Shiveluch (Kamchatka Pen in sula) Lava dome growth and as so ci ated un rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bezymianny (Kamchatka Pen in sula) Erup tions on 25 De cem ber 2002 and Jan u ary 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Suwanose-jima (Ja pan) Spo radic erup tions in 2003 and in Jan u ary 2004, one to 2.4 km al ti tude. . . . . . . . 3
NW Rota 1 (Mariana Is lands) Mi nor sub ma rine erup tion seen at depth; quiet at West Rota cal dera . . . . . . 4
Egon (In do ne sia) 29 Jan u ary brings sud den erup tive on set, prompt ing rapid evacuations . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Karangetang (In do ne sia) Avi a tion re port, stat ing ash to 7.5 km; seven MODIS alerts in ~ 1 year . . . . . . . 6
Bagana (Pa pua New Guinea) Abun dant MODIS ther mal alerts dur ing March 2003-Feb ru ary 2004 . . . . . . 7
Ambrym (Vanuatu) Abun dant MODIS ther mal alerts dur ing March 2003-Feb ru ary 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Yasur (Vanuatu) 500 ex plo sions/day in March 2004; MODIS ther mal alerts av er age about one per month . . 8
White Is land (New Zea land) Erup tions ceased in about 2002; crater lake ris ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Nevados de Chill?n (Chile) A small erup tion, the first since 1986, dur ing Au gust-Sep tem ber 2003 . . . . . . 9
Mi chael (S Sand wich Islands) A MODIS ther mal alert on 7 May 2003 (no sec ond ary con fir ma tion) . . . . . 11
Stromboli (It aly) Webcams at var i ous wave lengths doc u ment in creased ex plo sions in Feb ru ary 2004 . . . . 11
Etna (It aly) Ashfall with ju ve nile com po nents, emit ted gases, and seis mic pat terns im ply magma as cent . . . 12
Pi ton de la Fournaise (Re union Island) De cem ber 2003 lavas spread across 40% of Dolomieu crater floor . 13
Ed i tors: Rick Wunderman, Ed ward Venzke, and Gari May berry
Vol un teer Staff: Don Gruber, Rob ert An drews, Jacquelyn Gluck, Dave Charvonia, and Ste phen Bentley
Global Vol can ism Program ? Na tional Mu seum of Natu ral His tory, Room E- 421 ? Wash ing ton, DC 20560- 0119 ? USA
Tele phone: (202) 357- 1511 ?  Fax: (202) 357- 2476  ?  Email:  gvn@vol cano.si.edu  ?  URL: http://www.vol cano.si.edu/
Sub scrip tions are pro vided by the Ameri can Geo physi cal Un ion (see the box on the last page for details).
Data are pre limi nary and sub ject to change; con tact the origi nal source or the Global Vol can ism Program bef ore us ing.
Bul le tin of the Global Vol can ism Net work
Vol ume 29, Num ber 3, March 2004
Shiveluch
Kamchatka Pen in sula, Rus sia
56.653?N, 161.360?E; sum mit elev. 3,283 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 12 hours [+ 13 hours in
March-June])
Un rest at Shiveluch con tin ued from 1 Jan u ary through 9 
April 2004, in clud ing above-back ground seis mic ity and
lava-dome growth with as so ci ated pyroclastic flows.
Gas-and-steam plumes ris ing as high as 4.5 km al ti tude and
ash plumes ris ing to 4-6 km al ti tude were fre quent. Plumes
were noted as far as 175 km from the vol cano. Dur ing the
pe riod, US and Rus sian sat el lites re peat edly de tected ther -
mal anom a lies. For view ers on the ground the vol cano was
ob scured by clouds through out much of the pe riod.
Earth quakes oc curred at depths of 0-5 km with lo cal
mag ni tudes (Ml) of 1.25-2.6. About 70 shal low earth quakes 
with Ml over 1.75 oc curred dur ing the week end ing 16 Jan -
u ary. These were ex ceeded the fol low ing week by 206
earth quakes with Ml of 1.75-2.6 and about 40 ash ex plo -
sions. In ter mit tent spas modic vol ca nic trem ors of 0.5-1.0
Fm/s were also re corded that week. These events caused
the level of con cern to raise from Yel low to Orange, where
it re mained through out the re main der of the re port pe riod.
Ac com pa ny ing these events were pyroclastic flows with 
run-out dis tances of 1-2 km. Ash plumes rose as high as 6
km, ex tend ing in var i ous di rec tions for sev eral ki lo me ters.
Gas-and-steam plumes rose to 3.5-4.5 km. One ex tended 50 
km to the SE on 22 Jan u ary while an other, on 26 Jan u ary,
ex tended over 75 km to the SW.
Events and ac tiv i ties sim i lar to those de scribed above
were noted through out the re port pe riod. Shal low earth -
quakes were re corded al most daily through Feb ru ary, >10/
week was typ i cal ex cept for the pe riod in late Jan u ary noted 
ear lier. How ever, dur ing late Feb ru ary and through March
and April, strong earth quakes oc curred, num ber ing 14-24
per week. Spas modic vol ca nic tremor was reg is tered
through out this lat ter pe riod, at tain ing a max i mum ve loc ity
of 0.8 Fm/s dur ing 4-6 March.
Gas-and-steam plumes, some con tain ing ash and ex -
tend ing as far as 175 km, were noted through out the pe riod. 
Dur ing the be gin ning of April, one ash-gas ex plo sion de liv -
ered ash up to 9.0 km while 13 other ex plo sions sent
plumes up to 4.0-7.2 km and spas modic tremor with ve loc i -
ties of 0.2-0.7 Fm/s was re corded.
Back ground. The high, iso lated mas sif of Shiveluch
vol cano (also spelled Sheveluch) rises above the low lands
NNE of the Kliuchevskaya vol cano group. The 1300 cu km 
Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's larg est and most ac tive
vol ca nic struc tures. The sum mit of roughly 65,000-year-old 
Strary Shiveluch is trun cated by a broad 9-km-wide
late-Pleis to cene cal dera breached to the south. Many lava
domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava
dome com plex was con structed dur ing the Ho lo cene within 
the large horse shoe-shaped cal dera; Ho lo cene lava dome
ex tru sion also took place on the flanks of Strary Shiveluch.
At least 60 large erup tions of Shiveluch have oc curred dur -
ing the Ho lo cene, mak ing it the most vig or ous andesitic
vol cano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Wide spread tephra
lay ers from these erup tions have pro vided valu able time
mark ers for dat ing vol ca nic events in Kamchatka. Fre quent
col lapses of dome com plexes, most re cently in 1964, have
pro duced de bris av a lanches whose de pos its cover much of
the floor of the breached cal dera.
In for ma tion Con tact: Olga Girina, Kamchatka Vol ca -
nic Erup tions Re sponse Team (KVERT), a co op er a tive
pro gram of the In sti tute of Vol ca nic Ge ol ogy and Geo -
chem is try, Far East Di vi sion, Rus sian Acad emy of Sci -
ences, Piip Ave. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii 683006,
Rus sia (Email: girina@kcs.iks.ru), the Kamchatka Ex per i -
men tal and Me thod i cal Seis mo log i cal De part ment
(KEMSD), GS RAS (Rus sia), and the Alaska Vol cano Ob -
ser va tory (USA); Alaska Vol cano Ob ser va tory (AVO), a
co op er a tive pro gram of the U.S. Geo log i cal Sur vey, 4200
Uni ver sity Drive, An chor age, 99508-4667, USA (Email:
tlmurray@ usgs.gov; URL: http://www.avo.alaska.edu/),
the Geo phys i cal In sti tute, Uni ver sity of Alaska, P.O. Box
757320, Fair banks, 99775-7320, USA (Email: eisch@dino.
gi.alaska.edu), and the Alaska Di vi sion of Geo log i cal and
Geo phys i cal Sur veys, 794 Uni ver sity Ave., Suite 200, Fair -
banks 99709, USA (Email: cnye@ giseis.alaska.edu).
Bezymianny
Kamchatka Pen in sula, Russia
55.978?N, 160.587?E; sum mit elev. 2882 m
All times are lo cal (UTC + 12 hours)
Bezymianny vol cano was last re ported in Bul le tin v. 28, 
no.10, when a de crease in ac tiv ity was noted over the pe -
r iod f rom a  26 July  2003 erup t ion to  22 Au gust .
Kamchatkan Vol ca nic Erup tions Re sponse Team (KVERT) 
re ports, through the Alaska Vol cano Ob ser va tory (AVO),
in di cate that a weak ther mal anom aly reg is tered on sat el lite
im ages fol low ing the 26 July 2003 erup tion and con tin u ing
un til an erup tion on 14 Jan u ary 2004.
Jan u ary 2004 erup tion. A shal low earth quake of lo cal
mag ni tude (Ml) 2.2 was re ported at Bezymianny on 9 Jan u -
ary. The erup tion it self be gan at 1053 on 14 Jan u ary, send -
ing ash plumes to 6-8 km al ti tude to the ENE, de creas ing to
3.5 km al ti tude later in the day. KVERT re ported that a
large pyroclastic flow prob a bly formed on the ESE flank.
On 15 Jan u ary, gas-steam plumes rose to 100 m above the
lava dome, in creas ing to 500 m on 16 Jan u ary. A 2- to
8-pixel ther mal anom aly reg is tered on these days. Sat el lite
im ages on the morn ing of 14 Jan u ary showed ash clouds
about 30 km wide ex tend ing 150 ENE km, in creas ing to
250-300 km ENE that af ter noon. Mean ing ful seis mic mon i -
tor ing was thwarted dur ing the erup tion pe riod due to
high-level vol ca nic tremor at nearby Kliuchevskoi vol cano. 
The erup tion caused the haz ard sta tus to tem po rarily rise to
the high est level (red).
KVERT weekly re ports for the pe riod from the 14 Jan u -
ary erup tion to 16 April in di cate con tin u ing un rest at
Bezymianny. The lava dome was re ported to be grow ing,
with no de tect able seis mic ity, gas-steam plumes were ris ing 
~ 3-4 km and dis pers ing in the wind (gen er ally to the S),
and the num ber of pix els in ther mal anom a lies re duced
from 1-4 early in the pe riod to 1-2 late in the pe riod.
25 De cem ber 2002 erup tion. A sub stan tial erup tion at
Bezymianny on 25 De cem ber 2002 was not re ported in the
Bul le tin. That erup tion fol lowed a 1-pixel ther mal anom aly
on 23 De cem ber that in creased to 7-10 pix els on 24-25 De -
cem ber, with seis mic ity slightly above back ground lev els.
Weak in ter mit tent spas modic tremor oc curred on the 25th,
2    Shiveluch Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
when a very hot plume that prob a bly con tained ash was vis -
i ble, and mod er ate ex plo sive ac tiv ity be gan around 1900.
Seis mic data re vealed a large ex plo sive erup tion on 26 De -
cem ber at 0715. The re sul tant ash cloud rose to 5 km al ti -
tude. and de pos ited ash in Kozyrevsk, 55 km NW of
Bezymianny. The erup tion con tin ued through the 27th, but
ac tiv ity de creased. On 1 Jan u ary 2003 a weak ther mal
anom aly was noted over the vol cano, prob a bly re flect ing a
vis cous lava flow on the dome.
Back ground. Prior to its noted 1955-56 erup tion,
Bezymianny vol cano had been con sid ered ex tinct. The
mod ern Bezymianny vol cano, much smaller in size than its
mas sive neigh bors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed
about 4700 years ago over a late-Pleis to cene lava-dome
com plex and an an ces tral vol cano that was built be tween
about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three pe ri ods of in ten si fied
ac tiv ity have oc curred dur ing the past 3000 years. The lat -
est pe riod, which was pre ceded by a 1000-year qui es cence,
be gan with the dra matic 1955-56 erup tion. This erup tion,
sim i lar to that of Mount St. Hel ens in 1980, pro duced a
large horse shoe-shaped crater that was formed by col lapse
of the sum mit and an as so ci ated lat eral blast. Sub se quent
ep i sodic but on go ing lava-dome growth, ac com pa nied by
in ter mit tent ex plo sive ac tiv ity and pyroclastic flows, has
largely filled the 1956 crater.
In for ma tion Con tacts: Olga Girina, Kamchatka Vol ca -
nic Erup tions Re sponse Team (see Shiveluch); Alaska Vol -
cano Ob ser va tory (see Shiveluch).
Suwanose-jima
Ryukyu Is lands, Ja pan
29.635?N, 129.716?E; sum mit elev. 799 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC +9 hours)
Suwanose-jima vol cano was
last re ported in Bul le tin v. 28, no.
4, when ac tiv ity was noted in Sep -
tem ber and De cem ber 2002, with
ther mal anom a lies con tin u ing into 
Jan u ary 2003. HIGP MODIS
ther mal im ag ery re vealed only
one alert in the year to 13 April
2004, that be ing on 4 July 2003.
NASA Terra and De fense Me te o -
ro log i cal Sat el lite Pro gram im ag -
ery dated 7-8 No vem ber 2003
showed an ash plume ris ing from
Suwanose-jima to an es ti mated
height of 2,400 m (figure 1) on
those days.
Ac cord ing to To kyo VAAC
re ports, us ing in for ma tion from
the Jap a nese Me te o ro log i  cal
Agency, ex plo sions also took
place at Suwanose-jima on 15 De -
cem ber 2003 at 1946, and 21 De -
cem ber at 1828, each of which
pro duced plumes to an un known
height. The VAAC re ported sev -
eral small emis sions on 27 and 28
De cem ber, again ris ing to un -
known heights and an erup tion on 
28 De cem ber at 0820 ris ing to ~ 1.5 km al ti tude and ex -
tend ing E. On 2,  4  and 21-22 Jan u ary 2004 small
ex plo sions produced ash plumes to unknown heights.
Back ground. The 8-km-long, spin dle-shaped is land of
Suwanose-jima in the north ern Ryukyu Is lands is oc cu pied
by a stratovolcano with two his tor i cally ac tive sum mit crat -
ers. Only about 50 per sons live on the sparsely pop u lated
is land. The sum mit of the vol cano is trun cated by a large
breached crater ex tend ing to the sea on the E flank that was
formed by ed i fice col lapse. Suwanose-jima, one of Ja pan?s
most fre quently ac tive vol ca noes, was in a state of in ter mit -
tent strombolian ac tiv ity from On-take (Otake), the NE
sum mit crater, that be gan in 1949 and lasted un til 1996, af -
ter which pe ri ods of in ac tiv ity length ened. The larg est his -
tor i cal erup tion took place in 1813-14, when thick sco ria
de pos its blan keted res i den tial ar eas, af ter which the is land
was un in hab ited for about 70 years. The SW crater pro -
duced lava flows that reached the west ern coast in 1813,
and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in
1884.
In for ma tion Con tacts: Ja pan Me te o ro log i cal Agency
(JMA),  Volcanological Di vi sion 1-3-4 Ote-machi,
Chiyoda-ku, To kyo 100, Ja pan (URL: http://www.kishou.
go.jp/eng lish/), HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert Sys tem, Ha -
waii In sti tute of Geo phys ics and Plan e tol ogy, School of
Ocean and Earth Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Uni ver sity of
Ha waii at Manoa (http://modis.higp.ha waii.edu/); Charles
Holliday, Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), Sat el lite
Ap pli ca tions Branch, Offutt AFB, NE 68113-4039, USA
(Email: charles.holliday@afwa.af.mil).
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 Suwanose-jima    3
Fig ure 1. Ash plume from Suwanose-jima on 8 No vem ber 2003 im aged by the MODIS in stru ment on the NASA
AQUA satellite. Cour tesy De fense Me te o ro log i cal Sat el lite Pro gram (DMSP) and Charles Holliday.
NW Rota 1
Mariana Is lands, South ern Seamount Prov ince
14.601?N, 144.775?E; sum mit elev. -517 m
The re search ves sel Thomas G. Thompson con ducted a
sur vey of the Mariana Arc in the Com mon wealth of the
North ern Mariana Is lands from 9 Feb ru ary to 5 March 2003 
(Embley and oth ers, 2004). That sur vey iden ti fied a num ber 
of hy dro ther mal sys tems (plumes) on the arc vol ca noes.
One vol cano, detected in 2003 and named "NW Rota 1,"
was re vis ited in 2004 and again found to be ac tively vent -
ing (fig ure 2). That sub ma rine vol cano sits ~ 64 km NW of
the is land of Rota, with its sum mit at 14?36.048? N,
144?46.519? E (14.601?N, 144.775?E). An other vol cano
vis ited in 2003-2004 was an ap par ently quiet, non-erupt ing
cal dera lack ing erup tive age con straints called "West Rota"
(dis cussed at the end of this re port). Most of the in for ma -
tion gleaned from the 2004 cruise re mains pre lim i nary,
com ing from sci en tists still at sea.
The ship towed a con duc tiv ity-tem per a ture-depth
(CTD)/ro sette sys tem to map and sam ple hy dro ther mal
plumes over NW Rota 1. The 2003 tow data de tected a vig -
or ous, 200-m-thick layer of hy dro ther mal plumes above the 
vol cano?s sum mit. Chem i cal anal y sis of the 2003 plumes
found high con cen tra tions of par tic u late alu mi num, sul fur,
iron, and man ga nese, along with el e vated 
3
He, a he lium iso -
tope con sid ered di ag nos tic of a mag matic source and as so -
ci ated hy dro ther mal dis charge. The ac tive crater?s sum mit
depth was ~ 517 m.
In early April 2004, the R.V. Thomp son re vis ited the
Mariana Arc and found NW Rota 1 still vig or ously ac tive.
Wil liam Chadwick and Rob ert Embley, Na tional Ocean o -
graphic and At mo spheric Agency (NOAA), mem bers of the 
cruise sci en tific staff, no ti fied GVN that some video im ages 
from NW Rota 1 were taken with
a ship-de ployed re mote ve hi cle
(ROPOS-Re motely Op er ated
Plat form for Ocean Sci ence).
Vid eos posted on their web page
showed views of the so-called
?Brim stone Pit? (fig ures 3 and 4).
Brim stone Pit rep re sents a S-flank 
vent at a depth of 555 m, a spot
~ 40 m be low the sum mit in rocky 
ter rain. The vid eos and pho tos
showed ash and sul fur bursts from 
the crater and a vent whose rim
was cov ered with spat ter (but
prob a bly not from this spe cific
event). Wa ter sam ples taken in a
plume ris ing from the vent had
tem per a tures of 30?C. Al though
in com pletely mapped, the vent
was roughly 20 m across and el -
lip ti cal in out line; in the ver ti cal
dimension the vent appeared ~ 12
m deep and funnel-shaped.
Dur ing the ROPOS dive, the
ac tiv ity at the crater was vari able.
At the be gin ning of the dive there
was only a wispy plume es cap ing, 
al low ing the ob serv ers to see into
the crater. Later in the dive, the
crater re turned to puls ing ac tiv ity
with  big  ger ,  more  vig  or  ous
plumes and small rocks rain ing
down on the crater rim. Over the
4    NW Rota 1 Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
Fig ure 2. A map show ing part of the North ern Mariana Is lands and vi cin ity (an area roughly mid way be tween the
main is land of New Guinea on the S, and To kyo, Ja pan on the N). The is lands shown in clude Guam, Rota, Saipan,
and oth ers. The map em pha sizes the lo ca tion of the ac tive sub ma rine vol cano NW Rota 1 and the cur rently quiet
sub ma rine cal dera West Rota. Af ter Embley and oth ers, 2004; cour tesy of the Amer i can Geo phys i cal Un ion.
Fig ure 3. Bathymetry of NW Rota 1 show ing the lo ca tion of Brim stone
Pit, April 2004. Cour tesy of Bob Embley, NOAA.
sum mit, which was still at a depth of ~ 517 m be low sea
level (as it was in 2003), the ROPOS im ages de picted a lot
of dif fuse vent ing of clear flu ids. In tense gey ser-like dis -
charges flowed from the vents with jets ris ing to sev eral
ten?s of me ters. Cloudy wa ter rose to form a plume sev eral
hun dred me ters above the sum mit. The pul sat ing jets car -
ried sand- to gravel-size par ti cles (a few cen ti me ters
across), ejecta that rained down on the crater rim out to a
dis tance of ~ 10 m. Drop lets of mol ten sul fur in the jets
gave a yel low ish cast to the bil low ing clouds, sug gest ing a
tem per a ture of at least 100?C (fig ure 4). The ROPOS came
up from the last dive cov ered in sand and gravel, and in sul -
fur drop lets, which had solidified and adhered to the
submersible?s body!
In over view, the April 2004 dives with ROPOS doc u -
mented NW Rota 1 in a mag matic phase of ac tiv ity. The ac -
tive vent showed time-vary ing be hav ior that in cluded pre -
cip i ta tion of sul fur drop lets from the vent ing flu ids, pulses
of ejecta from the vent, and large amounts of fresh, glassy
ejecta sur round ing the crater. In ad di tion, the study iden ti -
fied a tur bid plume ex tend ing ~ 0.7-2.0 km from the vol -
cano, re flect ing an in ten sity un seen in 2003, and pre sum -
ably the re sult of the vig or ous sum mit ac tiv ity.
The large amount of sul fur was be lieved to be form ing
by in ter ac tion of mag matic SO2 with wa ter to form el e men -
tal sul fur and sul fu rous ac ids. Bob Embley sug gested that
this mag matic event was in the early stages, as ev i denced
by neg li gi ble al ter ation of glassy lavas in spite of in cred i bly 
cor ro sive hot flu ids. Team bi ol o gists noted that biota had
only be gun to colonize the impacted area.
Vol ca nic seis mic ity may ac com pany this event, al -
though its de tec tion may re quire a net work of near-source
ocean-bot tom seis mom e ters. At least from ini tial looks at
their data, geo phys i cists at the NOAA Vents Pro gram failed 
to de tect any T-phase hydroacoustic sig nals com ing from
this vi cin ity. It should be noted, how ever, that their
real-time hydrophones are lo cated in the NE Pa cific at a
great distance from the volcano.
In an ef fort to en list other seis mic and acous ti cal in stru -
ments, Olivier Hyvernaud (Laboratoire de D?tection et de
G?ophysique, CEA/DASE/LDG; with ac cess to the French
Poly ne sian net work), and Roderick Stew art (CTBTO, the
Pre pa ra tory Com mis sion for the com pre hen sive nu -
clear-test-ban treaty, with ac cess to Juan Fernandez is land
data) have been con tacted. Thus far it ap pears that their sys -
tems lacked sig nals clearly at trib ut able to NW Rota 1.
West Rota. Dur ing early April 2004 the Thomp son also
vis ited an other newly iden ti fied sub ma rine vol cano that the
2003 sur vey group named ?West Rota? (~ 56 km W of the
is land of Rota). It ap peared in ac tive, and lacked a strong
hy dro ther mal plume in the wa ters above it. How ever, it
con tained fea tures in dic a tive of a vi o lent ex plo sive erup tion 
at some un known time in the (geo log i cally) re cent past;
namely, fel sic vol ca nic rocks and the for ma tion of a big cal -
dera. The West Rota cal dera is com pa ra ble in size to Crater
Lake, Or e gon (fig ure 5). The cruise sci en tists sus pect that
this vol cano erupted vi o lently a few thousand, to ten?s of
thousands, of years ago.
Ref er ences: Embley, R.W., Baker, E.T., Chadwick, Jr.,  
W.W., Lupton, J.E.,  Resing, J.A., Massoth, G.J., and
Nakamurs, K., 2004, Ex plo ra tions of Mariana Arc vol ca -
noes re veal new hy dro ther mal sys tems: EOS-Trans ac tions
of the Amer i can Geo phys i cal Un ion, v. 85, no. 4, p. 37 and
40.
In for ma tion Con tacts: Wil liam W. Chadwick, Jr., Co -
op er a tive In sti tute for Ma rine Re sources Stud ies (CIMRS),
NOAA Pa cific Ma rine En vi ron men tal Lab o ra tory (PMEL), 
2115 SE OSU Drive, New port, OR 97365 USA (Email:
bill.chadwick@noaa.gov); Rob ert W. Embley, NOAA Pa -
cific Ma rine En vi ron men tal Lab o ra tory (PMEL), 2115 SE
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 NW Rota 1    5
Fig ure 4. At NW Rota 1, the 555-m-deep sub ma rine crater called
Brim stone Pit dis charged a dense, yel low ish, par ti cle-laden plume. This
April 2004 photo was taken from a re mote sub ma rine ve hi cle, which
cap tured the plume from the sub ma rine van tage point, a rel a tively rare
cir cum stance for shal low-depth sub ma rine erup tions. At other times
dur ing the ex plo ra tion, vent ing slowed or ceased, al low ing views of the
vent it self. Cour tesy of W. Chadwick, NOAA.
Fig ure 5. Al though the erupt ing sub ma rine vol cano NW Rota 1 sits ~ 64
km NW of the is land of Rota; slightly more to the W of Rota lies the
re cently iden ti fied and ap par ently quiet sub ma rine cal dera named West
Rota. West Rota is elon gate in the NW-SE di rec tion and bears
ap prox i mate size re sem blance to the sce nic lake-filled, 10-km-di am e ter
cal dera in the Cas cade range of Or e gon (USA), Crater Lake. West Rota?s
cal dera floor lies at ~ 1.6 km depth be low sea level. Cour tesy of NOAA.
OSU Drive, New port, OR 97365 USA (Email: rob ert.w.
embley@pmel.noaa.gov; URL: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.
gov/ex plo ra tions/); Douglas Wiens, De part ment of Earth
and Plan e tary Sci ences, Wash ing ton Uni ver sity, Cam pus
Box 1169, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis,  MO
63130-4899, USA (Email: doug@wustl.edu, URL: http://
epsc.wustl.edu/seis mol ogy/).
Egon
Lesser Sunda Is lands, In do ne sia
8.67?S, 122.45?E; sum mit elev. 1,703 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 8 hours)
This first Bul le tin re port dis cuss ing Egon de scribes the
sud den ap pear ance of vol ca nic ac tiv ity there in Jan u ary
2004. Heavy rains fell over Egon and its sur round ing area
on 28 Jan u ary. At 0400 on 29 Jan u ary, lo cal peo ple heard
the sound of the E crater wall col laps ing in ward. That was
fol lowed at 1700 by an ex plo sion and a black ash cloud ris -
ing ~ 750 m above the sum mit. On 30-31 Jan u ary fur ther
noise was fol lowed by gray ash clouds and the odor of
highly con cen trated sul fur ev ery 50-60 min utes. Vi sual ob -
ser va tion on 31 January revealed a new solfatara.
Vol ca nic earth quakes were de tected on 30 Jan u ary (in -
ten sity III on the Mod i fied Mercali (MMI) scale), and a
seis mom e ter in stalled on 31 Jan u ary re corded a type-A
deep-vol ca nic earth quake at 1610 and two har monic tremor 
events (am pli tude 0.5 mm) at 1800. At 2227 an ex plo sion
was heard and in stru men tally re corded for about 70 sec -
onds. On 1 Feb ru ary, in stru ments re corded two tremor
events and one type-A vol ca nic earth quake. Egon was
placed on Alert level 3 (on a 1-4 scale) on that day.
United Na tions re ports and news re ports from around
31 Jan u ary in di cated that up to 6,400 peo ple were be ing
evac u ated from near Egon vol cano as a pre cau tion ary mea -
sure due to ?smoke,? ash, and other pos si ble emis sions. The 
news cited evac u a tions from the moun tain vil lages of Hale,
Hebing, Lere, Natakoli, Pedat, Bau Krengat, and Kelawair,
with ref u gees go ing to Maumere (the is land?s main town,
25 km W of the sum mit). There were re ports of 1 or 2
deaths, but it is not en tirely clear that they were re lated to
vol ca nic ac tiv ity, evacuations, or other causes.
The Eu ro pean Volcanological So ci ety (SVE) posted
this re port on the UN?s Re lief Web website: ?One per son
has been re ported killed from smoke and ash in ha la tion
from the erup tion of Egon vol cano. Thick clouds of smoke
and a great dis charge of hot ash, large chunks of sul fur and
vol ca nic rocks were seen nearby. The erup tion caused
panic among res i dents nearby, and they fled the moun tain
vil lages . . . . Eye wit nesses said the lower part of the crater
was seen burst ing and that was be lieved to be the main out -
let for the hot lava that spewed from the vol cano..?
Agence France-Presse pub lished a photo (by Ro meo
Gacad) with a dis tant ae rial view of Egon?s sum mit as it ap -
peared around sun set on 1 Feb ru ary. A thin plume rose
gently above the sum mit. Lower por tions of the photo were
in cloud.
A 2 Feb ru ary 2004 United Na tions (OCHA) re port
stated that ?Vol ca nol o gists con tinue mon i tor ing the ac tiv ity 
of Mt. Egon closely. Since the be gin ning of Feb ru ary, a de -
crease in seis mic ac tiv ity and emis sions has been reg is -
tered.? This and an other UN re port noted, as of 13 Feb ru ary 
~ 5,000 peo ple had been evac u ated and had been ac com mo -
dated in 14 tem po rary gov ern ment shel ters. The re port went 
on to note ?A grad ual re turn of the evac u ated pop u la tion
has al ready be gun and is ex pected to con tinue if cur rent
con di tions re main un changed. As of 4 Feb ru ary some 600
peo ple have al ready returned to their villages.?
Back ground. Gunung Egon vol cano sits astride the nar -
row waist of east ern Flores Is land. The bar ren, sparsely
veg e tated sum mit re gion has a 350-m-wide, 200-m-deep
crater that some times con tains a lake. Other small crater
lakes oc cur on the flanks of the 1,703-m-high vol cano. A
lava dome forms the south ern 1,671-m-high sum mit. Sol fa -
ta ric ac tiv ity oc curs on the crater wall and rim and on the
up per south ern flank. Re ports of his tor i cal erup tive ac tiv ity
prior to 2004 are in con clu sive. A col umn of ?smoke? was
of ten ob served above the sum mit dur ing 1888-1891 and in
1892. Strong ?smoke? emis sion in 1907 re ported by Sap per 
(1917) was con sid ered by the Cat a log of Ac tive Vol ca noes
of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1951) to be an his tor i -
cal erup tion, but Kemmerling (1929) noted that this was
likely con fused with an erup tion on the same date and time
from Lewotobi Lakilaki volcano.
In for ma tion Con tacts: Dali Ahmad, Hetty Triastuty,
Nia Haerani, and Suswati, Di rec tor ate of Vol ca nol ogy and
Geo log i cal Haz ards (for merly VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No
57, Bandung 40122, In do ne sia (email:dali@vsi.esdm.go.id; 
URL http://www.dpe.go.id.); Dan Shackelford, 3124 E.
Yorba Linda Blvd., Apt. H-33, Fullerton, CA 92831-2324,
USA (Email: danshack@ix.netcom.com); United Na tions,
Of fice for the Co or di na tion of Hu man i tar ian Af fairs (UN
OCHA), S-3600, New York, NY 10017, USA (URL: http://
www.rel iefweb. int / ) ;  Henry Gaudru ,  Soci?t?
Volcanologique Europ?enne (SVE), C.P.1-1211 Geneva
17- Swit zer land (Email: HgaudruSVE@compuserve.com;
URL: http://www.sveurop.org/).
Karangetang [Api Siau]
Siau Is land, In do ne sia
2.47?N, 125.29?E; sum mit elev. 1,784 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 8 hours)
This is an up date to Bul le tin v. 28, nos. 7, 9, 10, and 11,
which dis cussed ac tiv ity at Karangetang vol cano over the
pe riod June-No vem ber 2003. A Dar win Vol ca nic Ash Ad -
vi sory Cen tre re port stated that at 0630 UTC (1430 lo cal
time) on 18 July 2003 pi lots saw a thick ash plume ris ing
from the vol cano to ~ 8.5 km al ti tude.
HIGP MODIS ther mal-alert re ports for the year to 13
April 2004 showed, sub ject to the lim i ta tions of ther mal im -
ag ing (e.g. in times of heavy cloud), ther mal ac tiv ity at the
vol cano on 26 April, 7 and 30 May, 1 and 6 June, 21 July
and 11 August 2003, and 2 April 2004.
Back ground. Karangetang (Api Siau) vol cano lies at
the north ern end of the is land of Siau, north of Sulawesi.
The 1784-m-high stratovolcano con tains five sum mit crat -
ers along a N-S line. Karangetang is one of In do ne sia?s
most ac tive vol ca noes, with more than 40 erup tions re -
corded since 1675 and many ad di tional small erup tions that
were not doc u mented in the his tor i cal re cord (Neumann
van Padang, 1951, Cat a log of Ac tive Vol ca noes of the
6    Egon Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
World). Twen ti eth-cen tury erup tions have in cluded fre -
quent ex plo sive ac tiv ity some times ac com pa nied by
pyroclastic flows and lahars. Lava-dome growth has oc -
curred in the sum mit crat ers; col lapse of lava-flow fronts
has also produced pyroclastic flows.
In for ma tion Con tacts: HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert
Sys tem, Ha waii In sti tute of Geo phys ics and Plan e tol ogy,
School of Ocean and Earth Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Uni -
ver sity of Ha waii at Manoa (URL: http://modis.higp.ha -
waii.edu/); Darwin Vol ca nic Ash Ad vi sory Cen tre (VAAC),
Com mon wealth Bu reau of Me te o rol ogy, North ern Ter ri -
tory Re gional Of fice, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811,
Aus tra lia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vacc/; Email: 
dar win.vaac@bom.gov.au).
Bagana
Bougainville Is land, Pa pua New Guinea
6.140?S, 155.195?E; sum mit elev. 1,750 m
Bagana was last re ported in Bul le tin v. 28 no. 1, when
MODIS data in di cated al most con tin u ous ac tiv ity during
2001-2002. Con tin ued MODIS ther mal alerts dur ing March 
2003-Feb ru ary 2004 (ta ble 1) sug gests that ac tiv ity con tin -
ued over the year end ing Feb ru ary 2004. No cor rob o ra tive
re ports of ac tiv ity have been re ceived from the Rabaul Vol -
cano Ob ser va tory or the Dar win Vol ca nic Ash Advisory
Centre.
Back ground. Bagana vol cano, oc cu py ing a re mote por -
tion of cen tral Bougainville Is land, is one of Mel a ne sia?s
youn gest and most ac tive vol ca noes. Bagana is a mas sive
sym met ri cal lava cone largely con structed by an ac cu mu la -
tion of vis cous andesitic lava flows. The en tire lava cone
could have been con structed in about 300 years at its pres -
ent rate of lava pro duc tion. Erup tive ac tiv ity at Bagana is
char ac ter ized by non-ex plo sive ef fu sion of vis cous lava
that main tains a small lava dome in the sum mit crater, al -
though ex plo sive ac tiv ity oc ca sion al ly pro duc ing
pyroclastic flows also oc curs. Lava flows form dra matic,
freshly pre served tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick
with prom i nent levees that descend the volcano?s flanks on
all sides.
In for ma tion Con tact: HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert
Sys tem, Ha waii In sti tute of Geo phys ics and Plan e tol ogy,
School of Ocean and Earth Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Uni -
ver sity of Ha waii at Manoa (URL: http://modis.higp.ha -
waii.edu/).
Ambrym
Vanuatu
165.25?S, 168.12?E; sum mit elev. 1,334 m
Ambrym was last re ported in Bul le tin v. 28, no. 9, when 
de tails of ac tiv ity ob served dur ing Sep tem ber 2003 vis its
were pub lished. A daily sum mary of MODIS ther mal alerts
for the year end ing Feb ru ary 2004 (table 2) sug gests, sub -
ject to the lim i ta tions of ther mal im ag ing (e.g. in times of
heavy cloud), reg u lar ac tiv ity over the course of the year.
No cor rob o ra tive re ports of ac tiv ity have been re ceived
from the Rabaul Vol cano Ob ser va tory or the Darwin
Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre.
Back ground. Ambrym, a large ba saltic vol cano with a
12-km-wide cal dera, is one of the most ac tive vol ca noes of
the New Hebrides arc. A thick, al most ex clu sively
pyroclastic se quence, ini tially dacitic, then ba saltic, over -
lies lava flows of a pre-cal dera shield vol cano. The cal dera
was formed dur ing a ma jor plinian erup tion with dacitic
pyroclastic flows about 1900 years ago. Post-cal dera erup -
tions, pri mar ily from Marum and Benbow cones, have par -
tially filled the cal dera floor and pro duced lava flows that
ponded on the cal dera floor or over flowed through gaps in
the cal dera rim. Post-cal dera erup tions have also formed a
se ries of sco ria cones and maars along a fis sure sys tem ori -
ented ENE-WSW. Erup tions have ap par ently oc curred al -
most yearly dur ing his tor i cal time from cones within the
cal dera or from flank vents. How ever, from 1850 to 1950,
re port ing was mostly lim ited to ex tra-cal dera erup tions that
would have affected local populations.
In for ma tion Con tact: HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert
Sys tem, Ha waii In sti tute of Geo phys ics and Plan e tol ogy,
School of Ocean and Earth Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Uni -
ver sity of Ha waii at Manoa (URL: http://modis.higp.ha -
waii.edu/).
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 Ambrym    7
Month Days with Ther mal Alerts
Mar 2003 13, 19, 26, 31
Apr 2003 2, 11, 18, 25
May 03 18, 20
Jun 2003 19, 26
Jul 2003 21, 23, 25
Aug 2003 4, 6, 8, 13, 24, 29
Sep 2003 16
Oct 2003 2, 4, 07, 13, 18, 27
Nov 2003 5, 10, 12
Dec 2003 3
Jan 2004 13, 15, 20, 24, 31
Feb 2004 5
Ta ble 1. Nights on which MODIS ther mal alerts were re corded for
Bagana, for the year end ing Feb ru ary 2004. Thermal alerts re corded in
day light hours have been omit ted for data re li abil ity rea sons (one case on
23 Oc to ber 2003). Data cour tesy HIGP MODIS Thermal Alert System.
Month Days with Ther mal Alerts
Mar 2003 7, 21, 30
Apr 2003 15, 17
May 2003 1, 3, 17, 19, 20, 28
Jun 2003 9, 15, 16, 29
Jul 2003 29
Aug 2003 21, 25
Sep 2003 13, 15, 24
Oct 2003 1, 3, 8, 10, 22, 24, 31
Nov 2003 2
Dec 2003 25, 27
Jan 2004 7, 9, 12, 28
Feb 2004 1, 3, 4, 10, 17, 19, 22, 28
Ta ble 2. Nights on which MODIS ther mal alerts were re corded for
Ambrym, for the year end ing Feb ru ary 2004 . Ther mal alerts re corded in
day light hours have been omit ted for data re li abil ity rea sons (4 cases).
Data cour tesy HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert Sys tem.
Yasur
Vanuatu
19.52?S, 169.425?E; sum mit elev. 361 m
Ac tiv ity from the sum mit crater at Yasur con tin ued
through 2002 (Bul le tin v. 28, no. 1). While sim i lar com pre -
hen sive re ports are not avail able for 2003, MODIS data (ta -
ble 3) in di cated ac tiv ity con tin u ing over the year to 16
March 2004. No cor rob o ra tive re ports of ac tiv ity have been 
re ceived from the Rabaul Vol cano Ob ser va tory or the Dar -
win Vol ca nic Ash Ad vi sory Cen ter.
John Seach re ported con tin ued erup tions at Yasur dur -
ing March 2004. He sug gested that there was an av er age of
about 500 ex plo sions per day, which is typ i cal of the vol -
cano?s nor mal state of activity.
Back ground. Yasur, the best-known and most fre -
quently vis ited of the Vanuatu vol ca noes, has been in
more-or-less con tin u ous strombolian and vulcanian ac tiv ity 
since Cap tain Cook ob served ash erup tions in 1774. This
style of ac tiv ity may have con tin ued for the past 800 years.
Yasur, lo cated at the SE tip of Tanna Is land, is a mostly
non-veg e tated 361-m-high pyroclastic cone with a nearly
cir cu lar, 400-m-wide sum mit crater. Yasur is largely con -
tained within the small Yenkahe cal dera and is the youn gest 
of a group of Ho lo cene vol ca nic cen ters con structed over
the down-dropped NE flank of the Pleis to cene Tukosmeru
vol cano. Ac tive tectonism along the Yenkahe horst ac com -
pa ny ing erup tions of Yasur has raised Port Res o lu tion har -
bor more than 20 m during the past century.
In for ma tion Con tact: HIGP MODIS Ther mal Alert
Sys tem (see Bagana); John Seach, PO Box 4025, Port Vila,
Vanuatu (Email: john@volcanolive.com, URL: http://
www.volcanolive.com/).
White Is land
New Zea land
37.52?S, 177.18?E; sum mit elev. 321 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 12 hours [+ 13 hours early
Oc to ber to mid-March])
An April 2004 note from New Zea land geo ther mal ge -
ol o gist Ashley Cody noted that White Is land had es sen tially 
ceased its erup tive ep i sode since about 2002, when it be gan
to emit only very weak gas (lack ing ejecta). Ac cord ingly,
com pared to sev eral years ago, there has been lit tle to re port 
about it. How ever, the In sti tute of Geo log i cal & Nu clear
Sci ences (GNS) still mon i tors White Is land seis mi cally,
and with the Geonet web cam era (vis i ble real-time on the
net). This re port con tains a sum mary of their brief re ports.
An is sue of cur rent in ter est is the con tin ued growth of the
crater lake. Crater lake growth was pre vi ously re ported in
Feb ru ary and Au gust 2003 (Bul le tin v. 28, nos. 2 and 8).
GNS re ports warned that ?should there be no sig nif i cant 
erup tive ac tiv ity within the next 18-24 months and the lake
con tin ues to fill, it may reach over flow level. In this sit u a -
tion wa ter may over flow into drain age chan nels on Peg 12
Flat, S of the 1978/90 Crater Com plex, and these chan nels
may fur ther erode . . . .?
Steve O?Meara of Vol cano Watch In ter na tional vis ited
White Is land on 8 Feb ru ary 2004 (fig ure 6) and noted con -
sid er ably weaker fumarolic ac tiv ity than during an ear lier
trip in 2000 (fig ure 7). Hy dro ther mal ac tiv ity, though di -
min ished, was still tak ing place in the crater and steam of -
ten lifted off the lake?s sur face, which ef fer vesced. Scum
was weakly pres ent, es pe cially around the lake?s edges, but
he did not see as much as dur ing his 2000 visit. Vol ca nic
bombs and ex plo sion de bris sur rounded the crater. Al -
8    Yasur Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
Month Days with Ther mal Alerts
Mar 2003 23
Apr 2003 15
May 2003 3,10
Jun 2003 4
Sep 2003 8,17
Oct 2003 17, 24, 26
Nov 2003 5, 10, 12
Mar 2004 13
Ta ble 3. Nights on which MODIS ther mal alerts were re corded for Yasur
dur ing the year end ing 16 March 2004. Data cour tesy HIGP MODIS
Ther mal Alert Sys tem.
Fig ure 6. The rim of White Is land?s main crater taken look ing W on 8
Feb ru ary 2004, show ing the crater lake and the top of the E rim. Observers 
noted a small fresh land slide in the far crater wall (to the right of the
fumaroles). Cour tesy of Steve and Donna O?Meara, Vol cano Watch
In ter na tional.
Fig ure 7. A wide-an gle ae rial shot of White Is land taken 5 Jan u ary 2000
amid much more vig or ous de gas sing than pres ent in Feb ru ary 2004. The
then smaller, but more steam-cov ered crater lake ap pears in the cen ter of
the photo, di rectly be hind the high point along the crater rim in the
fore ground. Cour tesy of Steve and Donna O?Meara, Vol cano Watch
In ter na tional.
though O?Meara?s pro fes sion ally-guided tour was con -
ducted skill fully and with gen u ine re gard for safety, he ex -
pressed con cern about a sud den erup tion from the lake
catching onlookers off guard.
A 13 Feb ru ary 2004 re port from the GNS stated that
heavy rain fall on White Is land dur ing the past few weeks
trig gered many small land slides in side the crater rim. They
went on to note that the lake con tin ued to fill steadily and
last week all of the tem po rary marker posts were sub -
merged or had washed into the lake. This week, GNS vol -
ca nol o gists had vis ited the is land to in stall six more sur vey
posts in side the main crater, so changes in the lake?s level
could con tinue to be mon i tored. The lake tem per a ture was
57?C, sim i lar to val ues mea sured dur ing the last six months. 
A 26 March re port noted a de crease in the rate of rain fall
and con se quent drop in the rate of fill ing of the crater lake.
GNS re ports on 2 April and 26 March also men tioned mi -
nor seis mic ac tiv ity, which was de scribed in more de tail in
a 19 March re port as ?in clud ing a few very small, discrete
earthquakes but no volcanic tremor.?
The GNS re port for 30 April 2004 stated that ?seis mic
and hy dro ther mal ac tiv ity at White Is land re main at a low
level. The crater lake was then [12-]13.6 m be low the level
at which it will over flow. White Is land also re mains at Alert 
Level 1 (some signs of vol cano un rest).? An over view of
late 2002-early 2004 GNS data ap pears on ta ble 4. There
were no HIGP-MODIS ther mal alert warn ings for White Is -
land over the 12 months to April 2004.
Back ground. Un in hab ited 2 x 2.4 km White Is land, one 
of New Zea land?s most ac tive vol ca noes, is the emer gent
sum mit of a 16 x 18 km sub ma rine vol cano in the Bay of
Plenty about 50 km off  shore of North Is  land. The
321-m-high is  land con s ists  of  two over  lap  ping
andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes; the sum mit crater ap -
pears to be breached to the SE be cause the shore line cor re -
sponds to the level of sev eral notches in the SE crater wall.
Volckner Rocks, four sea stacks that are rem nants of a lava
dome, lie 5 km NNE of White Is land. In ter mit tent mod er ate 
phreatomagmatic and strombolian erup tions have oc curred
at White Is land through out the short his tor i cal pe riod be -
gin ning in 1826, but its ac tiv ity also forms a prom i nent part
of Maori leg ends. For ma tion of many new vents dur ing the
19th and 20th cen tu ries has pro duced rapid changes in
crater floor to pog ra phy. Col lapse of the crater wall in 1914
pro duced a de bris av a lanche that buried buildings and
workers at a sulfur-mining project.
In for ma tion Con tacts: In sti tute of Geo log i cal & Nu -
clear Sci ences (GNS), Pri vate Bag 2000, Wairakwi, New
Zea land (URL: http://www.gns/cri.nz); GeoNet, a pro ject
spon sored by the New Zea land Gov ern ment through these
agen cies: Earth quake Com mis sion (E.C.), Geo log i cal &
Nu clear Sci ences (GNS), and Foun da tion for Re search,
Sci ence & Tech nol ogy (FAST). Geonet can be con tacted at
the above GNS ad dress (their URL: http://www.geonet.org.
nz/con tact.htm); Steve and Donna O?Meara, Vol cano
Watch In ter na tional, P.O. Box 218, Vol cano, HI 96785
(Email: someara@interpac.net).
Nevados de Chill?n
Chile
36.863?S, 71.377?W; sum mit elev. 3,212 m
Nevados de Chill?n was ac tive from 1973 through
1983; af ter that, phreatomagmatic erup tions were re ported
to have al most ended. A small (VEI 1) erup tion, the first
since 1986, was noted by lo cal in hab it ants and tour ists in
Au gust-Sep tem ber 2003. Low mag ni tude ex plo sive events
oc curred over the week end ing 27 Au gust 2003, send ing
brown-gray to white gas-and-ash col umns up to heights of
500 m for pe ri ods of up to 25 min utes. Re sult ing de pos its
were ~ 1 cm deep over a sharply de fined 2.2 km wide zone
to the SSE. Pre vail ing winds were strong around the time of 
the erup tion (fig ure 8). Ex plo sions then be came more spo -
radic, oc cur ring at 2-3 day in ter vals, until ceasing in
mid-September.
An in spec tion of the erup tion site on 22 Jan u ary 2004
by Servicio Nacional de Geoligica y Mineria sci en tists re -
vealed a new com pound, fis sure-like, dou ble crater in the
sad dle be tween the cones Nuevo (which erupted dur ing
1906-1945) and Arrau (which erupted dur ing 1973-1986)
(fig ure 9). This new ~ 64 m long dou ble crater con sisted of
a NW sit u ated, 25 x 14 m crater and a SE sit u ated, 39 x 28
m crater. These crat ers lie to the NW of Arrau cone and be -
come sur rounded by an area of in tense fumaroles to wards
Nuevo cone. The fumaroles are wa ter-va por rich but give
off a weak sul fur odor. On Nuevo?s E side they had tem per -
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 Nevados de Chill?n    9
Month Seis mic ity Emis sion lev els Com ment
Oct 02 ? 63 met ric tons of SO2 / day (t/d) ?
Nov 02 Mi nor weak vol ca nic tremor Weak steam / gas emis sions ?
Dec 02 Mi nor weak vol ca nic tremor Weak steam / gas emis sions; 112 t/d SO2 ?
Jan 03 Mod er ate / weak vol ca nic tremor Weak steam / gas emis sions ?
Feb 03 Low / mi nor vol ca nic tremor Mi nor weak steam / gas emis sions; 269 t/d SO2 In creased tremor (with ex cep tion of 17 Feb)
Mar 03 Low lev els of weak tremor Low steam / gas emis sions; 267 t/d SO2 ?
Apr 03 Low / neg li gi ble Weak / very weak steam / gas plumes Ac tive vent flooded, re duc ing emis sions and
seis mic ity
May 03 Very low Un changed ?
Jun 03 In ter mit tent low level ac tiv ity Mi nor steam / gas plume ?
Jul 03 Very low Plume no lon ger vis i ble Light green wa ter, 30 m be low rim; 58?C.
Fumaroles 101-114?C
Aug 03 Low ? Wa ter 53?C, 300 m long lake. Ac tive mon i tor ing 
of wa ter level be gins.
Ta ble 4. A sum mary of the In sti tute of Geo log i cal & Nu clear Sci ences (GNS) re ports dis cuss ing White Is land, Oc to ber 2002 to April 2004. Blank area sig nify
lack of sub stan tive new data. Cour tesy of the GNS and their HazardWatch.co.nz website.
a tures of up to 88?C (ta ble 5).
While no pre vi ous mea sure ments
were avail able, this area showed
more in tense fumarolic ac tiv ity
than seen dur ing a Jan u ary 1994
visit and 1998 air pho to graphs.
Dur ing the re cent visit the lo cal
heat-flow ap peared con cen trated
ad ja cent to Nuevo cone, rather
than Arrau cone. This, and the fis -
sure-like form of the 2003 crater,
were taken  as  ev i  dence for
possible future eruptions closer to 
Nuevo cone.
In ad di tion to dis persal and
de po si tion of loose ash, the Jan u -
ary in spec tion noted ag glu ti nates
form ing a se r ies  of  2 m long
ridges or ?dunes? (fig ure 10). The
ag glu ti nates con sisted of wet
black clus ters of ash spheres with
0.5- to 1-cm di am e ters. A large
num ber of dead in sects in the ag -
glu ti nated ash sug gested ex treme
con di tions such as the pres ence of 
toxic gas ses. When dry, the ash
was dark gray with a lithic-rich
polymodal com po si tion. Par ti cle
sizes ranged from dust to 4-5 mm, 
of  which 5-10% was
coarse-grained, lithic-rich lapilli
com posed of black, gray, and red
aphyric andesites and ~ 60% was
fine- to me dium-grained lapilli
com posed of lithic clasts, quartz,
and plagioclase crys tals. Be low
the 1 mm size range, black glassy
shards ap peared with cleaved ves -
i  c le  sur  faces  and  blocky or
plate-like shapes. The rem nant
fraction was light-gray fine ash.
Back ground. The com pound
vol cano of Nevados de Chill?n is
one of the most ac tive vol ca noes
of the Cen tral An des of Chile.
Three late-Pleis to cene to Ho lo -
cene stratovolcanoes were con -
structed along a NNW-SSE line
within nested Pleis to cene cal de -
ras, which pro duced ignimbrite
sheets ex tend ing more than 100
km into the Cen tral De pres sion of 
Chile. The larg est stratovolcano,
3,212-m-high Cerro Blanco, is lo -
cated at the NW end of the group,
and 3,089-m-high Volc?n Viejo
(Volc?n Chill?n), which was the
main ac  t ive  vent dur  ing the
17th-19th cen tu ries, oc cu pies the
SE end. The new Volc?n Nuevo
stratovolcano formed be gin ning
in 1861 be tween the two vol ca -
noes, and has been the most ac tive 
10    Nevados de Chill?n Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
Fig ure 8. Strong pre vail ing winds blow ing over the Nevados de Chill?n com plex caused the re sult ing plume to
re main at low al ti tude. This photo was taken in early Sep tem ber 2003. The plume blew to wards the SSE. Cour tesy 
Servicio Nacional de Geoligica y Mineria.
Fig ure 9. Ae rial view and cross sec tion of the Nevados de Chill?n com plex, show ing the new crater in re la tion to
Nuevo and Arrau cones, and in di cat ing SSE-ori ented ash dis persal. Cour tesy Servicio Nacional de Geoligica y
Mineria.
vent since, grow ing to ex ceed Volc?n Viejo in altitude.
Ref er ence: Naranjo, J.A., and Lara, L.E., 2004, Au -
gust-Sep tem ber 2003 erup tion in the Nevados de Chill?n
Vol ca nic Com plex (36?50?S), South ern An des (Chile):
Revista Geologica de Chile (Feb ru ary 2004).
In for ma tion Con tact: Jose A. Naranjo and Luis E.
Lara ,  Serv icio Nacional  de Geolig ica y Mineria
(SERNAGEOMIN), Av. Santa Maria 0104, San ti ago, Chile 
(Email: jnaranjo@sernageomin.cl; lelara@sernageomin.
cl).
Mi chael
South Sand wich Is lands
57.78?S, 26.45?W; sum mit elev. 990 m
The only pre vi ous re port on the re mote Mi chael vol cano 
was in Bul le tin v. 28 no. 2, which com mented on a lava lake 
de tected by sat el lite im ag ery over the pe riod 1995-2002. A
re view of MODIS data for the pe riod from that re port (end
2002) to 16 March 2004 (UTC) re veals one ther mal alert,
on 7 May 2003 (UTC). No cor rob o ra tive report is avail able, 
al though pre vi ous alerts were in ter preted as pos si bly rep re -
sent ing lava lake ac tiv ity.
Back ground. The young con struc tional Mount Mi chael
stratovolcano dom i nates gla cier-cov ered Saunders Is land.
Sym met ri cal and 990-m-high, Mount Mi chael has a
700-m-wide sum mit crater and a rem nant of a somma rim to 
the SE. Tephra lay ers vis i ble in ice cliffs sur round ing the is -
land are ev i dence of re cent erup tions. Ash clouds were re -
ported from the sum mit crater in 1819, and an ef fu sive
erup tion was in ferred to have oc curred from a N-flank fis -
sure around the end of the 19th cen tury and be gin ning of
the 20th cen tury. A low ice-free lava plat form, Blackstone
Plain, is lo cated on the N coast, sur round ing a group of for -
mer sea stacks. A clus ter of par a sitic cones on the SE flank,
the Ashen Hills, ap pear to have been mod i fied since 1820
(LeMasurier and Thomson 1990). Va por emis sion is fre -
quently re ported from the sum mit crater. Re cent AVHRR
and MODIS sat el lite im ag ery has re vealed ev i dence for
lava lake activity in the summit crater of Mount Michael.
In for ma tion Con tact: Rob Wright, Luke Flynn, and
Eric Pilger; MODIS Ther mal Alert Sys tem, Ha waii In sti -
tute of Geo phys ics and Plan e tol ogy (HIGP), School of
Ocean and Earth Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Uni ver sity of
Ha waii at Manoa (URL: http://modis.higp.ha waii.edu/;
Email: wright@higp.ha waii.edu, flynn@higp.ha waii.edu,
and pilger@higp.hawaii.edu).
Stromboli
Ae olian Is lands, It aly
38.79?N, 15.21?E; sum mit elev. 926 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 1 hour [+ 2 hours late
March-late Oc to ber])
Ex plo sive ac tiv ity at the sum mit crat ers of Stromboli
vol cano re sumed in early June 2003, be fore the end of the
ef fu sive erup tion that fin ished be tween 21 and 22 July
2003. Erup tive ac tiv ity at this vol cano is mon i tored by
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV-CT). 
They have in stalled two web cam eras at an el e va tion of 920 
m on Il Pizzo Sopra la Fossa and at an el e va tion of 400 m
along the E mar gin of the Sciara del Fuoco, the de pres sion
on the N flank of the vol cano. Ad di tion ally, a web ther mal
cam era is lo cated at the 400-m el e va tion site noted above,
and a web in fra red cam era is po si tioned at Il Pizzo Sopra la
Fossa. The 2 cam eras (ther mal and video) at the 400-m el e -
va tion site give im por tant in sights when vis i bil ity is in suf fi -
cient at the more dis tant cam eras. The in fra red cam era at Il
Pizzo pro vides both a con tin u ous view of the ac tiv ity at the
sum mit crat ers and a quan ti fi ca tion of the en ergy re leased
by the ex plo sions at the three sum mit craters through an
automated system called VAMOS (Cristaldi and others,
2004).
Ac cord ing to avi a tion re ports from the U.S. Air Force,
the web cam era at Stromboli cap tured shots of light ash
emis sions on 7 and 11 No vem ber 2003. In both cases
plumes rose to ~ 2.5 km al ti tude. Ac cord ing to the Toulouse 
VAAC the Stromboli Web video cam era showed a small
ex plo sion on 10 De cem ber that pro duced a plume to a
height of ~ 1 km above the vol cano. No ash was vis i ble on
satellite imagery.
Ac cord ing to the INGV-CT, ex plo sive ac tiv ity at the
three sum mit crat ers in creased af ter 10 Feb ru ary 2004,
lead ing to a sig nif i cant growth of the cin der cones in side
the crat ers. Sev eral pow er ful ex plo sions, es pe cially from
crater 1 (the NE-crater) and crater 3 (the SW-crater) car ried 
scoriae 200 m above the crat ers. These ex plo sions led to
fall out of fresh bombs and lapilli on Il Pizzo Sopra la Fossa
(the top of the vol cano, ~ 100 m above the crater ter race) in
early March. Sam ples of lapilli and scoriae col lected on
Stromboli by lo cal guides have been an a lyzed with the
scan ning elec tron mi cro scope and microanalysis in stru -
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 Stromboli    11
Fig ure 10. Jan u ary 2004 view of dried ash de pos its from Nevados de
Chill?n?s 2003 erup tion. The darker de pos its lay atop rem nant snow pack.
Cour tesy Servicio Nacional de Geoligica y Mineria.
Site UTM N UTM W
Tem per a ture
(?C ? 0.5)
SW Nuevo flank 288.086 5916.963 87.2
E Nuevo rim 288.138 5917.522 87.9
Be tween crat ers 288.263 5917.547 57.4
Ta ble 5. Site names, lo ca tions (as UTM co or di nates), and fumarole
tem per a tures de scrib ing con di tions at Nevados de Chill?n on 22 Jan u ary
2004. The fumaroles were lo cated near the 2003 vent. Cour tesy of J.A.
Naranjo and L.E. Lara, SERNAGEOMIN.
ments of INGV-CT (Corsaro and oth ers, 2004). Mea sure -
ments of glass com po si tions in di cated that prod ucts erupted 
un til 25 Feb ru ary 2004 are re lated to the black scoriaceous
volcanics nor mally erupted dur ing Strombolian ac tiv ity.
Golden ba saltic pumices were ab sent from avail able sam -
ples; such pumices at this vol cano have been gen er ally as -
so ci ated with par ox ys mal ex plo sive events (Bertagnini and
oth ers, 1999) such as that of 5 April 2003. Anal y sis of com -
po nents car ried out on sev eral ash sam ples al lowed sci en -
tists at INGV-CT to rec og nize sideromelane and tachylite
as the main com po nents, mak ing up ~ 80% of the erupted
ash (Andronico and oth ers, 2004). The ac tiv ity of this vol -
cano as of 8 March 2004 can be de scribed, fit tingly, as
Strombolian with vari a tions in the num ber and fre quency of 
ex plo sions within nor mally observed limits, and intensity
of explosions at the higher limit of commonly observed
activity.
Ref er ences: Andronico, D., Caruso, S., Cristaldi, A.,
and Del Carlo, P., 2004, Caratterizzazione delle ceneri
emesse dallo Stromboli nel Gennaio-Febbraio 2004:
INGV-CT In ter nal Re port, Prot. int. n? UFVG2004/034.
Corsaro, R.A., Miraglia, L., and Zanon, V., 2004,
Caratterizzazione dei vetri presenti nei prodotti emessi
dallo Stromboli du rante i l mese di  febbraio:  2004
INGV-CT In ter nal Re port, Prot. int. UFVG2004/033.
Cristaldi, A., Contelli, M., and Mangiagli, S., 2004,
Rapporto settimanale sull?attivit eruttiva dello Stromboli:
22-29 Febbraio 2004. INGV-CT In ter nal Re port, Prot. int.
n? UFVG2004/031 [down load at http://www.ct.ingv.it].
Bertagnini, A., Coltelli, M., Landi, P., Pompilio, M.,
and Rosi, M., 1999, Vi o lent ex plo sions yield new in sights
into dy nam ics of Stromboli vol cano. Eos, Amer i can Geo -
phys i cal Un ion Trans ac tions, 80, 52: 633-636.
Back ground. Spec tac u lar in can des cent night time ex -
plo sions at Stromboli vol cano have long at tracted vis i tors
to the ?Light house of the Med i ter ra nean.? Stromboli, the
NE-most of the Ae olian Is lands, has lent its name to the fre -
quent mild ex plo sive ac tiv ity that has char ac ter ized its
erup t ions  through out h is  tor  i  ca l  t ime.  The smal l ,
926-m-high is land of Stromboli is the emer gent sum mit of a 
vol cano that grew in two main erup tive cy cles, the last of
which formed the west ern por tion of the is land. The ac tive
sum mit vents are lo cated at the head of the Sciara del
Fuoco, a horse shoe-shaped scarp formed as a re sult of slope 
fail ure that ex tends to be low sea level and fun nels
pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Es sen tially
con tin u ous mild Strombolian ex plo sions, some times ac -
com pa nied by lava flows, have been recorded at Stromboli
for more than a millenium.
In for ma tion Con tact: Sonia Calvari, Istituto Nazionale 
di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Pi azza Roma 2, 95123
Catania, It aly (URL: http://www.ct.ingv.it; Email:
calvari@ct.ingv.it); Charles Holliday (see Suwanose-jima).
Etna
Sic ily, It aly
37.73?N, 15.00?E; sum mit elev. 3,315 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 1 hour)
Since the ces sa tion of the last erup tion of Mount Etna
on 28 Jan u ary 2003, no fur ther erup tive ac tiv ity has been
ob served. Sum mit ac tiv ity has been lim ited to pul sat ing gas
emis sions from the North east Crater (NEC) and from one of 
the two vents within Bocca Nuova (BN). The other cen tral
crater vents and the South east Crater (SEC) were es sen -
tially blocked and only pro duc ing ex tremely weak gas
emissions.
The first sig nif i cant vari a tion from this very low level of 
ac tiv ity was seen be tween 12 and 14 Feb ru ary 2004, when a 
weak ash emis sion was ob served within the sum mit crater
plume. A fresh ash sam ple was col lected in Pedara, a vil -
lage about 10 km SE from the sum mit. Del Carlo and
Andronico (2004) re ported that the sam ple was made up of
ma te rial with a grain-size less than 0.125 mm. Com po nents
com pris ing the sam ple con sisted of sideromelane (41.5%),
tachylite (24.7%), loose crys tals of clinopyroxene, ol iv ine,
and plagioclase (4%), and lithics (29.7%). The clasts of
s ideromelane were very vesiculated and made of
light-brown, trans par ent and shiny glass. There were also a
few strands of Pele?s hair. Tachylites were black or gray,
shiny, sub-an gu lar clasts. Lithics com prised frag ments of
weath ered sco ria, lavas, or sec ond ary min er als. The high
amount of ju ve nile com po nents within the ash were taken
to sug gests an up rise of magma into the sum mit feeder con -
duit, the first to oc cur since the end of the 2002-2003 flank
eruption.
The INGV-CT Geo chem is try group per formed reg u lar
re mote-sens ing mea sure ments of vol ca nic gas flux and
chem i cal com po si tion on Etna us ing COSPEC and FTIR
in stru ments. Such mea sure ments dem on strated that the up -
per con duit sys tem of Mt Etna has been weakly sup plied
with magma since the end of the 2002-2003 erup tion, an
ob ser va tion sup ported both by rel a tively low fluxes of SO2
and low mo lar ra tios of SO2/HCl. Oc ca sional dis crete in jec -
tions of magma into the up per con duit sys tem have been
ob served, how ever, as sharp in creases in both SO2 flux and
SO2/HCl ra tios. These in puts oc curred in Au gust 2003,
December 2003, and in late January 2004.
The INGV-CT per ma nent seis mic net work con sisted of
~ 40 sta tions, 10 of which were in stalled in Oc to ber 2003
and have broad-band, 40-sec ond-pe riod sen sors. Af ter the
end of the 2002-2003 flank erup tion, seis mic ity was mainly 
con cen trated along Et na?s E and NE flanks, ap pear ing in
two main phases. Un til the end of May 2003, earth quakes
were lo cal ized along the same struc tures that were ac ti vated 
dur ing the 2002-2003 erup tion, sug gest ing a re lax ation
phase. Dur ing this phase, sev eral swarms oc curred mainly
be tween 3 and 7 km depth, show ing a pro gres sive de crease
in seis mic en ergy. Af ter June 2003, sev eral shal low earth -
quakes were re corded along the up per east ern part of the
vol ca nic ed i fice near Zafferana, and along the Pernicana
fault on the NE flank. This sec ond phase was char ac ter ized
by a re newal of seis mic ac tiv ity, with sev eral seis mic
swarms char ac ter ized by pro gres sive re lease of seis mic en -
ergy. In par tic u lar, dur ing the last two months, the
Pernicana Fault has been very active (UFS Weekly Reports, 
2003 and 2004).
Back ground. Mount Etna, tow er ing above Catania, Sic -
ily?s sec ond larg est city, has one of the world?s lon gest doc -
u mented re cords of his tor i cal vol ca nism, dat ing back to
1500 BC. His tor i cal lava flows of ba saltic com po si tion
cover much of the sur face of this mas sive stratovolcano,
whose ed i fice is the high est and most vo lu mi nous in It aly.
The Mongibello stratovolcano, trun cated by sev eral small
cal de ras, was con structed dur ing the late Pleis to cene and
Ho lo cene over an older shield vol cano. The most prom i nent 
12    Etna Smithsonian Institution ? Bulletin of the Global
mor pho log i cal fea ture of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x
10 km horse shoe-shaped cal dera open to the E. Two styles
of erup tive ac tiv ity typ i cally oc cur at Etna. Per sis tent ex -
plo sive erup tions, some times with mi nor lava emis sions,
take place from one or more of the three prom i nent sum mit
crat ers, the Cen tral Crater, NE Crater, and SE Crater (the
lat ter formed in 1978). Flank vents, typ i cally with higher
ef fu sion rates, are less fre quently ac tive and orig i nate from
fis sures that open pro gres sively down ward from near the
sum mit (usu ally ac com pa nied by strombolian erup tions at
the up per end). Cin der cones are com monly con structed
over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows ex tend 
to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the
sea over a broad area on the SE flank.
Ref er ences. Del Carlo, P., and Andronico, D., 2004,
Rapporto cenere Etna del 13-14/02/04: INGV-CT In ter nal
Re port, Prot. Int. no. UFVG2004/024, p 1.
UFS INGV-CT Weekly In ter nal Re ports, 2003 and
2004.
In for ma tion Con tact: Sonia Calvari, INGV (see
Stromboli).
Pi ton de la Fournaise
Reunoin Is land, In dian Ocean
21.229?S, 55.713?E; sum mit elev. 2631 m
All times are lo cal (= UTC + 4 hours)
Bul le tin v. 28, no. 9 re ported a seis mic cri sis and new
SSW-flank fis sure at Pi ton de la Fournaise on 30 Sep tem -
ber 2003. The Volcanological Ob ser va tory mon i tor ing Pi -
ton de la Fournaise and the lo cal press re ported a fur ther
seis mic cri sis that de vel oped on 7 De cem ber 2003 at 1429
be neath the sum mit. Fol low ing around an hour of seis mic -
ity, an erup tion be gan on 7 De cem ber at 1535 in the
Dolomieu crater, with lava fountaining to ten?s of me ters
from two frac tures on the SE crater floor. Two new frac -
tures were also ob served on the S crater rim that did not
pro duce lava. The erup tion de creased rap idly over the night 
of 7-8 De cem ber. By 8 De cem ber at about 1400 small in -
can des cent lava flows and rock falls on the S crater wall
were ob served. By the night of 8 De cem ber the erup tion
ceased but strong de gas sing and fluc tu at ing seis mic ity con -
tin ued. New lava covered ~ 40% of the Dolomieu crater
floor.
The erup tion was pre ceded by a seis mic swarm on 6
No vem ber that was fol lowed by ~ 30 cm of steady up lift
and 10-20 earth quakes re corded per day. As of 16 De cem -
ber, sig nif i cant seis mic ac tiv ity con tin ued, and hik ers were
per mit ted only lim ited ac cess. Press re ports in di cated three
quite ac tive cones within the S ram part of the Dolomieu
crater, sur rounded by ejecta found more than 200 m N,
noisy de gas sing, lava cov er ing the bot tom of the crater up
to 5 m thick, and zig zag cracks crossing the crater?s S
exterior.
A fur ther seis mic event with sig nif i cant sur face de for -
ma tion oc curred over 7-9 Jan u ary 2004.
Back ground. The mas sive Pi ton de la Fournaise ba -
saltic shield vol cano on the French is land of R?un ion in the
west ern In dian Ocean is one of the world?s most ac tive vol -
ca noes. Much of its >530,000 year his tory over lapped with
erup tions of the deeply dis sected Pi ton des Neiges shield
vol cano to the NW. Three cal de ras formed at about
250,000, 65,000, and less than 5000 years ago by pro gres -
sive east ward slump ing of the vol cano. Nu mer ous
pyroclastic cones dot the floor of the cal de ras and their
outer flanks. Most his tor i cal erup tions have orig i nated from 
the sum mit and flanks of Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava
shield that has grown within the youn gest cal dera, which is
8 km wide and breached to be low sea level on the east ern
side. More than 150 erup tions, most of which have pro -
duced fluid ba saltic lava flows, have oc curred since the
17th cen tury. Only six erup tions, in 1708, 1774, 1776,
1800, 1977, and 1986, have orig i nated from fis sures on the
outer flanks of the cal dera. The Pi ton de la Fournaise Vol -
cano Ob ser va tory, one of sev eral op er ated by the Institut de 
Phy sique du Globe de Paris, monitors this very active
volcano.
In for  ma t ion Con tact:  Thomas Staudacher ,
Observatoire Volcanologique du Pi ton de la Fournaise
Institut de Phy sique du Globe de Paris, 97418 La Plaine des 
Cafres, La R?un ion, France (URL: http:\\vol cano.ipgp.
jussieu.fr:8080\re union\stationreu2.html; Email: Thomas.
Staudacher@univ-re union.fr).
 Volcanism Network, Volume 29, Number 3, March 2004 Pi ton de la Fournaise    13
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