h and i t s c o n t e n t s i.q&::yl: elgal. ( y o s s i bly Dict.yosa1iaerj.a) w i t h b i t s of bottom s ~ i j i r ~ e r i t .' . T%e p e r i toneuu i s , t r anspa ren t w i th s c a t t e r e d .sua11 black dots. . . . C a n t h i s a s t e r Swainson 1.839. Nat . h i s t . and c l a s s . f i s h e s , amphibians ,... v o l . 2 , 1). 194. (Type, s p e c i e s , Tetraodon-. - r o s t r a t u s Bloch) . -.-- . . , , . . Tetrodon eolan.dri Richarcisoil 1845. 7,001. voyage * ~ n l . ~ h u r f ; . , - P i s h e s , p . 1 2 5 , p l . 57, Pigs . f+ t o 6. (Type l o c a l i t y , Polynesia) , , 1 8 specimens. 16 - 62 w. Onotoa. 1 specimen. 47 m. Taraws .! D 9 ; . A . 9 ; P . 1 6 or 17 (mos t ly 1 7 ) ; (8 spec imens) . . . & l o r froin 35 inn Kodachrome t ransparency r e d d i s h t a n with; numerous small- b r i g h t b lue s p o t s on head .and. body; blue l i n e s r a d i a t i n g f r o m e y e ; a b l ack , blue-edged spo t beneath d o r s a l f i n ; caudal f i n orange w i t h b r i g h t b lue s p o t s a r ranged i n v e r t i c a l rows; o t h e r f i n s h y a l i n e ; t h r o a t orangs , u id -por t ion witliou t blue s p o t s . . . .. . . . ,.. This was t h e most abundant sharp-no',sed p u f f e r :it 39otoa. It was . t a k s n , in . re la i ;Pve ly shallow wate r of lagoon, cl:a:inci 9 and o u t e r r e e f . . - : .. Tropid ich thys j a c t a t o r Jenkins 1901. Bu1.l. U . S. .F i sh Comm., v o l . 1 9 , p . 399, f i g . 11. (Type l o o z d i t y , Honolulu) . 2 specimens. 52 and 55 mm. D 9 ; A 9 ; P 17 . ( 2 specimens) . Onotoa lagoon. ~ o i o r . . i n ' ,alcohol g r a y i s h brown w i t h numerous: ' c lose-se t p a l e s p o t s o a b s d y , somewhat l a r g e r and c l o s e r : toget l i tx v e n t r a l l y ; dark brown. l i n e s r a d i a t i n g fro1aeye'ar.A two s h o r t d i agona l dark l i n e s j u s t b e n e a t h d o r s a l f i h ; a l l f i n s pa l e wi thout spo t s . P s i l o n o t u s a.mboinensis Bleeker 1865. Ned. T i jd sch r . Dierk. , - . v o i . 2 , p . q % - m e l o c a l i t y , Ambon, E a s t ~ a d i e s ) . 5 speciinens. 39 - 83 ma. Onotoa. . . . .. . . ,. . . D 11 or 12 (most ly 1 2 ) ; A 1 1 ; P 16 or, 17 (ruosi;ly :I?). ( 5 speciwens) . Color i n l i f e da rk o l i v e , shading t o orcnge-brown v e n t r a l l y w i t h sma l l l i g h t b lue s p o t s and tl f6w brown s$at's oh: s i d e of body; l i g h t b lue l i n e s ' ex tending d o r s a l l y from eye ; dnrK blue l i n e s v e n t r o - a ~ l t e r i o r l y from base of p e c t o r a l f i n ; anus and bese of a.nal f i n b r i l l i a n t s apph i r e b lue . The specimens, .%$ere c o l l e c t e d f r o ~ l . r i c h : coral . a r e a s bf t h e . , l agoon near t h e Ces t r e e f end from a s i . p i l a r a r e a of t h e , o u t e r r ee f i n t h e no r the rn p a r t of . t h e a t o l l . . : P u f f e r s were i n f r e q u e n t l y seen . i n the G i l b e r t I s l a n d s and on ly f o u r s p e c i e s were c o l l e c t e d . ' The G i l b e r t e s e c a l l e d the? a l l by t h e name -- Tebuni. ,They were we11 aware of., t he pbisonous n a t u r e of t e t r a o d o n t &,onads. . , , . . . Genus AROTHWi$ I t Arothron Muller 1841. Abh. p reuss . Akad, viss. , p. 252. '-(Type-speci6s, Arothron --- . t e s t u d i n a r i u s Muller = Tetrorlon s t e l l a t u s - Bloch and S c h n e i d e r ) . '2etrttodo.n hispidi :s L innaeus 1758. S y s t . nn.t . , (&, 1 0 , p. 333. ~ i j C T o E E 1 i t y , I n d i a ) . Color from 35 m:i Kodaclwons t r r n s p a ~ , e . n c y i.rryis!i :brown d o r s a l l y w i t h w h i t e ficcts e b o u t s i z e o f ? : ~ u n i l , v ~ h i t r + ventrally v!it!~ f a i n t ieiip,t,hiuise y e l l o ~ r i s h b.rovm l..Lner, below p e c t o r a l ; a r e a a round b a s e of ; .wc to ra l f i n end &;;ill. open?np, b l a c k i s h , w i t h c i . r c u l a r -uiiLte i 5 . m ~ ; c io r sz l , a n a l , and p e c t o r e l f i n s p z l e y e l l a w l sh; czuri.al :i'in ; ~ r n y i s h brown wit.Li s m l l w h i t e s p o t s on b a s a l t w s - t h i r c ! ~ ; ' i lbis br3i,"ht o;'arlse- y e l l o w . A11 o f t h e Orioton specimens were c o l l o c t i i d by spear in^ i n a T h ~ l a s s i a a r e a of' t h e l a g o o n o f abou t 5 f e e t i n i i ~ p t l i , Aro t h r o n irmn:i.culat~.ls -.>- .- .--- Tetrocion i.mmaculatus S l o c h end ': --- - .--.- . ~ c b n e i i k r 1G01. S y s t e m i c h t h . , P. 5c7. . . Color i n uScohol [gray l s h brown d o r s t l l y shstii!n&~ t o l i g h t b r o w v e n t r a l l y w i t h l e n g t h w i s e blacic l i n e s or; hmC1 znd bod:; ( two of' t h e s e i i n e s rrre c o n f l u e r i t i n f r o n t of g i l l o p e n i ~ u ( . ) : d o r s a l , a n a l , and p e c t o r a l f i n s p a l e : cauda l f i n du3kg w i t h upper and lower rmrp, ins d a r k . Caudal f i n loni:, i t s l e n g t h con te ine i i 3 tiriies i n s t a n d a r d l e n g t h . Aro th ron - s t o l l a t u s Te t rodon l a g o c e p l ~ a l u s -- v a r . - s t e l l - a t u s 131och end S c h n a i d e r T C m j y S t e i ; ~ : i c h t h . , p . 503.*e l o c e l i t g , 1 J a u : c i t i u s ) . ,* Tetrodor: s t e l l n t u s Powlor 1928 . Eeu. 3. P. Sishor? Hus. , vol.. 1 0 , p. L m b & a n g , Kings;mll l 1 s l : i nds ) . A r o t h r o n n e l e a p v i s ----- I' \ Tet rodon n e l e a g r i s L ? c e p d e 1 7 9 8 . 3ir;t. ntit . pol ns., v o l . I , -- ---We- p. 5 0 5 . 7 T y p e l o c a l i t y , s e a s s f . A ~ i i i ) . Ovoides melea@is 1.Vhitley 2nd Colefax 1938. Proc. Linri. Soc. -- - N. v$. vol . 63, p. 300. (TL'auru). 3 spe,airoens. 125 - 160 m. Onotoa. Color i n l i f e of 125 filw. specimen: un i for i :~ Carl: b r o w w i t h n u m r o u s ~ i i i ? l l whi ts s p o t s on head, body, a . ~ d 1:re:iian f i . n s . A 130 i.;im spec%oen was g r a y i s h w i t h many sma l l d u l l ye1:low s p o t s on d o r s e l p a r t of body a n d head and oil ch.in, buf f - co lo rea v . e i i t r a l l y , with s c a t t e r e d 2 f . t b lack s p o t s on. head and bsdy. Color froxi 35 rntx Kod~chrome tra!isperency of t h e 160 ma spekimen: b r i g h t orange-yel.low, whil;S.sh. v e n t r a l l y , ' with ar, i r r e g u l a r patch, of dark browa c o n t a i n i n c whit<: s p o t s on t h e r i g h t s i d e between iioxsal and p e c t o r a l f i r i s ; d o r s a l , a n a l , and p e c t o r a l f i n s wi th o u t e r on&-thircj l,vi~'itiah, i n n e r two- th i rds yellow with r a y s 'brownish toward 6 i s t a l p a r t . of yellow r e e l o n ; cauda l f i n yel.lo?jish b n s s l l g , sh2dinp t o duskg p u r p l e over ~ o s t of P l n , and p a l e d i s t ~ l l p . Specimens from both t h e G i l b e r t and Marshs l l Islsrliin, whether yel low, g r a y i s h , or brown, have occas iona l wi.daly- s c a t t e r e d b l a c k s p o t s on t he head and. body, si..rnila:r t o Arothron n i g r o p m c t a t u s . . The. anus i s not b lack , though i t . , may bc dusky. . . , , . . . The ye l low co lor phase of m e l e a g r i s , once i n p r e s e r v a t i v e w i t h t h e yellow c o l d r fadeci., c a n e a s i l y be conf~ ised wi th A . ... n ig ropunc t a tu s -which i s g ray : p a l e r v e n t r a l l y , wiGh s c a t t e r e d black s p o t s . The tlwo may be s epu r s t ed on f i n r a y counts ( s e e t a b u l a t e a counts a t end of Tetraodori t idae s e c t i o n ) and by t h e c o l o r a t i o n of t!ie anus . T!le anus of n- i s conta ined w i t h i n r; profl insnt ; e t b lack a r e a , D. W. S t r a s b u r s , l a a roifieogrsphed r e p o r t on t h e f i s h e s of t h e s o u t h e r n IVIarshall I s l a n d s submi t ted t o t h e Of f i ce of Naval Research , 1,953, should be c r e d i t e d r v i t b n o t i c i n g t h e h ighe r f i n r ay counts of meleagr i s. Although he , included a specimen of' rne1eagrj.s i n t h e yel low co lor phase under t h e d e s i g n a t i o n ni:rz 'opunctatus, he suspecte: l t h a t i t was a d i f fe re . l i t s p e c i e s bccause of t h e f i i&er fl.n ray counts a n d p a l e anus . ;!is yellow spe cirnen 1aci:ed t h e t e l l - t n l c pa t ch of me leug r i s c o l o r a t i o n whic.h i s p r e s e n t on one s i d e of t h e Onotoa spe cirnen. Another yellow specimen wi th a s x a l l a rea of m e l e a g r i s c o l o r a t i o n was l o c a t e d i n t h e co l lec t i .ons of t h e Un i t e3 S t a t e s Nat iona l ~ ~ u s e u m . It ivzs t aken i n t h n o r t b e r n '8 X a r s h a l l 1sl:mdr:. On i t t h e g a t & of brown. wi th whi te s p o t s i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t he xidi i le o i t h e back. The 130 rm tray specimen wi th yc:llo:,v s r o t s from Onoton i s interiiiecliate i n co lo r t o t he yellow and the brown, v!hite- spo t t ed forms. , ' . , nro t h r o n n i g r o ~ w n c t ~ t u s Tetrodon n ig ropunc t e tu s Block and Schneider 1801. S y s t e m i c h t i r , p . 507- l o c a l i t y , Tranquebar ) . 3 specime.ns. 90 - 169 mii. Onotoa. Color from 35 mm !Cod.achrome t r a n s p a r e a c y of 9G mm specimen: d a ~ ~ k ~ , p u r p l i s l ~ ' j i r s y on back, nhriiiinp t o l i g h t b l u i s h gray v e n t r a l l y , w i t h occasional , widely-separnted black ::pots of v a r i a b l e s i z e on head and bocy; dorsri l and a n a l f i n mjrs brownish j e l l o w , ~iicmbranec h y a l i n e ; caudnl. Tin c o l o r of boay; pectore: f i n s hya1 j . n~ ; mils j e t blnck. The gu t c o n t e n t s of two of t h e s p e c i r ~ e n s were examined. They c o n s i s t e d l a r g e l y of b i t e - s i z e d p i e c e s of' f r e s h c o r a l . Table 8 Pin Ray Couilts of t h e Te t raodo~j . t idae -- --- - Dorsel f i n r a y s -- Anal fin r a y s 9 11 1 2 - - - - 9 ~ - T l - - i 2 A . h i s p i d u s - - - G i l b e r t I s . 3 2 1 A . - -- immaculatus G i l b e r t Is . 1 1 A . - meleag r i s G i l b e r t Is . 3 1 2 U a r s h a l l I s . 6 1 3 4 A . n ig ropunc t a tu s - GTlbert Is. 3 2 1 Marshal l Is. 6 1 4 3 A , h i s p i d u s G i l b e r t I s . A . - i m a c u l a t u s G i l b e r t I s . Marsha l l Is . A . - nif ; ropuncta tus .- G i l b e r t I s . Marsha l l I s . P e c t o r a l f i n r a y s 17 1 8 3-9- - - -- Only two specimens of f r o g Tishcs were coll.i;cted by t h e au tho r a t Onotoa. These and one specimen c o l l e c t e d a t Tarawe by Cata la were tu rned over t o Leonard P. Sctlilltz of t h e Uni ted 3 t o t e s Na t iona l Nuseun, who i s mo.no,nraphing t h e group. The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s provided by D r . 8 c h u l t z a r e a s f o l . 1 0 ~ ~ ~ : Antennar ius nunmifer ( a 20 :as specimen col lec ted. from a t i d e pool on. t h e o u t e r r e e f f l e t a t Onotoa) , Antennaxius . -- -- coccineus - (0notoa spe cirnen) , and -.-.A ntennar ius m P i n . n i s ( T a r G p e c i m e n ) . F o r u l ~ r (1928 : 47U-ir79) recorded --- Antennarius -.- l e n r o s u s from Abaiang, Kingsmill I s l a n d s . G i l b e r t e s c Namts of F i s h e s a t Onotoa T e r e i b u TerciL11 Tebuk ibuk i T e r e i b u Teba ra T e r ibi3 t;zu!~~.~:ai;r;i Tor i b a r o r o Te r ibnbu i . To ba ba T ~ r i b n . ~ t i . T n r e i h n Tekoinawa Tebu bunwoi p7 .I. e n i l s a t ~ n g Tukuauror i T'eii~a koa lCe bun i Te bu n i Tnbuni T ~ b u b u t a k a t a i m T e u r i n g a b o Term ice 1 .? @ ab .;.., i bn j. t%'el:)ei'bai Te b~: + 3 p . iil.;?!.xrixc; . v o l e 25: 175-ii.:j4 4 xxx p p . - - -- --- - . , . . . . . ( Tiandall, J. F,, 1955 , i l l ,?res:;. :j';$.tk!ol,,,,' < :; ;.c-.;. c.1 ! :I..). , 'iil~; (2 ,.?,LL:.~> --- .- -. . - - . .. . . - . . .. - - .. - - - - n a l c of t h e l a lw id f i s h ';i;eti.~.o;i~.i.i~ ~- :;i.~l,:j.ia!itnx, - Coyet?, Randa l l , J. E . 1955, i n p r e s s . A r e v i s i o n of t h e surgeon f i s h genera Zebr~30ma and Paracan thurus . P a c i f i c S c i . - Randa l l , J. E. i n p r e s s . Aaanthurus r a c k l i f f e i , a p o s s i b l e hybr id surgeon f i s h ( h . - a c ' t l l l l e s X E p a r e i u s ) . - from t h e Phoenix I s l a n d s . Copeia. Rcnda l l . J . I!:. i n r r e s s . A r e v i s i o n of t h e surgeon f i s h ( . enus '~can thu rus ; wi th a d e s c r i p t i o n of one hew spec ios . P a c i f i c S c i . -- *Schultz. L. 1'. 19113. F i shes of t h e Phoenix and Samoan I s l a n d s c o l l e c t e d i n 1959 dur ing t h e exped i t i on of t h e U.S.S. ~ U ~ s h n e l l ~ ~ . Bu l l . U. S. Na t l . Mus. 180 - - - - - S c h u l t z , L . P. - e t - a l . 1953. F i s h e s of t h e ?Liarshall and Marianus I s l a n d s . B u l l . U. 5. N a t l . FIus. 220. - - - - - S t r a s b u r a . D. W.. and L. P. S c h u l t z . 1951. The b lenni id f i s h and --- E x a l l i a s rr. i i t h ' h e s c r i n t i o n s of two - new s p e c i e s f r o ~ ~ ~ t h e t r o p i c a l P a c i f i c . - Jou r . 'Neshington Acad. - - . Y S c i v o l . 4 3 ( 4 ) : 128-135. ? i a i t e , E . R. 1903. Notes on the zoology of Pannopa o r Ocean I s l a n d and Nauru or P l e a s a n t I s l a n d , G i l b e r t Group. F i shes . Rec. - A u s t r a l i a n -iVIus., -- v o l . 5: 2-3. Teber , &I., cnd L. F . de Beaufor t . 1911-1936. The f i s h e s of t h e Indo-Aus t ra l ian .Arch.ipelag