SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 135, NUMBER 2
Cftatles! ©. anb JMatj^ IJaux OTalcotti^esiearct) jFunbMORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OFTHE FORAMINIFERAL GENUSPARAROTALIA LE CALVEZ, 1949(With Five Plates)
ByALFRED R. LOEBLICH, JR.California Research CorporationLa Habra, Calif.ANDHELEN TAPPANU. S. Geological Survey
^
(Publication 4303)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONDECEMBER 3, 1957
THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC.BALTIMORE, WID., U. S. A.
Charles! ©. anb iflarp ^aux ^alcott Eeieartfj JfunbMORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THEFORAMINIFERAL GENUS PARAROTALIALE CALVEZ, 1949^By ALFRED R. LOEBLICH, JR.California Research CorporationLa Habra, Calif.ANDHELEN TAPPAN 2U. S. Geological Survey(With Five Plates)INTRODUCTIONMaterial collected by the writers from the Paleocene and lowerEocene of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains was found to containforamini feral species with distinctive apertural characters. A com-parison of this material with some collected by the authors in Englandand France in 1953-1954 showed the presence of related species insomewhat younger Eocene and Oligocene strata, and proved thatthese species belong to the genus Pararotalia Le Calvez.The earlier and more primitive species show better the ontogeneticapertural development of this genus ; they made possible the laterrecognition of these same apertural characters in the type species.The generic definition is therefore here emended and the type species,Pararotalia inermis (Terquem), is redescribed.Other new species are here described from the Paleocene andEocene of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and the Oligoceneof England and France.Certain species previously described as Rotalia or Glohorotalia arealso shown to belong to Pararotalia. These include Rotalia armatad'Orbigny from the Miocene, R. byramensis Cushman (and R.incisura Todd, here shown to be a synonym of byramensis) from the
1 Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.2 Mrs. Helen N. Loeblich.SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 135, NO. 2
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35Oligocene, R. parva Cushman from the Oligocene, R. canui Cushman(part, from the Oligocene of France; not including Rotalia stellataReuss, 1856, from the German Oligocene, for which canui was pro-posed as a new name), and Glohorotalia spinigera Le Calvez fromthe middle Eocene, Lutetian, of France.In addition to the type species, Pararotalia inermis (Terquem),only P. subinermis Bhatia from the Oligocene has been previouslyplaced in this genus. This latter species is also here described andfigured.One additional specimen, from the Miocene of France, is figured asPararotalia species. The lack of sufficient material makes specificidentification impossible, but it is here recorded for its stratigraphicinterest. GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCEPreviously reported from the middle Eocene and Oligocene, thegenus is now known to range from the Paleocene (Landenian) toMiocene (Burdigalian) (see fig. i). The oldest species known,P. macncili, new species, is from the Matthews Landing marl mem-ber of the Porters Creek clay (Midway group) of Alabama, equiva-lent to a part of the Landenian stage of the European section. Theother Paleocene species, P. ishamae, new species, also occurs in thelower Eocene. The lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Europe containsP. calvezae, new species, and the middle Eocene (Lutetian) containsP. inermis (Terquem) and P. spinigera (Le Calvez). Reaching itsclimax in the Oligocene, Pararotalia is represented by P. subinermisBhatia, P. curryi, new species, P. parva (Cushman), and P. byramen-sis (Cushman). From the Miocene, only P. armata (d'Orbigny) hasbeen described, although a single specimen of an undetermined speciesis also here figured.Although no species are yet reported from the upper Eocene orlower Miocene, further search will undoubtedly show their presence.In addition to the above-mentioned species, which are here illus-trated and described, the specimen figured by Kaasschieter (1955,pi. 9, fig. 2) as Rotalia rimosa Reuss from the lower Aquitanian-upperBurdigalian of the Aquitaine Basin of France, also appears to be aPararotalia. The species was originally described from the Oligoceneof southern France (Gaas), and although the original figure does notshow the true apertural character, it seems to represent the samespecies as that of Kaasschieter. As no material of this species was atpresent available to the writers, this species cannot here be definitelyallocated.
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35MORPHOLOGYThe character of the aperture of Pararotalia is discussed in detailin the generic diagnosis which follows. Only general comments onits relationship to the taxonomy are here included.Pararotalia was originally separated from Rotalia Lamarck becauseof the areal aperture, which was first observed in P. inermis(Terquem). Le Calvez (1949, p. 33) noted that other species whichshe considered as Rotalia were otherwise similar (e.g., Rotaliaarmata, R. audouini) but that they had an "ouverture typique deRotalia."Kaasschieter (1955, p. 86) considered Pararotalia to be only a sub-genus of Rotalia, regardless of the apertural character. He addedthat specimens of R. audouini "were observed which are in this re-spect identical with R. inermis, but other individuals show typicalRotalia-apertnres or a position in between the two extremes. Un-fortunately most of our specimens are too badly damaged for a clearanalysis of this important characteristic." He also added that "R.byramensis Cushman is entirely within the range of variation of ourspecimens of R. audouini."Examination oi R. audouini shows that this species always has acompletely basal aperture, dissections showing no earlier chambersthat have developed the umbilical apertural plate characteristic ofPararotalia which leaves an areal opening in the face of the chamber.Rotalia byramensis is, however, a true Pararotalia, the areal aperturebeing well developed. Dissection of specimens of Pararotalia alwaysshows this areal aperture in earlier chambers, as here shown in P.inermis, even in specimens in which it is absent from the final chamber.Such dissections show that the margin of the next chamber is addedso as to curve around the areal opening, and the later umbilical plateis only secondarily attached at its lower margin, expanding anteriorlyto cover the umbilical portion of the previously extraumbilical-umbilical interiomarginal opening. Thus, in a large suite of speci-mens of any species, one may observe both those specimens with basalaperture exposed and those with areal aperture and umbilical plate.In those species with relatively open umbilicus, such as the P.ishamae-spinigera group, this plate may also be secondarily brokenout. This character has undoubtedly led to some taxonomic confusion,and specimens of the same species may have been variously placedin one or the other genus, or the genera regarded as transitional(Kaasschieter, 1955, p. 86).A comparison of the various species here illustrated suggests that
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 5two lineages developed within the genus. The simplest and geologi-cally oldest species, Pararotalia macneili, new species, and P. ishamae,new species, are simple discorbidlike forms with rounded and inflatedchambers, without peripheral spines, and without a strongly angledumbilical shoulder. The umbilicus is relatively open and the umbilicalapertural plate can be easily observed. Later species show a pro-gressive development of angularity of chambers, the development ofnodes at the more acute umbilical shoulders, and the appearance ofperipheral spines and keels. Young specimens of the lower EoceneP. calvezae show the ancestral type, with nonspinose rounded cham-bers, whereas the adult test becomes more angled with peripheralspines. This lineage becomes more ornate with the development ofthe umbonal thickening and pustules on the spiral sides, nodes at theumbilical shoulder on the opposite side, the peripheral keel, and themore prominent spines of F. spinigera (Le Calvez). This groupcontinues into the Oligocene, as represented by P. curryi, newspecies, and P. parva (Cushman), and in the Miocene by P. armata(d'Orbigny).A second and more specialized group branched off in the middleEocene and Oligocene with the development of a more lenticular test,limbate sutures and peripheral keel, and characterized in particularby a very sharply angled umbilical shoulder, which together with theprominent umbilical plug serve to close the umbilicus and obscure theumbilical apertural plate, although the areal aperture is distinct andprominent. This group is represented by P. inermis (Terquem) inthe middle Eocene, P. byramcnsis (Cushman) and P. subinermisBhatia in the Oligocene.RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUSAlthough many of these species have been regarded by earlierworkers as Rotalia, and the genus Pararotalia has even been con-sidered as a subgenus of Rotalia, there is actually no close relationshipbetween these genera. As recently revised by Smout (1954, 1955) thepresent genus would not even belong to the same family (Rotaliidae)or superfamily (Rotaliidea) as the genus Rotalia.Smout restricted the super family Rotaliidea to include forms havingthe test built of radial, laminated calcite and (1955, p. 202) "canalicu-late with no aperture, or pores on the apertural face, or pores else-where, sometimes with interiomarginal intercameral foramina, orshowing derivation from such a form." All genera of the Rotaliidae
"have radial canals or fissures or umbilical cavities and intraseptal
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 35
and subsutural canals are common if not universal." Rotalia s. s. istypical of this group.The superfamily Discorbidea, according to Smout (1955, p. 202),includes genera that are "noncanaliculate with an interiomarginalaperture, areal aperture, or showing derivation from such a form."Furthermore (Smout, 1954, p. 10), "perforation of the intercameralforamen as an aperture seems universal in the Discorbidea." Smout(1954, p. 10) included in the superfamily the families "Discorbidae,Amphisteginidae, Cymbaloporidae, Planorbulinidae, and perhaps, theGloborotaliidae."Pararotalia does not have radial canals or fissures, nor does it haveintraseptal and subsutural canals and thus does not belong to theRotaliidae. It does have an interiomarginal aperture (originally)and areal aperture (derived from the basal aperture, by the additionof the umbilical apertural plate) and thus belongs to the superfamilyDiscorbidea and most probably to the family Discorbidae.Furthermore, as many of the species of "Rotalia" which have beenconfused with species of Pararotalia also have a basal aperture, al-though lacking the later umbilical apertural plate and consequentsecondarily areal aperture, they do not belong to true Rotalia, butpossibly also should be referred to the Discorbidea. Additional studyof these forms is necessary for generic placement.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe writers wish to acknowledge the field assistance of M. HenriTintant, Universite de Dijon, France, who accompanied us in the col-lecting at Grignon, France ; of Mr. Dennis Curry, Pinner, Middlesex,England, and Mr. A. G. Davis, London, England, in the collectingof the Oligocene Middle Headon beds of southern England ; and ofMr. Richard Page, Smithsonian Institution, in the collecting of theAquia formation of Virginia. Illustrations of the various speciesare camera lucida drawings prepared by Patricia Isham, scientificillustrator, U. S. National Museum.SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONSFamily DISCORBIDAE Cushman, 1927Genus PARAROTALIA Le Calvez, 1949, emendedPararotalia Le Calvez, Mem. Expl. Carte Geol. Det. France, Rev. Foram.Lutetiens. II Rotaliidae, p. 32, 1949.Type species.—Rotalina inermis Terquem, 1882. Fixed by originaldesignation and monotypy.
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 7Test free, trochospiral, planoconvex to biconvex, umbilicus filledwith a plug which may be broken out in preservation, chambersrounded to ovate in plan, may have smoothly rounded periphery ormay develop a short, blunt peripheral spine on each chamber, umbilical
Figs. 2, 3.
—
Pararotalia parva (Cushman).
2. Outline drawing of specimen, showing protruding lip above an open interio-marginal aperture (i.a.) with umbilical apertural plates (u.p.) present on earlierchambers around the umbilical plug (p.), but not on final chamber.3. Outline drawing of specimen with umbilical apertural plate (u.p.) cover-ing umbilical margin of final chamber, and partially closing the primary aperture,leaving open only the areal aperture (a.a.) typical of the genus Pararotalia.Early chambers also show umbilical apertural plates (u.p.) around the um-bilical plug (p.).
region of each chamber partially covered by secondary umbilicalplates; sutures flush to moderately depressed, straight to gentlycurved ; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, smooth orvariously ornamented with large, solid spines or fine scattered spinesor nodes; aperture on the umbilical side, originally interiomarginaland extraumbilical-umbilical (see text figs. 2, 4), with a lip above;a thin and delicate secondary umbilical plate is then formed beforethe development of the next chamber (text figs. 3, 5), covering the
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 35
umbilical portion of the aperture and leaving visible only a narrow,elongate, comma-shaped or slitlike areal portion of the apertureroughly paralleling the base of the apertural face, an internal septumbeing formed at the junction of the umbilical plate and the chamberwall, and the septum may be reflected at the surface by a more or lessdistinct suture ; this thin umbilical plate may be very narrow andalmost unnoticeable or relatively large and commonly broken awayafter development, showing only the interiomarginal aperture.Remarks.—Pararotalia Le Calvez diflfers from Glohorotalia Cush-man in having an areal aperture, formed by a secondary umbilicalplate which partially covers the umbilical portion of the aperture, andleaving open only a slitlike portion of the aperture,Eponidella Cushman and Hedberg superficially resembles the pres-ent genus in having chamberlets on the umbilical side (similar inappearance to the umbilical plates of Pararotalia) and an areal aper-ture, but the aperture of Eponidella is restricted to the face of thefinal chamber and does not have the morphologic relationship to thesecondary umbilical plates that is found in the present genus.This genus was originally described as having a simple areal aper-ture, which is strongly suggested in the type species. The observationof the secondary plate in other species and strong similarity in finalappearance of the areal apertures led the writers to examine care-fully at high magnifications a large suite of specimens of the typespecies from Grignon, France. Although the external suture is almostinvisible (text figs. 4, 5), dissected specimens proved the presence ofthis secondary umbilical plate in the type species also (see pi. i,figs. 3a, b), hence the generic diagnosis is herewith emended.The species thus far studied show an evolutionary trend from abiconvex test with lobulate periphery and rounded chambers to anearly lenticular or planoconvex test with angular chambers and akeeled, spinose, or stellate periphery.The secondary umbilical plates are more prominent in the earlyspecies, with a well-marked suture at the junction of this plate andthe chamber wall, and the fragile nature of the plates coupled withtheir later development allows for a greater frequency of specimensin which it has not yet been developed in the final chamber or has beensecondarily destroyed. Younger species show a much narrower seriesof plates restricted to the area below the umbilical shoulder andcommonly obscured by a combination of elevated umbilical shoulderand protruding umbilical plug. They also seem to be formed almostsimultaneously with the original chambers, as very few of the speci-
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN
mens show the early marginal aperture either before its developmentor by later breakage.Range.—Paleocene (Landenian) to Miocene (Burdigalian).
Figs. 4, 5.
—
Pararotalia inermis (Terquem).
4. Outline drawing of specimen, showing narrow lip above the open interio-marginal aperture (i.a.) in the final chamber through which can be seen theareal aperture of the penultimate chamber and its umbilical apertural plate(u.p.). Plate of earlier chambers nearly hidden beneath the overhanging um-bilical shoulder (s.) of the chambers, and further protected by the extremelylarge umbilical plug (p.).5. OutHne drawing of specimen with umbilical apertural plate (u.p.) cover-ing umbilical margin of final chamber, partially closing the primary aperture,leaving open only the areal aperture (a.a.), typical of the genus. Umbilicalplates are more difficult to see and are better protected in these angular andsharply keeled species.PARAROTALIA ARMATA (d'Orbigny), emendedPlate 5, figures 2a-cRotalia (Rotalie) armata d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. i, vol. 7, p. 273, 1826.Test free, trochospiral, biconvex, periphery acute, peripheral out-line stellate, spiral side evenly convex, umbilical side with chambers
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
strongly inflated near the umbilical shoulder, tending to form a circleof umbilical nodes, umbilicus filled by a large rounded and greatlyelevated plug ; chambers in 2 whorls, 6 to 7 in the final whorl, eachwith a short, blunt spine at the peripheral chamber angle; sutureslimbate, nearly flush and gently curved on the spiral side, depressedand radial on the umbilical side ; wall calcareous, smooth except forthe umbilical plug, the umbilical node on each chamber and the periph-eral spines, the peripheral border nonperforate and keel-like ; apertureinteriomarginal, on the umbilical side, the lower portion secondarilyclosed by an umbilical plate, leaving only a small areal opening.Figured hypotype 0.33 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—Pararotalia armata is characterized by the stellate out-line, depressed sutures on the umbilical side, elevated plug, and thenodes formed on each chamber at the umbilical shoulder. It is similarto P. byramensis (Cushman) in general appearance, differing in thestellate outline, more compressed test, and the more regularly convexspiral side.Types and occurrence.—Figured hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5807)from the Miocene (probably Burdigalian) at Dax, Dept. Landes,France. PARAROTALIA BYRAMENSIS (Cushman), emendedPlate I, figures la-cRotalia byramensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 129-E, p. 99, pi. 23,fig. I, 1922; Prof. Pap. 129-F, p. 138, 1922.
—
Cushman and Todd, Contr.Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 22, p. 100, pi. 16, fig. 23, 1946.Rotalia dentata Parker and Jones? Cushman, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap.129-E, p. 100, pi. 23, fig. 2, 1922.Rotalia ittcisnra Todd, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 241, p. 39, pi. 5, fig. 25a-c,1952.Test free, relatively large, trochospiral, planoconvex to biconvex,periphery angular to keeled, peripheral outline angularly lobulate;all of the i^ to 2^ whorls visible on the flat to gently convex spiralside, only the 7 (rarely 6 to 9) chambers of the final whorl visible onthe elevated umbilical side, chambers radially elevated on the umbilicalside, forming a nodelike projection at the umbilical shoulder, thendropping sharply into the deep umbilicus, which is completely filledwith an umbilical plug in small specimens, but in large specimens adeep and narrow umbilical depression remains around the umbilicalplug, each chamber with a single short peripheral spine at the dorsalangle, the rate of increase in chamber size and resultant overlap ofthe preceding chamber resulting in a slight variation in apparent posi-
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN II
tion of these spines in earlier chambers from near the midpoint ofthe chamber to near the following suture, this variation occurringfrom chamber to chamber in the same specimen; sutures gentlycurved, distinct, limbate, and may be elevated on the spiral side,deeply incised and radial on the umbilical side ; wall calcareous, finelyperforate, surface smooth or more rarely somewhat wrinkled in largeor gerontic specimens, ornamented by the raised sutures and periph-eral keel and spines ; aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbili-cal, secondarily filled at the umbilical margin with an umbilical platewhich leaves only a small rounded or ovate areal aperture completelysurrounded by a narrow lip.Greatest diameter of figured hypotype 0.40 mm.Remarks.—Pararotalia byramensis resembles most closely P.inermis (Terquem) from the Eocene (Lutetian) of France, but thechambers increase more rapidly in height, the peripheral outline ismore angularly lobulate and the chambers more strongly spinose, andthe sutures are more limbate and elevated on the spiral side.The holotype of F. byramensis is a somewhat atypical specimen, asit is a gerontic form which is unusually large, with more than theusual number of chanibers per whorl. It has 9 in the final whorl, butearlier whorls show the more common number of 7 per whorl, similarto the average specimen at that size. Noting the differences of thetype byramensis, the smaller specimens were later placed in a separatespecies, Rotalia incisura Todd (1952), which was said to differ fromR. byramensis in having "shorter spines, which originate from thesutural angle rather than the central part of the chamber, and projecttangentially forward rather than radially, and in the lesser protrusionof the chambers, such that except for the spines the periphery wouldbe only very slightly lobulated. This species also differs in its stronglylimbate dorsal sutures and the presence of a blunt keel on the periph-ery, and in its lack of surface ornamentation." These differences,however, vary considerably from specimen to specimen, and fromchamber to chamber of even the "holotypes" of the two species. Thetype of R. byramensis has more limbate sutures than that of R.incisura, in contrast to their descriptions, and both are distinctlykeeled. Examination of a large suite of specimens from the typelocality of the Byram formation collected by the writers, shows allgradations between these two "species," hence they are here consideredsynonymous.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (Cushman Coll. 25563) fromthe Byram formation. Pearl River at bridge, Byram, Miss.Figured hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5697) from the Byram formation,
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
west bank of Pearl River, just north of suspension bridge east ofByram, Hinds County, Miss. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., Oc-tober II, 1 941.PARAROTALIA CALVEZAE Loeblich and Tappan, new speciesPlate 2, figures z^-y^Test free, trochospiral, biconvex, umbilicus filled with a protrudingplug, periphery subacute to rounded, peripheral outline gently lobu-late to stellate, chambers in 2 whorls, 5 to 6 in the final whorl, morecommonly 5, one or more may have a single peripheral spine, cham-bers gently convex on the spiral side, with a subangular umbilicalshoulder on the opposite side, umbilical portion partially covered byan elongate secondary umbilical plate; sutures distinct, depressed,radial on the umbilical side, gently curved on the spiral side; wallcalcareous, distinctly perforate, ornamented with the peripheralspines; aperture on the umbilical side, interiomarginal and extra-umbilical-umbilical, with a narrow lip on the forward margin paral-lelling the outer periphery of the test, the very narrow secondaryumbilical plate covering the umbilical portion of the aperture, butlargely within the angle formed by the umbilical shoulder so that onlythose of the latest chambers can be well seen.Greatest diameter of holotype 0.35 mm. Paratypes range from0.23 to 0.35 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—This species differs from P. spinigera (Le Calvez) inbeing more biconvex, in possessing a more rounded rather than keeledperiphery, more depressed sutures on the spiral side, in being smallerand with more commonly 5 rather than 6 chambers in the final whorl.It is probably ancestral to P. spinigera, which is larger, more highlyornamented, and has a more angular periphery, chambers, and um-bilical shoulders.This species is named in honor of Mme. Yolande Le Calvez, Bureaudes Recherches Geologiques et Geophysiques, Paris, France, in recog-nition of her excellent work on the Foraminifera of the Lutetian ofthe Paris Basin.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (U.S.N.M. P5686) and figuredparatypes (U.S.N.M. P5687a-d) from the lower Eocene, Ypresian,about 8 feet above the base of the exposure in the brick pit at Gan,about 8 kilometers south of Pau, Dept. Basses Pyrenees, France.Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., April 1954.
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 1
3
PARAROTALIA CURRYI Loeblich and Tappan, new speciesPlate 3, figures 5a-7cRotalia canui Cushman (part; not Rotalia stellata Reuss, 1856), Bull. Soc.Sci. Seine-et-Oise, ser. 2, vol. 9, No. 4, p. 55, pi. 3, figs. 2a-c, 1928.
—
Bhatia, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 4, p. 684, pi. 66, figs. 32a-c, 1955.Test free, small, biconvex, periphery subacute, peripheral outlinelobulate to stellate, spiral side strongly convex, umbilical side with alarge umbilical plug; chambers sightly inflated on both sides with 2whorls, commonly 6 chambers in the final whorl, but young specimensmay have only 4 or 5 chambers per whorl, adult chambers commonlyeach with a single short, blunt peripheral spine; sutures depressedand gently curved ; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface of earlywhorl somewhat nodose on the spiral side, a peripheral spine is com-monly developed on some of the chambers of adult tests, but may notbe present in young tests or on the final chambers of adult tests;aperture interiomarginal, with a distinct lip at the upper forwardmargin, the lower portion of the aperture secondarily closed by anumbilical plate which leaves only a small areal opening.Holotype 0.23 mm. in diameter. Paratypes range from 0.15 to0.38 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—This species is very similar in appearance to P. parva(Cushman) but is somewhat thicker and more robust, with a moreclosed umbilicus.Cushman (1928, p. 55) proposed Rotalia canui as a new name forRotalia stellata Reuss, 1856, not R. stellata Ehrenberg, 1840. Inas-much as Cushman proposed a new name for the homonym of Reuss,the type specimen must be that of Reuss and cannot be "Jeurs (holo-type)" as Cushman erroneously stated (1928, p. 55). The species ofReuss is from the Oligocene, Casseler Schichten, of Luithorst, Ger-many, and is a larger planoconvex species with more angular chambers,similar to Pararotalia armata (d'Orbigny), although an areal aperturewas not noted and Reuss's species may not belong to the present genus.However, Cushman figured as R. canui from the French Oligocenea specimen with more gently lobulate peripheral outline, less acutelyangled periphery, and a typical Pararotalia aperture. One of theFrench specimens of Cushman is here figured (pi. 3, fig. 7). Bhatia(1955, p. 684) also recorded the present species as Rotalia canui fromthe Middle Headon, Brockenhurst beds of England. His figuredspecimen lacks the umbilical apertural plate on the final chamber andthus shows only an interiomarginal aperture. The French and Englishspecies is thus quite distinct from that of Reuss, and this species ishere named for Mr. Dennis Curry of Pinner, Middlesex, England, in
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, I35
recognition of his work on the Enghsh Tertiary stratigraphy andpaleontology. Mr. Curry accompanied the writers in 1953 while col-lecting from the Tertiary of southern England and the Isle of Wight.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (U.S.N.M. P5808) and figuredparatype (U.S.N.M. P5809) from the Oligocene (Lattorfian), MiddleHeadon, Brockenhurst beds, at White Cliff Bay, east coast Isle ofWight, England. Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., withDennis Curry and A. G. Davis.Figured paratype (U.S.N.M. P5810) from the Oligocene, Stam-pian, at Jeurs, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France.PARAROTALIA INERMIS (Terquem), emendedPlate I, figures 2a-3bRotalina inermis Terquem, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 68, pi. 6,fig. la-c, 1882.Pararotalia inermis (Terquem) Le Calvez, Mem. Expl. Carte Geol. Det. France.Rev. Foram. Lutetiens. II Rotaliidae, p. 32, pi. 3, figs. 54-56, 1949.Test free, trochospiral, lenticular, biconvex, periphery sharplyacute and strongly keeled, all whorls visible on the convex spiral side,only the 7 to 8 chambers of the last whorl visible on the deeply um-bilicate opposite side around the prominent umbilical plug ; chambersmuch inflated near the umbilicus, forming nodelike elevations at theumbilical shoulders ; sutures curved, limbate, but flush on the spiralside, radial and deeply depressed and slitlike on the umbilical side;wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth, except for the nodoseumbilical elevations of the chambers, the umbilical plug, peripheralkeel, and rare short peripheral spines of solid nonporous calcite
;
aperture an areal ovate opening surrounded by a slight lip, and mayhave as a minor toothlike projection from the upper margin the rem-nant of an earlier upper lip of the marginal aperture, the final arealopening due to secondary constriction by very narrow umbilical platesdeveloped below the umbilical shoulder and closely joined to the lowerchamber margin, the presence as a distinct structure being evidentinternally in dissected specimens.Hypotypes range from 0.28 to 0.50 mm. in diameter.Types and occurrence.—Hypotypes (U.S.N.M. P5693a-b) fromthe middle Eocene, Lutetian, Calcaire grossier (Zone IV of Abrard),in the sand pit at Grignon, now in the Pare d'Ecole Nationale d'Agri-culture, Grignon, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France. Collected by H, T.and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., with Henri Tintant, April 1954.
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 1
5
PARAROTALIA ISHAMAE Loeblich and Tappan, new speciesPlate 3, figures ia-4Test free, tiny, trochospiral, periphery rounded, peripheral outhnegently lobulate, about 2 whorls visible on the spiral side, final whorlcomposed of 5 chambers, umbilical side deeply umbilicate, with aprotruding umbilical plug ; sutures gently arcuate, somewhat thickenedand those of final whorl very slightly depressed on the spiral side,less thickened and more depressed on the umbilical side ; wall cal-careous, finely perforate, surface smooth and unornamented ; apertureinteriomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a relatively high open arch,with a narrow lip above, but with the umbilical portion commonlysecondarily covered by an umbilical plate which leaves open only thenarrow ovate or slitlike areal remnant of the aperture nearest theperipheral margin of the test, the portion of the plate adjacent to theaperture somewhat thickened to resemble a lower lip.Greatest diameter of holotype 0.20 mm. Paratypes range from0.13 to 0.28 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—This more primitive-appearing species is smaller anddoes not develop the peripheral spines of P. calvesae, new species,and P. spinigera (Le Calvez), lacks the nodose ornamentation of theearly spire, and is more nearly biconvex, without a keel or angularperiphery. A few small specimens of P. calvezae approach the char-acteristics of this species, suggesting that these later and more ornatespecies may have developed from such an ancestral type.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (U.S.N.M. P5689) and figuredparatype (U.S.N.M. P5690) from the Aquia formation, 3-foot shellbed between two i-foot indurated layers 10 to 13 feet above the baseof the exposure, west bank of the Potomac River near mouth ofAquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point, Va. Collected by A. R.Loeblich, Jr., and Richard Page, 1956.Paratype (U.S.N.M. P5691) from the Nanafalia formation, atthe type locality of the formation, Nanafalia Landing, TombigbeeRiver, Marengo County, Ala. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., July1956.Paratype (U.S.N.M. P5692) from the Matthews Landing marlmember of the Porters Creek clay, Naheola Landing, TombigbeeRiver, S'E^ sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. i E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choc-taw County, Ala. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., July 1956.
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35PARAROTALIA MACNEILI Loeblich and Tappan, new speciesPlate 2, figures ia-2bTest free, small, trochospiral, biconvex, periphery subacute, periph-eral outline lobulate ; chambers arranged in about 2 whorls, all visibleon the spiral side, only the 6 or 7 of the final whorl visible around thelarge, protruding umbilical plug on the opposite side ; inflated cham-bers of nearly equal breadth and height ; sutures gently curved, slightlydepressed on the spiral side, those of earlier whorl somewhat obscuredby the nodose surface ornamentation, sutures nearly radial and de-pressed on the umbihcal side; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surfacehirsute with numerous short, blunt spines ; aperture originally interio-marginal, extraumbilical-umbilical but secondarily closed by a narrowumbilical plate which leaves only the small ovate areal opening typicalof the genus.Greatest diameter of holotype 0.20 mm. Paratypes range from0.13 to 0.25 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—Pararotalia macneili, new species, differs from P.ishamae, new species, in having a strongly hirsute wall, and moreglobular-appearing chambers. Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez)differs in having angular chambers and a peripheral keel, a nodoseumbilical shoulder around the umbilical plug, and in having a morecoarsely perforate wall, a single peripheral spine per chamber insteadof the completely hirsute wall.The species is named in honor of F. Stearns MacNeil, U. S. Geo-logical Survey, in recognition of his contributions to the stratigraphyof the Paleocene of Alabama.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (U.S.N.M. P5694) and figuredparatype (U.S.N.M. P5695) from the Matthews Landing marl mem-ber of the Porters Creek clay, Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River,SE;| sec. 30, T. 15 N., R, i E., 11 miles east of Jachin, ChoctawCounty, Ala. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., July 1956.PARAROTALIA PARVA (Cushman), emendedPlate 4, figures 4-ScRotalia dentata Parker and Jones var. parva Cushman, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 129-F, p. 139, pi. 35, figs. I, 2, 1922; U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 133,p. 47, 1923.Rotalia parva Cushman, Cushman and Todd, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.Res., vol. 22, p. 100, pi. 16, figs. 24, 25, 1946; Todd, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 241, p. 40, pi. 5, fig. 26, 1952.Test free, trochospiral, periphery rounded, peripheral outline lobu-late to stellate, umbilicus filled with broad umbilical plug; chambers
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 1
7
of nearly equal breadth and height, commonly 6 in the final whorl,more rarely 5 to 5^, early whorls nodose on the spiral side ; suturesradial, slightly depressed in the final whorl, those of earlier whorlsobscured on the spiral side by the nodose ornamentation ; wall cal-careous, finely perforate, smooth except for the umbonal nodes, anda single solid imperforate spine at the peripheral margin of eachchamber; the spines may, however, be lacking in some of the laterchambers or in rare specimens may be absent from all chambers
;
aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, later filled witha secondary umbilical plate which leaves open only a small areal open-ing at the end nearest the test periphery, this areal opening surroundedby a lip, formed partially by the secondary plate and partially by theupper lip of the original opening.Hypotypes range from 0.18 to 0.38 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—Originally described as Rotalia, this species has littlein common with that genus, completely lacking the internal canalsystem of true Rotalia. The very distinctive areal aperture, visibleeven on the holotype, has never been accurately described. Early de-scriptions mentioned only the number of chambers and size of periph-eral spines, and did not discuss the aperture (Cushman, 1922, 1923;Cushman and Todd, 1946). Todd (1952, p. 40) described the aper-ture as "a rather large arched opening under the ventral edge of thelast formed chamber." Specimens do occur that show the open archedmarginal aperture (one of the two specimens figured by Cushman andTodd [1946] shows this, although they figured only the spiral side).The other specimen figured by Cushman and Todd (1946), the holo-type selected by Cushman (1922), and many other specimens in theCushman collection show the typical areal aperture of Pararotalia. Inother specimens, however, extraneous matter obscures the apertureand umbilical region because of inadequate preparation of material.Pararotalia parva is very similar to P. spinigera (Le Calvez) inappearance, but has less angular and more globular chambers, and amore gently rounded umbilical shoulder and relatively larger umbilicalplug, which leaves open very little of the umbilical depression. Para-rotalia parva differs from P. ishamae in possessing peripheral spinesand in being about twice as large.Types and occurrence.—Holotype (Cushman Coll. 59665) from thetype locality of the Mint Spring marl member of the Marianna lime-stone, shell and sand bed at foot of high waterfall. Mint Spring Bayou,Vicksburg, Miss. Collected by C. W. Cooke and E. N. Lowe.Paratype (Cushman Coll. 59664) from same horizon, foot of highwaterfall in Glass Bayou, near Vicksburg, Miss.
l8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35Figured hypotypes (U.S.N.M. P5696a, b) from the Byram forma-tion, west bank of Pearl River, just north of suspension bridge eastof Byram, Hinds County, Miss. Collected October ii, 1941, byA. R. Loeblich, Jr.PARAROTALIA SPINIGERA (Le Calvez), emendedPlate 4, figures ia-3Globorotalia spinigera (Terquem) Le Calvez (not Rosalina spinigera Terquem,1882), Mem. Expl. Carte Geol. Det. France. Rev. Foram. Lutetiens. IIRotaliidae, p. 39, pi. 6, figs. 97-99, 1949.Globorotalia spinigera Le Calvez, ibid., IV Valvulinidae, Peneroplidae, Ophthal-midiidae, Lagenidae, p. 48, 1952.
"Rotalia" spinigera Terquem, Gullentops, Mem. Inst. Geol. Univ. de Louvain,vol. 20, p. 17, pi. I, figs. I5a-c, 1956.Test free, trochospiral, planoconvex, spiral side gently to stronglyconvex, umbilical side flattened and umbilicate with an umbilical plug,periphery angled, peripheral margin lobulate to stellate ; chambers inabout 2 whorls, 5 to 6 in the final whorl with a single short, bluntspine arising from the periphery of each chamber or the spines maybe reduced or absent in the later i or 2 chambers ; early chambersappear nodose on spiral side, later portion gently convex and ofnearly equal breadth and height, chambers with a rather abruptumbilical shoulder on the umbilical side which may become sufficientlypronounced as to suggest a node at the umbilical shoulder, umbilicalportion of chambers covered by a secondary plate which reaches fromthe umbilicus over the umbilical portion of the aperture, flaring out-ward to form a lower lip to the thus constricted areal remnant of theaperture ; sutures radial, distinct, and deeply depressed on the umbili-cal side, gently curved and somewhat depressed in the later whorl onthe spiral side, those of earlier whorls being obscured by the nodosesurface of the early whorl ; wall calcareous, relatively coarsely per-forate, the umbonal knobs, peripheral spines, umbilical plug, and thenodes at the umbilical shoulder appearing solid and imperforate,secondary umbilical plates relatively thin and delicate and appear lesscoarsely perforate ; aperture on the umbilical side, interiomarginal andextraumbilical-umbilical with a short spatulate lip covering the for-ward one-third of its upper margin, the secondary umbilical plate latercovering the umbilical portion of the aperture to the lower margin ofthe spatulate upper lip, leaving visible only a narrow comma-shapedareal opening and flaring to form a protruding lower lip to the aper-ture, which is roughly parallel to the lower margin of the chamber,Hypotypes range from 0.30 to 0.55 mm. in diameter.Remarks.—This species was described by Le Calvez (1949, p. 39)
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN I9
as Globorotalia spinigera (Terquem) . She stated that the original typeof Terquem had disappeared, but on the basis of the original figures,she identified as Terquem's species this form which was stated to befrequent at Grignon and Septeuil. In the addenda to this publicationLe Calvez (1952, p. 48) later stated that types of additional specieshad been found, including a slide of Rosalina spinigera Terquem.The two individuals contained therein were not the same as the presentspecies, but Le Calvez identified one as a badly preserved Rotaliaseptifera (Terquem) and the other as a good specimen of Rotaliaartnata d'Orbigny. She therefore placed Rosalina spinigera in thesynonymy of Rotalia armata and the present species was consideredas a distinct species, Globorotalia spinigera Le Calvez.The specimen figured by Le Calvez and the description given repre-sent forms in which the delicate secondary umbilical plate of thisspecies has been broken away, giving the erroneous appearance of asimple interiomarginal aperture.Gullentops (1956) recently suggested that Rotalia spinigera mightbelong to Pararotalia or to Neorotalia Bermudez, 1952, stating (p. 19)that among some hundreds of specimens of R. spinigera there weresome with an areal aperture. He believed that only the aperture ofthe final chamber was marginal, and that all earlier ones were whollyareal. The present writers have also observed and figured (pi. 4,fig. i) a complete specimen with an areal aperture on the finalchamber. Gullentops referred the species spinigera to the genus
"Rotalia/^ in the sense of Cushman, although he stated (p. 19) thatit had not the least resemblance to the group of i?. trochidiformis. Healso commented that the genus Pararotalia had not yet been completelydefined. Gullentops (1956, p. 18) placed both Rotalia dentata var.parva Cushman and R. caniii Cushman in the synonymy of R. spini-gera, thus implying that they also have areal apertures, and couldbelong to Pararotalia. We agree to their congeneric status, but believethe younger species can be separated from P. spinigera, as discussedunder their respective descriptions above.Types and occurrence.—Hypotypes (U.S.N.M. P5688a-c) fromthe middle Eocene, Lutetian, Calcaire grossier (Zone IV of Abrard),in the sand pit at Grignon, now in the Pare d'Ecole Nationale d'Agri-culture, Grignon, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France. Collected by H. T.and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., with Henri Tintant, April 1954.In the description given by Le Calvez (1949, p. 39), this specieswas recorded as frequent at Grignon and Septeuil, but no locality wasgiven for the specimen figured, nor was a holotype mentioned in either
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
publication of Le Calvez, The specimens here figured are from theGrignon locality and may thus be topotypes.PARAROTALIA SUBINERMIS Bhatia, emendedPlate S, figures la-cPararotalia subinermis Bhatia, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 4, p. 683, pi. 67,figs. 3a-c, 1955-Test free, relatively large, periphery keeled and sharply angled,peripheral outline subangular ; about 2 whorls visible on the flat spiralside, only the 7 chambers of the final whorl visible on the stronglyelevated umbilical side, chambers about twice as high as broad, wedge-shaped in outline, much elevated around the umbilicus and with acutelyangled umbilical shoulders, umbilicus with a large and strongly pro-truding plug; sutures flush, straight but oblique on the spiral side,deeply incised and radial on the umbilical side ; wall calcareous, finelyperforate, surface minutely granular in appearance; aperture appear-ing to be a narrow areal slit as the umbilical apertural plate is obscuredat the surface by the strongly protruding chambers with acutelyangled umbilical shoulders.Diameter of figured topotype 0.50 mm.Remarks.—This species differs from Pararotalia inermis (Ter-quem) in the more angled peripheral outline, the flatter spiral sidewith straight and oblique rather than curved sutures, and the moreelevated umbilical side with large umbilical plug which nearly com-pletely fills the umbilicus.Types and occurrence.—Figured topotype (U.S.N.M. P5811) fromthe Oligocene (Lattorfian), Middle Headon, Brockenhurst beds, atWhite Cliff Bay, east coast of Isle of Wight, England. Collected byH. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., with Dennis Curry and A. G. Davis,September 24, 1953. PARAROTALIA speciesPlate 5, figures 3a-cA single specimen of a Pararotalia was obtained from the Miocene(Burdigalian) near Dax. It somewhat resembles P. curryi, new spe-cies, but is more strongly keeled, more compressed, and has relativelyhigher chambers. The umbilical side lacks a plug, but as only a singlespecimen is available, it is not certain whether or not this is an acci-dental feature. The elevated chambers around the umbilicus some-what resemble P. spinigera (Le Calvez) but the spiral side is lessconvex and the peripheral spines less prominent.
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 21Diameter of figured specimen 0.35 mm.Types and occurrence.—Figured specimen (U.S.N.M. P5812)from the Miocene, Burdigalian, at Mont de Marson, near St. Avit,region of Dax, Dept. Landes, France.REFERENCESBhatia, S. B.1955- The foraminiferal fauna of the late Palaeocene sediments of the Isleof Wight, England. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 665-693,pis. 66, 67.CUSHMAN, J. A.1922. The Foraminifera of the Mint Spring calcareous marl member of tlieMarianna limestone. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 129-F, pp. 123-143, pis. 29-35.1923. The Foraminifera of the Vicksburg group. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 133, pp. 11-57, pis. 1-8.1928. Foraminiferes du Stampien du Bassin de Paris. Bull. Soc. Sci.Seine-et-Oise, ser. 2, vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 47-62, pis. 1-3.CusHMAN, J. A., and Todd, R.1946. A foraminiferal fauna from the Byram marl at its type locality.Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 22, pp. 76-102, pis. 13-16.GULLENTOPS, F.1956. Les foraminiferes des sables de Vieux-Jones (Tongrien superieur).Mem. Inst. Geol. Univ. de Louvain, vol. 20, pp. 1-25, pi. i.Kaasschieter, J. P. H.1955. Part 3. Smaller Foraminifera. In Drooger, C. W., Kaasschieter,J. P. H., and Key, A. J., The microfauna of the Aquitanian-Burdigalian of southwestern France. Verb. Kon. Nederl. Akad.van Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., ser. i, vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 50-99,pis. 2-13.Le Calvez, Y.1949. Revision des Foraminiferes Lutetiens du Bassin de Paris. II. Ro-taliidae et families affines. Mem. pour servir a I'explication de lacarte geologique detaillee de la France, pp. 1-54, pis. 1-6.1952. Revision des Foraminiferes Lutetiens du Bassin de Paris. IV. Valvu-linidae, Peneroplidae, Ophthalmidiidae, Lagenidae. Mem. pourservir a I'explication de la carte geologique detaillee de la France,pp. 1-64, pis. 1-4.Smout, a. H.1954. Lower Tertiary Foraminifera of the Qatar Peninsula. Monogr.British Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 1-96, pis. 1-15, text figs. 1-44.1955. Reclassification of the Rotaliidea (Foraminifera) and two new Cre-taceous forms resembling Elphidium. Journ. Washington Acad.Sci., vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 201-210, figs. i-io.TODD, R.1952. Vicksburg (Oligocene) smaller Foraminifera from Mississippi. U. S.Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 241, pp. 1-53, pis. 1-6.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35EXPLANATION OF PLATESPlate i. Pararotalia byramensis, P. inermisFig. 3b X 255, all other figures X 146. PageFig. I. Pararotalia byramensis (Cushman) 10la, Spiral view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5697) from the Byramformation (Oligocene) of Mississippi, showing low convexity andthickened sutures, ib, Umbilical view, showing thickened suturesand umbilical plug, ic, Edge view, showing much elevated umbilicalside, angular umbilical shoulder, and areal aperture.Figs. 2, 3. Pararotalia inermis (Terquem) 142a, Spiral view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. Ps693a), showing curvedsutures and lobulate keeled periphery. 2b, Umbilical view, showingnodes at the umbilical shoulder and the large umbilical plug. 2c,Edge view, showing areal aperture, with apertural umbilical platemostly obscured by the elevated, nodose, and acutely angled umbili-cal shoulder. 3a, Edge view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5693b), fromwhich most of final chamber has been removed, showing curvatureof final chamber remnant around the areal aperture of the precedingchamber, and the remains of the secondary umbilical plate externalto the chamber wall but attached to it, which is of much reducedheight in this species. 3b, Enlargement of apertural portion offig. 3a. Both from the Calcaire grossier, Lutetian (middle Eocene)of France. Plate 2. Pararotalia macneili, P. calvesaeAll figures X 146Figs. I, 2. Pararotalia macneili Loeblich and Tappan, new species 16la, Spiral view of holotype (U.S.N.M. P5694), showing smallsize and hispid surface, but lack of large peripheral spines such asare found in younger species, ib. Umbilical view, showing lowumbilical plug and areal aperture, ic. Edge view, showing biconvextest, rounded periphery, and areal aperture. 2a, Umbilical view ofparatype (U.S.N.M. P5695) which shows the low interiomarginalaperture before development of the umbilical plate. 2b, Edge view.Both from the Matthews Landing marl member of the PortersCreek clay (Paleocene) of Alabama.Figs. 3-7. Pararotalia calvezae Loeblich and Tappan, new species 123a, Umbilical view of paratype (U.S.N.M. P5687a), with interio-marginal aperture and umbilical plug, and the lobulate peripheraloutline of juvenile specimens. 3b, Edge view. 4, Umbilical view ofparatype (U.S.N.M. Ps687b), with well-developed secondary um-bilical plate, resultant areal aperture, and small peripheral spineson some chambers. 5a, Spiral view of paratype (U.S.N.M. P5687C),showing nodose early spire. 5b, Umbilical view, showing areal aper-ture. 5c, Edge view. 6, Umbilical view of paratype (U.S.N.M.P5687d), with areal aperture above the umbilical plate. 7a, Spiralview of holotype (U.S.N.M. P5686), showing short, blunt periph-eral spines. 7b, Umbilical view, showing umbilical plug and areal
NO. 2 THE GENUS PARAROTALIA—LOEBLICH AND TAPPAN 23
Pageaperture. 7c, Edge view. All from the Ypresian (lower Eocene)of France. Plate 3. Pararotalia ishaniae, P. curryiAll figures X 146Figs. 1-4. Pararotalia ishamae Loeblich and Tappan, new species 15la, Spiral view of holotype (U.S.N.M. P5689), showing smalldiscorbidlike test, ib, Umbilical view, showing areal aperture andumbilical plug, ic, Edge view, showing rounded periphery and arealaperture. 2, Umbilical view of large paratype (U.S.N.M. P5690),showing interiomarginal aperture. Both from the Aquia formationof Virginia. 3a, Spiral view of paratype (U.S.N.M. P5691) fromthe Nanafalia formation of Alabama. 3b, Umbilical view, showingareal aperture and well-marked umbilical plate. 3c, Edge view.4, Oblique umbilical view of dissected paratype (U.S.N.M. PS692)from the Matthews Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clayof Alabama, showing areal aperture and umbilical plate.Figs. 5-7. Pararotalia curryi Loeblich and Tappan, new species 135a, Spiral view of holotype (U.S.N.M. P5808). 5b, Umbilicalview, showing pronounced umbilical plug, areal aperture and umbili-cal plates. Sc, Edge view. 6, Umbilical view of paratype (U.S.N.M.P5809), showing open interiomarginal aperture on final chamber,before development of umbilical plate, small peripheral spines, andelevated nodes at the umbilical shoulder of the chambers. Both fromthe Brockenhurst beds, Lattorfian (Oligocene) of England. 7a,Spiral view of large paratype (U.S.N.M. P5810) from the Stampian(Oligocene) of France, showing small peripheral spines. 7b, Um-bilical view, showing interiomarginal aperture. 7c, Edge view.
Plate 4. Pararotalia spinigera, P. parvaAll figures X 146Figs. 1-3. Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) 18la, Spiral view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. Ps688a), showing stellateoutline, strongly developed peripheral spines, and early nodosewhorls. lb. Umbilical view, showing strong umbilical nodes of thechambers, umbilical plug, and areal aperture with bordering umbili-cal plate. IC, Edge view, showing planoconvex test, with the for-ward lip of the areal aperture largely obscuring the opening fromthis view. 2, Edge view of dissected hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5688b),showing areal aperture and well-marked umbilical plate of penulti-mate chamber. 3, Umbilical view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5688C),showing final chamber, retaining the interiomarginal character ofthe aperture before the development of the umbilical plate. All fromthe Calcaire grossier, Lutetian (middle Eocene) of France.Figs. 4, 5. Pararotalia parva (Cushman) 164, Umbilical view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5696a), showing largeumbilical plug, areal aperture, and umbilical plate. 5a, Spiral view
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I35
Pageof hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5696b), showing thickened sutures, lobu-late and spinose periphery. 5b, Umbilical view of specimen with in-teriomarginal opening in final chamber, and prominent lip at forwardmargin of aperture. 5c, Edge view, showing biconvex, nearly sym-metrical test, contrasting with the planoconvex test of P. spinigera.Both from the Byram formation (Oligocene) of Mississippi.Plate 5. Pararotalia subinermis, P. armata, P. speciesAll figures X 146Fig. I. Pararotalia subinermis Bhatia 20la, Spiral view of topotype (U.S.N.M. Ps8ii) from the Brocken-hurst beds, Lattorfian (Oligocene) of England, showing prominentkeel, thickened sutures, and polygonal outline, ib. Umbilical view,showing very large umbilical plug and angular umbilical shoulderof the protruding chambers, ic, Edge view, showing areal aperture,large and cylindrical umbilical plug and acutely angled umbilicalshoulder which largely obscures the narrow umbilical plates.Fig. 2. Pararotalia armata (d'Orbigny) 92a, Spiral view of hypotype (U.S.N.M. P5807) from the Burdi-galian (Miocene) of France, showing stellate outline. 2b, Umbilicalview, showing large umbilical plug and small areal aperture. 2c,Edge view, showing lenticular outline of this species, protrudingumbilical plug, areal aperture, and very narrow umbilical plate offinal chamber.Fig. 3. Pararotalia species 203a, Spiral view of specimen (U.S.N.M. P58r2) from the Burdi-galian (Miocene) of France, showing stellate outline, peripheralkeel and spines. 3b, Umbilical view, showing chamber nodes aroundthe umbilicus, which lacks a plug, although this may have beenbroken out in preservation or preparation. 3c, Edge view, showingtypical areal aperture.
PLATES

.MITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135, NO. 2, PL. 1
Pararotalia byramensis, p. inermis(See explanation at end of text.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135, NO. 2, PL.
PARAROTALIA MACNE1L.I, P. CALVEZAE(See explanation at end of text.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135, NO. 2, PL. 3
PARAROTALIA ISHAMAE, P. CURRYI(See explanation at end of text.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135, NO. 2, PL. 4
Pararotalia spinigera, p. parva(See explanation at end of text.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 135, NO. 2, PL. 5
Pararotalia subinermis, p. armata. p. species(See explanation at end of text.)