QtU~.*~ 2?g.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND RELATEDAGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1976HEARINGSBEFORE ASUBCOMMITTEE OF THECOMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONSHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESNINETY-FOURTH CONGRESSFIRST SESSIONSUBCOMMITTEE ON THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORAND RELATED AGENCIESSIDNEY R. YATES, Illinois, ChairmanGUNN McKAY, Utah JOSEPH M. McDADE, PennsylvaniaCLARENCE D. LONG, Maryland RALPH S. REGULA, OhioFRANK E. EVANS, ColoradoJOHN P. MURTHA, PennsylvaniaROBERT B. DUNCAN, OregonJ. David Wxllson and Bybon S. Niblson, Staff AssistantsPART 4 PageAmerican Revolution Bicentennial Administration 1Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Commission 127Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission forAlaska 134Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Board ofReview 163V/Cjommission of Fine Arts 172V/Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 183\/f?mithsonian Institution 261National Endowment for the Arts 573National Endowment for the Humanities 735^National Gallery of Art 938Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation 970National Capital Planning Commission 995
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261Mr. Bill.ingtox. It indicates that Mr. Hoopes presented it to usabout a week or so ago, but it could mean that our fellows aren't amongthose 60,000.Mr. Regula. Are these copies from your shop ?Mr. Billington. These are more or less presentations.Mr. Regula. They are your library copies?Mr. Billington. Yes, sir.Mr. Regula. So the cards would be indicative of the activity withinyour shop ?Mr. Billington. No, I wouldn't say that, sir. They would showwhether or not the books were actually taken out of the library andtaken home.Mr. Yates. Mr. Billington, thank you very much for a goodpresentation. Monday, April 7, 1975.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWITNESSESS. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARYROBERT A. BROOKS, UNDER SECRETARYCHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, HISTORY AND ARTDAVID CHALLINOR, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, SCIENCEJULIAN T. EUELL, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, PUBLIC SERVICEPAUL N. PERROT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, MUSEUM PROGRAMSRICHARD L. AULT, DIRECTOR, SUPPORT ACTIVITIEST. AMES WHEELER, TREASURERJOHN F. JAMESON, ASSISTANT TREASURER (PROGRAMING ANDBUDGET)MICHAEL COLLINS, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMSUSAN HAMILTON, BICENTENNIAL COORDINATORTHEODORE H. REED, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKPORTER KIER, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS-TORYMr. Yates. The committee will be in order.We have before us today the witnesses for the Smithsonian Insti-tution.We have our good friend Mr. Dillon Ripley, Secretary; Robert A.Brooks, Under Secretary; Charles Blitzer, Assistant Secretary, His-tory and Art ; David Challinor, Assistant Secretary, Science ; JulianT. Euell, Assistant Secretary, Public Service; Paul N. Perrot, Assist-ant Secretary, Museum Programs; Richard L. Ault, Director, Sup-port Activities; T. Ames Wheeler, Treasurer; John F. Jameson,Assistant Treasurer, Programing and Budget;Mr. Michael CollinsMr. Ripley. He is in session with another committee. He had thisprior commitment but he will make himself available, if necessary.Mr. Yates. That is fine. We have Susan Hamilton, BicentennialCoordinator. How are you getting along ?Mrs. Hamilton. Very fine.Mr. Yates. And we have Mr. Theodore H. Reed, Director, NationalZoological Park.Mr. Ripley, do you have a statement ?
262PROGRESS OF THE INSTITUTION DURING PAST DECADEMr. Ripley. Realizing time is of the essence, I would be glad to sum-marize my statement briefly. I wish to assure you, it is a pleasure toappear once again before the subcommittee on behalf of the Smith-sonian Institution and to extend best wishes to its distinguished newChairman, as well as to its other members.In 1974 I concluded ten years as administrative head of the Insti-tution and summarized some of my thoughts on that occasion withthe brief report, "Statement by the Secretary," which I submit, here-with. This report documents the notable and measured successes of theInstitution through these years, none of which would have been pos-sible without the interest and support of our congressional commit-tees, and particularly our appropriations subcommittees. This periodhas seen not only continued support for ongoing Smithsonian pro-grams and activities, but also the establishment of our affiliate, theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and also our sisterorganizations, the Endowments for the Arts and for the Human-ities. We rejoice in this support, believing that all of us are united ina common cultural enterprise.I thought it appropriate at the end of 10 years to write this yearof the extraordinary outpouring of interest there has been in these10 years in the arts and culture on the part of the Federal Government.NOTABLE EVENTS OF THE PAST YEARAs far as our opening statement is concerned, I speak of severalnotable events of the past year, most of which I believe this committeeis familiar with. You are aware of the Dibner Library, the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden and the Eisenhower Institute for His-torical Research which is an outgrowth of congressional action in1961. Congress set up the Institute for the study of war and peace andcontributions made by the armed forces of this country.Mr. Yates. How successful is that research ?Mr. Ripley. It just started this year.Mr. Yates. We can look forward to a period of peace ?REQUESTED INCREASE FOR FISCAL 107 6Mr. Ripley. We can look forward to it in the future. Consideringall appropriation accounts, our requested increase for fiscal year 1976is $4.9 million or only five percent over the estimated total of 1975.Within the six appropriations accounts, there are increases requestedin three accounts.Our budget reflects, for instance, the development of a special pro-gram for the Bicentennial which, as you know, Mr. Chairman, this com-mittee has endorsed and supported since the sixties, in our case, since1965 when I first spoke of it before Chairman Denton. In addition, itreflects a phased program for the master plan for the renovation ofthe zoo. Renovation is now proceeding on schedule. As you remember,Vietnam war expenditures brought a halt to this project in the sixties.Funds are also included for the completion of construction of theAir and Space Museum. We plan to move into the building this sum-
263mer and open on schedule July 4th next year. The major increase inour budget is in the salary and expenses account, about $8.7 million.These funds are allocated over some 50 museums, galleries, the zoo,research laboratories, and supporting units. We will be turning to eachone of these line items as we go along with our testimony before you.We believe we can justify this increase. It reflects what we feel wereally need.In any case, about $3.5 million of this increase of $8.7 million willallow us to meet our public commitment to opening the Air and SpaceMuseum and to presenting a wide array of programs for the Bicenten-nial. About $2.7 million will be applied to carefully selected researchand exhibit projects, to museum collection care and improved accessi-bility, to the maintenance and protection of our buildings, and otherfacilities and to management services. Finally, $2.5 million is requiredsimply to meet higher costs resulting from legislated pay increases,utilities and shipping rate hikes. I need not speak of our concern on theinflationary rate of these uncontrollables. We have a $70,000 increasefor the Science Information Exchange. In addition, the special foreigncurrency program budget, which is substantially decreased from pre-vious years' funding, will be used for two general purposes?to sustainthe effort to preserve the Temples of Philae in Egypt and to continuea program of grants to institutions for field research in those countrieswhere excess local currencies are available.In our account for construction and improvement for the zoo, werequest $9.5 million. We feel we will be able to maintain the excellentmomentum already taking place in the modernization program andwill have very much to offer the public by next year.For restoration and renovation of buildings, we are seeking a barebones appropriation of $1% million. We have tidied this and made it asmodest as we can, considering the number, age, size, and variety of ourbuildings.Finally, the appropriation request for construction of the NationalAir and Space Museum is $3 million to conclude liquidation of thecontract authority for that building, some $4 million less than fiscal1975.Mr. Evans. May I pose a question there ?Mr. Yates. You may.COSTS AND COMPLETION DATE FOR THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMMr. Evans. What are the estimates, costs, and target date forcompletion ?Mr. Ripley. We are within the appropriation and on schedule.Mr. Evans. What do you attribute that to ?Mr. Ritley. A contract manager who has been riding herd on everydetail every day.Mr. Evans. Is this a different management approach ?Mr. Ripley. It is an improvement to what I know of the construc-tion of buildings. It is the same as the National Gallery's project wherethey have a contract manager and it certainly helps to keep thingstidy.Mr. Evans. Is the new Gallery of Art building progressing on sched-ule as budgeted ?
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264Mr. Ripley. No ; that is largely due to the complexities of the con-struction. It is an architectural building of enormous complexity. Thishas greatly impeded the construction. The Air and Space Museum isa sort of large rectangular envelope. It is just right for an air and spacemuseum.Mr. Evans. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.BUDGET ESTIMATE FOR TRANSITION PERIODMr. Ripley. Our budget estimate which we consider as mandatoryfor the transition period, covering a quarter of a fiscal year, representsabout 27 percent of the fiscal 1976 estimate. The deviation from 25 to 27percent in those budget figures is essentially due to the fact that thisperiod coincides with the time of maximum impact in the Bicenten-nial summer, when we will be caring for a very enlarged publicvisitation.With this brief summary and the papers I have submitted which Ihope the committee will have time to take note of, I conclude my open-ing statement.Mr. Yates. Thank you very much.PREPARATIONS FOR THE BICENTENNIALOver the weekend I was busy reading many of your publications.I found particularly appropriate the peroration of your address"On Museum Objects, Truth and Education." The conclusion of thisreads as follows
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You stated: "If the Smithsonian is to increase knowledge in thenext 25 years, let us join with others in using the Bicentennial observ-ance as a means of reviving interest in the truth as expressed in objects.Let us continue our pursuit of the unfashionable by the unconven-tional. Let ns relive the American experience to remind us of our hard-won birthright and to point the way to the enjoyment of our rightsas citizens of the world, in that world's only environment, our tem-porary home, our sole stopping place short of the stars. Let ns also joinwith others in pioneering studies on the creation and capturing of in-terest, on studies in cognition, on the ability to learn effectively, sothat all of us, men and women of a country in which we believetruth still resides, can eventually achieve the age-old dream of ourland, to be qualified through education for the enjoyment of our rightsand for the performance of our duties throughout life."I found that a good statement about what the purpose of the Bi-centennial should be. You are to be congratulated on it. The Smith-sonian, I have a feeling, is taking a lead in the Bicentennial. As amatter of fact, I do not find many programs as advanced as the Smith-sonian's. It is an excellent program. I worry about the Bicentennial be-cause we had before us the American Revolution Bicentennial Admin-istration and they said that next year we will have twice the numberof visitors to Washington as we usually have, putting us in the neigh-borhood of 35 million to 40 million people. Of course, the attraction ofthe Smithsonian Institution brings people to the Capital. I askedthem the question, "Where are we going to house the people ?" They had
265no answer for it. Mr. Eipley, have you given any consideration to thisproblem ? It is not really your job but you are going to make it veryattractive for people to come here.PARKING FACILITIES FOR VISITORSMr. Eipley. We have been on the membership of several commis-sions. As recently as January of this year, I wrote a little editorial forour magazine saying we are kind of like the congenial host standingon the front stairs, waiting for the visitors to come. I visualize therewill be a blue haze of smog and throngs of people trying to get here,held in the incredible traffic jams we can envisage occurring at thattime. We have expressed our need to, among others, the Interior De-partment. In fact, we have assisted them with surveys as to our needfor off-Mall parking and all the options people need, people like Mr.and Mrs. America coming here in campers and cars, who want to seeWashington. I continue to hope somehow in our marvelous muddling-through way, it will work out. But we are not, so far, pleased our-selves as to the alternatives. We feel they have been lost in committee.So often nothing really very much happens.We will have 400 or 500 spaces which we can offer by that time be-cause our National Air and Space Museum will be finished. Its base-ment will have several hundred spaces which will be available for thepublic ; and, of course, the Kennedy Center will have parking. We haveurged the Park Service to consider temporarily converting the WestPotomac Park, which is a polo field. Let us agree that motor transpor-tation facilities are inadequate but the fact remains by next summerpeople will still be coming here by motor car. The many bus systemswhich have been projected will not be effective if they do not havesatellite parking areas. There is no expectation at this point that therewill be sufficient satellite parking.I do feel personally frustrated, because I have dreamed of thisBicentennial and what it can do for America, I believe this is an im-portant re-evocation of the principles for which we stand. Therefore,I think the people, Mr. and Mrs. America, should be helped when theycome here. PARKING ON THE MALLMr. Yates. We join with you in that hope and we hope the othersare doing as well as the Smithsonian in preparation for the Bicen-tennial observance.Let us go to the area on the Mall where the Park Service wants toban parking. Assistant Secretary Reed indicated he was not retreatingat all in connection with your protest and that they proposed to removetwo inside roads and return them to pedestrian walkways. He indicatedthere has been a legal challenge involving the preparation of an en-viornmental impact statement. They have gone ahead with the state-ment but say it is a plan which was approved by the National CapitalPlanning Commission years ago.Tell us why you're so vehement and concerned in your protest, Whyare you so concerned as to that proposal ?Mr. Ripley. I am very much in favor of the greening of the Malland I always have been'. I was a member of the original Mall Com-
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mission as far back as 1966. It was an offshoot of the PennsylvaniaAvenue Commission. I joined enthusiastically in the idea of greeningthe Mall. I also joined in the survey of parking problems. Now thecommitment made at that time by Mr. Hartzog, then Director of thePark Service, was that we would attempt to secure undergroundparking. If planning and construction for underground park had beenstarted in the mid-sixties, there is no doubt but that everybody wouldbe delighted at this point. It would have solved something regard-less of the eventual fate of automobiles.As time went on, increments in inflation seemed to make under-ground parking unreasonable. The fact that a new theory came inunder the Nixon administration that satellite parking was moredesirable meant that no one made any initiative about undergroundparking with the exception of the Smithsonian. So instead of having9,000-plus parking spaces which we might have had, had all the com-mitments come into play in 1966, we hope to have some 400 to 500under the Air and Space Museum.None of the satellite parking alternatives have been enacted. We areunable to find out why. The only firm alternative offered by the ParkService is in regard to the RFK Stadium, in Southeast Washington.This stadium has a large commitment for parking, but, of course, inoff-season periods only. The Park Service proposed minibuses to goback and forth. The specter of 137,000 people in more than 35.000cars coming in 1 day and hoping to find any parking space in theparking lot around the RFK Stadium, presuming the baseball sea-son is not on, seems to be rather bleak.Other alternatives would have been to continue plans for areas inWest Potomac Park and Boiling Field, provided the stricture can berelaxed, and other areas such as the Visitors Center and our own Zoo-logical Park. Somehow or another, all these suggestions have neverbeen pulled together and it has never been possible for the Smith-sonian to speak up with sufficient voice to be able to remind constantlythe Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Capital Planning Com-mission, and the various large major Government agencies. Commerce,Interior, and so on, that this was, in fact, the case. We have simplybeen going around in a revolving door making small noises about yes.we are all for greening the Mall, but only with rational substitutes,without getting anywhere.Mr. Yates. Is this the basic responsibility of the National CapitalPlanning Commission?Mr. Rtpley It seems to be tangled but I would say it is the basicresponsibility of the National Capital Planning Commission. I willnot say, Mr. Chairman, that I have ever been noted to be a Cassandraand I refuse to take that position, but I just hope enough people willbe able to come here to see our splendid events.PUBLIC VISITATION DURING THE BICENTENNIAL PERIODMr. Yates. I see you have attracted 16 million visitors a year.Mr. Ripley. The figures go up and down. By next vear, we hope tohave a counting system in order to monitor the number of people inany one building at any one time, so we can direct them. We believe
267that as many as 20 million persons may come to Washington just dur-those 5 months in the summer and they will come in equivalent num-bers of cars, I am sorry to say.Mr. Yates. Will the Smithsonian be able to accommodate all thevisitors ?Mr. Ripley. We believe we will be able to accommodate them. Wewill provide information centers, and printed materials in five langu-ages, a variety of guards, security, lost and found facilities, and rest-rooms. It will be sort of like a world's fair with the horrendous num-ber of people who will be upset and children lost. Alarm bells will ringbecause too many people have leaned on a case with an alarm bell init. We will be needing extra personnel temporarily but all these extrapersonnel will be phased out, following the Bicentennial.That need is described under the Bicentennial program section ofour budget on page 81.Mr. Yates. Does your budget provide enough funds to take care ofthe additional requirements?Mr. Ripley. It is a little less than we had proposed due to contin-gencies and the OMB feeling that we have to cut down. However, wefeel as a barebones budget we can do the job.FINANCIAL STATUS OF UNITED STATES MUSEUMSMr. Yates. There are many increasing demands on the FederalGovernment for additional financial support to the various museumsthroughout the country.Have museums fallen on hard times ?Mr. Ripley. I am not aware of the dimensions of the problem but itis true that with the recession, the diminution of grants, and the ac-companying mood caused by shrinking investment portfolios, thatmuseums are feeling the pinch in the same way colleges and universi-ties are.Mr. Yates. I had the impression that so many universities and col-leges looked to the Smithsonian for guidance and leadership.Mr. Ripley. I believe this is true and I do believe we have a greatdeal of information. I do not have it at my fingertips but I am sureMr. Perrot does.Mr. Yates. How are they surviving ?Mr. Perrot. They are having great difficulties, both financial andprogrammatic. We do not have a total national figure of what mightbe called the indebtedness of the profession as yet. But this is some-thing the American Association of Museums and the National Endow-ment for the Arts are trying to establish. Within a few weeks a reportfrom NEA is expected which will help define the problem. Museumshave not coordinated their accounting procedures in such a way as to beable to compare on a national basis what their assets are and what theirliabilities might be. This is something the Association is studying aswell. USE OF PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE FUNDSMr. Yates. The Smithsonian enjoys the position of having bothprivate and public funds. How do you determine which activity shouldbe funded privately or by public funds?
268Mr. Ripley. Innovative programs requiring research initiativeswhich we deem to be outside the bricks and mortar for maintenance-like activities and the administration which supports those activitiesare funded with our private budget. We try quite strictly, within ourown accountability to the Regents and our auditing procedures, tomaintain this rule of thumb year by year. Particular research initia-tives of the Smithsonian are accomplished through private funds whilefor the maintenance and subsistence of the Institution as a whole, weseek funds from Congress. Congress, of course, is our parent becausethe District of Columbia had no State government. In the same way,the great museums in New York, such as the Metropolitan and NaturalHistory Museum, receive bricks and mortar funds from the city. Weare not in that sense unique for our position in Washington. But largeinstitutions of comparable nature, are largely dependent on Statefunds, for maintenance of the collections and the buildings.SOURCES AND EXPENDITURE OF PRIVATE FUNDS IN FISCAL 1974Mr. Yates. What was the total amount expended from private fundsin fiscal year 1974 ?Mr. Ripley. Mr. Wheeler has it at his fingertips. We have a summaryat the end of the budget justification presentation.Mr. Wheeler. Total expenditures including grants and contracts,were about $27 million, which includes a good deal of funds for ourso-called revenue producing activities such as the magazine costs andcosts of goods sold in our shops, et cetera. Of that, $10 million was fromgrants received mostly from Federal agencies and foundations.Mr. Yates. What is the nature of the contract work ? How much didyou receive from other Federal agencies?Mr. Wheeler. An amount of $9,%t),000 was received primarily forspecific research in astrophysics and biology. NASA is a large part ofthat supporting our astrophysical research at Mount Hopkins andCambridge.Mr. Yates. It was very close to $10 million.Mr. Ripley. Yes, sir. private concessionsMr. Yates. You talked about cost of doing business and so forth. Doyou operate your own stores ?Mr. Ripley. The major concession we have that I can recall is forfood. We propose the parking would be administered by a conces-sionaire in the new Air and Space building in the same way it is at theKennedy Center. We also have one bookstore, a carousel, and a PostOffice, which is a "concession" of the U.S. Postal Service.Mr. Yates. What happens to the proceeds from these activities ?Mr. Wheeler. Concessions are one of our sources of income. In otherwords, we have a net income from the magazine, the shops and fromthe food concessions, the carousel, and parking. They became a part ofour overall private funds used to support activities such as a good partof the Chesapeake Bay Center. The Anacostia Museum was startedwith private funds. Other new ventures of that sort. In fact, the maga-zine itself was one of the major activities started with private un-restricted funds.
269This year, but mostly in the next fiscal year, money will be devoted,as Ave have written to this committee, to the west court construction inthe Natural History Building. For the first time, we will be able to con-tribute toward construction of education and restaurant facilities inour museums. DIBNER LIBRARYMr. Yates. You have talked about the recent acquisition of the Dib-ner Library. In a recent letter to the Regents you indicated that you arelooking for a highly qualified rare book librarian to take charge of thecollection. Have you found one yet ?Mr. Ripley. I do not believe we have. We have been in consultationwith all the major libraries, including the Library of Congress, whounderstands our acquisition of this library.Mr. Yates. What are the terms under which the library will be oper-ated by the Smithsonian ?Mr. Ripley. A collection has been given to us and it will be incorpo-rated into the Smithsonian libraries which were envisaged in the estab-lishment of the Smithsonian.PIONEER FOUNDATIONMr. Yates. You also talk about the Pioneer Foundation to promotethe publication and distribution of books. How comprehensive is thisPioneer Foundation ?Mr. Ripley. It is a small foundation set up with a board of direc-tors of which my predecessor, Dr. Carmichael, was one. It was deemedthey would make funds available to the Smithsonian with a kind ofrestricted purpose bill as it were, saying what we should do at thistime. As I recall we have received few funds from it.Mr. Yates. What kind of books have been published by it?Mr. Ripley. I would have to supply that for the record. This issomething I have not had any particular activity in.Mr. Yates. I am intrigued by it just the same. Please provide theinformation for the record.[The information follows :]Books Published With Assistance From the Pioneer CorporationMoses Mendelsohn by Dr. Alexander Altmann, University of Alabama. ControlTheory in Psychology by Paul Sites, Dunellen and Co.traveling exhibition serviceMr. Yates. You have a traveling exhibition service called SITES.Can you tell us how that is going ?Mr. Ripley. Mr. Perrot can tell you.Mr. Perrot. It was started on the private side of the institution over20 years ago and received its first Federal funds in 197-3. SITES wascreated to circulate exhibits and do so under the most economic condi-tions while attaining the highest quality possible. SITES was in-tended to be self-supporting but in recent years it was found the kindof exhibitions which the institution either prepared itself or obtainedfor circulation, could not be rented at a fee low enough to allow smaller
270institutions to take advantage of them. As a result, in recent years weasked for Federal funding and this is again included in our budget.In addition to its regular traveling exhibitions, SITES is organizinga series of special exhibitions for the Bicentennial based on Smithson-ian collections. Finally, with the assistance of the American Revolu-tion Bicentennial Administration, exhibitions are being preparedabroad for circulation in this country. If you wish, I can submit a listof countries which have been approached and which have expressedan interest in participating in this program. This year $99,000 wascontributed for this program by ARBA. In fiscal 1976 the budgetis expected to be about $115,000.Mr. Yates. Did the Smithsonian have anything to do with the Jeffer-son and Franklin exhibits ?Mr. Ripley. We were very pleased Charles Eames was selected. Heis a favorite of ours. We were very disappointed that we were not in-vited over to Paris to see it.Mr. Yates. I share that disappointment. We were not invited, either.HORTICULTURAL SERVICESIn this Bicentennial booklet you discuss your horticultural services.Who is in charge of that ?Mr. Ault. That is my responsibility.Mr. Yates. How much is it going to cost to operate your green-house ?Mr. Ault. $12,000 a year rental.Mr. Yates. Is that reasonable ?Mr. Ault. We think so.Mr. Ripley. It is a big installation at the Soldiers' and Airmen'sHome.Mr. Ault. This is across from Catholic University. We acquired rivegreenhouses and a large head house which make up about 2 acres pluspart-time usage of an additional 5 acres.Mr. Yates. Do you take over the people who are operating it?Mr. Ault. No, sir, except for the greenhouse manager whom we hiredon a contract basis, we have the people in our groundskeeping groupright now. CONSOLIDATION OF FACILITIESMr. Yates. I notice there is an effort to consolidate the Smithsonianbuildings and facilities. The purpose is to reclaim space on the Mallby relocating several service activities now on the Mall so that there iseconomy and efficiency of operation. Can you tell us about that ?Mr. Brooks. We have acquired space at 1111 North Capitol Street.We have been able to terminate or will shortly be able to terminateour leases at four GSA owned or operated facilities and consolidatethem into this one building. It will also house certain activities fromMall space. We are getting it at a lower cost per square foot than wewould if we had to stay in the GSA-leased buildings and we are re-ducing total costs by some $256,000 a year. This means we do not haveto come here for an increase in our rental expenditure.Mr. Evans. Are these buildings which vou own or which vou leasefrom GSA?Mr. Brooks. These are buildings which are leased.
271Mr. Evans. Would you also comment on the parking facilities foryour people?Mr. Brooks. We have a parking area at 1111 North Capitol Street,Mr. Evans. It is included with the rental, providing about 75 parkingspaces.Mr. Evans. How many employees will be working there?Mr. Brooks. When the facility is fully operational about 95. Theywill require about one-third of the available parking spaces. We willalso be able to allow additional employees working downtown to haveparking space there.Mr. Ripley. Through carpool or shuttle bus service.Mr. Brooks. This plan fits in with the Bicentennial development ofthe South Yard, the quadrangle south of the original SmithsonianBuilding, which will reduce the parking space available.Mr. Evans. Does your cost savings also include new fixtures youwill have to have ? You spoke of a figure which will be saved.Mr. Brooks. That is the rental figure. We will this year have to putin some money, about $200,000, for moving expenses and for someoverlapping rental. We have some places where we cannot get outimmediately. We will have additional costs for one time. We willabsorb those this year. Next year we hope to be able to continue againwithout asking for an increase-Mr. Evans. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.EISENHOWER INSTITUTE FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCHMr. Yates. You have mentioned the Eisenhower Institute. Howmuch money do you intend to allocate for this Institute and what isits purpose?Mr. Ripley. The Eisenhower Institute was incorporated under theNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board Act of 1961. As theprospects of developing a large outdoor museum declined over theyears since 1962, the theme incorporated in the concept of a researchstudy center seemed far more attractive and viable to the AdvisoryBoard than any other. It gradually came to the point of this commit-tee deeming that the Eisenhower Institute as they named it, would bethe most seminal part of the entire Armed Forces concept. Mr. Blitzerhas been participating in the setting up of this Institute.Mr. Blitzer. In answer to your question, the expenditures are nowbeing absorbed by the National Museum of History and Technology.Mr. Yates. At what level ?Mr. Blitzer. Less than $50,000. We have in our base this year$146,000 which appears under the program heading "National ArmedForces Museum Advisory Board." That Advisory Board's duties areto advise the Regents on matters dealing with the Armed Forces, toreport back to the Regents as to the possibility of a military museumand to run a research center, the Eisenhower Center. Those are itspurposes.We decided the outdoor museum idea should be shelved. It is nolonger part of our Bicentennial program. We simply could not finda place to do this. What we are proposing to do is make these fundsavailable for the same general activities, in the MHT.
272BUDGET ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMMr. Yates. You are familiar with the GAO's report to Congresson February 24 on the major civil acquisitions, which indi-cates the cost estimate of $41,900,000 exceeds your previous estimateby $2,400,000 or 6 percent. In response to Mr. Evans' question, youstated there was not an overrun. How does the GAO arrive at thatconclusion ?Mr. Brooks. A 1962 estimate for construction of the National Airand Space Museum, which was prepared without benefit of detailedplanning, was $39.5 million. Soon thereafter, in 1963, it wasrefined to an estimate which is essentially the one we have today. Inorder to build the building at the cost estimated in 1963 at $41.9 mil-lion, we had to, in effect, redesign the building. That has been done. Thebuilding has been reduced in size and scale. That is why we say basedon that first firm estimate, we are within the original estimate forthe museum.Mr. Yates. One of my colleagues, who had gone through the build-ing, indicated the walls were so thin he felt somebody with a karatebackground could put his fist through the marble.Mr. Ripley. I hope not. I am not aware. Mr. Collins will be preparedto speak to this matter. DENTZEL CAROUSELMr. Yates. Mr. Ripley, I wonder about the Dentzel carousel whichyou wish to install on the Mall. Is there a campaign going on to collectmoney for the purpose of installing the Dentzel carousel ?Mr. Ripley. As far as I know, Mr. Chairman. We haven't forgottenit. This is a hope of ours that we will be able to restore this carousel.Mr. Yates. Where on the Mall do you propose to place it?Mr. Ripley. We have a very successful carousel there at present,which we charter each year. It's a private operation and one that worksvery successfully. Of course, it's a matter of delight and charm to thechildren who go in the museum adjacent to it. It's right in front ofthe Arts and Industries Building.Mr. Yates. Where is the present carousel ?Mr. Ripley. It is in front of the Arts and Industries Building, thatold sort of circus tent building of brick which was built for the Cen-tennial.Mr. Yates. This is on the Mall side?Mr. Ripley. Just next to it on the Mall side.Mr. Yates. I remember that. This is where you propose to place theDentzel carousel ?Mr. Ripley. Yes, sir. We have received so far an income of $6,268from contributions to the Dentzel carousel. I had been hoping that Icould get some of the good ladies who were involved with the beautifi-cation campaign of a few years ago in Washington to get interested insupport of this, but the last 2 or 3 years, of course, have not been en-couraging to private donations of this sort.All of this fund has now been expended. It's our hope that with timewe will be able to install this carousel and to operate it year-roundunder a weather-secure enclosure. It's extremely attractive, principallybecause it would be adjacent to a museum that caters to young people.
273I have enjoyed riding on our present carousel two or three times ayear. It makes me feel more in the mood. I urge members of the com-mittee if they would like to come and ride on it,FREEDOM TRAINMr. Yates. Let's discuss the Freedom Train. I ask you about anarticle that appeared in the Washington Post, Monday, March 10 ofthis year, in which it's indicated that, "The Natural History Director,Mr. Porter Kier, wrote the Freedom Train he would withhold ma-terials for the museum until the uncertainties listed by ChairmanHenry Reuss of Wisconsin, about the financial condition of the Train,and whether it has official support as a Bicentennial event, had beenclarified.'' Can you tell us about that controversy?Mr. Ripley. May I suggest Dr. Kier is here, He would perhaps liketo comment.Mr. Yates. Dr. Kier, can you tell us about the Freedom Train letterand why you are not letting it have the artifacts ?Mr. Kier. We are now, sir. I received that letter from the Congress-man. I thought there were enough doubts raised in that letter that Ishould wait until it was cleared up.Mr. Yates. OK.Mr.Kier. The matter was cleared up.Mr. Yates. Have you lent them the articles that were originallycontemplated ?Mr. Kier. Most of them, but not all of them. A few of them were toofragile to be lent to a moving train.Mr. Yates. Such as what ?Mr. Kier. They were mainly Indian artifacts, headdresses, andthings like that that are quite fragile.Mr. Yates. That controversy is now settled ; is it ?Mr. Kier. Yes, sir.Mr. Yates. And the Freedom Train will move out with the Smith-sonian objects?Mr. Kier. Yes, sir.effects of decentralizationMr. Yates. During fiscal years 1974 and 1975 you transferredvarious centrally administered functions to certain museums and gal-leries to administer directly. What has been the result of these trans-fers ? Do you feel the operations of your programs have been improvedas a result of this decentralization ?Mr. Brooks. May I speak to that, Mr. Chairman ?Mr. Yates. You may, Mr. Brooks.Mr. Brooks. We believe that the transfer of these functions, whichprincipally consist of exhibits functions, elementary and secondaryeducation," printing funds for publications, building services, photoservices, registrarial functions and others, have resulted in a sub-stantial improvement in the ability of the director to manage his ownactivity in a museum or in a major research bureau.We have had a situation in the past where the director was notresponsible really for too many of the functions that went on in his
274own house. We feel that there has been substantial improvement in thequality of the way in which these funds are expended, for people andservices, by putting them under the control of people who are ulti-mately responsible for the operation.Mr. Yates. What has happened to the costs? Have they increased ordecreased as a result of the transfers ?Mr. Brooks. We cannot trace any increases to the specific decentral-ization of these costs. We cannot trace any decreases to it. We do haveincreased requests in some of these areas in this budget. That is notbecause of the decentralization but rather because of the need toimprove our services in this area to meet certain standards or toimprove them in an overall program way.Mr. Yates. What controls do you have now ? Do you have any super-visory controls?Mr. Brooks. As part of our budget preparation, Mr. Chairman, wehave what we call the base analysis of our total program each year,going back to the complete expenditures of the Institution, both on thepublic and the private side, for all of these functions. We examinethem very carefully from that point of view before we even considerwhat additional resources may be necessary.Mr. Evans. Have you had any increased hiring as a result of it?Mr. Brooks. As a result of decentralizing, no, Mr. Evans, we havenot. We have had, as I indicated, increased requirements and increasedhiring, but not because the functions are decentralized. We deliberatelyavoided decentralizing functions where we would have to multiply thepeople in order to provide adequate service. For example, we decen-tralized to some degree the function of minor repairs, carpentry, et-cetera. We did not decentralize the job of plumbing repairs because Avesimply don't have enough plumbers. If we did that, we would have tohire more plumbers in order to go around. So we kept the centralplumbers' shop. EFFECT OF PERSONNEL CEILINGMr. Yates. We have asked several of the agencies which appearbefore us about the effect that personnel ceilings imposed by OMBhave had upon their operations. Can you tell us whether your opera-tions have been hurt by personnel ceilings?Mr. Brooks. We did have a very stringent personnel ceiling imposed,Mr. Chairman, back in 1972. That was a rather painful experience. Ittook us, interestingly enough, about 3 years to recover in terms ofbeing able to gear up to hire people once the personnel ceiling waslifted. I would say we are coming out of that now. We do not anticipatethat the personnel ceilings that we have at this moment from OMBwill give us a problem this year, unless, of course, they are changed.EXECUTIVE SALARY CEILINGMr. Yates. What effect has the freeze on executive salaries hadupon your operations?Mr. Ripley. It has made it almost impossible to hire certain people.Mr. Yates. Could you tell us in what way that is happening? Doyou want to amplify that ?
275Mr. Ripley. For example, if you wish to replace, as we have, thedirectors of the museums because current directors are going back totheir research, retiring, or something of this sort, you then go out tofind a comparable person. In our case you would go to a university,normally. Probably we would look for somebody who is at the relativestatus of a dean. That is someone who has advanced up through theranks of professor to a higher administrative role where he is maybestill in the department as a professor but also has administrativeexperience.In one particular case that I can think of offhand, but would prefernot to name the persons, we asked two men to come to be director ofone our museums. One was a dean in the Midwest and one was a deanin the East. The dean in the East was immediately made provost ofhis university at a salary of something in the neighborhood of $46,000or $48,000.Mr. Yates. It sounds like a plot.Mr. Ripley. It wasn't on our part, but they certainly wanted to keephim. So it showed he was a good man.Mr. Yates. Yes.Mr. Ripley. The other man was already receiving $42,500 or some-thing of this soil. We were held to a $36,000 ceiling. So when he saidhe had 15,000 students and a budget which was somewhere in the neigh-borhood of $30 million for his deanery, we realized that we were justbeing outclassed, and that has happened.Mr. Yates. How many such instances are there in your experienceover the last year?Mr. Ripley. I was thinking in this one particular case of two. I don'tknow whether Mr. Blitzer or Mr. Challinor can remind me of more.Mr. Blitzer. I can think of the same two. Can I add one thing ? Incommenting on this last year, I said that so far the problem was simplyin persuading people to come in competition with other museums anduniversities and libraries. I sense that if this goes on much longer, it'sgoing to be also a problem of keeping them. I was talking to one of ourmuseum directors yesterday who is being wooed beyond belief by auniversity. I simply had to say, ''There is nothing I can do aboutmoney. There is really very little else. If you love the place, stay ; other-wise, goodby."Mr. Yates. I know.Mr. Ripley. We have just lost another director for partially the samereasons. In this case he was, as you say, wooed away with a very sub-stantial increase to a State government where he now is part of thecabinet of that State.Mr. Yates. It sounds like Connecticut.Mr. Ripley. It's in the Far West. There he is doing a major job.Again, with good people, you can't always keep them.NEED FOR 2 82 PERMANENT POSITIONSMr. Yates. You are requesting 282 additional permanent positionsin fiscal year 1976. Why do you need so many ?Mr. Brooks. I will speak to those specifically, Mr. Chairman. Of the282 new positions that we are seeking in fiscal year 1976, over half, or
276145, are for the needs of the Air and Space Museum. We are opening anew building there, We have a large part of the curatorial, researchand exhibit staff on board already. The new positions are largely cus-todial and protection people who are needed in order to man andstaff this type of building.The other 137 are more broadly diffused over the Institution. Buthere again the largest numbers of people are in the custodial, main-tenance, and protection areas to a total of some 82 out of the 137. Herewe are attempting to arrive at certain standards of security and of^ ( custodial care and maintenance which Mr. Ault will talk about indetail. The balance are very widely spread in terms of research, exhi-bition personnel, conservation and preservation, and positions in thearchival and documentary areas.y INCREASE IN VANDALISM DURING PAST YEARMr. Yates. Can you tell the committee what has been the experiencewith vandalism this past year? Is it decreasing or increasing over pre-vious years ?Mr. Ripley. Mr. Ault, could you speak to that ?Mr. Ault. Yes. It has been increasing at a slower rate than lastyear, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. Kind of like inflation.Mr. Ault. This is heartening to us. We are never going to be satis-fied until we can stop it completely.Mr. Yates. What is the nature of the vandalism that occurs?Mr. Ault. For the most part, sir, the things that have increased theso-called cases of vandalism in just the past 6 months have been visita-tions to the Hirshhorn Museum, our newest and very spectacularmuseum.Mr. Ripley. The nearness of the exhibits to the people creates strongtemptations. The fact they are all at waist height tempts visitors totouch them, and they break fragile things without meaning to.We also had a considerable increase in thefts from research areasand laboratories, presumably by visitors, but in any case the securityproblem of trying to keep people from stealing cameras and type-writers and things that actually are personal property, is gettingworse.Mr. Ault. This is particularly true in the nonpublic areas.Mr. Yates. In the nonpublic areas?Mr. Ripley. Yes. They have to have passes, but people may slip bysometimes without a pass.Mr. Yates. Mr. McKay ?Mr. McKay. It seems to me in the retail business that they found,aside from shoplifters, they were losing considerably from their ownemployees. Have you found some of that among your employees ?Mr. Ault. We are looking for that, frankly, Mr. McKay, and tryingto curb that.Mr. McKay. The Federal Government has found that especially onmilitary bases, where people walk off with pockets full of bolts and allsorts of things they are working with daily.Mr. Ault. We have very stringent procedures whereby our peoplegoing in and coming out of buildings are required to submit their
277parcels to inspection. This is for all of our own people, from the Sec-retary right on down, in an effort to deter this and to detect any casesof actual theft.Mr. McKay. Have you found anything of any substance amongyour employees ?Mr. Ault. Occasionally we have, but it's discouraging at best, ifsomebody is really bent on getting something out of a building.Mr. McKay. You feel it's more the outsiders than insiders?Mr. Ripley. We wish we knew more. I don't think our security sys-tem is good enough in this respect. I don't know how you make a per-fect security system. I am not downgrading our security system, but itjust doesn't produce enough results.Mr. Ault. Percentagewise, sir, we show a commendable diminish-ment. A 51-percent increase in total crimes last year over the previousyear is down to a 4-percent increase this year.Mr. Ripley. Of course, with a large number of visitors you get bothadvantages and disadvantages. You get tremendously increased wearand tear and miscellaneous vandalism. But sometimes an exhibit hallthat is absolutely crowded is relatively secure. It's more likely to bethe one that has only two or three people in it where a theft or vandal-ism incident can happen.INSURANCE FOR EXHIBITS AND COLLECTIONSMr. Duncan. Do you insure all these exhibits ?Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. Duncan. You don't ?Mr. Ripley. When borrowing objects or exhibits, we carry insuranceor we work out insurance programs. But we do not insure our ownobjects that are on exhibit.Mr. Duncan. So if I break a piece of bronze that is 3,000 or 4,000years old, who bears that loss ?Mr. Ripley. We generally must then take it into our shop and try torepair it. That is pretty much all we can do.Mr. Duncan. If it's an accidental breakage, you don't make anyattempt to recover that, do you ?Mr. Ripley. I don't think we could really carry any insurance.Furthermore, the national collections are really not insurable, as Irecall.Mr. Duncan. You have an item on page E-l which is entitled "In-surance, Claims, and Indemnities," item 42. It doesn't look very big.I guess it was $1,000 in 1974.Mr. Jameson. It is partially tort claims that have been settled. If avisitor has an accident to his person or to his vehicle we may settle asmall claim. We settle that claim out of that budget.Mr. Duncan. You don't insure that loss at all? You are just self-insured there?Mr. Jameson. Yes, sir.Mr. Duncan. Why is it that your collections are not insurable?Doesn't the New York Museum, for instance, insure their collectionsor the Chicago Institute ?Mr. Ripley. I can't answer about large municipal or other organiza-tions, but as I understand it, Mr. Duncan, the national collections are
278
not insured on the implication that by being in these buildings of oursif there is destruction by accident, such as a fire, we will come and re-port this to the Congress. Is that right ?Mr. Wheeler. Essentially.Mr. Duncan. I thought you said they were not insurable.Mr. Ripley. Because of the history of the Smithsonian, we feel thatthis is our tradition. Furthermore, they are not insurable because in alllikelihood we couldn't possibly carry the kinds of insurance necessary.Mr. Duncan. It may be cheaper to be a self-insurer. I am not arguingthat.Mr. Wheeler. Federal funds cannot be used for insurance as such onour own collections. We do insure collections which are loaned to usor we insure collections which are loaned to others when they are nolonger in our possession. We do insure some things, like our computerup in Cambridge at the Astrophysical Observatory. That is insurable
'because it was purchased in effect with private funds.VALUE OF NATIONAL COLLECTIONSMr. Yates. How do you appraise some of your objects?Mr. Ripley. That is another thing.Mr. Yates. I would think the value of some of the things, for ex-ample, the ancient objects, would be incalculable because they are sovaluable.Mr. Duncan. Then you could insure on an agreed value.Mr. Ripley. We don't do this in the Smithsonian.Mr. Yates. I don't think you can agree upon the value of some ofthe things.Mr. Ripley. And there is no replication.Mr. Yates. You can, I would think, with contemporary art objectsbut I think that some of the antiques and ancient things you have arejust of incredible value.Mr. Duncan. There is insurance which is written which is calledagreed value and you don't bother about the market price of objects.Mr. Yates. For some of these objects I think the insurance com-panies will need a subsidy from the Government to pay it off.Mr. McKay. At least they would request it.Mr. Ripley. Would you like me to provide you, Mr. Duncan, withsomething specific ?Mr. Duncan. If you run across it, but please don't spend any tax-payer's money to have someone run it down.Mr. Ripley. No. boards and commissionsMr. Yates. Dr. Ripley, you list 13 boards and commissions whichadvise the Institution on various activities. Would you place in therecord at this point a list of the names of the members of these boardsand commissions.[The information follows :]
279
3039 ASmithsonian Boards and Commissions
Advisory Board of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and DesignCass Canfield, Jr. Jean PennybackerAlbert L. Edelman Mrs. Howard SachsSidney Gruson Emily StillmanThomas E. Murray II Robert C. WeaverEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionHonorary: Margaret Carnegie MillerAdvisory Council for the National Museum ActWilliam T. Alderson T. MiakeCharles E. Buckley Arminta NealW. D. Frankforter Paul N. PerrotLloyd Hezekiah Barnes RiznikLawrence J. Majewski Frank TaylorGiles W. Mead Vernal T. YadonArchives of American Art Board of TrusteesHenry DeF. Baldwin Mrs. E. Bliss ParkinsonIrving F. Burton Mrs. Dana M. RaymondEdmond duPont Mrs. William L. RichardsJoel Ehrenkranz Chapin RileyJoseph H. Hirshhorn Stephen ShalomJames Humphry III Mrs. Otto L. SpaethMilka Iconomoff Edward M. M. WarburgGilbert H. Kinney George H. Waterman IIIHoward W. Lipman Founding trustees:Harold 0. Love Lawrence A. Fleis'chmanRussell Lynes Mrs. Edsel B. FordRobert L. McNeil, Jr. E. P. RichardsonAbraham MelamedMrs. Alfred NegleyEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionEx officio: Assistant Secretary for History and ArtFreer Visiting CommitteeMrs. Jackson Burke John M. RosenfieldKwang-chih Chang Laurence SickmanMarvin Eisenberg Hugh ScottKatherine Graham John ThacherCharles A. GreenfieldHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of TrusteesH. Harvard Arnason George Heard HamiltonLeigh B. Block Daniel P. MoynihanTheodore E. Cummings Taft B. SchreiberAnne d'Harnoncourt Hal B. WallisEx officio: Chief Justice of the United StatesEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionNational Air and Space Museum Advisory BoardJames L. Collins Robert H. ScarboroughEdward S. Fris Willis H. ShapleyWilliam D. Houser Honorary: Olive Ann BeachGustav Lundquist William E. HallM. R. Reilly Edwood R. QuesadaEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory BoardRobert C. Baker Earl WarrenMilton G. Baker Secretary of ArmyJohn Nicholas Brown Secretary of NavyAlexander P. Butterfield Secretary of Air ForceWilliam H. Perkins, Jr.Ex officio: Secretary of DefenseEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
280
National Board of the Smithsonian Associates
3039 B
Harry Hood BassettWilliam BlackieJohn W. BrooksRichard P. CooleyJoseph F. Cullman 3rdHarry B. CunninghamPaul L. DaviesLeonard K. FirestoneCharles T. Fisher IIIG. Keith FunstonAlfred C. Glassell, Jr.Mrs. David L. GuyerBen W. HeinemanHenry J. Heinz II
William A. HewittLewis A. LaphamFrank Y. LarkinGeorge C. McGheeMrs. Robert S. McNamaraRuben F. MettlerRoger MillikenCharles M. PigottMrs. Malcolm PriceFrancis C. Rooney, Jr.Merritt Kirk RuddockThomas J. Watson, Jr.James 0. Wright
National Collection of Fine Arts CommissionElizabeth Brook BlakeThomas S. BuechnerH. Page CrossDavid E. FinleyLloyd GoodrichMartin FriedmanWalker HancockBarlett H. Hayes, Jr.August HeckscherThomas C. HoweJaquelin H. HumeDavid Lloyd KreegerHenry P. McllhennyEx officio: Director, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Ogden M. PleissnerS. Dillon RipleyHarold RosenbergCharles H. SawyerMrs. Otto L. SpaethGeorge B. TatumOtto WittmanHonorary members
:
Alexander WetmorePaul MellonStow WengenrothAndrew Wyeth
National Portrait Gallery CommissionWhitfield J. Bell, Jr.John Nicholas BrownRalph EllisonDavid E. FinleyWilmarth Sheldon Lewis
Robert L. McNeil, Jr.Andrew OliverJules D. PrownE. P. RichardsonRobert Hilton SmithEx officio: Chief Justice of the United StatesEx officio: Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionEx officio: Director of the National Gallery of ArtSmithsonian CouncilRoger D. AbrahamsGeorge A. BartholomewArchie F. Carr, Jr.Carl W. ConditCamille W. CookFred R. EgganMurray Gell-MannPeter C. GoldmarkFrank B. GolleyPhilip HandlerDavid HawkinsNathan I. HugginsJames L. LivermanGiles W. MeadRuth PatrickNorman Holmes PearsonGordon N. RayPhilip C. RitterbushHarold Rosenberg
Andre SchiffrinCyril Stanley SmithStephen E. ToulminBarbara W. TuchmanWilliam Von ArxHonorary members:H. Harvard ArnasonMuriel M. BermanHerman R. BransonDonald S. FarnerAnthony N. B. GarvanJan LaRueClifford L. LordCharles D. MichenerPeter M. MillmanGeorge C. SeyboldJohn D. SpikesWarren H. Wagner, Jr.Rainer Zangerl
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3039 C
Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program Advisory CouncilsArcheology and Related Disciplines Advisory Council:Klaus Baer Henry S. RobinsonJoseph W. Elder Kennedy SchmertzWilliam Fitzhugh Bernard WailesIwao Ishino, ObserverBiological Sciences Advisory Council:Edwin H. Colbert Robert F. IngerKenneth W. Cooper Watson M. LaetschJohn F. Eisenberg Duncan M. Porter, ObserverPeter W. Frank Kennedy SchmertzJerry F. Franklin, ObserverAstrophysics and Earth Sciences Advisory CouncilFelix Chayes Thornton PageHenry Faul Kennedy SchmertzPaul Hodge Victor SzebehelyWilliam H. Klein Louis WalterWilliam MelsonSmithsonian Science Information Exchange Board of DirectorsRobert A. Brooks S. Dillon RipleyLee G. Burchinal Charles W. ShillingDavid Challinor Alan D. UllbergDavid F. Hersey T. Ames WheelerR. W. Lamont-Havers
282Mr. Yates. How are these 13 boards and commissions funded? Whopays their expenses ?Mr. Ripley. As I recall, none of these boards or commissions arereimbursed for anything more than travel if they come to a meeting.Mr. Yates. And you reimburse them ?Mr. Ripley. We may, yes.Mr. Yates. Out of your travel funds ?Mr. Ripley. Yes, I believe we may. But we often do not receiveany requests from them. Most of them are people who do not appar-ently require it.Mr. Wheeler. That is correct. We have very few requests for reim-bursement.Mr. Ripley. This is because many of them are local. It's also becausewe try to schedule a meeting so if someone is coming here, for example,for a National Academy of Sciences meeting, we can have them stayover another day.Mr. Yates. Can you place in the record the amount you spent forthis purpose last year?Mr. Ripley. For the purpose of meetings of commissions or for thetravel
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Mr. Yates. For the reimbursement for expenses.[The information follows :]Reimbursement to members of Smithsonian Boards and Commissions infiseal year 19V,Advisory Board of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts andDesignAdvisory Council for the National Museum Act $3, 883Archives of American Art Board of TrusteesFreer Visiting CommitteeHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees 2,030National Air and Space Museum Advisory BoardNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory BoardNational Board of the Smithsonian AssociatesNational Collection of Fine Arts Commission 3, 470National Portrait Gallery Commission 2-14Smithsonian Council 7. 07<>Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils 2,800Smithsonian Science Information Exchange Board of DirectorsTotal 20. 100Mr. Duncan. Do you get all of them together once a year for a bigconference ?Mr. Ripley. No. It would be impossible. It would be desirable, butimpossible. I am sure, Mr. Duncan, you are aware of the difficultyof getting 10 busy people together.Mr. Duncan. T wondered because on page i you talked about a Bel-mont conference and then you talked about a Council of Directors andadministrative officers conference.Mr. RirLEY. This, of course, is easier because it's in-house. That is,the Belmont conference which has now met twice under Mr. Brookssponsorship, has been essentially composed of directors and othersenior persons in the Institution itself. We have simply arranged amutually convenient time to meet at Belmont for a period of about2 days.
283Mr. Duncan. Are those boards and commissions useful ?Mr. Ripley. Yes, intensely so. I believe in the principle of self-ex-amination and of ad hoc opinions because I spent, I suppose, 18 yearsas a professor where we did so much of that. I think it's terribly usefulto have the outside looking in and the inside looking out. We findthat they are very good.USE OF PRIVATE AUDITOKSMr. Duncan. Would you yield for another question, Mr. Chairman ?Mr. Yates. Of course.Mr. Duncan. Is that the reason you use outside private auditors ? Iam kind of curious. I am new on the committee.Mr. Ripley. Auditors have been traditional with the Institutionsince the beginning. The original charter of the Institution requiredthe Executive Committee of the Regents to act as their own auditors.As I recall, since somewhere in the beginning of this century we havehad outside independent auditors.AUDITS BY THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICEMr. Duncan. Are you also audited by GAO ?Mr. Ripley. We are audited by GAO as well, yes. It was, of course,because of the funds appropriated to the Institution. The Regentshad their own board to audit the trust accounts. Then, subsequently,they arranged for private auditors to audit the endowed and otherprivate funds.Mr. Duncan. Is that something that is no longer necessary, in viewof the GAO audits?Mr. Ripley. We like it because it reflects the nature of the Institu-tion to have separate audits of our two types of funds. The GAO, asfar as I know, approves of this. It has been traditional with us.Mr. Duncan. How much does that audit cost ? Does anybody knowoffhand?Mr. Wheeler. Mr. Chairman, the private funds audit costs us alittle over $17,000 this year. Next year it will be something over$20,000.Mr. Duncan. Are they only auditing the private end of it?Mr. Ripley. Just the private end.Mr. Duncan. GAO does not audit the private end of it ?Mr. Ripley. No, but they normally have access to information asneeded.Mr. Yates. Do I. understand from your reply to Mr. Duncan thatGAO audits you annually?Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. Yates. It doesn't ?Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. Yates. You have this private firm auditing you annually andGAO does spot audits in case some question arises ?Mr. Ripley. Right. They have done this in the past and they willcontinue to do it. In effect, the audit of our Federal funds is accom-plished through the procedure that we adopt of internal audit and sub-
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mission to the Office of Management and Budget and the Congress ofhow we use the money that we have as Federal funds. Grants and con-tracts are also audited by a Government agency.Mr. Duncan. I thought GAO regularly audited all Government or-ganizations. I didn't think it was done annually, but I thought periodi-cally.Mr. Brooks. In theory they do but they have not done a regularaudit of the Smithsonian for at least 10 years.Mr. Ripley. They have done several spot audits.Mr. Yates. Just to see whether the Institution is operating properly ?Mr. Duncan. So GAO hasn't been there for 10 years and Peat, Mar-wick & Mitchell only audits the private sector. In effect, you haven'thad any audit on your public funds for 9 years ?Mr. Ripley. I believe the last GAO audit was for fiscal year 1968and fiscal year 1969 and we also have internal audits which are allavailable as part of our records.Mr. Duncan. But no outside ?Mr. Ripley. The private funds have always traditionally been au-dited by private auditors.OFFICE OF AUDITSMr. Yates. I notice that you have an Office of Audits.Mi-. Ripley. We do. That is what I call internal. We brought thisinto being about 5 years ago I think because of a congressional sugges-tion that our business and our activities were sufficiently large that weshould have more efficient internal audit. The Congress appropriatedmoney to support this internal audit function, which I must say hasworked marvelously. We are very enthusiastic about it.Mr. Yates. Are your audits submitted for GAO scrutiny ?Mi'. Brooks. They are available on request, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. Has the form of your audit been approved by GAO ?Mr. Brooks. I will have to supply that for the record, Mr. Chair-man. I believe that it has.[The information follows :]Internal AuditThe Smithsonian Office of Audits conducts internal audits of all Smithsonianactivities in accordance with the principles, standards, and concepts of internalauditing prescribed by the U.S. General Accounting Office.GAO does not officially approve the form of internal audits. During the courseof their audits, GAO reviews the internal audit system of organizations beingaudited, and uses reports prepared by the internal audit staff. If the internalaudit system or audit reports are deficient, GAO comments on this fact in theirreport.During recent GAO audits of Smithsonian operations, GAO reviewed the auditreports issued in the last 5 years by the Smithsonian Office of Audits. The GAOaudit reports on these Smithsonian operations were silent as to the Smithsonianinternal audit activities.
285INTERNAL AUDIT PROCEDURESMr. Ripley. I think that the internal audit procedures are the sameas in the regular Government accounting auditing process which is,of course, that normally these large Government bureaus do followcontinual internal audit procedures which are always available toGAO. CATALOG OF COLLECTION'SMr. Yates. The Library of Congress, of course, has fantastic refer-once services. It has card catalogs, tapes, film, and other compilationsof its holdings. Does the Smithsonian have any kind of catalog as towhat it has in its collections and what is available to outside scholarsor to the general public ?Mr. Ripley. Yes, we began automating that information, as I re-call, about 1966 with a request to this committee for an automatic dataprocessing .facility, over some objections, because I think at that par-ticular time the Congress itself had not been completely won over tothe concept of ADP. We began a rather innovative program first inthe area of the Natural History collections and we were able to demon-strate that, through this retrieval process, we could perform functionsfor other agencies of Government and interested persons with extraor-dinary rapidity. We still continue that. We still budget for it and westill ask for increments on a phased basis so as gradually to incorpo-rate all of our records in this manner and to make them comparable.You can imagine, this is an immensely complicated procedure andhas taken a phased series of budget requests for us to achieve. We dohave an Information Systems Division which is in direct charge ofthese kinds of cataloging functions.The catalogs that I grew up with as a curator were simply writtencatalogs like large ledger books in which there w7as a listing by numberof every item. I well recall testifying to this committee that in 1943,when sonar had been developed for submarines, President Rooseveltsent over a request to my predecessor to find out where the snappingshrimp occurred in the North Atlantic, we had no funds and it tooksix yeomen borrowed from the Navy 6 months to produce a map ofwhere the snapping shrimp could be located because, as it turned out,they made exactly the same noise as the pulse of the submarine'spropeller.Mr. Yates. Really
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Mr. Ripley. Now we could produce the same information we be-lieve in as many minutes within our own competence.CURRENT STATUS OF CATALOGING EFFORTSMr. Evans. How far along are you in this cataloging?Mr. Ripley. The natural history and history and technology collec-tions have been completed in certain areas and in particular the naturalsciences. Some of the art collections in the National Collection of Fine
286Arts and in the Portrait Gallery are completed. The register of allknown examples of American art work, and so on, we hope will bolargely completed by the Bicentennial.Mr. Evans. You have some 70 million items at the Smithsonian.Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Evans. How many of those have been processed ?Mr. Ripley. I couldn't give you an estimate out of hand becausemany of them, for example, such as entomology, arc in lots of 10's or15's, or in locality lots, and things of that sort or in archeology in lotsor trays or shards of pottery from Yucatan, things of this sort.Mr. Evans. Do you count that as one item ?Mr. Ripley. If it's a lot, we count it as an item. But if in other casesthey belong to different kinds of pots and have been added up in incre-ments of a collection we might count them all as individual items.I think Dr. Kier will support me when I say that we are well in handin the Natural History Museum in this data retrieval technique ofcataloging objects and in one or two of the art museums, but we stillhave a long way to go in others. Is that right, Porter ?Mr. Kier. Yes, sir, that is correct. We have a long way to go, but it'sgetting cheaper all the time. It now costs less to put it on the computerthan it did to do it by hand.Mr. Evans. How many vears do vou have ahead of you before youfinish?Mr. Kier. Sir, never. We will never get them all in because we keepadding new things.Mr. Ripley. You get so many more whales' teeth or so many moresediment specimens and things of that sort. Each year almost 900,000more objects are added to the natural history collections, for example.ACCESSIBILITY OF COLLECTIONSMr. Yates. Suppose Mr. Duncan wanted to see the 10 ants you weretalking about. How would he go about finding them ?Mr. Ripley. I would be glad to take him along.Mr. Yates. Where is that?Mr. Ripley. It's on the second floor on the west side of the NaturalHistory Building.Mr. Yates. Does that mean that every potential scholar must cometo your office and ask you to take him there ?Mr. Ripley. No, sir. I happen to know something about entomologvand would be very interested in doing that.Mr. Yates. Suppose a visiting scholar comes to Washington andhe is interested in 10 fire ants that you may have?Mr. Ripley. We get thousands of inquiries, of course, usually byletter. If he is a scholar and it's his field, he will write in and he "willeither know somebody in the department or he will write to Blank.the director of the museum, and then we will write back. We answer15,000 or more of these kinds of requests every year. Then he will writeback and a date will be set and he will come in.I just set up a date today for a man to come and look at loons eggsto study the configuration of eggshells which we talked about in this
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committee, about changes caused by DDT and the thinning of theshells. Now with the banning of pesticides in certain water areas, thepopulation of birds is coming back.Mr. Yates. Do you have loons eggs over a period of years to showwhat the different configurations are?Mr. Ripley. I had to find out. I was sure we had some loons eggs,but I wasn't sure we had any from New England from where thisman wanted to see them. It turns out we do have.Mr. Yates. That is good.Mr. Duncan. That is on a computer, is it ?Mr. Ripley. A great deal of that is. For example, the bird col-lections are on computers as birds, but I am not sure about the eggs.I think the eggs are all on ADP.Mr. Duncan. At least this is what you are working toward?Mr. Ripley. Yes, they are all on ADP.science information exchangeMr. Duncan. Is your Science Information Exchange also a com-puterized list of research programs that may be going on throughoutthe country and the world ?Mr. Ripley. That is right. This is now becoming enormously im-portant. I am personally very pleased because there were a number ofyears when I first came here when the committee and Governmentagencies used to question the importance of keeping up this dataretrieval system on current research in various areas. Now it's cominginto its own.Mr. Duncan. Are you in the focal point for such an operation or arethere others doing this ?Mr. Ripley. We are probably the most important source in bio-medicine and in cancer research; we have just been provided by theNational Cancer Institute, which is part of NIH, with a grant to takeover the supervision of information retrieval on cancer research.Fortunately we can extend out into the world because several yearsago we started trying to get international input on these areas.On water resources we produced in 2 days for the President's thenScience Advisor a documentation of all the water resource researchand studies in the United States.Mr. Duncan. Is the Library of Congress doing this too ?Mr. Ripley. No. We wouldn't be doing it if they were.Mr. Duncan. As far as you know, you are the focal point at leastwithin the Federal Government for this type of project?Mr. Ripley. For the Federal Government. We started this duringthe war, about 26 years ago, as I recall. We have been building up.What is so great is that it's like a library catalog. We have gotten abacklog, so that it's all taped now so that we can get the material out.Mr. Duncan. I think it's a matter of concern, and always has beento me, not that there is anything wrong with having two people work-ing in the same field, but at least each one of them to the extent possibleought to know what went on before so they can build on what hasalready been done.Mr. Ripley. Absolutely.
288Mr. Duncan. I can remember going to the South Polo. You mayrecall through the Interior Department we financed that operationdown there. I found machines out there just as noisy as they could be.I said, "What are they doing?" I think they were counting mesonsand just pouring out bushels and bushels of tape. I tried to find outwhat happened to all that tape. Nobody really knew. They speculatedit might have ended up in some sort of depository in Australia, but noone really knew. It concerns me greatly that we are spending hugesums of money on research and never really realizing anything from itbecause it gets lost.Mr. Ripley. There is a good chance that our information retrievalservice could tell you now whether there is a project going on at themoment which is counting these or not.Mr. Duncan. Apparently it's a superb place to count them. I haveno objection to counting them.RELEVANCE OF DATA BANK TO STATES AND MUNICIPALITIESMr. Ripley. Beyond that, my responsibility would end. For exam-ple, in the environmental area, more and more with the Federal reve-nue sharing, this is becoming a problem for States and municipalitiesacross the country. This kind of data bank that we have, about whatkind of research is going on in environmental matters is going to be ofenormous importance to the States because if, for example, Missouriwants to start certain kinds of water studies they should jolly well findout whether or not it's being done in South Carolina. The way they cando it is to let us know and we will tell them.IMPORTANCE OF BASIC RESEARCHMr. Duncan. Are your own research programs essentially basic re-search ? Are you doing applied research too ?Mr. Ripley. We do essentially basic research, and always have.There are ever so many examples right in the Smithsonian of wherebasic research suddenly turned out to be vital. For example, weather.Weather was discovered by the Smithsonian back in the 1840's. Out ofthat came the Weather Bureau, when it spun off and became very im-portant. Aeronautics was largely discovered in the Smithsonian.Mr. Duncan. Basically there is a specific task, something that weknow we need, a machine to accomplish a purpose, that basically wouldordinarily not come to you even though whoever took that woulddoubtless have to build on the basis of research which you and othershave put together ?Mr. Ripley. Yes. For example, at the moment the work that we havebeen doing in studying solar radiation in the blue spectrum, that isin the ultraviolets, has turned out to be extremely interesting to peoplewho are concerned about certain kinds of cancers. Skin cancer is anexample. This, of course, has something to do with the magnetospherofind the upper atmospheric levels and the incidence of clouds, particledeposition and decline in certain kinds of chemicals at those levels.A great deal of this information is a byproduct of the research onsolar radiation which began with us in 190G or 1907 and was incorpo-
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rated into a bureau known as the radiation biology laboratory, I thinkin 1928 which is still going on very productively in this area. Here allof a sudden is a strongly applied byproduct of that.RESEARCH ON AERONAUTICS AND THE WEATHERMr. Evans. You said you discovered weather and that you discoveredaviation. I wonder, for purpose of clarifying the record, if you wouldelaborate.Mr. Ripley. Aeronautic research largely began in the aeronauticallaboratory which was set up in the Smithsonian around the turn ofthe century. Its direct descendent was the National Advisory Commit-tee for Aeronautics, which came into being I think in 1913 and of whichmy then predecessor, Charles Walcott, a geologist, back then was thePresident and which spun off into NASA in about 1958 as I recall.Mr. Evans. Is there any connection between your discovery and theWright brothers ?Mr. Ripley. The Wright brothers were going on a parallel courseand all that happened to us was we inherited the Wright brothers'plane finally after some discussion through the work of Charles G.Abbot, who was then the head of the Smithsonian.Mr. Evans. You said you discovered weather.Mr. Ripley. The weather phenomenon in the middle of the last cen-tury was something that was totally incomprehensible. Like the workof God, the weather came and went. The first Secretary of the Smith-sonian, Joseph Henry, a physicist, become enormously interested intrying to get people to correlate weather phenomena around the UnitedStates, first by letter, then by Western Union when telegrams came in,assisted by the railroads going out and having Western Union signals,and so on, associated with them. Every day he would pin up on thefront door of the Smithsonian castle a chart showing weather predic-tions. There was no television. This was in 1850. He included manyecological and environmental phenomena which were unfortunatelylost in 1869 when, I think, the Weather Bureau received all of thisbulk of material. He, in effect, started the Weather Bureau.relevance of certain research projectsMr. Duncan. The message from my constituency, of course, is thatthey want to cut Government spending in every area. One of the mostpregnant areas for the development of this theory is the lists that areperiodically put out of research projects.For example, the research program on snapping shrimp of the NorthAtlantic would not have very much appeal in the State of Oregonunless you could relate it to something pragmatic or practical whichcame from it as you have just done for us. I assume likewise some ofthese you recite on pages A-18 and A-19 are very valuable. I assumethat we should know that there is a second probable black hole in theconstellation Circinus but I don't think anybody in Oregon is verymuch interested in that.Mr. Ripley. I think you have to take each one of these in its particu-lar spectrum of concern.
290Mr. Duncan. We are looking- for a lot of black holes. Wo also haveone in the constellation Cygnus.Mr. Ripley. Right. Astrophysics and astronomy are something whichagain the Smithsonian has been a pioneer in, in which we have verylarge support from NASA and which we continue in conjunction withHarvard at the Harvard Observatory and the Smithsonian Observa-tory up in Cambridge. I think you can find great difficulty in demon-strating to some of your constituents what the significance is.Mr. Duncan. They are even worse in Utah.Mr. Ripley. We are working on problems of great black holes, ofmeson analysis as you cite in the Antarctic, and so on. I think, however,that in each particular case after we give a demonstration we couldgive you back an answer that the results of this are probably goingto have an incalculable effect on the knowledge of the universe, ifanybody cares about the universe.Mr. Duncan. Or if it's relatively as important this year as eatingor getting some jobs and getting sawmills working again. Everythingis relative.Mr. Ripley. Everything is relative, and of course, everybody's in-dividual pay check is the most important thing to them because mamasays, "Where is the sugar and how are we going to go out and meet thebills for the furniture and how am I going to buy food for theyoung?" It is not snapping shrimp but the young which concern them.TITLING OF RESEARCH PROJECTSMr. Duncan. Mr. Chairman, just a couple of comments, if I may. Ithink the naming or the titling of these projects is terribly important.I remember the loyal minority, when I was here before, objected to astudy going on somewhere on the psychology of the Douglas-fir. I forsome reason had happened to run across this. T knew it wasn't right. Iasked him finally how he spelled psychology, and I shouldn't havebecause it embarrassed him. It was on the physiology of the Douglas-fir, which is an entirely different thing.My second comment is induced because I read just the other day avery valuable and interesting piece that some doctors in Oregon aredoing. Open-heart surgery was either discovered or developed in Ore-gon. The work on open-heart surgery was a very practical scientificresearch program from which immediate results can be seen. Thesedoctors, at some great exercise of effort, have traced back the numberof other discoveries that were essential before the open-heart surgeonsat the University of Oregon could finally take the final step and openup a man's heart while he was still alive and fix it and sew it backtogether again. It traced really all the way back to Aristotle in someinstances.In that process, they described the very basic research that was donewith absolutely no idea that what was discovered in that particulareffort was ultimately going to be usable. It's a very valuable piece. Iwould like to at least put a short summary of it in the record at thispoint.[The information follows :]
291(Summary of "Ben Franklin and Open-Heart Surgery" by Julius H. Comroe, Jr.,and Robert D. Dripps. From "Circulation Research," vol. 35, November 1974.)In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson said, "* * * A great deal of basic researchhas been done * * *, but I think the time has come to zero in on the targets bytrying to get our knowledge fully applied * * *. We must make sure that nolifesaving discovery is locked up in the laboratory."Most scientists are convinced that basic undirected research is essential tothe prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, and most scientists can sup-port their convictions with dramatic examples. (X-rays, blood groups, heartcatheters, freeze drying, Rh factor in blood, monitoring blood oxygen.)Project Hindsight, commissioned by the Department of Defense in 1966, offeredthe following conclusions on how various military weapons came to be developed :(a) Contributions of university research were minimal ; (b) scientists contributedmost effectively when their efforts were mission oriented ; (c) lag between initialdiscovery and final application was shortest when scientists worked in areastargeted by his sponsor.This report was countered with several carefully prepared case studies.Comroe and Dripps became convinced it was more important to do research onresearch, on the process of discovery, than it was to continue with ongoingresearch.They wanted to learn how clinical advances came about that directly pre-vented disease, cured or arrested disease, or decreased suffering and prolongeduseful life. They chose to study advances in cardiovascular and pulmonarymedicine and surgery since 1945, and formulated three goals :A. Did cardiac surgeon take a giant leap up the front of the mountain, ordid he walk up the back? They took a retrospective approach?what had to belearned before the next step could follow? What had to be learned before theoperation could become a routinely successful procedure?B. If he walked up the back to or almost to the top, who built the steps andwhy? Was cardiac surgery their target? How and why was eaeh study done?How many studies were undirected and produced knowledge now essential butinitially unrelated to its present clinical use? How many studies were missionoriented specifically to prevent or cure one disease? How many were reports ofadvances in engineering that created or improved needed instruments, apparatus,or techniques? How many key, decisive studies were designed by commissions orsupported by contracts?C. Tell the public and especially the maker of public policy how he got there.What the public does not know is that tens, hundreds, and thousands of studies,stretching back over decades or centuries, contributed to any one step up themountain. Another problem with public understanding of science is that someof the great advances have been around so long they've become a part of everydaylife : for example, fire, wheel, electricity, flush toilet, penicillin.What is needed is far more general understanding of how science progresses,of the tortuous paths from distant, unrelated points of departure that convergeto bring us where we are.An exerpt from the article follows :(3) Tell the public and the makers of public policy what we have learned.
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The public usually knows only the final product of research and development,because it is easy to identify and publicize. And, as a rule, the public tends tolink the name of one man with one discovery, for example, the radio with Marconior the airplane with Wright. What the public does not know is that 10s, 100s,and 1000s of studies, stretching back over decades or centuries, contributed toany one step up the mountain. For example, table 2 lists the word electrocar-diography. The public knows ECG, but it does not connect the ECG with studiesby Benjamin Franklin, the colonies' foremost scientist, who learned in 1752that naturally occurring lightning and electricity stored in a battery (initiallya Leyden jar) are one and the same or with studies by Galvani and Volta,whose curiosity about "animal electricity" in the late 1700's led to the scienceof electrophysiology and also to the intensely practical development of thestorage battery; or with studies by Keith. Flack, His, Tawara. and Purkinje,who learned how the impulse that sparks the heatbeat originates in the sino-atrial node and spreads to the atria and the ventricles ; or with studies by Waller
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and Einthoven, who developed the ECG at the end of the nineteenth century
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or with work by Sir Thomas Lewis, who used the ECG extensively as a physio-logical and diagnostic tool to learn much of what we know of normal andabnormal rhythms of the human heart, or with research by Wilson, who usedthe ECG in 1930 to diagnose myocardial infarction.Another problem with public understanding of science is that some of thegreat advances have been around so long that they've become part of everydaylife. Who today thinks of fire, or the wheel, or electricity, or the flush toilet asthe product of truly creative minds? Who today still thinks of penicillin as awonder drug? Now it's something?like toothpaste?that you buy at a drugstore. The public has long forgotten that the discovery of penicillin first requiredthe development of whole new sciences of microscopy, microbiology, infectiousdiseases, and pharmacology.Cardiac catheterization is now an everyday routine test. Physicians andpatients think of it only in terms of a patient lying on a hard table with a longplastic tube in his heart. What a cardiac catheterization laboratory actuallyneeds and uses besides a patient, a catheter, a cardiologist, and a nurse is shownin figure 3. The public forgets or was never told that cardiac catheterizationis not a procedure that stands alone ; its use depends on many advances in thebasic sciences, in clinical investigation, in engineering, and in industrial develop-ment.In 1069, Robert Berliner said : "Above all we have an enormous job of edu-cation to do. We need far more general understanding of how science pro-gresses, of the tortuous paths from distant, unrelated points of departure thatconverge to bring us where we are. When the press conference is held toannounce the current achievement we need less emphasis on wild speculationabout unforeseeable applications and far more on the roots in the past. We needemphasis not only on the giants on whose shoulders we have stood, but onthe contributions of unsung investigators too numerous to mention. We shouldhave the equivalent of a brief 'commercial' before each therapeutic measure,each dose of vaccine, each effective drug: 'This is made possible by the researchof Whozis and So and So ; we trust you will find it effective and rememberwhat research has done for you.' "Congress of the United States,House of Representatives,Committee on Appropriations,Washington, B.C., May 9, 1915.Harold E. Robinson,Portland, Oreg.Dear Mr. Robinson : Thank you for sending me your views on Government-supported research and let me apologize for the delay in answering your letter.In the course of opening an office, hiring and breaking in a new staff and keep-ing up with enormous amount of legislative work that is part of this job, wehave not been getting all the mail answered as quickly as I would like.This is an issue that. I have had to wrestle with as a legislator both at theState and Federal level. I have had to justify programs in Government-supportedresearch with strange exotic and ridiculous titles. Any one who reads that theGovernment is spending $6,000 to study Polish bisexual frogs, for example, mustwonder if the Government is just looking for ways to waste money.Actually, the Polish frog study could produce important advances in the sci-ence of genetics that could lead to cures for presently incurable diseases and it isfinanced with Polish currency that we cannot spend outside of Poland.The point is that apparently insignificant discoveries can lead to major scien-tific breakthroughs. That is why the Government helps to fund basic and appliedresearch. I am enclosing a page from an article on open heart surgery that illus-trates the tortuous paths that lead to most scientific advances.Thank you again for your patience.Sincerely, Robert B. Duncan, Member of Congress.Mr. Yates. You are really addressing your remarks to AssistantSecretary Challinor. ~We have discussed these things with him for anumber of years. We have asked him time and again to defend the
293funds that are expended for his projects. Would you like to addressyourself to this for a moment, Mr. Challinor?Mr. Challinor. Mr. Chairman, I think what Congressman Duncanhas pointed out is terribly important, namely, the titles of these re-search projects. They are written, of course, for their colleagues intheir respective sciences. These are published generally in bibliog-raphies. They will thumb through the bibliographies and find outwhat pertains to the research they are doing. They are not written forthe layman. That is why they seem so esoteric and ridiculous.I believe it was last year at his hearing that I put in the title of Ein-stein's paper on relativity and the paper in which Alexander Flem-ing had described his discovery of penicillin. The titles per se, which Ican dig out here if it's worth it, were very esoteric and could be subjectto ridicule by anybody who wanted to take the trouble to do so.I think all we can do is begin with any titles that you find here forthe benefit of the chairman who has to defend this on the floor that heisn't quite clear on, and we will be happy to explain in layman's lan-guage what the people are doing. That is part of our job.Mr. Yx\tes. You better do it for all of them, Mr. Challinor.Mr. Evans. Would the chairman yield there ?Mr. Yates. Yes.ARTICLE BY PAUL HARVEY OX FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTSMr. Evans. Mr. McKay of Utah has an article which I think has acollection of past interesting research subjects.Mr. Yates. I don't know that any of them pertain to your field.Mr. McKay. We might ask them to provide for the record at leastwhich of these are funded by this Agency. The article is by PaulHarvey.For example, here is $375,000 for the study of the frisbee.Mr. Yates. That is Defense.Mr. McKay. $121,000 to find out why people say ain't; $37,000 fora potato chip machine for the Moroccans; $117,000 in wages for theBoard of Tea Tasters ; $68,000 for the Queen of England for not plant-ing cotton on her plantation in Mississippi ; $14,000 for the FordMotor Co., for not planting wheat; $2 million for Yugoslavia's Mar-shal Tito for purchasing of a yacht.Let's get down to some others. $80,000 for a zero gravity toilet forthe space program; $23,000 for environmental testing of the same;$6,000 to study Polish bisexual frogs.Mr. Ripley. That is one of ours. That is the first one I recognize.Mr. McKay. That is the first one you recognize? That is prettygood. How do you explain that?STUDY ON POLISH P.TSEXUAL FROGSMr. Challinor. The Polish frogs project has now received harddollar support, I am happy to report from a foundation.Mr. McKay. So we can phase that one out ?Mr. Challinor. That is phased out.Mr. Yates. What was the purpose of it ?
294Mr. Challinoe. The purpose of this was that a particular kind offrog has a fascinating genetic makeup. This frog lives in Poland andunder certain conditions it can change its sex. Certain fish can changesex under certain conditions we know.Mr. Ripley. And certain Amphibia, too.Mr. Challinor. Yes, genetic makeup attributes to these sex changes.This is again very basic research. As for the practical applications ofthis, God knows what they might be. In this case, this particular am-phibian had an odd genetic makeup that allowed it to change sex undercertain conditions. That is what the scientists were studying. $6,000worth of zlotys is a pretty small investment since the taxpayer hadalready spent the hard dollars for this back in the 1950's. And it couldbe spent only with the approval of the Polish Government. I mightalso add.Mr. Yates. What purpose was served by the research ?Mr. Challinor. It was a genetic study to understand the X and Ychromosomes that determine sex in Amphibia and all vertebrates.NEED FOR PUBLIC UNDERSTANDINGMr. Duncan. The only distinction I see in the statement you madeabout the titles selected by Fleming and Einstein for their researchpapers is that neither of them were asking for public support in thepresentation of their papers for their projects. They were not appeal-ing to their colleagues for financial support. That just recmphasizeswhat I think is so important with respect to the names that you put onthese bloody things.Mr. McKay. I think that is true, and people need to see some. Ifyou can get an explanation to them sometimes, if it isn't too lengthy,they will understand in some cases. But when you are dealing withtaxpayers' dollars and when there is unemployment and all of thesethings, priorities begin to be changed very quickly.Mr. Duncan. The explanations never catch up to the article youhave in your hand.Mr . Ripley. That is true.Mr. McKay. That is right. For example, here is $85,000 to learnabout the cultural, economic, and social impact of rural road construc-tion in Poland. That wouldn't be one of yours ; would it ?Mr. Challinor. I think that was one of ours, however, in Yugoslavia,not Poland. The project never really developed and was abandoned.Mr. Ripley. We have got foreign currencies to spend and the prob-lem is how do you spend them.In our particular case, Mr. McKay, we have an advisory committeethat judges each one of these projects on its scientific merits just thesame way Mr. Einstein, who applied for his grant to a governmentsupported institute in Germany, had an advisory committee to decidewhether Mr. Einstein's research had any possibility of getting any-where.I think you will find at least a kind of buffer in this process, in thata scientific analysis of each one of these projects has been made.Whether it's in zlotys or rupees, we have the same ad hoc outside com-mittees judging these projects.
295Granted that the distinguished Mr. Harvey who appeals to thecommon man can cite that, talking about transsexual frogs because itsounds slightly sexy and therefore exciting and therefore naughty inthe American ethics. But granted he could cite that, we can give youthe background of why it was done.ADDITIONAL PROJECTS NOTED IN ARTICLEMr. McKay. You look at these. He has a whole list of them : $20,000to study the blood groups of Polish zlotnika pigs ; $5,000 to learn aboutYugoslavian intertidal hermit crabs. Is that one of yours ?Mr. Eipley. Yes, sir.Mr. Challinor. Yes, but it was never funded.Mr. McKay. I think we talked about that one last year.Mr. Yates. Wasn't Mendel's research in genetics on fruit flies ?Mr. Eipley. Yes, sir.Mr. Challinor. Yes ; and the garden pea.Mr. Ripley. Gregor Mendel was on peas. Later on he got intochickens. But Thomas Hunt Morgan was on fruit flies.Mr. Yates. It would seem to me that the description of that experi-ment would certainly have aroused the suspicions of a number ofpeople. I think there was some good that came out of these experi-ments, wasn't there ?Mr. Ripley. I believe so.justification of research projectsMr. McKay. I am wondering, Mr. Chairman, if we couldn't havehim compile something on this for the record.Mr. Challinor. We have this in the record.Mr. McKay. But it's a fairly lengthy explanation.Mr. Ripley. If you could come up with the title you used here aboutthe fruit fly and then bring a result. It's more easily understood, if wehad a list that could compile that size of a page in the answer[indicating]. It won't be in detail, but we can go back to the record forthe detail. It becomes a very quick answer to a lot of these questions.Mr. Challinor. We have this for one paragraph each for every sin-gle project we are funding. I believe this has already been submittedto the committee. If you don't have it, I can submit it again.Mr. Ripley. Mr. McKay is suggesting we could use some classic ex-amples of this as backup.Mr. McKay. I don't mean on the whole thing, but if we could takesome just as ridiculous titles as we see here and say, OK this is whathappened, and the result was this. It's an easy way to get answers topeople who think it's silly.Mr. Duncan. You have a public relations staff, don't you ?Mr. Ripley. Not properly. We have a public affaire branch but theyare not really in that business.Mr. Duncan. That ought to go to Paul Harvey too, so hopefully itwould get some circulation. I should think he would be interested in it.[The information follows :]
50-542 O - 75 - 19
296PRODUCTIVE RESEARCH WITH OBSCURE TITLESProductive Research With Obscure Titles
"Anatomy of the Monocotyledons" by E. S. Ayensu. This book contains ac-counts of pure research studies on yams, particularly of the starch grains in thetubers and other vegetative organs. It has contributed substantial information tothe identification of the 13 out of over 200 species of yams that form the chiefplant source of sapogenic precursors of cortisone and steroidal hormones. Theseare chemical compounds used as bases for the preparation of over 80 percent ofall the birth control pill brands on the markets here and in other parts of theworld."Bromeliad Malaria" by Lyman B. Smith. The general taxonomic studies ofthe pineapple family resulted in the identification of malaria-carrying mosquitoesbreeding exclusively in the treetops in the natural tanks in the rosettes ofepiphytic bromeliads. This situation makes malaria control much more difficultthan in the case of ground-breeding mosquitoes. In Trinidad in the cocoa planta-tions, it was possible to kill the bromeliads by selective spraying, but more recentlyin southern Brazil, the rugged nature of the terrain made the problem much morecomplex. The author's contribution was the identification of the species ofbromeliads so that time and money could be concentrated on the elimination ofthe very few that were primarily responsible as mosquito hosts.RESEARCH ON VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE COMMUNICATIONSMr. Duncan. One more question and then I will quit. Would youplease tell me about vertebrate and invertebrate communications thatyou mention on page A-37 ?[The information follows :]Vertebrate and Invertebrate CommunicationsThe National Zoo considers the study of vertebrate communications (odors,gestures, noises) most important since it is a key component in the reproductivebehavior of their animals. The more we understand of this process the bettersuccess we expect to have in breeding captive rare and endangered species.Comparative studies of invertebrate communications help in understanding thesame process in higher animals.CONTINUED LISTING OF PROJECTS IN ARTICLEMr. McKay. Here is $20,000 to investigate the cockroach ; $5,000 forthe analysis of violin varnish. That might fit into the Smithsonian'sactivities. There is $15,000 to find out how fishing boat crewmen causeconflict in Yugoslavian peasant towns; $5,500 for the genius whowrote the poem, "lighght."Mr. Yates. That is the Endowment for die Arts.Mr. McKay. $19,000 for the the HEW Department to find out whychildren fall off tricycles; $2,000 to train 18 Good Humor peddlers;$70,000 to study the smell of the perspiration given off by AustralianAborigines; $28,000 for odor-measuring machines for above project;$17,000 for a drycleaning project.That is enough.Mr. Yates. This is something the committee encounters every year.Every year, while we appreciate the need for research, we try to ob-tain the reasons for the research in language understandable to thelayman.
297Mr. Euell. As to the violin varnish, that was in respect to the Strad-ivarius and other fine string instruments. It seems the very famousItalian craftsmen felt that the key to the tone of the instrument wasin the varnish. They kept the varnish formulas in the family. This ac-counts for the current effort to study these in order to recreate thatkind of quality in string instruments which is diminishing at thispoint.Mr. McKay. I think there is a very good explanation for a majorityof these projects. I have a good example in my own State which willcome up with the arts and humanities people more. It has to do withDr. Tracey Hall, who invented artificial diamonds. He got the basisfor that from historical research in trying to find where Solomon dis-covered his ores and gold, copper, or whatever, the geological atmos-phere in which they were found. That gave him the key to come upwith artificial diamonds for industrial purposes which was veryhelpful.But if we get reports of these projects in a concentrated editorialstyle, it tends to cut off the edge we live with today.PURCHASE OF COLLECTIONSMr. Yates. Let me ask you this question, Dr. Ripley. Suppose Mr.Blitzer wants to buy something for his department, a couple of paint-ings. Do you have funds ?Mr. Ripley. We have regularly appropriated funds. Also virtuallyall income from the Freer Endowments goes into care and exhibitionof its collections, including purchases. That was in the will.Mr. Yates. How many wills do you have ?Mr. Ripley. We have a great many, most of which specify the pur-poses for which these moneys can be expended.FUNDS AVAILABLE TO THE SMITHSONIANMr. Yates. How much money is made available to the Smithsonianannually ?Mr. Ripley. On pages E-16 through 21. You will see our restrictedpurpose income in 1974.Mr. Wheeler. A total income of $4,266,000 for restricted funds, in-cluding $1,970,000 from gifts, $1,750,000 from investment income and$546,000 from other services, was realized in fiscal year 1974.STATEMENT OF SMITHSONIAN ACTIVITIESMr. Yates. I have here a copy of "Increase and Diffusion, a BriefIntroduction to the Smithsonian Institution." I was interested in thatbecause it gives a very simple explanation for each of your activities.I think the Smithsonian is so great and diverse an institution that it isdifficult to totally comprehend its activities. Perhaps you could placein the record at this point a summary of your activities.[The information follows :]
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3084 A
The Scope of the SmithsonianThe Smithsonian is both a leading research center and a vast museum complex.It attracts more than 21 million visitors yearly to its Washington facilitiesand also serves additional millions of museum-goers throughout the nationthrough its Traveling Exhibition Service. It has a catalogued inventoryof more than 70 million objects and specimens, a number that is constantlybeing revised upward. About one percent of this inventory is on display andthe rest is used for basic research.Approximately 4,000 employees, including a staff of more than 350 professionalscholars and scientists, work for the Institution.The Smithsonian operates these major history and science museums:
?The combined National Museum of Natural History and National Museum of Manhoused with certain other offices in the Natural History Building;?The National Museum of History and Technology, and?The National Air and Space Museum.The Smithsonian art museums are:
? The Freer Gallery of Art on the Mall;?The National Collection of Fine Arts and?The National Portrait Gallery which share the old Patent Office Building indowntown Washington;?The Renwick Gallery, a curatorial department of the NCFA located across fromthe White House in Washington;?The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, completed on the Mall in 1974;
.The Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design in New York.The National Gallery of Art, located on the Mall, is technically a bureau of theSmithsonian but is an autonomous organization operating under its own board oftrustees.In southeast Washington is the innovative Anacostia Neighborhood Museum whichoperates in cooperation with the local community.In addition to museums, major Smithsonian components in the Washington areainclude:?The National Zoological Park in the Rock Creek Valley area of northwestWashington.?The Radiation Biology Laboratory in Rockville, Maryland, where the effectsof solar radiation are studied.?The Oceanographic Sorting Center which has quarters in the Washington NavyYard.?The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, a center for advancedstudy that operates under its own board of trustees.,The John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts, a cultural center, whichoperates autonomously under its own board.In Maryland, the Smithsonian also administers the 365-acre Belmont ConferenceCenter at Elkridge, between Washington and Baltimore, and the 2,500-acreChesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies near Annapolis.Away from Washington, Smithsonian facilities include the Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which operates major installations inother parts of the United States and field stations abroad. Centers in New YorkCity, Boston, Detroit, and San Francisco support the work of the Washington-basedArchives of American Art. An oceanographic sorting center at Salammbo, Tunisia,does work that parallels that of the sorting center in Washington. A tropicalresearch institute is based on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. A facility atFort Pierce, Florida provides' a base for underwater oceanographic research.The Smithsonian also conducts a wide range of programs in cooperation withother institutions, several dozen universities, and government agencies inthe United States and on every continent. The Institution offers its scientificfacilities and intellectual resources for research from elementary to post-graduate levels.
299ROLE OF SMITHSONIAN IN ENERGY CRISISMr. Yates. I notice in your Department of Mineral Sciences thatyou say the Department has made major contributions in petroleum re-search in recent years, especially in its study of the rocks of the oceaniccrust. It is stated that the sea floor is spreading causing continents onboth sides of the Atlantic to drift apart.The question which came to my mind is, what role is the Smithsoniantaking in the so-called energy crisis? Have you been called upon toassist FEA, ERDA, or any of the other agencies concerned with that ?Mr. Ripley. As far as I know, we have not.Mr. Yates. I know, too, that the Department of the Interior has re-cently formed a new organization called the Marine Mining Adminis-tration. It looks as if it would be a natural for the Smithsonian to beworking with them on this. Do you not think so?Mr. Ripley. Our concern has been with basaltic rocks, the earliestknown rocks in the creation of the planet.The mid-Atlantic study shows that these basaltic rocks are beingbrought out and deposited from the magna core of the Earth. By com-ing out and spreading themselves on the surface of the sea bottom, theyindicate the sea is becoming wider and the continents are drifting fur-ther away. This has to do with the theory that all the continents wereonce joined together.Mr. Yates. Who is in charge of the Department of Minerals ?Mr. Kier. Dr. William G. Me] son.Mr. Yates. Are you doing a ' .-studies on desalinization ?Mr. Kier. No ; none at all.Mr. Yates. Any questions before we turn to the justifications?Mr. Evans.INCREASED EXHIBITION OF ITEMS IN THE COLLECTIONSMr. Evans. I would be interested in long-range plans for bringingmore of your exhibits to the public view. What plans do you have ?Mr. Ripley. We have a new museum, the Air and Space Museum.We have plans for extending and renovating our existing museums.We have a proposal before the Congress for a museum support facility.The question of the proportions perhaps is masked by the very thingI was referring to earlier ; that is, the fact that many of these objectsare not highly exhibitable. Sometimes we get letters saying, why arenot the treasures of the Smithsonian lying in your basement, neglectedand unvisited, made available to the citizens of Arkansas? Why do younot start a museum in Arkansas ? Most of the really high quality andhigh style material we have is already on exhibit. So that 3 percentis not too artificial or too far away from, let us say, 10 percent or some-thing of that sort, which would be perhaps the maximum amount
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number of objects we could display effectively. Most of the materialis rotated as well, it has to be cleaned and reconditioned. Much of thematerial in science depends on the gallery being finished and so on.Much of that material goes on exhibit and comes off again. So I would
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say in those instances, we are exhibiting to the maximum the thingswe can exhibit.Mr. Evaxs. Would it be correct to say that 10 percent of all youritems is representative of 90 or 100 percent of the displayable itemswhich you have?Mr. Ripley. It would be nearer than to say of 75 percent of the itemsonly 3 percent are on exhibit. We cannot possibly put all our entomol-ogy items on display. Those are, however, really basic for research ofthe Department of Agriculture, with which we are collaborating invarious research projects. They serve as data banks for environmentalstudies, if you know that the so and so insect is in such and such anarea at such and such a date, then you could deduce why it is not therenow.Mr. Evans. Would it be correct to assume from your answer, you donot have enough displayable material for the museums throughout thecountry ?Mr. Ripley. We do not have the items to exhibit at regional mu-seums throughout the country. We would have to organize elaboratestrategems to furnish materials for regional museums.Mr. Evans. So these !>r> percent which you have are not displayable?Mr. Ripley. They often are items off the floor being refurbished,things of that sort, they all fit into categories which readily explainwhy we do not display them.DISPOSAL PROGRAMMr. Duncan. Do you have a disposal program?Mr. Ripley. Yes. Where there is a specialist working on a certainclass of insects we would perhaps deposit with that specialist forx years on an exchange basis, temporary or permanent loan, somematerials provided we have some little string out so we know whereeverything is. We also adjudicate whether or not certain specimensare worth keeping then we may dispose of them.Mr. Duncan. Do you haul them away to Goodwill or what ?Mr. Kier. We swTap. Some things which have not been in alcoholand are not well preserved, we actually throw away.Mr. Duncan. And artifacts too, which are so badly deteriorated?Mr. Ripley. That depends. This is where the attic syndrome comesin. You just do not want to get rid of whatever it is for you mightfind out later it might be useful. As Dr. Kier points out, obviously,certain materials at certain times deteriorate. Then, our conscienceswill let us feel we can dispose of it.PROGRAMS FOR EXTENDING DISPLAY OF COLLECTIONSMr. Evans. We are talking about displaying as much as you can ofthose items which are displayable. Can you tell us as much as possibleabout this train and whether this is a means by which items can betaken to people?Mr. Ripley. I do not think the train has anything to do with us. Itis under the Bicentennial Administration.
301The Virginia Museum of Art has some trailer vehicles which areeffective. At Yale, we developed a trailer for science exhibits whichwas circulated around the State, But our great thrust at the Smith-sonian has been with our traveling exhibition service which wasstarted over 20 years ago. Its purpose is to produce either with ourown materials or borrowed materials an exhibition which can go to asmall museum, a high school or cultural center. We have at any mo-ment some 200 or so exhibits in preparation or circulation which areviewed by another 4 to 5 million people besides the people who actu-ally come here to the Mall. That is a tremendous impact,Mr. Evans. We were talking earlier as to the impact of the millionsof people coming here during the Bicentennial year. It struck me thatit might be worthwhile to think about a Smithsonian train whichcould make tours over the country.Mr. Ripley. We have tried, as noted on page 41, to make the broadestpossible use of Smithsonian collections. We have a number of do-it-yourself exhibits, portfolios that go to communities which want them.Scholastic Magazine has helped us put these together. I have had, forexample, calls from people in Georgia and they have said, "We wantto have an exhibit, we do not know what to do."We will send them one of these exhibit portfolios so they can maketheir own Bicentennial exhibit which is much more challenging andexciting to them.Mr. Evans. In Lamar, Colo., it is one thing to put together thingsmeaningful to that part of the country. In another part of the countyit might be the gun that killed Abraham Lincoln, or Washington'stent.I get from your answer, you are not very hot on the idea of a traintaking exhibits throughout the country.Mr. Ripley. We have tried to do it but we would rather keep it here.The tent, for instance, we would rather keep here because of its fragil-ity. Many museums are very skeptical as to lending their items becauseof deterioration, which is a hideous problem. We do not have enoughtalent to insure that we would be able to keep the things in the stateour curators would like to keep them.CONSERVATION NEEDSMr. Evans. What type of talent would you like to have over andabove what you have asked for ?Mr. Ripley. We have been largely pioneers in certain areas of con-servation. We have a minimum of space ; we are trying to make morespace and the bill before our authorizing committees calls for a verymajor conservation center.Mr. Evans. Could you in fiscal 1976, use more conservation skills?Mr. Ripley. Yes. The main problem there is that we have to trainindividuals ourselves because the conservation business is still in anapprentice stage. There are probably less than 200 able conservators inthe country. It is only to the extent they are willing to come to a semi-nar or working session that we can get even a fragment of those peopleto?;ether.
302Mr. Evans. Would you have liked to have asked for more than youhave in this budget ?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Evans. How many more ?Mr. Perrot. The problem goes beyond the question of dollars. It in-volves finding trained personnel. We would estimate we would need atleast twice the number of people we have and if we had two and a halftimes our present budget we could start making a serious dent in thebacklog. This year we are seeking four trained conservators. We arenot sure we will be able to obtain them. This is a major problem.Mr. Evans. Do you have an apprenticeship program?Mr. Perrot. We have a program of internships. Through the Na-tional Museum Act, we are funding the National Conservation Ad-visory Council, which is attempting to define the conservation needs ofthe country in personnel, research, facilities, and resources. At thepresent time, virtually every conservation laboratory is in need of ad-ditional personnel. As the Secretary said, there are probably no morethan 200 trained conservators in the country. The Nation's currentconservation staff is not even replacing itself, let alone meeting thedemands of the backlog. About 2 years ago Dr. Robert Organ, Chief ofour Conservation Analytical Laboratory, estimated we were 14,000man-years behind. Maybe the figure is off, but it is still a staggeringestimate.Mr. McKay. How many training facilities are there ?Mr. Perrot. There are five : at Oberlin, New York University, Win-terhur, the Fogg Art Museum, and Cooperstown. A few museums aretraining on an apprenticeship basis.MUSEUM OF MANMr. Evans. Getting back to the study of man. What are your plansfor a museum of man ?Mr. Ripley. We have talked about this and had debates and semi-nars and brought in outside advisers to discuss it. We have not movedit forward as an integral entity.We originally began thinking about it as a kind of synthesis of allthe things that were exhibited in other parts of the Smithsonian.Our present thinking is that probably a Museum of Man per se inWashington is not really necessary. That is, you can study man in anatural history sense in the Natural History Building. You can studyhim in a cultural sense and an artistic sense in the History and Tech-nology Building and the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries, or in thesense of Oriental history and culture, in the Freer. What we wouldlike to do, if we could possibly get authorization to use this addi-tional land which is available next to the Air and Space Museum, isto think of it in some other terms. My own premise is that we wouldlike to think of it in terms of public exhibitions and education of lifein the 21st Century because that century is coming upon us veryrapidly. We are going to have enormous demands.Mr." Evans. Are you thinking of another building on the Mall?Mr. Ripley. No.'l am thinking of a series of planted areas, smallpavilions, small demonstration areas, on life support systems.
303Mr. Evans. The reason I asked is because sometime or another some-body had the idea of building another museum on the Mall for thispurpose. It struck me that the Mall is getting choked to death withbuildings.Mr. Ripley. Yes. Except for periods like wars, when it is coveredwith temporary buildings, the Mall really should have more park-likespace. I agree. I think the day has perhaps gone by, except for Gov-ernment office buildings of very large marble construction. Perhapswe should be thinking in terms of public education of a more flexible,more fluid kind of construction. That is why, as I say, my own preju-dice would be towards a very light demonstration area where we couldgrow, for example, some of the protein substitutes, the miracle grains,the things that obviously are going to become part of our children'severyday acquaintance.ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUMMr. Evans. Again on the question of buildings, you have the Ana-costia Neighborhood Museum. Is that on the same relationship withthe Smithsonian, parent to child, as the others?Mr. Ripley. It is part of the Smithsonian, if that is what you mean.It was started in conjunction with a local group in Anacostia who feltthe need of some kind of evocation of the history and cultural impor-tance of the area.Mr. Evans. Is that building owned by the Smithsonian ?Mr. Ripley. The building is rented by the Smithsonian. It's anabandoned movie theater which we took over. Now we have developed,with our own Federal funds augmented by private funds and grantsfrom foundations, a design and training laboratory as an adjunct of it.Mr. Evans. Is the responsibility of upkeep and repair on the Smith-sonian or someone else ?Mr. Ripley. The responsibility, as I understand it, is ours. We haveperhaps not budgeted sufficient maintenance and repair. That is some-thing that is a problem in every one of our buildings. Superficiallythese large buildings look very beautiful, but are constantly in needof paint, refurbishment, repair, and all the rest of the maintenancerequired by such heavy public use. In a tiny building it's the same.There is great public use of that building.
article on conditions at silver hill facilitiesMr. Evans. Mr. Chairman, I have one more question that probablyis something that I would want to ask other witnesses that come beforeus. I have in my hands a copy of a publication entitled, "CapitalComment," August 1973. The article is entitled, "Flying to theMoon." It's written by Jim Seymour, assistant editor of the Washing-tonian magazine. It's extremely critical of the National Air andSpace Museum. Has this article come to your attention? Are youfamiliar with itMr. Ripley. I am sure I remember it in that summer. That was, Ithink, an extension of a number of criticisms that were raised in Con-gress of the condition of the collections, especially the ones at ourfacility in Suitland, Md. It was claimed that there was a great deal of
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concern and sort of antagonism among the staff. We could not dem-onstrate that the staff problems existed. We could demonstrate that ourconservation program on these old planes was lagging and we havemade such steps as we can with funds from the Congress to try andget these ready so that we will have approximately 50 of these ma-chines ready for the opening of the Air and Space Museum.Mr. Evans. If there is no objection, Mr. Chairman. I would like tohave a copy of this article, coupled with the responses to the charges,in the record so that you can have a fair chance to react to the com-plaints that are in here.Mr. Ripley. I think they have all been satisfactorily taken care of.I only wish Mr. Collins were here at the moment to substantiate thatfor the record. COMPUTERIZED RECORDS OF COLLECTIONSMr. Yates. Dr. Long?Mr. Long. Mr. Ripley, I went through your museum sometime inthe last month. Even with only three percent of your collection ondisplay, it is mind boggling. There is so much there that I think itsort of tires you out from your thought of all of this and your in-capacity to absorb it and appreciate it.Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Long. I don't know what you would do if you put the wholeTO million items on display. Your greatest limitation is the humanmind and the capacity of the viewer, it would seem to me. You havecomputerized records of the items that are not on display or in factthe things that are on display ; do you ?Mr. Ripley. We are constantly working on this.Mr. Long. So that research scholars can easily locate what theyneed ?Mr. Ripley. I have been discussing this this afternoon, unfortu-nately, before you came in. We have a very active automatic data proc-essing program, which we started with the support of this committeeback in 1966. We are gradually getting there, shall I say, especially inthe natural history area and in some of the areas that concern paint-ing collections. But it's an enormous phased program that requiresa considerable amount of expenditure.USE OF COLLECTIONS BY SCHOLARSMr. Long. Do you get very many serious scholars who are makinguse of the museum ?Mr. Ripley. We do. We get thousands of inquiries and hundreds offollowups in the form of visits by scholars.Mr. Long. Who come there to do systematic work on a Ph. D. orworking on a research project?Mr. Ripley. We can give you figures on the number of Ph. D.'sthe number of postgraduates, the number of undergradates and thenumber of high school students we have had every year for the past 10years.Mr. Long. T wasn't thinking so much of the degrees the peoplecarried with it. but the system for study of what you have.
305Mr. Ripley. Wo, have set up a program of secondary and higher edu-cation which processes applications and we award fellowships in thisconnection. I believe myself, as a teacher, that there are many, manyaspects of museum collections which can be greatly rewarding to eithera seminar class in college or to a Ph. D. project, Whereas use of thecollections used to be on a very informal ad hoc basis in the past. Wehave tried to encourage increased usage with our research opportuni-ties catalog which we publish every year and send to all the universities.Tt describes by curator and by discipline the areas that people areworking in within the Smithsonian's Museums and the possibilities thatwe can recommend to them of trying to get financial assistance to come.We teach seminars in conjunction with places like Johns Hopkins orthe University of Maryland, in which one of our curators might be anadjunct professor. He may do the whole thing from either being onthe tutorial or the Ph. D. thesis committee of a student or he may gofor a term alone, as it were, and actually give a course or he may bringthe class here,WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARSMr. Long. Do you have Woodrow Wilson scholarships as part ofyour program ?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Long. I noticed you have men like George Kennan and otherscholars of great world distinction. But they are, if I am not mistaken,working in programs which don't necessarily make use of your re-sources. Isn't that so ?Mr. Ripley. To the extent that they are not particularly object-oriented, they may not go across into a collection and work with things.Of course, the purpose of the Woodrow Wilson International Centerfor Scholars was not specifically to enhance the collection content ofthe museum. It was rather to provide a place where scholars couldcome and utilize the resources of Washington, such as the Library ofCongress, which are multifarious. They are not always fully under-stood abroad.Mr. Long. Not even by the people who work there, I might pointout.Mr. Ripley. Or the Archives and other great institutions right inWashington. One of the reasons for Kennan's leaving the ForeignService Institute and coming to work with us at the Woodrow WilsonCenter, which he is doing for a year tentatively and we hope longer,is because the Library of Congress still has the funding which allowsit to purchase and secure all the periodicals in the Slavic area and inthe area of Russian studies. Whereas the average university program,like Columbia, has fallen way down.Mr. Long. But in doing that, you have really gone beyond the pur-view of the Smithsonian as such and extended into the intellectual re-sources of the Washington community.I am wondering, with such an enormous amount of resources ofyour own, most of which have probably not been nearly exploited,why you feel it's necessary for your particular institution to set up aprogram that would exploit the resources of the entire Washingtoncommunity instead of leaving that to some other institution.
306Mr. Ripley. We do it in a cooperative way. The Woodrow WilsonCenter has its own board of trustees and is in effect an affiliate of ours.So that we are giving it, as it were, the benefit of our umbrella. We aredoing it with full cognizance of the Woodrow Wilson Center Board ofTrustees, which includes the Librarian of Congress, the Archivist ofthe United States, and the Secretary of State and others who arcgenuinely supportive. They feel that for all these years Washing-ton has had a group of universities, a group of laboratories and greatarchival centers but it has never really had a way of bringing togetherscholars to utilize them.Mr. Long. I understand the need for this. I am wondering why aparticular institution like the Smithsonian has taken on a program ofcultivating other gardens when it can't possibly cultivate its owncompletely.Mr. Ripley. Whether or not we can cultivate our own. we are doingour best, of course. May I point out, Mr. Long, that in the 1850's mypredecessor called the Smithsonian a College of Discoveries. He saidhe would prefer that we not give degrees because he felt that we wereconcerned with the original study. He described the professor in thecollege as someone who was merely reading and reciting materials outof books which were revealed to him by other people who were doingresearch.We have had this tradition of working both with revealed truthsand also with original and basic research. We feel that the curatorialstaff, whatever they are called in the Smithsonian, are the college ofdiscovers and able to work in intellectual discipline.RATE OF GROWTH OF COLLECTIONSMr. Long. Undoubtedly somebody has asked this question and youhave answered it before I came in. Have you studied your rate ofgrowth over the years, the exponential rate of growth ?I won't worry too much about the earlier years, but T am wonder-ing what it lias been in the last couple of decades because that is prob-ably during the period when you have made the bulk of youraccumulation.Mr. Ripley. Actually the great leap forward was the building thatwas opened in 1964, the Museum of History and Technology. Thatbuilding had been in the planning stage since just before World WarTT.Mr. Long. I am not talking about your building program. I amtalking about the items accumulated.Mr. Ripley. So often the buildings expose the items. The buildingsare related to the accumulation of items.Mr. Long. Can you give me some idea of what your rate of growth isin items by decade?Mr. Brooks. In numbers of items? I would say our average growthin terms of numbers of items in the natural history collections, overthe past 5 years has been about at the rate of 1.7" percent per yearcompounded.Mr. Long. 1.7 compounded?Mr. Brooks. Yes.
307Mr. Long. What was it the decade before that ?Mr. Brooks. I will have to furnish that for the record.[The information follows :]Rate of Growth of the National CollectionsNumber of objects and specimens in the collections of the National Museums,Smithsonian Institution (includes natural history and other collections) :Decade 1953-631953 34, 764, 0001963 57, 200,000Increase 22, 436, 000Note.?Increase percent : 64.3 percent or 5.1 percent per year compounded.Decade 1963-731963 57, 200, 0001973 70, 700, 000Increase 13, 500, 000Note.?Increase percent : 23.6 percent or 2.1 percent per year compounded.Mr. Long. I was wondering whether it's increasing or decreasing.Mr. Brooks. It has been decreasing slightly in the more recent years.It is not, in other words, continuing at a rate of 1.7 percent. It'sdown slightly.The estimate that a group of Directors of Systematic Collectionsput forward as being one which would be the general experience fora systematic collection in the natural history area was somewherebetween 2 and 3 percent. We are below that because we have a verylarge collection.Mr. Long. Do you happen to know what the Library of Congress'exponential rate of growth is?Mr. Brooks. No, sir.ACCOMMODATION OF EXPANDING COLLECTIONSMr. Long. For a long time it has been well recognized, I am sureyou know, that libraries, all of them, are expanding at such a rapidexponential rate there is a great problem as to where to put all theirmaterials. The libraries have been able to solve the problem by puttingthe materials on microfilm, which you are not going to be able to do.At least most of your collections you can't put on microfilm becausethey arc solid three-dimensional items. Isn't that so?Mr. Ripley. Yes. But in a sense we can expand on our collectionby the kind of data processing in which we can code information onour collections on a compatible basis with related collections in neigh-boring institutions in somewhat the same way that the libraries havebeen trying to build up teleprocessing communications networks sothat cataloguing information can be interchangeable between libraries.Then they in effect are talking about everybody's collection as one col-lection. We do some of that and we hope, and ambitiously so, that thisAssociation of Directors of Systematic Collections which Mr. Brooksis talking about will be able to expand the relevance and the accessibil-ity of the material by these stratagems.
308CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIESMr. LonCx. I am sure you have thought of this. What are your plansfor future construction? How many buildings have you built now inthe last decade ?Mr. Ripley. In the last decade the Museum of History and Tech-nology has been completed, the Hirshhorn Museum has been completed,and the Air and Space Museum is under construction and will be com-pleted next year. We have built several small facilities in Silver Hill,Md., and we have before the authorization committees bills to developa museum support facility there which will have storage, conserva-tion, reference, computer facilities, and some space for visitations.DECLINE IN GROWTH RATE OF COLLECTIONSMr. Long. All of this can happen in one decade. I am trying to lookdown the road two or three decades or perhaps to the end of this cen-tury. What is the plan ? You can't go on accumulating at the expo-nential growth rate at anything like you have been doing. We all knowthat compound growth rates put you through the ceiling.Mr. Ripley. We are convinced this is going to fall off, because therewill not be to a large extent as many available worthwhile objects toreceive.Mr. Long. Why is that so ? There are breathtaking new discoveriescoming in all the time. I can remember in 1930 a scholar, for whomI had enormous respect at the Institute of Advanced Studies whereI was at the time a member, was saying, "We have reached the end ofthe growth of significant new discoveries," and he really believed it. Ithink, since that time, there has been a whole explosion of fundamentaldiscoveries and their applications.Unless I misread it, I would expect new explosions. I don't believethat you run out on these things.Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. Long. I wonder why that wouldn't present a challenge for yourSmithsonian Institution.Mr. Ripley. In certain areas discoveries, of course, are largely the-oretical or philosophical or of another nature as distinguished fromcertain objects. In Natural History, for example, there has been anoticeable decline in the need to collect vertebrate animals or certainkinds of plants, simply because we now have a fairly good cross sec-tion there.Mr. Long. I am convinced once you have collected your vertebrateanimals you have done your job. But these new things, like the atomicdiscoveries and so on, the first atomic plant and the type of thing thatgoes with that, I don't see any end to that.Mr. Ripley. That largely is information, really, as distinct from ob-jects. Again on the question of very valuable art objects, there are lessand less of them coming on the market. There has been a great fallingoff in the acquisitions, for example, both of the Freer and the NationalGallery, where I am involved, simply because there are not the objectsto buy.
309STANDARDS OF COLLECTION ACQUISITIONMr. Long. What are your standards on purchase of various art ob-jects and other types of objects, archeological items, and so on, thatmight possibly have been stolen ? I was reading the other day some ofthe tremendous theft problems in countries like Italy, and so on, whichhave an indescribable cultural wealth, but a very, very serious lack ofsecurity. This stuff gets stolen at the rate of thousands and thousandsevery year. We only hear about an occasional great masterpiece that isstolen and held for ransom, but the thefts are just progressing at aheartbreaking rate. Part of the reason is that American museums andother collectors have been buying this stuff up and making it veryprofitable for the thieves to do it. What are your standards on this?Mr. Ripley. The Regents have published and approved a very vigor-our statement on acquisition. I would be glad, if you are interested, tofurnish that for the record.[The information follows :]
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONPOLICY ON MUSEUM ACQUISITIONS
The documentary value of a museum collection is a principal criterionof its excellence, and museum accession records should therefore be of thehighest order of accuracy and completeness. To this end, each object acquiredshould have a provenance as completely documented as possible. Objects withincomplete provenance should be acquired only when they are of exceptionalrarity, and when it is reasonably certain that their origin, context, and historycan be established through scholarly research. An inadequate provenance maygive rise to doubt as to the licit quality of an object. Each provenance shouldbe a matter of public record.The Institution supports the free exchange of information and artifactswhich contributes to the advancement of knowledge and promotes internationalcomprehension and goodwill. The legitimate international transfer of naturaland cultural material should be facilitated by all available means, includingloans and sales, and the Institution encourages such transfers in the same manner^s it now fosters international exchanges between museums. At the same time, theInstitution undertakes to cooperate fully with local, state, Federal andforeign authorities and institutions in their endeavors to protect their art,antiquities, national treasures and ethnographic material from destructiveexploitation. An illicit international market has contributed to the despoliationof museums and monuments, and the irreparable loss to science and humanity ofarchaeological remains. The Institution repudiates the illicit traffic in artand objects. Objects and specimens which have been stolen, unscientificallygathered or excavated or unethically acquired should not be made part ofSmithsonian museum collections.In consideration of this policy, the Regents of the Smithsonian Institutionadopt the rules set forth below for the acquisition of art, antiquities, andother specimens. The Director of each Bureau shall be responsible for theapplication of the rules. Donors, vendors and correspondents will be notifiedof this policy.
1. Each Director of a museum or collection, before authorizing the acquisitionof an object, whether by purchase, transfer, gift or bequest, has the responsi-bility, in good faith, to ascertain, from the circumstances surrounding thetransaction, or his knowledge of the object's provenance, that the object inquestion was not stolen or wrongfully converted, and is not illegally presentin the United States.2. Each Director also has the reponsibility to ascertain that any proposed newacquisition was not unethically acquired from its source, unscientificallyexcavated or illegally removed from its country of origin after the date ofadoption of this policy.
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3. (a) In cases of doubt, the Director should consult widely within theInstitution, particularly with those scientists or curators whose interestswould be affected by acquisition of the object, and with the General Counsel.Where helpful, a special panel should be created to help pass on the questionsraised.(b) In the case of a substantial proposed acquisition of foreign provenancewhose acceptability is in question, the Institution will contact the competentauthorities or corresponding national museums of the probable countries oforigin, or the countries whose laws may be affected by the transaction, inorder to determine whether the latter can advise the Institution as to thestatus of the object. If any such object can be demonstrated to form partof the national patrimony of another country, the Institution will takereasonable steps within its power to aid that country in its efforts to effectthe object's return.4. In case the Institution should hereafter come into possession of an objectwhich can be shown to have been acquired, excavated or exported in violationof Rule 2 above, the Institution should proceed as appropriate in each case,to seek to return the object to the donor or vendor or to contact the competentauthorities or corresponding national museum in the probable country oforigin, to determine what steps might be taken best to preserve the interestsof all parties.
5. The policy set forth here should be applied in determining whetherto accept loans for display or other purposes.6. The provenance of acquired objects shall be a matter of public record.A resolution was offered and it wasVOTED that the Board of Regents approves the statement on policy of theInstitution on museum acquisitions as specified above.
312ORIGIN OF COLLECTIONSMr. Ripley. This involves the very question of the provenance andauthentication of objects. In the past this has been very sloppy. Wehave published on it ourselves, both in our reports and in the Smith-sonian magazine. I believe we have taken a pretty leading cutting axposition in this. I personally disapprove enormously of the action ofsome people I know who have in the past in a very loose way collectedand bought objects which did not have the necessary provenance andthen have announced, when the government of the country involvedhas said they have identified this object, that they had no intention ofreturning it.Mr. Long. They played dumb.Mr. Ripley. Or arrogant. We have some very healthy examples todayin this country. For example, recently a museum in Philadelphia sentback a mosaic to Tunisia. One had been identified that, indeed, hadgotten into dealers' hands quite illicitly. More of that should be done.I am sure that in years to come more will be done.If there is any substantive case of this sort, there is a mechanism inour procedure for putting it to a committee to decide whether some-thing which has been identified in one of our galleries is of such anature and can be so defined and has a certain historical or religiousvalue. We have run into this in connection with minority people in thiscountry, where certain objects of a religious significance to the culturalhistory of those people are involved. Then these objects should be de-requisitioned, as it were.This is a relatively new concern because classically if museums hadpurchase funds or acquired or were given collections, well, nobodyreally cared. It was a most demeaning kind of attitude assumed by theadministrators or the trustees that they were the only people who hadany real sense of cultural values and that this justified looting.You remember the famous Napoleonic case when Napoleon's armieslooted from all over Middle Europe and the Mediterranean, and thenthe curator of the Louvre was so horrified that after the Treaty of1818 in Vienna, the allied powers sent their wagons to take all the ob-jects back, and he kept rushing out and saying, "No ; you can't take itaway," and trying to hang it back on the wall again. He finally, em-bittered, said, "Very well, take it away, but you people have no appre-ciation of the cultural objects of art the way we French do." He wasvery distraught.PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH THEFT OF ART OBJECTSMr. Long. Of course, we have police who have gotten well organizedin dealing with narcotics?not as well as we wish, but at least thereare police organizations for dealing with narcotics and kidnaping andall that. Is there a police organization in this country under the aegisof the FBI or what have you, which has taken any interest in the theftof art objects and the fencing of them through various museums ?Mr. Ripley. Through Interpol, which of course is international,there have been set up relations and contacts I believe with the FBI aswell as with certain police organizations in some of the States. There is
313now an attempt to keep a running commentary on this. Some of thisis published in the International Council of Museums' journals andbulletins and in the UNESCO publication called "Museums." Theypublish a photograph and picture. As Mr. Perrot reminds me, we havejust published?by we I mean the International Council of Museums
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this handbook [indicating], "The Protection of Cultural Property."Of course, many important countries, countries in the developingworld, are totally unable to cope with the problem because of lack ofmaintenance and lack of conservation efforts, lack of cataloging andsusceptibility to bribery, and so on.THEFT IN THE SMITHSONIANMr. Long. Is your museum a victim very much of theft ?Mr. Ripley. We discussed a little bit earlier the question of vandal-ism, which is always present and is largely, I think, inadvertent,although childish vandalism sometimes is a way of expression.Mr. Long. Does your budget provide for strong security ?Mr. Ripley. We have a strong part of our budget for protectiveservices and we are trying with your help to build that up. We havehad thefts, internal thefts?that is, thefts behind the exhibit areas?and we have a continuing problem of vandalism. But it ebbs and flows.Mr. Long. That is all I have, Mr. Chairman.Salaries and ExpensesMr. Yates. I would like to refer to Mr. Ripley's address "OnMuseum Objects, Truth and Education," from Mr. Ripley's associate,Mr. Dillion, in which he quoted Mr. Ripley in his foreword as sayingthat the Mall in Washington should be a place for life and laughterin addition to serious study and work
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We will insert justification pages i to vi and A-l to A-109 at thispoint in the record.[The pages follow :]
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFISCAL YEAR 1976 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS
GENERAL STATEMENT
Organization and PerformanceFounded in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution is an independent establishmentdevoted to public education, basic research, and national service in the arts,sciences, and history. Centered on the Mall in Washington, D. C., it also operatesmajor facilities and activities elsewhere in Washington, across the country, andoverseas
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One of the world's leading research centers, the Smithsonian is also the world'slargest museum complex, attracting, with the Zoo, approximately sixteen million visitorsyearly as well as additional millions who view traveling exhibits. As custodian ofthe National Collections, it possesses more than seventy million objects and specimens,only a few percent of which are on public display while the rest are available forscholarly research by Smithsonian staff and many hundreds of visiting students,scientists, and historians each year.The Smithsonian complex consists of ten major exhibition buildings in the fieldsof science, history, technology, and art; a zoological park and an animal conservationand research center near Front Royal, Virginia; a preservation and storage facility atSilver Hill, Md . ; a conference center at Elkridge, Md . ; two natural preserves, inPanama and on the Chesapeake Bay; the innovative Anacostia Neighborhood Museum whichoperates in a low-income area of the city in cooperation with the local community;an oceanographic sorting center in Tunisia, whose work parallels the programs of theInstitution's oceanographic center in Washington; an observatory at Mt . Hopkins, Ariz.;and supporting administrative, laboratory, and storage areas.A wide range of programs is conducted in cooperation with other institutions,universities, and government agencies here in the United States and on every continent.Many of the research projects in nations abroad are funded through the use of excessforeign currencies. More than 1,000 research publicatons, exhibit catalogues, educationpamphlets, information leaflets, etc. were prepared in the past year. Other communicationactivities include radio, television, motion picture programs, the successfulmagazine, Smithsonian , which now has almost 700,000 subscribers, the Archives of AmericanArt Journal , and the recently acquired Art Quarterly .In FY 1976 major efforts are being directed toward completion of collectionsrestoration and exhibits preparation required for the Institution's participationin the Washington, D. C. Bicentennial effort as well as for its contribution tocommemorative activity across the Nation. A major element of the Institution'sBicentennial program is the opening of the National Air and Space Museum on July 4, 1976.In addition, high priority is being given to continuing phased implementation of theMaster Plan for the improvement of the National Zoological Park's animal and visitorfacilities. Management Planning and Organizational Effectiven essThe second Belmont Conference was held in February 1974 to define goals andpriorities for the coming year. Priorities established by the Conference includeexhibits production (including traveling exhibits); collections acquisition andcollections management, including conservation and restoration of objects; and thegrowth needs of the Zoo. Scientific research will also continue as a high priorityof the Institution with particular importance being directed towards fellowships,distinguished curators, and project research. Other efforts have been made tostrengthen and improve the information flow and decision-making processes amongadministrators and program and support managers. Significant among these effortshas been the creation of the Counc.il of Directors and Administrative OfficersConference.
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During FY 1974 and FY 1975, several important changes to the internal organizationalignment of the Institution have been accomplished. These actions are designed to usecurrent resources more effectively by aligning related or complementary functions or bystrengthening the ability of certain major museums and galleries to administer directlykey aspects of their programs. Manpower and dollar resources which are involved continueto be used for the purposes for which they were appropriated. Among the major changesare the following:
--Transfer of exhibits design, production, and associated personnel and relatedresources from the Office of Exhibits Programs to the museums and galleries in orderto unify and strengthen the exhibit presentation function with the equally importantcollections management and research functions of these museums and galleries. Thistransfer was begun in FY 1974 and completed in FY 1975. A small Office of ExhibitsCentral has been retained to serve the needs of units with no exhibits capability andto provide certain specialized services for all the museums.
--Allocation among the units of printing funds formally centralized in theSmithsonian Institution Press. This will result in (1) each unit establishing thepriorities for its manuscripts to be printed and (2) printing costs being shown asa function of program activity. Printing funds for certain Institution-widepublications were left with the Press.
--Transfer of custodial and minor-maintenance personnel and associated resourcesfrom the Office of Plant Services to museums, galleries, and laboratories. These transferswill give to museum, gallery, and laboratory directors responsibility for the cleanlinessand appearance of their buildings and give these essential employees a closer feeling ofinvolvement with the public service programs they are helping to support.
--Transfer of shipping funds formerly centralized in the Office of the Registrarto the units. Non-registration functions are being removed from the Office of theRegistrar. This move recognizes the fact that shipping is an integral function of eachmuseum's borrowing and lending programs and will result in the costs being shown as afunction of program activity.
--Transfer of personnel and associated resources from the Office of Elementary andSecondary Education to the museums and galleries. These transfers, begun in FY 1974,and completed in FY 1975, reflect that the development of public education programs goeshand-in-hand with the planning and presentation of exhibits. This transfer will alsoresult in the costs being shown as a function of the program activity. A small centraleducation office will continue to coordinate the education programs in the bureaus. Thiscentral office will also serve as a liaison with local school systems and will developspecial outreach projects.
--Transfer of funding for postage indicia from the Office of the Treasurer to theOffice of Plant Services in order to combine all mail services in one office.
--Transfer of personnel and associated resources for the Oceanographic SortingCenters from the Office of International and Environmental Programs to the NationalMuseum of Natural History in order that all natural science, collection-basedactivities be administered by a single bureau.
--Transfer of positions and associated resources from the National Armed ForcesMuseum Advisory Board to the Museum of History and Technology to align thework of the Board with that of the recently established Eisenhower Institute, whoseactivities will center on the contributions that the Armed Forces of the U. S. havemade to American society and culture.
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Establishment of Position CeilingOver the past several years, inflation, in virtually all areas of expense, hasgradually eroded the Institution's ability to fund positions for Congressional lyapproved programs. Additional positions have remained unfilled as program emphasishas changed or as a particular project has been completed. For the Office of PlantServices additional funds are requested in this budget to support positions which fallinto the former category. In a further attempt to reflect more accurately the existingemployment situation, the Institution has established the FY 1975 position total at3,050.For FY 1976 the Institution is requesting the following appropriations:
Salaries and ExpensesScience Information ExchangeSpecial Foreign Currency ProgramConstruction and Improvements,National Zoological ParkRestoration and Renovation ofBuildingsConstruction (Appropriation toliquidate contract authority)TotalsHighlights of the budget requests are as follows:A. Salaries and Expenses1974 Appropriation 1975 Estimate 1976 Estimate$58,868,000 $70,706,000 $79,408,000This appropriation provides for the regular operating programs in the museums,galleries, zoological park, research laboratories, and other program units; for specialprograms of an Institution-wide nature (such as the American Revolution Bicentennialprogram); and for program support activities. This funding is allocated by major groupsas follows: (Organizational allocation appears on pages A-2 and A-3.)
1975Appropriations$67,789,000 Requested1975Supplemental$2,917,000 Requested1976Increase$8,702,000 1976Estimates$79,408,0001,755,000 50,000 70,000 1,875,0002,000,000 -0- -0- 2,000,000
9,420,000 -0- 130,000 9,550,000
1,490,000 -0- - 23,000 1,467,000
7,000,000 -0- - 4,000,000$4,879,000 3,000,000$89,454,000 $2 967 , 000 $97,300,000
1975 Requested 1976Base Increase EstimateScience $26 774,000 $3,202,000 $29,976,000History and Art 11 484,000 824,000 12,308,000Public Service 2 102,000 134,000 2,236,000Museum Programs 5 329,000 423,000 5,752,000Special Programs 5 186,000 599,000 5,785,000Administrative andSupport Activities 19 831,000 3,520,000 23,351,000Totals $70 706,000 $8,702,000 $79,408,000
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The FY 1976 budget request continues to give high priority to the effort begun ^Slast year to strengthen support staffs. This budget also addresses high priorityprogram needs--an area for which, excluding Bicentennial commitments, no additionalresources were requested for FY 1975. The effects of inflation and the importanceof the program activities, both in developing a better understanding of contemporaryproblems (i.e. environmental and energy-related issues) as well as in fulfilling theInstitution's responsibilities to basic research and public education, stronglyrecommend their selective strengthening.Major purposes to be served by the requested funding increase include:
1 . Program Increases (Other than Bicentennial Related): $4,551,000
-- Research - to support on-going and important new programs in the areas oftropical biology, high energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy,regulatory and environmental biology, ecosystem and land-use research, andanthropology. ($410,000)
--Collections Acquisitions - to maintain a minimum acquisition program tosupplement continued and active efforts to acquire gifts to the NationalCollections. Purchase funds are essential to acquire particular objects toestablish fully representative reference collections or to display in newexhibitions. ($110,000)
-- Collections Management - to provide additional assistance for the care ofthe collections which grow at a substantial rate and are utilized increasingly,and to develop and maintain programs of animal care and propagation for theliving collections at the Zoo. ($207,000)
-- Exhibition - to permit refurbishment and redesign of exhibit halls as well asanimal habitats at the Zoo, aimed at increasing their educational usefulness,and to expand production capability of small but innovative exhibit programs.($143,000)
-- Education and Orientation - to provide improved tour, orientation, and otherinformation services to museum visitors, and to relate more effectively per-forming arts presentations to the museums and their collections. ($105,000)
--Conservation - to improve the capability for specialized treatment, and analyticalservices required to prevent deterioration and loss of the collections. ($42,000)
-- Libraries - to permit the acquisition and processing of library materials aswell as the preservation and conservation of rare and valuable materials inorder to serve increasing research and exhibit efforts. ($238,000)
--Automatic Data Processing - to reduce backlogs in the application of computertechnology in the scientific research, collections management, and administrativeareas. ($26,000)
-- Photography - to improve production and management control of photographic servicesincluding the filing and retrieval of valuable negatives and transparencies.($19,000)
--Archives - to fund an oral history program designed to document the history ofthe Institution and to improve capabilities for processing and preparing arapidly growing collection of documentary material on American art. ($41,000)
-- Protection - to provide adequate protection and security of buildings, exhibits,collections, and visitors. ($775,000)
318
-- Buildings and Facilities Management - to fund custodial, maintenance, andtransportation requirements, meet increased postage costs, and improve thecapability for facilities planning and costing of construction projects($2,273,000)
--General Administration - to provide assistance in accounting, personnel,auditing, property administration, and supportive clerical work. ($162,000)
2. Program Increases (Bicentennial Related): $1,641,000
--To meet the temporary need for increased maintenance, cleaning, protection,and visitor orientation services required by the larger visitor numbers andextended hours for buildings not previously open in the evenings. ($400,000)
--To assist in the preparation and installation of exhibits for the new NationalAir and Space Museum. ($1,241,000)3. Uncontrollable Increases: $2,510,000
--To fund the projected higher cost of current employees caused by legislatedpay raises, within-grade step increases, extra work day, and Workmen'sCompensation payments. ($1,873,000)
--To assist in funding very large rate increases for steam and electricity.($617,000)
--To meet the increase in shipping rates for the international exchange ofliterary, scientific, and cultural publications. ($20,000)Included in the above program increases is an amount of $166,000 for additionaltravel costs. Special attention is being drawn to thisarea because of its importantrelationship to the accomplishment of related program efforts. The purchasing powerof travel funds in the base has continued to be eroded as a result of fare increases.Careful review is given to all travel requests and only that travel considered to beof the highest priority is approved. Purposes of travel include: 1) the accompanimentof rare objects loaned to the Institution by owners who would not lend otherwise, aswell as the accompaniment of animals being temporarily relocated either for breedingpurposes or due to Master Plan construction at the Zoo; 2) the management of travelingexhibitions; 3) the need to meet personally with prospective donors to review and/orencourage gifts to the National Collections; 4) regular on-site review and admini-stration of bureaus located outside the Washington area; S) participation in nationaland international conferences, lectures, and training sessions which enable participantsto remain current on recent developments in their respective fields as well as tocontribute to the diffusion of knowledge; 6) travel necessary to the conduct of certainresearch projects; and 7) review of contract performance of companies outside theWashington area (for example, the contracted exhibits production effort related to theopening of the National Air and Space Museum) . One factor, in particular, has addedto the rise in requested travel funds for FY 1976. That is the cost of participanttravel associated with the Festival of American Folklife. It is anticipated thatthere will be as many as forty-five hundred participants.It is requested that special consideration be given to increasing travel authorityfor the Institution to $831,000.
319
B. Science Information Exchange (SIE)1974 Appropriation 1975 Appropriation 1976 Estimate$1,695,000 $1,805,000 $1,875,000The Science Information Exchange acquires, processes, stores, and providesinformation on research projects in progress as a service to the research community.A funding increase of $70,000 will be used to develop and implement further the SIEmachine-assisted indexing system, thereby improving input and processing time insubject areas of critical concern, and to expand efforts to encourage and providefor new state and local input into the Science Information Exchange system.C. Special Foreign Currency Program1974 Appropriation 1975 Appropriation 1976 Estimate$4,500,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000This appropriation will provide level funding to continue a program of grantsto United States institutions for field research in those countries where "excess"local currencies are available. Research will be performed in the following generalareas of Smithsonian Institution interest and competence: archeology and relateddisciplines, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences,and museum programs. In addition, funds are included for the third of four annualpayments, each of $1,000,000 equivalent in "excess" Egyptian pounds, to UNESCO'sinternational campaign to preserve archeological monuments in Nubia.D. Facilities Planning, Renovation, Restoration, and Construction1974 Appropriation 1975 Appropriation 1976 Estimate$21,860,000 $17,910,000 $14,017,000
--Construction and Improvements, National Zoological Park ($9,550,000) -Continued phased implementation of the approved Master Plan by completion ofthe service facility and the construction and rehabilitation of bear exhibits;continued planning for the beaver, otter, seal, sea lion, and wolf exhibits;and design and installation of exhibit, orientation, and education graphicsand street furniture. In addition, a program of repairs, renovation, andpreventive maintenance of Zoo facilities in Rock Creek and at Front Royal,Virginia will continue.
?Restoration and Renovation of Buildings ($1,467,000 ) - Continue projects suchas road improvements at the Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, Observatory, the installationof fire detection and suppression systems, renovation of the Arts and IndustriesBuilding and the south yard area, planning for a sixth floor library and researchcenter addition to the History and Technology Building, and general repairs andimprovements to buildings and facilities.
--Construction ($5,000,000 ) - Appropriation to liquidate contract authority forthe completion of the National Air and Space Museum.Details on each of these operating and construction programs appear in the followingsections of this budget.
320
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONSALARIES AND EXPENSES
Summary of Increase FY 1976
Appropriation, FY 1975 $67,789,000Proposed Pay Supplemental 2,527,000Proposed Program Supplemental (Utility rate increase) 390,000Base, FY 1975 $70,706,000FY 1976 Request 79,408,000Requested Increase $ 8,702,000
Transition Period EstimateTransition Period Request $22,010,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFY 1976 UNCONTROLLABLE INCREASES
The following additional funds are requested for costs that are beyond the controlof the Smithsonian Institution. These increases result from law, from prevailingpractices of wage setting, or from utility and shipping rate increases. A total of$2,510,000 is required for the following increased costs.Necessary Pay and Related Benefits $1,873,000Utility Rate Increases 617,000Shipping Rate Increases 20,000$2,510,000NECESSARY PAY AND RELATED BENEFITS - An increase of $1,873,000 is required forpersonnel compensation and personnel benefits for the projected higher costs in FY 1976of FY 1975 staff. These increases accrue to employees because of: legislated pay raisesand within-grade step increases; an additional paid work day; and Workmen's Compensationpayments. These costs are calculated on a position-by-position analysis taking intoconsideration approved new hires in the current year and savings from promotions, turnover,and filling of vacancies at lower grades where possible. Absorption of these costs fromcurrently available funds seriously hurts approved program activity. First, for every$12,000 that goes to these costs from funds already in salaries and benefits, one man-yearof employment is lost. Second, if other object class funds must be applied to these costs,productive employees are left without the supplies, tools, and equipment they need to dotheir jobs well. Since inflation in the costs of these materials already is taking itstoll, pay cost absorption would be crippling. These additional costs are divided amongthe following:(1) Annualization of Legislated Pay Raises ($827,000 ) - The requested essentialFY 1975 pay supplemental appropriation amounts to $2,527,000. Necessary pay of $827,000is required to annualize funding in FY 1976. This includes funds for the followinglegislated General Schedule and Wage pay raises:
--$618,000 for the General Schedule pay raise effective on October 14, 1974 (E. 0.11811,issued pursuant to P.L. 91-656) to cover the period of costs from July 1, 1975, throughOctober 13, 1975. Over 2,300 employees are affected by this raise which was 5.5 percentover the previous pay scale. The full-year cost of this raise in FY 1976 is calculatedat $2,054,000. Necessary pay of $618,000 is requested to annualize funding in FY 1976for the period July 1, 1975 -October 13, 1975. (Estimated total cost $2,054,000 minusFY 1975 supplemental of $1,436,000 = $618,000.)
--$209,000 for several FY 1974-75 Washington, D. C. and other locale Wage pay raises.Prevailing practices call for the Wage pay scales in various geographical areas to bereviewed by a local Wage Fixing Authority to see how the wages paid by the U.S. Governmentcompare to wages paid similar employees by the private sector in those geographic areas.In recent years, this comparison has been made at least yearly and several times moreoften. Some 623 Smithsonian Wage employees in Washington, D. C. received a 6 percent payincrease on October 27, 1974, granted under 5 U.S.C. 5341. Other Wage employees of theInstitution, working in Maryland, Virginia, Arizona, New York, and the Panama Canal Zone,also received wage increases of various amounts at different times of the year. Theproposed supplemental appropriation will meet the current year costs of these actions.The full-year cost of these raises in FY 1976 is estimated at $1,300,000. Necessary payfunding of $209,000 is sought to annualize funding in FY 1976 for the balances of theeffective periods. (Estimated total cost $1,300,000 minus FY 1975 supplemental of$1,091,000 ? $209,000.)The distribution of the requested FY 1975 pay supplemental appropriation by organi-zation unit is shown on pages A-2 and A-3. Certain of these units also are requestingutility supplemental funds as explained on page A-6. Total Uncontrollable Increases areincluded on pages A-2 and A-3. ,_,.
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(2) Step Increases ($801,000 ) - Necessary pay funding of $801,000 is required inFY 1976 for General Schedule and Wage within-grade and periodic step increases. ForGS employees, such increases are required by P.L. 88-426, the G^ernm^t 1^ 1?^". esSalary Reform Act of 1964. Wage employees are covered by law and prevailing Prices.Such increases must be granted if employees are performing at acceptable levels otcompetegrantedon an individual posn.jbe granted periodic steps. In FY 1976 the Institution will have to annua lze ?"*costs ($420,000) and fund the costs of 1,888 new periodic steps ($381,000). onsetshave been made to the requested increase for turnover and promotions.The General Schedule portion of this request amounts to $608,000. There are over2,300 General Schedule positions with 1,485 scheduled to receive a new within-gradein FY 1976. The Wage portion of this request is $193,000. There are approximately750 employees in Wage positions, of whom 403 will receive new wi thin-grades in FY 1976.(3) Extra Day ($160,000) - The annual pay scale in effect in the Federalgovernment is based on 260 paid days. FY 1976 will have 262 paid work days. Sincefunds are already in the base for one additional work day in FY 1975, the request isfor funding for one more day.(4) Workmen's Compensation ($85,000) - Section 8147(b) of Title 5, United StatesCode, provides for payments to be made to employees for injuries and to their familiesin case of death. These payments are determined and made by the U.S. Department ofLabor's Office of Workers' Compensation Programs. Each August, the Department of Laborbills agencies the cost incurred by their employees for the previous fiscal year. Thesebills are payable the next July. The Institution has placed emphasis on a safety program.One of the functions of the Office of Protection Services is to make and enforce safetyregulations in the Institution. Even though various prevention activities have takenplace, with the increase in employees the number of cases in FY 1974 increased to 78 ascompared to 66 in FY 1973. The bill for FY 1974 (payable in FY 1976) is $182,773.With the $98,000 that is in the base for FY 1975, an additional $85,000 is neededto finance this bill.The distribution of the FY 1976 Necessary Pay components by organization units isshown on page A-8.UTILITY RATE INCREASES - An FY 1975 supplemental appropriation of $390,000 isrequested to help cope with dramatic increases in the costs of steam for heating (suppliedprimarily by the General Services Administration) and electricity purchased fromthe Potomac Electric Power Company and similar companies in other locales of Smithsonianoperations. These cost increases in FY 1975 are attributed almost entirely to substantialrate hikes, not increased usage. Energy conservation and mild winter weather in 1973-1974and so far in 1974-1975 have helped to hold down costs. Even so, significant costabsorption will be required in FY 1975 despite the supplemental --if appropriated. Thiscost absorption will force the deferral to FY 1976 of essential supply replenishment, thereplacement of worn-out equipment, and necessary plant maintenance. Since Smithsonianconsumers of utilities may have to assist in funding their costs this year, the Institution'capability for pay cost funding is further limited.The table on page A- 9 shows the Smithsonian's Office of Plant Services expenses.This office funds utility services for buildings on and near the Mall. These figures areclosely representative, however, of the similar funding problems being faced by thoseInstitution bureaus outside of this geographical area, which budget for their own utilityservices. This table shows that while projected FY 1975 use of steam will increase onlyabout 6 percent over FY 1973, costs will be up almost 87 percent. Similarly, electricityuse is up about 13 percent over the same period, but costs are well over 100 percent more.
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The $390,000 will be distributed as follows;Office of Plant Services $363,000National Zoological Park 17,000Other units 10,000$390,000These amounts are included in the FY 1975 supplemental column pages A-2 and A-3.For FY 1976, an additional $617,000 is requested to close the gap between currentfunding and the costs of current use and to help meet new rate increases. This amountby organization unit is shown on the "Other Uncontrollable" line in the FY 1976 justi-fications for those bureaus and offices affected. Other than certain new requirementsseparately justified, for the new National Air and Space Museum and National ZoologicalPark building spaces, the FY 1976 budget does not provide for increased use. Strictenergy conservation measures will be continued.SHIPPING RATE INCREASES - An amount of $20,000 is requested to help meet shippingrate increases. The International Exchange Service is the official exchange bureau inthe United States for international exchange of literary, scientific, and culturalpublications. In addition, 14 Stat. 573, as amended, provides that the exchangeof the United States Government publications shall be made through the Smithsonian.The major cost to this program, besides salaries, is shipping charges. Shipping rateshave gone up drastically for ocean freight and shipping to the docks. Comparing thefirst six months of FY 1974 and 1975 shows that the cost per pound of such shippinghas increased about 25 percent.July-December Pounds Shipped Cost Cost Per PoundFY 1974 246,313 $26,800 $0.11FY 1975 225,967 30,700 0.14While improved packing methods helped to offset rate increases in prior years, additionalfunds are now needed to avoid curtailing the exchange of important publications.
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Necessary PayFY 1976(Dollars in Thousands)
UnitAssistant Secretary for ScienceNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. . .
.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.Radiation Biology LaboratoryInternat'l 5 Environmental ProgramsChesapeake Bay CenterNational Air and Space MuseumCenter for the Study of ManNational Zoological ParkAssistant Secretary for History and Art..National Museum of History ? Technology.National Collection of Fine ArtsNational Portrait GalleryHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden....Freer Gallery of ArtArchives of American ArtCooper-Hewitt MuseumAssistant Secretary for Public Service...Anacostia Neighborhood MuseumInternational Exchange ServiceDivision of Performing ArtsOffice of Public AffairsSmithsonian Institution PressAssistant Secretary for Museum Programs..Conservation-Analytical LaboratoryOffice of Exhibits CentralOffice of the RegistrarSmithsonian Institution LibrariesSmithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service.National Museum ActSmithsonian ArchivesAmerican Revolution Bicentennial Program.Environmental Sciences ProgramAcademic and Educational ProgramsOffice of the SecretaryOffice of the General CounselOffice of the TreasurerOffice of Personnel AdministrationOffice of AuditsOffice of Equal OpportunityOffice of Printing and Photo Services....Information Systems DivisionOffice of Supply ServicesManagement Analysis OfficeOffice of Protection ServicesFacilities Planning 6 Eng. ServicesOffice of Plant ServicesTotal
* Excludes the Workmen's Compensation payment of $The bill is paid by the Office of the Treasurer.$1,873.
Within Annual Annual ExtraGrades GS Raise Wage Raises Day Total2 4 1 7114 115 11 27 26716 20 3 6 4520 10 6 3 3913 7 4 3 277 6 2 154 9 1430 36 1 733 10 1475 29 58 14 1766 3 1063 44 17 12 13625 35 5 6917 14 5 3818 19 4 4471 63 1 1552 1 42 3 66 4 112 2 53 4 84 5 107 8 1614 3 27 466 6 1313 19 355 4 1021 15 402 1 41 231 28 691 3 43 3 611 12 3 267 3 1110 7 189 9 202 3 61 2 411 8 2 236 8 156 5 123 3 7120 78 1 19 2186 8 2 1692 11 64 16 183801 618 209 160 1788*85 which is not charged to bureaus.Total request for Necessary Pay is
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OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE1974 Actual $168,0001975 Estimate $294,0001976 Estimate $338,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...
11 Personnel Compensation 138 25 16312 Personnel Benefits 12 2 1421 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 16 5 2122 Transportation of Things 4 2 625 Other Services 87 8726 Supplies and Materials 17 5 2231 Equipment 20 5 25TOTAL 294 44 338Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 7Program Funds 37ABSTRACT - This office is responsible for overall planning, coordinating, andreviewing the progress of the thirteen science bureaus and programs within the Insti-tution. The International Environmental Program is administered from this office. Aprogram increase is being sought for this office in the amount of $37,00n. Necessarypay in the amount of $7,000 is being sought for existing staff.PROGRAM - I. Immediate Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science with 7positions and $208,000 advises and assists the Secretary in planning, implementing,and reviewing the progress of Smithsonian science programs. The Bureaus reporting tothe Assistant Secretary for Science are the National Museum of Natural History, theRadiation Biology Laboratory, the Tropical Research Institute, the National ZoologicalPark, the National Air and Space Museum, the Astrophysical Observatory, the Office ofInternational and Environmental Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Center for EnvironmentalStudies, the Center for the Study of Man, the Science Information Exchange, and theFort Pierce Bureau. This office is also responsible for the administration of the Re-search Awards, the Environmental Sciences, and the International Environmental Program.II. International Environmental Program (IEP) - With $130,000 transferred from theOffice of International and Environmental Programs, the Office of the Assistant Secretaryfor Science administers the International Environmental Program. IEP is an interbureau,interdisciplinary effort aimed at studying various ecosystems in the tropics and sub-tropics. Each project is designed to be long-term (between 5 and 15 years) so that asufficient body of all-important phenological and systematic data can be accumulated andat the same time the host nation can prepare to take over full responsibility for theproject's management. Special attention is given to studying endangered species andtheir habitats. Nationals of the country where the research is being carried out arebeing involved to the fullest extent possible and every effort will be made to translateresults as soon as possible into applications for the effective conservation andmanagement of the ecosystem being studied.The major sites chosen for work are (1) the marine ecosystem of the GalapagosIslands, Ecuador, (2) the Fly River region of Papua, New Guinea, (3) the Amazonian regionsurrounding Manaus, Brazil, (4) savanna and forest sites south of Maracay, Venezuela,and (5) Chitawan National Park in the Terai of Nepal. Field staff will be predominately
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Smithsonian researchers from the National Museum of Natural History, the NationalZoological Park and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Inaddition to the foreign nationals already involved, an increasing number of scientistsfrom American universities and other research organizations are expected to participate.JUSTIFICATION OF $37,000 INCREASE (Research) - Term scientists (appointmentslimited from one to three years) as well as Smithsonian scientists will be used topursue the studies at the various locations chosen for the International EnvironmentalProgram. Funds are requested to support this important interbureau, interdisciplin-ary research. An increase of $37,000 is requested for this program.
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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY1974 Actual $ 8,399,0001975 Estimate $ 9,503,0001976 Estimate $10,030,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 7,423 439 7,86212 Personnel Benefits 639 67621 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 103 2 10522 Transportation of Things 21 2123 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 23 2324 Printing and Reproduction.... 182 18225 Other Services 703 19 72226 Supplies and Materials 132 9 14131 Equipment 277 21 298TOTAL 9,503 527 10,030Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 267Program Funds 260ABSTRACT - The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) serves as a center forthe natural sciences. It maintains large reference collections and conducts programsof identification and documentation, research, collections management, exhibits, andeducation?including collaborative projects with universities and other institutionsof learning. An increase of 19 positions and $260,000 is requested for FY 1976 tomeet the following support requirements: (1) Collections Management - 11 museumtechnicians ($110,000) to provide additional assistance for the care of the collec-tions which grow at a substantial rate and are utilized increasingly each year;(2) Exhibitions - 3 exhibits technicians ($64,000) and additional funding of $36,000to provide for the phased modernization of exhibit halls to enhance their educationalvalue; and (3) Buildings and Facilities Management - 2 laborers and 3 janitors($50,000) to provide more adequate building labor and cleaning services. An additionalamount of $267,000 is sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - This Museum serves as a national and international center for thenatural sciences. It maintains the largest reference collections in the nation (over60 million objects) and has the legal responsibility (20 U.S.C. 59) to serve as theultimate Federal repository of all collections and objects of natural history, arche-ology, and ethnology made by agencies of the government when no longer needed by thoseagencies for investigations in progress. Additionally, the NMNH is the repository fornumerous extremely valuable collections obtained from other sources, such as the sci-entific community and academic institutions, as well as many private individuals.The scientists at the Museum conduct a broad program of basic research on man,plants, animals, fossil organisms, rocks, minerals, sediments, and materials fromouter space. Their fundamental studies in systematics and biology are providing newinformation required for the solution of major problems of conservation, pollution,food production, improvement of medical knowledge, and for planning national and inter-national programs leading to predictive ecology and environmental management. Scien-tific and technical results which flow from this scientific research are made availableto others by an active and large publications program. Additionally, the Oceanographic
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Sorting Center in Washington, D.C., recently reassigned to the Museum, prepares anddistributes animal and plant materials to scientists from 200 agencies around theworld who are concerned with marine pollution, ocean dumping, pollution monitoring,environmental prediction, and systematics studies.Over three million people visit the Museum each year, including many thousandsof school children attracted by the exhibits. A major program of exhibit improvementbegan in FY 1974 with the creation of the new exhibit, "Ice Age Mammals and theEmergence of Man", and the very successful Discovery Room, an area in which visitorsmay handle exhibits and collections. In FY 1975 major exhibits effort is beingdirected to the preparation of the Bicentennial exhibit "Our Changing Land" and toa new hall of ecological archeology dealing with South America titled "A Continentand its Cultures." As a part of its education program, the Museum provides assis-tance for elementary and secondary school groups. In addition, many members of thescientific staff participate in joint educational programs with universities byteaching courses, training graduate students, and conducting science seminars. TheMuseum also provides leadership in the improvement of museum techniques and collec-tions management, especially through the application of computer technology. Thecafeteria, Museum Shop, and classroom facilities now under construction in the Museum'sWest Courtyard with non-appropriated funds will provide major new public service op-portunities.JUSTIFICATION OF $260,000 INCREASE:Collections Management - Beginning in FY 1972 the Museum undertook a long-rangeprogram designed to correct the inefficient operations resulting from the shortageof support personnel and meager operating funds available to the scientific staff.With the support of the Office of Management and Budget and the Congress significantimprovements have been made but the current status is still far short of the originalobjective of an average of 3 support personnel for each NMNH scientist. For the past3 years an interim target ratio of 2 to 1 has been set. Increased funding C$110, 000)for 11 museum technicians requested in this budget will achieve a ratio of 1.80 to 1.00bringing the Museum closer to this interim goal (see table). These additional tech-nicians will provide laboratory and research assistance to NMNH scientists such ascleaning and collecting specimens, preparing thin sections, and dissecting animals,thereby improving the efficiency and productivity of the scientific staff. In addi-tion, the new employees would be used to help care for the rapidly growing collectionsat the Museum. Real damage and loss is occurring to valuable specimens because ofslowly evaporating preservative fluids, crumbling labels, and deteriorating containers.Care of these collections is of the utmost importance in order that they may be pre-served for study and exhibit purposes.Ratios of Man-Years of Effort Between Support and Professionals /lFiscal Year Support Staff Scientists Ratio1974 actual 175 111 1.58:1.001975 estimate 189 111 1.70:1.001976 estimate 200 111 1.80:1.00/l Ratios apply only to personnel assigned directly to science support. They excludepersonnel in ADP applications, exhibits, education, and the director's office.The table also excludes Sorting Canter personnel for whom data are unavailableprior to FY 1975.Exhibitions - The Museum has planned a long-range exhibits program aimed atdeveloping a better understanding of man's relationships to and dependence upon allother life. Most exhibits in the Museum are presently organized by scientificA- 14
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disciplines and thus fail to establish properly the interrelationships between man,animals, plants, and the inorganic world. The plan to redesign and refurbish themore than 30 exhibit halls, integrating the scientific content of the halls inaccordance with modern scientific practices, is projected to extend over a period of20 years. This anticipates a design and production period of 1 1/2 to 2 years perexhibit and completion of 1 1/2 major halls a year.During the first two years, work on the following new exhibits is planned: ahall of lunar geology which will illustrate man's new understanding of the geology ofthe moon, as exemplified by the rock and soil samples returned in the Apollo Program;a hall featuring living insects which will illustrate their interrelationship withanimals and plants and their interactions with man; an exhibit examining origins ofwestern civilization, focusing upon the domestication of animals and plants and thedevelopment of metallurgy in Asia Minor; and finally, an exhibit which examines theprocesses of organic change in the living world.Using past experience as a guide, most halls should cost in the range of $350,000to $450,000. The present exhibits base of about $500,000, insufficient to meet antic-ipated costs of the new program, must also be used, in part, to continue generalmaintenance and upgrading of existing exhibits. An additional $100,000 and 3 exhibitstechnicians are requested to create a sufficient level of funding in the base for thislong-range exhibits program.Buildings and Facilities Management - In FY 1976, the Bicentennial year, theNational Museum of Natural History expects an approximate doubling in its number ofvisitors. An increase to 6 million visitors per year will place an exceedingly heavyburden on an already understaffed building management force. A study determined thatthe force should include a minimum of 78 positions to provide adequate service forpublic and employee use of the building. Even with increased resources in FY 1975,the buildings management staff will not exceed 61. The requested sum of $50,000will be used to employ 5 additional custodial personnel and purchase necessary suppliesand materials to improve this situation and to provide cleaner and better maintainedfacilities for visitors and employees.
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SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY1974 Actual $3,207,0001975 Estimate $3,402,0001976 Estimate $3,716,000(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions. Base IncreaseFY 1975 Requested Est.FY 1976
11 Personnel Compensation 1,682 133 1,81512 Personnel Benefits 145 12 15721 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 71 7122 Transportation of Things 55 5523 Rent, Conun. ? Utilities 286 28624 Printing and Reproduction. ... 21 2125 Other Services 311 69 38026 Supplies and Materials 95 15 11031 Equipment 229 85 31432 Lands and Structures 507 507TOTAL 3,402 314 3,716Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 45Program Funds 269ABSTRACT - The goal of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is toincrease and diffuse knowledge about the Earth and the astronomical universe. Heavyemphasis is placed on both observational and theoretical research in astronomy, basedon the principles of physics and chemistry. In addition to its headquarters and lab-oratories at Cambridge, Massachusetts, SAO facilities include a multi-purpose obser-vatory at Mt. Hopkins, Arizona; a world-wide network of associated field stationswhich observe artificial satellites and comets; and a network of automatic stationsin the midwestern United States which photograph meteors.An increase of 5 positions and $269,000 is requested for FY 1976 to meet scien-tific program needs and to provide general administrative and support services.Specifically: (1) Research - $125,000 for laboratories and $44,000 for the visitingscientist and postdoctoral programs; and (2) General Administration - 5 positionsand $100,000 for field, personnel, payroll, and property management purposes arerequested. An additional $45,000 is sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - Two scientific problems drive the research program at SAO. One isthe evolution of matter, starting with the explosive beginnings of the universe20 billion years ago. After the formation of galaxies and stars, some matter col-lapses into unusual objects, like quasars, neutron stars, and black holes. The ex-treme physical conditions found in these objects test fundamental principles of physics,including Einstein's Theory of Relativity and modern theories of elementary particles.By studying the evolution of stars and galaxies, SAO contributes to basic physicaltheory.The other problem concerns cosmic matter that has cooled to the point thatmolecules and solid particles form. The condensation of materials accompanying theformation of a star like the Sun results in the formation of planets and, ultimately,in the emergence of life. By studying the Earth, the solar system, and cool matterin space, SAO contributes to an understanding of the processes leading to the originof life in the universe.
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Progress toward the solution of these problems is achieved by a variety ofdifferent approaches. Study of matter under extreme conditions can be approachedthrough high-energy astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, and solar andstellar physics, while the study of molecules and solid particles can be approachedthrough optical and infrared astronomy, radio astronomy, planetary sciences, andgeoastronomy. Atomic, molecular, and radiation physics, as well as theoretical astro-physics, underlie both approaches. Each approach requires specific research tools.For example, high-energy astrophysics is based on obervations made by rocket, balloon,and satellite-borne telescopes to detect x-rays and gamma rays from space, whileatomic, molecular, and radiation physics are studied by using ground-based laboratoriesand computers. In addition to its headquarters and laboratories at Cambridge, Mass-achusetts, SAO facilities include a multi-purpose observatory at Mt. Hopkins, Arizona;a world-wide network of associated field stations which observe artificial satellitesand comets; and a network of automatic stations in the midwestern United States whichphotograph meteors.The Observatory is now completing its second year of operation as a partner,together with the Harvard College Observatory, in the Center for Astrophysics. TheCenter comprises a number of research divisions, which emphasize the different ap-proaches described above. The Center has conducted a study of its operations in FY1974 and is pursuing a development plan for the five years 1975 to 1979. The budgetrequest is based on that plan. The Center's plan emphasizes an increase in the colla-boration between Harvard and Smithsonian, which in the past has enhanced the effec-tiveness of SAO by bringing talented students and young scientists from physics,astronomy, chemistry, and geology into the research program.The plan requires that specific objectives be met - i.e., the development oflaboratories and research capabilities that meet critical deficiencies in the currentprogram. In each case, the objective is to provide a resource, either in instrumentsor in personnel, that will increase the effectiveness of research efforts alreadyunderway by filling an important gap. A number of programs that have achieved theirobjectives are being phased out in order to free additional resources toward this end.While it is impossible to predict beforehand the specific results of research,one can plan the programs (including manpower, equipment, and operations) necessaryto give significant scientific results and, through the conduct of periodic reviews,determine the effectiveness of the Observatory's programs and operations. SAO hasadopted the establishment and operation of these programs as its management objectives.In the course of this review, a number of programs have been phased out, inorder to provide additional resources to higher priority programs. However, some ofthe resources released by this action have been required to cover increased costs inrent, utilities, and communications.JUSTIFICATION OF $269,000 INCREASE (Research and General Administration ):High Energy Laboratory - As a fundamental part of its objective of maintaining anationally significant program in high energy astrophysics to permit studies of matterunder extreme conditions in the cosmos, it is essential that SAO establish a labora-tory for the conduct of experimental research in high energy astrophysics. Althoughx-ray astronomy is based on space-borne telescopes, a laboratory is critically neededto facilitate the development, testing, and calibration of instruments for rocket andsatellite missions. The laboratory will also be used to conduct research on criticalmaterials and for the development of x-ray detectors. Funds ($80,000) sought in FY1976 will permit the design, development, and construction of the x-ray source; thedesign and development of x-ray detectors; and the design and evaluation of a 70 -footlong vacuum pipe.
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Optical and Infrared Laboratory - SAO must expand its laboratory capabilities insupport of its two major goals in optical and infrared astronomy. SAO, in collabo-ration with the University of Arizona, is developing a unique facility in the largemultimirror telescope (MMT) and has demonstrated a strong capability to utilize aballoon-borne infrared telescope in collaboration with Harvard University and theUniversity of Arizona. These telescopes as well as SAO's existing ground-based in-struments require the continuing development of new detectors and instrumentation inorder to realize their full scientific potential. Funds ($45,000) sought will beused for electronic and optical equipment required in the assembly and testing ofoptical and infrared instruments.Visiting Scientist and Postdoctoral Programs - In order to strengthen thescientific programs at SAO and, at the same time, to increase the availability to theentire scientific community of the specialized facilities of the Observatory, a pro-gram of visiting scientists and postdoctoral fellows is being developed in cooperationwith Harvard College Observatory (HCO) . Participants are chosen on the basis of theirscientific excellence, their ability to utilize the Center's resources, and theircontribution to its objectives. Out of more than 250 postdoctoral candidates, theCenter was able to support 6 (4 by HCO and 2 by SAO). Ultimately, the Center willhave about 6 visiting scientists and 12 postdoctoral fellows at one time, supportedequally by HCO and SAO. In FY 1976, $44,000 is requested to support 2 additional post-doctoral fellows and 1 or 2 visiting scientists, depending on the length of their stayat the Center.General Administrative and Support Services - In FY 1975, the first step wastaken to correct the imbalance that has developed over the past several years betweenSAO's Federally funded and grant and contract funded general administrative andsupport activities. About $100,000 were approved for this purpose. This was approx-imately half the amount requested and is far short of what is needed to correct theimbalance and thus provide adequate administrative and support personnel for Federallyfunded research programs. In total, approximately 25 positions and $500,000 are re-quired. As a further step towards solving this problem, 5 additional positions and$100,000 are requested in FY 1976. Trained and capable administrative and supportpersonnel, now supported by grant and contract funding, will be hired to fill thesepositions. These positions include: 2 positions and $52,000 for facilities manage-ment at the Mt. Hopkins Observatory (a field manager and a support supervisor); and3 positions and $48,000 for general administration, which include a personnel assis-tant, payroll administrator, and property administrator.Highlights of SAO Research Results
--Publication of Blanketed Model Atmospheres for Early Type Stars , a companion volumeto the previously published Celescope Catalog , representing an analysis of theCelescope data as applied to stellar theory.
--Publication of 1973 Smithsonian Standard Earth (III) , the latest calculation of theearth's shape and size with respect to gravitationaf variation and a uniform networkof geodetic postions.
--The first identification of a probable "black hole" in the constellation Cygnus.
--Detection by means of radio observations of the basic organic hydrocarbon radical,methylidyne, in the tail of Comet Kohoutek. (Jointly discovered with astronomersfrom the Harvard College Observatory who were supported in part by the NationalScience Foundation.)
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--Development of two separate but related theories concerning the creation and evolu-tion of the moon which involves the probable breakup, capture, and later recombina-tion of the primoridal lunar body by the earth.
--Recognition and description of the peculiar orbital properties of the Mariner 10spacecraft which allowed a second fly-by mission to the planet Mercury.FY 1975
--First publication of major results from the ultraviolet and x-ray experiments aboardSkylab by Harvard and Smithsonian scientists revealing, among other new findings, thepresence of coronal holes.
--Discovery of a second probable "black hole" in the constellation Circinus.
--Discovery by means of radio observations of molecular ethanol in interstellar space.(Jointly discovered with astronomy groups at the University of Maryland, NationalRadio Astronomy Observatory, National Bureau of Standards, in Australia, and at theUniversity of Chicago. The SAO effort was cooperative with Harvard College Obser-vatory astronomers supported in part by the National Science Foundation.)
--Completion of the telescope mount for the Multiple Mirror Telescope.
--Co-sponsorship of International Astronomical Union Colloquium 26: "On ReferenceCoordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics", Torun, Poland, which attracted more than100 scientists from 20 countries.
--Flight aboard a joint American-Dutch satellite of an x-ray experiment designed tomap and study x-ray sources.
--Confirmation, through precise orbital determinations, that a newly discovered objectnear Jupiter is actually the 13th Jovian satellite.
--Discovery of a second celestial source of high-energy gamma rays in the constella-tion of Centaurus.
--Development of a new theory of the molecules observed in comets, based on rapidchemical reactions.
--Begin construction of the MMT telescope shelter atop Mt. Hopkins.FY 1976 (Expected )
--Flight of a rocket probe experiment to test the equivalence principle of Einstein'sTheory of Relativity.
--Flight of a spacecraft-to-spacecraft doppler tracking experiment aboard the Apollo-Soyuz space mission that is intended to study small-scale structures in the earth'sgravitational field.
--Begin installation of the MMT telescope atop Mt. Hopkins, Arizona.
--Preparation of the x-ray experiments designed to fly aboard the High Energy Astron-omy Observatory satellite series.
--Participation by the Smithsonian's world-wide satellite tracking network in NASA'sEarth and Ocean Applications Program.
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SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE1974 Actual $1,002,0001975 Estimate $1,181,0001976 Estimate $1,332,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requ ested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 60 4 6411 Personnel Compensation 835 90 92512 Personnel Benefits 112 16 12821 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 35 12 4722 Transportation of Things 6 2 823 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities 36 12 4824 Printing and Reproduction.... 12 325 Other Services 85 1 8626 Supplies and Materials 49 16 6531 Equipment 22 22TOTAL 1,181 151 1,332Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 39Other Uncontrollable 7Program Funds 105ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) conducts advancedstudies in ecology, behavior, and evolution of tropical organisms and manages relatedprograms in the areas of education and conservation. The tropics contain the greatestdiversity of life on this planet; as such they offer the biologist the best naturallaboratory for studying the interrelationships of life on earth. Panama further offersits unique zoogeographic characteristics--a landbridge between the terrestrial lifeforms of the two continents and a barrier to the marine life of two oceans.In FY 1976, four additional positions and increased funding of $105,000 are soughtto meet the following requirements: (1) Research - a resident naturalist ($21,000)to be responsible for environmental monitoring and coordination of scientific activityon Barro Colorado Island; two positions, a biochemical population geneticist and alaboratory technician ($40,000) to continue the gradual development of the Instituteas a primary center for tropical studies; and funds in the amount of $14,000 to fundincreased support and travel expenses and (2) Buildings and Facilities Management - ajanitor/guard position ($7,000) and an additional $23,000 to provide maintenance andprotection for the newly occupied Tivoli building, fund associated moving costs, andcover inflationary cost increases. An additional requirement of $39,000 for necessarypay costs and $7,000 for utility costs is requested in the Uncontrollable Section.PROGRAM - The Institute provides a base of operations and an intellectual centerfor advanced basic studies of ecology, behavior, and evolution in the tropics. Becauseof the diversity of tropical organisms and the complexity of their relationships, thetropics represent one of the most interesting but poorly understood biological regionsof the world. Many of the developing nations and those with the most rapidly growingpopulations are within the tropics, and it is here that major environmental changesare likely to occur during the next decade. Understanding and properly managing tropicalenvironments is essential to their preservation as well as the protection of livingsystems elsewhere in the world. For example, the destruction of suitable winterfeeding sites in Central and South America will result in the extinction of migratorybirds even if their summer breeding habitats are preserved in the United States.
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STRI's research stations in Panama provide immediate access to tropical,terrestrial and marine environments. These include almost 9,000 acres of forestreserve on Barro Colorado Island and the adjacent peninsulas in Gatun Lake and a two-ocean marine research capability with laboratories on the coral reef and lagoon atGaleta Point on the Atlantic Coast, and the rocky reefs at Naos Island on the PacificCoast. A small facility in Cali, Colombia provides access to high forest plateau inthe Andes. The Institute's permanent scientific staff, as well as many visitingscientists and students, conduct research in these areas as well as in other parts ofCentral and South America, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa, where comparative studiesare clarifying the distinctive ecological relationships of the tropics.During FY 1975 the permanent scientific staff of STRI is 14, there are 10 long-term pre- and post-doctoral students associated with STRI, and it is anticipated thatthe facilities will be used for shorter periods by a total of 700 visitors from allover the world. In FY 1974, 70 seminars were held and 65 scientific papers werepublished in the world's leading scientific journals by staff and associates. InFY 1975 a number of books will be completed and published by the STRI staff includinga volume on the ecology and archaeology of the central provinces of Panama and acritical volume on the behavior of new world primates.One of the most important responsibilities of the Institute is the support ofadvanced training in tropical biology. Organized teaching efforts extend beyondgraduate and post-doctoral training to college and secondary schools. In addition,informal training and docent-guided tours are also offered for the general public.JUSTIFICATION OF $105,000 INCREASE :Research - Barro Colorado Island, which is both an integral part of the Institu-tion's Environmental Science Program and a research station used by hundreds of visitingscientists, is in need of day-to-day coordination of the scientific activities of thevisiting and staff scientists. It is particularly important that someone be availableto provide continuity to the research of visiting scientists. An amount of $21,000 isrequested to hire a resident naturalist who will be responsible for environmentalmonitoring as well as the coordination of scientific activity.One of the problems related to the study of tropical organisms is that of sortingout the differences in closely related populations and species. The subtleties oftropical adaptations are often difficult to resolve with classical techniques of analyz-ing form and structure. In recent years techniques have been developed which enablebiologists to analyze enzyme forms and structures and, consequently, detect subtledifferences and responses in seemingly identical populations. While much research hasbeen done on temperate organisms, there is little data on which to evaluate or compareresponses of tropical organisms. An amount of $40,000 is requested to hire a biochem-ical population geneticist to conduct research in this area and a laboratory technicianto analyze biological material and collect data for interpretation. Support funds of$2,000 for supplies and equipment also are requested.The need for increased travel funds has intensified in the past year as a resultof expanding research efforts and inflation. While Panama is the facilities and admin-istrative base of the Institute, the research of most of the scientific staff iscomparative, requiring field work in many places of the New World and Old World tropics.In addition, there are travel costs associated with various scientific meetings andconferences and lectures conducted by STRI scientists at U. S. universities. Thesetrips have the dual benefits of keeping the scientists informed of new developments intheir fields and of promoting interest in tropical research. An increase of $12,000 isrequested to meet these travel expenses.
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Buildings and Facilities Management - In FY 1976 renovation of the Tivolibuilding will be completed with funds requested in the Restoration and Renovation ofBuildings account. Upon the relocation of administrative and support personnel tothe building, the requirement for maintenance and protection will increase. Fundsare requested to hire a janitor/guard ($7,000) and to finance moving costs andpurchase necessary maintenance supplies ($9,000).STRI buys more than one third of its supplies and equipment in the Republic ofPanama. The wholesale price index for the Republic of Panama rose 31.5 percent in thelatent quarter; the rise for the same period in the United States was 19.7 percent.An amount of $14,000 is requested to cover approximately half of STRI's inflationarycosts other than utilities.
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RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY1974 Actual $1,426,0001975 Estimate $1,542,0001976 Estimate $1 ,631 ,000Base Increase Est.(Hollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197648 48Numhcr of Permanent Positions... ^^^^^^ zz^=:11 Personnel Compensation 744 25 76912 Personnel Benefits 61 2 6321 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 11 4 1522 Transportation of Things 6 2 823 Rent. Comm. 5 Utilities 434 28 46224 Printing and Reproduction.... 13 3 1625 Other Services 35 10 4526 Supplies and Materials 86 10 9631 Equipment 152 5 157TOTAL 1,542 89 1,631Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 27Other Uncontrollable 28Program Funds 34ABSTRACT - The Radiation Biology Laboratory (RBL) studies the influences ofenvironmental factors--light , temperature, humidity, and atmospheric content--onbiological systems in order to help understand their growth and development. Themarked increase in interest in environmental problems has led to many requests forthe Laboratory's data. To continue this research at current levels, a support fundsincrease of $34,000 is required plus $28,000 for utility rate increases. These in-creases are due solely to inflationary costs of supplies, materials, utilities, andequipment. Necessary pay requirements for present staff amount to $27,000.PROGRAM - Light is the key controlling environmental factor for development andgrowth of biological systems. Storage of solar radiation as chemical energy in photo-synthesis is basic for all life on earth. The utilization of this energy is regulatedby subtle changing signals of light quality, duration, and intensity. A primary ob-jective of the Laboratory is to explain the influences of the various factors in theenvironment- -light, temperature, humidity, and atmospheric content--on growth and de-velopment and to characterize the molecular mechanisms through which these signalsoperate.This aim is accomplished by studying these environmental influences on plantgrowth and development in the Laboratory under controlled conditions using biochemical,biophysical, and physiological techniques and then verifying the importance of theseprocesses in nature by monitoring the natural, dynamic environment. An example of spin-off value from these measurements is the collection of ultraviolet light data usefulfor assessing the potential biomedical threats of change in the ozone layer of the at-mosphere. Such programs of research by their very nature are long-term and require theconcerted team efforts of many scientific disciplines.The research of the Laboratory consists of three principal areas: (1) regulatorybiology, (2) environmental biology, and t3) carbon-14 dating. Since its inception in1928, the Laboratory has pioneered research into the influences on growth of the colorquality of visible and near visible light, such as ultraviolet. The present experimental
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program is of greater scope than in any other single laboratory in this countryand perhaps in the world. The Laboratory has been credited with major contribu-tions in the field of photobiology and several first achievements in actionspectroscopy.JUSTIFICATION OF $34,000 INCREASE (Research Support) - The requested additionalfunds are needed to maintain current programs at a no-growth level. The costs forchemicals used regularly from three major manufacturers and suppliers of chemicalsand supplies have increased this year by an average of 35 percent, and for generallaboratory supplies by 20 percent. This trend is not expected to subside. Tomaintain minimal adequate levels, an increase of $10,000 is required in other services,$10,000 for supplies and materials, and $5,000 for equipment.Data from the remote stations must be transmitted to the Laboratory. In addition,to assure accurate calibration and continuous operation of these stations, staff mustmake site visits at least once per year. Sites are located in Barrow, Alaska; Panama;Tallahassee, Florida; and Jerusalem, Israel. To maintain these stations and analyzeand produce research data requires an increase of $2,000 for transportation of things,$4,000 for travel, and $3,000 for printing and reproduction.Utility costs continue to rise exponentially. Environmental growth roomsare lighted and powered electrically. Electric costs alone increased 44 percentlast year, even though an effective program of energy reduction for the Laboratoryas awholewas achieved. Funding of $28,000 to maintain current programs isincluded in the Uncontrollable section.
Major Accomplishments in FY 1974
Scanning radiometers, instruments for measuring and monitoring discrete bands ofultraviolet energy from the sun and sky, have been developed and constructed. Ultra-violet measurements using these instruments are of particular interest in the healthsciences. There are, for instance, data which implicate ultraviolet fluctuations inthe frequency of incidence of skin cancer. Three such monitoring stations are nowoperating. Two more will be completed by the end of the fiscal year. The resultingdata are being published.Another important factor in solar irradiance measurements is the primary standardto which all measurements are referred. A symposium was held at RBL this year, atwhich 23 international authorities presented papers on methods of evaluation and inter-comparison. The resulting RBL publication is expected to become a reference standardin this field.Blue light is known to initiate the biosynthesis of yellow pigments, such as thevitamin A precursor, B-carotene. The biochemical pathway for the control of synthesisof these vitamin precursors is being studied, and four new mutants that can produceyellow pigments in the dark have been induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Thesemutants are powerful tools in characterizing the biochemical pathways and should pro-vide information which would allow control of the synthesis of these vitamin precursors.
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OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS1974 Actual $910,0001975 Estimate $571,0001976 Estimate $586,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions. 25 25
11 Personnel Compensation 452 14 46612 Personnel Benefits 39 1 4021 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 13 1323 Rent, Comm. and Utilities.... 34 3424 Printing and Reproduction 12 1225 Other Services 13 1326 Supplies and Materials 5 531 Equipment 3 3TOTAL 571 15 586Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 15Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of International and Environmental Programs (OIEP) overseesthe International Activities Program and the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena andcoordinates research on the environment abroad. No program increase is sought forFY 1976. Necessary pay in the amount of $15,000 is sought for existing staff.PROGRAM - Reorganizations implemented in FY 1974 resulted in the creation of theOIEP. The Office of Environmental Sciences, without the Oceanographic Sorting Centers inWashington and Tunis, was combined with the Office of International Activities. TheOceanographic Sorting Centers were placed in the National Museum of Natural History andthe International Environmental Program was placed directly under the Office of theAssistant Secretary for Science.The newly established OIEP oversees the International Activities Program and theCenter for Short-Lived Phenomena and, in addition, coordinates research on the environ-ment abroad for improved understanding of natural systems. A four-year study of water-borne diseases in the Lower Mekong River has been completed. A single-year study of thepost impoundment ecological analysis of a reservoir on the Nam Ngum River and anotherreservoir on the Volta River (Ghana) will be completed during FY 1975. Similar ecologicalstudies of two major lakes in Yugoslavia are still underway. In addition, OIEP cooperateswith the Peace Corps in planning and staffing volunteers in environmental and naturalresources programs in developing countries. Volunteers skilled in environmental andbiological sciences are recruited for two-year assignments in projects operated by hostgovernments or international organizations. Over 400 volunteers, selected from amongthe 2,000 applicants to this program, have been placed in environmental assignments in45 countries. The program is supported under a contract with the Peace Corps.The International Activities Program administers the Smithsonian Special ForeignCurrency Program (SFCP) and the International Liaison Section. The SFCP supports museumprograms, scientific and cultural research, and related educational activities in sixcountries where the United States owns local currencies in "excess" of its needs asdetermined by the Treasury Department. More than 230 institutions in 34 states and theDistrict of Columbia have benefited from the Program, which in FY 1974 supported 170projects involving approximately 300 American and ISO foreign investigators. Anappropriation of $2.0 million "excess" foreign currency is requested for FY 1976. ThisA-25
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amount includes $1.0 million for research projects and $1.0 million for the third offour annual contributions through UNESCO to Egypt for the preservation of the monumentsat Philae.The International Liaison Section has been created to meet the need foreffective coordination of the Smithsonian's increasing international activities, es-pecially those related to the Bicentennial. Responsibilities include coordination ofSmithsonian activities abroad with the State Department, participation in Subcommitteesfor Education and Culture and for Science and Technology that form part of the newlyestablished Bilateral Commissions between the United States and several countries inthe Mideast, contact with foreign governments for research and travel permits, assist-ance to the Folklife Festival program for foreign performing arts gToups, and coordina-tion of requests for foreign exhibits.The Center for Short-Lived Phenomena operates a global environmental alert net-work for rapid communication of scientific data on biological and geological environ-mental events of short duration to scientists and officials with monitoring responsi-bilities.Included in the CSLP's program are: the International Student Alert Networkwhich now includes more than 60,000 students in over 1,000 high schools and univer-sities in the United States and in 18 foreign countries, and an International Pollu-tion Alert Network which involves more than 800 professional environmental monitoringprograms in more than 60 countries. The Center's reports make it possible for scien-tists to conduct research while short duration events are occurring. The first worlddirectory of environmental monitoring organizations was compiled by the Center undera United Nations contract.
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CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES1974 Actual $344,0001975 Estimate $443,0001976 Estimate $539,000Base Increase Est
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(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197618 4 22Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 303 74 37712 Personnel Benefits 26 7 3321 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 6 623 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities 32 3224 Printing and Reproduction.... 2 225 Other Services '. 25 8 3326 Supplies and Materials 34 5 3931 Equipment 15 2 17TOTAL 443 96 539Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 14Program Funds 82ABSTRACT - The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (CBCES) is anatural area for research in complex land-water relationships and for use in creatingpublic awareness and understanding of ecological systems as they may be affected byeconomic and social change. The FY 1976 budget shows an increase of 4 positions and$82,000 to provide the following program and support needs: (1) Research - a scien-tific program coordinator ($40,000) to give unified direction to ecosystem and landuse research; (2) Education and Public Orientation - an education assistant ($12,000)to conduct workshops, conferences and tours; and (3) Buildings and Facilities Manage-ment - a maintenance worker and a custodian ($20,000) and $10,000 for supplies, serv-ices and equipment for the care of the Center's property. An additional amount of$14,000 is needed for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Chesapeake Bay Center is a 2,500 acre area located on the Chesa-peake Bay, seven miles south of Annapolis, Maryland, about equidistant from Baltimoreand Washington. It was established in 1965 for the purpose of creating scientificand education programs in the environmental sciences leading to a more complete under-standing of complex natural relationships and the proper balance of land-water uses asthey relate to human health and welfare. The development of these programs was madepossible by the acquisition (with non-appropriated funds) of a land-water unit largeenough to include a full range of forests, marshes, fields, and agricultural areas.Taken together, these form the mosaic of land uses characteristic of the mid-Atlanticregion since settlement. The area is ideal for study of the results of man's pastand present activities as vital components of interacting physical and biologicalsystems. Thus, the Center provides a living museum of contemporary and historicalsignificance, a primary resource for teaching and research on complex living systems.It is the largest facility in the nation available for the study of land-water(estuarine) relationships.The research program is being conducted in conjunction with Federal agenciesand universities and is a long-term effort to understand the functioning of terrestrialand estuarine ecosystems. Current research is focused on the Rhode River and itswatershed. Estimates are being made of the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus receivedby Rhode River from rainfall, surface runoff, and the adjacent waters of Chesapeake
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Bay. Measurements are also being made of the amount of bacterial and sediment loadingto Rhode River from land runoff on over five square miles of watershed. The extent ofnutrient uptake and sediment and bacterial trapping by estuarine marshes is also beingmeasured. These contemporary studies are linked to an intensive analysis of land usechanges which have occurred in Rhode River watershed since the time of first settle-ment. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of changing land usepatterns on terrestrial and estuarine ecosystem processes.Education programs are based on the Center's environmental research activitiesand are intended to serve youth and adult groups. Activities include workshops andconferences for a variety of citizen groups in order to provide information on theplanning and management significance of regional ecosystem research. There are jointefforts with other academic and private institutions in promoting adult outdoor en-vironmental education. The Center serves as a regional clearing house and implemen-tation center for nationally significant outdoor biology education projects. It con-ducts regional school-tour programs and out-of-school environmental education ex-periences for children, and research and education training for high school and col-lege students.JUSTIFICATION OF $82,000 INCREASE - The Center carries out much of its work onshort-term grants and contracts from government and private sources. Appropriatedfunds have been used to manage the facility and to assure the continuity of whatmust be long-range research studies.Research - The CBCES is presently conducting a major project in ecosystemresearch focusing on the relationship between watershed land runoff and its impact onthe estuarine environment. This is the largest such project presently being conductedon an estuarine system in the United States. Overall supervision and direction ofthis project is needed to ensure the close collaboration among participating scien-tists necessary for quantitative ecosystem analysis. For this function $40,000 isrequested to fund a scientific program coordinator and provide a small amount of dataprocessing support.Education and Public Orientation - In FY 1975, a full-time education specialistwas added to the Center's staff to supervise and coordinate public education programs.As a result, demands for adult workshops and programs and visits by metropolitan areaelementary and secondary schools have substantially increased. Moreover, the neweducation building at the CBCES (constructed with non-appropriated funds) has madeavailable indoor facilities for a wide variety of education activities. Currently, itis not possible to meet these demands and in calendar year 1974, the Center was forcedto reject some 35 requests from elementary and secondary schools for tours and programs.To meet this need a full-time education assistant is requested C$12,000). This shouldenable a doubling of the Center's capability for conducting education programs andmeet projected demands through FY 1976.Facilities Support and Maintenance - Based on the projected use of the Center'snew education building, a full-time custodian will be needed. Also, one additionalposition is required to serve in general maintenance of the Center's property andfacilities and tend a series of stream weirs that have been constructed on the Center'sproperty to measure and record five separate parameters of rainfall washing over theRhode River watershed and carrying nutrients into the Chesapeake Bay. These twopositions will cost $20,000. Supplies, materials, services, and equipment needed forthe maintenance of buildings and other property require an additional $10,000.
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NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM1974 Actual $2,632,0001975 Estimate $4,034,0001976 Estimate $5,537,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197 6Number of Permanent Positions... 165 65 230
11 Personnel Compensation 2,151 453 2,60412 Personnel Benefits 187 38 22521 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 11 12 2322 Transportation of Things 10 1023 Rent, Comm. f, Utilities 10 1024 Printing and Reproduction.... 17 1725 Other Services 1,112 865 1,97726 Supplies and Materials 325 60 38531 Equipment 211 75 286TOTAL 4,034 1,503 5,537Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 73Program Funds 1 ,430ABSTRACT - The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) was created to memorializethe national development of aviation and space flight; collect, preserve, and displayaeronautical and space flight artifacts of historical significance; and serve as arepository for documentary and artistic materials related to air and space. Anincrease of $1,430,000 and 65 positions is requested to provide the necessary manpowerand other objects of expense to prepare exhibits and programs for the opening of thenew NASM building on July 4, 1976. Specifically, these increases are: (1) Custodialstaff - 57 positions ($315,000) and support funds ($45,000); (2) Presentations andEducation - 3 positions ($49,000) and support funds ($55,000) to assist in the develop-ment and preparation of spacearium/planetarium shows; (3) Exhibits production - 4 posi-tions ($45,000) and support funds ($862,000) to assist in the preparation and installationof exhibits; (4) Administration - 1 position ($9,000) to assist with the clerical workload;(5) Preservation and Restoration - Support funds ($50,000) to move artifacts from SilverHill, Maryland, and place them in the new museum. Necessary pay in the amount of $73,000is requested for existing staff.PROGRAM - The new NASM building is expected to be a major feature of the Bicentennialcelebration, dedicated to communicating the history, science, and technology of flight inways understandable to the public, and to recognizing and celebrating the leadership rolethat America has played in the advance of air and space achievements.The principal effort of the NASM will continue to he directed towards the opening ofthe new museum building on July 4, 1976. This building will embody 25 major exhibitiongalleries and 2 large presentation centers. Total exhibit and presentations space willbe approximately 250.000 square feet.The following list shows the 25 halls that are expected to be in the completedbuilding. Titles are tentative but indicate the themes of the exhibits
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National Air and Space MuseumMajor Exhibition HallsVertical Flight and Rotary Wing Flight Life in the UniverseAir Transportation Satellites and Space ProbesEarliest Birds Earthbound Benefits From FlightKitty Hawk Flyer Sea-Air OperationsIndex Exhibit Understanding Air and SpaceLarge Space Vehicles Technology and MaterialsHistory and Technology of Space Flight World War II AviationGeneral Aviation Lighter Than AirExhibition Flight World War I AviationAir Traffic Control and Navigation Significant Aircraft and SpacecraftEarth Flight Environment The X AirplanesTrophy Hall Flight to the MoonSpace Flight Environment Air and Space in the Arts
To date, five of the core exhibits have been completed and tested in the Arts andIndustries Building. These prototype halls have featured advanced presentation techniqueswhich have been extremely well received. A major objective of this prototype exhibitprogram has already been met, that is, the development of a superior exhibits designand production staff and the construction of a production facility at Silver Hill.Successful planetarium shows have been running in the 30-foot domed Experimentariumwhich was constructed to test programs and equipment and to develop a staff for thenew Spacearium. All shows and equipment will be revised for incorporation into the70-foot dome Spacearium with its more sophisticated, computerized star projector andsupporting audio-visual equipment. A first film for the theater has been written andis now awaiting production.The restoration and installation of the full-sized air and space craft now in storageat Silver Hill will continue to provide the artifacts needed for the new building exhibits.Of the approximately 60 aircraft that are planned to be exhibited in the new building, 35are now ready with the remaining 25 in various stages of restoration. The percent com-pletion for the various space artifacts planned to be exhibited is approximately the same.JUSTIFICATION OF $1,430,000 INCREASE - FY 1976 marks the final period to completethe opening exhibits and presentations and ready the museum for the public. The detailedgallery designs and presentations produced in FY 1975 are to be fabricated and installedwith FY 1976 funds. Complicated electromechanical and audio-visual equipment for exhibitsand the planetarium must be installed, tested, and made operational. Programs must bedeveloped for the theater and planetarium. The building must be made habitable. Aircraftand spacecraft, which have been restored over the past three years, must be moved fromthe Silver Hill facility to the building for placement in exhibit areas. Specificallythe increase is requested for:Exhibits Production - As planned, all 25 exhibition galleries will open to thepublic when the museum opens. Exhibit galleries are in design and production,each covering an important facet of the total history, science, and technology offlight. By the opening date, 40 to 50 percent of the space in the various galleries willcontain long-term exhibit units, and the remaining space in the galleries will showeducational interim installations such as labeled aircraft and spacecraft. In additionto new exhibit design and production in FY 1975, NASM will redesign 4 exhibit galleriesthat had been prototyped in temporary facilities for trial and evaluation. This redesignwill make it possible to install these exhibitions in the new building, modified toreflect lessons learned during the trial runs. Additionally, eleven new exhibits arebeing researched and designed, using both staff and outside contracts. These exhibitswill be fabricated and installed in the building during FY 1976.
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Four additional exhibits personnel ($45,000) (four electronic technicians,two of whom have electromechanical backgrounds') will be requiredto assist in the design, installation, test and operation of a wide assortmentof slide and motion picture projectors; ?-apc decks; visitor participation units;electrical dioramas; special lighting effects; TV units; and other such complicatedelectronic systems found in modern museums. Funds ($850,000) are necessary for thesupporting services, supplies, materials and equipment to construct and installpermanent exhibitions in 5 of the 15 galleries that will contain long-term exhibits.This increase will provide NASM with the ability to open with approximately 50 percentof the permanent exhibits in place. Without it, only 30 percent of the museum'sgalleries will be complete. Travel funds ($12,000) are needed to oversee exhibits production.Presentation and Education Division - Three personnel, an education and informationspecialist, a planetarium production specialist and a planetarium presentation specialist($49,000) are required to work with the current staff in preparation and production ofplanetarium shows and the development of educational programs using the planetarium andtheater facilities and other museum resources. Funds are also requested to purchasespecial equipment, supplies, and materials ($55,000).Preservation and Restoration - The entire staff of the Preservation and RestorationDivision will be involved in the moving and installing of major artifacts into the newbuilding. Sixty-eight aircraft and seventy-five major space artifacts will be displayedto the public, either singly or as components of exhibit units. Seventy-five of theseartifacts will be hung from the ceilings of the various exhibition halls. In addition,4 missiles, Jupiter C, Vanguard, Scout, and Minuteman 3, will be placed upright in theSpace Hall. Funding ($50,000) is necessary to provide special handling equipment,material and the temporary services of professional riggers to assist the NASM staffin moving and mounting these artifacts.Building and Facilities Management - In FY 1976 the janitorial functions weredecentralized and each museum was given the reponsibility and manpower to maintainits own facilities. NASM received a skeleton force and funds to support the stafffor the last quarter of FY 1975 (during the period the NASM moves into the building).To supplement the present staff and make the building ready for the public, anadditional 52 janitors and laborers and 5 supervisors are required plus funds toannualize the 25 positions authorized in FY 1975 for one quarter ($315,000) and funds($45,000) for supporting supplies, materials and equipment.Administration - An additional clerk-stenographer ($9,000) is required to assistwith the increase in clerical tasks in the museum
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CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN1974 Actual 4293,0001975 Estimate 4322,0001976 Estimate 4385,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 R equested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... H *11 Personnel Compensation ,12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel ? Trans, of Persons...23 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities ,24 Printing and Reproduction....25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment TOTAL
233 31 26420 3 237 12 193 32 251 17 681 15 5
Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 14Program Funds 49BSTRACT - The Center for the Study of Man (CSM) has several anthropological andhuman science programs: continued development of the Encyclopedia of North AmericanIndians ; sponsorship of an urgent anthropological program; coordination of internationalanthropological efforts on current social problems; conduct of an immigration and ethnicstudies program; and an anthropological film study center. An increase of $49,000 and1 position is requested for the following program needs: (1) support funds ($29,000) forImmigration and Ethnic Studies and (2) 1 position and $20,000 for the National EthnographicFilm Center and Archive. An amount of $14,000 is needed for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The CSM coordinates research and development on a series of importantanthropological programs. The American Indian Program is presently concerned primarilywith the development of the 20 volume Encyclopedia of North American Indians to be pub-lished for the Bicentennial. It will contain 1,000 articles. Forty percent of the man-uscripts are now complete and the development of design and specifications for printingis well along. Funds for the actual printing of the Encyclopedia are contained in theBicentennial budget request.Another aspect of the American Indian Program is the development of a system forproviding scholarly educational materials concerning Indians to individuals, schools,and Indian communities. In addition, the Center helps to coordinate educational inter-communication among Indians themselves, with scholars, and with appropriate Governmentand private agencies.As work on the Encyclopedia progresses, it becomes increasingly clear that thereare dangerous gaps in the knowledge of North American Indian cultures. In particular,there is a pressing need to interview within the next few years the tribal elders whoare anxious to fill in the record of their proud past. The Urgent Anthropology Programwhich identifies, publicizes, and finances, by means of small awards, needed researchin geographical areas that are undergoing rapid environmental change as a result ofurbanization, improved communications, better transportation, and other factors has beenhelpful in this respect. Its objective is to salvage and preserve information in selectedrapidly changing areas before time and events erase our ability to understand the cul-tures that existed.
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The American Indian program has focused particularly on bridging the gap betweenpresent-day Indians and their archeological past. Field research is being conductedin Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina,Arizona, Idaho, Washington, California, and South Dakota. Portions of the researchwhich is producing chapters for the Encyclopedia are also relevant for closing the gapbetween past and present. For instance, a Pima Indian is carrying out a study of thehistory, language, songs, legends, and crafts of the Gila River Pima with funding sup-port from the Center.The Cross-Cultural Research Program is coordinating the efforts of numerousanthropologists and other human scientists in developing new, comparative informa-tion on population, environmental, and educational studies. Comparative researchon world use of cannabis and alcohol has also been carried out.The comparative Immigrant and Ethnic Studies Program is carrying out basic re-search in the United States, Canada, the circum-Caribbean area, and the Panama CanalZone. It investigates the special conditions which stimulate immigration, assessesthe contributions made by immigrants, and studies the effects of immigration on thesource country and on the target country. Field research, archival research, andstatistical methods are all used.The Center has established a National Ethnographic Film Center and Archive inresponse to requests from a number of Federal agencies (National Science Foundation,National Endowment for the Humanities, National Institutes of Health, etc.) and fromother concerned organizations and individuals. The purpose of this unit is to record,collect, and preserve the cultures of North American Indians and other peoples asrecorded on film. Much of the film being collected is in great danger of destructionand the need for immediate action is clear. Initial funding for this program has beenfrom outside sources.JUSTIFICATION OF $49,000 INCREASE (Research ):A total of $29,000 is requested for the Research Institute on Immigration andEthnic Studies. This money is needed for consultants, seminars, field research, andcoordination of programs which the Institute is committed to in Washington, D.C., theCaribbean, and the Panama Canal Zone.Anthropological film archives have been established as valuable national re-sources in a number of European countries, but there are as yet no archives or filmcollections in this country carrying out such a role. The Library of Congress FilmUnit is confined to collecting and preserving films that have been copyrighted forcommercial distribution. Since over ninety percent of all film taken by Americananthropologists is not copyrighted, it therefore does not find its way into the LCarchives. There is an urgent need for an archive to obtain and preserve the growingbody of anthropological film in this country, much of which is being lost almost assurely as if it had never been taken. This is because the anthropologist-film makertypically exhausts his resources in making one or two short edited films out of allhis footage, with a usual shooting ratio of one part used in an edited film to ten tofifteen parts unused, or out-take material, which is often just as valuable for thescientific record or educational purposes as whatever may go into an edited print.Currently, the anthropologist-film maker has no place to go for help in making researchcopies and in properly annotating his footage. As time goes by, master prints are cutup, film crews disband and memory fades. In this way enormous quantities of valuablefootage rapidly deteriorate or are lost.In making this request the Institution considers that it cannot be primarilyresponsible for field support (new filming) or duplication of research prints to be
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deposited in the archive, both of which are necessary but costly operations. Rather,the Smithsonian views the principal objectives of the proposed archive and study centeras follows:
--To bring together and preserve existing anthropological films and uneditedfootage, annotated and catalogued for maximum research and educational utility.
--To initiate, encourage and otherwise collaborate in the film documentation ofnaturally occurring behavior in disappearing cultures.
--To provide a study center for the research uses of anthropological film.
?To serve also as a resource for the interested general public and ethnic groups,such as American Indians, to cite one example, who are extremely interested infilm records of their own past for educational purposes and for the small tribalmuseums now being established on many reservations.A total of $20,000 is requested for the Anthropological Film Study Center. Thismoney will be used to hire a Director for the Center.
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NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1974 Actual $4,564,0001975 Estimate $5,482,0001976 Estimate $5,882,000Base Increase Est.FY 1975 Requested FY 1976294 10 3043,922 257 4 ,179323 24 34719 2 218 2 10240 58 29816 16246 3 249554 34 588152 20 1721 11 15,482 400 5 ,882
(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions..
11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons..22 Transportation of Things- ? ?
?
23 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction...25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment41 Grants42 Insurance Claims 5 Indem. . ..TOTALAnalysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 176Other Uncontrollable 44Program Funds 180ABSTRACT - The National Zoological Park (NZP) is located on 156 acres in RockCreek Valley and manages another 3,000 acres near Front Royal, Virginia. The Zooexhibits a large and varied animal collection; serves the information, education,and service needs of the public; and conducts programs of research, animal health,and conservation. NZP budget requirements for FY 1976 include an additional 10positions and $180,000 to support current programs including: (1) Collection andFacilities Management - 4 animal keepers, 1 mechanic, and 1 exhibits specialist($62,000) and support funds of $40,000 to place into service exhibit facilitiesnow under construction; (2) Collections Management - $20,000 to keep pace with costincreases for animal food and care; and (3) Research and Conservation - 2 animalkeepers and 2 mechanics ($43,000) and support funds of $15,000 to sustain progressin breeding and research efforts. Further amounts of $176,000 for necessary pay and$44,000 for utility rate increases are requested in the Uncontrollable Section.PROGRAM - In 1889, Congress established the National Zoological Park for the"advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people." Toaccomplish those purposes, the Zoo exhibits a broad variety of animals representingone of the most important collections of rare and endangered species in existence;maintains information, education, and visitor service programs for the public from allover the United States; and undertakes scientific research, including biomedicalstudies, for the increased understanding and healthful well-being of the animals.The National Zoological Park is the Nation's Zoo:
--welcoming each year visitors in large numbers from every state. In 1974,visitors celebrated with Zoo staff the births of many rare and fascinatinganimals, including the first Indian Rhinoceros born in the Western Hemisphere.Educational programs and graphic displays enable each visitor to derive newunderstanding about animals of the collection and an awareness of issuesrelating to the interrelationships between man and animal as we share a worldtogether. A-35
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--leading the way in enlightened collections management. The Zoo providesfor each animal's physiological and psychological needs; preserves itsgene pool through selective breeding efforts as the number of its kind inthe wild disappears, sustains it in good health for a full and useful lifedemonstrating to man the character and worth of its own kind.
--sharing learning with the public, scholars, and other zoos. Basic researchat the National Zoo is resulting in increased understanding of the behaviorand survival strategies of diversified representatives of the animal kingdom.Biomedical studies have led to improved health of Zoo collections throughearly recognition and treatment of the illnesses and infirmities affectingexotic animals. The Zoo is an important resource of training for doctoralscholars observing healthy animals, and is an intern site for veterinaryclinicians and pathologists who will eventually care for exotic animals inother American zoos.
--innovating strategies to aid the conservation of rare and endangered species.Efforts in 1975 include field research and development of a research andconservation center to permit pooling animals in partnership with other zoosand to provide space for more natural and successful breeding.
--developing prototype education programs for Zoo visitors and student groups.The increasingly sensitive job of managing so complex and irreplaceable a worldof animals calls on many talents and outlooks. Too often overlooked is the essentialwork that Zoo craftsmen perform--keeping the Zoo open, clean, inviting, and sightly.In FY 1975, training is underway to insure the continued availability of maintenanceskills--electricians, carpenters, operating engineers, metalworkers, masons, painters,gardeners, and welders. Talented individuals in graphic arts and education havejoined the Zoo staff to make the visitor's stay more enjoyable and illuminating.The animal keepers are receiving training so that their creative talents may keeppace with the needs of the collections. Responsive and able medical assistanceis delivered by a capable staff. The curatorial and research staffs refine repro-ductive strategies and bring into planning new knowledge gained through researchon-site and in the wild.To continue to do the Zoo's job well and hopefully better is the goal that allof the Zoo staff members share. The Zoo's role has never been more important --topromote understanding and conservation of rare animals; to provide a wholesome,entertaining learning opportunity for each visitor; and a good home for animals ofthe collection.JUSTIFICATION OF $180,000 INCREASE :Collections and Facilities Management - In FY 1976, Zoo animals and visitors willbenefit from improved exhibit facilities. Key steps in their necessary sequence withinthe approved Master Plan for the rebuilding of the Zoo will be realized. The renovatedMonkey House will be in service throughout 1976. Upgrading of the Bird House Plaza andElephant Yards will be completed in the first half of FY 1976. The major new Lion-Tiger Complex will be completed in the last quarter of FY 1976 and opened to the publicduring the transitional and intensely active Bicentennial period of July-September 1976.These are among the first of a series of long needed new structures bringing theNational Zoo forward in its service to the visitors and to the animal collection.Further details on the Master Plan appear in the Construction section of this budget.To place these new facilities into service, the Zoo must:
--selectively acquire animals, including Indian Lions (Panthera Leo indica)and a pair of Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia).
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--defray the travel costs of locating and moving animals.
--feed all animals adequately for essential nutritional needs.
--buy supplies and equipment needed for the best possible care of anincreasingly irreplaceable collection and expanded exhibit areas.
--buy display materials and manufacture exhibits useful for visitorappreciation of animal life in the wild and in the Zoo.
--meet the part-year costs of utilities and maintenance for the newstructures (the complex heating and air-conditioning systems of theLion-Tiger Complex and Monkey House for a full year's operation willrequire increased energy and support costs) .An amount of $40,000 is sought for these purposes.Four animal keepers will care for the revised and elaborated animalcollection. An exhibit specialist will produce in-cage environments and true-to-life displays that are educationally useful to Zoo visitors and encouragenatural behavior on the part of the animals. A heating, refrigeration andair-conditioning mechanic will tend the complex mechanical systems added for thewell being of Zoo animals and comfort of visitors. These additional staff willcost $62,000.Care and Management of the Collection - The National Zoo's collection in largemeasure must sustain itself. The Zoo is leading the way toward becoming a producerand not a consumer of animals. Since 1972, mammal births have not increased becauseof space shortages but the survival of newborn animals has increased from 67 to 75percent. Bird hatchings doubled over the same span. Reptile and amphibianhatchings tripled (from 33 to 105) and the survival rate increased to 90 percent.Such hard won success has not been accidental but has resulted from the effortsof knowledgeable curators, keepers, and health specialists. The Zoo needs to keeppace with the increasing needs for new medicines and diagnostic aids that will allowdelivery of the best and timeliest treatment possible. The Zoo must meet the nutri-tional needs of the collection's animals. The Zoo cannot defer, delay, or avoid thecosts of feeding the animals. Food costs continue to skyrocket. Even should inflationaryrates begin to slacken, absolute dollar outlays for food will increase. A further$20,000 is requested for these purposes.Conservation and Research - The National Zoo emphasizes research and conservationefforts in order to increase man's understanding of conditions that are essential forthe preservation of rare and endangered species.Ample space for animals is being developed near Front Royal, Virginia to establishconditions for successful breeding in collaboration with other American zoos. Thearea also serves as an additional food source to satisfy the increasingly special andcostly nutritional requisites of exotic animals. Instead of bringing hay from theDakotas, the precise trace elements needed exist in hay fields at Front Royal. Touse those unique and long-range opportunities, the Zoo must add two animal keepers,a farm equipment operator, and a plumber ($43,000).The Zoo must replace obsolete farm equipment, lime and fertilize fields, andmaintain barns and other buildings. The continued advancement of innovative andproductive research into general and reproductive behavior necessitates that theZoo complete field studies. One focus of Zoo research is vertebrate and invertebratecommunications. To keep this productive effort underway, depreciated and undependableequipment must be replaced. These needs will require an additional $15,000. A-37
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OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ART1974 Actual $242,0001975 Estimate $257,0001976 Estimate $267,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... H H11 Personnel Compensation 231 9 24012 Personnel Benefits 13 1 1421 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 4 425 Other Services 4 426 Supplies and Materials 4 431 Equipment 1_ 1TOTAL 257 10 267Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 10Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for History and Art advisesand assists the Secretary in planning, implementing, and reviewing the progress ofSmithsonian history and art programs. In addition, this office oversees the plan-ing and coordination of the Smithsonian's Bicentennial programs and projects. Alsoincluded under this heading are the American Studies program, the Joseph HenryPapers project, and the Art Quarterly . No program increase is sought for FY 1976.An amount of $10,000 is requested for necessary pay.PROGRAM - I. Immediate Office : With a base of four positions and $122,000,the Office of the Assistant Secretary for History and Art advises and assists theSecretary in planning, implementing, coordinating, and reviewing the progress of theprograms of the Smithsonian history and art bureaus and offices. In addition, thisoffice oversees the planning and coordination of the Smithsonian's Bicentennialprograms and projects. The bureaus and offices reporting directly to the AssistantSecretary for History and Art are the Archives of American Art, Cooper-Hewitt Museumof Decorative Arts and Design, Freer Gallery of Art, Hillwood, Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, National Collection of Fine Arts, National Museum of History andTechnology, National Portrait Gallery, Office of Academic Studies, Office of AmericanStudies, the Joseph Henry Papers, and the Art Quarterly .II. Other Central History and Art Activities : The remainder of the fundingidentified for this office, seven positions and $145,000, supports the AmericanStudies program, the Joseph Henry Papers project and, beginning in 1976, the ArtQuarterly . The Office of American Studies organizes and conducts a formal programof graduate education in the material aspects of American civilization, and partici-pates in the overall program of historical, archaeological, and architectural historyresearch at St. Mary's City, Maryland, as funded by the State of Maryland, NationalEndowment for the Humanities, Rockefeller Foundation, and other foundations. TheEditor of the Joseph Henry Papers and his staff have been gathering and preparingfor publication the manuscripts of Joseph Henry(1797-1878) , the pioneer Americanphysicist and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Volume one of a multi-volume set was published in December 1972. Volume two will be sent to the GovernmentPrinting Office early this year for publication in FY 1976. These and subsequentvolumes are to be included in the documentary publications program of the NationalHistorical Publications Commission. The Art Quarterly , probably the best and mostimportant scholarly journal in its field in this country, will be published beginningthis year by the Smithsonian Institution. Previously published by the Detroit Insti-tute of Arts, the Quarterly exhibits a commitment to art historical scholarship of thehighest quality and will lend additional strength to the public offerings of theSmithsonian's program in the arts. Through various economies and a minor reorganiza-tion of staffing patterns, this new activity will require no increase in Federalfunding in FY 1976.A- 38
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NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY1974 Actual $4,333,0001975 Estimate $5,139,0001976 Estimate $5,395,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 4,229 192 4,42112 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons...23 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction....25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment
362 16 37834 ?1 3520 2050 15 65236 26 262100 4 104108 2 110TOTAL 5,139 256 5,395Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 136Program Funds 120ABSTRACT - The National Museum of History and Technology (NMHT) is the repositoryof the collections documenting the historical and technological achievements of theAmerican people. It has an active research and publication program and its exhibitsreceive more visitors than any other Museum in the world. The FY 1976 budget requestsan additional 7 positions and $120,000 for the following purposes: (1) Education andPublic Orientation - 2 education specialists ($25,000) and $45,000 for program develop-ment and implementation to provide improved tour, orientation, and other informationservices to museum visitors and (2) Buildings and Facilities Management - 5 custodialpositions ($47,000) and $3,000 of support to maintain building cleanlinessstandards. An additional amount of $136,000 is required for necessary pay forexisting staff.PROGRAM - NMHT occupies a unique position among the great museums of the world.As the repository of the national collections documenting the historical and technolog-ical achievements of the American people, the Museum has responsibility for over16,000,000 objects related to all facets of the American experience. Each of theseobjects must receive the highest level of professional care and preservation and mustbe stored and exhibited using the best techniques available.Since opening in 1964, the NMHT has provided a variety and richness of publicexhibits seen by over 60,000,000 visitors. The Museum annually receives more visitorsthan any other museum in the world. As the most visited museum in the world, it willbe host to almost 7,000,000 visitors during FY 1975. It is anticipated that thisannual attendance figure will total more than 12,000,000 by the Bicentennial year andcontinue at a high level.As a center for the scholarly study of the history of American material cultureand the history of science and technology, this Museum continues to support andencourage basic research and publication in many subject fields, ranging from earlyexploration to studies of contemporary American culture.In FY 1975, the exhibition "Suiting Everyone," demonstrating the democratizationof clothing in America, was opened with many favorable notices. Also opened were thesmall exhibit "California" and the temporary exhibits "The Madrid Manuscripts of
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Leonardo da Vinci," featuring the newly discovered Leonardo manuscripts which have neverbefore left Spain, "Steuben, Seventy Years of American Glass," and "Lead and Zinc MiningScenes of the Past." "We the People," an exhibition focusing upon the distinctivepolitical process in the United States, will also open in the latter part of FY 1975.The major exhibit effort of the Museum, as well as a major portion of the energy of theentire staff, has been applied to the two very large Bicentennial exhibitions "A Nationof Nations" and, in the Arts and Industries Building, "1876: A Centennial Exhibit." Inaddition, progress is being made upon "Two Hundred Years of American Banking." This yearhas seen not only a concentration upon exhibit production, but also a rising investment ofresources and time in collections management , publications, and education and public information.JUSTIFICATION OF $120,000 INCREASE :Education and Public Orientation - The anticipated increase in visitors duringthe Bicentennial years and thereafter will require special provisions for theiraccommodation. Present facilities for public information and education are alreadybeing utilized to their capacity. It is planned that by the addition of staff andthe development of self-guided tour and orientation film and slide programs theseneeds can be fulfilled. Among the needs foreseen are special facilities for foreignspeaking visitors, who are expected in considerable numbers, and facilities for thehandicapped. Special accommodation will have to be provided also for the greatlyincreased number of school tours coming from all over the country and outside theUnited States, as well as from local schools.An orientation program is already under planning and will be ready for implemen-tation as soon as funding is in hand. Provisions are being made for group orientationfilms which will identify the subject interests and exhibits of the museum, and dealwith particular aspects of American civilization as illustrated in the public exhibits.Because of the great crowds expected, other orientation facilities are being developed,in the form of rear projection slide presentations in untravelled bays of the publicareas. In addition, recruitment is in progress for an education specialist to developprograms and facilities for the handicapped. Plans have been made to use senior studentsfrom local institutions for the handicapped to serve as volunteer docents in the museum,for which service they would receive curriculum credit in their institutions.
The stepped-up public orientation and education program proposed for FY 1976 willrequire an audio-visual specialist, who will develop scripts in cooperation with theMuseum staff for orientation films and slide presentations for the general public, anda coordinator of special education programs to schedule public and special group tours,supervise a volunteer docent program, and develop specialized tour brochures. Thesetwo new positions will cost $25,000. Other object class funds in the amount of $45,000will be used for consultants in communication media and special education to provideadvice on museum traffic control and orientation development; equipment and suppliesto maintain the program, including video tape equipment and other educational devices;the production and installation of orientation films and slide programs developed byMuseum staff; and the publication of orientation materials for visitors, includingbrochures for the handicapped and self-guided tours for school groups.Buildings and Facilities Management - Faced by consistently high levels of visitorattendance the Museum's FY 1975 custodial staff of 47 is already hard pressed to keepthe public areas of the building satisfactorily clean. A survey of building require-ments has shown a need for about 65 such positions. Much staff overtime at premium payis required to maintain minimum upkeep standards. Furthermore, it is estimated thatpublic use of NMHT will almost double in 1976 making this Museum's annual attendancethree to four times larger than any other museum in the world. It is requested that5 additional custodial positions ($47,000) with $3,000 of support funds be providedto relieve partially this situation.
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NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS1974 Actual $1,778,0001975 Estimate $2,074,0001976 Estimate $2,247,000
" Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 197 5 Requested FY_J_?76Number of Permanent Positions... 1Q0 311 Personnel Compensation1
2
Personnel Benefits21 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons..,22 Transportation of Things23 Rent, Coiran. 5 Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction....25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials ,31 Equipment41 Grants ,
,403 91 1 ,494125 8 13320 2073 739 952 52221 22164 24 8887 50 13720 20TOTAL 2,074 173 2,247Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 69Program Funds 104ABSTRACT - The National Collection of Fine Arts (NCFA) , the oldest national col-lection of art, is devoted to all aspects of American art, past and present, and main-tains an active program of exhibition, publication, research, and conservation in thefield. In FY 1976, three additional positions and $104,000 are requested to meet thefollowing requirements: (1) Collections Acquisitions - funding of $50,000 to maintaina minimum acquisition program necessary to establish fully representative collectionsand (2) Buildings and Facilities Management - two laborers and a painter-helper ($30,000)and an amount of $24,000 for custodial and maintenance supplies and materials to cleanand maintain adequately NCFA facilities. Necessary pay funds of $69,000 are sought.PROGRAM - This major collection of American art, the origins of which go back tothe 1830's, was uncatalogued and ill-housed until the present facility was opened inthe former Patent Office in 1968. The growing collection of some 17,000 works is nowregistered on computer and arranged, either in carefully planned galleries or in syste-matic storage, so that every work is available for public pleasure or scholarly study.About 1,700 works are on loan to public offices in the Washington area. Exhibitionsare presented in the United States and abroad, and an active program of education ismaintained for the schools and the general public.In FY 1975, seventeen new exhibitions were presented by the NCFA. Of these, threewere cooperative efforts with other institutions and fourteen were designed and producedby the museum. These included "American Art in the Barbizon Mood," "Man Made Mobile:The Western Saddle" (at the Renwick Gallery), "Academy: The Academic Tradition inAmerican Art" and smaller exhibitions featuring one artist, such as Chaim Gross andIlya Bolotowsky. Exhibitions were accompanied by authoritative publications preparedby the museum. Some eighteen separate publications were issued. All galleries devotedto contemporary art were reinstalled, and two galleries formerly devoted to borrowedworks of Winslow Homer were installed with paintings and sculpture from the museum'scollection. The two galleries devoted to landscape painting were reinstalled. Inaddition to the above, NCFA's Office of Exhibitions Abroad had a total of eightexhibitions circulating outside the United States.
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The very active education program was expanded to offer further activities forschool children and the public. Some 17,700 public school children attended sessionswithin the museum, and many others were reached in the schools themselves. This de-partment also supervised fifty junior and senior high school students who participatedin a junior intern program and seventeen college students who worked in a similar pro-gram. Thirty-eight museum interns were introduced to museum practices through on-the-job training.JUSTIFICATION OF $104,000 INCREASE :Collections Acquisition - The National Collection of Fine Arts is, aside from itsother functions, a museum of record. Its permanent collection strives to represent across section of American art of all periods and types, and special attention has beengiven to those aspects of art that might otherwise be overlooked in the changing fashionsin taste. The effort has been to represent each significant American artist by a groupof studies, as well as completed works, in order to record both the artist's creativeprocedure and his ultimate achievement. Care has been taken to concentrate particularlyon artists not already well represented in other national collections. In the past yearthe museum purchased, among other works, paintings by excellent but little-known Ameri-can painters working in Italy in the mid-nineteenth century (Walter Gould, George LoringBrown, William Carlton), works of two "self-taught" mid-western painters of the lastcentury (Walter Griswold, Charles Brickey) , a painting by the rarely represented painterand sculptor William Rimmer, and representative works of young contemporary artists.Most accessions come by gift - about 900 works a year including graphic works and stud-ies - but if the proper historical and aesthetic balance is to be maintained and the col-lection is to be of service to future generations, a judicious program of purchase mustcomplement the carefully screened donations. Because of rising costs in all areas of themuseum's activities, it has been increasingly difficult to maintain the necessary minimumacquisition program. Major works, priced on the market today from $150,000 and up cannotbe considered for purchase on NCFA's present acquisitions budget of $50,000, or even onthe proposed budget of $100,000; nevertheless, it is important to acquire such necessaryworks as can be afforded whenever possible. An increase of $50,000 is requestedsimply to keep the acquisition program current.Buildings and Facilities Management - The NCFA building management staff maintainsits portion of the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries building, the Renwick Gallery, and theBarney House. At the present time, the staff includes only two laborers for all threebuildings and these laborers must also perform as supplementary custodial helpers. Inorder to be responsive to fifteen departments and offices and to the needs of the threebuildings involved, the addition of two new laborers and a painter- helper ($30,000) isrequested. The painter -helper is especially important because the Fine Arts and PortraitGalleries building and theRenwick Gallery have been open to the public for six and threeyears respectively, and continual painting refurbishment is now necessary in order tomaintain the visual standards and preventive maintenance programs of both museums. NCFAfurther requests $24,000 for building management supplies and materials to operate atan acceptable level. With higher visitor levels anticipated during the Bicentennialand thereafter, these necessary support activities must be provided for adequately.
50-542 O - 75 - 23
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NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY1974 Actual $1,246,0001975 Estimate $1,544,0001976 Estimate $1,686,000
? " Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197 ,6Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 1,015 62 1,07712 Personnel Benefits 8921 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons 1622 Transportation of Things 1423 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities 824 Printing and Reproduction 225 Other Services 12126 Supplies and Materials 5731 Equipment 21742 Insurance Claims ? Indemnities. 5
6 953 1914824 12510 6757 2745TOTAL 1,544 142 1,686Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 38Program Funds 104ABSTRACT - The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was established in 1962 as afree public museum for the exhibition and study of portraits depicting men and womenwho have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture ofthe people of the United States. In FY 1976 an increase of 3 positions and $104,000is requested to meet the following program requirements: (1) Collections Acquisitions -funding of $50,000 to assist the Gallery in acquiring the collections necessary to ful-fill its assigned responsibilities and (2) Buildings and Facilities Management - anadditional $54,000 to provide an electrician's helper, two janitors, and materials andservices necessary to support Gallery operations and to maintain the historic buildinghousing the Gallery in view of significantly increasing attendance, especially duringthe Bicentennial celebration and following the opening of Metro. An increase of $38,000in necessary pay is also requested.PROGRAM - The National Portrait Gallery is the only national museum of Americanhistory that tells the history of the United States primarily in terms of the men andwomen who made that history. The portraits of these men and women are crucial documentsof historical evidence and bear strong witness to the roles these people played in theAmerican experience.The Gallery's activities include: (1) the expansion and care of its collections;(2) public education through the exhibition of the permanent collection and speciallyorganized temporary exhibitions; (3) the preparation and national distribution ofscholarly and popular publications related to these exhibitions; and (4) the compilationof a definitive catalogue of American portraits, constituting a unique information re-source in the areas of American history and biography, art, and iconography.Attendance at the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries during FY 1974 was in excess of329,000, an increase of 30 percent over the previous year. In addition, three times asmany young people and adults were served by the Gallery's education department duringFY 1974 as in FY 1973, (33,000 versus 11,000). These trends have continued in thecurrent year.
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One hundred eleven portraits were added to the collection in FY 1974 and 1975.Sixty-six were acquired by purchase, including the only known life portrait of FrederickAugustus Muhlenberg, the first Speaker of the House of Representatives; John Trumbull'sportrait of John Jay; a full-length cabinet-size portrait of John Marshall; a portraitof Dolley Madison; and busts of Abraham Lincoln and of Ralph Waldo Emerson.Among the gifts were portraits of Richard Henry Lee by Charles Willson Peale, ofGouverneur Morris by James Sharpies, William Lloyd Garrison by Anne Whitney (a plasterbust), and Andrew Carnegie--all the gifts of descendents. In addition, Mr. and Mrs.Paul Mellon presented a magnificent collection of 761 portraits engraved by C.B.J.F.de Saint Memin depicting important Americans from all walks of life, including ThomasJefferson, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Paul Revere, Oliver Hazard Perry, andMother Seton.From June 14th to November 17th the Gallery presented the Nation's first Bicen-tennial exhibition entitled, "In the Minds and Hearts of the People: Prologue to theAmerican Revolution, 1760-1774", consisting of 65 paintings and over 250 associativeobjects borrowed from collections in the United States and abroad. A second majorexhibition, "American Self-Portraits" on view from February 1 to March 15, 1974, con-tained 109 paintings by American artists from colonial times to the present. Single-room exhibitions were installed with the Gallery's Saint Memin collection and a selec-tion of portraits and letters of American artists from the holdings of the Archives ofAmerican Art, entitled "From Reliable Sources". In addition, several small exhibitionsfeaturing portraits of selected individuals were organized.With a goal of establishing a definitive collection of prints of notable Americans,the Gallery hired an assistant curator to organize and expand its holdings of 38,000portraits in this medium.In September, assisted by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities,the Gallery began a multi-year effort to publish in micro-film and selected letterpress editions the papers of Charles Willson Peale, the American artist and scientistwho was one of the most notable contributors to the early cultural history of the nation.JUSTIFICATION OF $104,000 INCREASE :Collections Acqu i sition - In FY 1076, the Gallery is requesting additional fund-ing of $50,000 to inc ease its budget Jot acquisitions. The permanent collection ofthe Gallery presently consist: of only 748 portraits, of which 439 were acquired bygift. Durin: the pas three >ears the acquisitions budget has a-'eraged $185,000, whichhas not been sufficie it to add all the portraits not available b gift that the NPG Com-mission deemed desirable. To redirect funds from other areas woild seriously detractfroir the Gal.ery's es -ential research, publication, exhibition, and educational pro-grams. A large number of significant portraits sti'l remain in private hands. Althoughsome of these will surely come to the Gallery as gifts, .?any wil\ have to be acquiredby purchase. It is c -itical that sufficient financial resources be available when suchoccasions arise lest ortraits of those Americans who must be represented in the nationalcollection find a permanent heme elsewhere.Buildings and Fa :ilities Managemer t - The balance of the request is for staff andmaterials necessary t operate the hisroric building hoi sing the Gallery. During FY1974 and 197S the Gal.ery has been preparing for the first public use of areas on thefirst and third floor of the building, adding i 0,000 square feet of exhibition space.Two janitors are required to I elp maintain these areas en a seven-day a week basis andto accommodate the increased rumber of visitors expected during the Bicentennial cele-bration and following the opening of Metro. In addition, an electrician' : helper isrequired to assist wi':h the complex relighting necessary with ea< h changing exhibit
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(including meeting the special lighting requirements for a variety of associativematerials which enhance exhibitions of portraiture); to support lectures, slidepresentations and other special events; and to keep the electrical systems of thebuilding in peak condition. The cost of these 3 positions is $30,000. An additionalamount of $24,000 is required to purchase custodial materials in view of both increas-ing use of the building and inflated costs, and to purchase electrical supplies, paint,building materials, and shop tools and equipment so that the mechanical staff can main-tain the building and fully support the expanded activities of the Gallery. A properlysupplied staff can provide mechanical and custodial support for the Gallery at a con-siderable savings over the cost of contracting for such services.
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HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN1974 Actual $1,326,0001975 Estimate $1,557,0001976 Estimate $1,625,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197683 83Number of Permanent Positions..11 Personnel Compensation 1 926 120 1,04612 Personnel Benefits 80 10 9021 Travel S Trans, of Persons... 11 7 1822 Transportation of Things 10 -5 523 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 15 -1 1224 Printing and Reproduction .... 30 10 4025 Other Services 207 18 22526 Supplies and Materials 48 6 5431 Equipment 230 -100 13041 Grants 2 3 5TOTAL 1,557 68 1,625Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 44Program Funds 24ABSTRACT - Since its opening in October 1974, the Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden (HMSG) is maintaining a full and balanced program of exhibitions, educationalactivities, research, curatorial and technical support including conservation, regis-tration, and publication. Visitation for the first three months totaled over 640,000persons. The FY 1976 budget requires an additional $24,000 for buildings and facilitiesmanagement services and supplies and $44,000 for necessary pay for the present staff.PROGRAM - The HMSG houses a magnificent gift to the Nation of outstanding modernpaintings and sculpture. While the Hirshhorn collection forms the strong core of theMuseum's holdings, a continuing program of new acquisitions by gift and purchase isbeing pursued. In addition, a lively program of temporary exhibitions utilizing loanedmaterials will enhance the breadth and depth of the Museum's offerings to the viewingpublic. For scholars, students, museum professionals, teachers, researchers, and artpublishers, the HMSG will continue to be a major source of documentation and referencein the field of modern art.After extensive planning and implementation, a full range of museum activities,including curatorial, conservation, registration, exhibitions, and loan activities weremade available to the public immediately upon the Museum's opening on October 4, 1974.Through December over 640,000 persons visited the Museum and its Sculpture Garden.Estimated public service statistics are shown in the following table:Estimated FY 1975 Estimated(Oct-June) FY 1976Museum Attendance 1,200,000 1,800,000Docent Tours Conducted 1,080 1 600Attendance 28,800 40,'o00Number of Lectures ? Film Showings-- 176 *264Attendance-- 17,600 33,000Number of Concerts (In coordination withDivision of Performing Arts) 4 8Major Exhibitions Scheduled 1 5Major Exhibitions in Preparation 5 fi A-47
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JUSTIFICATION OF $24,000 INCREASE (Buildings and Facilities Management) - Theincrease of $24,000 in program funds is for supplies and materials $6,000 and othercontract services $18,000. These funds cover contract services for cleaning andcaring for carpets; regular cleaning of interior court windows; and lumber and paintsupplies for carpentry and paint shop, essential for building repair and maintenance.The base for these activities in FY 197S, when the Museum was open to the public foronly nine months, was $28,000. Rising prices and higher annual costs as a result ofheavy public use of the Museum justify this requested increase. Included within theoverall object class distribution are funding adjustments reflecting: the annualiza-tion of costs of approved additional FY 1975 positions funded on a part-year basisin that year; additional travel requirements associated with the acquisition of artby gift or purchase and the development of loan and other exhibitions; and the antici-pated higher costs of printing catalogues and other publications.
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FREER GALLERY OF ART1974 Actual $274,0001975 Estimate $410,0001976 Estimate $458,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 27 1 2811 Personnel Compensation 343 24 36712 Personnel Benefits 30 2 3224 Printing and Reproduction. ... 1 125 Other Services 15 1526 Supplies and Materials 15 6 2131 Equipment 6 16 22TOTAL 410 48 458Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 15Program Funds 33ABSTRACT - The Freer Gallery of Art has a continuing program to search for andacquire Far and Near Eastern works of art of the highest quality and to conserve,study, and display these objects as keys to understanding the civilizations thatproduced them. For FY 1976 an additional 1 position and $33,000 will be applied asfollows: (1) Conservation - $10,000 to purchase equipment for the study and preser-vation of art objects; (2) Collections Management and Exhibition - $12,000 for suppliesand equipment for the storage and exhibition of objects; and (3) General Administra-tion - $11,000 for a secretary and a temporary typist to meet a growing workload. Anamount of $15,000 is requested for necessary pay for current staff.PROGRAM - The Freer Gallery of Art houses one of the world's most distinguishedcollections of Near and Far Eastern art. Included in the collections are over 12,000works of art from China, Japan, Korea, India, and the Near East. The collectioncovers paintings, sculptures, and other objects in stone, wood, lacquer, jade, pottery,porcelain, bronze, gold, and silver. Items not currently on exhibition and the libraryof 40,000 volumes are available to students and scholars and are used extensively.Since the founding of the Freer Gallery, its goal has been to promote greaterunderstanding of the cultures of the Near and the Far East through programs of research,exhibition, and education. The importance of that goal has assumed special significanceduring the past few years when cultural exchange between the United States and thecountries of the Near and the Far East has greatly expanded.The resumption of travel to the People's Republic of China and the opening of theChinese Archaeological Exhibition in Washington, D. C. have resulted in an extraordin-ary reawakening of interest in Chinese culture. Near Eastern cultures are alsoreceiving renewed attention. There has been a corresponding increase in requests forassistance from scholars, both at home and abroad, for docent service, for lectures,and for general information. The growing number of programs in the Freer auditoriumnecessitated the installation of new slide projectors and a completely new soundsystem. In addition, a new series of regularly scheduled Gallery tours has beenintroduced to supplement those tours made by appointment. These actions will continueto benefit visitors to the Gallery, especially the large numbers of visitorsanticipated during the Bicentennial year.
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A special Bicentennial exhibition, The Arts of Asia , scheduled to open inDecember, 1975, will focus on 18th century artifacts from the Near and the Far East.A second major exhibition, The Arts of the Arab World , will open in May, 1975. Manyitems included in these exhibitions have never been shown; all have been thoroughlyexamined by staff members of the Freer technical laboratory.Several pieces of essential equipment have been installed in the technicallaboratory. The most extensive addition was the specially constructed x-ray chamberthat expedites and enlarges the research capacities of the laboratory. The x-raychamber complements the activities of the regular photographic laboratory, whichcontinues to provide photographs and slides of objects in the collection.JUSTIFICATION OF $33,000 INCREASE :Conservation - The technical laboratory is the first major installation of itskind in the Smithsonian complex. With expansion of public awareness of Galleryfacilities and interest in the areas covered by the collection, the demands on thelaboratory have grown. There are many pieces of equipment urgently needed.
--A 35mm camera is needed for photomicrography through a microscopeacquired in FY 1973. The microscope is used for the investigation of thematerials used in works of art and their deterioration, thus assisting theGallery in carrying out its charge of protecting and doing research on thecollection. Rapid and easy production of slides for research, educational,and training purposes would be possible.
--The laboratory needs a special, low voltage x-ray unit to study ceramics, lacquerwork, wood sculptures, paper, and silk. These would include oriental paintings,manuscripts, and prints; and etchings, lithographs, drawings, and other works in thecollection of American art. The laboratory does not currently have the ability toradiograph such items satisfactorily.
--The Gallery has a very sizeable collection of Whistler, Whistleriana, andother graphics that are much in need of treatment. A program has been launched toput all of these graphics into satisfactory condition, especially in view of theBicentennial and plans for a major exhibition of American art from the collectionin the Freer Gallery. A washing tank is necessary for such treatment.
--Conservation treatment of many objects requires continued immersion of theobject in water or other liquid controlled to a particular temperature. A temperaturecontrol unit is required.An amount of $10,000 is required for this conservation equipment.Collections Management and Exhibition - To continue the program of Gallerymaintenance and exhibition, it is necessary to purchase glass, hardware, lumber, andother equipment to be used in the construction of cases for exhibition and storageof the collection. As the collection grows the Freer Gallery of Art has the responsi-bility to see that objects are cared for and properly housed and exhibited. Priceson all such materials are rising. An amount of $12,000 is required.General Administration - The administrative workload has expanded tremendouslyin the past several years and continues to grow. This has been brought on by thegrowth of public interest in art, and more specifically in the areas encompassedby the Gallery's collections. With the coming of the Bicentennial year and theincreased utilization of all Gallery facilities, it is urgent that a secretary beprovided for the administrative officer. A temporary clerk-typist also will beneeded in the summer months of peak public visitation and inquiry brought on bythe anticipated influx of visitors during the Bicentennial. These two new jobswill cost $11 ,000,
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ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART1974 Actual $238,0001975 Estimate $294,0001976 estimate $337,000Increase Fst
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(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons..22 Transportation of Things....23 Rent, Comm.S Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction...25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment TOTAL
219 32 25119 2 213 2 55 524 7 3112 12444 444
Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 5Program Funds 38ABSTRACT - The Archives of American Art (AAA) is a Smithsonian facility servingacademic, museum, and other scholarly interests. It preserves and makes availableto students and historians the documentary resources required for research and publi-cation on American art. An FY 1976 increase of 4 positions and $38,000 is sought toimprove the AAA in two areas: (1) Archives - 4 positions and $31,000 for increasedprocessing capability in the Washington center to prevent further backlogging ofunprocessed and unfilmed work, and for travel funds; and (2) Buildings and FacilitiesManagement - $7,000 to meet new rent costs. An additional amount of $5,000 is requestedfor necessary pay for existing staff.PROGRAM - The AAA assembles and preserves the personal and official records ofartists, dealers, critics and art organizations and thereby encourages scholarship bygiving researchers access to the primary documentation they need. These collectionsof papers, which range in time from the 18th century to the present and cover theentire United States, are sought out, organized, catalogued, microfilmed, and madeavailable to qualified scholars. Several million items are now at hand in the form ofletters, journals, sketchbooks, business papers, photographs, and scarce publications.New collections are constantly being received. This material is intensively used bystaff and fellows from Smithsonian museums as well as by graduate students, art his-torians, and curators across the country. In the past few years several hundred com-pleted books, articles, catalogues, and dissertations have acknowledged the AAA as asource of information.The processing and chief reference center of the Archives is located in Washing-ton, with centers in Boston, New York, Detroit and San Francisco. Each office is re-sponsible for acquiring further collections of papers and for administering completesets of microfilm containing all documents offered by the Archives.The Archives also has an important oral history program, begun in 1959, com-prising today more than fourteen hundred transcripts of interviews with artists,dealers, collectors, and administrators. This program is subsidized by private funds,a part of them in the form of foundation grants generated by the Archives. Private
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funds are also used for the publication of Archives of American Art Journal , aquarterly periodical based on and publicizing Archives resources. The Archivesanticipates income from private funds of about $150,000 in FY 1975.JUSTIFICATION OF $38,000 INCREASE :Archives - The FY 1975 appropriation has permitted initial progress insorting and filming over 700 collections of papers acquired in previous years whichhad accumulated in the processing center in Washington. An additional microfilmcamera was purchased, one full-time position (archives technician) was added, andtwo 700-hour appointments were used for processing and preparing a checklist of thesecollections. During FY 1976, this archives technician and renewed 700-hour appoint-ments will continue their work of preparing the backlog of previously acquiredmaterials for research use.For FY 1976, the Archives requests funds and positions to prevent the increasingamount of new materials being received from becoming similarly backlogged and unavail-able to scholars on a timely basis. In FY 1973 and 1974, over 100 collections ofpapers were acquired annually. By contrast, in just the first six months of FY 1975,over 120 new collections have been received. With four regional offices now in fulloperation and pursuing further important collections, a similar increase for FY 1976can be anticipated. To cope adequately with these new materials, the Archives re-quests that its current staff of six archives aides be increased by an additional fourfor $29,000.The collection of this unique documentary material on American art requires AreaDirectors to travel, seeking out on a wide regional basis the living artists, relatives,and associates of deceased artists who have in their possession papers and other materialneeded by scholars. To pursue this basic collecting activity, the Archives requiresan increase of $2,000 in travel funds for FY 1976.Building and Facilities Management - The Archives regional offices are experi-encing cost inflation in their support activities. The Boston office, formerly rent-free, is now being charged a rental fee to offset heating and maintenance expenses.The New York office rent will again be raised this year. The cost of communicationshas been increased already this year. An increase of $7,000 is required to offsetthis support problem in the regional offices.
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COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS AND DESIGN1974 Actual $174,0001975 Estimate <209,0001976 Estimate $293,000(Dollars in thousands]Number of Permanent Positions... 11 IncreaseRequested Est .FY 19761611 Personnel Compensation 160 43 20312 Personnel Benefits 14 3 1721 Travel S Trans, of Persons... 1 1 223 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities 30 20 5026 Supplies and Materials 4 17 21TOTAL 209 84 293Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 4Program Fund s 80ABSTRACT - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design is one of theworld's most distinguished repositories of decora.tive arts and design The collectioncurrently numbers over 100,000 objects ranging from textiles, drawings, wallpaper,furniture, and jewelry to glass, ceramics, and silver. In FY 1976 an increase of5 positions and $80,000 is sought for Building and Facilities Management and relatedsupplies. Necessary pay in the amount of $4,000 is sought for existing staff. Underthe heading "Office of Protection Services" funds are sought for the Cooper-Hewittprotection force.PROGRAM - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum is the only museum in the United States devotedexclusively to the study of historical and contemporary design. The collections cur-rently span 3,000 years and include over 100,000 objects. Its textile collection isinternationally known, its drawing collection is the largest in the United States, andits wallpaper collection is the largest in the world. In addition, the Museum containsfine examples of furniture, glass, ceramics, silver, metalwork, lighting fixtures,jewelry, and other decorative objects. In recent years categories of architecture,urban planning, and industrial design have been added. The collection is supported byone of the finest and most complete decorative arts and design libraries in the country.The library encompasses a reference library, a rare book library (25,000 volumes),picture archives of over 1 1/2 million items, and special archives on color and light,patterns, materials, symbols, sensory and technological data, interiors, advertising,design theses and typography.In 1965, the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution authorized the Secretaryto negotiate with the Trustees of the Cooper Union for the transfer to the Smithsonian ofthe collections of the Cooper Union Museum in New York City. An agreement for the transferof the Museum was subsequently signed on October 9, 1967.In the years since acquiring these great decorative arts and design collections,the Smithsonian has sought to solve three closely related problems with respect to theoperation of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. The first of these was to define the scope ofthe program for the new museum. The second was to locate a suitable home in New York City.The third was to raise funds, both for operations and for necessary construction.The Museum was originally intended by its founders, the Misses Sarah, Eleanor,and Amy Hewitt (granddaughters of Peter Cooper) to be a resource for students andpractitioners of design. It was to serve as a repository of information about, and
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examples of, design of all sorts through the ages. They intended that it should be anactive institution and that all its collections should be easily accessible to profes-sionals in the field of design as well as to the general public. By the time theSmithsonian acquired the Museum, however, much of this original vision had been lostand the Museum had tended to become a rather rarefied collection of decorative artobjects appealing primarily to a small number of connoisseurs.The scope of the program has been redefined . After a number of conferences anddiscussions including the Museum staff and other Smithsonian staff, it was agreed thatthe Cooper-Hewitt Museum should revert to its origin and become a national museum ofdesign. Building upon its excellent collections, and particularly upon its unequalledarchives of illustrative materials, the Museum intends to make use of appropriate moderntechnology--including computers, holography, and other forms of data storage andretrieval--to achieve this objective. This renewed determination to serve society byserving the design profession in the broadest sense is in keeping with the traditionsof the Museum and of the Smithsonian.Concurrent with program development, the Institution was also engaged in a searchfor suitable quarters for the Museum in New York City. On January 27, 1972, the CarnegieCorporation of New York gave the Regents of the Smithsonian the Andrew Carnegie Mansion,the adjoining Miller House, and the grounds comprising the entire block from 90th to91st Streets on Fifth Avenue. The Smithsonian engaged an architectural firm to preparea master plan for the ultimate use of the entire property, as well as a phased plan forthe remodeling of the Carnegie Mansion to permit its use as a museum. In August 1974,the Institution signed a contract financed by $1,150,000 in private funds for the firstphase of reconstruction of the Mansion. This contract will finish the public exhibitionareas (with the exception of floor coverings); install necessary heating, ventilating,and air-conditioning equipment; create the shaft for a new elevator; complete one of thestudy floors; and do necessary work in the nonpublic spaces in the basement. It isestimated that additional private funds in the order of $200,000 will be required tofinish all work required for public museum use. The first phase of the renovation pro-gram is projected to be completed in December 1975, followed by a public opening in 1976.A picture of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum is shown on page A-54.Fund raising for the Cooper-Hewitt has been a continuing preoccupation of both theMuseum and the Smithsonian and has produced impressive results. In the period 1969-1974,more than $1,100,000 (including interest) has been raised from private donors, corpora-tions, foundations, and other organizations to meet operating expenses. This was inaddition to the funds raised for renovation. Furthermore, the Museum has received$400,000 to meet the costs of an opening exhibition in its new quarters.As far as Federal funds are concerned, the Smithsonian adopted the principlethat the programs of the Cooper-Hewitt should be operated with non-appropriated funds,and that appropriated funds should insofar as possible be limited to the protectionand preservation of collections and property. Over the past three years, supportfunds appropriated for such purposes have permitted maintenance of a minimal programat the Cooper-Hewitt, in anticipation of its reopening as a fully operating museum.In FY 1973, the Smithsonian received 9 positions and $85,000 for the Cooper-HewittMuseum. These positions, requested as part of the Buildings Management Department,were for guards, custodians, and mechanics. In FY 1974, as a part of a generalreorganization these positions and the dollars now related to them were transferreddirectly to Cooper-Hewitt. Made available at the same time were positions and dollarsto assist in administration and registration. The 11 positions currently at Cooper-Hewitt are for 3 administrative, 2 registration, and 6 buildings and facilities manage-ment staff. In addition, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries provides routinelibrary assistance to the Cooper-Hewitt from its resources. It is intended thatFederal expenditures will continue to be limited to the purposes stated above.During the last year, objects from the collection were included in exhibitionsat twenty-three institutions including the Metropolitan Museum, National Gallery ofArt, Baltimore Museum, and the Art Institute of Chicago. The Museum organized amajor exhibition of drawings, textiles, and wallpapers entitled "The Art of Decoration,"A-55
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which opened at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and was later shown at theBrooklyn Museum. An exhibition of Winslow Homer watercolors and drawings from theCooper-Hewitt collection travelled to London following its showing at ColumbiaMuseum of Art and the Telfair Academy. In addition, benefit exhibitions of paintingsby Thomas Moran and Frederic Church were held in leading New York galleries. Workon ten further exhibitions is currently in proeress.JUSTIFICATION OF $80,000 INCREASE (Buildings and Facilities Management ) - TheCooper-Hewitt Museum, when it re-opens in 1976, will be open to the public six daysa week with expected attendance of 250,000 visitors per year. The Museum in its presentclosed down state has a maintenance and trade staff of 5. It is proposed that thisstaff be increased to 10 to provide adequate care for the 20,000 square feet of publicspace, 12,000 square feet of semi-public study and library space, and 46,000 squarefeet of garden. This increase of 5 positions and related funds for supplies andmaterials would provide a minimum work force to maintain the property at minimumacceptable standards. The indoor space includes parquet floors, boiserie, and orna-mental plaster ceilings which present special maintenance problems. The garden willinclude flower beds, trees and bushes, grass and gravel which must be kept in orderthroughout the year
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Base Increase Est.FY 1975 Requested FY 197610 10
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE1974 Actual $181,0001975 Estimate $209,0001976 Estimate $215,000(Dollars in thousands')Number of Permanent Positions...
11 Personnel Compensation 180 6 18612 Personnel Benefits 15 1521 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 4 425 Other Services 4 426 Supplies and Materials 3 331 Equipment 3 3TOTAL 209 6 215Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 6Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Service guides andsupports the puDlic service units in the development of programs to advance theInstitution's objectives in education and information. No program increase isrequested for FY 1976. Funds in the amount of $6,000 are sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The primary functions of the Office of Public Service are to stimulate,to coordinate, and to supervise the steadily increasing activities of the Smithsonian'seducational and public service components. These include the unique experimentalefforts of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; the many-faceted work of the Divisionof Performing Arts in synthesizing and presenting to the American public across thenation the historical and continuing development of the American aesthetic experience;the programs of the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education to make theSmithsonian's facilities and collections accessible and pertinent to visiting schoolchildren; the development of interdisciplinary symposia and seminars to enableleading scholars and specialists from the world community to examine themes ofcommon concern conducted by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars; thedissemination of Smithsonian research and interests through the Smithsonian Pressand the Smithsonian Magazine; the organization and conduct of meaningful adult andteenage educational presentations by the Smithsonian Associates; and an active publicaffairs operation including production of a commercial television series and audio-visual educational materials, dedicated to keeping Americans currently informed ofthe educational programs and exhibits available to them at or through the facilitiesof the Smithsonian Institution.
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ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM1974 Actual $317,0001975 Estimate $423,0001976 Estimate $469,000Base Increase Est
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(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 19 2 2111 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons...23 Rent, Comm. S Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction...25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment TOTAL
266 33 29923 3 262 247 4721 2136 3623 10 335 5
Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 11Program Funds 35ABSTRACT - The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum provides a personal and educationalmuseum experience for audiences unaware of or unaffected by major museum resources.An increase of $35,000 is requested in FY 1976 to meet the following program require-ments: (1) Exhibitions - an exhibits specialist ($13,000) and an additional amount of$10,000 for exhibits supplies and materials such as masonite, lumber, plexiglass, andphotographic supplies to expand exhibit production capability and assist in productionof Bicentennial-related exhibits and (2) Buildings and Facilities Management - a generalmaintenance worker ($12,000) to establish at the Museum the capability for proper andefficient repair and maintenance of an expanding number of facilities. An additionalamount of $11,000 is also being sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum (ANM) was established to reach out tonew audiences who are unaware of museum resources, physically too far from them, or, asinhabitants of low-income population density centers, do not see the interest or rel-evance of museums. By linking its research, exhibits, and education directly to theneeds of the community, the ANM has assured a fresh, nontraditional approach to therole of the museum. The Museum is a combination of many things. It serves as a meet-ing place, a performing arts center, a recreation facility, and an arts and craftsworkshop. It offers learning experiences through changing exhibits on subjects rele-vant to the community. Two major exhibits to be produced in FY 1975 are: "The MessageMakers," an indepth survey of the communications media and its effects on the lives ofblack people, and "East Bank Anacostia," an art exhibition featuring artists in Ana-costia and Northeast Washington.In addition to educational opportunities offered at the Museum itself, such asguided tours of museum exhibits and various workshops, demonstrations, and seminars,the Museum also has developed educational resources that are available to schools,churches, and community organizations on a loan basis. These resources, which focus onurban concerns and the history and culture of people of African descent, includeportable exhibits, speakers, demonstrations, and small educational kits.
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JUSTIFICATION OF $35,000 INCREASE :Exhibitions - Since its establishment, the Museum has developed a small buteffective exhibits program. There is currently a staff of four responsible for thedesign, production, and installation of exhibits in the Museum. While the exhibitsproduced by this staff have received much recognition and acclaim, both from within andoutside the community, their numbers have been limited. Two recent developments haveprovided the opportunity to increase both the number of exhibits and the audiencesto whom they are presented. One of these developments involves the newly completedexhibits design and production laboratory, which, in addition to serving, with foun-dation fund support, as a facility for training minority museum technicians, willalso provide much needed space and equipment for exhibits design and production.Furthermore, with funds requested under the Bicentennial heading, three specialBicentennial exhibits will be produced. These Bicentennial exhibits will be display-ed at the Museum and will be circulated throughout the country in the form of travel-ing exhibits. With the new availability of space and the impetus of the Bicentennialeffort, the Museum has an opportunity as well as an immediate need to increase itsexhibit production capability. An increase of one position, an exhibits specialist,($13,000), and $10,000 for support costs of exhibit supplies and materials are re-quested.Buildings and Facilities Management - The ANM has never had a full-time generalmaintenance worker to provide day-to-day maintenance and repair services. With thecompletion and use of the new exhibits design and production laboratory, Anacostiapersonnel will be located at three different facilities, further emphasizing the needfor a carefully developed and applied program of facility upkeep. One position and$12,000 are requested to assure proper maintenance and repair of these facilities,including, when necessary, the refurbishment of office furniture and the repair ofminor office machines.
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INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE1974 Actual $175,0001975 Estimate $187,0001976 Estimate $212,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 197 5 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions.
11 Personnel Compensation 119 5 12412 Personnel Benefits 10 1022 Transportation of Things 50 20 7026 Supplies and Materials 7 731 Equipment 1 1TOTAL 187 25 212Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 5Other Uncontrollable 20Program FundsABSTRACT - Through the International Exchange Service, public and privateinstitutions in the United States exchange publications with organizations in othercountries. This includes the exchange of the offical United States publications,including the daily issues of the Federal Register and the Congressional Record ,the weekly issues of the U. S. Patent Specifications , as well as private publica-tions such as medical and dental texts. No program increase is sought for FY 1976.Funds in the amount of $5,000 are requested for necessary pay for existing staff.Also $20,000 for shipping rate increases is requested in the Uncontrollable Section.PROGRAM - In 1849, the Smithsonian Institution established a system for theexchange of Smithsonian publications with the learned societies of other countries.This program was so successful that later it was expanded to other American organiza-tions. The Exchange's responsibilities were formalized when the Brussels Conven-tion of 1886 was adopted by the United States, and the Smithsonian Institutionbecame the official exchange bureau in the United States for the internationalexchange of literary, scientific, and cultural publications. In addition, aResolution to provide for the Exchange of certain Public Documents (14 Stat. 573,as amended) provides that the exchange of the official United States publicationsshall be made through the Smithsonian Institution. In FY 1974, approximately2.5 million publications were transmitted to over 100 countries for exchangedocuments.
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DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS1974 Actual $422,0001975 Estimate $371,0001976 Estimate $402,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 10 1 1111 Personnel Compensation 233 25 25812 Personnel Benefits 20 3 2321 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 16 1622 Transportation of Things 2 223 Rent, Comm. , 5 Utilities 2 224 Printing (, Reproduction 4 1 525 Other Services 78 1 7926 Supplies and Materials 12 1231 Equipment 4 1 5TOTAL 371 31 402Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 8Program Funds 23ABSTRACT - The Division of Performing Arts (DPA) has primary responsibility forthe production and presentation of all live performance events of the SmithsonianInstitution and its museums, with an emphasis on programs that relate to and enhancemuseum collections and that deal with our national aesthetic expressions. The FY 1976budget seeks an increase of 1 position ($20,000) with support funds of $3,000 toestablish an eductional program. Funds ($8,000) are also sought for necessary pay costs.PROGRAM - DPA is the primary planning, producing, and supervising organization inthe Smithsonian for all public performances. Its Federal appropriation provides forcentral administration and direction and funds for some program development with mostof its activities produced with other appropriated and non-appropriated funds. Annually,it presents the Festival of American Folklife, which has become the largest summertimeevent in the Nation's Capital, and a number of special series and individual eventsduring the winter months. During the 1973-1974 season, some 15,000 people attendedconcerts offering a range of creative musical expressions from baroque to bluegrass andjazz. Most concerts were preceded by free public workshops. A new recording programinstituted by the division issued a historic first, the Smithsonian Collection of ClassicJazz , a boxed, six-record set including 85 selections from 17 record companies. Receiv-ing critical acclaim, the Collection has now had several printings. The SmithsonianResident Puppet Theater, one of two continuously operated puppet theaters in the country,attracts several thousand visitors each week to its shows. The carousel and an originalold-time popcorn machine contribute to a lively mall. Performing Arts shares theAmerican experience in its many creative forms with people across the nation through theTouring Performance Service, offering performances not available through commercialmanagement to museums, colleges, universities, and cultural centers. The 1973-1974season saw 51 performances in 23 states. Some one million persons were attracted to the1973 and 1974 Festivals of American Folklife featuring a new site, the Mall's ReflectingPool, an expanded schedule, and new themes leading to a season-long BicentennialFestival in 1976. The Smithsonian is joined by the National Park Service as a co-sponsor.In an effort to accommodate a program of such magnitude, the Division has narrowedits focus in other areas, and re-directed efforts and funding. Programs curtailed ortransferred to other organizations include the American College Theatre Festival, theIndian Awareness program, and some of the Mall-based programs. Programs retained and inA-61
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some instances augmented by this review include the Division's Jazz series, which isnow directing an oral history of jazz in cooperation with the National Endowment forthe Arts, and an organized tour program of foreign folk performers in 48 or moreappearances throughout the United States in cooperation with the American RevolutionBicentennial Administration.JUSTIFICATION OF $23,000 INCREASE (Education and Public Orientation) - The DPAhas a responsibility to educate the attending public to the nature of these performingevents and their relationship to the museums of the Institution. The need for a unified,thoughtful, well-planned educational program is strong, but the Division has been ableto provide only minimal service. Requests for assistance from other museums, educationalinstitutions, and other interested organizations go largely unanswered due to lack ofstaff and an adequate educational program. Availability of information to the public onthe Division's activities is sporadic and insufficient. The need to unify the outdoorFestival of American Folklife, particularly the Bicentennial event, with the collectionsindoors at the Museums has long been recognized; but without planning, thought, andproduction, this need has been poorly met. The FY 1976 budget attempts to rectify thesituation with the establishment of an education specialist ($20,000) with $3,000 ofprogram funds. This position would serve as a focal point for an educational programrelating all Divisional presentations--Jazz, winter programs, Folklife Festival, andBicentennial Festival--to each other and to the Smithsonian Institution's museums andcollections.
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OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS1974 Actual $396,0001975 Estimate $307,0001976 Estimate $317,000Base(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975Number of Permanent Positions... 1511 Personnel Compensation 22312 Personnel Benefits 1921 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons.. 124 Printing and Reproduction... 5225 Other Services 926 Supplies and Materials 131 Equipment 2TOTAL 307Analysis of IncreaseNecessary PayProgram Funds
Increase Est.Reques ted FY 1976159 2321 2015291210 ? 317
10
ABSTRACT - The Office of Public Affairs is responsible for communication ofinformation about the Smithsonian and its programs to the public through variousmedia--radio, television, newspapers, popular and scientific periodicals, pressreleases, documentary, films, and general information and visitor orientation pam-phlets and other items. No additional program funds are requested in FY 1976.Necessary pay in the amount of $10,000 is sought for current staff.PROGRAM - The Office of Public Affairs serves millions of museum and galleryvisitors annually, as well as the general public, through the communication offactual and educational data about the Smithsonian and its programs. A wide arrayof communications media is used: radio, television, newspapers, popular andscientific periodicals, press releases, documentary films, the SmithsonianCalendar of Events, Dial-A-Phenomena, Dial-A-Museum, and general informationpamphlets and publications. Included in its presentations are the Torch newspaper,Research Reports , and the "Radio Smithsonian." The Office of Public Affairs alsoadministers the Office of Special Events, which assists with exhibition openings,seminars, meetings, and special activities held in Smithsonian facilities inWashington, D.C.In FY 1974 and continuing in FY 1975, the Smithsonian has been working with atelevision producer to bring to commercial television a series on the Smithsonian.The first special "MONSTERS: Mysteries or Myth" was aired December 1974. Thedocumentary made especially for television had the highest rating for such a filmever shown, a Nielson rating of 31.2 which means 44 percent of the televisionviewing audience was watching this show. The second special "Flight: The Sky'sthe Limit" was shown in late January. The third in the series is to tell thestory of the Hope Diamond, now part of the Smithsonian's collections.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS1974 Actual $800,0001975 Estimate $605,0001976 Estimate $621,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions. 27 2711 Personnel Compensation 496 15 51112 Personnel Benefits 43 1 4421 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 2 224 Printing and Reproduction.... 55 5525 Other Services 4 426 Supplies and Materials 3 331 Equipment 2 2_TOTAL 605 16 621Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 16Program FundsABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Press is responsible for the editing,design, production, and distribution of printed material produced by historians,scientists, and curators. Included in this work are multi-volume monographs, eightscientific series, exhibit catalogues for the several museums, education pamphlets,and information leaflets. No additional program funds are requested in the FY 1976budget. Funds in the amount of $16,000 are sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - Press publication activity is a fundamental extension of the work ofthe Smithsonian's basic research laboratories. Necessary for ecological andagricultural advancement and other basic and applied studies by researchers, thesereports are distributed to major libraries and scientific institutions in all 50states and many foreign countries. The Press edits manuscripts and issues contractsfor the printing of exhibit catalogues, education pamphlets, and informative leafletsfor the many millions of visitors to the Smithsonian each year. The Press reviewseach manuscript submission for editorial content and completeness, quality of typing,illustrations, etc. before acceptance. Inadequately prepared manuscripts (i.e. thosethat would be too costly to edit or manufacture) are not accepted for publication.Finally, the Press furnishes the Institution with a variety of necessary manuals,reports, and directories, including copies of Congressional materials and reportsfrom Government agencies.
In FY 1975, most of the printing funds (except for those used for certainInstitution-wide publications, such as the Smithsonian Year ) that previously had beenspent directly by the Press for the printing of bureau and office research reportsand exhibit catalogues were allocated directly among those units. This will resultin each such unit paying for its own printing. Resulting benefits include (1) eachunit establishing the priorities for its manuscripts to be printed and (2) printingcosts being shown as a function of program activity. Since the legal authority topurchase printing with Federal funds rests with the Press, it will continue to processprinting requisitions.
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OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS"ANDOFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS1974 Actual $ 494,0001975 Estimate S 935,0001976 Estimate 41,005,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Request ed FY 1976
? . . 63 1 64Number ot Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 719 54 77312 Personnel Benefits 62 5 6721 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 12 1222 Transportation of Things 2 . 223 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities 7 724 Printing and Reproduction.... 12 1225 Other Services 78 3 8126 Supplies and Materials 19 5 2431 Equipment 24 3 27TOTAL 935 70 1,005Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 46Program Funds 24ABSTRACT - The Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs oversees and reviewsthe Institution's museum and exhibition activities, with special emphasis on develop-ing exhibits, surveying visitor reactions to the Institution's services, assessingthe effectiveness of educational programs, and providing advice, technical assistance,and documentary resources to other museums.The South Group Buildings Manager, now under the Office of Museum Programs, hasthe responsibility for custodial maintenance of the Arts and Industries Building, theSmithsonian Institution Building, and the temporary Air and Space Building.An increase of one position and $24,000 is requested for Building and FacilitiesManagement - an electrician ($13,000) and funds for related custodial services,supplies and materials, and equipment. An additional amount of $46,000 is being soughtfor necessary pay for the entire office.PROGRAM - I. Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs - With 18 positions and$378,000 the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs administers, oversees,and reviews the Office of Museum Programs, Office of the Registrar, Conservation-Analytical Laboratory, Office of Exhibits Central, Smithsonian Institution Archives,National Museum Act, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Smithsonian InstitutionTraveling Exhibition Service, and the South Group Buildings Manager. In addition,this office works with museum professionals and their associations and organizationsto increase the effectiveness of museums in the performance of their scholarly andpublic education functions. The Office of Museum Programs is an aggregate of programsresponsible for the coordination of activities related to training in museology andmuseography and the development of new techniques related to museum administration andpractices. Presently, the Office maintains three major programs--the Museum Work-shop Program, the Conservation Information Program, and the Psychological Studies Pro-gram. The Museum Workshop Program offers workshops, seminars, and training courses toany individual gainfully employed by a museum. Each workshop, taught by Smithsonianstaff, is devoted to specific methods or problems. Enrollment is limited, and A-65
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instructors try to concentrate on the particular needs of each participant. Specialattention is usually given to the problems of the small museum's budget, services,and facilities. In 1975 approximately 16 three-day to one-week workshops willbe offered. Subjects include: financial management, the training of docents, andinsurance. Special attention will be given to the needs of minorities, particularlyAmerican Indian communities which have museum or museum- related facilities but facea serious shortage of trained personnel.The Conservation Information Program is designed to make the knowledge andfacilities of the Smithsonian accessible to as large an audience as possible. Theprogram acquaints small museums, interested organizations, and individuals withselected theoretical and practical principles currently practiced in the field ofmuseum conservation. This information--in the form of video-taped programs and slidelectures accompanied by tape commentaries--is lent, free of charge, to all who requestit. To date, the Conservation Information Program, in cooperation with the SmithsonianInstitution Conservation-Analytical Laboratory, has produced 4 slide presentations onthe curatorial care of objects, and 10 more are being prepared during the next year.Some selected subjects include: dry methods in the cleaning of prints, drawings, andmanuscripts; proper mounting and matting of drawings and manuscripts; proper mount-ing and matting of paper; the protective lining of a wooden storage drawer for textilesand costumes; and the wet cleaning of antique cotton, linen and wool.The Psychological Studies Program studies the effectiveness of exhibits and visi-tor reaction to them. Types of studies include basic research on museums as learningand teaching environments; the evaluation and effectiveness of various exhibitiontechniques, including assessment of push-button devices and audio-visual adjuncts; theeffect of noise and crowds on visitor comprehension; and problems of orientation. Amajor monograph, The Measurement and Facilitation of Learning in the Museum Environment ,was published in FY 1975, and at least two other studies are expected to be completedin FY 1976.
II . South Group Buildings Manager - With 45 positions and $557,000 in FY 1975, theSouth Group Buildings Manager's office plans and supervises the cleaning, maintenance,and servicing of occupants in primarily the Smithsonian Institution and Arts and IndustriesBuildings. This involves the daily cleaning of all office, exhibition, and laboratoryspace; moving services as renovation work on the Arts and Industries Building progresses andoffices must be relocated to make way for planned construction; and the transportationof objects or equipment as required.JUSTIFICATION OF $24,000 INCREASE (Buildings and Facilities Management) - Whenthe renovation of the Arts and Industries Building is completed, four major exhibitionhalls will be reopened to the public. In recent years exhibition space in this build-ing has been put to other uses. With the installation of the 1876 -Centennial Exhibi-tion this building will once again become a major public museum. One electrician($13,000) and $11,000 for custodial services, supplies and materials, and equipmentare requested to help maintain the reopened building.
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OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR1974 Actual $231,0001975 Estimate $202,0001976 Estimate $212,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands") FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 16 1611 Personnel Compensation 147 9 15612 Personnel Benefits 12 1 1321 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 1 125 Other Services 3 326 Supplies and Materials 6 631 Equipment 33 33TOTAL 202 10 212Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 10Program FundsABSTRACT - Since the 1880's, the Office of the Registrar has served as theRegistrar for the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museumof History and Technology (NMHT) . Registration at the Smithsonian is undergoingmodernization and decentralization. The Central Registrar will guide decentralizationand provide continuing assistance to all bureaus in modernization of registrationsystems. No program increase is sought for FY 1976. Necessary pay in the amountof $10,000 is sought for existing staff.PROGRAM - This Office was established in the 1880' s to handle the traditionaltasks of shipping and documenting accessions primarily for the NMNH and NMHT collec-tions. Registration at the Smithsonian is now undergoing modernization, rationalization,and decentralization. Modernization includes streamlining of manual systems for controlof the National Collections, and computer applications where useful and efficient.Rationalization includes removal of extraneous functions from the Central Registrar'sOffice; mail services were transferred to the Office of Plant Services in FY 1974 andpublic inquiry was transferred to the Office of Public Affairs in FY 1975. Decentrali-zation is aimed at giving each museum or gallery its own registration capability, anecessity for effective registration given the diversity of collections and activitiesof these bureaus. This Office will be retained as a Central Registrar to guide decentrali-zation, provide continuing assistance to bureaus in modernization of their systems, and,most important, to guide development of a Smithsonian-wide information system foreffective intellectual integration of the National Collections.From a total FY 1975 budget of $202,000, $95,000 is projected for operation ofthe Central Office and the balance will be made available to NMHT and NMNH for theircontinued registration/shipping functions. Decentralization should be completedphysically and organizationally during FY 1975, but modernization of registrationsystems and creation of effective information systems is an on-going project. Theresult of this program will be registration services much more responsive to bureauneeds, and a vastly improved information system at the Institutional level.During FY 1974, the Central Registrar continued to act as registrar for the NMH'Iand NMNH; the office handled a total of 1,627 new accessions (598,628 specimens) in NMNHand 764 new accessions (116,556 items) in NMHT. The Central Registrar also continued toadminister shipping transactions for most Smithsonian bureaus, as well as the publicinquiry function.
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CONSERVATION-ANALYTICAL LABORATORY1974 Actual $319,0001975 Estimate $561,0001976 Estimate $606,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) LX_ii?Zl Reque sted FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 21 ..
11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons..23 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities25 Other Services26 Supplies 6 Materials31 Equipment
321 41 36227 4 3110
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10120 2012 12170 170TOTALAnalysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 13Program Funds 32ABSTRACT - The Conservation-Analytical Laboratory (CAL) advises on the suitabilityof buildings' environmental conditions for objects displayed or stored. It examinesand treats objects for their protection and preservation, analyzes objects for basicresearch data of interest to scientists and historians, and conducts training programsin association with Conservation Information Programs. The FY 1976 budget proposesan increase of $32,000 for 2 new positions and program funds to continue the phaseddevelopment of the Laboratory's capability to respond to the conservation needs andanalysis and treatment of objects. An amount of $13,000 is requested for necessarypay for current staff.PROGRAM - The Conservation-Analytical Laboratory was established in 1963 toserve the museums of the Smithsonian Institution. Staffed by conservators andscientists, it ascertains and advises on the suitability, for artifacts displayed orin storage, of environmental conditions found in the buildings and suggests remedialaction if necessary. Based upon examination or analysis, advice is given to cura-torial units on conservation procedures for specific objects. Objects which cannotbe treated locally, which present special problems, or require more specializedequipment than is available in these units, are treated in this central laboratory.Analyses of objects or their materials (e.g. pigments, fibers, alloys, orcorrosion products) by advanced instrumentation serve to determine appropriateconservation procedures or to provide museum archaeologists and historians with basicresearch data concerned with dates, attribution, and ancient production methods. Com-mercial products proposed for prolonged contact with artifacts (or fumigants used instorage) are examined for suitability.To improve services to the bureaus, the Laboratory has purchased extensive equip-ment including: thermoluminescent dating equipment which will be used to dateceramics; a memory board for the dedicated Nova 1012 Computer which extends its capa-bility to do analytical computations; and a videotype word-processor to increase out-put from a single typing position.
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For conservation or other staff in the bureaus there are regular lectures.Technical information on specific subjects is made available as audio tapes andtape-slide lectures through Conservation Information Programs.JUSTIFICATION OF $32,000 INCREASE (Conservation) - Museums serve a uniquerole in that they are the primary guardians of the evidence of man's culturaldevelopment from the earliest times onward. Museum collections, including arti-facts, specimens, and works of art, are primary resources in the functions ofexhibit display and research. Museums must be able to transmit to future genera-tions the heritage which previous civilizations have left. For a substantial partof the objects in museum collections this is not likely to occur if greater attentionis not given to the needs of conservation. Every material ages and that age bringsdisintegration. During the last millenia the external factors accelerating thisprocess of decay have been virtually entirely natural in their causes. But over thelast century and a half, man has contributed and accelerated this process with theincreasing pollution of his urban and industrial society. As a result, objectswhich under different conditions could have remained sound for decades, or evencenturies, are now crumbling. Conservation of the collections requires constantattention to environmental conditions in the buildings and other specialized treat-ment (including fumigation) to forestall deterioration and de^ay.Restoration without a deep understanding of materials' properties and stylesis not a complete solution. If it does not affect the causes, it may be worse thannothing. Causes of the decay must be understood. Fundamental research has to bedone on the properties of materials; new techniques must be experimented with; and,particularly, new substances used for conservation or repair must be carefullytested to make sure that they will not, now or in the foreseeable future, react ad-versely with the materials that they are intended to consolidate, or behave towardsthe objects in a fashion comparable to the pollutants in the air.The conservation program of the Smithsonian is inadequate to these needs. Itmust be strengthened both in individual bureaus and in the central Conservation-Analytical Laboratory. Successful conservation efforts in the bureaus require knowl-edgeable personnel capable of recognizing and correcting specific local conservationproblems and treating those items not requiring specialized treatment by the centrallaboratory.Accessions of artifacts number about 130,000 a year. Proper treatment ofthese objects alone is well beyond the present capability of the Institution's facili-ties. Thirty-two man years of work each year is estimated to be required for newobjects exclusive of the needs of hundreds of thousands of deteriorating objectsalready in the collections. Conservation and analytical work is detailed and pain-staking. During FY 1974 despite disruption preparatory to rebuilding, 167 requisi-tions for 330 objects or samples were completed by CAL for 45 divisions of 17 bureaus.A paintings conservator was added to the staff of the laboratory in FY 1975 to con-serve paintings and three dimensional objects of art of historical value in theNational Collections.In FY 1976, the Laboratory requests two additional conservators ($32,000) toassist with conservation effort.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES1974 Actual $1,165,0001975 Estimate $1,590,0001976 Estimate $1,868,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel ? Trans, of Persons...22 Transportation of Things23 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction....25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment
1,029 83 1,11295 7 10210 6 162 212 5 1760 35 9544 82 126101 25 126237 35 272TOTAL 1,590Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 40Program Funds 238
,ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries provides basic library andinformation services required by the research, exhibits, and administrative programsof the Smithsonian Institution. In FY 1976 an increase of 4 positions and fundingof $238,000 is requested to meet the following needs: (1) to purchase necessarylibrary materials ($60,000); (2) to preserve and conserve materials, including thevaluable Dibner Library collection recently received as a gift by the Institution (2positions and $71,000); (3) to develop computer cataloguing in order to improve thetimeliness and efficiency of the Libraries' operations (1 position and $33,000);(4) to complete cataloguing of the National Air and Space Museum library collection(1 position and $68,000); and (5) to increase travel allowance to service bureaulibraries ($6,000). An amount of $40,000 is requested for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Institution Libraries consists of a central library and15 branch and bureau libraries providing support to the research, exhibit, educational,and administrative staffs of the Institution and to visitors by acquiring, cataloguing,binding and preserving books and other library materials, and by providing circulationand research services based on these collections. The Libraries' collections haveachieved national significance in natural history, American ethnology, fine arts, andthe history of science, American technology, and culture.Recently, the largest single private library on the history of science and technologyin the world was given to the Smithsonian by Bern Dibner. This extraordinary collectioncontains more than 25,000 rare books and other material including several hundred booksprinted before 1501. A conservative estimate of the present value of this collectionis ten million dollars. The gift will enhance both the Libraries' and the NationalMuseum of History and Technology's collections.JUSTIFICATION OF $238,000 INCREASE (Libraries )
:
Acquisitions - The library collections of the Smithsonian Institution areindispensable tools to the research, exhibits, and public service activities of theInstitution. Severe inflation combined with additional library support to programsin the Institution has slowed improvements in the Libraries' ability to meet theneeds of the Institution. Inflation, which was anticipated at 11 percent in FY 1974,was actually 30-35 percent for books and journals. When the effect of inflation isA-70
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considered, the current book dollar is worth only 59 cents, based on the July 1973dollar. In effect, the purchasing power of the Libraries book budget of about $200,000has been cut by 40 percent as compared with 18 months ago. An increase of $60,000 forFY 1976 is requested to enable the Libraries to restore some purchasing power foressential library materials.Conservation and Preservation - It is estimated that almost 12,000 journal volumesin the natural history collections require rebinding. At least 20,000 leather-boundvolumes require similar treatment. One position ($17,000) and $20,000 for contractbinding and preservation are requested for FY 1976. This is an increase of 40 percentabove funds available for these purposes in FY 1975. Even this increase, however, willnot permit the Libraries to bind all newly acquired materials much less reduce backlogsof materials now on the shelves.The Dibner Library is one of the world's outstanding collections in the history ofscience and technology. The collection requires the attention of a rare book specialist($17,000). An amount of $17,000 for care of the collection is also requested.Computerized Cataloguing - The Libraries is involved in an experiment with otherFederal libraries to test the effectiveness of cooperative computer cataloguing. Preliminaryevaluation of the system suggests that the Libraries will benefit in savings both inprocessing time and costs of cataloguing. Records of 60 percent of materials purchasedby the Libraries are found in the joint computer data base. Catalogue cards are receivedby the Libraries within 10 days of on-line placement of the order. This compares withan average of three months which is required to prepare catalogue cards using manualcataloguing techniques. Cataloguing productivity has increased 30 percent in the firstquarter of FY 1975 as compared with the same period of FY 1974 with no more applicationof staff. Full cataloguing, however, is only one means of gaining intellectual accessto and control of library materials. Further improvements, such as automated serialscontrol and computer-printed lists of materials received, must be developed in orderto improve timeliness and reduce costs. An amount of $25,000 is requested for computercosts, and one position ($8,000) is requested to support these activities.National Air and Space Museum Library Preparation - In 1976, as part of theSmithsonian Institution's Bicentennial program, the new National Air and Space Museumwill open. Of the 20,000 titles in the NASM Bureau Library, approximately 12,000 titlesare not catalogued and are therefore difficult to use. The Libraries gives high priorityto cataloguing the entire NASM collection for the opening of the Museum.Studies indicate that approximately 2,000 of the NASM uncatalogued titles can befound in the computer data base. The remaining titles, however, will requireapplication of other cataloguing techniques. The Libraries' cataloguing staff cannotprocess the NASM volumes in a single year and continue to catalogue new materialsacquired. In order to expedite the cataloguing of a major portion of the NASM material,$60,000 is requested to catalogue approximately 10,000 volumes by contract, and oneposition ($8,000) is requested to perform related processing activities in-house.Travel - The Libraries has administrative responsibi lity for bureau libraries in theCanal Zone (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), in New York City (Cooper-HewittMuseum) , and in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) . Properservicing of these libraries requires travel by Washington staff and the staff of thebureau libraries. In addition, the gift of the Dibner Library will require frequenttrips to Connecticut by Libraries staff to select materials for the collection. Further-more, the Libraries has become involved in international library and documentationactivities. A principal means of professional development for the 32 professionals onthe staff takes place on the national level, and frequently involves travel to seminarsand conferences. These factors, in combination with increased travel costs, create seriousdeficiencies in the Libraries' travel allowance ($10,000 in FY 1975). An increase in theLibraries' travel allowance of $6,000 is requested to enable the Libraries to administereffectively bureau libraries outside of the Washington, D. C. area and to enableparticipation in international activities and in essential professional and staffdevelopment activities.
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OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL1974 Actual $ 960,0001975 Estimate $ 972,0001976 Estimate $1,007,000Base Increase Est
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(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions.. 50
11 Personnel Compensation 822 32 85412 Personnel Benefits 70 3 7321 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 6 623 Rent, Conun. 5 Utilities 4 424 Printing and Reproduction.... 5 525 Other Services 15 1526 Supplies and Materials 30 3031 Equipment 20 20
2
1,007Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 35Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) , working in close collaborationwith museum scientists, curators, and historians, prepares exhibits and relatedproducts for those museums, programs, and other offices not having their own in-housecapabilities. OEC also provides specialized exhibit assistance to other bureausand offices. No program increase is requested for this office. Necessary pay inthe amount of $35,000 is sought for existing staff.PROGRAM - The Office of Exhibits Central provides design, production, installa-tion, and maintenance services to those museums, programs, and other offices of theInstitution not having their own in-house capabilities for this work and providesthe following exhibit assistance to other museums whose programs do not requireor allow full-time staffing and/or establishment of shop facilities. Consultation aswell as job performance is available in the following specialized areas: label edi-torial services, exhibition lighting, exhibit motion picture production, audio-visualinstallation and maintenance, freeze-dry taxidermy and the services of models,plastics, and restoration laboratories (specializing in fluid, thermo-setting, andreinforced plastics used in museum applications)
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OEC also provides and coordinates training in exhibition media and techniqueswith the Office of Museum Programs and is developing programs to research, design,develop, evaluate, and communicate new exhibition techniques, systems, and proceduresof value to the museum community.During the first half of FY 1975, the OEC completed 89 exhibit and exhibit-relatedprojects for 16 separate Smithsonian "clients" and provided consultant service to threemuseums outside the Institution. M the same time, 60 projects--long and short term--remained active on OEC schedules. Major OEC effort in the past 18 months has beendevoted to providing assistance and/or full-program performance for the followingexhibitions and activities: new exhibits for the Smithson Crypt, off-Mall bureaus,and the Commons cases in the Smithsonian Institution Building; the opening exhibitionsat the Hirshhorn Museum; the Panda House exhibits and a Map-Directory with the NationalZoological Park (NZP) ; a traveling exhibition "ZOO/100" with both the NZP and theTraveling Exhibition Service; and over 30 projects for Traveling Exhibition Serviceincluding several exhibitions produced in multiple editions. Models, plastics, andrestorations were produced for the "Discovery Room" and "Ice Age Mammals" for theMuseum of Natural History as well as "Suiting Everyone" for the Museum of Historyand Technology.A-72
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE1974 Actual $72,0001975 Estimate $92,0001976 Estimate $96,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 197S Requested FY 19766 6Number of Permanent Positions.11 Personnel Compensation 54 4 5812 Personnel Benefits 4 421 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 3 322 Transportation of Things 14 1425 Other Services 17 17TOTAL 92 4 96Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 4Program FundsABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)provides carefully selected, well-designed, and widely circulated traveling exhibitscovering a diversified range in the fields of art, design, science, technology,history, and education. These exhibits include not only Smithsonian exhibits, butalso those organized and lent by numerous Government agencies and individuals andorganizations throughout the world. No program increase is sought for FY 1976.Necessary pay for existing staff in the amount of $4,000 is requested.PROGRAM - SITES, which has been in continuous operation for 23 years, is theonly nation-wide organization circulating exhibitions of an interdisciplinary curriculumserving specialized and general museums, galleries, and educational and culturalorganizations throughout the nation and is the sole official agency of the U. S. tocirculate official exhibitions from abroad. The non-Federal operating budget forFY 1975 is $195,000, not including a projected $330,000 of special purpose gifts,grants, and contracts and $306,000 from Smithsonian Bicentennial program funds.Approximately S million people view SITES exhibitions annually (upwards of 625installations viewed by an average of 8,000 each). The Federal appropriations forthis activity have enabled exhibition rental fees to be kept lower than would otherwisebe possible. In FY 1973, exhibitions renting for over $200 numbered 72, while thosecosting under $200 numbered 29. In FY 1974, the first year the beneficial effect ofthe Federal appropriation was felt, the split was 52-52. In FY 1975, those rentingfor under $200 will rise to 68 and those over $200 will be 49. The lower rental feeenables smaller institutions to have access to exhibits.Major progress is being made in developing the educational potential of SITES'shows. Now, more than ever before, exhibit workbooks and program suggestions arebeing developed to expand the benefit and worth of each show for exhibitors.Two major programs have been undertaken by SITES to enhance Bicentennialopportunities for SITES' exhibitors. The first is directed toward making Smithsonianexpertise and objects available nation-wide. The second is a means for the UnitedStates to host large exhibitions of foreign-origin during the Bicentennial. Thesetwo programs join SITES' basic program of 117 shows in circulation. .Eventually, the
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two new programs will double the total number of shows available. Special Bicenten-nial appropriations to the Smithsonian have made the first new program possible; acontract with the American Revolutionary Bicentennial Administration has enabled thesecond program to begin. Number of Bookings Each State(July 1, 1974 - December 31, 1974)Alabama 7Alaska 2Arizona 3Arkansas 7California 23Colorado 10Connecticut 4Delaware 7District of Columbia 9Florida 17Georgia 3Hawaii 1Idaho 2Illinois 21Indiana 18Iowa 8Kansas 17Kentucky 3Louisiana 7Maine 3Maryland 8Massachusetts 17Michigan 9Minnesota 19Mississippi 13Missouri 20
MontanaNebraska 3NevadaNew Hampshire 9New Jersey 14New Mexico 4New York 59North Carolina 4North Dakota 1Ohio 16Oklahoma 4Oregon 4Pennsylvania 18Rhode Island 1South Carolina 11South DakotaTennessee 12Texas 39Utah 3Vermont 1Virginia 10Washington 6West Virginia 10Wisconsin 13Wyoming
Partial Listing of Available or Scheduled Exhibits
Exhibits Based on Smithsonian Collections Other ExhibitsSuiting EveryoneAmerican Agriculture: A Continuing RevolutionThe Men and Machines of American JournalismThe Photographer at the FrontierPrints from WoodAnd the Band Played OnIn the Minds and Hearts of the PeopleBlacks in the Westward Movement
Hey, Look at Me (D.C. Children's Art)Solar EnergyAustralia Goes MetricMan in His EnvironmentIn Quest of CockaboodyGreat American Scream Machine(Roller Coaster)Lion Rugs From Fars
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SMITHSONIAN ARCHIVES1974 Actual $157,0001975 Estimate $175,0001976 Estimate $191,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 10 1011 Personnel Compensation 138 15 15312 Personnel Benefits 12 1 1321 Travel 8 Trans, of Persons... 2 225 Other Services 8 826 Supplies and Materials 4 431 Equipment 11 11TOTAL 175 16 191Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 6Program Funds 10ABSTRACT - The Smithsonian Archives is the official memory of the Institution anda valuable research resource for scholars working in the history of American science andin the history of the cultural institutions which are under Smithsonian care. TheArchives currently has control over six million documents and is developing intellectualcontrol over several million additional documents held in research and curatorial areas.The FY 1976 budget request proposes a program increase of $10,000 to fund an oralhistory program designed to document the history of the Smithsonian Institution. Anamount of $6,000 is sought for necessary pay for existing staff.PROGRAM - The Smithsonian Institution holds a unique collection of museum objectsand archives for research and exhibition. Natural history specimens, art objects, andother collections are interpreted by archival documentation which supplements andexplains them. Archival records of the Smithsonian's activities also attract historiansand other scholars interested in science and art in the nation's capital from the 1830'sto the present. Some six million documents are now in the central archives, whileapproximately ten million more under the care of the Archives remain spread throughoutthe Institution.The Smithsonian Archives strives to achieve intellectual control over the vast anddispersed archival resources of the Institution amounting to several million documents.In calendar year 1974 the Archives completed records surveys of the National Museumof Natural History, the National Museum of History and Technology, and the SmithsonianAstrophysical Observatory. Systematic records retention schedules are being implementedfor those bureaus ; and an institution-wide records management program was started.Computerized control of archives was extended; and microfilming of the Institution'smain accession file continued. Accessions totalled over one million documents, in-cluding the central files of the United States National Museum, 1902-1935; and thepapers of A. Remington Kellogg, H. Helm Clayton, and Austin H. Clark.JUSTIFICATION OF $10,000 INCREASE (Archives ) - The Smithsonian Archives hasdeveloped an oral history program designed to document the history of the SmithsonianInstitution and the history of the natural sciences in America. In order to continueand expand the progTam an oral historian and clerk-typist are needed half-time toconduct and transcribe the interviews.
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NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT1974 Actual $884, 000 Zi1975 Estimate $802,0001976 Estimate $767,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 197 5 Requested FY 19763 3Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 55 -11 4412 Personnel Benefits 5 - 1 421 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 14 - 1 1323 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities 5 - 4 124 Printing and Reproduction.... 6 - 3 325 Other Services 3 2 526 Supplies and Materials 2 - 1 131 Equipment 2 -1 141 Grants 710 -15 695TOTAL 802 -35 767Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 2Program Funds -37ABSTRACT - The National Museum Act is a technical assistance program grantingfunds for specific proposals which advance the museum profession at large throughtraining, research, publication, or professional assistance. Through these programs,museum personnel have the opportunity to receive training which was not availablepreviously. A slight decrease from 1975 is due primarily to programmatic adjustmentsand reduced requirements for various services, supplies, and equipment. A net savingof $35,000 is projected.PROGRAM - Public Law 93-345, approved July 12, 1974, reauthorized appropriationsfor the National Museum Act through FY 1977 and funding of $1,000,000 to the SmithsonianInstitution each year. Of this amount, $800,000 was appropriated for FY 1975. Partic-ular concern is expressed in the legislation for the needs of conservation in training,research, and coordination.Funds appropriated to the Smithsonian Institution for the implementation of theNational Museum Act are made available, through grants and contracts, to museums, pro-fessional associations, and universities. Such funding is determined by the NationalMuseum Act Advisory Council appointed for this purpose by the Smithsonian Institution.The membership of the Advisory Council encompasses the principal museum disciplines--art, science, and history--and is broadly representative of all regions of the UnitedStates. The Council advises and assists the Secretary in determining priorities andassessing the quality of programs seeking support under the Act.In the first half of FY 1975, 123 applications have been received. Only programswhich demonstrate to the Advisory Council careful structure and sound administrationreceive support. The major aim of the National Museum Act is to provide opportunitiesfor professional enhancement and research which can be demonstrated to be of usefulness
7T Includes $100,000 each transferred to the National Endowment for the Arts and theNational Endowment for the Humanities as required by PL 91-629. PL 93-345 eliminatesthis fund transfer requirement. .
50-542 O - 75 - 25
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to museums. Through November 1974 a total of 32 projects have been approved in theamount of $325,000. The balance of this year's appropriation will be awarded at theMarch and June 1975 meetings of the Advisory Council. Grants awarded to date include:12 travel fellowships to museum professionals to study techniques in museum managementand programs; 5 awards for stipend support in college and university museum trainingprograms; 13 grants to support short-term seminar/workshop training programs; and 2special projects.In the second half of FY 1975 new programs relating to conservation trainingand research were introduced. The staffs of the National Museum Act and of the Officeof Museum Programs work closely with the National Conservation Advisory Council,funded by the Act, whose aim is to assess the nation's needs in conservation training,research, facilities, and the requirements that could be served by the creation ofregional conservation centers. Particular emphasis is being given in these studiesto define what form a "National Institute for Museum Conservation" might take, andwhether such an organization could adequately serve the nation's needs.JUSTIFICATION OF $37,000 DECREASE - The decrease in travel, part-time services,and equipment result in an overall budget adjustment of $37,000. The impact of thetotal reduction upon grants is expected to be nominal.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SPECIAL PROGRAMS
These special programs make use of total Institutional resources,including staff research competence, collections, and space for exhibits,to produce outstanding scholarship, exhibits and other presentations, andadditional opportunities for public education. These special programsinclude:
--The American Revolution Bicentennial Program which will advancethe Institution's efforts to celebrate and portray "The AmericanExperience," the first two-hundred years of American history andwhat they may mean for the future.
--The Environmental Sciences Program which is designed to shed lighton complex biological processes that need to be better understoodbefore solutions to national ecological programs can be determined.
--The Major Exhibition Program which funds the design and productionof exhibits of unusual national significance and timeliness.
--The Academic and Educational Programs offices which conduct inter-disciplinary seminar series, coordinate educational programs forstudents at the elementary and secondary school level, and provideopportunities for outstanding pre- and post-doctoral investigatorsfrom across the nation to work under the supervision of the Insti-tution's professional staff.
--The Research Awards Program which enables the Institution to fundexpecially meritorious studies through a competitive selectionprocess.Full descriptions of these programs appear in the following sectionsof this budget.
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AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIAL PROGRAM1974 Actual $1,745,0001975 Estimate $3,847,0001976 Estimate $4,256,000(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions..11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons..22 Transportation of Things. . .
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23 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities24 Printing and Reproduction...25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment42 Insurance Claims 6 Indem. . .TOTALAnalysis of IncreaseNecessary PayProgram Funds
BaseFY 1975 IncreaseRequested Est.FY 1976
671 381 1,05250 38 88105 94 19949 54 1037 9 16430 184 614
,063 -377 1,686243 97 340215 -65 15014 -6 83,847 4,256
9400ABSTRACT - In less than three months, the official observance of America's 200thanniversary begins. At the Smithsonian, the date will be marked by the opening, onApril 19, 1975, of the National Portrait Gallery's Bicentennial exhibition, "The DyeIs Now Cast: The Road to American Independence 1774-1776." The Institution, as aresult of the continuing encouragement and support of the Congress since 1965, iswell prepared for the Bicentennial period. Its program, under the general theme ofThe American Experience, includes twenty-three separate projects involving fifteenbureaus or divisions. Within the next eighteen months in Washington, thirteen majorexhibitions and the new National Air and Space Museum will have opened. Some twohundred traveling exhibitions will be circulating throughout the country, and majorscholarly publications in the fields of anthropology, art, and history will be pub-lished. Finally, during the summer of 1976, millions of visitors to Washington willsee the Festival of American Folklife. The individual projects are now all in thefinal phases of production, and there is no increase in program funds required tocomplete these projects as scheduled. However, an increase of $400,000 in temporaryprogram costs is requested to cover the non-recurring expenses of essential, temporarypersonnel and supplies to meet the demands of increased visitor loads during the peakspring and summer months of 1976. Necessary pay in the amount of $9,000 is also sought.PROGRAM - The American Experience - FY 1976 Request:A New MuseumThe National Air and Space Museum*Exhibitions in WashingtonA Nation of Nations (National Museum of History and Technology) $540,000Ecology 200 - Our Changing Land (National Museum of Natural History)1876 - A Centennial Exhibition (Arts and Industries Building) 360,000Revolutionary Period Exhibitions (National Portrait Gallery) 150,000
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Exhibitions in Washington (Cont.)America as Art (National Collection of Fine Arts) $ 65,000Americas and Symbols in the City (Renwick Gallery) 99,000The World's Artists and America* (Hirshhorn Museum S Sculpture Garden)Arts of Asia* (Freer Gallery of Art)The Federal City (Smithsonian Institution Building) 50,000$1,264,000Traveling ExhibitionsInformation and Exhibit Systems $380,000Object-oriented Exhibitions (Smithsonian Institution TravelingExhibition Service) 200,000Exhibits Design and Production Laboratory (Anacostia NeighborhoodMuseum) 50,000$630,000
Festival of American Folklife $1,000,000Major Scholarly ProjectsInventory of American Paintings Before 1914 (National Collectionof Fine Arts) $119,000Catalogue of American Portraits* (National Portrait Gallery)Bibliography of American Art (Archives of American Art) 45,000Encyclopedia of North American Indians (Center for the Studyof Man) 300,000Sternwheeler Bertrand (National Museum of History and Technology) 75,000The United States in the World (International Conference - SmithsonianInstitution, American Studies Association, American Council ofLearned Societies) 60,000Kin and Communities: The Peopling of America* (SmithsonianInstitution, American University) $599,000SupportVisitor Orientation and Services for the Bicentennial Year 301,000General Administration 84,000**Protection 314,000Buildings and Facilities Management 64,000$ 763,000TOTAL $4,256,000
*Not funded by Bicentennial appropriation.** Includes necessary pay for temporary staff assigned to all projects.
JUSTIFICATION OF PROGRAM - A full description of the Smithsonian's Bicentennialprogram, project by project, is included in the supplement to this budget. FY 1976will be the Smithsonian's final year of intensive effort toward realization of theInstitution's Bicentennial program. As the projects, most of which are above and be-yond the normal level of operations, are completed, the need for these special fundswill decrease accordingly in FY 1977.In this critical period leading to the timely openings of all Bicentennial ex-hibitions in Washington, D.C., and the preparation of most of the traveling exhibitions
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as well as an expanded Festival of American Folklife, the largest need is for temporarymanpower. Staffing considerably beyond normal level is essential to achieve increasedproduction while maintaining the Smithsonian's regular program. An amount of $1,140,000is requested for such personnel, and $1 ,686,000 for contractual services to accomplishneeded work outside the Institution's capability. Funds will be used for temporaryhelp in exhibits installation, Folklife Festival site construction, preparation ofcatalogues and other materials for publication, and general management and coordination.In addition, temporary guards and maintenance personnel will be hired during the peakspring and summer months in 1976 to meet the demand of larger crowds and extended hoursof Smithsonian buildings not previously opened in the evenings.An amount of $614,000 is requested for printing and reproduction. Half of thisfunding will support the continued composition process and printing of the twenty-volume Encyclopedia of North American Indians . The remaining funds will support theprinting of seven major catalogues and additional educational materials and publica-tions related to the Bicentennial exhibitions, as well as visitor orientation and infor-mation brochures.For all projects, additional supplies and materials are needed. Borrowed objectsfor exhibitions must be transported to Washington, D.C. and insured. Special equipmentmust be acquired for use in exhibitions, for the Festival presentation, and for crowdcontrol. Funding of $617,000 is requested for these purposes.Finally, $199,000 is requested for transportation of persons. More than one-halfof this request is for the final research phases and for participant-travel requiredfor the Festival of American Folklife. Another one-fourth will support travel costsfor participants in the International Bicentennial Conference, "The United States inthe World". These are one-time non-recurring costs. The remaining funds will supportresearch, travel required to maintain the security of borrowed objects, and the manage-ment of traveling exhibitions.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PROGRAM1974 Actual $190,0001975 Estimate $189,0001976 Estimate $193,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions.
11 Personnel Compensation 112 4 11612 Personnel Benefits 10 1021 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 14 1425 Other Services 36 3626 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment 10 10TOTAL 189 4 193Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 4Program FundsABSTRACT - The Environmental Sciences Program (ESP) was established in FY 1971to provide coordinated environmental research at the Smithsonian. A plan has beendeveloped to assemble and analyze biological and physical data on specific importantecosystems to predict the consequence of environmental change. Two Smithsonian re-search facilities, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama andthe Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (CBCES) , are the principle sitesbeing used to carry out these studies. No program increase is requested in FY 1976.Funding in the amount of $4,000 is sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Environmental Sciences Program administers a long-range, multi-bureau study of natural fluctuations in several different ecosystems. The Smithsonianis particularly suited to undertake this type of research as a result of the rangeof disciplines represented in the various bureaus, its large collections of plantsand animals with detailed distribution and abundance data, and its control overpermanent and protected field-research sites in both temperate and tropical zones.Staff resources consist of specialists from several Smithsonian science bureaus--STRI, CBCES, the Radiation Biology Laboratory, the National Museum of Natural History,and the National Zoological Park, as well as from several universities.A study is now being conducted in three contrasting environments: a tropicalforest on Barro Colorado Island, an intertidal coral reef at Galeta Point (both STRIreserves in Panama) and a temperate estuary and its watershed in the Rhode River(CBCES). At each site, a number of physical, chemical, and biological factors whichvary with time and which together indicate stability, predictability, and variabilityof each environment are routinely measured. During FY 1974 special attention wasgiven to evaluating results and casting preliminary models of the data. The firstdata bank report displaying monitoring results for calendar year 1973 has beenpublished. The 1974 results are now in preparation. A heavy emphasis was placed in1974 and will continue to be placed in 1975 upon systems analysis of the data andconstruction of biological models. The ESP is not independent of other research atthe various sites. It supplies environmental data to other projects and uses datacollected by them. This cooperation is essential because the range of subjects beingstudied demands an interdisciplinary approach.
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MAJOR EXHIBITION PROGRAM1974 Actual $103,0001975 Estimate $ 80,0001976 Estimate $260,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...21 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 3 322 Transportation of Things 3 325 Other Services 73 181 25441 Grants 7 -7TOTAL 80 180 260Analysis of IncreaseNecessary PayProgram Funds 180ABSTRACT - The major permanent exhibitions of the Smithsonian Institution arenationally and internationally recognized as among the best examples of publiccommunication and education in the museum world. The Major Exhibition Program has asits purpose the production of such exhibitions that will supplement the regularexhibits programs of the museums. The "Benefits from Flight" exhibit was initiallydesigned in FY 1974 with design continuing in FY 1975. An increase of $180,000 issought in FY 1976 to complete this exhibit which will be displayed in the new NationalAir and Space Museum building.PROGRAM - The "Benefits from Flight" exhibit will present the many benefits thathave accrued to man and society since the advent of powered flight. The scope of thisexhibition has been broadened, from the earthbound benefits of space flight alone, toencompass the consequences of air and space flight which have emerged over the courseof this century. The development of this exhibit has required a substantial researcheffort intended to assess critically the scientific, technological, economic, histor-ical, and social dimensions of selected benefits. That research, now in the processof completion, has combined the resources and talents of the Smithsonian curatorialstaff, two graduate students supported by Smithsonian cooperative fellowships, andthree contracted non-profit research firms. With the impending completion of documen-tation, the level of research effort has gradually decreased. Concomitant exhibitdesign has begun in coordination between the curatorial and design staffs of theSmithsonian and an outside design firm. Production will begin in early fiscal 1976.The thematic structure of the hall, mirrored in its preliminary design, establishesthe relationships among air and space research, development and operations, and thepersons to whom the results of these activities accrue.The most significant benefits which have emerged in the historical development ofair and space are those directly associated with flight: high-speed personnel trans-portation, staple supply and disaster relief, airborne defense and reconnaissance,satellite monitoring of earth conditions and resources, relay of information, and basicscientific knowledge. Our view also includes the broader social impact: flight in thearts and in popular culture, flight as a homogenizing and educating influence, andflight as a source of entertainment, for example.The high technology associated with, and nurtured within, the aerospace industryhas been and continues to be adapted to serve many other needs of our society. Theexhibit will also explain how these needs are met through the transfer of aerospacetechnology to ground-based applications in medical, transportation, public service,managerial, rind manifold other segments of society.JUSTIFICATION OF $180,000 INCREASE (Exhibits) - FY 1976 will be the year forfabrication and installation of this exhibit. This will be the final installment onthis exhibit. With the $183,000 already obligated, this major exhibit will costa total of $443,000.
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ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS1974 Actual $642,0001975 Estimate $620,0001976 Estimate $626,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 11 1111 Personnel Compensation 164 6 17012 Personnel Benefits 13 1321 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 6 623 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 3 324 Printing and Reproduction.... 27 2725 Other Services 401 40126 Supplies and Materials 4 431 Equipment 2 2TOTAL 620 6 626Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 6Program Funds _0ABSTRACT - A major Smithsonian objective is to make its resources for learningavailable to the formal education community and to the general public. These effortstake the form of programs in higher education, advanced studies, and offerings at theelementary and secondary education level. No program increase is sought for FY 1976.Funds in the amount of $6,000 are sought for necessary pay for the existing staff.PROGRAM - Since 1965 as a major part of its higher education programs theSmithsonian has offered fellowship support to 228 Ph.D. candidates and to 221 post-doctoral investigators to enhance their ability as scholars and teachers throughcollaboration and study with the Institution's research staff. Over 498 undergraduateand first and second-year graduate students have been offered the opportunity to consultthe Institution's research staff and collections for short periods. Administered bythe Office of Academe Studies, these opportunities are extended both to strengthenthe research capabilities of the Smithsonian and to make available to the scholarlyand scientific community the Institution's specialized resources. Its effectivenessderives from close cooperation with the nation's universities and colleges, whichwelcome opportunities for their students to receive specialized Smithsonian trainingthat their own facilities cannot provide.The Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars is responsible for the Smithsonian'sInternational Symposia Series, its biennial program of public activities centering on asingle theme of contemporary importance, from which are published the collected originalpapers presented and other relevant materials. In 1974 The Cultural Drama : ModernIdentities and Social Ferment was published. This was based in part on the fourthInternational Symposium held in 1970. Scheduled for publication in spring 1975 isThe Nature of Scientific Discovery , based on the fifth symposium held in April 1973.The office now is planning the sixth and seventh in the symposia series, both underthe Bicentennial program. "Kin and Communities: The Peopling of Amei'ica" will be heldin June 1976 to coincide with the opening of the Festival of American Folklife and inliaison with "A Nation of Nations," a Smithsonian Bicentennial exhibit. This symposiumwill reflect on the role of family institutions and communities in shaping the nationduring its first two hundred years and as continuing links to African, Asian, European,and other cultures which have enriched American civilization. "The United States inthe World," planned as the seventh symposium, will be held in September 1976. It will
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provide an examination by scholars and writers (including about 200 from other countries')of the far-reaching influences of the American synthesis of Old World cultural patterns,including those of the American Indians, and the interaction between the mosaic cultureof the U. S. and other societies.The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education coordinates the educationprograms which are now located directly in the museums. The office preparespublications, audio-visual aids, and other educational materials, directed atpre-college students and their teachers. It also serves as the liaison betweenthe Smithsonian and the D.C. Metropolitan area schools, conducting workshopsfor over two thousand area teachers in FY 1975. The office is active with areaschools in developing special outreach projects. FY 1975 brought the developmentof outreach kits with both Fairfax County, Virginia and Montgomery County, Marylandteachers. Through regularly scheduled training activities, assistance is providedto the Smithsonian docent program with particular emphasis on teaching methodologies.
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SMITHSONIAN RFSEARCH AWARDS PROGRAM1974 Actual $450,0001975 Estimate $450,0001976 Estimate $450,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions...41 Grants 450TOTAL 450 450450Analysis of IncreaseNecessary PayProgram FundsABSTRACT - The Research Awards Program finances special research projects whichcannot be supported from the regular budgets of the bureaus. Since 1966, 280 proposalshave been funded through this program, and more than 200 publications which are directlyrelated to the research have been produced. No program fund increase is being requestedfor FY 1976.PROGRAM - Prior to FY 1966, the Smithsonian received funds from the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) for special research projects of individual staff members.In 1964, the Congress prohibited the NSF from making grants for scientific researchto other Government agencies. The NSF instituted a further limitation that it wouldno longer make grants to any agency or institution receiving direct Federal appropri-ations. The Research Awards Program was begun in FY 1966 by an appropriation of$350,000 to the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of financing new or continuingresearch projects formerly eligible for support from NSF.Proposals are submitted each year by members of the Smithsonian Institution staffto support new and innovative research. All proposals have undergone a careful scientificor scholarly review in their respective bureaus before they are reviewed by an advisorycommittee of scientists from outside the Institution. Projects are selected on thebasis of their showing an imaginative and exciting approach to research and scholarshipefforts that could not normally be carried out with regularly budgeted departmental funds.The work supported by the Research Awards Program is often the best of the Insti-tution's productivity and the reason for acquiring professional staff of the highestcompetence and imagination. Further, the program provides an opportunity forresearchers to engage in collaborative field research with colleagues located in otherinstitutions. Many opportunities for participation in expeditions and other fieldprojects would be lost were it not for the Research Awards Program providing fundingassistance. Some recent accomplishments of this research are: better understandingof the nature of volcanic eruptions; help in unraveling the very early history of theearth through work on the chemistry and mineralogy of ancient rocks discovered in WestGreenland; and possible improvement of the local food supply in developing countriesas a result of the identification of a specialized bee necessary for effective polli-nation.In FY 1975, members of the Smithsonian staff again submitted proposals forfunding up to three years in order to provide for better stability, continuity,and planning of research. Of the sixty-one proposals received for FY 1975 amountingto $1,316,402, forty were funded in the amount of $450,000. It is intended that theprogram will operate at this level in FY 1976.
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OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY1974 Actual $654,0001975 Estimate $753,0001976 Estimate $779,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 197 5 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... 29 2911 Personnel Compensation 572 24 59612 Personnel Benefits 49 2 5121 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons.. 8 823 Rent, Comm. 6 Utilities 17 1724 Printing and Reproduction... 2 225 Other Services 71 7126 Supplies and Materials 18 1831 Equipment 16 16TOTAL 753 26 779Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 26Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of the Secretary is responsible for planning, implementing,and reviewing the progress of all Smithsonian operations. No program increase issought. An additional amount of $26,000 is being sought for necessary pay for currentstaff.PROGRAM - I . Immediate Office of the Secretary including Secretary's Filesand Office of the Under Secretary : With 18 positions and $490,000 the Office ofthe Secretary plans, implements j and reviews the progress of all Smithsonianoperations
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II. Other : The remainder of the funding identified for this office, 11positions and $289,000 support the Director of Support Activities, the TravelServices Office, and the Curator of the Smithsonian Institution Building.The Director of Support Activities directs and reviews the Support ActivitiesGroup. This group includes the Office of Personnel Administration, Office of EqualOpportunity, Office of Supply Services, Information Systems Division, ManagementAnalysis Office, Office of Protection Services. Office of Facilities Planning andEngineering Services, Office of Plant Services. Office of Printing and PhotographicServices, and Travel Services Office.The Travel Services Office assists official Smithsonian travelers indeveloping domestic and foreign travel plans, estimating costs, and planning themost economical routing in keeping with Government and Smithsonian Institutionregulations
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The Curator of the Smithsonian Institution Building is responsible for theexhibits in this old building and the furnishing of the public and office spacesin the style furniture that was in vogue at the time of its construction.
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OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL1974 Actual $277,0001975 Estimate $306,0001976 Estimate $331,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions.. 1111 Personnel Compensation 263 10 27312 Personnel Benefits 23 1 2421 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 8 823 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 3 325 Other Services 3 12 1526 Supplies and Materials 3 431 Equipment 3 1 4TOTAL 306 25 531Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 11Program Funds 14ABSTRACT - The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) is responsible for allSmithsonian legal matters. These legal matters combine those arising from theoperations of a university-like, charitable corporation with those common toGovernment organizations. An increase of $10,000 is requested to meet the needfor outside legal counsel for advice on legal problems of Smithsonian units locatedin geographical areas beyond Washington, D.C. , and $4,000 is requested for thecontinued legal education of staff attorneys through attendance at legal seminarsand for necessary legal reference services and texts. An additional $11,000 issought for necessary pay for existing staff.PROGRAM - The OGC serves as counsel to the Board of Regents, the Secretary,and the staffs of bureaus, programs, and support offices of the Institution on thelegal adequacy of proposed administrative actions and decisions and on the resolutionof legal problems arising from operations. As such, the scope and volume of theOGC's workload parallel the direction of and developments in the diverse programs ofthe Institution. The legal problems combine those arising from the operations of auniversity-like, charitable corporation with those common to Government organizations,and include: the limitations and obligations of Smithsonian operations in relationto the functions, authorities, and regulations of Government entities; legislativereview, drafting, and liaison; the uses and restrictions of trust funds; litigation;application of judicial decisions and executive branch directives and regulations;contract negotiation; tort claims and settlements; Federal and State excise, sales,amd gift taxes, deductions, and exemptions; patents and trademarks; copyrights;review of transfers by gift, loan, purchase, or bequest; and many areas of interna-tional law.JUSTIFICATION OF $14,000 INCREASE (General Administration) - With the increase ofactivity at a number of units located outside the Washington Metropolitan area (such asthe Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the SmithsonianTropical Research Institute in the Canal Zone, and the Mount Hopkins Observatory inTucson, Arizona), it has become necessary to secure the assistance of counsel in theselocalities to advise on problems involving applicable local laws. In addition, thereis a need for specialized advice on such matters as international trademarks and theuse of the Smithsonian name. Based on current experience it is estimated that $10,000will be necessary for this purpose in FY 1976. A further increase of $4,000 for supportcosts is requested to allow staff attorneys to keep abreast of the law through attendanceat law seminars and to allow the addition of pertinent reference material to the OGClaw library.A-88
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OFFICE OF THE TREASURER1974 Actual 5915,0001975 Estimate 5722,0001976 Estimate 5871 ,000BaseFY 1975 IncreaseRequested Est.FY 197634 2 36(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions..11 Personnel Compensation 536 45 58112 Personnel Benefits 45 89 13421 Travel S Trans, of Persons... 3 323 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities 94 15 10924 Printing and Reproduction. ... 10 1025 Other Services 17 1726 Supplies and Materials 15 1531 Equipment 2 2TOTAL 722 149 871Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 103Program Funds 46ABSTRACT - The Office of the Treasurer provides financial management assistanceand technical services to the Smithsonian. The postage indicia costs previously reflectedin this office's budget are now shown (as of July 1, 1974) under the Office of Plant Services.An increase of 2 positions and $46,000 is requested to meet the following supportneeds: 1 position ($20,000) to aid in the conversion from a manual to a computerizedaccounting system; 1 position ($11,000) to assist in financial and reporting effortsdirected towards the Bicentennial and other special programs; and an amount of $15,000for the rental of automated data entry, photocopier, and telecopier equipment and forthe cost of computer usage. In addition, $103,000 is requested for necessary pay,$85,000 of which is for Workmen's Compensation payments.PROGRAM - The Office of the Treasurer is composed of the Treasurer's immediateoffice, the office of programming and budget, the accounting division, and the grantsand insurance administration division.The immediate Office of the Treasurer provides overall direction for financialplanning, budgeting, investment policy, accounting, reporting, and insurance, grant,and contract administration.The accounting division is responsible for developing, implementing, and maintainingfinancial accounting and payroll systems; performing financial analyses and reporting;and operations including payroll, accounts payables and receivables, and related dataprocessing.The office of programming and budget is responsible for the planning, formulation,and agency-level presentation of estimates to the Office of Management and Budget and theCongress, and the execution and review of the Institution's Federal budget. It alsoprepares non-appropriated fund budgets for presentation to the Treasurer, Under Secretary,Secretary and Board of Regents and monitors their execution during the year.The grants and insurance administration division which is financed with non-appropriated funds is responsible for the administration of contracts and grants fromother institutions and agencies and for the administration of risk management programs.
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JUSTIFICATION OF $46,000 INCREASE (General Administration ) - Accounting transactionscontinue to increase as the level of office and bureau activities increase and diversify.To cope with a rising workload, the accounting division has taken many actions to improveefficiency and effectiveness. For example, in FY 1975, the division put into operationa direct key-to-disk automated data entry system for use in vouchering and paying accounts.Its installation culminated several months of systems analysis and design, includingintegration with the Smithsonian's central computer, equipment selection, and orientationand training of employees. The division has also been successful in persuading frequentvendors to consolidate many separate billings per month into a single bill. These twoinnovations have resulted in the elimination of repetition in handling payment documents,reduction of volume and errors, and faster payment of invoices. Furthermore, thedivision has established a system of employees' time and attendance reporting whicheliminates the bi-monthly keypunching of over 3,000 time cards. The new system utilizesan optical mark scanner to record special light sensitive pencil insertions. Incidenceof error has been markedly reduced.Nevertheless, to realize the full capabilities of the newly installed equipment,all segments of accounting operations must be reviewed and additional applicationsdevised to achieve further automation. A systems accountant ($20,000) is requestedto provide combined technical and procedural support in order to : identify theaccounting routines in need of automation; develop systems to effect automaticscheduling, projection, and accrual functions; integrate these systems with theInstitution's central computer; and write an operations handbook on resulting updatedprocedures.Smithsonian special programs, including the upcoming Bicentennial effort, requirealmost continual support from the accounting division to handle increased transactions,vendor inquiries, and requests for customized reports by offices and bureaus. Forexample, the several thousand expected participants in the summer-long BicentennialFolklife Festival will generate many payment and accounting transactions. A technician($11,000) is sought to oversee the day to day financial activities of these specialprograms and to assist the requested systems accountant in installing accounting systemsinnovations.An amount of $5,000 is requested for automated data processing, photocopier, andtelecopier equipment rental. An additional amount of $10,000 is sought to meet the risingcost of computer paper and usage.
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OFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION1974 Actual $535,0001975 Estimate $638,0001976 Estimate $658,000Base Increase Est
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(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 197633 33Number of Permanent Positions.11 Personnel Compensation 546 18 56412 Personnel Benefits 47 2 4921 Travel 6 Trans, of Persons... 3 323 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 6 625 Other Services 31 3126 Supplies and Materials 4 431 Equipment 1 1TOTAL 638 20 658Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 20Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of Personnel Administration develops and implements policyon matters related to manpower planning and managerial development. No increase inprogram funds is requested for FY 1976. Funding in the amount of $20,000 is soughtfor necessary pay for existing staff.PROGRAM - Among the services provided by the Office of Personnel Administrationare manpower analysis, recruitment and placement, compensation programs, consultantservices, training and career development, employee relations, labor-management re-lations, and special responsibilities in assuring equal opportunity. In addition,the Office bears responsibility for the implementation of new laws or policy, suchas the Fair Labor Standards Act, Public Law 93-259.In FY 1975, each of the major program areas has experienced an increase in activ-ity deriving from the general growth of the Institution. Over 1,000 personnel actions(promotions, separations, within-grade increases, appointments, etc.) are processedeach year. Major efforts have been directed towards the negotiation of a labor re-lations contract, staffing and placement for the new Hirshhorn Museum and improvementof recruitment procedures for guard positions. In addition, emphasis is being placedon updating personnel policies and procedures and expanding career opportunities foremployees through increased specialized training. In FY 1975, approximately 30 in-house training classes will be offered in typing, shorthand, the role of supervisorsin equal employment opportunity, sexual assault prevention, secretarial and telephonetechniques, dealing effectively with people, and executive development. More than 900employees are anticipated to participate in these courses. In addition, approximately950 employees are expected to attend courses in all areas of employee developmentoffered by other organizations and institutions.
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OFFICE OF AUDI TS1974 Actual $ 170,0001975 Estimate $ 177,0001976 Estimate $ 197,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions..11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons..25 Other Services26 Supplies and MaterialsTOTALAnalysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 6Program Fund
s
14The Institution's size, diversity, and variety of funding sources
7 1 8156 18 17414 2 1651 511 1177 20 197
create a large volume of essential auditing assignments. Since its establishment,the Office of Audits has made important contributions to effective management. Anincrease of one position and $14,000 will improve the office's capability to reachits goal of a reaudit every five years. Anamountof $6,000is needed for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Office of Audits, established in FY 1970, is responsible forperforming all internal auditing functions of the Smithsonian Institution. In orderto ensure the utilization of effective management practices, it is the policy ofthis office to audit all principal programs, including administrative, financialand supporting programs, during each five-year period. Recent audits have includedthe National Museum Act, the Exhibits activities in the bureaus as well as ExhibitsCentral, the Travel Services Office, Chesapeake Bay Center, and the SmithsonianTropical Research Institute. The results of these audits have been some monetarysavings (applying the automatic pay feature to teleticketing and savings on carrentals), to better management, and improved procedures.JUSTIFICATION OF $14,000 INCREASE (General Administration ) - Kith more thanfifty Federal operating units, programs, and staff offices, several major appropriationaccounts (totalling over $92 million in FY 1975), and several private activities anda wide variety of other funds, there is a large volume of auditing to be done. Withthe current staff of 7 auditors, it will take another two years to complete the firstaudit cycle of all principal Smithsonian programs. Therefore, instead of reauditingevery five years, the office will be on a seven-year cycle. It is estimated that itwould take a total of ten auditors to enable the five-year reaudit program to becomea reality. An additional auditor ($14,000) is requested to help meet this total staffrequirement.
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OFFICE OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY1974 Actual $114,0001975 Estimate $109,0001976 Estimate $170,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 19765 2 7Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation 97 36 13312 Personnel Benefits 9 3 1221 Travel and Trans, of Persons. 11223 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities 1 124 Printing and Reproduction.... 2 225 Other Services 1 l 7 1826 Supplies and Materials 1 131 Equipment 1 1TOTAL 109 61 170Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 4Program Funds 57ABSTRACT - The Office of Equal Opportunity (0E0) works to assure equality ofopportunity in employment and in all policies and practices of the Institution.Several current programs involve the development and better utilization of the skillsof minority employees, an improved communication system for handling grievances, im-provement of women's career advancement opportunity and an upward mobility program.A program increase of 2 positions and $57,000 is requested to further implement theseprograms. An amount of $4,000 is being requested for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Equal Opportunity Program, established by Executive Order 11246and further implemented by the "Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972," enacted asPublic Law 92-261, requires the Smithsonian to conduct a positive action program whichwill provide true equality in all Smithsonian employment practices. It is the respon-sibility of the Office of Equal Opportunity to conduct such a program. Three majorefforts currently underway include counseling, upward mobility, and the equal employ-ment status of women.The counselor program provides a channel through which employees may raise ques-tions, discuss grievances, and receive resolutions of problems on an informal basis.Twenty-five permanent employees with other assigned duties have been trained as part-time equal employment counselors who assisted 162 persons in FY 1974.The upward mobility program strives to ensure each employee the opportunity toseek and achieve his highest potential and productivity in employment situations withspecial emphasis being focused on employees at the lower levels of employment. In-novative ideas concerned with minority group training at the lower grade levels tocorrect inadequate education are currently being applied in several museum and supportorganizations. Additionally, within the upward mobility program is the overseeing ofcivil rights compliance with direct assistance programs and contracts and grants toensure that the recipients practice equal opportunity. Six upward mobility programsare now operating in the National Museum of Natural History, Office of Plant Services,Protection Services, the Freer Gallery, National Air and Space Museum, and the NationalMuseum of History and Technology.
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The women's coordinator program functions as the principal advisory service tomanagement on all matters pertaining to the equal employment status of women. AWomen's Week was held in FY 1974 and FY 1975. Additionally, a women's orientationtraining activity was presented at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory as anaugmented feature to the guidance and operational facilities available to theSmithsonian Women's Council.The 16 point program coordinator (again a regular employee who has acceptedextra duties) serves as the focal point within the Smithsonian for advising agencymanagement and the Director of 0E0 on the special employment concerns of Spanish-speaking citizens, assists in assessing the Spanish-surnamed employment situation,and participates in eliminating systemic barriers for Spanish-speaking citizens.The OEO provides heads of bureaus, offices, and major organizations statisticalreports on the racial and sex composition of respective workforces. Areas are notedthat are out of balance and assistance is given to correct such situations, includingthe development of goals in areas where imbalance is reflected.JUSTIFICATION OF $57,000 INCREASE (General Administration) :An Tnstitution-wide upward mobility program is needed to provide greateropportunities to the Institution's employees in dead-end or otherwise unsatisfyingjobs. Presently upward mobility programs are operating in six bureaus, but theseprograms are offering this training to only nine employees. An upward mobilitycoordinator and an assistant ($35,000) are needed to develop the Institution-wideplan, have it approved by the Civil Service Commission, and implement the plan.During the operational phase of this program, each of the employees will overseethe training of 35 to 40 employees. The program as it is now envisioned willinclude both on the job training and class work. Each program will be three yearsand during this time the OEO staff will counsel the employee, follow up with theon the job supervisors and evaluate both the training and the trainee. Funds arerequested to finance training at non-Smithsonian facilities and to finance on-siteeducation opportunities for this program ($10,000).Funds in the amount of $12,000 are requested for other programs of this office.These funds will be used to enlarge the women's program, train additional counselorsas well as replacement counselors, and for computer reports needed by both Smithsonianofficials and the Civil Service Commission.
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OFFICE OF PRINTING AND PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES1974 Actual $779,0001975 Estimate $816,0001976 Estimate $858,000(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions.. Base IncreaseFY 1975 Requested39 1 Est.FY 19764011 Personnel Compensation 545 39 58412 Personnel Benefits 44 3 4721 Travel 5 Trans, of Persons... 2 223 Rent, Comm. fi Utilities 8 824 Printing and Reproduction. ... 26 2625 Other Services 60 6026 Supplies and Materials 107 10731 Equipment 24 24TOTAL 816 42 858Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 23Support Funds 19ABSTRACT - The Office of Printing and Photographic Services is the Institution'scentral office for technical advice, guidance, and production in all matters concerningphotographic, duplicating, and in-house printing services. The office coordinatesphotographic and printing activities and supplies technical support to the curatorial,scientific, technical, and administrative staffs. It also provides photographs, slides,and transparencies with lectures to the general public, schools, research foundations,educational publications, other museums, and government agencies. A support increaseof 1 position, an assistant to the director ($19,000), is requested in FY 1976. Anadditional $23,000 is sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - The Office of Printing and Photographic Services (OPPS) provides photo-graphic, printing, and other reproduction services. Its services are in support ofresearch, collections management, and public education. Photographic services includestudio and on-site photography, photographic copy restoration, processing and printing,filing and retrieval of negatives, preparing responses to public inquiries, and fillingorders
.
Printing and reproduction services include the production of certain exhibitscatalogues, education pamphlets, and informative leaflets. In addition, OPPS printsand reproduces a variety of manuals, reports, specimen labels, and administrativedirectives. These services are accomplished by utilizing in-house multilith, photostaticcopier, and letterpress equipment.JUSTIFICATION OF $19,000 INCREASE - The consolidation of the Office of PhotographicServices and the Duplicating Section in FY 1974 has resulted in increased emphasis onscheduling, production, quality control, and personnel and space management. Seriousbacklogs currently exist, however, in the photographic library and processing unitsresulting in delays in filling staff and public orders. These backlogs and delays resultfrom the absence of written production schedules and procedures and from a deficient systemof filing and retrieval of valuable negatives and transparencies.An assistant to the director ($19,000) is requested to establish and maintain apositive system of production control and to draft and implement policies and procedureson proper care, storage, and retrieval of negatives, transparencies, and other photographicmaterial
.
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION1974 Actual $381,0001975 Estimate $461,0001976 Estimate $502,000(Dollars in thousands)Number of Permanent Positions...11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel S Trans, of Persons...23 Rent, Comm. ? Utilities25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment TOTAL
378 35 41332 3 352 25 537 2 392 1 35 5
Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 15Program Funds 26ABSTRACT - Computer specialists, mathematicians, statisticians, and supportpersonnel of the Information Systems Division (ISD) participate in the developmentand application of mathematical techniques such as statistical analysis, mathematicalmodeling, data reduction and cluster analysis, for research projects and automatedadministrative and collections management systems. An increase of 2 positions and$26,000 is requested in FY 1976 to meet the following support needs: (1) an additionalmathematician ($12,000) and support funds ($1,000) to meet an increasing demand formathematical and statistical analysis assistance by curators and researchers in theareas of historical, biological, chemical, and geological research; and (2) a computerspecialist ($11,000) and support funds ($2,000) to permit expanded use of ADP in thecollections management and administrative areas. An additional amount of $15,000 isrequested for necessary pay.PROGRAM - Computer specialists, mathematicians, and support personnel in ISD workwith curators, historians, scientists, and management personnel to apply mathematicaltechniques to research problems and to develop automated administrative and collectionsmanagement systems. Approximately 75 percent of the Division's resources are beingexpended in support of research and collections management while the remainder is usedon management support functions. Work performed by ISD contributes annually to producinginformation that is published in approximately 100 scientific publicationsPresently, to reduce development costs, scientific and collections management com-puter programs are being developed that can be utilized in many areas with minor modifi-cations. The Division maintains a computer program library containing 350 active pro-grams and is currently serving researchers, curators, and administrators throughout theInstitution. The Smithsonian's main collections management system, SELGEM, has beendistributed to 54 universities, government agencies, and other museums, representingvaluable assistance to those institutions.JUSTIFICATION OF $26,000 INCREASE (Automatic Data Processing) :Scientific Research Applications - An increasing demand for mathematical andstatistical analysis assistance by curators and researchers in the areas of historical,biological, chemical, and geological research has placed current resources under a
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constant strain. Seven departments in the National Museum of Natural History and tenother bureaus are major users of these resources. Projects vary from the applicationof mathematical/statistical techniques to solve day-to-day research needs, to reducinglarge quantities of data from the electron microprobe equipment, to portraying researchinformation in a graphic form. During FY 1976, the present staff of 4 will be involvedwith projects such as those concerned with ecological studies in temperate, semi-tropical and tropical regions of the world, analyses of ocean crust data, and modelingof terrestrial and lunar geology with data from joint American -Soviet scientificsatellite missions.The Institution initiated a study several years ago to develop data for a five-year ADP plan for the planning and efficient allocation of resources. This plan,which is updated annually, is based upon historical experience and projected needs inall areas of ADP usage. 3ased upon the recent update, a backlog of five man-years ofeffort is projected for FY 1976 in the area of research applications. Since it is es-timated a mathematician can complete approximately two projects per month, this back-log is equivalent to approximately 120 projects. Backlogged projects will extendacross the entire museum complex from art and anthropology to zoology. Additionalstaffing of 1 mathematician ($12,000) and support funds of $1,000 for equipment,supplies, training and computer time will reduce the projected backlog for FY 1976 to4 man-years.Collections Management and Administrative Applications - The SELGEM system israpidly becoming recognized as a standard for the computerized management of collec-tions. Current SELGEM development is centered on reducing processing costs and ex-tending application of the system throughout the various museums to provide automatedretrieval and indexing of data pertaining to the National Collections. Results benefitthe professional staff by providing catalogues, cross-referencing indices by cate-gories, correlation of data, better inventory control, and a future vehicle for re-sponding to technical and non-technical queries by the research community or generalpublic. Automated files now permit curators, researchers, and scientists to analyze,present, and interpret their data in ways that were impractical with manual files.The system also allows for an economical means of exchanging data via magnetic tapewithout physically transporting specimens or visiting other locations. In FY 1976,7 man-years of effort is available for systems analysis, computer programming, programmaintenance, documentation, and customer liaison in the collections management area.To date approximately 2,000,000 specimens have been indexed into 292 distinctcollections management files and 260 various processing requests are performed monthlyagainst those files. From past experience it is estimated that 30 to 35 percent of acomputer specialist's time is devoted to continual maintenance and liaison once aproject is considered in production. Based upon the aforementioned five-year resourcestudy a backlog of 4 man-years is projected for the collections management applicationsin FY 1976.Administrative applications of ADP resources involve areas such as payroll, per-sonnel, libraries, accounting, supply, public service, and plant and protection ser-vices. The 6 man-years of effort available to the above areas for systems analysiscomputer programming, program maintenance, documentation, and customer liaison, isprojected to result in a 3 man-year backlog of work by FY 1976. Of major concern isthe Institution's need to expand the use of ADP to energy conservation, facilitiesmanagement, remote job entry processing, source data automation, teleprocessing, andsecurity. The application of ADP to these areas will be of benefit to the entireInstitution.Staffing of 1 computer specialist ($11,000) and support funds of $2,000 for equip-ment, supplies, training, and computer time is requested to assist in reducing thebacklogs in the collections management and administrative areas.
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OFFICE OF SUPPLY SERVICES1974 Actual $437,0001975 Estimate $492,0001976 Estimate $504,000(Dollars in thousands')Number of Permanent Positions. Base Increase Est
.
FY 197 5 Requested FY 197625 2511 Personnel Compensation 310 11 32112 Personnel Benefits 25 1 2621 Travel S Trans, of Persons... 2 223 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 10 1024 Printing and Reproduction.... 1 125 Other Services 9 926 Supplies and Materials 132 13231 Equipment 3 3TOTAL 492 12 504Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 12Program FundsABSTRACT - The Office of Supply Services procures supplies, materials, contractualservices, and equipment for Smithsonian activities. No increase in program funds issought for FY 1976. Funding in the amount of $12,000 is sought for necessary pay forexisting staff.PROGRAM - The Office of Supply Services procures supplies, materials, contractualservices, and equipment for research, curatorial, exhibit preparation, and otherSmithsonian activities. It stocks and issues office and other supplies required indaily management operations and serves as a central receiving unit for the Institution.It operates a property management program, obtaining excess property in lieu of newprocurement whenever possible. This Office also maintains all property records andschedules and oversees periodic inventories to insure adequate control, accountability,security, and utilization of equipment. In FY 1974, an estimated 500 contracts valuedin excess of $10,000,000 and approximately 8,700 procurement actions valued in excessof $14,000,000 were handled by this office. Present information indicates an appreciableincrease in workload in FY 1975.
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MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OFFICE1974 Actual $190,0001975 Estimate $215,0001976 Estimate $222,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions. 1011 Personnel Compensation 184 6 19012 Personnel Benefits 16 1 1723 Rent, Comm. S Utilities 7 724 Printing and Reproduction.... 1 125 Other Services 5 526 Supplies and Materials 2 2TOTAL 215 7 222Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 7Program FundsABSTRACT - The Management Analysis Office (MAO) performs a wide range of generalmanagement staff assistance and advisory services related to museum, research, andsupport operations in the Smithsonian. No program fund increase is requested forFY 1976. Necessary pay in the amount of $7,000 is sought.PROGRAM - Under the executive. direction of the Director of Support Activities,the Management Analysis Office is responsible for assisting in the development,recommendation, and implementation of effective business administration and managementimprovement programs.The Management Analysis Office provides management with a continuing appraisalof the written directives. MAO is responsible for the overall development andadministration of the directives management system through which proposed Smithsonianprocedures and policies are reviewed, coordinated, and approved by the Secretarybefore being disseminated and implemented.The Office provides management advisory services; makes studies and specialsurveys for the evaluation and analysis of management problem areas. Managementconsultants provide specialized information to aid Smithsonian staff managers insuch areas as the development of organizational, functional, staffing, and flowcharts; planning and development of internal procedures; and implementation ofmanagement improvement programs.The Management Analysis Office provides for the administration and management ofa comprehensive and economical forms program for internal and external operations ofthe Smithsonian's various programs.
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OFFICE OF PROTECTION SERVICES1974 Actual $4,356,0001975 Estimate $5,546,0001976 Estimate $6,539,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 197 5 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions.11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel ? Trans, of Persons.23 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities....25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment
443 91 5344,698 755 5,453404 67 4714 41 1300 80 38060 91 15179 79TOTAL 5,546 993 6,539Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 218Program Fund
s
775ABSTRACT - The Office of Protection Services (OPS) is responsible for the pro-tection, security, health, and safety programs of the Institution. An increase of$775,000 and 91 positions is requested to enable this office to fulfill its currentresponsibilities and to meet the increased responsibilities for two new museums. Theareas covered by this requested increase are: (1) National Air and Space Museum -55 guards ($86,000) to protect the Museum as it readies for public opening, supportfunds of $87 ; 000, and $202,000 for annualization of positions filled in FY 1975;(2) Cooper-Hewitt Museum - 14 guards ($104,000) for three quarters of the year, supportfunds of $14,000, and $32,000 for security systems; and (3) Overall Protection andSupport - 20 guards and 2 investigators ($212,000) and support funds of $38,000 to pro-vide more adequate protection coverage for existing museums. An amount of $218,000is also sought for necessary pay.PROGRAM - OPS has direct responsibility for protection, security, health, andsafety for Smithsonian installations in the Mall vicinity, and policy responsibilityfor the entire Institution. The National Zoological Park has its own police andsafety staff. Over the past four years, the gross area for which OPS has direct respon-sibility has increased by nearly one million square feet to a total of some four millionsquare feet.In FY 1975, several new facilities were added to the Institution for which OPShas protection and safety responsibilities: the new National Air and Space Museum, theAnacostia Museum's exhibit training facility, and the off-Mall consolidated servicecenter on North Capitol Street replacing several other spaces not all of which wereunder Smithsonian protection. In addition, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardenopened to the public in October, 1974. The public response to this art gallery hasexceeded all expectations: during the first weekend alone, more than 30,000 peopleviewed the gallery's paintings and sculptures. Visitation through December 1974 totaledover 640,000 persons. This heavy response required OPS to provide guard resourcesoriginally planned for other museums.While the number of misdemeanor and felonious incidents increased by 51 percentfrom calendar year 1972 to 1973 (232 as compared to 351), the increase from 1973 to1974 was only 2 percent (351 as compared to 358). While the number of crimes against
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the person (robbery, assault, sex offenses) increased by 87 percent from 1972 to1973 (38 as compared to 71), the increase from 1973 to 1974 was only 1 percent(71 as compared to 72). The success in significantly lowering the rate of increasecan be attributed in part to strategic plainclothes patrol of high crime areas andtimely on-scene investigation of reported offenses. Additional training in the policefield has resulted in more professional response by all protection officers and ahigher resolution of incidents.A pilot program for training protection officers for canine patrol service isunderway. This program was begun without an increase in manpower. Canine-handlingofficers were drawn from the ranks of guards and policemen already on board. Thisprogram, which has proven highly successful among police units, is being modifiedfor museum security with an anticipated result of further crime reduction and betterutilization of manpower. The dogs, which are being trained to "sniff-out" bothfires and stay-behinds after closing hours, are being donated to the Institution byprivate citizens.The health and safety unit, which works closely with the security operations,is moving toward full compliance with Public Law 91-596 (Occupational Safety andHealth Act of 1971). The unit also works with other units in coordinating construc-tion and exhibition projects to ensure compliance with appropriate codes and regu-lations. During the first five months of FY 1974, the two Smithsonian health unitsserved 8,297 people. During the same period of FY 1975, the three units served8,989 people. The health units, during the fall and winter, conducted a campaign toencourage employees to have their blood pressure checked.JUSTIFICATION OF $775,000 INCREASE (Protection) :National Air and Space Museum - The initial increment of 30 positions for NASMprotection will be hired in the last quarter of FY 1975. An additional amount of$202,000 is required for annualization of funds for these positions. The final in-crement of 55 positions (bringing to 85 the total protection force) is requested forfilling during the last quarter of FY 1976 ($86,000). Support costs of $87,000 coverpurchase and maintenance of uniforms and purchase or rental of necessary security andprotection equipment.Cooper-Hewitt Museum - The Cooper-Hewitt Museum is scheduled to open in January,1976. A total of 14 guards, including 2 supervisors, is required for three quartersof the year to protect the museum as the renovation nears completion, valuable objectsare moved into the museum, and the museum opens to the public ($104,000). Necessarysupport funds ($14,000) as well as funds for rental and maintenance of securitysystems ($32,000) also are requested.Overall Protection and Support - An additional 22 positions ($212,000) are re-quested to help fill the gap between the number of protection officers required forcurrent museum, gallery, and other space and the number of positions currently avail-able. Support funds of $38,000 also are requested.Manpower and budget requirements for guarding are based on the designation of"posts." A post may be either one point (e.g. an entrance to a museum) or an area,varying in size, based upon: the use of the area; the value of objects on display;the vulnerability of those objects to damage, theft, and vandalism; and the effectivefield of vision of the guard assigned to that post. The number of guards required toman one post may vary from one (the post must be manned 8 hours a day, five days aweek) to five (the post must be manned 24 hours a day, 7 days a week). If all 91positions requested in this budget are approved, it will bring the OPS total to 534.This will still leave OPS approximately 140 positions short for manning all currentlydesignated posts. The shortage of 140 positions represents approximately 84 unmannedposts.
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OFFICE OF FACILITIES PLANNING AND ENGINEERING SERVICES1974 Actual $393,0001975 Estimate $574,0001976 Estimate $628,000Base Increase Est.(Dollars in thousands) FY 1_97S Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... _____11 Personnel Compensation 427 47 47412 Personnel Benefits 37 7 4421 Travel ? Trans, of Persons.. 11 1124 Printing ? Reproduction 6 625 Other Services 83 8326 Supplies 6 Materials 6 631 Equipment 4_ 4TOTAL 574 54 628Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 16Program Funds 38ABSTRACT - The Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services (OFPES)provides professional and technical services including planning, design, engineering,and project management for construction, alteration, improvement, and major repairprograms required by the Smithsonian's physical plant and operational needs. Anincrease of 2 positions and $38,000 is requested for necessary planning and construc-tion cost estimating. A further $16,000 is needed for necessary pay.PROGRAM - Since its establishment as a separate entity in mid-FY 1974, OFPEShas developed as a professional organization offering planning, design, engineering,and construction management services. During FY 1975 it is providing technicaland/or supervisory services for more than 300 projects. These include repair, reno-vation, alteration, and construction jobs in Washington, D. C. , New York City, Mary-land, Arizona, and Panama. Major projects are the renovation of the Arts and Indus-tries Building and the Carnegie Mansion, renovation of storage and service facilities,construction related to Bicentennial exhibits, planning for a museum support facility,and development of public cafeteria and education facilities in the Natural HistoryBuilding.JUSTIFICATION OF $38,000 INCREASE (Buildings and Facilities Management ) - Thelarge number of buildings comprising the physical plant, many of which are old andof historical significance, require constant inspection, repair, and renovation workfor their protection, for the safeguarding and exhibition of museum collections, and forthe safety and accommodation of staff and visitors. Other projects, supportive ofresearch and education efforts, add to the facilities planning and engineering work-load. Effective design, engineering, and cost estimating are essential to accomplishprojects on time, that meet objectives, and are within available funds. Two additionalpositions are required to augment the current technical and professional staff. Aplanner/designer ($24,000) is needed to identify and spell-out the most efficient andeffective methods for facilities development and utilization that will meet programobjectives while maintaining historical accuracies and aesthetics. A second en-gineer/estimator ($14,000) is required to develop and project construction costs.Accurate estimating and forecasting on a large number of diverse projects are mostimportant in the changing and unsettled construction market.
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OFFICE OF_ PLANT SERVICES1974 Actual $ 7,300,0001975 Estimate $ 9,022,0001976 Estimate $11,092,000Base Increase Est .(Dollars in thousands) FY 1975 Requested FY 1976Number of Permanent Positions... ?RD 40 3_2Q11 Personnel Compensation 3,727 525 4,25212 Personnel Benefits 319 45 36421 Travel ? Trans, of Persons... 6 623 Rent, Comm. 5 Utilities 4,058 1,454 5,51224 Printing ? Reproduction 3 325 Other Services 328 10 33826 Supplies 5 Materials 506 25 53131 Equipment 75 11 86TOTAL 9,022 2,070 11,092Analysis of IncreaseNecessary Pay 183Other Uncontrollable. 538Program Funds 1 ,349ABSTRACT - The Office of Plant Services (0PLANTS) operates, maintains, andrepairs ten museum and art gallery buildings and a number of other work and col-lections storage areas. It provides utilities, transportation, mail, telephone,and horticultural services in support of research, exhibit, education, and otherpublic programs. An FY 1976 budget increase of $1,349,000 is sought for thefollowing Buildings and Facilities Management requirements: (1) National Airand Space Museum - 25 new positions, approximately 17 man -years, (Si 97 ,00?) , andannual ization of 5 positions ($40,000) to operate, maintain, and provide communi-cations and transportation services to the new building plus $838,000 for theannual costs of utilities and telephone services; (2) General Mechanical Maintenanceand Services - $150,000 for 15 positions required for preventive and correctivemaintenance of a valuable physical plant with $46,000 for supplies, services, andequipment; and (3) $78,000 to fund postal costs. An amount of $183,000 is neededfor necessary pay for present staff. An additional $538,000 to fund higher utilityrates is requested in the Uncontrollable Section (page A- 5 ) .PROGRAM - OPLANTS operates, maintains, and repairs the Smithsonian's physicalplant. This includes approximately four million square feet in 10 museums and artgalleries. Services are provided also to other work and storage areas includingspace in leased facilities. Operational responsibilities for utilities funding andmanagement include large and complex air-conditioning, heating, and ventilatingsystems and electric or electronic environmental controls and systems for the protectionof buildings, visitors, natural history specimens, paintings, sculpture, and objects ofAmerican history and technology. Trade and craft assistance, such as carpentry,painting, and electrical work, is provided to hundreds of research projects, exhibitioninstallations, and special public events every year. Packing, crating, warehousing,and moving services are provided for museum objects and collections.Communications responsibilities include the management and funding of telephoneinstallations and services handling some 250,000 long distance (FTS) and 1.4 millionlocal calls annually and processing 850,000 pieces of outgoing mail and delivering2.6 million pieces of incoming mail each year. Transportation services cover maintenance,repair, and operation of about 50 vehicles. OPLANTS also provides horticultural servicesto 75 acres of grounds and to building interiors. A-103
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A new management services concept has been instituted which covers effective andefficient work control and coordination, a vital part of work management. New supplyprocedures will improve the requisition, receipt, handling, storage, inventory, andissuing of approximately 10,000 line items. Inspection efforts will enable OPLANTSto identify and validate its backlog of essential maintenance and repair work and toimprove custodial services. OPLANTS is also in the process of installing computer-monitored power management systems to control electricity consumption and maintainlevels of use below surcharge levels by carefully switching equipment on or off.JUSTIFICATION OF $1,349,000 INCREASE (Buildings and Facilities Management )
:
National Air and Space Museum - The National Air and Space Museum is scheduledfor staff occupancy in the last quarter of 1975. In July 1976, after the publicopening, workload calculations have shown that OPLANTS will require a total of 55positions to operate and maintain heating, air-conditioning and humidity controlsystems; follow a preventive maintenance program on all installed mechanicalequipment; provide telephone operator services; transport personnel and material;and handle mail and messenger services. In FY 1975, 5 mechanics were approved forone quarter to take over operations of the utilities systems. An amount of $40,000is required to annualize the funding of these five mechanics in FY 1976. In FY 1976an additional 25 positions ($197,000) will be required to operate the physical planton a minimum scale and provide other support such as mail, messenger, telephone, andtransportation services. Funds in the amount of $838,000 are needed to pay the annualcost of utilities and communications. The remaining 25 positions will be requested inFY 1977 when the museum will be opened to the public.General Mechanical Maintenance and Services - Several million square feet of spacein buildings ranging in age from brand new, as in the case of the Hirshhorn Museumto well over 100 years old, as in the cases of the Smithsonian and Fine Arts andPortrait Galleries Buildings and wear and tear from some 15 million public visits createspecial maintenance and service problems. Additional air-conditioning, heating, andelectrical systems for all Smithsonian buildings as well as expanded exhibit spaces haveresulted in greater demands on trade, craft, and custodial personnel. Furthermore, reviewsof the condition of the physical plant are disclosing that while building exteriors andpublic and work spaces may appear to the casual viewer as being in excellent condition,there are extensive requirements for preventive and corrective maintenance of plumbing,heating, electrical, and air-conditioning systems as well as routine care of roofs,masonry, and painted surfaces. These problems compound as new buildings are addedsince deterioration begins immediately. Prompt attention avoids future major costs.Inflation in the costs of building supplies, materials, services, and equipment haseroded purchasing power for required staffing levels. Fifteen mechanic, trade, and craftpositions cannot be funded and therefore have been dropped. For FY 1976, an amount of$150,000 is requested to fund 15 replacement positions and thus expand the present levelof preventive and corrective maintenance work to protect a physical plant valued atseveral hundred million dollars in replacement costs. Support cost funding of $46,000for building supplies and related items also is requested.Postal Services - Continuous reviews, samplings, and tight controls are placed onmail services and use. These include restrictions on air mail service, consolidations ofmailings, reviews of mailing lists, and use of proper mail classes. Yet interest in theSmithsonian continues to grow as evidenced by frequent newspaper coverage of events anda large number of public inquiries seeking information on research, exhibition, education,and other activities or asking for objects to be identified by the curatorial staff. Thispublic interaction is sure-to grow during the Bicentennial celebration period. About$400,000 is now available to meet postage costs. A further $78,000 is requested in theFY 1976 budget with no easing of control measures.
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SALARIES AND EXPENSES
FY 1976 Estimate and July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976 Period
July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976Activity FY 1976 Estimate Estimate
1. Science $29,976,000 $ 3,184,0002. History and Art 12,308,000 3,443,0003. Public Service 2,236,000 623,0004. National Museum Programs 5,752,000 1,443,0005. Special Programs 5,785,000 1,639,0006. Administrative andSupport Activities 23,351,000 6,678,000Totals $79,408,000 $22,010,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SAI.ARIKK AX1) KXI'KNXK*For necessary expenses of the Smithsonian Institution, includingresearch in the fields of art, science, and history ; development, pres-ervation, and documentation of the National Collections; presenta-tion of public exhibits and performances; collection, preparation,dissemination, and exchange of information and publications; conductof education, training, and museum assistance programs ; maintenance,alteration, operation, and protection of buildings, facilities, andapproaches; not to exceed $100,000 for services as authorized by 5U.S.C. olOS); purchase or rental of two passenger motor vehicles;purchase, rental, repair, and cleaning of uniforms for employees; $79, 4Cfj!G7,789,0O(J: Frorided, That funds appropriated herein are availablefor advance payments to independent contractors performing researchservices or participating in official Smithsonian presentations.
For "Salaries and Expenses" for the period July 1, 1976,through September 30, 1976, $22,010,000.
(20 U.S.C. 41 et seq.; Department of the Interior andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act, 1975.)
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Case 180.Red underscoreCuse 210
Identification code32-50-0100-0-1-503
Program by activities :
STANDARD FORM 300July 1%4, Bureau of the BudgetCircular No. A-ll, Revised. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONSALARIES AND EXPENSESPROGRAM AND FINANCING - TRANSITION PERIOD(in thousands of dollars)
1. Science2. History and Art3. Public Service4. National Museum Programs...5. Special Programs6. Administrative and supportactivitiesTotal program costs, fundedChange in selected resources(undelivered orders)10 Total obligations.financing :
i40 Budget authority (appropriation ){Relation of obligations to outlays :
[71 Obligations incurred, net|72 Obligated balance, start of period.174 Obligated balance, end of period...90 Outlays
July 1 -Sept. 30, 1976
8,3843,4436231,4431,6396,67822,210
22,010
22,010
22,01020,59818,98823,620
A-107(Mono cast 4.9
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Justification for Transition Period
The period July 1 - September 30, 1976, represents the second half of peakBicentennial presentation activity with all program and support units in theWashington, D.C. area--some 10 major museums and art galleries, the National Zoolog-ical Park, and supporting service units?heavily committed to meeting and respondingto a heavy public visitation which will have needs for information, orientation,custodial services, protection, and safety. Reflecting the unusual public servicerequirements of this period, the budget estimates for the following six componentactivities range from 25 percent to 29 percent (the average is 27 percent) of theirFY 1976 estimates.Science $8,184,000The estimate for the science activity is 27 percent of the FY 1976 budget leveland will be used to fund 10 major organization units. It includes the programs ofthe National Air and Space Museum (opening to the public in its new building onJuly 4, 1976}, the National Zoological Park with major new public attractions, suchas the lion and tiger exhibit, and the National Museum of Natural History with specialBicentennial displays and new public cafeteria and education facilities.The budget estimate also provides for continuing programs of research, documen-tation, and education in anthropology, including American Indian studies, astrophysicsand earth sciences, and temperate and tropical biology which will result in new under-standing of man, his natural surroundings, and their relationships. Museum collectionswill be curated and preserved for study and important natural areas in Panama and onthe Chesapeake Bay will be maintained and protected for use by staff and visitingstudents and scholars.History and Art $3,443,000 .About 28 percent of the FY 1976 estimate also will be productively applied tothe important cultural resources represented by six museums of art, history, andtechnology including the National Museum of History and Technology, Freer Gallery ofArt, National Collection of Fine Arts, National Portrait Gallery, Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Related archival and scholarlyefforts will be continued. Collections will be documented, given proper care, andput to effective use in responding to public inquiries and providing the basis for awide variety of publications by staff and outside users. All museums will be in fulloperation with an outstanding array of exhibitions, related presentations and support-ive orientation, education, and tour activities. Special school service and outreachefforts will be available.Public Service $623,000Public service activities, particularly the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum withits new exhibits training and production laboratory for underprivileged and under-utilized persons, the Division of Performing Arts which presents the Folklife Festi-val, and the Office of Public Affairs, will be very much involved in the Bicentennialeffort. The international exchange of publications and the editing, design, and pro-duction of Smithsonian research reports and catalogues will be continued during thisperiod. The transition period estimate is 28 percent of the FY 1976 budget estimatefor these activities.National Museum Programs $1,443,000During tlr s period important behind the scenes support activities and servicesto the national museum community will be sustained. The requested funding is 25 percent
50-542 O - 75 - 27
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of the FY 1976 level. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory will study museumobjects and undertake preventive and remedial measures to guard against their dete-rioration and loss. Public inquiries to the Smithsonian's Archives and Librarieswill rise with the influx of visitors and generally heightened interest in Americanhistory, technology, and cultural achievements. The Traveling Exhibition Servicewill be circulating several hundred exhibits across the nation. Grants to the museumprofession for training, research in conservation and other techniques, for the prep-aration of technical publications, and for related purposes will be provided under theNational Museum Act.Special Programs $1,639,000Transition period funding at 28 percent of the FY 1976 estimate is requiredprimarily to present and support special Bicentennial efforts, most notably duringthis period, the actual operations of the summer-long Festival of American Folklifeon the Washington Mall and the printing of the landmark Encyclopedia of North AmericanIndians . Savings will be realized from the completion of the Major Exhibition Programproject for the National Air and Space Museum in FY 1976. Pre- and postdoctoralfellowships, research grants for significant investigations, and special environmentalstudies will be continued.Administrative and Support Activities $6,678,000Central administration and direction and associated professional and technicalsupport from legal counsel; financial, personnel, and procurement management; auditing;data processing; equal opportunity development; and plant engineering services will becontinued at FY 1976 estimated levels. Protection, custodial, and buildings mainten-ance activities will be stongly in demand as a result of Bicentennial visitation. Thebudget estimate is about 29 percent of the overall FY 1976 estimate reflecting thispeaking of summer activity.
425UNCONTROLLABLE INCREASESMr. Yates. You are requesting an increase of $2,510,000 for so-called uncontrollable^. If you exclude pay increases from this amount,the majority of the increase is for utility and shipping rate increases.What are the cost factors involved in these increases and whatenergy saving measures has the Institution taken to minimize energycosts ?Mr. Ault. We initiated a program of conservation in 1973 beforethe letter from then President Nixon urging all agencies to do so.We have intensified since then as evidenced by our receipt of an awardfrom the FEA. We have reduced our building temperatures to 68 inthe wintertime and increased to 78 in the summertime.Mr. Yates. Have you considered changing the hours %Mr. Ault. We have considered whether we should not continue theextended hours this summer. However, we have to consider, too, theimpact on the numbers of people who visit our museums during thosehours. Last year there were some 730,000 people who visited the institu-tion during the extended hours.Mr. Yates. I think it would be a loss to the millions of Americanswho come to the Nation's Capital.You are requesting an increase of $85,000 for workmen's compen-sation for payments to employees for injuries and to their families incase of death. This increase is a result of the number of cases in fiscalyear 1974 increasing to 78 as compared to 66 in the previous fiscal year.What are the reasons for this increase and what efforts are youmaking to improve this statistic ?Mr. Ault. I would have to submit that for the record, Mr. Chair-man. The safety program of the Institution has not deteriorated.Mr. Yates. You have a pretty significant increase, I wonderedwhat the reasons were. You may place that in the record.[The information follows :]REASONS FOR INCREASED PAYMENT TO WORKMEN'S COMPENSATIONThe increase of $85,000 in workmen's compensation benefit payments for fiscalyear 1974 over those paid in fiscal year 1973 is attributable mainly to the highersalary levels which form the basis for compensation, mandatory cost-of-livingincreases, and the continuing increased cost of medical care. The Smithsoniandid experience an increase of 19.G percent in the number of accidents in fiscalyear 1974 over fiscal year 1973, 51 to 61 accidents, but we feel this was due moreto the increase in the number of employees on board and the improvement inour accident reporting procedures rather than to a deterioration of the Institu-tion's safety program. We also feel, while it is difficult to prove, that the recentlegislative changes which now permit employees to receive certain credits forunused sick leave at the time of their retirement are directly related to theincrease in claims, and therefore cost. All of these factors have led to this in-crease in benefit payments.We are currently evaluating our safety program in an effort to identify anycurrent operating weaknesses. Special safety programs are being instituted inthose units within the Institution which historically have a high percentage ofaccidents. Increased safety inspections and more use of protective clothing arealso ways we are attempting to reduce our accident rate and cost. In short,we are making every effort to provide an effective program for the eliminationof occupational injuries and illnesses to our employees.
426Mr. Yates. Have there been any job-related deaths during the year?Mr. Ault. I can think of none which were job-cansed. We lost anumber of people, but their deaths were not related to the job.Mr. Yates. Did you open any additional operations during the yearso that there would be a natural growth because of the increased sizeof your activities ?Mr. Ault. We opened the Hirshhorn Museum.Mr. Yates. Nobody stumbled over any sculptures ?Mr. Ault. We did have one case as a matter of fact, from a persontripping over a sculpture.Mr. Yates. Have you been sued ?Mr. Ault. That came under the Tort Claims Act. That was a per-son from the public.Mr. Yates. Have you been sued ?Mr. Ripley. I am not aware. We concluded a tort claim for a childwho fell from a set of steps at the Natural History Museum 2 yearsago. ENVIRONMENTALLY RELATED PROGRAMSMr. Yates. There are a number of your programs which are en-vironmentally related; the Tropical Research Institute, Office ofInternational and Environmental Programs, Chesapeake Bay Center,the Environmental Sciences Program and the International Envii on-mental Program.Can you describe for the committee how these programs differ infocus and the requirement to have separate and distinct organiza-tional units?In what specific ways does the International Environmental Pro-gram accomplish results that the Chesapeake Bay Center, Oceano-graplric Sorting Centers, and the Tropical Research Institute collec-tively cannot accomplish?Mr. Ciiallinor. What we have done in these programs is to dividethe work between the individual bureaus. The Museum of NaturalHistory, for example, deals 90 percent with the environment. Tenpercent might deal with minerals. The Tropical Research Institute, inPanama, is concerned with environmental research and education as isthe Chesapeake Bay Center here in Maryland. These bureaus do theirresearch on a long-term basis on a very basic kind of work and they arcconcerned in large measure with monitoring the environment and howit is changing over long periods of time.Mr. Yates. Is there enough environment for all these four agenciesto take care of?Mr. Ciiallinor. There is. They are all separate programs anddescribed in our budget justifications. Then, we do have an environ-mental science program operated from my office. My office administersa relatively modest program of about $185,000 on long-term environ-mental comparative monitoring to learn how tropical and temperateenvironments differ. There is no overlap with other bureaus. In theMuseum of Natural History, their environmental work is predicatedon taxonomy and evolution of plants and animals. One way we avoidoverlap is through the Science Information Exchange to which theSecretary has already referred. All the research we are doing is
427plugged into that computer and we know pretty well what otheragencies are doing by referring to that computer ourselves. So there isrelatively no overlap.Mr. Yates. You are requesting an increase of $37,000 for the Officeof the Assistant Secretary for Science. What are the details?Mr. Challinor. We want this to support scientists in-house as wellas visiting' scientists to work in five different areas of the world, all inthe program where we are trying to get some understanding of theenvironmental problems which are crying for solution, because theseare in areas of great population explosion. This $37,000 will be usedfor support of travel and stipend support for outside scientists towork with ongoing projects which the science bureaus of the Smith-sonian are already working on.Mr. Yates. How much will be for travel ?Mr. Challinor. $5,000 of the increase.ENDANGERED PLANT STUOYMr. Yates. You have a responsibility now with respect to the en-dangered and threatened plant species which is also a responsibility ofthe Fish and Wildlife Service. Is there duplication?Mr. Challinor. We were asked by Congress to furnish a reportwhich has been delivered to the appropriate committee. That has beencompleted, we are through with our assignment with the delivery ofthat to this committee.Mr. Yates. It was just handed to me.Mr. Ripley. It went up to the Congress.Mr. Yates. How much did the list cost?Mr. Challinor. About $50,000.Mr. Yates. Are all the endangered plant species included?Mr. Challinor. It is a composite work by all the major herbariumsand museums interested in that field. They had input in that. I thinkthat is about as definitive a list as exists of the rare and endangeredplants of this country. That will now be used by the Department of theInterior and Agriculture and those Federal agencies which have todetermine legislation in protecting them.Air. Yates. Since this is a continuing process, should not this list bechanged and brought up to date from time to time ?Mr. Challinor. The Department of Botany in the Museum ofNatural History will continue to work on this.NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYMr. Yates. A program increase of $260,000 and 19 positions is re-quested for the National Museum of Natural History. What is the needfor the additional 19 positions ?Air. Challinor. Eleven are technicians and support people for thescientists. We are trying to bring our ratio to a 2 to 1 ratio.The reason for this request is that we now have highly paid scientistsspending a large portion of their time in certain disciplines doingroutine work, such as preparing slides for microscopic inspection ofspecimens. The Government, therefore, is not getting its money's worthfrom these people because they have to spend so much time in relatively
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routine work which could be better clone by technicians. On A-14 youcan see how we are trying to approach this 2-to-l ratio; 11 people iswhat we feel we can best accommodate during this fiscal year.Mr. Yates. You mention that your objective is an average of threesupport personnel for each NMNH scientist. What judgments did youmake to determine that three support personnel are necessary for eachNMNH scientist? How does this ratio compare to the ratios inuniversities ?Mr. Challinor. It depends on how much money the universities cansqueeze from the trustees.Mr. Yates. Your current ratio is 1.80 to 1. Is this ratio valid con-sidering the fact that the ratio excludes support personnel in ADP,exhibits, education, and the Director's office?Mr. Challinor. We believe it is a valid ratio.EXHIBIT HALL IMPROVEMENTMr. Yates. You plan to redesign the more than 30 exhibit halls"integrating the scientific content" to show the interrelationships be-tween man and his environment. The project is projected to extendover a 20-year period.How much will that cost ?Mr. Challinor. We figure based on current costs, about $350,000 to$450,000 per hall over a 20-year period, we think we can bring themuseum back up to the standard it had when it first opened. Many ofthe exhibits in the museum have been there since the museum firstopened to the public almost two generations ago.ACQUISITION PROGRAMMr. Yates. I am told it is almost impossible to compile an exhaustiveentomological collection, because the variety of insects is too great andtheir rates of evolutionary or adaptive change too rapid. I wonderhow you limit, and more importantly, focus and direct, your acquisi-tions?both in this division and others ?Mr. Challinor. First, it would be determined by the scientist onthe museum staff and the specific groups on which they are working.Occasionally, a group might come up that is not being worked on, andif there is money available, that collection could be purchased or tradedfor. You have to be somewhat opportunistic as collections become avail-able. A great deal of the collections in the museum on entomology aremade by the curators themselves in the field.astrophtsical observatoryMr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $269,000 andfive positions to meet the needs of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob-servatory in fiscal year 1970. Will you please explain your needs in thisregard ?Mr. Challinor. The Astrophysical Observatory has been expand-ing rapidly. Five of these positions are for research support and gen-eral administrative needs. One of the things we have found is that ourown auditors have told us that the number of people we are support-
429ing with overhead funds has now gotten out of skew. The work theyare doing is connected with providing the support for the Astrophys-ical Observatory's complex federally-funded research programs.Mr. Yates. Part of the money goes to the joint Center for Astro-physics. Is Harvard making contributions ?Mr. Ciiallinor. Yes; but you must keep in mind that the purpose ofthe Center is to provide a means of coordination using the scientifictalents of each, with each paying his own way. That means, for in-stance, that we pay them rent as well as a prorated share of such itemsas utilities, since we are located on their property.Mr. Yates. You are requesting funds to develop, test, and calibrateinstruments for rocket and satellite missions at the High EnergyLaboratory. Is this not more properly the work for NASA or NASAcontractors; in particular, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) inPasadena ? Also, under that item, what will the "70 foot long vacuumpipe" be used for ?Mr. Challinor. NASA does not have the facilities to calibrate theseinstruments. They have to go out and contract with universities oranybody who has scientists to do this. The Smithsonian in Cambridgehas the lab facilities and scientists who are qualified to design thissophisticated sort of equipment. NASA comes to us for this. Our prob-lem is to keep these people aboard between the requests of NASA ; inother words, keep an ongoing core staff to respond to the demands andrequests of NASA.Mr. Evans. When you do something for NASA, do you charge them ?Mr. Challinor. Yes ; we do this on a contract basis.TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEMr. Yates. A program increase of $105,000 and four positions arerequested for the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Brieflydescribe the requirements necessitating this increase.Mr. Ciiallinor. We need four people to monitor a program wehave been running for several years. We are looking for a lab tech-nician and a geneticist as well as a janitor for our facility on BarroColorado, an island about 10 square miles in the middle of Gatun Lakein Panama.Mr. Yates. This Institute has done a tremendous amount of re-search. Can you point to anything concrete which has come from it?Mr. Challinor. We have been able to isolate some of the phenomena,so that wo should be able to determine what sort of organisms mightget through a sea-level canal if the two oceans were suddenly joinedafter beino; isolated by the Isthmus of Panama. This is a nationalbarrier. The oceans have been isolated for 3.5 million years. The fresh-water lock system keeps organisms from going back and forth. Icould go into detail on what we have learned, but it would be easierto furnish that for the record.TTho information follows:]RESEARCH AT THE SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE1. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) studied the biologyof the sea star, the crown of thorns starfish, an important predator of corals, andthe biology of the venomous sea snake Pclamis. Both are absent in the Atlantic
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and may pose a problem should the present canal be modified to allow theirentry in to the Caribbean. STRI studies were able to define the possible effectsof this event.2. Studies on the natural behavior of primates conducted at STRI enabledmedical researchers to establish colonies of these monkeys in the United Statesso they can be used for medical research without the deleterious ecological effectsof collecting large numbers from the forests of Colombia and Brazil. Thesecountries are now restricting the export of their monkeys.3. STRI monitors populations of certain North American hawks, the entirepopulation of which migrate through Panama. The fluctuation in numbers be-tween years is a very sensitive indicator of the "state of health" of the pesticide-loaded environment of North America.4. STRI studied the responses of tropical corals to oil pollution.CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTERMr. Yates. What is the additional workload that justifies an addi-tional $82,000 and four positions for the Chesapeake Bay Center forEnvironmental Studies ?Mr. Challinor. We are looking for a scientific coordinator. Wenlso need an education assistant. That center is subject to tremendouspressure from the school systems. Two laborers are needed to helpus maintain that area. To date, we have had between 800 and 1,000teachers and somewhere between 20,000?30,000 children come throughthe Center. We have trained environmental educators. This is prob-ably the largest unspoiled or unstressed plot of land between Balti-more and Norfolk on the west shore of the bay. There are 2,500 acres,all of which were acquired by the Smithsonian's private funds. Thearea itself is large enough so that even if it were to be developed atsome point right up to the edge of our reserve, we could still carryon the kind of research we have been doing.Mr. Yates. What universities are affected ?Mr. Challinor. University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins. We areworking on nonpoint source pollution. We are now able to tell peopleif you put 200 pounds of an ammonium sulphate in a given watershedwo can tell you how soon the nitrogen from that fertilizer will get tothe estuary. The University of Maryland needs information in deter-mining what density of development the zoning boards can reasonablyapp]y-Mr. Ripley. I believe the Virginia Marine Institute is also acollaborator.Mr. Ciiaelinor. It is a member of a consortium.Mr. Yates. Do the agencies and universities with whom this centerworks, make any financial contribution ?Mr. Citaelinor. Only in time. We have a grant of a million and aquarter dollars from the National Science Foundation to the con-sortium, a portion of which, about a quarter of a million dollars, isactually spent at the Chesapeake Bay Center.center for the study of manMr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $49,000 andone position for the Center for the Study of Man.Mr. Ciiallinor. That position is for a director of the NationalAnthropological Film Center. We are furnishing space and we are now
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seeking a salary for the director next year. The Anthropological FilmCenter contains film from all over the world of cultures fast disappear-ing. We need a place to store the film where it will not deteriorate.Mr. Yates. I notice you are working on the Encyclopedia of NorthAmerican Indians. What cooperation do you have with the Bureau ofIndian Affairs?Mr. Challinor. They have helped us in supporting Indians workingat the National Anthropological Archives at our Museum of NaturalHistory. It has been modest, but it does exist.Mr. Yates. How many Indians are employed on the project?Mr. Challinor. There are in the vicinity of 10 to 12. These aremostly scholars who are writing parts of the text of the Encyclopediaof North American Indians which we are now working on.Mr. Yates. Does the American Film Institute do work similar toyour anthropological film center ?Mr. Challinor. The American Film Institute does not deal inethnological files and has no resource for duplicating.national zoological parkMr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $180,000 and10 positions for the National Zoological Park. Describe the require-ments for this increase?Mr. Reed. We are requesting six new positions for animal manage-ment, four keepers for the monkey house, the elephants and the birds.This amounts to only two and two-thirds positions being filled, whenyou consider a 365-day year which we have. They will augment thepresent keeper force in these new facilities. There is one heating andair-conditioning mechanic we are requesting primarily to augment thepresent work force in the new lion and tiger facility and one exhibitspecialists which Avill increase our capacity for educational graphicsfor the public.Mr. Yates. I should congratulate you upon the birth of the firstIndian rhinoceros born in the Western Hemisphere.Mr. Reed. We do not believe in population control of rhinoceroses.We are also asking for two additional animal keepers for the FrontRoyal Conservation and Research Center as well as a mechanics main-tenance worker, a plumber and one farm equipment operator.Mr. Yates. Mr. Reed, as you are aware the enactment of the Endan-gered Species Act has caused some concern among zoo keepers. What isyour thinking on this ?Mr. Reed. I think it is a good and needed law but I do not quite agreewith the way it is being enforced or some of the regulations which arecoming out. I cannot disagree in principle but in details, I am opposedto some of the actions of the Interior Department. They seem to bearbitrary and terribly bureaucratic. They do not take into considera-tion the fact that the zoos as a profession are supporting them and zoopersonnel are basically honest men. We are not a contributor to theextinction of animals. We are a minor source of them coming into thecountry. I basically agree with the act, then I turn around and dis-agree with details. .
432Mr. Ripley. The enforcement is very bureaucratic. It is done with-out sensitivity. This is something of great concern to zoo management.There has to be an interplay. It is being enforced somewhat like theVolstead Act.Mr. Yates. You and I are the only ones who remember about theenforcement of the Volstead Act.NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMI see Mr. Collins has arrived.Mr. Collins. Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $1,430,000 and(').') positions for the National Air and Space Museum. Would youplace in the record a listing by title, grade, and job description of the65 new positions that you are requesting?[The information follows :]NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, NEW POSITIONS?FISCAL YEAR 1976Number Grade Title
1 GS-13 Education and information specialist.1 GS-9 Spacearium assistant.l._ GS-7 Do.2 GS-7 Electronic technician (audio-visual repairs).2 GS-7 Electronic technician (general).1 _ GS-5 Clerk-stenographer.1 ._ WS-2 Janitor foreman.4 WL-2 Janitor leader.4 WG-3 Laborer.48 WG-2 Janitor.HUGHES FLYING BOATMr. Yates. You have recently acquired the Hughes fl}Ting boat.What are the details you have reached with GSA and the Summ.".Corp. for the plane ? Is this the wooden one ?Mr. Collins. Yes, the so-called spruce goose. We acquired title t? ?it from the General Services Administration.Mr. Yates. How much did you pay for it?Mr. Collins. We paid nothing. It was given to us as being surplusto the Government's needs. Then we made an agreement with theSumma Corp. whereby we would exchange the flying boat for ??smaller airplane which we wanted even more than the flying boat, tb-H-l Racer, plus the difference in appraised value between the twmachines.Mr. Yates. Are you getting both ?Mr. Collins. We have already gotten the cash balance between thetwo. We expect delivery of the small airplane, the H-l Racer withinabout a month. We have now held in abeyance the matter of our takinga small portion of the flying boat due to objections from citizen groups,and so forth, out on the west coast who decided that perhaps they cancome up with a better solution. If they can, we don't want to be respon-sible for chopping the whole thing to bits if they can find a decenthome for it. So that portion of the agreement is being delayed.
433INSTALLATION OF EXHIBITS IN NEW MUSEUMMr. Yates. Your justification says that the Air and Space Museumwill be completed by June 1975. Your projected opening date is July 4,1976. This will allow you 13 months to prepare the museum for open-ing. Is this enough time ?Mr. Collins. Yes, it is, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. I am told that you are only going to have approximately50 percent of the permanent exhibits in place by that time. Is that be-cause you just can't do it any faster ?Mr. Collins. We have two factors. One is time and one is money.The total amount we are asking for will simply not fill 100 percentof the halls with what we would consider to be core exhibits. If wewere asking for the full amount, I am not sure we would have timeor staff enough to do a good job between now and then. So we thinkthe best thing to do is to fill 40 or 50 percent of the halls with reallyfirst-class exhibits, and fill the remainder of the space with exhibitsof lesser quality, ones we still will be proud of, and then over thenext 2 fiscal years bring them all up to snuff.OPERATIONAL COSTS AFTER OPENINGMr. Yates. Can you tell the committee what the operational costof the museum is likely to be after it's opened?Mr. Collins. I would expect we would hold it at about the presentlevel of funding for fiscal years 1977 and 1978, so that we might com-plete those halls that I mentioned before. Then have it drop downsomewhat. PARKING IN THE NEW MUSEUMMr. Yates. How many parking places will you have at the museum ?Mr. Collins. We will have 500 parking spaces.Mr. Yates. How many will be available for employees of themuseum ?Mr. Collins. One hundred, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. What will it cost to park and how will you discourageother Federal employees from using your spaces?Mr. Collins. I don't know. We have to undergo an experimentalperiod. We have a number of problems. One is that we want to attractvisitors and not bureaucrats. So that this speaks for a rate structurewhich would be very inexpensive for the first 2 hours and then verysteeply go up past that time period. That is one possible solution.The other complicating factor is that our problem on a busy Julyweekend is much different than it is on a rainy Thursday in Febru-ary. So we have to be flexible enough to try to keep close to 100 per-cent occupancy at all times but have the occupants be the people wewant?our visitors.building construction techniqueMr. Yates. I asked Mr. Ripley earlier in the afternoon aboutthe comment that one of my colleagues made when he visited your
434museum and saw how thin the walls were. The marble is so thin that hethought a karate expert could put his fist through the wall. Are theythat fragile, do you think?Mr. Collins. I hope not, Mr. Chairman. It's true that these daysmarble buildings are not built so that the marble holds the buildingup. The marble is just a veneer. It's not part of the structure of thebuilding.Mr. Yates. The walls are hung on the frame then, aren't they?Mr. Collins. Yes, they are. I think we have our marble sufficientlystrong to withstand a karate chop. As a matter of fact, GSA downin Florida has a testing laboratory. This particular structure has beensubjected not only to stresses and strains simulating aging but tohurricane force winds, rain, snow, hail, every weather vagary thatmight be expected in that respect.MALL PARKINGMr. McKay. There is one question with relation to parking on theMall. I heard from a constituent who came in this morning that ap-parently?I am not exactly sure where but I assumed it was in con-nection with the Smithsonian or down on the Mall somewhere?theparking area wasn't supposed to be open before 9 o'clock, supposedlyto keep out all the bureaucrats and get the visitors in. But on arriv-ing there before 9, it is completely full, wall to wall. Is that so?Mr. Collins. I believe you are talking about the two inner road-ways that are there. I think the Park Service has signs, and so forth,saying no parking before a certain time of the day. I wouldn't besurprised if that was correct.Mt.McKay. Who enforces the parking?Mr. Ripley. The police of the National Park Service. It's supposedto be adjusted so that it's difficult for a commuter to park in an areaAvhere a visitor would otherwise have a chance to park. It doesn'talways work that way.Mr. McKay. It doesn't work very well at all.Mr. Ripley. I don't know why, but I suspect it's a question of en-forcement and urging the police to keep it up.Mr. Yates. The committee will stand in recess until 1 o'clocktomorrow.Mr. Yates. The committee will be in order.Tuesday, April 8, 1975national air and space museumThe committee appreciates the fact that Mr. Collins has anothermeeting that he has to attend. There are several questions that I Mouldlike to ask of him before he leaves. One relates to the $3 million itemfor the purpose of liquidating contract authority for the National Airand Space Museum.Mr. Collins, how much of the $7 million appropriated in fiscal year1975 has been obligated?
435Mr. Collins. $1 million Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. What about the remaining $6 million ?Mr. Collins. The remainder will be obligated shortly. We have alist of finishing work to do in the building. It has to do with such things,for example, as the accessories for the planetarium instruments, centralcontrol rooms for the guard force, and the electronic exhibits, variouspieces of decorative equipment, wall treatments, internal dividers, andstructural modifications to some of the galleries. Funds will be obli-gated to meet those requirements shortly.Mr. Yates. Does this mean that you will not have any unobligatedbalance at the end of the fiscal year ?Mr. Collins. No, that does not, Mr. Chairman.I think we will have some of the fiscal year 1975 money unobligatedas of the 1st of July.Mr. Yates. Why"will you need the entire $3 million, then?Mr. Collins. Because we have yet to contract for a number of theinterior finishing projects which must be done in order to make themuseum habitable. The GSA will turn over to us essentially a shell.After we move into the new building, there are traffic dividers, parti-tions, wall treatments for art halls, and a number of interior designdetails which must be finished.Mr. Yates. And you anticipate that you will need the full amountthen? CLAIMS AGAINST THE AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMMr. Collins. Yes, although right now, Mr. Chairman, we are show-ing a small surplus.For example, we have a contingency set aside for claims which mightbe brought against the project. Until they are settled on a case-by-casebasis, it is difficult to determine requirements, but right now weare showing a small surplus in the project and we would expect notto need quite the entire $3 million.Air. Yates. What is the nature of the claims?Mr. Collins. There are a whole series of them resulting from theusual construction claims. We have about 20 of them altogether whichadd up to about $800,000.Mr. Yates. From your contractors ?Mr. Collins. Yes, from the contractors. These are claims against theGSA, by subcontractors and contractors. This is not unusual for aproject of this scope and it is more than covered in our contingencyfund. We have set aside 100 percent in reserve for the current claims
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if we lose the full amount in every case, we are still covered.Mr. Yates. Did you have a chance to review the press article thatMr. Evans made available to you yesterday?Mr. Collins. Yes, I did, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Yates. Do you want to answer that or do you want to placeyour answer in the record ?Mr. Collins. I answered it at the time. I wrote a letter to the editorwhich I thought summarized my view.Mr. Yates. We will place the article and your response to it in therecord at this point.[The information follows :]
436MB!GGDOMJ
Fly Me to the Moon The Astronaut as Museum DirectorThe National Air and SpaceMuseum, long the poor step-child of the Smithsonian Insti-tution, has had its Cinderelladreams come true during thelast few years.First, dashingly handsomeastronaut Michael Collins, pilotof the command module dur-ing man's first moon landing,became its director in April1971. He brought the museumpublicity and prestige.Then the Congressional ap-propriation for its new build-ing, authorized and languishingsince 1964, was released. LastDecember, ground was brokenfor the museum's new buildingon the Mall which- is to re-place the tacky quonset hut rrhas occupied for so many years.But all this progress hasn'tbeen without cost.Members of the museum staffcharge that Collins and hisdeputies are so preoccupied withthe new building that theyhave become dangerously negli-gent about preserving' and re-storing the museum's invalu-able collection of" historic air-planes. If something isn't done,they say, the planes are goingto rot away and there won't bemuch to exhibit" in the mu-seum's new showcase of a build-ing.Citing instances of waste, pil-ferage, and the use of gov-ernment equipment for privatepurposes, they also charge thatCollins has overlooked sloppymanagement of the museum'ssprawling storage and renova-tion facilities at Silver Hill inSuitland, Maryland.Part of the problem, dis-gruntled staffers say, may beexpansion of the staff oc-casioned by the demands ofthe new building. Collins hasbeen filling top-level positionsat the museum with rearedmilitary officers and spaceagency officials who have noprevious museum experience.Morale among the museum'sexperienced workers, who havekept alive rhe dying art of air-craft construction from earlierdays, is at an all-time low.Morale was not raised by arecent party for rhe Silver Hillworkers. They felt the partymoney could better have beenspent preserving the museum'scollections, an instance of de-votion to duty rare among gov-ernment workers but rot un-
usual among the museum's staff.Sources said the ostensiblepurpose of the party was tointroduce new staffers to old,bur the private word aroundthe museum was that the partywas meant "to celebrate thenew fiscal year." That question-able party is only the latest ina long string of grievances theSilver Hill workers hold againstthe National Air and SpaceMuseum hierarchy. Tales of in-efficiency 3nd negligence arerife at the Maryland facility.The workers who tell them,chough, are reluctant to beidentified. Their complaints havebeen taken all the way to Col-lins* office and have fallen ondeaf ears everywhere. Thosewho complained have been ha-rassed in rhe many special wayspossible within the right con-fines of the Civil Service sys-One story concerns the fateof $800,000 worth of stainlesssteel bolts necessary to the reno-vation of many of the aircraftnow in the museum's care Thebolts had been donated to themuseum by various concernsacross the country after solici-tation by a former curator whoexplained how important theywere to the museum's work.When the bolts reached Sil-ver Hill, however, they beganto disappear. Some were givenaway, some were junked, andsome were simply plowed un-der by a bulldozer during theconstruction of a new buildingthere. One source said severalantique aircraft engines also hadbeen plowed under. Stainlesssteel bolts of the type that weredestroyed are expensive. TheNational Air and Space Mu-seum now buys them for S3 to
S4 each when they are needed.The quality of aircrafr res-toration work at the museumhas declined drastically in re-cent years. Staffers say theynow are allowed to do only
"a cosmetic job'' on the na-tion's collection of historic air-craft. As a result the Smithso-nian's collection is deterioratingeach day. No work is beingdone to protect the fragile fab-ric of many of the aircraft.Fuselage interiors no longer arecoated with special protectiveoil or powder. Engines are notoverhauled and created to pro-tect them from rust and decay.
"All we do now is just sand-blast a little bit and spray 'emwith some short term anti-rustoil," one worker said. "In an-other SO years they'll be com-pletely destroyed."Workers blame many of theproblems on Donald Merchant,chief of the museum's preser-vation and restoration division,who began as a clerical workerwith the museum in the early1960s. Staffers feel he lacks in-terest in properly preservinghistoric aircraft and is moreinterested in warehousing thanin restoring them.Merchant has allowed at leastone friend, sources say, to usethe museum's facilities to re-store his own airplane. On an-other occasion one of the mu-seum's air compressors was lentto a private group at an air-port in Clinton, Maryland, fornearly two years.Merchant has given permis-sion to members of the AntiqueAircraft Association to use rhemuseum's shop facilities freely.The antiquers are donatingtheir time to rhe restorationof a 1930s fighter owned by the
museum, but staffers complainthat they always are underfoot,have broken equipment, andhave been working on thefighter for nearly two yearswithout completing it.Other sources said museumemployees had retrieved valu-able aircraft parts from an air-port on Long Island and shippedthem to the Stiver Hill facility.Merchant then turned the partsover to the Antique AircraftAssociation.Silver Hill workers alsocomplain that all promotionsduring the last few years havegone to Merchant's cronies wholack knowledge of proper mu-seum standards for the care ofthe nation's collection.Evidence of problems at Sil-ver Hill litter the landscape.Rare, one-of-a-kind, or his-torically important . aircrafthave been rotting away outsidefor years, unprotected from theweather.One of the rusting airplanessitting outside at Silver Hill is"The Sacred Cow," the C-54that once served as PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt's per-sonal airplane.Another is a B-17 bomberrebuilt from parts of many B-17s destroyed by the Japaneseat Pearl Harbor. Another is arare P-61 "Black Widow" nightfighter of World War II vin-tage. The "Enola Gay," the B-29 that dropped the atomicbomb on Hiroshima, finally hasbeen dismantled and stored in-side, but it is in deplorablecondition.Museum officials, with somejustification, blame that situa-tion on lack of space and moneyto bring the planes inside.But sources at Silver Hill seeit as just another indication oflack of concern by museum offi-cials. And while some of rheproblems antedate Collins' ap-pointment as director, theworkers feel he has shown littleinterest so far in correctingthem.Something must be donequickly if the nation's incom-parable collection of historicaircraft is to be preserved forfuture generations. Michael Col-lins' new broom has swept cleanin the museum's top ranks. Itnow is time for him to listen tosome of the lesser but dedi-cated museum employees.
?Jim Setmore
437 Smithsonian Institution,National Air and Space Museum,Washington, D.C., July 25, 1973.The Editor,The Washingtonian MagazineWashington, B.C.Dear Sir : Jim Seymore's "Fly Me to the Moon" in August's Capital Commentis more a flight of fancy than of fact. I have never read a short piece soriddled with half-truths and outright errors, despite the fact that Seymore isan ex-Smithsonian employee.Item : "Collins has been filling top level positions at the museum with retiredmilitary officers and space officials. * * *." Of the 23 positions I have filled, one hasgone to a retired officer and one to a man who worked briefly for NASA.Item : "Collins and his deputies * * * have become dangerously negligentabout preserving and restoring * * * historic airplanes." When Don Merchanttook over Silver Hill in 1966 there were 102 airplanes stored outdoors, themajority of them having been unceremoniously dumped at Silver Hill in the earlyfifties. Recently we have been able, by acquiring new space and making moreefficient use of old, to reduce this number to 40 out of a total of 200. I am fore-casting that all of them will be indoors by the end of 1974.Item : "No work is being done to protect * * * interiors are no longercoated * * * engines are not overhauled. * * *" Two years ago, when I arrivedhere, we had one airplane undergoing restoration at Silver Hill ; today we havesix. If you tell the men working on these planes that they are doing only "acosmetic job" you had better duck, because they are putting an average of 5,000man-hours of tender loving care into each one.Item : ".$800,000 worth of stainless steel bolts * * * given away, * * * junked* * * plowed under." Fantastic ! My arithmetic says that, even at phase IVprices, $SOO,000 will buy approximately 3,800,000 stainless steel bolts of averagesize, more than enough to fasten together the entire Silver Hill collection ahundred times over. But more to the point, we have not given away, junked,or plowed under any bolts, let alone $800,000 worth, nor are we buying boltsnow. as Seymore goes on to say. Doesn't the man check anything?Item: "* * * staffers complain that they (the Antique Aircraft Association)always are underfoot * * *" The Antiquers work one night a week, starting at6 :30, long after our people have departed.Item : "* * * the B-29 * * * finally has been dismantled and stored inside* * *" That happened in 1961.Item : "Collins' new broom has swept clean in the museum's top ranks."Baloney. Nearly all the old-timers are still here and I listen carefully to whatthey have to say. One of the best of them is Don Merchant, whom Seymore sounjustly maligns, apparently because he "began as a clerical worker."In short, you have printed a shoddy piece of sloppy journalism with at leastanother dozen factual errors which could easily have been avoided by a simplecheck. Our telephones work fine, and you or yonr reporters are welcome here.How about getting the facts next time?Sincerely, Michael Collins,Director.ART QUARTERLYMr. Yates. In your justifications, you state that the Art Quarterlywill be published beginning this year by the Smithsonian, and that"through various economies and a minor reorganization of staffingpatterns, this new activity will require no increase in Federal fundingin fiscal year 1976."Can you tell us a little more explicitly what these economies willentail ? *Mr. Blitzer. Certainlv. Mav I say a word about the Art Quarterlyfirst?
438Mr. Yates. Of course you may. We would be glad to know about it.Mr. Blitzer. It is I think the most distinguished art historical jour-nal published in this country and one of the most, if not the most,distinguished in the English language.I have a sheet of testimonials, which I will not take up your timewith, to this effect. It is not only a first-rate journal, but it has a specialrelationship to museums. It was founded by the Detroit Institute ofArts. It has two features of special interest to us; one, it regularlyreviews museum exhibitions in a more serious way than any otherjournal and, secondly, it carries a section on museum accessions whichis enormously important to the profession.When we learned last summer that the Detroit Institute felt it wasunable to carry this on, we entered into conversations with other mu-seums and with the Detroit Institute to see if it could be saved.We believe that the budget for the Art Quarterly for the next fiscalyear will total about $99,000. Its income from subscriptions and fromadvertising at the present rates would be about $65,000, leaving adeficit of about $35,000.What we hope we can do, using the expert advice of the people fromthe Smithsonian magazine, is increase its subscriptions from 1,500 to3,000, which could put it in the black; then we would not be askingCongress or our Treasurer for any money.This is an experiment, I should say. If we find that it is a constantdrain, we may also decide that we cannot maintain it. That should bemade clear.The Regents were very emphatic on that point.Specifically to your question, there is one unfilled position in myoffice, one of the seven that comes under No. II on page A-38. Our feel-ing is that if it becomes necessary for 1 year to help the Art Quar-terly, the simplest way would be to have the editor made part of myoffice and use that position for that purpose. That is the minorreorganization of staffing patterns talked about,Mr. Ripley. We might mention that the regents considered thismatter at their January meeting and authorized us to take the ArtQuarterly on the basis of a one-year trial effort to make the booksbalance, and said that no more than $40,000 of funds should be used.They did not specify whether these should be private funds or thosethat we would obtain from appropriations.At the end of that year, we would then be prepared to review thesituation and decide whether or not we could swing it. But we do havethis aggressive program of working on subscriptions which webelieve will more than balance the books.Mr. Yates. If you are able to get the people from Smithsonian ontothis one, you probably will be successful. I think it is a wonderfulmagazine. I am sure they are having a very successful operation, too,are they not?Mr. Ripley. Yes, they are.FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ART QUARTERLY FUNDINGMr. Yates. Will the Smithsonian be requesting funds in the nextfiscal year for the Art Quarterly, or must we wait and see whathappens during the year?
439Mr. Blitzer. I would prefer to wait and see. I think we can say, asthe Secretary has indicated, that it will not be in excess of $40,000, ifany.Mr. Yates. I am not sure I gleaned from your previous answer whatyour relationship would be with the Detroit Institute of Arts in con-nection with the publication.Mr. Blitzer. None. They simply terminated it.Mr. Yates. Thev terminated, and they made a gift to you of whatwas left of it?Mr. Blitzer. Right ; all of their assets come to us.Mr. Yates. What are their assets ?Mr. Blitzer. A certain amount of money in the form of prepaidsubscriptions, advertising revenue, and so forth, its mailing list and itsname, which are the main assets, and its files and back issues.Mr. Ripley. I might add, one foundation grant in support of it.Mr. Blitzer. We have raised the money to run a trial mailing to seewhat we can do to increase subscriptions.The Smithsonian magazine people have helped admirably. They arereally quite excited about the prospects for the Art Quarterly.Mr. Yates. You do not have a copy of it with you ?Mr. Blitzer. I should have brought one. I will see that you get one.SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINEMr. Yates. I notice the Smithsonian magazine is available only bysubscription. Have you considered a wider dissemination of it?Mr. Ripley. No, sir, we have not. This is an activity of the Asso-ciates of the Smithsonian, which is a self-supporting operation. TheRegents approved the concept of the magazine on the basis that weneeded to have a kind of connection with those Associates who are morethan 50 miles away from our base of operation in Washington, andthat, therefore, in those terms, a magazine was probably the best wayof keeping Associates out of town up to date about what we are doing.We have several pages in each issue devoted to things the Asso-ciates can do either here or elsewhere, as well as a tally of the currenttraveling exhibitions so they can visit them in their own communities,as well as opportunities of going on tours locally, nationally, or abroad,as an Associate. These are privileges of the $10 membership.MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGYMr. Yates. Please justify for the committee the requested increaseof $120,000 and seven additional positions for the National Museumof History and Technology.Mr. Blitzer. Mr. Chairman, this is one of the cases where ourrequest really represents the price of success.The Museum of History and Technology, as indicated in our jus-tifications, is by far the most popular and the most visited museumin the world. We expect it will be more popular and more visited inthe future.The attendance figures have held up in spite of the fact that aconsiderable part of the exhibit space is now closed for the preparationof our Bicentennial exhibits. Still the millions throne: in.
440Of the seven positions, five are housekeeping positions; four cus-todians and a laborer. The other two are for education specialists toprepare orientation programs for the visitors so they ran find theirway around better and get more from the museum.NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSMr. Yates. You are requesting $104,000 and three positions forthe National Collection of Fine Arts. Is that attendance growing, also ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, indeed, it is. The attendance in that building,because of subway construction at the entrances to the building, isdifficult to sort out, Therefore, we count attendance for the wholebuilding including the National Portrait Gallery.As I recall, the attendance for the entire building last year was up30 percent. Here again, all of the three positions are housekeepingpositions, a painter-helper and two laborers.The main thing I would like to bring to the committee's attentionis the $50,000 for acquisition funds, which I feel is enormously im-portant for this museum. All of our museums, certainly all of ourart museums, have received historically, and, I am sure, will continueto receive more in gifts than they can possibly purchase, but they are,as the justification points out, in a sense museums of record that havea kind of responsibility to cover an area of art. in this case the historyof American art.If there is a particular painting or sculpture that is needed to tellthe story of American art, one could wait 50 years for someone toturn up and give it to us.Mr. Yates. I get the impression that the Smithsonian finds it easy totap private sources for most of the things it wants.Mr. Blitzer. We do very well, I think.Mr. Ripley. We try our best.Mr. Yates. Yes ; that is why I wondered why you wanted the $50,000for acquisition.Mr. Blitzer. One of the points is precisely to have some moneyunder the control of the Director and his staff to do with what theyfeel is necessary to strengthen the collection.Mr. Yates. Was any spent for acquisitions during the last fiscalyear?Mr. Blitzer. Yes.Mr. Yates. What was acquired and for how much money ?Mr. Blitzer. I would have to supply a list of what was purchased.Mr. Yates. I would like to know what was acquired. What wasthe amount of the acquisition fund ?Mr. Blitzer. In fiscal 1974, about $76,000 Avas spent.Mr. Yates. Why do you ask for a lesser amount of money ?Mr. Blitzer. This is an increase.Mr. Yates. You want an increase of $50,000 ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes.Mr. Yates. What will the tota I be then ?Mr. Blitzer. Somewhere in the vicinity of $100,000 or ?120.000.Mr. Yates. That should almost pay for one DeKooning. should itnot ?
441Mr. Blitzer. I do not think so.Mr. Ripley. In every case, Mr. Chairman, the Commission of theNational Collection of Fine Arts must approve all purchases oververy minimal sums. They do have regular meetings, they render anannual report to the Regents, and they detail in that report the par-ticular purchases, gifts, exchanges, and so on.We do have that in case you would like us to supply it for the recordbecause that is made available to the Regents.Mr. Blitzer. I have it in my briefcase, but it would take time toquote from it.We estimate the value of gifts of art to the National Collection ofFine Arts in fiscal year 1974, and so far in fiscal year 1975. at about$550,000 worth, including a Peto, a Kensett, and a Motherwell.[Additional information follows :]Art Purchased by National Collection of Fine Arts in fiscal year 1974
"Undine" by Henry Peters Gray $1, 700"Landscape with Farm and Mountain" by Charles Codman 7, 000"Portrait of Godfrey Frankenstein" by John Frankenstein 14,400"View Near Florence" by George Loring Brown 10, S00"Self Portrait" by George Johnson 900Portrait miniatures by various artists 4, 325"Songs of Sleep" by Jay Backstrand 500"Toot, Toot, the Fog" by Jack Portland 600"The Temple of Peace" by George Loring Brown 8, 550Portrait miniature by James Peale 1,400"November, 1953" by Frank Lobdell 6, 375"Youth" Thomas Cole (copy) 1,200Prints and drawings by many printmakers 8, 692Photographs collectors' items 9, 358Total $75, 800FREER GALLERY OF ART ACQUISITION FUNDSMr. Yates. I do not notice any funds for acquisition for the FreerGalley. Do you have any?Mr. RirLEY. They have had funds in their own private budget.Mr. Yates. I do not notice any request for appropriations foracquisition.Mr. Ripley. They have not so far as I know used appropriated fundsfor their purchases.Mr. Yates. Would you know how much is available for acquisition?Mr. Ripley. Something in the neighborhood of $300,000, it variesyear by year, depending on the commitments, many of which are long-range. In other words, they agree to pay off over a period of 9 yearsor more to buy some things. The prices of objects are very high now.They have attempted always under the will to purchase within theprivate endowment funds.Mr. Blitzer. The estimate for this fiscal year is $320,000.SALE OR EXCHANGE OF PAINTINGSMr. Yates. Do any of your museums ever sell any of their collectionsor exchange them?
442Mr. Blitzer. The National Collection of Fine Arts several years agosold four paintings.Mr. Yates. At auction?Mr. Blitzer. In various ways.If I can recall the details, one or two were auctioned, one wasexchanged, and one was sold to a dealer.Mr. Yates. I would have thought that the galleries would havewanted to avoid the embarrassment that came to the Director of theMetropolitan Museum as a result of his exchanges. I would havethought the best way to dispose of them would be by auction, therefore.Mr. Blitzer. We now, as the Secretary said yesterday, have ratherstrict rules of procedure established by the Regents for this. I suspectif it happens, it will be done through auction.INVENTORY OF AMERICAN TAINTINGSMr. Yates. What have been the results to date of your project toinventory American paintings executed before 1914?Mr. Blitzer. That is Mrs. Hamilton's project.Mr. Yates. Is this a Bicentennial project?Mr. Blitzer. It is a Bicentennial project. It has been enormouslysuccessful and thrilling, I think.Mr. Yates. Really? Let's let Mrs. Hamilton have the floor.Mrs. Hamilton. There are in excess of 100,000 paintings now on thelisting. We hope by next summer to have 150,000 paintings listed. Atthat time we will also publish the first directory to the inventory whichwill become available to museums and art history departments andart historians across the Nation. We will literally be in business foruse of this resource by scholars.Mr. Yates. You must have had some significant discoveries then.Mrs. Hamilton. We have.Of course, the inventory is not based on necessarily the estheticquality of paintings.Mr - . Yates. Yes, just on the fact that one was made.Mrs. Hamilton. The important thing is that it is an Americanpainting by an American artist.We are finding out some incredible things, information about paint-ers we have known very little about and may have known only one ortwo works, and suddenly now know 14 or 15 works spread across thecountry.We have made some significant discoveries of major paintings inplaces such as a high school in Peru, Ind. We know of a Hopper paint-ing in a gas station out West.Mr. Yates. Made before 1914, the Hopper?Mrs. Hamilton. Yes.Mr. Yates. How do you authenticate the fact that they are Ameri-can, made by an American painter and painted before 1914?Mrs. Hamilton. Well, in the case of the inventory, everything thatgoes into it will not be absolutely authenticated. This will be a job thatscholars will do as they begin to study various areas of interest. We canonly take the information that is sent in to us by people.Mr. Yates. There is no authentication then, is there ?
443Mrs. Hamilton. At this point, no. This is simply a listing of thepaintings, of the estimated year of each, of the painter or artist, wherethe painting is located, and any other information that can be providedgenerally about that work of art.Mr. Yates. I seem to be skeptical, but I think you are going to havemany less than 100,000, are you not?Mrs. Hamilton'. This may be possible.Mr. Blitzer. If I may say, the enterprise really is simply to assemblethe raw material, which I suspect art scholars will be working on forthe rest of the century.acquisition policy or the national collection of fine artsMr. Yates. Can you state for the committee what your generalpolicy is regarding the acquisition of art objects for the NationalCollection of Fine Arts ?Mr. Blitzer. The purpose, the philosophy, of the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts, which I think has become much clearer over thelast few years, is to serve as the Nation's national museum of thehistory of American art. The policy, especially under the presentdirector, is to assemble a representative collection of the kinds ofpaintings that American painters have been painting since the begin-ning of this country, rather than, if this is a choice and often I thinkit is a choice, simply assembling great masterpieces that will knockout the eyes of the people as they walk in.Mr. Yates. Have there been acquisitions that the director of thegallery wanted that you were unable to acquire because of lack offunds ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, sir.Mr. Yates. Can you give us some examples of that ?Mr. Blitzer. I cannot on the spot, but I am sure I can almost in-stantly produce such a list.Mr. Yates. If you do not remember any offhand, place it in therecord.[The information follows :]NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS ACCESSIONS UNOBTAINABLE BECAUSE OFINADEQUATE PURCHASE FUNDS
"Kaaterskill Falls" by Thomas Cole, 1827, oil on canvas $150. 000"The Lost Balloon" by William Beard, oil on canvas 25, 000"Niagara Falls" by Raphaelle Peale, oil on canvas 25, 000"Roman Daughter" by Rembrandt Peale, oil on canvas 50, 000"Mrs. Otis" by Henry Inman, miniature, watercolor on ivory 900"William Smith and Grandson" by Charles Wilson Peale. oil on canvas_ 200, 000"Landscape with Shepherd" by Robert S. Dnncanson. oil on canvas 9, 000"Peeling Onions" by Lilly Martin Spencer, oil on canvas 10, 000Pair of portraits by George C. Bingham, oil on canvas 32, 000"On the Wing" by William T. Ranney, oil on canvas 45, 000 to 55, 000"Portrait of Joseph Scott" by John Singleton Copley,oil on canvas 200,000 to 225.000INSTALLMENT BUYINGMr. Yates. Are any of the paintings acquired on an installmentbasis, looking to appropriations in future years for the balance ?
444Mr. Blitzer. I think that is only done with a guarantee of Smith-sonian private funds.Mr. Yates. Not by appropriated funds?Mr. Ripley. No; I do not think we would feel justified in attemptingthat, Mr. Chairman.We have, as I say, in the case of the Freer because of a vast price,let's say $80,000, postponed a full payment over 2 years, but again ithas been using private funds.DISPOSAL OF ART OBJECTSMr. Yates. Do you have a feeling that some of the objects that youhave in your galleries may not be of museum quality and should bedisposed of? And if you do, what do you do in that case ?Mr. Blitzer. That certainly was the case in the case of the fourobjects the National Collection of Fine Arts disposed of. It is a sensi-tive question, which I need hardly tell you.Fach of our directors has a slightly different view. Joshua Taylor,who runs this gallery, the National Collection of Fine Arts, on thewhole is opposed to disposing of things. I think he and his Commissionreally have to determine this.Mr. Yates. This is a question that is submitted by the director to theCommission for its consideration before any action is taken ?Mr. Blitzer. Certainly if he proposed to do such a thing it wouldgo to his Commission, yes; and then it would go to the Board of Re-gents, also, if it were of any size.FINANCIAL VALUE OF ART WORKMr. Yates. What do vou do in order to ascertain the monetary valueof an art work in any of your galleries?Mr. Blitzer. We have a rule that our staff should not be involvedin that sort of thing.Mr. Yates. T remember that you did present to the committee a listof the appraisals for- the Hirshhorn some years ago.Mr. Blttzee. Tn the case of Mr. Hirshhorn's second gift, the onethat met the million-dollar pledge and turned out to be appraised at$7 million. Ave went to professional appraisers and got an appraisallargely because the Congress and the press were so interested.Mi 1 . Yates. And whether or not the gift was as valuable as had beenadvertised?Mr. Blitzer. Yes.Our view is that we deal in art rather than in market values.LOAN OF ART WORKMr. Yates. The justification statement for the National Collection ofFine Arts savs that about 1.700 works are on loan to public offices inthe Washington area. Who is entitled to receive public art works onloan for their offices?Mr. Blttzer. Tt is a very difficult question. We have been trying toget a handle on it for as lon<j as T have been around. We try to limitthis as much as possible to high Government officials.
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I was talking to the director only 2 days ago about this.Mr. Yates. 1,700 works of art; do you know where they are?Mr. Blitzer. I think we do. Yes.Mr. Yates. You do not want to say I think we do. You mean we do ?Mr. Blitzer. I do not, but I know the National Collection of FineArts does.Mr. Yates. Are there any provisions made for insuring or protect-ing these?Mr. Blitzer. Provisions are made for inspecting them and takingthem back if they need work.Mi-. Yates. What about insurance ?Mr. Blitzer. I do not believe so.Mr. Yates. There ought to be a reappraisal of that ; should therenot ?Mr. Blitzer. I think there should be. There is a continuing but never-conclusive kind of reappraisal.Mr. Yates. Have any of them been damaged while out on loan?Mr. Blitzer. I am not aware of any major damage to any of them.There has been wear and tear, I suspect?more wear, not tear.Mr. Ripley. It has really been a question of framing and cleaning.Mr. Yates. Now the loaned works do not necessarily represent theleast desirable works in the collection, do they ?Mr. Blitzer. I am sure if we are doing a halfway decent job theyrepresent works that the Collection does not at that time want to dis-play and does not feel are immediately important for researchpurposes. selling of art worksMr. Yates. Do you sell any of the works in order to raise funds?Mr. Blitzer. My view, and I think it is the official view of the Smith-sonian and of the Regents, is that the only excuse for selling thingsfrom the collections is to buy other things for the collections. As I say,we do not do much of that.NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYMr. Yates. You are requesting an increase of $104,000 and threepositions for the National Portrait Gallery. Why is this needed?Mr. Blitzer. This is very much the counterpart of the previousrequest.Again, all of the positions are housekeeping positions; two janitorsand an electrician helper. The funds, except for $50,000, are for pay-ment of the salaries of these people, cleaning supplies, and equipment.''The remaining requested $50,000 increase is for purchases for thecollection.Mr. Yates. Does the National Portrait Gallery have the same re-quirement as the National Collection of Fine Arts, that the paintingsbe done by Americans or be reflective of Americans?Mr. Blitzer, No. There just is not a rule about that. For instance,there is a great portrait of General Grant by a Norwegian painter whocame to this country.Mr. Ripley. May I interject that the subject of the portrait is theimportant thing in the case of the Portrait Gallery. It should be a
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representation of a person who has figured in some way in Americanhistory, so that, for example, we could have a portrait of Sir WalterRaleigh in connection with his known explorations of Virginia, andso on. So they need not in every case be an American citizen."We have had loan exhibitions showing British royalty, George III,or other connections, such as William Pitt, with the history ofAmerica.Mr. Yates. How do you decide whether a work, an American por-trait, should go to the Portrait Gallery or to the National Collectionof Fine Arts?Mr. Blitzer. I think it is sometimes not an easy decision.Mr. Yates. Sometimes?Mr. Blitzer. One of the questions would be whether it is more im-portant as a work of art or as a representation of a person.Mr. Yates. You make the decision or do the directors of the twomuseums toss a coin ?Mr. Blitzer. We hope the directors can get together. I may say therehave been some real cooperative efforts.For example, the Portrait Gallery tinder the present director had ashow a few years ago of portrait reliefs by Augustus St. Gaudens. Asa result of that, several of them were given or offered to the gallery.but the subjects were not major figures in American history. We wrotetactful letters to the donors and asked if they would just as soon havetheir reliefs in the National Collection of Fine Arts. They all said yes.NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY ACQUISITIONSMr. Yates. How much of the National Portrait Gallery budget isallocated for acquisitions?Mr. Blitzer. In fiscal year 1974 they spent $170,000 on acquisitions.We estimate this year that it will be somewhere in the vicinity of$?200,000.T might sav their estimate of the value of gifts in fiscal 1074 and sofar in fiscal 1975 is $600,000.Mi - . Yates. Dr. Blitzer, would yon place in the record a statement ofthe policy of the National Portrait Gallery with respect to the pur-chase, sale and exchange of its paintings?[The information follows:]Policy of National Portrait Gallery on Purchase, Sal?:, or Exchangeof its PaintingsThe policy on the acceptance of gifts by the National Portrait Gallery is con-tained in title 20 S 75d. Acceptance of gifts: title to property.(a) The Board is authorized to accept for the Smithsonian Institution gifts ofany property for the benefit of the gallery.(b) Legal title to all property (except property of the United States) held forthe use or benefit of the Gallery shall be vested in the Smithsonian Institution.Subject to any limitations otherwise expressly provided by law, and, in the caseof any gift, subject to any applicable restrictions under the terms of such gift,the Board is authorized to sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of any propertyof whatsoever nature held by it, and to invest in. reinvest in. or purchase anyproperty of whatsoever nature for the benefit of the National Protrait Gallery.(Pub. L. 87-443. ? 5, Apr. 27. 1962, 76 Stat. 62.)
447EXHIBITION SPACEMr. Yates. You want to add 10,000 square feet of exhibition spaceto the gallery. Where is it going to come from ?Mr. Blitzer. The space %Mr. Yates. Will it be taken away from the National Collection ofFine Arts ?Mr. Blitzer. No, sir. There is on the third floor of the gallery aglorious space, polychrome with colored tiles, stained glass that some-how miraculously survived from the Patent Office and through all ofits subsequent uses. It has been used for storage.Mr. Yates. Where are you going to put the people who are being-replaced ?Mr. Blitzer. Actually, the offices are not in the great ceremonialpart. They are off to the sides.Mr. Yates. They are not being used ? So there is no problem in con-nection with having to manufacture space for people?Mr. Blitzer. No, sir.HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDENMr. Yates. What are the policies respecting the Hirshhorn Mu-seum's acquisitions? Is its funding taken care of under the terms ofthe gift of Mr. Hirshhorn or will appropriated funds be necessaryfor that purpose ?Mr. Blitzer. Appropriated funds will be necessary, in addition toprivate funds from all sources, we hope.Mr. Yates. How much money are you requesting for the Hirshhornfor acquisition ?Mr. Blitzer. We are hoping that next year they will have $90,000.Mr. Yates. What does that mean? Who are you hoping to get itfrom ?Mr. Blitzer. Within the total of $1,625 million, we are asking forthe museum.Mr. Yates. You mean appropriated funds ?Mr. Blitzer. Correct. Our budget allows for $90,000.Mr. Yates. I understand that museum is doing well in terms ofvisitor attendance.Mr. Blitzer. Yes. I had the pleasure of welcoming the 1 millionthvisitor on the 2d of April, 6 months after the opening.Mr. Yates. Did you give that visitor a sculpture or a painting?Mr. Blitzer. We gave an autographed catalog and a subscription tothe Smithsonian magazine. She was a very pretty girl who had comefrom Las Vegas and said she had never won anything before.Mr. Yates. Is there anything else we ought to know about theHirshhorn ? Is the fountain working?Mr. Blitzer. Yes. When the weather gets warm it will have to beemptied and patinaed.VANDALISM AT THE IIIRSIIHORN MUSEUMMr. Yates. Did you not have some casualties among the bronzes as aresult of touching, kicking, or pushing?
448Mr. Blitzer. Yes. This is the classic case of the price of success.Really, I think we never imagined there would be this many people.There is a problem.As the Secretary indicated yesterday, my sense of the place is that itis not a problem of malice, in the sense of sinister people who go arounddeliberately damaging works of art. I think it is a result of just highspirits and pleasure that leads people to touch things.Mr. Yates. We notice as we go through Statuary Hall in the Capitolthat the shoes of Will Rogers, who looms above the corridors, have ashiny surface where people touch as they walk by. I think they raisedthe bust of Abraham Lincoln above touching areas because people usedto rub his nose as they went by. I assume they do this at the Hirshhorn.Mr. Blitzer. Yes We have had to put in more vitrines as we wentalong.Mr. Yates. Also, when I went through the Hirshhorn T noticed thatthey are now covering certain of the paintings with glass and plasticcovers.Mr. Blitzer. Very few. There are some that are apparently irresisti-ble Some of them have a thick impasto and people want to break themoff. There is one that has a dead fly fastened to it with a little labelsaying "Made in Japan." and people want to pull that off.There is a Reinhardt that apparently would be simply destroyed byone fingerprint, I am told.Mr. Yates. Ts that the huge one?Mr. Blitzer. The black painting that depends solely on subtlegradations of color. I am told when Mr. Reinhardt was alive, museumswould send his works back and he would repaint them But he is notalive now.Mr. Yates. Are you going to say something about the toilet facilities?Are they adequate for the number of visitors?Mr. Blitzer. My view is that they are.Mr. Yates. You do not go there very ofton ?Mr. Blitzer. I do. I live nearby.Mr. Yates. Are there complaints?Mr. Blitzer. I have not heard an v.Mr. Yates. As far as you know, they are adequate?Mr. Blitzer. I believe so.Mr. Yates. Did you want to say something else?VISITOR SURVEY AT IITRSIIITORXMr. Blitzer. We did a little informal visitor survey in the first weekin March, if you are interested in hearing the kinds of people who come.Mr. Yates. I would indeed.Mr. Blitzer. This was reallv finite informal, taken in the week ofthe 6th through 13th of March, which is not, clearly, in the height ofthe tourist season. Of the visitors, 1'2 percent came from the District ofColumbia, 28 percent from the outlying suburbs, 56 percent from otherparts of the United States, and 3 percent from abroad. Three percentof them were under 13 years of age, which is another problem we have :40 percent were between l.?> and 20 years old: and 57 percent were over30. Close to half were under 30 years old.
449Seventy-six percent of the ones questioned that week were comingfor the first time, and 24 percent had been there before. Of the 24 per-cent who had been there before, 59 percent had been there once before,and this was their second visit ; 29 percent had been there between 3and 5 times already ; 7 percent between 5 and 10 times ; and 4 percentmore than 10 times. Two percent of all the people surveyed had neverbeen to an art museum before. Twenty percent had never been to amodern art museum before.Those are the basic findings.FINE ARTS AND PORTRAIT GALLERIES VISITATIONMr. Yates. As I look over the justifications for the National Col-lection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery, I am not surethat I saw any reference to the number of visitors.I think it is unfortunate that they happen to be located where theyare, because they are off the beaten track, not on the Mall. I thinkpeople would have some difficulty in finding them.Do you have any statistics on the number of visitors?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, sir. The visitors to that building in fiscal year1974 were 329,000.Mr. Yates. Which is much lessMr. Blitzer. Much less than they deserve.Mr. Yates. Yes.Mr. Blitzer. One of the members of the National Portrait GalleryCommission at the end of one meeting offered us a London bus, whichwe accepted. I thought it would have started running by now, butsoon, anyway, I believe we will have a London bus traveling from theHistory and Technology Museum, I think the Natural History Mu-seum, maybe even the National Gallery of Art up to the Fine Artsand Portrait Galleries and back.Mr. Yates. You may want to import a fleet of them to go betweenKennedy Stadium and some of your other museums.Mr. Blitzer. This will be a free service just for people who want togo. Ultimately what we depend upon is the redevelopment of thatpart of the city and the creation of the original Eighth Street axisthat will bring it into the Mall.Mr. Ripley. May I say that the 329,000 visitors in this past yearrepresent a very major increase from previous years? What we worehit by in 1968, when the riots were in Washington, many of whichoccurred in the immediate neighborhood, was a kind of numb feelingof difficulty, difficulty to park, dangerous, inaccessible, and so on. inmany people's minds in this locality. We are now gradually breakingthat down, gradually getting away from it.We think the opening of the subway will double the present visit-ation quickly, because there is a station, as you know, right next tothe basement of the National Collection of Fine Arts called GalleryPlace. INSTALLATIONS AWAY FROM THE MALLMr. Yates. How many of the installations of the Smithsonian arenot on the Mall ? Obviouslv these two are not.
450Mr. Ripley. The Renwick Gallery on Pennsylvania Avenue, theAnaeostia Neighborhood Museum, and Hillwood in Washington; theSilver Hill, Md., storage area; the Chesapeake Bay Center; theSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; and several others.Mr. Yates. But many of those are not exhibition galleries.Mr. Ripley. Many of them are research laboratories, that is true.FREER GALLERY OF ARTMr. Yates. I find the Freer Gallery a joy to visit.Mr. Ripley. There again the visitation remains small, Mr.Chairman.Mr. Yates. That is interesting. T think it is because people do notknow about its existence, Mr. Secretary.Mr. Ripley. I believe that is partly true; I believe it is also a kindof change of pace. Different galleries have different kinds of visita-tions. Some are automatically exposed to very high visitation; othersare a rather quiet, reflective place to go to.The Freer enjoys that mood and atmosphere. That is highly ap-propriate for it.Mr. Yates. You want $10,000 for conservation equipment for thematerials contained in the Freer complex. You say that this will bethe first such conservation laboratory for the Smithsonian. "Will thislaboratory be available for conservation of materials in all Smith-sonian museums?Mr. Blitzer. T think they will work on. or at least give advice aboutthings like bronze that they know a great deal about, but basically itis devoted to the Freer collection. They will give advice to non-Smith-sonian museums, also.Mr. Yates. The conservation laboratory at Freer is unique. I thinkit is one of the great laboratories in the country. T think their exper-tise is primarily in paper and certain kinds of fabrics.Mr. Blitzer. Traditionally bronze has been, also.Mr. Yates. And bronze, that is correct.Mr. Blitzer. Yes.CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORYMr. Yates. How will the Freer's Technical Conservation Laboratorydiffer from the Conservation Analytical Laboratory \Mr. Blitzer. I can speak to the first and Mr. Perrot perhaps willspeak to the second.Mr. Yates. I did not know you were a team today.Mr. Blitzer. As I said, the Freer specializes in the conservation ofNear and Far Eastern art objects?as you said, this means in par-ticularly the materials of which that art is made; bronze, paper, tex-tiles, and ceramics. They work largely on the collections of the Freer.They are also a major international research resource. Thev publishpapers about all of these subjects, they even prepare films about howto do this work. Really, T think they are one of the jewels in thecrown of the Smithsonian.Mr. Perrot can tell you about CAL.
451Mr. Yates. Tell us about CAL, Mr. Perrot, I notice in your justifi-cations that it is used for all the museums of the Smithsonian and itexamines and treats objects for their protection and preservation.I notice, for example, in the Chinese show at the National Galleryof Art, they have the recording instruments, I suppose for humidityand temperature for each of the collections. Is this what CAL does,too?Mr. Perrot. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory has instru-ments throughout the Museum of History and Technology. It monitorsas well as advises on instruments in other museums, so to maintain asclose a control of temperature and humidity as possible. The differencebetween the CAL and the Freer Laboratory is one of emphasis. TheFreer Conservation Laboratory specializes in the care of oriental ob-jects, particularly bronzes. The results of their research have beenpublished in reports which have been universally acclaimed.CAL concentrates on the specialized problems for those museumsthat do not have a conservation laboratory of their own.In other words, we would like each museum to have a basic capa-bility to monitor its day-to-day operations, take care of first aid toits objects. Certain objects, however, require a considerable amount ofresearch and extremely complex equipment such as X-ray and spectro-graph^ analysis; some highly complex methods, for example, neutronactivation may be done in cooperation with other research organiza-tions, such as the Brookhaven National Laboratory.CAL provides those specialized services, but does not do so fororiental bronzes, that is left to the Freer. The Freer has publishedmonumental works particularly on the study of Chinese bronzes. TheFreer has specialized in the study of certain types of pigments. Thereis a close rapport between CAL and the Freer Laboratory and we tryto avoid duplication to the maximum. Members of the staff meetregularly and exchange their problems wherever that is appropriate.EREER ACQUISTTIOX' FUNDSMr. Yates. How much money is being requested for acquisitions forFreer from appropriated funds?Mr. Beitzer. No Federal funds.Mr. Yates. Why is that ?Mr. Beitzer. They have, as we said, roughly $300,000 of endowmentincome for this.Mr. Yates. Of their own ? You feel that is enough ?Mr. Beitzer. It is never enough, but in comparison with the rest ofour museums they are reasonably well-off.ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTMr. Yates. Tell me about the Archives of American Art. You havebeen interested in this a long time ; have you not ?Mr. Beitzer. Yes. sir. It is another success storv, I think.Mr. Yates. Tell us why?Mr. Beitzer. That, coincidentally, was also founded in the DetroitInstitute of Arts, largely b}- Edgar Richardson, who had a vision that
452there should be gathered at one place in this country, cither in originalor microfilms, the basic documentation needed by historians of Ameri-can art. He started this in Detroit. It was a great success.At some point it seemed to the people who were running it, and tous also, that this really was a kind of national resource and it madevery little sense to have it simply in Detroit, The pattern from thebeginning had been to have regional offices, there are now four of these,one each in Xew York, Boston, Detroit, and San Francisco, two ofwhich, San Francisco and Detroit, come rent-free?they are simplygiven house room in the DeYoung Museum and Detroit Institute?twoof which we have to pay rent for.The regional centers serve two purposes. Tn the first place, each onehas a complete microfilm set of all of the millions of documents of theArchives for consultation by scholars of that area.It is also a regional collecting center. It fans out into its part of thecountry and tries to acquire, with great success, the papers of artistsand art institutions in that part of the country.Mr. Yates. I notice you have an oral history program made up ofinterviews with artists, dealers, collectors, and administrators. Arethese interviews subject to publishing, if somebody wants to hearthem ? Are they on file ?Mr. Blitzer. The conditions as to their use, as you know, dependsvery much on the feelings of the interviewee. Some are perfectly easyabout having these used in any way.As a matter of fact, the Archives is very substantially supported byprivate membership. As one of the benefits, they sent their members arecording of Louise Xevelson from one of their tapes. Others insistedthese not be released for 20 years or that they be edited.Mr. Yates. But they are in the Archives and subject to be releasedat the time that the conditions are met ?Mr. Blitzer. Right.I think all of them, I may be wrong about this, but I am sure almostall of them are available to scholars right away. It is not in our budget.I hope before long they will also enter a film program. I think taperecordings of the voice of the artists are interesting, but I think a soundfilm, showing some of the works, would be better.COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUMMr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $80,000 andfive positions for the Cooper-Hewitt. Can you tell us when the museumwill be open to the public?Mr. Blitzer. It will open, we hope, next fiscal year. We have a$400,000 grant from the Johnson Wax Co.. to pay for an inauguralexhibition and we are working on that. The hope is to do it in thiscalendar year, but I would not like to tell you that will happen. I thinkit will open in the next fiscal year.Mr. Yates. Your associates or assistants had some samples yesterdayfrom the Cooper-Hewitt. I do not know whether they are still heretoday or not.Mr. Ripley. The catalogs are, Trade Goods and Winslow Homer,but not the objects.Mr. Blitzer. The Cooper-Hewitt has an extraordinary collection.
453Mr. Yates. Yes. We will have to go up and see it. It is housed inthe old Carnegie Mansion. .Mr. Blitzer. We were given this great house and its garden and thetownhouse comprising a whole block on Fifth Avenue between 90and 91st Streets in New York City.Mr. Yates. Hoav much will it cost to sustain that house, m orderto make a museum out of it? Will the gift take care of the expenses?Mr. Blitzer. No, sir. We have been raising private funds for therestoration of the house for museum purposes. This is now underway without Federal funds to the extent of about $11/4 million.Mr. Yates. Will this be adequate?Mr. Blitzer. To get it open as a museum, it will not be adequate todo the whole house. We are concentrating very heavily on air-condi-tioning and on the public spaces.Mr. Yates. Have you taken it up with the Carnegie Institution?Mr. Blitzer. No ; we have not.PUBLIC SERVICEMr. Yates. We now turn to the Assistant Secretary for publicService.Mr, Euell is here, I see. His request is for $215,000. Can you tell uswhat the funds are needed for, Mr. Euell ?Mr. Euell. This is the total budget request for my office to maintainthe office staff and support as it is. There is no increase in positionsin that office this year, that is just to keep us going, with the necessarypay increases. AXACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUMMr. Yates. Are you in charge of the Anacostia Museum ?Mr. Eltell. Yes, sir, I am.Mr. Yates. Plow is it doing ?Mr. Euell. It is doing very well.We have just completed the new Exhibits Design and ProductionLaboratory, which is one of the reasons why we are asking for twoadditional positions. One is an exhibits specialist because we will beupgrading and increasing our production capability in terms ofexhibit-making. The other is for a maintenance person.We are in three facilities now, the old theater, another small facilityacross the street, and the new design and production laboratory. Sowe feel we need someone who is familiar with all three of these facili-ties to pay attention to them every day, who can do general repairwork and that kind of thing.As you know, it is an unusual setting, certain special needs exist inthat area.Mr. Yates. Has the community responded well to the museum?Mr. Euell. The community has responded very well. This museumhas one of the few neighborhood or community advisory boards thatactually operates and is listened to. We work very closely with it.They really do have a voice in terms of some of the exhibitions andwhat goes on in that museum.Mr. Yates. I notice you propose to have some exhibits for the Bicen-tennial. Are they already planned ?
454Mr. Euell. Yes; they are planned. That is another reason we haveto augment our production staff with that additional person. Threeor four major exhibits of a traveling nature are nlanned for theBicentennial. That is Anacostia's major effort for us in terms of thoseexhibitions. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE RERVTCEMr. Yates. We now turn to the International Exchange Service forwhich you request $212,000. I notice this is a system of exchange ofpublications between the Smithsonian and learned societies of othercountries. What other countries do you service in that exchange IMr. Euell. This has recently been changed to Mr. Ault's office.Could I refer to him to answer that question ?Mr. Yates. Mr. Ault, what other countries do you work with in con-nection with vour exchange ?Mr. Ault. Virtually every country in the world. Mr. Yates.In the last year we exchanged documents with over 100 countries.We have a list of 50 countries under the Brussels Convention of 1886to which the United States was a signatory.Last year, for example, we exchanged some 246,000 pounds of ma-terial with these various countries.DIVISION OF PERFORMING ACTSMr. Yates. With respect to the Division of Performing Arts, yourequest $402,000 an increase of $23,000. Why do you need that.Mr. Euell?Mr. Euell. We are asking for one additional position that we feelwe need very badly. All of this, T might add, is in keeping with theattempt to stay as close as possible to the current trend of austerityin budgeting.We actually could use more positions than we are asking for. Imust say that for the record. But this position will allow us to unifyall of the many proo-rams that the Division for Performing Arts does.We have the Folklife Festival, live performances?we work closelywith our museums in presenting live performances that reflect thecollections.We need an education person to unify these programs and to jretthese materials collated and out to the public and to the schools. Wehave not done very well in this area up to now, but we can if we havethat one person. jazz recordWith relationship to the jazz classics, because of Martin Williams,our jazz historian and having been a former jazz musician myself, itwas quite a feat to get 17 record companies to agree to let us usetheir tapes to pull together, for the first time in history, a more com-prehensive story of jazz development. The conditions for developmentof this album were that it would not be distributed commercially butwould be solelv distributed to educational institutions and throughour museum shops. You cannot buy this record at any record store.We have sold thousands of albums and W. W. Norton is handling thedistribution for us in thousands of schools across the country. Again.
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with this kind of material, this education specialist could do a lotmore in developing education pamphlets and that type of thing.Mr. Yates. You work with the endowment for the arts in thisrespect ?Mr. Euell. They have asked us to do some work for them. We aretrying to organize an oral history program on the subject of jazz. Theendowment had started it some years ago but it was sort of disor-ganized. They asked us to set up a system so it would be better orga-nized. We do get small grants from them for performances from timeto time. AMERICAN COLLEGE THEATER FESTIVALMr. Yates. You plan to curtail or transfer to other organizationsthe American College Theatre Festival, the Indian awareness pro-gram, and some other of the Mall-based programs. Can you explainfor each of these programs why this decision has been made?Why are you getting rid of them ?Mr. Euell. We are not getting rid of them. We are still very muchinvolved with Indian programs. The Museum of Natural Historyanthropologists are using Indian people to work on the Encyclopediaof North American Indians. Dr. Perrot has a program now involvingtraining for Indian people. The Division of Performing Arts still hastwo Indian people on the staff who are organizing that part of theFolklife Festival.Mr. Yates. What will happen to the College Theater Festival ?Mr. Euell. It is going along very well. The Smithsonian endorsesthe College Festival in principle. We have tried to suggest that wewanted to support the idea of a college festival, that is how we gotinto it, but as the program progressed they raised a great amount oftheir own money. The Kennedy Center plays a large role and we playno role whatsoever. I think we could better direct that money to pro-g-rams where we have more input. The jazz program could be embel-lished, for example, the American folk music programs could in generalbe further developed.Mr. Ripley. You recall before the Kennedy Center came in to exist-ence, it was discussed at several of the meetings of the committee whatAve could do to get the performing arts more into focus. That was reallythe initiative which got us started. Once the Center was in shape toparticipate with us, they took over the College Theater Festival. Ineffect, we have been gradually pulling out our support as funds havebeen sent in from private sources.television effortsMr. Yates. We now turn to the Office of Public Affairs. You arerequesting $317,000 for this office.You currently have an agreement with the Wolper Organization,Inc., for television program development. As I understand this con-tract gives the Wolper group exclusive rights to certain Smithsoniancommercial television activity.Mr. Euell. These are not exclusive rights. There is contained in thecontract an understanding that we will not produce any prime timenational commercial shows with the Smithsonian name in the title; butwe are involved in public television and participate in all kinds of tele-
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vision segments of newsworthy and educational events as well as inchildren's programing, and we encourage and welcome film companiesfrom this country as well as from Europe and Japan to film in theSmithsonian. The "exclusivity" is just for programmatic reasons, wedo not want to duplicate programs. We protect that.Mr. Yates. Could you arrange to have a show like, The Sky IsThe Limit, or some other such show without going through Wolper?Mr. Euell. If we had not agreed previously with Wolper to do thoseshows.Mr. Yates. That is why I suggested it was an exclusive agreement.Mr. Ripley. It depends on how many shows we might want to doon a certain subject. "We had an exhaustive study of this includingoutside legal advice, Mr. Chairman. The contract specifies we put upno money for this. Actually, the producer must find the money throughan advertising agency.Mr. Yates. Do you share the proceeds?Mr. Ripley. We receive a small royalty and we do get an in-housetelevision expert who is added to our staff from these private funds.Smithsonian has never had the financial means to develop expertisein television. Our Regents have thought about this for years and feltwe should be in this medium. We have had various contracts withboth public and commercial broadcasting in the past for short-rangethings but we have never been able to develop any in-house capability.Yet. when the Museum of History and Technology Avas built therewas a larjre room which was supposed to be used as a television studio.I would like very much to have continuous video tape performancesin connection with some of the exhibits. One of the theories on whichwe adopted this contract was that we would be able to develop somein-house expertise. We Avould use the royalties or any facilities theyffave in the way of people as a way of developing this capability. Wehave no expectation of developing; any long-range federally supportedprogram. But in connection with the fact that television is here ap-parently to stay and is considered to be an enormous educational ve-hicle, I feel we should not neglect experimenting with it and this isthe onlv Avay Ave can afford to experiment Avith it.Mr. Yates. Do you know Iioav much Wolper makes andMr. Euell. Wolper is the producer and Du Pont is the sponsor. Wedecide on program subjects and cost estimates will be made by theproducers. Generally, a straight documentary is costed out at a cer-tain level, with docu-dramas costing more because of additional pro-duction elements. I would say the sIioavs average $300,000 per program,of Avhich we get a certain royalty.Mr. Rtplea'. Would you say that Avould be a profit?Mr. Euell. Not all of that is profit for David Wolper.Mr. Ripley. It apparently costs him an average of $300,000 to puton a show.Mr. Yates. It Avould be interesting to find out how much money hemakes on it or whether he loses on it.Mr. Euell. We do have the right to revieAv his books. We did wantto wait until the first series Avas OArer.Mr. Ripley. We have just completed the first season's three sIioavsas called for in the contract.
457TELEVISION FOR ARCHIVE PURPOSESMr. Yates. Why is it not a good idea to make television record-ings for your archives or for your files of the exhibits put on by theSmithsonian ?Mr. Ripley. It is a superb idea but we have never had the capabilityto do it. In one of the art exhibits we had recordings made by someof the small video packs ; this was a show held in connection with artproduced in prisons. That is the only case I can recall where there wasa similar attempt by the museum to do this sort of thing. It would bea splendid idea, but then, we would have to have the equipment andthe video people to do it, which we have never had the funds for.There is a history in my years of trying to get in touch with ABC.NBC, and public broadcasting media and always getting turned down.Mr. Yates. What are we talking about in terms of costs?Mr. Ripley. Two or three persons; maybe a major person in the$30,000 range and a couple of assistants.Mr. Yates. For example, one of the shows was on the SteubenGlass exhibit. What would the cost be? Something like $300,000?Mr. Ripley. No, but it could cost $30,000 or more.Mr. Etjell. We have a staff which is being built with the kind ofpeople who have the discipline to make the determinations when anyone of the museum directors wants to do something in this medium.He can be advised of the best way in which it can be done. Forarchival purposes this is absolutely essential. One of the reasons whywe agreed to go into this present phase of commercial television wasto begin to tool up and build those disciplines toward this professionalcapability. It is a short-range process in terms of commercial televi-sion; therefore we are already planning other components and addi-tional utilization in terms of telecommunications in general.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIESMr. Yates. You are requesting a program increase of $238,000 andfour positions for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. What areyour needs in this regard ?Mr. Ripley. Mr. Perrot, would you speak to that ?Mi'. Perrot. Integral to the Smithsonian's being are its libraries,they are keys to our entire program of research, interpretation anddissemination of knowledge. The Smithsonian now has some 1 millionvolumes distributed among eight large libraries and many depart-mental libraries. The growth of the literature at the present time hasbeen described as explosive. Our staff has not been able to keep up withthis growth and the library has not been able to maintain the com-manding position it should have. Immediate priorities include accel-erating the pace of conservation, perfecting the computerized cata-loguing procedures which have already resulted in considerable econo-mies, as well as accelerating the rate in the cataloging of the NationalAir and Space Museum library, so that it will be ready when the Mu-seum opens. The rapid increase in the cost of books due to inflationis making it impossible for the library to keep up without an increasein the book budget. This amounts to some $60,000. Might I add thatthough the total proposed for the acquisition budget is around $260,-000, we feel it should be in the area of $400,000 a year.
458Mr. Yates. Why are you not asking for that amount ?Mr. Perrot. Mr. Chairman, we are cognizant that we are part of atotal family and that this family has priorities which arc varied innature. We felt we could not now ask for more than we did.Mr. Kifley. We asked for $430,000 this year.Mr. Yates. From OMB ?Mr. Ripley. Yes; and we were allotted $238,000.TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICEMr. Yates. We talked about SITES program.Why do you send your exhibits to States that have museums andnone to States which do not? For example, I see you are sending 59exhibits to New York and only three to Utah.Mr. Ripley. We advertise our exhibitions through mailing listsand regular updates. We cannot force museums to borrow our cul-tural exhibits.Mr. Yates. In other Avords, New York wanted to see your exhibitionand Utah did not ?Mr. McKay. What does it cost to get an exhibit ?Mr. Ripley. There is a transportation fee, and if the costs are ex-cessive they are prorated among the borrowers. So if you are in Alaska,let us say, it is not necessarily going to cost you the actual amountit would cost to transport it.Mr. McKay. How much would be the difference ? It would not costthe same as it would to New York, would it ?Mr. Brooks. We divide the total travel cost by the number ofbookings.Mr. Yates. Some of the exhibits are very interesting. Lion rugs fromFars, what is that ?Mr. Ripley. Iran.Mr. Perrot. Fars is a province in Persia.Mr. Yates. Very good.Maybe we can get more to Utah.
visitor statisticsMr. McKay. You were giving some figures earlier as to visitors tothe Washington area and I think you said that 56 percent come fromoutside the Washington metropolitan area. Do you have any break-down as to how many come from the Far West.Mr. Blitzer. We do not have that information. Many of our mu-seums plan more sophisticated visitor surveys.Mr. Ripley. At the zoo, the license plates were checked. Also, wedid a spot check in the museum by State.Mr. McKay. I am just curious. Although you get 56 percent out-side the Metropolitan Washington area, you get less and less thefarther west you go.Mr. Brooks. When we did that, we found that was not the case to amarked degree. The representation outside the Washington area wasroughly proportional to the population of the State. Not as manycame from the Midwestern States but there was not a great decline.Mr. Ripley. Reallv, if they are coming, thev are going to come.
459Mr. Yates. I tend to sympathize with Mr. McKay. Our impressionswere brought out in the examinations of the National Endowments.There is a controversy as to whether their grants should go to exhibi-tion centers such as New York City or whether the funds should beused to disseminate the performing arts or visual arts throughout thecountry. With the SITES program I felt it might be better to gothroughout the country in the same way but as Mr. Perrot says, it is upto the States to determine whether they want to see these exhibits.Mr. McKay. I think the Chairman makes a good point. Here is Cal-ifornia, they have 23 of them.Mr. Yates. Texas, 39 ; New York received the most. So I think if thepeople of Utah want it, it is available.Mr. Perrot. I think it also would depend on the museum traditionof the State. Utah at this moment is developing new museums andthere is considerable movement going on there. Last "fall there was ameeting of the Western Regional Conference of the American Associa-tion of Museums, in Salt Lake City, at which Mr. Brooks spoke. So, ifthere is development, and I hope there will be, I expect that the demandon SITES will increase. It may be noted that the directory of theAmerican Association of Museums lists 39 museum related organiza-tions in Utah versus 419 in New York State.Mr. McKay. As the chairman indicates, we need to build more thanjust centers. If we are going to develop all our people in art andthought, somehow they have to know what they can develop withoutmoving to metropolitan areas such as New York, but can get thiswithin their own jurisdictions.Mr. Ripley. You might be interested in knowing the number of sub-scribers of the Smithsonian within your own constituency. We havefound distributions right across the 50 States.Mr. Yates. Do we know ?Mr. Ripley. We can pull their names ; they are all on tape. I knowthese people are getting the message.NATIONAL ML'SEUM ACTMr. Yates. Let us talk about the condition of the museums and theNational Museum Act.You are requesting $767,000, a program reduction of $37,000 forthe National Museum Act. The authorization for this program is $1million. Why are you requesting a reduction in view of the needs ofthe museums of this Nation ?Mr. Perrot. Basically the moneys expended on behalf of the mu-seums throughout the country will be virtually the same in fiscal 1976as in fiscal 1975. Various administrative economies are making thispossible. It should be noted that in fiscal 1974, the act was funded tothe amount of $900,000 but under the terms of the authorization thenin effect, $100,000 each went to the National Endowments for theArts and Humanities. So, basically, we have had an increase of$100,000 since fiscal year year 1974.Mr. Yates. I am not sure I understand that point.Are you saying $200,000 or your money went to the Endowments?Mr. Ripley. Yes. We were required to transfer the Endowments$100,000 each by the legislation then in effect.
460Mr. Yates. Each year ?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Yates. Are you still required ?Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. Yates. Then, you should be asking for more money.Mr. Ripley. Mr. Perrot has the explanation.Mr. Perrot. The same reply applies to this as to previous comments.Mr. Brooks. We asked OMB for an additional $75,000 ; within ourallowance, this had to be adjusted to a reduction of $->7,000.Mr. Yates. Let us find out what you are doing. Who have yougiven grants to and how much ?Mr. Perrot. In fiscal year 1975, we had an appropriation of approxi-mately $802,000. During the year we received 141 applications, wefunded 56 grants totaling $751,868, of which, $212,568 were conserva-tion related. Under the terms of the reauthorization of the act lastyear, $200,000 was to be spent on conservation matters.The range of the grants extended from $485 to $56,874. The averagegrant amounted to $13,426. If you would like, I could provide a break-down of the categories in which these grants were given, it includedtravel grants, a stipend support program for graduate students invarious aspects of museum management, seminars and workshops con-ducted in cooperation with professional organizations, such as theAmerican Association of Museums and others, as well as a professionalassistance program and support of special studies. The largest grantthis year was for $56,874.Mr. Yates. Who was that to ?Mr. Perrot. The National Conservation Advisory Council.Mr. Yates. How much of the budget is allocated to the NationalConservation Advisory Council?Mr. Perrot. Approximately $57,000 in fiscal year 1975. The status ofthe findings will determine future allocations.Mr. Yates. What do they do ?Mr. Perrot. They were created, Mr. Chairman, to assess the coun-try's need in conservation primarily in personnel, research and fund-ing and to provide a kind of national guideline which could be pre-sented to foundations, the Congress, and research organizations, in thehope that more responsible mechanisms could be developed to defineand meet national needs.Mr. Yates. How many meetings did thev hold vast year?Mr. Perrot. Four meetings, and a fairly large number of committeemeetings. I will be glad to submit that for the record.Mr. Yates. Will you submit the names of the persons on that com-mittee for the record ?Mr. Perrot. Yes.[The information follows :]National Conservation Advisory Councilinstitutional membersAdvisory Council on Historic Preservation?Designee : Anne Webster Smith,Alternate : Anne Grimmer.American Association of Museums?Designee : Robert Damm.American Association for State and Local Historv?Designee : Edward R.Gilbert.
461American Institute of Architects?Designee : Nicholas A. Pappas.American Institute for Conservation?Designee : Clements Robertson, Alter-nate : Kay Silberfeld.Architect of the Capitol?Designee : George White, Alternates : Mario E.Campioli, and Elliot Carroll.Cooperstown Graduate Programs?Designee : Sheldon Keck, Alternates
:
Caroline Keck, and F. Christopher Tank.Fogg Art Museum?Designee : Arthur Beale, Alternates : Marjorie Conn, andMary Lou White.Intermuseum Conservation Association?Designee : Marigene H. Butler, Alter-nates : Richard Spear, and James Wood.Library of Congress?Designee : Frazer G. Poole, Alternates : Peter Waters,and John C. Williams.National Archives?Designee : James L. Gear, Alternates : Frank G. Burke,and Albert Meisel.National Bureau of Standards?Designee : John D. Hoffman, Alternates
:
Harry C. Burnett, and William K. Wilson.National Gallery of Art?Designee : Charles Parkhurst, Alternates : Victor C. B.Covey, and Robert L. Feller.National Park Service?Designee : Harold Peterson, Alternates : Art Allen, andW. Brown Morton III.National Trust for Historic Preservation?Designee : James C. Massey, Alter-nate : Letitia Galbraith.Newberry Library?Designee : Paul N. Banks, Alternate : Joel L. Samuels.New York University?Institute of Fine Arts?Designee : Lawrence Majewski,Alternate : Norbert S. Baer.Smithsonian Institution?Designee : Robert M. Organ, Alternate : William T.Chase.Winterthur Museum?Designee : Charles van Ravenswaay, Alternates : CharlesF. Hummel, and George J. Reilly.Washington Region Conservation Guild?Designee : Bruce Etchison, Alter-nates : Robert Scott Wiles, and Judith Webster.National Endowment for the Arts? (non voting)?Designee: John Spencer.National Endowment for the Humanities (non voting)?Designee: PaulaDegen, Alternates : Alexander Lacey, and Irene Burnham.COUNCIL OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEChairman : Edward R. Gilbert, chief conservator, Greenfield Village and HenryFord Museum.Vice Chairman : Charles van Ravenswaay, director, Henry Francis du PontWinterthur Museum.Executive Secretary : Gretchen Gayle, program officer, Office of AcademicStudies, Smithsonian Institution.Executive Committee: Norbert S. Baer (ex-officio), scientist. ConservationCenter, Institute of Fine Arts: Paul Banks (ex-officio), chief conservator, theNewberry Library; Marigene Butler (elected), director, Intermuseum Conserva-tion Association: Robert L. Feller (elected), senior fellow, National Gallery ofArt research project, Carnegie-Mellon University: and Sheldon Keck (elected),director, Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Cooperstown graduateprograms. COUNCIL COMMITTEESBylaws Committee: William T. Chase (chairman). Freer Gallery of Art:Harold L. Peterson. National Park Service; Charles van Ravenswaav, HenrvFrancis du Pont Winterthur Museum; and Peter Powers (adviser), SmithsonianInstitution.Education and Training Committee: Norbert S. Baer (chairman), ConservationCenter, Institute of Fine Arts ; Paul Banks, the Newberry Library ; Vic-tor CovevNational Gallery of Art ; Charles F. Hummel, Henrv Francis du Pont WinterthurMuseum; Sheldon Keck. Cooperstown graduate programs; Arthur Beale FoggArt Museum; Richard Buck: Robert M. Organ. Smithsonian Institution: HaroldL. Peterson, National Park Service; and Frazer G. Poole. Library of CongressLibrary and Archives Study Committee : Paul Banks | chairman), the Newberrylibrary: A orbert Baer. Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts: Georgeounna, i\ew England Document Conservation Center: Philip Knachel Fol-er
462Shakespeare Library; Philip Mason, Archives of Labor History and UrbanEwape State University; Frazer Poole, Library of Congress; PeterWaters, Library of Congress; and Gordon Williams, Center for ResearchMembership Committee: Peter Waters (chairman), Library of Congress;Marigene Butler, Intermuseum Conservation Association; Robert L. teller,National Gallerv of Art Research Project, Carnegie-Mellon University : James C.Massey, National Trust for Historic Preservation; and Charles Parkhurst,National Gallery of Art.Regional Centers Study Committee : Marigene Butler (chairman), IntermuseumConservation Association ; George Cunha, New England Document ConservationCenter; Caroline Keck, Cooperstown Graduate Programs; Lawrence Majewski,Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts ; and Clements L. Robertson, City ArtMuseum of St. Louis. .Research and Publications Committee: Robert Feller (chairman), rsationalGallery of Art Research Project, Carnegie-Mellon University : William T. Chase,Freer Gallery of Art: George J. Reilly, Henry Francis du Pont WinterthurMuseum ; Edward V. Sayre, Brookhaven National Laboratory ; Norman Weiss,Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities ; John C. Williams,Library of Congress ; and William K. Wilson, National Bureau of Standards.MEETINGS OF THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION ADVISORY COUNCIL FISCAL YEAR 1974Council meetings : November 19, 1973?Washington, D.C. and March 25, 1974?Washington, D.C.Executive committee meetings : March 25, 1974:?Washington, D.C. and May 30,1974?Cooperstown, N.Y.Education and training committee : May 31, 1974?Cooperstown, N.Y.Regional centers committee : March 24, 1974?Washington, D.C. and May 31,1974?Cooperstown, N.Y.AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIAL PROGRAMMr. Yates. Now we turn to the American Revolution Bicentennialprogram.Mr. Ripley. Mrs. Hamilton is present.Mr. Yates. Mrs. Hamilton. I think you have been doing very goodwork, by and large on the BicentennialWhat you propose to do is contained in the book, the AmericanExperience which bears the date January 1975. I might say that it isa very attractive booklet indicating a great deal of preparation andthought. It is well planned. You have already expended $193,000 foradministration and coordination. You request an increase of $84,000for the next fiscal year, which includes necessary pay increases.Mrs. Hamilton. This would be distributed over all the programs.The total for support is $763,000. This includes protection personnel.84 temporary guards and sophisticated visitor count equipment forcrowd control among our buildings and galleries, a telephone oper-ator, nurse, animal keepers, and personnel for our visitor centers, aswell as printed information and mall signs. Then, there are our gen-eral administration costs.Mr. Yates. You say that a great deal of your travel increase isrelated to the festival of Americal folklife. Why is this needed ?Mrs. Hamilton. Most or all of the participants are not professionalperformers, and they come from all over the country. They are involvedin other jobs. We pay for their transportation and provide them witha very small subsistence during their stay in Washington.Mr. Yates. Where do they stay ?
463Mr. Euell. They stay at Marymount College and Catholic Uni-versity. It will be a combination of places this year as we are enlargingthe festival. AMERICAN FOLK LIFE CENTERMr. Yates. I have the impression that the Festival has been atremendous success. What is your impression of the proposal for anAmerican Folk Life Center in the Library of Congress? Would youlike to be in charge of that ?Mr. Ripley. No, sir, it is a different ball of wax, if I may use thephrase. There is a distinction between folk life as performed whichis the kind we encourage, and the sort of folk life traditions which arelibraraylike in terms of oral and other history.Mr. Yates. Do you not have that in your collection?Mr. Ripley. We have some of it. but there is a kind of division be-tween the classical-oriented folk life tradition and the sort we put onfor performances. We found as soon as we got involved in discussionsof that bill that there were strongly divergent issues involved. Weprefer not to be directly involved. The Library of Congress is verykeen to go ahead and do this, and we would be absolutely delightedto have them do so. We feel they are parallel tracks not overlapping,and the definition of the folk life we encourage and the kinds of folklife the library will encourage are entirely different.It is clear from the time in which I have participated, that there aretwo rather divergent schools, one the teaching types strongly socio-logical and traditional, and the one we are involved in, in the Festival.Mr. Eltell. Ours would be the Festival ; the other would be moreclassic and formalized putting us in the position of becoming a grant-ing agency. We are more involved in the presentation of folk lifeexpression. SUMMER OF 1 9 7 GMr. Yates. I notice you want $4,256,000 for your Bicentennial pro-grams. Is that for the 5-month peak period ?Mr. Ripley. That is for the entire Bicentennial program whichincludes the Folklife Festival.Mrs. Hamilton. Some of the exhibitions will be up approximatelyfrom April to September or October. Some are permanent exhibitionsand will be up for some years to come.Mr. Ripley. It is a multidisciplinary program involving the wholerequested $4 million which as you know, we have defended ever sincebeing encouraged by this committee, and we will gradually terminatepositions on the basis they were temporary for the peak year.Mr. Yates. Mr. McKay.Mr. McKay. Anticipating hiring on a temporary basis, do you feelyou can get the caliber person you need for these positions ?Mr. Ripley. Yes. Many are anxious to participate; many are collegestudents.Mr. McKay. You believe you can get all the expert people yon willneed ?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Yates. You request $180,000 for a program called The Benefitsof Flight,Mr. Brooks. This is the final funding for that project for theNational Air and Space Museum.
464ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMSMr. Yates. Under the academic and educational programs, howmuch money is involved in the average fellowships '.Mr. Blitzer. I can give you gross figures. The sum of $473,000 goesto the academic studies portion of this.Mr. Yates. This is practically the whole universe of arts andsciences.Mr. Blitzer. You will see on page 84 what we have done.Mr. Yates. How do you find your applicants ?Mr. Blitzer. We publish a catalog called Smithsonian Research Op-portunities and disseminate it to schools.Mr. Yates. How many applicants did you have last year?Mr. Blitzer. I cannot tell you.Mr. Yates. Will you place that information in the record, please?Mr. Blitzer. Certainly.[The information follows :]Number of Students Applying in Fiscal Year 1974 for Academic Appointments(1) Fellowship program for Ph. D. candidates
?
~>~ applications total (22 stu-dents appointed).(2) Postdoctoral fellowship program?112 applications total (23 studentsappointed).For the two programs listed above, 702 application forms were mailed to indi-viduals and 160 completed applications were submitted. The application instruc-tions discouraged individuals from applying to the program unless they felt thatthey would have a strong chance of receiving an award.(3) Undergraduate and first- and second-year graduate students?S3 applica-tions total (32 students appointed).average student stipendsPh. D. candidates receive an average stipend of $;"i.000. Postdoctoral fellowsreceive an average stipend of $10,000. First- and second-year graduate studentsreceive a $1,000 stipend. Undergraduate students receive no financial support.SELECTION OF FELLOWSHIPSMr. Yates. Who determines who receives these awards ?Mr. Blttzer. We have an internal committee which meets andconsiders these.Mr. Yates. You have only one committee to do that ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes.Mr. Yates. Tt must be composed of universal people.Mr. Blitzer. We have a very good staff but. yes, it is a broadcommittee.Mr. Yates. What procedure do you go through? You say it goesthrough your committee but apparently, it goes through your stafffirst before there is an ultimate decision.Mr. Blitzer. We would not want anybody who is not going to workwell with the staff. Tf no one wants to work with a particular person,if we have no one in that field, then obviously, we would not take thatperson.Mr. Ripley. The catalog describes all the curators and their subjects.So we publish this list of all the curators and other professional staffand their scholarlv research so the students can identify the subjectthev are interested in.
465Mr. Blitzer. One of the happiest ones a few years ago was an Ameri-can historian who wanted to write a history of zoos. She worked withone of our historians and very closely with Dr. Reed.Mr. Ripley. From that history we have developed a travelingexhibition. RESEARCH AWARDSMr. Yates. You are requesting $450,000 for the Smithsonianresearch awards program.I am kind of interested in a paragraph that appears in the justifi-cations which says
:
Prior to fiscal year 1966, the Smithsonian received funds from the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) for special research projects of individual staffmemhers. In 1964, the Congress prohibited the NSF from making grants forscientific research to other Government agencies. The NSF instituted a furtherlimitation that it would no longer make grants to any agency or institution receiv-ing direct Federal appropriations. The research awards program was begun infiscal year 1966 by an appropriation of .$350,000 to the Smithsonian Institution forthe purpose of financing new or continuing research projects formerly eligible forsupport from NSF.Do these research grants go to your staff members ?Mr. Ripley. Yes, sir, that is the purpose of it. This is a replacementfund which the Smithsonian administers again with an ad hoc outsidecommittee procedure of the same sort as the NSF itself.Actually, the date was 1964 when the then chairman of the Inde-pendent Offices Appropriation Subcommittee of the House?not theInterior Committee?made a statement that he felt that it was unfairfor NSF to give any awards to an organization like the Smithsonian,which also had a major part of its budget coming from appropriatedfunds. This was interpreted very literally within the NSF, who thenpronounced a kind of stop order on the awards which prior to thattime had been a major source of research support to our scholars inthe same way that they would be to a university staff or faculty.It was a crippling blow at the time because it tended greatly todiscourage scientists wishing to come on to the Smithsonian staff.Mr. Yates. Do you have "scholars" on your staff ?Mr. Ripley. We have people who work in research fields, for exam-ple, in natural history such as Dr. Kier, who was here yesterday, who isa distinguished paleobiologist and who could easily get an equivalentpost as a professor in a university or as a dean.Mr. Yates. Is he qualified for one of these awards ?Mr. Ripley. If he has a particular research project he writes it upin the same way that he would write as a scholar in a university, aproposal to the NSF. If that goes through our committees and is ap-proved in the same manner as the NSF would approve it, then hequalifies.Mr. Yates. Does that mean that he gets both the salary and anaward ?Mr. Ripley. In every case the salary is paid from the bureau allot-ments. The research award is only for Smithsonian scholars and scien-tists and is designed to supplement research needs, certain kinds ofassistance, travel, curatorial aides, equipment in certain cases, particu-larly with mineralogists and geologists. Then it is absolutely implicitin such a research proposal that there will be publication of the results.
466I may say this of course represents approximately a third of thekind of money which we would have to award if we had the NSF sortof budget.Mr. Yates. Yes. How much is represented by an individual award?Mr. Ripley. These vary from a few hundred dollars for a smallpiece of equipment or something of this sort, which is not currently inthe museum. The average award is about $12,000 per year.Often the research award he has requested is for 2 years running.but we are not able to commit the funds on account of our annualappropriation. OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSELMr. Yates. How many lawyers do you have in the Office of GeneralCounsel ?Mr. Ripley. We have at present 11 positions of which seven areattorneys. The others are assistants or secretarial help.Mr. Yates. How much money do you pay during a year for outsidelegal advice?Mr. Ripley. I do not have that figure. Do you have it, Mr. Brooks?Mr. Brooks. I can supply it for the record.[The information follows :]Cost of Outside Legal AdviceIn fiscal year 1073, .$857 was expended from appropriated funds. In fiscal year1974. there were no such expenditures. So far, in fiscal year 1975, $6,843 has beenexpended and it is estimated that the total for this year will not exceed $10,000.USE OF DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICEMr. Brooks. In general, I can say it fluctuates, many years it is zero.We do go outside for certain specific problems. We do not have anyoutside legal firms, for example, on retainer.Mr. Yates. You are not represented in any way by the AttorneyGeneral's Office?Mr. Ripley. We are from time to time, particularly in litigation.Mr. Yates. Do you go to him for advice, for opinions, and so forth ?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Long. Is that the Attorney General or the Solicitor General?Mr. Ripley. Attorney General.Mr. Yates. The Solicitor General is a part of the Attorney General'sOffice. You may be thinking of the Solicitor of the Department ofInterior, perhaps. He is their lawyer.Mr. Long. No, the Solictor for the whole United States.Mr. Ripley. The Solicitor General is really concerned with thecourts, with the preparation of cases to go before the courts.Mr. Loxo. Yes, noncriminal cases.Mr. Brooks. We have contact with his office when appropriate, yes.OFFICE OF THE TREASURERMr. Yates. Mr. Wheeler, you are requesting two additional posi-tions for the Office of the Treasurer.
467Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir.Mr. Yates. Why do you need them ?Mr. Wheeler. Well", you have heard of the many activities we havein the Smithsonian. They are getting no smaller, they are increasing-all the time.Mr. Yates. Yes, and all the fees that you get.Mr. AYheeler. The activities are increasing also. We are doing manythings to improve our efficiency, but we still need people to work onthat aspect of it.OFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATIONMr. Yates. The Office of Personnel Administration, who is incharge of that. Air. Ault?Mr. Ault. Yes, sir.Mr. Yates. Do you want any more people ?Mr. Ault. No, sir; we are asking for no additional positions.Mr. Yates. I take it that means you do not need any more.Mr. Ault. Not at this time, sir.OFFICE OF AUDITSMr. Yates. Mr. Brooks, you request an increase of $14,000 and oneposition for the Office of Audits.Mr. Brooks. Yes.Mr. Yates. Do you have enough auditors so that you feel there isadequate coverage of income and expenditures of the Smithsonian?Mr. Brooks. I wish wo could say that we have completely adequatecoverage. That is one of the reasons why we are asking for the addi-tional person in our Internal Audit Office.We are now able to cover the activities of the institution on abouta 7-year cycle. We would like to be able to reduce that to 5 years interms of just being able to take a more frequent look at the totalactivities of the Smithsonian.I think once we achieve this, Ave will have an adequate auditcapability.Mr. Blitzer. Could I interject one thing at this point?There was some talk yesterday about the General AccountingOffice and its audits. I thought it would be good to inform the com-mittee of the results of one GAO audit that Ave do knoAv about.In May of 1974, a member of the Senate Avrote to the General Ac-counting Office and asked the GAO to examine a number of legal andfinancial questions that arose from the construction, design, and op-eration of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which re-quest receiA^ed a lot of publicity and continues to.On August 2, 1974, the Comptroller General sent a 12-page letterto the Senator, concluding
:
In sum, we ha\re examined the circumstances of the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden gift to the Smithsonian Institution, with respect to the legalquestions you have raised, and find no evidence that the transaction was illegallyconsummated in any particular.
468Mr. Yates. Mr. McKay.RESEARCH AT RHODE RIVERMr. McKay. Are the studies being conducted on the Rhode Riverand its watershed in the Chesapeake Bay Center for EnvironmentalStudies of general usefulness, or are the benefits confined to theRhode River?Mr. Ciiallinor. The work underway on the Rhode River and itswatershed will produce data applicable to other geographic areas andprovide policy makers and regulatory agencies with a useful tool forassessing in advance the impact in terms of nonpoint source pollutionthat certain kinds of development will produce. For example, the datacan be applied to fixing maximum levels of certain pollutants whichthe system can absorb without damaging shellfish production or mak-ing the water unfit for recreational use. Another phase of the studynow underway will provide a basis for comparing levels of pollutioncaused by runoff from unsewered residential areas with that fromsewered areas. ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMSMr. McKay. It seems that many of the administrative offices of theInstitution overlap in responsibility. For example, there were a num-ber of offices in charge of some phase of environmental work. Has theInstitution studied the possibility of consolidation or at least had agood management analysis?Mr. Ciiallinor. I understand your question to mean that you areconcerned that the offices or bureaus in the Smithsonian Institutiondealing with the environment might overlap in administrative re-sponsibility. Of our natural science research, 90 percent relates to theenvironment. This research is undertaken by five major sciencebureaus, the National Museum of Natural History, SmithsonianTropical Research Institute, the Radiation Biology Laboratory, theChesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and the NationalZoological Park. The directors of all the science bureaus meetmonthly with the Assistant Secretary for Science to discuss theirprograms and this mechanism is used in part to avoid overlap. Also,the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science centrally administersmultibureau environmental programs such as the environmentalsciences program and the international environmental program andthereby avoids overlapping responsibility. In fiscal year 1974. we be-gan a consolidation process of our environmental programs, and fur-ther consolidation is under study.research at the tropical research instituteMr. McKay. You ask for $+2,000 for work to analyze enzyme formsand structures to detect subtle differences in tropical fish of seeminglyidentical kind. Could you give a more complete justification?Mr. Challtnor. One of the basic biological questions we areexamining at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is how somany kinds of animals can coexist in the tropics. For example, thereare more breeding species of birds on 6 square miles of Barro Colo-
469
rado Island than in the entire State of New York. Obviously such adense species packing requires fine tuning of organisms' adjustmentto their environment. Electrophoretic techniques provides us with apowerful, modern tool in our attempts to understand the genetic dif-ferences of many of the related species in the tropics. We can examinefine scale differences between the haemoglobins, enzymes, and othercomplex molecules of otherwise undistinguishable organisms by usingthese techniques. We can also detect subtle responses to environmentalchanges, as well as phenomena such as influx of new species to theisland. LOANS TO PUBLIC OFFICESMr. McKay. About 1,700 works of the National Collection of FineArts are on loan to public offices in the Washington area. Under whatauthority are such loans made and to whom are the loans made?Mr. Blitzer. The National Collection of Fine Arts loans picturesto the White House, the Capitol, and the Supreme Court. They alsoloan pictures to Cabinet officers, other high Government officials
?
for example. Counselors to the President?and to offices in the Smith-sonian. These loans are made by authority of the director. Part of thepolicy of all art museums is to make loans. The number of loans topublic offices is kept as low as possible and the policy is currentlyundergoing review.DIRECT BENEFITS OUTSIDE WASHINGTONMr. McKay. As I review your nearly $100 million budget, I noticethat much of it goes for museums, projects, and research right here inWashington, on the eastern seaboard. Could you provide for the recordhow much of your budget directly benefits the Midwest and Westernpart of the United States ?Mr. Perrot. Direct benefits to the Midwest and Western parts ofthe United States come to about $1.5 million. Of this total, $1.3 millionare expended in Detroit, Michigan; Mount Hopkins, Arizona; SanFrancisco, California; and Point Barro, Alaska. The balance is spentfor programs in other locales in the Midwest and West.OFFICE OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITYMr. Yates. In your Office of Equal Opportunity, what is meant bythe upward mobility program ?Mr. Ault. This is a program established by the President to provideopportunities for persons within an agency to progress in their voca-tions or from their present job into a better job. There are many in-stances of this in an unofficial sense. We have enabled, for instance,some of elevator operators to become a part of our protection program.But these are unofficial. Officially these slots have to be made availablefor the specific purpose of training people for a job. The zoo hasformally established itself as an operating part of this program withthree additional people so we have a total of 15 slots currently avail-able for our upward mobility program.
470PRINTING AND PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICESMr. Yates. You have asked for an increase in the Office of Printingand Photographic Services. This is an important pa it of your pro-gram, is it not ?Mr. Ault. It is indeed, sir.INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISIONMr. Yates. You request an increase of approximately $26,000 forthe Information Systems Division. How many additional people doyou want ?Mr. Ault. We are asking for two additional positions, one mathe-matician and one computer specialist, to enable us to expand furtherour program of computer support. We did not mention yesterday theSELGEM system which we are proud of. This is something wp haveprovided without charge to universities and other organizations, forexample, to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.OFFICE OF PROTECTION SERVICESMr. Yates. You want an increase of almost $1,000,000 for the Officeoi Protection Services. Please place in the record the grade, title, andassignments proposed for the positions you request.[The information follows :]Distribution of Protection Services Positions Fiscal Year 1976 (534Positions)1. Office of Protection Services (nine positions): Director, OPS, GS-15;Assistant Director, OPS, GS-14; Administrative Assistant, GS-12; Supply Tech-nician,1 GS-7 ; Supply Clerk,1 GS-5; Secretary, GS-7; Administrative Clerk,1GS-6 ; Identification Clerk,1 GS-5 ; and Clerk Typist,2 GS-5.2. Safety and Health Division (11 positions) : Chief, Safety and Health, GS-13 :Safety Management Officer, GS-13; Fire Safety Engineer, GS-13; SafetySpecialist, GS-9; Safety Specialist trainee, GS-7; Secretary. GS-6: Fire In-spector (two), GS-7: RX (Natural History), GS-7; RN (History and Technol-ogy). GS-9: and RN (Hirshhorn). GS-7.3. Systems Division 3 (seven positions) : Chief. Systems Division, GS-12: Pro-tection Systems Assistant, GS-7: Locksmith (three), WG-11; Svstems Tech-nician, WG-11 : Secretary, GS-5.4. Protection Division (507 positions) :(a) Headquarters (eight positions)?Chief, Protection Division, GS-13;Assistant Chief, GS-12: Inspector (two), GS-11 : Training Instructor, GS-9:Training Instructor. GS-S ; Secretary. GS-6 ; and Clerk Typist. GS-5.(ft) Alarm Control Center (seven positions)?Control Room Supervisor(three), GS-7; and Control Room Operator (four), 2 GS-6.(c) Investigations Branch (seven positions)?Chief Investigator. GS-11:Detective (two), GS-6; Clerk Tvpist (two), GS-4; and Investigator (two).2GS-7.(d) Canine Corps (six positions) 4?Canine Supervisor, GS-6: and CanineOfficer (five), GS-5.(e) National Museum of Natural History (72 positions)?Police/Guard Super-visor, GS-9 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor. GS-7 (4) : Police/Guard Supervisor.GS-6 (S) ; Police Officer/Guard. GS-5 (30) : Police Officer/Guard. GS-4 (23) :and Police Officer/Guard, GS-4 (6). 2
1 Transferred from Protection Division during fiscal year 1075.2 New position requester! for fiscal year 1970.15 Transferred from Protection Division during fiscal year 1975. elevated to DivisionStatus.4 These positions are used to supplement the regrular protection forces in the Mall areafacilities.
471(/) National Museum of History and Technology (79 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-9 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-7 (4) ; Police/GuardSupervisor, GS-6 (8) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (35) ; Police Officer/Guard,GS-4 (25) ; and Police Officer/Guard, GS-4 (6). 2(<7) Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building (53 positions)?Police/GuardSupervisor, GS-9 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-7 (2) ; Police/Guard Super-visor, GS-6 (4) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (26) ; and Police Officer/Guard,GS^l (20).(7t) Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (66 positions)?Police/GuardSupervisor, GS-7 (2) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6 (4) ; Police Officer/Guard,GS-5 (34) ; and Police Officer/Guard, GS^t (26).(?) National Air and Space Museum (85 positions)?Police/Guard Super-visor, GS-9 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-7 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor,GS-7 (4) f Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6 (4) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6(3) r Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (5) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (IS) f PoliceOfficer/Guard, GS-4 (19) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-4 (29) ; 2 and Elec. Equip.Repairer, WG-10 (1).(j) Arts and Industries Building (33 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor,GS-9 (1) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-7 (4) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6(8) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (15) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS^ (3) ; andPolice Officer/Guard, GS-4 (2). 2(70 Freer Gallery of Art (17 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6 (1) ;Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (10) ; and Police Officer/Guard, GS-4 (6).(I) Smithsonian Building (8 positions)?Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (8).(m) Old Air and Space Building (2 positions)?Police Officer/Guard,GS-5 (2).(n) Anacostia Museum (4 positions)?Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (4).(o) Renwick Gallery (15 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6 (1) ;Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (9) ; and Police Officer/Guard, GS-4 (5).(p) Facilities away from Mall (31 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor,GS-7 (2) ; Police/Guard Supervisor, GS-6 (4) ; Police Officer/Guard, GS-5(18) ; and Police Officer/Guard, GSHL (7).(q) National Museum of Design (14 positions)?Police/Guard Supervisor,GS-6 (1) and Police Officer/Guard, GS-5 (13).Mr. Yates. You say you are moving toward full compliance withthe Occupational Safety and Health Act. Are you not in compliancenow ?Mr. Ault. We are not in compliance in the sense of accomplishingall we want to accomplish, Mr. Chairman. We are having our secondannual visit this year by the OSHA Office; we were found to begenerally in compliance last year.Mr. Yates. Where are you deficient ?Mr. Ault. Principally in the area of health, particularly healthfacilities. We have only three minor health units and are reliantalmost totally on other agencies, such as the Public Health Servicefor support in the area of major services.Mr. Ripley. These are small units in three of the major buildingswhere there are staff nurses and a part-time doctor. It has been verydifficult to service these and to get enough people, especially doctors,who are in such short supply everywhere.OFFICE OF FACILITIES PLANNING AND ENGINEERING SERVICESMr. Yates. For the Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering,you are proposing a total request of approximately $600,000. Doesthis include any additional people?Mr. Ault. Yes; an additional planner designer and an estimator.
- New Position requested for fiscal year 1976.
50-542 O - 75 - 30
472OFFICE OF PLANT SERVICESMr. Yates. With respect to the Office of Plant Services, you wantan additional $1,349,000 and 40 positions.Mr. Ault. Twenty-five of these positions are for the National Airand Space Museum, primarily building engineers. Fifteen additionalpositions are for our craft and trades shops to provide continuingmaintenance to our buildings and utility plants within those build-ings. In addition, we are requesting $538,000 for uncontrollable itemswhich were covered in the discussion of utility increases. We have nocontrol, of course, over those. We experienced significant increases inutilities costs this past year, almost 100 percent. Since coming to you,sir, with the request for a supplemental, we just received from ( ISA anotice advising that retroactive to February 1975, we will be assesseda 25 percent increase in steam, which represents another $130,000 thisyear.Mr. Yates. Is there any appellate court you can go to ?Mr. Brooks. No, sir, I do not believe there is. In this budget, Mr.Chairman, that will result in another cost of $300,000.Mr. Yates. Have you asked for a justification or explanation of theincrease ?Mr. Ault. The cost of coal has risen 197 percent since 1973 andthey are passing that increase to us.Mr. Yates. Mr. Ault, will you place in the record the grade, title andsalaries for the new positions ?Mr. Ault. Yes.[The information follows :]NEW POSITIONS FOR OFFICE OF PLANT SERVICES
Annual salaryNumber of positions Title Grade (each position)
..__ Mechanic WG-11 $12,4804 do- WG-8 10,9627 ..do- . .. WG-5 9,443Vehicle operator WG-6 9,942do- WG-7 10,462Telephone operator. GS-5 8,5002 Mail clerk GS-4 7,5961.... Laborer WG-5 9,4432 do- WG-2 7,925IMPROVED MAINTENANCE SERVICESMr. Yates. You say a new maintenance services concept has been in-stituted. Please explain the new system.Mr. Ault. This is to insure that we provide periodic preventivemaintenance to the buildings and facilities on a regularized basis.Also, we have gone into a system of power management in an effortto reduce our costs of power. We have installed a small computer sys-tem which will enable us to reduce the peak loads which affect ourutility rates. SALARIES AND EXPENSES TRANSITION PERIODMr. Yates. You are requesting $22,010,000 for the transition period.What were the calculations you made in developing this request?
473Mr. Brooks. This is somewhat more than 25 percent of our fiscalyear 1976 request. The difference is essentially caused by the fact thatthe summer of 1976 is also going to be the period of our major Bicen-tennial events.Mr. Yates. Are you going to initiate any new programs during thetransition period?Mr. Brooks. No.Science Information ExchangeMr. Yates. Please insert justification pages B-l through B-7 in therecord at this point.
| The pages follow :]
474
SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE1974 Actual $1 .695,0001975 Estimate $1,805,000^-1976 Estimate $1,875,000
The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE) has served for more than 25years as a national center for information on research in progress and now operatesthe largest and most modern information system of its kind in the world. The Exchangecollects, indexes, stores, and retrieves information about ongoing research projectsin all areas of basic and applied research in the life, physical, behavioral, andengineering sciences. This information is used by an increasing number of scientists,research managers, and administrators to keep abreast of current research, helpa^oid unwarranted duplication of effort, evaluate existing research activities, andplan new research programs.SSIE's data base has grown steadily and the currently active file now averages some190,000 projects. The Exchange adds and updates information on more than 110,000 projectseach year. Project summaries are received on Federally supported research as well ason research supported by non-Federal organizations, such as private foundations, fundraising associations, state and local government, and private industry. Foreign researchin areas of high national interest is also incorporated into the data base. Suchinformation from non-Federal sources has proven to be extremely useful in the managementof U.S. research currently being supported by the Federal government.The Exchange not only serves its users directly, but furnishes data to a numberof specialized information centers such as the Transportation Research InformationService, the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, the Water InformationCenter, and the ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Science Education as well. These centerscover both ongoing and completed research in a wide range of subject areas. They reachan even wider total audience than does the Exchange through its direct user serviceprogram.Information in the Exchange's data base is used also to prepare catalogues of ongoingwork in specific areas, such as water resources, pesticides, health services, disasterassistance, marine sciences, and dental research. Catalogues of ongoing research arepublished and distributed by Federal agencies in increasing numbers and areas of interest(Table I). They make information available to large users on a significantly broaderscale than is possible in response to individual information requests made to the Exchange.Still, in FY 1975, the Exchange will provide well over a half million summaries of researchin progress in response to specific requests, not including the information available tousers from catalogues and the specialized information centers.In addition to the more traditional uses of the SSIE system, the Exchange hasrecently been asked to work with policy makers in a number of Federal agencies toexplore ways in which its resources might be more effectively applied to the informationrequirements of high priority national programs. One important product of this efforthas been the designation of SSIE by the National Cancer Institute as a Current CancerResearch Project Analysis Center under the International Cancer Research Data Bank program.Another is the compilation of a directory of international energy research in progress,in support of a Department of State evaluation of alternatives for U.S. initiatives forinternational cooperation in energy R6D.These output services, as well as the more routine information products which areregularly provided, are paid for by SSIE users. SSIE's Federal support provides forperformance of the data analysis and storage operations necessary to make possible therapid and efficient retrieval of information in response to the needs of the nation's
LL Includes requested pay supplemental appropriation of $50,000.
475
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476
research community. This support covers the efforts required to assure a steady flowof -information into the Exchange, the registration and entry of data into SSIE'scomputerized data base, the development and maintenance of input processing systems,and the multi-disciplinary classification of research project information by scientistsnecessary for the Exchange to meet a broad range of demands for information services.The effect of these demands on SSIE input operations can be most clearly expressedin terms of the ongoing research information requirements of programs of high nationalpriority such as the National Cancer Plan and Project Independence. More comprehensivecoverage, more timely data, and more rapid input processing are input improvements seenby administrators and program managers as necessary precursors to the more effectiveapplication of SSIE resources to the problems of program implementation and management.In spite of agency support for the services sought, demands on SSIE input operationshave increased. Input volume rose by 21 percent in FY 1974, and an additional 10-15percent increase is being experienced in FY 1975. Preliminary projections for 1976indicate a still further increase. Moreover, under Federal Revenue Sharing, more andmore resources provided to state and local governments are being directed towardresearch programs which address problems local in scope but common in nature. Withinthese programs, the avoidance of unwarranted duplication of research and the sharingof information and expertise require the availability of comprehensive ongoing researchinformation from a central source.Within the resources it has had available, SSIE has been able to capitalize on newtechniques for improving input into its data base and to make it as current for searchingas possible. Development and implementation of a system of computer-assisted indexingis expected to reduce the time required for input processing and to free professionalstaff resources for conceptual indexing and improvement of the SSIE classificationsystem. Conversion by large supporting agencies from hard copy to magnetic tape inputhas also relieved some of the registration backlog which has accumulated.Further improvement is needed, however, in order to support more effectivelyprograms of high national concern and to serve better the information needs of stateand local governments. SSIE is seeking an increase in Federal support in FY 1976,which it has been able to hold to $70,000 in spite of the impact of rapidly risingoperating expenses, to improve selectively input and processing time in subject areasof critical concern and to expand its efforts to encourage and provide for new stateand local input into the SSIE system. In the former case, funds will be appliedtoward further development and implementation of the SSIE machine-assisted indexingsystem. In the latter, SSIE will work with organizations such as the Council ofState Governments, the National Conference of State Legislatures, and the NationalGovernors' Conference to begin to develop mechanisms and procedures for collection,input, and delivery of ongoing research information.The estimated budget for FY 1976 follows:Total Cost of Federal Support User SupportOperations Requested ExpectedPersonnel $1,934,000 SI, 385, 000 $549,000Rents (building, space,computer, etc.) 449,000 313,000 136.000Printing 70,000 3,000 67,000Services 121,000 42,000 79,000Supplies 48,000 24,000 24,000Equipment 3,000 - 3,000Total $2,625,000 $1,767,000 $858,000SI Services 150,000 108,000 42,000Grand Total $2,775,000 $1,875,000 $900,000
477
SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE
FY 1976 Estimate and July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976 Period
July 1 - Sept. 30, 1975Activity FY 1976 Estimate Estimate
Science Information Exchange $1,875,000 $500,000
B-4
478
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEFor necessary expenses of the Science Information Exchange, $1 ,875, 000f1 ,755,00(Jr~~
For "Science Information Exchange" for the periodJuly 1, 1976, through September 30, 1976, $500,000.
(20 U.S.C. 41 et seq.; Department of the Interior andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act, 1975.)
B-5
479
Type sizepoint 22 picasCase 180.Red underscore | standard form 300 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION\ c?UEh*5Tu?i?*?L* SCIENCE INFORMATION exchangePROGRAM AND FINANCING - TRANSITION PERIOD(in thousands of dollars) 1
: Identification codeb2-50-0103-0-l-503 is 19estimate ISestimate
|
July 1 -Sept. 30, 1976Program by activities:
500
500
ilO Science Information ExchangejFinancing:i40 Budget authority (appropriation)iRelation of obligations to outlays: 500104
- 139465
{72 Obligated balance, start of period..;74 Obligated balance, end of period....
j
Justification for Transition Period
Science Information Exchange $500 000
Funds requested for the period July 1, 1976 - September 30, 1976,slightly more than 25 percent of the FY 1976 estimate reflectingrising prices for services and supplies, will sustain data acquisitionand storage operations to maintain continuity and comprehensiveness ofinformation on research projects in progress as a service to the researchcommunity.
480JUSTIFICATION OF INCREASE FOR SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEMr. Yates. An increase of $70,000 is requested for the Science In-formation Exchange. What are your needs in this regard ?Mr. Challinor. This is what it will cost us to put additional on-going research information into the computer system. We anticipatean additional 10- or 15-percent increase in the current fiscal year. Theinput costs are covered by this Federal appropriation to the Smith-sonian. The output cost is covered by the user. An agency or individ-ual who requests information pays stated rates for the informationreceived from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. So thisincrease is to cover the increased cost of getting more informationinto the system.Mr. Yates. Is your working relationship with other Federal agen-cies such that you receive complete information on their research anddevelopment programs?Mr. Challinor. This is the ultimate goal. If we received 100 per-cent of the information available, we would have to probably tripleour size. What happens now is an increasingly efficient cooperationfrom other agencies, for they are starting to hand us their completedtapes of their ongoing research. This tape unit can then be pluggedinto our computer. The Science Information Exchange has an Ad-visory Council which meets regularly. It consists of representativesof each of the Federal agencies producing research of the kind werecord. We have certain problems with the Department of Defense.Much of their research is of a classified nature. Their unclassifiedresearch, however, does go into our system.Mr. Yates. It is interesting that your computers cooperate witheach other. Do you use the same computer?Mr. Challinor. We issue instruction or work out arrangementsthrough this interagency advisory committee so that their tapes arecompatible with our computers, they can either be translated auto-matically into ours or they put their information onto a tape com-patible with our system. Any citizen or State agency doing researchon which we have information can call up and S[et information. Weproduce on a regularly scheduled basis catalogs on research supportedby the Federal Government in such fields as pesticides, water re-sources, and dental research. As the Secretary pointed out yesterday.we have been designated by the National Cancer Institute as a Cur-rent Cancer Research Analysis Center, to cover all the ongoing Fed-erally supported research, and we also cover much privately supportedresearch in cancer.INFORMATION EXCHANGE WITH FOREIGN GOVERNMENTSMr. Yates. What about foreign governments?Mr. Challinor. We have made four trips in the last 2 years abroadand are now able to furnish foreign governments with English lan-guage summaries of our studies. We are in the process now of signingcontracts with the German equivalent of our organization also withthe Italian. French and Japanese. We have even had a group of Rus-sians come and visit the Center on M Street. We have a way to gowith them mainly because of language problems. The Japanese andEuropean countries can use English language summaries.
481Mr. Yates. What percent of your total operating costs are metthrough user fees?Mr. Challinor. Less than half our operating costs are met throughuser fees.Mr. Yates. Can you cover all your costs through this method?Mr. Challinor. No. It is unlikely we could cover the input cost.If we tried, it would make it so expensive that the user could notafford to buy information.Mr. Yates. Mr. Regula.Mr. Regula. Mr. Challinor, I had a request from our local cancersociety to provide them information as to what is happening in theFederal Government in this connection. My question is, what do youhave assembled and would your institution be the best place for meto get this information or would it be too voluminous?Mr. Challinor. We could get you something quite voluminous
?
or something readable.I would be happy to have the Exchange call your office and tell youexactly what they can furnish and see if it fits your demands. If youdescribe what you need this would be the most complete source. Then,it is a question of what would be usable for you. I will have them getin touch with your office to see what you will require.Mr. Regula. A corollary question would be whether the material youare assembling is being used on a pragmatic basis.Mr. Challinor. Very much. The major private research institutions,such as the Roscoe Jackson Memorial Lab, the Sloan-Kettering Can-cer Foundation, make very good use of this. This is one reason why theNational Cancer Institute has asked this facility to get it all togetherso they might have a clearer picture than was possible before.Mr. Regula. Would you risk the possibility of duplicating the ac-tivities of the Library of Congress ?Mr. Challinor. I cannot see how it would duplicate what theLibrary of Congress does.Special Foreign Currency ProgramMr. Yates. We now turn to the special foreign currency program.We will insert justification pages C-l to C-9 in the record at this point.[The pages follow :]
482
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
1974 Appropriation $4,500,0001975 Appropriation $2,000,0001976 Estimate $2,000,000 Equivalent in ExcessForeign CurrenciesAn appropriation of $2,000,000 in foreign currencies determined by the TreasuryDepartment to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States is requested forFY 1976. The appropriation will be used for two general purposes:1) To continue a program of grants to United States institutions for fieldresearch in those countries where excess local currencies are available in thefollowing general areas:
Obligations of Funds by Program Area(dollar equivalents )
Archeology andRelated DisciplinesSystematic andEnvironmental BiologyAstrophysics andEarth SciencesMuseum ProgramsGrant AdministrationTransfer to NSF--ScienceInformation Program
FY 1975 FY 1976FY 1974 Estimated EstimatedObligations Obligations Obi igations$1,331,000 $ 772,000 $ 313,000
1,420,000 970,000 477,000
86,000 115,000 267,00091,000 370,000 18,000102,000 83,000 37,000
140,000 95,000$2,405,000$3,170,000 $1 112,000
2) To make the third of four annual payments, each of $1,000,000 equivalent inexcess Egyptian pounds, which together would constitute the United States' contributionto the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia which are inundated by NileRiver waters regulated by the Aswan Dam. These payments would support the preservationof the monuments on the Island of Philae in Egypt as proposed by President Kennedy inhis letter to the Congress dated April 6, 1961.THE PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR FIELD RESEARCHThe purposes of the Special Foreign Currency Program (SFCP) are consonant with theSmithsonian Institution's stated objective, "... the increase and diffusion of knowledgeamong men." The Program receives project proposals from United States institutions andsupports those which it judges most likely to contribute to that objective. To assistin the process of selection, the SFCP consults preeminent scholars who advise on thescientific quality of each project, on its feasibility, and on the qualifications ofits proponents. C-l
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In addition to pursuing its primary objective, the Program through its researchawards contributes to strengthening universities, museums, and other institutionsof higher learning both in the United States and in the host countries. The researchprojects also promote transnational scientific and cultural cooperation among UnitedStates and foreign scientists and institutions with a resulting benefit to inter-national relations that, although difficult to quantify, is undoubtedly real.In FY 1974, participation in the SFCP foreign research projects involved about370 American scientists from 46 United States institutions in 32 states. Over 45additional scientific publications were reported, raising the Program's accumulativetotal to 507.SIGNIFICANT PROJECTSUtah State University, which has been the headquarters of United States DesertBiome Research under the International Biological Program, is applying the plan developedin the course of studies of deserts in the United States co the encroaching desert fringein southern Tunisia. Research is expected to provide insight into the pressing problemof loss of arable land. Of special scientific interest is the opportunity to measurethe human role in this ecosystem, which is possible because of the unique isolation ofthe human population.The American Institute of Indian Studies, with headquarters at the University ofChicago, has received grants in excess Indian rupees since 1968 to support the develop-ment of American scholarly competence in the study of India chiefly in the fields ofarcheology and related disciplines. The Institute is a consortium of 28 Americancolleges and universities in which teaching and research on India are a part of theacademic program at the undergraduate or graduate levels. One hundred twenty-eightresearch awards have been made to the Institute.The University of Michigan operates a world-renowned laboratory for the study ofsnails, some of which transmit human diseases like schistosomiasis which is consideredwith malaTia and hookworm to be one of the greatest parasitic scourges of mankind. Theinitial step in learning to control the disease is to identify the snails and to under-stand their life cycles. To this end, the University has joined Ain Shams Universityin Cairo in establishing a regional laboratory where specimens collected all overAfrica are brought for study.SFCP IN RELATION TO THE U.S. TAXPAYERThe excess foreign currencies utilized, by the SFCP were largely generated years agoby sales of United States agricultural commodities. Their use has no current effect onthe U. S. taxpayer. They are not dollars but are local currencies that can be spentonly for selected purposes in selected countries. It is also important to note thatin some of these countries, such as India and Pakistan, the purchasing power of thelocal currency, and hence of the U.S. -owned funds, is falling with increasing rapidityevery year. In those two countries, the currencies have shown a loss of about 50percent since 1966, and half of this loss has occurred since 1973.THIRD U.S. CONTRIBUTION TO THE SALVAGE OF THE MONUMENTS OF NUBIAThe Smithsonian is seeking a continued appropriation of $1,000,000 equivalent inexcess Egyptian pounds to help preserve the temples on the Island of Philae which havebeen inundated by Nile River waters regulated by the Aswan Dam. The contribution of$1,000,000 would be the third of four equal annual appropriations which together wouldconstitute the total United States' contribution to UNESCO's international campaignfor the safeguarding of the Nubian Monuments.
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The International Campaign was undertaken in 1960 at the request of the Governmentsof Egypt and Sudan. President John F. Kennedy said in his letter of April 6, 1961to the Congress in response to Public Law 86-472 that he considered it "to be in theinterest of the United States to assist in rescuing these historic remains of a formercivilization from destruction...." Funds contributed are placed in a trust fund devotedexclusively to the study, salvage, and preservation of the archeological monuments ofNubia.The total cost of the program to salvage the monuments on the Island of Philaewill probably exceed $16,000,000 in convertible and local currencies. As of July 12, 1974,some $8,500,000 of this total had already been pledged by other nations. In addition,Egypt has undertaken to meet one-third of the project's total cost.The salvage plan, adopted with the advice and concurrence of an American engineer,provides for a coffer dam to be erected around the Island of Philae to permit thelowering of the water for removal of the temples. They are to be erected on the nearbyIsland of Agilkia in a setting like the original one. There they will be higher andsafe from further erosion by the river and accessible to all.Work has progressed satisfactorily. The United States representative on the Groupof Archeologists and Landscape Architects for Safeguarding the Philae Temples reportsthat in December 1974 the coffer dam had been completed, the water level lowered to thelevel necessary to permit the removal of the temples, the photogrammetry of the templeshad been completed, and the archeology of the island and the temples had been started. Theleveling of the surface of the Island of Agilkia is taking longer than had been antici-pated primarily because of the unanticipated hardness of the stone which must be removedto prepare an appropriate site for the temples.
Obligation of Total SFCP Funds by Country(dollar equivalents ) FY 1976Estimate nEgypt $1,769,000 $1,538,000 $1,090,00011 11India 396,000 535,000 293,00011Pakistan 387,000 295,000 195,000Poland 428,000 486,000 230,000Tunisia 703,000 551,000 304,000Yugoslavia
FY 1974 FY 1975Actual Estimate/l /l11 /3/2
486,000 _/l /I$4,170,000 $3,405,000 nTOTAL $2,112,000/l Includes payment to the UNESCO trust fund of $1,000,000 equivalent excess Egyptianpounds for the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia./2 Includes $70,000 equivalent transferred to the NSF Science Information Program./3 Includes $95,000 equivalent transferred to the NSF Science Information Program./4 Yugoslavia ceased to be an excess currency country in FY 1974.
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STATUS OF SMITHSONIAN SFCP FUNDS
Unobligated Balance,Start of yearAppropriationRecovery of Prior Years
'
ObligationsUnobligated Balances,End of yearTotal Obligations
(dollar equ ivalents)
FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976Actual Estimated Estimated
$ 783,000 $1,327,000 $ 149,0004,500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
214,000 227,000 100,000
-1,327,000 -149,000 -137,000$4,170,000 $3,405,000 $2,112,000
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Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program GrantsAwarded in Fiscal Year 1974
ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINESAmerican Institute of Indian Studies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Continuedsupport for administration, Benares Center for Art and Archeology, and re-search fellowships (India).American Museum of Natural History. New York, New York. Excavation at theHarappan site of Allahdino in the Malir Area, Karachi District, Pakistan.American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. Continued supportfor a program of research and excavation in Egypt: support for operation of theCairo Center, fellowship support, maintenance of archeological research at thesite of Hierakonpolis (Nekhen) in Edfu District, survey of Arabic scientificmanuscripts in Cairo, maintenance of a stratified pharonic site in the Egyptiandelta at Mendes, Akhenaten Temple project, research in modern Arabic litera-ture, continuation of an epigraphic and architectural survey at Luxor of theOriental Institute, feasibility of clearing, conserving, and recording the tomb ofKing Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings, an egyptological conference,editing the Nag Hammadi codices.Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. Archeological excavations at Stobi(Yugoslavia).Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, D.C. A corpus ofthe ancient mosaics of Tunisia.Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Washington, D.C.Helmand-Sistan projects: studies of historical ecology.Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. The Pleistocene sediments of theNile Valley, Egypt.State University of New York at Buffalo, New York. Investigations on theNeolithic sites in Southeastern Poland.University of California, Berkeley, California. Archeological excavations at theHarappan Seaport of Balakot, Pakistan.University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Excavations in Diocletian'sPalace at Split, Yugoslavia.University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Research and study of EarlyMedieval Polish archeology.University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.The Dira Abu el-Naga project (Egypt).University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Excavation within the town and harbour site of Malkata, Western Thebes(Egypt).
MUSEUM PROGRAMSSmithsonian Institution, Department of Science and Technology, Washington,D.C. Publication in Islamic medicine in the thirteenth century (Egypt).Smithsonian Institution, Office of Museum Programs, Washington, D.C. Publi-cation of ICOM's The Protection of Cultural Property: handbook of nationallegislations.Smithsonian Institution, Traveling Exhibition Service, Washington, D.C. Studyand exhibition of Wissa Wassef tapestries from Egypt.
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SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY(INCLUDING PALEOBIOLOGY)Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Biochemical investi-gations of diploid and triploid frogs of the Rana esculenta complex (Poland).Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Exploitation of habitats by chemi-cally differentiated races of morphologically uniform lichen-forming fungi(Tunisia).Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachu-setts. Study of the dentition of Cretaceous mammals of Mongolia (Poland).Howard University, Washington, D.C. Cenozoic mammals of Pakistan.Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, Washington, D.C. Revision ofTrimen's Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.Smithsonian Institution, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, D.C. Com-parative study and geography of selected Devonian and Permian corals inPoland and the U.S.A.Smithsonian Institution, Office of International and Environmental Programs,Washington, D.C. Limnological investigations of Lake Ohrid (Yugoslavia),limnological investigations of Skadar Lake (Yugoslavia), Mediterranean MarineSorting Center (Tunisia).Smithsonian Institution, Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Canal Zone.Ecology of freshwater lakes in Panama (Poland).Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas. Mammals of the Adriatic islands andadjacent mainland of Yugoslavia.University of California, Berkeley, California. A biosystematic comparison ofthe siphonocladales (Chlorophyta) (Tunisia).University of California, Berkeley, California. Comparative study of LateCretaceous Mongolian and North American mammals (Poland).University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Systematic studies of the mol-luscan genus Bulinus in Africa and adjacent regions (Egypt).University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. The evolution of optimal reproductivestrategies (India).Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Systems analysis of the PreSaharan eco-system of Southern Tunisia.Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Paleoanthropology, paleontology,and stratigraphy of Neogene localities in Pakistan.ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCESDuke University, Durham, North Carolina. Studies in Lake of Tunis.Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachu-setts. Operation of the Uttar Pradesh State Observing Station at Naini Tal(India).Smithsonian Institution, Department of Mineral Sciences, Washington, D.C.Lonar Meteorite Crater project (India).University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Color magnitude diagrams foryoung star clusters in magellanic clouds (Poland).
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50-542 O - 75 - 31
488
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FY 1976 Estimate and July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976 Period
July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976Activity FY 1976 Estimate Estimate
Grants for museum programsand related research inthe natural and physicalsciences and culturalhistory $2,000,000 $750,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND REIATED RESEARCH (SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCYPROGRAM
)
For payments in foreign currencies which the Treasury Departmentshall determine to be excess to the normal requirements of the UnitedStates, for necessary expenses for carrying out museum programs,scientific and cultural research, and related educational activities, asauthorized by law, $2,000,000, to remain available until expended andto be available only to United States institutions : Provided, That thisappropriation shall be available, in addition to other appropriationsto the Smithsonian Institution, for payments in the foregoing cur-rencies : Provided further, That not to exceed $1,000,000 shall be avail-able to the Smithsonian Institution for the International CampaignTo Save the Monuments of Nubia of the United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization for the salvage of archeologicalsites on the Island of Philae.
For "Museum Programs and Related Research (SpecialForeign Currency Program)" for the period July 1, 1976,through September 30, 1976, $750,000.
(20 U.S.C. 41 et seq.; Department of the Interior andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act, 1975.)
490
STANDARD FORMJuly 1964, Bureau or th 300 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)PROGRAM AND FINANCING - TRANSITION PERIOD(in thousands of dollars)
Identification code32-50-0102-0-1-503 July 1-Sept. 30, 1976Program by activities :Grants for museum programs and relatedresearch in the natural sciencesand cultural history(program costs - funded)Change in selected resources(undelivered orders)10 Total obligations.Financing:
1,550
750
40 Budget Authority (appropriation )Relation of obligations to outlays : 75071 Obligations incurred, net.72 Obligated balance, start of period.74 Obligated balance, end of period. . . 7503,3023,25290 Outlays. 800
Justification for Transition Period
Special Foreign Currency Program $750,000
This appropriation, about one-third of the FY 1976 level, willcontinue a program of grants to United States institutions for fieldresearch in those countries where "excess" local currencies are avail-able. Research will be performed in archeology and related disciplines,systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences,and in museum and other cultural activities.
491ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF PROGRAMMr. Yates. You are requesting $1 million for grants for field re-search and $1 million for the third of four equal payments to pre-serve the temples on the Island of Philae. Briefly summarize for thecommittee the accomplishments of the program during the past year.Mr. Challixor. During fiscal 1974, 309 scholars and scientists haveparticipated in projects. By State you might be interested to knowthere were 18 from Illinois. 22 from Colorado. 32 from Pennsylvania.3 from Maryland and 16 from Utah. The University of Coloradoand Colorado State, received about $24,000 worth of foreign currencysupport. Illinois, about a half million dollars, Utah State and Univer-sity of Utah about $145,000, Pennsylvania, represented by the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, Academy of Natural Science, Gettysburg Col-lege, and Pennsylvania State received just shy of $100,000.This program enables scholars and scientists throughout the countryto have a source of research funds which is not costing the taxpayeranything. The Government has already spent this money and that isthe crucial point which would be most useful in defending this on thefloor. The research projects are all reviewed and we are satisfied withthe quality of this research. The host country in which these funds areavailable in all cases has to approve this research : not only approve itbut have it supported by their respective ministries or scientific estab-lishments which control the research in those countries. It is a realbargain, in other words, and I would hope we could get some morefunds. There are fewer countrk 'n which this money is still available.In some countries the funds wiii probably never be all used.Mr. Yates. Have the funds appropriated in 1975 for the temples, allbeen obligated ? TEMPLES OF PHILAEMr. Challixor. Yes. Mr. Chairman. I think we might mention forthe record, the problem concerning the Temples at Philae. We havepledged $4 million worth of Egyptian pounds.For fiscal year 1975, $1 million was made available to the Smith-sonian Institution "for the International Campaign to Save the Mon-uments of Nubia of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, andCultural Organization for the salvage of archeological sites on theIsland of Philae." As the above language states, payment of thesefunds was to be made to UNESCO, which in turn would turn themoney over to the Egyptian Government for salvage and restorationwork on the temples. UNESCO agreed that it would not subtract anyservice charge from these payments, but would forward directly to thetemple project 100 percent of all of the funds received by it for thispurpose.During October and November 1974, a written agreement wasreached between the Smithsonian Institution and Dr. Rene Mavheu.Director General of UNESCO, whereby UNESCO would receive thesefunds and then transfer them to the Egyptian repository, the NationalBank of Egypt. The $1 million payment for fiscal vear 1975 was madeon February 24, 1975.The Smithsonian is aware of the present restrictions on support ofUNESCO, contained in Public Law 93-559, of December 30, 1974.
492Section 9 of that act (22 IT.S.C. ?2222) provides in subsection (h)that
:
"Congress directs that no funds shall he obligated or expended.directly or indirectly, to support the United Nations Educational, Sci-entific, and Cultural Organization until the President certifies to theCongress that such organization (1) has adopted policies which arefully consistent with its educational, scientific, and cultural objectives.and (2) has taken steps to correct its recent actions of a primarilypolitical character."That provision has been carefully studied, along with a study of thesense of the Congress that led up to that enactment. The Smithsonian'sOffice of General Counsel is of the opinion that because of the specialcircumstances in this case, however, such payments through UNESCOdo not violate either the letter or the spirit of that enactment. Tn thisparticular instance, UNESCO is merely a conduit: and rather thanthe payments providing any direct or indirect support for that orga-nization, the reverse is true.UNESCO handles the details of this transaction without anv alloca-tion from the payment of moneys to take care of its attendant admin-istrative expenses. In this circumstance, therefore, we do not believethat the above payment to UNESCO, which was immediately trans-ferred in toto to the National Rank of Egypt, represents any direct orindirect support for UNESCO.INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER COUNTRIESMr. Yates. How many other coumries are involved ?Mr. Challinor. Four major ones besides the United States?Egypt.the Soviet Union, which has pledged as of August 1074. $1,277,701worth of equivalent Egyptian pound;.. Germany, and Italy?as well asa number of other smaller European countries. This is not a solely U.S.project.Mr. Yates. I am not sure about this. I have before me the provisionsof that law. and I am not sure your counsel is right. Rut of course youare acting in accordance with what you consider the intent of the lawto be.I suppose, if need be. that you could make that contribution directlyto the Government of Egypt, could you not. and avoid the problem.Mr. Challinor. Payment directly to the Rank of Egypt would avoidthe problem completely. It has been done through UNESCO merelyto demonstrate the international character of the support for theNubian monuments project, as opposed to using bilateral agreements.That was the idea. Ry using an international vehicle you divorce thesupport of mankind's history from national political considerations.Mr. Yates. When you say the Russians are making available anequivalent number of rubles, does it mean they are selling somethingto Egypt in exchange for this?Mr. Challinor. Whether this is their equivalent of a Public Law480 program, selling them airplanes or whatever it is, I have no idea.Rut that is the information we received from UNESCO on the Russianpledge to the Philae project. The total amount pledged by all coun-tries is about $16 million in convertible and local currencies.
493Mr. Yates. Of which the United States will pay $4 million ?Mr. Challinor. Yes; we have pledged to contribute $4 million ofUnited States-owned Egyptian pounds.AVAILABILITY OF FOREIGN CURRENCIESMr. Yates. Do all the countries listed in the justifications have excesslocal currencies available ?Mr. Challinor. Yes ; they do.Mr. Yates. In those amounts?Mr. Challinor. They have more than the funds shown. This is themoney available to the Smithsonian program in these amounts.Mr. Yates. I see.Mr. Challinor. They are administered differently in each country,depending on the local regulations of these countries.Air. Yates. Is it your policy to make grants under this program toany individual ?Mr. Challinor. Grants are made to American organizations suchas museums and universities; grants therefore are not made to aprivate individual, just as the National Science Foundation and the Na-tional Endowment for the Humanities make grants to organizationsas opposed to private individuals.Mr. Yates. All right.DIRECT PAYMENT TO EGYPT FOR PHILAEMr. Brooks. Mr. Chairman, if I may respond to your suggestionthat the payment might be made directly to the Government of Egypt,this might require a change in the language of the Appropriation Act.Mr. Yates. How does it read now ?Air. Brooks. I cite the relevant portion:Not to exceed $1 million shall be available to the Smithsonian Institution forthe International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, of the UnitedNations Educational and Scientific Organization, for the salvage of archaeologi-cal sites on the Island of Philae.ConstructionMr. Yates. Please place justification pages D-l through D-25 intothe record at this point.[The justifications follow :]
494
FACILITIES PLANNING, RENOVATION, RESTORATION, AND CONSTRUCTIONSummary
Fiscal Years Transition1974 1975 1976 PeriodAppropriation Appropriation Estimate Estimate
$3,790,000 $9,420,000 $9,550,000 $1,440,000
1,070,000 1,490,000 1,467,000 400,000
17,000,000 7,000,000$17,910,000 3,000,000$14,017,000$21,860,000 $1,840,000
CurrentProgramsConstruction andImprovements, NationalZoological ParkRestoration and Renovationof BuildingsConst?uction, National Airand Space MuseumTotals
The FY 1976 appropriation requested for Construction and Improvements, NationalZoological Park will allow progress to be sustained on the implementation of the approvedMaster Plan for the improvement of the Zoo's animal and public facilities and essentialrepairs ar.d additions to existing facilities. Work to be accomplished includescompletion of the service facility and the construction and rehabilitation of bearexhibits; the continued planning for beaver, otter, seal, sea lion, and wolf exhibits;the design and installation of exhibit, orientation, and education graphics and streetfurniture; and a program of repairs and renovation of Zoo facilities in Rock Creek andat Front Royal, Virginia. Transition period funding will sustain planning and construc-tion on Central Area exhibits and provide for a continued program of repairs andimprovements to existing facilities.The FY 1976 appropriation sought for Restoration and Renovation of Buildingsemphasizes continuing projects including road improvements at the Mt. Hopkins, Arizona,Observatory, the installation of fire detection and suppression systems, renovation ofthe Arts and Industries Building and the Smithsonian Building south yard, the completionof planning for a sixth floor library and research center addition to the History andTechnology Building, and general repairs and improvements to buildings and facilities.The requested transition period funding will sustain the facility maintenance effort.The FY 1976 appropriation for Construction , National Air and Space Museum willcomplete the liquidation of the contract authority provided in FY 1975.
495
CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS ,NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1974 Appropriation $3,790,0001975 Appropriation $9,420,0001976 Estimate $9,550,000
This appropriation is used to fund repairs, alterations, and improvements toexisting facilities including exhibits; to prepare plans and specifications for con-struction; and to perform renovations, restorations, and new construction implementingthe Master Plan approved bythe Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital PlanningCommission in FY 1973.The requested FY 1976 appropriation will be applied as follows.General Service 5 Parking Facilities $4,550,000Lower Rock Creek Valley 3,000,000Beaver Valley 490,000Graphics 100,000Renovation and Repair 650,000Front Royal, Virginia, ConservationCenter Renovation 760,000Total $9,550,000BackgroundThe National Zoological Park (NZP) was established in 1890 under the Board ofRegents of the Smithsonian Institution who were authorized to "administer and improve"the Zoc for "the advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of thepeople" (20 U.S.C. 81). The NZP has two locations. Exhibition and education functionshave been centered since 1890 on some 150 acres in Washington, D. C.'s Rock Creek Valley.At present there are on display some 2,835 animals and birds of 600 different species.Complementary animal conservation and breeding functions (to be done in collaborationwith other zoos) are now being developed on about 3,000 acres of Federal land nearFront Royal, Virginia.Why Does the NZP Need to be Improved ?There are several principal reasons why the Zoo must be renovated.It is the National Zoo of the United States yet has fallen far behind many otherUnited States and foreign zoos in terms of adequate facilities. Approximately halfof its millions of annual visitors come from outside the Washington Metropolitan area.Many of its visitors are from foreign countries, and the Zoo is the official repositoryfor many foreign gifts of rare and valuable animals as well as gifts from public-spiritedAmericans.The Zoo has an aged and crumbling physical plant. Animals, employees, and visitorsare housed and served in facilities that date from 1805 with most of the plant havingbeen constructed between 1902 and 1937. Repairs are difficult and expensive.Animal facilities fall far short of acceptable modern standards for care, health,breeding, and research for conservation of rare and endangered species. Known require-ments of animals, both physiological and psychological, are not being met by presenthousing. The accelerating extinction of many species means that zoos must manage andstudy their animals in such a way as to maximize reproduction and to contribute toknowledge that will assist management in the wild to help survival.D-2
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The education potential of the National Zoo is not being met hy the cramped,unnatural cages which were in style 50 or more years ago. Today's public should notbe asked to accept inadequate, outmoded housing of animals which neither serves theanimals nor meets the needs of a more aware, conservation-minded, and environmentally-conscious public.The requirements of a growing number of visitors for parking (the Zoo is not now,nor will it be under Metro, adequately served by public transportation), orientationand school education facilities, food service, adequate restrooms, first aid, andother services to make their visits pleasant and instructive are not being met. Faci-lities designed for an 1890 horse and carriage population are woefully inadequate tohandle present day crowds. Present day automobile traffic is chaotic. Utilities thatwere serviceable 50 years ago do not meet today's needs.Administrative, crafts and trades, animal keeper, commissary, police, and otheressential and dedicated staff are scattered throughout the Zoo in inefficient andhazardous structures not designed for today's uses. Work effectiveness and morale sufferHas Any Progress Been Made on Corrective Action ?A renovation program was initiated in the early 1960 's and some improvements havebeen made since then. Except for the most urgent repairs and very limited planningefforts, the program ground to a halt between about 1968 and 1972 during the Vietnamperiod.New access roads and parking lots have been constructed and automobile traffichas been largely removed from the central exhibit area of the Zoo (an additional 12acres of prime animal and visitor space would be regained by the construction of thegeneral service and parking facility). The heating plant has been converted from handfiring and the sewage system has been modernized to meet public health standards. The1926 Bird House was renovated and a separate walk-through flight cage completed in 1964.Repair projects (such as walks, roofs, and guardrails) have been undertaken to attemptto keep the Zoo operational and safe.The deer and hoofed-stock area was redeveloped and five additional acres put to useresulting in much larger quarters for the zebra, antelope, and oxen. The Hospital andResearch Building was finished in 1969. The pandas arrived in 1972 and are now well-housed in a renovated hoofed-stock building. The 1904 Monkey House is now being remodeledwith larger cages and other animal and visitor improvements. Very recently, the 1890Lion House was demolished. With $3,000,000 appropriated in 1974 a modern moatedexhibition facility for lions and tigers is now under construction. This year, with$2,970,000 appropriated, work is underway on the Elephant House Yards and Bird HousePlaza to enlarge and redevelop them for animal health, exhibition, and education purposes.These exhibits will be ready by the summer of 1976. Also $2,500,000 has been appropriatedfor construction of an education and administration building. Photographs of the MonkeyHouse, Elephant Yards, and Lion-Tiger facility projects are on page D-4.What Work Needs to be Done ?Only a small number of the important projects have been accomplished or are currentlyunderway. The Master Plan, approved by the Commission of Fine Arts and the NationalCapital Planning Commission in FY 1973, for the renovation and improvement program,has 41 major projects clustered into 14 groups for planning, budgeting, and managementpurposes. Page D-5 shows the Master Plan schedule for these projects, budget estimates,and estimated completion dates.With funds available from a prior reprogrammed appropriation and new funds appro-priated in fiscal years 1973, 1974, and 1975, six of the projects are or can be completed
497
New Elephant Yards/Three times more space for the animals
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. .Replacement ot 19th century Lion-Tiger facility
498
January 1975NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK MASTER PLAN SCHEDULE ESTIMATEDPROJECT PROJECT ESTIMATE PLANS 5 COMPLETIONGROUP NUMBEF ; PROJECT (1976 VALUE) SPECS. CONSTR
.
DATE
I 1 Monkey House 12/742 Puma House Authorized prior to FY 1973 12/743 Panda House CompleteII 4 Lion f, Tiger Exhibit $3,275,000 FY 73 FY 74 7/76III 5 Elephant Yards 1,450,000 FY 74 FY 75 9/756 Bird House Plaza 1,680,000 FY 74 FY 75 9/75IV 7 General Svc -Parking 21,000,000 FY 74,7 5 FY 76, 77 4/78V 8 Education-Visitor Center 2,500,000 FY 75 FY 75 8/77VI Lower Rock Creek Valley 6,450,000 FY 74,75 FY 76, 77 7/789 Bears10 Sheep ? Goats11 Baboons14 Roadway 5 Utilities20 Polar BearsVII Beaver Valley 10,000,000 FY 75, 76 FY 77 12/7815 Beavers16 Wolves17 Seals 8 Sea Lions18 N. American OttersVIII Central21222324
Area ComplexSmall Mammal House Ren.Crocodiles 5 Komodo DragonNew Monkey HouseMonkey Island
14,000,000
12, 000, 000^1
FY 75,77 FY 77, 78 7/79
IX Waterfowl Pond Complex FY 75,78 FY 79 1/8026 Waterfowl Pond Remodeling27 Lesser 5 Medium Cats28 Plains AnimalsX Building2930 RenovationReptile HouseElephant House 4,500,000 FY 79 FY 80 7/80XI Connecticut Avenue Complex 8,000,000 FY 79 FY 80 7/8131 Restaurant 6 Cafeteria32 Entrance-N. Amer AnimalsXII Aquatic12153334353637
Habitats ComplexAquatic HabitatsPenguinsManateeKiwiSea OttersPlatypusHawks 5 Owls
9,500,000
3,500,000/i
FY 80 FY 81 7/82
XIII Holt Hou se Area FY 81 FY 82 1/8338 Holt House Ren. ? Greenhse39 Research-Holding Nursery 15,000,000ZiZ^XIV North Road Area FY 82 FY 83 7/8440 Klingle Street Bridge41 Large Plains AnimalsTotal Cost $112,855,000/3.Estimates include plans and specifications, all utilities, walks and roads in Master Planarea, landscaping, graphics, exhibits, construction contingencies and escalation to July 1976./! Projects may je reduced approximately $10,000,010 by alternative development at theFront Royal Conservation Center./2 This project includes animal exhibits above future underground parking structures./3 This amount represents the $99,180,000 Master Plan program described in the FY 1975justifications, updated by escalation of costs to FY 1976. D-5
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(Monkey House, Panda House, Lion and Tiger Exhibit, Elephant Yards, Bird House Plaza,and Education-Visitor Center) . Planning can be completed and first phase constructionaccomplished on the General Service and Parking Facility. And planning can be advancedon Lower Rock Creek Valley, Beaver Valley, and Central Area group projects.As shown by the schedule, however, planning and construction remain to be completedon new bear exhibits (polar bears included); renovation of present bear dens; completeremodeling of sea lion exhibits for seals, sea lions, beavers, and otters; renovationand remodeling of small mammals house (including gorillas and orangutans); renovationand modernization of the Reptile House with special exhibit of the Komodo Dragon andcrocodile; modernization of the waterfowl complex; monkey island; small and medium cats(bobcats to leopards); renovation and modernization of Elephant House and tropicalaquatic habitat building for such as penguins, manatees, various aquatic mammals,and fish.Why is the FY 1976 Plan of Work Particularly Important ?First and foremost, it is important to keep the long-sought momentum in order tocomplete the jobs as quickly as possible for program reasons, to save future year con-struction cost escalation, and to conclude the necessary interference with visitors'education and enjoyment caused by construction detours and activity.Past and present planning has recognized the impact that the Bicentennialcelebration visitor load will have on the Zoo. Consequently, a construction andrenovation schedule has been adopted that will result in the center of the Zoo beingpresentable to receive visitors with some new attractions such as the large cat exhibitnow under construction. New construction during this period will be on the perimeterof the Zoo, such as the General Service and Parking Facility and the Lower Rock CreekValley complex as shown on page D-7.Details on FY 1976 projects are provided in the following sections.General Service and Parking Facilities ($4,550,000 ). These facilities are pivotalto the entire Master Plan construction program. They will provide improved access andaccommodation for visitor parking, contain approximately 900 parking spaces for a totalof 1730 (the Zoo now has 1030 spaces), and, equally important, centrally house andorganize all service and support functions of the Zoo. These are craft and trade shopsand offices, gardening shops, animal commissary, motor pool, supply offices and stock-rooms, and protective services. Space vacated elsewhsre in the Zoo by these activitiesand certain current parking areas (some 12 acres) will become available for animal andpublic service development projects that are keys to the success of the Master Plan.Some of these projects are new monkey exhibits, exhibits for small and medium sizedcats, and exhibits for large plains animals.These facilities will be located along Rock Creek adjacent to the roadway whichnow connects the Connecticut Avenue and Harvard Street entrances to the Zoo. Thearchitect's design adapts the structure to the hillside and blends the floor levels toa slope thereby minimizing the visual impact from Rock Creek Drive. Landscaped terracesand planter boxes will reduce further any intrusion of this structure on the naturalcharacter of the area.Total cost of these facilities is estimated at $21,000,000 of which $300,000 wasappropriated in FY 1974 for first phase planning and $2,700,000 in FY 1975. The FY 1975appropriation will permit final plans and specifications to be completed and ready forbidding by July 1975. The FY 1976 request of $4,550,000 will permit construction com-pletion of an initial self-contained increment of the facility, consisting of the lowerlevel service building with roof-top parking for 298 cars. This will be a fully usablefacility designed so that the additional parking decks above can be constructed at alater date. An appropriation of $13,450,000 will be requested in FY 1977 to completethe total parking structure in order to free up valuable in-park space for Master Planexhibits.D-6
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501
Present facilities under increasing flood threat New facilities will correct flood threat
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The service facility solves tough problems that plague more than a dozensupport services stuffed in old basements, attics, and temporary sheds. Mostcritical among these are the maintenance shops and commissary. Nearly all theworkshops are now on a site suffering increasing flood damages and risk. The$125,000 damages caused by Hurricane Agnes may not be repeated soon, argue thestatisticians. But the fact is that since Agnes, three flash floods have washedup to the shops' level and these events are becoming more frequent as more of thewatershed is paved over. See page D-8 for the effects of floods.The commissary is in an impossible pinch. More efficient animal food service isbeing demanded from an increasingly antiquated facility. The freezers and coolerswere written off by a commercial donor before received a decade ago. Cramped space,low basement ceilings deny any chance for solution in the current site. The newGeneral Service facility is needed now to solve these and many other problems.Lower Rock Creek Valley ($3,000,000 ). The FY 1974 and 1975 appropriations pro-vided a total of $500,000 to prepare construction plans and specifications for MasterPlan Group VI projects designated for the Lower Rock Creek area. By July 1975, theZoo will be ready to obtain construction bids for a portion of the Group's projectsconsisting of new polar and grizzly bear exhibits and complete renovation (ratherthan new construction to reduce costs) of existing bear dens for sun, sloth, andspectacle bears and for the Smokey exhibit. All bears will be exhibited withincreased space for their well being and with minimum visual obstruction to thevisitors by use of moats and other techniques. The reconstruction of the bear densis an essential safety and health requirement. Present facilities were constructedin 1902 and are badly deteriorated. The existing cement pools have major cracksthrough which hundreds of gallons of water are lost daily. Bars have rusted so badlythat in many places there is insufficient metal to which replacement bars can bewelded.The major new exhibit to be constructed with funds requested in FY 1976 is thePolar Bear exhibit which will have three viewing areas with water moats and simulatedice floe areas. Two viewing areas will be used for females and cubs. A feature ofthe facility will be the cubbing dens carefully designed for breeding purposes.Breeding the endangered polar bear in captive conditions can be accomplishedby overcoming technical difficulties.A future appropriation will be requested to complete projects in the lower RockCreek Group which include exhibits of goats, sheep, and baboons with excellent hillsideviewing and with associated audio-visual exhibits.Beaver Valley ($490,000 ). Advance planning for the several projects in BeaverValley (Master Plan Group VII) has been started with $80,000 appropriated in FY 1975.The projects in this group include a beaver exhibit (illuminating this animal'sextraordinary role as a natural force in the development of our country), constructedto show the beaver in action in the water, dam building, and in his lodge; a veryactive exhibit of the North American otter; a major exhibit pool for seals and sealions; and a new enclosure permitting people to discover the beauty and characterof the wolves.The requested FY 1976 appropriation of $490,000 will allow completion of thetotal plans and specifications in advance of a construction appropriation to be requestedin FY 1977.Design and Installation of Graphics ($100,000 ). Present signage at the Zoo is apatchquilt of improvisations strung together through this century. The Zoo must do abetter job in guiding and serving the visitor, thus a graphic design consultant hasbeen retained to work with the Master Plan architect and with the exhibits and education
503
New purposes for old barns
3^
Pere David's Deer/ Extinct in wild / Free safe and breeding at Front" Royal *r ^r
Building enclosure fencingD-10
50-542 O - 75 - 32
504
offices to upgrade and standardize graphics and street furniture and to identify andcoordinate graphic needs for new facilities. This will result in approved standardsfor exhibits, street signs, building signs, benches, trash containers, light posts,and telephone booths. As new facilities are completed, the approved graphics andstreet furniture designs should be implemented. In order to prepare for Bicentennialvisitors to the new exhibits, an appropriation of $100,000 is required for the environsof the lion and tiger exhibit, elephant and bird house yards, and other connectingareas and pathways.Front Royal , Virginia, Conservation Center Renovation and Improvements ($760,000 )
.
An appropriation of $760,000 is sought to make repairs, modifications, and improvementsto the National Zoological Park's Animal Conservation Center. This 3,000 acre site,the former Beef Cattle Experiment Station at Front Royal, Virginia, was declared excessby the U.S. Department of Agriculture in November, 1973. A temporary use permit wasgranted by the General Services Administration to the Smithsonian in January, 1974 . Formaltransfer of the property to the Institution is being processed.Such a site has long been sought by the Zoo to use for breeding endangeredwildlife species and for associated conservation and research efforts. Breeding groupswill be assembled in cooperation with other zoos whose city sites preclude the spaceneeded for successful breeding groups of exotic animals. Other important uses includeholding animals temporarily displaced by the Master Plan construction at the Zoo (aswell as animals obtained in anticipation of construction completion) and farming landto produce an ample supply of si lenium-rich hay needed for animal health which mustrow be purchased from the Midwest. Photographs of the Front Royal site are on page D-10.Funds are required to continue the installation of containment fencing and cages.Existing buildings will be modified to provide space for animal housing, commissaryfacilities, administration, research, and housing for personnel. The water, sewage,and electrical systems must be renovated to ensure continued dependable service.Master planning for the future use of the Conservation Center will be undertaken, includingstudy of cost saving alternatives to the development of the Rock Creek Zoo, particularlywith reference to research and breeding programs.Renovation and Repairs ($650,000 ). An amount of $650,000 is required to continuethe program of renovation, repairs, and preventive maintenance of existing facilities.This funding is required to keep the heavily used Zoo in safe condition for the visitingpublic, for the upkeep and improvement of animal enclosures and staff facilities, andto maintain new buildings in good condition so that in the future the Zoo will not befaced with an overwhelming backlog of repairs. Renovation and repair projects include:painting; roof patching and replacement; electrical repairs and improvements; repairsand extensions to water, steam, and other utilities; and fence, road, curb and sidewalkrepairs and improvements for safety.Construction and improvement work is accomplished primarily by contract. Thereare occasional projects, however, not lending themselves to contract. For example,suitable contractors cannot be located or their estimates are exorbitant in relationshipto the proposed job. In such cases, accomplishment of the work by other means, such asthe purchase with this appropriation of supplies, materials, and equipment and the useof in-house or temporary labor, is the most cost-effective solution.
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CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK
FY 1976 Estimate and July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976 Period
Project
1. General Service and ParkingFacilities
2. Lower Rock Creek Valley
3. Beaver Valley
4. Graphics
5. Central Area Complex
6. Renovation and Repair
7. Front Royal, Virginia,Conservation CenterRenovation
Totals
FY 1976 Estimate
$4,550,000
3,000,000
490,000
100,000
650,000
760,000$9,550,000
July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976Estimate
$900,000
160,000
380,000$1,440,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
COXSTRl"CTION AND IMPROVEMENTS. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKFor necessary expenses of planning, construction, remodeling, and by contract or otherwise,eipiippiti " of buildings and facilities at the National Zoological ParkY"- $9 550 000[s:>. l-Ji i.OOJj to remain available until expended. ' '? ?' '
For "Construction and Improvements, National ZoologicalPark" for the period July 1, 1976, through September 30, 1976,$1,440,000.
(20 U.S.C. 41 et seq. ; Department of the Interior andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act, 1975.)
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STANDARD FORM 300July 1964. Bureau or the BudgetCircular ko. A-ll, Revised. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,oo-,o, CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKPROGRAM AND FINANCING - TRANSITION PERIOD(in thousands of dollars)Identification code32-50-0129-0-1-S03 July 1 -Sept. 30, 1976Program by activities :Planning, Design, and Construction(program costs, funded)Change in selected resources(undelivered orders)10 Total obligationsFinancing :40 Budget authority (appropriation)Relation of obligations to outlays :71 Obligations incurred, net72 Obligated balance, start of period74 Obligated balance, end of period..90 Outlays
1,998
- 5581,440
1,440
1,44012,1137,9535,600
(Mono cut: 51
508
Justification for Transition Period
Work must be undertaken during the summer of 1976 in order to be ready to meetFY 1977 scheduled objectives for completion of Master Plan improvements to the NationalZoological Park; to prepare for animal relocations before the advent of cold weather;and to accomplish non-deferrable repairs and renovations. The transition periodappropriation will be applied as follows:Central Area Complex $900,000Renovation and Repair 160,000Front Royal, Virginia, Conservationand Research Center 380,000Total $1,440,000Central Area Complex $900,000With funds appropriated in FY 1975, schematic studies were started for projectsincorporated in the approved Master Plan for the central area of the Zoological Park.These projects include complete renovation of the existing Small Mammal House, con-structed in 1937, to provide new and improved space for great apes as well as a varietyof small mammals; new central yard exhibits; new facilities for monkeys including anoutdoor island exhibit; as well as graphics, landscaping, utilities, sidewalks, andsite improvements. Funds will distribute evenly for purposes of maintaining planningprogress to gain readiness for earliest possible FY 1977 construction, and fornecessary preparations for continuity of visitor and animal programs during construc-tion. Since the area includes the Zoo's central pedestrian arteries, alternativewalkways must be achieved before new construction. Utilities must be relocated insome instances. Animals must be relocated from the site of first phase construction.To be ready to maintain Master Plan progress in FY 1977, this work must be accomplishedin the summer of 1976.Renovation and Repair $160,000This amount is a quarterly increment of an annual request for funds to maintainexisting deteriorating facilities and exhibits in advance of complete rebuildingunder the Master Plan program; and to perform essential major repairs to used walkways,facilities, and mechanical services. Because the Zoo is an open park there are manyrenovation and repairs tasks that may not be deferred until fall.Front Royal, Virginia, Conservation Center Renovation $380,000The amount requested, 50 percent of the FY 1976 esti.nate, is for improvementsto the Conservation Center that are essential for housing and care of scheduled animalarrivals. A number of tasks must be accomplished during the summer season for completionprior to late fall. Beyond that time animal transfers, in most cases, must be deferreduntil after severe winter weather has passed. This, in effect, would mean a lostbreeding season should these improvement tasks not be undertaken in July and August.It is also necessary that improvements be accomplished on schedule to permit certainanimal relocations in preparation for Master Plan construction steps in the ZoologicalPark.
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RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS1974 Appropriation. : $1,070,0001975 Appropriation $1,490,0001976 Estimate $1,467,000
This account is used to fund major repairs, alterations, and improvements of along-term nature and benefit. From time to time, it is used also for constructionof major additions to existing facilities or for minor new temporary or permanentbuildings or other facilities. Facilities planning and studies and other relatedexpenses may be funded from this account. Projects undertaken are in support ofresearch, care, and protection of collections; public accommodation and safety; andmaintenance and development of a valuable physical plant and natural areas. Work isaccomplished primarily by contract. There are occasional projects not lending them-selves to contract. For example, suitable contractors cannot be located or theirestimates are exorbitant in relationship to the proposed job. In such cases,accomplishment of the work by other means, such as the purchase with this appropriationof supplies, materials, and equipment and the use of in-house or temporary labor, isthe most cost-effective solution.With funds now available, the Institution is carrying out several significantprojects, most notably the air-conditioning and phased interior and exterior renovationand restoration of the Arts and Industries Building for special Bicentennial exhibitionpurposes. Continuation funding for certain of these projects and funding for otherrepair and major maintenance work are sought in the FY 1976 appropriation.An amount of $1,467,000, a reduction from the FY 1975 level, is required forthese projects.1. Mt . Hopkins, Arizona, Observatory road improvements andtelescope annex facility $ 200,0002. History and Technology Building and Natural HistoryBuilding fire control systems 150,0003. Tropical Research Institute laboratory improvements 75,0004. Arts and Industries Building renovation 250,0005. South Yard improvements 200,0006. History and Technology Building library addition planning 125,0007. General building and facility repairs and improvements 467,000$1,467,000Details on these projects appear in the following justifications.
1. Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, Observatory Road Improvements and Telescope Annex FacilityC$200,000 )For several years the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) has beenfollowing a phased plan of repairs and improvements at its Mt . Hopkins Observatorynear Tucson, Arizona.Construction of a commercial power line by the Citizens Utilities Co. from theAmado area in the valley to the ridge area distribution point along with the installation
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of switchgear for standby generators is planned to be completed in FY 1975. Extensionof the distribution system to the summit bowl area is planned for completion in FY 1976.No additional funds are required for this project in FY 1976. Engineering source surveyand design of a water supply system is planned for completion in FY 1976. Holding tanksat the summit and ridge sites were installed in FY 1975. Construction of the watersystem is planned for FY 1977. No additional funds are requested for this projectin FY 1976.Repairs and improvements to some of the more dangerous sections of the Mt . Hopkinsaccess road will be completed in FY 1975. Because of the heavy hauling necessitatedby the installation of the MMT at the summit site, the paving of the improved sectionsof the ridge area and summit access roads will be deferred until FY 1977. The Mt
.
Hopkins road improvement plan, prepared by consulting engineers, calls for the reroutingof the existing section of the access road through Montosa Canyon as the next phase ofthe project for safety and economic reasons. This section of steep (12 percent to 18percent grades), narrow roadway is the most dangerous portion of the access road. Itseverely restricts the type of vehicles that may safely traverse it, as well as thehauling capacity of trucks delivering materials and equipment to the Observatory. Itis estimated that significant savings in hauling bulk material for future paving opera-tions will result from the construction of this new 7 percent grade road to bypassthe existing treacherous route. An amount of $125,000 is requested for this projectfor FY 1976. The plan calls for continued improvements to the sections below theMontosa Canyon in FY 1977 and future years.A 24-inch telescope and its dome, given to SAO by the State University of New Yorkat Stony Brook, Long Island, has been installed near the existing 60-inch telescopefacility. Work and storage space are needed at both instruments if they are to be usedeffectively. An amount of $75,000 is required to design and construct laboratory,darkroom, and storage space.
2. History and Technology Building and Natural History Building Fire Control Systems( $150,000 )Studies by safety and fire protection experts have shown that much work needs tobe done in the History and Technology and Natural History Buildings to improve firesafety. Fire detection and sprinkler protection is presently lacking in most publicareas and should be installed as changes take place in exhibit and other public areas.Similar safeguards are needed in areas where museum collections are housed and whereresearch work takes place. Other fire protection needs include the addition of boosterpumps in order to give adequate water pressure and the installation of fire doors anddrains. Funding of $150,000 is sought to continue this long-term phased program.3
.
Tropical Research Institute Laboratory Improvements ($75, 000 )The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, centered in Panama, is engaged inbasic biological research especially concerning questions of ecology and evolutionin the tropics. Its present facilities are inadequate. The Tivoli Hotel site (inthe Canal Zone but adjacent to the Republic of Panama) has been made available to theInstitute. It offers several important advantages as the headquarters site to includeoffices and laboratories for administrative staff and scientists and spaces for visitingresearchers and students. The- site has a sturdy masonry structure, previously used as akitchen building, which was deemed suitable for renovation to meet some of these needs.Work that has been completed or is underway includes roofing, new electrical andmechanical distribution systems, and air-conditioning, plumbing, and a new entrance.The plan of work for FY 1976 to complete this project calls for the partitioning ofinterior work spaces, finishing floors, installing lighting, and painting. An appro-priation of $75,000 is requested. D-17
511
4. Arts and Industries Building Renovation ($250,000 )Estimates in the early 1970's of the cost of the renovation and restoration of thehistoric 1879 Arts and Industries Building amounted to about $5,000,000. The FY 1973appropriation provided $3,355,000 for the major portion of the required work and forrecreating the original appearance of the rotunda and four main exhibition halls.Major improvements include installing heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems;replacing obsolete and inadequate electrical and utilities systems; providing additionalpublic and staff restrooms; and related demolition and restoration incidental to theaccomplishment of the project's objectives. This initial work was started in February1974 and is expected to be completed in February 1976. Prior to this completion,exhibits installation will begin for a major presentation, 1876 - A Centennial Exhibition ,funded as part of the Institution's Bicentennial program.Based on current costs, about $2,300,000 of additional work remains to be doneto produce a completely restored and renovated facility. This additional work isimportant to the long-term proper functioning of the building and to protect the struc-ture from weather damage. Major additional jobs to be done include new roofing andinsulation (a survey is now underway to determine the extent of the requirement); therepair, replacement, and painting of windows, including double glazing where necessaryto maintain proper temperature and humidity conditions and save on utility costs; theinstallation of an elevator, especially to aid handicapped persons; installation,repair, and painting of arched ceilings; and the preparation of interior spaces forstaff and visitor uses. An amount of $300,000 was appropriated in FY 1975 towardsthese needs. The FY 1976 budget request for $250,000 will sustain renovation progresswith the balance of the required funding to be sought in future years.5. South Yard Improvements ($200,000 )Funds are required to continue immediate improvements and plan for long-termdevelopment of the South Yard, the area bounded by the original Smithsonian Building,the Arts and Industries Building, the Freer Gallery of Art, and Independence Avenue.The immediate goal is to remove much of the aggregation of unattractive sheds, struc-tures, and surface facilities and develop an inviting, restful garden area. Thelonger-range plan is to maintain this environment while developing the site foradditional productive uses to include areas for research, education, and other publicservices.Funds available in FY 1975 will initiate planning for the development of this site,for demolition and removal of existing structures and facilities, and for preliminaryconstruction phases. The FY 1976 requirement is to complete the Bicentennial preparationincluding landscaping, plantings, fixtures and furnishings, and to plan for the phaseddevelopment of the site subsequent to the Bicentennial. An amount of $200,000 is soughtfor these purposes.6. History and Technology Building Library Addition Planning ($125,000 )The National Museum of History and Technology's collections of approximately 16million artifacts are unparalleled in any other institution in the world. Of thisnumber approximately half are related to the history of science and technology. Thiscollection and staff are presently supplemented with considerable holdings of archivalmaterials which lack space to be catalogued and used.Recently, the largest single private library on the history of science and technologyin the world has been given to the Museum by Bern Dibner as a research resource. Thisextraordinary collection contains more than 25,000 rare books, over 300 incunabula (booksprinted before 1501), and historic manuscripts, prints, letters of scientists, portraits,science medals, instruments, and apparatus. The library is presently housed in a perma-nent installation and it is offered to the Museum on the basis that suitable accomodationcan be provided. A conservative estimate of the present value of this collection is tenmillion dollars.D-18
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The offer of this library provides the Museum with a unique opportunity. It makesit possible to combine under one roof the largest collection of scientific artifactswith the greatest existing staff of subject experts and the finest library resourceon the subject, a combination which would serve as a magnet to attract important scholarsand students from all over the world.The planned sixth floor addition will allow the development of an historicalresearch center in which the Museum's present and future library holdings will becentralized for the use of staff and visiting scholars ajid students as well as membersof the public as appropriate. The Museum's programs in museum and conservationtraining, pre- and postdoctoral fellowships, and visiting scholars in residencewill be accommodated on this floor as well as the newly established Dwight D.Eisenhower Center for Historical Research.Funds are required to complete the final design effort for the research andlibrary facility for which partial funds were appropriated in FY 1973 and 1974.
7 . General Building and Facility Repairs and Improvements ($467,000)The Smithsonian has major museum buildings (ranging in age from new to well over100 years old) with a replacement value of several hundred million dollars, many lesserstructures used for research, exhibition, collections management, and administrativepurposes, and several thousand acres of land devoted to research, conservation, andeducation. Heavy public use of these facilities, general deterioration because of ageand weathering, safety requirements, and the occasional need to make improvements oradditions to keep pace with program requirements create a need for regular, annualattention. Anticipated, mostly major, needs are budgeted in this account under specificbuilding or project headings. There is strong need, however, for funds for planning,engineering, repair, and improvement response to other projects, including those arisingduring the year, that are beyond the capability of the Institution's maintenance supporteffort. Examples of such work are: interior reconstructions or other improvements tomeet program requirements; installation of new or replacement plumbing, electrical, andmechanical distribution systems, including heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning;roof repairs and replacements; maintenance and repairs to masonry and other buildingexteriors to prevent leaks or structural damage; and major repairs to elevators andescalators.
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RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS
FY 1976 Estimate and July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976 Period
Project FY 1976 Estimate July 1 - Sept. 30, 1976Estimate
1. Mt . Hopkins, Arizona,Observatory road improve-ments and telescope annexfacility $200,000 $50,000
History and TechnologyBuilding and NaturalHistory Building firecontrol systems 150,000 35,000
3. Tropical Research Institutelaboratory improvements 75,000
Arts and IndustriesBuilding renovation
5. South Yard improvements
250,000
200,000
50,000
6. History and TechnologyBuilding library additionplanning 125,000
General building andfacility repairs andimprovements 467,000 265,000
Totals $1,467,000 $400,000
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF IUII.DINGSFor necessary expenses of restoration and renovation of buildings by contract or otherwise,owned or occupied by the Smithsonian lnstitutionVas authorized bysection 2 of the Act of August -22. 1949 (63 Stat. 623), including not $1 ,467,000to exceed S10.00;) for services as authorized by 5 I'.S.C. 3109^1,490,000to remain available until expended.
For "Restoration and Renovation of Buildings" for theperiod July 1, 1976, through September 30, 1976,$400,000.
(20 U.S.C. 41 et seq.; Department of the Interior andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act, 1975.)
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Case 180.Red underscoreCase 210
standard form 300 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONJuly iom. Bureau of the Budget RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGSCircular No. A-U, Revised. PROGRAM AND FINANCING - TRANSITION PERIOD(in thousands of dollars)
Identification code32-50-0132-0-1-503 July 1-Sept. 30, 1976Program by activities:Planning, Design, and Construction(program costs, funded)Change in selected resources(undelivered orders)10 Total obligations.Financing :40 Budget authority(appropriation)Relation of obligations to outlays :71 Obligations incurred, net72 Obligated balance, start of period.74 Obligated balance, end of period...|90 Outlays
434
- 34400
400
400100
500
(Mono emit: 21.5) (Mono cut: ft) (Mono cut: ?.?)
516
Justification for Transition Period
The transition period will be used to sustain progress on certain continuingprojects and needs described in the FY 1976 budget, taking advantage of favorableweather conditions for outside projects and scheduling work in such a way to avoidinterference with Bicentennial summer visitation. Funds requested will be used forthe following projects:Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, Observatoryroad improvements $50,000History and Technology and NaturalHistory Buildings fire controlsystems 35,000Arts and Industries Buildingrenovation 50,000General building and facilityrepairs and improvements 265,000Total $400,000Mt . Hop' ins, Arizona, Observatory road improvements $50,000The requested amount, 25 percent of the FY 1976 budget estimate, will continue theprogram of correcting safety, drainage, and maintenance problems of the Mt. HopkinsObservatory access road for the protection of staff and visitors and to facilitateoperations of the observatory. Portions of the improved road will be paved to eliminatedust problems and to extend the life of the road.History and Technology and Natural History Buildings fire control systems .... $35,000Funds will be used to sustain the phased effort to improve fire defection andextinguishing systems in public, collection, and work spaces in the History and Technol-ogy and Natural History Buildings for the safety and protection of visitors, staff, art,science, and history objects, and the physical plant. This proposed amount is slightlyless than 25 percent of the FY 1976 estimate.Arts and Industries Building renovation $50,000The air conditioning and basic renovation of public spaces of the Arts and IndustriesBuilding will be accomplished in time for its use for the 1876 - A Centennial Exhibition .Substantial additional work (roof, windows, insulation, etc.) needs to be done to protectthe investment in the public areas and to prepare other interior spaces for staff andvisitor use. The requested amount is 20 percent of the FY 1976 budget but will maintainsteady progress towards the complete renovation of this 1879 structure.General building and facility repairs and improvements $265,000The Institution's physical plant is valued at several hundred million dollars inreplacement costs. Substantial funds should be budgeted each year to protect this plantfrom deterioration by meeting a wide range of major preventive and corrective maintenance.Despite surveys of the buildings and facilities, problems cannot always be detectedsufficiently in advance for specific budget identification. Although somewhat morethan half of the FY 1976 level, the transition period amount represents a soundinvestment in needs that are certain to become realities.
517
518
CONSTRUCTION(Liquidation of Contract Authority)1974 Appropriation $17,000,0001975 Appropriation $ 7,000,0001976 Estimate $ 3,000,000
Construction of the National Air and Space Museum continues at a pace which willensure the building's completion on schedule--by June 1975--and within the authorizedfunding. At that time, the installation of exhibits will begin in preparation forthe public opening on July 4, 1976.The construction manager system (under the supervision of the General ServicesAdministration) continues to perform with efficiency and effectiveness. The projecthas been divided into 22 construction contract packages and two supply contractpackages. Five of the construction contracts have been completed. These are:excavation; water main relocation; structural steel; metal decks; and roofing. Fourcontracts are in the final stages. These are: foundations; window walls; skylights;and masonry. The remaining contracts are on schedule and in various states of com-pletion. These are: marble; mechanical; electrical; elevators and escalators; con-crete slabs; painting; fireproofing; kitchen equipment; miscellaneous metal; carpentry;spacearium dome; landscaping; and graphics. The two supply contracts are for carpet,which is now being laid. In addition, contracts are being processed for the purchaseand installation of necessary equipment for offices, shops, cafeteria, garage, library,work and research areas, and building control and security functions; protective ordecorative treatment of walls, entrances, and approaches; theater and planetarium seat-ing and projection systems; gallery structures and other requisite equipment which willpermit full and efficient use of the building, its exhibit galleries and its otherfacilities.The liquidation of the final $3,000,000 of contract authority is requested inFY 1976 consistent with the timely completion of the building for its public opening.
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519Mr. Yates. I have seen the pictures in the justifications of work atthe National Zoo. Apparently you are making pretty good progresson the elephant yard and lion and tiger facilities ; is that true ?Dr. Reed. Yes, we are making excellent progress and are on sched-ule. In fact, the elephant house yard is ahead of schedule. For once wehave found a contractor who wants to get the animals outside. We areahead and we are within budget.SERVICES AND PARKING FACILITIES NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKMr. Yates. You want $4,550,000 for general service and parkingfacilities. What is the current status of the project and what do youestimate the total cost will be ?Dr. Reed. The project now is in the planning and design stage. Planswill be ready, we hope, at the very end of this fiscal year or the begin-ning of the next fiscal year to go out for construction contracts.The first section we are asking for in the fiscal year 1976 budget isthe service facility which will contain all of our mechanical shops,garages, property, supply, commissary, gardeners' quarters, andgarage space for the automotive repair shops. All of those nonanimal-oriented facilities which are currently scattered throughout the zoo.By combining these services under one roof we will free up othersections of the zoo for future development and renovation, such asthe basement of the reptile house, where by taking the commissary out,we will have space.Mr. Yates. How much of your request is for planning costs?Dr. Reed. We have received $3 million for plans and specifications.That is for the plans and specifications for the entire structure?serv-ice and parking.Mr. Yates. How much money have you collected from zoo parkingthat can be applied for this project?Dr. Reed. We have at the present time about $200,000 that has beencollected. We plan to use this money for the mechanical and electronicdevices necessary to operate it as a parking garage.metro stationsMr. Yates. What is the status of your discussions with Metro aboutproviding additional transportation to the zoo?Dr. Reed. Sir, that is a sad, long, bitter story.Mr. Yates. Sorry to hear that.Dr. Reed. We will have two stations, one of them which is calledZoo Station, 2,000 feet away from the zoo, and the other which is atCalvert Street, which will be 2,020 feet away. So we are halfway be-tween two stations. We hope to encourage a shuttle bus arrangementfrom the station to the zoo entrance.This is a battle yet to be joined with the D.C. traffic people to getpermission to run a surface shuttle bus on Connecticut Avenue. Thatis a fight for another day.Mr. Yates. You probably could use a helicopter more than a bus.Dr. Reed. You need a good strong pair of legs to walk on the citysidewalk.
50-542 O - 75 - 33
520Mr. Yates. Too bad those stations could not be closer to yourentrances.Dr. Eeed. The very first week they announced they were going tohave a Metro station, I was down there insisting on a station right infront of the zoo. Ever since, we have been fighting with them. We havenot achieved any success. We do have an air ventilation shaft, but thatdoes not do us any good.LOWER ROCK CREEK VALLEYMr. Yates. No; that is true.You want $3 million for lower Rock Creek Valley. Why do you needthat money for that purpose?Dr. Reed. This is for the building of the bear dens. We have alteredour plans and now plan to renovate our present bear dens, effectingsome economies. We will be building a new polar bear exhibit alongwith one for the grizzly bear and two other minor bears, the sloth bearof Asia and spectacle bear of South America. These funds will be fordevelopment of these animal exhibit areas.BEAVER VALLEYMr. Yates. You want $400,000 for Beaver Valley planning. What isin\ olved in this?Dr. Reed. Would you care to sec the plans for this project? I havethe plans of Beaver Valley here.Mr. Yates. Surely, as long as you brought them.Dr. Reed. It would be easier to look at them.This plan shows how the polar bear line will be. This shows howthe grizzly bear area will be renovated. You can see the water moatswith bears in this particular area with a waterfall in the background.The polar bear area will be prepared so that the public can see themunder water. This is the entire bear area. There will be three separateareas for the polar bears so we can breed this highly endangeredspecies. The male has a propensity to kill the offspringso we have tohave separate pools for the cubs until they are 18 months of age. Therewill be more bears here.This is Beaver Valley. There will be seal and sea lion pools herewith a combined unit between for the filtration and recirculation ofthe water.Incidentally, we will use fresh water. These animals do not need saltwater.Mr. Yates. Why do you call it Beaver Valley if the seals are there?
^ Dr. Reed. The first successful beaver colony in any zoo in the UnitedStates was here. We had a bleeding colony of beaver until the mid-forties. During World War II we lost them, the cages deterioratedand would not hold the beavers. Thev escaped down Rock Creek.At the head of the valley the beaver will be reinstituted. We willhave underwater viewing so that the visitor will be able to see beaverunder water; see into their lodge as an educational unit. We think weare gom^r to make the pond in such a way, with riffles and waterflow,that the beavers will build their own dam. But if you have had ex-
521perience with beaver, and maybe you have had some beaver experiencein ponds or irrigation canals, we think we will make the beaver do it,but I would not want to guarantee it-Mr. Long. Most of my experience is with eager beavers.Dr. Reed. We hope we have some very eager beavers here. The otterswill be right across from them, underwater viewing again, withproper proportion of land to water. We hope to induce a great dealof activity and breeding.Wolves will be along this area here, a rather generous wolf woodsto show the highly organized social habits of these animals. This areawill be an important social unit to demonstrate to the public.Of course the beaver, I want to show that Jim Bridger really couldhave hidden in that beaver dam when the Shoshones were after him.Mr. Yates. I think that is important.Dr. Reed. As a western boy, I like it.GRAPHICSMr. Yates. You want $100,000 for design and installation ofgraphics. What kind of graphics?Dr. Reed. There will be a variety of graphics. In addition tographics for visitor orientation, there will be the best of museum stylegraphics, including cutaways of skeletal material, demonstrations,audio-visuals using either cassette TV tapes or slide shows, showingthe animals in the wild. There will be traditional zoo labels and in-formation, making for the visitor an educational experience for eachof the animals viewed. FRONT ROYAL CENTERMr. Yates. You are requesting $760,000 for the Front Royal com-plex. What will you be doing there?Dr. Reed. At the Front Royal Research and Conservation Center,we will be doing zoological research?that is studying the behavior ofanimals, their social organization, studying their diets, and the physi-ologv of the animals?as well as breeding them for conservation, tosave these animals from extinction.This is a cooperative program we have with a number of other zoosto insure that there will be in the United States these animals avail-able for education and exhibition purposes. We have fond hopes ofperhaps even returning certain animals to their native lands. Forinstance we have a cooperative project with Brazilian scientists andgovernment officials concerning the breeding of the golden marmoset.When they establish national parks to handle them, we will be able toreturn animals to Brazil. LANGUAGE CHANGEMr. Yates. You are requesting $650,000 for renovation and repairs.You want to amend your appropriation language under "Constructionand improvements. National Zoological Park," and "Restoration andrenovation of buildings" to include the phrase "by contract orotherwise."'
522What does this invlove ? Why do you need this ? Do you have legis-lative authority for the new language?Dr. Reed. Yes, we have legislative authority for it. The reason wewant the language changed is to enable us, particularly at the FrontRoyal Research and Conservation Center, to be able to do certain workourselves. If we have construction money to buy material, we maydecide to use our staff or hire people to do the work.For instance, we put in already 2,500 feet or 8-foot chain link fenceat a total cost of about $5.50 per running foot when the "outside con-tractor price would have been $'20 a foot. We can effect economies forthe Government and to the Institution with this language change.TRANSITION BUDGET FOR ZOO CONSTRUCTIONMr. Yates. For the transition period you want $1,440,000.Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Mr. Yates. How did you determine which projects should be funded(luting the period ?Dr. Reed. This estimate is based upon those projects that we mustaccomplish during the summer months. This is seasonal work basedupon what we can do in relation to our animals in preparation forwork during the winter months. Much of this will be in preparing forthe centra] zoo area, moving, and temporarily housing the animals. Itis caused by the seasonality of our work due to the nature of theanimals concerned.Mr. Yates. Do you want to tell us about any of your problems,other than the Metro? How is the zoo progressing? Are the animalshappy and well ?Dr. Reed. Sir, I believe that for the first time since 1890 the zoo isfinally achieving the mandate which was given to us by Congress forthe advancement of science and education and recreation of people. Ibelieve in every area we are advancing; wo are strong in science, strongin medicine; our animal exhibits are improving, our educational workis beginning to be effective, and even the labels are getting better.I really am very proud of the way the zoo is developing at the presenttime. 1 owe a great deal of that to this committee for helping us inachieving our congressional mandate. We are beginning to achieve it.Mr. Yates. Good, we are glad to hear that.[JUSTIFICATION MATERIAL]Please insert pages E-l through E-33 of the justifications into therecord at this point.[The pages follow :]
523
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION"Salaries and Expenses"Report of Appropriation by Objects(In thousands of dollars)
11 Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel 5 Transportationof Persons22 Transportation of Things. . .
.
23 Rent, Communications, andUtilities24 Printing and Reproduction...,25 Other Services26 Supplies and Materials31 Equipment32 Lands and Structures41 Grants42 Insurance, Claims, andIndemnitiesTotal Appropriation
1974 1975 1976 IncreaseActual Estimate Estimate '76 over '7536,294 44,597 48,991 4,3943,075 3,850 4,332 482
620 644 Zi 810 Zl 166295 331 411 80
4,143 5,499 7,103 1,6041,022 1,134 1,383 2496,164 7,314 8,367 1,0532,715 2,928 3,403 4753,453 2,692 2,916 2248 507 507 -1,078 1,190 1,171 -19
20 1458,868 70,706ZJ 79,408/2 8,702/2
/l Excludes $21 additional travel authority which is to be allocated for prioritypurposes to Smithsonian user units./2 This amount includes $2,917 for pay and utility costs supplemental.A3 This amount includes $1,873 for necessary pay and $637 for other uncontrollableincreases.
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525
F I NANGiAL REPORT
T. AMES WHEELER, TREASURER
FY 1974
Continued sound progress was shown in Smithsonian finances infiscal year 1974. Thanks to increased federal support and further im-provement in results of the Institution's own educational and reve-nue-generating efforts, we were able to cope satisfactorily with thelarge inflation-bred rise in costs of salaries, supplies, and services,and, at the same time, to strengthen our current operating fundsposition.Added federal appropriations enabled us to increase neededmuseum protection and other support services and to step up prepa-rations for our important 1976 Bicentennial commitments. These in-cluded steady progress on construction and future exhibits for thenew National Air and Space Museum and a beginning on a majorlong-term reconstruction of National Zoological Park facilities. Anadditional $l-million gift from the donor of the collections permittedcompletion of the construction of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden. Other gifts and grants for specific purposes funded awide variety of research and exhibit activities.There remains an urgent need for major outside contributions insupport of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and De-sign and a large number of other specific projects. Also, the Institu-tion's endowment funds ?- always far from adequate for an Institu-tion of this size? experienced during the year a worrisome drop invalue. In other respects, however, Smithsonian finances can be saidto have improved substantially in fiscal year 1974. Full detail of theseresults is provided below.
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Overall Sources and Application of Financial SupportThe total financial support available to the Institution from allsources is shown in Table 1. These figures do not include the financesof the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for thePerforming Arts, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center forScholars, which are all related legislatively to the Smithsonian butwhose financial and administrative affairs are for the most part sepa-rately managed under independent Boards of Trustees.Total funds for operating purposes rose to $82,681,000 in fiscalyear 1974, an increase of $10,607,000 over the preceding year. Fed-eral appropriations of $65,063,000 accounted for 78.7 percent of thetotal, research grants and contracts 12.1 percent, and nonfederal in-come 9.2 percent; this ratio of support was roughly the same in fiscalyear 1973. In addition, Congress provided $21,860,000 in construc-tion funds for continuing work on the National Air and Space Mu-seum, for repairs to other Smithsonian buildings, and for the Na-tional Zoological Park, principally for "Lion Hill," a major beginningon the long-term renovation plan of Zoo facilities.In Table 2, these revenues from all sources (excluding constructionfunds and the Special Foreign Currency Program) and their applica-tion to individual Smithsonian bureaus and activities are shown inconsiderable detail, demonstrating the complexity of funding result-ing from the variety of resources and the large number of diversifiedservices provided.FEDERAL OPERATING FUNDSFederal appropriations for operating purposes totaled $65,063,000including $1,695,000 for the Smithsonian Science Information Ex-change, a separately incorporated organization, and $4,500,000 forthe Special Foreign Currency Program (in the blocked currency ofcertain foreign countries). The Special Foreign Currency Programadministers grants to United-States universities and similar organi-zations for research studies in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Poland, Tu-nisia, and Yugoslavia (see Table 3). This program included a special$1,000,000 amount (to be renewed for three additional years) to al-low Lnited States participation in unesco's international campaignto preserve archeological monuments on the Island of Philae inEgypt-
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Table 1. Overall Sources of Financial Support[In $l,000's]Sources FY 1971 FY 1972 FY 1973 FY 1974OPERATING FUNDSFederal appropriation:Salaries and expenses $36,895 $44,701 $51,633 $58,868Smithsonian Science InformationExchange * 1,600 1,600 1,695Special Foreign CurrencyProgram 2,500 3,500 3,500 4,500Subtotal $39,395 $49,801 $56,733 $65,063Research grants and contracts 9,312* 8,088 8,996 9,996Nonfederal funds:Gifts (excluding gifts to endowments)Restricted purpose 1,880 1,598 2,901 1,970Unrestricted purpose 304** 26** 33** 275**Income from endowment andcurrent funds investmentRestricted purpose 1,372 1,573 1,736*** 1,750Unrestricted purpose 330 334 436 747Revenue producing activities (net) (534) (141) 170 1,770Miscellaneous 406 482 1,069 1,110Total nonfederal funds 3,758 3,872 6,345*** 7,622Total Operating Support $52,465 $61,761 $72,074 $82,681CONSTRUCTION FUNDSFederal Construction Funds:National Zoological Park $ 200 $ 200 $ 675 $ 3,790National Air & Space Museum ... -0- 1,900 13,000 17,000Hirshhorn Museum 5,200 3,697 -0- -0-Restoration & Renovation of Bldgs. 1,725 550 5,014 1,070Total Federal Construction Funds $7,125 $6,347 $18,689 $21,860Private Plant & Land Acquisition Funds:Copper-Hewitt Museum $ ? $ 700 $ 106 $ 262Hirshhorn Museum ? ? ? 1,000Chesapeake Bay Center 25 386 149 70Total Private Plant and Land .Acquisition Funds $? 25 $1,086 $ 255 $1,332
* Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc., funded by National Science Foundation contractin fiscal year 1971 ($1,400,000) and thereafter by direct federal appropriation.
?* Excluding gifts to Associates (included under Revenue Producing Activities).*** Includes $225,000 of fiscal year 1973 income transferred from Endowment Fund No. 3 for thispurpose in fiscal year 1972.
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Table 2.
?
Source and Application of Operating Funds forYear Ended June 30, 1974(Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds, and Enodwments)[In $l,000's] Nonfederal funds
Funds
Total Unrestricted RestrictedReve-non- nue Spe- GrantsFed- fed- pro- cial anderal eral Gen- due- pur- Gen- con-funds funds eral ing pose eral tractsFUND BALANCES ?1 July 1973 $ 0$ 5,120 $2,292 $ $201 $2,546 $ 81FUNDS PROVIDEDFederal Appropriations . . . $60,563Investment Income $ 2,497 $ 744 $ - $ 3 $1,750 $Grants and Contracts 9,968 - _ _ _ 99^8Gifts 2,505 151 260 124 1,970Sales and Revenue 12,615 - 12,473 142Other 970 284 2 138 546Total Provided $60,563 $28,555 $1,179 $12,735 $407 $4,266 $ 9,968Total Available $60,563 $33,675 $3,471 $12,735 $608 $6,812 $10,049FUNDS APPLIEDScience:Environmental Science $ 1,316 $ 1,158 $ 14 $ - $ 5 $ 107 $ 1,032Natl. Museum of Nat.Hist 8,040 1,055 41 - 43 161 810Natl. Zoological Park 4,565 46 19 - - 21 6Fort Pierce Bureau - 1,032 24 - - 1,008-Science Info. Exchange .... 1,695 - - ? - - -Smithsonian Astroph.Observatory 3,207 5,844 18 - 7 210 5,609Radiation Biology Lab 1,294 95 - 9 86Smithsonian TropicalResearch Inst 1,002 70 1 - 47 4 18Interdisciplinary Communi-cations Program - 894 22 ? 1 30 841Natl. Air and SpaceMuseum 2,633 108 3 - 59 24 22Other Science . 1,132 1,041 118 - 1 114 808Total 24,884 11,343 260 - 163 1,688 9,232History and Art:Natl. Portrait Gallery 1,122 62 22 - 25 1 14Natl. Collection ofFji.ie Arts 1,653 79 8 - 34 35 2Freer Gallery of Art 274 1,134 - - - 1,134Natl. Museum of Historyand Technology 4,334 398 46 - 11 222 119
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Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds forYear Ended June 30, 1974?continued[In $i,ooo's]
Funds
Totalnon-Fed- fed-eral eralfunds funds
Nonfederal fundsUnrestricted Restricted
Reve- Spe- Grantsnue cial andGen- pro- pur- Gen- con-eral ducing pose eral tractsCooper-Hewitt Museum . . . 174 266 4 - - 237 25Archives of AmericanArt 238 203 - - - 203Bicentennial of theAmerican Revolution . . . 1,746 - - - - - -Hillwood - 210 - - - 210 -Hirshhorn Museum 1,326 82 82 ? - -Other History and Art 1,263 63 5 - - 19 39Total 12,130 2,497 167 - 70 2,061 199Public Service:Revenue Producing ActivitiesSmithsonian Press 800 200 - 200 - - -Performing Arts 422 1,083 - 493 - 107 483Other - 10,342 - 10,272 - 9 61Anacostia Museum 317 21 18 ? ? 3 ?Reading Is Fundamental,Inc - 533 - - - 533Other Public Service 1,157 83 72 - - 5 6Total 2,696 12,262 90 10,965 - 657 550Museum Programs:Libraries 1,165 2 - ? ? 2 ?Exhibits 1,063 26 - 13 2 11Natl. Museum ActPrograms 684 - - ? ? - -Other Museum Programs . . 1,409 87 45 - 6 36 -Total 4,321 115 45 - 19 40 11Buildings Management andProtection Services 11,830 9 9 - - - -Administration 4,693 3,386 443 461 13 331 2,138Overhead Recovered - (3,345) (402) (461) (13) (331) (2,138)Transfers for DesignatedPurposes - 1,026 (208) 1,770 (104) (436) 4Total Funds Applied $60,563 $27,293 $ 404 $12,735 $148 $4,010 $9,996FUND BALANCES ?30 June 1974 $ 6,382 $3,067 $ $460 $2,802 $ 53
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Table 3. Special Foreign Currency Program,Fiscal Year 1974 Obligations[In $l,000's]System-atic & Astro-Environ- physics & Grantmental Earth Museum Adminis-Country Archeology Biology Sciences Programs tration Total
India $ 125,470 $ 112,650 $31,369 $8,679 $48,081 $ 326,249Pakistan 92,661 223,383 - 950 - 316,994Poland 311,750 68,726 38,645 8,576 670 428,367Tunisia 96,661 544,107 16,250 40,343 5,668 703,029Egypt 1,619,172 115,046 401 34,370 - 1,768,989Yugoslavia 85,908 400,905 - 486,813Total $2,331,622 $1,464,817 $86,665 $92,918 $54,419 $4,030,441
Excluding these special-purpose appropriations for the Science In-formation Exchange and the Foreign Currency Program, federal op-erating funds amounted to $58,868,000. This is $7,235,000 morethan fiscal year 1973, but $4,180,000 (58 percent) of this substantialincrease is attributable solely to meeting the costs of federal payraises of various categories beyond the Institution's control. The bal-ance of the increase, $3,055,000, went primarily to three high-priority program objectives. These were (1) preparation of exhibitsand related work of the National Air and Space Museum scheduledto open in its new building on the Mall on July 4, 1976; (2) develop-ment of special Washington, D. C, and national Bicentennial activi-ties; and (3) phased strengthening of supporting services such asmuseum object conservation; reference and research libraries; auto-matic data processing applications to research, collections, andadministrative activities; and buildings and facilities care and protec-tion. Allocation of the appropriations for operating purposes (ex-cluding the Foreign Currency Program) by broad activity areas. overthe past several years is shown in Table 4.It may be of interest to note that in performance terms about $12.6million of the fiscal year 1974 appropriation was spent on basic re-search in art, history, and science; $4.2 million on the acquisitionand management of collections (only a few hundred thousand dollarsof this were available for the purchase of objects); $7.1 million for
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Table 4. Application of Federal AppropriationsFiscal Year 1971 through Fiscal Year 1974(Excluding Special Foreign Currency Program)[ln$l,000's] FY 1972 FY 1973 FY 1974$18,365* $20,329* $24,884*6,285 8,022 12,1302,093 2,253 2,6965,881 6,660 4,3213,235 3,987 4,69310,442 11,982 11,839$46,301 $53,233 $60,563
: - - ?
-
=.-: -
Area FY 1971
Science $13,495History and Art 5,878Public Service 1,442Museum Programs 3,744Administration 3,051Building Maintenance andProtection 9,285Total $36,895
* Includes $1,600,000 (FY 1972 and FY 1973) and $1,695,000 (FY 1974) for the Smithsonian Sci-ence Information Exchange, Inc., which had been funded prior to 1972 by grants from theNational Science Foundation.
the design, production, installation, and upkeep of exhibits; and $2.7million for various aspects of public and scholarly education and ori-entation. These program output areas total about $26.6 million. Sup-port areas total about $34 million, of which $13.0 million was forthe care of buildings, $7.8 million was for protection and security,and the balance was for other important administrative and supportfunctions.FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION FUNDSConstruction funding in fiscal year 1974 amounted to $4,860,000,plus $17,000,000 to meet progress payments under the contract au-thority provided in the fiscal year 1973 Appropriation Act for theconstruction of the National Air and Space Museum. The new ap-propriation provided primarily for the construction of the excitingnew lion and tiger exhibit at the National Zoological Park and fur-ther planning efforts aimed at implementing the approved masterplan for the complete renovation of the Zoo. This funding also pro-vided relatively minor amounts for repairs and improvements toother Smithsonian facilities such as safety and access improvementsto the Mount Hopkins Observatory road in Arizona.
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GRANTS AND CONTRACTSGrants and contracts from federal agencies once again contributed ina major way to the Institution's research programs, predominantlyin scientific disciplines. $9,996,000 of these funds was expended infiscal year 1974, up from $8,996,000 in fiscal year 1973. The majorrecipient, accounting for over half of the total expenditures, con-tinued to be the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, with grants from the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration for such projects as the monitoring ofComet Kahoutek, meteor studies, and design of hydrogen masersystems. Other projects ranged from ecological studies in SouthAmerica and Asia to research on American folklore. Table 5 showsthe major granting agencies to the Smithsonian over a four-yearperiod, representing several hundred different grants and contractseach year.
PRIVATE TRUST FUNDSOriginally established entirely with funds from Mr. Smithson's be-quest, the Institution has, over a long period of years, derived an in-creasing proportion of its support from federal appropriations as itwas entrusted with more national collections and expanded its re-search and public exhibitions.It is now an important goal of Smithsonian administration to bol-ster the Institution's private resources in line with or exceeding thegrowth of its federal support, in order to restore a better balance be-tween the two, thereby helping to preserve its uniquely flexible andindependent character among national establishments. Despite themany serious economic uncertainties of this past 12-month period,fiscal year 1974 results were in line with this goal. Receipts (includ-ing those for operating purposes, land acquisition, and building con-struction) from gifts, investment income, revenue-producing activi-ties, fees, and other revenues all increased to record levels, with thetotal equaling $8,954,000 (not including $105,000 gifts to endow-ment funds). Of this total $5,598,000 was designated for specificrestricted purposes; this latter amount was fractionally higher thanin fiscal year 1973, while income for unrestricted purposes rose from$1,013,000 to $3,356,000 (see Table 6).
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Table 5. Grants and Contracts[ln$l,000's]Federal Agencies FY 1971 FY 1972Atomic Energy Commission $ 91 $ 73Department of Commerce 166 392Department of Defense 843 916Department of Health, Educationand Welfare 409 411Department of Interior 258 247Department of Labor 3 11Department of State 176 195National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration 4,930 4,605National Endowments for theArts and Humanities - 35National Science Foundation .... 2,028* 560Other 408 643Total $9,312 $8,088
FY 1973 FY 1974$ 76 $ 72203 184969 872306 261230 28351 163593 1,0664,92358 102957 690630 995$8,996 $9,996
* Includes funding for Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc of $1,400,000.
Table 6. Total Private Funds Income Fiscal Year 1974[ln$l,000's]
Revenue sources
UnrestrictedpurposesGeneral &revenue Specialproducing purpose" Restrictedpurposes TotalFor Operating Purposes:Investments $ 744Gifts 151*Revenue Producing Activities . . 1,770Concessions and miscellaneous.. 284Total Operating Funds . . $2,949For Plant:Gifts ?Hirshhorn Museum $ -Chesapeake Bay Center ?Cooper-Hewitt Museum ?Total Gifts $Miscellaneous ?Cooper-Hewitt Museum $ -Total Plant $Grand Total $2,949 $ -$407
$1,7501,970546$4,266
$1,187145$1,332$5,598
$2,4972,2451,7701,110$7,622
$1,000 $1,00070 70117 117$1,187145$1,332$8,954
* Classified as Restricted Funds in previous years; represents unrestricted income designatedby management to be used only for specific purposes.** Excluding $260,000 gifts to Associates (included under Revenue Producing Activities) and$105,000 gifts to Endowment Funds.
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UNRESTRICTED PRIVATE FUNDSThe substantial increase in unrestricted general purpose privatefunds in fiscal year 1974 was extremely welcome and enabled theInstitution for the first time to reserve private monies for plant im-provements not believed to be obtainable from federal appropria-tions but which will enhance our ability to serve the public andwhich may, at the same time, lead to increased private support in theyears ahead. The build-up of the general unrestricted fund balanceto a more adequate level of $3,067,000 also means that portions ofany similar gains in future years may also be used for this purposeor to strengthen our present low endowment reserves.As may be seen in Table 7, the increase in income before transfersto other funds, equaling $2,336,000 in fiscal year 1974 compared to$688,000 in fiscal year 1973, arose in part from a jump in investmentincome but, more importantly, from successful results of our educa-tional and revenue-producing activities. There was, at the same time,a somewhat offsetting rise in administrative costs, partly from salaryand other administrative cost increases (including an initial chargeof $198,000 to establish a reserve for employees' accrued annualleave), but also reflecting greater assistance to a number of bureausfor special needs and urgent research projects.The increase in investment income this year resulted primarilyfrom the build-up in working capital and advance Smithsonian mag-azine subscription monies which made more funds available for in-vestment in high quality short-term issues at prevailing high interestrates. As may be noted on the Balance Sheet, page 48, current fundinvestments equaled $8,298,000 as of June 30, 1974, compared to$6,223,000 a year earlier; of the former amount, $6,600,000 wasinvested in very high grade", short-term securities and bank certifi-cates of deposit.The Smithsonian magazine was responsible for the largest shareof the net gain from revenue-producing activities. As shown in Table8, its income for the year rose to $1,327,000, from $330,000 in theprevious year. At June 30, 1974, there were 622,000 National Asso-ciate members and subscribers to the magazine, making it one of thefastest growing publications in the Nation. The Associates programalso contributed heavily to this year's gains, with net income of$263,000, versus a slight loss in fiscal year 1973. The Resident Asso-
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Table 7. Unrestricted Private FundsGeneral and Revenue Producing Activities(Excluding Special Purpose Funds and Gifts to Endowment)[In $l,000's]Item FY 1971 FY 1972 FY 1973INCOMEGeneral Income:Investments $ 334 $ 334 $ 436Gifts 304 26 33Concessions and miscellaneous. . 215 197 374Total General Income 853 557 843Revenue Producing Activities:AssociatesSmithsonian Magazine (209) 2 330Other 10 74 (43)Shops (80) 19 47Press (159) (111) (109)Performing Arts (78) (50) (65)Product Development - - 69Other Activities (18) (75) (59)Total Activities (534) (141) 170Total Income 319 416 1,013EXPENDITURESAdministrative ExpenseLess Administrative Recovery . . .Net Administrative Expense . . .Net Gain (Loss) before TransfersLess Transfers
:
To PlantTo EndowmentOther (Net)Net Gain (Loss) after TransfersEnding Balance
FY 1974
$ 7441512841,179
1,7702,949
2,681 2,956 3,097 3,9572,254 2,639 2,772 3,345427 317 325 612(108) 99 688 2,337
_ _ _ 1,13421 21 21 12121 17 124 307(150) 61 543 775$1,720 $1,781 $2,292* $3,067
? Adjusted to reflect reclassification tp Plant Funds of $32,000 net investment in capitalized equipment.
ciates program continues to furnish great benefits to the Washing-ton, D.C., community with its offering of classes, study trips, lec-tures, and exhibit openings; the Foreign Study Tours program haslikewise gained enthusiastic acceptance.
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Table 8. Revenue Producing Activities for Fiscal Year 1974[In $l,000's]AssociatesSmith-sonian Per- ProductMuseum Maga- forming develop-Item Total Shops Press* zine Other Arts ment Other**Sales andRevenues 12,473 2,141 111 7,127 1,778 597 107 612Less Cost ofSales 6,918 1,211 83 4,426 886 145 - 167GrossIncome 5,555 930 28 2,701 892 452 107 445Gifts 260 - - - 260Other Income ... 2 ? ? ? - - - 2TotalIncome . . . 5,817 930 28 2,701 1,152 452 107 447Expenses 3,586 604 105 1,174 820 314 64 505AdministrativeCosts 461 100 12 200 69 34 6 40Income (Loss)beforeTransfers .... 1,770 226 (89) 1,327 263 104 37 (98)Less Transfers 28 - (5) - 33*** -Net Income(Loss) 1,742 226 (84) 1,327 263 104 4 (98)
* The privately funded activities of the Press as opposed to the federally supported publication ofresearch papers." Includes Traveling Exhibitions, Belmont Conference Center, Photo Sales, "Commons" Restaurant,Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, Special Publications, and Television Programs.?** This includes allocations to the Press and other Smithsonian bureaus participating in this pro-gram. The profitability of the Museum Shops also increased dramati-cally, from $47,000 in fiscal 1973 to $226,000 in fiscal 1974, due inlarge measure to improved management practices and increased em-phasis on higher quality merchandise relevant to the collections ex-hibited in the various Smithsonian museums. As with the ProductDevelopment Program, which transferred $33,000 of royalities to in-dividual bureaus, income from the Museum Shops will in the futurebe shared with the museums for their use in public education pro-grams and purchases for the collections.The Performing Arts Division produced an extremely successfulrecord album, the History of Jazz, which enabled them to show again of $104,000 in this fiscal year, as opposed to a deficit of $65,000
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in fiscal year 1973. Another "bestseller" was the guidebook, Seeingthe Smithsonian, developed by the Smithsonian Press and ProductDevelopment Offices in cooperation with the cbs Publishing Com-pany; its sales added substantially to the profitability of the MuseumShops.As any surplus funds accrue from project receipts of the shops orthe Associates program an appropriate effort is made to return thisin kind to the public in the form of improved public facilities, im-proved public reference books or publications, and improved publicexhibits. As an example, the unusually large net gain in unrestrictedprivate funds in fiscal year 1974 coincided with urgent requirementsfor construction funds, necessitating transfers of $1,134,000 to theInstitution's plant funds, with other transfers to Special Purposefunds, Restricted Funds, and Endowment Funds bringing total trans-fers to $1,561,000 (see Table 7). Of the transfers to plant funds,$365,000 was set aside to redesign and reconstruct the museum shopin the National Museum of History and Technology. Another $500,-000 was reserved for a part of the costs of the proposed constructionof additional public service facilities in the West Court of the Na-tional Museum of Natural History. Finally, $150,000 was transferredto cover a part of the cost of a visitor's study center at the Chesa-peake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and $119,000 wastransferred for computer and equipment purchases. Other transfersfrom unrestricted funds include allocations toward operations of theCooper-Hewitt Museum ($178,000), special research grants toSmithsonian scientists ($49,000), and transfers to Endowment($121,000) which includes a bequest of $100,000 from the estate ofPaula Lambert.A new category of unrestricted private funds ("Special Purpose")is set out separately this year, namely, those which are legally un-restricted but which have been designated by management to be re-served for specific uses (see Table 6). These accounts, previouslytreated as a part of Restricted Funds, include, for example, receiptsfrom parking at the Zoo (reserved to aid future construction of addi-tional parking facilities for visitors), and revenues from variousminor enterprises in individual museums (e.g., charges for tour-guide audiophone equipment, etc.) and related expenditures of thesemonies, chiefly for improvement of exhibits. As of June 30, 1974,balances of these funds totaled $460,000, an increase of $259,000 inthe year.
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Table 9. Restricted Operating Private Funds* Fiscal Year 1974[In $l,000's]Income
Fund TotalInvest- Miscel- in-ment Gifts laneous come
Netin- FundTrans- crease balanceDeduc- fers in (de- end oftions (out) crease) year
Archives of American Art $ 1American Banking Exhibit . . -American Maritime Hall .... -Cooper-Hewitt Museum:Operations 6Funds for Collectionand other SpecialPurpose FundsFort Pierce BureauFreer GalleryHillwoodReading is FUNdamentalOtherTotal Restricted Funds
$ 19 $186 $ 206 $ 203 $ 928552 28552 17 $ 12 $ 205268 26852 166115
- 70 - 70 47 10 33 582530 385 28 943 1,008 300 235 192876 100 200 1,176 1,134 - 42 191
- 299 1 300 210 - 90 79
- - - - 532 - (532) 180337 731 93$546 1,161$4,266 1,104$4,445 (115)$436 (58)$257 939$1,750 $1,970 $2,802
* Excluding Grants and Contracts shown in Table 5 and also Restricted Plant Funds included in Table 6.
RESTRICTED PRIVATE FUNDSThe Restricted Private Funds of the Institution, which support awide variety of activities even beyond the major ones highlighted inTable 9, received $4,266,000 for operating purposes in fiscal year1974. The Freer Gallery of Art and the Fort Pierce Bureau dependprimarily on income from their endowment funds, while the Cooper
-
Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design and the Archives ofAmerican Art, although receiving some federal support, must lookto gifts, grants, memberships, and various money-raising efforts fortheir principal operating funds. In addition, it was necessary lotransfer $178,000 of private unrestricted funds to Cooper-Hewitt infiscal year 1974 to eliminate operating deficits accumulated over thisand previous years.In September 1973, at the death of Mrs. Marjorie MerriweatherPost, the responsibility for her "Hillwood" estate and the extraordi-nary collections it contains passed to the Smithsonian. A trust fund
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was provided by her will for the maintenance and operation of Hill-wood, but the estate had not yet been settled at year-end; part-yearincome and expenditures for this new project are reflected in the Re-stricted Private Funds table.The National Museum of History and Technology is conducting afund-raising campaign, with strong support from industry, to enablecreation of a new exhibit "Hall of American Maritime Enterprise"devoted to national marine history. As of June 30, 1974, $166,000had been raised with additional pledges received of over $100,000.A gift of $1 million was received from Joseph H. Hirshhorn infiscal year 1974 to be used to complete construction of the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, due to open to the public in October1974. This gift is reflected in the restricted gifts total in Table 6 inthe category of Plant Funds along with other gifts and miscellaneousrevenues for the new Chesapeake Bay Center building ($70,000) andrenovation of the Carnegie Mansion for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum($262,000).ENDOWMENT FUNDSThe Smithsonian endowment includes three separate investmentfunds: the Freer Fund, whose income is used solely by the Freer Gal-lery of Art; Endowment Fund No. 3, which supports oceanographicresearch at the Fort Pierce Bureau in Florida; and the ConsolidatedFund, which is an investment pool of all other Smithsonian restrictedand unrestricted endowment funds, although distinct administrationand accounting is maintained on each individual fund. Changes inmarket values of these funds since 1970, reflecting additions fromdonations and reinvestment of income, limited withdrawals, andchanges in securities valuations are shown in Table 10.
Table 10. Market Values of Endowment Funds[ln$l,000's]Fund 6/30/70 ? 6/30/71 6/30/72 6/30/73 6/30/74Freer $14,987 $18,805 $21,973 $18,279 $14,250Endowment No. 3 . . 5,433 12,331 14,641 13,196 11,128Consolidated 8,998 11,470 13,287 12,393 10,172Total $29,418 $42,606 $49,901 $43,868 $35,550
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As detailed in previous Smithsonian Annual Reports, the invest-ment of these three endowments is managed by three professionaladvisory firms, under the close supervision of the Investment PolicyCommittee and the Treasurer, and subject to policy guidelines set bythe Smithsonian's Board of Regents. Under the Total Return policy,adopted for all funds by the Board of Regents in 1972, the incometo be paid each fund in the subsequent fiscal year is determined eachMarch 31 by computing 4V2 percent of the running five-year averageof market values. By selecting a fixed rate of return, regardless ofwhat the actual yield may be, the investment advisors are free tochoose the most attractive securities without being limited by theneed to achieve a specified dividend and interest income level andat the same time Smithsonian budgeting procedures are simplified.
Table 11. Changes in Endowment Funds for Fiscal Year 1974[ln$l,000's]Market Gifts Interest Income Decline Marketvalue and and paid Sub- in market valueFund 6/30/73 transfersdividends* out total value 6/30/74
Freer Fund . . . $18,279 $ - $ 670 $ 876 $18,073 $3,823 $14,250EndowmentFund No. 3. . 13,196 (300) 445 520 12,821 1,693 11,128ConsolidatedFund 12,393 297 478 552 12,616 2,444$7,960 10,172Total** . . $43,868** $ (3) $1,593 $1,948 $43,510 $35,550
* Income earned less managers' fees.*? Not including Endowment Funds of $1,000,000 held in U.S. Treasury, carrying 6 percent interest,nor minor amount of miscellaneous securities treated separately
As shown in Table 11, the market values of the endowment fundssuffered badly in fiscal year 1974, sharing fully in the general stockmarket decline. This fall in market values will have the effect in fiscalyear 1975 of reducing the Total Return income to the Freer and Con-solidated Funds to somewhat below the level of fiscal year 1974, al-though still higher than prior years.
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Gifts, bequests, and reinvestment of income in certain restrictedfunds added $297,000 to the Consolidated Fund, and a transfer of$300,000 was made from Endowment Fund No. 3 to permit comple-tion of the RV Johnson submarine tender as well as to cover costsrelating to the entrapment of the submersible Johnson-Sea-Link inJune 1973. Income totaling $1,948,000, net of managers' fees, waspaid out under the Total Return policy described above; this was$355,000 in excess of dividend and interest yield on these Endow-ment Funds in the year. Market valuations and income of the indi-vidual restricted funds participating in the Consolidated pool areshown in Table 12, and detail on the funds by types of securities heldis given in Table 13. A listing of the individual investments held inthe various endowment funds at June 30, 1974, may be obtainedupon request to the Treasurer of the Institution.
Accounting and AuditingThe Private Trust Funds of the Institution, as well as the accounts ofSmithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc., the SmithsonianResearch Foundation, and Reading-Is-Fundamental, Inc., are auditedannually by independent public accountants. Their report for fiscalyear 1974 on the Smithsonian is contained in the following pages,including a comparative balance sheet and a statement of changes inthe various fund balances. Extensive changes in accounting treat-ment of a number of items in accordance with new guidelines estab-lished by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountantshave been referred to at length in the Notes to these statements andare reflected in the tables in this report dealing with Unrestricted andRestricted Private Funds.The Defense Contract Audit Agency annually performs an auditon grant and contract monies received from federal agencies. In addi-tion, the federally appropriated funds of the Institution are subjectto audit by the General Accounting Office. The internal audit staffcontinues to conduct audits throughout the wide range of Smith-sonian activities and contributes greatly to smooth administrativeand financial management.
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Table 12. Consolidated Fund, June 30, 1974Principal IncomeUnex-Market 1974 pendedFunds participating in pool Book value value Net income balanceUNRESTRICTED FUNDS $ 4,616,391 $ 3,809,559 $219,510 $RESTRICTED FUNDSAbbott, William L 211,924Archives of American Art 21,986Armstrong, Edwin James 4,133Arthur, James 62,497Bacon, Virginia Purdy 184,850Baird, Spencer Fullerton 57,364Barney, Alice Pike 44,821Barstow, Frederic D 2,032Batchelor, Emma E 67,414Beauregard, CatherineMemorial Fund 77,837Becker, George F 317,610Brown, Roland W 51,303Canfield, Frederick A 59,323Casey, Thomas Lincoln 25,489Chamberlain, Frances Lea 44,007Cooper, G. Arthur, Curator's Fund . . 2,840Cooper-Hewitt Museum 158,973Desautels, Paul E 1,463Div. of Mammal Curator Fund 3,366Div. of Reptiles Curator Fund 1,006Drake, Carl J 283,815Dykes, Charles 87,541Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort 16,988Guggenheim, David and Florence . . . 238,898Hanson, Martin Gustav andCaroline Runice 18,077Henderson, Edward P. Meteorite Fund 623Hillyer, Virgil 13,365Hitchcock, Albert S 2,464Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 95,780Hughes, Bruce 29,910Johnson, E. R. Fenimore 16,361Kellogg, Remington, Memorial ..... 48,275Lindsey, Jessie H 587Loeb, Morris 177,619Long, Annette E. and Edith C 848Lyons, Marcus Ward 8,778Maxwell, Mary E 30,650Myer, Catherine Walden 41,084
187,195 11,420 2,41119,081 782 -3,176 185 -70,039 3,575 5,821146,095 8,913 18,72862,608 3,197 -50,191 2,562 6,2401,792 110 1,80652,069 3,176 6,06669,749 792 791252,863 15,428 10,76347,868 2,443 7,59577,168 3,940 -22,552 1,376 1,85649,281 2,515 5,8592,294 97 -121,148 5,822 -1,159 52 522,863 146 920847 38 120230,827 11,562 25,40677,416 4,723 12,50019,015 971' 2,602179,715 7,235 -15,986 975 9,919623 - -11,826 721 3,5482,806 143 33187,196 4,451 6,03033,536 1,712 24,64111,836 722 4,73233,947 2,054 1,442493 25 633158,544 9,673 1,207976 49 2326,390 390 -34,361 1,755 8,36536,336 2,217 4,220
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Table 12. Consolidated Fund, June 30, 1974?continuedPrincipal Income
Funds participating in pool Book value Unex-Market 7974 pendedvalue Net income balance
Nelson, Edward William $ 37,315 $ 38,911 $ 1,987 $Noyes, Frank B 1,976 1,831 112 1,237Pell, Cornelia Livingston 15,091 13,414 818 5,849Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial 11,582 13,033 665 8,540Ramsey, Admiral and Mrs.DeWitt Clinton 527,193 387,110 23,857 15,467Rathbun, Richard, Memorial 21,648 19,220 1,172 11,701Reid, Addison T 36,166 31,982 1,951 2,852Roebling Collection 188,656 210,194 10,730 1,059Roebling Solar Research 50,163 41,324 2,521 962Rollins, Miriam and William 298,674 296,708 14,862Ruef, Bertha M 63,809 45,991 2,101 2,809Smithsonian Agency Account 186,886 138,087 7,417 -Sprague, Joseph White 2,179,658 1,785,177 89,418 1,746Springer, Frank 28,025 31,366 1,601 20,767Stevenson, John A 9,525 8,522 435 -Strong, Julia D 20,348 18,061 1,101 4,559T.F.H. Publications, Inc 13,539 9,554 523 9,816Walcott, Charles D 191,293 185,590 9,296 11,323Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux 719,110 804,766 41,084 20,114Walcott Botanical Publications 90,618 97,623 4,984 15Zerbee, Francis Brinckle 1,483 1,649 84 1,718Total Restricted Funds $ 7,204,659 $ 6,361,980 $332,666 $295,370Total Consolidated Funds $11,821,050 $10,171,539 $552,176 $295,370
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Table 13. Endowment and Similar Funds Summary of Investments
Book value Market valueAccounts 6/30/74 6/30/74INVESTMENT ACCOUNTSFreer Fund:Cash $ 544,442 $ 544,442Bonds 2,755,871 2,559,139Convertible Bonds 1,657,791 1,360,919Stocks 11,264,712 9,785,271Totai $16,222,816 $14,249,771Consolidated Funds:Cash $ 91,898 $ 91,898Bonds 2,981,194 2,785,227Convertible BondsStocks 8,747,958 7,294,414Total $11,821,050 $10,171,539Endowment Fund No. 3:Cash $ 108,931 $ 108,931Bonds 2,996,566 2,916,807Convertible Bonds 202,878 159,155Stocks 9,423,532 7,944,033Total $12,731,907 $11,128,926Miscellaneous:Cash $ 731 $ 731Bonds 9,769 9,100Common Stocks 3,322 8,373Total $ 13,822 $ 18,204Total Investment Accounts $40,789,595 $35,568,440Other Accounts:Notes Receivable $ 49,966 $ 49,966Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,000,000 1,000,000Total Other Accounts $ 1,049,966 $ 1,049,966Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances .... $41,839,561 $36,618,406
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Donors to the SmithsonianThe Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges gifts and be-quests received during fiscal year 1974 from the following:$100,000 or more:American Bankers AssociationThe Atlantic FoundationHillwood Trust Mr. Joseph H. HirshhornEstate of Paula C. LambertThe Majorie Merriweather PostFoundation of D.C.$10,000 or more:Alcoa FoundationAmerican Philosophical SocietyAnonymousThe Arcadia FoundationEstate of William A. ArcherBatelle Memorial InstituteDr. William H. CrockerJohn Deere FoundationThe Henry L. and Grace DohertyCharitable Foundation, Inc.Doubleday & Company, Inc.Exxon CorporationMax C. Fleischmann FoundationThe Ford FoundationFord Motor CompanyMary L. Griggs and Mary G. BurkeFoundationThe Daniel and Florence GuggenheimFoundationDr. and Mrs. Herbert E. HawkesCharles Hayden FoundationWilliam Randolph Hearst FoundationMr. and Mrs. Henry J. Heinz IIMrs. Ethel R. HolmesHouston Endowment, Inc.
International Business MachinesCorporationInterdisciplinary CommunicationAssociates, Inc.J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc.Mr. and Mrs. Daniel E. KoshlandMr. Edwin A. LinkAndrew W. Mellon FoundationEugene and Agnes E. MeyerFoundationThe Mobil Foundation, Inc.The Ambrose Monell FoundationNational Geographic SocietyNew York State Council on the ArtsEdward John Noble FoundationPhillip Morris IncorporatedJanet Neff Charitable TrustEstate of Marjorie Merriweather PostRockefeller Brothers FundEstate of Gertrude SampsonMississippi State Historical MuseumMiss Alice TullyThe Thomas J. Watson FoundationUnited Seamen's ServiceWeatherhead FoundationWorld Wildlife Fund$1,000 or more:Mr. Max AbramovitzAmerican Express FoundationAmerican Council of LearnedSocietiesAmerican Federation of InformationProcessing Societies, Inc.The American FoundationAmerican Institute of MarineUnderwritersAmerican Metal Climax FoundationArthur Anderson and CompanyAnonymousAstillero NacionalBankers Trust Company
Barra FoundationMr. Hilary Barratt-BrownMrs. Evelyn F. BartlettThe Bedminster Fund, Inc.Beneficial Fund, Inc.Mrs. Neville J. BookerMs. Beulah BoydMr. John Nicholas BrownMr. David K. E. BruceThe Burroughs Wellcome FundMr. and Mrs. Douglass CampbellCaterpillar Tractor CompanyCelanese Corporation of AmericaCharron Foundation
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$1,000 or more?continued:General Claire Lee ChennaultFoundationMrs. Frances K. ClarkThe Coca Cola CompanyCommittee for Islamic CultureContinental Oil CompanyMr. and Mrs. Raymond E. CoxMrs. Alice Crowley TrustCultural Council FoundationMs. Priscilla CunninghamMs. Aileen Curry-CloonanDana Corporation FoundationMrs. John DimickCleveland H. Dodge Foundation, Inc.Earhart FoundationThe Edipa Foundation, Inc.El Paso Natural Gas CompanyDr. William L. ElkinsElsa Wild Animal AppealMr. Alfred U. Elser, Jr.Entomological Society of AmericaThe Eppley Foundation for ResearchMrs. Ruth M. EpsteinFieldcrest Mills, Inc.First National Bank of MiamiGeneral Electric CompanyGeneral Telephone & ElectronicsFoundationMrs. Rebecca D. GibsonMr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Joshua A. GollinMrs. Katherine GrahamGreat Lakes Aircraft Co.Mr. Felix GuggenheimMr. M. D. GuinnessMrs. David L. GuyerHallmark Educational FoundationMr. Wallace K. HarrisonHiram Walker & Sons, Inc.Hoover FoundationInstitute of InternationalEducationInternational Association of PlantTaxonomyInternational Rectifier CorporationInternational Telephone andTelegraph CorporationThe Island FoundationJanss FoundationThe Johnson Foundation, Inc.
J. D. R. 3rd Fund, Inc.Mr. James Ellwood Jones, Jr.Mrs. Merri JonesMrs. Ruth Cole KainenAtwater Kent Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Judd KesslerKeystone Shipping Co.Kidder Peabody FoundationMr. Irving B. KingsfordDr. and Mrs. Robert KinnairdKominers, Fort, Schlefer & BoyerMr. Edward F. KookMr. David Lloyd KreegerS. S. Kresge CompanyMr. and Mrs. Rodney M. LaytonLilly Endowment, Inc.Mr. Charles A. LindberghMr. Harold F. LinderThe Link FoundationMrs. Elizabeth LorentzThe Lykes Foundation, Inc.Maritime Overseas CorporationMr. and Mrs. William A. MarstellerTownsend B. Martin CharitableFoundationMr. and Mrs. John MayerMcDonald's CorporationMr. Forrest L. MerrillMobil Foundation, Inc.Mr. and Mrs. Harry C. Nail, Jr.National Bank of DetroitNational Council on ProductivityNational Research CouncilNational Steel and ShipbuildingCompanyNorthrop CorporationNorthwest Industries Foundation, Inc.Olin Corporation Charitable TrustOurisman Foundation, Inc.Palisades Foundation, Inc.Mr. Perry R. PeaseJ. C. Penney Company, Inc.The Pioneer FoundationMr. and Mrs. Feodor U. PitcairnPolaroid Foundation, Inc.Dr. and Mrs. John A. PopePropeller Club of U.S., Port ofNew YorkR. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.Miss Esther M. RidderMr. and Mrs. Ralph C. RinzlerDr. S. Dillon RipleyMr. and Mrs. William G. RoeSchubert FoundationMiss Elsie ShaverShipbuilders Council of AmericaSidney Printing and Publishing Co.Stacks Coin CompanyMiss Elizabeth SteinMrs. Alice T. Strong
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$1,000 or more?continued:Sumner Gerard FoundationTodd Shipyards CorporationT.R.W. Foundation, Inc.Trust of Georgia FoundationUNESCOUniversity of MichiganMr. Arthur K. WatsonMr. Thomas J. Watson, Jr.Ellen Bayard Weedon FoundationMr. Christopher A. WeeksMr. Kermit A. Weeks
Miss Leslie Anne WeeksWells Fargo BankWenner-Gren FoundationMr. and Mrs. Albert WhitingElsie de Wolfe Foundation, Inc.Women's Committee of theSmithsonian InstitutionWoodheath Foundation, Inc.Charles W. Wright Foundation ofBadger Meter, Inc.Wunsch American Foundation$500 or more:American Airlines, Inc.AnonymousAVCO CorporationMr. and Mrs. Frank C. BaldwinMr. Harry Hood BassettMr. Arthur W. BedellBrotherton-DiGiorgio CorporationMr. and Mrs. C. Emery BuffumMrs. W. Randolph BurgessMr. Carter CafritzCharities Aid FundChina AirlinesMr. and Mrs. Edward T. ChoyMr. R. CoaleyMr. Sheldon R. CoonsMr. John M. Crawford, Jr.Dr. and Mrs. Willis N. DickensMrs. Helen W. EdeyEducational Audio Visual, Inc.Emery Air FreightMr. and Mrs. Ralph H. FisherMr. Robert B. FlintMr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fuller IIIDr. and Mrs. Carl E. GerickeThe B. F. Goodrich CompanyGuide FoundationEdith G. Halpert FoundationMrs. Francis HeadInstitute of Psychiatry andForeign AffairsThe IX FoundationS. C. Johnson and Son, Inc.Mr. E. P. JonesJosten Fund, Inc.Mr. James G. KenanMr. and Mrs. Fleming LawJames A. MacDonald Foundation
The Magnavox FoundationMrs. Margaret McClellanEllen McCluskey AssociatesMr. and Mrs. John McGreeveyMr. Henry P. McllhennyMr. and Mrs. K. M. McLarenDr. and Mrs. Leo A. McNalleyMr. Robert L. McNeil, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. MeiersMrs. Constance L. MellenMr. Paul MellonDr. and Mrs. Matthew MichiewiczMr. and Mrs. Arthur H. MillerMr. and Mrs. Bernard NathThe Nature ConservancyNautilus Foundation, Inc.Mr. Otto NatzlerMr. Edward NeinkenMr. Mortimer NeinkenPACCAR FoundationMr. Carl H. Pforzheimer, Jr.Mr. John Shedd ReedDr. Ira RubinoffSanta Fe Industries, Inc.The Norine and OttilieSchillig Foundation, Inc.Mr. Sidney N. ShureShuttleworth Carton Co.Mr. Robert H. SmithE. R. Squibb and Sons, Inc.Mr. and Mrs. Irwin R. StoneLevi Strauss FoundationStrayer CollegeMr. and Mrs. John L. TishmanMr. Chi-Chuan WangMr. and Mrs. Harold I. WestcottWinn-Dixie Stores, Inc.We also gratefully acknowledge other contributions in the amountof $229,197.80 received from more than 5,000 contributors in fiscalyear 1974. E-25
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PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL & CO.CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS1025 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N. W.WASHINGTON, D. C. 20036
The Board of RegentsSmithsonian Institution:We have examined the balance sheet of the Private Funds of Smith-sonian Institution as of June 30, 1974 and the related statement ofchanges in fund balances for the year then ended. Such statementsdo not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the JohnF. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, nor other departments,bureaus and operations administered by the Institution under Fed-eral appropriations as detailed in note 3 to the financial statements.Our examination was made in accordance with generally acceptedauditing standards, and accordingly included such tests of the ac-counting records and such other auditing procedures as we consid-ered necessary in the circumstances.In our opinion, the aforementioned financial statements presentfairly the financial position of the Private Funds of SmithsonianInstitution at June 30, 1974 and the changes in its fund balances forthe year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted account-ing principles which, except for the changes referred to in note lato the financial statements, with which we concur, have been appliedon a basis consistent with that of the preceding year.PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL & CO.September 5, 1974
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - PRIVATE FUNDSBalance SheetJune 30, 1974(with comparative figures for 1973)Assets 1974 1973CURRENT FUNDS:Cash:In U. S. Treasury $ 139,352 293,324In banks and on hand 651,485 413,499Total cash 790,837 706,823Investments (note 2) 8,298,318 6,223,305Receivables:Accounts, less allowance for doubtful accountsof $200,000 ($194,486 in 1973) 1,247,671 935,486Advances ? travel and other 203,705 172,568Reimbursement ? grants and contracts 2,261,103 1,061,872Due from agency funds ' 136,151 -Total receivables 3,848,630 2,169,926Inventories 780,054 602,254Prepaid expenses 420,272 456,659Deferred expenses 1,208,561 769,670Total current funds $15,346,672 10,928,637ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS:Cash and receivables for securities sold 506,035 359,353Notes receivable 49,966 51,486Due from current funds 239,967 -Investments (note 2) 40,043,593 41,266,827Loan to U. S. Treasury in perpetuity at 6% 1,000,000 1,000,000Total endowment and similar funds $41,839,561 42,677,666
PLANT FUNDS:Due from current funds 1,934,519 938,480Real estate (note 5) 4,847,870 3,471,825Equipment, less accumulated depreciation of$409,830 ($303,385 in 1973) (note 4) 237,025 328,107
Total plant funds $ 7,019,414 4,738,412AGENCY FUNDS:Investments 10,000 -Due from current funds 213,100 130,814Total agency funds $ 223,100 130,814See accompanying notes to financial statements.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - PRIVATE FUNDSBalance SheetJune 30, 1974(with comparative figures for 1973)Liabilities and Fund Balances 1974 1973CURRENT FUNDS:Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 2,596,331 1,701,665Due to plant funds 1,934,519 938,480Due to agency funds 213,100 130,814Due to endowment and similar funds 239,967 -Deferred income:Magazine subscriptions 3,645,757 2,746,892Other 334,955 290,560Total liabilities 8,964,629 5,808,411Fund balances:Unrestricted:General purpose . 3,066,594 2,292,017Special purpose 460,544 201,491Total unrestricted 3,527,138 2,493,508Restricted 2,854,905 2,626,718Total fund balances 6,382,043 5,120,226Total current funds $15,346,672 10,928,637ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS:Fund balances:Endowment 34,999,970 35,844,768Quasi-endowment
:
Restricted 2,286,057 2,304,158Unrestricted 4,553,534 4,528,740Total quasi-endowment . 6,839,591 6,832,898Total endowment and similar funds $41,839,561 42,677,666PLANT FUNDS:Note payable (note 4) 191,843 295,761Mortgage notes payable (note 5) 349,617 432,534Accrued liabilities 36,832 -Fund balances:Acquisition fund:Unrestricted 933,661Restricted 964,026 938,4801,897,687 938,480Investment in plant 4,543,435 3,071,637Total plant funds $ 7,019,414 4,738,412AGENCY FUNDS:Due to current funds 136,151 ?Deposits held in custody for others 86,949 130,814Total agency funds $ 223,100 130,814
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552
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - PRIVATE FUNDSNotes to Financial StatementsJune 30, 19741. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
a. Accrual Basis? The financial statements of Smithsonian Institution havebeen prepared on the accrual basis, except for depreciation accounting asexplained in note lg below, and are in conformity with generally acceptedaccounting principles included in the recently issued American Institute ofCertified Public Accountants Audit Guide "Audits of Colleges and Univer-sities". In accordance with the requirements of the Guide, annual leaveand interest income on endowment and similar fund investments havebeen accrued at June 30, 1974 and, in addition, certain changes in financialstatement classification have been adopted. The effect of such changes inclassifications on beginning fund balances is as follows:Endowment andsimilar fundsCurrent funds Quasi- Plant AgencyUnrestricted Restricted Endowment endowment funds fundsBalance atJune 30, 1973as previouslyreported $2,323,958 3,897,908 36,913,730 5,763,936 3,039,291Reclassify fundrestricted forconstructionand acquisi-tion of realestate - (938,480) - - 938,480Reclassify fundsthat are inter-nally restrictedby the Insti-tution 201,896 (201,896) - -Net assetstransferred toplant fund (32,346) _ _ _ 32,346Reclassify mis-cellaneousfunds toagency status - (130,814) - 130,814Reclassifyendowments - - (1,068,962) 1,068,962Balance atJune 30, 1973as restated $2,493,508 2,626,718 35,844,768 6,832,898 4,010,117 130,814
Current funds used to finance the acquisition of plant assets and for pro-visions for debt amortization and interest are accounted for as transfersto the plant fund.b. Fund Accounting? In order to ensure observance of limitations and re-strictions placed on the use of the resources available to the Institution,the accounts of the Institution are maintained in accordance with the prin-
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ciples of "fund accounting". This is the procedure by which resources forvarious purposes are classified for accounting and reporting purposes intofunds that are in accordance with activities or objectives specified. Separateaccounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanyingfinancial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been com-bined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have beenrecorded and reported by fund group.Within each fund group, fund balances restricted by outside sources are soindicated and are distinguished from unrestricted funds allocated to spe-cific purposes by action of the governing board. Externally restricted fundsmay only be utilized in accordance with the purposes established by thesource of such funds and are in contrast with unrestricted funds over whichthe governing board retains full control to use in achieving any of itsinstitutional purposes.Endowment funds are subject to the restrictions of gift instruments requir-ing in perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only beutilized. Also classified as endowment funds are gifts which will allow theexpenditure of principal but only under certain specified conditions.Unrestricted quasi-endowment funds have been established by the govern-ing board for the same purposes as endowment funds, any portion of suchfunds may be expended. Restricted quasi-endowment funds represent giftsfor restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal bemaintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing boardhas elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the pur-pose stipulated by the donor.All gains and losses arising from the sale, collection, or other dispositionof investments and other noncash assets are accounted for in the fundwhich owned such assets. Ordinary income derived from investments, re-ceivables, and the like, is accounted for in the fund owning such assets,except for income derived from investments of endowment and similarfunds, which income is accounted for in the fund to which it is restrictedor, if unrestricted, as revenues in unrestricted current funds.All other unrestricted revenue is accounted for in the unrestricted currentfund. Restricted gifts, grants, endowment income, and other restricted re-sources are accounted for in the appropriate restricted funds.
c. Investments are recorded at cost or fair market value at date of acquisitionwhen acquired by gift.d. Inventories are carried at lower of average cost or net realizable value.
e. Income and expenses in respect to the Institution's magazine and associates'activities are deferred and taken into income and expense over the appli-cable periods and are reported in the activities section of the currentunrestricted funds.
f. Endowment and Similar Fund Investments ? The Institution utilizes the
"total return" approach to investment management of endowment fundsand quasi-endowment funds. Under this approach, the total investmentreturn is considered to include realized and unrealized gains and losses inaddition to interest and dividends. In applying this approach, it is the Insti-tution's policy to provide iVi?/o of the five year average of the market valueof each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period) as beingavailable for current expenditures; however, where the market value ofthe assets of any fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (valueof gifts at date of donation) the amount provided is limited to only interestand dividends received.
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g. Plant Fund Assets ? Plant fund assets are recorded as follows:Museum shop and computer equipment purchased with Private Funds iscapitalized in the plant fund at cost, and is depreciated on a straight-linebasis over an estimated useful life of five years.Real estate (land and buildings) are recorded in the plant fund at cost,to the extent that restricted or unrestricted funds were expended therefor,or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands inChesapeake Bay, Carnegie Mansion, and Hillwood Estate which havebeen recorded at nominal values. Depreciation on buildings is not re-corded.All the other land and buildings (principally acquired with Federal funds),fixtures, equipment, works of art, living or other specimens are not re-flected in the accompanying financial statements.Funds, previously recorded in the current funds group, whose purpose isfor construction and acquisition of plant assets, have been reclassified toplant funds.h. Agency Funds ? The agency funds group consists of funds held by theInstitution as custodian or fiscal agent for others.
i. Pension Costs ? All pension costs are funded as accrued.
2. InvestmentsQuoted market values and carrying values of investments (all marketablesecurities) of the funds indicated were as follows:
Current funds $ 8,298,31Endowment and similarfundsTotal investments
June 30, 1974 June 3C 1, 1973Carrying Market Carrying Marketvalue value value value8 7,971,088 6,223,305 6,078,22640,043,593 34,822,438 41,266,827 43,530,142$48,341,911 42,793,526 47,490,132 49,608,368
Total investment performance is summarized below:Net gains (losses)CurrentfundsUnrealized gains (losses)
:
June 30, 1974 $(327,230)June 30, 1973 (145,079)Increase in unrealizedgains (losses) for year (182,151)Realized net losses for year . .
.
(16,243)Total net losses for year $(198,394)
Endowment andsimilar funds(5,221,155)2,263,315(7,484,470)(480,095)(7,964,565)
Total(5,548,385)2,118,236(7,666,621)(496,338)(8,162,959)
Assets of the endowment and similar funds having a carrying value of$11,845,384 are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) witheach individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of
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the value per unit at market value at the beginning of the calendar quarterwithin which the transaction takes place. Of the total units each having amarket value of $84.60 ($105.22 in 1973), 67,856 units were owned by en-dowment, and 52,665 units by quasi-endowment at June 30, 1974.3. Related ActivitiesFederal appropriations, which are not reflected in the accompanying finan-cial statements, provide major support for the operations and administrationof the educational and research programs of the Institution's many mu-seums, art galleries and other bureaus, as well as for the maintenance andconstruction of related buildings and facilities. In addition, land, buildingsand other assets acquired with Federal funds are not reflected in the accom-panying financial statements.The following Federal appropriations were received by the Institution forthe fiscal year ended June 30, 1974:Operating funds $60,562,900Special foreign currency program 4,500,000Construction funds 21,860,000$86,922,9004. Note PayableThe note payable in the principal amount of $191,843 ($295,761 in 1973)which is non-interest bearing, is secured by computer equipment and ispayable in monthly installments of $7,993 to June 30, 1976.5. Mortgage Notes PayableThe mortgage notes payable are secured by first deeds of trust on propertyocquired in connection with the Chesapeake Bay Center. The details of themortgage notes payable are as follows: June 30,1974 1973Mortgage note, payable in semi-annual installmentsof $13,300, plus interest at the prevailing primerate at the due date of the installment paymentbut not less than 8%, due July 1, 1980 $172,900 199,5006% mortgage note payable, due in- monthly install-ments of $451 including interest, due November 1,1989 36,717 33,0346% mortgage note, payable in semi-annual install-ments of $10,000, plus interest, due November 7,1979 110,000 140,0007% mortgage note, payable in annual installmentsof $30,000, plus interest, due November 1, 1974 30,000 60,000$349,617 432,534
6. Pension PlanThe Institution has a contributory pension plan providing for the purchaseof retirement annuity contracts for all employees meeting certain age andlength of service requirements. Under terms of the plan, the Institutioncontributes the amount necessary to bring the total contribution to 12% ofthe participants' compensation subject to social security taxes and to 17%of the participants' compensation in excess of that amount. The total pen-sion expense for the year was $729,068 ($688,782 in 1973).
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556Mr. Yates. Mr. Long ?GROWTH OF SMITHSONIAN APPROPRIATIONSMr. Long. Mr. Ripley, I received a letter from a gentleman whomvou mav have heard of. Robert Hilton Simmons. Do yon know whohe is IMr. Ripley. I know that he exists.Mr. Long. He puts some questions that I wondered whether youmind answering.You indicated the other day that the Smithsonian had a growth rateof about 1.7 percent per year compounded, but then he points out thatyour budget in 10 years has risen from $10 million to $100 million,which would of course be enormously greater than 1.7 percent per yearcompounded. T just wonder how yon would reconcile those.Mr. Yates. 1 would suggest that the committee has approved thoseappropriations for the expansion of the Smithsonian.Mr. Long. Of course. I iust wanted to reconcile to the statement inthis room of 1.7 percent. I am trying to get an idea of how fast youare growing and what the prospects for growth are in the future.Mr. Ripley. We had some testimony which Mr. Brooks gave yester-day about growth. This was in connection with collections; that is,the acquiring of materials which flow into a museum.Mr. Long. You mean the number of pieces has gone up by 1.7percent ?Mr. Ripley. That is right. Museums acquire materials, as you know,every year at a certain kind of rate.Mr. Long. 1.7 percent. Tf that is so. your budget of course has grownenormously faster than the number i-f pieces, at a much faster rate.Mr. Ripley. 1 do not believe that our budget in 10 years has increasedby the amounts cited.
' Mr. Long. From $10 million to $100 million?That is 1,000 percent growth for those 10 years.Mr. Ripley. Those are not exact figures, if you do not mind. Ourtotal budget for 1965 was over $19 million.Mr. Long. T said 1964, $10 million in 1964.Mr. Ripley. Tt was over $'20 million in 1964. Tt is at present proposedfor fiscal year 1976, something in the neighborhood of $97 million.Mr. Long. All right.Mr. Ripley. From about $20 million to $97 million.Mr. Long. That is a 500-nercent increase.Mr. Ripley. What would vou like to know?Mr. Long. My point is that your budget is growing many timesfaster than your 1.7 percent annual rate of collection items.Mr. Ripley. We testified yesterday that the matter of annual accre-tion of objects collected is a varying one which depends year by yearon the number of collections offered to the Smithsonian and the deci-sions made by curators, so I am not at all sure that you could assumethat there should be an incremental relationship between the two.Then, of course, there is the fact that, as we well know, there is some-thing which we dislike very much in this country called inflation. Iam not sure that you could describe the inflationary effects of the dif-ference between our budget today and the budget in real figures.
557FUTURE GROWTHMr. Long. I do not think you could attribute that to inflation; wehave had roughly a 50- or 60-percent increase in the living costs over a10-year period. If you added that to the 1.7-percent annual growthrate, you still could not account for a 500-percent increase in yourbudget.Now I ask these questions not in criticism of your organization, butto try to get some clue as to where we are going, because if we are in-creasing your budget at this really tremendous rate of 500 percent in asingle decade, although you have had this relatively modest rate ofincreasing the items, where are we going in another 10 or 20 years?Mr. Ripley. Is that not generally within the powers of this com-mittee to judge in each case?Mr. Long. Of course.Mr. Ripley. We have justified our increases over the past 10 years.Mr. Long. Would you not agree the committee should look aheadand see where we are going for the future ?Mr. Ripley. The committee should always look ahead.Mr. Long. We cannot just shut our eyes and forget where we havebeen and where we are going, and say we are just going to base it onthis year alone.My feeling is?how fast is this budget going to grow ?I have the feeling it is a very good investment of money comparedwith an awful lot of things our Federal Government puts money into.My, there are fabulous wastes of money. We put money into thingsthat do not even represent assets, but are actually mischievous.I still think, however, we ought to know what is the possible rate ofincrease in expenditures.Mr. Ripley. I believe, Mr. Long, that the incremental increase be-tween the construction of buildings and the necessary plant expansionthat goes with that, many of which were planned long before 10 yearsago, in fact some were planned in the 1930's, and the incremental 1.7percent compound which has to do with object accumulation, shouldnot be equated.Mr. Long. You are saying, are you then, if I can understand you,that the last decade in a sense stands alone, it is a unique period?Mr. Ripley. I am not saying that.Mr. Long. That, although the budget has grown enormously in thattime, even relatively to quite a big increase in the number of itemscollected, that it is rather unlikely that it is going to continue to growat this rate?Mr. Ripley. I am saying that the planning for the buildings whichhave been evolved during this period, the three major units, the addi-tions to the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of History andTechnology, and the National Air and Space Museum, has all takenfar more than a decade.Mr. Long. I see. So you feel that more than a decade. of buildinghas happened to be packed into a single decade. Is that the point youmake?Mr. Ripley. Exactly.Much of the legislation, much of the authorization, and much ofthe planning goes back to 1941 when I was here at the Smithsonianas an assistant curator.
558Mr. Long. That was the purpose of my previous question when Iasked whether it was not just a unique decade.Mr. Ripley. Xo, I do not think it is.Mr. Long. I think you are saying that, though. That is what youjust got through saying, that it happens to be a decade in which anawful lot of stuff got packed in that probably would not be reproducedin another decade. It is not a typical decade.PAST DECADESMr. Ripley. All I am saying is that any decade that you wish touse. let's say the decade of the construction of the Freer Gallery in1923. would have seemed to be an outstanding decade or the decadewhich included the construction of the Museum of Natural History inl'.Ml would have been assumed to have been a great decade.Now the decade in which you have seen the resolution of projectswhich began being planned in 1937, 1938, has obviously happened tocoincide as being a great decade, of course, but each one of these thingslias been a phased and a. developed evolution, with full exposure alongthe way so that at any time you or any other Member of Congresscould question the purposes, the intentions.in fact, we had stop orders, as you may recall, on the National Airand Space Museum a.t the height of the Vietnam war. There was lan-guage in the Senate approval of the authorization bill which requiredus to demonstrate to the Government that there was a sufficient cessa-tion of the war before we could start building, which in the case of theAir and Space Museum was contemplated in 1946 in the basiclegislation.Mr. Long. Let me rephrase the question a little differently. It hasbeen a fabulous decade of budget growth for the Smithsonian, thedecade from 1964 to 1974. Much of that represented the fruition ofplans which began much earlier than that?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Long. Now. are we goino- to have in the next decade a greatmany projects coming along that were being planned in this lastdecade (Mr. Ripley. No.Mr. I j ixg. You are not
?
Mr. Ripley. No. OTHER NEW FACILITIESMr. Loxg. The person who wrote to me said that you did mentionthe Museum of History and Technology, the Hirshhorn Museum, theAii- and Space Museum, the facilities at Silver Hill, but that you didnot mention?and I do not recall whether you did or not, but this isthe gentleman who was apparently listening to this?did not mentionthe following items that took place in this last decade.The National Collection of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery,both housed in the city-sized block of the old Patent Office Building.Renwick Gallery, Hillwood, Belmont Gallery, Chesapeake Bay Fa-cilities, two large wings of the Natural History Museum, Fort PierceFacilities in Palm Beach, Fla.. facilities in the Panama Canal Zone,facilities in India, Tunisia, and many other countries throughout theworld, plus the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cam-bridge, tracking facility and other facilities, over the years.
559What lie is saying is that your acquisitions go well beyond the fouritems that you mentioned to me.Mr. EirLEY. I mentioned several of the items which he recalls, theletter writer. I did not mention a number of others which he alsorecalls.The Tropical Research Institute in Panama originally began as aproject in 1924 but has been under Smithsonian administration onlysince 1946, so I am not sure whether this is within the realm of thedecade.I think in almost every instance we can establish that these werenot. let us say, targets of opportunity within the decade, if you wishto use that structure.The Astrophysical Observatory began in 1890 and moved to Cam-bridge, Mass., in 1955 as a result of a very able presentation by mypredecessor to the then president of Harvard, that they should com-bine, for efficiency's sake, two outstanding facilities for astrophysics.I could detail I think in almost every case, except for the RenwickGallery, that these go back far more than a decade.On the Renwick Gallery, to be specific, it has already been describedof course in numerous hearings in this committee. I think you willrecall that this was a target of opportunity in this sense : The RenwickGallery was originally built in the 1870's as the first building designedas a gallery of art in the United States. Then when the Corcoran Gal-lery moved out of it, as a private gallery and built their present galleryin 1907, the U.S. Government took it over and turned it eventually intothe Court of Claims.During the 1960's, it was finally approved, as part of the Federalbuildings reorganization, that the Court of Claims would have a homeof its own on Lafayette Square. This meant that the building fellvacant. There were alternative thoughts, demolishing it, redesigningit for office spaces or, as we thought and suggested to President John-son, turning it back into a museum, its original use. We received hisencouragement, as a result of which we requested Congress to help usfix it up and we did so, again with the approval of this committee.OTHER QUESTIONS OF THE SMITHSONIANMr. Yates. Mr. Long, may I suggest that I, too, have a letter fromMr. Simmons. I do not know about Mr. Murtha but Mr. Duncan toldme that he has a letter from him, and Mr. McKay told me he had aletter from him. Mr. Simmons is the same Mr. Simmons who has beenapparently carrying on a vendetta.Mr. Long. I understand that. The reason I raise them is because theybear on questions which I asked yesterday.Mr. Yates. Sure. The point I am making is this : He raised his orig-inal charge against the idea of having the Hirshhorn Museumapproved by the Congress, and since that was approved by the Con-gress he seems to be directing his attention to the Smithsonian, andparticularly to Mr. Ripley.Mr. Long. I thought Mr. Ripley would appreciate an opportunity toanswer some of these questions.Mr. Yates. The questions that he has in his letter to me have alreadybeen answered. For example, the charges he has in this letter addressed
560to me as Chairman of the committee, dated March 24, do not indicatedates. Apparently these are questions that have already been asked.I notice some of the allegations were disposed of. The GAO auditmatter was closed in 1970. There seems to be a repetition.Mr. Long. I do not doubt that but I asked the question because itdid seem to me that it raised some question as to whether the rate hadnot been substantially greater. I do think we are entitled to get afeeling as to where we are going.Mr. Yates. You arc entitled to ask any question you want.ACCUSATION OF STOLEN ARTMr. Long. There is also another question; the stealing of works ofart from abroad. I will read from this article written by JackAnderson
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The Smithsonian Institution, which has scolded art dealers for plunderingantiquities from foreign lands, is about to acquire a barnload of looted treasuresitself.The Smithsonian's aristocratic secretary S. Dillion Ripley, has been preach-ing to the museum world against "illicit, international traffic in * * * antiquities."Dealers, he declared are "the pimps of the profession."While holding himself above such dirty dealings, however, Ripley has beensalivating over the fabulous collection of Joseph Hirshhorn, the tough old stockmarket operator. His treasures, which include hundreds of antiquities fromabroad, will soon be turned over to the Smithsonian.In the Hirshhorn collection are stone sculptures torn from Mayan temples,plus Turkish, Italian and Nigerian treasures. All these lands have strict lawTsagainst removal of their relics.A Smithsonian spokesman assured us that the Hirshhorn trustees will combthrough every antiquity and return any which were clearly ripped off fromforeign lands. The search will begin when the collection is turned over to theSmithsonian.Ts this consistent?Mr. Ripley. This is consistent.Mr. Loxo. Ts it untrue?Mr. Rtpley. It is untrue.Mr. Long. The Hirshhorn collection does not contain stolen items?Mr. Ripley. It does not contain masses of ripped off material. It isno more true than the fact that I am aristocratic.Mr. Yates. The statement which should be made as to antiquitiesis that up to recently there were no laws which prevented the saleof such antiquities. It was only in recent years that such stepshave been taken. I notice that Mexico has enacted laws for its antiqui-ties, but T think these were within the past 10 years.Mr. Long. Isn't it true that most countries have laws against stealingfrom museums and temples.
^ Mr. Blitzer. May I just add one thing. Mr. Anderson quotes theSecretary as speaking of combing through the collection. It is a Yastcollection, mostly consisting of contemporary art. The staff now hasengaged a highly qualified consultant on pre-Columbian art to gothrough the collection and make a report. The same will be done toevery item of antiquity.Mi-. Long. You are able to assure us the Hirshhorn Museum doesnot contain large quantities of stolen materials?Mr. Blitzer. No, sir. I said the collection is being studied. As a per-centage of the collection, antique art is very small.
561Mr. Long. I am not talking about just antiquities, I am talkingabout art.Mr. Blitzer. I have heard no charge that there is any other stolenmaterial in the Ilirshhorn collection.Mr. Ripley. We know of no stolen material in the Institution.Mr. Long. It was simply buying stolen material?Mr. Blitzer. If anyone has any evidence that any work of art inthat museum is stolen we would appreciate hearing about it.Mr. Ripley. I tried to demonstrate in my testimony yesterday thatwe had set up a rather rigorous set of criteria about 3 years ago atthe request of the Regents. We have furnished a copy of that for therecord. This includes inspection and studying of objects in case thereis any question as to their validity, or as to the possibility they mayhave been ripped off at some prior time without our knowledge. Theallegation that the Hirshhorn collection is full of ripped off objectsis baseless.Mr. Long. Thank you very much.Mr. Yates. Mr. Murtha.COMPARISON OF FISCAL YEAR 1975-7 4 APPROPRIATIONSMr. Murtha. I am certain your file cabinet is full of Andersonmaterial. I have a question on the increase in appropriations this yearin comparison. Your request this year is 5.3 percent above last year.It is a very nnominal request. Your operating budget increase re-quested is 12 percent. You have in your National Air and SpaceMuseum a request for $3 million, which would make it about 2y2 per-cent of the overall budget for the year. My question is, does this meanyou are going to have to come in for a supplemental appropriationor is this in line with what you have been saying?Mr. Ripley. Our request does include a final $3 million to liquidatethe contract authority of $40 million approved by this committee toconstruct the National Air and Space Museum. Over the years wehave received incremental amounts. This year we are requesting anamount in order to be able to open the building at the time we agreedto open it.Mr. Murtha. The actual operating budget is the area where youhave the 12-percent increase which includes inflation?Mr. Ripley. Yes.Mr. Murtha. What is the balance of the budget ?Mr. Ripley. It includes accounts for the construction and renovationat the Zoo for the special foreign currency program, for the ScienceInformation Exchange and for the restoration and renovation ofbuildings.Mr. Murtha. Is your operating budget the 12-percent increase inutilities, salaries, and so forth, a realistic figure, and you will not needa supplemental request at the end of the year?Mr. Ripley. We have had to come in these past few years for sup-plemental. These are for mandated and legislated pay increases whichoccur irrespective of our own budget increase. This current year Avehave also had to seek fnnds for astounding utility rate increases.Mr. Brooks. We have just received notification of a further suchincrease which will cost us $300,000 next year. Such increases maynecessitate our comine; back.
562Mr. Ripley. The two big expenses in our budget for fiscal year1976 are to complete the Air Museum and the Bicentennial. We beganexplaining to this committee 10 years ago that we had better preparefor something which would be happening in 1976.There was an article by James Michener in which he pointed outthe tragedy of the fact that no one had really begun preparing forthe Bicentennial in time. I derived a kind of wry pleasure from thefact I had begun speaking to this committee under Mr. Denton ; thatthe Smithsonian was the lead agency beginning in 1963 for the Bi-centennial. We advised we had better get on our own band wagon. Wesuggested we start planning for the Bicentennial. If we had not donethat, we would not be in the shape of asking for the last incrementof our Bicentennial budget. So the size of the budget we are re-questing reflects these two major items. We have continually assertedto the committees we will phase down after fiscal year 1977.Mr. Mtjrtha. The only reason you would have to request additionalmoney is if there is a legislative mandate to increase salaries.Mr. Ripley. Supplemental are out of our normal procedure en-tirely and are for uncontrollables.Mr. Murtha. That is all I have, Mr. Chairman.HIRSHHORN MUSEUM ART PURCHASESMr. Yates. To complete the Simmons matter, I have a letter fromhim in which he asks questions that apparently have been asked beforeand apparently answers have been prepared.Question No. 1 refers to the application by officials of the Hirsh-horn Museum of $67,000 of appropriated funds intended for otherpurposes spent for purchases of art objects.The reply of the Smithsonsian to that question dated March 31,1975, is hereby placed in the record.[The document follows:]
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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenPurchase of Art Objects
The use of Federal funds for the purchase of art objects for the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden is provided for by law and is covered by Smithsonianbudget requests to the Congress.Sections 76aa through 76ee of Title 20 of the United States Code authorizethe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Several of these sections,or subsections thereto, are applicable directly to the matter of purchases forthe museum's collection. Section 76bb(b) states that the "United States shallprovide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation, and administra-tion" of the museum. Section 76cc(a) states that the Museum's Board of Trusteeshave the authority "to purchase or otherwise acquire. . .works of art" for themuseum. There is no statutory requirement that purchases be limited to the useof Federal or private funds. And, finally, section 76ee authorizes "sums as maybe necessary for the maintenance and operation" of the museum and sculpturegarden. There can be no serious doubt that the "operation" of a museum ofcontemporary art must include a program of acquisitions.Appropriation language for the Smithsonian's Salaries and Expenses account,as contained in the annual act making appropriations for the Department of theInterior and Related Agencies, states that this appropriation if to be used inpart for the "development, preservation, and documentation of the NationalCollections." An analysis of the language, submitted to the House Committeeon Appropriations, in January 1974, clearly established that the word "development"includes acquisitions by purchase.The Smithsonian's budget request to the Congress for FY 1975 (page A-51)contains the following statement in outlining the general program of work forthe overall budget request: "While the Hirshhorn collection will form the strongcore of the Museum's holdings, a continuing program of new acquisitions by giftand purchase will be pursued." A nearly identical statement appears in the FY 1976budget request (page A-47) . Specific proposed expenditures cannot be identifiedbecause it is impossible to know what works may become available and at what price.Federal object class 31 (equipment) is the proper and official classificationfor purchases for the collections as well as library books and zoo animals, itemsnot ordinarily called equipment. At the time that FY 1975 budget was being preparedfor submission to the Congress it was not possible to forecast a very preciseoverall distribution of funds by object classes, particularly in view of the plannedtransition of the museum from the preparation stage to an operational status in itsnew building. As it turned out, fewer funds needed to be spent on "other services"and more could be budgeted for "equipment." Changes to object class distributionsin the budgets of the Institution's 50 bureaus and offices are unavoidable in viewof the 18 months between the budget submission and the end of the budget year.On May 20, 1974, a member of the Senate wrote to the General AccountingOffice requesting that the GAO examine a number of legal and financial questionsrelating to the construction, design, and operation of the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden. This request received considerable publicity at the time,and as recently as this January a leading art journal referred rather ominouslyto the GAO investigation of possible illegalities or improprieties connectedwith the Museum.On August 2, 1974, the Comptroller General of the United States sent atwelve-page letter to the Senator, concluding:In sum, we have examined the circumstances of the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden gift to the Smithsonian Institution,with respect to the legal questions you have raised, and findno evidence that the transaction was illegally consummatedin any particular.On September 30, 1974, the Acting Comptroller General of the United Statessent an eight-page letter (plus ten pages of appendices) to the Senator. Thisletter contained the following statement:
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Our review of the operating expenses and other costsindicated that they were consistent with the purposescited in the Smithsonian Institution's annual budgetjustification presented to the Congress and thestatements by Smithsonian officials during appropriationhearings.
565BOOK BY DANIEL BOORSTINMr. Yates A second question relates to the misuse of $65,000 ofFederal appropriated funds in the production of a book for profit of aprivate individual, Mr. Daniel Boorstin, Director, National Museum ofHistory and Technology.The answer of the Smithsonian is placed in the record.[The document follows :]
566
Preparation of The Americans : The Democratic Experience ,by Daniel J. Boorstin
Daniel Boorstin served as director of the National Museum of Historyand Technology from October 1, 1969 to October 1, 1973; he is now a SeniorHistorian at that museum. He is not and has not been a government employee,and his salary has not been paid from appropriated funds.When Dr. Boorstin came to the Museum of History and Technology, it washis wish and the Institution's that he should continue his career as an historian,to the degree that this would be consistent with the fulfillment of his admini-strative duties. To this end, it was agreed that the Institution would undertaketo provide him the kind of research assistance afforded scholars of his eminencein other institutions such as universities, research libraries and other centersfor advanced study. In addition to office space, the Museum of History andTechnology did provide Dr. Boorstin a research assistant and a secretary inconnection with his continuing scholarly endeavors. The research assistant(actually three individuals who served in succession) and the secretary havebeen civil servants and were paid with appropriated funds. All of them haveparticipated in a variety of programs in the Museum of History and Technology,including work on exhibitions and exhibition catalogues, in addition to theirinvolvement in Dr. Boorstin's scholarly activities. It might be pointed out thatthe contribution of Smithsonian funds for the salary of the Director of theMuseum of History and Technology during these years considerably exceeded theexpenditure of appropriated funds for his research assistant and secretary.While Director of the Museum of History and Technology, Dr. Boorstincompleted and published the third volume of his trilogy The Americans:The Democratic Experience , for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize inHistory for 1974.It has been suggested that some impropriety or illegality was involvedin the fact that Dr. Boorstin, as the author of this work, copyrighted it andhas earned royalties from it. Although the unique situation of the Smithsonianmakes it impossible to find any exact parallel to the facts in this case, astudy of the relevant laws and the closest precedents indicates that no illegalityand no impropriety is involved here.Since the Smithsonian is an institution devoted to the increase and diffusionof knowledge, and since Dr. Boorstin is not a civil servant and is not paid fromappropriated funds, the usual rules and practices of the academic world offerthe most relevant standard. The study of "Copyrights At Colleges and Universities,published in 1972 by the Committee on Governmental Relations of the NationalAssociation of College and University Business Officers, begins with the followingstatement: Colleges and universities recognize and encourage thepublication of scholarly works as an inherent partof the educational mission. They also acknowledge theprivilege of university personnel (faculty, staff, andstudents) to prepare, through individual initiative,articles, pamphlets, and books that may be copyrightedby and generate royalty income for the author.The same study continues more specifically:Rights to copyrightable material generated as a resultof individual initiative, not as a specific universityassignment and only incidental use of university facilitiesor resources, should normally reside with the author...Where the university provides partial support of anindividual effort resulting in copyrightable materialby contributing significant faculty time, facilities, oruniversity resources it is reasonable to consider jointrights to ownership and disposition of these materialsand a sharing of royalty income. Some universities mayfind it desirable in the interest of simplification to mergethis category with category 1 above. . . ./IOur own inquiries in the academic community have confirmed that in practice theprovision of office space, modest research assistance, and secretarial assistanceis seldom if ever interpreted as justifying the institution in asserting any
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claim to either the copyright or the royalties arising from scholarly worksproduced by its staff. This is true of state and municipal institutions,in which both scholars and assistants are publicly supported, no less thanof privately supported institutions.It has been suggested that the provision of support in the form offederally- funded research assistants and secretary makes it improper or illegalfor Dr. Boorstin to have copyrighted The Democratic Experience , or to earnroyalties from it. Unless one is prepared to assert that this prize-winningvolume was not written by Dr. Boorstin but by his research assistants andsecretary, there can be no legal question about his right to copyright itand to receive royalties from it.^i- Even in cases where federal funds godirectly to the support of scholars and scientists, rather than simply tothe provision of research and secretarial assistance, this principle has beenclearly recognized. For example, the guidelines for National Science Foundationresearch grants state:NSF encourages and in some cases requires publication anddistribution of the results of research conducted undergrants .. .Unless otherwise provided in the grant instrument,the author or grantee institution is free to copyright anybooks, publications, films, or other copyrightable materialsdeveloped in the course of or under an NSF grant ./3Similarly, recipients of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanitiesare free to copyright publications resulting from federally-funded fellowships,and to earn royalties from these publications. [A_In summary, the general standards and practices of the scholarly communityfully support the right of authors to copyright and earn royalties from theirpublished writings, even in cases where research and secretarial assistance havebeen provided by their institutions. The use of appropriated funds for thisassistance in no way compromises this right.Finally, it should be said that the Smithsonian Institution is proudof Dr. Boorstin 's achievements, as it is of the achievements of others onthe Smithsonian staff who contribute at the highest level to the increaseand diffusion of knowledge among men.
/! In the case of Smithsonian exhibit catalogues to which Dr. Boorstin hascontributed, it should be noted that he has either earned no royaltiesfrom this work or has assigned all of his royalties to the Institution./2 The provision of 17 U.S.C. ?8 restricting copyright in publications ofthe United States Government apply only to publications written bygovernment employees./3 This is subject to a license in the U.S. Government to use such materialsfor Government purposes. But, in turn, these rights "may be relinquished bythe Grants Officer upon request of the grantee."/4 The National Endowment for the Humanities has reserved the same licensefor U.S. Government use, but we are informed that it intends to drop thisreservation.
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568COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUMMr. Yates. A third charge refers to the misappropriation of circa$77,500 in salaries, plus unaccounted expense moneys, for benefit ofFederal employees working at Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New YorkCity?without legislative authority for such appropriation.The answer of the Smithsonian on April 4, 1975, is placed into therecord at this point.[The document follows :]
569
April 4, 1975COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUMExpenditures of Federal Funds
The basic statutory authority for Smithsonian activities was legis-lated by Congress in 1846 when it established the Institution to carry outthe Smithson trust "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," anddelegated to the Smithsonian Board of Regents the authority and responsi-bility to determine the specific projects appropriate to the trust. Underthis basic Congressional charter, the Board has initiated the numerousand varied research and museum activities which now comprise theInstitution. Beginning in 1858 Congress annually has appropriated fundsfor these activities, including such major units as the Museum of NaturalHistory, on the basis of the general authority now set forth at 20 U.S. C.
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sections 41 to 57, without attempting to legislate for each and every projectas it developed.In several instances in recent years, when a proposed new bureau,such as the National Air and Space Museum, has involved very substantialfederal construction and operating expense, the Board of Regents hasdeemed it appropriate to ask Congress to pass specific legislation confirm-ing the judgment of the Board that such a bureau should be developed with-in the Institution. Other projects with lesser potential needs for federalsupport, such as the Freer Gallery, the Renwick Gallery, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, have been initiated by the Board of Regents under itsgeneral authority. In all cases Congress determines the level of federalsupport appropriate to each activity through the annual appropriations'process.In October 1967 the Smithsonian Institution, authorized by theBoard of Regents, entered into an agreement with the trustees of theCooper Union for the' transfer to the Smithsonian of the collections ofthe Cooper Union Museum in New York City, at that time housed in theCooper Union at 3rd Avenue and 7th Street. Later, in January 1972, theCarnegie Corporation of New York gave the Smithsonian the AndrewCarnegie Mansion, the adjoining Miller House, and the adjacent groundscomprising the entire block from 90th to 91st Streets on Fifth Avenue tobe the new home of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum.These gifts to the United States became the property of the Smith-sonian Institution and, as such, require that they be given proper care andsafeguarding as a public trust. Section 46 of Title 20 of the United States
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Code gives the Secretary of the Board of Regents the responsibility to "takecharge of the buildings and property of the Institution." The discharge ofthis responsibility requires that the Secretary take all necessary andprudent steps, including the application of staff and other resources.Throughout Smithsonian operations, the care and protection of its manybuildings and collections is accomplished by staff and other resourcesassigned directly to museums and galleries and by other staff, such asthose in central administration, buildings management, exhibit, guard,conservation, and other offices available for application where needed.With regard to the Cooper-Hewitt, the Institution adopted the principlethat its programs should be conducted with non-appropriated funds and thatthe use of appropriated funds should be limited, insofar as practical andpossible, to the protection and preservation of collections and property.Of necessity, this has required some level of continuing on-site adminis-trative assignment reflecting the Smithsonian's stewardship role.Consequently, a federal employee on the staff of the NCFA was temporarilyassigned as director in 1968. After the appointment of a private roll director,a small administrative staff of three persons has been assigned to the Museumfrom the Secretary's staff starting in 1971. One of these lives on the topfloor of the Miller House, at the convenience of the Smithsonian, in orderto provide an element of after-hours protection for the property. Somefederal funds were spent in FY 1971 and FY 1972 to prepare these quartersand to repair the heating plant of the Carnegie Mansion to protect the propertyfrom deterioration.In FY 1973 the Smithsonian specifically requested (page A- 102 of thejustifications) and received, as part of its Building Management Depart-ment budget, nine positions and $85,000 for guards, custodians, andmechanics for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. This staff was on the roll ofthe BMD but assigned to the Cooper-Hewitt, as was the procedure for othermuseums of the Institution. In FY 1974 and FY 1975 as part of the severalreorganizations for increased effectiveness cited to the Congress (see pageii of the FY 1975 and 1976 budgets), these positions and the dollars nowrelated to them (reflecting legislated pay raises and funds for necessaryutilities and supplies) were transferred directly to Cooper-Hewitt as wellas to other museums and galleries. Also made available at the same timewere the positions and funds associated with administration and registration.As a result of these reorganizations, it was nowappropriate to show the Cooper-Hewitt as a line item in the FY 1976 budget, with the approval of the Regents.The FY 1975 budget (page A-55) specifically requested library positions to beassigned to the Cooper-Hewitt. While these persons work at the Cooper-Hewitt, they remain on the staff of the Libraries. Similar arrangementsare in effect for other Smithsonian activities outside of Washington, D. C.
571TRAVEL BY SMITHSONIAN SECRETARYMr. Yates. A fourth and last question deals with the lack of ac-countability and authority for expenditure of enormous sums of Fed-eral appropriations on junkets made by Smithsonian Secretary S.Dillon Ripley in calendar year 1973.The answer by the Smithsonian on this point was made by Secre-tary Ripley in response to that question.The answer is also made a part of the record.[The-document follows:]Travel by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutionin Calendar Year 1973Details of the travel of Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the SmithsonianInstitution, during calendar year 19'<3 were provided to the Congress in thespring of 1974 and printed in the hearings of the Subcommittee on the Depart-ment of the Interior and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S.Senate (pages 195-196). This travel was in connection with the official businessof the Institution which is world-wide in nature and in furtherance of thespecialized research of the Secretary which has the support of the Regents and,because of its nature, must be performed in certain areas of the world. Federalfunds for travel shown in the Office of the Secretary's budget to the Congressare required to meet the program management needs of the immediate Officeof the Secretary, the Office of the Under Secretary, and the Office of the Directorof Support Activities all of which are cited in the justification.OTHER MATTERS RAISEDMr. Yates. The committee takes note of these other points. TheSmithsonian Board of Regents does not have the right to legislate;that is true. The Committee on Appropriations errs, it is said, becauseit passes provisions which have no authorizing legislation. I point outsuch appropriations, if they do exist, are subject to points of orderto be made on the floor.We will place the letter of Mr. Simmons in the file of the committee.SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY RESEARCH PROJECTSIf there are no further questions, may I commend the SmithsonianInstitution upon the excellent justifications which it submitted to thecommittee. They were very precise and comprehensive in delineationof the appropriations requests There has been handed to the commit-tee a list of the special foreign currency research programs, scientificand cultural, in accordance with the questions asked by the committeeyesterday. As I leaf through these projects I am still interested in thetitles as they appear. I will say to Dr. Challinor, I am not going toplace myself above the scholars who consider these to have some basis,but I would hope in accordance with his assurances to the committeeyesterday, he will sustain the validity of the requests for appropriatedfunds even though the appropriated funds are in exchange for foreigncurrency.As I look through this, at one point I raise a question as to why thenecessity to examine the social and agricultural centers in Tunisia.Mr. Challinor. This was a proposal submitted to us for reviewthat the Tunisians were particularly interested in. They had put ahigh priority on this study within the appropriate ministry of theTunisian Government. They had asked us to see if the Smithsonian
572foreign currency program could fund this. Our job was to seewhether this was scientifically suitable and up to standard. In thiscase, it did pass review and was awarded. But I do emphasize thatwas a high Tunisian priority.Mr. Ripley. We could describe it as a kind of social anthropology.Mr. Yates. I think you may have some difficulty with some Mem-bers of Congress with items which bear the title such as the Cenozoicmammals in Pakistan You might want to look through this andamplify the statements which appear in here. I say this with re-spect, knowing the scholars may be able to identify this as an impor-tant work.With that injunction to Dr. Challinor, may I again complimentthe Smithsonian upon its presentation and wish it well in connectionwith the leadership and the work it has undertaken with theBicentennial.Thank you, gentlemen.


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