S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 3 8 A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names C.W. Hart, Jr. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1994 A B S T R A C T Hart, C.W., Jr. A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 38, 127 pages, 6 figures, 1994.?A dictionary encompassing 1474 non-scientific names (vernacular, common, and fabricated) or freshwater crayfishes, including place-names and slang/argot expressions employing the word "crayfish" or its synonyms. Citations of most source materials are included, as well as examples of uses in literature over time. A Language Index of approximately 100 languages and/or dialects gives acess to sources and other data in the word list. A Species Index lists the non-scientific names usually associated with discrete crayfish species. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Natives Fishing (or "Treading") for Crayfish. "The method adopted by the Aborigines in South Australia when fishing for freshwater crayfish is as follows: The fisher puts between his teeth an ordinary rush bag, to hold the crayfish, which he first dislodges with his toes and then catches them with his hands, bagging them rapidly." After Worsnop, 1897:96 and plate 48. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, C.W., Jr. A dictionary of non-scientific names of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), including other words and phrases incorporating crayfish names, p. cm.?(Smithsonian contributions to Anthropology ; no. 38) Includes bibliographical references (p. 85) and indexes. 1. Crayfish?Nomenclature (Popular) 2. Freshwater invertebrates?Nomenclature (Popular) I. Title II. Title: Freshwater crayfishes III. Series. GNl.S54no. 38 [QL444.M33] 595.3 '841?dc20 93-48884 CIP ? The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48?1984. Contents Page Introduction 1 What Is a Non-Scientific Name? 2 What Are Crayfishes? 3 Where Do Crayfishes Live? 4 The Australian Aboriginal Names 4 The American Indian Names 6 Organization 6 Mistaken Identities 7 Acknowledgments 7 Word List 9 Sign Language 83 References 85 Language Index 98 Species Index 118 Illustrations Figure 1. Representative Australian, European, and North American crayfishes . . . 2 Figure 2. Crayfish parts labeled for differentiation from other crustaceans 3 Figure 3. Natural distribution of crayfishes (as opposed to introductions) 5 Figure 4. A representative freshwater crab 8 Figure 5. Representative freshwater shrimps 83 Figure 6. Representative North American and Chinese crayfishes 84 The stylized crayfish ornament used on pages 82, 97, 117, and 127 is from Peddie, 1930:79. in A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names C.W. Hart, Jr. His ineffable effable Efanineffable Deep and inscrutable singular Name. T.S. Eliot Introduction Douglas Adams, in The More Than Complete Hitch? hiker's Guide, briefly discussed Macbeth's attitude toward murdering people?"the initial doubts, followed by cautious enthusiasm and then greater and greater alarm at the sheer scale of the undertaking and still no end in sight." I had a similar progression of feelings about this dictionary, which I innocently started because I have long been troubled by the odd assortment of animals generally referred to as "crayfish." There was an initial feeling of "who cares," followed by a bit of enthusiasm when I discovered others had also compiled lists of crayfish common names (somebody cares), fol? lowed by an alarm phase when I realized how many names there are and the impossibility of my finding them all. After the alarm phase, there was panic?when I realized that I was treading on some very unfamiliar ground. Indeed, I, as a zoologist, was deep in a swamp inhabited by alien beings such as ethnobiologists, linguists, and no doubt other things. C.W. Hart, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 *- I soon realized that I would never get out of that swamp as long as I continued with the project, so I decided to proceed and to avoid at least some trouble by defining myself as a naive lexicographer, sensu Sam? uel Johnson?i.e., "... a harmless drudge...." That, I felt, might lend some frail shelter from my fellow swamp dwellers. The scientific identities (in the Western sense), the non-scientific names, and the distributions of freshwater crustaceans are important because crayfishes, shrimps, crabs, and other crustaceans sometimes inhabit the same watercourses and are often indiscriminately called "crayfish," "crawfish," or, indeed, hundreds of other vernacular names by the uninitiated. References to "crayfish" where no crayfishes live, to crabs where there are no crabs, and to shrimps where only cray? fishes live not only give rise to questions about the validity of observations, but to erroneous conclusions. This, then, is largely a list of the non-scientific names used locally, worldwide, infrequently, or over a long period of time to refer to the freshwater crayfishes belonging to the superfamilies Astacoidea and the Parastacoidea. Where possible, I have associated those names with the appropriate scientific names, and also pointed out where confusion is possible, rampant, or even intractable. But a dream is usually finer than reality, and so it is with this. I set out simply to find SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY the vernacular equivalents for "crayfish" in as many languages as possible, and while I believe I have found most, I would be foolish to bet on it. I have taken what might be considered the narrow view?limiting this to those freshwater crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and the Parastacoidea?and hope to encourage the use of other terms for reference to marine and other freshwater species. In addition, as a lagniappe, crayfish vernacular names that are used as verbs are included, as well as argot and slang expressions, and place names associated with crayfishes. As a zoologist, I bring with me some traditions and emotional baggage that a linguist would probably scorn. But my aims are not linguistic in any formal sense, and follow more the desire for completeness and synonymic integrity that underlie zoological practices. Almost all of the names have appeared in print (at the moment I can think of only four that I have attribut? ed to individuals), and I have attempted to provide full citations and page data for each name. Where names were listed in publications citing other publications, I have verifed as many as possible by going to the original sources. Occasionally I have been unsuccessful in this and have provided the information that was available. I do not doubt that some will say that "ecrevisse" is the same word as "ecrevisse"; that "yaabitch" and "yabbie" and "yabby" and "yappi" are but variations on a theme, and that the delightful and wildly variable spelling associated with pre-Johsonian English is merely a quaint artifact of the past. They could be right, I suppose. But in zoology if a species name is misspelled by so much as a letter, it is considered a synonym, and it is listed as such. That is the model I used here. Some of the differences among similar words are probably caused by carelessness, some by lack of guidelines, some by poor hearing or speech defects, some by regional practices, some by the passing of time. I have not judged, merely recorded them as I found them. I hope that my colleagues?anthropologists, transla? tors, denizens of the belles lettres, and even zoolo? gists?who sometimes fall into the trap of erroneously calling an animal a "crayfish" or a "lobster" or a "shrimp" when it is something else will find this useful. It should enable ethnologists to be more specific when they question their informants regarding crustaceans in local waters; it might help art historians and catalogers describe more accurately their subject matter; it should help translators to be more accurate in their transla- FlGURE 1 .?Representative crayfishes: European (top left, after Huxley, 1886); Australian (top right, after Huxley, 1886); North American (bottom, from Hobbs, 1990). tions; and it will, above all, give some appreciation of the verbal diversity associated with this relatively small group of animals. WHAT IS A NON-SCIENTIFIC NAME??Non-scientific names of crayfishes fall into two general categories: (1) Those that developed over time and probably without conscious design?generally called "common names," but which I prefer to call "vernacular names," and (2) Those that have come about through some bureaucratic or biopolitical fiat?also called "common names" by the bureaucrats and the compilers, but which I prefer to call "fabricated names". The vernacular names are usually quite general and are often used indiscriminately to refer to any freshwa? ter crayfish. Unfortunately they are often used to refer to other organisms as well. "Crayfish" itself is an NUMBER 38 example, all too often used to refer to lobsters and other crustaceans. Fabricated names usually refer to specific species, and their proper use, if, indeed, there is one, calls for some scientific sophistication. To call a word "common" that has been invented by an individual or committee and published in an obscure journal might charitably be called exaggeration. If taken seriously, it begs for a redefinition of the word "common," which is usually accepted to mean univer? sal, widespread, or ubiquitous. Such wonderous words as crawldaddy, crow pappy, koura, mudbug, yabbie, shawgashee, tsiskagili, and koongooloo are examples of vernacular names, but one would be hard-pressed to find such poetic creations in latter day fabrications, where "common names" have been contrived according to rules almost as complex as those used in the composition of scientific names. WHAT ARE CRAYFISHES??Freshwater crayfishes, sensu stricto, belong to the crustacean superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They superficially resemble marine lobsters, and some of the vernacular names even incorporate the word "lobster," as in fresh? water lobster. In Australia the term lobster is com? monly used for the larger crayfishes such as Euastacus and Astacopsis. Crayfishes range in size from the tiny Cambarellus diminutus found in the southeastern United States (~20 mg), to the large Astacopsis gouldi of Tasmania (up to 4.5 kg). Persons not trained in zoology or in the distributions of animals sometimes call freshwater atyid and palae- monid shrimps "crayfish," a mistake that is more common in places where shrimp and crayfish distribu? tions overlap or where crayfishes do not exist. The same problem occurs with freshwater crabs, although to a lesser extent. Crayfishes may be distinguished from salt water lobsters, freshwater shrimps, and crabs by bearing in mind the following guidelines: Crayfishes (found in fresh to slightly brackish water) Figures 1,2, and 6 (pages 2, 3, and 84). 1. The body is elongate and not dorsoventrally flat? tened. 2. The segmented abdomen is usually freely extended and is not carried flexed against the sternum (i.e., the belly of the leg-bearing part of the body). 3. The first three pairs of walking legs are chelate (i.e., bear opposable claws). 4. A rostrum is present and flattened dorsoventral- iy. CEPHALOTHORAX Figure 2.?Crayfish with parts labeled that are used in identifications. Note body shape, abdomen, areola, and rostrum. 5. An hour-glass shaped "areola" (on the dorsal midline between two paired branchiocardiac grooves) is found in the posterior portion of the carapace. 6. Swimming is restricted to backward movement resulting from rapid flexion of the entire abdomen (the abdominal pleopods have little locomotor function). This backward movement is widely recognized as a salient crayfish behavioral trait (see crayfish as a verb). Lobsters (found in salt water) Lobsters look much like crayfishes, and the two names are frequently used interchangably. True lobsters and spiny lobsters are most readily differentiat? ed from crayfishes by living in salt rather than fresh water. In addition, they do not have an areola (see Figure 2). Shrimps (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 5 (page 83). 1. Body elongate and not dorsoventrally flattened. 2. The first pair of walking legs are chelate; the se? cond may be chelate; the third pair are not chelate. 3. A rostrum is present and laterally flattened (except in the Atyidae, which are easily distinguished SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY from crayfishes and other shrimps by the conspicuous tufts of hairs on the fingers of the chelae of the first two pairs of walking legs. Crabs (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 4, (page 8). 1. Body usually broad and often dorsoventrally flat? tened when viewed from above. 2. Abdomen carried flexed tightly against sternum (or cupped against it in females carrying eggs). 3. Only the first pair of walking legs are chelate. 4. Rostrum not present. Aeglid crabs, found in freshwater in temperate South America, might be considered a special case in that they superficially resemble crayfishes. They may be distinguished from them because they are dorso? ventrally flattened (as are other crabs) and look much like crayfish that have been stepped on. WHERE DO CRAYFISHES LIVE??Freshwater cray? fishes occur naturally in the general areas shown in Figure 3 and as outlined below: Northern Hemisphere: North America (from Canada southward into Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize; Cuba and Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos); Europe (from Scandinavia southward to Turkey, and from Spain eastward into what was formerly the U.S.S.R.); and Asia (in northern China, Korea, and Japan). Southern Hemisphere: Southern Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile; Australia (including Tasmania), New Zealand (North Island and South Island), New Guinea, Misool, the Aru Islands, and Madagascar. Introductions: Since the first recorded crayfish introduction (from Poland into Sweden by King John III in the mid-16th century), they have often been trans? ferred to places where other crayfishes already lived. They have, however, also been introduced into South Africa, central Africa, Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Hawaii, and no doubt other places where no crayfishes had been found before. As with so many species introductions, some have caused inappropriate ecological problems. Additional information on crayfish distributions and introductions may be found in Hobbs, Jr., 1988, and Hobbs III et al, 1989. THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL NAMES.?Most of the more than 300 Aboriginal names for crayfishes listed here were taken from Edward Curr's encyclope? dic compilation, The Australian Race: Its Origin, Lan? guage, Customs...., published in 1886 and 1887. The seemingly disproportionate number of Aboriginal words is not so surprising because in pre-European times the Aborigines spoke more than 200 distinct languages, with numerous dialects (Wurm, 1988:252). Thus Curr's compilation made in the latter part of the 19th century probably contains a large percentage of the words for crayfishes that existed in those pre-European times. And it must be remembered that each of Curr's correspondents probably had different abilities to record what the Aborigines said, and each of the Aborigines had different abilities to communicate what they knew. Thus, for instance, the many congeners of the word "yabby" may have represented actual tribal or regional differences, or may have resulted from speech and hearing problems among the informants and recorders. It is unclear what sort of guidelines Curr set for his correspondents in the field, but most of the word lists completed by those correspondents contained the same words?including those related to animals, personal relationships, body parts, implements, weather, and behavior. Both "Crayfish" and "Lobster" were on almost all lists, but there was no mention of what Curr had in mind, or how the informants explained the dif? ferences to the Aborigines. Because "lobster" in Australia today is used to refer to the larger freshwater crayfishes, particularly Astacopsis and Euastacus, it is possible that Curr expected answers along those lines?names for the larger "lobsters" and the smaller "crayfish." At any rate, tabulations suggest that many Aborigines recognized "Crayfish," some recognized "Lobster" as different, and a few gave the same name to both. In the Word List, the family PARASTACI- DAE is followed by "crayfish" or "lobster," reflecting the designations given by Curr. In the Language Index, words that Curr designated "lobster" are so defined; words he designated "crayfish" are left undefined. In some localities crayfishes might be confused with other crustaceans?the palaemonid shrimps Palaemonetes and Macrobrachium in the southwest of Western Australia, the atyid and some palaemonid shrimps in northern and eastern Australia. But there is little or no competition in the more central dryer localities, where there are (were) a plethora of names about which there could be little chance of confusion. With the aid of Curr's locality map and his written descriptions of the tribes his informants encountered, together with the maps and tribal notes of Tindale (1974), I have associated most of Curr's localities with Tindale's more modern delineations of tribal boundaries and have included the longitude and latitude coordinates used by Tindale?as well as his preferred tribal designa? tions where applicable and presumed tribal designations where none were given. NUMBER 38 FIGURE 3.?Natural distribution of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea). Circles indicate Misool and Am islands (W and SW of New Guinea), King and Flinders islands (NW and NE of Tasmania, Australia); and Isla de la Juventud, formerly Isla de Pinos (SW of Cuba). Crayfish introductions are not indicated; see text, page 4. These maps reflect neither the relative locations nor the relative sizes of the countries. Based on locality data, I have tentatively associated cause no correlations were made at the time the Aboriginal crayfish names with what might be crayfish Aboriginal words were recorded. Exceptions to this species known today. These are usually preceded by arise withchelgi, gilgie, jilgie, jilgy, maramie, marron, "probably" or "possibly" in the Word List citations, but moramy, yabbie, and yabby?modern Australian I have not included them in the Species Index be- English words recognized as derived from Aboriginal SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY words, and dib-dib, dibil, and lib-lib-wil?Aboriginal words recorded as associated with distinct species. Present-day crayfish distributions are from Austin, 1985; Horwitz, 1988, 1990a, 1990b; Morgan, 1988; Riek, 1969; Sumner, 1978; Swain et al., 1982; Zeid- ler,1982; and Zeidler and Adams, 1990. THE AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES.?Unfortunately, there was no Edward Curr to survey the names used by Indians in the Americas, there were only uncoordinated word-lists compiled by many individuals over time. In addition, crayfishes do not appear to have been as high on the list of Indian priorities as they were with the Australian Aborigines, probably due to the greated abundance of food from other sources in the Americas. Due to the greater degree of crayfish speciation in the Americas, it is generally difficult to assign scientific names to Indian names. "Crayfish" to the Indians of the western United States meant, without doubt, mem? bers of the genus Pacifastacus?and are so designat? ed?for no other crayfish lived there. It is likely that Indians living in what is now Louisiana, and who spoke of "red crayfish," meant the Louisiana red crawfish Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. And in Mexico chacal and ca'am may well refer to Camba- rellus montezumae, but they might also refer to the lar? ger Procambarus (Bouvieri) digueti. From the data have seen, it would generally be foolhearty to attempt other associations closer than the family level. ORGANIZATION.?Five sections make up this compi? lation: Introduction, Word List, References, Language Index, and Species Index. The Word List is arranged alphabetically and con? tains the information included in the indices plus reference citations, more specific locality data, cross- references, and comments. Most of the entries in it are set up according to the following general scheme: common name or other usage FAMILY/genus/species/comments [Country/specific locality /people] Reference(s) Additional comments and cross references I say "general scheme" because the scheme is not rigid. Some of the entries do not contain all of those elements, simply because they are either unknown or are not applicable. Some contain additional comments or annotations that seemed relevant. Common names make up the bulk of the work, but I have also included verbal forms of common names, place names that include crayfish, the names of peoples that incorporate crayfish, and slang/argot expressions incorporating crayfish. In compiling this word list, it has sometimes been difficult or impossible to determine whether some of the non-scientific names for "crayfish" actually designated true freshwater crayfishes, or if they referred to other organisms such as freshwater shrimps, marine "cray? fish" (lobsters), or crabs. This dilemma is especially acute when dealing with the vernacular names used by American Indians, Australian Aborigines, and other groups whose languages are known to me only through dictionaries and sometimes poorly annotated word- lists?for word-list compilers and lexicographers differ widely in the details which they provide for "lower" animals, varying from simply saying that a given word equals "crayfish" (not particularly enlightening), to calling Mexican crayfish Astacus in papers published since Girard's 1852 revision (improbable), to connect? ing scientific names with specific crayfish vernacular names (rare and wonderful). In many cases, I simply determined whether it was likely that crayfishes inhabited the part of the world under consideration. If the record might be considered unlikely (the Torres Strait, for instance) a "?" was placed after the family name in the Word List, and a "(?)" was placed after the common name in the Geo? graphical Index. If someone called an amphipod or other crustacean a "crayfish," for instance, it was not included unless evidence was found that the name was also applied to freshwater crayfishes as well. If a dictionary includes meanings in both directions (i.e. English-French, French-English), I find it prudent to look at the definitions in both directions. All too often one direction will imply freshwater crayfishes, the reverse will specify marine organisms?an indication that the compiler is probably not trained in, or appre? ciative of, zoology. This is not an attempt to discover priority. I did not set out to find the first use of any names, except that some of the modern fabricated names and no doubt many of the aboriginal names appeared in print for the first time in the cited sources. Because of my personal interests and because of the materials available, multiple early references are often given for the word "crayfish" and its relatives and antecedents. More than one reference may also be included if additional references indicate the use of a word in significant additional geo? graphic areas. Following the lead of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the Middle English Dictionary (MED), I have included occasional text passages illustrating NUMBER 38 contemporary usage. Where I have been able to exarnine copies of the original texts, I have included some of those cited in the OED and the MED and given full citations. The Language Index is relatively straightforward, with words being listed under specific language head? ings without regard to country (Spanish, English, German, for instance). The Species Index lists crayfish scientific names followed by non-scientific names attributed to them, and I have attempted to include only those non-scientific names that have been associated with crayfish species in published accounts. Using "probably =" or "possi? bly = " as qualifiers, I have associated many non- scientific names (particularly Australian Aboriginal names) with scientific names in Word List. These are not included in the Species Index because the associa? tions are usually only my assumptions based on congru? ent distributions of names and species. Most names, including the "classics" like crayfish, crawfish, ecre? visse, Flusskrebs, and gambero cannot be associated with species level scientific names. In many cases, however, possible or probable corre? lations between scientific and vernacular names are given in the Word List. These assumptions are usually based on the use of a name where only a certain crayfish exists. It does not imply that the speaker would recognize the difference between the local crayfish species and another species from elsewhere. MISTAKEN IDENTITIES.?Mistaken identities range from the trivial to the seriously misleading. Lack of attention to biological detail appears to be more com? mon in dictionaries and word-lists than elsewhere, although Eisler's recent Durer's Animals (1991), a beautiful book in many respects, suffers from less-than- careful attention to crayfish-crab-lobster differences? and is fairly typical of the belles lettres. Referring on page 119 to an illustration by de Villard de Honnecourt, Eisler identifies a freshwater crayfish in fig. 5.2 as a "lobster." His discussion of the "Lobster" on page 133 is detailed but confused. The "lobster" shown in Color Plate 18 is indeed a lobster, but most of the remainder of his discussion of lobsters in heraldry and religious symbolism is based on pictures (p. 134) of what are undoubtedly freshwater crayfishes. However, on page 127, he correctly notes that Durer's astrological sign of the crab (p. 129) "looks more like a crayfish or a lobster than a crab." It is, indeed, probably a crayfish, which often appears as the "crab" in astrological devices. See the Moon Card in the Rider Tarot Deck (Smith, 1971). An interesting lapsus occurs in Vocabulario Mixe de Tontepec (Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325). There, the crayfish Cambarellus montezuma (sic) and its vernacular names ca'am, chacalin, and chacal appear in a list of Mammals, probably due to the congruence of the Mexican word chacal (= "camaron grande") with the Spanish word chacal (= jackal). Inaccurate commercial translations can cause obvi? ous problems and are probably largely due to the enormous volumes of information that must be pro? cessed and often translated from obscure languages. Examples include Palaemonetes varians, a shrimp, called a crayfish in an electronic database abstract of an English language paper by Umoh and Bassir (1977); Gecarcinus sp., a crab, called a crayfish in an electron? ic database translation of a Spanish language paper by Hernandes, et al. (1979); and Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus, two copepods, called crayfish in an electron? ic database translation of a Serbo-Croatian publication by Kazic (1980). These latter three examples might be considered trivial, but they point to a lack of attention to detail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?I thank the following per? sons, who, at one time or another, have seemed mysti? fied, amused, or intrigued by this project?but all of whom helped in many ways: Vicki Chang, Janice Clark, Mary Kay Davies, Christian Feuillet, Carolyn Hahn, Chang-Su Houchins, Robert Laughlin, Cesare Marino, William Merrill, Mayda Riopedre, Margaret Sealor, Gregory Sohn, Rochelle Smith-Terrell, Theo? dore Spilman, Herman Viola, and Ching-Hsien Wang, all of the Smithsonian Institution. F.M. (Ted) Bayer puzzled with me over the Japanese words and intro? duced me to the mysterious (to a Westerner) Hiragana and Katakana. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Dean of Craw? fishes and "crawdaddy" (q.v.) to so many people, patiently worked with me on locality data, correct scientific names of crayfishes, and many other details. Understandably, he has often wondered aloud, "Bill, when are you going to finish this?" Austin B. Wil? liams, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, who is responsible for a paper often cited here, listened to my doubts, accepted with grace my less-than-charitable opinions of fabricated names, and provided many helpful insights. J.F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., University of Southern Alabama, sent me United States historical material that I would otherwise never have found, and supplied many of the Slavic crayfish names; William C. Goff, Jr., of Limerick, Maine, helped with interpreta? tions of 19th century French literary nuances; Joan Higbee, Rosenwald Rare Book Room, Library of Congress, made available rare books in her care; Alain Crosnier, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, kindly helped with the provincial words of Bretagne; and Lipke B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, provided many thoughtful additions, critically reviewed much of the manuscript, and talked with me about words and myths one cold, wet March day in Leiden?when we forgot the time and barely escaped being locked in the Museum at closing. I also thank Hoyt N. Duggan, Dept. of English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Mark Grygier, Seto Marine Laboratory, Honshu, Japan; Laura Hurley, University of Washington; Kenneth Manaha, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Washington; James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, Univer? sity of Illinois; George Marinenko, MITRE Corpora? tion, McLean, Virginia; Laili Nasr, Bethesda, Mary? land; Rev. Robert Pettigrew, Vienna, Virginia, retired; RonSchwarz, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; Ruth Sternglantz, Dept. of English, New York Univer? sity; Pieter van der Veer, I.B.M. Corporation, Rock- ville, Maryland; Barbara Wright, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; and Wolfgang Zeidler, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, for their thoughtful and diverse contributions. In addition, I am indebted to Stan Shetler, Associate Director of the National Museum of Natural History, for support from the Research Opportunities Fund SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY which enabled me to visit libraries in the U.K. and Australia during 1992; and to Donald Fisher, Smithso? nian Institution Press, for his thoughtful help with editorial matters. To the staff members of the British Library, London; the Library of the British Museum (Natural History), London; the Library of New South Wales, Sydney; the Library of Congress, Washington; and the Fairfax County George Mason Regional Li? brary, Annandale, Virginia, go my thanks?all were knowledgable, cheerful, and seemingly possessed of unlimited patience. My wife, Dabney, warmly encouraged me with this project even as I became somewhat fixated on crayfish names and managed to insinuate them into unrelated conversations over the past 8 years. And finally, I am grateful to those who built the INTERNET, that unparalleled electronic highway for cross-disciplinary research. In particular, the BITNET discussion list MEDTEXT-L@UIUCVMD?devoted to the philology, codicology, and analysis of medieval texts?led me to a number of individuals, acknowledged elsewhere, who generously contributed more than they probably realize. In spite of the remarkable help I have received from so many people, I must add that errors, omissions, inconsistencies (there are many), and statements con? trary to fact or offensive to anyone are entirely my fault and are certainly unintentional. FIGURE 4 . - A representative of freshwater crabs. Note the broad, flattened body (cephalothorax) discussed on page 4, as well as the almost hidden abdomen (see figure 2) which, in crabs, is usually tucked under the body. From Chace and Hobbs, 1969, figure 42. Word List aborigennykh rak See a6opHremn>ix pax, below. adopnreHHBix pax AST ACID AE, Astacus astacus and .4. leptodactylus. [Russia] Mitskenene, 1981:75, 80. See aborigennykh rak and aboriginal crayfish. aboriginal crayfish See adopnreHmvix pax, above. acagaci Probably from the adverb radical dcE, "back? ward," through dcagE, "to move backwards." CAM- BARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Skugog Island, Mis- sassaga [Mississauga] Indians] Chamberlain, 1892: 30. See acage, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog- aish-i, and shawgashee. acage CAMBARIDAE [Canada, eastern: Algonquin Indians] Lemoine, 1911:216. See acagaci, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, and shawga? shee. acheroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Blackall, Barcoo River (probably = Kuungkari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144?20'E x 24?35'S))] Dudley and Williams, in Curr, 1887(III):76, Sta. 154. See ovarroo, quarroo, and thoombur. acocil CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus montezumae. [Mexico: Mexican Spanish, derived from Aztec (Na- huatl) atl (water), and cuitzilli or coitzilli (twisted)] Santamaria, 1978:21. Acocil is also defined as "petit homard, langouste, ecrevisse (camaron pequeno)" by Simeon 1885:10. See next three entries. acocile (of Santamaria, 1978:21). See acocil. acocili (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil. acocilin (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil. ahzhahgashe CAMBARIDAE Wilson says ahzhah- gashe = "crab," but most evidence indicates = cray? fish. [U.S.: Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians] Wilson, 1874:200. See acage, acagaci, ajageshi, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, ocagaci, and shawgashee. ajageshi CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Chippewa, Ojibwa, Otawa, Potawatami, and Algonquin Indians] Baraga, 1853:468. See acage, acagaci, ahzhahgashe, ashaah? kiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, ocagaci, and shawgashee. Alabama cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi. [U.S.: Alabama] Williams, et al. ,1989:22. American river crab CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Germany/English] Wo- linik, 1982:341. amerikaanse rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Orconec- tes limosus. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132. amerikanischer Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orco- nectes limosus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. amerikanischer Krebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94. amerikanskii rechnoi crab = aMepHKancKim pen- H6H Kpa6, see next entry. aMepHKancKHH pe^mon spa6 ASTACIDAE [Rus? sia] Ricker, 1973:113. See amerikanskii rechnoi crab, above. amerikanskii signal'nyi rak = aMepHKaHCKmi 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY cHTHajiLHtm pax, next citation. aMepHKaHCKHH cHTHanBHWH paK AST ACID AE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Russia] Cherry, 1992:21. See amerikanskii signal'nyi rak, above. amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak = aMepHKaHCLKHH cHTHajTBHtin paK, see next citation. aMepHKaHCLKHH cBTHantHHH pas ASTACIDAE, Pacif astacus leniusculus. [Ukraine] Cherry, 1992:21. See amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak, above. amerikazarigani CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, 1961:98. = 7 / 'J D V 'J tf - and *> sb lJ n 5" lJ tfIC, see next citation. r y])D T 'J ff - = amerikazarigani, q.v. htbV&Z'VffC = amerikazarigani, q.v. andar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, Main Range (Great Dividing Range) between Belyando and Cape rivers, Koombokkaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Mian tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (146?20'Ex 21 ?50'S))] MacGla- shan, in Curr, 1887(III):24, Sta. 142. ander PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, Belyando River (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146?40'E x 23?20'S))] Muirhead, in Curr, 1887(III):32, Sta. 143. See ngobbera. Appalachian brook crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cam- barus (Cambarus) bartonii bartonii. [U.S.: Canada to Georgia, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to Atlantic Ocean] Williams, et al., 1989:21. armure a ecrevisse Slang, = splint armour. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E:10. See avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, crevice (Sense 2), ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. ascarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ashaahkiiwa (double vowels = long vowels.) CAM? BARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Fox Indians] Ives God? dard, personal communication. See acagaci, acage, ajageshi, ocagaci, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee. ashaga'shi CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Sku- gog Island, Mississauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1889:142. See acagaci, acage, ajageshi, ocagaci, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee. asho'ni CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Ofu Indians] Dorsey & Swanton, 1912:321. See acagaci, acage, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee. as-shog-aish-i CAMBARIDAE [U.S., north-central: Ojibwa] Schoolcraft, 1956 (1974): 175. See acagaci, acage, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, and shawgashee. astac ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] Oliva and Buxton, 1983:183. astaci ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [Latin (ancient)] Aristotle, 384-322 b.c.:351. Translator's note indicates astaci, from astakos, = crayfishes as opposed to lobsters (carabi), shrimps and prawns (carides), or crabs (carcini). astaco ASTACOIDEA [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:140. [Portugal] Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1:249. [Spain] Amador, 1983:190. See kankro. astacus ASTACOIDEA "Contra anginam...Astacos circiter decern vivos contere, & stillatitios liquores inty- bi rosarum & papaveris erratici affunde, inde expressus vinum rubellum refert. Eo linguam abluere & diligen- ter ac penitus gargarizare oportet, deinde etiam haustum ejus mediocrem bibere, Linguam abstersam & purgatam lardo insulso peringe, post horam & dimidiam, quic- quod viscidae pituitae insederit...& succo Astacorum praescripto denuo lava." ["Against angina...mash up about ten live Astacus, drop on them liquors of chicory, roses, and wandering poppies, the the juice is pressed from them with red wine. Wash the tongue with this and diligently and deeply gargle it; then also drink a little of it.. .cover the.. .tongue with unsalted lard.. .after an hour and a half clean off viscid slime ... and again NUMBER 38 11 wash it with the Astacus preparation."] [Latin] Jon- stonus, 1665:16. [Latin] Riddle and Arnold, 1849:157. astako ASTACIDAE [Esperanto] Butler, 1967, p. 196. astakos See next citation. aaruKog ASTACOIDEA [Greece] Riddle and Ar? nold, 1849:157. See astakos, above. astakos tou glikou nerou See 6COTOCK6<; TOV yXvxov vepov, next citation. ccffTciKog TOV yXvxov vepov = freshwater lobster. ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for Astacus astacus, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Procambarus clarkii?al\ of which have been recently introduced into Cyprus. [Cyprus] Stephanou, in Westman et al., 1990:49. See astakos tou glikou nerou, above. Atlantic crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius (Atlantasta- cus) pallipespallipes). [U.K.] Thompson, 1989, 53. Atlantic stream crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropota? mobius pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes). [U.K.] Holdichand Lowery, 1988:482. atta PARASTACIDAE ?, "lobster." This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribu? tion of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia, Central Divi? sion, Champion Bay (N of Geraldton), Watchandi Abo? riginal tribe (probably = Amangu tribe of Tindale, 1974:239 (115?30'E x 29?20'S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See marthera. aurugut PARASTACIDAE? I do not know of fresh? water crayfishes reported from this island group, so this word may refer to marine crustaceans, and not to fresh? water crayfishes. [Papua New Guinea: New Britain, Duke of York Island group] Brown, in Curr, 1887(111): 694. See oelang gamo and udang-karang. Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38. See marron. avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte Argot, = "to be crazy." [France: popular in 19th century] Barrere, 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent Argot, = "to be crazy." [France: popular in 19th century] Barrere, 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. bab "[E]l cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. CAM? BARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan, Maya] Alvarez, 1980:262; Perez, 1866-1877:15. bach Krebss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii. balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak See next citation. 6aJTKaHCLKHH nrapoKonajrHH pax ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:144. = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak, see above. balkanskyi shirokopalyi rak See next citation. SaJiKaHCKHH mHpoKonajn.iH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:144. = balkanskyi shirokopalyi rak, see above. bambam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Victorian Region groups, Lai Lai (probably = Wathau- rung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?55'E x 38?0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. baranjak PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147?35'E x 36?50'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. See than- gambooloa. barranjerk PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manera district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148?50'E x 36?25'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(111):432, Sta. 197. See notkun. barrinjook PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manera district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148?50'E x 36?25'S))] du Ve, in Curr, 1887(III):430, Sta. 197. batata CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus (Austrocambarus) cubensis ssp. (batata also = sweet- potato) [Cuba] Perez-Farfante, Isabel, personal com? munication. bau CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tabasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also tzas, meatzas, and vetze. baupit PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicari- natus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Penin? sula, "Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor...to Popham Bay," Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:226-227 (132?35'E x 11?25'S))] Curr, 1886(I):274, Sta. 4. See ma-a. bearded red crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Chickasaw County] Williams, etal., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:57. beekodl PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor or C. quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; East Central groups, Mythergoody dialect (probably = Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?40'E x 20?5'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. See begool, pe-kool, piccool, and pikquol. See Sign Language. beelahingar Place name, = a "creek with crayfish." [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:12. See belleringah and Belleringah. begool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax bicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; between Gregory and Leichardt rivers, Mykoolan Aboriginal tribe (= Maikulan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (141?50'E x 18?55'S))] Lamond, in Curr, 1886(II):324, Sta. 97. See beekodl, pe-kool, piccool, and pikquol. belleringah PARASTACIDAE, "river crayfish." [Australia: probably Queensland and/or New South Wales] Endacott, 1924 (1973): 11. As this word appears to be derived from beelah, creek + ingar, crayfish, see inga and ingar for possible more specific localities. See also beelahingar, and Belleringah. Belleringah Place name, = "creek with crayfish," from beelahingar, q.v. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:12, 103. See also belleringah. belonogyi rak, = 6ejioHoraH paK, see next entry. 6eJiOHorHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:184. See belonogyi rak, above. belyi dnistrovskyi rak = 6ejn>ra jniecrpoBCKHH paK, see next citation. 6ejn,iH nnecTpoBCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontas- tacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:169. See belyi dnistrovskyi rak, above. belyi dunays'kyi rak = 6enMH nyHancKHH paK, see next citation. demon flynancKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:165. bendaboaa = "camaron." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexi? co: Oaxaca; Zapoteco del Istmo] Pickett et al., 1959:23, 135. benda buaa See benda boaa. Big Blue Springs cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti. [U.S.: Florida; Jefferson, Wakulla, and Leon counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67. bigcheek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus. [U.S.: Florida; Lake County, subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:65. Big South Fork crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) bouchardi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Scott Co.] Williams, etal, 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:21. NUMBER 38 13 bilonoghyi rak citation. See 6inoHorHH paK, see next 6iJiOHorHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:184. See bilonoghyi rak, above. bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak KHH paK, next citation. See 6LJTHH jmicTpoBCB- boagalli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (142?5'E x 26?25'S))] Heagney, in Curr, 1886(11):380, Sta. 107. See bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli boogurrie, bookill, bookil- lee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also thorna- bun. 6ijmn nm'cTpoBCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- astacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:169. See bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak, above. bilyi dunays'kyi rak paK, next citation. See 6ijiHH jryjiaHCBKHH 6ijmH AVHancBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- astacus eichwaldi danubialis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:165. See bilyi dunays'kyi rak, above. birrooa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Jervis Bay to Mt. Dromedary (probably = Wandandian Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1975:199-200 (150?15'E x 35?5'S))] Curr, 1887(III):422, Sta. 194. black spider PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Australia: Western Australia; a name used by "local fishermen"] Olszewski, 1980:20. See also marron. blagorodnyi rak citation. See 6jiaropojrHMH paK, next 6jiaropoffm>rH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. According to Cherry, 1992:20, this is a "non traditional devised name," probably = "fabricated name." blednonogil rak citation. See 6jie?HOHorHH paK, next 6jiewaoHornH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamo? bius pallipes. [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. bluegrass crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) batchi. [U.S.: Kentucky] Williams, et al, 1989:21. bocekgi ASTACIDAE? Dictionary definition is ambiguous; without a preceeding "su," q.v., the word may refer only to the spiny lobster. (The "k" is not used in subsequent listings, as with su bocegi on p. 431) [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:82. bodardi PARASTACIDAE?, "crayfish"? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distri? bution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw Aboriginal tribe (probably = Nokaan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:254 (115?20'E x 27?35'S))] Golds- worthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. 14, See marrida. bogally PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Paroo River (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146? 10'Ex 26?50'S))] Playfair, in Curr, 1887(III):280, Sta. 177. See boagalli, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru. boligar PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Alice River (probably = Iningai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (144?55'E x 23?0'S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):70, Sta. 152. See boagalli, bogally, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. boogal PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tower Hill and Cornish Creeks, Tateburra Aboriginal tribe (proba? bly = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (144?20'E x 21?15'S))] Dalhunty, in Curr, 1887(III):8, Sta. 137. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, boo- 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY killee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also karkoo- ra, marooroo, and munya. boogali PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens? land; Lower Bulloo River, Thargominda (= Thargo- mindah), Wonkomarra Aboriginal tribe; (probably = Bitjara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (143?0'E x 28?30'S). See additional notes under buggilla] Sullivan, in Curr, 1886(11):42, Sta. 53. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogalli, boogarli, boo? gurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also thandulya. boogalli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadja- lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?- 20'E x 25?50'S))] Bell, in Curr, 1887(III):82, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, kandura, koarow, and quarroo. boogarli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravens- bourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?20'E x 25?50'S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Curr, 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogurrie, bookil, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and quarroo. boogurrie PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster" ? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; mouths of the Burdekin River (possibly = Bindal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147? 15'E x 19?35'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta 126. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, bookil, bookillee, bowgili, bug? gilla, bugili, and inundah. bookill PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (= Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?20'E x 25?50'S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli boogurrie, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, kandera, koarow, and quarroo. bookillee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland and northern New South Wales; Warrego and Paroo rivers (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146?- 10'E x 26?50'S))] Hollingsworth, in Curr, 1887(III):282, Sta. 177. See boagalli, bogally, boli? gar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru. boongangooloom PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Heales- ville, Upper Yarra, Oorongir Aboriginal tribe (= Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208-9 (145?25'Ex37?40'S)] Curr, 1887(III):530, Sta. 209b. See boonggangooloom and galoom. See also boon? gangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung. boonggangooloom PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Sey? mour to Murchison, part of Goulburn River, Whroo, etc.; Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (144?45'E x 36?40'S))] Curr, 1887(111):528, Sta. 209a. See Yellami Boongangooloom. boorkoom PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Clarence River (probably = Badja- lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (152?55'E x29?15'S))] Bruce, in Curr, 1887(III):332, Sta. 184. bopa PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 324. bdrpa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, Bangerang Aboriginal tribes (= Pange- rang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145?40'E x 36?25'S))] Curr, 1887(111):574. See bor-pa. bor-pa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, near junction of the Murray and the Goulburn, the Bangerang Aboriginal tribes proper ( = Pangerang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145?- 40'Ex36?25'S))] Curr, 1887(111):582, Sta. 214a. See bdrpa and yinangi. bottlebrush crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Barbicambarus NUMBER 38 15 cornutus. [U.S.: Barren and Green river systems in Kentucky and Tennessee] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:12. bouragin PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Richmond River (possibly = Arakwal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153?- 20'E x 28?50'S))] Edwards, in Curr, 1887(III):288, Sta. 178. See burnicum and murry. bowgili PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Warrego and Paroo rivers (probably = Kunja Aborig? inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146?10'E x 26?50'S))] Conn, in Curr, 1887(III):278, Sta. 177. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru. Brazoria crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis. [U.S.: Texas; Brazoria Co.] Williams, etal., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:55. buggilla PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Bulloo River, Thargominda(= Thargomindah), Wonkomarra Aboriginal tribe, which may = Wongkumara Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141?50'E x 27?35'S), but more likely, from the map in Curr, 1887(I)V, = Maranganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (144?35'E x 27?20'S). The exact place designation of this tribe is confusing in that Tindale places the Wonko? marra tribe on Cooper's Creek, some 125 km W of Thargomindah. It is probable that My les was referring to several tribes in the region with similar languages, but Curr's map shows Sta. 52 in the Maranganji tribal area] Myles, in Curr, 1886(II):36-40, Sta. 52. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. bugili PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Paroo and Warrego rivers, Margany Aboriginal tribe (= Maran? ganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (144?35'E x 27?20'S)), and Gunya Aboriginal tribe (= Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146?10'E x 26?50'S)). Note that this area is adjacent to the Bulloo River] Dixon and Blake, 1981, Vol. 2:366. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and mamuru. burnicum PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153?20'E x 28?- 50'S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(111):290, Sta. 178. See bouragin and murry. buster CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish just before or after molting. [U.S., especially in mid-West] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. See Butter- krebs and associated cross-references. Butterkrebs ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA Used for crayfish immediately after moulting, so-called because of softness of body. [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:24. See also soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish. ca'am CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) montezumae. [Mexico: Totontepec Mixe Indians] Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325. See discussion under "crayfish Symbolism." Cacchuma Literally,"Red Crawfish [People]." Spell? ing variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Jefferys, 1776:5. caimbre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Jura] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, also specifies Jura; Rolland, 1881, p. 231, specifies "Saint-Amour (Jura)," citing Monnier, 1823, which is likely also = Monnier, 1831, q.v. Cajun dwarf crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Dirigicambarus) shufeldtii. [U.S.: Missouri, southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama] Williams, etal, 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:10. Cajun popcorn CAMBARIDAE, probably Procamba? rus clarkii, when cooked. [U.S.: Louisiana] Quinn, 1989:35. Also = "fried spiced crawfish tails." [Louisi? ana] Raichlen, 199LF2. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY calico crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremi- cambarus) immunis. [U.S.: Maine to Colorado and Wyoming; Alabama to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec] Williams, etal, 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:41. California crayfish ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [U.S.: California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Canada: British Columbia. Introduced into Finland, Japan, and Sweden] Goldman, 1973:105; Hobbs, 1989:8. californische rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:7. camarao-de-agua-doce ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1:249. camaron ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: lie de France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142. camaron de Las Vegas PARASTACIDAE, Par- astacus pugnax and/'or P. nicolet. [Chile] Rudolph and Zapata, 1986:37, say P. nicolet; Rudolph and Rios, 1987:45, say P. pugax. camaron de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PAR? ASTACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erize, 1960:151. camaron reculador CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [Spanish] Morales and Bozada, 1987:201. See crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish (Symbolism), gambero (verb), and mudbug (verb). cambarus crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus (= Cambarus affinis). [Eu? rope/English] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. Camberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94. cammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern)] Belloc, 1899:141; [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21. cammarus ASTACIDAE [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:140. [Latin] Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the Basque chamarra derived from Latin cammarus, citing Fabre, 1862. Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni [U.S.] Fitz- patrick, J.F., personal communication, citing reports of the Champaign, Illinois, office of U.S. Corps of Engi? neers. cancer ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerland, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek v:9, line 251. [Latin] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii. cancre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus {Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [France: Bourgogne] Andre, 1960:133. [France: Cote-d'Or (Bussy-le- Grand)] Rolland, 1881:231, citing personal communi? cation. cangrejo ASTACIDAE, Astacus fluviatilis (Astacus astacus). [Spain] Rolland, 1881:231. cangrejo autoctono [ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161. cangrejo bianco ASTACIDAE, pale forms from rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo mollar. cangrejo de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PARAS? TACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erise, 1960:151. cangrejo de las marismas = swamp crayfish. CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii (introduced). [Spain] Matehache, 1982:1. cangrejo de rio ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobiuspallipes). Current usage is Austropotamo? bius pallipes. [Spain] Gozmany, 1979:119; Ama? dor, 1983, p. 190; Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36, erroneously specify Astacus astacus; Gozmany, 1979:118, cites this as Spanish for all ASTACIDAE. cangrejo de rio americano CAMBARIDAE, Orconec? tes limosus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21. cangrejo de senal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacif? astacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21. See cangrejo senjal. NUMBER 38 17 cangrejo fluvial ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [Spain] Gozmany, 1979:118. cangrejo mollar ASTACIDAE, pale forms from rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo bianco. cangrejo negro ASTACIDAE, dark forms from mill ponds. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. cangrejo rojo CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii (introduced). [Spain] Robles-Clavijo, 1982:1. cangrejo senjal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifas? tacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161. See cangrejo de seiial. cangrejo turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., 1990:161. carabus ASTACIDAE = "crab, cray-fish, or crev? ice." [U.K., (Latin)] Ainsworth, 1783. caranguejo do rio ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Ferreira, 1975:174. carauidia ASTACIDAE [Greek, "vulgaire"] Belloc, 1889:141. Seekaravida. carranc ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] Pardo, 1940:29. carranc de ri'u ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] Pardo, 1940:29. carrda PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Upper Murray River (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147?- 20E x 36?15'S))] Mitchell, in Curr, 1887(111):562, Sta. 213. Carrollton crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) connus. [U.S.: Mississippi] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. cave crayfish See Dohlenkrebs. ceimwch afonydd = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. ceimwch coch = "red crayfish." ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. ceimwch dwr croew = "fresh water lobster." ASTA? CIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. carauis ASTACIDAE [Greek, "vulgaire"] Belloc, 1889:141. Seekaravida. cardinal ASTACIDAE "Cardinal, ecrevisse dans 1'ar? got des voleurs, qui ont l'honneur de se rencontrer avec Jules Janin, lequel a employe le meme trop a propos du Homard,'ce cardinal de la mer.' Cardinaux sans doute, ces crustaces decapodes, ecrevisse mais seule- ment lorsqu'ils ont subi la douloureuse epreuve du court-bouillon." [France: on 19th century argot] Delvau, 1889:143. Also, "...excepte pour les homards et ecrevisses que Ton cardinalise a la cuisson." [France: 16th century] Rabelais, 1553 (1942): 139. See armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse (Slang, sense 3), ecrevisse cuite, ecrevisse de rempart, quatorzieme ecrevisse, and rouge comme un ecrevisse. ceimwch yr afon = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. chacal CAMBARIDAE Usually considered synony? mous with Cambarellus montezumae, but Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:218) say the word refers to "crustaceo de agua dulce." However, the same authors (p. 407) say chacal probably = Cambarellus montezuma (sic). [Mexico: derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) chacalin, camaron grande] Santamaria, 1978:343. The congru? ence of the Mexican word chacal with the Spanish chacal, meaning "jackal," has caused confusion, as when Schoenhals and Schoenhals (1965:325) include: "ca'am Cambarellus montezuma[de?] chacalin, chacal" in an appendix listing of the names of mammals in the Mixe de Totontepec language. See chacalin, "crayfish Symbolism" and nas. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY chacalin See chacal. Chacchooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907 (I):232, citing Romans, 1775:315. Note: this probably = p. 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here. Chacchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Benard de la Harpe, 1721:106, q.v. Chacchuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Lattre, 1781, which probably = Lattre, 1783. Chacci cum a Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126. Chacci Ouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854, vol. 3:80. Apparently = McKenney, 1868:80, cited here. Chacehouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1776:7. Chachachouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854(III):81. Appar? ently = McKenney, 1868:81. Chachouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Benard de la Harpe, 1721:110, q.v. Chachuma Literally, "RedCrawfish [People]." Spell? ing variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Missis? sippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Hervas, 1781(17):90 (= Hervas y Panduro, 1778-1787). Chackchi-ooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford's Compen? dium by Bates, 1878, which = Kean, p. 506 (Appen? dix), in Bates, 1878. Chacksihooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford's Compen? dium by Bates, 1878. See Keane, p. 506 (Appendix), in Bates, 1878. Chacouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Tonti 1688:72, in French, 1849. See French, 1846-1853. Chacoume Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Coxe, 1741. Chacsihoma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Hawkins, 1799 (1848): 15, in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 1848 (3). Chacsihooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Romans, 1775:90. Note: this = p. 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here. Chacsihoomi Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] McKenney, 1868:80. Chactchi-ouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232 citing du Pratz,1758. = Le Page du Pratz, 1758. Chactiouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." NUMBER 38 19 Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1761. Chacxouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Penicaut in Maigry, 1883(5): 575. Chakchiuma "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Swanton, 1953:176, 185. chamarra ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the this word is derived from the Latin cammarus, citing Fabre, 1862. chamberiot ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies "Suisse francaise." chamberrot ASTACIDAE [France: Pays Romand] Andre, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "Suisse romande," citing Bridel, 1866. See tsamberrot. chambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard, Isere, and a spring near Alais (= Ales)] Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Isere, citing Charvet, 1846. chambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Languedoc and Dauphine; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "provencal moderne," citing Castor, 1843. chambre de la Sorgo (ecrevisse de la fontaine de Vaucluse). ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Provence] Andre, 1960:133. chambri ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Provence, as does Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "provencal moderne," citing Honnorat, 1846. chambro ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Dauphine] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:144. chambro ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Dauphine] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Cham- pollion-Figeac, 1809. changurru ASTACIDAE [Spain: Guipuzcoa] Rol? land, 1881:231, citing Eys, 1873; Belloc, 1899:142. chanvri ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] Andre, 1960:133. Chaquesauma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1699, inMargry, 1880(4): 180. chawl' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] Merri- am, 1979:231. cheewagga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Thornbo- rough Diggings, near head of Mitchell River (possibly = Djankun Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (144?50'E x 17?5'S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, 1886(II):412, Sta. 115. chelgi PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quincarinatus and C. crassimanus. Australian English derived from Aboriginal word. [Australia: Northern Territory] Olszewski, 1980:16. See chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. chervonyi kubans'kyi rak SaHctKHH paK, next citation. See HepBOHHH KV- %PBOHHH Ky6aHCbKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- astacus cubanicus daucinus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:161. See chervonyi kubans'kyi rak, above. cheval du diable = devil's horse. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, New Orleans, Cajun French] Wat? son, 1843:233. See grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, masan cay, and piau du diable. 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Chiachi-oumo Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Schermerhorn, 1814, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1814(2nd series, vol. 2): 15. Chickamauga crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) extraneus. [U.S.: Georgia and Ten? nessee; South Chickamauga Creek basin] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26. See Crawfish Spring. chiboli PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'Ex 35?5'S))] Macredie, in Curr, 1887(111):448, Sta.201. See yappi. chielghi PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., although no freshwater crayfishes are now known from this locality. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, New Norcia and Leschenault Bay (100-125 km. N of Perth) (probably = Juat Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:243 (115?55'Ex30?55'S))] Salvado, in Curr, 1886(I):318, Sta. 16. See chelgi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. chipel PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria, Swan Hill and Tyntynder, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'E x 35?5'S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(III):444, Sta. 199. See yapi. Chocchuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing Durant, 1843:135. Choccmaw Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1):232, citing Pickett, 1851(I):131. Choctaw riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus valleculus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Choctaw, Attila, and Kemper counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:33. Chokchoomah Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Adair, 1775:66 and 352. choo-ah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Yana Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:232. choorn-gu PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quardicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Leichardt River 20 mi. below Kamilaroi Station (proba? bly = Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?35'E x 19?10'S))] E. Curr, in Curr, 1886(11): 316, Sta. 95. See jin-ju and junju. Choquichouman Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1700, in Margry, 1880 (part 4):430. Chouchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232, citing Tonti, 1684, in Margry, 1875(part 1):604. Chowanoke crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis. [U.S.: North Carolina and Virginia, Chowan drainage system] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:38. Christmas tree crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procamba? rus (Hagenides) pygmaeus. [U.S.: Savannah River to Putnam County, Florida, and also the Florida panhan? dle] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:59. cifrarak CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Hungary] Thuranszky and Pinter, in Westman et al., 1990:108. cimwch coch = "red crayfish or lobster." ASTACI? DAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch. cimwch yr afon = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch. clawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. Coastal Lowland cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, NUMBER 38 21 Procambarus (Ortmannicus)leitheuseri. [U.S.: Florida; Hernando and Pasco counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67. common crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluvia? tilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. The term is ubiquitously used to denote any freshwater crayfish. See obyknovennyi rak (O6WKHOBCHHMH paK). common river crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. Conchas crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae. [U.S.: New Mexico; Canadian River basin, San Miguel and Quay counties] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:43. cooy CAMBARIDAE?, = "camaron, pescado." CAMBARIDAE? "el cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. [Mexico: Yucatan; Maya] Alvarez, 1980:261; Perez, 1866-1877:15. coy' CAMBARIDAE?, = "camaron de rio." [Mexi? co: Chiapas; Ciudad de Copainala, Zoque] Harrison et al., 1981:266. crab CAMBARIDAE [U.S. (southern)] Olszewski, 1980:20. crabba ASTACIDAE?, = "A crab, crawfish, a sign of the zodiac." [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, 1881:61. crab-fish ASTACIDAE, ".. .ou de 1'Anglois Crab-fish, quisignifieEcrevice." [U.K.] Corneille, 1694(I):349. cradie PARASTACIDAE [Australia: central Queens? land; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. craebbe See crabba. era-fish ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Bacon, 1635:189. craibosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Cote'd'Or, Bourgogne] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, 1881:230, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Cote-d'Or. crane ASTACIDAE [France: Provence (ancient)] Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555; Andre, 1960:133 [Spain: Catalonia] Pardo, 1940:29. crane de riu ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] Colomer, 1983:83; Pardo, 1940:29. crang From the Latin cancer. ASTACIDAE [France: "ancien provencal"] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Raynou- ard, 1836-1844. crauish ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English?] "Pilles of certain fishes, as of Crauishes." Cooper, 1565. cravaise ASTACIDAE, "the cray-fish." [U.K.: Anglo-Norman (the variety of Norman French spoken in England after the Norman Conquest)] Halliwell, 1904:278. cravesse Gozmany, 1979:118, lists this word as French, perhaps taking it from Belloc, 1899:141. While the word apparently appears first in Belloc, who quotes Rolland, 1881:230, the word is not in Rolland, and is probably a misreading of "gravesse," q.v. cravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine, as does Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, on the patois of Lor? raine in the vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See grav- ousse. craw CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] Vernon, in Hoey, et al, 1982:175. crawbob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: W. New South Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. crawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western New South Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. crawchie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. crawcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: West Virginia] Cassidy, 1985:833. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY crawdab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. crawdabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30. craw-dabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Ade, 1912:39. crawdad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] North, 1963:38. [U.S.] Gozmany, 1979:118; PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16. crawdad Verb (slang, sense 1), = "to back out." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):240. See camaron reculador, crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish (Symbolism), ecrevisse qui renifle, and gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae korum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. crawdad Verb (slang, sense 2), = "tobe obsequious." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. See crawfish, crayfish, cray-fish, and mudbug as verbs. Crawdad Place name, private airport. [U.S.: Geor? gia; SW of Savannah, (31?59'N x 81?15'W)] Aero? nautical Chart, Jacksonville Section, scale 1:500,000. Crawdad Creek Place name, stream. [U.S.: Washing? ton; Snohomish Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708. Crawdad Slough Place name, stream. [U.S.: Illinois, Cook Co.] Abate, 1991(6):27. crawdad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. craw-dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Kentucky] Shear- in, 1911:37. craw-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949. crawdaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30. crawffish ASTACIDAE "...at Burrowbridge I pass'd the River...Ouse... [which] affords very good fish salmon and codffish and plenty of crawffish ...." [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):219. See Fiennes under craw fish and crawfish. craw fish ASTACIDAE "From Knarsborough we went to Rippon [Ripon] a pretty little market town.. .and Craw fish 2 pence a Dozen so we bought them...." [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):83. See Fiennes under crawffish and crawfish. Craw Fish Sp. Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v. craw-fish ASTACIDAE [Norway] Pontoppidan, 1755, part 11:175-175; CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Say, 1817:168, 169. craw-fish Verb (slang), = "to back out; refuse to any thing after starting to do it." Tefft, 1848:316. See crawfish, verb, sense 1. crawfish This term is widely used for members of the ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA, as well as for many marine crustaceans. Webster, 1852:280, suggests craw is derived from "crab" or from the Welsh "crag," a shell as in "pysgod cragen," shell-fish. He also suggests the "fish" in crawfish is from the last syllable of ecrevisse. ASTACIDAE ".. .1 went with my mother into Oxfordshire.. .to Hungerford 16 mile which is famous for Crawfish...." [U.K.: Berkshire; probably the Kennet River] Also, "...Kanck-wood [Cannock Wood], which is but a barren heath ground but.. .its full of little brooks and rivulets which abounds with craw? fish...." [U.K.: Stafford] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):23, 166; "...But all must stoop to Crawfish Soop...." [U.K.] D'Urfey, 1719(I):268; "The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water." [U.K.] Donovan, 1837, II, 213. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.: New York] Kieran, 1959:74; [U.S.: very common usage in south]. PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192. Penn (1943:1) discussed his feelings on the cray? fish/crawfish controversy, and, while somewhat dated and limited in scope, is worth repeating here (my notes in brackets): "The name crawfish is used in this paper because it is believed to be the most common common-name for the species of crawfishes of the genus Cambarus to which they belong; and, it is the only common name for these animals throughout the South and in other NUMBER 38 23 rural sections of the United States, notwithstanding the belief of many who propound that our 'crawfish' are known elsewhere by the "correct name of crayfish." Crawfish has long been credited as correct in scientific writing and not only occurs almost as frequently as crayfish, but was used as a common name by Say (1817, ["craw-fish," pp. 168-169, q.v.]) many years earlier than crayfish by Huxley (1884 [1880, passim]). The European word crayfish is used by teachers of zoology probably because of Huxley's classic contribu? tion; however, crawfish is still the usual term applied to fresh-water crustaceans of the genus Cambarus in the U.S...." See Fiennes under crawffish and craw fish. See also crayfish, ecrevisse and shrimp. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 1), = "to back out." "But no sooner did they see the old British Lion rising up.. than they crawfished back to 49 [degrees]." [U.S.: United States Congress, possibly first recorded use of crawfish as a verb] Charles E. Stuart of Michigan, The Congressional Globe, 1848:277; "I crawfished as fast as I could about two yards" [U.S., midwest] Twain, 1884:103; [U.S.: southeastern Missouri] Crumb, D.S. 1903:310; "To withdraw unreservedly from an untena? ble position" [New Zealand soldiers in WW II] Par? tridge, 1950:189. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), craw-fish (verb), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae kdrum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 2), = "to crawl on one's stomach." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):62. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 3), = "a horse that pitches (or bucks) backwards." [U.S.: western] Adams, 1968, page 82; Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):836. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 4), = "tobe obsequious." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. See also crawdad (verb, sense 2). crawfish Verb (slang, sense 5), = "to act in an indecisive or equivocating manner." [U.S.] Novak, 1993:A27. "Crawfishing on NAFTA," the headline of an article describing President William Clinton's alleged attitude toward the North American Free Trade Agree? ment. See crawfish (verb, sense 1) and hsiang lagu I yang pien chi eh. Crawfish-band Rough translation of "Red Crawfish [People]." Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Catlin, 1860:589. See Shaktci Homma. Crawfish Branch Place names, streams. [U.S.: Kentucky, Clay Co.] Abate, 1991(4):421; [U.S.: Ore? gon; Douglas Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Ten? nessee, Blount Co. and Lawrence Co.] Abate, 1991(4): 901. Crawfish Creek Place names, streams. [U.S.: Alabama, De Kalb Co.] Abate, 1991(4):61; [U.S.: Georgia; Carroll Co. and Walker Co.] Abate, 1991 (3): 187; [U.S.: Illinois; Wabash Co.] Abate, 1991(6):27; [U.S.: Oregon; Grant Co. and Lane Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Tennessee; Lawrence Co.] Abate, 1991(4):901; [U.S.: Texas; Crosby Co.] Abate, 1991(5):442; [U.S.: Wyoming; Teton Co.] Abate, 1991(8):668. Crawfish Draw Place name, valley. [U.S.: Texas; Floyd Co.] Abate, 1991(5):442. Crawfish Gulch Place name, valley. [U.S.: Califor? nia; Siskiyou Co.] Abate, 1991(9): 196. Crawfish Hollow Place name, valley. [U.S.: Missou? ri; Benton Co.] Abate, 1991(7): 192. Crawfish Lake Place names, lakes. [U.S.: Oregon, Grant Co. and Lane Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Washington, Okanongon Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708. crawfish land Low, watersoaked ground. CAMBA? RIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1906:132. Crawfish Meadow Place name, meadow. Oregon; Grant Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524. [U.S.: crawfish policy Disparaging term used by Jefferson Davis referring to the practices of Beauregard and J. Johnston in the 1861-62 U.S. Civil War campaigns. [U.S.] Davis, 1991:459, line 23. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, march? er comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Crawfish Pond Place name, lake. [U.S.: Alabama; Talladega Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 4:61. Crawfish River Place name, river. [U.S.: Wisconsin, Jefferson Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 6:670. Crawfish-Spring Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v. Crawfish Spring Place name. [U.S.: NW Georgia; Walker Co., SW corner of Chickamauga Battlefield (U.S. Civil War)] Turchin, 1888, pocket maps, text maps, and pp. 64-65. Spelling variations in same volume: Crawfish-Spring (p.63), Craw Fish Sp. (Maps 2,3,4) and Crawfish Springs (Map No. 6). See also Crawfish Spring Lake and Chickamauga cray? fish. Crawfish Spring Lake Place name, lake. [U.S.: Georgia, Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187. Lake is apparently on site of Crawfish Spring (see above) and associated stream leading into Chickamauga Creek. See Crawfish Spring, above. Crawfish-Spring road Place name. See Crawfish Spring. Crawfish Tank Place name, reservoir. [U.S.: Texas; Garza Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 5:442. Crawfish Springs Place name. Spelling variation of Crawfish Spring, q.v. Crawfish Town Place name, [U.S.: Louisiana; New Orleans] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):48. Crawfish Valley Place names, valleys. [U.S.: Georgia; Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187; [U.S.: Virginia, Wythe Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:628. crawjinny CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Iowa] Strong, 1940:249. crawldaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30. crawl-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949. crawler PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: South Aus? tralia; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. crawley-fish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; English] Olszewski, 1980:16. craw-pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Arkansas] Randolph, 1931:99. crawpappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30. cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192. ASTACIDAE? "Soup Vermecell, souc'd turbet, cray and soals." [U.K.: Scotland; Scottish] Grant and Murison, 1952, vol. 111:239, quoting Allan Ramsay, 1728, vol. 2:10. craybob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: south-western New South Wales and New England; Australian Eng? lish] Olszewski, 1980:16. craydad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Cassidy, 1985:833. cray fish PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand] Taylor, Richard, 1870:295. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. cray-fish ASTACIDAE "The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water." [U.K.] Donovan, 1837, II, 213; [U.K.] Wood, 1858:60; "From his lurking hole Had pulled the Cray-fish." [U.K.] Browne, 1613, II, iii; "crab, cray-fish, or crevice." [U.K.] Ainsworth, 1783. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Kentucky] Shearin, 1911:37; [U.S.: midwest] Ade, 1912:39. cray-fish Verb, = to catch crayfishes. "Others were engaged in the delicate amusement of cray-fishing" [U.S.] Ingraham, 1835:174. See crawdad, crawfish, crayfish, mudbug, and yabbie as verbs. crayfish ASTACIDAE, CAMBARIDAE, PARASTA? CIDAE [English: (Europe, North America, Austral? asia)] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37, 39. CAM? BARIDAE [U.S., northeast: New York] Kieran, 1971:74, says it is colloquially spelled and pronounced "crawfish." PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, 1976:192; [New Zealand] Olszewski, 1980:21. Although "crayfish" and "crawfish" are universally used correctly by English-speakers to denote freshwater NUMBER 38 25 crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and Parastacoi? dea, both words are also used by some to designate lobsters, shrimp, or other aquatic animals as well. This lack of consistency causes much confusion. Almost a century ago, Stebbings (1902:187) attempt? ed to "nail the name crayfish hard and fast to the ...river-liver...reserving [crawfish] for the marine animal sometimes called the rock-lobster." Despite his eloquence and reasoning, his and other's attempts to lessen the confusion have been unsuccessful. I strongly favor using "crayfish" and "crawfish" solely for the Astacoidea and Parastacoidea?leaving other words for the lobsters, shrimps, and miscellany. See crawfish. crayfish Verb, slang, = "to back out or retreat." "The steamer was just crayfishing away from a mud island, where she had tied up for more wool." [Austra? lia] Lawson, 1900:63. "Such hedging and crayfishing about only postponed the dread business." [Australia] Hackston, 1966:203; "But from time to time, as if his vital spirit had something of the crayfish, he moved backward in moments of inertia...." Eco, 1983:16. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, kajae kdrum, lung hia, march? er comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. crayfish Symbolism. Crayfish are said, without amplification, (de Vries, 1974:116) to symbolize " 1 . nonchalance; 2. laziness; 3. loss of faith; 4. Synagogue, as personification of the Jewish religion." On p. 328, de Vries also discusses the Moon Card of the Tarot deck (Smith, 1971) which depicts what he refers to as "a lobster-like crab." This "crab," which is more likely a crayfish, is said to denote "involution, regres? sion to a more primitive state (the crab eating away what is transitory)...." The negative "laziness," "loss of faith," and "regressive" associations are reflected in the English, Chinese, and Korean slang verb forms, q.v., but are in contrast with the Chickasaw Incaktca- kafa ("They are crawfish," i.e. a very bright and active people") and the Mayan rebus which associates crayfish and shrimp with goodness, nobility, and beauty. This latter sense is discussed by Stress (1989:143- 164), who proposes that the crayfish icon used by the Mayas is a rebus usage, representing a word by depict? ing a homophone of it?i.e. by depicting something else bearing a similar sounding name. In this case he cites the Zoque sas (= crayfish) with the Zoque sa'sa ( = beautiful); the Popoluca ooy (= shrimp/ crayfish) with the Popoluca oy (= good, fine, nice); and the Mixe kAA'xm (= shrimp) with kAhxm (= high, exalted). Magette, 1983:61, discusses Balzac's use of cray? fish-related symbolism in La Rabouilleuse (Balzac, 188? (1966): 131 et seq. Here, Balzac explains that rabouil- ler, q.v., is a provencial word denoting the trapping freshwater crayfishes by stirring up the water with a tree branch to frighten the crayfishes into traps. Flore Brazier, a young rabouilleuse whom Dr. Rouget meets, snares Jean-Jacques, who corresponds to the crayfish. de Tervarent (1958:151-152) discusses ecrevisse as a symbol of inconstance, contrary fortune, and idle? ness?using the crayfish in medieval art to illustrate these attributes. See ca'am, camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb) crayfish (Symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, Incaktcakafa, kajae kdrum, lung hia, marcher comme les ecrevisse, marcher en ecrevisse, ooy, rabouiller, and sas. Crayfish Creek Place name, stream. [Australia: Tasmania, (147?21'E x 42?57'S)] See Yellami Boon? gangooloom. creauis ASTACIDAE "A freshwater Creauis" [England: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:426. Also, "Creauises are good for Hectickes" [England: Middle English] Benvenuto Italiano, 1612, paragraph 87:163. Crebs ASTACIDAE 1694(I):349. [Germany] Corneille, creeft ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 251. creekcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisi? ana] Raichlen, 1991 :F2. crefish ASTACIDAE "The Crefish are some of them red, when they are raw, and some Azure coloured, some of them are not red after boy ling, they are taken notice of to have three teeth in the Stomack, and the Males to have a double Penis" [U.K.] Wagnero, 1683:269. crefyshe ASTACIDAE ". .yf you take a good sort of Crefyshes...." [U.K.: English] Heresbach, 1496-1576 (1601), Book 11:69. See crefysshe. 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY crefysshe Although freshwater crayfishes are found naturally in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize, this is a doubtful reference to freshwater crayfishes sensu stricto, as the description apparently is of animals inhabiting southern Central America, probably Panama. More likely, the animals referred to were atyid shrimps. ".. .full of gressehoppers, grylles, crabbes or crefysshes...." [U.K.: Middle English?] Eden, 1555:115. See crefyshe and creuysshe. creifis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. crepel = "a little creeper, or crawfish." ASTACI? DAE [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, 1881:61. Toll? er, 1921:134, says crepel = crib. In this case, crib may be a form of crab, as in Wright, 1898, vol. 1:761. But Toller, 1898:170, shows crepel = a burrow. There may be a certain obscure consistency in all of this. creues ASTACIDAE "A creues, dyght hym thus: depart hym a-sonder, & sly tee the belly...." [U.K.: Middle English] Wynken de Worde, 1413, in Furni- vall, 1868, page 281, line 20. creuesses ASTACIDAE "Pan comes dare-out creues- ses -of many kins hewis, Scorpions bairn to scere ?& scalid neddirs, And bai so large & so laith ?& so lowd schrikis, bat all be soile of ba sidis...." [U.K.: Middle English; probably 1400-1450] The Wars of Alexander, edited from MS. Ashmole 44 in the Bodlean Library, Oxford, and MS. D.4.12 in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, by Walter W. Skeat 1886:219, line 3864. Hendrickson, 1987:139, says crayfish, first recorded as creuesse in England early in the 15th century, was corrupted to crayfish by 1597, but he gives no additional details; he may have this reference in mind. See crevesses. But also see creuez and creu- is, dating from 1390-1 and 1345-6, respectively. creuez ASTACIDAE "Item, pro pikerell et creuez, j due. lxviij s." [U.K.: Middle English] Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land... 1390-1 and 1392-3, in Smith, Lucy T., 1894, 215/20. creuis ASTACIDAE "In creuis empt. pro pitancia Conuentus." [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Sacrist Rolls of Ely, 1345-6, in Chapman, 1908, vol. 2:129; "The tayle of a lobster, or river Creuis." [U.K.: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:60. creuviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Cote- d'Or. creuvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bour? gogne; Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Cote-d'Or. creuysshe ASTACIDAE "...hath in the steade of flesshe a certeyne substance like vnto the flesshe of creuysshes" [U.K.: Middle English] Eden, 1555:302. See crefysshe. creveiceron ASTACIDAE, "petite ecrevisse." [France: 13th century] Greimas, 1969:150-151. crevesses ASTACIDAE "Than comes thare out crevesses/ of manykins hewis/ Scorpions thaim to scere/and scalid neddirs...." [U.K.: Middle English; 1400-1450] Stevenson, 1849, line 3864. Note that this is another rendition of the same manuscript described under creuesses, above, but using the "th" instead of the thorn and a v instead of a u in crevesses. crevet ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 252. crevette ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269(1878), p. 10, foot- note to line 274. creveys ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English] Anonymous, 1460, Ms. K. crevez dew douz ASTACIDAE "...to rost Eles/ lampurnes/ Crevez dew douz, and breme de mere...." [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:174, line 848. crevice (Sense 1) ASTACIDAE, [France: end of 13th century] Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555; [France: 11-14th centuries, dialects of northern France (Langue d'Oil)] Bos, 1891:114; "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice." [U.K.: English] Randle Holme ca. 1688, quoted by Phipson, 1883:435; "Crab, cray-fish, or crevice" [U.K.: Middle English] Ainsworth, 1783. Said by Rolland, 1881:230, to be related to Old High German Krebiz, and to date from NUMBER 38 27 the 13th century in France; but also said by Bos (see above) to be derived from German Krevisse, q.v., and to have been used from ll-14th centuries. See also armure a ecrevisse. See also next entry. crevice (sense 2) = armure [France: 11-14th centu? ries, dialects of northern France (Langue d'Oil)] Bos, 1891:114. Greimas, 1969:150-151, describes it as "Armure faite de bandes d'acier articulees a la maniere des anneaux d'une ecrevisse." See armure a ecre? visse. See also krevisse. crevicia ASTACIDAE [U.K.: medieval Latin] Latham, 1981:517. crevik ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] Olszewski, 1980:14. crevis ASTACIDAE "In sperling', crevis, lopsters, et pise aque dulcis, 4s. lOp." [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham, 1311-2, in Fowler, 1898, vol. 99:9; "...because swine [having fed on henbane] seek after Crevises...." [U.K.: Middle English] Coles, 1657, lviii. According to Webster, 1852:283, this was little used by the mid- 19th century. See also river crevis. crevis dewe douze ASTACIDAE "A Crevis dewe douze, Cut his belly away..." [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:159, line 616. were hanged up and exposed to the Sun for ten daies, they will drive out Catterpillers from Pot herbs." [U.K.] Muffett, 1658:1041; "But this Sir Christopher [Metcalfe] is also memorable for stocking the river Yower in this County...with Crevishes (which he brought out of the South) where they thrive in plenty and bigness." [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fuller, 1662:223; [U.K.: Scotland] Jamieson, 1818, unpaginated; 1846:170. crevit ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 252. crevy ASTACIDAE "...for v. crevys ij. d." [Eng? land: Middle English] Anonymous, 1481-1490:84. crevyse deau doulce ASTACIDAE "Shell fyshe, excepte crevyse deau doulce." [U.K.: England; Middle English] Elyot, 1539:15a. cribisse CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana; Cajun French] Botkin, 1955:580. Crittenden crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) bisectus. [U.S.: Kentucky; Crittenden County, Ohio River drainage] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:35. crow dab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. crevis douse ASTACIDAE "Porpas rested. Munse fryed. Crevis douse." [U.K.: England; Middle Eng? lish] Kurath, 1959, vol. C-DYWE:727. crevise ASTACIDAE "Crevise/bus wise ye must dight:" [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:158, lines 604-5. Thomas Wright, 1857:355, crevise was used in England before the 19th century. crevise dewe douz ASTACIDAE "Perche in gely/ Crevise dewe douz/ pety perueis with be moost." [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:166, line 707. In a footnote Furnival says "pety perueis" may be pies of carp and eels roasted and minced with spices. crow dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. crow pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. crofis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. csokarak ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. csuollos rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. crevish ASTACIDAE "If crabs or river Crevish, Cuban slender digit crayfish See kubanskogo 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY dlinnopalogo rak. cuinci PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax de? structor. [Australia: Queensland: vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140?0'E x 20?55'S))] Blake, 1969:84. See jakalaan and turn pan. cunder PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Natal Downs Station, Cape River, Pegulloburra Aboriginal tribe (= Ilba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (146?50'E x 20?50'S))] Chatfield, in Curr, vol. 11:482, Sta. 131. cypress crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki. [U.S.: Florida; Escambia County] Williams, et al., 1989:21. cyxonajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto? dactylus salinus. [Ukraine] Bred- sky, 1981:154. = sukhopalyi rak, q.v. cyxonajnvm paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto? dactylus salinus. [Russia] Bred- sky, 1981:154. = sukhopalyi rak, q.v. dagllu PARASTACIDAE, = "Camaron o cangrejo de agua dulce." Also = "Parastocus" sp. [Argenti? na/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Ranculche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] Erize, 1960:151,451. = daullu and sagllu, q.v. dalai in naimalchin "Cray-fish" in primary reference, but in vol. 11:1072 it is translated as "blue-crab in ocean" and as "sea crayfish" and "lobster." [Mongo? lia] Boberg, 1955, vol. 111:124. ' ? ' ~ > r* V N \ ' ' ' - " N * = dalai in naimalchin, see above. Note that the Mongolian language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus these words would normally be rotated 90? to the right. See also sam khorokhai. Dalhousie Springs yabbie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax destructor-albidus. [Aus- tralia: South Australia; NE of Oodnadatta] Horwitz, 1990:90. danbee PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster"? This does not coincide with any present-day freshwater crayfish distribution, and could be some organism other than the crayfish, or an unknown crayfish inhabiting subterra? nean waters. [Australia: Western Australia; South- Eastern Division, Nullarbor Plain, Eyre's Sand Patch, Wonunda Meening Aboriginal tribe (= Miming Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (128?0'E x 31?- 10'S))] Williams, in Curr, 1886(I):398, Sta. 34. Note similarity of word with danibutcha, q.v. danibutcha PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Yorke's (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, Queens? land), (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (137?35'E x 34?35'S))] Kuhn, in Curr 1886(11): 146, Sta. 67. See worronguna. Note similarity of word with danbee, q.v. daullu See dagllu. deda PARASTACIDAE, as well as shrimps and lobsters. [Madagascar: Fort Dauphin region] Poisson, 1947:13. dede Pronounced dayday. PARASTACIDAE, Cherax longipes and Cherax solus. [New Guinea: Tigi Lake area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 319. dendong PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Gippsland; Victorian Region groups] Mathew, 1899:230-231. Because of the number of Aboriginal tribes in the Gippsland area in the 1890s, greater specificity is impossible. devil crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Lacuni- cambarus) diogenes. [U.S.: widespread east of the Rockies and south of the Great Lakes, except Florida peninsula, the Alleghenies, and northeast of New Jersey and east of western Pennsylvania in Mississippi drain? age; primary burrowing crayfish] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:24. devil's fleas See piau du diable. devil's horse CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana; New Orleans] Watson, 1843:233. See cheval du diable, grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, and masan cay. dib-dib PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madi- madi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143?20'E x 34?25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:332, 422. NUMBER 38 29 dibil PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Aus? tralia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143?20'E x 34?25'S))] Hercus, 1969b:3. didbee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Keppel Bay, Calliope River, and Curtis Island, Byellee Ab? original tribe (= Baiali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:164 (150?55'Ex23?40'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 114, Sta. 160. dirndung-dirnduk PARASTACIDAE. Same word used for "crayfish" and freshwater "lobster," probably = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and Euastacus sp. [Aus? tralia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(111):552, Sta. 210. ditch bugs CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Strung, 1985, p.58. ditch fencing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Faxonella clypeata. [U.S.: Oklahoma and Texas, east to Florida and South Carolina] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:32. dixie lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast] Olszewski, 1980:20. djambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard] Rolland, 1881:231. djambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Languedoc] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Gard. dlinnonogii rechnoi rak See wraHHOHorHH pe*r- HOH paK, next citation. AJTHHHOHorHH pe^ HOH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. dlinnopalyi rak See nnnHHonainvni paK, see next citation. flnHHHonajnaH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:151. See dlinnopalyi rak, above. dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak See njimraomunvni pcn- HOH paK, next citation. omraHonajrjbin pe^mon paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. Dohlenkrebs ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius palli? pes. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37.; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al.,in Westman et al.,1990:180. dookami PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably = Wirad- juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Bayles, in Curr, 1887(111):392, Sta. 190. See yingar. Doughtery Plain cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes. [U.S.: several caves in Georgia and Florida] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:22. dovghopalyi rak See AOBronajmn paK, next entry. AOBronajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac? tylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Ukraine] Cherry, 1992:20. See dovghopalyi rak, above. dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak See xvHaHCbKHH TOM'- jmmi paK, next citation. AyHaHCBKHH KaM'sHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Aust? ropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio danubicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak, above. dunayskyi kamennyi rak See flVHaHCKHH KaMeH- KHBIH paK, next citation. jryHaHCKHH KaMemmBm paK ASTACIDAE, Aust? ropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio danubicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See dunayskyi kamennyi rak, above. ecrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne and Poitou; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Poitou and Cdte-d'Or. ecrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobi? lis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Poitou and Bussy-le-Grand] Rolland 1881:231. ecrevice ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349; Phipson, 1883:435, quoting Holme 1688 (but I was unable to find the word in Holme); [France: Champagne] Andre, 1960:133. ecrevice Slang, = "Sorte d'armes anciennes. C'estoi- ent des cuirasses faites de lames de fer, mises les unes fur les autres a la maniere des ecailles d'Ecrevices." [France: 17th century] Corneille, 1694(1):349. See armure a ecrevisse and ecrevisse de rempart. ecrevice d'eau douce ASTACIDAE [France] Cor? neille, 1694(I):349. ecrevice de riviere ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349. ecrevisse CAMBARIDAE [Canada (eastern)] Le- moine, 1911:216. ecrevisse ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; Rolland, 1881:231, des? ignates its use as both "francais" and "francais vul? gaire"; Belloc, 1899:140, says "vulg. et etrang." [Bel? gium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19. CAMBARIDAE [Canada] Vinay et al., 1962:142. See crawfish, crayfish, crevice (Sense 1), shrimp, and vissecre. ecrevisse Slang, (sense 1), = blacksmith's lever-grip tongs. [France: 20th century] Ferrar and Biard, 1980:179 (French-English); Mansion, 1972:E:10. ecrevisse Slang, (sense 2), = Englishman. [Spain: 19th century] Dupouy, in Merimee, 1846 (1927):66, says, "Norn que le peuple en Espagne donne aux Anglais a cause de la coleur de leur uniforme." See cardinal. Ecrevisse Name of stream. [France: 47?35'N x 6?58' E] France: Official Standard Names Gazetteer, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, Washington, D.C. ecrevisse americaine banale ASTACIDAE Orco? nectes (Faxonius) limosus [France] Noel, 1992:73. ecrevisse a partes blanches ASTACIDAE Astacus pallipes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72. ecrevisse a partes rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; [Swit? zerland] Buttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevisse a pieds blancs ASTACIDAE, Austropota? mobius pallipes. [France] Laurent, 1985:77. [Bel? gium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19. ecrevisse a pieds pales ASTACIDAE Astacus pallipes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72. ecrevisse a pieds greles ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [France] Gozmany, 1979:119. ecrevisse a pieds rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ecrevisse americaine signal ASTACIDAE, Pacifasta? cus leniusculus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:3. ecrevisse californienne ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., 1990:78. ecrevisse commune ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluvia? tilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ecrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 1), literally = "cooked crayfish," but slang usage = red. "...sans excepter le consul du pape, qui s'habille en ecrevisse cuite...." [France: 19th century] About, 1854:381. See cardinal and ecrevisse de rempart. ecrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 2), = fantassin (footsol- dier) [France: early 20th century argot] Esnault (1965:252) says footsoldiers (fantassins) were called ecrevisses de rempart,q.v., because of their red pants?whence, by twisting, prostitutes came to call cooked crayfishes (ecrevisses cuites) "fantassins," q.v. See also cardinal. ecrevisse de boulanger Argot, = hypocrite. [France: popular in 19th century] Barrere, 1887:124. NUMBER 38 31 ecrevisse de californie ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [France] Gerard, in Westman et al., 1990:44. [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevisse de la boue ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac? tylus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2. ecrevisse de rempart Slang/argot, = foot soldier. [France: used by 19th century by French cavalry] Barrere, 1887:124; Ecrevisse de Rempart [book title] [France: 20th century] Therive, 1969. See armure a ecrevisse, cardinal, ecrevice, and ecrevisse cuite. hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui. Ecrevisse Rouge "Red Crawfish [People]." [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing du Pratz (= Le Page du Pratz), 1758, vol. 2:226. See Shaktci Homma. ecrevisse rouge CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [France] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. ecrevisse rouge de Louisiane ASTACIDAE Procam? barus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii [France] Noel, 1992:73. ecrevisse de rocher ASTACIDAE, Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torren? tium. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2. ecrevisse des marais ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto? dactylus leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71. ecrevisse des torrents ASTACIDAE, Astacus torren? tium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [France] Gozmany, 1979:119; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevisse de Turquie dactylus. [Belgium] 1990:44. ASTACIDAE, Astacus lepto- Gerard, in Westman et al., ecrevisse dulcaquicoles ASTACIDAE [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ecrevisse fluviatile ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ecrevisse Malgache PARASTACIDAE, Astacoides madagascariensis. [France] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. ecrevisse noble ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (As? tacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. ecrevisse qui renifle Slang, = the crayfish which flees backward. [France] Zola, 1877 (1961):742, with translation of slang word "renifle" by Delvau, 1889:412. See camaron reculador, crawfish as a verb (sense 1), crayfish as a verb, gambero as a verb, and ecrevisse russe ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71. ecrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Tarentaise. ecrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Pont, 1872. ecrevisse tonnerre CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, Cajun folklore] 1. = "[A] crawfish, smaller than regu? lar crawfish with large pincers. People find them in ditches and they say if one of these bites you, it won't let go until it thunders." Theobald Courville, in Hollier, 1971:105; = "...[L]ittle crawfish with big blue pincers...and boy is it mean. It's tail is hollow. I believe the tonnerre is a bourreau." Leona Martin Guirard, in Hollier, 1971:105. ecrevisse turque ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., 1990:78. Edelkrebs = noble crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germany] Belloc, 1899:142; Mosimann and Hofmann, 1985:36. [France: "En idiome stras- bourgeois du XVII siecle," (p. 141), and "Suisse allemande," (p. 142)] Belloc, 1899. [Austria] Win- tersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990, p.38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. p. 180. eel PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax robustus, C. dispar depressus, and/or Euastacus sp., and/or Cherax sp. [Australia: Queensland; upper 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Brisbane River (probably = Dalla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (152?25'E x 26?55'S))] Lands- borough and M. Curr, in Curr, 1887(III):210, Sta. 167. See Illai, il'lai, yil, yH, yil'ai, yU'lai. Eguchi's Crayfish Pupa Not a crayfish, but a mutant pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Fujimaki, 1976: 507. eicorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899:141, and Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Foucaud, 1866. einga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Mandandanji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148?35'E x 27?5'S))] Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta. 175. See keerai. el amarillo CAMBARIDAE, color morph of Procam? barus clarkii in Spain. [Spain] Gaude, 1986. p. 126. elin PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence (probably = Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (149?- 45'E x 22?20'S))] Muller, in Curr, 1887(III):52, Sta. 148. See goowarra. ella PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (150?20'E x 23?5'S))] Archer, in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See wambein. elli PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax dispar depressus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; between Brisbane and Gympie, Mooloola Aboriginal tribe (= Undanbi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186 (153?5'E x 26?55'S))] Landsbor- ough, in Curr, 1887(11)1:142, Sta. 164. elparra PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Middle Norman River, Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (142?0'E x 18?20'S))] Arrnit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, Sta. 93; [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. Note that in light of the Sta. 93 detail, this latter locality seems somewhat questionable. See yandurrer. encravisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Limousin. English crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobiuspallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Gozmany, 1979:119. engravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] Andre, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, cites Chabaneau, 1871- 1872. See Chabaneau, 1876. enkodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ja- rildekald (139?20'E x 35?30'S) and/or Portalun (139?- 15'Ex 35?15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. See eukodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto. eplucher des ecrevisses Slang, = "to pick up straws." [France] Billaudeau, 1903:182. equeurvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141, and Rol? land, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878. erambie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):21. escarabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc 1899:141, specifies Toulouse and Aude. escarabido ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899, p. 141, and Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825. NUMBER 38 33 escarabissa ASTACIDAE [France: Languedoc] Andre, 1960:133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Herault, as does Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Herault, who cites "Marcel de Serres.. 1822." See Serres, 1822. escarabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Limousin, as does Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825. Rolland (ibidem) also specifies Gard, citing personal communication; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Gard and Toulouse. escarabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Limousin] Belloc, 1899:141. escaravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] Andre, 1960:133. escarbisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse. escarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Toulouse] Belloc, 1899:141. eschscholtz This is not a vernacular name for any crayfish. Its appearance under "Common name(s)" on pages 46 and 132 in Westman et al., 1990, was an editorial lapsus. Eschscholtz was the individual who described Astacus leptodactylus, the crayfish discussed on both pages. escorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Limousin. escorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Tulle, Bas-Limousin] Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Tulle, citing Beronie, but omitting date. See B6ronie, 1823. escrabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Limousin] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960, p.133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse. escrabissa ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. escrabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Languedoc; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Lot; Rolland, 1881, specifies Toulouse, citing Poumarede, 1860. See Poumarede, 1841, as possibly the same reference. escreuisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Middle French] Belloc, 1899:140, citing Belon, 1555. escrevice ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol? land, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555. escreviche ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol? land, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555. escrevisse ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol? land, 1881:231. etelanrapu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes and A. torrentium. [Finland: (a "non-traditional devised term," (= fabricated name))] Cherry, 1992:19. etgrevisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and Andre, 1960:133, specify Vosges; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "Vagney Vosges." eti rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. eukodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ja- rildekald (139?20'E x 35?30'S) and/or Portalun (139?- 15'Ex 35? 15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980,p.l7, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto. Eungella spiny crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus eungella. [Australia:Queensland; Eungella National Park (147?50'E x 20?40'S)] Winter and McDon- ald,1986:42; Morgan, 1988:8-11. europaischer Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamo? bius fluviatilis). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. ezeren rak See e3epen paK, next citation. e3epeH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See ezeren rak, above. fantassin = cooked crayfishes [France: early 20th cen? tury prostitute's argot] See ecrevisse cuite (sense 2). ferskranns kreps ASTACIDAE [Norway] Fauchald, Kristian, personal communication. ferskvannskreps ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Norway] Skurdal et al., 1985:77. fire back crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (De- pressicambarus) pyronotus. [U.S.: Florida; Liberty Co., burrows along tributary of Apalachicola River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:16. County] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:72. Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Also = any freshwater crayfish. [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142. Note that this word is sometimes literally translated "river crab," as in BioSciences Information Service (BIOSIS) B-I-T-S Abstracts, (Philadelphia, PA), translation of the title of a paper by Pretzmann, 1988:153. folyami rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. folyami rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. folyamirakok See folyami rakok. freckeled crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Erebicambarus) maculatus. [U.S.: Missouri] Pflie- ger, 1987:7; Hobbs and Pflieger, 1988:644; Hobbs, 1989:91. French Broad crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus. [U.S.: North Carolina; Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson, Madison, and Tran? sylvania counties] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:27. flodkrafta = "River crayfish." ASTACIDAE in Swedish waters, as well as imported CAMBARIDAE [Sweden] Fiirst, in Westman et al., 1990:168; Cherry, 1992:19. flodkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus and A. pallipes. [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53; Cherry, 1992:19. flodkreps ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Schmidt-Nielsen, 1941:1. Florida cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus. [U.S.: Florida; Citrus and Hernando counties northward to Marion Co., caves] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69. Florida longbeak crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Ortmannicus) youngi. [U.S.: Florida; Gulf fresh-water cray-fish ASTACIDAE [England] Kir- by, 1897:52. fresh-water lobster ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. freshwater crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, As. leptodactylus. [English] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36, 37. Cited by Gozmany, 1979:118, as encom? passing the entire family ASTACIDAE This is general? ly used used for any member of the ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA. Furneaux burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Flinders Island, Strzelecki Peaks] Horwitz, 1990:96. gadjunja PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax NUMBER 38 35 destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'E x 32?40'S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. Spelling variation, gadunja. See gungulu and ilidja. gadunja See gadjunja. gaforre uji t'embel ASTACIDAE [Albania] Kiciand Aliko, 1969:125. galiciai rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. Galizerkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37. Galizier ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Ger? many] Hoffman, 1980:12.; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. Galizierkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:24. galizischer Krebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119. galizischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119. galizischer Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus lepto? dactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119. galizisk sumpkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac? tylus. [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in West- man etal., 1990:53. galoom PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; between Albert and Tweed rivers (probably = Jukambe tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (153?0'E x 27?55'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1887(111):236, Sta. 171. See boongangooloom, boonggangooloom, and mul'aim. gamarella ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, "Romain vulgaire"] Belloc, 1899:140. gambao ASTACIDAE [Italy: Genoa] Rolland, 1881, p.231; Belloc, 1899, p. 142. gambarelli ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Italy] Belloc, 1889:142. gambaro ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, "Romain vulgaire"] Belloc, 1899:140. [Italy: Venice] Rolland, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:142. gambero ASTACIDAE [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51; Millhouse, 1870, vol. 2:264, says = "cray-fish, crab." See granchio. gambero Verb, = to walk or go backwards. Said of seminarians at "the German College." [Italy] Macchi, 1970:569. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, kajae kdrum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. gambero d'acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Comelati and Davenport, ca. 1900:135. gambero d'acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125. gambero di fiume ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, 1886:160.; gambero di fiume ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Italy] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36. gambero di fiume turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Italy] Cherry, 1992:20. gambero di ruscello ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, 1886:160. gambero di torrento ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius torrentum. [Switzerland: Italian] Biittiker et al., in Westman etal., 1990:180. 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY gambero fluviale ASTACIDAE [Italian] Hoare, 1926:93. gambero rosso CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Italy. Not recorded, but probably has been introduced from Kenya] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125. gambero turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Italy] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125. gamblu ASTACIDAE [Malta] Falzon, 1884. gambre ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] Andre, 1960:133. (148?35'E x 30?15'S)] Bucknell, in Curr, 1887(III):312, Sta. 181. gemeiner Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. geor ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies Bretagne. See georenn and gueorenn. georen ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142. gammarello ASTACIDAE [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21. gammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern] Belloc, 1899:141. gammaru ASTACIDAE [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. See gammaruni and russu comu un gammaru. gammaruni ASTACIDAE, a very large crayfish. [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. See gammaru. ganoon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, C. neopunctatus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England; Tenterfield; Yucomble Aboriginal tribe (= Jukambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (152?10'E x 29?15S))] Anonymous, in Curr, 1887(III):294, Sta. 179. See naloan. gannoon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; headwaters of the Maclntyre River, Preaglagh Aboriginal tribe (= Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150?- 10'E x 28?10'S))] Myles, in Curr, 1887(III):268, Sta. 176. See gurinein. gavar dowr ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [U.K.: England; Cornwall] Cherry, 1992:19. gaver ASTACIDAE [U.K., England: Cornwall] Jago, 1887:37. geary PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Gwyder [Gwydir] River, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe georenn pi., georenned ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142; Andre, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, specifies "breton de Treguier. See georen and gueorenn. gevlekte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132. gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:5. gewone rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:3. ghost nipper PARASTACIDAE? [Australia: Queensland] Anonymous, 1981 (1987): 1976, associates yabby with ghost nipper in Queensland. However, it seems unlikely that ghost nippers are freshwater cray? fishes, as Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102, state that, "In Queensland yabby may refer to any of several small, burrowing, shrimp-like marine crustaceans known as nippers. giant Tasmanian lobster PARASTACIDAE, Asta? copsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Horwitz, 1990:74. gidda PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wellington, Wiiratheri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Keightly, in Curr, 1887(HI):374, Sta. 190. gidyar PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = NUMBER 38 37 Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Castlereagh River, Talbraga, and Mudgee; Wiraduri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147?30'E x 33?- 50'S))] Gunfher, in Curr, 1887(111):368, Sta. 190. Also Threlkeld, 1892:85. See inka, maramie, marra- min, morramma and moramy. giju PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Bloomfield River and its tribu? taries, Gugu-Yalanji Aboriginal tribe (= Kokojelandji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (144?30'Ex 16?- 15'S))] Oatesetal., 1964:96. Giju is defined as "crab or lobster," but considering the range of the Gugu- Yalanji on the Bloomfield River and its tributaries, together with the limited distribution of C. wasselli, there seems a good liklihood that the word does refer to the PARASTACIDAE. gilga PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Pinjarra (probably = Wiilman Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974,p. 260 (117?10'E x 33?10'S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(1):346, Sta. 22. See also chelgi, chielghi, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. gilgai See gilga and gilgie. gilgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus and C. crassimanus; Australian English word derived from the Aboriginal gilgai or gilgie, a natural saucer-shaped depression in the ground that serves as a reservoir for rain water. Gilgies are freshwater crayfishes found in such holes (Wilkes, 1978 (1988): 155. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119?45'E x 33?40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. Note that Mosimann and Hofmann, 1985:39, say gilgie = Cherax plebejus and C. glaber. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, julegie, and to do a gilgie. Gillendoon A place name. Literally, "a place of crayfish." PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; Lachlan blacks, Wiiratheri (= Wiradjuri Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 ((147?30'E x 33?50'S)] Curr, 1887(111):365. Note that Reed, 1967,p.l03, says Gillendoon = "Crowd." gindangia PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan (possibly = Kwiambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale 1974:196 (151?15'E x 29?25'S))] District Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):298, Sta. 180. See gonon. giomach-cuain ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] Dwelly, 1901 (1977):494. giomach-uisge ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] MacLennon, 1925 (1979):416. Glenelg River cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus bispinosus. [Australia: Victoria and New South Wales] Horwitz, 1990:74. gliomach fionnuisce ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cher? ry, 1992:19. gdl istakozu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius palli? pes. [Turkey] Cherry, 1992:19. golyam rechen rak See romiM pe^eH paK, below. rojMM pe^eH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See above golyam rechen rak, above. See also rechen rak. gonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Toodyay (Newcastle) (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117?05'E x 31?45'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See goonack, goonak, gunag, koonac, and koonak. gonon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan (possibly = Kwiambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale 1974:196 (151?15'E x 29?25'S))] District Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):298, Sta. 180. See gin? dangia. goolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. [Australia: Western Australia, possibly a modern word derived from Aboriginal word] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY goombarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This locality does not appear to be within the present-day known range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146?0'E x 19?30'S) or Juru Aboriginal tribe (147?40'E x 19?55'S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172))] Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):488, Sta. 134. See goonaway, koongooya, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau. goonack PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Midlands Division (NE of Perth between Northan and Toodyay), Newcastle (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117?05'E x 31?45'S))] Whitfield, in Curr, 1886(1):326, Sta. 18. See gonak, goonak, gunag, koonac, and koonak. goonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = Whadjuk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116?5'E x 32?0'S))] Knight and Armstrong, in Curr, 1886(I):332, 334, Sta. 19; [Australia: West? ern Australia; Midlands Division, York District (probably about 75 km. W of Perth), Ballardong (Bal- lerdokking) Aboriginal tribe (probably = Balardong tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117?05'Ex 31?45'S))] Hackett, in Curr, 1886(I):344, Sta. 21; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division (about 75 km. S of Perth), Pinjarra (probably = Pindjarup Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1947:256 (115?55'E x 32?55'S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See gonak, goonack, gunag, koonac, and koonak. See also gilga and marine. goonalk PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. goonaway PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This locality does not appear to be within the present-day known range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: Queens? land; Lower Burdekin River, (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146?0'E x 19?30'S) and/or Juru Ab? original tribe (147?40'E x 19?55'S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172))] Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):490, Sta. 134. See goombarroo, koongooya, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau. goowarra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence (probably = Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (149?45'E x 22?20'S))] Muller, in Curr, 1887(III):52, Sta. 148. See elin. go'ya' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Oregon; Klamath Reservation, Northern Paiute Indians] Kelly, 1932:73, supposes this word, used in the two combinations given below, is of Klamath origin, and cites Spier, 1930:15. Go'ya'tikadii Literally, "crawfish-eaters." Name of Paiute Indian band. ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon; Northern Paiute Indians of Yainax and Beatty. As these Paiute were brought from Silver Lake in recent times, the name is thought to be postreservation] Kelly, 1932:72, 73. GoyEske'Egis Place name, = "crawfish crawl out." [U.S.: Oregon; Klamath, Paiute Indians] Spier, 1930: 15. grabusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and Andre, 1960:133, specify Jura; Rolland 1881:230, also specifies Jura, citing Monnier, 1823, which is likely = Monnier, 1831, q.v. graibeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Montbeliard] Belloc. 1899:142. graibeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Franche-Comte; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Montbeliard, citing Contejean:282. Spelling variation, graibeusse. graibusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Franche-Comte; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Montbeliard, citing Contejean, 1876. graibusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Montbeliard] Belloc, 1899:142. granchio ASTACIDAE? [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51. As commonly happens, there appears to be confusion as NUMBER 38 39 to whether granchio refers to fresh-water crayfishes, freshwater crabs, marine crabs, or all three. Mill- house, 1870, vol. 2:279, defines has "crab, cray-fish"; Wessley, 1891, defines crawfish as granchio and gambero; Rolland, 1881:231, lists granchio and gambero under "Astacus fluviatilis" (= Astacus as? tacus), as does Belloc, 1899:242; and Hoare, 1923, vol. 1:174, says granchio = crab, crayfish, claw of a hammer, locksmith's clamp, cramp in a muscle." To compound the confusion, Millhouse, 1870, vol.2, p.279, lists pigliare un granchio a secco = to pinch one's finger; esser morso dal granchio = to be a pinch-penny; and i granchi voglion morder le balene as a provencial expression = the weakest attack the strongest. However, in vol. 11:93, Hoare defines crayfish as gambero fiuviale, and contemporary usage favors granchio = crab and gambero = crayfish (Cesare Marino, personal communication). graouisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:230, citing Oberlin, 1775, specify Luneville. grasscrab 1980:20. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski, grasshopper CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, New Orleans. Probably very rare usage] Watson, 1843:233. See also cheval du diable, grilh-dour, Ha- schreckenkrebs, and masan cay. gravase ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Belgium: Namur, Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing Grandgagnage, 1846 & 1857. gravasse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Belgium] Belloc, 1899:142. gravesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine. [Belgium: Wallonia] Belloc, 1899:142. gravesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: "pays messin" (vicinity of Metz) patois of Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230, citing Jaclot, 1853-54. graviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [Belgium] Andre, 1960:133, specifies Hainaut; [Belgium: Rouchi, the dialect of Valenciennes and its vicinity] Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:230, citing Hecart, 1834. gravisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies "pays messin," vicinity of Metz. gravisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: "pays messin," vicinity of Metz, Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230. gravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, who discussed the patois of Lorraine in the vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See also cravousse. grawet ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Vosges] Rolland, 1881:230. grawetz ASTACIDAE [France: Vosges] Andre, 1960:133. See grawet. grebeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Vosges; Rolland, 1881:230 specifies La Bresse (Vosges). grebeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Vosges] Belloc, 1899:142. grebosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979, p. 118. Andre, 1960,p. 133, specifies Franche-Comte; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies Doubs, as does Rolland, 1881:230, who specifies the patois of Les Fourgs (Doubs), citing Tissot, 1865. 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Greensboro burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius. [U.S.: North Carolina;Guilford County] Williams, et al., 1989,p. 22. greeur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victo? ria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow tribal designation)] Howitt, in Curr, 1887(11)1:556, Sta. 210. greuche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141. and Rolland, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878. grevesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Flanders] Andre, 1960:133. [Belgium: "wallon," = Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing "Carlier..publ. par Vandermaelen," which apparently = Maelen, 1831, q.v. grilh-dour a neologism; grilh = grasshopper, dour = freshwater. ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Cros- nier, personal communication. See grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, masan cay, and piau du diable. grita ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979,p.ll8. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Comte de Nice; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies Menton (a border dialect between Provencal and the Italian dialect of Genoa), as does Rolland, 1881,p.231, citing Andrews, 1877. grosse Austral-Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:526. grosser Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. gueorenn ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Andre, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, specifies "breton de Treguier. See georen and geo? renn. gunag PARASTACIDAE, possibly Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe, (= Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119?45'E x 33?40'S)) Aboriginal language] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. See gonak, goonack, goonak, koonac, and koonak. See also marran and marron. gungulu PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'E x 32?40'S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. See gadjunga and ilidja. See also koongoola and its variants. gunnok PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Geographe Bay and Vasse (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?- 40'E x 34?0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(I):356, Sta. 24. See jilgy, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran. gurinein PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Dumaresque or Upper Maclnyre River, Bigambel Aboriginal tribe (= Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150?- 10'E x 28?10'S))] Turbayne and Laylor, in Curr, 1887(11)1:266, Sta. 176. See gannoon. hah-tsoo ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California, Achomawi Indians (Hokan)] Merri- am, 1979:225. hairy land yabby [PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus spp.. [Australia: Victoria] Olszewski, 1980:16. See yabby. Haschreckenkrebs = grasshopper crab, from Heu- schreckenkrebs. ASTACIDAE [Germany: Hessen] James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, Univer? sity of Illinois, Urbana, tells me he found this word used for freshwater crayfishes while he was serving in the occupation forces in the town of Borken, Hessen, Germany, following World War II. Lipke Holthuis, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, has in? formed me that this is an accepted German vernacular name for the Stomatopoda (which do not occur in Germany or along its coasts), and that the word is uncommon in German literature except in nature-guides for tourists visiting the Mediterranean. See cheval du diable, devil's horse, grasshopper, and masan cay. Hatchie burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Falli- cambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni. [U.S.: Tennessee; NUMBER 38 41 McNairy County] Williams et al., 1989:23. Hell Creek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes. [U.S.: Arkansas; Stone County, cave] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:24. hellgamite CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: New Jersey and New York] Cassidy, 1991:962. Heuschreckenkrebs See Haschreckenkrebs. histahle'k me'emdah' naseh' le'heezahche'r See next citation. ^p1? n&l ,n?pV0 P ^ 0 9 * Slang = "to leave position, and try to go backward." [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. See crawfish (verb, sense 1). See citation above. Note that these words are read from right to left. See also histahle'k me'emdah' naseh' le'heezahche'r, above. hon-thoon ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Karok Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:230. Houma Literally, "red," a spelling variation of the second word in Shaktci Homma, Red Crawfish [People], q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Houma Indians, whose emblem was the red crawfish] Swan- ton, 1953:185. See also shakchi, Shaktci Homma, shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and various words beginning with Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Teh. hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui Slang, = (move) back? ward like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = &*fltt?tjfc/ni?, next citation. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), craw? fish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae kdrum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. ^tfjio"?f?/5jl See hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, above. hsiang lagu I yang pien chieh Slang, = to change loyalty like a crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315. = &W$&? TJfc^l5", next citation. W*. Wisfi f%%T See hsiang lagu I yang pien chieh, above. hsiang lagu I yang sa so Slang, = withdraw like a crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315.= & W 4 ? - t l f f i ^ , next citation. ^.ttllii? \%M.^- See hsiang lagu I yang sa so, above. hsiang lagu I yang t'ui ch'ueh Slang, = to be afraid like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = i f f l t t - t i i l S f , next citation. jfeWift?fli?*P See hsiang lagu I yang t'ui ch'ueh, above. hsiang lagu I yang t'ui so Slang, = to shrink away [withdraw] like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = fcWtt?f?i&.?, next citation. &Wt t?f l$S i? See hsiang lagu I yang t'ui so, above. iammaru di ciumi ASTACIDAE Stream (or river) crayfish. [Sicilian] Bellestri, 1988:109. ilidja PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'E x 32?40'S))] Hercus, 1982:284, 308. See gadjunja and gungulu. illai PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax rvbustus, C. dispar depressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Austra? lia: Queensland groups, Kabi and Mary River dialects, (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172, (152?25'Ex25?45'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See eel, fl'lai, yil, yH, yil'ai, yU'lai. fl'lai PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax robustus, C. dispar de- pressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Mary River and Bunya Bunya County, Kab/ Aboriginal tribe (= Dalla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166-167 (152?25'E x 26?55'S))] Curr, 1887(11)1:196, Sta. 166, and p. 199. See eel, illai, yil, yil, yil'ai, yil'lai. Iltjanma The Crayfish Ancestor. [Australia: Northern 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Territory; Aranda Aboriginal mythology, the Northern Fish Legend of the flood] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:26- 27. See iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka iltjenma, in- jfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. iltjanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134?45'E x 24?40'S))] Streh? low, T.G.H., 1947:27. See Iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnja? ka, iltjenma, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. See also Sign Language. Iltjanmalitnjaka Place name, = "Where the Crayfish had dug." Possible reference to Cherax destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Parke's Pass (a gap in the Krichauff Ranges south of Hermannsburg Commu? nity) (= Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134?45'E x 24?40'S))] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1969:36. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, iltjenma, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. iltjenma PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destruc? tor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134?45'E x 24?40'S))] Strehlow, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. This refer? ence indicates = "crab," whereas Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:27, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyan? ma. See also sign language. Incaktcakafa Literally, "They are crawfish," i.e. they are very bright and active people. [U.S.: southeast; Incaktcakafa clan of the Chickasaw Indians] Speck, 1908:52. See Shaktci Homma. Compare with crawfish (verb, sense 1) and long xia for opposite meanings. See also crayfish (Symbolism). inga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mungalella Creek, Peechera Aboriginal tribe (= Pitjara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (147?10'E x 24?55'S))] Looker, in Curr, 1887(11)1:276, Sta. 177; [New South Wales; Warren (probably = Kawambarai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (148?30'E x 31?30'S))] Rouse, in Curr, 1887(11)1:370, Sta. 190; [New South Wales; sources of Bogan River (= Wongaibon Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (146?30'E x 32?0'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 1887(11)1:382, Sta. 190; [New South Wales; Carcoar (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 1887(11)1:384, Sta. 190. ingah PARASTACIDAE. Wales] Reed, 1967:103. [Australia: New South ingar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Dubbo (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Dubbo, in Curr, 1887(11)1:372, Sta. 190. See wangar. Ingar Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. inglebar = crayfish hole. Ingamells, 1955:51. [Australia: Tasmania] injfltjinjiltja PARASTACIDAE ?, probably = Cherax destructor. This reference indicates = "a small variety of crab," but also says "Same as [iltjenma]"; whereas Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal tribe (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale, 1974:220-221 (134?45'E x 24?40'S)] Strehlow, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjenma, and ltyanma. See also Sign Language. inka PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Castlereagh River, Yooaba Aboriginal tribe on Lachlan River, Talbragar, and Mudgee; Wiiratheri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'Ex33?50'S))] Curr, 1887(11)1:366, 368, Sta. 190. [New South Wales; Candoblin, (Wirad? juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Suttor, in Curr, 1887(11)1:388, Sta. 190. PARASTACIDAE?, = "lobster" [New South Wales; Bogan River (probably = Wongaibon Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (146?30'E x 32?0'S))] Balfe, in Curr, 1887(11)1:380, Sta. 190. See gidyar. inkka PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor, but the exact position of "Waljeers" is unknown. [Australia: New South Wales; Waljeers (probably = Wuradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Pearce, in Curr, 1887(11)1:390, Sta. 190. NUMBER 38 43 inundah PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This locality does not fall within the present-day known distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; mouths of Burdekin River (probably = Bindal Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147?15'E x 19?35'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta. 126. See boogurrie. Irishman's friend CAMBARIDAE, probably Cam? barus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes or C. (L.) ludovici- anus [U.S.: Louisiana] When levee construction in lower Louisiana became a public work, Irish immi? grants were employed in the building and maintenance of the structures. Crawfish burrows in the embank? ments caused them to fail, and thus repair work provid? ed additional jobs for the Irish workers. Crawfish were thus called "The Irishman's Friend." Botkin, 1955:282. Note that as early as 1811 crayfish were noted as the cause of levee leakage (Brackenridge, 1814:177). isim cay = "whisker fish." CAMBARIDAE, proba? bly Procambarus (Austrocambarus) acanthophorus or P. (A.) llamasi. [Mexico: Chiapas; Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] Hunn, 1977, p.253; Hobbs, 1989:52. ital'ianskyi rak See RTajnvxHCKHH paK, next citation. HTajnvxHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:186. See ital'ianskyi rak, above. italiys'kyi rak = iTajrincKHH paK, see next ci? tation. iTajiincKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:186. See italiys'kyi rak, above. ix baan "[E]l cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan, Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:262. See ix-baan. ix-baan CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [Mexico: Yucatan; Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157. ix bab "[E]l cangrejo," (crayfish, if not crabs). CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan; Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:261. See also 6 ixbab. ix bau "[E]l cangrejo," (crayfish, if not crabs). CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan; Mayan] Alvarez, 1980:262. See also ixbau. ixbau CAMBARIDAE (if not crabs). [Mexico: Yucatan, Mayan] Perez, D.J.P.,1866-1877:157. See also ixbau. Jabby PARASTACIDAE, Cherax destructor. [Ger? many: from Australian Aboriginal] Schliiter, 1989:526. See also jabid, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. jabid PARASTACIDAE, "small crayfish, 'yabbie'," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143?20'Ex 34?- 25'S)] Hercus, 1969a:342, 422. See Jabby, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. jabidj PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140?30'Ex36?25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:302. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Pota? ruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140?30'E x 36?25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:422. See Jabby, jabid, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. Jackson prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Girardiella) barbiger. [U.S.: Mississippi; Newton and Scott counties, Jackson Prairie area] Wil? liams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. jakalaan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140?0'E x 20?55'S))] Blake, 1969:87. See cuinci and tumpan. jambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A.nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard] Rolland, 1881:231. 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY jambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A.nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Lan? guedoc] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133. Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Gard. javelin crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) jaculus. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisi? ana; Black and Pearl river basins] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67. jilgi PARASTACIDAE. This is probably a case in which the word has been recently imported from Western Australia to Tasmania, where it is used for crayfishes other than Cherax sp. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:51. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. jilgie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. An Australian English word from the Aboriginal. [Austra? lia: Western Australia; Perth (probably = Whadjuk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116?5'E x 32?0'S))] Anonymous, 1972; Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. jilgy PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Bar- lee, in Curr, 1886(I):354, Sta. 24. See chelgi, chiel? ghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, julegie. See also gunnok, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran. jin-ju PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Kamilaroi Station (as Curr, 1886(II):318, indicates this locality at 140?E x 19?S, it is probable that it refers to the Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?35'E x 19?10'S)] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(11): 320, Sta. 96. See choorn-gu and junju. joeri PARASTACIDAE, Cherax paniaicus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 325. joevahk ASTACIDAE [Estonia] Purre, 1948:81. jdevahk ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Estonia] Cherry, 1992:20. jokiayriainen ASTACIDAE [Finland] Wuolle, 1947: 103. jokirapu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Finland] Westman, 1990:58. joolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, and julegie. julegie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, and joolgie. juju'na-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = "camaron recu? lador," q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocamba- rus) llamasi. [Mexico: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Clark, 1981:76, 151. See ju'navitpa'-oyo. See also camaron reculador. ju'navitpa'-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = "camaron recula? dor," q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [Mexico: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Clark, 1981:76, 151. See juju'na-oyo. See also camaron reculador. junju PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Cloncurry River, Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maitha- kari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?40'E x 20?5'S))] Palmer, in Curr, 1886(II):338, Sta. 99. See choorn-gu, and jin-ju. See also beekodl, and pe- kool. kacay chita Slang. Literally, "beats the crayfish," = returns (a purchase) to the seller. [Korea] Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24. See ? W * I P \ below. ? M | %\L\ = kacay chita, q.v. kah-shah-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Northern Porno Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:233. kajae CAMBARIDAE, probably = Cambaroides similis, but as with lagu and crayfish, may be a broader vernacular word referring to any member of the ASTACOIDEA or PARASTACOIDEA. [Korean] NUMBER 38 45 Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, personal communication. See Tr^n, next citation. "A-7^ = kajae, q.v. kajae kdrum [Korean] Slang, walking (or crawling) backward (like a crayfish). Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, personal communication. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, lung hia, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. See also 7r*H l a , next citation. T r ^ l n = kajae kdrum, q.v. kaiaru PARASTACIDAE? Given the locality of this record, the "crayfish" referred to may not be a fresh? water crayfish. [New Guinea: Saibai dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. kakine PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper Burnett River, Mt. Debateable, and Gayndah (probably = Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'E x 25?50'S))] Riley and M. Curr, in Curr, 1887(111): 150, Sta. 165. kalifornischen Krebs ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus). leniusculus. [Germany] Goldman, 1973:118. Kamberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus (Cambarus affinis). [Germany] Hoffman, 1980:12; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38. kamburo CAMBARIDAE? [Esperanto] Butler, 1967:196. See kankro. kamennyi rak See KaMenmni paK, next citation. KaMeHHtra paK ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (A. saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius (s. str.) tor? rentium natio torrentium. [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119; Brodsky, 1981:181. See kamennyi rak, above. kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak romuraH paK, next citation. See KaMCLKHH ACB- KaMCLKHH AOBronajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont? astacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:156. See kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak, see above. kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak See KaMCKnn jymmiona- jn>iH paK, next citation. KaMCKHH AJinHHonajTMH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont? astacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Russia] Brod? sky, 1981:156. See KaMCKHH jyraHHonajn>iH paK, above. kam'yanyi rak See KaM'jmmi paK, next citation. KaM'aHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio torrentium. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:181. See kam'yanyi rak, above. kandera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tambo (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?20'E x 25?50'S))] Dalhunty, in Curr, 1887(III):86, Sta. 155. See boogalli, boogarli, bookill, koarow, and quarroo. kankro ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA? Includes "astako" and "kamburo," q.v. [Esperanto] Butler, 1967:196. See also konkro. kapeasaksirapu ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Finland] Westman et al., 1990:58. kapich PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Glenelg River above Woodford (exact locality uncertain because Woodford not shown on available maps or designated on Glenelg River in the Official Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141?10'E x 37?35'S))] Curr, 1887(III):480, Sta. 207d. See Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, 46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, konkro, maraija, monagur, and murangir. karavida = See xcxpafiiba, next citation. xapajStfia ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Greece] Kallistratos, in Westman et al., 1990:103. See karavi? da, above. karavida tou glykou nerou See xapafiiba TOV yXvxov vepov, next citation. xapapiba TOV yXvxov vepov ASTACIDAE Austropo? tamobius pallipes. [Greece] Cherry, 1992:19. See astakos tou glykou nerou and river crayfish. = karavida tou glykou nerou, previous entry. karavidhe lumi ASTACIDAE [Albania] Mann, 1957: 81. karawai PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand: Maori] Taylor, 1870:639. karcsuollos rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. karee PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc? tor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Namoi (river?), Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148?35'E x30?15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111): 318, Sta. 181. karkoora PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper Thomson River, (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171, (144?20'Ex 21?15'S))] Christi- son, in Curr, 1887(111): 10, Sta. 138. See boogal, marooroo, and munya. karramarro ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] Pardo, 1940:29. karsiks'kyi rak See KapcmicLKHH paK, next cita? tion. KapcHKCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:186. See karsiks'kyi rak, above. karsikskyi rak See KapcHKCKHH paK, next citation. KapcHKCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:186. See karsikskyi rak, above. kary PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc? tor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Namoi, Barwan, and Meehe rivers; Kamilaroi Ab? original tribe (148?35'Ex 30?15'S)] Moseley, in Curr, 1887(III):310, Sta. 181. kaspiis'kyi rak See KacnincBKHH paK, next cita? tion. KacniHCbKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eich? waldi eichwaldi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:164. See kaspiis'kyi rak, above. kaspyiskyi rak See KacmracKHH paK, next cita? tion. KacnHHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eich? waldi eichwaldi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:164. See kaspyiskyi rak, above. k'astila ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., northwest: Yakima Indians (Sahaptin language)] Beavert, 1975. kavkaz'kyi rak See KaBKa3LKHH paK, next cita? tion. KaBKa3i,KHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzo- wi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkaz'kyi rak, above. See also rak pil'tsova. kavkazckyi rak See KaBKa3CKHH paK, next cita? tion. KaBKa3CKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzo- wi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkazckyi rak, above. kaw-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Wintun Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:246. kayer PARASTACIDAE? Given the Torres Strait locality of this record, the "crayfish" referred to may not be a freshwater crayfish. [Torres Strait, Kowrare- ga] Mathew, 1899:230-231. NUMBER 38 47 kecskerak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Po? tamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Jaczo, 1943: 194. keerai PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Mandandanji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148?35'E x 27?5'S))] Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta 175. See einga. keerie PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax esculus and Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Barraba, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148?35'E x 30?15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(III):320, Sta. 181. keery PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: New South Wales; Moree; Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148?35'E x 30?15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):314, Sta. 181. keewai = "freshwater crayfish." PARASTACIDAE. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981:42. kefnid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamo? bius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979: 118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, personal communication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid- dour, and shawgashee. kefnid dour a barbarism; sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; dour = douce = freshwater. [France: Bretagne] Crosnier, personal communication. kefniden-zour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfish; probably an archaic usage; zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, personal com? munication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid-dour, and shawgashee. kekewai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966(3):706. keler PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc? tor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; "Victorian Region groups," Booandik Aboriginal tribe (= Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210- 211 (141?10'Ex37?35'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [South Australia; Mt. Gambier, Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale (see above)] Curr 1887(111):464, Sta. 205. See kapich, konkro, maraija, monagur, and murangir. kerevides ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984: 286. kerevit ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, 1978: 119. kervetse ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251. kerviele ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251. kerviese ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 251. kewai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966, v. 3:706. kharcang ab shirin = freshwater crab. ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Laili Nasr, personal communication. See next citation. o . . ^ v T , ^ . > ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Haim, 1987:138. See above. Ki am ichi crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Procericambarus) saxatilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma; LaFlore County, Pigeon Creek] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:49. kidneykooderi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," proba? bly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Cooper's Creek, Yowerawoolka Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (140?25'E x 26?40'S))] Cornish, in Curr, 1886(11):28, Sta. 48. See narraminyeh. 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY kinid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Andre, 1960:133. See kefnid, kefniden-zour, kinid-dour, and shawgashee. kinid-dour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage; zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142. See kefnid, kef? niden-zour, kinid, and shawgashee. kipil PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Euas? tacus sp. [Australia: S.E. Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given are insufficient for tribal designation)] Hagen- auer, in Curr, 1887(III):554, Sta. 210. See yappy. kitihy PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and zanak'orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. kitika PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and zanak'orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. koarow PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Barcoo River, Torra? burri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?20'E x 25?- 50'S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See bookill and boogalli. Koraa Ha rope pat CBHCTHCT Slang, loosely, "when the crayfish whistles on the mountain." English equivalent, "once in a blue moon." [Russia] Ricker, 1973:202. kolkhids'kyi rak See next two citations: KonxiflCB- KHH paK and KOJEXHACKHH paK. KOJixiflCLKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchi- cus. [Ukaraine] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhid? s'kyi rak, above. KOJiXHfflCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhids'kyi rak, above. komdar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Nogoa River, Bimurraburra Aboriginal tribe (= Kairi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (147?55'Ex 23?55'S))] Middle- ton, in Curr, 1887(III):92, Sta. 156. kongola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Menindie, Darling River (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (143?30'E x 32?40'S))] Mair, in Curr, 1886(II):234, Sta. 80; [Marowera Aboriginal tribe (= Kureinji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142?25'E x 34?15'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1886(II):240, Sta. 82. See thupul. konkro PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Booandik (Aboriginal tribe) (= Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141?10'Ex37?35'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [South Australia; Mt. Gambier (Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141?10'Ex 37?35'S))] Curr 1887(111):464, Sta. 205. Olszewski, 1980:17, quotes Mrs. James Smith, a 19th century missionary, saying that members of the Booan? dik Aboriginal tribe spread from western Victoria to eastern South Australia. See kapich, keler, maraija, monagur, and murangir. koonac PARASTACIDAE, Cherax plebejus and C. glaber. Australian English word derived from Aborigi? nal gunag. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth- Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119?- 45'E x 33?40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98; Horwitz, 1983:11. See gonak, goonack, goonak, gunag, and koonak. koonak PARASTACIDAE, Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(1):354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury and Lower Blackwood (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Small, in Curr, 1886(1):358, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (probably = Kane- NUMBER 38 49 ang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 24. See gonak, goonack, goonak, gunag, and koonac. See also gunnok, jilgy, koonac, marran, murrin, amd perran. koon-da-chi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Boulia District, Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe (= Pitapita Aborig? inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (139?45'E x 22?45'S))] Roth, 1897:93. See koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunany- ty. See Sign Language. koondagi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Burke River, Yelina Aboriginal tribe (= Jalanga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (140?0'E x 21?55'S))] Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(II):348, Sta. 101. See koon- da-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and trunagi. koongala PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ngai- awang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (139?35'E x34?15'S))] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. koongideri PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; W of Lake Eyre (probably = Arabana (Ngarabana) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (136?0'E x 28?30'S))] Curr, 1886(11): 16, Sta. 45. See koonkooderi, koon- koodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. koongoola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Lower Paroo and Warrego rivers, Parooinge Aboriginal tribe (= Parundji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (144?15'E x 29?35'S))] Scrivener, in Curr, 1886(11): 184, Sta. 74. See koongoolo, koon-gooloo, and koongooloo. koongoolo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Weinteriga, on Darling River, to (Main) Barrier Range (possibly the adjacent Milpulo Aboriginal tribe (142?25- 'E x 31?55'S) and Wiljakali Aboriginal tribe (141?0'E x 31 ?55'S) of Tindale, 1974:196 and 200)] McLennan, in Curr, 1886(II):232, Sta. 79. See koongoola, koon? gooloo, and koongooloo. koon-gooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; south and east central groups, Darling dialects (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'Ex32?40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: New South Wales; Darling River from Wilcannia downstream to Avoka, Bahkunjy Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'Ex 32?40'S))] Teulon, in Curr, 1886, vol. 11:208, Sta. 75. See koongooloo, koongoola, and koongoolo. koongooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Tolarno Station, near Menindie (probably Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'E x 32?40'S))] Shaw, in Curr, 1886(II):236, Sta. 81. See koongoola, koongoolo, and koon-gooloo. koongooya PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This locality is not within the known present-day distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aborigi? nal tribe (146?0'E x 19?30'S) and/or Juru Aboriginal tribe (147?40'Ex 19?55'S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172] Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):488, Sta. 134. See goombarroo, goonaway, mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau. koonkooderi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: SW Queensland and NE South Australia; Warburton River [sometimes designated "Creek"]?Ominee, Wongonooroo, Kuranyooroo, and Yarloeyandee Aboriginal tribes (probably = Jeljendi Aboriginal tribe (138?45'E x 25?40'S), Karanguru Aboriginal tribe (138?40'E x 26?25'S), Ngameni Aboriginal tribe (139?5'E x 26?50- 'S), and Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe (137?10'E x 26?40'S) of Tindale, 1974:212-213, 215, and 219)] Paull and Cornish, in Curr, 1886(II):22, Sta. 47. See also koongideri, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kunie? kundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. koonkoodirri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; "Central Division," Warburton River, Ominee Aborigi? nal tribe (probably = Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe of 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tindale, 1974:219 (137?10'E x 26?40'S))] Curr, 1886(II):20, Sta. 46. See also koongideri, koonkoo? deri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. koorey PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax esculus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Bogabrie, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148?35'E x 30?15'S)] Bench of Magistrates at Bogabrie, in Curr, 1887(III):322, Sta. 181. kooura = "freshwater crayfish." PA-RASTACIDAE, Paranephrops sp. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981: 42. See koura. k o s u h k ? a r i y a (Orthography employed by Haas) CAMBARIDAE, "red crawfish." The word means, literally, "crawfish shaman"; the rainbow was believed to be the painting on the face of the shaman in the sky, who was supposed to suck up little fish and crawfish and then let them drop again to earth. [U.S.: Louisi? ana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225. k o s u h k i (Orthography employed by Haas) CAM? BARIDAE, "crawfish." [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indi? ans] Haas, 1953:311. kosuhk^uhkent'e (Orthography employed by Haas) CAMBARIDAE, "large-fingered crawfish," (or crab). [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225. kortingeri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower Macleay River (probably = Ngaku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (152?40'E x 31 ?0'S))] Curr, 1887 (III):336, Sta. 185. koura PARASTACIDAE. [New Zealand, Maori language] Taylor, 1870:639; PARASTACIDAE, Para- nephrops planifrons, as well as Jasus lalandii; [New Zealand, Maori language] Williams, 1957:151. Mc? Lintock, 1966:706, says koura is used only for Jasus sp., but Best, 1974:282, discusses the use of fern traps used to catch crayfish ("koura") in the freshwater Rotorua district. See also koura wai. koura wai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966 (3):706. See koura. kovi rak ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (A. sax? atilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Hunga? ry] Gozmany, 1979:119. kdvirak See kovi rak. krabs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Alsace] Andre, 1960:133. krabs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: "Saverne. Dans la Zorne"] Belloc, 1899:142. kraft ASTACIDAE [Norway] Olszewski, 1980:21. krafte ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Fauchald, personal communication. kraftor ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Olszewski, 1980:21. kra'-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71. krangalang PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Snowy River (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148?50'E x 36?25'S))] Buhner, in Curr, 1887 (III): 560, Sta. 212. See udang-karang. krasnyi kubanskyi rak See KpacmiH KydaHCKHH paK, next citation. KpacHWH KydaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontasta? cus cubanicus daucinus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:161. See krasnyi kubanskyi rak and chervonyi kuban? s'kyi rak (above). krau-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874?: 71. krebs ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Vinterberg and Axel- sen, 1974:83. Krebs ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231. krebse ASTACIDAE [Finland] Olszewski, 1980:21. kreps ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Norway] Del- NUMBER 38 51 hi et al., in Westman et al., 1990:138. Krepss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii. krevisse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Bos, 1891:114. Etymology of the Old French word crevice, q.v. krevys ASTACIDAE "I sauhe a krevys with his klawes longe..." [England, Middle English] Lydgate, 1430:150, verse 16. kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak See KvdaHCKoro ?- jrHHHonajioro paK, next citation. KydaHCKoro wraimonajioro paK = Cuban slen? der digit crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus (Pont? astacus) leptodactylus cubanicus (current usage, Pont? astacus cubanicus cubanicus). [Russia] Shpolyan- skaya, 1975:65. See kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak, above. See also kubans'kyi rak, next citation. kubans'kyi rak See KydaHCLKHH paK, next entry. KydaHctKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cuban? icus cubanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:159. = kubans'kyi rak, above. See kubanskogo dlinnopa? logo rak. kubanskyi rak See Ky6ancKHH paK, next citation. Ky6aHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubani? cus cubanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:159. See ku? banskyi rak, above. kumbooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Darling River, Tintinaligi (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142?25'E x 32?40'S))] Curr, 1886(II):230, Sta. 78. kunggurla PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Ade? laide and vicinity (probably = Kaurna Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:213 (138?30'E x 34?35'S))] Teichel- mann et al., in Curr, 1886(11): 150, Sta. 68. See ngal- taitye. kuniekoondie PARASTACIDAE, possible refers to Cherax destructor, although specific locality for use not given. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):32. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. kuniekundi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mount Freeling to Pirigundi Lake (possibly = Freeling Heights to Lake Hope), Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139?0'E x 28?20'S))] Gason, in Curr, 1886(11): 106, Sta. 55; also: ["..south of South Australia and East Central groups", Diyeri dialect (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139?0'E x 28?20'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, and kurukudirri, and kurnkuderri. kuntatyi PARASTACIDAE probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Pitta-Pitta Aborigi? nal tribe (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 184 (139?45'E x 22?45'S))] Dixon and Blake, 1979, vol. 1:236. See koon-da-chi, koondagi, tunanyty, and trunagi. See also Sign Language. kurnkuderri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; E of Lake Eyre at Kopperamana, Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139?- 0'E x 28?20'S))] Jacobs, in Curr, 1886(11): 108, Sta. 56. See koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurukudirri. kurukudirri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; NW of Lake Eyre (possibly = Arabana Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (136?0'E x 28?30'S))] Jacobs (of Kopperamana), in Curr, 1886(11): 12, Sta. 43. See koongideri , koonkooderi , koonkoodi r r i , kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurnkuderri. kutera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Mulya-Napa Aboriginal tribe (= Karenggapa Aborig? inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (142?45'E x 29?15'S))] & Morton, in Curr, 1886(11): 160, Sta. 69a. laamballay PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Norman River, Karrandee Aboriginal 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tribe (= Kareldi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (141?0'Ex 17?25'S))] Arrnit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See ndaag. lagniappe crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) lagniappe. [U.S.: Mississippi; Kemper County, tributaries of the Tombigbee River] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:73. lagostim de pes brancos ASTACIDAE Austropota? mobius pallipes. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1990:158. lagostim do rio ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pal? lipes. [Portugal] Cherry, 1992:19. lagostim vermelho CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1990:158. lagu CAMBARIDAE [China] Cowie and Evison, 1992:99. Note that the Modern English-Chinese Encyclopedia Dictionary (Anonymous, 1964:183) defines this as Cambaroides japonicus; however, as C. japonicus is found only in Japan, it is likely that this is more appropriate for the Chinese C. dauricus or C. schrenckii?or, for that matter, as the vernacular equivalent of the widespread word crayfish, q.v. = $J &?. See also hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui and similar expressions. *f!lt? See lagu, above. lake lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Maine] Pieter van der Veer, personal communication, 1991. lammu PARASTACIDAE [Argentina: Mapuche lan? guage] Aguirre-Urreta, 1992:819. See dagllu and llamu. land crab PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus fossor. [Aus? tralia: NW Tasmania] Root, 1979:K2. land crayfish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western Queensland; English] Olszewski, 1980:16. land yabby PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; English and derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16. langosta del rio CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus mon? tezuma [sic, montezumae]. [Mexico: Mexican Spanish] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407. See nas. langostin CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) montezumae. [Mexico: Mexican Spanish] Santamaria, 1978:343. lang-gunya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (142?35'E x 10?50'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. langunia PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (142?35'E x 10?50'S))] Jardine, in Curr, 1886(I):282, Sta. 7. lavendar burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi. Florida to southern Mississippi] 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:29. CAMBARIDAE, [U.S.: northwest Williams, et al., least crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) diminutus. [U.S.: Alabama; Mobile County: Mississippi; George and Jackson counties] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:11. lib-lib-wil "Murray crayfish." Literally, "spike-spike- creature." PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; "Victorian," Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe (144?0'E x 35?20'S)] Hercus, 1969a:249, 422; "[L]obster, Murray cray." PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: South Australia; "Victorian," Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140?30'E x 36?25'S)). Word said to be a borrowing and not native to Lake Hindmarsh] Hercus, 1969a:305, 422. See jabidj, wurenag, and yapitch. Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus australis. [Australia: Victoria] Horwitz, 1990:96. lip-lip-kill PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ Victoria; Gonn Station, Murray River (possibly = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 (144?45'Ex35?20'S))] McCarthy, in Curr, 1887(111): NUMBER 38 53 506, Sta. 208d. See nark and yam pitch. lip-lip-till PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ Victoria; Moulmein (probably = Wembawemba Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144?0'E x 35?- 20'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Moulmein, in Curr, 1887(III):500, Sta. 208a. lippekil PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga (probably = Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'E x 35?5'S))] Fawcett, in Curr, 1887(III):502, Sta. 208b. Little Tennessee crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Camba? rus (Puncticambarus) georgiae. [U.S.: Georgia and North Carolina; Little Tennessee River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26. Ilamu PARASTACIDAE, = "Cangrejo de agua dul? ce." [Argentina/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Ranciilche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] Erize, 1960:233, 452. Synonym, llamuu. See dagllu and lammu. llamuu See llamu. lobbie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: common in coastal Queensland, where yabby is used to refer to a species of marine shrimp] Olszewski, 1980:16. See yabby. lobby See lobbie. lobster PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ol? szewski, 1980:15. Used commonly throughout Austra? lia for larger crayfishes, such as Euastacus and Asta? copsis. lock-chew CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast; Yuchi Indians] Swanton, 1929:84. loetererlepeenne "freshwater lobster," PARASTACI? DAE, probably Astacopsis. [Australia: northeastern Tasmania; Cape Portland (= Northeast Tasmanian Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:351-352 (147?40'Ex41?10'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. long-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac? tylus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:491. long-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto? dactylus. [English, widespread] louisiana Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. Louisiana lobster CAMBARIDAE, usually Procamba? rus clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana] Cochran, 1989:77. Louisiana red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro? cambarus clarkii. [U.S. and elsewhere, widely used in commercial trade] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal commu? nication. Louisiana swamp crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro? cambarus clarkii. [U.S.] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. louisiana-Sumpfkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Schliiter, 1989:526. Louisville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) jeffersoni. [U.S.: Kentucky; Jefferson County, tributaries to Beargrass Creek, Ohio River] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:36. ltyanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax de? structor. [Australia: Northern Territory; "North Australia and Central Australia groups, Macdonnell Ranges" (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134?45'E x 24?40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjenma, and injfltjinjiltja. lung hia Pronounced roughly "loong-hsyah," a con? trived compound whose literal meaning is "dragon shrimp." Probably does not usually = freshwater crayfish, but = lobster. [Chinese] Leang, 1878:201; Yutang, 1972:421. The "crayfish" in the following quotation is probably an inaccurate translation of the word: "'Da long xia!' cried the same voice ... de? scribing officials in terms of large crayfish." (Ludlum, 1986:454). Note that the "da" = "large." Note also that "crayfish" is said to be used as a term of scorn or derision in China, probably because of the backward mode of locomotion. Spelled also long xia, lung xia and shia. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, 54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. Compare with Incaktcakafa for opposite connotation. = RISR, see next entry.. = lung hia, above. luzitans'kyi rak See jry3rraHCbKHH paK, next ci? tation. jry3iTaHci>KHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamo? bius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitans'kyi rak, above. BKHH HOBronajmH paK, next citation. Majioa3iHctKHH HOBronajraH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:158. See maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak, above. maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak See MaJioa3HHCKHH fljmHHonajiBiH paK, next citation. Majioa3HHCKHH nmiHHOiiajiMH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Russia] Brod? sky, 1981:158. See maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak, above. luzitanskyi rak See Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK, next entry. jry3HTaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitanskyi rak, above. Mallacoota burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus "sp. VSL." [Australia: Victoria; Gippsland] Horwitz, 1990:99. mal"k rechen rak See MajrtK peroH paK, below. Madagaskarkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacoides ma- dagascariensis. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. MajTBK pe^eH pas ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:19. See mal"k rechen rak. ma-a PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicari- natus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Penin? sula, "Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor...to Popham Bay," Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:266-267 (132?35'Ex 11?25'S))] Foelsche, in Curr, 1886(I):2- 74, Sta. 4. See baupit. makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak See MaKe?oHCBHHH KaM'HHHH paK, next citation. MaKeROHCLHHH KaM'?HHH paK ASTACIDAE, Aus? tropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak, above. makedonskyi kamennyi rak See MaKe^ oHCKHH Ka- MemrbiH paK, next citation. MaKeflOHCKHH KaMeHHMH paK ASTACIDAE, Aus? tropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See makedonskyi kamennyi rak, above. maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak See MaJioa3ic- mamaroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Culgoa River (probably = Morowari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (146?25'E x 29?0'S))] Foott, in Curr, 1887(111): 328, Sta. 182. mamuru PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: "Queensland groups," Warrego River (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146?10'E x 26?50'S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See mamaroo. mangaba PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149?10'E x 34?- 55'S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in Curr, 1887(111):426, Sta. 196. See mooroonong and murragolong. mannta PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; "southern" Tasmanian (possibly = South East Tasmanian Aborigi? nal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x43?10'S))] Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(111):627. NUMBER 38 55 manshiuzarigani "Manchuriancrayfish." CAMBARI? DAE, Cambaroides dauricus. [Japan] Uchida, 1953:758. See next citation. 7'Jl/^-f1} ft z. = manshiuzarigani, q.v. ?.A,lt>$l)fflz = manshuzarigani, q.v. man-shkan = "Scamperers over the ground." CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Dakotah Indians] Dorsey, 1884:238. maraija PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Upper Glenelg and Wannon, Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141? 10'Ex 37?35'S)] Curr, 1887(111):478, Sta. 207c. See kapich, keler, konkro, monagur, and murangir. maramie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp. and/or Geocherax sp. Australian English word probably derived from the Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: southwest New South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See marramin, and moramy, and morramma. marcher comme les ecrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail's pace. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E: 10. See camaron recula? dor, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, and marcher en ecre? visse. marcher en ecrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail's pace. [France: 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E:10. See camaron reculador, craw? dad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, and marcher comme les ecrevisse. maren PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Lower Blackwood, Peopleman Aboriginal tribe (proba? bly = Pibelmen Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:255 (115?50'Ex34?20'S))] Gifford, in Curr, 1886(I):362, Sta. 26. See also marin, marine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. marin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886, v. 1:354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; Lower Great Southern Division, King George's Sound, Minung or Meening Aboriginal tribes (probably = Minang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (117?40'E x 34?45'S))] Spencer et al., in Curr, 1886, v. 1:388, Sta. 31. See maren, ma- rine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. marine PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Pinjarra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Pindjarup Ab? original tribe of Tinsdale, 1974:256 (115?55'E x 32?55'S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See maren, marin, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. See also gilga and goonak. marooroo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia, Queensland; Upper Flinders, Hughenden, Dutton River, etc; Pooroga Aboriginal tribe (= Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (144?20'E x 21?15'S))] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(11). p. 460, Sta. 129. See boogal, karkoora, and munya. marra PARASTACIDAE, = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116?5'E x 32?0'S))] Armstrong, in Curr, 1886(I):334, Sta. 19. These people also use marran, q.v. See also maren, marin, marine, marran, mar? ron and murrin. marramin PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Geocherax sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Wiradhari Aboriginal tribe of Threlkeld, 1892:97; Wiradhuri Aboriginal tribe of Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99 (both = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?- 30'E x 33?50'S))]. See gidyar, maramie, morramma and moramy. marran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (proba? bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0*S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Perth (probably = Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116?5'Ex32?0'S))] Armstrong, in Curr, 1886, v. 1:334, Sta. 19; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth-Albany region, Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119?45'Ex 33?40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See also maren, marin, marine, marra, marron and murrin. marrida PARASTACIDAE ? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may be some other animal or an unknown distribution. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw tribe (probably = Nokaan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:254 (115?20'E x 27?35'S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. 14. See atta, bodardi, and marthera. marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. [Australian English probably from the Aboriginal marran. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119?45'E x 33?40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99; Schluter, 1989:526. See maren, marin, marine, marra, marran and murrin. marthera PARASTACIDAE ?, "crayfish"? This locality does not coincide with the known present-day distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribu? tion pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Division, Champion Bay (N of Geraldton), Watchandi Aboriginal tribe (probably = Amangu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:239 (115?30'E x 29?20'S))] Golds- worthy, in Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See atta, bodardi, and marrida. masan cay = "meadow grasshopper fish." CAM? BARIDAE. Hunn says "ASTACIDAE," which, because of the locality, is erroneous. [Mexico: Chiapas, Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] Hunn, 1977:253. See also grilh-dour, grasshopper and Heuschreckenkrebs. meatzas = "[C]amaron, pescado." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca, Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also cooy, tzas, and vetze. meauke PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: "South Australian Aborigines"] Taplin, 1879:128. Seemeauki. meauki PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Narrinyeri language (possibly = Jarildekald (139?20'E x 35?30'S) and/or Portalun (139?15'E x 35?15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: South Australia; Pytu Reach (Pt. McLeay?) (possibly = Jarildekald Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (139?20'E x 35?30'S))] Taplin, in Curr, 1886(II):272, Sta. 83. See meauke. mel-oo-shata ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California, Coast Yuki Indians (Yukian)] Merriam, 1979:222. Miami cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri. [U.S.: Florida; Dade County, subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989: 26; Hobbs, 1989:62. Mieter Literally a tenant or renter. Said of a crayfish that sheds its carapace. ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rol? land, 1881:231, citing Poetevin, 1754. Mieterkrebs Literally a tenant or renter + krebs. Said of a crayfish that sheds its carapace. ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Poetevin, 1754. mimic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni. [U.S.: South Carolina; Saluda and Savannah river basins] Williams, et al., 1988:23; Hobbs, 1989:28. minium tixem CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave Indians] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:110 "lalangosta," and 407 " Astacus fluviatilis." Neither of these is very informative; if they indeed mean freshwater crayfishes, then Astacus astacus (ASTACIDAE) is highly unlikely and the most likely crayfish would belong to the CAMBARIDAE mini-lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Ols? zewski, 1980:20. mintoola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = NUMBER 38 57 Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Burketown (probably = Mingin Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (139?35'Ex 18?10'S))] Coward, in Curr, 1886(II):298, Sta. 90. Mississippi flat woods crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes. [U.S.: Mississip? pi; Lowndes and Oktibbeha counties, burrows] Wil? liams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. mistahle'k me'emdah' Verb, slang = "to retreat from a position." [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. See crawfish (verb, sense 1), histahle'k me'emdah', and naseh' le'heezahche'r. See next citation. n i p ^ O p^ElpO Note that these words are read from right to left. See mistahle'k me'emdah', above. mkoda PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:324. 1886(II):486, Sta. 133. monagur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Dartmoor (probably = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141?10'Ex 37?35'S))] Curr, 1887(111) :484, Sta. 207f. See kapich, keler, konkro, maraija, and murangir. mooban PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (153?5'E x 28?15'S))] Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See moolan and mul'aim. moolan PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (153?5'E x 28?15'S))] Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See mooban and mul'aim. moak PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Mallee Cliffs Station to Wentworth, "The Darling Tribes" (probably = Kureinji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142?25'E x 34?15'S))] Curr, 1886(II):282, Sta. 87. Mobile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lecontei. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisi? ana] Williams, et al., 1989:26. moch' = upigaai(crustdceos).n CAMBARIDAE?. It is highly doubtful that this refers specifically to cray? fishes. [Mexico: Ch'ol Indians] Aulie and de Aulie, 1978:80. mocsari rtfk ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. moerido Pronounced mooreedo. Cherax murido. [New Guinea] 315. PARASTACIDAE, Holthuis, 1949:295, mokin PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; "Mount Black, Oriba-Kulba Aboriginal tribe" (this locality is uncertain, but probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144?20'E x 21?15'S)), see Tindale, 1974:188] Curr, mooragonong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Howlong (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145?55'E x 35?25'S))] Byrne, in Curr, 1887(III):398, Sta. 190. See moorogognong, murrami, and thugamong. moorogonong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," proba? bly = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus spp. [Austra? lia: New South Wales; Deniliquin (probably = Jeimi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145?55'E x 35?25'S))] Gordon, in Curr, 1887(111):396, Sta. 190. See mooragognong, murrami, and thugamong. mooroonong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149?10'E x 34?- 55'S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in Curr, 1887(111):426, Sta. 196. See mangaba and murragolong. moramy PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and/or Euastacus sp. Australian English word probably derived from the Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: New South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. See maramie, marramin and morramma. Morongla Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY New South Wales; possible same as Morongla Creek (148?4rEx33?56'S)] Reed, 1967:103. [U.S., southeast: particularly Louisiana] Viosca, 1961: 5. This word is also used in the New Orleans area to refer to any crayfish. morramma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Sydney (probably = mudbug Verb, to catch mudbugs. See next citation. Daruk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150?35'E x 33?35'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99, quoting Balfour, 1845:35 ("A small crayfish, called by the aborigines ''morramma,' is better eating than any shell fish I ever tasted, and is very abundant and easily caught.")] See maramie, marramin and moramy. See also wirra. mudbugging Known in print only in the gerund form mudbugging. [U.S.: southeast, particularly Louisiana] Washburn, 1953:1. mud crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes immunis. [U.S., midwest] Rach and Bills, 1987:601. morski rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] Grujic, 1969:68. motoga PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster"? This locality is not within the present-day known range of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland (probably = Warakamai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146?15'E x 18?55'S))] Cassady, in Curr, 1886(11): 428, Sta 120. motogar Same as motoga, above, except Johnstone, in Curr, 1886(II):430, Sta. 120. Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish PARASTACI? DAE, Engaeus "sp. TA." [Australia: Tasmania; Mt. Arthur] Horwitz, 1990:99. mousse d'ecrivisse Not a crayfish, but = crawfish moss. Used to refer to various members of the Utricularia, which are slender-stemmed, perennial herbs that are often free-floating. Holmes, 1990:89. mouwa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax cairnsensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchin- brook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145?- 45'Ex 18?15'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. 118. See yeekerra. mucheecan PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax wasselli and/or C. cairnsensis. [Australia: Queensland; Granite Range, head of Mitchell River (possibly = Muluridji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 (145?10'E x 16?40'S))] Mowbray, in Curr, 1886(11):406, Sta. 113. mudbug CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. mul'aim PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; Jukambe Aboriginal tribe (153?0'Ex27?55'S)] Watson, 1943-1944:42. mulam PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] In? gamells, 1955:51. mulpo PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destruc? tor. [Australia: Queensland; "East Central groups," Murunuda dialect (possibly = Mitaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181-182 (139?25'E x 25?0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. mundi PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Western River (probably = Koa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (142?20'E x 22?10'S))] Haines, in Curr, 1887(111): 16, Sta. 141. See pirrinoo. munya PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper Thompson River (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169, 171, (144?20'E x 21?15'S))] Christison, in Curr, 1887(111): 10, Sta. 138. See boo? gal, karkoora, and marooroo. muracuru PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (142?40'E x 30?25'S))] Crozier, in Curr, 1886(11): 154, Sta. 69. murangir PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; "Woodford," (Woodford should be in the vicinity of the Glenelg River (see NUMBER 38 59 kapich), but I have been unable to find it on maps or locate it on the Glenelg River in the Official Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141?10'E x 37?35'S))] Curr, 1887(111):482, Sta. 207e. See kapich, keler, konkro, maraija, and monagur. murido PARASTACIDAE, Cherax murido. [New Guinea, Paniai Lake area] Holthuis, 1958, illustration caption. murragolong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Queanbeyan (probably = Ngunawal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149?10'E x 34?55'S))] Police Magistrate at Queanbeyan, in Curr, 1887(III):424, Sta. 195. See mangaba and mooroo- nong. murrami PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Yanko, Urana, Billebong, and Jerrilderie (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145?55'E x 35?25'S))] McLean, in Curr, 1887(111):394, Sta. 190. See mooragonong, moorogo- nong, and thugamong. Murrami Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. tus. [Australia] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:492. murrin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia: South-West Division, Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury, and Lower Blackwood (proba? bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Small, in Curr, 1886(I):358, Sta. 24. See maren, marin, marine, marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. See also gunnok, jilgy, koonak, and perran. murry PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153?20'E x 28?- 50'S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(111):290, Sta. 178. See burnicum. myngul PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the Comet River, Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149?0'E x 23?40'S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(111):98, Sta. 157. See yegari. nadan PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe (144?0'E x 35?20'S)] Hercus, 1969a:422. See naingan. Murray cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Hercus, 1969a:422. Murray crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1973. Murray lobster PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armat? us. [Australia] Cited by Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39, as = Astacopsis gouldi. Surely a lapsus, as A. gouldi, the tasmanischer Krebs, is unknown outside of Tasmania. See next citation. Murray River cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Horwitz, 1990:74. Murray River crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39. Murray River lobster ASTACIDAE Euastacus arma- naingan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; "New South Wales groups," upper Murray River, Woorajery Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wirad? juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147?30'E x 33?50'S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See nadan. naloan PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax rotundus, C. neopunctatus, C. cuspidatus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England, Glen Innes (possibly = Jukambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (152?10'E x 29?15'S))] Lowe, in Curr, 1887(III):296. See ga- noon. naloro PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens? land; Maryborough (probably = Kabikabi Aboriginal 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152?25'E x 25?45'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 134, Sta. 164. nark PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc? tor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Gunbower dialect (probably = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-192 (144?45'E x 35?20'S))] Ma- thew, 1899:230-231. Note that Mathew places a "?" by this word, indicating uncertainty. See lip-lip-kill and yampitch. Narracan burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, En? gaeus phyllocercus. [Australia: Victoria, South Gippsland, Western Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96. narraminyeh PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Cooper's Creek, Coongy Lake Station (probably = Coongee, S of Lake Goyder, Innamincka Regional Reserve) (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:212 (140?25'E x 26?40'S))] Curr, 1886(11):26, Sta. 48. See kidneykooderi. nenewn PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; "Daw? son River," "Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,"] O'Connor, in Curr, 1887(111): 104, Sta. 159. The Dawson River locality and the "Wokka," etc. dialect designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile them with Tindale's tribal boundaries. The Wokka dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'E x 25?50'S) on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale:174 (150?15'E x 24?15'S). The problem is also associated with ninyouen, but the similarity of the words favors the Wakawaka. See also newn-newn. Neuseelandkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39. nevskii rak See HCBCKHH paK, next citation. HeBCKHH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Asta? cus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See nevskii rak, a- bove. narrow-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus lep? todactylus. [English, common] nas CAMBARIDAE Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407, say: "nas Cambarellus montezuma [s ic , ae?l langosta del r i o , chacal" [Mexico: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar (Huave Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:125, 407. See chacal. Nashville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) shoupi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Davidson County, vicinity of Nashville] Williams, et al., 1989: 25; Hobbs, 1989:38. ndaag PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Norman River (Kareldi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (141 ?0'Ex 17?25'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See laamballay. nemes rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. New River crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus. [U.S.: North Caroli? na and Virginia; New River drainage system. West Virginia: Blue Stone and Greenbrier basins] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:19. newn-newn PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Burnett River, Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects (= Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'Ex25?50'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1887(111): 108, Sta. 159. See nenewn and ninyouen. ngaltaitye PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Ade? laide and vicinity (probably = Kaurna Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:213 (138?30'Ex 34?35'S))] Teichel- mann et al., in Curr, 1886(11): 150, Sta. 68. See kung- gurla. ngobbera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax destructor, although somewhat out of present- day known distribution. [Australia: Queensland; Bel? yando River (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (146?40'E x 23?20'S))] Lowe, NUMBER 38 61 in Curr, 1887(III):34, Sta. 143. See ander. nguchul PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This locality does not appear to be within me known present-day distribution of fresh water crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; Port Mackay and its neighbors (probably = Juipera Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 (149?5'E x 21?15'S))] Bridgeman, in Curr, 1887 (III):50, Sta. 147. ngumat PARASTACIDAE. ingamells, 1955:51. [Australia: Tasmania] ninge-ninge PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Tweed River and Point Dangar (probably = Minjungbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (153?25'Ex 28?- 15'S))] Braye and Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):246, Sta. 173. ninyouen PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; "Daw? son River," "Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,"] Cunningham, in Curr, 1887(111): 106, Sta. 159. The Dawson River locality and the "Wokka," etc. dialect designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile them with Tindale's tribal boundaries. The Wokka dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'E x 25?50'S) on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 174 (150?15'E x 24?15'S). The problem is also associated with nenewn, q.v., but the similarity of the words favors the Wakawaka tribe. See also newn- newn. nipiu eluk CAMBARIDAE [Canada, northeast: Montagnais and Naskapis Indians] Lemoine, 1901:100. nipper See ghost nipper. Nobelkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Germa? ny] Kotschy, 1988:8. noble crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:493. nolaka PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Weir and Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(111):260, implies this locality is in territory of the Ualarai (Wolleri), but the Station locality (175) together with the localities of the Weir and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aborig? inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150?10'E x 28?10'S))] O'Byrne, in Curr, 1887(111):262, Sta. 175. See yingo. nordamerikanische Teichkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Werner, 1987:529. northern Clearwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus. [U.S. and Canada: Ontario, Quebec, and New York westward to Iowa and Minnesota and southward to Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:37. notkun PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manera district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148?50'E x 36?25'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(111):432, Sta. 197. See barrinjook. nube PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?10'S))] Milligan in Curr, 1887(111):608; [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes about Mt. Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and southern Tasmania (= South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?- 10'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(111):646. nubena PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis franklinii. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?10'S))] Roberts, in Curr, 1887(111): 608. nubyma PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, 1955:44. See nubyna. nubyna PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis sp., Geocharax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: northwestern and western Tasmania, (proba? bly = North West Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tin- dale, 1974:332-335 (144?50'Ex 41 ?20'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):646. See nubyma. 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY nuele PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania; uncertain] Peron, in Curr, 1887(111):605; Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(111): 627. nunnya PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:338-341 (147?40'E x 42?30'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(111): 646. nyngan PARASTACIDAE; but also = a mussel, a place of many streams, and a purple beetle. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:70. Nyngan Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. 6 ixbab CAMBARIDAE? if not crabs. [Mexico: Yucatan, Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157. obawo PARASTACIDAE, Cherax buitendijkae and Cherax pallidus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 311, 317. Obey crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicam- barus) obeyensis. [U.S.: Tennessee; headwaters of East Fork of Obey River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:23. Guinea: Ekari population of Wissel Lakes region] Holthuis, 1949:294. oelanggamo Pronounced ulang gamd. PARASTACI? DAE; also shrimps. [New Guinea: Moni dialect (resembles May lay name oedang, pronounced "udang") for shrimps and crayfishes in general] Holthuis, 1949:295. See arugut and udang-karang. b ev Toiq TroTotfioig aoTotKoq = "the river cray-fish." [ancient Greek] Liddell and Scott, 1966:260, quoting Aristotle's Historia Animalium 530a28. "There are some snail-shells which have inside them creatures re? sembling those little crayfish that are also found in fresh water." Thompson, 1910, The Works of Aristot? le. . .Book IV, 530*28. See river crayfish and karavida tou glykou nerou. Oklahoma cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus. [U.S.: Oklahoma; Delaware Co., caves] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989: 23. Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbs- eus orconectoides. [U.S.: Mississippi; Lowndes, Ok? tibbeha, and Webster counties] Williams, et al., 1989: 23; Hobbs, 1989:32. olios rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. obyknovennyi rak entry. See oduKHOBeHHUH paK, next oduKHOBemnan paK = common crayfish ASTA? CIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979: 119. See obyknovennyi rak, above ocagaci Probably from the adverb radical dcE, "back? ward" through dcagE, "to move backwards." CAM? BARIDAE [Canada: Ontario; Skugog Island, Missis- sauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1892:30. See acagaci. Oconee burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Camba? rus (Depressicambarus) truncatus. [U.S.: Georgia; Laurens and Wilkinson counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:17. oedi Pronounced oodee. PARASTACIDAE. [New omothoo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland (Cape York Peninsula); Palmer River (probably Kokomini Ab? original tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (143?25'E x 16?- 10'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: Queens? land (Cape York Peninsula); Palmer River, Mirkin Aboriginal tribe (= Kokomini Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale, 1974:176 (143?25'E x 16?10'S))] Palmer, in Curr, 1886(11):398, Sta. 111. oovarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, 40 miles west of Blackall (probably Kuungkari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144?20'E x 24?35'S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):74, Sta. 153. See acheroo, quarroo, and thoombur. ooy CAMBARIDAE? Probably = crayfish and shrimp. Stress, 1989:148. See crayfish (symbolism). NUMBER 38 63 orambato PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Imerina] Poisson, 1947:13. orambranja PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Ime? rina] Poisson, 1947:13. oranakely PARASTACIDAE see kitihy and kitika. [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. Orange Lake Cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro? cambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi. [U.S.: Florida; Ma? rion County, caves] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:66. orangena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwelling). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See oron- jena. oranjatsy PARASTACIDAE (red, with large abdo? men). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. oranjetsy See oranjatsy. orconecte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Swit? zerland] Biittiker et al.,in Westman et al., 1990:180. Orlando cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis. [U.S.: Florida; Orange and Seminole counties, subterranean] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:63. oronjena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwellers, or those that burrow and plug the chimney). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See orangena. orosz rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Pota? mobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979: 119. Osage burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Girardiella) liberorum. [U.S.: Arkansas; Arkansas River basin, burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:57. otschiera CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Onondaga Indians] Zeisberger, 1887:48. painted crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespe- ricambarus) difficilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana] Williams, 1988:24; Hobbs, 1989:43. pallid cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70. pamo PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. Panama City crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Leconticambarus) econfinae. [U.S.: Florida; Bay County] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:61. pancelos rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. Panzerkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. papershell crab ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20. Pearl Blackwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Pennides) penni. [U.S.: Louisiana and Missis? sippi; Pearl and Pascagoula drainage systems] Wil? liams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74. Pearl riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus attenuatus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Pearl River drainage] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:32. Pee Dee lotic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lepidodactylus. [U.S.: South Carolina and North Carolina; Santee and Pee Dee drainage systems] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:68. peeler ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20. pe-kool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mitakoodi Aboriginal tribe (= Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?40'E x 20?5'S))] Roth, 1897:93. See begool, piccool, and pikquol. See also Sign Language. peng "El chacal." CAMBARIDAE? Possibly Pro? cambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. [Mexico: Oaxaca; Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar (Huave 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:157, 407. See chacal and nas. pepeo PARASTACIDAE, (red colored), car: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. [Madagas- perran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (proba? bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116?40'E x 34?0'S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 25. See gunnok, jilgy, koonak, marran, and murrin. pevin ASTACIDAE [Australia: Western Australia; Lower Great Southern Division, "Kent District" ( = Kent River?), Warrangoo Aboriginal tribe (probably = Koreng Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:246 (118?- 30'E x 34?0'S))] Chester,in Curr, 1886(I):390, Sta. 32. phantom cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Remoticambarus). pecki. [U.S.: Alabama; Colbert, Lauderdale, and Morgan counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:76. piau du (dau) diable = devil's fleas. ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133, specifies Alpes, as does Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:231, citing Bridel, 1866; [Estonia: provinces of Fellin (= Vilyandi) and Dorpat (= Tartu)] Aarne, 1918:3-6, 151, citing the Estonian folk story of the origin of the crayfish (Krebse)? "Der Teufel schiittelt seine Flohe in das Wasser"?based on the handwritten volumes of J. Hurt. See grilh-dour, and pou du diable. piccool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Cloncuny River, Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maitha- kari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140?40'E x 20?5'S))] Anonymous, in Curr, 1886(II):336, Sta. 99. See also begool, pe-kool, and pikquol. piedmont blue burrower CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) harti. [U.S.: Georgia; Meriwether County, Chattahoochee and Flint river basins] Wil? liams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:15. Usually this expression is "pigliare un granchio," but sometimes "gambero" is used. [Italy] Hoare, 1925: 274. See granchio. pikquol PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish, "probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Flinders and Cloncurry rivers, Oonoomurra tribe (= Wanamara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (141?50'E x 21?10'S))] Curr, 1886(H):344, Sta. 100. See also beekodl, begool, pe-kool, and piccool. pirrinoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Diamantina River, Middleton Creek, Goa tribe (= Koa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175,(142?20'E x 22?- 10'S))] Curr, E.,in Curr, 1887(111): 14, Sta. 140. See mundi. placiaznyplio veao = widefingered crayfish. AS? TACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Lithuania] Cherry, 1992:20. plemeniti rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugo? slavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak See noMiTHHH TOBCTO- nanHH paK, next citation. noMiTHHH TOBCTonajmH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont? astacus pachypus notabilis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak, above. See also zametn'i tolstopalyi rak. pond crayfish See rak stawowy. poor man's cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Vic? toria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16. poor man's prawn PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16. pou du diable = "devil's fleas." ASTACIDAE [France: Alpes] Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142. See piau du diable. prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Gi- rardiella) gracilis. [U.S.: Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and perhaps Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas] Williams, et al., 1989, p.25; Hobbs, 1989:56. pigliare un gambero Slang, = to make a blunder. pungari PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." There are no NUMBER 38 65 known freshwater crayfishes in this area. [Australia: Western Australia; Pilbara Division, mouth of De Grey River to 20 miles inland, Ngurla Aboriginal tribe (pro? bably = Ngarla Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:251- 252 (119o30'Ex20?10'S))] Harper, in Curr, 1886(1): 292, Sta. 8. qrebasse ASTACIDAE [France: Jura] Andre, 1960: 133. quarra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This locality is not within the present-day known distribution of cray? fishes. [Australia: Queensland; "Fort Cooper" (possi? bly = Barada Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:165 (149?0'E x 23?5'S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, 1887 (III):40, Sta. 145. quarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravens- bourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Wadja? lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145?- 20'E x 25?50'S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Curr, 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See acheroo, boogalli, boo? garli, bookill, kandera, koarow, and oovarroo. quatorzieme ecrevisse Argot, = female supernume? rary. [France: 19th century French theatrical] Barrere, 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, and ecrevisse. Queensland marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quad? ricarinatus. [Australia: Australian English, probably in Queensland and Northern Territory] Anonymous, 1989:10. rabouiller (Verb, t.) Balzac, in La Rabouilleuse, 1842 (1966): 131, defines this word as pertaining to catching crayfish: ? "Je rabouille pour mon oncle Brazier que voild. Rabouiller est un mot berrichon qui peint admi- rablement ce qu'il veut exprimer: I'action de troubler Veau grosse branche d'arbre dont les rameaux sont disposes en forme de raquette. Les ecrevisses effrayees par cette operation, dont le sens leur echappe, remon- tent pricipitamment le cours d'eau, et dans leur trouble sejettent au milieu des engins que lepecheur a places a la main son rabouilloir avec la grace naturelle al'innocence." On the other hand, Girard et al., 1962:609, define it in a more general manner: "To stir up, to muddy (water before fishing)." [France]. See crayfish (Symbolism). See also mudbugging. rac ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. According to Cherry (1992:19) this is also specifically = Austropotamobius pallipes. rac albastru ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus (blue colored variety). [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. rac de apa dulce ASTACIDAE [Romania] Papado- poletal., 1987:5. rac-de-balta ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. rac-de-Dunare ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. rac-de-ponoare ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:19. rac-de-riu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Roma? nia] Cherry, 1992:20. rak ASTACIDAE, "crayfish." [Poland] Stanislawski, 1968:177. Widely used in Slavic languages. ptH ASTACIDAE [Yiddish] Weinreich, 1968:71. rak amerykanski = "American crayfish." CAMBA? RIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. rak barski ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. rak bjelonogi ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pal? lipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. rakblotny = "swamp crayfish." ASTACIDAE Asta? cus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman etal., 1990:147. rak dlugoszczypcy = "long-pinceredcrayfish." AS? TACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossa? kowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. 66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY rak kamenac = "rock crayfish." ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius torrentium. [Czechoslovakia] Lohni- sky, 1984:198. rak kamenjak ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius tor? rentium. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. rak kamenjar ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius tor? rentium. [Yugoslavia: Slovak] Obradovic, in Westman etal., 1990:196. rak kesslera See paK Keccjiepa, next citation. paK Keccnepa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See rak kesslera, above. See also turkestans'kyi rak. rak pil'tsova See next two citations: paK mraLnoBa and paK mjjn.n.OBa. paK mun>n,OBa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil'tsova, above. See also kavkaz'kyi rak. paK mvLm>ir,OBa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil'tsova, above. See also kavkaz'kyi rak. rak plavu ASTACIDAE Astacus sp. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. rak pregowaty = "striped crayfish." CAMBARI? DAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. rak ricniho ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czech- slovakia] Lohnisky, 1984:195. rakricny = "river crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. rakriecny = "river crayfish." ASTACIDAE Asta? cus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., person? al communication. rak rzeczny ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71. rakskalny = "rockcrayfish." ASTACIDAE Austro? potamobius torrentium. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. rak stawowy = "pond crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in West- man etal., 1990:147. rak szerokoszczypcy = "broad-pincered crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakow? ski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. rak szlachetny = "noble crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman etal., 1990:147. rak uskoskari ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic,in Westman et al., 1990:196. rak waskoszczypcy = "narrow-pincered crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossa? kowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. rapu ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Finland] Wuolle, 1947:103; Westman, et al, 1990:58. rasco ASTACIDAE [Spain: Gypsy dialect in Basque region] Pardo, 1940:29. rechen rak See pe^eH paK, next citation. peneH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgar? ia] Cherry, 1992:20. See rechen rak, above. See also golyam rechen rak. rechnoi crab See pe^mon Kpa6, next citation. peHH6HKpa6 ASTACIDAE [Russia] Ricker, 1973: 113. See rechnoi crab, above. rechnoi rak See pe^mon paK, next citation. pe^ HOH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Russia] Ivanov et al., 1946:267. See rechnoi rak, above. recni rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] Grujic, 1969:68. red claw PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10. NUMBER 38 67 red-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati? lis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. red claw marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadri? carinatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10. Red Crayfish Rough translation of "Red Crawfish [People]." See Shaktci homma. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126. red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S. and Mexico: northern Mexico to Florida and north to Illinois and Ohio; widespread throughout the world because of introduc? tions] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:76. red swamp crayfish See red swamp crawfish, above. reri-reri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. Mount Black, Oriba-Kulba Aborigi? nal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144?- 20'E x 21?15'S)), see Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, 1886(II):486, Sta. 133. See mokin and tararukau. ribbon crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) bivittatus. [U.S.: Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:64. rijecni rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugosla? via] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. ringwong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Murray River, Bumbang, probably Jarijari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (142?20'E x 35?10'S))] Corney, in Curr, 1887(III):452, Sta. 202. See wolona. river crab See Flusskrebse. river crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. See 6 ev rolg TTOTOC- floiC, CtOTCtKOC,. river crevis ASTACIDAE [U.K.: English] Democri- tus, quoted by Thomas Hill (1593), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435, speaking of animal lore in Shakespeare's time 1564-1616. See also crevis. river garbo PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16. rivierkreef CAMBARIDAE and freshwater shrimps. Word ordinarily used for freshwater shrimps, but now applied to introduced Procambarus clarkii. [South Africa] Kritzinger et al., 1981:938. rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Nether? lands] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36. ASTA? COIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [Belgium: Flanders] Cherry, 1992:19. rode rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132. Rotscherling = "red claw." ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38. rouge comme un ecrevisse Slang, = "red as a boiled lobster (or crayfish)." [France] Mansion, 1972:E: 10. Ruisseau des Ecrevisses Place name, stream. [France: 43?33'N x 6?1'E] France: Official Standard Names Gazetteer, Washington, D.C. ruja PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Mouth of the Leichardt River, Ngarra Aboriginal tribe (= Marrago Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (140?10'Ex 18?20'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):304, Sta. 91. russischer Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979, p.119. russischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto? dactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Goz? many, 1979:119. russkii rak See PVCCKHH paK, next citation. PVCCKHH paK = Russian crayfish. ASTACIDAE As? tacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. See russkii rak, above. russu comu un gammaru Slang, term of comparison, 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "red as a crayfish." [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. rusty crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Proceri- cambarus) rusticus. [U.S. and Canada: Southern Ontario and Michigan to Kentucky and Tennessee; presumably introduced into other states] Williams, et al., 1988:24; Hobbs, 1989:49. rusty grave digger CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) miltus. [U.S.: Alabama; Baldwin Co., burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:25. sagllu See dagllu. sa'kew CAMBARIDAE? [Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (Cree Indians)] Watkins, 1938:49 and 444. Note that usa'kao and sa'kew are identified with "crawfish" on p. 49, but on p. 444 those two words are defined as "A crab the crustaceous animal, a lobster." See Usa'kao. sam khorokhai Possibly (but not probably) CAMBA? RIDAE = "A kind of small crayfish. A shrimp or crab." Note that Mongolia borders on Siberia near where Cambaroides dauricus has been reported. [Mongolia] Boberg, 1955, vol. 11:1379. See next citation. also dalai in naimalchin sam khorokhai, see above. See Note that the Mongolian language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus these words would normally be rotated 90? to the right. sa3ngV ya^^cu24 (Orthography employed by Ander? son and Roque) CAMBARIDAE [Mexico: Distrito de Cuicatlan, Edo. de Oaxaca; Cuicateco Indians] Ander? son & Roque, 1983:82. Santa Fe cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam? barus (Ortmannicus) erythrops. [U.S.: Florida; subter? ranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25. Saquechuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Gentleman of Elvas, 1557, in French, 1850, vol. 2:162. See Shaktci Homma. sahrtah'n mah'yim ahroa'ch-zahnah'v See next entry. D})-"!--!-^ D?0 10*^0 ASTACOIDEA and PARAS? TACOIDEA, literally, = "long-tailedwater scorpion." It seems possible that this is simply a figurative transla? tion of the English "crayfish," the noun and the verbal usages. [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. Note that these words are read from right to left. See sahrtah'n mah'yim ahroa'ch-zahnah'v, above. sas CAMBARIDAE [Mexico: Chiapas; Ciudad de Copainala, Zoque Indians] Harrison et al., 1981:147, 285. See crayfish, (symbolism) and chacalin. schahamuis CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Delaware Indi? ans] Zeisberger, 1887:48. Also, schahamuis CAM? BARIDAE [U.S., northeast: Lenape Indians] Brinton & Anthony, 1888:126. Schmalscherenkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac? tylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozma? ny, 1979:119. schmalscheriger Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119. Schnerenkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. Scottsdale burrowing caryfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus "sp. TF." [Australia: Tasmania, Surveyors Creek] Horwitz, 1990:92. secar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See siacar goch. se-duk ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Shasta Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:224. seip-mocn-tei (Orthography used by Harrington) CAMBARIDAE [U.S., midwestern: Kiowa Indians] Harrington, 1928:212. shakchi CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Byington, 1915:325,421. shakchi inchuka The hole or house of a crayfish. CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw NUMBER 38 69 Indians] Byington, 1915:325, 421. Shaktci Homma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." [According to Swanton, 1953:176, this is the proper spelling for the North American Indian tribe that, in the 18th century, lived in Mississippi on the "Yalobusha River where it empties into the Yazoo but at an earlier period extending to the head of the Yalobusha and eastward between the territories of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes as far as West Point."] See Ecrevisse Rouge, Houma, Incaktcakafa, Saquechua, shakchi, shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and words beginning with Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Teh. Shasta crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbs- astacus) fortis. [U.S., western: California; Shasta County] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:6. shatje CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bushnell, 1909:16. See also Bying? ton, 1915:325, 421. See Shaktci Homma. Shatje-Ogla Crayfish People, part of a tribe, who lived near Chinchuba, 12 miles W of Bayou Lacombe. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bush? nell, 1909:16. See also Shaktci Homma. shawgashee "See the Shawgashee, the craw-fish,/ Like a spider on the bottom...." CAMBARIDAE [U.S., north-central: Ojibway Indians] Longfellow, 1898:170 [Part viii, Hiawatha's Fishing]. See acagaci, ac?ge, ajageshi, asho'ni ocagaci, ahzhahgashe, ashaahkii? wa, and as-shog-aish-i. See also kefnid, kefniden- zour, kinid, and kinid-dour. shipovatyi rak See mnnoBaTKUi paK, next entry. nmnoBaTbiH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:184. See shipovatyi rak, above. shipuvatyi rak See mmryBaTHH paK, next citation. nmnyBaTHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Ukraine] Brod? sky, 1981:184. See shipuvatyi rak, above. shirokonogii rechnoi rak See mHpoKOHonni peHHOH paK, next citation. mnpoKOHorHH pcmoH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See shiro? konogii rechnoi rak, above. shirokopalyi rak See next two citations, nnipoKona- JIHH paK and nmpOKonajn>ni paK. mHpoKonajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyi rak, above. mHpoKonaJiMH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyi rak, above. shirokopalyi rechnoi rak See mnpoKonajniH peHHOH paK, next citation. nmpoKonajnvnt pe^moH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See shiro? kopalyi rechnoi rak, above. short lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Olszew? ski, 1980:20. shrimp "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice." ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. [I was unable to find this quotation in Holme.] "One of the courses was whole ecrevisses in a rich sauce.... The guest of honor.. .muttered... 'What do I do now?' ... [B]ecause I had struggled before with the same somewhat overrated delicacy...I winked at him and said, 'Watch me.' I picked up a shrimp between my left thumb and forefinger...." [France: Dijon] Fisher, 1943 (1954):430 (Noble and Enough); and: "The season for shrimps is short, and Madame Mossu paid well for all the boys and old men could find in their hundred icy streams." [Switzerland: Chatel St. Denis] Fisher, 1943 (1954):506 (/ Remember Three Restaurants); and "A light curry of shrimps or crayfish tails." [Un? specified locality] Fisher, 1943 (1954):708 (Wis for Wanton). Fisher's apparent lack of attention to her cray? fish/shrimp food-stuffs is puzzling, considering she is 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY (was) an important figure in gastronomy. In the first reference she speaks of ecrevisses and shrimps as if they are the same animal; in the second she is undoubt? edly speaking of crayfishes that live in the streams of Switzerland; in the third she paradoxically distinguishes between shrimps and crayfishes. I suppose, like so many people, she just didn't care. See also crawfish, crayfish and ecrevisse. Shutispear crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) lylei. [U.S.: Mississippi; Calhoun County] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74. siacar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Celts, N.W. Europe, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See secar goch. siauraznyplis vezys = longfmgered crayfish. AS? TACIDAE Austropotamobius leptodactylus. [Lithua? nia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. signal ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [English] Thompson, 1989:52. See also signal crayfish, Signalkrebs, and tankaizarigani. signal crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifasta? cus) leniusculus. [U.S., California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington; Canada: British Columbia; introduced into Sweden] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:8. See also signal, Signal? krebs, and tankaizarigani. Signalkrebs ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180; [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53. See also signal, signal crayfish, and tankaizarigani. signal'nyi rak See next two citations, cHraajibHHH paK and cHraajiLHMH paK. cHTHajrbHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leni? usculus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal'? nyi rak. cHrHajrtHbiH paK ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leni? usculus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal'nyi rak, above. slender-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [English (widespread)] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:497. soft craw Used for crayfish immediately after moult? ing, so called because of the softness of the body. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20; Vernon, 1982:175. See also Butterkrebs, soft crayfish, softie, soft shell cray? fish, and soft-shelled crawfish. soft crawfish ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [English] Anony? mous, 1988:3. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, softie, soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish. softie CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Bowers, 1956:19. See Butterkrebs, soft crayfish, soft craw, soft shell crayfish, and soft- shelled crawfish. soft shell crayfish CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with soft shells. [U.S.] Cain and Bean, 1986:449. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, and soft-shelled crawfish. soft-shelled crawfish CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with soft shells. [U.S.] de la Bretonne, 1988:18. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, and soft shell crayfish. sokhae CAMBARIDAE, "mountaincrab," Cambaroi- des sp. [Sino-Korean] Lew, 1952:9. = 3J IT, see next entry. ^ j l r = sokhae, q.v. Solokrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germa? ny] Gozmany, 1979:118. sooty crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbsas- tacus) nigrescens. [U.S.: California, vicinity of San Francisco] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:7. southeastern prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus. [U.S.: Tom- bigbee River drainage in Mississippi and Alabama; burrower] Williams, etal., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. speckled burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, NUMBER 38 71 Fallicambarus (Creaserius) danielae. [U.S.: Mississip? pi and Alabama] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:29. spider cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Troglocamba- rus maclanei. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:79. spinycheek crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus. [U.S.: Maine to Virginia. Intro? duced into western Europe] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:39. spinytail crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Acucauda) fitzpaticki. [U.S.: southern Mississippi] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:51. Engaeus "sp. VRJ." [Australia: Victoria; South Gipps? land, Eastern Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96. su bocegi ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:431. See also, Iz and Hony, 1978:119. siidamerikanischer Flusskrebs PARASTACIDAE, Parastacus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39. sukhopalyi rak See cyxonajmn paK. Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38. spotted royal crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pictus. [U.S.: Florida] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70. sumpfkrebs Galizier ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac? tylus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94. sprawn ASTACIDAE "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice." [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. spron frey ASTACIDAE "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a crevice." [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. Steinkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Germa? ny] Gozmany, 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. See stone crayfish. stonecrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20. stone crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [English] Gozmany, 1979:119. See Steinkrebs. stream of white-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Thompson, 1989:53. Strzelecki burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, svabrak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamo? bius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. tak potocni ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. tako PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Tigi Lake area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. talakborong PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax, Euastacus, and/or Euastacus spp. [Australia: Victorian Region groups, Yarra River dialect (probably = Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (145?25'E x 37?40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung. talia PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. talo PARASTACIDAE. [New Guinea: Holthuis quotes La Roux, 1948:317: "According to information which I obtained from the inhabitants of the Doraboe Valley, a large species of crayfish, named talo, is much fished for in the country of the Ndani by the Mbagime- loma and the Zoegime-koma [Prau-people] of the Great Balim Valley." ] Holthuis, 1950:15. tankaizarigani "signal crayfish." ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Japan] Kishida, 1961:66. 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY See next two entries. See also signal, signal crayfish, and Signalkrebs. 9 'J n < *f 'J Ti' ? See tankaizarigani, above. tzLt>X^^'l)if{z See tankaizarigani, above. taplarapu = signal crayfish. CAMBARIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Finland: Finnish] Westman et al., 1990:58. tararukau PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mount Black, Oribe-Kulba Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144?20'E x 21?15'S)), see Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, vol. 11:486, Sta. 133. See reri-reri and mokin. tarnarerer PARASTACIDAE, "like the claw of a crawfish." [Australia: Tasmania; eastern Aboriginal tribes (possibly = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147?40'E x 42?30'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. tasmanische Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:526. tasmanische Riesenkrebs = Tasmanian giant crab. PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:528. tatete PARASTACIDAE, ("freshwater lobster"), possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?- 10'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. tateyer PARASTACIDAE, ("freshwater lobster"), possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: east coast of Tasmania; Oyster Bay (probably = Oyster Bay Aborig? inal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147?40'Ex42?30'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. tatli su istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:455. tatlisu istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, 1978:119. bius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. tayatea PARASTACIDAE, = "lobster freshwater," probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Austra? lia: Tasmania; Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-343 (147?40'E x 42?30'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):654. Note that me specific epithet of Engaeus tayatea, found in northeastern Tasmania, is taken from this aboriginal word. See tay-a-teh. tay-a-teh PARASTACIDAE, ("lobster freshwater"), probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Austra? lia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes about Mt. Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the south of Tasma? nia; (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?10'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):654. See tayatea. Tchaouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Shaktci Homma Indian tribe] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Martin, 1827, vol. 1:280. tchoriong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Moorabool, Jibberin language, (= Kurang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 (144?25'E x 37?45'S))] Curr, 1887(III):518, Sta. 208j. Tchouchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, Shaktci Homma Indian tribe] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing LaSalle (ca. 1680) in Margry, 1877, part 2:198. te-hah-cha-o ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Hupa (or Hoopah) Indians (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1979:214. te-kah-che ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Lolangkok, Eel River Wailaki, and Kato Indians (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1979:216. Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37. tavi rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamo- Tennessee cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes NUMBER 38 73 (Orconectes) incomptus. [U.S.: Tennessee; Jackson Co.] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:44. terndang PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):50. teusenzarigani probably = "Korean crayfish." CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides similis. [Japan] Uchida, 1953:757. See next citation. fltJf'Jti- See teusenzarigani, above. Zoit A,?i:'l)ffiz See teusenzarigani, above. Texas prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicamba- rus (Fallicambarus) devastator. [U.S.: Texas, Neches River basin] Williams et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:91. thamoga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. [Aus? tralia: Victoria; Albury (possibly = Duduroa Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147?20'E x 36?15'S))] Stuckey, in Curr, 1887(111):400, Sta. 190. See ton- gambalanga. thandoola PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland?, "Cooper's Creek, near the Booloo River," (probably Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141 ?50'E x 27?- 35'S))] Sullivan and Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(11):32, Sta. 50. thandulya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queens- land; Wangkumara Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141?50'E x 27?35'S))] Robertson, 1985:280. See boogali and buggilla. thangambooloa PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," proba? bly = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euasta? cus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147?35'E x 36?50'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. See baranjak. thappooll PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Queensland; between the Lachlan, Murray, and Darling rivers, Yit-tha Aboriginal tribe (= Jitajita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (144?0'E x 33?25'S))] Mcdonald, in Curr, vol. 11:288, Sta. 88. See thumal and thupul. thinta PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Nocka- toonga (= Nockatunga), Wilson River (probably = Ngandangara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 (143?10'Ex 26?50'S))] Foott, in Curr, vol. 11:34, Sta. 54. thoombur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Thomson and Barcoo (Cooper) rivers, Koongerri Aboriginal tribe (= Kulumali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (144?20'Ex24?35'S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:382, Sta. 107. thornabun PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (142?5'E x 26?25'S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:380, Sta. 107. See boagalli. thugamong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster,"probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Deniliquin (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145?55'E x 35?25'S))] Gordon, in Curr, 1887(III):396, Sta. 190. See morragonong, moorogo- nong, and murrami. thumal PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal tribe (= Weilwan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (147?40'E x 30?30'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(III):330, Sta. 183. See thappooll, thupul, and winga. thupul PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ned's Corner Station on Murray River, probably Maraura Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196, (141?30'E x 33?45'S))] Pegler, in Curr, 1886(II):280, Sta. 86. See also thappool and thumal. ticandutya yutya CAMBARIDAE?, = camaron del rio. [Mexico: Oaxaca; Jamiltepec, Mixteco] Campbell etal., 1986:107. See ticandutya yutya. 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ticandutya yiitya See ticandutya yutya, above. tinungi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Hamilton River, Roxburgh Downs Station, Runga-Rungawah Aboriginal tribe (= Wongkadjera Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (138?50'Ex 22?55'S))] Craigie, in Curr, vol. 11:356, Sta. 102. TOBCTonajmu paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypuspachypus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See tovstopalyi rak, below. to do a gilgie Slang, = "to withdraw or back out." [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:22. toing PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Mordiyallook (probably = Bunurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:203 (145?30'Ex38?20'S))] Curr, 1887(111):534, Sta. 209d. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung. tolstopalyi rak See ToncTonajnjH paK, next entry. TOJicTonajnan paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypuspachypus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See tolstopalyi rak, above Tombigbee riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbs- eus petilus. [U.S.: Mississippi, Itawamba, Lee, and Monroe counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:33. tongambalanga PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Aus? tralia: New South Wales; Barwidgee, upper Murray River dialect (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147?20'E x 36?15'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See thamoga. tooiyung PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax and/or Engaeus spp. [Australia: Victoria; Lower Yarra (probably = Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208-9 (145?25'E x 37?40'S))] Daniel Bunce, in Curr, 1887(III):532, Sta. 209c. See boon? gangooloom, talakborong, and toing. toomban PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; head of Hamilton River, Yanda Aboriginal tribe (= Janda Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:170 (140?50'E x 22?10'S))] Eglinton, in Curr, vol. 11:362, Sta. 103. toro PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. touretshi PARASTACIDAE? This "New Hebrides" record indicates the "crayfish" may be a marine crusta? cean, and not of the PARASTACIDAE. [New Hebri? des, Aniwa dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. tovstopalyi rak See TOBCTonajmH paK. trahl' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, 1979:321. tropical blue crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: English] Anonymous, 1989:10. trunagi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; junction of Kings Creek and Georgina River, Moorloobullo Ab? original tribe (= Karanja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (139?50'Ex 23?50'S))] Machattie and Little, in Curr, vol. 11:368, Sta. 105. See also koon-da-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunanyty. ts'ayxa (Orthography as used by Somday) ASTACI? DAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Washington State; Colville Indians (Interior Salishan languages)] Somday, 1980:199. tsah-mah-tah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, St. Helena Creek, Lake Miwok Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:253. tsamberrot ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France and Switzerland: Suisse Romande] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133, specifies Pays Romand; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "Suisse romande," citing Bridel, 1866; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies "Suisse francaise." See chamberrot. tsia'xtsaon?' (Orthography employed by Wagner) CAMBARIDAE, = "the crayfish." [U.S.: southeast; from folk mythology of Yuchi Indians describing the NUMBER 38 75 creation of the world] Wagner, 1931:4. tsi s dv na (Orthography employed by Alexander) CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Cherokee Indians] Alexander, J.T., 1971:37. Reference also gives Cherokee orthography (rrtx) f J *f 'J ti' - See uchidazarigani, above. o 5 tz ?"l) if iz See uchidazarigani, above. udang-karang PARASTACIDAE (as well as shrimps) [Malay] Curr, 1887(111): 696. Holthuis, 1949:295 (quoting Le Roux, 1948:317), says "the name of the crayfishes in the Moni dialect [New Guinea] is 'oelang gamo' (pronounced 'ulang gamo'), which strongly resembles the Malay name 'oedang' (pronounced udang') for shrimps and crayfishes in general." Also, defined by by Echols and Shadily, 1972:419, as "lob? ster." See arugut, krangalang, oelang gamo, and udang-karang. udjieie Literally, "feet that pinch." CAMBARIDAE [U.S., northeast; Iroquis Indians] Waugh, 1916:138. turkestans'kyi rak next citation. See TypKecTaHCLKHH paK, ughlovatyi rak See yrjiOBaTUH paK, below. TypKecTaHCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turke? stans'kyi rak, above. See also rak kesslera. turkestanskyi rak See TypKecTaHCKHH paK, next entry. TypKecTaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turke? stanskyi rak, above. Turkish crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactyl? us. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:498. turkische Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Germany] Kotschy, 1988:10. turkse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodacty? lus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:4. ukodko PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Jarildekald (139?20'E x 35?30'S) and/or Portalun (139?15'E x 35?15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray, in Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, eukodko, ukot, and yukalto. ukot PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; northwest bend of the Murray River (possibly = Ngaiawang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (139?35'E x 34?15'S))] Fulford, in Curr, vol. 11:278, Sta. 85. See enkodko, eukodko, ukodko, and yulakto. umpurra PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (142?40'E x 30?25'S))] Dewhurst, in Curr, vol. 11:156, Sta. 69. unde PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Lower Diamantina, Karawalla and Tunberri Aboriginal tribes (= Karuwali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (141?0'E x 25?5'S))] Anonymous, in Curr, vol. 11:372, Sta. 106. usa'kao Probably CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta; Cree Indians] Watkins, 1938:49. Note that craw-fish is defined as usa'kao or sa'kew on p. 49, but on p. 444 those two words are defined as "A crab (the crusta- ceous animal); a lobster." See sa'kew. uzkopalyi rak See y3Konajnvni paK, next entry. y3KonajiMH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodacty? lus. [Russia] Ricker, 1973:202. See uzkopalyi rak, above. uzkopalyi rechnoi rak paK, next entry. See y3KonajiMH pe^mon y3Konajn.rH pcmoa paK ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. See uzkopalyi rechnoi rak, above. valley flame crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Depressicambarus) deweesae. [U.S.: Tennessee] Williams, etal., 1989:22. varswaterkreef ASTACIDAE Word ordinarily used for freshwater shrimps, but now also applied to intro? duced Procambarus clarkii. [South Africa] Kritzinger etal., 1981:938. vatnakrabbi ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Ice? land] Cherry, 1992:20. Freshwater crayfishes are not found in Iceland. vetze = "camaron" CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tobas- co, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] Engel & de Engel, 1987:271. See cooy, meatzas, and tzas. vezys ASTACIDAE? [Lithuania]Baravykas, 1978:115. virile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremi- cambarus) virilis. [U.S. and Canada: widespread] Williams, etal., 1989:25. vissecre ASTACIDAE Argot of teen-aged youths, late 20th century [France: Paris] Lansing, 1992:118. vuglastyi rak See ByrjiacTHH paK, next citation. ByraacTHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto? dactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:156. See vuglastyi rak, see above. waat PARASTACIDAE. Same word used for "cray? fish" and freshwater "lobster," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish as well as larger species. [Australia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow specific tribal designation)] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(111) :550. wagooramoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." [Austra? lia: Queensland; "Porter's Range" (possibly = Leic- hardt Range), probably Warungu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146?0'E x 19?30'S)] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(II):456, Sta. 127. Waikoura Place names. [New Zealand: 1.- Stream on Whitipororua Block, Coromandel District, 2.- Standing- stone Creek, Otago, 3. Muddy Creek, tributary of the Taieri, 4.- tributary of the Otautau, Southland. "Wai-" is Maori prefix denoting water of river] Andersen, 1942:265, 303. Walloon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = C. davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Brown River (probably = Karingbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (148?35'E x 24?55'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1887(111): 100, Sta. 158. wambein PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (150?20'E x 23?5'S))] Archer, in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See ella. wangac "El macho de un tipo de chacal de agua dulce." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Oaxaca; Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave Indians] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:177. NUMBER 38 77 wangar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hill End (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'E x 33?50'S))] Bench of Magis? trates at Bathurst, in Curr, 1887(111):376, Sta. 190. See ingar. warkoju PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Bloomfield Valley (possible = Jungkurara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (146?25'E x 16?0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. (Ortmannicus) zonangulus. [U.S., along the lower Gulf of Mexico slope from Texas to Alabama] Hobbs, H.H., Jr., and Fitzpatrick, J.F., Jr., personal commu? nications, inform me that this name has been wrongly applied to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus, and should refer only to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zon? angulus. white yabby PARASTACIDAE, refers to a local Victorian grey-white colored variant of the yabby, q.v. [Australia: Victoria; English and derivative] Olszew? ski, 1980:16. Warragul burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus sternalis. [Australia: Victoria; Warragul] Horwitz, 1990:94. weechong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142?40'E x 37?30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 494, Sta. 207k. See youri. weechuk PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp. and/or Geocharax sp. [Austra? lia: Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Mortlake dialect (probably = Kirrae Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (143?5'Ex 38? 10'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. wegiga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Darling Aboriginal tribes, 50 miles below Bourke on the Darling River (probably = Ngemba Aboriginal tribe (146?5'E x 30?30'S) of Tindale, 1974:198)] Wilson and Henderson, in Curr, vol. 11:224, Sta. 76. wsra?ja'> [Orthography employed by Olmsted] ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See wura?ja?a. white clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamo? bius pallipes. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988: 498. white footed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamo? bius pallipes. [English] Cherry, 1992:19. wiija PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142?40'E x 37?30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 429, Sta. 197. Curr, 1887(111):492, Sta. 207j. See yaram. winga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal tribe (= Weilwan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (147?40'E x 30?30'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(111):330, Sta. 183. See thumal. wirra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hawkes- bury River and Broken Bay (probably = Daruk Aborig? inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150?35'Ex 33?35'S))] Tuckerman, in Curr, 1887(111):358, Sta. 189. See morramma. wolkoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mt. Remarkable, Doora Aboriginal tribe (probably = Nukunu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:216 (138?- 10'E x 32?55'S))] Valentine, in Curr, 1886(11): 138, Sta. 65. wolona PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Kulkyne (probably Latjilatji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206, (141?45'Ex 34?40'S))] Curr, 1887(III):454, Sta. 203. white river crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus wolonuk PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Lake Hindmarsh, Upper Regions Station, and Lower Wimmera (probably = Wotjobaluk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (141?45'E x 35?50'S))] Curr, 1887(III):474, Sta. 207a. Woodville Karst cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus. [U.S.: Florida; Leon Co., subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69. woorrewor = "Horn of crayfish." PARASTACI? DAE?. [Australia: Tasmania; Bruny Island (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147?10'E x 43?10'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. worronguna PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Yorke's (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, Queensland) (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (137?35'E x 34?35'S))] Kuhn, in Curr, vol. 11:146, Sta. 67. See danibutcha. wunmeen PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Boyne River, Toolooa or Dandan Aboriginal tribe (= Tulua Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186 (151?10'E x 24?15'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 124, Sta. 161. wurenag PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably = Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140?30'E x 36?25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:422. See jabidj, lib-lib-wil, and yapitch. wura?ja-?a [Orthography employed by Olmsted] ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See wara^'a?. xbau CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [Mexico: Yucatan, Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:21. See ix bau. yaabitch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Vic? toria; "Victorian Region groups" Ercildoune dialect (probably = Wathaurung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?55'E x 39?0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yaam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc? tor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; "Victorian Region groups" (proba? bly = Gunditjmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (142?0'E x 38?5'S)), Warrnambool dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See yarrun. yaapitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus sp. and/or Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Kerang, Loddon River (probably = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 (144?45'E x 35?20'S))] Curr, 1887(III):512, Sta. 208g. See also Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaabitch, yaa? pitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabbechi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'E x 35?5'S))] Curr, 1887(111):450, Sta. 201. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, ya? pitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabbee PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: outmoded South Australian derivative of un? specified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:16. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yab? bechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabber PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: obsolete South Australian derivative of un? specified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:15. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, NUMBER 38 79 yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabbie PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: Australian English, from Aboriginal] Carey, 1985:441. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabbity PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: unspecified Aboriginal language] Olszew? ski, 1980:15. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yabby PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is often used specifically for Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. It is also used loosely for all Australian crayfishes. [Australia: Australian English, from Aboriginal] Becker, 1985:107. Olszewski, 1980:16, says that while there is no fast rule, he prefers singular yabby and plural yabbies. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yob? bis. yabby Slang, = a wicket-keeper in cricket. From the "curious stance and gauntlets of the pudgy breed." [Australia] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1992:103. yabby Slang, = to catch, or fish for, yabbies; to yabbie; or to go yabbying. [Australia] Baker, 1959:88. See cray-fish, crawfish, and mudbug as verbs. yabij PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Wemba-wemba Aboriginal tribe (= Wem- bawemba tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144?0'E x 35?20'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yampit PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Gunbower Station (possibly = Jotijoti Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (144?50'E x 35?50'S))] Messrs. Mickie and Sandy, Curr, 1887(III):508, Sta. 208e. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yandurrer PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Middle Norman River, Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (142?0'E x 18?20'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, Sta. 93. See elparra. yaparte PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Mount Emu (probably = Wathau- rung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?55'E x 38?0'S))] Wilson, in Curr, 1887(III):516, Sta. 208i. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yapi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Swan Hill and Tyntynder, Wotti- wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'E x 35?5'S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(111):444, Sta. 199. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also chi pel. yapit PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart-Mill (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143?40'Ex 36?40'S))] Curr, 1887(111):514, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY yapitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia; Tatiarra country (= Potaru- wutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140?30'E x 36?25'S))] Curr 1887(111) :458, Sta. 204; [Australia: Victoria; Avoca River, Victorian group (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143?40'E x 36?40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: Victoria; Lake Wallace and neighborhood (possibly = Marditjali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 (141?10'E x 36?45'S))] Curr, 1887(III):476, Sta. 207b; [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga neighborhood, probably Moorerbat and the lower Loddon (possibly = Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144?0'Ex35?20'S))] Curr, 1887(111):504, Sta. 208c. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also lib-lib-wil and wurenag. yappee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart Mill (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143?40'Ex36?40'S))] Curr, 1887(III):514, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yab-bechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yappi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143?25'E x 35?5'S))] Macredie, in Curr, 1887(111): 448, Sta. 201. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also chiboli. yappitch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):62. yappitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Hamilton (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142?40'E x 37?30'S))] Curr, 1887(111):486, Sta. 207g. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yappy PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow specific tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(111): 554. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaa? pitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. See also kipil. yaram PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142?40'E x 37?30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 492, Sta. 207j. See wiija. yarrun PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp. and/or Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; Portland, Lake Condah, and Eumeralla (probably = Gunditjmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (142?0'E x 38?- 5'S))] Curr, 1887(111):490, Sta. 207i. See yaam. yeekerra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax cairnesensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchin- brook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145?- 45'Ex 18?15'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. 118. See mouwa. yegari PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the Comet River, Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149?0'E x 23?40'S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(III):98, Sta. 157. See myngul. Yellami Boongangooloom Place name, = Crayfish Creek. [Australia: Victoria; between the "Old Crossing Place [present day Tabilk (145?10'E x 36?51'S)] on the Goulburn [and] the present Toolamba, "Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe" (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (144?45'E x 36?40'S))] Curr, 1887(111)-.523-525. Massola, 1968:18, lists this locality as "near Seymour." He also includes Yellami Goloro as = yellami Boongangooloom, but I cannot find evidence that Goloro really = crayfish. See boongan? gooloom, galoom, and Yellami Goloro. NUMBER 38 81 Yellami Goloro Place name, = Crayfish Creek ? [Australia: Victoria; near Seymour (probably = Taun- gurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145?- 35'Ex37?10'S))] Massola, 1968:18. Note that Curr, 1887(III):525, places a "?" instead of a translation of Yellami Goloro. See yellami Boongangooloom. yrnoBaTMH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto? dactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:156. See ughlovatyi rak, above. yigara PARASTACIDAE. This locality does not appear to coincide with known present-day crayfish distributions. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of the Herbert River, Wargamay Aboriginal tribe (= Waraka- mai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146? 15'E x 18?55'S))] Dixon and Blake, 1981, vol. 2:126. yil PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax gladstonen? sis. [Australia: Queensland; basins of the upper Burnett River, Wakka, Aboriginal tribe (= Wakawaka Aborigi? nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'E x 25?50'S))] Watson, 1943-1944:78. See eel, Illai, fl'- lai,yil, yil'ai, and yil'lai. yH PARASTACIDAE. Word defined as both "cray? fish" and "lobster," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Wakka Aboriginal tribe ( = Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151?45'Ex25?50'S))] Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, illai, fl'lai, yil, yil'ai, and yil'lai. yil'ai PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: southeast Queensland; basins of Mary and Burrum rivers as well as those of smaller streams that drain the eastern slope of the Blackall Range, Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabi- kabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152?25'E x25?45'S))] Watson, 1943-1944:12. See eel, illai, fl'? lai, yil, yil, and yil'lai. yil'lai PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens? land; Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152?25'E x 25?45'S))] Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, illai, fl'lai.yil, yil, yil'ai, yil'ai. yimbala PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: possibly South Australia] Cooper, 1949:29. yinangi PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Broken River (probably = Pangerang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145?40'E x 36?- 25'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See bdrpa and bor-pa. yinga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Manning River (probably = Birpai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (152?- 15'E x 31?50'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Wingham, in Curr, 1887(III):350, Sta. 187. Ingamells, 1955:39, says this word signifies "crab" in Northern Territory . yingar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Port Macquarie (proba? bly = Ngamba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (152?40'Ex31?35'S))] Curr, 1887(111):340, Sta. 186; [Australia: New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147?30'Ex33?50'S))] Curr, 1887(III):392, Sta. 190. See dookami. Note that the list of additional words, on page 350, indicates yingar also = crab. yingo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens? land; Weir and Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(111):258, implies this locality is in territory of the Ualarai (Wol- leri), but the Station locality (175) together with the localities of the Weir and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150?10'E x 28?10'S))] O'Byrne, in Curr, 1887(111): 262, Sta. 175. See nolaka. yobbi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." As a contempo? rary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, Aboriginal derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, and yappy. yobbie PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." As a contem? porary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, Australian English from the Aboriginal] Olszewski, 1980:16. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaa? bitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, and yappy. yobbis See yobbie, above. youri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victo? ria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142?40'E x 37?30'S))] Goodall, in Curr, 1887(111):494, Sta. 207k. See weechong. yukalto PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Wellington, Murray River (possibly = Jarildekald (139?20'E x 35?30'S) and/or Portalun (139?15'E x 35?15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212, 217-218] Moorehouse, in Curr, 1886(11): 276, Sta. 84. zametn'i tolstopalyi rak See 3aMeTm>iH TOJICTO- najiMH paK, next entry. 3aMeTHLiH TOJicTonajTBiH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pachypus notabilis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. See zametn'i tolstopalyi rak, above. See also pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak. zanak'orana PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Betsi? leo] Poisson, 1947:13. See kitihy and kitika. zarigani CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides japonicus. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, 1961:98. See next two entries. f 'J If - See zarigani. tf {) if IZ See zarigani. zarny rak = black crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus sp. [Hungary] Marsigli, 1726, v. 4, plate caption. zoetwater kreeft See zoetwaterkreeft. zoetwaterkreeft ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE [Netherlands] Anonymous, 1974:9. zymetasis vezys = signal crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Lithuania] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. NUMBER 38 83 Sign Language PARASTACIDAE. [Australia:Queensland; Pitta- Pitta and Mitakoodi Aboriginal tribes. These tribal des? ignations = Pitapita (139?45'E x 22?45'S) and Maitha- kari (140?40'E x 20?5'S) of Tindale, 1974:180 and 184] Roth, 1897:93 and Plate V (fig. 86). See bee? kodl, koon-da-chi, kuntatyi, pe-kool, and tunanyty. PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal tribes (134 ?45'E x 24?40' S)] Streh? low, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok. 1978:356. Strehlow says this = iltjenma, q.v., and specifies, "Close [fingers] 4, 5 on the ball of the thumb, spread fingers 2, 3?which are held in the shape of a boomer? ang (back of the hand up)?close them together a few times, and rest them on 1, as if they would grip some? thing." 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Mmn^ ceHeHC, JIM. 1981. BjiHHHHe paanHTHoro HCKyccraeHHoro mrraHHS Ha conepxaHne MHKpoopraHH3MOB HeKOfloptix f ? f 'J ti - = uchidazarigani r u ti - - zarigani KAROK (HOKAN) INDIAN hon-thoon KATO (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN te-kah-che KIOWA INDIAN seip-mocn-tei KOREAN ?WU|Lr = kacay chita (slang, = "beats the crayfish," = returns (a purchase) to the seller) = kajae = kajae koriim (slang, walking (or crawling) backward (like a crayfish)) LATIN JAPANESE T / U n 7 'J ti - = *>mv?l)rf[z = amerikazarigani 7jij^r*)tix = manshiuzarigani y'jum flHecTpoBCKira paK = belyi dnistrovskyi rak 6ejn>m ^VHaHCKHH paK = belyi dunays'kyi rak 6jiaropo,nHMH paK = blagorodnyi rak 6neAHOHoraH paK = blednonogu rak ftJIHHHOHOrHH peHHOH paK = dlinnonogii rechnoi rak fljrHHHonajrbm paK = dlinnopalyi rak fljiMHiionajrbiH peHHon paK = dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak flyHaHCKim KaMeHHEbiH paK = dunayskyi kamennyi rak HTaJIbXHCKHH paK = ital'ianskyi rak KaMeHHbiH paK = kamennyi rak KaMCKHH flJiHHHonajibm paK = kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak KapcHKCKHH paK = karsikskyi rak KaCIIHHCKHH paK = kaspyiskyi rak KaBKa3CKHH paK = kavkazckyi rak KOnXHACKHH pas = kolkhids'kyi rak KpacHMH Ky6aHCKHH paK = krasnyi kubanskyi rak Ky6aHCKoro wrnHHonanoro paK = kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak Ky6aHCKHH paK = kubanskyi rak Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK = luzitanskyi rak MaKeji,OHCKHH KaMeHHbiH paK = makedonskyi kamennyi rak Majioa3HHCKHH wrnHHonajiMH paK = maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak HeBCKHH paK = nevskii rak o6bnoioBeHHbiH paK = obyknovennyi rak paK = rak paK Keccnepa NUMBER 38 115 = rak kesslera paK HburbHOBa = rak pil'tsova paK, Korna Ha rope CBHCTHCT (slang, = "when the crayfish whistles on the mountain" English equivalent, "once in a blue moon") pe^HOH Kpa6 = rechnoi crab peHHOH paK = rechnoi rak pyccKHH paK = russkii rak UlMUOBaTblH paK = shipovatyi rak mnpoKOHorHH peHHOH paK = shirokonogii rechnoi rak nnrpoKonajrbm paK = shirokopalyi rak nrjopOKonajimiH pe^HOH paK = shirokopalyi rechnoi rak cHTHajrbHbiH paK = signal'nyi rak cyxonaJTbTH paK = sukhopalyi rak TOJicronajiMH paK = tolstopalyi rak TypKecTaHCKHH paK = turkestanskyi rak yrjiOBaTHTH paK = uglovatyi rak y3KonaJTJUH paK = uzkopalyi rak y3KonajibiH peHHOH paK = uzkopalyi rechnoi rak 3aMeTHbiH TOJicronajibiH paK = zametn'i tolstopalyi rak SAHAPTTN See Yakima SCOTTISH cray crevish SERBO-CROATIAN morski rak plemeniti rak rak barski rak bjelonogi rak kamanjak rak kamenjar rak plavu rak uskoskari recini rak rijecni rak tak potocni SHAKTCI HOMMA INDIANS See Choctaw/Chicka? saw Indian SHASTA (HOKAN) INDIAN se-duk SINO-KOREAN See also Chinese and Korean W = sokhae SLOVAK rak rak kamenac rak ricniho rak ricny rak riecny rak skalny SPANISH See also Basque, Catalonian, Guizpucoa, Gypsy, and Valencia astaco batata (Cuba) camaron de agua dulce camaron de Las Vegas (Chile) camaron reculador cangrejo cangrejo autoctono cangrejo bianco cangrejo de agua dulce cangrejo de las marismas cangrejo de rio cangrejo de rio cangrejo de rio americano cangrejo de serial 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY cangrejo fluvial cangrejo mollar cangrejo negro cangrejo rojo cangrejo senjal cangrejo turco el amarillo langostin (Mexican Spanish) langosta del rio (Mexico) SWEDISH flodkrafta krafte kraftor TENEJAPA INDIAN (Tzetal Mayan dialect) isim cay masan cay TOTONTEPEC INDIAN ca am TUNICA INDIAN kosuhk?ariya kosuhki k o s u h k ^ u h k e n t ' e TURKISH bocekgi gol istakozu kerevides kerevit su bocegi tath su istakozu (Levantine) tathsu istakozu (Levantine) TZETAL See Tenejapa UNITED KINGDOM See also Cornish, English, Gaelic, and Scottish UKRAINIAN aMepHKaHCLKHH CBCTHaJIbHHH paK = amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak 6aJTKaHci>KHH nrHpoKonajEHH paK = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak 6ijiOHoraH paK = bilonohyl rak 6iJIHH flHiCTpOBCLKHH paK = bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak 6ijmH .iiyHaHCbKHH paK = bilyi dunays'kyrak ByrjiacTHH paK = vughlastyi rak ^epBOHHH Ky6aHCBKHH paK = chervonyi kubans'kyi rak iHOBronajrjHH paK = dovghopalyi rak .nyHancbKHH KaM'aHHH paK = dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak iTajiiHCKHH paK = italiys'kyi rak KaMCBKHH AOBronajiHH paK = kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak KaM'XHHH paK = kam'yanii rak KapCHKCBKHH paK = karsiks'kyi rak KacnincbKHH paK = kaspiis'kyi rak KaBKa3bKHH paK = kavkaz'kyi rak KOJDQffCbKHH paK = kolkhids'kyi rak Ky6aHCLKHH paK = kubans'kyi rak jiy3iTaHCBKHH paK = luzitans'kyi rak MaKeflOHCbHHH KaM'^HHH paK = makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak MaJioa3iHCbKHH flOBronaiTHH paK = maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak nOMiTHHH TOBCTOnaJTHH paK = pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak aK KeccJiepa = rak kesslera paK rnajibnoBa - rak pil'tsova mmryBaTHH paK NUMBER 38 117 = shipuvatyi rak uiHpOKonanHH paK = shirokopalyi rak CHTHaJTBHHH paK = signal'nyi rak cyxonajTHH paK = sukhopalyi rak TOBCTonanHH paK = tovstopalyi rak TypKeCTaHCLKHH paK = turkestans'kyi rak k'astila YANA (HOKAN) INDIAN choo-ah YIDDISH P?1 VERLAN (French argot) See French VALENCIA Dialect (Spain) See also Basque, Catalonian, Guizpucoa, Gypsy, Spanish, and Valencia carranc carranc de riu WAILAKI, EEL RIVER te-kah-che WALLOON See Belgium WINTUN (PENUTIAN) INDIAN kaw-ko YAKIMA (Sahaptin language) YUCHI INDIAN lock-chew tsia'xtsaon?' YUKI INDIAN (YUKIAN), COAST mel-oo-shata ZAPOTECO DEL ISTMO INDIAN benda boaa benda buaa ZOQUE INDIAN bau meatzas sas tzas vetze Species Index Alphabetical by Genus Without Regard to Family Astacoides madagascariensis ecrevisse Malgache Madagaskarkrebs Astacopsis gouldi giant Tasmanian lobster Murray lobster ? tasmanische Krebs tasmanische Riesenkrebs Astacus astacus astacus (A. astacus, A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis) a6opHreHHbrx paK = aborigennykh rak = aboriginal crayfish ascarbicho 6jiaropoHHMH paK = blagorodnyi rak caimbre camaron cancre cangrejo cangrejo de rio cangrejo fluvial caranguejo do rio chamberiot chambre chambri chambro common crayfish common river crayfish craibosse cravesse cravousse crawfish creuviche creuvisse crevice djambre ecrebisse ecrevisse a pattes rouges ecrivisse a pieds rouges ecrevisse ecrevisse commune ecrevisse fluviatile ecrevisse noble ecrevisset edelkrebs eicorobisso encravissoa equeurvisse escarabicho escarabido escarabisso escarbisso escorobisso escrabicho escrabissa escrabisso etgrevisse eti rak europaischer Flusskrebs ferskvannskreps flusskrebs folyami rak fresh-water lobster freshwater crayfish gambero di fiume gemeiner Flusskrebs geor(en) gewone rivierkreeft roJiaM pe^eH paK = golyam rechen rak grabusse graibeusse graibusse graouisse gravase gravesse graviche gravisse 118 NUMBER 38 119 gravousse grawet grawetz grebeusse grebosse greuche grevesse grita jambre joevahk joevahk x cxpocfiiSoc = karavida kefnid kefniden-zour kinid-dour nemes rak Nevskii rak Nobelkrebs obyknovennyi rak piau du diable rak ricny rak riecny pe^eH paK = rechen rak pe^ HOH paK = rechnoi rak red-clawed crayfish river crayfish rivierkreeft nrapoKonaJTHH paK = shirokopalyi rak nrapoKonajiMH paK = shirokopalyi rak nrapoKOHorHH peTmoH paK = shirokonogii rechnoi rak nrapoKonajiBra peTmon paK = shirokopalyi rechnoi rak solokrebs tsamberrot tiirkische Krebs vatnakrabbi Astacus astacus balcanicus 6ajrKaHCbKHH nrapoKonaJTHH paK = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak 6ajrKaHCKHH nmpoKonajibiH paK = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak Astacus colchicus KOJIxiffCLKHH paK = kolkhids'kyi rak KOJIXH^CKHH paK = kolkhids'kyi rak Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio danubicus flVHaHCbKHH KaM'HHHH paK = dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak jryHancKHH KaMeHZHBin paK = dunayskyi kamennyi rak Austropotamobius (s.str.) torrentium natio torrentium (Astacus torrentium, Austropotamobius torrentium, Potamobius torrentium) ecrevisse de rocher ecrevisse des torrents etelanrapu KaMeHHbiH paK = kamennyi rak KaM'flHHH paK = kam'yanyi rak kovi rak MajrbK peneH paK = mal"k rechen rak rac-de-ponoare rak kamenac rak kamenjak rak kamenjar rak skalny steinkrebs stone crayfish Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio macedonicus MaKeAOHCbHHH KaM'HHHH paK = makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak MaKenoHCKiTH KaMeHHbiH paK = makedonskyi kamennyi rak Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus KapCHKCbKHH paK = karsiks'kyi rak KapCHKCKHH paK = karsikskyi rak Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus iTaniHCbKHH paK = italiys'kyi rak HTaJTbHHCKHH paK = ital'ianskyi rak 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY = italiys'kyi rak HTaJIbflHCKHH paK = ital'ianskyi rak Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusita? nicus ny3iTaHCbKHH paK = luzitans'kyi rak Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK = luzitanskyi rak Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus nnmoBaTbiH paK = shipovatyi rak lUMIlVBaTHH paK = shipuvatyi rak Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes (Astacus pallipes) OLOTOLKOC; TOV y\v?cov vepov = astakos tou glikou nerou Atlantic crayfish Atlantic stream crayfish 6ejioHorHH paK = belonogyi rak 6iJiOHorHH paK = bilonogyi rak 6jie,nHOHorHH paK = blednonogfi rak cangrejo autoctono cangrejo de rio csokarak dohlenkrebs ecrevisse a pattes blanches ecrevisse a pieds blancs ecrevisse a pieds pales English crayfish etelanrapu flodkrebs gambero d'acqua dolce gavar dowr gliomach fionnuisce gbl istakozu lagostim de pes brancos lagostim do rio rac rak bjelonogi secar goch shipovatyi rak = nnmoBaTbiH paK shipuvatyi rak = mHiryBaTHH paK siacar goch stream of white-clawed crayfish tak potocni white clawed crayfish white footed crayfish Barbicambarus cornutus bottle brush crayfish Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki cypress crayfish Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) diminutus least crayfish Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) montezumae acocil acocile acocili acocilin ca'am chacal chacalin langosta del rio langostin nas (?) Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) shufeldtii Cajun dwarf crayfish Cambaroides dauricus manshiuzarigani = vj:j^r[iti- = ?Ll??l)rfiz Cambaroides japonicus zarigani = 7l)tiL = rTUffi: Cambaroides similis teusenzarigani = fOt'JX'ltiL = Z lit/uZ'Vrf iz. NUMBER 38 121 Cambaroides spp. lagu = mt& sokhae Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi Alabama cave crayfish Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius Greensboro Burrowing Crayfish Cambarus (Depressicambarus) deweesae valley flame crayfish Cambarus (Depressicambarus) harti piedmont blue burrower crayfish Cambarus (Depressicambarus) pyronotus fire back crayfish Cambarus (Depressicambarus) truncatus Oconee burrowing crayfish Cambarus (Erebicambarus) maculatus freckeled crayfish Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus New River crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) batchi bluegrass crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) bouchardi Big South Fork crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes Doughtery Plain cave Crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) obeyensis Obey crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus Oklahoma cave crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes Hell Creek cave crayfish Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes devil crawfish Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) miltus rusty grave digger Cambarus (Puncticambarus) extraneus Chickamauga crayfish Cambarus (Puncticambarus) georgiae Little Tennessee crayfish Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus French Broad crayfish Cherax boschma bopa mkoda Cherax buitendijkae obawo Cherax communis pamo tako talla toro Cherax crassimanus chelgi 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY gilgie Cherax destructor Jabby yabbee yabber yabbie yabbity yabby yobbi yobbie yobbis Cherax destructor-albidus Dalhousie Springs yabbie Cherax glaber koonac Cherax longipes dede Cherax murido moerido murido Cherax pallidus obawo Cherax paniaicus joeri Cherax plebejus koonac Cherax quadricarinatus Queensland marron red claw red claw marron tropical blue crayfish Cherax quinquecarinatus chelgi gilgie goolgie jilgi jilgie jilgy joolgie julegie Cherax solus dede Cherax tenuimanus Australkrebs black spider marron Cherax sp. jilgie jilgy Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni mimic crayfish Engaeus australis Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish Engaeus fossor land crab Engaeus phyllocercus Narracan burrowing crayfish Engaeus sternalis Warragul burrowing crayfish Engaeus spp. Furneaux burrowing crayfish NUMBER 38 123 Mallacoota burrowing crayfish Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish Scottsdale burrowing crayfish Strzelecki burrowing crayfish Euastacus armatus dib-dib dibil grosser Australkrebs grosse Austral-Krebs lib-lib-wil Murray River cray Murray River crayfish Euastacus bispinosus Glenelg River cray Euastacus eungella Eungella spiny crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi lavendar burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) danielae speckled burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni Hatchie burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Fallicambarus) devastator Texas prairie crayfish Faxonella clypeata ditch fencing crayfish Hobbseus attenuatus Pearl riverlet crayfish Hobbseus orconectoides Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish Hobbseus petilus Tombigbee riverlet crayfish Hobbsesus valleculus Choctaw riverlet crayfish Orconectes (Crockerinus) bisectus Crittenden crayfish Orconectes (Crockerinus) jeffersoni Louisville crayfish Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus northern Clearwater crayfish Orconectes (Crockerinus) shoupi Nashville crayfish Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis Chowanoke crayfish Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus amerikanischer Flusskrebs cambarus crayfish cangrejo de rio americano ecrevisse americaine banale gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft kamberkrebs rak amerykanski spinycheek crayfish Orconectes (Gremicambarus) immunis calico crayfish mud crayfish Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis virile crayfish 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae Conchas crayfish Orconectes (Hespericambarus) difficilis painted crayfish Orconectes (Orconectes) incomptus Tennessee cave crayfish Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus rusty crayfish Orconectes (Procericambarus) saxatilis Kiamichi crayfish Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) fortis Shasta crayfish Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) nigrescens sooty crayfish Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus aMepHKaHCKHH CHTHaJTbHblH paK = amerikanskii signal'nyi rak aMepHKaHCbKHH CHTHaJTbHHH paK = amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak California crayfish californische rivierkreeft ecrevisse americaine signal kalifornischen Krebs signal signal crayfish Signalkrebs CHrHaJTbHHH paK = signal'nyi rak tankaizarigani = ?'Ji)4?1) ti' _ = tzA,rjX)$[)rfLz Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus trowbridgii uchidazarigani = *> f f X 'J ti _ = o^tzX^tfiz Pacifastacus sp. go'ya' Paranephrops planifrons koura koura wai kekewai kewai Paranephrops spp. Neuseelandkrebs Parastacus pugnax camaron de Las Vegas Parastacus spp. camaron de agua dulce cangrejo de agua dulce dagllu daullu lammu llamu llamuu sagllu suedamerikanischer Flusskrebs Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus Ky6aHCKoro .rmmmonajioro paK = kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak Ky6aHCbKHH paK = kubans'kyi rak Ky6aHCKHH paK = kubanskyi rak Pontastacus cubanicus daucinus nepBOHHH Ky6aHCbKHH paK = chervonyi kubans'kyi rak KpaCHMH Ky6aHCKHH paK = krasnyi kubanskyi rak Pontastacus eichwaldi bessarabicus 6ijIHH flHiCTpOBCbKHH paK = bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak 6eJIbIH flHeCTpOBCKHH paK NUMBER 38 125 = belyi dnistrovskyi rak Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis 6ijiHH jryHaHCbKHH paK = bilyi dunays'kyi rak denMH jryHaHCKHH paK = belyi dunays'kyi rak Pontastacus eichwaldi eichwaldi KacniHCbKHH paK = kaspiis'kyi rak KacnHHCKHH paK = kaspyiskyi rak Pontastacus kessleri paK Keccnepa = rak kesslera TypKecTaHCbKHH paK = turkestans'kyi rak TypKecTaHCKHH paK = turkestanskyi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis KaMCbKHH EOBronajiHH paK = kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak KaMCKHH WlHHHOnaJIblH paK = kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius Majioa3iHCbKHH flOBronajiHH paK = maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak Majioa3HHCKHH wuiHHonajiMH paK = maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (Astacus leptodactylus, Potamobius leptodactylus) csiiollos flJTHHHOHOrHH peHHOH paK = dlinnonogil rechnoi rak fljiMHHonajibiH paK = dlinnopalyi rak n^THHHonajibiH peHHOH paK = dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak flOBroonajiHH paK = dovghopalyi rak ecrevisse a pieds ecrevisse de la boue ecrevisse des marais ecrevisse russe galiciai rak galizerkrebs galizier galizierkrebs galizischer Krebs galizischer Sumpfkrebs galizischer Teichkrebs gambaro di fiume turko karcsuollos rak kecskerak long-clawed crayfish mocsari rak orosz rak russischer Krebs russischer Sumpfkrebs russkii rak schmalscherenkrebs schmalscheriger Krebs slender-clawed crayfish sumpfkrebs svabrak tavi rak Teichkrebs Turkish crayfish turkse rivierkreeft y3Konajibm paK = uzkopalyi rak y3Konajibm pe^moH paK = uzkopalyi rechnoi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus morpha angulusus BVTJiaCTHH paK = vughlastyi rak yrjiOBaTbiH paK = ughlovatyi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus salinus cyxonanHH paK = sukhopalyi rak cyxonajibiH paK = sukhopalyi rak Pontastacus pachypus notabilis nOMiTHHH TOBCTOnaJIHH paK 126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY = pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak 3aMeTHbra TOJicTonajibm paK = zametn'i tolstopalyi rak Pontastacus pachypus pachypus TOBCTOnaJIHH paK = tovstopalyi rak TOJicTonajibiH paK = tolstopalyi rak Pontastacus pylzowi KaBKa3bKHH paK = kavkaz'kyi rak KaBKa3CKHH paK = kavkazckyi rak paK nHJibii,OBa = rak pil'tsova paK nbijn>n,OBa = rak pil'tsova Procambarus (Acucauda) fitzpatricki spinytail crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) cubensis batata Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi camaron reculador acocil Procambarus (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis Brazoria crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) barbiger Jackson Prairie Crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes Mississippi flatwoods crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) connus Carrollton crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus southeastern prairie crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) gracilis prairie crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) liberorum Osage burrowing crayfish Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum bearded red crayfish Procambarus (Hagenides) pygmaeus Christmas tree crayfish Procambarus (Leconticambarus) econfinae Panama City crayfish Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri Miami cave crayfish Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis Orlando cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) bivittatus ribbon crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus bigcheek cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) erythrops Santa Fe cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi Orange Lake Cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti Big Blue Springs cave crayfish NUMBER 38 127 Procambarus (Ortmannicus) jaculus javelin crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lecontei Mobile crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leitheuseri coastal lowland cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leptodactylus Pee Dee lotic crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus Florida cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus Woodville Karst cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus pallid cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pictus spotted royal crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) youngi Florida longbeak crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zonangulus white river crayfish Procambarus (Pennides) lagniappe lagniappe crayfish Procambarus (Pennides) lylei Shutispear crayfish Procambarus (Pennides) penni Pearl blackwater crayfish Procambarus (Remoticambarus) pecki phantom cave crayfish Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii (Camba rus clarkii) amerikazarigani American river crab Cajun popcorn cangrejo rojo cribisse ecrevisse rouge ecrevisse rouge de Louisiane el amarillo Irishman's friend louisiana Flusskrebs Louisiana lobster Louisiana red swamp crayfish Louisiana swamp crayfish louisiana-Sumpfkrebs mudbug nordamerikanische Teichkrebs red swamp crawfish red swamp crayfish rode rivierkreeft tsiskagili (?) Troglocambarus maclanei spider cave crayfish