SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 164
THE CANADIAN AND ORDOVICIAN
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF
SOUTH MANCHURIA
BY
RIUJI ENDO
Manchurian Teachers^ College
Mukden, Manchuria
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1932
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ---------- Price 50 cents
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The present work forms No. 164 of the Bulletin series.
Alexander Wetmore,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Washington, D. C, Juhj 30, 1932.
II
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Acknowledgments 2
Bibliography 2
Chinese place names referred to in this report 4
Part 1 : Stratigraphical geology 6
Geographic distribution of Canadian and Ordovician strata in South
Manchuria 6
Previous stratigraphic work 7
Geological nomenclature 10
Description of the formations 12
Ordovician system 12
Boundaries of the Ordovician 12
Ssuyen formation 12
Wuting formation 15
Kangyao formation 17
Canadian system 17
Santao formation 18
Description of the stratigraphic sections 19
Kuantung district 19
Kan-tao-tzu section 19
Pechili district 20
Wu-hu-tsui subdistrict 20
Tai-tzu-ho district 21
Liaoyang-Yentai subdistrict 21
Shang-ping-chou section 22
Hsia-kang-yao section 22
Penhsihu-Niuhsintai subdistrict 24
Fu-chin-ling section 24
Pen-hsi-hu section 25
Tao-yuan-kou section 27
Niu-hsin-tai section 28
Hsiaoshih-Tienshihfukou subdistrict 29
Hsiao-shih section 29
Comments on the geographic distribution of the Ordovician 30
Stratigraphic correlations 31
Part 2 : Paleontology 36
Introduction 36
Spongiae 36
Echinodermata 41
Brachiopoda 41
Gastropoda 50
Cephalopoda 62
Trilobita 109
Explanation of plates 116
Index 149
III

THE CANADIAN AND ORDOVICIAN FORMATIONS
AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA
By Riuji Endo
Manchurian Teachers^ College, Mukden, Manchuria
INTRODUCTION
An attempt is made in this monograph to bring into systematic
order the facts that have thus far been ascertained regarding the
Canadian and Ordovician strata of South Manchuria. For con-
venience the report is divided into two parts : Part 1 deals with the
stratigraphy, containing descriptions of the formations and sections
as they occur at the various localities; Part 2 is biologic in scope,
comprising mainly descriptions of the new material found by me,
although an endeavor is made to present a complete critical review
of previous studies. In addition, by request, I have studied a num-
ber of Ordovician fossils collected in China in 1915 by Prof. George
D. Louderback, of the University of California. As will be noted
in the following pages, all the type specimens resulting from my
studies are preserved in the collection of the United States National
Museum.
I began the study of the early Paleozoic strata in the spring of
1924, when I first went to Manchuria. What I learned regarding
the Sinian, Cambrian, and Ozarkian beds will be presented in a
forthcoming paper written in collaboration with Dr. C. E. Resser.
In the spring of 1928, I published in Japanese a preliminary
report, entitled " On the Cambro-Ordovician Strata in South Man-
churia," which briefly summarized the results obtained during four
years of field work. Since that time my knowledge of the South
Manchurian geology has considerably increased through additional
field studies, particularly because I have since had the advice and
assistance of both American and Japanese geologists. I have cor-
rected herein many mistakes appearing in my preliminary work, and
the conclusions presented are naturally somewhat different and,
it is hoped, more advanced.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my sincerest thanks to Dr. E. O.
Ulrich for his many helpful suggestions and criticisms, and to Drs.
R. S. Bassler and Charles E. Resser for their assistance and coopera-
tion, but chiefly for the opportunities afforded me during my two
1
2 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
years of research at the United States National Museum, without
whose collections no adequate study can be made of faunas with
Arctic elements. I wish also to express my indebtedness to Dr. Au-
gust Foerste for his many helpful notes and suggestions, particularly
in my study of the cephalopods.
I further wish gratefully to acknowledge my obligation to Prof.
H. Yabe, of the Tohoku Imperial University, from whom I have
received much encouragement and help in my field work. Likewise
I am indebted to S. Iwata, president of the Iwata Institute of Plant
Biochemistry in Japan, for considerable funds donated to carry on
my studies. Similarly, the Scholarship Foundation of the South
Manchuria Railway Co. rendered me invaluable financial assistance.
Finally, I must express my hearty and sincere recognition of the
encouragement given me by the late Dr. Charles D. Walcott, secre-
tary of the Smithsonian Institution. It was his inspiration that led
me to continue my geological work in South Manchuria, and
eventually to come to America to complete my studies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following bibliography lists the papers dealing with the
stratigraphy and paleontology of Manchuria and other Chinese
localities. A few Korean references also are included. Papers that
do not deal exclusively with Asia, in which genera present in my area
were first described, or wherein mention is made of species closely
related to the Asiatic forms, are not included in the list. Such refer-
ences are, of course, included in the synonymy of the particular
species.
Aoji, O.
1925. Map and explanatory text of geological map of Manchuria (Dairen
sheet—in Japanese). Geol. Inst. South Manchuria Railway Co.
1927. Idem (Feng-huang-cheng sheet—in Japanese).
3927. Idem (Hoan-jen sheet—in Japanese).
Bndo, RruJi
1928. On the Cambro-Ordovician strata in South Manchuria (preliminary
report—in Japanese). Manchurian Teachers' College Res. Ser.,
vol. 3, pp. 1-98.
Frexjh, R.
1911. Das Silur von China (in German). In von Richthofen's China, vol.
5, pp. 1-14.
Geabatt, a. W.
1922. Ordovician fossils from North China. Palaeontologica Sinica, ser.
B, vol. 1, fasc. 1 (in English), 127 pp., 9 pis., 20 figs.
1923-1924. Stratigraphy of China: Part 1, Palaeozoic and older (in Eng-
lish), 528 pp., 306 figs., 6 pis.
Hata, J.
1927. Map and explanatory text of geological map of Manchuria (Kung-
chu-Hng .sheet—in Japanese). Geol. Inst. South Manchuria Rail-
way Co.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 6
KOBAYASHI, T.
1927. Ordovician fossils from Corea and South Manchuria (in English).
Jap. Jourri. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 173-212, pis. 18-22.
1929, 1930. On the Ordovician formations in South Manchuria and North
Korea (in Japanese). Journ. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, vol. 36, pp. 520-
535, vol. 37, pp. 1-23, 33-58, 77-112.
1930. Ordovician fossils from Korea and South Manchuria: Part 2, On
the Bantatsu bed of the Ordovician age (in English). Jap. Journ.
Geol. and Geogr., vol. 7, nos. 3, 4, pp. 75-100, pis. 8-11.
LOBENZ, TH.
1906. Beitrage zur Geologie und Palaeontologie von Ostasien unter beson-
derer Beriicksichtigung der Provinz Schantung in China (in Ger-
man). Zeit. deutsch. Geol. Ges., vol. 58, pp. 53-108, pis. 4-6, 55 figs.
Mabteli, a.
1901. Fossil del Siluriano inferiore dello Schensi (in Italian). Boll. Soc.
Geol. Ital., vol. 20.
Matsushita, S.
1930. On the geology of the Chinchou district in the Kuantung Province,
South Manchuria (in Japanese). Rep. Ryojun College of Engi-
neering, vol. 1, no. 1.
MUBAKAMI, H.
1926. The geology and mineral resources of South Manchuria (in English).
Geol. Inst. South Manchuria Railway Co.
OZAKI, K.
1927. On one new genus of Ordovician cephalopods from Manchuria
(in Japanese). Journ. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, vol. 34, pp. 43-51.
Reed, F. R. Copee.
1917. Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yunnan. Palaeontologica In-
dica, new ser., vol. 6, memoir no. 3, pp. 1-65, pis. 1-10.
Sun, Y. C.
1931. Ordovician trilobites of central and southern China. Palaeontologica
Sinica, ser. B, vol. 7, fasc. 1.
VON RiCHTHOFEnsr, F.
1883. China, vol. 2 (in German).
Wblueb, S.
1913. A report on Ordovician fossils collected in eastern Asia in 1903 (in
English). Research in China, vol. 3, Carnegie Inst. Washington
Publ. 54, pp. 279-294, pis. 25, 26.
WiLUts, Bailey.
1907. Research in China, vol. 2 : Systematic geology. Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Publ. 54, pp. 1-133, pis. 1-8.
Wiixis, B., Blackweldeb, E., and Sargent, R. H.
1907. Research in China, vol. 1: Descriptive topography and geology.
Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 54, pp. 1-353, figs. 1-65.
Yabe, H., and Hayasaka, I.
1920. Palaeontology of southern China. Geographical research in China,
1911-1916 (in English).
Yabe, H., and Sugiyama, T.
1930. On some Ordovician stromatoparoids from South Manchuria, North
China and Chosen with notes on two new European forms (in
English). Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imperial Univ., 2d ser., vol. 14, no. 1,
pp. 47-62, pis. 17-23.
Yu, C. C.
1930. The Ordovician Cephalopoda of central China. Palaeontologica Sin-
ica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 2, pp. 1-71, pis. 1-9.
4 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CHINESE PLACE NAMES REFERRED TO IN THIS REPORT
Chinese place names referred to in the text appear below in
English, either transliterated, translated, or otherwise described.
With the localities on the map (pi. 1) are also given the Chinese
names.
Aigawa: Village, northwestern Kuantung.
Bantatsu: Hill, 5 kilometers east of Heijo, Korea. Type locality of Kobaya-
shi's Bantatsu formation.
Chang'-chia Hill : 1 mile south of Yen-tai.
Cheng-chang-kou : Village, 1.5 miles southeast of Hsiao-shih.
Chiao-tou: Town on the Antung-Mukden line. Type locality of the Sinian
Chiaotou formation.
Chien-chang-tzu: Small village, 1 mile southwest of Tao-yuan-kou.
Chin-chia-cheng-tzu : Town, 12 miles south of Fu-chou. A very famous fossil
locality of the Cambrian.
Chiu-shu-kou: Small village in the Niu-hsin-tai coal field. A good fossil
locality for the Ssuyen formation.
Chuan-shui-ho-tzu: Village, 3 miles northeast of Hsiao-shih.
Feng-huang-cheng: TouTi on the Antung-Mukden line.
Feng-mi-la-tzu: Village, 5 miles southeast of Hsiao-shih.
Fu-chin-kou: A ridge, 2.5 miles southwest of Miyanohara station. A good
fossil locality for Ssuyen formation.
Hsia-kang-yao : Village, 3.5 miles southeast of Yen-tai.
Hsiao-cha-kou: Small village, 3.5 miles south of Hsiao-shih.
Hsiao-nan-kou: Small village, 1 mile southwest of Hung-lien-kou. A very good
fossil locality for Ssuyen formation.
Hsiao-shih: Town, fl miles east of Pen-hsi-hu. A center of the Hsiao-shih
coal field.
Hsieh-chia-wei-tzu: Village, 1 mile west of Hsiao-shih.
Hsi-kou : Village, near the center of the Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
Hsi-tien-chia-tun : Village, 1 mile south of Aigawa, Kuantung.
Huang-chi-kou: Small village, 1 mile southeast of the Tao-yuan-kou colliery.
Huang-kan-kou: Small village, 1.5 miles south of the Tao-yuan-kou colliery.
Hui-kou: Small village, 6 miles southeast of Yen-tai.
Hui-shan : Small village, 4 miles northeast of Pen-hsi-hu.
Hung-lien-kou: Chief mining village in the center of the Niu-hsin-tal coal
field.
Hun-ho: A tributary of the Liao River.
Huo-lien-chai : Station on the Antung-Mukden line. Good fossil localities of
the older Paleozoic formations.
Kan-cheng: Large town, 38 miles east of Pen-hsi-hu.
Kan-chia-tun: Small village in the southern part of the Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
A good fossil locality of the Ssuyen formation.
Kan-tao-tzu: Small island near Aigawa. Kuantung.
Kan-tien Hill : Hill near the Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
Ku-chia-tsu: Village, 2.5 miles south of Tao-yuan-kou. A fossil locality for
the Santao formation.
Kuo-chia-tien : Station on the South Manchuria Railway main line, 215 kilo-
meters northwest of Mukden.
Lao-hu-ti-kou: Small village near the Tao-yuan-kou colliery.
Lao-hu-shan: Hill, 1 mile north of Aigawa.
U. S. NATIONAL M
121°
Showing important

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 1
OUTLINE MAP OF SOUTH MANCHURIA
Showing important towns, rivers, and other features mentioned in the text and intended to facilitate
location of places, particularly
since scarcely no two atlases use the same spelling.

FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHUSIA
Liao-yang: Oity, 65 kilometers southwest of Mukden.
Itung-feng-ssu: Temple, 5.5 miles south of Yentai.
Lung-wan-tien: Hill, 2 miles east of Tao-yuan-kou.
Ma-shan: Hill, near the Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
Miyanohara: Station on the Antung-Mukden line.
Niu-hsin-tai: Village in the Niu-hsin-tai coal field.
Niu-ma-tai-kou : Small village, 2 miles northeast of Hsiao-shih.
Pechili: Gulf, west of Liao-tung peninsula.
Pen-hsi-hu: City on the River Tai-tzu. Center of the Pen-hsi-hu coal field.
Pi-chia-kou: Small village, 3 miles southeast of Hsiao-shih.
Ping-chou: Village, 8 miles east of Liao-yang.
Ping-ting-shan: Hill, 13 miles northeast of Kang-cheng.
Po-cMa-pu-tzu: Village, 2 miles south of Hsiao-shih.
Po-chia-wan : Village, 3 miles southwest of Miyanohara station. A good fossil
locality for Ssuyen formation.
San-fang-la-tzu-shan : Hill, 1.8 miles east of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery.
San-leng-shan : Hill near Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
San-tao-kang-tzu : Small village, 1.2 miles north of Pen-hsi-hu. A good fossil
locality of the Wuting formation.
Shang-kang-yao: Village, 3 miles southeast of Ten-tai. Type locality of the
Kangyao formation.
Shih-ho: Small hill, 8 miles east of Liao-yang. A fossil locality on the Ssuyen
formation.
Ssu-yen-kou: Small village, just north of Pen-hsi-hu. Type locality of the
Ssuyen formation.
Tai-chia-pu-tzu : Small village, 3 miles west of Chiao-tou station. A good
fossil locality of the Wuting and Santao formations.
Tai-tzu-ho: Tributary of Liao River.
Tai-tzu-shan: Hill, near Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
Ta-ling: Hill, 2 miles southeast of Yen-tai.
Tao-yuan-kou: Small colliery, 5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu.
Ta-pu: Small village, just north of Pen-hsi-hu.
Ta-wan-kou : Small village, 1.5 miles east of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery.
Tien-shih-fu-kou: Town, 87 miles east of Pen-hsi-hu. A center of the Tien-
shih-fu-kou coal field.
Tou-fang-kou: Village, 2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu. A good fossil
locality of the Ssuyen formation.
Tung-chia-kou: Small coal basin in Kuantung.
Tung-kou: Small village, 5 miles east of Hsiao-shih.
Wan-chia-tung: 1 mile southwest of Aigawa.
Wo-lung: Village, 5 miles east of Pen-hsi-hu.
Wu-hu-tsui: Coal field in the southernmost part of the Pechili district.
Wu-ting-shan : Hill, 3 miles south of Yentai. Type locality of the Wuting
formation.
Yao-kou-pu : Village, 2 miles south of Miyanohara station.
Yao-pu-tzu: Small village, 2.5 miles northeast of Hsiao-shih.
Yao-tsui: Small village, 0.5 mile west of Tao-yuan-kou.
Yao-tzu-ku-pan-kou: Small village 1 mile east of Tao-yuan-kou. A fossil
locality of the Ssuyen formation.
Yen-chou-cheng: Hill, 4.5 miles south of Yen-tai. A fossil locality of the
Ssuyen formation.
Yen-tai: Colliery, 12.5 miles northeast of Liao-yang.
Yu-ho-rshan: Small hill, 8 miles east of Liao-yang.
PART 1: STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE CANADIAN AND
ORDOVICIAN STRATA IN MANCHURIA
The Canadian and Ordovician strata of South Manchuria are
generally developed adjacent to the Ozarkian ^ and Cambrian and
therefore are limited to the south side of the watershed between the
Hun and Tai-tzu Rivers, thus occurring south of Mukden. (See map,
pi. 1.) Their outcrops maj^ be grouped into two areas, one chiefly
on the two sides of the Tai-tzu River and the other in the southern-
most part of the Pechili district. Moderately extensive outcrops are
also found near Aigawa and Tung-chia-kou in the Kuantung district.
As far as I know, no Ordovician strata occur in the extensive pre-
Cambrian area between the Chin-chia-cheng-tzu region and the
Tai-tzu-ho district. In addition, a small outlying basin of Ordo-
vician strata is reported by J. Hata in the vicinity of Kuo-chia-tien
Station, 135 miles northeast of Mukden.
The Eopaleozoic strata of South Manchuria occur chiefly in struc-
tural basins. Although the outcrops of the older beds fail to form
complete circles and are much faulted, the strata ranging from the
Sinian Tiaoyutai to the Ordovician Ssuyen formation are in general
arranged concentrically around the Wu-hu-tsui, Yen-tai, Pen-hsi-hu,
and Niu-hsin-tai coal fields. The arrangement of the Hsiao-shih
and the Tien-shih-fu-kou fields, which also show a basin structure,
is much less regular, owing to a greater degree of faulting. In the
Pen-hsi-hu field, not only the Permo-Carboniferous strata but also
the reddish to purple, tuffaceous sandstones and conglomerates of the
Cretaceous (? ) Penhsihu formation were deposited in the basin im-
mediately on the Ordovician. Throughout all North China, South
Manchuria, and Korea, the coal, which is Permo-Carboniferous in
age, occurs in these structural basins, which, notwithstanding con-
siderable vertical and horizontal faulting, retain enough of their
original shape to cause a concentric arrangement of the outcrops
of the contained beds. In some of these basins a thick Sinian series
initiates the sedimentation on the Pre-Cambrian gneisses; in others
the first inundation came in Lower Cambrian time; but in no case
does the Ordovician rest directly on the gneiss or even on the Sinian
sediments. In none of these basins are there any beds between the
Ordovician and Carboniferous and, as stated, sedimentation first took
place in the Pen-hsi-hu field supposedly during the Cretaceous.
* After thia bulletin was submitted for printing several of Kobayashi's papers ap-
peared, and conspquently certain of the Ozarkian names used herein must give way to
his terms. For example, Pingchou becomes Wanwau.
6
FORMATIOTTS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA
PREVIOUS STRATIGRAPHIC WORK
When Baron F. von Kichthofen published his Manchurian strati-
graphy in 1883, he considered the Canadian and Ordovician lime-
stones as Carboniferous (Kohlenkank), correlating them with the
Mountain Limestone of Europe (Dinantian). He pointed out that
these limestones are extensively developed in South Manchuria,
Chihli, Shantung, and in fact throughout the whole of northern
China and northern Korea. In 1906, Lorenz found several char-
acteristic Ordovician fossils in von Richthofen's so-called Carbonif-
erous limestone in Shantung, and therefore designated it Ordo-
vician. Willis and Blackwelder (1907), in their reexamination
during 1903-4, also recognized the Ordovician age of these beds and
named the entire series the Tsinan dolomitic limestone from its
occurrence in the vicinity of Tsi-nan-fu in Shantung. In 1911
Freeh described two characteristic Ordovician species, Actinoceras
riohthofeTd [Armenoceras richthofeni (Freeh)] and Raphistoma cf.
aeqnilaterwm^ which von Richthofen had collected in the vicinity of
Hsiao-shih (?) during his travels in the Orient in 1869, consequently
referring these beds to the older series. Later (1924) Grabau re-
studied the Tsinan limestone in North China and subdivided it into
several distinct formations, publishing the following statement:
The most detailed studies of this series have been made in eastern Chihli
where the following subdivisions are recognized
:
I. In the Kaiping Basin
Upper Ordovician
(absent)
Middle Ordovidcm
Machiakou limestone 300 m
(Hiatus and disconformity)
Lower Ordovidcm
(absent)
(absent)
Coralline limestone 200 m
Yehli limestone 200 m
(Hiatus and disconformity)
Upper Ca/mbriwn
FSngshan limestone
II. In the Liu-Kiang Coal Field
Upper Ordovician
(absent)
Middle Ordovician
(absent)
Lower Ordovician
Liangchiashan formation 275 m
Shihmenchai formation 155 m
Peilintze formation 100 m
(Base not exposed).
In 1926 T. Kobayashi (1927) studied the Ozarkian, Canadian, and
Ordovician strata exposed near Fau-ren-zai (Huo-lien-chai) and
Pen-hsi-hu in South Manchuria, and. made the following subdivi-
sions, in ascending order
:
8 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
A. Grey colored limestone with Cryptozoon sometimes intraformational
conglomerate layers are found in the upper part 50-60 m.
B. Alterations of greyish white crystalline limestone and black
marl 50-60 m.
C. Grey banded limestone sometimes intercalating intraformational con-
glomerate layers 40-50 m.
D. Tofango fossil bed. Dark limestone, sometimes dolomitic, with many
brown colored nodular masses 50-^0 m.
E. Grey compact dolomitic limestone containing flinty nodules in the
lower part 140-180 m.
In more recent years, O. Aoji, formerly a member of the Geological
Institute of the South Manchuria Railway Co., studied the Manchu-
rian geology in considerable detail, and in 1927, in the explanatory
text accompan3dng his geological map of Feng-huang-cheng, sum-
marized the Ordovician strata occurring in the Tai-tzu district. The
order of succession recognized by him is as follows, in descending
order
:
Black or grey limestone 75-120 m.
Maclurea
Actinoceras
Greyish black limestone, with some nodules of hornstone-like sub-
stances 12-75 m.
Maclurea
Piloceras
Calymene
Kumogata limestone with edgewise conglomerate 20-30 m.
Brachiopoda
Maclurea
Actinoceras
Greyish white crystalline limestone 25-50 m.
Greatest Uzumaki limestone 10-25 m.
Actinoceras
In the same year, K. Ozaki, of the Tohoku Imperial University,
published the results of many years' field work in the Ordovician
of the Yen-tai and portions of the Tai-tzu-ho districts. His columnar
section is as follows, in descending order
:
Upper grey limestone zone.
Grey limestone zone, containing some nodules.
Maclurea limestone zone.
Maclurea
Piloceras
Manchuriocoras new genus
ActinocG7-a8
Lower grey limestone, intercalating wide edgewise conglomerates.
Crystalline limestone zone.
Edgewise conglomerate zone.
Uzumaki limestone zone.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUIIIA 9
He states that in his opinion the lower boundary of the Ordovician
lies at the top of the Uzumaki limestone, but hitherto most of the
Manchurian as well as Japanese geologists maintained that the lower
margin of the Uzumaki limestone is the boundary between the Cam-
brian and Ordovician strata.
In 1930 Ozaki redescribed his columnar section, summarizing it
as follows, in descending order:
Tapu limestone.
Shanpingehou limestone
Toufangkou limestone
Taling limestone
Hsiapingcliou dolomite
Chingchiawan limestone
T. Kobayashi (1929) restudied the strata from the Middle Cam-
brian to the Ordovician and subdivided the so-called Ordovician
beds near Huo-lien-chai on the Antung-Mukden line as follows, in
descending order
:
Toufangkou Series,
X. Nodular and banded limestone 50^-170 m.
IX. Toufangkou limestone 8-100 m.
VIII. Banded limestone with interbedded edgewise conglomerates- 40-60 m.
Wolung Series.
VII. Wolung limestone 30-40 m.
VI. Banded limestone with interbedded edgewise conglomerate- 20-30 m.
Wanwan Series.
V. Crystalline limestone 5-15 m.
IV. Chiushukou shale__ . 5-15 m.
III. Wanwankou limestone 20-30 m.
In my 1928 paper, I summarized the section as follows
:
The order of succession of the Ordovician strata in the Tai-tzu-ho and Pe-
chili districts is, in general, the same, and consists of the largest sized algal
limestone, edgewise conglomerate, crystalline limestone, lower banded lime-
stone, dolomitic limestone and upper banded limestone in ascending order.
Subsequently further field work and more exact paleontologic
studies have shown that the beds from the crystalline limestone
down to the algal limestone really represent the Ozarkian. What
I formerly called the lower banded limestone is now subdivided
into three formations, viz, the Wuting, the Kangyao, and the Santao
;
the last yields characteristic Canadian fossils, while the other two
belong to the lower Ordovician. The so-called dolomitic limestone
and the upper banded limestone of my preliminary report are herein
grouped as the Middle Ordovician Ssuyen formation.
As this report was in preparation, I received a paper entitled
" On the Geology of the Chinchou District in the Kuantung Province,
South Manchuria," by S. Matsushita, a professor of the Ryojun En-
gineering College, Manchuria. He gives a detailed description of
10 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
each geological series and divides what he calls the Ordovician into
a middle division, designated as the Aigawa series, and a lower sub-
division, named the Chiaomaishan series.
So far as I can judge from his description, his Chiaomaishan se-
ries belongs to the Ozarkian, while his Aigawa formation apparently
corresponds to the Middle Ordovician Ssuyen and Lower Ordovician
Wuting formations.
GEOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Since I have found many characteristic Black River, Upper
Chazyan (Blount), Stones River, and Upper Canadian fossils in the
South Manchurian beds formerly called simply Ordovician, it be-
comes necessary to subdivide the series into four distinct formations,
for which I propose the names Ssuyen, Wuting, Kangyao, and San-
tao. It is likely that the Ssuyen formation may correspond to the
middle and upper parts of Kobayashi's Toufangkou series—that is,
it includes his nodular (X) and banded limestones (IX). Unfor-
tunately, since detailed descriptions of the lithologic characters are
not given in Kobayashi's 1930 paper, I can not determine the exact
relations between his Wolung series and my Wuting, Kangyao, and
Santao formations, but, so far as I can now tell, my three formations
apparently correspond to the lower part of Kobayashi's Toufangkou
and part of the AVolung series.
Kobayashi (1930) studied also the Middle Ordovician strata de-
veloped at Bantatsu hill, 5 kilometers east of Heijo, Korea, and sum-
marized the sequence as follows, in descending order
:
Group I. (Nanso bed)—Gray coloured, more or less crystalline lime-
stone. Thickness about 50-70 m.
Group II. (Unkaku bed)—Fossiliferous limestone with irregular gray
dolomitic patches in black matrix. Thickness about 60 m.
Group III. (Bantatsusan bed)—Alternation of dark gray massive lime-
stone and bluish gray thinly bedded limestone. Thickness about— 200 m.
Group IV. (Kosei bed)—Alternation of gray marly slates and bluish
white, sometimes crystalline limestone.
According to his explanation, the Unkaku and Bantatsuan beds are
exactly contemporaneous with his Toufangkou limestone.
In a later chapter of this paper I discuss, in detail, the correla-
tions of the formations in Manchuria, China proper, Korea, and
North America; hence this matter need not be considered further
here.
In the accompanying chart (p. 11) the views of the various authors
referred to in the preceding pages are tabulated, in order to facilitate
a clear understanding of the stratigraphic nomenclature involved.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 11
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DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS
ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM
Thus far three formations containing Ordovician faunas, the
Ssuyen, the Wuting, and the Kangyao have been delimited in South
Manchuria.
BOUNDARIES OF THE ORDOVICIAN
The top of the Ordovician Ssuyen formation is everywhere ap-
parently conformably overlain by the variegated siliceous shales
of Inai's Wuhutsui formation, which is likely of Carboniferous age,
although some geologists insist that it may represent the Silurian,
a view not accepted by most of the Asiatic geologists.
If the Wuhutsui is really Carboniferous, it overlaps apparently
conformably on the Ordovician Ssuyen formation without trace of
the Devonian and Silurian. So far as we now know, nowhere in
South Manchuria, North China, or North Korea is there any physical
evidence of the unconformity between the Wuhutsui formation and
the underlying Ordovician Ssuyen. In the Kuantung district,
the Ordovician Wuting formation rests apparently conformably
on the Ozarkian, and in the Pechili district, the Kangyao overlies
the Ozarkian, while in the Tai-tzu district, the Kangyao formation,
which is subjacent to the Wuting, appears to rest on the Canadian
Santao formation. As yet, however, the exact contact between the
Kangyao and Santao has not been located.
SSUYEN FORMATION
Type locality.—Near Ssu-yen-kou, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu
colliery. (Pis. 2, 3.)
Character.—The upper division is composed of moderately thick-
bedded, gray to light gray limestone intersected by many calcite
veins. In this uj)per section there are several irregular edgewise
conglomerates and thin dolomitic limestone beds. The lower por-
tion consists of moderately thick-bedded, light gray arenaceous, dolo-
mitic limestone. Two fossil-bearing horizons occur in the Ssuyen, one
in the uppermost part and the other near the base of the formation.
Thickness.—As follows
:
Aigawa subdistrict 280 m (918.4 feet).
Liaoyang-Yentai subdistrict, estimated about 200 m (656 feet).
Pen-hsi-hu section 160 m (524.8 feet).
Near Ilui-shan, 4 miles northeast of the Pen-h.si-hu col-
liery 160 m (524.8 feet).
Niu-hsin-tai section, estimated about 200 m ((>56 feet).
Hsiao-shih subdistrict, about 280 m (918.4 feet).
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 2
Type Locality of the ssuyen Formation
Just north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
PEN-HSi-HU Coal Basin, Liao-tung, Manchuria
The best locality for the lower fossil horizon of the Ssuyen formation is at S.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 3
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FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 13
Geographic distribution.—In the Kuantung district, the Ssuyen
outcrops in the eastern part on Kan-tao-tzu Island and near Hsi-tien-
chia-tun, one mile south of Aigawa. It also appears in the vicinity
of Chien-shih-hui-yao, northern slope of Tai-tzu-shan, and several
other small places.
Near Wu-hu-tsui colliery, it forms the greater portion of San-
leng, Tai-tzu, and Kan-tien hills; it also appears south of Kan-
chia-tun.
In the Liaoyang-Yentai subdistrict it outcrops on the eastern
lower slope of Chang-chia hill, and on both eastern and western low
hills of Hsia-kang-yao ; it also reappears on Shih-ho hill, 8 miles
east of Liao-yang,
In the Pen-hsi-hu subdistrict is occurs at the northern rim of the
Pen-hsi-hu coal field and is also present on the Fu-chin-kou ridge,
southwest of Miyanohara station on the Antung-Mukden line.
In the vicinity of Tao-yuan-kou colliery, it is found near Lao-hu-
ti-kou, Huang-kan-kou, and Huang-chi-kou.
In the Mu-hsin-tai subdistrict it occurs on the slope of the semi-
circular ridge surrounding the Niu-hsin-tai basin.
In the Hsiao-shih subdistrict it is found near Cheng-chang-kou,
Chuan-shui-ho-tzu, Tung-kou, Hsiao-cha-kou, Pi-chia-kou, and Niu-
ma-tai-kou.
Stratigraphic relations.—^The upper limit of the Ssuyen is clearly
defined throughout Manchuria, being overlain by the lithologically
distinct Carboniferous Wuhutsui formation. Everywhere it rests
conformably on the underlying Upper Chazyan, Wuting formation,
but the boundary between them is not so well defined.
Fauna.—^As stated previously there are two remarkable fossil
horizons in the Ssuyen formation. In general, a great many fossils
are found in this formation throughout South Manchuria. The fol-
lowing localities have yielded interesting fossils that have been
identified as well as the material will permit
:
From the black-banded limestone beds on the 60-meter hill, just
south of the Wu-hu-tsui colliery, I have identified the following
fossils:
Armenoceras coulingi (Grabau).
Armenoceras nanum takayamai,
variety.
Armenoceras elongatum, new species.
ArmenoGeras tani (Grabau).
Ormoceras orientale, new species.
At a point 0.5 mile east of Kang-yao in the Yen-tai area another
good fossil locality has yielded the following
:
Maclurites Mgsbyi (Hall).
Armenoceras orientale, new species.
Armenoceras asiaticum, new species.
Armenoceras hassleri, new species.
A group of well-known fossil localities of the Ssuyen formation
are at points from Ta-ming-kou, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu coal
basin. Here I collected the following species
:
101621—32 2
14 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
FROM THK UPPE» FOSSIL HORIZON
Camarocladia arboresoens, new species.
Caanarooladia fucoides, new species.
Camarocladia plana, new species.
Maclurites higsbyi (Hall),
FROM THE LOWER FOSSIL HORIZON
Stronmiocerium reffulatum, new
species.
Maclurites higsbyi (Hall).
Cycloccras aokii, new species.
Sactoccras kobayashii, new species.
Sactocera-s irmii, new species.
Arnmnoccras elegans, new species.
Armenoceras asiatioum, new species.
Armenoceras resseri, new species.
Armenoceras hatai, new species.
Armenoceras harioi (Kobayashi).
Annenoccras mmich/urense (Koba-
yashi).
I also collected the following Ssuyen fossils on Fu-chin-kou ridge,
2.5 miles southwest of Miyanohara Station on the Antung-Mukden
line:
Playfairia cf. deltoidea (Conrad).
Cycloceras (?) tnanchuriense, new
species.
Armenoceras nanum takayamai, new
variety.
Armenoceras penJisiense, new species.
Armenoceras richthofeni (Freeh).
Armenoceras suzukii, new species.
Ormoceras chinense, new species.
Isoteloides sp. undetermined.
Sactoceras liaotufigense, new species.
Armenoceras asiaticum, new species.
Armenoceras murakamii (Kobayashi)
Armenoceras tani (Grabau).
Stromatooerium r e g ulatum, new
species.
Maclurites nitida (Ulrich and Sco-
field)?
Maclurites higsbyi (Hall).
Both the upper and lower fossil horizons of the Ssuyen occur
around the Niu-hsin-tai coal basin, where I have collected the fol-
lowing species
:
FROM THE UPPER FOSSIL HORIZON
Maclurites higsbyi (Hall).
Cycloceras (?) peitoutsense Grabau.
Armenoceras elongatum, new species.
Ormoceras orientale, new species.
FROM THE LOWER FOSSIL jHORIZON
Strom^tocerium, regulatum, new
species.
Machirites nitida (Ulrich and Sco-
fleld)?
Maclurites bigshyi (Hall).
Cycloceras (?) peitoutzense Grahau.
Sactoceras niulisinense, new species.
Armenoceras elongatum, new species.
Armenoceras manchurense ( K o b a -
yashi).
Armenoceras m^gnitubulatum, new
species.
Armenoceras nanum (Grabau).
Armenoceras sondai, new species.
Ormoceras kimurai, new species.
Ormoceras tail, new species.
Furthermore, a number of good fossil localities of this formation
are found at several places in the Aigawa, Chiao-tou, Tao-yuan-kou,
and Hsiao-shih areas.
Correlation.—As will be seen by reference to the foregoing fossil
list, the Ssuyen formation contains a typical North American Black
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUIIIA 15
River fauna and is therefore to be regarded as of that age. This
fauna also shows that it is to be correlated with part of Grabau's
Machiakou limestone in Chihli to the southwest, and on the other
hand, to the east, with part of Kobayashi's Unkaku on Bantatsu
hill, east of Heijo, North Korea.
Even though, as discussed in the paragraphs dealing with nomen-
clature, the Ssuyen formation apparently is the eqiuvalent of about
the upper two-thirds of Kobayashi's Toufangkou series (that is,
it corresponds with his zones X and IX), a new formational name
is necessary to conform to the rules governing stratigraphic terms.
The Ssuyen formation also corresponds to the upper part of
Matsushita's Aigawa series.
WUiTING FORMATION
Type locality.—The top and southern slope of Wuting hill, 3
miles south of the Yen-tai colliery. (PI. 4.)
GharacteT.—^This formation consists essentially of moderately
bedded gray to dark limestones with some edgewise conglomerates.
In its lower portion arenaceous limestone bands with numerous
fossils are present
:
Thickness.—As follows
:
Kan-tao-tzu section of the Kuantung district 160m (524.8 feet).
Ma hill near Wu-hu-tsui colliery, estimated 160m (524.8 feet).
Shan-ping-chou section, 8 miles east of Liao-yang, about 280m (918.4 feet).
On the top and southern slope of the curved ridge, just west
of Hui-kou, about 200m (656 feet),
Pen-hsi-hu section, about 80m (262.4 feet).
Niu-hsin-tai section, about 80m (262.4 feet).
Hsiao-shih subdistrict, estimated about 100m (328 feet).
Geograyhic distribution.—^In the Kuantung district, the Wuting
formation occurs in both the western and eastern portions of Kan-
tao-tzu Island; also near Wan-chia-tung, 1 mile southwest of
Aigawa, and on the southwestern lower slope of the Lao-hu ridge, 1
mile north of Aigawa. In the Chin-chia-cheng-tzu area, it is present
on Ma hill, on the outer lower slope of San-leng hill, and at the
eastern end of Tai-tzu hill.
In the Liaoyang-Yentai subdistrict the outcrops are on Yu-ho hill,
8 miles east of Liao-yang, and on the western lower slope of the
curved ridge, just west of Hui-kou. It also occurs on the top and
southern slope of Wu-ting hill and its environs.
In the Pen-hsi-hu subdistrict it is present on the ridge north of
Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west of Chiao-tou station; and also near
Ta-pu and San-tao-kang-tzu, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery.
In the vicinity of the Tao-yuan-kou colliery, it is distributed near
16 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Chien-chanfr-tzu, Yao-tsui, Huang-kan-kou, Lao-hu-ti-kou, and
on Lung-wan-tien hill.
In the Niu-hsin-tai subdistrict it occurs on the slope of the semi-
circular ridge surrounding the Niu-hsin-tai basin, and in the Hsiao-
shih subdistrict it is found near Hsiao-cha-kou, Po-chia-pu-tzu,
and Feng-mi-la-tzu ; it also occurs south of Hsieh-chia-wei-tzu and
Yao-pu-tzu.
Stratigraphic relations.—The Wuting is conformably overlain by
the Ssuj^en formation throughout Manchuria, its upper boundary
being placed at the base of the dolomitic limestone of the overlying
Ssuyen. The lower boundary is somewhat difficult to place. In the
Kuantung district, it rests apparently conformably on the Ozarkian
Pingchou formation, but at the east end of the Wu-ting hill, 3 miles
south of the Yen-tai colliery, the Kangyao, referred to the Stones
River, is situated between it and the Canadian Santao formations.
Even though I have not yet found beds unquestionably referable
to the Kangyao formation, except in the immediate vicinity of
Yen-tai and on the eastern slope of San-leng hill, near Wu-hu-tsui
colliery, it is quite reasonable to assume from faunal relationships
that it may be developed throughout most of the Tai-tzu-ho and
Pechili districts.
Fauna.—As the fossiliferous sandy limestone of the Wuting forma-
tion is developed at many places, I have collected numerous fossils.
From the type locality, on the top of Wu-ting hill, I collected the
following species
:
Orthis calligraniina orthambonites von Bucli.
Raphistoma cf. aequilaterum Koken?
Helicotoma sp.
Near Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west of Chiao-tou station:
Phyragmolites sp.
Oxydiscus planulatus, new species.
A remarkable fossil locality of this formation found in the vicinity
of the second tunnel, north of Pen-hsi-hu, produced the following
species
:
Orthis calligramma orthambonites
von Buch.
Raphistoma cf. aequilaterum Koken.
Plcctoceras ohtakai, new species.
Nybyoceras foerstei Endo.
Armenocer-as ntimntai, new species.
Ormoccras inanchuriense, new species.
Bathyurus? sp.
Helicotoma sp.
IJccyliopterus sp.
Cycloceras ( V) marginale, new species.
Besides the above localities, a few Wuting fossils were recovered
at several places in the Wu-hu-tsui, Niu-hsin-tai, and Hsiao-shih
subdistricts.
Correlations.—From the presence of the fauna listed above it
is clear that the Wuting is equivalent to a portion (about Athens
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 4
View from the South of Wu-ting-shan (Meaning a Hill Composed of
Five Peaks)
This hill is 3 miles south of Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
NEARER View of the Highest peak Shown in Figure 1
Rather good fossils are found on the top of this hill, which is the type locality of the Wuting formation.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 5
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FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUBIA 17
stage) of the North American Blount (Upper Chazyan). It also
appears to be the equivalent of the lower part of Kobayashi's Tou-
fangkou series, and the lower part of Matsushita's Aigawa series.
KANGYAO FORMATION
Type locality.—^Half a mile west of Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles
southeast of the Yen-tai colliery.
Character.—^Moderately thick-bedded, grayish-black limestone that
is crossed by many calcite veins.
Thickness and geografhic distribution.—Except at the type local-
ity and on the eastern slope of San-leng hill, near Wu-hu-tsui col-
liery, I have separated no undoubted Kangyao, but I found fragments
of Lophos-pira and other gastropods in the lower part of the Ordovi-
cian limestone in the Wu-hu-tsui, Pen-hsi-hu, and Niu-hsin-tai sub-
districts.
T. Kobayashi also collected a number of Lophospira specimens
from his Tofango series in both Pen-hsi-hu and Niu-h,sin-tai sub-
districts, as well as from his Actinoceras zone in the Wu-hu-tsui
subdistrict. It seems, therefore, that the Kankyao may occur rather
extensively in the Wu-hu-tsui area and in the Tai-tzo-ho district.
This question is hereafter discussed in greater detail (p. 30).
In a maize field near Shang-kang-yao, I found a very much weath-
ered limestone, 20 m (65.6 feet) in thickness, from which I collected
the characteristic Stones River fossils listed below.
Stratigraphic relatione.—The base and top of the Kangyao have
not yet been located and its relationships to the adjacent formations
are, therefore, not definitely fixed.
Fauna.—^As follows
:
Anthaspidella disooidalis, new species.
Orthis callifframma orthamtonites
von Buch.
LopJiospira aojii, new species.
Lophospira grabaui, new species.
Lophospira kangyaoensis, new species.
Lophospira manchuriensis, new species.
Lophospira cf. otveni Ulrich and Sco-
field.
Lophospira producta pagodai, new
variety.
Lophospira turritiformis, new species.
Lophospira yentaiensis, new species.
Eotomaria barbouri (Grabau).
Eotomaria ulrichi, new species.
Solenospira sp.
Correlations.—From the presence of Lophospira and other gastro-
pods it is clear that the Kangyao formation is the stratigraphic
equivalent of the lower portion of the Stones River (about Mosheim
stage) of North America.
CANADIAN SYSTEM
The Canadian is represented in South Manchuria by only one
formation, at least so far as beds definitely determinable as such from
their contained fossils are concerned.
18 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
SANTAO FORMATION
Type locality.—Above the second tunnel near San-tao-kang-tzu,
1.5 miles north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery. (PI. 5.)
Characters.—Moderately thick-bedded, ^ray, arenaceous limestones
crossed irregularly by many fissures now filled by calcite.
Thickness and geographic distribution.—The Canadian Santao
formation, so far as now known, appears to be undeveloped in the
Kuantung and Pechili districts. In the Tai-tzu-ho district, on the
contrary, it has a comparatively wide distribution.
In the Yen-tai subdistrict, it occurs on the eastern lower slope of
Wu-ting hill, 3 miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, where it is esti-
mated as about 60 m (196.8 feet) thick. In the Pen-hsi-hu subdistrict,
it outcrops above the second tunnel near San-tao-kang-tzu, and here
it has a thickness of about 80 m (262.4 feet). It also appears near
Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west of Chiao-tou station on the Antung-
Mukden line, where it is estimated at about 60 m (196.8 feet). In the
vicinity of Niu-hsin-tai it occurs on the upper slope of the San-fang-
la-tzu hill, 1.8 miles east of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, and again an
equal distance west of the same place on the western slope of the Wo-
lung ridge, and at this place it is about 60 m (196.8 feet) in thickness.
Unfortunately I have not yet been able to find Santao fossils in
the Hsiao-shih subdistrict, but I think further search may yield
characteristic examples.
Stratigraphic relations.—The Santao rests apparently conformably
on the Ozarkian Pingchou formation at all outcrops. On the eastern
lower slope of Wu-ting hill the lower Chazyan Kangyao is situated
between the Santao and the Wuting formations, but exact boundaries
have not yet been established. In fact, at most localities the upper
and lower boundaries of the former are not well defined, since all
adjacent formations are lithologically similar.
Fauna.—From the fossil locality of the Santao formation on the
eastern lower slope of Wu-ting hill I have collected the following
species: Hortnotoma sp. and Calathiwii frechi, new species.
In the gray limestone beds above second tunnel, north of Pen-
hsi-hu, a larger fauna was collected (pi. 3) :
Calathium frechi, new species.
Anthaspidellal planulata, new species
Anthaspidella'i radiata, new species.
Polytoechiat tapvensis, new species.
In addition I collected Piloceras manchuHense and fragments of
other species near Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west of the Chiao-tou
station, and near the Niu-hsin-tai colliery.
Correlations.—The fossils listed above show that the Santao rep-
resents the North American uppermost Canadian. The Santao for-
Piloceras manchuriense, new species.
Penhsioceras fusiforme, new genus and
species.
Camcroccras cf. styliforme Grabau.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 19
mation, though lithologically very similar to the overlying Lower
Ordovician strata, has a very distinctive fauna that enables the two
to be readily differentiated. The Santao may correspond with some
part of Grabau's (1922) Peilintze or Lingchiashan formation, in
Chihli, as their faunas are similar.
The Santao formation appears to represent a part of Kobayashi's
Wolung series, which he included in the Ordovician.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS
Detailed sections for all the more important localities where the
Ordovician and Canadian beds outcrop in South Manchuria are
herewith included. The sections are in natural order; that is, the
highest beds present or studied are described first, followed by the
others in descending order, and since the formations have been de-
scribed in the preceding pages the names may be used without
further definition. The sections are also arranged in geographic
order, beginning with the most southerly.
KUANTUNG DISTRICT
The Kuantung district includes the larger part of and practically
coincides with the Kuantung Leased Territory. The southern part
is covered by the rather massive-bedded quartzite of the Sinian
Tiaoyutai formation and the limestones of the Kuantung, Pre-Cam-
brian gneiss and gneissoid granites occupy much of the north-
eastern part, while most of the northwestern portion consists of
rocks belonging to the Cambrian. Therefore, the area of Ordo-
vician strata is rather restricted in this district. The most important
localities of the Ordovician are found on Kan-tao-tzu Island and
on the isolated comparatively small hills situated between Wan-chia-
tung and Hsi-tien-chia-tun, south of Aigawa.
Inai has informed me that fossiliferous limestones occur in the
Ssuyen outcrop in the vicinity of Tung-chia-kou colliery, 10 miles
east of Chin-chou station on the South Manchurian line. Un-
fortunately, however, I have not yet visited this place and conse-
quently can not include a description of it here.
KAN-TAO-TZU SECTION
Kan-tao-tzu Island lies on the coast 1.5 miles southwest of Aigawa,
a famous Japanese farming settlement. Both the Ozarkian
and Ordovician strata are finely exposed on this island in the form
of a structural dome with Ozarkian formations occupying the cen-
tral part, surrounded by the Ordovician in the marginal portion of
the island.
20 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ordovician
SSUYEN FORMATION :
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray and light-gray limestone in
layers 10 to 20 cm thick, with several irregular edgewise conglom-
erate and thin dolomitic limestone beds at certain horizons.
Fauna.—Occasionally fragments of cephalopods {Amienocera^)
and gastropods occur.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray arenaceous, dolomitic
limestones, in layers 5 to 20 cm thick, 60 m (196.8 feet).
Total thickness of Ssuyen formation, 280 m (918.4 feet).
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to dark limestone, with a few edge-
wise conglomerates in layers 10 to 20 cm thick, 160 m (524.8 feet).
Fauna.—Traces of annelid borings.
The Wuting occurs on the eastern slope of the 128-meter hill and at
the western end of Kan-tao-tzu Island. It rests apparently con-
formably on the Pingchou, and thus far I have not found the Santao
or any Lower Chazyan formation in this region.
The Ssuyen and Wuting formations also outcrop in the five iso-
lated hills that stretch between Wan-chia-tung and Hsi-tien-chia-tun,
near Kan-tao-tzu Island. The lithologic characters and geologic
relations are the same as on Kan-tao-tzu Island. Only a few un-
identifiable fragments of Armenoceras were found in these isolated
hills.
PECHILI DISTRICT
Except for comparatively small areas at Wu-hu-tsui, Chin-chia-
cheng-tzu, and on Tschang-hsing-tao, most of the Pechili district is
occupied by rocks belonging to the Sinian series. The Cambrian
strata are finely developed in the vicinity of Chin-chia-cheng-tzu and
in the northeastern part of Tschang-hsing-tao, while the Ordovician
beds are confined to the area surrounding the Wu-hu-tsui coal field.
WU-HU-TSUI SUBDISTRICT
Surrounding the Wu-hu-tsui coal field, except on its northern
flank, Ordovician rocks make up the Ma, San-leng, Tai-tzu, and Kan-
tien hills. Since three rather large faults are present in this area,
it is necessary to present a composite and somewhat diagrammatic
section. (PI. 6.)
Ordovician
Ssuyen formation :
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to light-gray limestone, in layers
5 to 20 cm thick, with thin edgewise conglomerates and dolomitic
limestones, 100 m (328 feet).
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 21
Armenoceras tani (Grabau).
Armenoceras orientate, new species.
Fauna.—As follows:
Armenoceras couUngi (Grabau).
Armenoceras elongatum, new species.
Armenoceras nanUm takayamai, new
variety.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray, buff-weathering shaly,
arenaceous dolomitic limestone with some thin edgewise conglomer-
ates, 140 m (459.2 feet).
Fauna.—No fossils found.
This dolomitic limestone forms the main body of Tai-tzu, Kan-
tien, and San-leng hills.
Total of Ssuyen, 240 m (787.2 feet).
WuTiNG formation:
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to dark limestone, sometimes very
arenaceous, in layers 2 to 20 cm thick, with a few interbedded edge-
wise conglomerate layers, 160 m (524.8 feet).
Fauna.—I collected Armenoceras and crinoid stems from this
formation on the northern slope of Ma hill. Some layers show
abundant traces of annelid borings within the rock or on its surface.
The Wuting forms the main body of Ma hill and outer lower
slopes of San-leng hill.
Kangyao formation:
Moderately thick-bedded, gray-black limestone, 20 m (65.6 feet).
Fauna.—^As follows:
Lophospira aojii, new species.
Lophospira graba-uii, new species.
Eotomaria iardo>uri (Grabau).
Eotomaria ulrichi, new species.
Many fine examples of undescribed
species of gastropods.
TAI-TZU-HO DISTRICT
The Ordovician and Canadian strata outcrop extensively along
both sides of Tai-tzu Kiver between Liao-yang and Kan-cheng. In
addition these beds also cover comparatively large areas south of
Ping-ting-shan, 13 miles northeast of Kan-cheng. For convenience
in description the Tai-tzu-ho district may be subdivided into four
subdistricts : Liaoyang-Yentai, Penhsihu-Niuhsintai, Hsiaoshih-
Tienshihfukou, and Ping-ting-shan. As I did not visit the last
named, it is omitted from the following description. (PI. 7.)
LIAOYANG-YENTAI SUBDISTRICT
The Liaoyang-Yentai subdistrict lies in the westernmost part of
the district. In this area Ordovician and Canadian rocks occupy
about 4 square miles south of Yen-tai. The village of Kang-yao
stands in the center of this outcrop.
The Wuting formation is particularly well exposed in typical form
on the summit and southern slope of Wu-ting hill, where it yields fine
fossils.
22 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The weathered limestone strata of the Kangyao formation are
found in the fields 0.5 mile west of Shang-kang-j'ao, where I collected
many very fine Stones River fossils.
SHANG-PING-CHOU SECTION
The Ordovician strata are found on the low hills, Shih-ho-shan and
Yu-ho-shan near Shang-ping-chou, 8 miles east of Liao-yang. I
examined the Ordovician strata in the section that runs from south
to north and is the northward prolongation of the Cambrian and
Ozarkian section.
All the beds dip 15° to 20° to the north, thereby making good
exposures.
Ordovician
SSUTEN FORMATION :
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to light-gray limestone, full of
calcite veins; the beds average 15 cm in thickness; interbedded thin
edgewise conglomerates and dolomitic limestone beds at irregular
intervals, 160 m (524.8 feet).
Fauna.—Annelid trails and borings, Armenoceras elegans^ new
species, and Maclurites higshyi (Hall),
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray, buff-weathering arena-
ceous, dolomitic limestone in layers 4 to 20 cm thick, 40 m (131 feet).
Total thickness of the Ssuyen, 200 m (656 feet).
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to black limestone with many cal-
cite veins and with a few edgewise conglomerates, varying in thick-
ness from 2 to 20 cm, 280 m (918.4 feet).
Fauna.—Numerous annelid borings ; Rafhistoma cf . aequilatenmi
Koken ?
The Wuting, outcropping on a small hill near Lung-feng-ssu, 1
mile east of Yu-ho hill, yields many fragments of Maclurites and
other gastropods.
Thus far I have not found any Kangyao and Santao fossils in
this section, but such may be obtained by further search.
HSIA-KANG-YAO SECTION
The Hsia-kang-yao section lies about 3.5 miles southeast of the
Yen-tai colliery. The measured section begins at the western foot
of Wu-ting hill and extends eastward via Hsia-kang-yao to the
north of Ta-ling.
The strata from the Ssuyen to the Santao, inclusive, form a syn-
clinal structure on the axis of which Hsia-kang-yao is located. The
beds outcropping on Wu-ting hill dip 40° to the south.
FOBMATIOlsrS AND FOSSILS OF SOTJTH MANCHURIA 23
Ordovician
SSUTEN FORMATION
:
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to light-gray limestones with
many calcite veins, in layers 3 to 20 cm thick; with thin edgewise
conglomerates in some horizons, 250 m (820 feet).
FauTia.—Ab follows:
Maclurites Mgsiyi (Hall).
Armenoceras orientale, new species.
Armenoceras hassleri, new species.
Armenoceras asiaticitm, new species.
Abundant annelid borings.
Many fragments of gastropods.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, gray, arenaceous, dolomitic limestone
;
in beds averaging 5 cm in thickness, 30 m (98.4 feet).
Total of the Ssuyen formation, 280 m (918.4 feet).
WUTING FORMATION
:
Moderately thick-bedded, mostly black, sometimes gray, limestone
with a few edgewise conglomerate layers, averaging 7 cm thick,
200 m (656 feet).
Fmma.—Arenaceous limestones in the lower part of the formation
yield numerous fossils:
Orthis calUgramma orthambonites von
Buch.
RapMstoma of. aequilaterwn Koken?
Helicotoma sp.
Several undetermined trilobites.
Annelid borings and trails.
The Wuting formation outcrops typically on the top and southern
slope of Wu-ting hill and again on the western slope of the curved
ridge just west of Hui-kou, and on the low hill just west of
Hsia-kang-yao.
Kangyao formation :
Moderately thick-bedded, grayish-black limestone, with many cal-
cite veins in beds averaging 18 mm in thickness. The weathered
surfaces become yellowish rusty and leave a sticky mud. Many fine
Stones River (Mosheim stage) fossils were found in the deeply
weathered limestones.
Fauna.—^As follows:
AntJiaspidella discoidalis, new species.
Orthis calligrwrnma orthambonites von
Buch.
Lophospira aojii, new species.
Lophospira grabaui, new species.
Lophospira Jcangyaoensis, new species,
Lophospira manchuriensis, new spe-
cies.
Lophospira produota pagodai, new va-
riety.
Lophospira of. oweni Ulrich and Sco-
field.
Lophospira turritiformis, new species.
Lophospira yentaiensis, new species.
Eotomaria barbouri (Grabau).
Eotomaria ulrichi, new species.
Solenospira species.
Undetermined trilobites.
The Kangyao occurs in a very limited area in the maize field north-
west of Hsia-kang-yao.
24 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Canadian
SaNTAO FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, jirayish dark, somewhat arenaceous lime-
stone, the beds averaging 3 cm in thickness, GO m (196.8 feet).
Fauna.—Hormotoma sp. and Calathiuni frechi., new species.
The Santao is found on the western slope of the curved ridge west
of the Hui-kou Valley and on the eastern slope of Wu-ting hill.
PENHSIHU-NIUHSINTAI SUBDISTRICT
This area extends from Chiao-tou station, on the Antung-Mukden
line, to Huo-lien-chai station, thus including a strip about 8 miles
wide lying both east and west of the railway line. In this area the
Ordovician and Canadian strata outcrop sporadically north of the
Pen-hsi-hu colliery, in the vicinity of the Tao-yuan-kou colliery, in
the country around the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, on Fu-chin-kou
ridge, 2.5 miles southwest of Miyanohara station, and at other places.
(Pis. 8, 9.)
The black-banded limestone of the Ssuyen forms a great cliff near
Ssu-yen-kou, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, where it yields
many fine fossils.
The Santao formation is typically developed above the second tun-
nel, 1 mile north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, and here are found many
fine characteristic Canadian fossils (pi. 5).
FU-CHIN-LING SECTION
The Ordovician and Canadian strata outcrop fairly extensively in
the westward i^rolongation of the Cambro-Ozarkian outcrops 1.5
miles north of Chiao-tou station and near Po-chia-wan, 3 miles
southwest of Miyanohara station.
The strata from the Ordovician Wuting to the Ozarkian Yenchou
form an anticlinal structure, while the Ssuyen is shifted out to the
northward of this section by a large fault ; here it is in contact with
the strata from the Ordovician Wuting down to the Sinian Tiaoyu-
tai in the area from Po-chia-wan via Fu-chin-kou to Yao-kou-pu.
Ordovician
Ssuyen formation :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to black limestone with many calcite
veins, with occasional intercalated dolomitic limestone beds at ir-
regular intervals.
Fauna.—A good fossil locality of this formation is located on
the northern slope of the Fu-chin-kou ridge, where I collected the
following fossils
:
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANGHTIBIA 25
Stromatocerium regulatum, new spe-
cies.
Maclurites nitida (Ulrich and Sco-
field)?
Maclurites higsbyi (Hall).
Sactoceras liaotungense, new species.
Armenoceras asiaticum, new species.
Armenoceras murakamii ( Kobayashi )
.
Armenoceras tani (Grabau).
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to black limestone, averaging 4 cm
in thickness, with interbedded thin edgewise conglomerates and dolo-
mitic limestone at some horizons, 160 m (524.8 feet).
Fauna.—Annelid trails and borings; Phragmalites sp. ; and
Oooydiscus planulatus., new species.
The Wuting outcrops just north of Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west
of Chiao-tou station, and is faulted against the Taitzu formation.
Kangyao formation :
Unfortunately, I have not yet collected any specimens from the
Kangyao formation in this section, but I think that it may be identi-
fied by future study in the field.
CaTwdian
Santao formation :
Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray to gray limestones crossed by
many calcite veins, with interbedded arenaceous limestones at some
horizons, the beds averaging 3 cm in thickness, 60 m (196.8 feet).
Fauna.—Piloceras manchuriense, new species.
PEN-HSI-HTJ SECTION
On the northern rim of the Pen-hsi-hu coal field there are fine ex-
posures of Ordovician and Canadian strata. Here we find the type
localities of the Ordovician Ssuyen and Canadian Santao formations.
The strata from the Wuting down to the Santao form an anticlinal
structure just east of San-tao-kang-tzu ; while the Ssuyen dips at
20° or 30° to the south on the north rim of the coal field.
Ordovician
Ssuyen formation:
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to black limestone with many
calcite veins; the limestones are somewhat dolomitic in some hori-
zons; beds vary in thickness from 1 to 30 cm, 120 m (393.6 feet).
There are two important fossil horizons in this formation, one
near the top and the other about 100 m below.
From the upper fossil horizon:
Camarocladia arborescens, new species. Camarocladia plana, new species.
Oamarocladia fucoides, new species. Maclurites biffstyi (Hall).
26 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Armenoceras hat at, new species.
Armenoceras harioi (Kobayashi).
Armetioccras manchurense (Kobaya-
shi).
Armenoceras nanum takayamai, new
variety.
Armenoceras penhsiense, new species.
Armenoceras richthofeni (Freeh).
Armenoceras suzukii, new species.
Onnoceras chinense, new species.
Isoteloides sp.
From the lower fossil horizon
:
Stromatocerium rcgulatum, new spe-
cies.
Maclurites bigsbyi (Hall).
Playfairia cf. deltoidea (Conrad).
Cycloceras (?) maMo/iMrfcnsc, new spe-
cies.
Cycloceras aokii, new species.
Sactoceras kobayashii, new species.
Sactoceras inaii, new species.
Armenoceras elegans, new species.
Armenoceras asiaticum,, new species.
Armenoceras resseri, new species.
Cannarocladia forms a characteristic bed about 3 m thick in the
uppermost part of the Ssuyen and is directly overlain by the appar-
ently conformable Carboniferous variegated siliceous shales. A fine
StronuLtoceiium bed about 1.8 m thick occurs in the lower part of
the lower fossil horizon.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray dolomitic limestone with
beds averaging 10 cm in thickness, 40 m (131.2 feet).
Total Ssuyen formation, 160 m (524.8 feet).
The dark and grayish massive beds of the Ssuyen limestone form
great cliffs just north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery along the Antung-
Mukden line and are here quarried for manufacture of natural ce-
ment. (See pi. 2, fig. 2.)
WuTiNG formation:
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to dark limestone, interbedded
with thin edgewise conglomerates and arenaceous limestone beds,
varying in thickness from 1 to 30 m, 80 m (262.4 feet).
Fauna.—I have collected the following species from this forma-
tion in the vicinity of the second tunnel, 1 mile north of Pen-hsi-hu
:
Plectoceras ohtakai, new species.
Nybyoceras foerstei Endo.
Armenoceras numatai, new species.
Ormoceras manchwriense, new species.
Bathynrusff sp.
Orthis calligramma ortham^honites von
Buch.
Raphistoma cf. aequilaterum. Koken?
Helicotoma. sp.
Eccylioptcrus sp.
Cycloceras (?) marginale, new species.
The Pen-hsi-hu cave is formed in the Wuting formation in this
section. (See pi. 2, fig. 1.)
The Ordovician limestone breaks down and forms a broad, ir-
regular rough slope from the cliff on the southwest side of the Huo-
lien-chai Valley.
K!aNGYAO FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray limestone with many irregular
calcite veins.
Fav/na.—Fragments of gastropod shells.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUHIA 27
Canadian
Santag formation:
Moderately thick-bedded, gray, arenaceous limestones with many
irregular calcite veins, in layers 2 to 10 cm thick, 80 m (262.4 feet).
FaiwML.—On the top of the second tunnel, 1 mile north of Pen-
hsi-hif, a good fossil locality occurs from which I collected the fol-
lowing important, characteristic Canadian fossils
:
Anthaspidellaf planulata, new species.
Anthaspi^lla? radiata, new species.
Polytoechia? tapnensis, new species.
Cameroceras cf. styliforme Grabau.
Piloceras manchuriense, new species.
Penhsioceras fusiforme, new genus and
species.
TAO-YUAN-KOU SECTION
In the vicinity of the Tao-yuan-kou coal field, the Ordovician
strata are very well exposed, but, unfortunately, many comparatively
strong faults have disturbed and scattered the outcrops, making nec-
essary a generalized and somewhat arbitrary section. The strata
that outcrop on the Lao-hu-ti-kou ridge have a synclinal structure,
while those at Lung-wan-tien and near Huang-kan-kou are in a
tilted block dipping 20° or 30° to the west. This section is essen-
tially the same as that of Pen-hsi-hu, 5 miles southwest of this area,
except that the Canadian Santao formation is lacking.
Ordovician
SSUTEN FORMATION :
1. Moderately thick-bedded, black to light gray limestone, in lay-
ers 5 to 20 cm thick, with interbedded thin edgewise conglomerate
and dolomitic layers, 40-150 m (131.2-492 feet).
Fav/na.—A good fossil locality occurs in the valley of Yao-tzu-ku-
pan-kou, where I collected Maclurites higsbyi (Hall) and Armeno-
ceras shimisui, new species.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light gray, buff-weathering, arena-
ceous, dolomitic limestone in layers 4 to 20 cm thick. These beds
become thinner as compared with those of the Pen-hsi-hu and Shan-
ping-chou sections, about 20 m (65.6 feet).
Total Ssuyen formation, 170 m (557.6 feet).
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to dark limestone, interbedded with
thin edgewise conglomerate and arenaceous limestone beds varying
in thickness from 1 to 30 cm, about 120 m (393.6 feet)
.
Fauna.—^From the arenaceous beds comparatively well-preserved
fossils have been obtained near Ku-chia-tsu: EapMstoma cf. aequi-
laterum Koken? and undetermined brachiopods.
28 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Although I have not yet collected any Kangyao or Santao fos-
sils in the Tao-yuan-kou section, I have the impression of having
seen some fragments of these on the limestone surfaces, and conse-
quently it is probable that future field work may develop these
formations in this area.
Niu-HsiN-TAi sixrnoN
Ordovician strata outcrop extensively all the way around the
Niu-hsin-tai coal basin, except on its northwestern sector. The fol-
lowing section is a prolongation of the Cambrian and Sinian and
was measured on the eastern rim of this structural basin along the
line between Hung-lien-kou and Ta-wan-kou. All the strata out-
cropping here dip 20° to 30° to the southwest.
Ordovician
SSUTEN FORMATION :
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to black limestone with many cal-
cite veins, with interbedded thin edgewise conglomerates and dolo-
mitic limestones at some horizons; the limestone beds average 7 cm
in thickness, 160 m (524.8 feet).
Fauna.—The contained fossils are found at two horizons from
which I collected the following species
:
From upper fossil horizon:
MacJurites bigshyi (Hall).
Cycloceras (?) peitoutsense Grabau.
From lower fossil horizon:
Stromatocerium regulatum, new spe-
cies.
Sactoceras niuhsinense, new species.
A good many fine specimens, listed on page 14, were found south
of Hsiao-nan-kou, on the southern rim of the structural basin. More-
over, I have collected a number of black limestone bowlders believed
to have come from the Ssuyen formation, in the river drift at the
Niu-hsin-tai colliery, in which the following characteristic Ssuyen
fossils occur:
Armenoceras elongatum, new species.
Ormoceras orientale, new species.
Armenoceras sondai, new species.
Ormoceras kimurai, new species.
Orthoceras toyamai, new species.
Orthoceras sp.
Cycloceras (?) manchuriense, new
species.
Armenoceras hayasakai, new species.
Armenoce/'fiw murginale, new species.
Armenoceras nanum (Grabau).
Armenoceras nudum, new species.
Armenoceras yabei, new species.
Onnoceras nagaoi, new species.
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray, dolomitic limestone in
layers 1 to 15 cm in thickness, 40 m (131.2 feet).
Total Ssuyen formation, 200 m (656 feet).
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 29
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded, gray to dark limestones, with thin edge-
wise conglomerate and arenaceous limestone beds ; varying in thick-
ness from 1 to 30 cm, 8 m (26.24 feet)
.
Fomna.—Orthoceras rectiseytatimh, new species.
Kangyao formation :
Moderately thick-bedded, black limestone with fragments of
gastropods.
Canadian
Santao formation :
Moderately thick-bedded, grayish, dark, somewhat arenaceous
limestone, the beds averaging 3 cm in thickness.
Fauna.—This formation furnished a specimen of Penhsioce^'os
fusiforme from a locality in the valley of Ta-wan-kou, 1.5 miles
northeast of the Mu-hsin-tai colliery.
hsiaoshih-tienshihfukou subdistrict
This area, which embraces the Hsiao-shih and Tien-shih-fu-kou
coal fields, lies about 18 miles east of the Niu-hsin-tai district. The
Ordovician strata outcrop rather extensively, and I planned a close
study of the lower Palaeozoic and Sinian beds in the summer of
1928, but unfortunately strong antiforeign feeling among the Chi-
nese developed at that time, which drove me out of the area after
only a rapid reconnaissance in the vicinity of Hsiao-shih. Since
then there has been no opportunity to revisit the area, but I am
planning as soon as I return to Manchuria to visit particularly
Tien-shih-fu-kou and more eastern parts of the Tai-tzu-ho district.
HSIAO-SHIH SECTION
Notwithstanding my rapid reconnaissance, I fortunately found a
continuous section from the Ordovician to the Sinian along the
Hsiao-shih Eiver, a tributary of the Tai-tzu.
Ordovician
SsuYEN formation:
1. Moderately thick-bedded, gray to light-gray limestone in layers
2 to 30 cm thick, with interbedded thin edgewise conglomerate and
dolomitic limestone beds at irregular intervals, 200 m (656 feet).
Fauna.—Fragments of cephalopods and gastropods ; annelid trails
and borings.
From other localities in this area, I collected ArTYienoceras sondai,
new species, and Ormoceras proximum, new species. Therefore, I feel
sure more complete specimens can be found.
101621—S2 3
30 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
2. Moderately thick-bedded, light-gray, buff-weathering arena-
ceous dolomitic limestone, and beds averaging 7 cm in thickness, 80 m
(262.4 feet).
Total thickness of the Ssuyen, 100 m (328 feet).
WUTING FORMATION :
Moderately thick-bedded gray to black limestone with a few edge-
wise conglomerate and some arenaceous limestones. The limestone
beds vary in thickness from 2 to 20 cm, 200 m (656 feet).
Fauna.—Although I have not collected any Wuting fossils in this
immediate section, I found a specimen of Raf-nesquina sp. near
Hsiao-shih. In my rapid reconnaissance, nothing was seen of the
Kangyao and Santao formations, but they are probably present ; this
can be settled, however, only by future field work.
COMMENTS ON THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF
THE ORDOVICIAN
The distribution of the Canadian and Ordovician formations in
the Kuantung, Pechili, and Tai-tzu-ho districts, described in the
preceding pages, is shown graphically in the accompanying chart
(p. 31). Several significant facts are apparent from a brief perusal
of it. In the first place the Canadian Santao formation is lacking
in the Kuantung and Pechili districts, at least so far as a fairly
careful survey indicates. On the other hand, the Kangyao may
have a wider distribution than my own collecting indicates, for
while I found no characteristic fossils nor beds with the typical
lithology, except in the Hsia-kang-yao and Wu-hu-tsui sections, T.
Kobayashi reports the following species from three other areas
:
From near Pen-hsi-hu
:
Lophoapira trochifomiis Grabau. I Pagodispira deruiduii Grabau.
Lophospira gerardi Grabau.
|
From near Niu-hsin-tai
:
Lophospira acuta, Grabau.
Lophospira trochiformis Grabau. ,
From Wu-hu-tsui (Actinoceras zone) :
Lophospira morrisi Grabau. Pagodispira denoiduii Grabau.
Lophospira gerardi Grabau.
These fossils belong to Kobayashi 's Toufangkou fauna, which he
correlates with Grabau's Machiakou limestone and which both of
these authors consider typical North American Black River fauna.
Even though only one species is common to Kobayashi's Toufangkou
and my Kangyao faunas, it is apparent from a brief study that the
Kangyao is to be regarded as equivalent to the lower part of Kob-
ayashi's Toufangkou formation. It is reasonable, therefore, to
Lophospira morrisi Grabau.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUBIA 31
assume that the Kangyao is likely also present in the Pen-hsi-hu and
Niu-hsin-tai areas. The fact that I also found a number of gastro-
pods belonging to Lophospira or EotoTnaria in the lower part of the
Ordovician strata in these two areas may at least support the opinion
that the Kangyao is represented in other areas of the Taitzu district.
Furthermore, in my opinion the fossil that Kobayashi identifies as
Pagodispira derwiduii Grabau is Lophospira producta pagodai.
Kuantung district Pechili district Tai-tzu-ho district
Kan-tao-tzu sub-
district
Wu-hu-tsui sub-
district
Liaoyang-Yentai
subdistrict
Penhsihu-Niuhsintai
subdistrict
1
'?
oO
1-1
O
Ssuyen. Ssuyen. Ssuyen. Ssuyen.
I
Wuting. Wuting. Wuting. Wuting.
Absent. Kangyao. Kangyao. Kangyao.
1
a
03Q
Absent. Absent. Santao. Santao.
a
S,3
03
o
Pingchou. Pingchou. Pingchou. Pingchou.
STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS
When the Canadian and Ordovician strata of South Manchuria
are compared with those of North China, there is no doubt that the
upper and middle parts of the Machiakou limestone, in the Kaiping
Basin, Chihli, are the equivalent of the Ssuyen formation, and in
general both faunas have quite intimate relations with the Black
Eiver formation of North America. The following five species are
common to both the Machiakou and Ssuyen faunas
:
Armenooeras couUngi (Grabau).
Armenooeras nanum (Grahan).
Armenocertis richthofeni (Freeh),
Armenooeras tani (Grabau).
Cycloceras? peitoutzense Grabau.
And the following paired species resemble one another closely:
Ssuyen Formation
Armenooeras asiaticum, new species.
Armenooeras elongatum, new species.
Arm,enoceras hatai, new species.
Armenooeras hayasakai, new species.
Armenooeras magnituhidatum, new
species.
Ormooeras orientaJe, new species.
MAOHLiKOU Limestone
Armenooeras tani (Grabau).
Armenooeras suhmarginale (Grabau).
Armenooeras coulingi (Grabau).
Armenooeras suanpanoides (Grabau).
32 BULLETIN" 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Grabau has described LopJiosfira and Liospira, together with
characteristic Bhick River fossils, from the Machiakou formation,
while Kobayashi identifies the same forms in the Toufangkou. The
vertical range of these genera is very great, extending from the
Canadian to the Richmond, but, since the gastropods found in the
Ordovician strata of North China and South Manchuria, as well as
North Korea, are more like those of the Mosheim stage of the Stones
River, and, furthermore, since I have possibly the identical species
in the Kangyao formation, my conclusion is that Grabau included
some Stones River in the base of his Black River Machiakou forma-
tion. Such a mistake is easily made, since all outcrops of Canadian
and Ordovician strata in both North China and South Manchuria
are deeply weathered limestones much obscured by talus, deep-
cultivated soils, or grassy slopes. Consequently the fossils are
usually collected from the talus or bowlders, which are liable to
lead one into serious error. This condition may therefore explain
the inclusion of the two faunas in the Machiakou of the Kaiping
Basin and further strengthen the view that the lower portion of
that formation may be equivalent to the Kangyao formation of
Manchuria.
In Grabau's descriptions I have been unable to find any fossils
that may be referred to the Wuting fauna; consequently, accord-
ing to the evidence now available, it seems that rocks equivalent
to the Wuting are not developed in North China. This question,
however, needs further investigation in the field. On the other
hand, part of the Lingchiashan limestone and the Peilintze forma-
tion as developed in the Shih-men-chai region, northeastern Chihli,
apparently correlate with the Santao as indicated in the following
list of the identified species
:
Santao formation :
Anthaspidellal radiata, new spe-
cies.
Anthaspidcllal planulata, new
species.
Hormotoma sp.
Cameroceras styliforme Grabau.
Piloceras mancliuHense, new spe-
cies.
At first glance most of the fossils listed above seem to belong to
different species, genera, or families, with little or no real identity.
I believe, however, that a comparison of my specimens with
Grabau's, which are not too well illustrated, will show that his
Archaeocyathus, Fusispira, and Piloceras species are the same or
very closely related to those described by me under the genera
Anthas'pidella^ Ilormotoma^ and Piloceras.
Peilintze limestone :
Archaeocyathus cliiMiense Gra-
bau.
Pusispira sp.
Piloceras platyventrum Grabau.
Lingchiashan limestone:
Cameroceras styliforme Grabau.
Piloceras platyventrum Grabau.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHURIA 33
Examination of the foregoing list indicates that the Peilintze
formation has more forms in common with the Santao than has the
Lingchiashan. I might add that considerable doubt exists as to
the correlation of the Canadian strata in North China. For ex-
ample, how can such a late Canadian form as Piloceras be found at
two horizons so widely separated vertically as 416 m (from horizon
F3 of the Lingchiashan formation to Fi of the Peilintze formation) ?
The major characteristics of the Ordovician strata in Korea have
been described by T. Kobayashi (192Y) ; according to him, the
faunal characters of the Bantatsu formation, which occurs 5 kilo-
meters east of Heijo, and the Chikunsan fossil beds, about 180 kilo-
meters east-southeast of Keijo (Seul), show remarkable differences,
the former having intimate connection with the Ordovician strata
in Manchuria. The same author later (1930) expresses his views
as follows:
The fauna of group II [Unkaku bed] consists of a total of 30 species and 1
variety, of which 15 species and 1 variety are quite new to science, all the
remainder being found in either the Machiakou or the Toufangkou fauna, or
in both, so that the present fauna can readily be compared to that of Toufangkou
and Machiakou.
Specific names
Toufangkou
fauna
Machiakou
fauna
Lophospira morrisi
Lophospira gerardi
Lophospira trochiformis
Pagodispira tetracarina
Liospira barbouri
Eccyliopterus kushanensis
Maclurea tofangoense
Cycloceras mantalense
Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptum
Stereoplasmoceras submarginale
Actinoceras richthofeni
Actinoceras submarginale
Actinoceras manchurense
Actinoceras nanum
Ormoceras [Actinoceras] suampanoides-
Ormoceras [Actinoceras] tani
Ormoceras [Actinoceras] harioi
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Among the cephalopods in the fauna of Group II [Unkaku bed], the actinoc-
eroids predominate as is usually the ease with the Black River and Trenton
series in the Arcto-American province. * * *
Among the gastropods, there are many species which more or less resemble
those of the Stone River, Black River, and the Trenton fauna of North
America, while a few species bear some resemblance to the Cincinnatian and
Canadian species. * * *
Fossils from Group III [Bantatsuan bed].—Among the fragmentary fossils
obtained from Group III is one specimen which belongs undoubtedly to
Stereoplasmoceras sp. All the others are imperfect specimens of brachiopods.
34 BULLETIN IG-i, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Stercoplasmoceras is usually considered to be a characteristic genus of the
Toufangkou-Macbiakou limestone. Therefore Group III containing Stereo-
plastnoceras sp. appears paleontologically to be more closely related to the
Toufangkou-Machiakou series than to the Lianchiashan series containing
Piloceras fauna.
It is quite clear from this that the Unkaku fauna includes forms
typical of the Ssuyen and Kangyao faunas. At the present time,
however, the question remains as to whether the "Wuting fauna is not
also included in Kobayashi's Unkaku or Bantatsuan fauna.
Finally, the relationships of the Canadian and Ordovician faunas
in South Manchuria and North America should be discussed. Most
of the species described in this monograph are new, but are usually
closely allied to North American species. Only a very few are com-
mon to the two continents. The few identical forms and the large
number of allied species in these two widely separated regions, how-
ever, leave little chance for doubt as to at least the general correlation.
The Manchurian Ssuyen fauna contains many cephalopods, such
as Ar?7ienoce7'as, Ormoceras, and Sactoceras, which have the very
characteristic features of Black River forms, in that they have com-
paratively broad actinoceroid siphuncles, and, of course, Maclurites
higshyi (Hall) and Maclurites nitida (Ulrich and Scofield) are
exactly the same as North American Black River species. Camaro-
cladia arhorescens, C. fucoides, and C 2?lana, which have been col-
lected from the top of the Ssuyen formation, are closely similar to
Oamarocladia dichotoma Ulrich and Everett and C. 7'ugosa Ulrich
from typical Black River beds. Since the uppermost horizon of
the Ssuyen formation, which has yielded Camarocladia^ is overlain
by Carboniferous variegated siliceous shales, and, furthermore, since
^tromatoceriuTn regulatum, which makes up thick limestone beds
near the base of the Ssuyen formation, near Pen-hsi-hu, shows very
intimate relationships with Stromatoceriwn rugosum Hall, Koba-
yashi insists that the Tofango-Machiakou formations represent both
the Black River and Trenton groups of North America, According
to the evidence discussed above, however, it i^ quite apparent that
the Ssuyen is equivalent to the Black River and does not include
any Trenton.
As most of the species from the Manchurian Wuting formation
are new or too imperfect for exact determination, it seems unde-
sirable to fix the age of the Wuting formation too definitely ; but the
general characters of the fauna are similar to those of the Athens
group of the Upper Chazyan in North America. Moreover, further
evidence for an Athens age of the Wuting lies in the fact that it is
always directly overlain by the Ssuyen.
The Kangyao fauna of Manchuria is particularly characterized
by the abundance and variety of gastropods, chiefly Lophospira^
which, of course, features the Mosheim group of the Stones River
FOEMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHTIRIA 35
in North America. If the illustrations of the Kangyao fossils in
the accompanying plates are compared with those from the Mosheim
limestone figured by Butts, the great similarity of the two faunas
is at once apparent.^
The following four species are very characteristic of the.Man-
churian Santao formation:
Anthaspidella ? radiata, new species.
Anthaspidella ? planulata, new species.
CalatMum frechi, new species.
Piloceras manchuriense, new species.
Even though all these are new, the Anthaspidella-likQ species and
the genus Piloceras are very characteristic of the uppermost Cana-
dian in North America. Therefore, it may be assumed that the
Santao formation is likely contemporaneous.
As stated in the introductory chapters, I was permitted to study
some new Ordovician fossils from central China. From this study
it is clear that the Ordovician strata of southern Shensi and northern
Szechwan Provinces have quite different faunal successions as com-
pared with Chihli and South Manchuria. No fossils from strata
referable to the Black River group have yet been collected in Sze-
chwan and Shensi. On the contrary, it is remarkable that the Upper
Ordovician CryptoUthus zone (Trinucleus) occurs in both Provinces.
As far as known, this Upper Ordovician zone is absent in North
China and South Manchuria.
To sum. up and clarify the discussion in the preceding pages, a
generalized correlation table showing the Canadian and Ordovician
strata in North China, South Manchuria, North Korea, and North
America follows:
North America
North China
(Kaiping Ba-
sin)
North China
(Shihmenchai)
South Man-
churia North Korea
a
•S
V
o
V,
o
Black River.
3
o
a
Ssuyen. Nanso (?)
M
03
a
Bantatsuan (?)
^
^
3
Blount (Ath-
ens). Wutiiig.
Stones River
(Mosheim). Kangyao.
a
S
'•B
03
a
03
o
Uppermost
Canadian.
Lingchiashan.
Shihmenchai.
Peilintze.
Santao.
(Maruyama zone)?
Shorin zone ?
a
.2M
03
«
o
Pingohou.
Kogen fossil zone ?
(Tokusen fossil zone).
" Butts, Charles, Geology of Alabama, p. 102, pi. 19, 1926.
PART 2: PALEONTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In the following pages will be found descriptions of the identifiable
fossils obtained from the Canadian and Ordovician beds in South
Manchuria, together with some Ordovician fossils from central
China. With much more adequate stratigraphic data and with a
greater quantity of carefully collected material, this more intensive
study quite naturally finds certain previous determinations inade-
quate or erroneous. I had to make many changes of generic names,
especially for the actinoceroid cephalopods.
The fossil descriptions are arranged in the accepted biologic order,
but the illustrations are in a strictly stratigraphic sequence. This
unorthodox arrangement is believed to be more convenient for ref-
erence by field workers.
SPONGIAE
Genus ANTHASPIDELLA Ulrich and Everett, 1890
ANTHASProELLA? RADIATA, new species
Plate 30, Figures 7, 8
Description.—The entire specimen is funnel-shaped, the stem com-
paratively strong, subcylindrical, and narrowed below. It is pene-
trated by the more or less confluent and comparatively regularly dis-
tributed small canals, rarely more than 0.2 mm in diameter. On the
top of the specimen, these small canal series generally radiate from
the interior margin of the cup to the outer margin of the specimen
and are spaced about 10 in 2 mm of the length of each transverse
row. A vertical section of the specimen shows that the central por-
tion of the stem is traversed by vertical canals opening into the base
of the cup. These canals continue into the walls forming the cup,
where the terminal parts of the canals curve gradually inward, open-
ing into the cup cavity, and outward where they open on the outer-
side. In the vertical section, ciliated chamberlike cavities seem to
occur here and there. The cup wall appears to consist of but one
layer.
Height of specimen, 25 mm; diameter of stem, 24 mm; approxi-
mate diameter of the specimen at the top, 59 mm ; approximate diam-
eter at cup margin, 23 mm; depth of cup, about 14 mm; average
thickness of cup wall, 14 mm.
Gomfarison.—This specimen may be compared with Anthaspi-
dellaC^.) vmgniflca Ulrich and Ev^erett from the Trenton group,
36
FOEMATIOITS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAljrCHUillA 37
North America, but the Manchurian species usually has smaller
dimensions, shallower cup, and a shorter stem.
Formation and locality.—^Upper Canadian, Santao formation : In-
the dark-gray banded limestones above the second tunnel, 1 mile
north, of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—V.S.'^M.. No. 83617.
ANTHASPIDELLA DISCOIDALIS, new species
Plate 27, Figures 3, 4
Description.—Sponge moderately large, discoidal, flat, with a
short stem. Outer margin subacute or rounded. The entire upper
surface is marked by rather irregular but more or less radially ar-
ranged furrows, averaging 1.2 mm in diameter. Oscula rather few
and indistinct. A vertical section shows that the tubes in the walls
are continuous, running diagonally upward from the cup wall to
the outer margin of the specimen.
Diameter of the specimen, 75 mm ; height, about 12 mm ; diameter
of the cup, about 15.5 mm.
Gomparisen.—The discoidal shape, smaller cup, and rather ir-
regularly radiating, comparatively wider canal system, serve readily
to distinguish this from any of the known species.
Formation and locality.—'Loy^Qv Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones west of Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles
southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—U.^.'^M. No. 83618.
ANTHASPIDELLA? PLANULATA. new species
Plate 31, Figtjees 7, 8
Description.—The entire specimen is disk-shaped with a very shal-
low and rather wide cup. The specimen is penetrated by more or
less confluent and comparatively regularly distributed small canals,
rarely more than 0.2 mm in diameter. At the top these small canals
are arranged radially, extending from the interior margin of the cup
to the outer margin of the specimen, and are spaced about eight in
2 mm of the length of each transverse row. A vertical section shows
that the part beneath the cup and cup walls is traversed by vertical
canals opening into the base as well as the sides of the cup. Com-
paratively few ciliated chamberlike cavities are found in the cup
walls.
Height of specimen, 8.5 mm; diameter at the top, 74 mm; diam-
eter of cup at cup margin, 27 mm ; depth of cup, 4 mm ; average ver-
tical thickness of cup wall, 5.5 mm.
This specimen is characterized by its disk shape and wide, shallow
cup.
38 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Formation and locality.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation : A
grayish limestone bowlder believed to have come from the Santao
formation, in river drift at the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Holotype.—U.S.'^.U. No. 83619.
Genus CALATHIUM Billings, 1865
CALATHIUM FRECHI, new species
Plate 30, Figttbe 9 ; Plate 31, Figtjbes 5, 6
Description.—Holotype specimen 40 mm long, rather cylindrical
;
its shorter and longer axes 21 and 26 mm, respectively. The cup is
estimated at 14 mm in diameter at the top and 21 mm in depth; it
gradually narrows downward and extends nearly to the middle of
the specimen. A line divides the sponge wall into two layers, an
inner one that has approximately an even thickness throughout the
cup wall, and the outer one, which is on the whole thicker. Its
greatest thickness is near the base, diminishing toward the top.
Both layers are interpenetrated by the pores, and the penetration
extends farther into the inner than into the outer layer. The pores,
or canal apertures, are round and arranged quite regularly, about
six in 22 mm of the length of each vertical row, and five in 2 mm in
the transverse rows.
A second specimen is 14.5 mm long, cylindrical; the diameters of
the sponge wall and cup are estimated as 13 and 5.5 mm, respectively,
at the base of the cup. The pores are round and are spaced about
5.5 in 2 mm of the length of each vertical row, and 5 in 2 mm in
the transverse rows.
Comparison.—The general features of this species recall Ca-
lathiv/m canadense Billings from the Chazy limestone, Mingan
Island of North America, but the smaller pores and comparatively
wider cup serve readily to distinguish it.
Formation and localities.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation:
In the gray banded limestone above the second tunnel, 1 mile north
of Pen-hsi-hu and in the black banded limestone, near Shang-kang-
3'ao, 3 miles southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype and parafype.—U.S.l^.M. Nos. 83620 and 83621.
Genus CAMAROCLADIA Ulrich and Everett, 1890
CAMAROCLADIA ARBORESCENS, new species
Plate 10, Figures 3, 4
Description.—This sponge has a rather large subcylindrical stem
with a diameter of about 11.5 mm along which large clusters of
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 39
smaller stems arise. The small stems are also subcylindrical, vary-
ing in diameter from 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm and in turn branching di-
chotomously many times at intervals of approximately 10 mm. The
surface of the stems is apparently somewhat roughened, for when
the preservation is good the surface is seen to be covered by very
minute pores, which Ulrich and Everett regard as the interstices
of the reticulate skeleton. Among these minute pores, a small num-
ber of comparatively larger ones may be detected, which I think are
the openings of the canal system.
Sections show that the interior of the branches is mainly occupied
by rather thick walls, which are now crystalline calcite and which
preserve only very faint traces of the interwoven fiber skeleton.
From Plate 10, Figure 3, it is clear that this species belongs to
Cmnarocladia, having dichotomously branching stems, a minutely
pored surface, and a faintly preserved interwoven fiber skeleton with
a confluent canal system.
Comparison.—The Manchurian species is readily distinguished
from the described American species by its general outline and the
more complicated branchmg system of the stems, and from the other
Manchurian forms in such fashion as described in each case.
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the uppermost horizon of the black-banded limestone near the
Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—V.^.'^.M. No. 83622.
CAMAROCLADIA FUCOIDES, new species
Plate 10, Figubes 1, 2
Description.—Sponge ramose, branching dichotomously at inter-
vals of 7 mm, on an average. Branches subcylindrical with diam-
eters varying from 1.3 and 2.5 mm. Parts of the surface of the
stems are smooth, while others are somewhat roughened and irregu-
larly porous. Among these minute pores larger ones may be de-
tected.
Sections show that the interior of the branches is occupied by
more or less confluent subcylindrical cavities and the separating
partitions, which are composed of crystalline calcite, preserve only
faint traces of the fiber skeleton. These cavities appear to be ar-
ranged rather regularly.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding.
Holotype.—V.^.'^.M. No. 83623.
40 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CAMAROCLADIA PLANA, new species
Plate 11, Figuees 7, 8
Description.—Sponge flat and rather broad, branching dichoto-
mously, the diameter of the stems varying from 2 to 6 mm. The
surface of the stems is fairly smooth and is covered irregularly
by countless microscopic pores with a few rather large ones. The
general features of the section are identical with those in C. fucoides.
Ulrich and Everett originally defined Gainarocladia as " sponges
consisting of small subcylindrical branching stems. * * * s This
flattened specimen might, therefore, belong to another genus, but
since both external and internal features, except only the flatness
of the stems, practically coincide with like characters in the geno-
type, G. dichotoma., I have placed it in Camarocladia.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding.
Holotij'pe—\}.^:^M.. No. 83624.
Genus STROMATOCERIUM Hall, 1847
STROMATOCERIUM REGULATUM. new species
Plate 11, Figuees 1-3
Description.—The specimens referred to this species form large
hemispherical or subglobular masses, frequently 25 cm or more in
diameter with a comparatively smooth surface on which the mamil-
lary elevations are not so well marked. Under an ordinary magni-
fier the structure in vertical section is seen to consist of a succession
of thin concentric layers resting on varying thicknesses of interme-
diate vesiculose tissue, and both structures are penetrated by vertical
pillars. The pillars appear as rather short and narrow lines and
are not continuous throughout the entire height of the coralline
growth, but appear and disappear at irregular intervals. The pil-
lars grow in fascicles, those of the same fascicle spreading upward
and outward from the center of the fascicle toward the surface of
the specimen. The tangential section exhibits rather irregularly
arranged pores and shallow stellate furrows (astrorhizae), which
radiate outward from several centers.
Gomparlsons.—In general, this species appears very much like S.
rugosuvi Hall from the Black River formation of North America,
but the comparatively more regular concentric layers, the rather
more closely spaced intermediate vesiculose tissue, and the more pro-
nounced i^illars serve to distinguish it. On the other hand, this
• Ulrich and Everett, Geological survey of Illinois, vol. 8, p. 20, 1800.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 41
species appears very much like Stromato'pora (?) inanchuriensis
Yabe and Sugiyama, but differs from it in having comparatively
more regular concentric and vertical layers while S.{f)manchuriensis
presents a general vermicular aspect.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
At the base of the lower fossil horizon of the black banded lime-
stone, near Pen-hsi-hu, Mu-hsin-tai, and on the Fu-chin-kou ridge,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Cotypes.—US.'^M. Nos. 83625 to 83627.
ECHINODERMATA
Genus CARABOCRINUS Billings, 1853-1856
CARABOCRINUS species undetermined
Plate 33, Figure 13
Louderback's collection from central China contains one large,
strongly marked plate of a crinoid, which bears the characteristic
markings of the genus Cardbocrinus. Even though this specimen
(U.S.N.M. No. 83628) is only a single plate, I have illustrated it,
as, so far as I know, this is the first discovery of this crinoid in the
Orient.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician: Near Chao-tien,
Szechwan, China.
BRACHIOPODA
Genus ORTHIS Dalman, 1828
ORTHIS CHINENSIS, new species
Plate 33, Figubes 1-8
Description.—Shell subcircular to subquadrate in outline; length
of hinge line about equal to width of shell; cardinal angles obtuse
or subrectangular. Pedicle valve strongly convex, swollen; beak
rather high, incurved ; hinge area rather large, triangular. Brachial
valve slightly convex, with a weak median depression widening an-
teriorly; beak small, inconspicuous, not raised; hinge area narrow,
nearly at right angles to valve. Interior of brachial valve unknown.
The external surface of both valves is ornamented with a variable
number of rounded, rather strong ribs, which increase in number
from about the middle of the margin by both regular and occasional
interpolation of one or two smaller ribs between each pair of the
larger ones. Ribs curve back slightly on both sides toward cardinal
angles. Ribs and interspaces crossed by some irregular concentric
striae and usually marked with a number of longitudinal striae.
The dimensions of a nearly complete, medium-sized specimen (pi.
33, figs. 4, 8) are: Height of pedicle valve, 16 mm; height of brachial
42 BVLLETIX 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
valve, 13.5 mm ; width of pedicle valve at hinge area, 19 mm ; width
of brachial valve at hinge area, 17.5 mm.
Companson.—The general form of this species may be compared
to OrtJils calligraimna Dalman, a well-known European form, but it
is distinguished by the interpolation of the smaller ribs between
each pair of the larger ones. In its surface ornamentation it re-
sembles 0. intercostata Portlock, a British species, but its general
shape is different.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician: Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
<7o^2/^es.—U.S.N.M. No. 83629.
ORTHIS CHINENSIS MULTISTRIATA, new variety
Plate 33, Figures 9-12
Several smaller shells associated with Orthis chinensis possess the
same general characters, particularlj'^ the shape, contour, and type of
ribbing, but the number of ribs is greater than in O. chinensis, and
the interspaces are much narrower. Moreover, the size of this variety
in general is smaller than O. chinensis, varying from 3 to 10 mm in
length and from 4 to 12 mm in width.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding.
Cotypes.—V.S.'^.lsL No. 83630.
ORTHIS SHENSIENSIS. new species
Plate 34, Piguees 1-S
Description.—Shell plano-convex, subquadrate, rounded to semi-
elliptical; hinge line rather longer than or equal to width of shell;
cardinal angle rectangular. Pedicle valve convex, swollen; beak
rather high, incurved. Brachial valve flattened or slightly convex
with comparatively weak median depression widening anteriorly;
beak small, inconspicuous, not raised.
Interior of pedicle valve with isosceles triangle muscle scar, less
clearly defined, composed of two narrow diductors inclosing ad-
ductors of about one-half the width of the scar.
Surface of valves ornamented with about 40 rounded and com-
paratively weak ribs of equal strength, which are spaced equidistant
along the margin; about half the number of primaries, the others
being intercalated in the interspaces or branching off the primaries
at about one-fifth to one-half their length. Interspaces about the
same as the width of ribs. Ribs and interspaces crossed by com-
paratively strong concentric lines. Ribs curve back slightly on
both sides toward cardinal angles.
The dimensions of nearly complete, medium-sized specimen (pi.
34, figs. 2 and G) are: Height of pedicle valve, 7.5 mm; height of
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHURIA 43
brachial valve, 6 mm ; width of pedicle valve at hinge area, 9.5 mm
;
width of brachial valve at hinge area, 8.5 mm.
Gom'parison.—This species should be compared with Weller's
Dalvuinella testudinaria (Dalman) from the Ki-sin-ling limestone,
Szechwan, China, but it is distinguished by the less swollen pedicle
valve and the comparatively longer hinge line.
Formation and locality.—Ovdovician: Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Cotypes.—U.S.'NM. No. 83631.
ORTHIS CALIIGRAMMA ORTHAMBONITES von Buch
:?LATE 23, FiGUEEs 1, 2 ; Plate 27, Figuees 7-10
1828. Orthis calligramma Dalman, Kongl. Vet.-Acad. -Handl., for 1827, p. 114,
pi. 2, fig. 3.
1845. OrtMs calligramma de Vebneuil, in Murchison, de Verneuil, and de
Keysetling, Geologie de la Russie d'Europe et des montagnes de I'Oural,
vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 207, pi. 13, figs. 7 a^f, and var. orthambonites von Buch,
ibid., figs. 8 a^g,
1868. Orthis calligramma Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda—Silurian, vol.
3, p. 240, pi. 35, figs. 18a, 19.
1883. OrtMs calligramma Kaysee, in von Richthofen's China, vol. 4, p. 40, pi.
3, figs. 10-13.
1901. Orthis calligramma var. serica Mabteili, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. 20,
p. 297, pi. 4, figs. 1-4 ; var. davisoni Martelli, idem, p. 301, pi. 45, figs. 5, 6.
1913. Orthis calligramma Wellee, Research in China, vol. 3, Carnegie Inst.,
Washington Publ. 54, p. 282, pi. 25, figs. 3-6.
1922. Orthis calligramma var. orthambonites von Buch, Grabau, Pal. Sinica,
ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 15, pi. 1, figs. 6 a-d, 4 a-c.
Grabau recently gave a detailed description and discussion of
this variety. The Manchurian specimens, though the majority are
broken, agree in all essentials with his figures.
Surface of the shell is marked by about 19 strong regular rounded
ribs, the interspaces between ribs not occupied by longitudinal ribs
;
very obscure, fine, concentric growth lines cross the radiating ribs
and interspaces.
The dimensions of two nearly complete specimens, which are illus-
trated in this paper, are as follows : Height of pedicle valve, 9 mm
width, 10.5 mm; height of brachial valve, 6 mm; width, 9 mm.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao and Wuting
formations : In the black banded limestones vicinity of Shang-kang-
yao, 3 miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung. In the sandy
limestone beds of the Wuting formation on the top of Wu-ting hill,
3 miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, and in the same beds in the
vicinity of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Plesioty'pes.—{].S:^M. Nos. 83632-83634.
44 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus DALMANELLA Hall and Clarke, 1889
DALMANELLA TESTUDINARIA (Dalman)
Plate 34, Figures 9-12
1828. Orthis testudinaria Dalman, Kongl. Vet.-Acad. Handl., for 1827, p. 115,
pi. 2, fig. 4.
1847. Orthis testudinaria Hall, Palaeontology of New York, vol. 1, p. 117, pi.
32, fig. 1 ; p. 288, pi. 79, fig. 4.
1863. Orthis testudinaria Billings, Geology of Canada, p. 165, fig. 144.
1869. Orthis testudinaria DA^^DSON, British Fossil Brachiopoda-Silurian, vol. 3,
p. 226, pi. 28, figs. 13-24.
1882. Orthis testudinaria Whitfield, Geology of Wisconsin, vol. 4, p. 258, pi.
12, figs. 5-7.
1884. Orthis testudinaria W^vlcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 8, p. 72, pi. 11,
fig. 10.
1892. Dalmanella testudinaria Hall and Clakke, Palaeontology of New York,
vol. 8, pt. 1, pp. 190, 206, 218, 224, pi. 5B, figs. 27-39.
1893. Orthis (Dalmanella) testudinaria Winchell and ScHTTCHiatT, Minne-
'
sota Geological Survey, vol. 3, pt. 3, pp. 177, 241.
1897. Orthis testudinaria Sardeson, Amer. Geol., vol. 19, p. 92.
1903. Dalmanella testudinaria Wellee, Paleontology of New Jersey, vol. 3,
p. 155, pi. 10, figs. 1, 2.
1913. Dalmanella testudinaria Weller, Research in China, vol. 3, Carnegie
Inst. Washington Publ. 54, p. 283, pi. 25, figs. 12-16.
The general characters and internal features of the several small
shells collected by Louderback from Szechwan, agree quite well
with representatives of the same species from North America.
When Weller's specimens from the Ki-sin-ling limestone, Sze-
chwan, are compared with authentic specimens of D. testudinaria^ the
only Asiatic species thus far described, they appear on the average
smaller, shorter, and more compressed. Consequently, I believe
Weller's specimens may belong to another species or variety of
Dalvianella.
Fonnation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Chao-tien, Szechwan,
China.
PUsiotypes.—U.S.'^M. No. 83635.
DALMANELLA (?) species nndetermined
Plate 22, Figuees 11-13 ; Plate 23, Figuees 3-7
A number of small brachiopod shells are in my Manchurian collec-
tion, the generic characters of which closely coincide with Dalma-
nella., but they are too poor to identify specifically.
Shells small, subequally biconvex, semicircular in outline. There
is a more or less conspicuous, undefined median fold and sinus on the
pedicle and brachial valves, respectively. Surface covered with fine,
radiated bifurcating striae. U.S.I^M. No. 83636.
FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 45
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In gray banded limestone near Ta-pu, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu
colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus RAFINESQUINA Hall and Clarke, 1892
RAFINESQUINA PUTEATA, new species
Plate 34, Figures 22-24
Description.—This species is represented by two pedicle valves,
both more or less incomplete. Shell semielliptical, gently convex;
hinge line equal to width of shell; cardinal angle rectangular or
slightly obtuse ; hinge line not denticulate ; beak small, scarcely rising
above hinge line. Surface of valve covered with numerous subequi-
distant regular, straight, threadlike, primary radii of equal strength,
some continuous from beak to margin, others originating at half or
less than half their length ; interspaces with 2 to 4 very fine, thread-
like lines ; whole surface of shell crossed by very delicate concentric
lines. Substance of shell finely and densely pitted.
Comparisons.—The general outline of this species resembles
Rajlnesqmna alternata (Emmons), an American species from the
Trenton-Richmond groups, but the pitted surface and the finer radi-
ating lines between the primary riblets serve to distinguish it readily.
Also the English variety Raflnesquina expansa marcallMrai Reed,
from the Stinchar limestone group, bears a close resemblance but
differs from the new species in having punctated instead of the pitted
surface.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
(7o%^es.—U.S.N.M. No. 83637.
RAFINESQUINA species undetermined
Plate 23, Figures S, 9
Several poorly preserved specimens of Raflnesquina (U. S. N. M.
Nos. 83638 and 83639), in size, outline, convexity, degree of genicula-
tion anteriorly, and manner of striation appear to be closely allied
to R. alternata (Emmons), from the Ordovician strata of North
America.
.
One of the most complete specimens from the Hsiao-
shih district is a pedicle valve, 21.5 mm long and 25 mm wide with
a convexity of 4 mm. The surface of the shell is marked by numer-
ous radiating striae, alternating in size, with from one to four finer
striae lying between the coarser ones. These radiating striae are
crossed by finer concentric lines.
The outlines of the specimen from Hsiao-shih (pi. 23, fig. 9) and
the one from Wu-hu-tsui (pi. 23, fig. 8) differ somewhat, and it is
possible that they may represent different species or varieties.
101621—32 4
46 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Form<jition and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestone in the vicinity of Hsiao-shih and the
Wu-hu-tsui coal field, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus PLAYFAIRIA Reed, 1917
PLAYFAIRIA cf, DELTOffiEA (Conrad)
Plate 11, Figure 4-6.
1S39. Strophomena deltoidea Conbad, 3d Ann. Rep. New York Geol. Surv., p. 64.
3S92. Raflnesquiyia deltoidea Hall and Clabke, Palaeontology of New York,
vol. S, pt. 1, pi. 9A, figs. 1, 2, 4.
1917. Rafinesqui>ia [Playfairia) deltoidea Reed, Trans. Roy. See. Edinburgh,
vol. 51, pt. 4, p. 866, pi. 11, figs. 21-30.
1920. Raflnesquina deltoidea Foekste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 19,
no. 3, p. 200, pi. 21, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. 22, figs. 2, 3.
A single pedicle valve of a brachiopod, which I collected in Man-
churia, is closely related to Playfairia deltoidea from the Trenton
formation at Jacksonburg, N. Y., as may be seen from Figures 4 and
5 of Plate 11. The Manchurian specimen is 23 mm wide and about
27 mm long, and has a convexity of 8 mm.
In comparing the Manchurian specimen (U.S.N.M, No. 83640)
with one figured by Foerste in 1920, I find no differences, and I
therefore assume that the Manchurian form may be the same
species. I hesitate, however, to say definitely that they are identi-
cal, because the Manchurian specimen is the only one found and
occurs at a locality so very remote from North America. In view
of this fact, I tentatively refer it to Conrad's species, hoping to get
better specimens later.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
:
Lower fossil horizon in the black banded limestones just north of
the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung.
Genus PTYCHOGLYPTUS Willard, 1928
PTYCHOGLYPTUS ULRICHI, new 8p«cie8
Plate 35, Figures 1-6
Among the material collected by George D. Louderback from
Shensi, China, are a number of very fine brachiopods, which, from
the general form of the shell and very fine and numerous transverse
rugae, are referable to the genus Ptychoglyptus.
DescHption.—Shell comparatively small, semicircular to subsemi-
circular, almost flat, widest at the hinge, nearly two-thirds as long
as wide. Surface of valves marked with 11 to 15 fine straight pri-
mary radii, equidistant and of equal strength, separated by wide
fiat interspaces. At half or four-fifths the length and midway be-
tween the primaries an almost equally strong but shorter secondary
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 47
radius is intercalated. These principal striations are not so distinct
near the cardinal angles. The interspaces between principal stria-
tions are crossed by wavelike wrinkles, the crests about as wide as the
troughs. There are about 20 crests in 5 mm on the anterior part
of the shell. Each wave is steeper on the front than on the back
slope. A wrinkle sometimes includes two adjacent interspaces be-
tween the ribs but usually alternate so that one interspace is a crest,
while the next is the trough of the wrinkle. Near the cardinal
angles, each wrinkle is more apt to involve several interspaces.
The pedicle valve is very convex on the umbo, becoming flattened
toward the anterior margin or sometimes slightly concave near the
front. Brachial valve flat, beak of both valves inconspicuous. In-
terior of valves unknown.
Average length, 11 mm ; average width at hinge line, 15 mm.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Holotype and paratypes.—U.S.N.M. No. 83641.
Genus CLITAMBONITES Pander, 1830
CLITAMBONITES HEMISTRIATUS, new species
Plate 35, Fighbes 7-12 ; Plate 36, Figure 1
Description.—Shell semicircular ; hinge line straight, almost equal
to maximum width of shell; cardinal angles usually right angles.
Pedicle valve moderately elevated at the beak, the surface sloping
from the umbo to the anterior and antero-lateral margins with a
slightly convex curve, sometimes becoming a little concave as it
approaches the anterior margin ; the slope to the cardinal extremities
somewhat more abrupt; hinge area moderately large and triangular
with a comparatively large triangular delthyrium. Brachial valve
moderately convex; beak small, inconspicuous, not elevated; hinge
area very narrow.
Ornamentation of valves is very characteristic; outer surface of
each valve marked by many fine radiating costae, five or six of which
occupy the space of 1 mm ; inner surface of both valves, on the con-
trary, marked with comparatively lesser, fine straight primary radii,
equidistant and of equal strength, separated by rather wide inter-
spaces. These primary striations are separated by interspaces 0.5
mm to 1 mm wide, which are occupied by a number of minute, but
very fine, longitudinal striations.
The dimensions of a pedicle valve are: Length, 12 mm; width,
14 mm. The dimensions of a brachial valve are : Length, 10.5 mm
;
width, 13.5 mm.
Comparison.—In its general outline this shell may be compared to
Clitamihonites chinensis Weller from the Ki-sin-ling limestone, Sze-
48 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
chwan, central China, but its peculiar ornamentation easily dis-
tinguishes it.
Forination and locality.—Ordovician: Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Cotypes.—V.^.'^M.. No. 83642.
Genus PIONODEMA Foerste, 1909
PIONODENLA. PUNCTOSTRIATA, new species
Plate 36, Figukes 2-8, 15
Four pedicle and three brachial valves constitute the material on
which this new species is based.
Desaiption.—Shell subcircular or subelliptical, unequally bicon-
vex; hinge line equal to or slightly less than width of shell; car-
dinal angles rectangular or obtuse. Pedicle valve strongly convex,
swollen; beak rather high, incurved, hinge area rather large. Bra-
chial valve gently convex, with very shallow median sinus; beak
small, low, inconspicuous; hinge area narrow. Interior of both
valves not clearly observed.
Surface of valves ornamented with numerous ribs, which are very
regular, close, filiform, and rounded, increasing by unequal bifurca-
tion or by occasional intercalation at one-fourth to one-half their
length. Kibs curve back slightly on both sides toward cardinal
angles. Kibs, or sometimes interspaces between the ribs, are cov-
ered by rows of very beautiful circular superficial punctae.
The dimensions of two pedicle valves are : Length, 14 and 13 mm
;
width, 15 and 14 mm at hinge area. The dimensions of two brachial
valves are: Length, 9.5 and 8 mm; width, 11 and about 9.5 mm
at hinge area.
Comparison.—Th^ general shape of the shell is much like that of
Pionodema [Dahnanella] subaequata (Conrad) from the Ki-sin-
ling limestone, central China, described by Weller, but it is easily
distinguished by its peculiar ornamentation and by the beautiful
circular superficial punctae. This characteristic ornamentation also
serves to distinguish this species from the others of the genus.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
(7o^2/^es.—U.S.N.M. No. 83643.
Genus POLYTOECHIA Hall and Clarke, 1892
POLYTOECHIA CHINENSIS, new species
Plate 34, Figxjbes 13-21
Four pedicle valves and one brachial valve constitute the material
on which this new species is based.
rORMATIONS AI«rD FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAFCHTJillA 49
Description.—Shell small, broader than long, subelliptical to
quadrilateral, the hinge line about one-half as long as the width of
the shell, the cardinal extremities rounded. Pedicle valve moderately-
convex on the umbo, with a broad and profound mesial sinus to-
ward the front, the surface of the valve anteriorly, which slopes
toward the sinus, being about one-third the total width of the shell
;
the beak is rather small and slightly incurved. Brachial valve rather
convex, most prominent along the median line, mesial fold broad and
scarcely differentiated from the lateral slopes; beak small, slightly
incurved.
As is seen in Plate 34, Figures 17 and 18, this species is character-
ized by having a spondylium supported by a stout median septum
and two smaller lateral septae.
External surface of both valves ornamented by rather broad, con-
centric undulations and very fine radiating striae ; very fine concen-
tric striae occur on the interspaces between the raised undulating
lines.
The dimensions of a pedicle valve are: Length, 8 mm; width,
about 10 mm.
Forrrhation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Gotypes.—J].^:^.^. No. 83644.
P0LYT0ECHIA7 TAPUENSIS, new species
Plate 31, Figttbe 1
Of this species only a single, somewhat imperfect, pedicle valve
is known, which, because it has the characteristic spondylium, may
be identified as a member of the genus PolytoecMa.
Description.—Shell transversely semicircular in outline, wider
than long, the hinge line straight, shorter than the width of shell;
cardinal angle obtuse.
The umbonal cavity of this valve is somewhat broken, so that the
features can not be clearly seen, but the spondylium appears to be
supported by a number of septae, and the umbonal cavity of the valve
may be divided into several chambers.
Valve moderately convex, surface covered with fine radiating
striae and unaulating, concentric growth lines, without evidence of
a median sinus.
The dimensions of a single specimen are: Length, about 9 mm;
width, 11.5 mm.
ForTTiation and locality.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation: In
the gray banded limestones near Ta-pu, just north of the Pen-hsi-hu
colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—\].^:^M. No. 83645.
50 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus YANGTZEELLA Kolarova, 1925
YANGTZEELLA RETICULATA, new epecies
Plate 36, Fiqueb 9
One good pedicle valve and a cast of another occur in Louder-
back's collection from central China,
Description.—Shell medium, semicircular; hinge line perhaps
straight, about equaling the diameter of the shell. Pedicle valve
convex, smaller, rather prominent along the median line, mesial fold
being about one-half of the total width of the shell and scarcely
differentiated from the lateral slopes; beak comparatively small,
slightly incurved. The spondylium is supported by a median and
two lateral septae.
External surface of valve ornamented by verj'^ fine radiating and
concentric striae, which make a very fine netlike reticulation.
The dimensions of a pedicle valve are: Length, 22 mm; width,
27 mm,
Comparisons.—This species may be compared with Yangtzeella
poloi (Martelli) from central China, but it is distinguished from
it by the rounded and more convex shell and the fine surface
ornamentation.
Form.ation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China,
Holotype.—V.^.'^M. No, 83646.
GASTROPODA
Genus PHRAGMOLITES Conrad, 1838
PHRAGMOLITES, species undetermined
Plate 23, Figube 10
A single small specimen of gastropod (U.S,N,M, No, 8347) was
collected from the Wuting formation. Even though this specimen is
small, it shows characteristic features of the genus Phragmolites
and appears to belong to a new species. Though it is too fragmen-
tary to deserve a specific name, I shall describe it as far as possible.
Description.—Shell small, 5.5 mm in diameter, laterally com-
pressed, consisting of two and a half volutions; whorls slightly
wider than the height, somewhat depressed, rounded in sections,
gently convex on the sides. Surface very rough and strongly un-
dulated, about nine lamellae crossing the last whorl almost directly,
about 1 mm apart. Between lamellae the whorls are marked by very
fine lines of growth, which run parallel to the lamellae.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 51
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
Black banded limestones near Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles west of Chiao-
tou station, Liao-tung, Manchuria, China.
Genus OXYDISCUS Koken, 1889
OXYDISCUS PLANULATUS, new species
Plate 23, Figuees 11, 12
A single rather good specimen constitutes the material on whicli
this new species is based.
Description.—Shell flat ; dorsum acutely carinated
;
greatest diam-
eter 25 mm
;
greatest thickness or width about 5 mm. Volutions four
and one-half, thickest near umbilicus, from which the surface de-
scends by a rather flat slope to the sharp periphery, each volution
embracing one-third of the preceding one ; umbilicus exposing all the
whorls, its width about one-half of the diameter of the shell ; edge of
umbilicus very obtuse. Aperture not observed. Surface marked by
fine and distinct lines of growth which curve strongly backward
toward the peripheral carina.
This species is distinguished quite easily from the other species
of Oxydiscus by its very flat shell and large shallow umbilicus.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestomes just north of Tai-chia-pu-tzu, 2 miles
west of Chiao-tou station, Liao-tung.
Eolotype.—U.S.'^.M.. No. 83648.
Genus RAPHISTOMA Hall, 1847
RAPHISTOMA cf. AEQUILATERUM Koken?
Plate 23, Figures 14-18 ; Plate 27, Figiires 1, 2
1911. RapMstoma cf. aequilaterum Koken, Freeh, iri von Richthofen's China,
vol. 5, p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 6a-8b.
Von E-ichthofen, on his well-known Chinese expedition, collected
two specimens of RapMstoma at Hsiau-sorr (Hsiao-shih?) along the
Tai-tzu-ho River, which were later identified by Freeh as Raphis-
toma cf. ojeguilaterum Koken. I collected a number of specimens
of Raphistomu (U.S.N.M. Nos. 83649-83651), which, judging from
the published figures and description, are close to this form.
Description.—Shell of medium size, consisting of about four volu-
tions which at first enlarge gradually then rapidly in the last whorl.
Whorls very gently convex; umbilicus wide with depressed side;
section of whorl lenticular and with such a sharp peripheral angle
that the marginal carina is scarcely perceptible. The successive
whorls embrace the lower half of each inner one. A medium-sized
52 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
specimen attains a largest diameter on the upper suface of 35 mm;
the width of the aperture is 12 mm, that of the next adjoining whorl
6 mm, while the specimen is 11 mm high at the aperture.
Forynatioti and localities.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the sandy limestones on the top of Wu-ting hill, 3 miles south of
the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung. In the same beds in the vicinity of
the Pen-hsi-hu colliery and Yung-ning-cheng, 4 miles east of Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung. It also occurs in the black banded limestone near
Hsia-kang-yao, 3.5 miles southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
Genus LOPHOSPIRA Whitfield, 1886
LOPHOSPIRA AOJII, new species
Plate 28, Figures 1-3, 12, 13 ; Plate 29, Figure 1
Description.—Height, 12.5 to 20.5 mm; apical angle, about 55°.
Volutions about five (uppermost parts of specimens are somewhat
broken); periphery trilineate, very prominent; upper slope, with-
out carina, nearly flat or very gently concave, lower side decidedly
concave; lower carina distinct although not prominent. Surface
markings are well preserved and curve strongly backward to the
peripheral band. Aperture quadrilateral, diagonally elongated,
umbilicus apparently closed.
The specific name is given in honor of O. Aoji, of the Tahoku
Imperial University in Japan.
Comjyarisons.—This species may be closely allied to L. pulchelli-
foTTnis Grabau, the Chinese species from the Machiakou limestone,
but the narrower apical angle and more feeble lower carina serve
in distinguishing it.
Formation and locality.—Kangyao formation: In the black
banded limestones in the vicinity of Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south
of the Yen-tai collierj^, Liao-tung.
Cotypes.—V.^.'^M. No. 83652.
LOPHOSPIRA GRABAUI. new species
Plate 28, Figures 4, 5
Description.—Height, 10 to 15 mm; apical angle, about 80".
Volutions five, the last very large, the whorls extending to the pe-
ripheral angulation; upper surface without carina, moderately con-
cave; peripheral band comparatively thick, probably trilineate;
lower carina not so distinct but clearly preserved; lower slope in-
clining inward, being first concave and then convex. Surface
markings on the upper surface curve backward to the peripheral
band ; those of the lower slope, on the contrary, pass in a somewhat
rORMATIOl^-S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAN-CHimiA 53
vertical direction to the lower carina, from which they curve back-
ward to the umbilicus. Aperture elongated, round; umbilicus
small.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. A. W. Grabau, of
Peiping University in China.
Comparisons.—This species appears to be closely related to L.
trochiformis Grabau, from the Machiakou limestone in Chihli, but it
is distinguished by a wider apical angle, presence of a lower carina,
and characteristic surface markings. It also resembles L. trofi-
dophora (Meek), an American species from the Cincinnatian, but
has a smaller umbilicus, and different surface markings, and the
whorl is more strongly developed so as to cover entirely the preced-
ing one.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation:
In the black banded limestones in the vicinity of Shang-kang-yao,
3 miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
Holotype.—V.^.'^.M. No. 83653.
LOPHOSPIRA KANGYAOENSIS, new species
Plate 28, Figukes 14-17
1930. LopJiospira morrisi Kobayashi (not Grabau), Jap. Journ. Geol. and
Geogr., vol. 7, nos. 3, 4, p. 87, pi. 9, fig. 6.
Description.—Height, 11 mm ; apical angle, about 64° ; volutions
five, the last very large. Whorls inclosed to within a very short
distance of the peripheral carina; upper surface concave; lower
slope inclining inward; upper carina somewhat thick, close to the
suture. Peripheral band prominent, trilineate. The surface mark-
ings, which are well preserved, turn backward to the peripheral band.
Comparisons.—This species is closely related to L. grahaui but
is distinguished by its smaller apical angle, the presence of an upper
carina, and comparatively lesser inclosing of the preceding whorl.
It is also closely allied to L. svminerensis Safford, an American
species from the upper Trenton, but has a lesser convexity of the
upper slope, and the upper carina and surface markings are less
distinct.
Although the picture of Kobayashi's L. morrisi Grabau is too
poor to permit a complete understanding of its characteristics, it
seems to me it is completely different from Grabau's type, as it
has a larger apical angle and thus agrees with L. kangyaoensis.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation:
In the black banded limestones near Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south
of Yen-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—\J. S. N. M. No. 83654.
54 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LOPHOSPIRA MANCHURIENSIS. new species
Plate 28, Figures 6-11
Three well-preserved specimens of this new species occur in my
Manchurian collection.
Description.—Height, 7 to 15 mm ; apical angle, about 60° ; volu-
tions about six, angular
;
periphery trilineate, moderately prominent
;
upper or subsutural carina small and very close to the suture ; lower
carina comparatively sharp and strong. The upper slope is a little
concave, while the lower side slopes inward, and the basal part of
the shell is somewhat ventricose. Surface markings are very fine
and consist of transverse and revolving lines, the former curving
strongly backward toward the peripheral band, while the latter are
inclined to be irregular and more delicate. Aperture is rather round,
and inner lip is reflected and covers the umbilicus.
Comparisons.—This species is undoubtedly closely related to L.
spironema Ulrich and Scofield, an American species from the Black
River, but the nearness of the upper carina to the suture and greater
irregularities of the revolving lines serve readily to distinguish it.
It is also closely allied to L. tenuistriata Ulrich and Scofield,
another American species from the Utica group, but differs in having
a more prominent lower carina, finer spiral lines, and sharper
peripheral band.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones in the vicinity of Shang-kang-yao, 3
miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
Cotypes.—U.^.'^.M. No. 83655.
LOPHOSPIRA cf. OWENI Ulrich and Scofield
Plate 29, Figures 2, 3
1897. Lophospira oweni Ulbich aud Scofield, Geology of Minnesota, Paleontol-
ogy, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 980, pi. 73, figs. 41^5.
I collected a single, but comparatively good, specimen (U.S.N.M.
No. 83656) from the Kangyao formation that is very similar to
Lophospira oweni Ulrich and Scofield.
Description.—Height, 21.5 mm ; apical angle, 60° ; volutions about
five. Peripheral band prominent, thick and rounded. Upper slope
slightly concave, except near the suture where there is a rather low,
rounded ridge. Lower side sloping inward, and moderately ventri-
cose. Surface markings, which are clearly retained in parts of the
specimen, consist of rather fine lines of growth, all curving backward
to the jDcripheral band. Aperture is rounded oval, the inner lip
reflected and covering the umbilicus.
Coinparisons.—As is seen from the above description, my specimen
is nearly identical with Lophospira oweni Ulrich and Scofield.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 55
Nevertheless, the Manchurian specimen differs in one or two minor
details, namely, in having finer surface markings and a more feeble
ridge near the suture. If in the future I am able to get more and
better specimens, a more detailed comparison with the American
species may prove whether this species is identical with L. oweni. At
present, it does not appear wise to attempt to identify them as the
same. I have therefore described this as an allied species.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones in the vicinity of Shang-kang-yao,
3 miles southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
LOPHOSPIRA PRODUCTA PAGODAI, new variety
Plate 29, Figures 8-11
A single rather good specimen and several fragments constitute
the material on which this new variety is based.
Description.—Height, about 24 mm; largest diameter about 10
mm ; apical angle, 32° ; volutions, about seven.
This variety agrees in all respects with Lophospira producta
Ulrich, from the Upper Trenton group in North America, except
that the peripheral band has a little higher position and there is a
closed umbilicus.
Comparison.—This variety is related to Pagodispira derwiduii
Grabau from the Machiakou limestone in Chihli, being distinguished
by a wider upper slope and comparatively deeper inclosing of the
whorls.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones in the vicinity of Shang-kang-yao,
3 miles south of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
Holotype and paratype.—^U.S.N.M. No. 83657.
LOPHOSPIRA TURRITIFORMIS, new species
Plate 29, Figubes 12, 13
Description.—Height, 14 mm; apical angle, 51°; volutions, about
seven, angular ; the peripheral band trilineate, prominent ; upper
and lower carinae both distinct; upper carina very close to the
suture; both upper and lower slopes moderately concave. Surface
markings very fine, sweeping strongly backward to the peripheral
band. Aperture not observed; umbilicus apparently closed.
Comparisons.—This species is allied to L. saffordi Ulrich, an
American species from the Upper Trenton, but the narrower apical
angle and position of upper carina serve readily in distinguishing it.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding.
B.olotype.~\].'^:^M. No. 83658.
56 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LOPHOSPIRA YENTAIENSIS, new species
Plate 29, Figures 4-6
Description.—Heif^ht, 19 mm ; apical angle, 57° ; volutions, seven,
the first very minute and decidedly angular. Peripheral band
prominent, thick, and rounded. Upper slope flat or very slightly
concave; lower slope concave and sloping inward. Upper carina
very feeble and very close to the suture; lower carina moderately
sharp and strong. Surface markings comparatively well preserved,
curving strongly backward toward the peripheral band ; these trans-
verse lines may be closed by the very feeble, irregular, revolving lines.
Aperture round, the inner lip reflected. Umbilicus appears as a
very small slit in a comparatively better specimen, while it is covered
b}'^ the reflected inner lijD in a fragmentarj'^ one.
Comparisons.—The general appearance of this species might be
considered to indicate close aiRnities with L. oweni Ulrich and Sco-
field, an American species, and L. cf. oimni Ulrich and Scofield, the
Manchurian sjDecies from the same locality, but the comparatively
small base and the fine lower carina prove that it is different.
For'mation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones near Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south
of the Yen-tai colliery, Manchuria.
Holotype.—U.S.'^.l^L No. 83659.
LOPHOSPIRA species undetermined
Plate 30, Figure 10
A small fragment of a Lophospira (U.S.N.M. No. 83660), while
in general shell, features is somewhat similar to L. aojii from the
same locality, differs from it in having more concave upper and loAver
slopes and more prominent and much more strongly curved surface
markings. Even though this fragment seems to represent a new
species, it is too poor to warrant a new specific name.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding.
Genus EOTOMARIA Ulrich and Scofield, 1908
EOTOMARIA BARBOURI (Grabau)
I'LATE 29, Figures 14-17
1922. Liospira barhouri Grabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 33, pi. 3,
figs. 14, 15.
Every character of the two figured specimens from the Kangyao
formation, Manchuria, coincides exactly with the corresponding
feature of Grabau's North Chinese species Liospira harhouri. The
comparatively depressed conical shell, lines of growth strongly de-
PORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAN-CHTJRIA 57
fleeted backward, and comparatively large umbilicus, are features
that may be pointed out as common to the specimens from both
regions.
This species, however, is not a Liospira^ since it has the concave
band situated entirely upon the sloping upper side of the volutions,
which is a characteristic feature and the prominent generic charac-
ter of Eotomaria.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestones near Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south
of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung.
Plesiotyfes.—V.^:kM.. No. 83661.
EOTOMARIA ULRICHI, new species
Plate 30, Figfuees 1-6
Description.—Shell rather small, about 13 mm wide, 12 mm high,
depressed conical above the angular periphery, lower part being
first slightly- concave, next ventricose; apical angle about 115°.
Volutions four or five, the outer two-thirds or three-fourths of the
upper slope of whorls being decidedly concave, the remaining fourth
next the suture convex.
Upper carina of the last whorl has a prominent supraperipheral
position to the band of the preceding whorl. Umbilicus equaling
nearly one-third the width of the shell. Lines of growth are very
fine on the upper surface and curve moderately backward to the
peripheral band, while beneath it they first curve slightly forward
then turn backward and finally forward again' as they descend into
the umbilicus.
Comparison.—This species differs from the other species of Eoto-
maria in its larger apical angle, more ventricose condition of the
last whorl and the supraperipheral position of the upper carina of
the last whorl compared to the band of the preceding whorl.
Formation and locality.—Same as preceding species.
Eolotype.—TJ.^.'^.'K. No. 83662,
Genus HORMOTOMA Salter, 1859
HOKMOTOMA PAGODAI, new species
Plate 12, Figtjees 1, 2
Description.—Only three casts of the interior are known. As a
whole this gastropod is elongate and slender. In the incomplete
holotype seven whorls are left after the apical end was broken away.
Height of the type, which is a medium-sized specimen, 33 mm ; apical
angle, about 25°. Surface marked by a feeble angulation suggesting
58 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
a peripheral band. The whorls are about two times greater than
their length, uniformlj' rounded, and enlarge gradually. In a frag-
ment of a larger specimen the largest well-preserved whorl, next the
body wall, has a width of 20 mm, and a vertical height of 10 mm.
The extent of embracing is slight, producing a loose-coiled shell with
a deep suture, which is oblique and forms an angle of about 70° with
the axis of the shell. Aperture subovate; umbilicus comparatively
small.
Comparisons.—This species appears to be relativel}'^ close to Eor-
motoiiia terehrifortius Foerst€, an American species from the Trenton
group, Rogers Gap, Ky., but it is readily distinguished by the feeble
angulation on the surface and the deep suture.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, 1.5 miles north
of the Pen-hsi-hu collierj'^, Liao-tung.
Holotype.—U.S.'^.M. No. 83663.
HORMOTOMA species undetermined
Plate 32, Figures 1-4
Several casts of a gastropod (U.S.N.M. No. 83664), which from
the general form of the spire and the contour of the whorls is refer-
able to the genus Hormxytoma^ were obtained from the Santao forma-
tion in Manchuria.
Description.—Height averages 30 mm, apical angle about 12°.
Specimens comparatively small, slender; whorls are somewhat de-
pressed ventricose. Volutions eight in a specimen 36 mm long ; other
specimens consist of six whorls. The apical portion of all my speci-
mens is imperfect. The extent of embracing is slight, producing a
loose-coiled shell, with deep suture, which is very oblique and forms
an angle of 65° with the axis of the shell.
On the surface of some casts a suggestion of a rounded peripheral
band may be seen, but it is not ver}^ distinct. Aperture round ; um-
bilicus closed.
Comparisons.—This species may be related to the Hormotoma
artem^esia type from the Canadian strata of North America, but as my
specimens are too poor to identify with this or any other species,
they are simply referred to Hormotoma with the hope that better
specimens may be obtained in the future, when a specific name can
be assigned.
Formation and locality.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation : In
the banded limestones near Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles southeast of
the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
FORMATIOlSrS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAlsrCHURIA 59
Genus SOLENOSPIRA Ulrich, 1908
SOLENOSPIRA species undetermined
PlATE 29, FiGXntE 7
Among the material collected from the Kangyao formation is one
fragmentary specimen of a gastropod (U.S.N.M. No. 83665) that
has depressed volutions and a somewhat channel-like spiral band with
two salient thin ridges, therefore being safely referable to Soleno-
spira.
This fragmental shell has the general form and characters of
Solenospira prisca (Billings), from the Stones Eiver of the United
States, but it is too fragmentary to identify exactly as that species.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation:
In the black-banded limestones near Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south
of Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus ECCYLIOPTERUS Remele, 1888
ECCYLIOPTERUS LOUDERBACKI. new species
Plate 36, Figtoies 10-13
Description.—^Width, 23 mm
;
greatest height, nearly two-thirds of
the width ; whorls, three in number, enlarging rather rapidly, coiled
very nearly in the same plane ; upper side of shell broadly concave
;
umbilicus comparatively large, about one-third the diameter of the
shell ; under side of whorls strongly convex, outer side sloping slightly
inward; suture deep, collar somewhat prominent, well indicated;
mouth somewhat acuminate quadrilateral, very oblique. Lines of
growth curving strongly backward toward the marginal collar.
Comparison.—This species is related to E. heloitensis Ulrich and
Scofield, from the Stones River, but is distinguished by a more acute
collar, narrower umbilicus, acuminate quadrilateral aperture, and
growth lines that are curved strongly backward. Another allied
species is Eccyliopterus sinensis (Freeh) {=Raphistoma sinense
Freeh) from southern China. The last, however, usually has a
broader umbilicus and more pronounced embracing, so that each
outer whorl rises, on its inner margin, above the collar of the pre-
ceding whorl.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Holotype.—U.S.l^.M. No. 83666.
60 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ECCYLIOPTERUS species undetermined
Pl^TE 23, FiGUBE 13
My field work in Manchuria yielded two rather poor specimens
of a gastropod (U.S.N.M. No. 836GT) that, from the loosely coiled
whorl with the " collar," is referable to Eccyllofterus.
Description.—^AVidth of larger specimen, 30 mm ; whorls very flat-
tened, enlarging rather rapidly, coiled very nearly in the same plane
;
umbilicus comparatively large; collar rather low, but well indi-
cated on the upper surface of the whorl. Character of aperture and
nature of surface markings not ascertained.
Formation and locaJity.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In black banded limestones near the second tunnel, 1 mile north of
the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung.
Genus HELICOTOMA Salter, 1859
HELICOTOMA species undetermined
Plate 26, Figures 7, 8 ; Plate 23, Figxibes 19, 20
A rather poor specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83668) of a Helicotoma is,
as may be seen in Plate 26, Figures 7 and 8, closely similar to Helico-
toma declivis Safford, from the Stones River, in its wide umbilical
cavity and the relative depression of the inner whorls as compared
with the outer one. But in detail the Manchurian specimen differs
in one or two minor features from the American species, namely, in
having coarser surface markings and a higher revolving line on the
upper surface of the whorl. Since it is so poor, however, no new
specific name is assigned.
Another poor specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83669) (pi. 23, figs. 19,
20) quite different specifically, seems to me also to belong to Helico-
toTiia., since it has a wide umbilical depression and a nearly flat spire.
Fonnation and localities.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation
:
In the black banded limestones on Wu-ting hill 2 miles south of the
Yen-tai colliery and near Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus MACLURITES Leseur, 1818
MACLURITES BIGSBYI (Hall)
Plate 12, Figtjbes 3-8
18G1. Maclurea higsbyi Hall, Report of the Geological Survey of the State of
Wisconsin, p. 37.
1882. Maclurea higshyi Whitfield, Geology of Wisconsin, vol. 4, p. 222, pi. 6,
figs. 17, 18 ; 1895, Mem. Anier. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. 1, p. 62, pi. 8, figs. 14, 15.
1897. Maclurea higshyi Ulbich and Scofield, Geology of Minnesota, Paleontol-
ogy, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1039, pi. 75, figs. 5-10.
FORMATIOIirS AISTD FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAFCHUBIA 61
3909. Maclurea Mgsl)yi Geabau and Shimee, North Amer. Index Fossils, vol. 1,
p. 664, fig. 919.
1930. Maclurea tofangoense Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 7,
pts. 3, 4, p. 96, pi. 9, figs, la-c, 2, 3 ; pi. 10, fig. 2, pi. 11, fig. 7.
This species occurs abundantly at several horizons wherever the
Middle Ordovician beds outcrop in Manchuria. Since a number of
nearly entire specimens are in hand, even though most are casts,
the major characters of the species are readily determined.
Description.—Sinistral shell with flat spire, convex and widely
umblicated base, deep umbilicus, three or four whorls. The rapidly
enlarging whorls and other features seem to indicate that this species
is identical with Maclurites Mgshyi (Hall) from North America.
The dimensions of the best Manchurian specimen are as follows:
The largest diameter of the upper surface is 50 mm ; the correspond-
ing width of the aperture, 18 mm; and height near the aperture,
18 mm.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Upper and lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones near
Pen-hsi-hu, Niu-hsin-tai, and Tao-yuan-kou collieries, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Pledotypes.—U.B.'^.M. Nos. 83671, 83672, and 83673.
MACLURITES NITIDA (Ulrich and Scofleld) ?
Plate 12, Figure 9 ; Plate 13, Figures 1-3
1897. Maclurea nitida Ulbioh and Scofield, Geology of Minnesota, Paleontol-
ogy, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1040, pi. 75, fig. 11.
1930. Maclurea niuhsintaiense Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 7,
nos. 3, 4, p. 97, pi. 10, figs. 5a—c.
A well-preserved cast, a section of a shell, and one fragment con-
stitute the material on which this specific reference is based.
As shown in Plate 13, Figures 1 and 2, the rather small shell,
comparatively narrow, deep, and rather abrupt umbilicus, rather
high and convex whorls, and other features cause me to think this
species quite similar to Macliorites nitida (Ulrich and Scofield) from
the Stones River, The Manchurian specimens may differ slightly
in having a comparatively round outer angle and a somewhat more
angular margin of umbilicus; nevertheless it seems to me that these
differences may originate from differences of preservation; viz,
the Manchurian specimens found up to the present time are casts
only, while the American specimens retain some parts of the shells.
The Manchurian form is also related to Maclurea neritoides Eich-
wald from No-lu-ping, Tung-hu-hsien, Hu-pei, South China, but
is distinguished by its comparatively round outer angle, narrower,
abrupt umbilicus and the rather angular margin of umbilicus.
101621—32 5
62 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
The lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones near Hsiao-
nan-kou, 2 miles south of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung; and
in the same beds near Shuang-chuan-ssu, 2 miles southwest of
Miyanohara station on the Antung-Mukden line, Manchuria.
Plesiotypes.—X^.^.'^M. Nos. 83674 and 83675.
CEPHALOPODA
Genus ENDOCERAS Hall, 1844
ENDOCERAS CENTKOTUBULATUM. new species
Plate 37, Figuees 1-3
Description.—Specimen 125 mm long, enlarging laterally from
29 mm at the base to 42 mm at the top, the apical angle being about
8°. The cross sections of the conch and siphuncle are depressed
dorsoventrally. Siphuncle is about centrally located. In the cross
section of the siphuncle near the top three endocones are found, laid
in rows dorsoventrally; 4.5 camerae occupy a length equal to the
lateral diameter of the conch. Where the lateral diameter of the
conch is 32 mm, the concavity of the septa equals 8.5 mm, and height
of its camerae varies from 5.6 to 8.5 mm at the apical part of the
specimen. Wlien the septae approach the siphuncle the septal fun-
nels become almost cylindrical in form. The lower part of the septal
funnels contracts slightly in order to invaginate the septal funnels
beneath, the length of this invagination averaging about 3.5 mm.
The middle part of the septal funnels does not enlarge so distinctly.
The surface of the shell may be smooth so far as determinable
from the cast.
This species is very characteristic in having a central siphuncle
and a comparatively septal concavity.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician. This specimen is
believed to have come from a part of lower Ordovician strata; col-
lected near Han-chung-fu, Shensi, China, by George D. Louderback.
Eolotype.—U.^.'^.M. No. 83676.
Genus CAMEROCERAS Conrad, 1842
CAMEROCERAS cf. STYLIFORME Grabau
Plate 81, Figures 2-4
1922. Cameroceras styliforme Grabau, Ordovician fossils from North China,
p. 39, pi. 4, figs. 4-6.
I collected two fragmental specimens of Cameroceras (U.S.N.M.
No. 83677), the general outlines of which are nearly identical with
those of Cameroceras styliforme Grabau from the Liangchiashan
POEMATIOlSrS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUBIA 63
limestone, North China. As both Grabau's and my specimens are
too poor to allow any exact determination of details, I have de-
scribed my specimen as allied to Gameroceras styliforTne Grabau.
The Manchurian specimen, however, differs in at least one or two
minor details, namely, in having comparatively larger dimensions
and from the North Chinese specimen, a more acute angle of the
annulations compared with the ventral line of the siphuncle. If in
the future I am able to obtain more and better specimens, this pos-
sible identity with G. styliforme may be definitely determined. The
Manchurian specimens may be described as follows
:
Description.—One of the specimens is 42.5 mm in length, consist-
ing of part of a siphuncle showing endocone, which enlarges slightly
from the base to the top. The surface of the siphuncle shows broad,
ill-defined annulations, and the angles between these and the ventral
line of the siphuncle are about 55°, the annulations being 2.5 in a
space of 10 mm. At the base of the specimen the section is suboval,
and here the dorsoventral and lateral diameters of the siphuncle
are 10 and 11.5 mm, respectively. The corresponding diameters of
the endocone are T.5 and 9 mm, respectively. In the same section
the endocone is in contact with the ventral wall of the siphuncle,
while the space between the dorsal surface of the endocone and the
corresponding surface of the siphuncle is estimated as 2.5 mm. Not
only the siphuncle but also the endocone is distinctly flattened ven-
trally. The interiors of both the siphuncle and the endocone are
filled by a calcareous matrix, and show no traces of the endosipho-
sheaths.
Formation and locality.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation: In
the light gray limestone above the second tunnel, 1 mile north of
Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus PILOCERAS, Salter, 1859
PILOCERAS MANCHURIENSE, new species
Plate 32, Figuees 5-7 ; Plate 33, Figuees 14, 15
Description.—The holotype is 75 mm long, enlarging dorsoven-
trally very rapidly from the base to a point 22 mm farther up, in its
angle of enlargement being about 60° where it has reached a diameter
of 25.5 mm. From this point upward it enlarges more gradually,
attaining 32 mm at the top of the specimen. The surface of the
siphuncle is apparently annulated, the rings being transverse and not
showing any traces of oblique angles. These annulations are four
in a space of 10 mm. Where the dorsoventral diameter of the
siphuncle is 26 mm, the corresponding diameter of the endosiphuncle
is 8 mm, and here the space between it and the ventral surface of the
64 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
siphuncle is 11 mm, while that between its dorsal surface and the
corresponding surface of the siphuncle is 7 mm. This point is about
34 mm above the base of the specimen, and here the situation of en-
dosiphuncle is somewhat excentric. Since the interiors of both the
endosiphuncle and of the siphuncle are completely filled with cal-
careous matrix, the internal structure can not be determined.
A second specimen 59 mm long has a 32 mm diameter of the
siphuncle at the top of the specimen. A lateral view of this second
specimen and two transverse sections, one of which is at the top of
the specimen and the other 27 mm below, are also figured. The
lower transverse section shows two, or possibly more, of the older
endosyphosheaths.
CoTYi'parisons.—This species is closely related to Piloceras platy-
ventrum Grabau, which has four transverse annulations in a space
of 10 mm, while my species has 2.5 annulations in the same space.
Grabau's third specimen (not figured), from which he took the sec-
tions printed on page 48 of his paper (Grabau, 1922), probably
belongs to this new species.
Formation and locality.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation:
Light gray limestones above the second tunnel, 1 mile north of
Pen-hsi-hu ; and in the black banded limestone near Tai-chia-pu-tzu,
2 miles west of Chiao-tou station, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype and paratype.—U. S. N. M. Nos. 83678 and 83679.
Family PILOCERATIDAE
PENHSIOCERAS, new genus
Diagnosis.—Breviconic orthoceracones with large, stout, spindle-
shaped siphuncle, which is surrounded by a definite wall or siphunc-
ular shell ; with conical apical end. Siphuncle filled with endosipho-
sheaths and calcareous matrix, so the detailed structure of the
interior is not shown. The cross sections of the siphuncle and
endosiphocone are apparently circular. The endosiphocone is long,
conical, alveolar toward the apex and it rapidly tapers into the
endosiphotube at the comparatively younger part.
In none of the specimens so far obtained is the camerate portion
preserved. The surface of the siphuncle is apparently annulated.
Comparisons.—Comparing the structure of Penhsioceras with that
of other cephalopods, I am at once reminded of Chilioceras and
Piloceras. But the new genus differs from Chilioceras in having: no
trace of a triploia endocone (no traces of lateral and main cavities).
Penhsioceras is also readily distinguished from Piloceras in having
a narrower endosiphocone and a spindle-shaped siphuncle.
Genotype.—Penhsioceras fusiforme^ new species.
FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAN'CHUIMA 65
PENHSIOOERAS FUSIFORME, new species
Plate 32, Figures 8-10
Description.—The holotype specimen is 107 mm long, enlarging
very rapidly dorsoventrally from the base to a point 24 mm farther
up, its enlargement angle being 55° where it has reached a diameter
of 22 mm. From this point upward it decreases in diameter very
gradually to 16.5 mm near the top of the specimen and thus acquires
a general spindle shape. The cross sections of the siphuncle and
endosiphocone are apparently circular. The endosiphocone is rather
long, conical, alveolar toward the apex. At a point 11 mm below the
top, the dorsoventral diameter of the siphuncle is 17 mm, and the
corresponding diameter of the endosiphocone 8 mm. Here the space
between it and the ventral surface of the siphuncle is 2.5 mm, while
that between its dorsal surface and the corresponding surface of the
siphuncle is 6.5 mm, and in this section the endosiphocone is situated
very slightly ventrally. The endosiphocone tapers rapidly into the
endosiphotube at a point 34.5 mm below the top, and here the
diameter of the endosiphotube is estimated as 2 mm. The same
diameter of the endosiphotube obtains throughout the specimen from
this point to the apex. Unfortunately, as the interiors of the endo-
siphocone and siphuncle are filled entirely with calcareous matrix,
no internal structures can be determined, but some remains of endo-
siphosheaths are clearly retained. The surface of the siphuncle
is apparently annulated, these annulations being three in a space of
7 mm.
A fragmental specimen of the apical part, which may belong to
the present species, was collected near Niu-hsin-tai. The interior
part of the siphuncle of this specimen, though filled by a calcareous
matrix, retains some relics of endosiphosheaths.
Formation and localities.—Upper Canadian, Santao formation:
In the light gray limestone above the second tunnel, 1 mile north of
Pen-hsi-hu and at the same horizon near Ta-wan-kou, 1.5 miles
northeast of Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria,
Holotype and paratype.—JJ.^.'^.M. Nos. 83680 and 83681.
Genus ORTHOCERAS Breynius, 1832
ORTHOCERAS MAGNICHINENSE, new species
Plate 38, Figueeis 1, 2
Description.—Specimen 131 mm long, enlarging from a diameter
of 41 mm at the base to 77 mm at the top, the apical angle being
about 10°, The cross sections of the conch and siphuncle are circular.
The siphuncle is located centrally. Number of camerae in a length
equal to a diameter of conch is 1.8. The concavity of the septa
66 BULLETIN" 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
equals 22 mm. The rings of the siphuncle are tubular. Interior
surface of the siphuncle is slightly thickened by the deposition of
calcareous matrix. The interiors of the camerae toward the apical
end are filled with calcareous matrix, while the younger part remains
empty. The surface of the shell is smooth.
Comparisons.—This specimen may be compared to Orthoceras
chinense Foord, but the larger apical angle, the greater septal dis-
tance, and the larger diameter of the conch serve readily in distin-
guishing it.
Formation and locality.—Upper (?) Ordovician: Near Han-
chung-fu, Shensi, China.
Holotype.—V.S.'^.'M. No. 83682.
ORTHOCERAS LIAOTUNGENSE, new species
Plate 13, Figure 6
Description.—The single specimen collected is 55.5 mm long, en-
larging from a diameter of 14 mm at the base to 19.7 mm at the top,
the apical angle being 5°. The cross sections of the conch and the
siphuncle apparently are circular, but only half of the specimen re-
mains, the other half having weathered away. The siphuncle has
a central position. The number of camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of the conch is three. The concavity of the septa equals
7.5 mm. The rings of the siphuncle are approximately tubular or
widened but slightly within the camerae. The outer side of the
siphuncle and the anterior sides of the septae are moderately thick-
ened with the calcareous matrix, having comparatively large spaces
in each camerae. The surface of the shell is smooth.
Comparisons.—The comparatively narrow camerae and the great
concavity of the septae serve readily in distinguishing this species
from any American or European Orthoceras.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from a part of the
Ssuyen formation; in river drift at the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-
tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—V.S.'^.'K. No. 83683.
ORTHOCERAS RECTISEPTATUM, new species
Plate 25, Figure 1
Although this single specimen is almost too poor to receive a new
specific name, characteristic features are well shown.
Description.
—Specimen 31.7 mm long, consisting of about 6
camerae, enlarging from 6 mm at the base to 11.7 mm at the top, the
apical angle being 11''. The siphuncle is central in position and 1.8
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUillA 67
camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch. Where
the diameter of the conch is 11.6 mm, the diameter of the giphuncle
is estimated at 1.4 mm. The septae are straight transversally or
slightly convex toward the apical part, which is a very characteristic
feature. Septal distance is very great, being estimated as between
3 mm and 7.5 mm. Surface of the shell is slightly annulated. In-
teriors of the siphuncle and camerae are filled almost entirely with
a calcareous matrix.
This species is characterized by having straight septae, large
septal distances, and a slightly annulated surface.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the gray limestone, near Ta-wan-kou, 1.5 miles northeast of the
Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—\]S.'^M. No. 83684.
ORTHOCERAS TOYAMAI, new species
Plate 13, Figukes 4, 5, 13; Plate 40, Figxtbe 17
Description.—The holotype is 74 mm long, enlarging slightly
from a diameter of 11 mm at the base to 17 mm at the top. The
number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch
equals three at the middle part. The cross sections of the conch
and the siphuncle are almost circular, or slightly depressed, but the
dorsal part of the shell has been weathered away, leaving some
doubt on this point. The siphuncle is central in location, rather
tubular, but slightly enlarged within the camerae. Where the diam-
eter of the specimen is 13 mm, and where the septae are 4.5 mm
apart, one of the segments of the siphuncle has a diameter of 2.5 mm
at mid height, and the passage of siphuncle through the septum is
1.5 mm. The concavity of the septae is relatively small. The
deposition of the calcareous matrix in the siphuncle and camerae
is very irregular; in some parts it fills completely the whole space
of the siphuncle and the camerae while in other places these are
rather empty. The surface of the shell is very slightly annulated
so far as seen in the polished longitudinal section.
A second specimen, 61 mm long, enlarges from a diameter of 13mm
at the base to 17 mm at a point 36 mm farther up. The concavity of
the septae is 2.5 mm and the septae average 4.5 mm apart. The
cross section of the conch is somewhat depressed.
A third specimen from Pen-hsi-hu is 46 mm long. The concavity
of the septae is 2.5 mm, and they average 6 mm apart. The enlarg-
ing of the segments of the siphuncle within the camerae is rather
clear, but, on the contrary, the annulation of the surface of the
shell is very faint.
68 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The specific name is given in honor of S. Toyama, a prominent
Manchurian paleontologist.
Comparisons.—This species may be related to Tofangoceras pau-
ciannulatum Kobayashi, but differs from it in having rather longer
camerae and slighter annulation of the surface of the shell.
Even though my specimens have characteristics of Tofangoceras
in possessing surface annulations and a slightly nummuloidal
siphuncle, these characters are very poorly developed as compared
with that of the genotype of Tofangoceras. On the contrary, the
generic characters of my specimens are comparable rather with
Orthoceras in showing straight and comparatively smooth longi-
cones with simple septae and sutures. Therefore at present I place
this species in Orthoceras. If in my future field work, however, I
shall have the good fortune to find a whole specimen that is not
embedded in the rock matrix, I can then examine the surface an-
nulation in more detail, and it may happen that its generic reference
will have to be changed.
Formation and localities.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
:
A grayish black limestone bowlder believed to have come from the
Ssuyen formation in river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery; also in
drift near the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype and paratype.—V.^.'^.'M. Nos. 83685 and 83686.
ORTHOCERAS species nndetermined
Plate 13, Figures 8, 9
Specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83687), 46 mm long, 23 mm in diameter
at its top, cross section circular, rate of enlargement very small.
The siphuncle is located in a central position. The average length
of the camerae is 4.5 mm. Concavity of septa about 4 mm. Diam-
eter of siphuncle 2.5 mm at mid height, diminishing slightly at the
septal necks. The latter are about 0.7 mm long. The surface of
the shell is smooth; living chamber unknown.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A grayish black limestone bowlder supposed to belong to the Ssuyen
formation, in river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Genus CYCLOCERAS McCoy, 1844
CYCLOCERAS (?) MANCHURIENSE, new species
Plate 13, Figures 10-12 ; Plate 14, Figures 8, 9, 12 ; Plate 17, Figuee 7
Description.—The holotype specimen (pi. 13, figs. 10-12) is 55.5
mm long, enlarging from a diameter of 14.5 mm at the base to 18.5
mm at the top, the apical angle being rather small. The cross sec-
tions of the conch and siphuncle are circular. Four and a half
FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAliTCHTJEIA 69
annulations occur in a length equal to the diameter of the conch,
the number of camerae in the same length being 8.5. The concavity
of the septa equals almost 3.6 mm. The center of the siphuncle is
located 5.5 mm from the ventral wall of the conch. At a point near
the base, the diameter of the siphuncle at its passage through the
septa appears to have been 2 mm, enlarging to 3.2 mm within the
camerae. The septal neck is very short. The annulations are 3 mm
wide, about 1 mm high, and 5 mm apart from crest to crest. These
annulations are nearly transverse along the dorsal side of the speci-
men and along the median part of the opposite side, but they run
obliquely along the lateral sides at a 5° to 6° angle.
A second specimen (pi. 14, figs. 8, 9), 54 mm long, has an apical
angle of 8°. The diameter of the conch is 13.5 mm and that of
the siphuncle 2.5 mm near the base. A vertical section has been cut
in a lateral direction through the center of the siphuncle. Six
camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch, four
annulations occurring in the same length. The obliquity of the an-
nulation of the calcareous material in the camerae is comparatively
irregular; the posterior camerae are filled entirely with the calcare-
ous matrix, while in the younger camerae the deposit is only small.
A third specimen (pi. 14, fig. 12) is 66 mm long, the diameter
of the conch being 18.5 mm and that of the siphuncle 2.5 mm near
the top. The number of camerae and annulations in a length equal
to the diameter of the conch is 8.2 and 5 mm, respectively.
Since the surface of the shell of this species is not well preserved,
I can not decide exactly whether it belongs to Spyroceras or Gyclo-
ceras, and therefore it is assigned to Oycloceras only tentatively.
Gomparison.—I am not acquainted with any American or Euro-
pean species with which this species is likely to be confounded.
But it may have some characters in common with Oycloceras un-
dulostriatum (Hall) from the Trenton limestone of New York,
although the different obliquity of the annulations, the comparatively
larger distance between the crests of the annulations, and other
details serve easily to distinguish it.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
The lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds, just
north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, also in river drift at the Niu-hsin-
tai colliery, Manchuria.
Holotype and paratypes.—U.S.^M. Nos. 83688 and 83689.
CYCLOCERAS LOUDERBACKI, new species
Plate 36, Figure 16
Description.—Specimen is 40 mm long and enlarges dorsoventrally
from 9 mm at the base to 13.2 mm at the top, the apical angle being
70 BULLETIIT 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
8°. The cross section of the conch has been somewhat compressed
laterally by rock pressure. The siphuncle is located ventrally, its
center being 5.2 mm from the wall of the conch near the top. Five
and five-tenths annulations occur in a length equal to the diameter of
the conch. "Where the dorsoventral diameter of the conch is 13 mm,
that at its passage through the septa appears to have been 2.7 mm,
but seems not to enlarge within the camerae. The concavity of the
septa equals 2.2 mm, and height of its camerae is 3.2 mm. The septal
neck is rather short, about 1 mm or less in length. The annulations
are 2 mm wide, rather low, and 3.1 mm apart from crest to crest.
These annulations are nearly transverse along the dorsal side of the
specimen and along the median part of the opposite side, but run
obliquely along the lateral sides at a rather low angle.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. George D. Louderback,
of the University of California, who collected this and many other
fine specimens in central China.
Comparisons.—This species may be compared with Cycloceras
arcuoliratum (Hall) from the Trenton and Black River formations
of the United States, but has more rounded and broader annulations
and less obliquity of those on the lateral sides of the specimen.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician : Near Han-chung-fu,
Shensi, China.
^oZo^ype.—U.S.N.M. No. 83690.
CTCLOCERAS AOKII, new species
Plate 14, FiGtrEB 7
Description.—The specimen is 60 mm long and has a rather low
apical angle. The cross section of the conch may be slightly de-
pressed, while that of the siphuncle is circular. Four annulations
occur in a length equal to the diameter of the conch. The number of
camerae in an equal length is six. The concavity of the septa is esti-
mated at 3 mm. The center of the siphuncle is located 5.5 mm from
the ventral wall of the conch. At the middle of the specimen, the
diameter of the siphuncle at its passage through the septa is 1.2 mm,
enlarging to 1.8 mm within the camerae. The annulations are 3 mm
wide, about 1 mm in height, and 5 mm apart from crest to crest. The
annulations run obliquely along the lateral sides at an angle of about
5°. The interior of the camerae is entirely filled with calcareous
matrix, while that of the siphuncle is rather empty.
The specific name is given in honor of Prof. R. Aoki, of the Tohoku
Imperial University in Japan.
Comparisons.—As is seen from the above description, this species
is very closely allied to Cycloceras manchuriense, but differs in having
a comparatively slender and rather unnummuloidal siphuncle in con-
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHTJIIIA 71
trast to the latter, which shows many nummuloidal segments of the
siphuncle.
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone just north of
the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 83691.
CYCLOCERAS (?) MARGINALE, new species
Plate 27, Figtjee 5; Piate 40, Figuee 11
Description.—This single specimen is 105 mm long, enlarging dor-
soventrally from a diameter of 18 mm at the base to 26 mm at a
point 71 mm farther up; the apical angle is comparatively low.
The cross section of the conch is slightly compressed. The siphuncle
is excentric in position, its center located 8 mm from the ventral wall
of the conch. The number of camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of the conch is eight. The surface of the conch is fairly an-
nulated, and five of these annulations occupy a length equal to
the diameter of the conch. When the diameter of the conch is 26
mm, the concavity of the septa is 5.5 mm; the maximum diameter
of the siphuncle here is estimated at 4.5 mm, and the height of its
camerae averages 3.2 mm. The inner margins of the septa form a
short septal neck. These inner margins are in contact with only
the lower sides of the preceding connecting rings. The interior of
the siphuncle has no trace of the deposition of calcareous matrix.
The camerae of the older part of the shell are densely filled with the
calcareous matrix, which becomes gradually less toward the younger
part. Since the surface of the shell of this species is not exposed, I
can not decide exactly whether it belongs to Spyroceras or Gy-
cloceras^ and therefore it is tentatively assigned to Cycloceras.
Comparisons.—Comparatively large shell, the larger septal con-
cavity, the form of the segments of the siphuncle and excentric posi-
tion of the siphuncle serve to differentiate this species from others
found in the Ordovician beds of the Orient. I am not acquainted
with any American or European species with which this one is
likely to be confounded.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician. Wuting formation
:
In the black banded limestone beds, near the second tunnel, 1 mile
north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—JJ.S.'^.'M. No. 83692.
CYCLOCERAS (?) SHENSIENSE, new species
Plate 37, Figuees 4, 5 ; Plate 38, FigukeJ 4
Description.—Louderback's collection contains another specimen,
50 mm long, that enlarges slightly from the base to the top. The
72 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cross sections of the conch and siphuncle apparently were originally
circular, but have been more or less compressed laterally by pressure.
The siphuncle is located somewhat ventrally. About six annula-
tions occur in a length equal to the diameter of the conch. The
number of camerae in an equal length is 7.2. Where the lateral
diameter of the conch is 22.2 mm, the concavity of the septa equals
4.6 mm, and the height of its camerae averages 3.2 mm. The
siphuncle is tubular and does not enlarge within the camerae. The
septal neck is very short, about 0.6 mm or less in length. The annu-
lations are rather indistinct, are 4 mm apart from crest to crest,
and run obliquely along the lateral sides of the specimen.
Since the surface of the shell of this specimen is not preserved,
I can not decide definitely whether it belongs to Spyroceras or to
Cycloceras^ and it is therefore assigned tentatively to Cycloceras.
Comparisons.—In general this species may be compared with
Cycloceras {?) 77ianchuriense, but differs in having the tubular
siphuncle, indistinct annulations, and a comparatively large number
of annulations in a length equal to the diameter of the conch.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician: Near Han-chung-
fu, Shensi, China.
Eolotyjje.—V.S.'N.M. No. 83693.
CYCLOCERAS (?) PEITOUTZENSE Grabau
Plate 14, FiGtrKE& 3, 4
1922. Cycloceras (?) peitoutzense Grabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1,
p. 63, pi. 6, fig. 2 (not. pi. 6, figs. 1, 3, 4).
1927. Cycloceras (?) peitoutzense Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr.,
vol. 5, no. 4, p. 184, pi. 21, fig. 1.
It is quite likely that two or three species belonging to Cycloceras
and Spyroceras are included in Grabau's Cycloceras (?) peitoutzense^
because, according to his description, the shells of his second to fifth
specimens have fine concentric striae between the interspaces of the
annulations; his first specimen, on the contrary (pi. 6, fig. 1), has
very faint longitudinal lines upon the early portion of the fragment.
Therefore, it is clear that the four specimens with concentric striae
belong to Cycloceras but that the other specimen belongs to Spyro-
ceras. Morever, I have some doubt whether his second (pi. 6, fig. 2),
third, fourth (pi. 6, fig. 3), and fifth (pi. 6, fig. 4) specimens are the
same species. Two of my specimens are also too incomplete to
settle the question whether they belong to Cycloceras or Spyroceras.
It seems to me, however, that my specimens may coincide with Gra-
bau's second specimen, so I am describing them tentatively as a
species of Cycloceras (?).
Since Grabau's first specimen may belong to Spyroceras^ I shall
designate his second specimen as the lectotype of Cycloceras (?)
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 73
peitouitzense Grabau. Kobayashi's specimen may agree with Grabau's
second specimen. One of my specimens is 30 mm long and is very
slightly enlarged from the base to the top. The cross section of
the conch apparently was circular. The siphuncle is located some-
what excentrically. Three camerae occupy a length equal to the
diameter of the conch, and three annulations occur in the same
length. Where the diameter of the conch is 7 mm, the concavity of
the septa equals 1.5 mm. The maximum diameter of the siphuncle
here is estimated as 1.5 mm, and the height of camerae averages
2.2 mm. The deposition of the calcareous matrix in the camerae is
rather unusual.
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Upper and lower fossil horizons of the black banded limestone beds,
near the Mu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Plesiotype.—\J.^:^M. No. 83694.
Genus SPYROCERAS Hyatt, 1879
SPYROCERAS species undetermined
Plate 38, Figube 5
One specimen of SpyroGeras (U.S.N.M. No. 83695) occurs in Lou-
derback's collection from central China. It is 67 mm long and con-
sists of the living chamber only, no trace of the camerae being left.
It enlarges from a dianieter 22.5 mm at the base to 26.5 mm at a point
47 mm farther up ; thus an apical angle is very low. The cross sec-
tion of the conch is circular. The crests of five annulations occur
in a length equal to the diameter of the conch. They show some sig-
moid curvature on the lateral surfaces of the conch. These annula-
tions are about two-thirds of a millimeter in height, are rather
broadly rounded, and are separated by intermediate grooves of about
the same width. The surface of the conch is ornamented by very
faint vertical striae which cross the annulations. This specimen
seems to belong to a new species, but as no trace of the camerae is
preserved I hesitate to give a new specific name to the fragment.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician, near Han-chung-fu,
Shensi, China.
Genus PLECTOCERAS Hyatt, 1884
PLECTOCERAS OHTAEAI, new species
Plate 24
One of my students, the late Chujiro Ohtaka, collected near Pen-
hsi-hu, during a geological excursion of the Manchurian Teachers'
College, a large but broken cast of a coiled cephalopod. Though
this specimen is rather fragmentary and only a mold, it became
clear, after making a plaster cast and carefully examining it, that it
74 BULLETIN" 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
is a Plectoceras, since it has the characteristic coiling of the trans-
verse riblike folds on the surface of the shell and the large umbilical
perforation, and agrees in other details. The Manchurian specimen
may be described as follows:
Description.—^Volutions of conch apparently in contact with one
another, consisting of about four and one-half volutions, of which
the living chamber probably occupied a length of about one-third
of a volution, though the actual length of the part here preserved
is only 125 mm, and the maximum diameter of the conch across its
umbilical part is about 240 mm.
At the larger end of the specimen its dorsoventral diameter is
estimated as 46 mm. One volution back from this larger end, the
dorsoventral diameter is about the same as that of the former one.
Two volutions back from larger end, the dorsoventral diameter
diminishes to about 25 mm. The earlier volutions of the conch prob-
ably are in contact with one another, and the dorsal side may be
finely impressed, but toward the aperture the living chamber may not
be in actual contact with the preceding volution, though closely con-
tiguous. The maximum prominence of the lateral sides is much
nearer to the dorsal side. The dorsolateral angles are very promi-
nent, and are estimated at about 70°, but the ventrolateral angles
may be broadly rounded.
The surface of the shell is crossed obliquely by very remarkable
transverse riblike folds, which curve backward along the lateral
sides of the conch. About four of the folds occupy a length equal
to the dorsoventral diameter of the shell. In addition to these
oblique riblike folds the surface of the conch is crossed by fine,
minute, transverse striae, parallel to the folds.
This species is characterized by its remarkable dorsolateral angle,
very sharp and well-defined riblike folds, and about the same dorso-
ventral diameters of the living chamber and the preceding volution
as compared with other species of Plectoceras.
Formation and locality—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In loose limestone bowlder, apparently from the Wuting formation
near San-tao-kang-tzu, 1.5 miles north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—U.S.'^M. No. 83696.
Genus SACTOCERAS Hyatt, 1884
SACTOCERAS KOBATASHII, new species
Plate 14, Figube 6 ; Plate 40, Figuee 8
Description.—The holotype is 54 mm long, enlarging laterally
from a diameter of 21.5 mm at its base to 28 mm at a point 44 mm
POBMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAN-GHUBIA 75
farther up, the apical angle being 9°. The cross sections of the conch
and the siphuncle are apparently circular, but only the lateral half
of the shell remains, the other half being weathered away. The
number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch
is about 4.5. Septa regularly concave ; their concavity is not so con-
spicuous, and is rather shallow, being 4.5 mm in depth. The si-
phuncle is excentric, its center located 10.5 mm from the ventral side
of the conch at a point near the top. Where the diameter of the
conch is 27.5 mm, and where the septa are 6 mm apart, one of the
segments of the siphuncle has a maximum diameter of 5 mm at
mid height, constricting to 2.5 mm at its passage through the septum.
The resultant form of segments of the siphuncle is almost globular,
slightly depressed anteriorly. Almost all the interior of the camerae
is filled with calcareous deposits, leaving very narrow strips here
and there, while the inner side of the siphuncle is empty except for
a slight deposit just inside its passage through the septum.
The specific name is given in honor of T. Kobayashi, of the Tokyo
Imperial University in Japan.
Gomparisons.—This species may be closely allied to Sactoceras
decipiens (Barrande), and Sactoceras impTohus (Barrande) from
stage E, Bohemia, but the shallower concavity of the septa serves
readily in distinguishing it.
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—{].^:^M. No. 83697.
SACTOCERAS NIUHSINENSE, new species
Plate 14, Figuee 13 ; Plate 40 ; Figttee 18
Description.—The holotype is 74 mm long, enlarging very slightly
from base to top. The cross sections of the conch and siphuncle
apparently are circular, but only the ventral half of the conch re-
mains, the dorsal half being weathered away. The siphuncle is cen-
trally located. The number of camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of conch is about 10. Where the diameter of the specimen
is 37.5 mm and where the septa are 3.5 mm apart, one of the segments
of the siphuncle has a maximum diameter of 5 mm at mid height,
constricting to 2.6 mm at its passage through the septum. The re-
sultant form of the siphuncle segments is somewhat depressed glob-
ular. The average concavity of the septa is 6.5 mm. The interior
of the siphuncle and the conch are almost empty, but a very small
quantity of the lunate calcareous matrix is found on the interior of
the siphuncle at its passage through the septa; also the septa are
thickened slightly here and there by deposits of calcareous matrix.
76 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The smaller apical angle, lower concavity of the septa, and smaller
ratio between the diameter of the siphuncle and that of the conch
serve to differentiate this species from others found in the Ordovi-
cian.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, 1 mile east of
the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—V.^.'^M. No. 83698.
SACTOCERAS LIAOTUNGENSE, new species
Plate 14, Figure 10
Description.—The holotype is 33.5 mm long, enlarging from 7.5
mm at the base to 15 mm at the top, the apical angle being 9°. The
cross sections of the conch and siphuncle apparently were circular,
but only the lateral half of the conch remains. The siphuncle is
located somewhat ventrally. Five camerae occupy a length equal
to the diameter of the conch. Where the diameter of the specimen
is 13.5 mm and where the septa are 3 mm apart, one of the segments
of the siphuncle has a maximum diameter of 2.5 mm at mid height,
constricting to 1.2 mm at its passage through the septum. The re-
sultant form of segments of the siphuncle is almost globular. The
concavity of the septa averages 3 mm. The interior of the siphuncle
is moderately filled with calcareous matrix, and that of the camerae
is almost entirely filled with the same deposition, leaving a diagonal
narrow space at its center.
Comparisons.—The comparatively small conch and rather large
apical angle serve to differentiate this species from others found in
the Ordovician beds in the Orient. Moreover, I am not acquainted
with any American or European forms with which this species is
likely to be confounded.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, on the Fu-chin-
kou ridge, 2.5 miles southwest of Miyanohara station, Liao-tung,
Manchuria. *
Holotype.—v.^.'^.'M. No. 83G99.
SACTOCERAS INAII, new species
Plate 14, Figure 1
Description.—The holotype is 47 mm long, 17.5 mm in diameter at
the base, and 19.5 mm near the top, the apical angle being very small.
The cross section of the conch, apparently, was laterally^ depressed,
but the comparatively large part of the dorsal side has weathered
away. The location of the siphuncle is very excentric, its distance
from the ventral wall of the conch being 2.5 mm. The number of
FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHTJEIA 77
camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch is nine.
Where the diameter of specimen is 19 mm and where the septa are
2 mm apart, one of the siphuncle segments has a maximum diameter
of 3 mm at mid height, constricting to 1.2 mm at its passage through
the septum. The resultant form of the siphuncle segments is globu-
lar. Septal necks very short; envelope on the interior of the
siphuncle by lunate calcareous deposits, leaving rather a large endo-
siphuncular passage. The septa are thickened rather slightly with
the deposition of calcareous matrix at both the upper and lower sides.
Living chamber and surface of the conch unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Y. Inai, a prominent pale-
ontologist in Manchuria.
Comparisons—This species is closely allied to Sactoceras manitou-
linense Foerste from the clay cliffs at Meaford, Canada, but it is dis-
tinguished by the much more excentric siphuncle and its more de-
pressed segments. Moreover, in the Manchurian specimen, nine
camerae occur in a length equal to the diameter of the conch, while in
8. manitoulmense this number is six or seven.
Formation cmd locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone at Tou-fang-kou,
2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 83700.
SACTOCERAS species nndetermined
Plate 13, Figure 7
A fragmental specimen (U.S.lSr.M. No. 83701) 29 mm long has a
very low apical angle. Five camerae occur in a space equal to the
diameter of the conch. The cross section of the conch apparently
is depressed. Where the diameter of the conch is 8.5 mm, the con-
cavity of the septa is 1.2 mm ; the maximum diameter of the siphuncle
here is estimated at 2.8 mm, and height of its camerae averages 2 mm.
The interior of the siphuncle is densely filled with calcareous matrix.
The septa are moderately thickened with the deposition of calcareous
matrix on the anterior side of each septum.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near the Pen-
hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
SACTOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 14, Figure 11
A fragmental specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83702) is 53 mm long, 18.6
mm in diameter near the base, and estimated to have been 25 mm in
diameter at a point 32 mm farther up, thus indicating an apical
101621—32 6
78 BULLETIN 1G4, UNrTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
angle of about 14°. The cross section of the conch apparently was
elliptical laterally, that of the siphuncle circular. The siphuncle is
located excentric laterally. Seven camerae occupy a length equal to
the diameter of the conch. Where the diameter of the specimen is
20 mm, the segment of the siphuncle has a maximum diameter of 3.6
mm at mid height, constricting to 2.5 mm at its passage through the
septum. The resultant form of segments of siphuncle is almost
globular. Septa are moderately concave. The interior's of the
camerae and siphuncle are irregularly filled with calcareous matrix.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the gray banded limestones, near
Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus ACTINOCERAS Bronn, 1837
ACTINOCERAS CONCAVUM, new species
Plate 16, FiGxmE 10
Description.—A rather good specimen is 80 mm long, enlarging
from a diameter of 26.5 mm near the base to 34 mm at the top, the
apical angle being 6°. The cross sections of the conch and the siphun-
cle were apparently circular, but only the dorsal side of the shell
remains. The number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter
of the conch is about 6.7. Where the lateral diameter of the conch is
34 mm, the concavity of the septa is 10 mm, the length of the camerae
is 5.2 mm, and the maximum diameter of the segments of the siphun-
cle is 13.2 mm. The septal necks descend slightly below the gen-
eral concave curvature of the septa, and their length is usually 0.7 mm
or less. The inner margin of the septa is in contact with the lower
surface of the preceding connecting rings for a radial width of only
2 mm. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with typical actino-
ceroid materials, leaving a medium-sized endosiphuncular passage
and its narrow diverticula, which bend forward somewhat. The
septa are thickened considerably by the deposition of calcareous
matrix, which occurs both on the upi^er and under sides of the sep-
tum, leaving very narrow, diagonal interspaces in the middle part
of each camera.
Coiwpari&ons.—This species may be compared to Armenoceras
richthofeni (Freeh), but differs from it in having greater concavity
of the septa and fewer camerae in a length equal to the diameter of
the conch, and comparatively longer septal necks.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from a part of the
Ssuyen formation ; collected in river drift at the Pen-hsi-hu colliery,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—ll.^.'^.M. No. 83705.
rORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHUBIA 79
Genus NYBYOCERAS Troedsson, 1926
NYBYOCEEAS FOERSTEI Endo
Plate 25, Figures 3-5 ; Plate 26, Figtibes 9, 10
1930. Nytyoceras foerstei Endo, Denison Univ. Bull., Journ, Sci. Lab., vol. 25,
p. 298, pi. 60, figs. 1 a-c.
Description.—The holotype is 127 mm long, and its apical angle
seems to be rather small. The cross section of the conch is somewhat
depressed, while that of the siphuncle is circular, a part of the dorsal
side of the conch having weathered away. The dorsoventral diameter
of the conch at the top of the specimen is estimated as about 57 mm,
while its lateral diameter is about 63 mm. The number of camerae
in a length equal to the lateral diameter of the conch is seven. The
diameter of siphuncle at the top of the specimen is 21 mm. The
ratio between the diameter of the siphuncle and the dorsoventral
diameter of the conch is 37 : 100. The distance of the siphuncle from
the ventral wall of the conch at the top of specimen is 3 mm. Siphun-
cle is strongly nummuloidal, and its anterior is filled with actino-
ceroid deposits of calcareous material, leaving a central endosi]3hun-
cular passage. Septal neck rather conspicuous. On the dorsal side
of the conch the septa are in contact with the segments of the siphun-
cle below instead of those above, but ventrally they are conspicuously
in contact with the segments above, and laterally the same form of
contact predominates. It was upon this very characteristic struc-
ture that Troedsson established the subgenus Nyhyoceras^ which I
have raised to generic rank. Both sides of the septa on the dorsal
side of the conch are covered by a deposit of calcareous mate-
rial, and the interior of the camerae on its vertical side is almost
filled by a similar deposit. The sutures of the septa are very oblique,
the surface of the shell apparently smooth.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. August F. Foerste, of
Dayton, Ohio, from whom I have received valuable help and many
suggestions in my study of the Manchurian Ordovician fossils.
Gomparisons.—This species is readily distinguishable from Ny-
hyoceras hekkeri Troedsson from the Lyckholm bed (Fi) at Nyby,
Estonia, in having a siphuncle of relatively smaller diameter and
shorter camerae.
Formation and locality.—^Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestones near San-tao-kang-tzu, 1.5 miles
north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—V.S.'^.'K. No. 83455.
80 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus ARMENOCERAS Foerste, 1924
ARMENOCERAS ORIENTALE, new species
Plate 16, Figure 9 ; Plate 40, Fiquke 14
Description.—A large, well-preserved specimen, retaining all the
living chamber, becomes the holotype of another new species. It is
311 mm long, 124 mm of which belongs to the living chamber. Its
lateral diameter enlarges from 31 mm near the base to 72.5 mm at
a point 245 mm farther up, the apical angle being about 7°. The
cross sections of the conch and the siphuncle apparently are depressed,
but only the dorsal half of the specimen remains, the ventral half
having weathered away. The siphuncle is located ventrally, its
center being 14 mm from the dorsal wall of the conch at a point
50 mm above the base. The siphuncle is 12.2 mm in diameter near
the base and 15.5 mm at a point 61 mm above, the ratio of its diameter
to that of the conch being 8 : 25. The number of camerae in a length
equal to the lateral diameter of the conch is 16.2. The concavity of
the septa varies from 8.5 mm near the base of the specimen to 14.5
mm at the top of its camerae. The length of the camerae varies
from 6.5 mm at the oldest to 4.1 mm at the youngest. Where the
lateral diameter of the siphuncle is 13.2 mm that of the passage of
the siphuncle through the septum is 7.5 mm. Between the connecting
rings this septum is horizontal, and the inner margin of the septum
extends about 3 mm inward from the vertical projection of the outer
margin of the septal rings. These rings are in contact with the septa
both above and below for a radial width of 2 mm. In the interior
of the siphuncle nearly the whole space of the central part is filled
with the calcareous matrix, leaving comparatively broad empty spaces
in the portion of the marginal nummuloids. The shell and some
septa are slightly and very irregularly thickened by calcareous
matrix. Surface of the shell unknown.
Goviparisons.—This very complete specimen differs from all other
described oriental species in having a comparatively small apical
angle and highly nummuloidal segments of the siphuncle, and the
horizontal inner margin of the septa between the connecting rings.
I am not acquainted with any American or European species with
which this species is likely to be confounded.
Formation am,d locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the dark gray limestone beds, near
Hsia-kang-yao, 3.5 miles southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Holotype.—[J.^.'^M. No. 83707.
FOEMATIOITS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 81
ARMENOCERAS ASIATICUM, new species
Plate 16. Figxtees 2-6
1927. Actinoceras tani Kobayashi (not Grabau), Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr.,
vol. 5, no. 4, p. 192, pi. 20, fig. 9 ; pi. 21, fig. 5 ; pi. 22, figs. 1 a-b.
This species has a rather wide distribution in Manchuria and I
have obtained four fragmental but comparatively well-preserved
specimens on which to base the following description
:
Description.—The best specimen is 43 mm long (pi. 16, fig. 3),
enlarging laterally from a diameter of 14 mm at the base to 21 mm
near the top, the apical angle being 12°. The cross section appar-
ently is elliptical laterally, but only the ventral half of the specimen
remains. Eight camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of
the conch. The siphuncle is about central in its position, its diameter
is 5.5 mm near the top, the ratio of its diameter to the lateral diam-
eter of the conch being 7 : 25. The concavity of the septa is 3 mm.
In this specimen only the overlying connecting ring is adnate to the
intermediate septa for about 1 mm in width in the area immediately
surrounding the passage of the siphuncle through the septa, but the
underlying connecting rings are not adnate to the septa immediately
above, as they meet the inner margin of these septa at a very acute
angle, without a distinct septal neck intervening. The anterior
parts of the segments of the siphuncle are somewhat depressed as
compared with its posterior parts. The interior of the siphuncle is
filled with calcareous deposits, except the endosiphuncular passage
and its diverticula. The septa are thickened by the deposition of
calcareous matrix on the anterior surfaces, which are comparatively
thin at the margin, gradually thickening toward the siphuncle, and
then abruptly thinning out, finally assuming a saucerlike shape
before reaching the connecting rings.
Comparisons.—The general characters of this species closely
coincide with those of Armenoceras tani {Actinoceras tani
Grabau), but in this species only the overlying connecting ring is
adnate to the intermediate septa for a short distance in the area
immediately surrounding the passage of the siphuncle through the
septa, while in the latter species both the overlying and the under-
lying connecting rings are adnate to the intermediate septa. More-
over, the former species has a smaller ratio between the diameter
of the siphuncle and that of the conch as compared with that of
the latter species.
The specimens described by Kobayashi as Actinoceras tani are
exactly the same as my new species Armenoceras asiaticum in having
the inner margins of the septa adnate to only the upper connecting
82 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ring, which feature also distinguishes Kobayashi's specimen from
Grabau's Actinoceras tani.
Foniiation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds, just north
of and 4 to 5 miles southwest of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Cotypes.—V.^.'^M. Nos. 83708 and 83709.
ARMENOCERAS BASSLERI, new species
Plate 22, Figuees 5, 6; Plate 40, Figxjee 12
Description.—The holotype is 85 mm long, enlarging laterally
from a diameter of 29 mm to 39 mm in a length of 46.5 mm, indi-
cating an apical angle of about 16°. The cross section of the conch
is somewhat depressed, while that of the siphuncle is circular. The
siphuncle is about central in its position; its diameter is estimated
at 13 mm at the middle and its center is located 8 mm from the
ventral wall of the conch. Nine camerae occupy a length equal to
the diameter of the conch. Where the lateral diameter of the conch
is 36.5 mm the concavity of the conch equals 7 mm. Near the lateral
margins of the conch the sutures of the septa are shown as having
a very slight sigmoidal shape, and the septa come into contact with
the lower side of the segments of the siphuncle near its inner mar-
gins, but the underlying connecting rings are not so distinctly adnate
to the septa. The interior of the siphuncle is occupied by calcareous
matrix, leaving a comparatively large endosiphuncular passage, and
its narrow diverticula into the lateral margins of the segments of
the siphuncle. The septa are thickened regularly by calcareous mat-
rix, which occurs both on the upper and under sides of the septum,
leaving narrow, diagonal, and saucerlike spaces in the middle of
each camera but just outside of the segments of the siphuncle.
Living chamber and outer surface of the shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. R. S. Bassler, head
curator of geology of the United States National Museum, from
whom I have received much assistance in this work.
CompaHson.—This species differs from all described oriental
species of Armenoceras in having a very large ratio of the diameter
of the siphuncle to that of the conch, and slightly sigmoidal shape
of the sutures.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near Hsia-kang-
yao, 3.5 miles southeast of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung Manchuria.
Holotype.—\^.'^:^M. No. 83759.
FOEMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAISTCHUBIA 83
ARMENOCERAS RESSERI, new species
Plate 17, Figtjke 6
Description.—The holotype is 112 mm long, its lateral diameter
increasing from 22.5 mm near the base to 41 mm near the top, the
apical angle being 16°. The cross section apparently is circular, but
only the ventral half of the specimen remains, the dorsal half
having weathered away. The siphuncle is centrally located. Thir-
teen camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch.
Where the diameter of the conch is 41 mm, the maximum diameter
of the siphuncle is estimated as 11.5 mm. The concavity of the septa
and the height of the camerae are estimated to average 7.5 and 3.5
:qfim, respectively. Where the lateral diameter of the siphuncle is
11.5 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through the septum is
8 mm. The inner margin of the septum extends about 3 mm inward
from the vertical projection of the outer margin of the septal rings.
These rings are in contact with the septa both above and below for a
radial width of 2 mm. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with
typical actinoceroid deposits, leaving an endosiphuncular passage
6 mm wide and its narrow, somewhat forward bending diverticula
between the outer margin of the connecting rings. The camerae of
the older part are almost filled with the calcareous matrix, which
becomes gradually less toward the younger end.
This species is characteristic in having a rather large conch, a small
ratio between the diameter of the siphuncle and that of the conch, and
a large endosiphuncle. I am not acquainted with any American,
European, or Oriental species with which this is likely to be con-
founded.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. C. E. Eesser, of the
United States National Museum, from whom I have received valuable
assistance in this work. •
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds, near Tou-
fang-kou, 2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 83710.
ARMENOCERAS COULINGI (Graban)
Plate 17, Figukb 5
1903. Actinoceras (Ormoceras) aff. tenuifilum Ceick, Geol. Mag., new ser., vol.
10, p. 481, pi. 22, fig. C, Dec. 4.
1920. Actinoceras (Ormoceras) sp. indt. Yabe, Palaeontology of southern China,
p. 52, pi. 19, fig. 9.
1922. Actinoceras coulingi Geabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 82,
pi. 8, fig. 1, 2.
1927. Actinoceras coulingi Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 5, no.
4, p. 193, pi. 21, fig. 6.
84 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Description.—This plesiotype is 86 mm long, its lateral diameter
increasing slightly from the base to the top. As only the ventral
half of the specimen remains, the shape of the cross section of tlie
conch can not be exactly identified, but apparently is depressed later-
ally. Thirteen camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the
conch. The siphuncle is 16 mm in diameter at the upper part of
the specimen, the ratio of its diameter to that of the conch being
37:100. The siphuncle is located excentric in position. The con-
cavity of the septa averages 7 mm. Wliere the lateral diameter of
the siphuncle is 17.5 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through
the septum is 9 mm. Between the connecting rings this septum
curves gently downward but does not form a septal neck. This
inner margin extends about 4 mm inward from the vertical projec-
tion of the outer margin of the septal rings. These rings are in
contact both above and below with the septa for a radial width of
2.5 mm, which structures are characteristic features of Armenoceras.
The interior of the siphuncle is almost filled with calcareous matrix.
The septa are thickened very irregularly with the deposition of the
calcareous matrix, which appears as if it were deposited on both
sides of the septum.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
The lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, just south
of the Wu-hu-tsui colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Plesiotype.—U.S.l^.lsi. No. 83711.
ARMENOCERAS ELEGANS, new species
Plate 15, Figures 1-3
One fragment of the conch and two large siphuncles of an Armen-
oceras constitute the material on which this new species is based.
Description.—The first specimen (pi. 15, fig. 2), is 53 mm long and
enlarges laterally from 25 mm at the base to 45 mm at the point 25
mm farther up, so that the apical angle is rather large. The cross
section apparently is elliptical laterally, but only the ventral half
of the specimen remains. About nine camerae occupy a length equal
to the diameter of the conch when the counting is completed.
The siphuncle is excentric in position, the distance between the siph-
uncle and ventral side of the conch is 5 mm at the base. The diameter
of the siphuncle is about the same throughout the specimen. Where
the diameter of the conch is 30 mm, that of the siphuncle at its pas-
sage through the septa is 12 mm, enlarging to 18.5 mm at mid height
within the camerae. The septal necks appear to be about 1.5 mm in
length. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with calcareous ma-
terial, leaving a rather large endosiphuncular passage and its nar-
row lateral diverticula, which bend backward at first and then curve
FORMATIOlSrS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHIIIIIA 85
forward. The septa of the lower part of the specimen are thickened
by deposition of calareous matrix.
A second specimen (pi. 15, fig. 1), consisting of a siphuncle 177
mm long, enlarges from a lateral diameter of 27 mm at its base to
31 mm near the top. This specimen shows very distinctly the con-
necting portion between the septal necks and the rings, a character-
istic feature of Armenoceras.
A third specimen (pi. 15, fig. 3), also a siphuncle, is 123 mm long.
The enlargement of this specimen is peculiar; at its apical part it
enlarges at an angle of 20° from the lateral diameter of 12 mm at
the base to 29 mm at a point 41 mm farther up. From this point it
enlarges in diameter very gradually to the top.
Formation and localities.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds near the
Pen-hsi-hu and the Niu-hsin-tai collieries, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype and paratypes.—U.S.^M. Nos. 83703 and 83704.
ARMENOCERAS ELONGATUM, new species
Plate 17, Figtjkes 1-4; Plate 18, Figtjeb 8
Description.—The holotype, 96 mm long, has a lateral diameter
increasing from 15 mm near the base to 33 mm near the top, the
apical angle being 8°. The cross section of the conch is apparently
circular near the base and elliptical laterally near the top; that of
the siphuncle is circular throughout, but only the dorsal half of
the specimen remains, the ventral half having weathered away near
the base, while almost the whole of the dorsal portion remains near
the top. Ten camerae occupy a length equal to the lateral diameter
of the conch. The siphuncle is 7.5 mm in diameter near the base
of the specimen and 10.5 mm at its middle, the ratio of its diameter
to that of the conch varying between 21 : 50 and 25 : 50 within the
43 mm length of the specimen. The distance between the siphuncle
and the ventral side of the conch is about 4 mm near the base and
2.5 mm near the top. The concavity of the septa varies from 4.5 mm
to 5 mm. Where the lateral diameter of the siphuncle is 10.5 mm,
that of the passage of the siphuncle through the septum is 6 mm. The
inner margin of the septa, at the passage of the siphuncle through
the septa, curves faintly downward, but does not form a septal neck.
The interior of the siphuncle and almost all the septal interspaces of
the ventral side are filled with typical actinoceroid deposits of
calcareous material, leaving the usual central endosiphuncular pas-
sage and its diverticula into the outer margin of the connecting rings.
Living chamber of the shell unknown. Outer surface apparently
smooth. The cross section near the top of a second specimen is ex-
actly the same as the first. The dorsoventral diameter of the conch
86 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
in this section is about 21 mm, while the lateral diameter is 25^ mm.
The number of camerae in a length equal to the lateral diameter of
the conch equals nine. The diameter of the siphuncle in the same
section is 10.5 mm, the ratio between the diameter of the siphuncle
and the lateral diameter of the conch being 21 : 50. The distance of
the siphuncle from the ventral wall in the same section is 3 mm. The
dorsal part of the camerae in this second specimen is not filled with
the calcareous matrix.
A vertical section of a third specimen has been cut in a dorsoven-
tral direction through the center of the siphuncle ; in this section, as
seen in Plate 17, Figure 2, the concavity of the septa of the ventral
side is very conspicuous as compared with that of the dorsal side.
Gom'parisons.—This species may be compared with Armenoceras
{Actinoceras) suhmarginale (Grabau) from the Machiakou limestone
of the Kaiping basin. North China, but the comparatively narrow
siphuncle and its position serve readily to distinguish it. This
species is also closely allied to Armenoceras {Actinoceras) manchu-
rense (Kobayashi) but differs in having a faintly downward curving
inner margin of the septum at the passage of the siphuncle through
the septum, while that part of A. manchurense is more horizontal.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
(holotype from the lower fossil horizon) : In the black banded lime-
stone beds, which are widely distributed south of the Niu-hsin-tai
colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria. Paratype from the same beds on
the small hill, just south of Kan-chia-tun in the Wu-hu-tsui coal
basin, Manchuria. The third specimen was collected from the upper
fossil horizon just north of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery.
Holotype and paratypes.—U.S.liiM. Nos. 83712-83714.
ARMENOCERAS HATAI, new species
Plate 18, Figures 1-3
Description.—The holotype is 50 mm long, slightly enlarging
laterally from the base to the top. The cross sections of the conch
and siphuncle are circular. The siphuncle is excentric, its center
being located 6 mm from the ventral wall of the conch. Seven and
one-half camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch.
Where the diameter of the conch is 22.5 mm, the maximum diameter
of the siphuncle is estimated at 8.5 mm, making the ratio of the
lattef to the former 19:45. The concavity of the septa and the
height of the camerae are estimated to average 4.5 mm and 2.7 mm,
respectively. The segments of the siphuncle are strongly depressed
vertically both above and below, and the connecting rings are in
contact with the septa both above and below for a radial width of
1 mm. The interiors of the siphuncle and the camerae are filled
FOEMATIONS AIS-D FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHUBIA 87
rather densely with the calcareous deposit, leaving only small spaces
here and there.
The specific name is given in honor of G. Hata, a geologist of
the geological institute of the South Manchuria Eailway Co.
Comparisons.—This species is closely related to Armenoceras tani
(Grabau), but differs in having a larger concavity of the septa and
a more excentric siphuncle.
Formation am,d locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, just north of
the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—\].^.'^.'M.. No. 83715.
ARMENOCERAS HARIOI (Eobayashi)
Pl-ATE 16, FiGUEE 1
1927. Actinoceras harioi Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 5, no. 4,
p. 196, pi. 20, fig. 12; pi. 21, fig. 9.
Description.—A fragmental specimen, 25.5 mm long, enlarges
slightly from the base to the top. The cross section of the conch,
apparently, was laterally depressed, while that of the siphuncle was
circular, but most of the dorsal side has weathered away. The si-
phuncle is located very excentrically. The number of camerae in a
length equal to the diameter of the conch equals about 10. Where
the lateral diameter of the conch is 15.5 mm, the concavity of the
septa is 2 mm, the length of the camerae is 1.4 mm, and the maxi-
mum diameter of th^ segments of the siphuncle 3 mm. There are
no traces of the septal necks at the inner margins of the septa, which
are combined with both upper and lower connecting rings at acute
angles. The calcareous matrix is slightly developed in the camerae
of the apical part of the shell, while it fills very densely the camerae
of the older part.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the gray banded limestone beds, on
Fu-chin-kou ridge, southwest of Miyanohara station on the Antung-
Mukden line, Manchuria.
Plesiotype.—'U.^:^M. No. 83T16.
ARMENOCERAS HAYASAEAI, new species
Plate: 18, Figtjees 6, 7
Description.—The holotype is 97 mm long, enlarging from a lateral
diameter of 13 mm near its base to 20.5 mm at a point 42 mm farther
up, the apical angle being 10°. The cross sections of the conch and
the siphuncle are somewhat depressed. A small portion of the ven-
tral side is weathered away. Eight camerae occupy a length equal
to the lateral diameter of the conch. Where the diameter of the
88 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
conch is 18 mm, the concavity of the septa is 3 mm, the length of the
camerae is 2,5 mm, and the maximum diameter of the segments of the
siphuncle is 9.5 mm. The inner margin of the septa, at the passage
of the siphuncle through it, curves slightly downward. The over-
lying cormecting rings are adnate to the intermediate septa for a
short space in the area immediately surrounding the passage of the
siphuncle through the septa, while the underlying connecting rings
meet the inner margin of each septum at acute angles. The deposi-
tion of calcareous material in the camerae is rather pronounced in
the earlier part of the shell but becomes less in the later. For the
most part it is added to the anterior portion of the septa, but in some
cases appears slightly on their posterior surfaces. The septa are
sometimes undulating. The siphuncle, evidently, was located ven-
trally. Living chamber and the surface of the shell are unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Prof. I. Hayasaka, of the
Taihoku Imperial University in Japan.
Coviparisons.—The general form of this species is rather like
Armenoceras {Actinoceras) tani (Grabau), but the comparatively
large diameter of the siphuncle, the deeper concavity of the septa,
the rather undulating septa, and the smaller apical angle of the conch
serve readily to distinguish it.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovicion, Ssuyen formation:
A grayish black limestone bowlder believed to have come from the
Ssuyen formation, river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery; another
fragmental specimen comes from the lower fossij horizon of the black
banded limestone 5 miles west of Chiao-tou station, Liao-tung, Man-
churia.
Holotype and paratype.—U.S.'^M. Nos. 83717 and 83718.
ARMENOCERAS KmOI, new species
Plate 18, Figuee 9 ; Plate 40", Figure 5
Descriftion.—The holotj^pe is 88 mm long, enlarging from a
diameter of 26 mm near the base to 29 mm at a point 48 mm farther
up. The cross section of the conch was apparently somewhat de-
pressed, while that of the siphuncle was circular. The siphuncle
is located in the center of the conch. The number of camerae in
a length equal to the diameter of the conch is seven. Where the
diameter of the conch is 27 mm, the concavity of the septa is 7 mm
and the length of the camerae 3.5 mm. Where the lateral diameter
of the siphuncle is 10 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle
through the septum is 4.5 mm. Between the connecting rings this
septum is more nearly horizontal and its inner margin directed
slightly downward. This inner margin extends about 3 mm inward
from the ventral projection of the outer margin of the septal rings.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 89
These rings are in contact with the septa both above and below for
a radial width of 1.5 nun. The siphuncle is filled with typical
actinoceroid deposits of calcareous material, leaving the rather
large central endosiphuncular passage and its diverticula into the
outer margin of the connecting rings. The septa are thickened
irregularly with the deposition of calcareous matrix on both their
upper and lower sides; this calcareous material almost entirely fills
in the camerae of the one side and of the older part. Living chamber
and surface of the shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Doctor Kido, former
director of the geological survey of the South Manchuria Rail-
way Co.
Comparisons.—This species may be compared to Armenoceras
manchurense (Kobayashi), but differs from it in having a smaller
apical angle, a larger septal distance, and an almost circular shell.
Formation and locality.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from the Ssuyen
formation, in river drift near the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Holotype.—TJ.S.'^.M. No. 83719.
ARMENOCERAS TEICHERTI, new species
Plate 19, Figure 1; Plate 40, Figure 6
Description.—The holotype specimen is 69 mm long, enlarging
from a lateral diameter of 26 mm near its base to 33.5 mm at a
point 38 mm farther up, indicating an apical angle of about 7°. It
is estimated that about seven camerae occupied a length equal to the
lateral diameter of the conch near the base. The cross sections of
the conch and the siphuncle are apparently circular, but only the
ventral half of the specimen remains, the dorsal half having weath-
ered away. The concavity of the septa is about 6.5 mm. The dis-
tance of the siphuncle from the ventral wall of the conch is 4 mm.
The diameter of the siphuncle is 10.2 mm ; at a point where its lateral
diameter is 10.5 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through
the septum is 5 mm. Between the connecting rings this septum is
horizontal and its inner margin curves slightly downward ; the inner
margin extends about 2.5 mm inward from the vertical projection
of the outer margin of the septal rings. These rings are in contact
with the septa both above and below for a radial width of 2 mm.
The interior of the siphuncle is filled with typical actinoceroid cal-
careous materials, but the endosiphunclar passage and its diverticula
into the outer margin of the connecting rings lack such deposits.
The septa are thickened on both upper and lower marginal portions
by nearly equal quantities of calcareous material, which leaves nar-
row spaces in the middle of each camera.
90 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. C. Teichert, of Ger-
many, from whom I have received many suggestions in connection
with this study.
Comparisons.—The general outline of this species reminds one of
Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptatwni Grabau {ArTnenoceras pseudo-
septatuin) from the Machiakou limestone. North China, but shows
a characteristic generic feature of Armenoceras, as seen in the pre-
ceding description, and moreover, the comparatively large diameter
of its siphuncle serves readily in distinguishing it specifically.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
From a limestone bowlder believed to have come from the Ssuyen
formation; river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Eolotype.—U.^.'^.M. No. 83720.
ARMENOCERAS MANCHURENSE (Kobayashi)
Plate 19, Figubes 6-8
1927. Actinoceras manchurense Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol.
5, no. 4, p. 194, pi. 20, fig. 10 ; pi. 21, fig. 7 ; pi. 22, figs. 2 a-b.
The better specimen in my collections is 61 mm long, enlarging
from a lateral diameter of 16.5 mm at its base to 31 mm at a point
49 mm farther up, the apical angle being 15°. The cross section of
the conch, apparently, was depressed, while that of the siphuncle
was probably circular. The number of camerae in a length equal to
the lateral diameter of the conch is 10. Septa regularly concave, the
concavity averaging 6 mm. The siphuncle is strongly annulated:
where the diameter of the conch is 28.5 mm, the maximum diameter
of the segment of the siphuncle is 12.5 mm. The inner margin of
the septa, at the passage of the siphuncle through it, curves very
slightly downward, but does not form a septal neck. Septal rings
are in contact with the septa both above and below for a radial
width of 2 mm. This feature between the connecting rings and
septa is very characteristic of Armenoceras. The inner margin of
the siphuncle and the anterior surface of the septa are covered with
calcareous deposits. The distance between the siphuncle and the
ventral side of the conch is 3 mm at the base and near the top,
but the siphuncle is excentric near the top while it is found rather
centrally located at the base.
A second specimen (pi. 19, fig. 8) from near the Pen-hsi-hu col-
liery is 70 mm long, its cross section being somewhat crushed laterally
and dorsoventrally. The siphuncle is very excentric in location, 10
camerae occupying a length equal to the lateral diameter of the
conch.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near Tou-fang-
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILfS OP SOUTH MANCHURIA 91
kou, 2.5 miles northwest of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery; and also from
the same horizon just east of the same colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Plesiotypes.—TJ.S.'^M. Nos. 83721 and 83722.
ABMENOCERAS MAGNITUBULATUM. new species
PlATE 19, FlGTJEES 5, 10
Description.—The holotype, 90 mm long, enlarges from 26.5 mm
at the base to 39 mm at a point 39 mm farther up, the apical angle
being about 20°. The cross sections of the conch and the siphuncle
are circular. The siphuncle is central. Where the diameter of the
conch is 29 mm, the concavity of the septa equals 6 mm ; the maxi-
mum diameter of the siphuncle here is estimated at 17 mm, and the
height of its camerae averages 4 mm; the ratio of the diameter of
the siphuncle to that of the conch is 29 : 50. There are 6.5 camarae
in a length equal to the diameter of the conch. The inner margin
of the septa, at the passage of the siphuncle through the septa, curves
slightly downward, the connecting ring beneath each septum meets
with this inner margin at an acute angle; a similar acute angle is
shown where the immediately overlying connecting ring meets the
same septum. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with calcareous
matrix, leaving a comparatively narrow endosiphuncular passage
and its lateral diverticula. The septa are thickened with the deposi-
tion of calcareous matrix, which is deposited only on the anterior
sides of the septa in some places, but is found on both sides in others.
Living chamber and the surface of the shell unknown.
Comparisons.—This species may be compared with Armenoceras
coulingi (Grabau) amd Armenoceras manchurense (Kobayashi). It
is easily distinguished by the larger ratio between the diameter of its
siphuncle and that of the conch, and the larger apical angle of the
shell.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, in the vicinity
of Hsiao-nan-kou, 2 miles south of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-
tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—{].^:^M. No. 83723.
ARMENOCERAS MURAKA.MII (Kobayashi)?
Plate 19, Figxtees 2-4
1927. Actinoceras murakamii Kobatshi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 5,
no. 4, p. 198, pi. 22, fig. 6.
Two of my specimens, as is seen in Plate 19, Figures 2-4, seem
to agree closely with Kobayashi's Actinoceras Tnurahamii, but un-
fortunately I had no opportunity to compare specimens directly, and
92 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Kobayashi's illustrations are too poor to be relied on; consequently
I can not be certain that my specimen is the same. To judge from his
description, however, it is possible that both represent the same
species.
Description.—One of my best specimens is 32 mm long, enlarging
from 10.2 mm near the base to 14 mm at a point 20 mm farther up,
the apical angle being 10°. The cross sections of the conch and
siphuncle were apparently circular, but only the lateral half of the
specimen remains. The siphuncle is very excentric, its center being
located 4.5 mm from the ventral wall of the conch ; 4.5 cameras occupy
a length equal to the diameter of the conch. Where the diameter of
the conch is 13.7 mm, the concavity of the septa is 2.4 mm; height
of camerae averages 2.5 mm. Where the lateral diameter of the
siphuncle is 5.2 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through
the septum is 1.5 mm. Between the connecting rings the septum
is nearly horizontal. Connecting rings are in contact with the septa
both above and below for a radial width of 1 mm. The interior
of the siphuncle is filled completely with deposits of calcareous
matrix, but that of a second specimen leaves a narrow endosiphuncu-
lar passage and its lateral diverticula. The camerae of the ventral
side of the shell are nearly filled with the calcareous matrix, while
the septa of the dorsal side are thickened very slightly with the
deposits of calcareous matrix on the anterior surfaces.
FoTTRobion and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, just south of the
Wu-hu-tsui colliery, and on the Fu-chin-kou ridge, 2.5 miles south-
west of Miyanohara station, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
PZmoi^y^es.—U.S.N.M. Nos. 83724 and 83725.
ARMENOCERAS NANUM (Grabau)
Pirate IS, Figurks 4, 5
1922. Actinoceras nanum Geabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B. vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 87, pi. 7,
fig. 7 ; pi. 9, fig. 2.
1927. Actinoceras nanum Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geogr. and Geol., vol. 5,
no. 4, p. 196, pi. 20, fig. 11 ; pi. 21, fig. 8, pi. 22, fig. 5.
Description.—A specimen from Niu-hsin-tai (pi. 18, fig. 4), 32.5
mm long, enlarges from a lateral diameter of 7.5 mm at its base to
11.5 mm near the top, the apical angle being 9°. The cross section
of the conch was apparently slightly depressed. The number of
camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch is eight.
Where the diameter of the conch is 11 mm, the concavity of the
septa is 2.5 mm, the length of the camera is 1.3 mm, and the maxi-
mum diameter of the segments of the siphuncle is 3 mm. The con-
necting ring beneath each septum meets the inner margin of the
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 93
septum at an acute angle ; a similar acute angle is shown where the
immediately overlying connecting rings meet the same septum; this
structure is characteristic of Armenoceras. The calcareous matrix
is rather slightly developed on the anterior margin of the septa
in the younger part of the shell, while comparatively much greater
quantities are found in the camerae at the older part of the shell.
A second specimen from near the Pen-hsi-hu colliery (pi. 18.
fig. 5) is 40 mm long. The ratio between the diameter of the
siphuncle and that of the conch is 3 : 10.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near the Niu-
hsin-tai and the Pen-hsi-hu collieries, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
PU^otypes.—{]S.'^M. Nos. 83726 and 83727.
ARMENOCERAS NANUM TAKAYAMAI, new variety
Plate 16, Figtjrjes 7, 8
Description.—Another fragmentary specimen, 17.5 mm long, has a
rather cylindrical conch, enlarging very slightly from the base to the
top. The cross section of the conch apparently was slightly
depressed ; the siphuncle is practically central. The lateral diameter
of the conch at the top is estimated as 8 mm, while that of the si-
phuncle is 2 mm. The number of camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of the conch is 6.2. The convexity of the septa at the
middle part of the specimen is 2 mm; the length of the camerae
averages 1.5 mm. The inner margin of each septum is connected
with both the upper and lower connecting rings at an acute angle.
The interior of the siphuncle is filled with calcareous matrix, leav-
ing a narrow endosiphuncular passage. The septa are somewhat
thickened by the calcareous matrix which occurs on both the upper
and lower sides of the septum.
A second specimen from Wu-hu-tsui district (pi. 16, fig. 7) is
51 mm long. Though the manner of depositing the calcareous
matrix is very irregular, other general features closely agree witji
that of the first specimen. Six camerae occupy a length equal to
the diameter of the conch. The height of the camerae is estimated
to average 2 mm, and the concavity of the septa at the lower part of
the specimen is 2.5 mm. This variety differs from the type species
in having a rather cylindrical conch, shallower concavity of the sep-
tum, and comparatively longer septal distance.
The name of this variety is given in honor of Y. Takayama, who
collected the holotype.
Formation and localities.—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone at Tou-fang-kou,
101621—32 1
94 BULKETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu, and from the same horizon, near
Wu-hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype and paratype.—U.S.'NM. Nos. 83728 and 83729.
ARMENOCERAS NUDUM, new species
Pi^TE 20, Figure 1 ; Pi^tb 40, Figure, 13
Description.—The holotj'pe, 84 mm long, enlarges from 13 mm
near the base to 25 mm at a point 56 mm farther up, the apical angle
being about 15°. The cross section on the conch apparently is later-
ally depressed, while that of the siphuncle is circular, but only the
ventral part of the specimen remains, the dorsal half having been
weathered away. The siphuncle is excentric, its center located 5.5
mm from the ventral wall of the conch. Where the diameter of the
conch is 24.5 mm, the concavity of the septa equals 4.5 mm; the
maximum, of the siphuncle here is estimated as 7 mm, and height of
its camerae averages 3.5 mm. Therefore, the ratio of the diameter of
the siphuncle to that of the conch is 29 : 100. There are seven camerae
in a length equal to the diameter of the conch. The inner margin
of the septa, at the passage of the siphuncle through it, curves down-
ward very slightly. Both the overlying and the underlying connect-
ing rings are adnate to the intermediate septa for 1 mm in width, on
the average, in the area immediately surrounding the passage of the
siphuncle through the septa. The interior of the siphuncle is filled
with typical actinoceroid calcareous matrix, but the narrow endo-
siphuncular passage and its diverticula into the outer margin of the
connecting rings lack such deposits. The septa are slightly thickened
with the deposition of the calcareous matrix chiefly on the anterior
but in some cases, also slightly on the posterior sides of the septa.
Most of the camerae, however, are empty. This emptiness of the
camerae is the most marked feature of the species, and, together
with the comparatively narrower siphuncle and other details, serves
to differentiate it from the others.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from the Ssuyen
formation, in river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
Holotijpe.—V.S.Hii.M. No. 83730.
ARMENOCERAS NUMATAI, new species
Plate 26, Figure 11 ; Plate 40, Figure 7
One rather good specimen of this new species was given me by
H. Numata, a teacher at the Antung Middle School.
Description.—The holotype is 55 mm long, enlarging from a
lateral diameter of 17.5 mm at the base to 26 mm at the top, the
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHTJEIA 95
apical angle being 14°. The cross section apparently is elliptical
laterally, but only the ventral half of the specimen remains, the
dorsal half having weathered away. Eight camerae occupy a length
equal to the diameter of the conch. The siphuncle is excentric, the
distance between the siphuncle and ventral side of the conch being
4.5 mm at the top. Where the diameter of the specimen is 24.5 mm,
and the septa 3.5 mm apart, segments of the siphuncle have a maxi-
mum diameter of 10.1 mm at mid height, constricting to 4.5 mm
at its passage through the septum, with the result that the siphuncular
segments form depressed nummuli. The concavity of the septa
averages 4.7 mm. Between; the connecting rings the septa are
horizontal, and there is no trace of a septal neck. The interior of
the siphuncle is filled with typical actinoceroid deposit, leaving the
comparatively large endosiphuncular passage with its narrow, lateral
diverticula into the outer margin of the connecting rings. Septa
are somewhat thickened by the deposition of the calcareous matrix
which occurs on both the upper and under sides of the septum.
Go7nparisons.—This species may be compared with Armenoceras
richthofeni (Freeh), but the smaller apical angle, the shallower
septal concavity, the comparatively narrower siphuncle, and the
shorter septal neck serve readily to distinguish it.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestone beds, near the second tunnel, 1 mile
north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—{].^.'^M. No. 83706.
ARMENOCERAS PENHSIENSE. new species
Plate 20, Figube 6; Plate 40, Figure 15
Description.—The holotype, 67 mm long, enlarges very slightly
in a length of 39 mm at the upper part of the specimen. This speci-
men shows a dorsoventral longitudinal natural section. The cross
section of the conch and siphuncle, however, apparently are circular.
The siphuncle is very excentric, its center being located 8.5 mm from
the ventral wall of the conch. Where the dorsoventral diameter of
the conch is 29 mm, the concavity of the septa is 7.5 mm the maxi-
mum diameter of the siphuncle here is estimated at 12 mm, and the
average height of its camerae is 5.5 mm. There are about 5.1 camerae
in a length equal to the dorsoventral diameter of 29 mm. Between
the connecting rings the septa are horizontal, and there is no trace
of a septal neck ; the inner margin of the septa extends about 3.7 mm
inward from the vertical projection of the outer margin of the septal
rings. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with calcareous matrix,
leaving an endosiphuncular passage 1.5 mm wide, with its lateral
diverticula, into the outer margin of the connecting rings. The
96 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
camerae are also filled almost completely with calcareous matrix,
leaving only narrow spaces near the outer side of the connecting
ring and the middle part of each camera. The outer surface of
the shell and living chamber are unknown.
Cmnparlsons.—This species may be closely related to Armenoceras
marginale^ but the former differs in having a deeper concavity of the
septa, a greater septal distance, a comparatively wider siphuncle,
and endosiphuncular passage.
Formation and, locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds, just north
of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Manchuria.
^oZoJSy^e.—U.S.N.M. No. 83731.
ARMENOCERAS RICHTHOFENI (Freeh)
PlATE 20, FiGUBE 10
1911. Aciinoceras richthofeni Fkech, in von Richthofen's China, vol. 5, p. 8, pi.
11, fig. 4a.
1922. Actinoceras richthofeni Gbabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 75,
pi. 7, figs. 1, 3 ; pi. 9, figs. 4, 6-8.
1927. Actinoceras richthofeni Kobayashi, Jap. Journ. Geol. and Geogr., vol. 5,
no. 4, p. 191, pi. 20, fig. 8 ; pi. 21, figs. 3 a-b, and 4.
From an examination of the previously published figures, as well
as Plate 20, Figure 10, it will be noted that the inner parts of the
septa of this well-known species are in contact with both overlying
and underlying connecting rings for a rather considerable width
in the area immediately surrounding the passage of the siphuncle
through the septa. Moreover, these pictures and my specimen do
not show any traces of distinct septal necks, all of which are char-
acteristic features of the genus Arinenoceras and are the criteria
by which Foerste separated this genus from Actinoceras. There-
fore, I have changed the original generic name of this species.
Description.—The only specimen I have is figured on Plate 20,
Figure 10. It is 81 mm long, enlarging at an apical angle of 15°
from a lateral diameter of about 23 mm near the base to 40 mm at
a point 61 mm farther up. The cross section apparently is elliptical
laterally, but only the ventral half of the specimen remains. About
12 camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch. The
diameter of the siphuncle is about the same throughout the speci-
men; it is 11.5 mm near the top where the lateral diameter of the
conch is 40 mm. The siphuncle is subcentral; the distance between
the siphuncle and ventral side of the conch is 5 mm near the top.
The concavity of the septa averages 9.5 mm. Where the lateral
diameter of the siphuncle is 14 mm, that of the passage of the
siphuncle through the septum is 9 mm. Between the connecting
rings this septum is more nearly horizontal, and its inner margin
PaRMATIO]SrS AND FOSSILS OP SOUTH MANCHUBIA 97
extends about 2.5 mm inward from the vertical projection of the
outer margin of the septal rings. These rings are in contact with
the septa both above and below for a radial width of 1.5 mm. The
interior of the siphuncle is filled with typical actinoceroid deposits
of calcareous material, leaving the large endosiphuncular passage
and its narrow diverticula, which show a more or less forward bend-
ing. The septa are thickened by the calcareous matrix, which occurs
both on the upper and under sides of the septum, so that this matrix
fills in the larger part of the camerae in the older part of the speci-
men. Some camerae, however, especially in the apical part, were
empty. Surface of the conch fairly well annulated.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone near Tou-
fang-kou, 2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Plesiotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 83732.
ARMENOCERAS SHIMIZUI. new species
Plate 20, Figuee 5
Description.—The holotype is 43 mm long, enlarging very slightly
from the base to the top. The cross section apparently is depressed
but only the ventral half of the specimen remains. Siphuncle excen-
tric in its position, the distance of the siphuncle from the ventral
wall of the conch being 2 mm at the base. It is estimated that 7.2
camerae occupy a length equal to the lateral diameter of the conch.
Where the lateral diameter of the conch is 17.5 mm, the concavity
of the septa is 2.5 mm, the length of the camerae is 2.7 mm, and the
maximum diameter of the segments of the siphuncle 6 mm. There
are no traces of the septal necks at the inner margins of the septa,
which are adnate with both the upper and lower connecting rings
for 0.7 mm in radial width. The interior of the siphuncle is densely
filled with calcareous matrix. The septa are thickened regularly by
the calcareous matrix, which occurs both on the upper and lower
sides of the septum, leaving rather narrow spaces in the mid height
of each camera.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. S. Shimizu, of the
Tohoku Imperial University in Japan.
Comparisons.—The general features of this species recall Armeno-
ceras tani, but the cylindrical conch and the calcareous deposits on
both sides of the septa serve readily in distinguishing it from the
latter species.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
The lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone bed, at a
point 2 miles east of the Tao-yuan-kou colliery, Liao-tung, Man-
churia.
Holotype.— {J.S.'^.'M.. No. 83733.
98 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ARMENOCERAS SONDAI, new species
Plate 20, Figures 7, 8 ; Plate 40, Figure 9
Description.—Holotype is 65 mm long, slightly enlarged laterally
from the base to the top. The cross section of the conch was appar-
ently laterally depressed, but the dorsal half is weathered away.
The center of siphuncle is located 6 mm from the ventral wall of the
conch. There are about seven camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of the conch. "^Vliere the diameter of the conch is 3*2 mm,
the concavity of the septa equals 5.5 mm; the maximum diameter
of the siphuncle here is estimated as 8.5 mm, and height of its
camerae averages 4.7 mm; thus the segments of siphuncle are
strongly vertical both above and below. Between the segments
of the siphuncle, the inner margin of the septa may be in contact
with both the upper and lower connecting rings for some radial dis-
tance. In the interior of the siphuncle and on the anterior side of
the septa some deposition of calcareous matrix is found.
Though this specimen is fragmentary, the comparatively smaller
ratio between the diameter of the siphuncle and that of the conch,
lesser enlargement laterally of the conch from the base to the top,
and the manner of deposition of the calcareous matrix in the camerae
are characteristic features.
The specific name is given in honor of T. Sonda, who collected
the specimen.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near the Tao-
yuan-kou colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria. A fragmental second
specimen found in the same horizon, near the Hsiao-shih colliery,
Manchuria.
Holotype and pofratype.—U.^.'EM. Nos. 83734 and 73735.
ARMENOCERAS SUZUKII, new species
Plate 21, Figures 5, 6
DescHption.—A single good specimen 73.5 mm long becomes the
holotype of another new species enlarging from 13.5 mm near the
base to 20 mm at a point 60 mm farther up, the apical angle being
very small. The cross sections of the conch and the siphuncle appar-
ently are circular, but only the lateral half of the specimen remains.
The siphuncle is very excentric, its center being located 6.5 mm from
the ventral wall of the conch. Where the diameter of the conch is
19 mm, the concavity of the septa equals 4.5 mm ; the maximum of the
sii)huncle here is estimated as 7.5 mm, and the height of its camerae
averages 2.5 mm. There are 7.5 camerae in a length equal to the
diameter of the conch. Between the connecting rings each septum
FORMATIONS AND FOSSIL.S OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 99
is nearly horizontal or curves gently downward. The inner margin
of the septum extends about 2 mm inward from the vertical projec-
tion of the outer margin of the septal rmgs. These rings are in
contact both above and below with the septa for a radial width of
1 mm. The ventral sides of the siphuncle and the camerae
are almost filled with calcareous matrix, which becomes less in the
apical part, while the dorsal portion is almost empty. Some deposits
of calcareous matrix, however, are found on the anterior surfaces of
the septa which are thin at the margin, but gradually thicken toward
the siphuncle and thin out abruptly, thus assuming a saucerlike shape
before reaching the connecting rings. Living chamber and surface
of the shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. J. Suzuki, of the Hok-
kaido Imperial University in Japan, from whom I have received
much encouragement in this work.
Gomfarisons.—This species may be compared with Armenoceras
murakamii (Kobayashi) but is easily distinguished by the larger
ratio between the diameter of the conch and that of the siphuncle
and the larger number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter
of the conch.
Formation and locality—^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near the Pen-hsi-
hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—TJS.'EM. No. 83736.
ARMENOCERAS TANI (Graban)
Plate 21, Figuee 7 ; Plate 14, Figure 2 ; Plate 40, Figure 3
1922. Actinoceras tani Grabau, Pal. Sinica, ser. B, vol. 1, fasc. 1, p. 80, pi. 7,
figs. 4r-l.
This species shows a rather wide distribution in North China,
Manchuria, and possibly Korea.
Descriftion.—A rather good specimen 63 mm long has a lateral
diameter increasing from J.7 mm near its base to 25 mm at a point
39.5 mm farther up, the apical angle being 12°. The cross section
apparently is a little depressed, but only the ventral half of the
specimen remains. Eight and one-half camerae occupy a length
equal to the diameter of the conch. The siphuncle is 8.5 mm in
diameter at the top of the specimen, the ratio of its diameter to the
lateral diameter of the conch being 1 : 3. The concavity of the septa
averages 3 mm. Where the lateral diameter of the siphuncle is 8.5
mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through the septum is 4.5
mm. As is seen in the illustration, both the overlying and under-
lying connecting rings are adnate to the immediate septa for a
100 BULLETIN 1G4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
rather considerable width in the area immediately surrounding the
passage of the siphuncle through the septa; also the slightly down-
ward curving of the margin of the septa and the absence of a dis-
tinct septal neck show that this species belongs distinctly to Ai'me-
noceras. The siphuncle is rather excentric. The inside of the
siphuncle is filled with a calcareous deposit, leaving only the endo-
siphuncular passage and its diverticula. The calcareous deposits in
the camerae are irregular.
Formation aiid locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds, 4 to 5
miles southwest of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery. Another fragmental
specimen of this species came from the same horizon, near the Wu-
hu-tsui colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Plesioty'pes.—\5.^:^M.. Nos. 83737 and 83738.
ARMENOCERAS TABEI, new species
Plate 21, Figures 8, 9
Description.—The holotype is 70 mm long, enlarging slightly
from the base to the top. The cross section of the siphuncle is cir-
cular, while that of the conch apparently is depressed a little, but
only the lateral half of the conch remains; 6.3 and 5.5 camerae,
respectively, occupy a length equal to the lateral and dorsoventral
diameters of the conch. The siphuncle is 13.5 mm in diameter at the
middle of the specimen, the ratio of its diameter to the dorsoventral
diameter of the conch being 31 : 100. The siphuncle is located com-
paratively ventral of the center of the conch; the distance between
the siphuncle and the ventral side of the conch is 12 mm at the middle
of the specimen. The concavity of the septa averages 15.5 mm.
The siphuncle is strongly annulated where the diameter of the
siphuncle is 13.5 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through
the septum is 6 mm. Between the connecting rings this septum is
horizontal, and the rings are in contact with the septa both above
and below for an average radial width of 3.5 mm. The interior of
the siphuncle is filled with calcareous material, leaving the usual
central endosiphuncular passage. Both sides of the septa also are
thickened with calcareous deposits. The surface of the shell is
apparently smooth. Living chamber unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Prof. H. Yabe, of the
Tohoku Imperial University in Japan.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
a grayish black limestone bowlder believed to have come from the
Ssuyen formation, collected in river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai colliery,
Lifio-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotyfe.—\i.^:^M.. No. 83739.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHUEIA 101
ARMENOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 19, Figukb 9; Plate 20, Figure 2
Description.—First specimen (U.S.N.M. 83740) 29 mm long, en-
larges at an apical angle of about 11° from a lateral diameter of 9.5
mm at its base to 12.5 mm at a point 13 mm farther up. It is esti-
mated that six camerae occur in a length equal to the lateral diameter
of the conch. The cross sections of the conch and the siphuncle, ap-
parently, are circular, but only the ventral half remains. The si-
phuncle is located at the center of the conch. Where the diameter of
the conch is 13 mm the concavity of the septa is 3 mm, the length of
the camerae 2.5 mm, and the maximum diameter of the segments of
the siphuncle 3.2 mm. The inner margins of the septa are connected
with both upper and lower connecting rings at very acute angles.
The interior of the siphuncle is almost entirely filled with calcareous
matrix. The calcareous deposit in the camerae is irregular.
A second specimen (U.S.N.M. 83741) from Niu-hsin-tai (pi. 20,
fig. 2) appears to have a somewhat excentric siphuncle, but other-
wise agrees quite closely with the first.
CoTTi'parisons.—These specimens may be compared with Arme-
noceras narmm (Grabau), but the longer septical distance, compara-
tively larger siphuncle, and the larger apical angle of the conch
serve readily in distinguishing this species. Therefore, these speci-
mens may probably belong to a new species, but are too fragmentary
to receive a specific name.
Formation and localities.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
:
From both upper and lower fossil horizons of the black banded
limestone beds, near the Niu-hsin-tai colliery and on the Fu-chin-
kou ridge, southwest of Miyanohara station, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
ARMENOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 25, Figitee 2
I also collected a fragmentary specimen of Armenoceras (U.S.N.M.
83744) from the Wuting formation, near the Wu-hu-tsui colliery.
As this is one of the rare specimens of Armenoceras from the Wuting
formation in Manchuria, it is described despite its imperfect
condition.
Description.—The specimen is 32 mm long, enlarging laterally
at an apical angle of about 8° from a lateral diameter of 18.5 mm
at the base to 24 mm at its top. About six camerae occupy a length
equal to the lateral diameter of the conch. The cross section ap-
parently is elliptical laterally. The siphuncle is located somewhat
ventrally. As a small fault runs through the center of the siphuncle,
the septa and segments of siphuncle are somewhat displaced
vertically between the lateral sides of the longitudinal medial line
102 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
of the specimen, so that the ratio between the diameter of the si-
phimcle and that of the conch can not be determined exactly. Where
the diameter of the conch is 23.5 mm, the concavity of the septa is
6 mm the length of the camerae 4 mm. The inner margins of the
septa are in contact with both the upper and lower connecting rings
for only a small radial width. The calcareous deposits in the si-
phuncle and camerae are very irregular.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation
:
Black banded limestone, just south of the Wu-hu-tsui colliery, Liao-
tung, Manchuria.
Genus ORMOCERAS Stokes, 1838
ORMOCERAS CHINENSE, new species
PiATE 21, Figure 10
Description.—The holotype is a fairly good specimen 108 mm long
and enlarges from a diameter of 32 mm near the base to 37.5 mm
at a point 44 mm farther up, the apical angle being estimated at 8°.
The cross sections of the conch and siphuncle, apparently, are cir-
cular or slightly depressed laterally, but only the ventral half of the
conch remains. The siphuncle is central in position. It is estimated
that 6.5 camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter of the conch.
Where the diameter of the conch is 34.5 mm, the concavity of the
septa equals 7.7 mm; the maximum diameter of the siphuncle here
is estimated at 6.5 mm ; and the height of its camerae averages 6 mm.
From these dimensions of the siphuncle and camerae it is estimated
that the form of the segments of the siphuncle was globular, but
somewhat depressed vertically at the contacts between successive
segments. The interiors of the siphuncle and the camerae are occu-
pied by the deposition of the calcareous matrix, leaving a narrow
endosipliuncular passage and the narrower diagonal spaces at the
middle part of each camera. Living chamber and surface of the
shell unknown.
Comparisons.—I am not acquainted with any American, European,
or Oriental species with which this is likely to be confounded.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the dark-gray banded limestone, near Tou-
fang-kou, 2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—v.^.'^.M. No. 83745.
ORMOCERAS KIMURAI, new species
Plate 20, Figure 9 ; Plate 40, Figure 1
Description.—The holotype is 82 mm long, enlarging from a
diameter 11 mm near the base to 19 mm at the top. The ventral
FORMATIONS Al^D FOSSILS OF SOUTH MAE^CHUEIA 103
side of the conch has been weathered away, so as to expose the septa
and the siphuncle. The siphuncle is somewhat ventral of the center
of the conch. It is estimated that 7 camerae occupy a length equal
to the diameter of the conch. Where the diameter of the conch is
19 mm, the concavity of the septa is 2.7 mm ; the maximum diameter
of the siphuncle here is estimated at 5.5 mm, and the height of its
camerae averages 2.7 mm. The segments of the siphuncle are rather
globular, but slightly depressed vertically at its anterior contacts
with successive segments. The septal necks are short, usually 0.5
mm or less in length. The interiors of the siphuncle and the cam-
erae of the lower part of the specimen are occupied by dense cal-
careous matrix, which becomes less toward the apical end. Living
chamber and surface of the shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of R. Kimura, director
of the geological institute. South Manchuria Railway Co.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone beds just east
of the Mu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Eolotype.—V.^.'^M. No. 83746.
ORMOCERAS MANCHURIENSE. new species
Plate 27, Figure 6 ; Plate 40, Figuee 16
Description.—The holotype, 80 mm long, enlarges slightly later-
ally from the base to the top. The dorsoventral diameter of conch
near the top of the specimen is estimated as about 44 mm, while the
lateral diameter at the same place is about 32 mm. The cross section
of the conch is apparently compressed, while that of the siphuncle
is circular, but only the lateral half of the specimen remains. The
siphuncle evidently was located rather ventral of the center of the
conch. It is estimated that 3 camerae occupy a length equal to the
dorsoventral diameter of the conch. AYhere this dorsoventral
diameter is 43 mm, the concavity of the septa is 29.5 mm ; the maxi-
mum diameter of the siphuncle here is estimated at 23 mm, and the
height of its camerae varies from 13.5 to 15 mm. The siphuncle is
rather nummuloidal. The septal necks are short, usually 1.5 mm or
less in length, with their lower margins flaring widely where they
unite with the connecting rings. Both sides of the septa and the
interior of the siphuncle are filled with calcareous deposits, but the
usual central endosiphuncular passage and its lateral deverticula
into the outer margin of the annulation lack such deposits.
Gom'parison.—This form differs from other species of Ormoceras
in having a larger siphuncle, a great concavity of the septa, and
comparatively higher camerae.
104 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestones near San-tao-kang-tzu, 1.5 miles
north of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-timg, Manchuria.
Holotype.—V.S.'^M. No. 83747.
ORMOCERAS NAGAOI, new species
Plate 21, Figure 11 ; PiuVte 40, Figube 2
Description.—The holotype is 68 mm long, enlarging slightly from
the base to the top. The cross sections of the conch and the si-
phuncle, apparently, are circular, but only the lateral half of the spec-
imen remains. The siphuncle is located somewhat ventral of the
center of the conch ; 4.7 camerae occupy a length equal to the diameter
of the conch. "Where the diameter of the conch is 14.5 mm, the
concavity of the septa is 4 mm; the maximum diameter of the si-
phuncle here is estimated at 6 mm, and the height of its camerae
averages 3 mm. The segments of the siphuncle are rather depressed
globular. The septal necks are short, usually 0.7 mm or less in
length. The interior of the siphuncle is filled with actinoceroid ma-
terials, but the usual endosiphuncular passage 1.5 mm wide and its
diverticula into the outer surface of the segments of the siphuncle
lack such deposits. The ventral sides of the camerae are almost
entirely filled with calcareous material, which become less in the
younger part, while the dorsal part is almost empty. Some deposits
of the calcareous matrix, however, are found on the anterior surface
of the septa, which are thin at the margin but gradually thicken
toward the siphuncle and abruptly thin out later, assuming a saucer-
like shape before reaching the connecting rings. Living chamber
and the surface of the shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. T. Nagao, a professor
at the Hokkaido Imperial University in Japan.
Comparisons.—This species may be allied to Ornioceras kimurai^
but it is easily distinguished by the larger concavity of the septa and
the fewer camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation
:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from a part of
Ssuyen formation; collected in river drift at the Niu-hsin-tai col-
liery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.— [J.^.'^.U. No. 83748.
ORMOCERAS ORIENTALE, new species
Plate 21, Figtjbes 1-4
1927. Actinoccras suampanoidcs Kobayashi (not Grabau), Jap. Journ. Geogr.
and Geo!., vol. 5, no. 4, p. 19G, pi. 20, fig. 13 ; pi. 21, figs. 10-12.
Description.—The holotype is 42 mm long, enlarging laterally
from a diameter of 10.5 mm at the base to 12.5 mm at a point 32 mm
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 105
farther up, the apical angle being very low, estimated at 3° or 4°.
The ventral side of the conch has been weathered away, so as to
expose the septa and the siphuncle. The siphuncle, apparently, was
located ventral of the center of the conch. It is estimated that 3.2
camerae occupy a length equal to the lateral diameter of the conch.
Where this lateral diameter is 12 mm, the concavity of the septa
equals 4.5 mm; the maximum diameter of the siphuncle here is
estimated at 4.5 mm, and height of its camerae is 3.5 mm on the
average. From these dimensions of the siphuncle and camerae it
is estimated that the form of the segments of the siphuncle was
globular, but somewhat flatter near the anterior margin than the
posterior. Septal necks are short. The interior of the siphuncle is
occupied by the calcareous matrix, showing very slight traces of an
endosiphuncular passage. The septa are thickened irregularly by
calcareous matrix, which occurs on both the upper and under sides of
the septum, making rather large masses at the mid height of each
camera.
Oom'pmisons.—The general features of this species agree exactly
with. Actinocercis suarripanoides^i.TOTa.'To-i^in-go (Tou-fang-kou) and
Niu-hsin-tai, described by T. Kobayashi. Both Kobayashi's and
my specimens, however, show the characteristic generic features of
Ormocerm in having quite narrow and less nummuloid segments of
the siphuncle and short septal necks. On the other hand, Grabau's
Actinoceras sucrnifunoides (which perhaps belongs to Armenooeras)
shows broadly nummuloidal siphuncular segments, and, further,
appears to lack entirely traces of the septal necks.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the black banded limestone, near the Niu-hsin-tai and the Wu-hu-
tsui collieries, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype and paratope.—U.S.'NM. Nos. 83749 and 83750.
ORMOCERAS PROXIMUM, new sp«cies
Platej 20, FiGUEEs 3, 4
Description.—The holotype is 41.5 mm long, enlarging very
slightly from the base to the top. The cross sections of the conch
and siphuncle are apparently circular, but only the lateral side of
the conch remains. The siphuncle is very excentric in its position,
its center estimated as only 2 mm from the ventral wall of the conch.
Three camerae occupy a length equal to the dorsoventral diameter
of the conch. Where the dorsoventral diameter is 7.5 mm, the con-
cavity of the septa equals 2 mm, and the maximum diameter of the
siphuncle here is estimated as 3.9 mm, the height of its camerae
averaging 3 mm. The interior of the siphuncle and that of the
camerae of the ventral side are densely filled with calcareous matrix.
Near the siphuncle the upper side of the septa of the dorsal side
106 BULI^TIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
is thickened very conspicuously by the deposition of calcareous
matrix, which thins gradually toward the outer surface of the
shell.
COTThfoHsons.—The general outline of this species appears to
relate it to Oi^ioceras orientale^ but the very excentric position of
the siphuncle and the smaller septal concavity, as well as the differ-
ent manner in which the calcareous matrix is deposited, serve readily
in distinguishing it.
FomuLtion and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near
Chang-tung-kou in the Hsiao-shih district, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holoty'pe.—V.^.'^M. No. 83751.
ORMOCERAS TAII. new species
Plate 22, Figuke 8; Plate 40, Figtjbe 10
Description.—The holotype, 49 mm long, enlarges laterally from
a diameter of 17.2 mm at the base to 25.5 mm near the top, the apical
angle being estimated at 13°. The dorsal side of the conch has been
so weathered away that the real cross section can not be examined,
but apparently it is laterally elliptical. The siphuncle is located
somewhat excentric laterally. It is estimated that eight camerae oc-
cupy a length equal to the lateral diameter of the conch. Where
the lateral diameter is 25 mm, the concavity of the septa is 4.5 mm
;
the maximum diameter of the siphuncle here is estimated at 5.5 mm,
and the height of its camerae averages 3.5 mm. From these di-
ameters of the siphuncle and camerae it is estimated that the form
of the segments of the siphuncle was nearly globular, being some-
what depressed vertically at the contacts between successive seg-
ments. The septal necks are very short. The interior of the
siphuncle is occupied by calcareous materials, leaving a central en-
dosiphuncular passage. The calcareous deposits in the camerae show
irregular form; filling densely the basal camerae and becoming
gradually less from the base toward the top where only a small quan-
tity exists. Surface features of shell unknown.
The specific name is given in honor of W. Tai, a collector of
fossils in Manchuria.
Comparisons.—At first glance this species appears to be close to
Armenoceras tani (Grabau) from the Machiakou limestone, Chihli,
and the Ssuyen formation, Manchuria, but further examination
shows that it differs in having distinct generic characters—that is,
it has a short septal neck, while 0. tail entirely lacks this distinctive
feature.
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 107
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
From the lower fossil horizon in the black banded limestone 2 miles
south of the Niu-hsin-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—TJ.S.'^M. No. 83T52.
ORMOCERAS TAITZUENSE, new species
Plate 22, Figxire 7 ; Plate 40, Figtxre 4
Description.—The holotype is 48 mm long, enlarging laterally
from a diameter of 15 mm near its base to 21.5 mm at its top, indi-
cating an apical angle of 9°. The cross sections of the conch and
the siphuncle are apparently circular, but only the ventral half
of the specimen remains, the dorsal half having weathered away.
The siphuncle was somewhat excentric laterally. The number of
camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the conch is about 4.5.
Where the lateral diameter is 18 mm, the concavity of the septa
equals 2.5 mm. The form of the segments of the siphuncle is
globular, but is somewhat depressed vertically at the contacts be-
tween successive segments. Where the lateral diameter of the si-
phuncle is 5.5 mm, that of the passage of the siphuncle through the
septa is 2 mm. The septal necks are short, usually 0.5 mm or less
in length. The interior of the siphuncle is occupied by calcareous
deposits, comparatively small in quantity, very irregularly dis-
tributed, while in the camerae they are found in rather large
quantities.
Comparison.—This species differs from Ormoceras taii mainly in
its circular cross section of the conch, shallower concavity of the
septa, and the number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter
of the conch.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
A black limestone bowlder believed to have come from a part of the
Ssuyen formation collected in a river drift at the Mu-hsin-tai col-
liery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Holotype.—{J.S.'^M. No. 83753.
ORMOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 22, Figuke 1-3 ; Plate 14, Figueb 5 ; Plate 16, Figtjbb 11
The first of four specimens referred to Ormoceras (pi. 22, fig. 1)
is 27.5 mm long, with a diameter of 8.5 mm (U.S.N.M. No. 83755).
Five camerae occupy a length equal to a diameter of the conch. The
apical angle is very low. The conch apparently was circular. The
traces of the comparatively narrow siphuncle occur along the lower
half of the natural longitudinal weathered section.
108 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, just south of
the Wu-hu-tsui colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
The second specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83756) (pi. 14, fig. 5; pi. 16,
fig. 11), collected in the vicinity of the Pen-hsi-hu colliery, is a mere
fragment. It appears to belong to the same species as the foregoing
specimen. It is, however, too fragmentary to permit more definite
identification.
Foi^iatlon and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of gray banded limestone beds, near the Pen-
hsi-hu colliery, Manchuria.
A third specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83757) (pi. 22, fig. 3) is 20 ram
long, the cross section of the conch apparently somewhat depressed.
The number of camerae in a length equal to the diameter of the
conch is 3.5. Where the diameter of the conch is 6 mm that of the
siphuncle is 1.2 mm. This specimen appears to belong to another
species of Onnocera^., but it is too fragmentary to receive a new
specific name.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, on the Fu-chin-
kou ridge, 2.5 miles southwest of Miyanohara station, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
The general character of a fourth specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83758)
(pi. 22, fig. 2) agrees closely with that of the third but may be
slightly different in having a somewhat larger concavity of the septa.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestones, just south of
the Wu-hu-tsui colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
ORMOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 22, Figuke 9
This rather fragmentary specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83754) is 72 mm
long. Its apical angle seems to be very small. The cross sections of
the siphuncle and the conch apparently are circular. The siphuncle
is central. The number of camerae in a length equal to the lateral
diameter of the conch is 3.5. The diameter of the conch at the
base is 25 mm and that of siphuncle is estimated as 13.7 mm.
Septal distance averages 7.5 mm. The siphuncle is strongly num-
muloided, and its interior is filled with calcareous matrix, leaving
the central endosiphuncular passage and its lateral diverticula which
runs horizontally into the outer sides of the connecting rings. The
septal concavity is rather low and its inner margin* is in contact with
only the lower side of the preceding segment of the siphuncle. Septal
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 109
necks are rather conspicuous, 1 mm or less in length. The interiors
of the camerae are almost filled with calcareous matrix, leaving but
narrow spaces in its middle parts.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the black banded limestone, near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus GONIOCERAS Hall, 1847
GONIOCERAS species undetermined
Plate 22, Figure 4
I have a small fragment of a thin, straight shell (U.S.N.M. No.
83760), which is flat on one face and slightly convex on the other.
Though my specimen does not show any part of a thin lateral edge,
the outline of the shell suggests that it belongs to Gonioceras.
Description.—The fragment is 25 mm long, consisting of nine cam-
erae in this length. Septal concavity is moderate and its distance
averages 2.6 mm. In the vicinity of the siphuncle the septa curve
moderately downward, and septal necks are absent. The segments
of the siphuncle are strongly depressed vertically from both above
and below. Interior of the siphuncle is filled with calcareous matrix,
leaving a rather large endosiphuncular passage. Septa are some-
what thickened by the deposition of the calcareous matrix on its
anterior surfaces. The surface of the shell is smooth.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
Lower fossil horizon of the dark gray limestone, just north of the
Pen-hsi-hu colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
TRILOBITA
Genus ROBERGIA Wiman, 1902
ROBERGIA STRIATA, new species
Plate 38, Figure 8
A cephalon, lacking the free cheeks, is present in Louderback's
collection. It is somewhat rounded triangular in outline and rather
strongly convex. The glabella is subtriangular, convex, the width
somewhat greater than the length; dorsal and occipital furrows
slightly impressed, three pairs of very shallow, narrow, fairly long
glabellar furrows are traceable on the posterior half of the glabella
;
palpebral lobes small ; frontal rim rather flat and narrow. Surface
beautifully striated transversely.
This species is characterized by its rounded, triangular, convex
cephalon and beautiful striations on the surface.
101621—32 8
110 BULLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huanir-pa-yi, Sliensi,
China.
UoJotype.—\j.^.'S.'M. No. 83761.
Genus BATHYURUS Billings, 1859
BATHYURUS(?) species undetermined
Plate 39, Figure 1
A single small cranidium (U.S.N.M. No. 83762) is found in
Louderback's collection from near Huang-jDa-yi, Shensi, that is
apparently referable to Bathyui'us^ although I have some doubt as
to the validity of this reference.
Desciiption.—Cephalon semicircular, convex; glabella rounded
triangular, strongly convex, without noticeable traces of glabellar
furrows; dorsal and occipital furrows very distinct; palpebral lobes
and eye lines distinct. Fixed cheeks are rather broad and the rim
is narrow. Under a strong lens, the surface of the specimen is
shown to be minutely pitted.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
BATHYURUS (?) species undetermined
Plate 26, Figure 1
A single poorly preserved pygidium (U.S.N.M. No. 83763), found
in the strata of the Wuting formation, has the general features of
a Bathyurus. The specimen has a rather broad, convex axial lobe
and gently convex pleural lobes which are divided by about five
furrows into about five segments, exclusive of the terminal one.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the black banded limestone, near the second tunnel, 1 mile north
of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus CRYPTOLITHUS Greexi 1832
CRYPTOLITHUS MULTISERIATUS. new species
Plate 39, Figure 2
Description.—Brim of cephalon with 6 or 7 rows of pits anterior
to the fixed cheek of the cephalon, and with 11 or 12 rows antero-
lateral to the lateral part of the fixed cheek. Pits enlarge very grad-
ually from the center to the outer margin of the brim and about the
half rows of the inner pits, tending to a radial arrangement, with the
posterior end of the glabella at the center of the radii. The remain-
ing outer pits alternate more or less definitely. Glabella obovate,
strongly bulbous convex, especially anterioi'ly where it rises almost
1.2 mm above the rim. Posterior margin of the cephalon almost
FORMATIONS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANOHURIA 111
directly transverse for about half of the distance from the dorsal
furrow to the general angle, then curving backward. Surface of the
glabella and of the fixed cheeks marked by minute pits as shown
under the magnifying lens.
Comparisons.—In general this species may be compared with
Cryptolithus tessellatus Green from the Trenton-Maysville group,
N'orth America, but differs from it in having many rows of rather
even-sized, small pits on the brim.
Formation and locality.—Upper Ordovician: Near Huang-pa-yi,
Shensi, China.
Holotype.—U.^.'^M. No. 83T64.
CRYPTOLITHUS WELLERI, new species
Plate 39, Figure 3-8
Louderback's central China material contains a number of heads
representing another Gryptolithus.
Description.—Brim of cephalon with 2 rows of pits anterior to the
middle of the cephalon, 6 rows at the anterolateral part and 8 rows
at the lateral sides of the cheeks. Pits forming the 2 or 3 outer rows
of the brim conspicuously larger, and the first 2 or 3 inner rows are
arranged along radii centering at the posterior end of the glabella.
The remaining pits alternate more or less distinctly. The general
shape of the glabella and the cheeks of this species causes it to resem-
ble G. multiseriatus., but it has three rather distinct glabellar furrows
on the lateral sides of the glabella, while G . multisenatus shows very
slight traces of any. The surface of the glabella and cheeks is seen
under magnifying lens to be pitted.
Form^ation and locality.—Upper Ordovician, near Chien-ko-hsien
and Chao-hua, Szechwan, China.
Cotypes.—T].^.'^M. Nos. 83765 and 83Y66.
Genus MEGALASPIS Angelin, 1878
MEGALASPIS INSCULPTA, new species
Plate 39, Fiq-ubes 18-20
Description.—This species is based upon several pygidia, which are
triangular in shape, with a rather convex axis. This axis is marked
by 5 anterior and 4 or 5 very faint, shallow posterior furrows that
divide the axis into 6 comparatively well-defined rings, and a rather
long terminal section. The dorsal furrow is clearly defined.
Pleural lobes broad, rather convex, with a broad panulate margin.
Seven well-marked anterior segments and two posterior fainter ones
are outlined on the pleural lobes by furrows that curve backward and
terminate on the inner margin of the doublure.
112 lU'LLETIN 164, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The surface is marked by very i)eculiar ripplelike striations.
Altlioiiirh this species i.s founded on i)y«ridia alone. I give these
rcnuirkable :speciniens a new specific name, since the features are very
characteristic.
Formation aiul JocaVit]i.—T'ppcr Ordovician : Near (^hao-hua,
Szechwan, China.
C'o^2//>C6\—U.S.N.M. Xo. 8376T.
Genus ASAPHUS Brongniart, 1822
ASAPHUS ASIATICUS, new species
Plate 39, Figukes 11-17
A number of curious cephalia and rather well-preserved associated
pygidia Avere included in Louderback's collection from central
China. As I could not find a whole specimen or even a perfect
cephalon in this collection, I am not sure to which genus these speci-
mens really belong. The general features of the cephalia and pygidia,
however, resemble characters of Asaphus, to which I am tentatively
referring them.
Description.—Ce])halon. exclusive of the free cheeks, somewhat
elongated-circular in outline. Glabella circular, moderately convex,
without perceptible traces of the glabellar furrows; dorsal furrow
shallow but rather distinct
;
palpebral lobes very faint, scarcely
noticeable; frontal rim broad and distincth^ concave.
The associated pygidia are rounded, subtriangular in outline,
and about two-thirds as long as the width of the anterior margin,
moderately convex ; axial lobe convex and tapering gradually
posteriorly ; it is very faintly divided by about 5 or 6 transverse
furrows into 5 or 6 rings and a rather long terminal section ; 3 or 4
ankylosed pleural segments are outlined on the pleural lobes by
furrows.
Surface of the ce])halia and pygidia is marked by very fine undu-
lating striations with associated, sometimes small, pits, ornamenta-
tions wdiich are naturally most conspicuous on the cephalia.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
6'o////>r6-.—U.S.N.M. No. 83768.
Genus ISOTELOIDES Raymond, 1910
ISOTELOIDES species undetermined
Pr.ATK 22. FlCilTRE 10
A single distinct pygidiuiu occurs in the lower fossil horizon of
the Ssuyen forinati<m. This specimen (U.S.N.M. No. 83769) is
referable to IsoteloldcH.^ since it has a smooth surface with a slightly
FORMATION'S AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 113
concave border. It is moderately convex, rounded triangular in out-
line, and has a poorly defined, rather slender axis, which is wide at
the anterior end, tapering rather rapidly to the posterior end.
Pleural lobes rather convex and sloping gradually into the marginal
border without any well-defined boundary. Axes and pleural lobes
are marked very slightly by scarcely traceable slender ribs.
Formation and locality.—Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation:
In the lower fossil horizon of the black-banded limestones, near Tou-
fang-kou, 2.5 miles northwest of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
Genus NILEUS Dalman, 1826
NILEUS WALCOTTI, new species
Plate 39, Figuee 10
A single but very remarkable cephalon to which is attached six
thoracic segments occurs in Louderback's collection from Shensi,
China.
Description.—Cephalon nearly semicircular, length a little less
than half of the width, strongly and evenly convex, sloping gently
to the sides without any depressed border. Eyes very large, closely
covered with minute tubercles as shown under a low-power magnify-
ing lens, their length about half the whole length of the cephalon.
The distance between the posterior corner of the eye and the posterior
margin of the cephalon is a little less than that between the eye and
the frontal margin. The glabella is not differentiated from the re-
mainder of the cephalon. The facial suture extending from tht
anterior corner of the eye first curves outward and then inward,
closely encircling the front margin. Behind the eye it runs slightly
outward, cutting the posterior margin at a point just back of the
eye. The surface of the test is apparently smooth. Thoracic seg-
ments are strongly convex, and the axial furrows are slightly
impressed.
The specific name is given in honor of Dr. Charles D. Walcott,
former secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who described a
great number of the Chinese fossils.
Gomparison.—I am not acquainted with any American or Euro-
pean species with which this form is likely to be confounded, but it
may be compared with Nileus perkinsi Kaymond from the upper
Chazyan strata on Isle La Motte, Vt., North America. The com-
paratively anterior position of the eyes, the rather broad free cheek,
and smooth surface of the test, however, serve readily in distin-
guishing it.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician: Near Ning-kiang, Shensi,
China.
Holotype.—\].S.'E.M. No. 83770.
114 BULLETIX 1G4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus CALYMENE Brongniart, 1822
CALYMENE(?) species undetermined
I'l.ATK :?;•. FlCntK '.)
A single poorly preserved cranidium (U.S.N.M. No. 83771) is con-
tained in Louderback's collection from central China. It may be
referable to Cdlymene since it has a convex, conical glabella; three
pairs of the glabellar furrows, the posterior one deep and prominent;
and a well-defined occipital furrow. Even though this apparently
represents an undescribed species, since the specimen is so poor I
hesitate to assign an exact generic designation or to give a new
specific name.
Cephalon convex, fixed cheeks, occipital ring, and posterior border
rather broad ; facial sutures curving strongly outward. The surface
of the specimen under the strong lens is shown to be marked by
rather scanty pustules.
Formation and locality.—^Upper Ordovician, near Chao-hua,
Szechwan, China.
Undetermined Trilobite
Plate 3G, Figure 14
A single pygidium (U.S.N.M. No. 83772) has a rather convex
axial lobe divided by about six transverse furrows into about six
segments and a terminal section. The axial segments continue out on
the pleural lobes to where they merge into the border.
Formation and locality.—Ordovician: Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi,
China.
Undetermined Trilobites
Plate 30, Figxire 11 ; Plate 26, Figures 2-6
Several small and poorly preserved pygidia belonging to different
genera occur in the limestones of the Wuting formation. Since all
these specimens are too poor to be given any special names, I describe
them here as undetermined species, hoping to get more and better
specimens in future field work.
The specimen illustrated in Plate 30, Figure 11 (U.S.N.M. No.
83773), is convex, subsemicircular in outline, and strongly trilobed,
without a planulated margin. Axial lobe convex, divided by four
transverse furrows into four rings and a small terminal section.
Pleural lobes convex ; furrows and segments of the axis extended into
the margin toward the back on the surfaces of the pleural lobes.
Under a strong leas the surface is seen to be densely marked by the
pustules.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation
:
In the black banded limestone west of Shang-kang-yao, 3 miles south-
east of Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
POEMATIOlSrS AND FOSSILS OF SOUTH MANCHURIA 115
The specimens illustrated on Plate 26, Figures 2-5, are apparently
the same species. They are convex and subsemicircular in outline,
with rather slender axes and moderately wider planulated margin.
The anterior parts of the axes and pleural lobes are faintly marked
by the same furrows, nearly fading away at the inner margin of the
doubler.
The specimen illustrated in Plate 26, Figure 6 (U.S.N.M. No.
83774) , is moderately convex, transversely subsemicircular in outline
with a convex, broad axial lobe and rather narrow planulated mar-
gin. The axis is marked by the three anterior transverse furrows and
a very shallow posterior furrow that divides the axis into four rings
and a terminal section. The pleural lobes are rather convex and are
marked by furrows.
Formation and locality.—Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation:
In the sandy limestone beds on the top of Wu-ting hill, 3 miles south
of the Yen-tai colliery, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
(All illustrations of fossils are arraniEred first in stratigrapliic order, then in the usual
biologic sequence. This arrangement is adopted with a view to making this report more
useful in the field. All fiiinres of specimens are natural size unless otherwise indicated)
Plate 1
Ontliiu' in:ii) nf Sonlh Mamhiuia Facing page 4
Platic 2
FiGUBK 1. T.vi>e locality of the Ssuyen formation. Figure 2. Pen-hsi-hu coal
liasiii. Liao-tunsi Facing' page 12
Plate 3
Figure 1, Peii-li.si-liu cave in the Wuting limestone, Liao-tung. Figure 2, Lime-
.^tonc strata of the S.'^uyen formation, near Pen-lisi-hn Facing page 13
Plate 4
Figure 1, View of Wn-ting-shan, Liao-tung. Figure 2, Nearer view of the highest
peak shown in Fignre 1 Facing page 16
Plate 5
Type locality of the Santao formation, north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-
tung Facing page 17
Plate 6
Geologic map of the Wu-hu-tsui and Cliiu-chia-cliong-tzu subdistricts, Pechili
district Pocket in back
Plate 7
Geologic mail of the Ycn-tai area, Tai-tzii-ho district Pocki't in hack
Plate S
Geologic map of tiie Pen-hsi-hu and Cluao-tou area.s, Tai-tzu-ho dis-
trict Pocket in back
Pr.ATE 9
Geologic map of the Xiu-hsin-tai and Tao-yuan-kou areas, Tai-tzu-ho dis-
trict Pocket in hack
116

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULUETIN 164 PLATE 10
SsuYEN Formation
Plate 10
Page
FiGUKES 1, 2. Camarocladia fucoides, new species 39
A rock composed almost entirely of the branches of
this organism and a thin section ( X80) exhibiting the
internal structure.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Black banded
limestone in the vicinity of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
3, 4. Camarocladia arborescens, new species 38
Section (X20) exhibiting the internal structure and a
portion of a rock composed almost entirely of the
branches of this organism.
Locality same as preceding.
117
Plate 11
Page
Figures 1-3. ^tromatoceriiim rc(julnttnn. now species 40
1, 2, "Weathered specimen showing the characteristic con-
centric laminae of the horizontal and vertical sections.
3, Polished vertical section of anotlier specimen, showing
the radiating pillars.
4-G. rhnifairia cf. deltoidea (Conrad) 46
Dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of a pedicle valve.
7, 8. C'<iiiiarocl(i<U(i plirna. new species 40
Rock frajj:ments composed almost entirely of the branches
of this sponge and a section (X SO) exhibiting the
internal structure.
Middle Ordovician. Ssu.ven formation : Black banded
limestone, in the vicinity of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
118
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 11
ssuYEN Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 12
SsuYEN Formation
Plate 12
Page
Figures 1, 2. Hormotoma pagodai, new species 57
Two somewhat broken casts of the interior.
Middle Ordivieian, Ssuyen formation : 1.5 miles nortli of
Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3-8. Maclurites Mgshyi (Hall) 60
3-5, Top, umbilical, and side views of a specimen.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Pen-hsi-hu,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
6, A natural section of the shell.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Tao-yuan-
kou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
7, 8, Top and side views of a cast.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Niu-hsin-tai,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Maclurites nitida (Ulrich and Scofield)? 61
Side view of a cast.
Locality same as Figures 7 and 8.
119
Plate 13
Page
Figures 1-3. MacUiritcH iiitida ( riiich and Scofielcl)? 61
], 2, Top and uinbilioal views.
Middle Ordoviciaii. Ssuyen formation: Limestone near
Niu-lisin-tai, Liao-tnng, Maneburia.
3, A polished, vertical section.
Middle Ordovician Ssnyen formation : Limestone near
Miyanobara, Liao-tunji, Manelniria.
4,5.13. Orthocirax toyamai. new species «j7
4, Specimen weathered so as to show the ventral side of
the siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 17.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Pen-hsi-hu, liiao-tung, Manchuria.
5, 13, Two polished vertical sections in a lateral direction
across the conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figures 1 and 2.
0. Orthoccras liaotungense, new species 66
Specimen weathered so as to show the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 4.
7. Sfictoccras- species undetermined 77
Specimen weathered on its ventral side so as to expose
the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 4.
8,9. Orthoceras species undetermined 08
Surface view of a cast and section through the conch in
a lateral direction, exposing the structure of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Loose block, Niu-
hsin-tai, I.,iao-tung, Manchuria.
10-12. Ci/cloceraa (V) manchuricnae, new species 68
Dorsal view, showing the nearly transverse annulations;
a lateral view of the ventral outline on the right, show-
ing the oblique annulati<ms and sutures; and a ventral
side cut to expose the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 4.
120
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 13
SSUYEN Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 14
SsuYEN Formation
Plate 14
Page
FiGUEE 1. SactoGcras inaii, new species 70
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2. Armenoceras tani (Grabau) 99
A partly polished vertical section in a lateral direction
across the conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Wu-hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria. (See also pi. 21, fig.
7, and pi. 40, fig. 3.)
3,4. Cijcloceras (?) peitoutzense Grabau 72
3, A natural vertical section showing a part of the siphuncle.
4, A polished vertical section, showing the siphuncle. Middle
Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Niu-hsin-
tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5. Ormoceras species undetermined 107
A somewhat oblique natural vertical section.
Locality same as Figure 1.
6. Sactoceras kobayasMi, new species ; 74
A polished vertical section in a dorsoventral direction across
the conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle. (See
also pi. 40, fig. 8.)
Locality same as Figure 1.
7. Cycloceras aokii, new species 70
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 1.
8,9,12. Cycloceras (?) manc/mn'ense, new species 68
8, A polished verticle section.
9, A transverse section of the same along the lower part of
the specimen, showing the relative size and location of
the siphuncle.
Locality the same as Figures 3 and 4.
12, A lateral view showing the annulations, with ventral out-
line on left.
Locality same as Figure 1.
10. Sactoceras Uaotimgense, new species 76
A polished vertical section through the conch in a lateral
direction, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone on Fu-
chin-kou ridge, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
11. Sactoceras species undetermined 77
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 1.
13. Sactoceras niitJisinense, new species 75
A partly polished vertical section showing some of the siphun-
cle. ( See also pi. 40, fig. 18.
)
Locality same as Figures 3 and 4.
121
Plate 15
Page
FiGUBES 1-3. Armcnoceras clcgans, new species 84
1, A lateral view of the siphuncle. Upper part of specimen
cut vertically through the center of the siphuncle to show
its structure.
2, A natural, vertical section in a lateral direction across
the couch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3, A weathered natural section of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Niu-hsin-tai,
Liao-tuug, Manchuria.
122
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 15
SsuYEN Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 16
SsuYEN Formation
Plate 3
I'age
Figure 1. Armcnoceras hcirioi (Kobayashi) 87
A partly polished vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch exposing the structure of the siphuucle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Miyanohara, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2-6. Armenoceras asiaticum, new species 81
2. A weathered natural, vertical section in a lateral direc-
tion across the conch, exposing the structure of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3-5, Three polished, vertical sections in a lateral direction
across the conch, showing the structure of the siphuncles.
6, A transverse section of the same specimen as Figure 5
across the upper part, showing the relative size and
location of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
7, 8. Armenoceras nanum takayamai, new variety 93
7, A polished, vertical section in a somewhat oblique lateral
direction across the conch, showing the structure of the
siphuncle in its lower part.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Wu-
hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
8, A polished, vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Armenoceras orientale, new species 80
Specimen with living chamber, weathered on the ventral side
(see also pi. 40, fig. 14) exposing the siphuncle. X V2-
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Yen-
tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
10. Actinoceras concavum, new species 78
A polished, vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Loose block near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
11. Ormoceras species undetermined 107
A polished vertical section of the same specimen as Plate 14,
Figure 5, in a lateral direction across the conch, showing
the structure of the siphuncle.
123
Plate 17
rage
Figures 1—1. Armciioccras cloiic/afum, new species 85
1, 2, Two polished, vertical sections through the conch in a
Uiteral direction, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Niu-hsiu-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3, 4, A polished vertical section and a cross section of the
conch in the upper part, showing location and size of
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Wu-hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5. Armoioceras coulhigi (Grabau) 83
A polished vertical section through the conch in a lateral
direction, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 3.
G. Arnicnoccras re.svsrrj, new species 83
A partly polished section in a lateral direction across the
conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Pen-hsi-hu, Manchuria.
7. Cijcloceras ( ?) manchuriense, new species GS
Basal segment of the specimen on Plate 13, Figure 11.
viewed from beneath, showing the relative size and loca-
tion of the siphuncle.
124
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 17
SsuYEN Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 1£
SsuYEN Formation
Plate IS
Page
Figures 1-3 Annenoceras hatai, new species 86
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch exposing the structure of the siphuncle, and
a transverse section across the middle of the specimen
showing the relative size and location of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
4,5. Armenoceras nanum (Grabau) 92
4, A weathered natural vertical section showing parts of
the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Near Niu-hsiu-tai
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5, A similar natural section.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Pen-hsi-hu,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
6, 7. Armenoceras liayasakai, new species 87
6, A somewhat oblique polished section in a lateral direc-
tion across the conch, exposing the structure of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Chiao-tou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
7, A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone block,
Niu-hsln-tai, Manchuria.
8. Annenoceras elongattim, new species 85
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Niu-hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Armenoceras kidoi, new species 88
Vertical dorsoventral section through the conch to show
the structure of the siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 5.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Near Pen-hsi-hu,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
101621—32 9 125
Plate 19
Page
Figure 1. Aninnoccms tcichcrti, new species Si)
A polished, vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, exposin.ii: the structure of the siphuncle. (See also
]il. 40. fig. 6.)
Middle Ordovician. Ssuycu formation : Limestone block, Niu-
hsin-tai. Liao-tung. Manchuria.
2—1. Anuciioccras iiuirakaniii (Kobayashi) ? 91
2, A polished, vertical section in a dorsoventral direction
across the conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
4, Cross section of the same specimen at its middle, showing
the relative size and location of the sipliuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Wu-hu-tsui. Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3, A partly polishetl. vortical section.
Middle Ordovician. .Ssuyen formation: Limestone south-
west of ren-hsi-liu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
0-8. Armcnoceras manchurense (Kobayashi) 90
6, 8, Two polished, vertical sections in a lateral direction
across the conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
7. Cross section of the same specimen as Figure 8 in its
upper part showing relative size and location of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician. Ssuyen formation: Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. ArmcnoccraH .species undetermined 101
Specimen weathered so as to show a part of the ventral side
of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near
Miyanohara, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
n, 10. Armenoceras magnitnhidatum, new species 91
10, An oblique vertical section in a lateral direction across
tile conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
5, Transver.«e section of the same specimen, .showing the
relative size and location of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Niu-
lisin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
126
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 19
SSUYEN FORMATION
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 20
SSUYEN FORMATION
Plate 20
Page
Figure 1. Armenoceras nuclium, new species 94
A slightly oblique, polished, vertical section in a lateral
direction across the conch, showing the structure of the
siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 13.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Limestone block,
Niu-hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2. Armenoceras species undetermined 101
A slightly oblique, polished, vertical section in a lateral
direction across the conch, showing the structure of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Niu-
hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3, 4. Ormoceras proxinitini, new species 105
4, Specimen weathered so as to expose the lateral side of the
siphuncle.
3, Transverse section of same specimen at the middle show-
, ing the relative size and location of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Hsiao-
shih, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5. Armenoceras sMmizui, new species 97
A polished, vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch, exposing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Tao-
yuan-kou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
6. Armenoceras penhsiense, new species 95
A partly polished, natural vertical section in a dorsoventral
direction across the conch, showing the structure of the
siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 15.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
7, 8. Armenoceras sondai, new species 98
7, Specimen weathered on its ventral side so as to expose
the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Hsiao-
shih, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
8, A polished, vertical section in a lateral direction across
the conch, exposing somewhat the structure of the
siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 9.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Tao-
yuan-kou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Ormoceras kimurai, new species 102
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle. (See also
pi. 40, fig. 1.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Niu-
hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
10. Armenoceras rHchthofeni (Freeh) 96
A slightly oblique, polished vertical section in a lateral direc-
tion across the conch, showing the structure of the
siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Pen-
hsi-hu. Liao-tung. Manchuria.
127
I'LATK 21
I'age
FiGiiits 1-4. OniKiceras oricntdlc, new species J04
1, A polished, vertical section through the conch hi a lateral
direction, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
2, Cross section ol' the same specimen sliowiug location and
size of siphuncle.
Miildle Ordovician, Ssuyen lormation: Limestone near Wu-
hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3, Specimen weathered on its ventral side exposing the
siphuncle.
4, Cross section of the same specimen showing location and
size of siphuncle.
^Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Niu-
hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5,6. ArDicnoccras suziikii, new species 98
5, Specimen weathered on its lateral side exposing the
siphuncle.
6, Cross section of same specimen showing location and size
of siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near I'en-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
~. Armcnoccras tani (Grabau) 95)
A polished, vertical section through the conch in a lateral
direction, showing the structure of the sipliuncle. (See
also pi. 14, fig. 2, and pi. 40, fig. 3.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Limestone near
Ten-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
8,9. AriHcnoccras yabei, new species 100
8, Specimen weathered on its ventral side, exposing the
siphuncle.
9, Basal segment of same specimen viewed from beneath,
showing the location and size of siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone block.
Tou-fang-kou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
10. Onnoceras chiucnse, new species 102
A somewhat oblique, polished vortical .section through the
conch in a lateral direction, showing the structure of
the siphuncle.
Middle Ordovician. Ssuyen rni-matinn : Liiiu'stnnc near
\iu-hsin-tai. Liao-tung. MiMichur:.-!.
11. Oriiioccras nagaoi, new species 104
A polished vertical section through the concli iu a lateral
direction, showing the structure of the si[)liunc]e. (See
also pi. 40, fig. 2.)
Locality same as Figure 8.
128
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 21
SSUYEN FORMATION
U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 22
SSUYEN AND WUTING FORMATIONS
Plate 22
Page
Figure 1. Ormoceras species undetermined 107
Specimen weathered on its ventral side exposing the si-
pliuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation : Limestone near Wu-
hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2. Ormoceras species undetermined 107
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 1.
3. Ormoceras species undetermined 107
Specimen weathered en its ventral side exposing the si-
phuncle.
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Near Miyanohara
Station, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
4. Gonioceras species undetermined 109
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle.
Middle Ordoviciiui, Ssuyen formation: Near Pen-hsi-liu,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
5, 6. Armenoceras iassleri, new species ^2
6, A natural vertical section in a lateral direction somewhat
obliquely across the conch.
5, A polished vertical section of same specimen across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle. (See also
pi. 40, fig. 12.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Near Hsia-kang-yao,
Liao-tung, Manchuria.
7. Ormoceras taitsuense, new species 107
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle. (See also
pi. 40, fig. 4.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Limestone block,
Niu-hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
8. Ormoceras tail, new species 106
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch, showing the structure of the siphuncle. (See also
pi. 40, fig. 10.)
Middle Ordovician, Ssuyen formation: Black banded lime-
stone near Niu-hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Ormoceras species undetermined 108
A partly polished vertical section in a lateral direction
across the conch.
Formation and locality same as Figure 4.
10. Isoteloides species undetermined 112
Dorsal view of the single pygidium found.
Formation and locality same as Figure 4.
11-] 3. Dalmanella (?) species undetermined 44
Three partly exfoliated pedicle valves.
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation: In gray banded lime-
stone near Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
129
I'r.ATE 23
I'llgO
FXGLUKS 1.2. OrUiis idlJi/Kinnmi ortlnnnlioiiitcs von liucli 43
1. Extorior of a partly exloliatcd peilicle valve.
Lowt'i- Ordoviciaii, "Wutiiiij foriuaticm : Sandy liuie.stuue
near I'en-lisl-hu, Liao-tunji. Manelmria.
2, Exterior of a partly exfoliated pedicle valve.
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation : Sandy limestone
on top of Wu-ting-shan, Liao-tung, ^laneliuria.
3-7. DdliiniiK 11(1 {'!) .species undetermined 44
3-5, Three partly exfoliated pedicle valves.
6, 7, Two partly exfoliated l)racLiial valves.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
8. Rafiuextiuiiia species undetermined 45
A poorly preserved pedicle valve.
Lower Ordovician. Wuting formation : In black limestone
near Wu-hu-tsui, Liao-tung. Manchuria.
9. Rafinesquina .species undetermined 45
A partly exfoliated pedicle valve.
Lower Ordovician. Wuting formation: In gray limestone
near Hsiao-shih, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
10. Phrfif/iiiolitcs species undetermined, X 4 50
rmhilical view of the specimen described.
Lower Ordovician. Wuting formation : In black lime-
stone, 2 miles west of Chiao-tou, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
11, 12. Oxydiscus planulatus, new species 51
Top and side views of the type specimen.
Formation and locality same as Figure 10.
13. Eccyliopterus species undetermined 60
Top view of the fragmental siiecimen.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
14-18. Raphisilotna cf. (tcquiUttvnim Koken ? 51
14, Top view of a partly weathered specimen.
Formation and locality same as Figure 2.
15, Top view of a partly weathered specimen.
Lower Ordovician. Wuting formation : In l)lack lime-
stone near Ilsia-kan-ygao, south of Ycn-lai. Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
lf>-18. Top, umbilical, and side views of a cast.
Foi"mation and locality same as Figure 1.
19, 20. Ilclirotoma species undetermined 60
Top and side views of the described spec-imen.
P^trmation and locality same as Figure 1.
130
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 23
WuTiNG Formation
U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 24
WUTING FORMATION
Plate 24
Page
Plectoccras ohtakai, new species 73
A cast made from the natural mold ( X i^ )
.
Lower Ordoviciau, Wuting formation : In the limestone north of Pen-
hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
131
Plate 25
Page
Figure 1. Orfhoccras rcctiscptatuiii. new species 6G
A polislii'd, vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch.
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation : Black limestone near
Xiu-hsin-tai, Liao-tun,t,'. Manchuria.
2. Aniienoccras species undetermined 301
A polished vertical section in a lateral direction across the
conch.
Lower Ordovician. AVuting formation : Grayish-black lime-
.stone near Wu-hu-tsui, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
3-5. Xybi/oceras foerstcL Endo 79
3, A part of siphuncle (X 2) etched by hydrochloric acid,
showing the endosiphuncle and septal necks.
4, A lateral view, with sutures of septa running downward
toward dorsal side. (Lower portion of specimen cut out
in this figure.
)
5, Vertical dorsoventral section of the same specimen show-
ing location and structure of siphuncle.
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation: Black limestone near
reu-hsi-hu. Liao-tung, Manchuria.
132
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 25
WuTiNG Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 26
WuTiNG Formation
Plate 26
Page
Figure 1. Bathyurus (?) species undetermined 110
Dorsal view of a pygidium.
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation : In the gray lime-
stone near Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2-6. Undetermined trilobite 114
2-4, Three pygidia, which seem to belong to the same species.
5, An associated free cheek.
6, A pygidium, belonging to a different species.
Lo\\er Ordovician, Wuting formation : Limestone beds en
the top of the Wu-ting-shan, south of Yen-tai, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
7, 8. Helicotoma species undetermined 60
Top and side views of a specimen.
Formation and locality same as preceding.
9, 10. Nybyoceras foerstei Endo 79
9, Top segment of the specimen shown on Plate 25, Figures
3-5, viewed from above, showing location and size of
siphuncle.
10. A dorsal view of the same specimen.
11. Armenoceras numatai, new species 94
Specimen weathered out on dorsal side, exposing the
siphuncle. (See also pi. 40, fig. 7.)
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
133
I'LATK liT
Page
FiGLKE.s 1,2. Rdithixioiiia cf. (ic<jitil(iti'rinii KokfiiV 51
rinhllical and top vii'ws.
Lower Ordoviciaii. Wutiiiy foniiatioii : Gray sandy lime-
stone, 4 miles east of Pen-hsi-liii. Liao-tnnir. Manclmria.
8,4. AiitlKinpidcUa discoidaJis, new speeies 37
3, Rock frafrment composed almost entirely of the siionge.
4, A polished surface of another part of the same speci-
men.
Lower Ordovician. Kangyao formation : In the black lime-
stone south of Yen-tai. Liao-tuny;, Manchuria.
5. Cyclocerasi'!) tn arg in ale, new si^ecies 71
A polished vertical section in a dorsoventi'al direction
across the conch, showin.i;' the structure of siplmncle.
(See also pi. 40, fig. 11.)
Lower Ordovician, Wuting formation : In the lilack liine-
.stone near Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
G. Oniioceras manchurieuse, new species 103
Vertical dor.soventral section of the type .specimen, show-
ing location and structure of siphiuicle. (See also
pi. 40, fig. 16.)
Formation and locality same as Figure 5.
7-lf>. Ortliix caljiyiinnimi ortliamhonitcs von Buch 43
7, 8, Exterior of two pedicle valves.
9, 10, Exterior of two brachial valves.
Formation and locality same as Figures 3 and 4.
134
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 27
WUTING AND KANGYAO FORMATIONS
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 28
Kangyao Formation
Plate 28
Page
Figures 1-3, 12, 13. Lophosplra aojii, new species 52
1, 2, Two side views of the same specimeu.
3, A side view of anotlier imperfect specimen
(X2).
12, 13, Different side views of a perfect shell
(X2).
Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation : In the
black weathering limestone, 3 miles south of
Yen-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
4, 5. Lophosplra (/rabaui, new species 52
Side view of type specimen and enlarged (X 4)
view showing fine surface markings.
Formation and locality same as Figures 1 and 2.
6-11. Lophospira manchuriensls, new species, X 2 54
6, 7, Side views of a fairly good specimen.
8, 9, Side views of another cotype.
10, 11, Side views of a third cotype.
Formation and locality same as Figures 1 and 2.
14 17. LopJiospira kangyaoensis, new species 53
14, 15, Side views of a cotype ( X 4).
16, 17, Two side views of another somewhat im-
perfect specimen ( X 2 )
.
Formation and locality same as Figures 1 and 2.
135
Plate 29
Page
Fic.ruK 1. Lfjphospira aojii, new species ~>2
Side view of a good specimen (X 4).
2,3. Lopho-spira cf. oiroii Ulricli and Scofield 54
Two side views of tlie same specimen.
4-G. Lophospira yentaicnsis, new species ~t\>
4, 5, Side views of the liolotype.
G. A fragment of aiiotlier specimen, sliowing tlie surface
markings.
7. tSolcnospira species undcterniincil 59
A fragmentary specimen (X4).
8-11. Lophospira productu pagoddi, new variety 55
8, 9, Two side views.
11, An enlargement of tlie same specimen, showing fine sur-
face markings ( X 4 )
.
10. A fragment, showing fine surface markings and tri-
lineated peripheral bands (X 2).
12.1.3. Lophospira lurriiiforniis, new species 55
Different side views of the same specimen ( X 2).
14-17. Eotomaria harhoiiri (Grabau) 56
14, 15, Side and top views of a specimen.
16, 17, Side and top views of another specimen.
All from Lower Ordovician. Kangyao formation : In black weathered lime-
stone, 3 miles south of Ycn-tni. Lijio-tung. Manchuria.
136
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 29
Kangyao Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSUEM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 30
KANGYAO AND SANTAO FORMATIONS
Plate 30
Page
Figures 1-6. Eotomaria ulrichi, new species, X 2 57
1-3, Side and top views of one of the type specimens
(X 2).
4-6, Side and top views of cotype.
Lower Ordovician, Kangyao formation : In the weathered
black limestone, 3 miles south of Yen-tai, Liao-tung,
Manchuria.
7, 8. Anthaspidella ? radiata, new species 36
7, Weathered surface of the top of the holotype.
8, A polished vertical section of the same specimen show-
ing the canal system and the cup wall.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : In the gray lime-
stone north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
9. Calathium frechi, new species 38
Weathered rock surface.
Formation and locality same as foregoing species.
10. Lophospira species undetermined 56
Side view of a fragmentary specimen.
Formation and locality same as Figures 1-6.
11. Undetermined trilobite, X 2 w— 114
A pygidium.
Formation and locality same as preceding.
137
Plate 31
Page
Figure 1. Polytoechia ? taijucii.sis, new species 49
Exterior of a pedicle valve.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : In the gray lime
stone north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
2-A. Cameroceras cf. styliforme Grabau 62
2, A cross section of the siphunele.
3, A cross section of another siphunele.
4, Dorsal view of siphunele of the same specimen, showing
a part of endosiphuncle.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
5, G. Culathium frechi, new species 38
5, Weathered surface of the top of the holulyi)e.
6, A polished cross section of the same specimen showing
the canal system and cup.
7, 8. Anthaspidella ? planulata, new species 37
A polished cross section and the weathered surface of the
holotype.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
138
U. S.lNATIONAU MUSEUM BUULETIN 164 PLATE 31
Santao Formation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 32
SANTAO Formation
Plate 32
Page
FiGtTRES 1-A. Hormotoma species undetermined 58
Side views of four different specimens.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : In tlie black
limestone, 3 miles southeast of Yen-tai, Liao-tung, Man-
churia.
5-7. Piloceras manchuriense, new species 63
Ventral view and two cross sections in different places
showing location and size of endosiphuncle.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : Black lime-
stone, 2 miles west of Chiao-tou, Liao-tung, Manchuria..
8-10. Penhsioceras fusiforme, new species 65
8, A natural vertical section of the siphuncle of the type
specimen.
9, A cross section of the same specimen, showing location
and size of endosiphuncle.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : Gray arenaceous
limestone, north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
10, A polished vertical section of another specimen.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation : Black lime-
stone, near Niu-hsin-tai, Liao-tung, Manchuria.
139
Plate 33
Page
Figures 1-8. Orthis chincihsis, new species 41
1, Limestone slab with three pedicle valves.
2, Another slab with three brachial valves and a frag-
ment of a pedicle valve.
3, 4, Side view and exterior of a somewhat exfoliated
brachial valve.
5, Exterior of a somewhat exfoliated brachial valve.
6-8, Three views of another specimen.
Ordovician : Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
9-12. Orthis chinensiti multistriata, new variety 42
9, 10, Exteriors of two brachial valves.
11, 12, Exteriors of two pedicle valves.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
13. Carabocriniis species undetermined 41
The single plate found.
Ordovician, Chao-tien, Szechwan,. China.
14, 15. Plloceras manchuriensc, new species 63
14, A natural vertical section of siphuncle of the holotype
showing a part of endosiphuncle.
15, A lateral view of the same specimen.
Uppermost Canadian, Santao formation: Gray arena-
ceous limestone, north of Pen-hsi-hu, Liao-tung, Man-
churia.
140
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 33
SANTAO FORMATION OF MANCHURIA AND ORDOVICIAN OF CENTRAL CHINA
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 34
ORDOVICIAN of CENTRAL CHINA
Plate 34
Page
Figures 1-8. Orthis shensiensis, new species 42
1^, Exteriors of four pedicle valves.
5-8, Exteriors of four brachial valves
.
Ordovician : Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
9-12. Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman) 44
9, 10, Exterior and interior of the same brachial valve.
11, 12, Exteriors of brachial and pedicle valves.
Ordovician : Near Chao-tien, Szechwan, China.
13-21. Polytoechia chinensis, new species 48
13, 14, Two views of the apex of a pedicle valve.
15, 16, Exterior and anterior views of a pedicle valve.
17, 18, A transverse section and diagrammatic illustra-
tion of the same specimen showing the spondylum.
19, 20, Exterior and interior views of another pedicle
valve.
21, An exterior view of a brachial valve.
Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
22-24. Rafinesquina puteata, new species 45
22, 24, Exterior view of a pedicle valve and an enlarge-
ment (X 4) of the apex, showing fine series of pits.
23, Exterior of another incomplete ipedicle valve.
Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
141
Plate 35
J Page
Figures 1-6. Ptychoglyptus ulrichi, new species 46
1-3, Exteriors of three different pedicle valves.
4, 5, Exteriors of two bracliial valves.
6, Enlarged photograpli (X 4) of tlie same specimen as
Figure 5, showing the surface marlvings.
Ordovician : Huang-pa-yi, Sliensi, China.
7-12. Clitam'bonites hcmistriatus, new species 47
7, Exterior of a brachial valve.
8, A broken pedicle valve, showing surface markings.
9, 12, Interior of a pedicle valve and an enlargement,
showing the inner surface markings.
10, Exterior surface of a broken pedicle valve.
11, Exterior of a brachial valve. Compare with fig. 12
for difference between the exterior and interior sur-
face markings (X 4).
Locality the same as Figures 1-3.
142
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 35
Ordovician of central China
U. S NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 36
Ordovician of Central China
Plate 36
Figure 1. Clitam'bonites hemistriatus, new species : 47
Exterior of a pedicle valve.
Ordovician : Near Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
2-8, 15. Pionodema pimctostriata, new species 48
2-4, Extei'ior, posterior, and lateral views of the same
pedicle valve.
5, 6, Exteriors of two pedicle valves.
7, 8, Exteriors of two brachial valves.
15, Enlarged pedicle valve (X4) of the specimen shown
in Figure 5, showing fine punctation on the surface.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
9. Yangtseella reticulata, new species 50
Exterior of pedicle valve of holotype.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
10-13. Eccyliopterus louderbacki, new species 59
10-12, Top, umbilical, and side views of a cast of the
holotype.
13, Mold of the same specimen.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
14. Undetermined trilobite __!__ 114
A pygidium.
Formation and locality same as Figure 1.
16. Cyclooeras louderhacki, new species 69
Lateral view of the holotype with ventral outline on left.
Ordovician : Near Han-chung-fu, Shensi, China.
143
Plate 37
Page
Fkjures 1-3. Endoceras ceritrotubulatutn, new species 62
1, 2, Lateral view and the cross section along the upper
part of the specimen showing location and size of
siphuncle and endocones.
3, A vertical section of the lower part of the same speci-
men in a lateral direction across the conch, showing
the sti'ucture of the siphuncle.
Ordovician: Near Han-chung-fu, Shensi, China.
4,5. Cycloceras (?) s7ie«stejise, new species 7J
5, A lateral view of the holotype showing annulations.
4, A segment of the upper part viewed from beneath,
showing location and size of the siphuncle.
Formation and locality same as preceding.
144
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE ,37
ORDOVICIAN OF CENTRAL CHINA
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 38
Ordovician of Central China
Pl^TE 38
Page
Figures 1, 2. Orthoceras magniclimense, new species 65
Lateral view of the holotype and a section across the
lower part showing location and size of the siphuncle.
Ordovician : Near Han-chung-fu, Shensi, China.
3. Robergia striata, new species 109
The cephalon ( X 4 ) showing the characteristic surface
striation.
Ordovician : Near Huang pa-yi, Shensi, China.
4. Cyclocerasi?) shensiense, new species 71
Vertical section in a lateral direction, showing the
structure of the siphuncle.
Locality same as Figure 1.
5. Spyroceras species undetermined 73
A lateral view, showing the annulations and vertical
striations.
Locality same as Figure 1.
145
Plate 39
Page
Figure 1. Buthyurus{'i) species undetermined 110
A cephalon (X 2).
Ordovician : Near Huans-pa-yi, Sliensi, China.
2. Cryptolithus nniltiseriatus, new species 110
An incomplete cephalon (X 2).
Upper Ordovician : Huang-pa-yi, Shensi, China.
3-8. Cryptolithus ivelleri, new species 111
3-7, Five cephalia (X 2), some showing very fine punctation.
Upper Ordovician : Near Cliao-Iuia, Szechwan, China.
8, A cephalon ( X 2 )
.
Upper Ordovician : Near Chien-lio-hsien, Szechwan, China.
9. Calynicncil) species undetennined 114
A cephalon.
Ordovician : Near Chao-hua, Szechwan, China.
10. Nileus vmlcotti, new species 113
Portion of a dorsal shield.
Ordovician : Near Ning-kiang, Shensi, China.
11-17. Asaphus asiaticus, new species 112
11-13, Three cephalia.
14-17, Four pygidia.
Locality same as Figure 1.
18-20. Megalaspis insculpta, new species 111
18, 19, Two pygidia, showing the peculiar striation on the
surface.
20. A cast of a complete pygidium.
Locality same as Figure 9.
146
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 39
Ordovician of Central China
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 164 PLATE 40
SSUYEN AND VVUTING FORMATIONS
Plate 40
Cross sections of cephalopods showing position and size of the siphuncle
(natural size)
Page
Figure 1. Ormoceras Jcimurai, new species 102
Section cut at about middle. (See also pi. 20, fig. 9.)
2. Ormoceras nagaoi, new species 104
Section cut near lower end. (See also pi. 21, fig. 11.)
3. Armenoceras tani (Grabau) 99
Section made at upper end. (See also pi. 21, fig. 7 and pi.
14, fig. 2.)
4. Ormoceras taitzuense, new species 107
Section cut near upper end. (See also pi. 22, fig. 7.)
5. Armenoceras kidoi, new species 88
Section made at lower end. (See also pi. 18, fig. 9.)
6. Armenoceras teicherti, new species 89
Section cut near lower end. (See also pi. 19, fig. 1.)
7. Armenoceras numatai, new species 94
Section made at upper end. (See also pi. 26, fig. 11.)
8. Sactoceras kohai/ashii, new species 74
Section made at lower end. (See also pi. 14, fig. 6.)
9. Armenoceras sondai, new species 98
Section made at upper end. (See also pi. 20, figs. 7, 8.)
10. Ormoceras tail, new species 106
Section cut near upper end. (See also pi. 22, fig. 8.)
11. Cycloceras (?) 7/iar^inoZe, new species 71
Section cut near lower end. (See also pi. 27, fig. 5.)
12. Armenoceras bassleri, new species 82
Section cut near upper end. (See also pi. 22, figs. 5, 6.)
13. Armenoceras nudum, new species 94
Section cut near upper end. (See also pi. 20, fig. 1.)
14. Armenoceras orientale, new species 80
Section cut near lower end. (See also pi. 16, fig. 9.)
15. Arm,enoceras pcnhsiense, new species 95
Section cut ne-.ir upper end. (See also pi. 20, fig. 6.)
16. Ormoceras manchuriense, new species 103
Section cut near upper end. (See also pi. 27, fig. 6.)
17. Orthoceras toyamai, new species 67
Section cut near lower end. (See also pi. 13, fig. 4.)
18. Sactoceras nitihsinense, new species 75
Section cut at about middle. (See also pi. 14, fig. 13.)
147

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES
(Principal references are given in boldface type)
Actinoceras, 8, 78.
concavum, 78, 123.
coulingi, 83.
harioi, 87.
manchurense, 86, 90.
murakamii, 91.
nanum, 92.
richthofeni, 7, 96.
suampanoides, 104. 105.
submarginale, 86.
tani, 81, 99.
(Ormoceras) tenuifilum, 83.
acuta, Lophospira, 30.
aequilaterum, Raphistoma, 7, 14, 16,
22, 23, 26, 27, 51, 130, 134.
alternata, Rafinesquina, 45.
Anthaspidella, 36.
discoidalis, 17, 23, 37, 134.
magnifica, 36.
planulata, 18, 27, 32, 35, 37, 138.
radiata, 18, 27, 32, 35, 36, 137.
aojii, Lophospira, 21, 23, 52, 135, 136.
aokil, Cycloceras, 26, 70, 121.
arborescens, Camarocladia, 14, 25, 34,
38, 117.
Archaeocyatlius chihliense, 32.
arcuoliratum, Cycloceras, 70.
Armenoceras, 80.
asiaticum, 13, 14, 23, 25, 26, 31, 81,
123.
bassleri, 13. 23, 82, 129, 147.
coulingi, 13, 21, 31, 83, 91, 124.
elegans, 14, 22, 26, 84, 122.
elongatum, 13, 14, 21, 28, 31, 85,
124 125
harioi, 14,' 26. 87, 123.
hatai, 14, 26, 31, 86, 125.
hayasakai, 28, 31, 87, 125.
kidoi, 88, 125, 147.
magnitubulatum, 14, 31, 91, 126.
manchurense, 14, 26, 86, 89, 90, 91,
126.
marginale, 28, 96.
murakamii, 14, 25, 91, 99, 126.
nanum, 14, 28, 31, 92, 101, 125.
nanum takayamai, 13, 14, 21, 26,
93, 123.
nudum, 28, 94, 127, 147.
numatai, 16, 26, 94, 133, 147.
orientale, 13, 21, 23, 80, 123, 147.
penhsiense, 14, 26, 95, 127, 147.
pseudoseptatum, 90.
resseri, 14, 26, 83, 124.
richthofeni, 7, 14, 31, 78, 95, 96,
127.
101621—32
Armenoceras shimizui, 27, 97, 127.
sondai, 14, 28, 29, 98, 127, 147.
species undetermined, 101, 126,
127, 132.
suanpanoides, 31.
submarginale, 31. 86.
suzukii, 14, 26. 98, 128.
tani, 13. 14, 21, 25, 31, 81, 87, 88,
97, 99, 106, 121, 128, 147.
teicherti, 89, 126, 147.
yabei, 28, 100, 128.
artemesia, Horomotoma, 58.
Asaphus, 112.
asiaticuS", 112, 146.
asiaticum, Armenoceras, 13, 14, 23, 25,
26, 31, 81, 123.
asiaticus, Asaphus, 112, 146.
barbouri, Eotomaria, 17, 21, 23, 56, 136.
Liospira, 56.
bassleri, Armenoceras, 13, 23, 82, 129,
147.
Bathyurus, 110.
species undetermined, 16, 26, 110,
133, 146.
bekkeri, Nybyoceras, 79.
beloitensis, Eccyliopterus, 59.
bigsbyi, Maclurea, 60, 61.
Maclurites. 13, 14. 22, 23, 25, 26,
27, 28, 34, 60, 119.
Calathium, 38.
canadense, 38.
frechi, 18, 24, 35, 38, 137, 138.
calligramma orthambonites. Orthis, 16,
17, 23, 26, 43, 130, 134.
Orthis, 42, 43.
Calymene, 8, 114.
species undetermined, 114, 146.
Camarocladia, 25, 38.
arborescens, 14, 34, 38, 117.
dichotoma, 34.
fucoides, 14. 25, 34, 39, 117,
plana, 14, 25, 34, 40, 118.
rugosa, 34.
Cameroceras, 18, 62.
styliforme, 27, 32, 62, 138.
canadense, Calithium, 38.
Carabocrinus, 41.
species undetermined, 41, 140.
centrotubulatum, Endoceras, 62, 144.
chihliense, Archaeocyathus, 32.
Chilioceras, 64.
chinense, Ormoceras, 14, 26, 102, 128.
Orthoceras, 66.
149
150 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
chineiisis, Clitamhonitos. 47.
niultistriiita, Ortliis. 42, 140.
Ortliis. 41, 14(1.
I'olyloecliia. 48, 141.
Clitanilxdiitos. 47.
chineiisis, 47.
hoinistriatus, 47, 142. 143.
coiicavuiii. AcIiiKKvras, 78, l-o.
couliniii, Actiiiocoras. S3.
AriiHMKiferas. 13. 21, 31. 83, 91. 124.
Cryptolitlnis. 110.
iiuilriseriatiis. 110, 14G.
tes.s.'Iiatiis. m.
welii'i-i. Ill, 140.
Cycloc'cras. 68.
ankii. 14. 2G. 70, 121.
arcuoliratuiii. 70.
loiKh'ihacld. 69, 143.
iiianchuriense. 14, 20. 28. 68, 70.
12(1. 121, 124.
niariiinale. 10. 71, 134. 147.
poitoutzeiise. 14. 28. 31. 72, 121.
shciisiense. 71, 144. 145.
iHiduidstriatuiii, 09.
Dalniaiiella. 44.
spei'ios undoteriniiied. 44, 129, 130.
testndinaria. 43, 44, 141.
davisoni. Ortliis calligramma, 43.
decipieiis, Sactoceras. 75.
declivis. Helicotonia, GO.
deltoidea. riayfairia, 14, 26, 46, 118.
Ratinesquiiia, 46.
Itafinosiiuina (Playfairia), 46.
Strdphoiiiciia, 46.
denviduii, Paj^odispira, 30. 31, 55.
dicliotonia, ('aiiierocladia. 34.
discoidalis, Anthaspidella. 23. 37, 134.
Eccyliopterus, ,'>9.
beloitt'iisis. 59.
louderbaeki. 59, 143.
sinensis, 59.
siiecies undetermined. 20 60, 130.
elegans. Annenoeeras, 14, 22, 26, 28,
84, 122.
elongatuni, Armonoceras, 13, 14, 21, 31
85, 124. 125.
Endoceras, 62.
ceiitrotuiinlatuni, 62, 144.
Eotoinai'ia. 56.
barlxiuri. 17, 21, 23, 56, 136.
ulriclii, 17, 21, 23, 57, 137.
foerstei, Xyliyoeeras, 10. 2G, 79, 132,
133.
frechi, Calatliiuni, 18. 24. 35, 38, 137,
138.
fucoides, Cainarocladia, 14, 25, 34, 39,
117.
fusifornie, Penh.sioceras. IS. 27. 29. 65,
139.
Fusi.spira, species nndeterniined, 32.
{jerardi. Lopiiospira, 30.
Gonioceras. 109.
species undetermined. 109, 129.
grabaui. Lnphospira. 17, 21, 23, 52, 135.
harioi. Actinoceras, 87.
Armenoceras. 14. 20. 87, 123.
hatai, Armenoceras. 14. 20. 31. 86, 125.
hayasakai. Armenoceras, 28, 31, 87, 125.
Helicotoma. 60.
declivis. GO.
species inidetermined, 10, 23, 26, 60,
130. 133.
bemistriatus. Clitambonites, 47, 142,
143.
Hormotoma. 57.
artemesia. 58.
Itagodai. 57, 119.
.species undetermined, 18, 24, 32, 58,
139.
terebriformis. 58.
iniprobus, Sactoceras, 75.
inaii. Sactoceras. 14. 20. 76, 121.
insculpta, Megalaspis. Ill, 146.
intercostata. Ortbis, 42.
Isoteloides, 112.
species undetermined, 14, 26, 112,
129.
kangyaoensis, Lophospira, 17, 23, 53,
135.
kidol, Armenoceras, 88, 125, 147.
kimurai. Ormoceras, 14, 28, 102, 104,
127. 147.
kobayasbii. Sactoceras, 14, 20, 74, 121,
147.
liaotungense. Ortboceras, 14, 66, 120.
Sactoceras. 25. 76, 121.
Liospira barbouri. 50.
Lopbospira, 52.
acuta, 30.
aojii. 21. 23. 52, 50, 135, 136.
derwiduii. 55.
gerardi. 30.
grabaui. 17. 21. 23, 52, 53, 135.
kangyaoensis. 17. 23. 53, 135.
mancburiensis, 17, 23, 54, 135.
morrisi, 30. 53.
oweni. 17. 23, 54, 56, 136.
producta. 55.
Iiroducta pagodai, 17, 23, 31, 55,
136,
pulcbelliformis, 52.
saffordi. .55.
species undetermined, 56, 137.
spironema, 54.
siinuierensis, 53.
tenuistriata, 54.
trocbiformis, 30. 53.
tropidopbora, 53.
turritiformis. 17. 23. 55, 136.
yentaiensis, 17, 23, 56, 136.
b)uderl)acki. ('ycloceras. 69, 143.
Eccyliopterus. 59, 143.
INDEX TO GENEEA AND SPECIES 151
Maclurea, 8.
bigsbyi, 60, 61.
neritoides, 61.
nitida. 61.
niuhsintaiense. 61.
tofangoense, 61.
Maclurites, 60.
bigsbvi, 13. 14, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,
28, 34, 60, 119.
nitida, 14, 2.5, 34, 61, 119, 120.
inagnifica, Anthaspidella, 36.
magnicMnense, Ortlioceras, 65, 145.
magnitubulatnm, Armenoceras, 14, 31,
91, 126.
Tnancliui'ense, Actinoceras, 90.
Armenoceras, 14, 26, 90, 126.
manchnriense. Cycloceras, 14, 26, 28,
68, 70, 120, 121, 124.
Ormoceras, 16, 103. 134, 147.
Piloceras, 18, 27, 32, 35, 63, 139,
140.
manchnriensis, Lophospira, 17, 23, 25,
54, 135.
Stromatopora, 41.
Manchurioceras, 8.
manitoulinense, Sactoceras, 77.
inarcallumi, Rafinesquina expansa, 45.
marginale. Cycloceras, 16, 26, 28, 71,
134, 147.
Megalaspis, 111.
insculpta, 111, 146.
morrisi, Lopliospira, 30. 53.
inultiseriatus, Cryptolithus, 110, 111,
146.
multistriata, Orthis cbinensis, 42, 140.
murakamii, Actinoceras, 91.
Armenoceras, 14, 25, 91, 99, 126.
nagaoi, Ormoceras, 28, 104, 128, 147.
nanum, Actinoceras, 92.
Armenoceras, 14, 28, 31, 92, 101,
125.
talfayamai, Armenoceras, 13, 14,
21, 26, 93, 123.
neritoides, Maclurea, 61.
Nileus, 113.
perk'nsi, 113.
walcotti, 113, 146.
nitida, Maclurea, 61
Maclurites, 14, 25, 34. 61, 119, 120.
niuhsinense, Sactoceras, 14, 28, 75, 121,
147.
niuhsintaiense, Maclurea, 61.
nudum. Armenoceras, 28. 94. 127, 147.
numatai, Armenoceras, 16, 26, 94, 133.
147.
Nybyoceras, 79.
bekkeri, 79.
foerstei, 16, 26, 79, 132, 133.
ohtakai, Plectoceras, 16, 26, 73, 131.
•orientale, Armenoceras, 13, 21, 23, 31,
80, 123, 147.
Ormoceras, 13, 14, 28, 104, 106, 128.
Ormoceras, 102.
chinense, 14, 26, 102, 128.
kimurai, 14, 28, 102, 104, 127, 147.
manchuriense, 16, 26, 103, 134, 147.
nagaoi, 28, 104, 128, 147.
orientale, 13, 14, 28, 31, 104, 106,
128.
proximum, 29, 105, 127.
species undetermined, 107, 108, 121,
123, 129.
tail, 14, 106, 107, 129, 147.
taitzuense, 107, 129, 147.
orthambonites, Orthis, calligramma, 16,
17, 23, 26, 43, 130, 134.
Orthis. 41.
calligramma, 42, 43.
calligramma davisoni, 43.
calligramma orthambonites, 16, 17,
23, 26, 43, 130, 134.
calligramma serica, 43.
chinensis, 41, 42, 140.
chinensis multistriata, 42, 140.
(Dalmanella) testudinaria, 44.
intercostata, 42.
shensiensis, 42, 141.
testudinaria, 44.
Orthoceras, 65.
chinense, 66.
liaotungense, 66, 120.
magnichinense, 65, 145.
rectiseptatum, 29, 66, 132.
species undetermined, 28, 68, 120.
toyamai, 28. 67, 120, 147.
oweni. Lophosp ra, 17, 23, 54, 136.
Oxydiscus, 51.
planulatus, 16, 25, 51, 130.
pagodai, Hormotoma, 57, 119.
Lophospira producta, 17, 23, 31, 55,
136.
Pagodispira derwiduii, 30, 31, 55.
pauciannulatum, Tofangoceras, 68.
peitoutzense, Cycloceras, 14, 28, 31, 72,
121.
penhsiense, Armenoceras, 14, 26, 95,
127. 147.
Penhsioceras, 64.
fusiforme, 18, 27, 29, 65, 139.
perkinsi, N leus, 113.
Phragmolites, 50.
species undetermined, 16, 25, 50,
130.
Piloceras, 63, 64.
manchuriense, 18, 25, 27, 32, 35, 63,
139 140.
platyyentrum, 32, 64.
Pionodema, 48.
pnnctostriata, 48, 143.
subaequata, 48.
plana, Camarocladia, 14, 25, 34, 40, 118.
planulata, Anthaspidella, 18, 27, 32, 35,
37, 138.
planulatus. Oxydiscus, 16, 25. 51, 130.
platyventrum. Piloceras, 32, 64.
PlayfaTia, 46.
deltoidea, 14, 26, 46, 118.
152 BULLETIN 16 4, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Plectoceras. 73.
ohtakai. IG. 2G. 73, 131.
lioloi. YanjJCtzeella, 50.
Polytoechia. 48.
cliiiiensis, 48, 141.
tapiiensis. IS, L'T. 49, 138.
prisca. Soleiiositira. 59.
priMlucta paj^odai, Lophospira. 17, 23,
31. 55, 13(i.
pnixiiiiuni, Onnoceras, 29. 105, 127.
psoudosi'ptatum. Arnienoceras, 90.
Stereoplasnidceras, 90.
Ptyehoglyptus. 46.
ulriclii. 46, 142.
pulcliellifonnis. T>i()si)ira. 52.
punctustriuta, pionodeum, 48, 143.
puteata, Ilafinesquina, 45, 141.
radiata. Anthaspidella, 18, 27. 32, 35,
36, 137.
Rafineijquina, 45.
alternata, 45.
deltoidea, 46.
expaiisa niarcullunii. 45.
(Playfairia) deltoidea, 4G.
puteata, 45, 141.
species undetermined, 30, 45, 130.
Raphistonia, 51.
aequ laterum, 7, 14, IG, 22, 23, 26,
27, 51, 130, 134.
sinense, .59.
rectiseptatuni, Orthoceras, 29, 66, 132.
regulatum, Stromatocerium, 14, 25, 26,
28, 34, 40, 118.
resseri, Arnienoceras, 14, 26, 83, 124.
reticulata, Yangtzeella, 50, 143.
richthofeni, Actinoceras, 7, 26, 96.
Armenoceras, 7, 14, 31, 78, 95, 96,
127.
Robergla, 109.
striata, 109, 145.
rugosa, Caniarocladia. 34.
rugosuni, Stroniatoceriuni, 34. 90.
Sactoceras, 74.
iraprobus, 75.
inaii, 14. 26. 76, 121.
kobayashii, 14, 26, 74, 121. 147.
liaotungense, 14, 25, 76, 121.
nianitoulinen.'ie, 77.
niuhsinense. 14, 28, 75, 121. 147.
species undetermined, 77, 120, 121.
saffordi, Lopliospira, .55.
serica, Orthis cailigninnna, 43.
sbensiense, Cycloceras, 71, 144, 145.
siiensiensis, (3rtLis, 42, 141.
shimizui, Arnienoceras, 27, 97, 127.
sinense, Kapliistoma, ,59.
sinensis, Kccyliopterus, 59.
Solenospra, 59.
prisca, 59.
species undetermined. 17, 23, 59,
136.
sondai, Armenoceras, 14, 28, 29, 98, 127,
147.
si»ironema. Lophospira. 54.
Spyroceras, 69. 71, 72. 73.
species undetermined. 73, 145.
Stereoplasmoceras pseudoseptatum, 90.
striata. Robergia. 109, 14.5.
Srromatocerlum. 40.
regulatum. 14, 2.5, 26, 28, 34, 40,
118.
rugosum, 34, 40.
Stromatopora mMiichuriensis, 41.
Stroj)honiena deltoidea. 4(>.
styliforme, Cameroceras, 18, 27, C2, 62,
138.
suampanoides, Actinoceras. 104.
suanpanoides. Armenoceras, 31.
subae(iuata. Pionodema (Dalmanella),
48.
submarglnale, Arnienoceras. 31, 86.
sumnerensis, Lophospira, .53.
suzukii, Armenoceras, 14, 26, 98, 128.
tail, Ormoceras, 14, 106, 107, 129, 147.
taitzuense, Ormoceras, 107, 129, 147.
takayamai, Arnienoceras nanum, 13,
14. 21, 26. 93, 123.
tani, Armenoceras. 13, 14. 21, 25, 31,
87, 88, 97, 99, 121, 128, 147.
Act noceras, 81. 99.
tapuensis, Polytoechia, 18, 27. 49, 138.
teicherti, Armenoceras. 89, 126. 147.
tenuifilum, Actinoceras (Ormoceras).
S3,
tenuistriata, Lophospira, 54.
terebriformis. Horomotoma. 58.
tessellatus. Cryptolithus, 111.
testudinaria, Dalmanella, 43, 44, 141.
Orthis, 44.
Orthis (Dalmanella). 44.
T'ofangoceras pauchiannulatum, 68.
tofangoense. IMaclurea. 61.
toyaniai, Orthoceras. 28, 67, 120. 147.
Trilobites undetermined, 114, 133, 13'i,
143.
trochiforniis. Lophospira. 30, 53.
tropidophora, Lophospira, 53.
turritifornns, Lophospii-a, 17. 23. 55,
130.
ulrichi, Eotomaria. 17, 21, 23, 57, 137.
Ptyehoglyptus, 46, 142.
undulostriatum, Cycloceras, 69.
walcotti, Nileiis. 11.3, 146.
welleri, Cryptolithus, 111, 146.
.vabei, Armenoceras, 28, 100, 128.
Yangtzeella, 50.
poloi, 50.
reticulata, 50, 143.
.venlaiensis, Lophospira. 17, 23, 56, 136
o






LE6END
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LEGEND
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FAULT LINIi
FOSSIL LOCALITIES

KAULT LINK FOSSIL LOCALITIES
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