Reprinted from BULLITIN OF MARINL SCILNCE Vol.26, No. 2. April, 1976 pp.233-272 Miule in United Stales of America BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI DEEP-SEA EXPEDITIONS. 118 CEPHALOPODS COLLECTED IN THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA BY THE R/V GERDA Stephen D. Cairns ABSTRACT Fifty species of cephalopods are identified from the Straits of Florida from the 698 specimens collected by the R V GIRUA. This raises the total number of species known from the Straits from 49 to 64. Four are new records for the Western Atlantic: Ptery- f-ioteiithis );enimala, Abraliopsis pfejjeri, Corynoma .speculator and Helicocraiichin pfefferi. Two others, Rosxia hullisi and Ahraliopsix atlantica, are reported for the second time in the literature. The male of Ahralia reilfiehli is described for the first lime. The first mature specimen of Danoetopiis schnuclli is reported with drawings of its radiila and ligula. Pelagic distributions are analyzed with respect to mean depth of capture and concentra- tion in particular geographic regions of the Straits. Benthic distributions are analyzed re- garding bottom type and concentration in geographic regions of the Straits. Diel migration is discussed for several species. The zoogeography of all species reported in the Straits is discussed. The hydrography of the Straits of Florida is a unique system in which a major ocean current is tunneled into a shoaling channel creating profound climatological and bio- logical effects on the waters of the south- eastern United States. The northward-flow- ing waters of the Straits, doininated by the fast-moving Florida Current, are part of a transient system which derives its properties from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, Carib- bean Current and ultimately from the North Equatorial Current which feeds the Carib- bean Sea. The energy of the Florida Cur- rent results from a hydrostatic head de- veloped in the Gulf of Mexico; the difference in level between Cedar Keys, West Coast and St. Augustine, East Coast is 19 cm (Montgomery, 1938). This "oceanic jet stream" which attains surface speeds of 180 cm/second has a significant effect on the distribution of pelagic larvae and mid- water organisms along the eastern coast of the United States. The Straits of Florida also lies in an im- portant zoogeographic area for the benthic shelf fauna. Miami is considered by some to be the northern limit of the tropical fauna with a warm temperate or transitional area to the North. There is considerable dis- agreement from other zoogeographcrs re- garding the placement and nature of this border (Briggs, 1974). Because of these zoogeographic and unique hydrographic fea- tures certain groups of the Straits have been investigated in detail: benthic fish (Slaiger, 1970), lantern fish (Devany, 1969), brachy- ura (Soto, dissertation in preparation), hy- droids (Bogle, 1975), crinoids (Messing, 1975) and gastropods (Quinn, thesis in preparation). All of these studies, includ- ing the present one, were based on material collected by the R/V GERDA during her ten years of operation (May 1962-May 1972) in the Deep-Sea Biology Program. The GERDA performed 1348 stations, pre- dominantly in the Straits; 698 cephalopods were collected at 198 stations, making pos- sible the first comprehensive account of the cephalopods of this unique area. The Straits can be divided into three geographic regions (Fig. 1) based on ba- thymetry: Western, Cay Sal and Northern (Wennckens, 1959). No discrete bound- aries occur to separate these three regions, 233 234 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL, 26, NO. 2, 1976 Figure 1. Geographic division of the Straits by regions and water masses: (I) Continental Zone, (2) Transitional Zone. (3) Yucatan Zone. rather the Cay Sal Region acts as a tran- sitional area separating the Northern and Western Regions which differ with regard to axial gradient and maximum depth of the valley. These bathymetric divisions are used in this paper as convenient distri- butional indicators. Malloy and Hurley (1970) should be consulted for a more de- tailed account of the bathymetry and geo- morphology of the Straits. Hydrographically, the Straits can also be divided into three water masses: Con- tinental, Transitional and Yucatan (Fig. 1). Wennekens (1959) clearly showed that the insular Yucatan water, flowing directly from the Yucatan Channel to the Straits, could be easily distinguished from Continen- tal Edge water (Caribbean water that is modified in the northeastern Gulf of Mex- ico) by its T-S characteristics. Dcvany (1969) further refined Wennekcns's bound- aries and defined a third water mass, the Transitional water, to account for the lati- tudinal meandering of the boundaries of the Continental and Yucatan water masses and the consequent intermediate hydrographic nature resulting from their mixture. Below 300 meters the T-S characteristics of all three water masses merge into a single nar- row envelope. Within the Florida Current the mass dis- tribution must adjust itself so that the lighter (warmer) water is on the east side and the denser (colder) water is on the west side, resulting in the sea surface rising toward the east (Sverdrup, Johnson, & Fleming, 1942). Because of these tilted cross-stream iso- pycnals it is impossible to use a standard depth to designate the 10'C isotherm divid- ing the meso- and bathypelagic zones. In- stead, the depth of the tilted IOC isotherm was determined for each water mass of each region from data obtained by Wlist (1924) and Clausner (1967) and summarized by Devany (1969). In the Western and Cay Sal Regions this depth is considered to lie Table I. Discrete depth, non-discrete depth sampling (Roper, Gibbs, and Aron, 1970) and GI;RDA ranges for two common mesopelagic squid (Numbers in parentheses were the numbers of specimens available for analysis and depths in meters) Pyroteuthis margaritifera Pterygioteitthis iiardi Depth No. Depth No. Discrete Depth Sampling Day Nt. 250-4/5-550 50-140-250 (40) (39) Day Nt. 300-.??J-500 0-/02-250 (13) (28) Non-Discrete Depth Sampling Day Nt. 200--#6i-100() 0-205-600 (29) (33) Day Nt. 200-400-500 0-/59-400 (14) (23) GtRDA ranges (open nets) Day Nt. 310.-407-595 18- 69-154 ( 8) ( 5) Day Nt. 256-297-375 45-/5(5-389 ( 5) (12) CAIRNS: CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 235 Ptery/iioteuthia Pyroteuthis Selenoteuthis 0 M 100 ?too 500 600 t ('>ttyi:ht>triithis Figure 2. Bathymetric ranges of the six most common species of pelagic squid from the (JKRDA col- lections in the Straits of Florida. Open bar?daytime range; hatched bar?twilight range; solid bar? nighttime range. Cross bars indicate respective levels of weighted average depths. Numbers below bars indicate the number of GLRDA specimens available for analysis. at 400 m in Continental water, 500 ni in Transitional water and 600 m in Yucatan water. For tiie Northern Straits the 10 C isotherm is 300 m in Continental water, 450 m in Transitional water, and 600 m in Yucatan water. MATERIAL AND METHODS A detailed account of the GERDA and her equipment can be found in Devany (1969) and Staigcr (1970). Most of the GERDA ccphalopods were captured with a ten-foot otter trawl or a 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd Mid- 236 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Table 2. Geographic summary of the fishing efforts of the IKMT tows made by the R/V GFRDA by Straits regions and ecological zones of the niidwaters (minutes are converted to hundredths of an hour) ZONE WATER MASSES Continental Transitional Yucatan Total .STRAITS RECilON Ni). lows Hr. fished No. tows Hr. fished No. tows Hr. fished No. lows Hr. fished NORTH Epi. Meso. Bathy. 30 I 1 34.20 1.96 ..50 15 23 5 27.80 46.90 16.30 17 28 0 19.00 62.50 1.80 62 52 6 81.00 111.36 18.60 TOTAL 32 36.66 43 91.00 45 83.30 120 210.96 CAY SAL Epi. Meso. Bathy. 2 0 0 1.25 0 0 1 0 1 .67 0 4.02 9 4 0 4.20 6.52 0 12 4 1 6.12 6.52 4.02 TOTAL 2 1.25 2 4.69 13 10.72 17 16.66 WEST Epi. Meso. Bathy. 4 2 2.81 10.06 6.15 1 1 10 0 2.00 31.90 0 0 3 0 0 9.90 3 5 15 2.81 12.06 47.95 TOTAL 8 19.02 12 33.90 3 9.90 23 62.82 TOTAL Epi. Meso. Bathy. 34 5 3 38.26 12.02 6.65 17 25 15 28.47 48.90 52.22 26 32 3 23.20 69.02 11.70 77 62 21 89.93 129.94 70.57 TOJAL 42 56.93 57 129.59 61 103.92 160 290.44 Abbreviations of vertical zones: Epi.?cpipclagic; Meso.?mesopclaBic; Bathy.?bathypelagic. water Trawl, both of which were non-discrete samplers, open both when paid out and hauled in. Bruun (1943). Pickford (1946) and Thore (1949) have used a statistical method to increase depth reliability of non- closing net tows and Voss (1967) has dis- cussed the problem of contamination in non-closing nets. Most recently a direct comparison of discrete depth sampling and nt)n-closing net sampling has been published by Roper, Gibbs, and Aron (1970). Table 1 presents diel ranges for two species ob- tained by discrete depth sampling, non-dis- crete depth sampling, and for comparison, the GERDA data for non-discrete depth sampling. Although the ranges of the non- discrete captures are broader, the mean depths of capture and magnitudes of diel migration are similar. Two methods were used to analyze the distribution of the common midwater ceph- alopods. First, the arithmetic mean of depth of capture was obtained for each species for each diel period: day, night, and twilight. (A twilight tow is defined as any tow in the water at 0600 hours or at 1800 hours.) The mean depth was obtained for each diel period by summing the depths of capture of each specimen (regardless of the number of specimens taken in one haul) and dividing by the total number of specimens caught in the same period. Even with the use of open nets this procedure indicates the weighted maximum concentration of individuals at those periods. The results of this analysis for the six most common mid-water cepha- lopods are illustrated in Figure 2. A second method was used to compen- sate for the uneven fishing efforts of the GERDA at particular depths and Straits re- CAIRNS: CEPHAI.OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA Tuble 3. Geographic summary of otter trawl lows by Straits regions and depth 237 0-2(1(1 DEPTH RANGE (meters) STRAITS REGION 201-400 401-600 601-800 801-1000 >1000 Total NORTH CAY SAL WEST TOTAL 59 29 48 136 99 28 21 148 87 19 21 127 44 11 II 66 28 13 14 55 10 2 27 39 327 102 142 571 gions. The actual fishing time at depth in hours and minutes was calculated for the 160 GERDA IKMT tows and then segregated as to Straits region (N, CS, W), water mass (C, T, Y) and depth (epi-, meso-, bathy- pelagic), resulting in 27 categories (Table 2). The total number of specimens for a species for each category could then be di- vided by the hours fished in that category to achieve a decimal expression of catch per unit fishing effort as specimens per hour fished at a given depth range, a given water mass and a given Straits region. Two methods of distributional analysis were also used for the common benthic cephalopods. First, the substrate at the capture site was determined by using a com- bination of methods including remarks from the deck log of the GERDA, observation of debris from capture sites and associations with other benthic animals of known habit preference that were captured in the same tow. It was hoped that several independent observations at one station might correlate and strengthen the likelihood of a true de- termination of the substrate. Also, a com- bination of substrate types for all stations of a particular species tended to correspond and supplement each other. The second method of distributional anal- ysis for the benthic species resulted in fre- quency of capture at a certain depth range and zone of the Straits. The 571 GERDA otter trawl stations made in the Straits of Florida were divided with regard to the depth of capture (0-200 m, 201-400 m, 401-600 m, 601-800 m, 801-1000 m, and over 1000 m) and the Straits region, re- sulting in 18 subdivisions (Table 3). The total number of stations at which a species was captured in a particular subdivision could then be divided by the total number of otter trawls made in that subdivision to obtain a percentage indicating the frequency of capture at a certain depth and zone in the Straits. Standard cephalopod measurements and abbreviations are employed in this paper as listed by Voss (1956, 1963). Other ab- breviations used in this paper include: Tl,?tentacle length: total length of the tentacles and club: Fin angle?angle that the straight pos- terior border of one fin makes with the longi- tudinal axis of the body: FL/FW?fin length/fin width ratio; HI?eye diameter index: eye diam- eter expressed as a percentage of ML: OGI?ovi- diical gland index: in female octopods, the diam- eter of oviducal gland expressed as a percentage of ML: G?R V GrRiiA; WH?R V WMTI-R HI:RWIG: USNM?United States National Mu- seum: RSMAS?Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science: OT?10-foot (3 m) Otter Trawl: IKMT?6-foot (1.8 m) Isaacs-KIdd Mid- water Trawl: DN?Dip Net station: PN?Plank- ton Net: UMML 31.XXX?University of Miami Marine l-ab (RSMAS) accession number: C? Continental water (zone); T?Transitional water (zone): Y?Yucatan water (zone): N?Northern Straits Region; CS?Cay Sal Region of Straits: and W?Western .Straits Region. The synonymies given in the SPECIES ACCOUNT are regional, covering only the Straits of Florida plus the original descrip- tion. CHECKLIST OF CEPHALOPODS FROM THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA The cephalopods of the Straits of Florida have never been reviewed, but a search of the scattered literature of this area reveals 238 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 that 49 species have been reported, the ma- jority since 1949. Important systematic ccphalopod papers pertinent to this area are those of Voss (1954, 1955, 1956, 1956a). As a result of the present study, 15 new records can be added to the Straits ccpha- lopod fauna (indicated by an asterisk). This increases the total number of ccphalopod species reported in the Straits to 64. Class Cephalopoda Order Sepioidea Family Spinilidae Spirilla spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Sepiolidae Semirossia tcneru (Verrill, 1880) Seinirossia eqiialis (Voss, 1950) * Russia hiiUisi Voss, 1956 Rossia iintillensis Voss, 1955 Rossia tortiigaensis Voss, 1956 *Stok>leuthis leucoplera (Verrill, 1878) Nectoteiithis poiirtalesi Verrill, 1883 Order Teuthoidea Family Pickfordiateiilhidae Pickfortliareiitliis piilclu'lla Voss, 1953 Family I.oliginidae Loligo pealei Lesueur. 1821 Lolifio A LaRoe. 1967 Doryti'itlhis pU'i ( Blainville, 1823) Lolligitncula hrevis (Blainville, 1823) Sepioleiitliis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823) Family Lycoteuthidae Lycoleiilliis iliadema (Chun, 1900) *Seleiu>leiilliis sciiiliUans Voss, 1958 Family Enoploleuthidae Ahralia veraiiyi (Riippell, 1844) Ahralia reilfieldi Voss. 1955 Al>ralia grinipei Voss, 1958 * A hraliopsix pfcfferi Joubin, 1896 *A hraliopsis sp. Fyroicullus margarilijera (Riippell, 1844) Pterygioteutliis /,'iardi Fi.scher, i 895 *Pterygioieiithis geniniala Chun, 1908 *Enoploieiillus aiiapsis Roper, 1964 Enoploieiithis Icpuira (Leach, 1817) Tlu'lidioieiitliis alessaiidriiti (Verany, 1851 ) Family Octopoteuthidae Oclopoiciiiliis megaptera (Verrill, 1885) Family Onychoteuthidae Onychoteutltis Ininksii (Leach, 1817) Onykia carrihoea Lesueur, 1821 Family Histioteuthidae Hisiioleulhis dofleini (Pfeffer. 1912) Hislioteittliis corona corona (Voss & Voss, Family Ctenopterygidae *Clenopieryx sicula (Verany, 1851) 1962) Family Architeulhidae Architeutliis priiiccps Verrill. 1875 Family Ommastrephidae lllex coindelii (Verany, 1837) lllex oxygoniiis Roper, Lu & Mangold, 1969 Ominastreplies pteropus (Steenstnip, 1855) Family Mastigoteuthidae *Mustigoteutliis grimaidii (Joubin, 1895) Family Grimalditeulhidae *G riinaldiU'utliis bomplaiidii (Verany, 1837) Family Cranchiidae Crancliia scahra Leach, 1817 Liocranclua reinluirdli (Steenstnip, 1856) *Leacliia sp. ligea iiwrniis Joubin. 1933 *Hclicocrancliia pfcfferi Massy, 1907 *Calileullus arinala Joubin, 1898 *Corynoma speculator Chun, 1906 *Batholhauma lyromma Chun, 1906 Order Vampyromorpha Vampyroteuthis infemails Chim, 1903 Order Octopoda Family Bolilaenidae JapelelUt diapliana Hoyle, 1885 Family Octopoteuthidae Octopus iiilgaris Cuvier. 1797 Octopus Immnielincki Adam, 1936 Octopus jouhini Robson. 1929 Octopus hriareus (Robson, 1929) Octopus hurryi Voss, 1950 Octopus inacropus Risso, 1826 Octopus defilippi Verany, 1851 Danoctopus schmidti Joubin, 1933 Scaeurgus unicirrhus (d'Orbigny, 1840) Pteroctopiis telracirrluis (Delle Chiaje, 1830) lialhypolypus arcticus (Pro.sch, 1849) Tetracheledone spiniclrrus Voss, 1955 Family Tremoctopodidae Tremoctopits violaceus Delle Chiaje, 1830 Family Argonaulidae Argonaula argo Linnaeus, 1758 Argoiiauta liiaiis Solander, 1786 SPECIES ACCOUNT Class CEPHALOPODA Order SEPIOIDEA Family SPIRULIDAE Owen, 1836 Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) Nautilus spirula Linnaeus, 1758: 710. Spirilla spirula. Briiun. 1943: 39 (Western and Cay Sal Yucatan waters).?McGinty, 1955: 35 (Boynton Beach). Material exainined.?1 juvenile, ML 14.5 mm, G- 72.?1 juvenile, ML 8.5 mm. G-208. CAIRNS: CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FI ORIDA 239 Type-locality.??America." Discussion.?The family Spirulidae con- tains only one, easily recognized species, .S'. spirilla. Bruun (1943) could find no specific or geographic variation in this species. Distrihutiun.?.f. spirula is cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas dependent on bottom depths between 1000-2000 m (Bruun, 1943, 1955). Live Spirula were first reported from the Straits by Bruun (1943); shells had been reported earlier by Calkins (1878) and Simpson (1887). Bruun (1943) placed the lower limit of distribution at 1750 m, the pressure at which the shell would implode, and considered that eggs were deposited on the bottom, ex- plaining the abundance of captures near continental slopes and island shelves. He gave the vertical ranges as 200-1750 m. Clarke (1969), using closing nets, detected a diurnal migration for specimens larger than ML 6.7 mm (night range 100-300 m; day range 500-700 m). Both GERDA juve- niles were captured during the day at 458 and 675-777 m. Family SEPIOLIDAE Keferstein, 1866 Subfamily ROSSIINAE Apellof, 1898 Semirossia tenera (Verrill, 1880) Ih'Icrolciilhis ictwra WevnW, 1880: 392. /iiro.s:sia) teiiera, Voss, 1950: 76 (off Looe Key. Sombrero Light); 1956: 99 (off Palm Beach, Fla.); 1956a: 276 (off Palm Beach. Miami, Dry Tortugas). Scinimsshi leiiera Boletzky, 1970: 386 (off Miami, Key West). Material examined.? 1 female, ML 28.0 mm, G- 1009.? I male, ML 23.5 mm, G-898.? 1 male, ML 23.0 mm. G-589.?5 males, ML 22.0-10.0 mm, G-855.? 1 male, ML 21.0 mm, G-853.?5 males, ML 21.0-12.0 mm, 3 females. ML 14.0- 12.0 mm, G-1024.?1 male, ML 21.0 mm. G- 830?5 females, ML 19.5-12.0 mm. 1 male, ML 18.0 mm, G-1035.?13 males. ML 19.0-11.0 mm, 2 females, 16.0-14.0 mm. 1 juvenile, 9.0 mm, G-1028.?30 females. ML 18.0-10.0 mm, 5 males. ML 17.0-11.0 mm, 1 juvenile, ML 7.5 mm, G- 1319.?2 females, ML 18.0-9.0 mm. 2 males, ML 11.0 mm, G-760.?2 males, ML 18.0-15.5 mm, G-1081.?2 females, ML 17.0-12.5 mm. 1 male, ML 16.0 mm, G-834.? 1 male, ML 16.0 mm. 1 female. ML 16.0 mm. 3 juveniles, ML 10.0-6.2 mm. G-456.?1 male. ML 13.0 mm, G-29.?I male, ML 11.0 mm. G-414.?1 female, ML 11.0 mm, G-413. Type-locality.?Off Newport, Rhode Island. Discussion.?Boletzky (1971) raised Semi- rossia to generic status upon the discovery of light organs on the ink sac. S. tenera can be distinguished from its sympatric relative, .V. equalis, by possession of two rows of mar- ginal club suckers with diameters three to four times greater than those of the con- tiguous rows. Distribution.?S. tenera is a common benthic sepiolid ranging from New England to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. GERDA took specimens at 15 locations from Palm Beach to Key West, and from the Yucatan Channel and Cay Sal Rank. It is found on a muddy or sandy bottom in fairly deep water (Voss, 1956). Depths of capture (Voss, 1956a) were 73-230 m and 33-460 m (Verrill, 1882). Depths of GERDA stations range from 82-2JO-345 m. Available data indicated a predominantly soft, muddy bottom. Semirossia equalis (Voss, 1950) Rossia (Semiro.ssia) equalis Voss, 1950: 73 (off Pelican Shoal and Sombrero Light). Material exainineJ.?2 males. ML 22.0-20.0 mm, G-1038.?1 male. ML 20.0 mm, G-894.?I female, ML 19.0 mm, G-897.?1 female, ML 17.0 mm, G-877.?3 females, ML 15.0-13.0 mm, 1 male, ML 11.0 mm, G-997.?1 male. ML 12.0 mm. G- 794.?1 male, ML I 1.0 mm, G-1286.?I male, ML I 1.0 mm. G-855.?1 male, ML 9.5 mm, G- 522.?I female, ML 9.0 mm, G-857. Type-locality.?Off Pelican Shoal, Florida: 183 m. Distribution.?Besides the type-locality, this species has been taken from the vicinity of Sombrero Light (Voss, 1950), the Gulf of Mexico (Voss, 1956), the Caribbean (Boletzky, 1970) and off the Georgia coast (Kraeuter and Thomas, 1975). The GERDA took five specimens from localities in the Straits from St. Lucie to Key Largo, one in the Santaren Channel, one in Northeast Providence Channel and three in the Yuca- tan Channel. Semirossia equalis, like its sympatric rela- tive, S. tenera, is found in fairly deep water on muddy or sandy bottoms (Voss, 1956). 240 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL, 26, NO. 2, 1976 Voss reported it from 51-320 m. Boletzky (1970) gave one Caribbean record from 460 m. The GERDA capture depths range from 42-229-344 m, almost exactly the same as calculated for the GERDA tenera. The data indicate a predominantly muddy bottom habitat with some evidence of shell rubble. Rossia (AUorossia) Indlisi Voss, 1956 Rosxiii {AUorossia) htillisi Voss, 1956: 101. Mulerial examined.? I male, ML 14.0 mm, G- 76.-2 males, ML 14.0-13.0 mm, G-66. Type-locality.?21?5\'N, 9r32'W (Upper Gulf of Mexico); 402 m, mud bottom. Discussion.?There are four recognized At- lantic species in the subgenus AUorossia, all having both dorsal arms of the male hecto- cotylized and a well-developed ink sac with no associated light organs (Boletzky, 1971). R. tudlisi can be distinguished from R. glaucopis Loven, 1845, megaptera Verrill, 1881 and tortugaensis Voss, 1956 by its much smaller tentacular suckers. Other dif- ferences are listed by Voss (1956: 103) and Mangold-Wirz (1963). Distrihiiiion.?R. hullisi has been reported only once (Voss, 1956) from the upper Gulf of Mexico both east and west of the Mississippi River Delta from 356-480 m on a mud bottom. The GERDA specimens are the first records for the Straits and are from depths of 366-346 m on a sandy bottom. An additional specimen (UMML 31.57) was taken at a depth of 503 m in the upper Gulf. It is tempting to speculate that R. bullisi might replace S. tenera and equalis at greater depths since the upper range for hiiUisi (346 m) is virtually the same as the lower limit of the GERDA tenera and equalis (345 m and 344 m). Stoloteuthis leucoptera (Verrill, 1878) Seplola leucoptera Verrill, 1878: 378. Material examined.? 1 male, ML 16.0 mm. G-88. Type-locality.?Gulf of Maine. 48 km east from Cape Ann; 201 m. muddy boUom. Discussion.?Stoloteuthis can be distin- guished from the other four genera in the Heteroteuthinac by these characteristics: dorsal mantle margin united with head, fins large but not projecting beyond the posterior tip of the mantle, and ventral mantle mar- gin only slightly projected. Distribution.?The only specific distribu- tional records for S. leucoptera are from the Gulf of Maine, off Cape Cod and off Martha's Vineyard at depths ranging from 172-710 m (Verrill, 1882). The GERDA specimen is the first record for the Straits and the southernmost record for this species. It was captured in an IKMT tow between 338-389 m over a bottom depth of 610 m at twilight. Order TEUTHOlDbA Family LOLIGINIDAE Steenstrup, 1861 Loligo pealei Lesueur, 1821 l.olii^o pealeii Lesueur. 1821: 92. f.oli,t-o pealei, Voss, l9.S6a: 277 (off Miami. Key Wesl, Dry Tortugas).?LaRoc, 1967: 28 (off Miami, Key Largo). Material examined.? 1 male, ML 234.0 mm. G- 795.? 1 male. ML 153.0 mm. G-467.?1 male, ML 127.0 mm, 1 female, ML I 10.0 mm. G-IIO.?I male, ML 123.0 mm. G-1034.?I female. ML 104.0 mm, G-452.?4 females, ML 75.0-67.0 mm, G-570.?4 females, ML 66.0-54.0 mm, G-657.? 1 female, ML 43.0 mm, G-280. Type-locality.?Off coast of South Carolina. Discussion.?The two most abundant neritic loliginids of the Western Atlantic, L. pealei and Doryteuthis plei, are not readily sep- arable when young (LaRoe, 1967). In fact, there is a considerable overlap between these two species in most adult characteristics; however, LaRoe (1967) has established adequate criteria for separation. DLftribution.?LaRoe (1967) stated that L. pealei was found in coastal waters from Massachusetts Bay (42?N) to Colombia (6?N) but regarded it as a temperate water species, most abundant between Massachu- setts and South Carolina, replaced by Dory- teuthis plei to the south but again abundant off Colombia. The GERDA took specimens from eight Strait stations. LaRoe (1967) reported an average depth CAIRNS: CEPHAI OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 241 of capture of 63 m for 35 L. pealei south of Jacksonville, Fla. Summers (1969) recorded winter depths of capture of 28-366 m off New England with a concentration at 110- 183 m. This species was taken once by night-lighting off the GERDA and seven times with an otter trawl ranging in depth from 66-/S5-360 m. Doryteuthis plei (Blainville, 1823) A.o/(,i,'(>/)/f'( Blainville, 1X23: 132.?LaRoe, 1967: 51 (off Miami, Alligator Reef). Doryteuthis plfi. Voss, 1952: 48 (Bear Cut, off Miami. Dry Tortiigas); 1956a: 277 (off Florida Keys). Material examined.?15 females, ML 93.0-35.0 mm, 12 males, MI, 90.0-41.5 mm. G-735.?3 fe- males, ML 89.5-65.5 mm. I male. ML 89.5 mm. G-539.?5 females. ML 84.0-47.0 mm, 1 male. ML 63.0 mm, G-10I3.?4 females. ML 70.0-50.5 mm, 4 males, ML 56.0-52.0 mm. G-498.?3 males, ML 61.5-51.0 mm, G-529. Type-locality.?Martinique. Di.strihiition.?D. plei ranges from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Recife, Brazil, including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. It is common on both sides of the Straits of Florida but rare in the northern Gulf of Mexico (LaRoe, 1967). The five GERDA records came from Northwest Providence Channel, Northeast Providence Channel, and Santaren Channel. LaRoe (1967) reported that 69% of his specimens were caught by night-lighting. The other 319! were most common at 36-50 m; however, D. plei has been taken as deep as 180 m (LaRoe, 1967: 50). All the GERDA specimens were captured at the surface by night-lighting. Sepioteiilhis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823) Loli;.;(> .sepioideu ]i\A\n\'\\\e, 1823: 133. Sepioieiitltis sepioidea, Venill. 1882: 374 (off Key West).?VOS.S, 1952: 26 (off Key Largo, Miami): 1954: 477 (off Lower Florida Keys): 1955: 97 (east Florida coast); 1956: 115 (off Miami to Dry Torluizas): 1956a: 277 (Biscayne Bay).?LaRoe, 1967: 70 (off Lower Malecombe Key). Material examined.?3 females, ML 140.0-99.0 mm, G-546.?1 male, ML 117.0 mm, G-9X7, 'iype-localily.?Martinique. Discussion.?S. sepioidea is the most distinc- tive loliginid in the tropical Western At- lantic, easily recognized by its fins which occupy almost the entire length of the man- tle. Distribution.?S. sepioidea is a shallow water, inshore species most common in waters of 3-7 m depth, although divers have reported it from 20 m (LaRoe, 1967). It is common from the Dry Tortugas to Miami and throughout the Bahamas. Its range extends from Cape Canaveral to Venezuela, but it has not been taken in the Gulf of Mexico (LaRoe, 1967). LaRoe explained its absence from the Gulf as due to tlie lack of coral reefs with which it is strongly as- sociated. The GERDA records are from Cay Sal Bank and Northeast Providence Chan- Family LYCOTEUTHIDAE Pfeffer, 1908 Subfamily LYCOTEUTHINAE Pfeffer, 1908 ILycuteulliis diademu (Chun, 1900) Eiioploieulhis diadema Chun. 1900: 532. Lyroteiitliis diadema. Voss. 1958: 374 (Straits of Florida off Dclray Beaeh, Florida); 1962: 277 (same location, monographic treatment). Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 6.8 mm, G- 331.? 1 juvenile, ML 6.2 mm, G-71. T\-l)e-UH(dil\.?West Wind Drift .south of Africa. 40?31'S. 15?(J6'W; vertical net to 1500 m. Discussion.?Because of their small size and mangled condition these specimens are questionably assigned to L. diadema. Distribution.?/.. diadema has been re- ported from the West Wind Drift (Chun, 1900), off South Africa (Robson, 1924), the west coast of South America, the Indian Ocean (Pfeffer, 1900) and the Gulf of Mexico (Voss, 1956). it was first reported in the Straits (Voss, 1958) from two juve- niles from 57 m. Adults have been cap- lured with open nets between 366-589 m and juveniles have been taken between 46- 57 m (Voss, 1962). Voss (1962: 273) has suggested that L. diadema is a mcso- 242 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 pelagic squid and that "their larvae are found near the surface, moving downward with age." Selenoieiilhis scinlillans Voss, 1958 Seleiwteiithis scinliUaiis Voss, 1958: 370. Material exununeil.? I female, MI. 24.0 mm, G- 225.?1 female, ML 22.0 mm, G-352.?3 females, ML 17.0-lO.S mm, 1 juvenile, ML 13.1 mm, G- 327.?1 female, ML 13.1 mm, G-200.?1 female, ML 10.8 mm, G-2?7.?I female. Ml, 10.7 mm. G-195.?1 female, ML 10.0 mm, G-72.?I juve- nile, ML 6.2 mm, G-201. T\[>i'-localiiv.?East of Little Bahama Bank, 26'=22'N, 76''10'W: 46 m. Discussion.?Selenoleutliis closely resembles Lyvoteiithis with only two major exceptions: an additional terminal photophorc on the mantle and terminal photophores on arms I! and III of the male. The terminal mantle photophore can distinguish these two spe- cies at a mantle length as small as 5 mm. Remarks.?Only four S. scintillans have been reported previously. Two of the GERDA specimens were immature and the other nine were females. Distribution.?S. scintillans has been re- ported twice: the type-locality (Voss, 1958) and 25"irN, 89'50'W (Voss, 1962: cen- tral Gulf of Mexico). It was also taken in the Caribbean by the R/V GILLIS.S in 1972. Most of the GERDA records are from meso- pelagic Northern Transitional waters but it was also taken from the Cay Sal and West- ern Regions. No specimens were taken in Continental waters. Voss's holotype was captured at night at a depth of 46 m; the other three recorded specimens were caught in an open net fished to 3290 m. Nevertheless, Voss (1962) con- sidered it to be an upper bathypelagic squid. The depth range of the GERDA specimens was day: 458-472-485 m; night: 137-148- 154 m and twilight: 324 m (Fig. 2). .V. .scintillans thus seems to be an upper bathy- pelagic to lower mesopelagic species that mi- grates diurnally to the epipelagic zone at night. Family ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE Pfeffcr, 1900 Subfamily ENOPLOTEUTHINAE Pfeffer, 1912 Enoploteuthis leptura (Leach, 1817) I.oUf;o leptura Leach, 1817: 141. Enoploteuthis leptura. Roper, 1966: 2 (GERDA Sta. 120, 23?32'N, 82?2rW). Material from GKRDA.? 1 male, ML 79.0 mm, G- 120, UMML 31.483. Type-locality.?\''m''H. 7?26'E, Gulf of Guinea. Discussion.?Of the four other nominal spe- cies of Enoploteuthis only one, E. anapsis Roper, 1964, is recorded in the Atlantic. E. leptura can be distinguished from E. anapsis by possession of seven distinct rows of light organs on the ventral mantle, not four as in E. anapsis. Distribution.?Roper (1966: 14) described E. leptura as "a tropical Atlantic meso- pelagic cephalopod." It has been reported from Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands, the Gulf of Guinea and in the Western Yucatan waters of the Straits of Florida. The GERDA specimen is the only record from the West- ern Atlantic. Since few specimens have been caplured, an accurate evaluation of its bathymetric distribution is not feasible. Enoploteuthis anapsis Roper, 1964 Enoploteiithi.i aiuipsis Roper, 1964: 140. Material examined.?1 male, ML 18.0 mm, G-318, from stomach of black-finned tuna.? 1 juvenile, ML 7.7 mm, G-346. Type-locality.~i 6?55'N, 81 ? lO'W. Distribution.?E. anapsis ranges from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea across the North Atlantic to Madeira and as far south as St. Helena (19 16'S, r'48'W). It has also been taken from the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. Roper (1966) listed time and depth of capture for 21 specimens. Sixteen were caught at night between 0-100 m, the rest at twilight. The juvenile GERDA specimen was caught at night at 181 m. A diel mi- gration cannot be implied with the avail- able data. CAIRNS; CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 243 Abralia (Asteroteuthis) veranyi (Ruppell, 1844) Enopl(>lcutl\i\ veranyi Riippell, 1K44: 3. Abralia vcranvi. Voss, 1956a: 277 (off Key West). Material exumiiietl.?1 female, ML 39.5 mm, G- 546. Type-locality.?Messina. Italy. Discussion.?A. veranyi is placed in the sub- genus Asteroteuthis on Ihe basis of its pos- session of 9-10 indistinct rows of piioto- phores on the ventrum of the head. Distribution.?A. veranyi has been reported from the Mediterranean and both sides of the Atlantic from the Bay of Funchai, Madeira, to off the Congo River in the Eastern Atlantic, and in the Western At- lantic in the Gulf of Mexico, off Cuba and off Key West (Voss, 1956a). Depths of capture have ranged between the surface and .550 m. Only one specimen was captured by the GERDA, a gravid female dip-netted at the surface in Northwest Providence Channel, north of Andros Island. Two other gravid females taken at the surface were reported at Corrientes, Cuba (Voss, 1955). Abralia {Asteroteuthis) redjieldi Voss, 1955 Figures 3A, B Abralia reilfieUli Voss, 1955: 99; 1956a: 277. Material exaiiiinetl.? 1 male, ML 19.0 mm, 1 ju- venile, ML 9.2 mm, G-IOl.?I male, ML 16.0 mm, G-351.?5 juveniles, ML 10.0-6.2 mm. G- 286.?1 juvenile, ML 9.2 mm, G-115.? 1 juvenile, ML 6.2 mm, G-284. Type-locality.?Off Gun Cay, Bahamas; surface. Discussion.?Adult A. redjieldi are distin- guished from the other two Atlantic species, A. veranyi and A. grimpei Voss, 1958, by their five round ocular photophores and only two rows of suckers on the tips of the sessile arms. Remarks.?No male specimen of A. red- jieldi has been described; therefore, a de- scription of the hectocotylus and a figure of both the hectocotylus and spermatophore Figure 3. Abralia reilfieUli, G-IOI, ML 19 mm: A, Spermatophore; B, Hectocotylus. 244 BUII.ETIN OF MARINK SCir.NCn, VOF.. 26, NO. 2, 1976 arc provided (Figs. 3A, B). Of tiie four species in tiie siibgcniis Asiemteiifhis, the heclocotylus is known for only two plus one of their subspecies. In all three cases the left ventral arm is hectocotylized by a semi-circular ventral membrane, a smaller dorsal membrane, and the absence of hooks distal to the dorsal membrane. Two males were taken by the GERDA: the larger with a mantle length of 19.0 mm (G-lOl ) with mature spermatophores, and the smaller (ML 16.0 mm, G-35J) with a penis but no spermatophores. The larger specimen has the right ventral arm hectocotylized by a large bilobed ventral membrane originat- ing at the last arm hook (ninth) and ex- tending over halfway to the tip of the arm. A much smaller ventral flap lies distal to this bilobate membrane. No dorsal flap, suckers or hooks occur distal to the origin of the ventral flap. The smaller specimen also has the right ventral arm hectocotylized. Its ventral flap is not as distinctly bilobate; however, there is a constriction in the middle of the flap. There is no additional ventral membrane but a small dorsal flap is pres- ent. Fourteen biserially arranged suckers extend beyond the flaps to the tip of the arm. The hectocotylization of the right ventral arm also occurs in A. (Abralia) armatci and A. (Astrabndiii) euides, but this is the first time observed in the subgenus Asieioteuthis. Also, the peculiar bilobate ventral flap, the additional small ventral flap of the larger specimen, and suckers on the hectocotylized arm tip of the smaller specimen have not been reported before in the genus Abralia. Males are known in only four of the 13 valid species (Voss, in manuscript). Distribution.?Only two specimens of A. rcdficldi from two locations have been re- ported: the type-locality off Gun Cay and the location of one female off Caibarien, Cuba (Voss, 1955). The GERBA took ten specimens from five locations in the Straits, distributed in all three water masses and re- gions. The two previously recorded specimens were caught from 446 m to the surface. The GERDA specimens had an average night depth of 55 m and a day average of 611 m (Fig. 2). Abraliop.ii.s- (Ahraliopsis) pfefjeri Joubin, 1896 Figures 4A, B Ahralioi'.si.s pfi'ffcri .\ouhin. IS96: 19. Material examitied.? I female. Ml, 29.0 mm, G- 181.?1 male. Ml. 1\.5 mm. G-.t()4.?I male, ML 18.0 mm. G-99.?1 female, ML 16.9 mm, G- 352. Typc-localily.?Villefranche-sur-Mer, Mediterra- nean Sea. Discu.s.sion.?A. pfefferi is in the subgenus Abraliopsis, characterized by the possession of irregularly scattered photophores on the ventral surface of the head and mantle, not arranged in rows as in the subgenus Mi- crabralia. It is the only Atlantic representa- tive of the subgenus. Remarks.?Voss (1967a) reported a male of A. pfefferi from the Indian Ocean but did not describe it. Young (1972: 21) de- scribed the heclocotylus from two Indian Ocean specimens, however, he neither il- lustrated the hectocotylus nor mentioned the spermatophore. The GERDA material contained four specimens, two of which were males of ML 21.5 and 18.0 mm. The larger specimen possesses a hectocotylus and spermatophores, which are illustrated in Figures 4A, B. The hectocotylus of the GERDA specimen agrees with Young's description. The ven- tral flap of the right ventral arm begins at the tenth hook and extends a millimeter past the last ( !4th) hook. It is a low ridge with several folds, perhaps due to the preserving fluid. The dorsal membrane originates at the level of the last hook and is about half as long and tall as the ventral membrane. No suckers lie distal to the dorsal flap. Hooks 7 and 8 are undeveloped, smaller and lacking a chitinous hard part. A similar condition is found in A. (Micrabralia) affinis CAIRNS: CRPHAI.OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 245 in which the hooks in the center of the hectocotyhzed arm are smaller. The left arm is unmodified. Males of all three spe- cies of the subgcnus Ahraliopsis are now known to have hectocotyli/.cd right ventral arms and unmodified left arms. Distribution.?A. pfefferi is known from the Mediterranean (Joubin, 1896). the north- eastern Atlantic (Joubin, 1920, 1924) and the Indian Ocean SSE of Natal (Voss, 1967a). Three adult specimens were taken from the Straits in Northern Yucatan and Transitional waters. The other specimen was captured north of Little Bahama Bank. This is the first record of A. pfefferi from the Western Atlantic. Two of the three GERDA specimens were captured during the day at an average depth of 640 m; the other was captured at night at 52 m. Abraliopsis (Miirabralia) sp. Material exaniiiied.?1 male, ML 19.5 mm, G- 285.?1 juvenile, ML 8.4 mm, G-l()6. rv/Jt'-Zocrt/i/v.?5?()9'N, 4?04'E, Gulf of Guinea; 5()()-740 m. Discussion.?The subgcnus Micrabralia is characterized by four to five distinct rows of photophores on the ventral surface of the head. Only this species is known from the Western Atlantic. Distribution.?This species has been re- ported only from the Gulf of Guinea and the Gulf of Mexico (Voss, 1975). The GERDA produced two records in the Continental and Transitional waters of the Cay Sal and Northern Regions. One specimen was cap- tured between 400-596 m during the day and the other between 97-104 m at night. There are not enough data to prove a diurnal migration. Figure 4. Ahraliop.si.i pjejferi. G-304, ML 21.5 mm: A, Hectocotylus; B, Spermatophore. 246 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Subfamily PYROTEUTHINAE Pfeffer, 1912 Pyroteuthis margaritijera (Ruppell, 1844) Enoploleulliis iiiarf;aiilifera Ruppell, 1844: 2. Pyroteuthis margiirilifera, Voss, 1954: 477 (Gulf Stream off Miami): 1956a: 278 (Florida Current off Miami): 1958: 381 (off Delray Beach. Fla.). Material examined.? 1 female, ML 36.0 mm, G- 358.?1 female, ML 36.0 mm, G-11.?1 male, ML 32.0 mm, G-72.?2 females, ML 12.5-10.0 mm, 2 juveniles, ML 7.7-6.2 mm, G-199.? 1 male. ML 12.3 mm. G-159.?1 female, ML 10.9 mm, G-286.?1 female. ML 10.8 mm. G-339.?1 ju- venile, ML 7.0 mm, G-201.?1 juvenile, ML 6.2 mm, G-530.?I juvenile. ML 6.1 mm, G-356.? 2 juveniles. ML 4.6-3.7 mm, G-497. Discussion.?The Pyroteuthinae contains two genera, each with two species. Pyro- teuthis is distinguished from Plerygioteuthis by hooks on the tentacular club, hectocoty- lization of the right ventral arm instead of the left ventral, 12 ocular photophores in- stead of 14 or 15 and broad fin insertion. Distribution.?P. margaritijera has been re- ported from both sides of the North At- lantic, the Mediterranean, off Amboina (Hoyle, 1886), the Central Pacific (0'33'S, 15r34'E; Hoyle, 1886), the Indian Ocean (Voss, 1967a) and the Straits of Florida (Voss, 1954) off Miami. Sixteen specimens were captured from 11 stations mainly in the Transitional and Yu- catan Northern mesopelagic zone. No speci- mens were taken from Continental waters. Highest catch/effort was found in the meso- pelagic Western Transitional waters, .50 specimen/hour, and the mesopelagic North- ern Transitional waters, .12 specimen/hour. Roper, Gibbs and Aron (1970), based on 79 specimens collected with closing nets off Bermuda, reported a day and night range of 250-475-550 m and 50-/40-250 m respectively. The GERDA specimens had a corresponding range of 310-407-595 m and 18-69-154 m (Fig. 2). There was no change in depth with increase of size. Pterygioteutfiis giardi Fischer, 1895 Ptervgioteutltis giardi Fischer, 1895: 205.? Voss, 1954: 477 (Gulf Stream off Miami, Lower Florida Keys); 1956a: 278 (Florida current off Miami); 1958: 381 (off West Palm Beach). Material examined.? 1 female, ML 15.5 mm, G- 323.-2 males. ML 15.4-13.0 mm. G-92.?1 fe- male, ML 15.4 mm, G-88.?3 females. ML 14.6- 10.0 mm. 1 male, ML 9.3 mm, 2 juveniles. ML 8.5-5.4 mm, G-351.?1 male. ML 14.0 mm, G- 37.-1 male, ML 12.3 mm, G-333.?1 male, ML 12.3 mm, 2 females, ML 11.5-10,0 mm, G-IOL? 1 male, ML 11.5 mm, G-58.?1 male, ML 10.9 mm, G-284.? 1 male. ML 10.8 mm, 1 female, ML 10.0 mm, G-90.?1 male. ML 10.7 mm. 1 fe- male, ML 9.2 mm. G-97.?2 females, ML 8.5- 8.0 mm, G-331.?1 juvenile, ML 7.7 mm, G- 196.-1 juvenile, ML 5.3 mm, G-314. Type-locality.?Off the coast of Morocco (.Kee Berry, 1912). Discussion.?There are two Atlantic species of Pteryginteuthis in the literature: P. giardi Fischer, 1895 and P. gemmata Chun, 1908. P. giardi can be distinguished by hooks on both dorsal and ventral rows of arms I-III, fifteen ocular photophores, and the absence of suckers and hooks on arms IV (Berry, 1912: 334). Most of the GERDA specimens were small and often the arm hooks were missing, not yet formed, or difficult to dis- tinguish. The number and position of the ocular photophores served to identify speci- mens as small as 7.7 mm ML. Distribution.?This small squid has been reported from both sides of the Atlantic, New South Wales, South Africa, the Indian Ocean, the East Indies, New Zealand, off the Galapagos Islands, the eastern Pacific Ocean and southern South America. It was the second most abundant pelagic cephalo- pod collected by the GERDA in the Straits, caught at fourteen stations for a total of 25 specimens. No specimens were caught in the Western Region or Continental waters. Most of the specimens were captured in the epi- and mesopelagic zones of the Transi- tional and Yucatan waters of the Northern Region. Notable maxima of catch/effort were .32 specimen/hour in the epipelagic Northern Yucatan waters and .19 specimen/ hour in the mesopelagic Northern Transi- tional waters. Roper, Gibbs and Aron (1970) reported CAIRNS: CEPHAI OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 247 a day and night range of 300-35J-500 m and 0-102-250 m respectively for 41 speci- mens captured with closing nets oft" Ber- muda. The GERDA specimens had a day depth range of 256-297-375 m, a twilight range of 70-759-365 m, and a night range of 45-756-389 m (Fig. 2). Pterygioteuthis gemmata Cliun, 1908 Pterygloleuthis i^ciniiiulti Chun, 190H: 86. Mulerial cyiiiiiiiicil.? 1 female, ML 23.0 mm. G- 333._1 female. Ml, 2.3.0 mm. G-559.?1 female, ML 12.3 mm, 1 juvenile, ML 6.9 mm, G-H.'il.? 1 female?, ML 12.3 mm. G-12.'>9.?2 females, ML 11.5-10.8 mm, 6 juveniles, ML 8.-^-4.6 mm, G- 107.?1 female, ML 10.0 mm. G-108.?1 juvenile, ML 6.2 mm, G-.')45. Type-localily-?South Atlantic Ocean. Distribution.?Until recently P. gemmata was considered a "southern" form, reported only from the South Atlantic and equatorial North Atlantic (Chun, 1910;Thiele, 1921). Then Voss (1967a) reported gemmata from the Indian Ocean and Young (1972) re- ported it from the South Pacific and the coast of California. Young concluded that this species is worldwide but occurred pri- marily in warmer waters. The occurrence of gemmata in the Western Atlantic is there- fore logical. Fifteen specimens of P. gemmata were collected at seven stations in the Straits in- cluding Continental, Transitional and Yuca- tan waters. It was most abundant in the Continental Northern area with a catch/ef- fort value of .31 specimen/hour. These specimens have an average nighttime depth of 99 m and one twilight record at 121 m. Family OCIOPOTEU IHIDAE Berry, 1912 Octopoteuthis sp. Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 2.'i.0 mm, G-89.? 1 juvenile. ML 12.5 mm, G-106.? I ju- venile, ML 12.0 mm, G-321. Discussion.?These three specimens, all ju- venile and in poor condition, could be iden- tified only to genus. The systematics of Octopoteuthis is confused owing to the pau- city of specific systematic characters, igno- rance of individual variation, and incomplete earlier descriptions. Young (1972) listed the four nominal species of Octopoteuthis known from the Atlantic and provided a re- view of the systematics. Family ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE Gray, 1849 Onycltoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817) LoUgo lumksii Leach. 1817: 141. Onvclioleiitliis bartlingii. Calkins. 1878: 233 (Gulf Stream). Onvchoteullu.s hanksii, Voss, 1955: 278 (be- tween Cat Cay and Miami); 1956a: 278 (off Miami, Key West, Dry Tortugas). Material examined.?8 males. ML 84.0-65.0 mm, 9 females, ML 83.5-61.0 mm, G-215.?23 females, ML 82.0-57.0 mm. 12 males, 80.0-63.0 mm, G- 75.?12 females, ML 78.0-65.0 mm, 8 males, ML 74.0-64.0 mm, 3 sex indet., ML 56.0-47.0 mm, G-40.?7 males, ML 78.0-69.0 mm, 10 females, ML 77.0-68.0 mm, G-1006.?1 female, ML 77.5 mm, G-70.?1 male, ML 72.0 mm, G-119.?3 fe- males, ML 68.0-57.0 mm, 1 male, ML 59.0 mm, G-4A.?2 juveniles. ML 18.7-10.8 mm, G-86.? 5 juveniles. ML 14.6-6.2 mm. G-105.?3 juveniles, ML 12.9-9.2 mm. G-10.?3 juveniles, ML 12.8-8.3 mm, G-82.? 1 juvenile, ML 11.5 mm. G-46.? 1 juvenile, ML 8.5 mm, G-26.? 1 juvenile, ML 8.5 mm, G-207.?5 juveniles, ML 7.9-6.1 mm, G- 196.-1 juvenile. ML 7.0 mm, G-80.?2 juveniles, ML 6.9-6.4 mm, G-326.?2 juveniles, ML 6.9- 5.4 mm. G-195.? 1 juvenile, ML 6.9 mm, G-69.? 1 juveniles, ML 6.9 mm, G-83.?2 juveniles, ML 6.2-6.1 mm. G-ll.? 1 juvenile, ML 5.5 mm, G- 332.-1 juvenile, ML 5.3 mm, G-331.?2 juve- niles, ML 4.6-4.5 mm, G-353.? I juvenile. ML 4.6 mm, G-337.?1 juvenile. ML 4.0 mm, G-100.?1 juvenile, ML 3.9 mm, G-343.?4 juveniles, ML 3.3-1.8 mm, G-717.-1 juvenile, ML 2.3 mm, G- 726. Discussion.?There are now two recognized species of Onychoteuthis, however Young (1972) considered that the O. banksii "com- plex" from Florida waters will eventually be split into at least two groups. Juveniles of O. banksii are distinguished from all other cephalopod juveniles by their short, fat bodies, the line of chromatophores on the mid-dorsal surface, and the sharp, project- ing end of the gladius (Voss, 1958). These features are visible to 2.3 mm ML. 248 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL. 26. NO. 2, 1976 Distribution.?This species is cosmopolitan in warm and temperate seas and has been reported as far north as the Barents Sea and as far south as Cape Horn (Clarke, 1966: 141). O. banksli was the most numerous species collected by the GERDA. They fall into two size groups: seven stations with 97 adults and 22 stations with 36 juveniles. The adults all have a ML ^ 47.0 mm and the juveniles are all ^ 18.7 mm ML, creating a sizeable gap in ML range. This gap can be explained by the fact that all adults were captured at night by dip-netting and never by an IKMT. Adult O. bcmksii are apparently too swift to be caught by an IKMT. O. hanksii has been captured at the sur- face in all three regions of the Straits and in all three water masses. The juveniles were mainly in epi- and mesopeiagic North- ern Continental and Transitional waters. Notable maxima of catch/effort occur in Northern mesopeiagic Continental waters (1.53 specimens/hour) and Northern epi- pelagic Transitional waters (.36 specimen/ hour). The juveniles had a day range of 51-9.?-231 m and a night range of 0-226- 475 m (Fig. 2). These data imply a day- time concentration in the epipelagic zone and a nighttime random dispersal ranging from the surface to lower mesopeiagic depths. Onykia carriboea Lesueur, 1821 Ony/iia canilnycu I^siicur, 1821: 9K. Oinkia caribaca. Voss, 1954: 477 (Gulf Stream off Miami); 1956a: 278 (off Miami). Material examined.? 1 female, ML 18.0 mm, G- 1295.?1 female. Ml, 17.0 mm, G-1294.?1 juve- nile, ML 10.8 mm, G-206.? I juvenile, ML 10.0 mm, G-542.?1 juvenile, ML 6.2 mm. G-1298.? I juvenile, ML 6.2 mm, G-89. Type-locality.?Not traced. Di.scussion.?Until the genus Onykia has been revised the number of species and their diagnostic differences will remain uncertain. Juveniles can be recognized by the presence of club hooks, a distinctive chromatophore pattern and body shape. Pfeffer presented an excellent developmental series of draw- ings of O. carriboea from ML 3.5-13.5 mm and another series of drawings of the de- velopment of the club (Pfeffer, 1912: pi. 1, figs. 20-26 and figs. 12-18). Distribution.?Six specimens from six sta- tions were collected by the GERDA in all three regions and water masses. Clarke (1966) stated that it is the only species of pelagic squid the adults of which are nor- mally caught at the surface during the day- light hours. The two GERDA specimens taken in trawls at deeper fishing depths were undoubtedly caught when the net was near the surface. Family CTENOPTERYGIDAE Grimpe, 1922 Ctenopteryx sicula (Verany, 1851) Sei>ioleialus \icula Verany, 1851: 51. Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 10.0 mm, G-92. Type-locality.?Off Messina. Italy. Discussion.?The single genus of the family Ctenopterygidae is polytypic; however, due to the confused state of their systematics, all forms have been lumped under the name C. sicula (Roper, Young and Voss, 1969). Rancurel (1970) added C. sepioloidea from the southwest Pacific. Members of this genus are easily recognized, even in ju- venile stages, by the peculiar comb-like structure of the fins. The GERDA specimen of 10 mm ML possesses fin trabeculae for about 25% of the mantle length. Distribution.?C. sicula is cosmopolitan, having been reported from the North and South Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific, and off southeast Africa (Voss, 1967a); there are no records for the Gull-Caribbean re- gion. The single juvenile captured in North- ern Transitional waters is the first record for the Straits. CAIRNS: CEPHALOPODS OF THE STKAITS OF FLORIDA 249 Family HISTIOTEUTHIDAE Verrill, 1881 Histioleulhis corona corona (Voss & Voss, 1962) Callileiilhix rcversii. G. Voss, 1956: 139 (West- ern Continental waters, 24?16'N, 83?22'W): 1956a: 27H (from stomach of Coryplutcnu. off Miami, bathypelagic). Callileiilhix coroiui. Voss & Voss 1962: 191 (Western Continental waters, 24?irN. 83?2rW). Hislioteullns coroiui voroiui, N. Voss, 1969: 773 (monographic treatment, GRRIDA Sta. 88, 25?02'N, 79M8'W). Material examined. G-88. 1 juvenile, ML 17.0 mm. Gulf of Mexico, 29? lO'N, 88?()()'W: Tvpe-localilv. 521 m. Discussion.?The genus HistioteiitJiis con- tains 13 recognized species, including seven from the North Atlantic. H. corona can be distinguished from all other histioteuthids by a combination of characters: J7 large photophores around the right eyelid, no enlarged photophores on the mantle or arm tips, and swollen arms of the dorsal tunnel organ (N. Voss, 1969: 777). Distrihulion.? H. c. corona is known from the Gulf-Caribbean area, the North Atlantic, eastern South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean off the African coast. It was first reported from the Straits (Voss, 1956) in Western Continental waters. Only H. heteropsis is definitely known to migrate diurnally (Young, 1972), but N. Voss (1969) implied that diel vertical mi- grations are a characteristic of most, if not all, species of this family. She stated that H. c. corona is primarily a mesopelagic squid concentrating at depths between 200-1000 m. The GERDA specimen was caught at twi- light at 350 m. Hislioleiitllis dofleini (Pfeffer, 1912) Slif;inaloleiithis Dnfleini Pfeffer, 1912: 288. IlisiioU'iilhis dofleini. Voss, N., 1969: 784 (monographic treatment; off Miami, from stomach of Alepi.saiiriis sp.). Malerial examined.? 1 male, ML 43.0 mm. Cj- 331,-2 females. ML 16.0-14.5 mm, G-686.?1 juvenile, ML 12.0 mm. G-313. Type-locality.?Sagami Bay, Japan; surface. Discussion.?H. dofleini can be distin- guished from other species of Histioleulhis by a combination of characters: 17 large photophores around the right eyelid, no en- larged photophores on the mantle or arm tips and the expansion of the distal median ridge of the arms of the dorsal pad of the funnel organ into a distinct flap (N. Voss, 1969: 738). DistrilTulion.?H. dofleini is primarily a tropical-subtropical species found in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It has been reported from the Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, North Pacific off Baja California, Hawaii, the east coast of Japan and in the vicinity of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean (N. Voss, 1969). The only record from the Straits was from an unspecified location off Miami from the stomach of an Alepisaurus. The GERt)A specimens yielded two more records off Miami in Transitional and Yu- catan waters and another record in North- west Providence Channel. N. Voss (1969) stated that //. dofleini appeared to con- centrate in the upper 700-800 m. The GF,RDA specimens were all captured at night between 250-450 m. Family OMMASTREPHIDAE Steenstrup, 1857 llllex coindelii (Verany, 1837) I.oliiio coindelii Verany, 1837: 94. ?Ullex illecehrosiis. Voss. 1955: 103 (off Matan- zas. Cuba): 1956a: 279 (off Dry Tortugas). I Ilex coindelii. Roper, Lu and Maneokl, 1969 (off Palm Beach. IDry Tortugas).' Miileriol exciinined.?2 females. ML 239.0-226.0 mm, G-435.?1 male, ML 191.0 mm, G-43.?1 fe- male, ML 170.0 mm. G-646.?2 females, ML 152.0- 137.0 mm, 2 males, ML 124.0-123.0 mm. G-997. Type-locality.?Mediterranean near Nice. Discussion.?Before 1912 two nominal spe- cies of lllex were recognized in the Atlantic: llle.x illecehrosus (Lesueur, 1821) in the Western Atlantic from Brazil to Newfound- land and distributed across European waters to the Bristol Channel, and Hle.x coindelii 250 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Table 4. Measurements of the GERDA. Illex specimens G-435 G^35 G-43 G-646 Ci-997 G-W7 G-997 G-997 Sex female female male female male male female female ML 239 226 191 170 124 123 152 137 MW 61 59 42 41 28 25 27.5 25 HW 49 47 40 45.5 24 23 21.5 25 FL 109 104 81 76 49 49 62 54 FW 141 133 105 107 70 69 81 75 HWI 20.5 20.8 20.9 26.8 19.8 18.7 14.1 18.2 MWI 25.4 26.1 21.9 24.1 22.6 20.4 18.1 18.4 FL/FW 1:1.30 1:1.32 1:1.30 1:1.4 1:1.43 1: 1.41 1:1.31 1:1.39 Fin angle 54? 51" 56? 54? 57? 58? 56.5? 54? HcLI ? ? missing ? 36.0 32.6 ? ? (Verany, 1837) from the British Isles south to the African coast at Angola. In 1912, Pfeffer designated them as subspecies, an idea which did not gain full acceptance. Adam (1952) employed the subspecific designation in his study of Illex from the Atlantic and decided it was premature to call these subspecies or full species until more material was analyzed. Castellanos (I960) established Illex argentinus but later made it a subspecies of Illex illecebrosus (Castellanos, 1964). In 1969, Roper, Lu and Mangold established another species, Illex oxygonius, raised the remaining three subspecies to full specific status and re- viewed the genus. The GERDA specimens possess characteristics of both /. illecehrosiis and coindetii. For this reason their mea- surements are provided (Table 4) and they are questionably assigned to coindetii. Distribution.?/. coindetii is known from the Eastern Atlantic as far north as the North Sea, the Mediterranean (Mangold, 1963a), along the coast of Portugal and to 14"S off West Africa (Adam, 1952). It was first reported from the Western Atlantic in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Straits off the Dry Tortugas by Roper, Lu and Mangold (1969). The northern limits of coindetii and oxygonius and the southern limits of illecebrosus are still unclear (Roper, et al., 1969). All three species may exist in the Straits of Florida. More material needs to be examined, especially off the At- lantic Coast of Florida, to resolve the dis- tributional and systematic problems of this genus (Roper, et al., 1969). Both Adam (1952) and Mangold-Wirz (1963a) reported /. coindetii from 40-500 m. Seven of the GERDA Illex were captured between 183-531 m with an otter trawl dur- ing the day and one was captured between 89-139 m with an IKMT at night over a bottom depth of 367-585 m. The species appears to be associated with the bottom during the day, dispersing into mid-depths at night. Ommastrephes pteropus (Steenstrup, 1855) Ommato.tireplies pleropus Steenstrup, 1855: 200. Oniniaslrepltes pteropus, Voss, 1956a: 279 (off Palm Beach, Miami, Dry Tortugas). Material exatiiiiieil.? I female. ML 93.5 mm, G- 75.-2 females, ML 90.5-57.0 mm, G-64.?1 fe- male, ML 61.0 mm, G-40. Type-locality.?Atlantic Ocean. Discussion.?All three species of Om- mastrephes are found in the Atlantic, but O. pteropus can be distinguished by posses- sion of =? 2 suckers on the tentacular stalk proximal to the last knob of the carpal cluster. Distribution.?The known distribution of O. pteropus ranges from Nova Scotia to the CAIRNS: CEPHALOI'ODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 251 Caribbean, the Cape Verde Islands, and the west coast of Africa to 13 "25'S (Adam, 1952). It was first reported in the Straits from three locations by Voss (1956a). The three GERDA locations are all in Northern Transitional waters. All GERDA specimens were dip-netted from the surface at night. Family CHIROTEUTHIDAE Gray, J849 Chiroteuthis sp. (Doratopsis stage) Figure 5 Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 21.0 mm, G-1046. Discussion.?The Doratopsis juvenile stage of the chiroteuthids undergoes great onto- genetic change. Before this was known sev- eral of these doratopsiform juveniles were given specific status in the genus Doratopsis. This genus is now a useful repository for any larval forms which cannot be related to an adult Chiroteuthis. No attempt is made to relate the GERDA specimen to any juvenile or adult species, but measurements and a figure are provided. Remarks.?This specimen is transparent with the exception of the liver and the eye- balls which are orange. Both eyes have small light organs on their ventral surface (Fig. 5). Arm suckers are biserial. The tentacular club is unexpanded and has four rows of suckers which extend 4-07o of the tentacle length in four neat rows, gradually decreasing in size proximally. Distribution.?No adult or juvenile chiro- teuthid has been reported in the Straits; the GERDA specimen was captured in Northeast Providence Channel. The only adult chiro- teuthid reported from the West Indies was Chiroteuthis lacertosa Verrill, 1881 (Voss, 1956). Figuie 5. Cliiroleuthi.i sp. (Doratop.si.t larva), G-1046, ML 21.0 mm. Ventral view of partially reconstructed specimen. Funnel cut open. 252 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Family MASTIGOTEUTHIDAE Verrill, 1881 IMasdgoteiilhis grimaldii fjoubin, 1895) Cliiiolcuthis iiiiiiuiUlii Joiibin, 189.5: 38. Material examhwcl.?1 male, ML 74.0 mm, G- 212.?I juvenile, ML 35.0 mm, G-143. ryp('-fof((///v.?39?43'N, 33?22'W (Azores): 1445 m. Discussion.?The systematics of Mastigo- leiilhis is very confused and in great need of revision, partially as a result of the de- scription and naming of new species from small and mutilated specimens. These bathy- pelagic animals are soft and delicate and therefore often come up without tentacles and without the epidermis and associated light organs (Young, 1972: 65). Until a re- vision of the genus is accomplished and type specimens examined, identification of species will remain tentative. Young (1972) has provided a capsulized summary of the 15 species now assigned to this genus. The following table presents measurements of the two GERDA specimens. Distribution.?M. grimaldii was reported by Joubin (1895) from the Azores and again by .foubin (1924) at 10 different locations ranging from the coast of Spain to as far west as 59 W in the North Atlantic. It has also been reported in the North Atlantic by Adam (1960), Fischer and Joubin (1906; near the Azores) and Chun (1913). Ran- curcl (1971) reported specimens from 26 stations in the Gulf of Guinea ranging from 300-800 m depth. Only two specimens of Mastigoteuthis have been reported from the Gulf-Carib- bean area, both unidentifiable to species. One (Voss, 1956) was reported in the Gulf of Mexico south of Louisiana at 1 100 m and the other (Voss, 1958) was reported north of the Virgin Islands in 565 m. The GERDA material contained two ?M. grimaldii, both from Transitional waters in the West- ern and Cay Sal Regions, which are new records for the Straits. Table 5. Measurements of GLRDA mastigoteulhids G-212 G-I4.1 furimaldii Sex male juv. ML 74 35 FL 41 17 FW 45 21 TI. 265 153 CL 150 90 ED 9.5 5.5 DSt .160 .105 FLI 55.5 48.5 FWL 61.0 60.0 TLI 358 437 CLI 57.5 58.5 EDI 12.8 15.7 Sit .216 .300 Family GRIMALDITEUTHIDAE Pfeffer, 1900 Grimalditeuthis homplandii (Verany, 1837) LoHyopsis DomptatiilU Verany, 1837a: 99. Material examined.?1 male, ML 56.0 mm, G- 225.?I juvenile, ML 47.0 mm, G-82. Type-locality.?29-'N, 39?W, North Atlantic; sur- face. Discussion.?The two nominal species in the Grimalditcuthidae, G. bomplandii (Verany, 1837) and G. richardi (Joubin, 1898) were synonymized by Pfeffer (1912). Young ( 1972) described a specimen of 89 mm ML which lacked both photophores and suckers at the arm tips. G. bomplandii is known to have photophores at the tips of all arms. The GERDA specimens of a smaller ML also lacked distal arm photophores but had pedi- cellated suckers to the tips of the arm. Young (1972: 76) implied that the addition of arm photophores is an ontogenctic change which is preceded by the loss of distal arm suckers. Distribution.?G. bomplandii has been re- ported from the Northeast Atlantic (Verany, 1837a; Joubin, 1898a; Chun, 1913), the CAIRNS: CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 253 upper Gulf of Mexico (Voss. 1956), the South Atlantic (Pfeffer, 1912), off South Africa (Massy, 1925), and Santa Catalina Basin (Young, 1972). The GERDA speci- mens from Cay Sal and Northern Transi- tional waters are the first records for the Straits. Family CRANCHIIDAE Prosch, 1849 Subfamily CRANCHIINAE Pfeffer, 1912 Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 Craiwliia xcahra he&ch, 1817: 140.?Voss. 1955: 104 (off Miami): 1956: 154 (off Miami in Florida Current): 1956a: 279 toff Miami and Key West). Material examined.?1 female, ML 55 mm, G- 106.?1 juvenile, ML 17.0 mm, G-104.?1 juve- nile, ML 6.0 mm. G-89, Type-locality.?Off West Africa. Disctisskm.?Cranchia is one of five recog- nized genera in the subfamily Cranchiinae. Members of this subfamily arc separable from those in the other subfamily, Taoni- inae, by the possession of two or more cartilaginous strips extending posteriorly on the mantle from the points of the funnel- mantle fusions and a funnel that in the adult stage, fuses laterally to the ventral surface of the head (Young, 1972: 78). Cranchia is easly recognized by its complex cartilaginous tubercles completely covering the mantle and fins. Distribution.? C. scabra is known from all temperate and tropical seas between 35 "N and 37' S (Clarke, 1966: 218). It has been reported in the Straits three times by Voss (1955, 1956, 1956a) in the Northern and Western Regions and now from three ad- ditional locations by the GERDA in North- ern Continental and Cay Sal Yucatan waters. C. scabra is common in the epipelagic zone and has been captured at the surface and in open nets in the mesopelagic zone. GERDA records range from 97-259 m with no indication of diurnal migration. LiocraiK-hia reinhardti (Steenstrup, 1856) Lcacliiu Rt'inluinlii Steenstrup, 1856: 200. Limiaiichia reinlianiti, Voss, 1955: 104 (off Matanzas, Cuba). Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 22.0 mm, G- 329,-1 juvenile. ML 20.0 mm, G-206.?I juvenile. ML 17.0 mm, G-932.?2 juveniles, ML 11.5-5.5 mm, G-545. Type-locality.?Azores. Discussion.?The genus Liocranchia is a member of the subfamily Cranchiinae and is distinguished from the other four genera in this subfamily by its lack of tubercles covering the mantle and fins and its two V- shaped lines of cartilage with tubercles ex- tending posteriorly from the points of the funnel-mantle fusion (Sasaki, 1929: 332). L. reinhardti is distinguished from the other two nominal species in this genus by its dorsal median line of tubercles on the man- tle and normal arm tips. The V-shaped cartilage lines, and the median dorsal line of tubercles are distinguishable to a mantle length of 5.5 mm. Remarks.?Sasaki (1929) reported 15 oc- ular photophores from a specimen with ML 77.0 mm. Voss (1963) consistently re- ported 14 photophores from specimens with a ML of 157.0 mm (largest known speci- men) and ''smaller specimens from the Florida Current." Voss (1963: 149) also stated that the number of photophores varies with age. An adult L. reinhardti (ML 110 mm, USNM 574883) possessed the 14 ocu- lar photophores as described by Voss, six in a proximal series and eight larger photo- phores in a distal series on the inner surface of the periphery of the eyeball. The two largest GERDA specimens (ML 22, 20 mm) were missing both eyes, but the right eye of the 17.0 mm ML specimen possessed six ocular photophores in the distal series and four buried in transparent tissue in the prox- imal series. The left eye was mutilated. The 1 1.5 mm specimen had one to two ir- regular swellings on the ventral surface of each eye. 254 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Distribution.?L. reinhardti is cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate seas (Clarke, 1966: 220). It has been reported in the Straits off Matanzas, Cuba (Voss, 1955) from an open net fished from 256-430 m. The GERDA material provided three more loca- tions in the Straits and one in Northeast Providence Channel. Clarke (1966) reported that most speci- mens of L. reinhardti were caught from 500 m to the surface. From an examination of numerous specimens captured from 310- 520 m. Voss (1963) theorized that the adults belong to the bathypelagic fauna and probably leave the more passive planktonic stage at ML 50-60 mm. The GERDA speci- mens captured from 0-9U7 m were all plank- tonic juveniles. Leachia sp. (Pyrgopsis stage) Material examined.?1 male, juvenile, ML 52.0 mm, G-207.?1 juvenile, ML 7.0 mm, G-351.? I juvenile, ML 7.0 mm, G-199.? I juvenile, ML 6.0 mm, G-8.? I juvenile, ML 5.0 mm, G-37. Discussion.?Young (1972: 82) stated in reference to Leachia that, "There is prob- ably no genus in the Oegopsida that is more systematically confused. Of the eight spe- cies previously recognized, none can be presently identified with any certainty." Leachia and Pyrgopsis both belong to the subfamily Cranchiinae and can be distin- guished from the other four genera of this subfamily by a longitudinal row of tubercles on the mantle from the funnel-mantle fu- sion of each side (Young, 1972: 80). The genera Pyrgopsis and Leachia have custom- arily been separated on the basis of size and position of eyes and ocular photophores; Pyrgopsis were generally smaller with stalked eyes and fewer ocular photophores. However, if one assumes that all Leachia pass through a "pyrgopsis" stage of develop- ment possessing juvenile stalked eyes, con- fusion will result in identifying smaller specimens. Young (1972) made this as- sumption, based on a complete series of growth stages of L. dislocala, resulting in a synonymy of these two genera. Even with this assumption, the eight nominal species that would now compose the genus Leachia are indistinguishable because of dubious de- scriptions, improper emphasis of specific characters in the past and descriptions of new species involving only one juvenile specimen in poor condition (Young, 1972: 82-83). Until a revision of the Cranchiidac is completed, these GERDA specimens must remain identified only to the generic level. Di.stribution.?Of the eight nominal species of Leachia, only two have been recorded in the Western Atlantic from three locations: two gravid females of L. cyclura Lesueur, 1821, 45 and 55 mm ML from 1050 m near Bermuda (Voss, 1960); the 32 mm ML holotype of Pyrgopsis lemur (Berry, 1920) from the surface at 35'"27'N. 73'^14'W (East of Cape Hatteras); and a 21 mm ML specimen of P. (= Leachia) lemur from 46 m at 18?43'N, 65^10'W (North of the Virgin Islands; Voss, 1958). Four records of Leachia sp. resulted from the GERDA material in the Straits: three from Western Transitional waters, one from Northern Yucatan waters and an additional record from Northwest Providence Channel. Two of the GERDA specimens were cap- tured during the day between 675-777 m, three at night between 18-259 m and one at twilight at 200 m. Egea inermis Joubin, 1933 Ei>ea m('/7?i/.v Joubin, 1933: 43; N. Voss. 1974: 941. Material examined.?1 juvenile. ML 29.0 mm, G- 106.?I juvenile, ML 22.0 mm, G-328.?1 juve- nile, ML 22.0 mm, G-54.?1 juvenile, ML 17.0 mm, G-195.? I juvenile, ML 17.0 mm, G-47. r.v/7<'-/ora/(7.y.?33?51'N, 66?43'W (northwest of Bermuda); 0-50 m. Discussion.?The monotypic genus Egea can be distinguished from other cranchiid genera by its two non-tuberculated V-shaped lines extending posteriorly from the funnel- mantle fusion (Joubin, 1933). Egea also CAIRNS: CEPHAI Ol'ODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 255 possesses two delicate, elongated flaps on both arms of the dorsal funnel organ. Distribution.?This poorly known squid, previously known from only the type-local- ity, was reviewed by N. Voss (1974) based on over 60 additional specimens from 31 localities. She concluded that it was a trop- ical-subtropical species found in the East and West Atlantic, Indian and West Pacific Oceans. Also, it was found only in shallow water (35-125 m) and showed no tendency to migrate vertically. The five juvenile GERDA specimens were taken off Miami in all three water masses at depths of 97- 230 m. Subfamily TAONIINAE Pfeffer, 1912 Helicocranchia pjejjeri Massy, 1907 llelkocKimhia pfefferi Massy, 1907: 382. Material examined.?1 juvenile, ML 17.0 mm. G- 206.? 1 juvenile. ML 13.0 mm. G-344.?I juvenile. ML 10.0 mm, G-333. Type-locality.?5\?5A''H, 1 r57'W. near Ireland. Di.uussion.?H. pjejjeri belongs to the sub- family Taoniinae characterized by the ab- sence of cartilaginous strips on the mantle and a funnel that is laterally free from the head in the adult (Young, 1972: 84). The genus Helicocranchia is characterized by its very large funnel and pedunculate fins at- tached to a gladius which rises free from the mantle shortly in advance of the mantle tip. Of the two Atlantic species, //. pjejjeri can be distinguished from H. papillata (Voss, 1960) by its absence of small papil- lae covering the mantle and funnel. Distribution.?H. pjejjeri has been reported from southwest of Ireland (Massy, 1907), the Bay of Biscay (Bouxin and Legendre, 1936), the Canary Islands (Clarke, 1969), the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California (Okulani and McGowan, 1969; Young, 1972), and off the southern Colombian coast (Fields and Gauley, 1972). The three GERDA locations in the Straits are the first record of this species in the Western At- lantic Ocean. IGaliteuthis armata Joubin, 1898 Galiteiithi.s- aniiata Joubin, 1898: 279. Material examined.? 1 juvenile, ML 39.0 mm, G- 323. Type-loctility.?Mediterranean Sea. Discussion.?Galiteutliis can be distin- guished from other genera in the subfamily Taoniinae by its possession of hooks on adult tentacular clubs (Sasaki, 1929: 316). Of the four species presently recognized only one is known from the Atlantic. Remarks.?Juvenile Galiteutliis lack the di- agnostic club hooks and are consequently often identified in other "larval genera." The GERDA specimen of ML 39 mm shows a precocious development of club hooks, seven on each club (four in the dorsal row and three in the ventral row). Sasaki (1929) indicated that adult G. armata possess 12- 14 club hooks. Examination of a speci- men of ML 212 mm (USNM 332926) re- vealed 12 club hooks on the right club and 13 on the left. Distribution.?Clarke (1966: 239) sum- marized the distribution of G. armata as: the Mediterranean, North Atlantic, off South Africa, East Pacific coast, off Japan and the Kurile region. The GERDA speci- men is the first galiteulhid reported from the Straits and Gulf-Caribbean area. Voss ( 1960) suggested that G. armata is a bathy- pelagic species that lives between 700- 1000 m. Corynoma speculator Chun, 1906 Coiyiioma .speculator Chun, 1906: 85. Material examined.?2 juveniles, ML 19.0-16.0 mm, G-545.?3 juveniles, ML 15.0-9.0 mm, G- 105.?1 juvenile. ML 13.0 mm. G-8.? 1 juvenile, ML 10.0 mm, G-350.?1 juvenile, 6.5 mm, G- 69.?I juvenile. ML 5.0 mm, G-345. type-locality.?Norlh Atlantic and Indian Ocean.s. Discussion.?Corynoma is a "larval genus" and probably undergoes considerable onto- genetic change. Voss stated that C. specu- lator might be a juvenile Carynoteuthis 256 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 oceanica Voss, 1960. Both possess a light organ on the liver but differ with respeet to the funnel organ and presence of a fun- nel valve. Clarke (1962) synonymized Carynoteuthis within Phasmatopsis Roche- brune, 1884, based on the similarity of their ventral ocular light organs, the light organs on the ink sac, the presence of a funnel valve, and the lappets on the funnel organ. Voss (1963a: 82) agreed but cautioned "that it is still premature to diagnose these genera [Carynoteuthis, Phasmatopsis, Ta- onius] as Clarke [1962] has done, and in my opinion both the generic and specific affinities of these groups are still indefinite." Remarks.?Little can be added to the quali- tative description provided by Chun's il- lustrations (1910, pi. 55) but some quanti- tative measurements can be provided based primarily on the 19 mm ML specimen (G- 545). The body is stout with a MWI of 50. The arms are very short, \i)7< of the mantle length and sub-equal. The tentacles are exactly as long as the mantle and bear four longitudinal rows of suckers on an unex- panded club. Four rows of suckers extend about 'i\7< of the TL where they grade off into a biserial arrangement for another 26% of the TL; the remaining 437' of the tenta- cle is bare. Dactyler suckers are strongly pedicillated. The largest suckers on the manus possess 5-6 sharp, slender teeth covering one half of the sucker ring. The FLI is 19 and the FWI is 32. Distribution.?Until the systcmatics of this genus is resolved, the geographic distribution of the species is uncertain. In addition to Chun's type-localities, Massy (1925) also reported it from off South Africa. Cory- noma has not previously been reported from the Western Atlantic. Juvenile C. speculator have been taken from the surface and in open nets fished to 2000 m. The GERDA specimens were all captured from the epipelagic zone, between 36-146 m, with no evidence of diel migra- tion. Bathothauma lyromma Chun, 1906 Biilliolliaiinui lyromma Chun, 1906: 86. Material examined.?1 sex indeterminate, ML 55.0 mm, G-68. Type-locality.?West of Cape Verde, West Africa. Discussion.?Bathothauma is noted for its retention of many larval features even at a large size. It is characterized by strongly stalked eyes with one large ventral ocular photophore, a "rostrum" or elongation of tiie head region between the eyes and the tentacular crown, small, broadly-spaced fins, and a gladius which extends laterally at the posterior end to serve as a support for the fin-attachment (Voss, 1963). Distribution.?B. lyromma has been cap- tured in the North Atlantic, East Pacific, off Tasmania (Allan, 1940) and the Philippines (Voss, 1963). It was also reported in the Western Atlantic near Bermuda (Voss, I960). It is now first recorded for the Straits and Gulf-Caribbean area, captured in Northern Transitional waters off Miami. Allan (1940) reported a juvenile B. ly- romma taken at the surface and Voss (1960) recorded a juvenile taken at 200 m. All other records are from open nets fished in excess of 520 m. Order VAMPYROMORPHA Family VAMPYROTEUTHIDAE Thiele, 1915 Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun, 1903 Vamp\ioieiillii.s- infernali.i Chun, 1903: 88.? Pickford, 1946: 8 (24''17'N. 83?I7'W. West- ern Continental waters). Material examined.? 1 sex indeterminate, ML 60 mm. G-222. Type-localilv.?Off the Cameroons-Conuo River; 1200 m. Di.scu.'ssion.? Vampyroteutliis infernalis, the sole member of the order Vampyromorpha, is distinguished from other recent cephalo- pods by its possession of eight arms and two long filaments unlike tentacles. It also bears a gladius distinct from any other recent CAIRNS: CEPHAI OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 257 cephalopod. Pickford (1946) noticed no geographic variation in this species, explain- ing this conformity as due to its free com- munication in all oceans and its essentially uniform environment. Distribution.?Pickford (1946) stated that y. injenuiUs inhabits all tropical and sub- tropical oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude. She (Pickford, 1952) also re- ported it to be stenothermal (2-10'C), stcnohaline (34.4-35.4 :-'), oligoaerobic (1- 4 ml 1 0-) and that it preferred waters with a a, range of 27.0-27.9. Pickford (1946) reported the only V. infernalis taken in the Straits at a calculated depth of 1000 m. The GERDA took only one specimen in Transitional Cay Sal waters with a temperature of 6-8' C, 34.9 z- salin- ity and 3.5 ml/1 O:;. Order OCTOPODA Family BOLITAENIDAE Chun, 191 JapeteUa diaphana Hoyle, 1885 Jiipc'tellii iliapliaiui Hoyle, 1885: 232.?.loubin, 1937: 27 (Western Straits).?Thorc. 1949: 1 (monographic treatment, Western Straits). Material examiiwd.^X male, ML 44.0 mm, G- 205.?I juvenile, ML 23.0 mm, G-2I3. Type-locality.?()?42'S, Guinea); surface. 147?E (North of New Discussion.?Since Thore's (1949) mono- graph of the pelagic octopods of the DANA, the genera JapeteUa and Eledonelia are now easily distinguished. JapeteUa has larger eyes (consequently a larger HWI) and crowded arm suckers, not well-spaced as in Eledonelia. Distribution.?In 1949, Thore examined the morphology and distribution of J. di- aphana and concluded that it was a world- wide species bounded by the 200 m I0?C isotherm. He also reported ontoge- netic descent in this species; the juveniles (25 mm) were found between 100-300 m while the adults were concentrated between 1750-2500 m. The two GERDA specimens were captured between 777-1022 m, cor- responding to a water temperature of 5-9 C. Family OCTOPODIDAE Orbigny, 1845 Subfamily OCTOPODINAE Grimpe, 1921 Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 Octopus \iil^ari\ Cuvier, 1797: 380.?Simpson, 1887: 49 (off Long Key).?Robson, 1929: 58 (off Dry Tortugiis. monographic treat- ment).?Adam. 1937: 71 (off east coast of Florida).?Pickford. 1945: 708 (off Lake Worth, Sand Key, Dry Tortugas).?Voss, 1956a: 280 (off Miami Beach, Teatable Key, and others). Octopus ni!4osiis. Simpson. 1887: 49 (off Flor- ida Keys),?Robson, 1931: 368, specimen # I (off Dry Tortugas). Material examined.?1 female, ML 64.0 mm, G- 602.-1 female. ML 50.0 mm. G-566.?1 female, ML 40 mm, G-834.?1 female, ML 38.0 mm, G- 765.? 1 female. ML 32.0 mm, G-769.? I male, ML 29.0 mm, G-833.?1 juvenile female, ML 11.5 mm, G-584.?3 juveniles, ML 9.3-8.0 mm, G- 1033. I'ype-locality.?Mediterranean Sea? Discussion.?O. vulgaris is a moderate to large species with small eggs (< 3.0 mm), a LLI < 2.5, and symmetrical arms without a marked enlargement of arms II and 111 (Voss, 1956). It is similar to O. briareus; however, males can be distinguished by a smaller LLI, penial diverticle, and arms III and IV; a larger calamus; and the ab- sence of transverse grooves on the ligula. Female O. vtdgaris have: 1) a smaller AWI (13-22-28) compared to 2l-.^/-37 of O. briareus; 2) a smaller Sin (9-//-18) com- pared to 14-/7-20; 3) a smaller OGI (5-9) compared to 12-14; and 4) smaller eggs (^ 3 mm) compared to 12-14 mm. Descrip- tions of this species can be found in Pick- ford (1945) and Voss (1956). Distribution.?O. vulgaris ranges from the coastal waters of the English Channel to the Cape of Good Hope in the Eastern At- lantic (Rees, 1950) and from New York to Brazil in the Western Atlantic (Voss, 1956). It is common in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and has been reported in t' 258 BULLETTN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 Indian Ocean and off Japan (Sasaki, 1929). The GERDA material provided eight records in Continental waters from the Dry Tortugas to off Miami. It was captured in five out of 59 (8.5%) otter trawls made in the Northern Straits in 0-200 m. According to Robson (1929: 60), O. vulgaris is "strictly a littoral form" with very few records deeper than 180 m. Voss (1968) indicated that it is found on sand and mud bottoms as were the present speci- mens which were from depths of 33-99- 149 m. Octopus hummelincki Adam, 1936 Octopus liuninit'lincki Adam, 1936: 1.?Voss, 1949: 3 (off French Reef, Key l.argo); 1953: 73 (off Ix.ng Reef); 1956a: 279 (off Mo- lasses Reef).?Burgess. 1966: 762 (off Flor- ida Keys and various localities in Bahamas adjacent lo the Straits). Material exuiiiiiwd.? 1 female, ML 38.0 mm, G- 1052. Typc-localily.?Bonaire; 1-1.5 m. Discussion.?Burgess (1966) reviewed the literature and undertook a morphometric analysis of hummelincki, discussing its af- finity with other ocellated species in the Atlantic and Pacific. Distribution.?This species is widely dis- tributed in the warm waters of the Western Atlantic and Caribbean occurring from Bahia, Brazil to the south, the Bahamas to the north and Grand Cayman Island lo the west (Burgess, 1966: 807, distributional map). It is known from the Greater An- tilles and Voss (1949, 1953, 1956a) has reported it from the Straits of Florida. The single GERDA specimen came from the Great Bahama Bank near Northeast Providence Channel. Burgess stated that this species is rarely caught by conventional methods but is usu- ally obtained by using full-strength fish poison. Its habitat is usually a coral reef overgrown with Sargassum and Diclyota in shallow waters (1-17 m). The GERDA specimen was captured floating on the sur- face after poisoning in three meters of water. Octopus joubini Robson, 1929 Oclopiis joiihini Robson, 1929: 50, 161.?Voss, 1956: 160 (off Florida Keys); 1956a: 279 (Biscayne Bay, off Soldier Key). Octopus ineicaloiis Adam, 1937: 76 (off Dry Tortugas). t'iimctopiis j(>iil)iiii, Pickford, 1945: 757 (off Palmetto Key). Material exainiiietl.? 1 male, ML 13.0 mm, G- 1033. Tvpe-localily.?St. Thomas, British West Indies; 15 m. Discussion.?^This species can be distin- guished from the other shallow-water Oc- topus in the Western Atlantic by the follow- ing characters. It is small with large eggs, 5-7 gill filaments/demibranch, a LLl of 4- 7, prominent eyes, enlarged suckers on the arms of the male and short, sub-equal, sym- metrical arms (Voss, 1968). Remarks.?O. joubini becomes sexually ma- ture at a small size. Robson's (1929) holo- type was a 16 mm ML gravid female. Adam's (1937) mercatoris was a male of 17 mm ML with spermatophores. The GERDA specimen, with a ML of 13 mm, possesses spermatophores and hectocotylus. Enlarged suckers were not reported on a male of ML 13 mm (Pickford, 1945) but were found consistently in larger specimens in an irregular arrangement. The GERDA specimen had sucker indices of: Sin = I 1.5 and Sle = 19.2. The eighth sucker was en- larged on both first arms and the second right arm. The eighth and ninth suckers were enlarged on the remaining five arms. Distribution.?O. joubini inhabits shallow, inshore waters on sand and mud bottoms. It has been reported from St. Thomas, the eastern Gulf of Mexico, off the Islas de San Bernardo, Colombia, and the Florida Keys. Only one specimen was captured off Som- brero Key by the GERDA on a sand-shell substrate at 42 m. CAIRNS: CF.PHAl.OPODS OF THF. STRAITS OF FLORIDA 259 Danoctopus schmidti Joubin, 1933 Figures 6A, B Diinociopiis sclun'uhi Joubin, 1933: 4. Mdtcikil cxainiiictl.?I male. ML 38.0 mm, G- 3X8. 7ype-to) calamus, 4) it has eight lamellae on each demibranch, not 13-14 as in Scaeurgus, 5) the first lateral tooth of the radula has a wider base (Jatta, 1896: pi. 25; Adam, 1952: fig. 55), and 6) it lacks the long penial diverticuium of Scaeurgus. This speci- men differs from typical Pteroclopus in three notable characters. First, the LLI is 7.2 which is above the range given by Robson (1929) of 3-4. However, Voss (1956) and Adam (1952) record LLI's of 6.2 and 6.7 which are very close to that of the GERDA specimen. Second, the Sin of the GERDA specimen is about 12, whereas Robson de- scribed the arm suckers as very small (Sin = 5-5.8) and deeply embedded in swollen skin. Again, Voss (1956: 167) noted that the suckers were "not as deeply set into the arms as suggested by Robson." Third, P. letracirrhus, as its name implies, possesses two distinct pairs of ocular cirri. The GERDA specimen has only one indistinct cirrhus over each eye. The GERDA specimen differs from Rob- son's Mediterranean material and even Voss's description from the Gulf of Mexico material. Voss (1956: 167) implied that closer examination of specimens from both sides of the Atlantic may reveal subspecific differences, which might be the case for the GERDA specimen. Remarks.?The strong connection between the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf-Caribbean region is well-exemplified by the three species: Scaeurgus unicirrhus, Pteroclopus letracirrhus. and Octopus de- filippi. For a long time these three species were known only from the Mediterranean, but are now known to be common in the Western Atlantic. Their long-lived pelagic larvae are probably carried by the North Equatorial Current into the Caribbean, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico and Straits of Florida. Distribution.?P. letracirrhus is known from the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa (Adam, 1952), the Gulf of Mexico (Voss, 1954) and the Straits of Florida from the Dry Tortugas to Palm Beach. The single GERDA record is from Western Continental waters. P. letracirrhus has been captured from 26 m (Voss, 1956) to 677-1097 m (Voss, 1955) on mud and shell bottoms. The GERDA specimen was captured between 357- 370 m on a fine mud bottom. Subfamily BA'l HYPOLYPODINAE Robson, 1929 Bathypolypus urcticus (Prosch, 1849) Octopus iircticiis Prosch. 1849: 59. Butlivpolypits arctUiis, Boone, 1939: 360 (off Fowey Rock).?Voss, 1956a: 280 (off Del- ray Beach). Material examined.?7 females, ML 40.0-25.0 mm, 5 males. ML 39.0-29.0 mm. G-655.?2 males, ML 39.0-28.0 mm. G-175.?2 females. ML 38.5-24.5 mm, 2 males. ML 30.0-27.0 mm, G-654.?7 fe- males, ML 37.0-21.0 mm, 2 males, ML 33.0-31.0 mm, G-29.?3 males, ML 36.5-32.0 mm, G-857.? 12 females. ML 36.0-21.5 mm. 16 males, ML 35.0-22.5 mm, G-997.?4 females, ML 36.0-26.0 mm, 8 males, ML 35.0-23.0 mm, G-855.?10 males. ML 35.0-20.0 mm. 7 females, ML 30.0- 16.0 mm, G-998.?5 females, ML 35.0-12.0 mm, 2 males, ML 28.0-27.5 mm. G-66.?1 male. ML 35.0 mm, G-77.?1 male, ML 34.0 mm. G-15.?I male, ML 34.0 mm. G-197.?4 males, ML 33.0-23.0 mm, 1 female, ML 27.0 mm. 1 juvenile, ML 20.5 mm, G-658.?I male, ML 32.0 mm, G-61.?1 male. ML 32.0 mm. 2 females. ML 21.0-20.0 mm, G-266.?I female. MI. 31.0 mm. G-256.?3 males, MI, 31.0-14.5 mm, 1 female, ML 22.0 mm, 1 ju- venile, ML 9.0 mm, G-845.?4 males, ML 30.5- 262 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 22.0 mm, G-76.?I female. ML 26.0 mm. G- 146.?I female, ML 25.0 mm, G-179.?1 male, ML 25.0 mm, G-SS.'!.?1 female, ML 25.0 mm, G-4.?I male, ML 24.0 mm, 1 female, ML 20.0 mm, G-659.?I male, ML 20.5 mm, G-652.?1 male, ML 20.0 mm, 1 juvenile, ML 13.0 mm, G- 6.50.?2 females, ML 19.0 mm, G-I6I.?1 juve- nile, ML 8.5 mm, G-228. Type-locality.?Off Greenland. Discussion.?Bathypolypus can be distin- guished from the other genera in the family Octopodidae by a combination of: biserial sucicers, lack of an ink sac and lack of ecto- cones on the rachidian of the radula. Before I9.'58 there were eight nominal species of Bathypolypus. Kumpf (1958) synonymized most of the Atlantic species: B. hairdii, lentus, obesus and faeroensis as B. arcticus. B. salehrosus (Sasaki, 1920) is known from only two specimens from Japan and B. val- diviae (Thiele, 1915) is common only to South Africa. Both the latter species and B. spon.uilis (P. & H. Fischer, 1892), can be distinguished from arcticus by their larger eyes, fewer gill filaments and differently shaped funnel organs. Kumpf (19.58) could find no geographic subspeciation of B. arcticus north and south of an arbitrary boundary at 39''N. Muus (1962) named a new species, B. proschi, from specimens off Greenland which may prove identical to arcticus. Distribution.?B. arcticus is common on continental shelves and upper slopes of the North Atlantic. It extends from Ireland to Iceland, both coasts of Greenland and along the east coast of America to Fowey Rock (Kumpf, 1958: 118, distributional map). It has previously been reported from the Straits off Dclray and Fowey Rock, and was found to be the most common cephalo- pod taken by the GERDA: 133 specimens from 27 stations. The male taken at G-I46 (24"45'N, 80"09'W) is the southernmost record for this species. It is common in Northern Continental waters, and extends across the channel in the upper Straits to a depth of 550 m. Only two records were noted from the Cay Sal region and none from the Western. Kumpf (1958) reported that it ranged from 20-1540 m with an average depth of capture of about 340 m. The depth range of the GERIM stations is 190-.?45-674 m. Of the 99 otter trawl tows made by the GERDA in the Northern Region between 200- 400 m, 19 produced B. arcticus. It is also interesting to note that the deepest GERDA record (G-146; 674 m) was also the south- ernmost. Substrate data implied a predom- inantly muddy bottom with several indica- tions of sand. Tetracheledone spinicirrus Voss, 1955 Tetracheledoiw spinicirrus Voss, 1955: 107 (off Matanzas, Cuba); 1956a: 157 (Western Con- tinental waters). Material examined.? I gravid female, ML 72.0 mm, G-1016.?I female, ML 61.0 mm, G-15.?1 female, ML 49,0 mm, 3 males, ML 42.0-33.0 mm, G-29.?I male, ML 33.0 mm, G-716. Type-locality.?Off Matanzas, Cuba; 261-347 m. Discussion.?Tetracheledone is diagnosed by the following features: uniserial suckers, stellate warts on the mantle, two cirri over each eye, a well-developed ink sac and a four-parted funnel organ (Voss, 1953). It is probably the most easily recognized octo- pod in the Straits. Distribution.?The distribution of T. spini- cirrus. based on past records, includes the northern and southern coasts of Cuba, the eastern Gulf of Mexico and off Jacksonville, Florida (Voss, 1956). Specimens in the RSMAS museum (R/V COMBAT, SILVER BAY, OREGON) represent an additional 18 locations: 11 off Jacksonville, Florida, 4 in the western approach to the Straits, 2 of!' Georgia and 1 off North Carolina (34'N, 75^'W), the northernmost record. GERDA specimens were from Northern Continental and Yucatan waters and Santaren Channel. Voss (1956) reported depths of capture from 192-540 m. The 18 additional RSMAS captures ranged from 274-411 m. The four GERDA locations ranged from 183 to 544 m. CAIRNS; CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF Fl ORIDA 263 Family ARGONAUTIDAE Naet, 1912 Argonauta argo Linnaeus, 1758 Arfionmiui (tri;<> Linnaeus, 1758: 708.?Anony- mous, 1893: 47 (off Palm Beach); 1894: 83 (Palm Beach).?Smith, 1945: 149 (off Flor- ida east coast).?Vo.ss, 1954: 477 (off Miami in Gulf Stream); 1956a: 281 (off Palm Beach to Bear Cut). Material examinetl.? 1 gravid female, ML 109.5 mm, G-4().? 1 gravid female, ML 99.0 mm, G- 75.? 1 juvenile female, ML 6.0 mm, G-203.? 1 ju- venile female, ML 4.6 mm, 2 juvenile males, ML 4.4-3.1 mm, G-106. Type-locality.?"Pelago, M. Indico, Meditirraneo." Discussion.?Adult female A. argo can be distinguished from A. hians, the other ar- gonautid found in the Straits, by the follow- ing features: ventral arms shorter than the laterals, a wider keel of about 24% of the aperture and 10 gill filaments (Robson, 1931). The males of A. argo, which show extreme sexual dimorphism, attain a length of 15 mm according to Naef (1923), 35 mm according to Voss (1956). Juvenile female argonautids can be recog- nized by the thickening and membranous ex- pansion of the first arms which eventually secrete the shell. Juvenile males can be di- agnosed by their autonomous hectocotylus on the third left arm, which at this stage is contained in a sac between the second and fourth arms. Distrihiitiott.?A. argo is cosmopolitan in warm and temperate seas (Robson, 1931); there have been numerous reports of both live specimens and shells of A. argo in the Straits. The first report of a live specimen was of a 15 cm specimen stranded at Palm Beach (anonymous, 1893). The GERUA took gravid females in Northern Transitional waters and juveniles from Continental West- ern and Northern waters. The two gravid females were dip-netted at the surface and the juveniles were captured at depths of 97- 104 m and 518 m, the latter record prob- ably the result of contamination. ZOOGEOGRAPHY A discussion of the geographic distribu- tion of the cephalopods of the Straits of Florida is premature as any cephalopod zoo- geographic analysis would be at this time. Systematic collecting is absent in too many areas to adequately define boundaries for species. Even with the extensive collecting of the GERDA, over 1300 stations in the Straits, the mid-water zone of the Cay Sal Region was poorly sampled and much of the littoral border of the Straits has been neglected. Nevertheless, it is possible to show certain components of Straits fauna, keeping in mind that further collecting will require some modification. The 64 cephalopod species reported from the Straits of Florida can be divided into six faunal components; Circumtropical, Tropi- cal Western Atlantic, Temperate Western Atlantic, Amphi-Atlantic, Amphi-Atlantic plus Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic. The largest component is the Circumtropical, amounting to 34% of the total, or 22 species. List of Circumtropical Cephalopoda Spirilla spirula Onycholciilhis bank.sii I'yroteutliis marf^aritifera Pteryiiioteuthis fieinmala Ptery^ioteiithis niardi Lycoieuthis cliailenia Theliilioieuthis aU'ssamlrini Ctenopteryx .sicula lli.stioteuthis dofleini Halhothaiinta lyromma Cranchiu scahra HelicDcrancliia pjefferi i.iocranchia reinharilti Gritnalditeiilhis hoitiplandii Octopus inacropu.s Octopus vuiqaris Scaeurffiis iinicirrliiis Japetella cliaphana I remoctopus vioUtceus Araoiuiiila argo Arf^onauta hians Vampyroteiithis iiijenmlis The second largest component is the Trop- ical Western Atlantic, bounded to the south by Rio de Janeiro and including the lower Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Bahamas, Straits and Bermuda. The Straits lies fully within the tropical region, although it is bordered by a warm temperate area directly to the north. Therefore the Straits possesses a strong element of a tropical fauna (28%) 264 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 but also a considerable mixture of a tem- perate fauna (9.59'). The Tropical Western Atlantic component represents 28"% of the total, of 18 species: List of Tropical Western Atlantic Cephalopoda *Abralia arimpei Pickfordialeiithis pulchclla Necloleiilhis poiirtcilesi Seniiroxxia equalis Russia aiuillcnsis Rossia hiillisi Rossia tortuaaensis I.olifto A Doiyleiilhis plei Septotculhix sepioiilea Si'lenoteiilliis scintillans Ahraliu ledfielJi Efiea iiicrniis Octopus hriarciis Octopus htimmelincki Octopus jouhhii Danoctopiis scltmiiiti Tetraclieledone spiiiicirriis The Amphi-Atlantic component is repre- sented by nine species, or 147' of the total. List of Amphi-Atlantic Cephalopoda '?Ahralia veranyi Ahriiliopsis sp. Enoploteutliis atmpsis Enoploteulhis leptura lllex coiiulelii Ommaslrephes pteropus Musligoteulhis griinaldii Octopus hunyi Pteroclopus tcliucinhus The fourth faunal component is the Tem- perate Western Atlantic containing species more abundant in the temperate coastal waters of the eastern United States but also commonly found in the Straits and Gulf of Mexico. This component is represented by six species, or 9.5 % of the total. List of Temperate Western Atlantic Cephalopoda LoH^o pealei LoUif-uncuhi hrcvis Stoloteutliis leiicoplera Semirossia tenera lllex oxygoiiius Octopolciithis megaptera * Known only from the Slr.iits at tliis time. t Also known from the Mediicrr.inean Sea. Three sp)ecies represent an Amphi-At- lantic plus Indian Ocean comptinent: Histio- teuthis corona corona, Abraliopsis pfefjeri and Octopus defilippi. If these are added to the other Amphi-Atlantic species, a con- siderable Amphi-Atlantic faunistic com- ponent results (18.57"). Finally, one species, Bathypolypus arcti- cus, is relegated to a North Atlantic com- ponent since it is found on continental shelves and slopes from Ireland to the Cay Sal Region, including Spitzenbcrg, Greenland and the northeast coast of America. Five of the 64 species were not placed in zoogeographic categories due to uncertain identifications of the confused state of their taxonomy: Architeiithis princeps. Onykia carriboea, Leachia sp., Galiteulhis armala, and Corynoma speculator. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly indebted to Dr. G. L. Voss, Rosen- sticl School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami, for suggesting the topic of research, critically reading the manu- script and making available the cephalopod col- lection of the R/V GKRDA of the RSMAS. 1 wish to thank tDr. F. M. Bayer, RSMAS, University of Miami, for his advice and encouragement and Dr. C. F. E. Roper, USNM, and Mrs. G. L. Voss. RSMAS, for their help and suggestions. Charles G. Messing made the illustration for figures 3B, 4A and 5. Finally, I am grateful to Dis. J. C. Staiger, H. B. Michel, and M. R. Reeve, RSMAS, University of Miami, for critical review of the manuscript and to my wife for her typing and proofreading. The material used in this study was collected by the R/V GFRDA in the Deep-Sea Biology Pro- gram sponsored by the National Geographic So- ciety. Shiptime was supported by National Science Foundation grants G-24376, GP-1363, GB-38fl8, GB-5776, GB-7082, GA-4569 and GD-27252. This is a contribution from the RSMAS, Univer- sity of Miami. LITERATURE CITED Adam, W. 1936. Notes sur les Ccphalopodcs. VI.?Une nouvelle espece d'Octopus (Octopus liummeliiuki sp. nov.) des Indes Occidentales Necrlandaises. Bull. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belc. 12: 1-30. . 1937. Results scientifiques des croisieres du navirc-ecole Beige "Mercator." IV. Cepha- CAIRNS; CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 265 lopoila. Mem. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belq. 9: 43-82. . 1952. 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ADORF.SS: Roseiistii'l School oi Marine and Atmo- spheric Science, University of Miami, Division of liiolof^y and Living Resources, 4600 Rickenbtuker Ciutsewav, Miand, Florida 33149. CAIRNS: CEPHAI.OPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 269 APPENDIX 1 R/V GERDA STATION DATA CERDA North West Depth Sta. Date latitude lonttitude (meters) Gear 4 May 4, 1962 25?49' 80-00' 256 OT 4A May 4 25-49' 80-00' sfc. DN 8 May 25 25-43' 80-04' 35.5 IKMT 10 May 25 25-43' 80-00' 78 IKMT 11 May 26 25-41' 79-50' 155-104 IKMT 15 May 30 25-45' 80-00' 270-302 OT 24 June 20 25-33' 79-43' 300-260 IKMT 25 June 20 25-35' 79-46' 104-130 IKMT 26 June 21 25-31' 79-50' 100-52 IKMT 29 June 21 25-41' 80-02' 183-247 OT 37 June 22 25-33' 79-39' 250-209 IKMT 40 June 22 25-20' 79-42' sfc. DN 43 July 20 25-39' 80-02' 87-139 IKMT 46 Aug. 21 25-39' 79-58' 87 IKMT 47 Aug. 21 25-39' 79-40' 162 IKMT 54 Aug. 28 25-31' 79-32' 230-200 IKMT 61 Aug. 29 25-14' 80-02' 256 OT 64 Aug. 29 25-20' 80-00' sfc. DN 66 Sept. 26 25-25' 79-59' 366 OT 68 Sept. 26 25-37' 79-57' 363-287 IKMT 69 Sept. 26 25-28' 79-41' 78 IKMT 70 Sept. 27 25-23' 79-41' sfc. DN 71 Sept. 27 25-33' 79-38' 300 IKMI 72 Sept. 27 25-28' 79-43' 458 IKMT 75 Sept. 27 25-21' 79-41' sfc. DN 76 Sept. 28 25-28' 80-00' 344-348 OT 77 Sept. 28 25-29' 79-54' 329-339 OT 80 Dec. 20 25-39' 80-03' 99-90 IKMT 82 Dec. 20 25-32' 80-03' 154 IKMT 83 Dec. 20 25-47' 79-50' 147-133 IKMT 86 Dec. 21 25-39' 79-46' 126-140 IKMT 88 Mar. 8, 1963 25-02' 79-48' 389-338 IKMT 89 Mar. 8 24-57' 79-57' 259-208 IKMT 90 Apr. 18 25-35' 79-45' 389-363 IKMT 92 Apr. 19 25-10' 79-41' 157 IKMT 95 Apr. 19 25-08' 79-44- sfc. DN 97 May 9 25-31' 79-51' 208-259 IKMT 99 May 9 25-21' 79-50' 52 IKMT 100 May 9 25-18' 79-50' 24-26 IKMT 101 May 10 25-19' 79-46' 62-78 IKMT 104 May 23 25-37' 80-03' 73-78 IKMT 105 May 23 25-36' 80-00' 61-91 IKMT 106 May 23 25-34' 80-or 97-104 IKMT 107 May 23 25-32' 80-03' 113-130 IKMT 108 May 23 25-30' 79-56' 113-130 IKMT 1 10 June 17 24-21' 82-55' 183 or 115 June 18 24-02' 82-55' 696 IKMT 119 June 19 23-32' 82-26' 1647 Dredge 120 June 19 23-32' 82-21' 0-1620 OT 143 June 22 24-28' 80-12' 805 OT 146 June 23 24-45' 80-09' 659-686 OT 159 June 25 26-36' 79-33' 733 OT 270 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. 2, 1976 APPENDIX 1 R/V GERDA STATION DATA (continued) GERDA North West Depth Sta. Date latitude longitude (meters) Gear 161 June 26 26?37' 79050' 412-421 OT 175 June 30 27-19' 79-44' 430-421 OT 179 July 1 27?41' 79? ir 549-567 OT 181 July 2 27?57' 78?56' 779 OT 195 Sept. 9 25''45' 79?52' 137 IKMT 196 Sept. 9 25?35' 79?52' 259-342 I KMT 197 Sept. 10 25? 30' 79?58' 329 OT 199 Sept. 10 25?47' 79.47. 209-410 IKMT 200 Sept. 10 25?43' 79042. 104-205 IKMT 201 Sept. 10 25 "40' 79047. 104-205 IKMT 203 Jan. 10, 1964 24''01' 83?28' 518 IKMT 205 Jan. 18 23''20' 82?55' 907-1022 IKMT 206 Jan. 19 23?38' 83?06' 907 IKMT 207 Jan. 19 23049' 82-52- 259 IKMT 208 Jan. 19 23?39' 82?38' 777-625 IKMT 211 Jan. 20 23?30' 82-31' 348-684 IKMT 212 Jan. 20 23''43' 82-31' 855-863 IKMT 213 Jan. 20 23?35' 82-40' 777 IKMT 215 Jan. 20 23?36' 82-46' sfc. DN 222 Jan. 22 24''23' 80-28' 824 OT 225 Jan. 23 24?24' 80-22' 805 OT 228 Jan. 24 25?04' 80-03' 320 OT 256 Feb. 6 27?37' 78-56' 494-467 OT 266 Mar. 29 25?39' 79-58' 338-332 OT 280 Apr. 1 25037. 80?04' 110-128 OT 284 Apr. 2 24? 09' 80?49' 65 IKMT 285 Apr. 2 24?09' 80-51' 400-596 IKMT 286 Apr. 2 24?03' 81-05' 595 IKMT 287 Apr. 2 23''57' 81-16' 595 IKMT 304 May 23 25?26' 79?23' 796 OT 313 May 24 25?37' 79033. 450 IKMT 314 May 25 25?44' 79?34' 389 IKMT 318 May 25 25?40' 79-43' sfc. Hook & Line 321 May 25 25?47' 79-53' 200 IKMT 323 June 25 25?40' 79-51' 256 IKMT 326 June 26 25?4I' 79044. 256 IKMT 327 June 26 25?39' 79044. 256 IKMT 328 June 26 25? 29' 79049. 256 IKMT 329 June 26 25?5r 79?4r 256 IKMT 331 June 26 25?26' 79?41' 256 IKMT 332 June 26 25?36' 79044. 256 IKMT 333 June 27 25?31' 79-55' 256 IKMT 337 July 22 26?02' 79-48' 231 IKMT 339 July 23 26?01' 79-31' 375 IKMT 343 July 24 25? 52' 79-20' 51 IKMT 344 July 24 26?05' 79-20' 137 IKMT 345 July 24 26?00' 79-28' 51 IKMT 346 July 25 26?01' 79-24' 181 IKMT 350 July 25 25?52' 79-24' 146 IKMT 351 July 25 25?40' 79032- 45 IKMT 352 Aug. 23 25?36' 79-38' 450-520 IKMT 353 Aug. 23 25?41' 79-26' 450-500 IKMT CAIRNS: CEPHALOPODS OF THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA 271 APPENDIX 1 R/V GERDA STATION DATA (continued) GERDA North West Depth Sta. Date latitude longitude (meters) Gear 356 Aug. 25 25'"31' 79?28' 520-560 IKMT 358 Aug. 25 25?32' 79?31' 520 IKMT 388 Sept. 19 27?18' 79?12' 320 DreUge 413 Sept. 22 26?20' 80?00' 183 OT 414 Sept. 22 26?23' 80?0r 16.5-152 OT 432 Nov. 28 24-19' 82?29' 188-199 OT 435 Nov. 28 24? 17' 82?26' 417-384 OT 452 Jan. 22, 1965 25?02' 80? 12' 185 OT 456 Jan. 23 24''38' 80?48' 146-119 OT 462 Jan. 25 24?2