A KEVIEW OF THE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES OF JAPAN. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin Starks,Of Stanford Uidirrsit)/, California. In this paper is g-iven a descriptive catalogue of the species of thefamilies Fleuronectidse and Soleidffi, tiounders and soles, known toinhabit the waters of Japan and the shores of the Japan Sea. It isbased primarily on the collection made by Professors Jordan andSnyder in the summer of 1900. Series of these specimens are in theUnited States National Museum, in the British Museum, and in themuseum of Stanford University. The new illustrative figures are thework of Mrs. Chloe Leslie Starks and Mr. William S. Atkinson.The flounders and soles together constitute the suborder Hetero-somata. The relations of this group are uncei'tain, but it is evidentthat these fishes have no special affinity with the Gadidse or withother forms with jugular ventral fins. Boulenger associates the floun-ders with the Zeid?, and suggests the derivation of both groups fromthe extinct family Amphistiidte. But there is no positive warrant forthis ingenious guess. Suborder HETEROSOMATA.FLATFISHES.Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, toallow two orbits on the same side of the head; basis cranii not quitesimple; dorsal fin long, of jointed rays; superior pharyngeals 4, thethird longest, much extended forward, the inferior separate; ventralfins thoracic rarely wanting; of more than five rays, all articulate; nofin-spines; shoulder-girdle normal, the hypercoracoid perforate. Inthe very young fishes the two sides of the body are alike and the eyesare one on each side, with normal cranium.KEY TO FAMILIES OP HETEROSOMATA. o. Preopercular margin more or less distinct, not hidden by the skin and scales ofthe head; eyes large, well separated; mouth moderate or large; teeth present.Pleuronectid.e, I(la. Preopercular margin adnate, hidden by the skin and scales of the head; eyessmall, close together; mouth very small, much twisted; teeth rudimentary orwanting. ' Soleid^, IIProceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXI?No. 1484. 161 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.Family I. PLEUKONE(^TID^..FLOTTNDERS; HIRAME OR KAREI in Japanese.Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsj^m-metrical, the cranium twisted, both eyes being on the same side of thebody, which is horizontal in life, the ej^ed side l)eing uppermost andcolored, the blind side lowermost and usuall}^ plain. In the veryyoung fish the bones of the head are symmetrical, one eve on each side,and the body is vertical in the water. In most species the craniumbecomes twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it. P]yes large,well separated; mouth small or large, the dentition various, the teethalways present; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillarybone; pseudo-brancln^y present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lowerpharyngeals separate; no air-bladder; preopercle with its margin usu-ally distinct; not wholly adnate or hidden by the skin of the head;vent not far behind head, the viscera confined to the anterior part ofthe body; scales various, rarely absent, usually small; lateral linesusuall}" present, extending on the caudal fin, sometimes duplicated orwanting. Dorsal fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning onthe head; anal similar, shorter; caudal various, sometimes coalescentwith dorsal and anal; pectorals inserted rather high, rarel}^ wanting;ventrals thoracic under the pectorals, usuall}^ of several soft rays, oneof them sometimes wanting. Fishes mostly carnivorous, inhabitingsandy bottoms in all seas, some species ascending rivers.Most of the flounders are valued as food, the flesh being Avhiteand wholesome, but rather tasteless, and in some species somewhatcoarse. These fishes are known in Japanese as Karei, usually withan adjective prefix, indicating the different species, as Kurokarei,black flounder; Mizugarei, water flounder; Ishigarei, rock flounder.The larger ones are called Hirame or halibut {Idra^ broad; ina^ eye).Apparently the members of the Psettina3 or Turbot tribe aremore primitive than the other subfamilies represented in Japan. Therelative simplicity of structure in the Halil)ut tribe is of the natureof degeneration.The earliest fossil flounders, from the European Cretaceous, arerelated to the genus ^o^A^^s, which contains the Brill, Bothus I'Jiomhus^an ally of the Japanese genus, PlatophryK.KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF PLEI'RONECTID.E.A. Ventral fins unsymmetrical, dissimilar in position and usually also in form, theventral fin of the eyed side being extended along the ridge of the abdomen.Eyes and color on the left side. (Turbot tril)e) Psettin.k, IAA. Ventral fins symmetrical, similar in position and in form of base, the ventralof the colored side not -extended along the ridge of the abdomen.a. Mouth nearly symmetrical, the dentition nearly equally developed on both NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN A STARRS. 163 sides, the gape usually, but not always wide. Eyes and color on the rightside in most northern forms, on the left side in others. (Halibut tribe.)HiPPOC.LOSSIN.K, IIaa. Mouth unsymmetrical, the jaws on the eyed side with nearly straight outline,the bones on'the blind side strongly curved; teeth chiefly on the blind side.h. Eyes and color on the right side (with occasional excejjtions). (Plaicetribe) Pleuronectin.e, IIII. SuT^faiiaiiy r'SE;TTiisr..gEc;.TTJRBOT TRIBE.Large-Tifiontlied fiounders^ with the ventral finft unsymmetrical.?Mouth ^symmetrical, the dentition nearly equally developed on bothsides; g-ape usually wide (narrow in Platophrys., Etropus^ etc.), themaxillary commonly more than \ length of head; lower pharyngealsnarrow, each with one or more rows or a narrow band of small, sharpteeth; teeth in jaws acute; eyes not minute; pectorals and ventralsusuall}^ well developed; edge of preopercle free; ventral fins dissimilarin form or in position, that of the left or eyed side inserted on theridge of the abdomen, its base extended along this ridge, its rays moreor less wide apart; caudal tin rounded or subtruncate; no accessorylateral line; anal spine usually weak or obsolete; a pelvic spine some-times developed; vertebrte in moderate or small number, 31 to 45.Bod}^ sinistral. Species chiefly tropical or subtropical in distribution,scantily represented in Japan.The Turbots are here placed at the beginning of the flounder seriesas the most primitive of flounders, though not the most simple inanatomical structure. KEY TO GENERA. a. Pectoral fin of both sides present; septum of gill-cavity below gill-arches withoutforamen; a deep emargination near the isthmus; ventral fins free from anal.h. Vomer toothless; ventral fins free from anal; caudal fin subsessile. c. Lateral line with a distinct arch in front; teeth small, uniserial, or biserial.(L Interorbital space more or less broad, deeply concave, at least in the males;form broad ovate; gillrakers short and thick. e. Scales small, ctenoid, adherent, 75 to 100 or more; teeth mostly uniserial;anterior rays of dorsal not elevated; pectoral of left side usually fila-mentous in the male; vertebra? (in P. lunatus) 9+30=39. .Platophri/s, 1ee. Scales large, deciduous; anterior dorsal rays not elevated Sea-ops, 2dd. Interorbital space narrow, sometimes reduced to a simple ridge; dorsalnot elevated in front; scales large, firm; gillrakers slender; teeth in twoseries ". Engi/pnmpoii, 3II. SuTafainily HIPPOGLOSSIISr^^.HALIBUT TRIBE.Large-mouthed Jlou7ide7's, with the ventralfn.^ sym metrical.?Mouthsymmetrical, the jaws and the dentition nearly equally developed onboth sides; gape usually wide, the maxillary more than i length ofhead; lower pharyngeals narrow, usually with but 1 or 2 rows of sharp 164 I'lloVKEDlXaS OF TIIK NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.teeth; teeth in jaws usually acute; eyes large; edge of preopercle free;pectoral and ventral tins well developed, the ventralfins similar in posi-tion and in form of l)ase, the ventral fin of the eyed side not beingattached along the ridge of the abdomen. Septum of gill cavity with-out foramen.The existing species are mostly arctic or subarctic, and mostly dex-tral, ))ut the more primitive forms (allied to PandicJitJiyx) are largelysemitropical and sinistral. KEY TO GENERA. a. Vertebra^ and fin rays in moderate nund)ers (vertebrae fewer than 46, dorsal raysfewer than 95, anal rays fewer than 75) ; caudal fin not concave, the middle rayslongest.h. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of eye; teeth sharp, uniserial; eyes sinistral(rarely reversed) ; lateral line with a strong arch in front; no anal spine.Species tropical or semitropical, allied to Paraliddliys. c. Scales moderately ctenoid; gillrakers slender; some of the teetli canine-like;noni' of the rays much produced; vertebn^e .30 to 40.d. Lateral line with a short accessory branch extending from near the opercu-lar angle to base of dorsal fin ; l)ody rather deep Psrndorlirown dots, and at regular intervals, alxnit 10rays apart is a round spot, dark, nearly as large as pupil, at l)ase ofrays; 1 or 2 very faint bars on pectoral; caudal dark at base and tipof rays, a broad light l)and across its middle.The above description is drawn from a female example 16 cm. inlength from Keerun, Formosa. We did not find the species in Japan,although originally described from Nagasaki.(/ifp/og-, m3^riad; aGri)p^ star.)2. SCyEOPS Jordan and Starks.Scxo-ps Jordan and Starks, BulL U. S. Fish. Comni., XXII, 1902 (1904), p. 627( grandisquama) . This genus in near Platop}ir[i><^ differing in the large, caducousscales; the tin rays are not produced in the male and the sexual differ-ences are less pronounced than in Phitoplinjx. Teeth one-rowed; gill-rakers very short. Size small. A second species, 8cse,ops pmcilura(Bleeker), verj^ similar to the type of the genus, occurs in the EastIndies. Scxops xcna/idrla is found in Hawaii.{GKixiog^ left; oDip^ eye.) KEY TO SPECIES. a. Scales large, 36 in a lateral series. Color plain brownish; caudal fin with a blackspot al)ove and one below grandiscjuitnia, 2aa. Scales smaller, 45 in a lateral series; u])per eye more posterior. Color lightbrown, freckled with darker brown; caudal fin with three dark cross-shades.Ivberms, 32. SC.EOPS GRANDISQUAMA (Schlegel).DARTJMAGAREI (DARUMA 'r-FLOUNDER); MARUTAGAREI (LOG-FLOUNDER).Rhoinbiifi fjrandisqaauia Scmlecjel, Fauna .Taponica, Poiss., p. 183, 1846, pi. xni,figs. 3, 4 (Nagasaki).Rhomboidirldhys grandisfjuama Gunther, Cat., IV, p. 437 (China, also by errorascribed to theGulf of Fonseca). ? Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 25 ( Kishin). ? Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 110 (Kishin).Eng!,'prosopo)i grandm]u/an/a; the snout slightly pro-duced; a slightly siiarper notch above its tip; mouth very oblique, themaxillarj^ reaching to front of lower eye; teeth small and rather sharp,in a single even row on jaws; middle of upper eye a little })ehindposterior edge of lowei- eye; interorbital space rather deeply concave,its width equal to vertical diameter of upper eye; no tubercles al)outeyes, a slight prominence at tip of snout; gillrakers very short andrather blunt, 7 developed on lower limb of arch, none on upper.Origin of dorsal at notch above snout opposite front of lower eye;height of longest dorsal rays near middle of tin, 2 in head, equal tothose of anal; pectoral of eyed side long, narrow, and pointed; itslength ecjual to that of head; pectoral of blind side short and ratherblunt, its hMigth 2^ in head; ventral of eyed side O-rayed, extendingfarther forward but not so far t)ack as that of l)!ind side, its rays nuichwider apart; length of arch of lateral line lU in straight part, containedIf times in head; height of arch equal to width of interorbital space;scales of eyed side everywhere finely ctenoid; the spinules long, slen-der, and very immerous, easily broken oti', leaving the scale nearlysmooth; scales of blind side cycloid; head with scales everywhereexcept on tip of snout, mandible and maxiUary; interorl)ital closelyscaled.Color light grayish brown, everywhere mottled with irregular spotsof very dark lirown; the colors not much shaded into each other andin sharp contrast; dorsal, tinal, and ventral with tine spots of dark NO. 1 JS4. JA I'ANESE FLO UNDEli^S AND SOLES?JORDAN c(- STARKS. 171brown on the rays; not involving- the membrane; caudal with threeindistinct dark cross-bands; pectoral with fine, inconspicuous, duskyspots; a dark spot on base of rays.This species may be known from Seieop.s ri)soi)<>ii GvNTiiEn, Cat. Fi^:h, IV, 18(54, i>. 4;>1 (mogkii).Body elliptical, covered with rather large, tirm scales; teeth two-rowed; gillrakers long and slender; interorbital space narrow; tinrays not produced in either sex. Sexes similar. Small sand-coloredflounders of the Pacitic, allied to Ai-noglossus, but less fragile in habit,and with the teeth biserial, not sharp and uniserial as in Arnoglossus.The interorbital space, though narrow, is ])roader than mArnoglossns,and in some species somewhat concave.{eyyvg^ contracted; Ttpoacsonov^ forehead.) 4. ENGYPROSOPON IIJIM^ Jordan and Starks.Lhgypwsopon iijinuf Jordan and Stark.s, Bull. U. S. Fi?h Conni., XXII, litOJ,p. 626. pi. viTi, fig. 1 (Suruga Bay, Japan).Head, 4 in length; depth, 2.33 to 2.5; I). 80 to SU; A. CK to 72;scales, 50 to 53; eye, 3 in head; maxillary, 3.5; pectoral of eyed side,1.2; of blind side, 3; ventral, 2.25; caudal, e(iual to head. Anteriorprofile evenly carved, the orbits not reaching to its edge; eyes sepa-rated by a narrow sharp ridge, the lower the more anterior; mouth 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. small, the maxillary very much curved and reaching to a little pastfront of orbit; teeth small and set in a single row; six very short gill-rakers on lower arch of first gill. Scales finely ctenoid, the spinuleson the scales slender and very numerous; blind side with cycloid ,-irv?v scales; lateral line with a very a])rupt, short, high curve, its heightcontained 1.83 in its chord, which is half length of head, its beginningopposite the terminal third of pectoral. Dorsal beginning in advanceof eye; pectoral of eyed side long and slender, of blind side less than NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN dt STARKS. 173half as long; ventral with 6 rays, that of blind side not j^rolonged, itsbase beginning behind front of ventral of eyed side and its tip reach-ing farther past front of anal; caudal rounded behind, its outer edgesbroadly rounded, scarcely angulated.Color light brown, spotted with dark brown, ocellated spots, 3a ove and 3 below lateral line, the anterior upper spot in advance ofthat belov,-; 5 spots with edges more blended along body near ba.se ofdor.sal, 4 similar ones along body near base of anal, these involvingbase of tins; one on opercle just above gill-opening; pectoral of eyedside dark brown.Two small specimens taken in from 45 to 60 fathoms, in SurugaBay; the former, the type, 65 mm. in length, is numbered 51461,U.S.N. M.; the other is No. 838T, Stanford University.The species differs somewhat from the type of Engyjwosopon^ butit is doubtless referable to the same genus,(Named for Dr. lijima, professor of zoology in the Imperial Uni-versity of Tokyo.)4. PSEUDORHOMBUS Bleeker.Pxeudorhomhns Bleeker, Coniptes Rendus, Amsterd., XIII, 1862, p. 5 {polynpilos) . Rhombiscus J oRDAtf AND Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 379 {cin-iiamomeus).This genus is closelv related to Paraltchthys, which it replaces inthe East Indian region. It differs in the presence of a short accessor}'^branch of the lateral line, extending upward and forward from neartlie angle of the opercle to the dor.sal tin. The bod}^ is less elongatethan in ParaUehfhys^ the mouth smaller, with feebler teeth, and thespecies are smaller in size. All Ijelong to the fauna of southeasternAsia.{fevSf}?;^ false; po^fioff^ rhomhus^ flounder.)KEY TO SPECIES. o. Scales small, 65 to 89 in lateral line series.h. Scales ctenoid on blind side, as well^ as on eyed side; D. 80; A. 60. Scales 80;Gillrakers 8 below angle of arch; color dark; a black blotch on laterallii-ie cinnamomi'us, 5bb. Scales cycloid on blind side, c. Gillrakers rather few, 8 to 11 below angle of arch.d. Scales moderate, 74 to 80 in lateral line.('. Pores in lateral line 79; D. 80; A. 63; depth I'i in length; canines rela-tively numerous (22-18) mimkius, 6ee. Pores 74; D. 78; A. 62; depth 2^0; canines few (about 20-12 ).o;/(;orfon, 7dd. Scales very small, 98 in lateral line; D. 74; A. 56; depth 2= in length.duplmoceUatut<, 8 cc. Gillrakers numerous, 16 or 18 below angle of arch; I). 77; A. 52; scales 60;body with about 5 dark ocelli orelU/er, 9aa. Scales large, 40 to 50 in lateral series; D. 66; A. 48; mouth small; body withpale sjjots besides dark ones ..-. oligolepis, 10 174 riiOCEKDINdS OF rilE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi. 5. PSEUDORHOMBUS CINNAMOMEUS (Schlegel).GANZOBIRAME (GANZO.a HALIBUT),Rhoinhutf chnuuiioiiu'tis Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 180, pi. xciii(Nagasaki). ? Bleeker, Act. Soc. Ind. Nederl., Ill, Japan p. 25 (Nagasaki).Pscudorlinnihus cirniamomeus GvtiTBER, Cat., IV, 1862, p. 427 (Nagasaki). ? Nam-iye, Class. Cat, 1881, p. 110 (Tokyo). ? Otaki, Journ. Imp. Bureau Fish,Tokyo, 1897, p. 6, pi. iii, lig. 2 (S. E. Japan).?Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897,p. 25 (Kishin, Tosa).JiliDuilnscns cinv(i)iiO)iiens Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, [>.379 (Tokyo); Check-List, p. 121 (Yokohama, Nagasaki). ? Jordan andSeale, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., X, 1905, p. 16, (Ilong Kong).llahlt(d.?Coasts of SoutluTn Japan and China, north to Tokj'o.Head. 8f in lon^^th to l)ase of caudal; depth, 1,%; 03^0, 5f in head;snout, 5; niaxilhiiT, ^ij; dorsal, 79; anal, (II; pores in lateral line, SO.E^-es nearly vertical or the lower ver}' slig"htly more posterior;separated by a narrow, rather hig'h, sharp, naked ridge; maxillaryreaching- to below posterior edge of lower e3"e; gape of mouthver}' nuich arched; teeth rather sharp and irregular in position andsize; front of mandible truncate and subvertical; lower margin con-cave, and posterior end forming a conspicuous angle on lower side ofhead; gillrakers, short and pointed, teethed on the inner margin, thelongest % of diameter of pupil, S or 9 developed on lower limb c^f arch.Dorsal l)eginning on blind side opposite front of upper e5^e; pecto-ral rather slender, its base nearly- horizontal, reaching- a little pastangle of lateral line; length of pectoral of eyed side If in liead; thatof blind side 2i; ventrals rather small, that of eyed side a little neareraV>dominal ridge than the other and a verv little more anterior; lengthof ventral of eyed side contained 4 times in head; caudal double trun-<'ate, the nnddle ra3's reaching a sharp point, their length containedIf in head; height of curve of lateral line 3| in head; length ofcurve li; scales everywhere ctenoid except anteriorly on blind side;posterior part of mandible and maxillary- with a few rough scales,otherwise naked; snout and interorbital ridge naked.Color of bod3' uniform brown ista with a spot at angle of lateral line,sometimes large and diffused, sometimes small and distinct; tins lightand indefinitely speckled with light brown; slight traces of cross-streaks on ventral, none on pectoral.Here describe from a specimen 23 cm. in length from Tokyo.Other specimens from Tsuruga, Wakanoura, Kobe, Onomichi, Naga-saki, Ilukata, Kawatana, and Tokyo. We have also a young examplefrom Hongkong.This species is one of the commonest of eTapanese floiuiders, standingin that regard next to ParcdicJdhys oUvaceus. ? Ganzo, a proper name, as Johnny-halibut. NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARR'S. 175It may be known from Pi misakius and P. ocellifer by the ctenoidscales of the l)lind side; from the latter by its few gillrakers, andfrom the former b}^ its more angulated head and higher and sharperinterorbital ridge. Other difi'erences appear in the description ofPseudoi'homhus misakius.{cin7ia7no7netis, cinnamon-colored, ) 6. PSEIXDORHOMBUS MISAKIUS Jordan and Starks, new species.Habitat.?Coasts of Southern eTapan.Head, 3| in length to base of caudal; depth, 1|; eye, 5 in head;maxillary, 2i; snout, 5; dorsal, 80; anal, 63; pores in lateral line, 79.Anterior upper profile descending more abruptly than in P. cimimno-meus, the snout not so nuich produced, and the notch in front of uppereye smaller and sharper; mouth very much arched; maxillary reaching Fig. 4.?PsEUDORHOMBUS MISAKIUS. (Kobe.)to below posterior margin of pupil; teeth smaller than in P. eiivnamo-meus, but otherwise similar; canines 17 or 18 in lower jaw, on each side,20 to 24 on each premaxillary. Tip of mandible truncate, even withpremaxillary when mouth is closed; lower edge of mandible nearlystraight, slightly concave toward its tip, but not strongly concave,thus making a sharp angle below its blunt tip as in P. oinnamomeus ; neither does its posterior end form an angle at lower outline of head;interorbital space low, not projecting above level of cheek; it is rathernarrow but smoothly rounded (interorbital space a high sharp ridgein P. cinnavwmeus); gill rakers very slightly longer than in P. cinna-inomeus and not sliarply pointed; the longest as long as diameter ofpupil; 10 or 11 of them developed on lower limb of arch.Origin of dorsal opposite notch in upper profile, or somewhat infront of anterior margin of upper eye; pectorals broadly rounded,Proc. N. M. vol. xxxi?06 12 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.that of eyed side reaching two-thirds of diameter of eye past arch oflateral line, its length contained 2 times in head, its )?ase scarcelyso nearl}' horizontal as that of P. cinnamoDieas; pectoral of blind side2| in head; ventrals both longer and wider than in P. ciuRanioineus^though having the same number of rays (6); length of ventral of eyedside 2| in head, its origin slightly in front of that of l)lind side; caudalpointed, its posterior margin double truncate; height of curve of lat-eral line 4:\ in head, its length 2 (shorter than in P. chinainomeiis);snout and lower jaw naked; a few scales on posterior edge of maxillary;scales on eyed side everywhere strongly ctenoid, including a row oneach ray of vertical fins; scales of blind side everywhere cycloid. Fig. 5. ? Pseudorhombus misakiu.s. (Misaki. ) Color brown, indetinitely mottled with darker brown; vertical finsflecked and spotted with brown; a dark spot at tip of |)ectoral moreor less definitely ocellated, with light l)rown or white.The above description is of the type, 25 cm. in length. Other speci-mens vary as follows: Dorsal from 79 to 80; anal (51 to 67; pores oflateral line 79 to 85.Of this species we have numerous specimens from Misaki, Kobe,Tsuruga, and Wakanoura. The type is from Kobe and is numbered55043 U.S.N.M. Others are No. 9828, Stanford University.This is one of the common Japanese flounders, but it appears thusfar to have escaped notice, unless PseadorJiomhits ollgodon proves tobe the same species.(Misaki, m/, red; sahi^ point; one of the best known of flapanesefishing villages, the location of the marine zoological station of the -Imperi,al University of Tokyo.) NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARK'S. 177 7. PSEUDORHOMBUS OLIGODON (Bleeker).Rhombus oligodon Bleeker, Verli. Bat. Gen., XXVI, 1857, Nieuw, Nalez, Japan,p. 121 (Nagasaki); Natuur. Tyds. Nederl., VI, p. 419; ActSoe.Sci. Ind. Ned.,V, Japan, pi. in, fig. 2.Pseudorhombus oUgodun Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902,XXV, p. 365 (Formosa); (scales of blind side ctenoid; gillrakers x+11.A. 57; scales 78).Habitat.?Nagasaki to Formosa.Head, 3i iu length to base of caudal; depth, 2^V; eye, ^\\x\. head;snout, to edg-e of upper eye, 4^; maxillar}^ 2|; dorsal, 78; anal 62;scales, 74.Upper eye slightly anterior to lower; interorbital space very narrow;maxillar}^ reaching to opposite posterior margin of lower eye or alittle past; canines fewer than in related species, about 20 on each sideof upper jaw; lower jaw with about 12, said to be in two rows of 6each.Second raj- of dorsal opposite front of upper ej^e; pectoral bluntlypointed reaching to angle of lateial line; its length 1| in head; middlerays of caudal longest, forming a slight broadly rounded angle, arch oflateral line contained 2f in straight part.Color uniform dusky on body with a dark blended blotch at angle oflateral line; pectoral without markings, other fins with small rounddusk}' spots scattered over them.(Here described from the plate of the type specimen published byBleeker.)This species we did not find in Japan. It is known to us from aspecimen from Formosa.(o/V/;Kocr, few: odox'^z., tooth.) 8. PSEUDORHOMBUS DUPLICIOCELLATUS Regan.Pseudurliombtis dapliciocellalus Re(;an, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1905, p. 26 (Kol)e).Habitat.?Inland Sea of Japan.Head, 4 in length; depth, 2f ; eye, 4f in head; dorsal, 74; anal, 56;scales, 98; transverse series above curve of lateral line, 18.Snout a little shorter than eye; eyes separated by a ridge; maxillaryextending to l)elow middle of eye; gillrakers short and stout, 8 or 9on lower part of arch; scales ctenoid on ocular side; c3'cloid on blindside; pectoral of ocular side three-tifths of head; of blind side two-fifths; middle caiulal rays longest; two-ninths of length; caudalpeduncle one-half as long as deep.Color olivaceous, with darker spots and markings and with 5 con-spicuoirs ocelli or double ocelli arranged thus :: ? ; fins with small darkspots. Total length 380 nmi. (Regan.)This species is unknown to us.{duplex, double; ocella, eye-spot.) 178 PROCEEDINdS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi,. xxxi. 9. PSEUDORHOMBUS OCELLIFER Regan. f f Pseudorhombus peniophthalmus Gunther Cat. Fish, IV, 1(S62, p. 428 (China).Pscudurhombus penlophihalmm Gunther, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1880, j). 69,(Inland Sea of Japan) not of Gunther, 1862, according to Regan.Pseudorhombus russelli Otaki, Journ. Fish Bur., 1897, p. 6 (S. E. Japan), nutPlatessa russelli Gray.Pseudorhomlms ocelUfer"- Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1905, p. 25, (Inland Sea ofJapan), from Giinther's specimens.Hahitat.?A\\ coasts of southern and central Japan, north to Moro-ran on Volcano Bay.Head, 3.33 in length without caudal; depth, 2; D. 71; A. 52; pores,in lateral line 68; upper eye, 5 in head; snout, 3.87; maxillary, 2;pectoral (eyed side), 1.75; blind side, 2.1; caudal, 1.33.Body broad and thin, ^ventral and dorsal outlines evenly curved;snout blunt, obliquely truncate, separated from anterior profile by anotch; eyes separated by a narrow sharp ridge which is continuousbackward and upward above cheek; anterior edge of eyes about even,posterior edge of upper eye a little more posterior than that of lower;mouth much curved, the maxillary reaching to posterior edge of lowere3^e; teeth sharp and curved, set in a single row on each jaw, some ofthem very slightly arrow-shaped at tips; on blind side teeth on pre-maxillary grow smaller backward and disappear opposite the middleof length of maxillary; gillrakers moderately slender and long, thelongest slightly exceeding half diameter of eye, (J-H-IO to 18 in number.Dorsal l)eginning slightly tow^ard blind side a little in front of anterioredge of upper eye, the first ray at notch separating the snout, anteriorrays somewhat produced be3"ond the membrane; pectoral of eyed sidelonger than that of blind side; ventrals similar in size and position;caudal with the middle rays produced and with no lateral angles, thesides being broadly rounded. Scales ctenoid on eyed side, spinulesshort, sharp, and numerous; cycloid on blind side; scales on all finrays rather large, even, and ctenoid on eyed side; lateral line stronglyarched anteriorly, a branch from above gill opening running to dorsalprofile above posterior edge of eye, opposite eighth ray of dorsal.Color light brown, with dark spots nearly as large as eye, and some-times indefinitely ocellated, scattered over the body, one at angle of ? Head, 3| in length; depth 2 to 2|; dorsal 68 to 73; anal 53 to 57.Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3^ to 3| in head; eye separatedby a ridge; maxillary extending to below middle of eye or beyond; gillrakers longerthan gill fringes, 17 or 18 on lower part of arch; scales ctenoid on ocular side, cycloidon blind side, 64 to 72 in a longitudinal series; 11 to 13 in a transverse series fromdorsal to curve of lateral line; pectoral of ocular side two-thirds to three-fourths oflength of head; of blind side one-half; caudal with the middle rays longest, 4 inlength; caudal peduncle one-third to one-half as long as deep.Color brownish with darker spots and markings, of whicli 5 ocelli arrangedthus .'. ? are most prominent. Fins with small dark spots. Total length 125 mm.(Regan.) NO. 1484. JA PANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN& STARKS. 179lateral line, three on back in a row following dorsal outline and a dis-tance below base of dorsal equal to postorbital length of head, threeon lower part of side similarl}^ arranged and opposite those on baciv;fins irregulp.rly speckled with brown.According to Regan, this Japanese species is distinct from /^seudo-rhomlms prntophthdJinus^ described by Giinther, from China. It hasmuch in common with I'seHdorJiomhus russell! described from Cantonby Gray. It seems to differ in color and also in the larger size of themouth. Psevdot'Jtonihus arsiuKi from the (ranges, as descriljcd b^^Bleeker, is different from our species, l)ut it may be identical with ^^^6^uhorhon I hus russelli.This species resembles P. misdl'hiH and P. chmamomeus^ but maybe known by its fewer fin rays and l)y the more numerous giHrakers.Our numerous specimens, none of them more than S inclies long,are from Nagasaki (17), Kobe (17), Tok^-o (6), Wakanoura (1), andMororan (1).{ocellifer^ bearing eye-like spots.) lo. PSEUDORHOMBUS OLIGOLEPIS Bleeker.Rhomhvx nJir/olepis Bleeker, Vifde Bijdra^; .Tapan, 1S69, p. S, i>l, ii, Hi;. 2, (Naga-saki) (young example).Psevdirrhomhus oligolepis Guntiier, Cat. Fish, IV, j). 4.'j0; copied.Habitat.?Nagasak i . Dorsal, Q6; anal, 48; lateral line, 38.Teeth in jaws conical, small subequal, more than 30 on each side ofupper jaw and about 16 on the lower; height of the bod}'^ two-fifthsof total length; eyes very close together, the upper being scarcely inadvance of the lower; lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly;scales ciliated; pectoral a little shorter than head. Olive, with brown-ish and pear colored spots. (Giinther, after Bleeker.) Length, (U mm.Bleeker's plate shows the dorsal to have 69 rays, the anal -17; poresof the lateral line, 48; scales about 40; head 3^ in length to base ofcaudal; depth, 2; pectoral li in head; maxillary reaching to belowfront of pupil; lateral line with a small auxiliary branch.This species is known from a small specimen obtained by Bleekerfrom Nagasaki. Its very large scales should apparently entitle it togeneric separation from Pseudorhomhus. The character, however,needs verification.(oXiyos^ few; XsTti^;, scale.)S. PARALICHTHYS Girard.Paralichthys Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv., X, 1858, p. 146 {mamlosus?cali-famicus) . Urnpselta (Jii.i-, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 330 {callfornicus=maculosus) . Chxnopsetta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 'iSM,p.2]'f< ( <>r,Hiiris=dentatus). 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.Eyes and color normally on the left side. Body oblong; mouthlarge, oblique; each jaw with a single row of usually slender and sharpteeth, which are more or less enlarged anteriorly; no teeth on vomeror palatines. Gillrakers slender. Scales small, weakly ctenoid orciliated; lateral line simple, with a strong curve anteriorly and withno accessory dorsal branch. Dorsal fin beginning ])efore the eye, itsanterior rays not produced; both ventrals lateral; caudal tin doubletruncate, or double concave, its middle rays produced; no anal spine.Species numerous, in temperate seas. This genus, as now restricted,contains a considerable number of species, inhabiting both coasts ofAmerica and the eastern coasts of Asia.(rrapaXXf/Xog^ parallel; iX^^'^i Hsh.)KEY TO SPECIES. a. Dorsal rays about 72; anal rays 57; scales 120 oUvaccus, 11aa. Dorsal rays about 80; anal rays about 60; scales 1 10 coreanicns, 12aaa. Dorsal rays about 69; anal rays 51 ; scales 110 percocephohis, 13 II. PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS (Schlegel).HIRAME.i (HALIBUT), MAKAREI (TRUE FLOUNDER), AOBAKAREI (GREEN-LEAF FLOUNDER).Ilippaglossiis olii'aceus Schledei,, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 184, pi. xciv,fig. 94 (Nagasaki).Fseiulorhombus olivacens Guntuer, Cat. Fish, IV, 1862, p. 429(Amoy); ShoreFishes Challenger, 1880, p. 69 (Inland Sea of Japan). ? Namive, Class. Cat,1881, p. 110 (Tokyo).?Ot.vki, Journ. Fisheries Bureau Tokyo, 1897, p. 5,pi. V, fig. 2 (Japan).Chxnopsetta oliracea Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. Connues du Japan, 1879, p. 21(Nagasaki, Osaka, Yedo).Paralicltllnis olirucens Steixdachner, Reise Aurora, 1896, p. 217 (Kobe). ? Jordanand Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 379 (Tokyo, Hakodate); Check-List, 1901, p. 121 (Yokohama, Nagasaki).Chunopsetta wolffi Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. Connues du .Japan, 1879, p. 21.( Nagasaki ) . Ehotiibus woljfi Bleekeh, Japan, p. 421 (Nagasaki); Vifde Bijdrag Japan, pi. ii,fig. 2 (D. 79; A. 61).Hahitat.?All coasts of Japan, north to Volcano Bay.Head, 3f in length to base of caudal; depth, i^^; eye, 1\ in head;interorbital space, 9^; snout, 4^; maxillary, 2^; dorsal, 72; anal, 57;pores of lateral line, 120.Lower jaw truncate, nearly vertical at the tip, and strongly pro-jecting, its posterior end forming an angle at lower outline of head;maxillary reaching to slightly past posterior margin of lower e3'e;gape of mouth strongly arched; teeth sharp, slender and irregular insize and position, usuallv covered by skin nearly to their tips, whicheasily slips back; snout and anterior part of maxillary naked; mandi-ble sometimes entirely naked, usually with a small patch of scales pos-teriorly; interorbital space ilat and rather wide, covered with fine ?/aro, broad; me, eye; Mrame becomes birame in composition, a matter of euphony. N0.11S4 JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN d- STARKS. 181 scales; lower e3'e very slightly posterior to upper; gillrakers ratherlong- and slender, the longest nearly as long as diameter of eye; 6 + 16in number.Pectorals rounded, that of eyed side reaching a little past arch oflateral line, its length 8 in head; ventral of eyed side a little nearer toabdominal ridge than that of blind side, its length equal to distancefrom tip of snout to middle of lower eye; origin of dorsal oppositefront of upper eye; caudal doul)lc truncate.Color brownish gray speckh^l with dark })rown and white, the formercolor often arranged in rings and half rings, the white in small roundspots scattered irregularly and sparsely over the bod}^ often entirelyabsent, or in a single more or less definite series following the dorsaland ventral outlines; vertical tins colored like body; pectoral and ven-tral with irregular broken lines across the rays.The above measurements were made from a specimen 32 cm. inlength from Hakodate.Other specimens are from Mororan, Same, Hakodate, Misaki,Aomori, Matsushima, Tokyo, Wakanoura, Kobe, Kawatana, Onomichi,Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. It is the largest as well as the most abund-ant of all the Japanese iiounders, the halibut excepted, everywhere usedas food.{oUvaceus^ olive-colored.) 12. PARALICHTHYS COREANICUS (Schmidt).Pardlichthys olivaceus var. coreanicus Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 230(Gensan, Korea).Habitat.?Korea, not known from Japan.Dorsal rays, 80; anal rays, 60; scales, 110 (Schmidt); otherwiseessentially as in ParalichtJn/s olivaceus, from which it ma}" not beseparable.( Coreanicus, Korean). 13. PARALICHTHYS PERCOCEPHALUS ( Basilewsky).Platessa jiercocephala Basilewsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. ^loscow, 1855, p. lM5 (JapanSea, Peking).Pseudorhojnbus sumihonis Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 379 (Chifu,China).Habitat.?Japan Sea, not known, on the Japanese coast.Head 3^ in length without caudal; depth 2|; dorsal 69; anal 51;lateral line 110.Jaws nearly even in front, longer than eye, which is y\ of the head;cleft of mouth wide; length of maxillary 2^ in head and extendingbeyond eye; upper jaw with 3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly; lowerjaw with 8 or 10 strong teeth on each side; interorbital space ratherHat, not so wide as vertical diameter of orbit; lower eye scarcely in 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.advance of upper; gillrakers rather wide set, lanceolate, and not quiteas lon*?- as eye.Orijj-in of dorsal opposite front of or))it; dorsal terminating at adistance from caudal equal to three-fourths of the depth of the freeportion of the tail, its longest ra3's at posterior one-third of tin, nearlyas long as pectoral, and contained 2^ in head; caudal subtruncate orrounded; scales ciliated: maxillary and interorbital space scaly poste-riorly; tin rays scaly.Color brownish gray; head, l)ody, and pectoral tins sprinkled overwith brown dots. (Giinther, from specimens 10 inches in length fromChifu (Chefoo), China.)This species is not known to us.(;rfp/c7/, perch; Ke4>a\t}.^ head.)6. XYSTRIAS Jordan and Starks.Xystrias Jordan and Stakks, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., XXII, 11)02 (1904), p. 623{(/rigorjeu'i).Form of Ilippoglossoides.?E3^es and color on the right side.Lateral line with a low arch in front; mouth rather large; the teethrather small, in two rows; gillrakers long and slender; scales of eyedside tinely ctenoid, those of blind side smooth. One species, a largeflounder of Japan,{^vffry'jp^ a raker; from the long gillrakers.) 14. XYSTRIAS GRIGORJEWI (Herzenstein).MIZUKAREI (WATER FLOUNDER).Hippoglossus grigorjewi Herzenstein, Bull. Ac. Sci. Imp. Petersb., 1890, p. 134(Hakodate).Xystrias grigorjewi Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902(1904), p. 624 (Suruga Bay).Hippoglossoidcs s]>. Otaki, Jouni. Fisheries Bureau, 1897, p. 2, pi. v, fig. 1 (South-eastern Japan) . Verasper otakii Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 378 (Tokyofrom Otaki's specimen); Check-List, p. 121, 1901.Head, 3f in length; depth, 2^^; dorsal, 80; anal, 6S; scales, 92, onblind side, 98; lower orbit, 1 in head; snout, 5^; maxillary, 2^; widthof interorbital space, 6 in diameter of eye; height of longest dorsalrays, 2| in head; anal rays, 2f ; rays of right pectoral, If; ventral, 3^;pectoral, 11.Body dextral, dorsal outline a little more convex- than ventral.Mouth wide, oblique; outline of gape strongly curved; maxillar}-reaching a vertical from posterior edge of pupil; symphvseal knobsmall. Teeth of both jaws small, growing larger anteriorly, those ofupper jaw in two series, the inner ones small, the outer larger andcanine-like; teeth of lower jaw in a single series; gillrakers 6+ 17, rather NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN 1- STA RKS. 183slender, length of longest 4 in maxillary; anterior nostril with a der-mal flap which extends to posterior edge of second nostril; anteriormargins of eyes opposite each other; interorbital space narrow, con-vex; lateral line arched above pectoral, the width of arch equal tolength of pectoral; right side of body and head, except snout, lowerjaw, and a small space near vent, covered with .small, strongly ctenoidscales; left side of body with smooth scales; on both sides of ))odv aresmall, elongate scales wedged in between the larger ones; rays of dor-sal, anal, and caudal tins with small scales; posterior edge of maxillary,with a few small scales; dorsal tin beginning over anterior edge ofpupil, each ray with a small, projecting filament; anal with a nakedspine at its insertion, i*ays with filaments; dorsal and anal ending \H ' '-'*< Pig. 6.?Xystkias urigobjewi.opposite each other; edge of caudal l)luntly angular; upper rays ofright pectoral longest; pectoral of blind side shorter, its length con-tained 2iT in head, its middle rays longest. Color in alcohol, brown-ish; head with an indistinct dark spot just below angle of preopercie;two similar spots on a line behind upper eye; bod}^ with 6 well-defined dark spots with indistinct light markings, arranged 3 aboveand 3 below lateral line; of the anterior pair, the upper is a little inadvance of the lower one, others opposite each other; 2 indefinitespots above the lateral line, just posterior to angle of opercle; finswithout spots; snout on blind side with a transverse black blotch,which is continued on the lower jaw.Of this common species we have specimens from Hakodate, Matsu-shima, Aomori, and Tokyo. Mr. Masao Nakamura sends a photographof a specimen from Uzen in Echigo.(Named for Professor Grigorjew.) 184 PR()('EEDIN<;S OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi. 7. VERASPER Jordan and Gilbert.Verasper Jordan and (Jilbert, Kepiirt Fur Seal Invest., Ill, 1899, p. 490,( moseri) . Body dextral; dorsal inserted al)ove the front of pupil; lateral linestronoly arched above the root of the pectoi'al, without recurrent dor-sal branch; scales firm, extremely spinous. Mouth large; upper teethin 2 series, teeth uniformly small, without canines. Gillrakers short,thick, and triangular, few in numl)er; none of the fin rays notablyproduced or exserted,(w/v/x, true; (t.yjer, rough, the word being suggested by Veratrum.)KEY TO .SPKCIES. a. Vertical fins with large, round, blended spots, not reaching to edge of fins; archof lateral line rather low mriegahis, 15cut. Vertical fins, with streaks following the rays from base to tips; arch of lateralline more al)rupt and higher moseri, 16 15. VERASPER VARIEGATUS (Schlegel).HOSHIGAREI (STAR-FLOUNDER); ISHIAMATE (ROCK-FLOUNDER); MEDAKAKAREI (BAMBOO-FLOUNDER).Flatessa variegatn Schleq-el, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 176, pi. xc (Nagasaki).Pleuronedes rariegatus Gunther, Cat. Fish., IV, 1862, p. 45.3 (copied); ShoreFishes Challenger, 1880, p. 69 (Yokohama).?Namive, Class. Cat., j). 110,1881 (Tokyo).?OTAKi,Journ. Fish. Bur., 1897, p. 7, pl.vii, fig.9.?Ishikawa,Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 25 (Tokyo).Verasper rariegaius Jordan and Snyder, Check-List, 1901, p. 120 (Yokohama);Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 378 (Tokyo).Ilahitat.?Southern Japan, north to Matsushima Ba}".Head, 3i in length to base of caudal; depth, 2^\; eye, 6 in head;maxillary, 3; snout, 5i; dorsal, 80; anal, 61; pores in lateral line, 95.Mouth oblique, the gape strongly arched; maxillary reaching tobelow posterior edge of pupil; lower jaw strongly projecting; poste-rior end t)f mandible forming a slight angle at lower outline of head;teeth in two series in upper jaw, in 1 on side of lower jaw and in2 in front; posterior margins of e3'es opposite; interorbital spaceslightly convex, cov^ered with rough scales; its width equal to diameterof pupil; gillrakers flat and short, 6 of them on lower limb of arch.Arch of lateral line rather low and followed b}" a wav}' portion,before it becomes straight posteriorly; height of curve, three-fifthsdiameter of eye; length of curve, 2^ to 2| in head; scales everywherevery rough on eyed side, cycloid on blind side except an area alongmiddle of body anteriorly, where they are rather rough b}^ reason ofa few small spinules on each scale, or in many instances a singlespinule.Dor.sal beginning above front of pupil of upper eye; pectoralroiuided at tip, that of eyed side, 2 in head, the other 2^; ventrals NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS ANT) SOLES?JORDAN& STARKS. 185even on both sides, 3^ in head; caudal broadl}' rounded, not angulatedat tips of outer rays.Body uniformly dark brown; dorsal with ('> or 7, and anal 5 or (>, largeblack or dark-brown spots with ])londed edges, the largest covering3 or 4 rays; these nearly round near the base of the fins and not reach-ing the outer edge of the tin; usually 1 or 2 other spots irreo-u-larly placed opposite the interspaces and nearer edge of fin; caudalwith 2 or 3 similar but smaller spots irregularly placed; blind side ofbody posterior to pectoral irregularly s[)otted with dark brown, thespots usually round, and as large, or sometimes larger than, the pupil,these present in all of our larger specimens and absent in the smallerones up to 5 or 6 inches in length, except in one example, where theyshow faintly; tip of caudal of blind side soiled with dusky brown.This species may be known from Vera?per moseri by having spotson the vertical fins rather than well-defined regular streaks extendino-to the edges of the fins and by the higher, more abrupt arch of thelateral line. The ))lind side of F. inoi< are not nearly so large as in our specimens, hut they are simi-larly placed.Of this common species we have specimens from Yokohama, Tokyo,Onomichi, and Matsushima. Its range is almost exclusively southerly,while VerasjM'v niosen is confined to northern Japan.{variegatus^ varied.)i6. VERASPER MOSERI Jordan and Gilbert.Verasper moseri Jorpan and Gilbert, Rept. Fur Seal Invest., Ill, 1898, pi. lxxxv,(Shana Bay, Iturup Inland, Kuril Group. ) (Type, No. 48797. Coll. Albatross,Capt. J. F. Moser. ) ? Jordan and Evermann, Fish North Mid. Amer., 1898,III, p. 2619 (Iturup).?Jordan and Snyder, Check-List, 1901, p. 121(Iturup, Hakodate) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 378 (Iturup, Hakodate).?Schmidt, Faune Mer. Och. Jap., 1903, p. 19 (Ochotsk Sea).Habitat.?Northern Japan, south to Aomori.Head, 3i in length to base of caudal; depth, 2; D. 82; A. 58;pectoral, 12; pores in lateral line, 81; depth of caudal peduncle 1 ingreatest depth of body; length of caudal peduncle, measured axiall}^1| in its depth. Head much depressed, with rather wide, flat interor-))ital space, its thickness at interorbital space equaling distance betweenpupils of upper and lower eyes. Mouth small, very oblique, the gapestrongly arched, the broad maxillary reaching a vertical behind middleof pupil, 2| in head; mandible nai-rowing toward tip, with very rudi-mentary symphyseal knob. Teeth in upper jaw in two distinct series ? Fauna Japonica, pi. xc. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.. XXXI.throughout, those of the outer series increasing slight y in size towardfront of jaw, but none of them canine-like; mandibnhir teeth in onerow, except at symphysis, where a few teeth form a short outer series.Nasal openings of eyed side approximated in front of middle of interor-bital space, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior with a raisedrim. Eyes small, their anterior margins opposite, the diameter oflower eye equaling distance from tip of snout to posterior nostril, 6^in head. Interorbital space rather l)road and flat, not ridge-like, itstotal width equaling- i diameter or orbit. Gillrakers short, broad,triangular, minutely toothed on inner margin, one-third diameterof eye; 7 present on horizontal limb of outer arch. Lateral linewith a short high anterior arch, the cord of which is one-fifth thestraight portion; heiglit of arch one- third its length; l)ehind the archlateral line descending in a gentle curv^e to middle of sides, the scales w-v ^IP i Hj ""^j #-'' Fig. 7. ? Verasper moseri.very rough, each possessing several long, sharp spines diverging frommedian portion of po.storior margin; anterior and posterior portionsof dorsal and anal fins naked, the rays of the middle portion each witha series of strongly ctenoid scales; caudal densely scaled to tip; pecto-rals and ventrals naked; head covered with strongly spinous scales,excepting snout, maxillary, and mandil)lo; on blind side of head thesnout, jaws, preopercle, subopercle, lower half of opercle, and all l)uta central strip on interopercle, scaleless; on blind side the scales arerough on head, ventral area, and along bases of ventral fins, lai'gelysmooth elsewhere. Dorsal beginning above front of pupil, the raysincreasing in length to the forty-fifth, which is 2f in head; longestanal ra}^ (the seventeenth) 2\ in head. Caudal ])roadl3" rounded, If inhead; pectoral short and broad, 2| in head; ventrals of nearly equallength, reaching origin of anal, 3| in head; no anal spine. Color in NO. UHi. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARR'S. 187 spirits, centers of the scales light gray, the margins dark brown; finslight or dusky, the vertical fins with conspicuous black bars, parallelw ith the rays, these most evident on under side where the pigment seemsprincipally to occur, and are seen through the fin more faintly on thecolored side; lining of cheeks and gill cover of colored side dusky;peritoneum gray.Of this species, we have specimens from Mororan, Hakodate, Same,and Iturup Island. It is common in northern Japan, its rangenowhere meeting that of VeraKper vatiegatm.(Named for Jetferson Franklin Moser, U. S. Navy, lieutenant-com-mander, in charge of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross,and a member of the United States Fur Seal Commission for 1896.)8. ACANTHOPSETTA Schmidt.Arnnthop^ettn Schmidt, Faune Mer. Och., 1903, p. 19; name only {iiadesJinyi).This geiuis is allied to Verasper: Mouth large, teeth small, in onerow; lateral line with a long low arch in front; scales moderate, cte-noid; interorbital space scaled; anal spine strong; dorsal rays about75; anal rays about 60; caudal fin rounded. Ochotsk Sea.[(XKavBa, spine: ff/TTa , flounder.) 17. ACANTHOPSETTA NADESHNYI Schmidt.loanthojiscttu nadetfJmyi Schmidt, Faune Mer. Ochutsk, Jajjan, 1908, ]>. 19, (JapanSea, Vladivostook, mouth of Amur, etc.); name only; Pise. Orient., Mar.1904, p. 237, pi. V, fig. 1 (Vladivostok, Aneva, Askuld, Khaliz, mouth ofAmur, Broughton Gulf, Paratondra, etc. ) Ilahltat.?Sea of Ochotsk.Head, 3i in length to caudal base; depth, 2i; eye, -If in head; snoutto upper e3^e, 5; maxillary, 2|; dorsal, 74; anal, 58; pores in lateralline to base of caudal, 69.Upper eye very slightl}^ posterior to lower; maxillary reaching pastanterior edge of eye, scarcely to pupil; interorbital space narrow androunded, covered with small scales; its width less than half the diam-eter of pupil.Origin of dorsal above middle of upper eye; longest dorsal rays2yV in head; pectoral broadly rounded, its ^ength 1| ir. head; caudalrounded, equal in length to head; lateral line with a lo./ arch in frontcontained 3 times in straight part. Uniform dusky without markings;dorsal and anal a little lighter than the body.The species is unknown to us. It is here described from the platepublished by Schmidt.{^Nadesluiijl, a personal name.) 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 9. CYNOPSETTA Schmidt. Cipiopst'.ltd ficTiMiDT, Faune Mer. Ochotsk, Jap., 1903, p. 19, name only (dubia) . This genus is allied to Ilqjpoglossoides., differing in the presence ofcanine teeth, -l in the front of the lower jaw and some above. Eyesdextral. The genus has never been defined, and in a later paper,Schmidt merges it in HijJj^oglossoides, from whicli it is apparentlyseparable by its dentition and by the long low curve of the lateral line,which is however not properly arched.[kvgov^ dog; iptfrra^ flounder.)i8. CYNOPSETTA DUBIA Schmidt.ABURAGARAEI (FAT-FLOUNDER),OifnopKetta dubia Sch.midt, Faune Mer. (_)chotsk, Jap., 1903, p. 19 (Japan Sea,Ochotsk Sea), no de.scription.Hippoglossoides dubms Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 227, j)!. vi, fig. i(Mayka and Gulf of Aniva; Sea of Ochotsk).? Hippoglossoides sp. Otaki, Journ. Fish. Bur., 1897, p. 5 (S. W. coast of Japan)(D. 79 to 87; A. 58 to 64; scales 88).llah'itat.?Ochotsk Sea, south to Northern Japan, not seen b}' us.Head, \\\ in length to base of caudal; depth, 2^; eye, 6i in head;ma.xillarv, 2iy; snout to upper eye, 5; dorsal, 87; anal, 65; scales, 88.Eyes about opposite each other or the upper very slightly behindthe lower; separated by a very narrow space whicli is scaled poste-riorly; mouth undulating, the mandible turned up at the tip, concavebehind the tip, convex at the middle, and slightly concave behind themiddle; teeth rather large and unequal; maxillary reaching to pos-terioi- edge of pupil; anterior nostril ending in a tube.Origin of dorsal opposite front of eye; longest dorsal rays equal tothose of anal; 2| times in head; pectoral short and rounded, 2| inhead; caudal l)roadly rounded.Color everywhere uniform dusky without markings except a fewdark, blended, ver}^ irregular spots of darker, one above middle ofanal, and 4 or 5 above anterior pai"t ot" lateral line.Here described from Schmidt's plate, except for the nundjer of scales,which is given as 88 by him. The plate shows 75 pores in the lateralline and over a hundred transverse series.{duhias, doubtful.)lO. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES Gottsche.Hijjpoglossoidcs Gottsi'iik, Archiv fur Xatnrgesch., 1835, p. 164 {^^ limaudd'^ =]>latessoides).CUharus Reinhardt, Kong. Dansk. X'id. Selsk., 1838, ]). 116 {jdutessoides); notCiiharus Bleeker, 1862.Drepanopsetta Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., 1861, p. 50 {platcssoides) . PoiiKdopsetta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 217 {"dentata"~plates-soides). NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 189Eyes and color on the right side (except sometimes in 11. elamodoii).Bod}' oblong, moderately compressed; mouth rather large, with 1 rowof sharp teeth on each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gillrakcrsrather long and slender; scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight,simple; dorsal tin low in front, beginning over or before the eye;ventrals both latter; caudal doable truncate, produced behind. Thisgenus, as here restricted, contains 3 closely related .species, 2 of theNorth Pacific, 1 of the North Altantic. All are essentially arctic spe-cies inhabiting shallow waters in the regions where they are mostabundant.[iTtTtoyXoDffffoz, Ilipiioglossus; eT6o^^ resemblance.) ff^^ Fig. 8.?HiPPOGLuSHuJi.i..-^ h],.\^,->uDON.KEY T(l SPECIES. a. D. 80: A 63: Scales 100: interorbital space narrow, naked ^elacsodon. 19aa. D. 72: A. 56: Scales 91: interorbital space with two rows of scales.luunUtoni. 20ig. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES ELASSODON Jordan and Gilbert.Hqypoglossoides flassodon Jordan and Ctilbekt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1880,p. 278 (Seattle, Tacoma), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 454.?Beax, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mns., 1883, p. 20. (Alaska).?Jordan and Gilbert, Rept. FurSeal Invest., Ill, p. 1899, p. 489 (Bering Sea, Kamchatka).?Jordan and Ever-MANN, Fish North Mid. Amer., Ill, 1898, p. 2615, pi. cccLXXii, fig. 920(Seattle, Bering Sea, Kamchatka).?Schmidt, Pise. ]\Iar. Orient, 1904, p. 226(Rimnik and Terpienia, Okhotsk Sea).Hahitat.?Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, south to Puget Sound.Head, 3i; depth, 2i; eye, 4 in head; D. 77 to 87; A. 59 to 67; V.6; scales, 45-100-40. Body, oblong-elliptical; caudal peduncle about:asilong as deep; upper profile of head continuous with the outline ofback; depression.over eye slight; mouih rather large, the gape curved,considerably wider on the blind side; lower jaw projecting, with asymphyseal knob; maxillary .narrow, reaching beyond middle ofpupil, 2i head; .teeth small, closeset, nearly uniform, iii a single row. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xixi.Gillrakers slender, smooth, 14 to 16 below arch, the longest nearly one-half diameter of orbit. Eyes large, separated by a narrow, knife-likeridge, which is naked, or with a single series of scales. Scales small,firm, rough, those on tail roughest, those on blind side similar, mostlysmooth anteriorl3\ Lateral line rising anteriorly, but without arch;dorsal beginning innnediately in front of pupil; anal preceded by aspine; caudal long; pectoral of eyed side one-half length of head; ven-tral reaching past front of anal; pectoral and ventral of eyed side withprickle-like scales. Brownish, nearly uniform, sometimes spottedwith darker; fins gra3dsh, irregularly blotched with dusky. Bodysometimes sinistral. Length, 18 inches. Bering Sea south to CapeFlattery; a rather abundant shore fish in Puget Sound, and it seems tobe still more common northward, being, in Alaska, a food-fish ofsome importance. Abundant north and south of the Aleutian Islandsand in Bristol B^y. Recorded b}^ Schmidt from the Sea of Okhotsk.Our specimens from Kamchatka agree in all respects; D. 77 to 84;A. 60 or 61. Pectoral not quite one-half head. Interorbital ridgesharp, with 1 series of scales; gillrakers ,/' -|- 14.(eAo-crcoct), to diminish; odovg^ tooth.) 20. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES HAMILTONI Jordan and Gilbert. IIij)poi/losf\ in length; depth, 2|; longest diameter of upper eye, 3^ inhead; snout (measured from upper eye) 5 in head; maxillary of coloredside, 2iT, of blind side, 2^, in head; depth of caudal peduncle equalingits lengtl, ?)i in head; D. 72; A. 56; P. 11; pores in lateral line 91.Upper profile of head continuing the dorsal curve without interrup-tion, there being a slight depression above the eye and an increasedcorivexitj' o\s. the snout; mandible ver}' heavy, projecting anteriorly,so that its symphyseal profile completes the curve of the snout; a veryshort prominence at symphvsis directed verticalh^ downward; gapestrongly curved and the mouth narrowed anteriorly, so that the max-ilhuy and premaxillary are almost wholly concealed along the middleof their length by the overarching prefrontal; teeth acute, in a singleseries in each jaw, all except the anterior teeth in each jaw short; atthe symphysis of lower jaw the teeth are longer and directed inward,while in the anterior end of each premaxillar}^ the teeth are still moreenlarged, and the series on each side describes a strong curve with itsconvex side toward the median line; maxillary reaching vertical fromslightly ])eliind middle of lower eye; nostril tubes conspicuous, theanterior in closest proximity to the upper lip, which it entirely over- NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 191hangs; posterior nostril tube wider and slightly shorter; eyes of nearlyequal size, and opposite, separated by a wider ridge than in JI. elasso-don^ the ridge bearing in its narrowest portion 2 well-defined rows ofstrongly spinous scales; a conspicuous series of pores joining lateralline with upper margin of upper eye, and another encircling the lowereye below and behind; a third series along mandible and preopercle; 1large pore above posterior nostril; gillrakers slender, unarmed, 2above the angle, 11 or 12 below it, the longest 2f in eye; dorsal finbeginning above front of pupil, the longest ray 2f in head; anal pre-ceded by a strong spine, its height equaling that of dorsal; pectoralvery long and slender, f length of head, that of blind side shorter, \leno'th of head; ventrals reaching to base of fourth or fifth anal ray,caudal long, evenly rounded behind, the middle rays not longer thanthose adjacent, their length equaling distance from tip of snout topreopercular margin; scales on colored side strongly ctenoid except in Fig. 9.?HipruuLossoiDES hamiltoni. a strip along middle of sides anteriorly; elsewhere each scale providedwith 2 to 1 long spines; on blind side they are smooth except on napeand caudal peduncle; cheeks, opercles, and interorbital space coveredwith larger, rougher scales than those on sides; mandible and snoutnaked; a single series surrounding each eye anteriorly, and 1 on max-illary or colored side; blind side of head with maxillary naked; cheekscovered with minute smooth thin scales, the opercles with a few scat-tered spinous scales, the preopercle naked. Color nearly uniform])rownish, without distinctive markings on body or fins.The type is 17 cm. long, from ofi' Dalnoi Point, Kamchatka; depth,16 fathoms. It is also recorded from the sea of Okhotsk.(Named for Gerald Edwin H. Barrett-Hamilton, of Dublin, memlx^rof the British Commission of Fur Seal Investigation, 1896 and 1897,who made valuable collections of Kamchatkan fishes.)Proc. N. M. vol. xxxi?06- -13 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi. 11. CLEISTHENES Jordan and Starks. Cleisihenes Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (1904), p. 622^{pinetorum).This genus is closely allied to Hippoglossoides^ differing in havingcycloid scales everywhere in the ^^oiing, and an increased number ofgillrakers. The adult has a single row of ctenoid scales along anteriorbase of dorsal and anal, a few on snout on ridge behind interorbitalspace, and on opercle. The dorsal begins at the orljital rim slightlyon the blind side. Eyes and color on right side. Teeth in a singlerow.{Cleisthenes^ the effeminate, an Athenian noted by Aristophanes*)21. CLEISTHENES PINETORUM Jordan and Starks.Cleisihenes pinetorum Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902(1904), p. 622, plate (Kinkwazan Island, Bay of Matsushima).Habitat.?MRtsushima,^ in deep water.Head, 3.66 in length; depth, 2.6; D. 76; A. 56; scales, 80; uppereye, 4.6 in head; snout from upper eye, 4.6; pectoral of e^^ed side, 2;of blind side, 2..5; ventral, 3; caudal, 1.4.Dorsal outline of anterior part of bodj'^ and head an even concavecurve to near tip of snout, broken only by protruding upper eye.Upper eye cutting into protile, and ranging nearly vertically upward,about two-fifths of it being visible from the blind side. Tip of snoutblunt and rounded; mouth rather strongly curved; maxillary reachingscarcel3'to middle of lower eye, not covered along middle of its lengthby the prefrontal; teeth small, acute, in a single series in each jaw,scarcely enlarged anteriorly; nostrils moderate, the anterior in a shorttube which does not reach to edge of preorbital; preorbital with ablunt spine on anterior edge; eyes about equal in size, separated by aflat interspace, covered with cycloid scales; gillrakers slender, equal tohalf the e^'e in length, 8 to 10 above and 24 to 27 below the angle.Dorsal fin beginning slightly on blind side at edge of orbit oppositeposterior margin of pupil; anal preceded by a strong spine; ventrals notreaching to anal (reaching to base of second anal ray in young); caudalevenly rounded behind; scales everywhere cycloid and with concentricrings in specimens 4 or 5 inches long.A specimen 10 inches long has cycloid scales except a single row ofctenoid scales along base of dorsal and anal anteriorly, a few in frontand behind the interorbital space, and some on opercles. The t3'pe(8.5 inches long) has onl}" an occasional ctenoid scale along base of dorsaland anal, and the ctenoid scales on head are very sparse. A specimen7 inches long has only a few ctenoid scales remaining on head behindinterorbital space. NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 193Color everywhere dark brown, dorsal and anal a little lighter at baseof ra^^s; membrane of caudal darker than the rays making- longitudi-nal streaks; dorsal, anal, and caudal of blind side dark toward tips ofrays.Numerous specimens were dredged off Kinkwazan Island, Matsu-shima Bay, at stations 376U and 3770. The type is 22 cm. in length, Cat. No. 5U02, U.S.N.M.; cotypes are No. 8391, Stanford Univer-sity.ipinetorimi^ of the pines; in reference to Matsushima Bay: matsu,pine; shima, island.)12. PROTOPSETTA Schmidt.Protopsetta Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 230 {herzemteini).This genus is allied to Hlppoglossoides^ differing in the insertion ofthe upper eye, which is placed on the upper outline of the head, as in 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.Atheresthes and Reinhardtius. The dorsal begins over the posteriorpart of the eye, and the teeth are rather small and close together.The fin ra3's are in relatively small numbers (D. 74, A. 54), and thevertebra? also (11 + 29), characters which separate this genus fromReinhardtius. The caudal fin is truncate and not lunate. Okhotsk Sea.(;r/)o5ro?, first; t/:jJTTa^ flounder.)22. PROTOPSETTA HERZENSTEINI (Schmidt).Hippoglossoicks herzcnsteird Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 1H04, j). 229 (BronghtonBay, Gensan, Korea, Bay of -Paris at Vladivostok, Mauka, North Coast ofGaghalin, Lake Khalizan).ILdi'itid.?Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea, south to Korea.Dorsal, To to 75; anal, 53 to 56; pectoral, 11; ventral, 6; scales, 82tc 84; vertebra?, 11 + 29=40.Upper eye with its range vertical and a little posterior to lower eye.Teeth very small, sharp, and recurved; in two rows on lower jaw.Head covered with scales covered by skin and armed above with sharpbony papilhe; interorbital space rough and almost equal in width toshort diameter of lower eye; front nostrils ending in short tubes;gillrakers, 7+16, the longest equal to the vertical diameter of lowereye; body of eyed side covered with ctenoid scales. Some of the scales,especiall}" anteriorly, have in addition to the marginal spinules roughbon}' papilla? on their surface; lateral line nearly straight andunbranched; height of caudal peduncle equal to its length; no analspine; vertebric, 11 + 29.Origin of dorsal somewhat on blind side and opposite beginning ofthe posterior fourth of upper eye; first ra}^ etjual in length to half thediameter of upper eye, the longest rays equal to combined length ofsnout and eye; rays of dorsal and anal covered with small rough plates;caudal truncate; covered almost to tip with small scales.Color, uniform brown without markings; the tins all dark.This species is here described from the account given by DoctorSchmidt. We have specimens from Port Arthur.(Named for the late Dr. Solomon Herzenstein, of the ImperialAcadeni}^ of Sciences, St. Petersl)urg.)13. HIPPOGLOSSUS Cuvier.Hippoglosms Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., II, 1817, p. 221 (hijypoglossns).Eyes and color on the right side. Form ol)long, not strongly com-pressed. Mouth wide, oblique; teeth in the upper jaw in 2 series,those l)elow in 1; anterior teeth in upper jaw, and lateral teeth inlower, strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeal teethin 2 rows. Dorsal fin begimiing above the eye, its middle rays ele-vated, the posterior rays of dorsal and anal bifid; caudal fin lunate;ventral fins both lateral. Scales very small, cycloid; lateral line with i 1.0. Hs 1 . J. I PANESE FL UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN d- .STA RKS. 195a strong curve in front. Gillrakers few, short, compressed, wideset. Vertebra, 16+34. Largest of the flounders. This genus con-tains the well-known halibut; abundant on both coasts of the NorthAtlantic and of the North Pacific.{Mppoglossus^ the ancient name of the hali))ut from innoz^ horse;yXwGGa^ tongue.) 23. HIPPOGLOSSUS STENOLEPIS Schmidt.Hlppoglossm stenolepis Schmidt, Fauiie Mer. Och. Jap., 1903, p. 19 (Okhotsk Sea,name only); Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 224 (Gulf of Aneva).Hahitat.?Okhotsk Sea, probably south to Hokkaido.Head, 1.5 in length; depth, 3.3; eye, 8.2 in head, 2 in snout; man-dible, 2.8 in head; least depth of caudal peduncle, 1.6 in depth ofbody; dorsal, 95; anal, 71; pectoral, 17; caudal, 16; branchiostegals, 6.General shape of body as in Ilippoglofisus hippoglossus^ the headmore blunt and convex; eyes equal in size, on right side, and sepa-rated b}" a space li times the length of the upper eye; teeth large, intwo rows on upper jaw, in a single row on sides of lower jaw and indouble row in front; scales everywhere cycloid and covered by skin;at the posterior end of some of them a rough bon}" plate, which iseasily detached; no supplementar}^ scales.Origin of dorsal opposite front of pupil, its greatest height one-thirdof depth of body; length of pectoral equal to postorbital part of head;caudal somewhat concave; ventral reaching beyond front of anal.Color, olive brown with bright spots corresponding to the bonyplates.This species difi'ers from H. hipj)ogloss)/s in the construction of itsscales and in having a smaller numl)er of fin ra3^s and gillrakers.Length of specimen described, lt)l7 millimeters. (Schmidt.)It is known to us solely from Schmidt's account. It seems to replacethe common halibut in the Sea of Okhotsk.[ffTSvog, narrow; AfTr/g, scale).14. REINHARDTIUS Gill.Reinhardtius Gill, Cat. Fislie.s, East Coa^t N. A., 1861, p. 50 {hippoglossoides; nodescription).PInli/somatichthys Bleeker, Comptes Rendus, Ac. Sci. Amsterdam, XIII, 1862,p. 426 {pinguis^hippoglossoules).Reinhardtius Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1864, p. 218 {hippoglossoides).Eyes and color on right side. Bod}^ more or less elongate, com-pressed; head long and large; mouth large; maxillary reaching beyondeye; jaws with strong, unequal teeth, the upper wath 2 series in front,these converging behind; lower jaw with a single series of strong,distant teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gillrakers few, short,stout, and rough. Fins rather low; caudal fin lunate. Lower pharyn-geal teeth in one row. Scales small, cycloid; lateral line without 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.anterior curve. Fin ra3^s and vertebrse numerous, as in the halibut.Two species known, arctic fishes, in some degree intermediate betweenthe true halibut and Ather8 in SurugaBay. It is numbered 51106, U. S. N. M.Others were taken in Suruga Bay and in Owari Bay.(rrXivdos, tile, from the color.)17. PLEURONICHTHYS Girard. Plerironichthys GiRARi-), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 139 (ccenoms).Heteroprosopon Bleeker, Comptes Rendus Acad. Amsterdam, XIII, 1862, p. 8(cornutus).Parophrys Gunther, Cat. Fishes, IV, 1862, p. 454; not of Girahd.Eyes and color on the right side. Body deep; head short, with veryshort, blunt snout; mouth small, with several series of slender, acute NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 201teeth, which are most developed on the blind side, and are often want-ing in one or both jaws on the colored side; no teeth on vomer orpalatines; lips thick, with several lengthwise folds within which isa series of short fringes. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with adouble row of very small teeth. Gillrakers wide set, very short andweak. Lateral line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch in our species.Scales small, cycloid, nonimbricate, embedded. Dorsal fin anteriorlytwisted from the dorsal ridge toward the blind side; anal fin precededby a spine; caudal fin convex behind. Intestinal canal elongate. Her-bivorous species, feeding chiefly on alga. Pacific Ocean.The species of Pleuronichthys spawn in the spring and live in com-paratively deep water. The protruding e3^es are both turned to theright side very early in specimens i inch long.(TtXevpov, side; ix^'^^i fish.)27. PLEURONICHTHYS CORNUTUS (Schlegel).BIKIKAREI (FROG-FLOUNDER); MOCHIGAREI (RICE-CAKE-FLOTJNDER);MITIGAREI (BOARD-FLOTJNDER); OMIGAREI (FLOUNDER OF OMI).Platissa cornuta Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 1846, p. 179, pi. xc, fig. 1(Nagasaki). ? Bleekek, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXVI, Japan, p. 121.Heteroprosopon cornutus BhEEKER, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sei. Amst., 1862, Pleuron.,p. 8 (Nagasaki).Parophrys cornuta Gunther, Cat. Fish, IV, 1862, p. 455 (copied); ShoreFishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 70 (.Kobe).?Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 110(Tokyo).?IsiriKAWA and Matsu'ura, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 24 (Yeshigo). ? Otaki, Journ. Bur. Fish, 1897, p. 7, pi. vm, p. 90 (Japan).PleuronlcJtthi/s cornutus Steindachnee, Reise Aurora, 1896, p. 217 (Kobe).Jordan and Evermann, Fish. North Mid. Amer., Ill, 1898, p. 2637 (Japan).Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, p. 769 (Yoko-hama); p. 900 (Hakodate, Tokyo). ? Jordan and Stares, Bull. U. S. FishComm., XXII, 1902 (1904), p. 923 (Suruga Bay).Hahitat.?Entire coast of Japan, north to Hakodate.Head, from 4 to 4| in length without caudal; depth. If to If.Upper eye, 3i to 4 in head; snout to upper eye, 5; maxillary, ^\.Dorsal, 70 to 76; anal, 52 to 54. Scales, 80.Mouth very small; the maxillary reaching to below anterior marginof pupil. Teeth in villiform bands, mostly on the blind side of mouth.Eyes large; opposite each other; separated by a sharp, naked ridge.A strong sharp spine, directed backward, on interorbital ridge oppo-site posterior margin of eyes; another, directed outward, and curv^edslightly backward, on anterior part of ridge, a little behind front ofeyes; a short-pointed tubercle of bone directed forward at tip ofsnout; and a similar one directed outward in front of each eye. Gill-rakers scarcely developed; 4 or 5 small tubercles on lower part of arch.Scales small and embedded; not imbricated anteriorly. Origin ofdorsal on blind side at a point a little above the level of front of pre-maxillary, and opposite middle of upper eye. Longest dorsal raysequal to those of anal and contained H in head. Pectorals bluntly 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.pointed; that of eyed side If to If in head; that of blind side two-thirds as long- as its mate and contained 2^ in head. Ventral of blindside placed more anteriorly and farther from the ventral ridge of bodythan its mate. Caudal rounded.Color rather light gray, everywhere spotted with irregular, or moreor less round spots of dark brown. These are sometimes very smalland scattered, sometimes lighter in the center, or arranged in irregularrings, or sometimes large and narrowly separated. The edges of thevertical tins are dusky or dark brown on the blind side. A few speci-mens were colored and spotted on both sides and in these cases thefront of the dorsal is usually not on the blind side, but is on a free lobewhich overhangs the head; the upper eye is more on the dorsal outlineof the head than in normal examples; the ventrals are usually moresymmetrical; and the pectorals are both of the same length, thesecharacters possibly indicating that the lish may swim on either side.We have numerous specimens from Kobe, Aomori, Hiroshima,Nagasaki, Hakodate, Onomichi, Wakanoura, Tsuruga, Tokyo, andMisaki. This species is one of the commonest of the small floundersof Japan.{c07'nuhis, horned. ) 18. LEPIDOPSETTA Gill.Lepidopsetta G\iaj, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 195 {umbrosus).Body robust; mouth small. Teeth stout, conical, little compressed, Fig. 13.?LEPIDOPSETTA BILINEATA.bluntish, in one series, rather irregularly placed. Lateral line with adistinct arch in front and accessor}^ dorsal branch; scales imbricated,rough ctenoid, smooth in the very 3'^oung. A single species, abundanton the Pacific coasts. It is close to Llttianda^ from which the acces-sory branch of the lateral line albne separates it.(XsTtig^ scale; tpt/TTa^ flounder.) wo. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES-JORDAN <.i- STARRS. 203 28. LEPIDOPSETTA BILINEATA (Ayres).Platessa biUneata Ayres, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cal., 1855, p. 40 (San Francisco).Platichthys uvibrosus Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 1.36 (PugetSound).Plenronectes perarcuafus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, p. 30 (Unalaska).Pleuronectes umbrosus Gunther, Cat., IV, 1862, p. 454.Pleuronectes bUineatus Gunther, Cat., IV, 1862, p. 444. ? Jordan and Gilhert,Synopsis, p. 833, 1883.Lepidopsetta bilineata Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1864, p. 195. ? Lockington,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1879, p. 103; Rep. Com. Fisheries, CaUfornia, 1878-79,p. 46.?Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 453; Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 68.?Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 241; Cat. Coll.Fish. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 19; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 353.?Jor-dan, Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim., 1884, p. 184, pi. l.?Jordan and Go,ss, ReviewFlounders and Soles, 1889, p. 286. ? Jordan and Evermann, Bull. Fish North.Mid. Amer., Ill, 1898, p. 2643, pl.cccLxxvi, fig. 928 (Alaska, etc.).?Schmidt,Poiss. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 232 (Bay of Shogun, Shendagen, Japan, INIauka,Gensan, Atka).Habitat.?Bering Sea, south to Monterey and to Korea.Head, 3f ; depth, 2^. D. 80; A. 60; teeth, |$^o; scales 85. Ver-te])ri\? 11+29=4:0. Body, broadly ovate, thickish; mouth moderate,turned toward the left side; teeth stout, conical little compressed,bluntish, in one series, rather irreg-ularh" placed. Lower pharyngealsbroad, with two rows of ])lunt teeth. Gillrakers few, very short, thickand weak, without teeth. Snout projecting; e3'es large, separated bya prominent ridge, which, like the cheeks and upper portion of oper-cle, is covered with rough stellate scales; lower eye advanced; opercle,subopercle, and interopercle of left side scaly; preopercle naked.Scales rather small, mostl}^ ctenoid, not closely imbricated, those onthe blind side smooth; scales on cheeks and other parts of head veryrough; scales of body smoother and less closely imbricated anteriorly,the degree of roughness variable, northern specimens (var. uv}hrosui<)being roughest. Lateral line moderately arched anteriorh', with anaccessory dorsal branch, which is less than one-half length of head;height of arch less than one-third its length. Dorsal l)eginning overeye, its anterior ra3^s low; caudal convex; anal preceded by a spine; aconcealed spine behind ventrals; rays of dorsal and anal all simple;dorsal and anal somewhat scaly; caudal three fifths length of head;pectoral one-half head. Lower pharyngeals broad, each with two rowsof blunt teeth. Yellowish brown, with numerous round, pale blotches.Pacific coast of America and Northern Asia, Bering Strait to Mon-terey and to Sakhalin. This species is one of the connnonest of theflounders of the Pacific coast, its abundance apparently increasingtoward the northward. In Bering Sea it far outnumbers all otherflounders. Schmidt records it from the Sea of Ochotsk and the Seaof Japan. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.19. LIMANDA Gottsche.Limanda Gottsche, Archiv fur Naturgsch., 18;:55, i>. 100 {liniatula).Myzopsetta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 217 (ferruginea).Limandella Jordan and Starks, new subgenus {yokoharax) . Teeth uniserial; lateral line with a distinct arch in front, and with-out accessory dorsal branch; scales more or less imbricated, roug'hctenoid in the typical species but cycloid in one of the Japanese species;vertebrte about 40. This genus is closely allied to Pseudopleuronectes^from which it differs onl}^ in the presence of an arch on the anteriorpart of the lateral line.Color of e3^ed side Ijrownish; the blind side usuall}^ washed withrusty red or with yellow in life.The genus may bo divided into two groups in accordance with thedentition. In Z/;?a;i6?rt proper, the teeth are bluntish conical not closeset, in an irregular row, which extends on the blind side of each jaw.In certain Japanese species {LtinandelJ<() the teeth are broad, truncate,evenh' set, restricted mainly to the blind side of each jaw.KEY TO SPECIES. a. Limanda.?Teeth conical, in an irregular row extending on eyed side of jaws.h. Dorsal rays about 66; anal rays about 50.c. Scales about 80, those of blind side rough; snout not projecting aspera, 29cc. Scales about 90, those of blind side smooth; i^nout produced, .probosciden, 30bb. Dorsal rays about 60; anal about 45; scales about 70; a rough area behind eye;scales all cycloid iridorum., 31aa. Limandella.?Teetli broad, truncate, close-set, confined chiefly to tlie blind sideof each jaw.d. Dorsal rays, 62; anal, 48; scales, 75 schrencki, 32dd. Dorsal rays, 65 to 75; anal rays, 50 to 55; scales, 75 to 80. e. Head with the snout slender and produced angufttirostris, 33ee. Head with the snout not notably produced yokohamse, 3429. LIMANDA ASPERA (Pallas).Fleuroncck's asper Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. , III, 1811, p. 425 (east coast ofSiberia). ? Guntuer, Cat., IV, 1862, p. 454. ? Steindachner, Pleuronectiden, "etc., aus Decastris Bay, 1870-1875. ? Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, ~ p. 835.Limanda aspera Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 242, Cat. Coll. Fish, U. S.Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 20; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 354; Hist. Aquat. Anini.,1884, p. 184, pi. XLViii. ? Jordan and Goss, Review Flounders and Soles, 1889,p. 288. ? Jordan and Evermann, Fish, North and Middle Amer., Ill, 1898, p.2645, pi. ccc'Lxxvii, fig. 930 (Alaska to Saghalin).?Jordan and Gilbert,Rept. Fur Seal Exp., Ill, p. 491 (Robben Reef, Petropaulski, etc. ).?Schmidt,Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 233 (INIauka, Usta, Gulf of Aniva, Papou).Hahitat.?Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea.Head, 3i; depth, 2. D. 69; A. 53; scales, about 80. Form ofLepidopsetta hilineata. Teeth small almost conical, on both sides ofthe mouth; interorbital space narrow, scaly; opercle and preopercle N0.1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARK'S. 205naked below; gillrakers veiy feeble; pharyng-eals not very broad,their teeth bluntish, not paved; scales .small, wide apart, partlyembedded, each one with 1 to 4 spinules, which are almost erect;anterior scales with 3 to 4 of these spinules; posterior mostly with 1;scales of blind side smoother; only middle rays of dorsal and analscaly; no accessory lateral line; anal spine present; twentieth anal rayand thirtj^-seventh dorsal ray longest; caudal, double truncate. Brown,nearly plain, the blind side with tinges of lemon yellow. Bering Sea,generally common, south to Vancouver Island and to the Okhotsk Sea.We have specimens from Petropaulski and liobben Reef, Bristol Bay,and Herendeen Bay.{asper, rough.)30. LIMANDA PROBOSCIDEA Gilbert.Limanda prohoscidea Gilbert, Kept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1893 (1896) j). 460, pi.XXXIII (Bristol Bay, Herendeen Bay). ? Jordan and Gilbert, Kept. Fur SealExpl., Ill, 1898, p. 491 (Bristol Bay, Herendeen Bay). ? Jordan and Ever--MANN, Fish North and Mid. Amer., Ill, 1898, p. 2645 (Bristol Bay, Heren-deen Bay).?Schmidt, Faune MerOch. Jap., 1903, p. 19 (Okhotsk Sea) Pise.Mar Orient, 1904, p. 236 (Mauka, Ustil R., Lutogi, Moloro R. Okhotsk Sea).Hahitat.?Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea.Depth, 2i to 2^ in length; head, large, 3 to 3^ in length in a speci-men 7 inches long. D. 63 to (J7; A. 47 to -49; scales, 86 to 95.Resembling L. ferruginca^ but having fewer rays in dorsal and anal,larger scales and longer snout. Profile sharply angulated above frontof upper eye, the snout convexly protruding; form varying from veryslender to broadly elliptical, the 2 outlines equally curved; caudalpeduncle short, widening backward, its least depth twice its length;mouth ol)lique, ma.xillary reaching beyond front of lower eye, 4 inhead; teeth narrow, little compressed, in a single series on both sidesof the jaw, extending farther back on the blind side; eyes on rightside; lower eye well in advance of upper, the diameter of upper eye5i to 6 in head, 1\ in snout; vertical from front of upper eye, fallingmidway between front of orbit and front of pupil of lower eye; inter-orbital space a very narrow, sharp ridge, naked in females, with asingle series of ctenoid scales in males; gillrakers short, about equalto diameter of pupil, 13 or 14 in number, 9 or 10 on lower limb; scalesloosely imbricated, ctenoid in males on colored side, smooth in females;blind side of both sexes smooth; head scaled on eyed side in males; theopercle, subopercle, interopercle, and preopercle mostly naked infemales; head on blind side naked; rays of vertical tins with a singleseries of ctenoid scales; dorsal fin beginning slightly behind front ofupper eye, the first 3 rays usually higher and wdth membranes moredeeply incised than in those which follow; highest portions of bothdorsal and anal fins behind the middle of the body; these tins aboutequal, their longest rays equal to the snout and eye; caudal two-thirds 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.head; pectorals short, one-third in head; vcntrals reaching beyond frontof anal, 3^ in head; the usual small antrorsc spine in front of anal fin.Color light grayish or brownish, thickly covered with small whitishspots; entire left side with margins of dorsal, caudal, and anal finsbright lemon yellow (as in LhtKUida ferrMv?:, flsh.)41. PLATICHTHYS STELLATUS (Pallas).TAKANOHAGAREI (HAWK'S CREST FLOUNDER); NUMAGAREI (SWAMP FLOUNDER).PIruronectes stellatus Fali.AS, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, III, 1811, p. 416 (Kam-chatka, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands). ? (tunthek, Cat.,LV, 1862, p. 443. ? Steindachnek, Pleur. von Decastris Bay, 1870, p. 1. ? Jordan and Gilbert,Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, p. 453; IV, 1881, p. 68.?Bean, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., IV, 1881, p. 420.?Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 835.?Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 353; Cat. Coll. Fish., U. S. Nat.Mus., 1883, p. 20.?Jordan, Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim., 1884, p. 184, pi. xlvi.?Otaki, Journ. Bureau Fish, 1897, p. 7, pi. vi, fig. 6 (Northern Japan).IsiiiKAWA and MATSu'tJRA, Prel. Cat., p. 25 (Hokkaido).Platessa slellata De Kay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, p. 301. ? Storer, Synopsis,1846, p. 478.Platichthys stcllatns Lockington, Rep. Com. Fish. Cal., 1878-79, p. 43; Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, p. 91. ? Jordan and Goss, Review Flounders andSoles, 1889, p. 296.?Jordan and Evermann, Fish. North. Mid. Am., 1898,III, p. 2652 (Robbenl., Saghalin, Alaska, California, etc.).?Jordan andGilbert, Fur Seal Explr., Ill, 1898, p. 492 (Alaska, etc.).?Jordan andSnyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 379 (Robben I).?Schmidt,Faune Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 240 (Japan Sea; Ochotsk Sea; Vladivostok;Mayka; Makliodka; Arakul; Shumanshin; Amur River; Petropaulsky;Hakodate; Saghalin).Platirlitliys rugoans Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, pp. 139, 155 (SanFrancisco; Presidio; Petaluma).?Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Fishes,1858, p. 148. ^ NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN& STARES. 2iyIlahitat.?North Pacific on both coasts, south to Tokyo and to SanLuis Obispo.Head, 3f ; depth, 2. D. 58; A. 42. Vertebra3, 34. Body, broadand short, the snout forming a slight angle with the profile; lower jawprojecting; interocular space rather broad, with very rather roughscales; large rough scales at base of dorsal and anal rays and on sidesof head; similar but smaller scales scattered over the body; lateral linesmooth; fins without scales; a cluster of bony prominences aboveopercle. Teeth incisor-like, truncate, rather broad, ^g. Lowerpharyngeals broad, with coarse paved teeth. Dark brown or nearlvblack, with lighter markings; fins reddish brown; dorsal and anal with4 or 5 vertical black bands; caudal with 8 or 4 black longitudinal ^-M ^. mmIk Fig. 19.?Platichthys stellatus.bands. Pacific coast of America, from Point Concepcion to the ArcticOcean and south to northern Japan. This is one of the largest of theAmerican flounders, reaching a weight of 15 to 20 pounds. Of thesmall-mouthed flounders it is much the largest species known. It isan abundant species, constituting half the total catch of flounders onthe Pacific coast of America, and it is equally abundant in Bering Sea.It lives in shallow water and sometimes ascends the larger rivers. ItIS one of the most widely distributed of all the flounders, its rangeextending from San Luis Obispo, California, to the mouth of theAnderson and Colville rivers on the Arctic coast, and to Port Clarence,thence across to Japan, whence we have specimens from Mororau,Hakodate, Aomori, Same, Matsushima, and Tokyo. We have alsospecimens from Petropaulski, Bering, Medni, and Robben islands.Also seen from Bristol Bay and Saghalon. It is a coarse fish, notvalued as food, either in ,Iapan or America.{stellatus, starred. ) 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.26. KAREIUS Jordan and Snyder.Kareim Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 379[scutifer=hicoloratus).This ^enus is allied to Plenronectes and Liopsetta, differing in thescaleless body, the adult having two or three irregular bony or wartyareas on the eyed side. Teeth even, in one row.{karei, flounder in Japanese.)42. KAREIUS BICOLORATUS (Basilewsky).ISHIGAREI (ROCK FLOXTNDER); MAKOGAREI (MAKO FLOUNDER); YANAGIMTJSHIGAREI(WILLOW WORM FLOUNDER).Platessa bicoloratuft Basilewsky, Num. Mein. Soc. Moscow, X, 1855, p. 260(Shantung).rieuronectes bicolorahis Herzenstein, Bull. Ac. Sci. Petersb., 1890, p. 133.Kareius bicoloratus Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1901, p. 769(Yokohama). ? Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 190-4, j). 243 (Gensan, Hako-date, Manchuria).Pleuronectes scutifer Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XXI, p. 628, pi. 11(Chifu).?Otaki, Journ. Bur. Fish, 1897, VII, pi. vi, fig. 5 (Japan).Kareius scutifer Jordan and Snvder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, p. 379(Tokyo); Check List, 1901, p. 122 (Hakodate, Yokohama).JIaMtat.?Cosistii of Japan, south to Tokyo, also in northern China.Head, 3i inches in length to base of caudal; depth, 2|, Eye, 5i inhead; maxillary, 4; snout, 5; dorsal, (39; anal, 50.Body moderately slender, the upper anterior outline concave oppo-site front of eye, and the snout somewhat produced, but without anabrupt sharp notch. Upper 63^6 slightly more posterior than lower.Interorbital space flat, rather narrow, and not elevated; its entirewidth two-thirds of diameter of pupil, bone only one-third. Moutharched; maxillar}^ reaching to below anterior edge of pupil of lowereye. Teeth compressed and set in a single, even, row on both sides ofjaws; the row on eyed side not so long as that on blind side. Gillrakers short and pointed; 4 or 5 on lower limb of arch. Origin ofdorsal above anterior edge of upper eye or slightly posterior to edge.Pectoral of e^-ed side usually somewhat pointed at ends of upper rays;its length contained If in head. Pectoral of blind side rounded, itslength 2f in head. Ventrals reaching to front of anal, that of blindside slightly the more anterior. Caudal truncate or ver}^ slightlyconvex.A row of contiguous, rough plates between lateral line and outlineof back, following the contour of the latter and running back to alittle past middle of entire length. A shorter row of smaller plates,which are not in a contiguous row, but irregularly separated, is onlower part of side; its length considerably shorter than that of head.A row of narrow plates follows lateral line immediatel}^ above andbelow; the rows not at all continuous, but sej^arated (sometimes NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLO UNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 221widel}^ 'it irreoular intervals, and when separated the interval i.s filledb}' a dermal channel. One or two plates on base of pectoral and oftenone or two a short distance below and behind base. A few plates oneach edge of caudal peduncle. Plates irregularly scattered over oper-cle and preopercle, an area just behind eyes, and sometimes on inter-orbital space, covered by thin skin, and apparently the roughenedbones of the cranium. The skin otherwise smooth and naked.Specimens up to {) cm. in length are entirely smooth. In specimensfrom 10 to 12 cm. long the ridge running back from the interorbitalspace is becoming rough. Specimens from 11 to 16 cm. long have therow of rough plates on the back well developed, but not so conspicu-ous as in the adult; the row on lower part of sides and the rowsalong lateral line appearing. In one specimen 22 cm. long the ventraland lateral series have not developed. Apparently the last plates toappear are those on base of pectoral and on preopercle, though occa-sionall}' they are slightly developed in specimens 15 cm. long. Ail ofthe plates become more elevated and rougher with age.Color uniform, brown or drab, often irregularly flecked with darkspots on the tins and body. These more conspicuous, and probablyalwaj's present in the young. Usually a row of round white spots, setat rather wide intervals, follows the dorsal and ventral outlines of theItod}'^ at a short distance from the base of the tins, and often otherlight spots are scattered irregularl}^ over the body.Specimens from Tokj^o, Otaru, Aomori, Hakodate, Same, Matsu-shima, and Mororan, and the largest 27 cm. in length. The species isgenerally common in northern Japan and in northern China.{Jns, two; coloratus^ colored.)27. CLIDODERMA Bleeker.Clidoderma Bleeker, Comptes Rendus, Amsterd., XIII, 1862 {asperrima).This genus is allied to Pleuronectes. Its principal character is thepresence in the adult of many warty tubercles, the largest arranged inabout 6 longitudinal rows. The very young are naked; the very old,almost evenly warty. The body is l)roader than in most relatedgenera.(/cA.f/s-, key; Sep/xa^ skin).43. CLIDODERMA ASPERRIMUM (Schlegel).Platerra aspernma ScKLEGKh, Fauna Japan, Paris, 1846, p. 172 (Nagasaki).Pleuronectes asperrimus Gunther, Cat. Fish, IV, 1862, p. 453 (copied)?Namiye.Class. Cat., 1881, p. 110 (Tokyo).?Otaki, Jonrn. Fish. Bur., 1897, p. 7, pi.vm, fig. 8 (Tokyo).Clidoderma asperrvnum Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900,p. 379 (Tokyo).?JoKDAN and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com.. XXII, 1904,p. 625 (Matsushima Bay).HaUtat.?Coasts of Japan, chiefly northward. 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM.Head, 3 in length to ba.se of caudal; depth, If. Upper eye, 6 inhead; maxillaiy, 3f ; snout to upper eye, 4^.Gape nearly straight, curved down under tip of snout. Teethbluntly pointed and irregular; in a single uneven row on eyed side ofmandible, which is straight and higher than the curved, blind side ofmandible, and shuts well past and within the premaxillary teeth of theeyed side; in 2 uneven rows on blind side of mandible, those of theouter row nuich the larger; in two rows on premaxillary of Idind sidesimilar to those of blind side of mandible; and in two very irregularrows on premaxillary of eyed side similar to the small inner row onblind side. Maxillar}^ of eyed side reaching to opposite front of pupil;its length two-thirds of that of blind side, which reaches almost toposterior margin of e^^e and is contained 2^ times in head. Interor- FlG. 20. ? CLIDODERMA ASI'EREIMUM.bital space very narrow, but not sharp, continued })ack as a blind ridge])ehind upper eye. Gill rakers short, conical, and sharp, their number4+10.Origin of dorsal on blind side opposite front of e3'e and on a levelwith posterior' nostril of blind side. Highest dorsal rays 2f in head;a little shorter than highest anal rays. Pectorals l)roadl3' rounded;that of eyed side 2i in head, that of blind side 2|. Caudal roundedor double truncate. Body and everywhere on head, including snout,mandible, maxillary, and interorbital space, very rough with close-setbony plates. Larger plates, their tops more conical and extendingabove the others, are arranged in 5 or 6 rather definite longitudinalseries. The bases of all the fins on eyed side and the surface of theeyeballs with fine, rough plates. Lateral line with a low curve ante- Jl NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARRS. 223liorly, but not angulated at posterior end of curve. Blind side ofbody with thin, smooth, naked skin.Color dark brown with some indefinite blotches of darker.Here described from a specimen 34 cm. in length from MororanWe have specimens from Mororan, Hakodate, Aomori, MatsushimaBay, and Tokyo*{asperrhnus, very rough.)28. MICROSTOMUS Gottsche.Microstomus Gottsche, Archiv fur Naturgesch., 1835, p. 1.50 {latidens); not Micro-stoma Risso, 1826.Cynicoglossus Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1837, Pt. 19 {cynoglotisus Nilsson, not ofLiNN.EUs).Cynoglossa Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico Pesci Europei, 1846, p. 48 {microcepha-lus); not Cynoglossus Hamilton, 1822.Brachyprosopon Bleeker, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Amsterd., XIII, Pleuron.,p. 7, 1862 (microcephalus) . Body elongate, compressed; mouth ver}" small; teeth broad, incisor-like, on blind side onl}^; scales small, all cycloid; vertebra? numerous(48 to 52); dorsal ra3\s, 90 to 100; anal rays, 70 to 85; anal spine obso-lete; left side of skull normal, without mucous cavities; ventral tinswith 5 rays each. Arctic seas. This genus is widel}- separated fromPIeuron ectes and its allies b}^ its greatly increased number of vertebrte,a character accompanied bv a similar increase in the number of tin rays.It is close to GlyptoeephaluSj but the lack of the cavernous structureof the bones of the head, a structure peculiar to the species of thatgenus sufficiently distinguishes it,{juiKpog^ small; ffrojua, mouth.)KEY TO SPECIES. a. Body slender and fragile, the depth 3^ in length; dorsal rays about 93; anal 80;scales 90; color uniform hUahara.', 44aa. Body rather robust, the depth 2J in length. Dorsal rays about 92; anal 76;scales 112; color brown, often blotched with rusty red stelleri, 4544. MICROSTOMUS KITAHAR^ Jordan and Starks.Pleuronectes cynoglossus Otaki, Journ. Fish. Bur., 1897, p. 7, pi. vi, tig. 7 (Japan;not of LlNNvEUS. )Mi/rostomus kUaharse Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com., XXII, 1904,p. 625, pi. VII, fig. 2 (Matsushima Bay, Suruga Bay, Tsuruga, Japan Sea;Tokyo).Habitat.?Coasts of northern Japan south to Tsuruga.Head, 4,25 to 4,5 in length; depth, 3,5 to 3.75; D. 91 to 96; A. 75to 83; scales, 87 to 96 (pores); eye, 2.83 to 3.16 in head; snout fromupper eye, 4.33 to 4.75; maxillary, 3.75 to 4; pectoral of eyed side,1.83 to 2.33, of blind side, 2.25 to 3; ventral, 3,5; caudal, 1,25,Anterior upper profile evenly convex; the upper eye protrudingabove it; lower eye much in advance of upper, the eyes separated byProc. N. M. vol. xxxi?06 15 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.a very narrow ridge; maxillary short, rather strongly curved, reach-ing to below anterior edge of pupil of lower eye; teeth rather blunt,in a single row, forming a continuous even cutting edge; a small bonyI^aob developed below tip of mandible; anterior nostril of eyed side in a short broad tube; gillrakers very short, 8 of them on lower limb ofarch; scales everywhere cycloid, the snout, maxillary, and mandiblenaked; lateral line conspicuous, curving up just behind tip of pectoralabove upper end of gill opening, but not at all arched; dorsal begin- NO. 1484. JA PANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDANA STA RKS. 225ning above posterior margin of pupil of upper e3^e; the longest dorsaland anal ra3'S are at beginning of posterior fourth of body length;pectoral narrow, pointed, variable in length, the upper edge of its basedistant one diameter of pupil from upper end of gill slit; ventralsreaching just to front of anal; caudal rounded or double truncate, themiddle rays projecting beyond outer rays a distance slightly greaterthan half eye.Color uniform brown, pectoral and caudal growing black towardtips of rays; no color on blind side except black toward end of caudal.The type is 18 cm. in length, taken with several cotypes at station3770, Matsushima Bay, in 42 to 45 fathoms. Other cotypes were takennear the same locality at stations o76l>, 3771 (in 61 fathoms), and 3772(in 79 fathoms); at station 3717, off Ose Point, Suruga Bay, in 65 to125 fathoms, and station 3699, Suruga Bay, in 400 to 726 fathoms;others were collected by Jordan and Snyder in the market at Tokyo,several of which were deposited as cot^'pes in the Imperial Universityat Tokyo. Dried salted specimens were obtained in the market ofTsuruga.7y^?6^?Cat. No. 51418, U.S.N.M. Cotypes are Nos. 8390, 8995,8996, Stanfoi-d University.(Named for Mr. T. Kitahara, of the Imperial Bureau of Fisheries ofJapan.) 45. MICROSTOMUS STELLERI Schmidt.BABAGAREI (OLD WOMAN FLOUNDER).Microstomus utelleri Schmidt, Pi.sc. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 247 (Mayka, Gensan,Shogun, Lake Askold, Shendogan, Gulf of Broughtoii, Gulf of Aneva. ) Hah/tat.?Northern Japan to Sakhalin and Korea.Head, 4^ in length to base of caudal; depth, 2^;. Upper eye, 4i in Fig. 22.?Microstomus stei.leri.head; snout to upper eye, 4f; interorbital space, 8i; interorbitalbone,19; maxillary, 4^; dorsal, 92; anal, 76; pores in lateral line, 112.Mouth small and curved, the maxillar}^ reaching to below front oflower eye. Teeth on blind side of jaws, extending very slightly around 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.on colored side, especially on lower jaw; 112 to 14 teeth on mandible,lU to 12 on premaxillary. They are strong and blunt in a single evenrow, forming a continuouiB cutting edge. Upper eye a little posteriorto lower; interorbital space rather wide and convex, the bone narrowbut not sharp, continued backwards and upwards on head behind eyesas a blunt, scaled ridge. Gillrakers short and pointed, 6+10 in number.Origin of dorsal opposite middle of eye and slightly on blind side ofbody. Longest dorsal niys equal in length to those of anal and con-tained 2f times in head. Pectoral usually rounded, its length 1^ inhead; that of blind side 2. Caudal rounded, slightly angulated at endsof outer rays. Lateral line with a low arch anteriorly; length of archcontained .5^ in straight part of lateral line; its height i the longdiameter of upper eye.Cok)r brown, indistinctly mottled with darker brown; some speci-mens show a dark blotch on lateral line at tip of pectoral, another justbehind middle of straight part of lateral line, and very inconspicuousV)lotches at base of dorsal and anal tins'. Blind side more or less spottedand soiled with dusky brown; the blind side of the vertical tins alwaysdark. Both sides in life sometimes very much blotched with rustyred, sometimes without red.Here described from a specimen 35 cm. in length from Hakodate.It is rather common on the shores of Hokkaido. We have examplesfrom Hakodate, Mororan, and the Ainu village of Edomo.(Named for Dr. Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist of Bering'sExpedition.) 29. GLYPTOCEPHALUS Gottsche.Glyptocepliahis Gottsche, Archiv fiir Naturgsch., 1835, p. 156 (type saxicola=cyno-glossus Linna'us).Eyes and color on the right side. Body extremely elongate, morethan twice as long as deep, much compressed. Head very small andshort, its blind side with many excavations and mucous cavities in theskull, mandible, and preopercle. Mouth very small; teeth moderate,incisor-like, broad, equal, close set, in a single series; no teeth onvomer or palatines. Gill rakers short, weak. Lower phar3'ngealsnarrow, with 1 or 2 rows of conical teeth. Lateral line nearlystraight, simple; scales very small, smooth; dorsal and anal verylong, there being more than 90 rays in the dorsal and more than 80 inthe anal; caudal tin rounded; anal spine present; ventral vays 6. Ver-te))r{e in increased number, 58 to 05. Northern seas, in deep water.This genus is one of the most strongly marked in the family, beingdistinguished from most of the genera by the greatly increased num-ber of vertel)r or 7scales.Head and body light gray crossed with l)lack bars more or less defi-nitely ai-ranged in pairs. These may be uniform black or a littlelighter in the middle, but never conspicuously lighter as in Z. japoni-rus. A bar across gill opening, involving base of pectoral, its pos-terior edge just behind base of pectoral. Behind this are 8 pairs ofbars, the posterior one of the last pair much the widest, its posterioi-edge just at or somewhat anterior to base of caudal. Base of caudalrays of the gray body color; the greater part of the caudal, iiu-ludingthe tips of the dorsal and anal rays, marked with a large round di>adblack spot two-thirds of the length of the head in diameter anil bear-ing several milk-white, clear-cut oblong spots of irregular size, often 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi,. xxx,.arranged as an obscure ring. Two small specimens have the whitespots fewer, larger, and not so sharp cut. The bars of the body extendto the edges of the dorsal and anal fins, running longitudinally withthe rays. Posteriorly the dorsal, anal, and caudal are narrowly edgedwith white. Vertical fins of the blind side uniform black, edged withwhite, growing light toward base of rays. Pectoral black.Many specimens from 12 to 24 cm. in length collected at Nagasaki,Tokyo, Kobe, and Hakata. The species is common in southern Japan,where it reaches a considerable size. It is valued as a food fish.{sehrim(.s, zebra-like. ) 50. ZEBRIAS JAPONICUS (Bleeker). ^sopia japonica Bi.EKKER, Japan, VI, 1869, p. 71 (Nagasaki; (young).Sj/naptura japonica Gunther, Cat. Fish, IV, 1862, p. 485 (copied.)Brachiru>i japonicus Bleeker, Enum. Poiss., Conn. Jap., 1879, p. 22 (Nagasaki).Synaptura smithi Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1903, p. 57, pi. vi (Inland Seaof Japan ) . Habitat.?Shores of southern Japan, north to Tok3^o.Head, 5^ to .5f in length to base of caudal; depth, 2^ to 2f, Uppereye, 5 to 5^ in head. Dorsal, 73 to 79; anal, 59 to 64. Scales fromopposite gill opening to caudal, 80 to 98; 15 or 16 from upper eye togill opening.This species differs from Z. sehrinus in having the eyes larger. Insome specimens the upper e} e is scarcely in advance of lower, in othersthe anterior third of upper eye overhangs the front margin of the lower,and in others the upper e3^e varies between these extremes. Upper2 pectoral rays abruptl}" produced beyond the short lower ones; notso long as in Z. zehrinus, 2 to 2^ in head. Last rays of dorsal andanal attached to base of caudal, leaving the latter distinct and the out-line of fins not continuous around caudal, as in Z. sehrinus. The])apilL'e on the blind side of head are much more numerous.The cross bars on body not so dark or not so uniform in color as inZ. sehrinus; the middle of each bar alwaj's much lighter than theedges, often so light as to subdivide some of the bars. A light inter-space is across the gill opening, and instead of the posterior edge of adark bar being just behind the pectoral as in Z. seh'inus, the anterioredge of a bar is in this place. Behind the pectoral are 8 or 9 pairs ofdark bars, the last bar crossing the base of the caudal, about half of itbeing on the caudal rays; behind this is a gray or white bar, and theposterior third of the fin is abruptly black. Pectoral light or dusky.The species otherwise as Z. zehrinus. The attachment of the dorsaland anal to the caudal is not variable in our specimens as described byRegan.Specimens from Tokyo and Wakanoura, from 100 to 165 mm. inlength. Southern Japan, rather rare.(japoniciis, Japanese.) NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 23534. .^SOPIA Kaup. ^sopia Kaup, Wiegmanns Archiv., 1858, p. 95. {Cornnta, as restricted by (lUN-THER, Cat. Fish, IV, p. 487.)Scales e3^cloid, smooth; first dorsal ray prolonged; pectorals rudi-mentary. Otherwise as in Zebrias. As originally constructed, ^Empiawas equivalent to Zehruis, but ^E. cornuta was included among thespecies, originally renumerated by Kaup, and the name ^Esop/d wasrestricted to that species by Giinther. Nevertheless we think that thename ^Emj)ia should be used for the genus here called Zehriax. Inthat case, cornuta should receive a new generic name.(^Esop, the author of classic fables, in allusion to the slave costume ofmany stripes, worn b}' ^Esop, and by these fishes.)51. i^SOPIA CORNUTA Kaup. LaJerree potoo Russell, Fish Coroniandel, 1803, pi. lxxii (Vizagapatam,Sole Cornue").?CuviER, Regiie Animal, 2d ed., 1828; after Ru.'^sell. ^Efiopia rornutd Kaup, Wiegm. Archiv., 1858, p. 95 (British India). ? Gunther, Cat.Fish, IV, 1862, p. 487 (copied).?Day, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 238 (India);Fishes India, p. 438, pi. xciv, fig. 4 (Coromandel).Synaptura 2)otoo Bleeker, Bengal en Hindustan, p. 76, after Russell.Habitat.?India, north to Nagasaki.Head, 4f in length to base of caudal; depth, 3. Eye, 5i in head. Fig. 27.?^SOPIA CORNUTADor,sal 79; anal, 66. Scales frem jopposite gill opening to caudal, 9-i;from upper eye to gill opening, 19.Jaws even in front, the gape extending back to below front edge ofpupil of lower eye. Teeth very small, in bands on blind side of jaws.Eye contiguous, the upper very slightly in advance of lower. Ante-rior nostril of colored side in a large tube, much longer and widerthan its mate of the opposite side.Eirst ray of dorsal swollen, produced, and covered with small ten-tacles or villffi. It is situated vertically above anterior nostril and its 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.length is contained 1^ times in head. The dorsal and anal are attachedto the entire length of the outer caudal rays, so that the outline aroundthem is unbroken. Ventrals symmetrical and well separated fromanal. Pectorals of both sides rudimentary, represented by a shortflap broader than long- in which the rays are evident. Lateral linestraight, continued on head over 11 or 12 scales, not reaching to uppereye. Scales everywhere c3'cloid.Color grayish l)rown crossed with wide, dark-brown bands, ratherlighter in the middle, and extending to the tips of the dorsal and analrays. Four bands on head, the one at posterior part of eye dividedinto 2; one across rudimentary pectoral and gill opening, behind whichare 11 bands, counting a small spot at base of caudal rays; caudal anddistal half of posterior dorsal and anal rays black; a round opaquewhite spot at middle of caudal. Dorsal and anal rays opposite thelight bars on body are opaque white and sometimes a suggestion of thesame color opposite the middle of the dark bars. Dorsal, anal, andcaudal uniform dark on blind side growing light toward base.Here described from a single specimen 125 mm. long from Nagasaki.It has not otherwise been recorded except from India.{cornutus., horned. ) 35. PARAPLAGUSIA Bleeker.Plagusia (Brown) Guvier, Regne Animal, II, 1817, p. 224 {hilineata, etc.) (notPlagusia Latreille, 1806, a genus of Crustacea).Paraplagnsia Bleeker, Atlas Pleuron., 1870, p. 26 [hilineata).? Rhinaplagusiu Bleeker, Atlas Pleuron., 1870, p. 26.Left side with two lateral lines, right side with one. Otherwise asin Usinosita.[Ttapa, near; I */<( lines on blind side of body, one median, andone following each the dorsal and anal outline of bodj^Color uniform brown usually with irregular dark specks scatteredirregularly and sparsely over the body; tins uniform darker brownwith pale margins, similar but darker on blind side.Here described from specimens from 20 to 28 cm. in length fromWakanoura, Kobe, and Tokyo. It is a common market fish of southern Japan.{japonicus^ Japanese.)87. CYNOGLOSSUS Buchanan-Hai-nilton. Ci/noglossu!^ Buchanan-Hamilton, Fishes of the Ganges, 1822, p. 32. {lingaa.)Body lanceolate, covered with ctenoid scales; two lateral lines onthe left side, one rudimentary' on the right as in Vsinosita; Ej^es andcolor on the leftside; snout produced into a hook; mouth narrow, thelips not fringed; two nostrils on the left side, one of them between theeyes. Gill opening very narrow.East Indian Seas: The genus is here restricted by the separation offhe species with two lateral lines on each side (Arelia), of those withthree lateral lines {Areliscus). of those with peculiar nostrils {Can-toi'la), of those with one nostril (Tru/la), arid of those with none(kv&ov, dog; yXc^ffffa, tongue.)KEY TO SPECIES. :i. Eye about 12 in liead. F). 125, A. 98. Scales about 70; about 10 series of scalesVjetween lateral lines robust us, 54 'Id. Eye Ts in head. D. 129, A. 10-1. Scales 74. Nine rows of scales between laterallines ,?.... brunneus, 55 NO. 1484. JAPANESF. FLOUNDERS AND SOLES?JORDAN & STARKS. 239 54. CYNOGLOSSUS ROBUSTUS Giinther.Cynoglossus robKstvs GItnther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1(K j)urpureomacnl.atus Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1905, p. 26 (InlandSea of Japan).Ilahitat.? CoAnts of Southern Japan.Head, 5| in length; depth, 4^. Eye, 8 in head. Dorsal, 128; anal,104; scales, 120.Snout a little more than one-third length of head; interorVntal widthone-half of diameter of eye. Two nostrils on left side; one betweenanterior parts of eyes, the other in front of lower eye. Maxillar}'^extending to below middle of eye; rostral hook extending a littlebeyond mandibulary symphysis. Three lateral lines; the two upperseparated by 18 scales.Color brownish with numerous irregular purplish spots. Totallength 215 mm. (Regan.) Inland Sea of Japan.This species has much smaller scales than A. Interruptus or A.joyneri. We have seen no specimens. -{purpureus^ purple; maculafris^ spotted).59. ARELISCUS SEMILiEVIS (Giinther).Cynoglossus seinila'vis GtJNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 379 (Chifu).Habitat.?Chinese shore of Sea of Japan.Head, .5 in length to base of caudal; depth, 3^. Dorsal, 123; anal,95; scales, 145.Two nostrils, one between the eyes, the other opposite lower mar-gin of lower eve. Eyes extremely small, the upper not in advance oflower; interorbital space much wider than orbit. Length of snouttwo- fifths of head; angle of mouth below eye; nearer margin of snoutthan hind margin of opercle.Color uniform brown; vertical tins with a white edge; 3 distinctround blackish spots on lateral line. Length, 18 inches. (Giinther.)Chifu, China, not seen by us.{seriiildevis^ half smooth.)39. SYMPHURUS Rafinesque.Symphurm Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiologia Biciliana, 1810, p. 52 {nigrescens).Bibronia Cocco, Alcuni Pesci del mare di Messina, 1844, p. 15 {Ugidata; larvalform).Plagusia CvwKU, Regne Animal, 2d ed., II, 1829, p. 344 (based on Plagnaia ofBrown); name preoccupied in Crustaceans, Latreille, 1806.Ptof/tusa Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, p. 51 (lactea); substitute lor Pla-gusia preoccupied.ApJioristia Kaup, Archiv fur Naturgesch, 1858, p. 106 {ornata).Gloi^fiichthys Gihh, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A., 1861, p. 51 (plagiusa).Ammopleurops GtJNTiiER, Cat., IV, 1862, p. 490 {lactcus= nigrescens).f Bascanim Schiodte, Naturhist. Tydsskr., V, 1867, p. 269 (Lrdifer; larvalform). NO. 1484. JAPANESE FLOUNDERSAND SOLES?JORDAN d: STA RKS. 248Acedia Jordan, in Jordan and Goss, Review Flounders and Soles, 1889, p. 821{nehulosus).Bod}^ elongate, more or less lanceolate in outline, with the eyes andcolor on the left side; eyes small, very close together, with no distinctinterorbital ridge between them; mouth small, twisted toward theblind side; teeth little developed, in villiform bands; edge of preop-ercle covered by the scales; gill openings narrow, the gill membranesadnate to the shoulder girdle above, joined together and free from theisthmus l)elow; pectoral fins wanting (in the adult); vertical fin.s moreor less confluent; scales ctenoid; lateral line wanting. Ventral fin ofeyed side only present, free from the anal; head without fringes.[ffvv^ together; ^t'cy, to grow; ovpa^ tail; from the united verticaltins). 6o. SYMPHURUS ORIENTALIS (Bleeker).Aphorislla orientnlis Bleeker, Enum. Foiss. ConnuH. dii Japoii, 1879, ]>. ;!1, pi. ii,fig. 1 (Japan).SympJiurns orieutdlis Jordan and Snyder, Check-List, 1901, j). 122.Symphurus sp. Schmidt, Pise. Mar. Orient, 1904, p. 249 (Vladivostok).f Achirus plagusia Basilewsky, Soc. Nat. Mosc.,1855, p. 245 (Tchili; Pekin): notPleuronedes plagnsia Block and Snyder, a Jamaican species of Sipnjiltimiit.Ilah/tat.?Coasts of Japan, north of Vladivostok.Head, 5 in length to caudal base; depth, 3i. Eye, iOi in head;maxillary, 3f. Dorsal, 100; anal, 86; scales, 90.Mouth curved but scarcely hooked at tip of upper jaw; snout pro-jecting a little beyond mouth. Eyes small, the upper slightly inadvance of lower; interorbital space about half vertical diameter ofeye. Anterior nostril in a tube near front of upper jaw; posteriornostril in front of upper margin of lower eye. End of maxillarybelow posterior edge of pupil.Origin of dorsal above front of upper eye. Ventral not joined toanal.Color, dusky with 5 diffused dark cross bands, one across opercularregion in front of ventral; one across body a little behind front ofanal; the other three equally spaced, the last one just anterior to baseof caudal. Fine points of dark color scattered profusely over thedorsal, caudal, and anal; the ventral uniform.Here described from the plate published by Bleeker. The countsof tins and scales are from Bleeker's description and do not agrct^ withthe plate.We have not seen this species, and do not feel sure of the ciiaractcrsascribed to it. A young specimen of Areliscus tnterraptux, with thescales lost, may be easily taken for 8y7n2)hwrus.{oriental is^ Eastern.) 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxx.SUMMARY.Suborder HETEROSOMATA.Family Pleuronectid^. 1. Platophryu Swainnon, 1839. 1. myriasfer (Teminini'k and Schlegel), 1846; Keerun. 2. Scieops Jordan and Starks, 1904. 2. grandisqvama (Schlegel), 1846; Nagasaki, Owaii Bay, Sagami Bay, Wakanonra.3. kobensis Jordan and Starks, 1906; Kolje. o. Engyproftojxm (ii\nther, 1864. 4. iljirmt' Jordan and Starks, 1904; Suruga Bay.4. J'fieudorhomhux Bleeker, 1862. 5. cinvamoinens (Schlegel), 1846; Tokyo, Tsnruga, Wakanonra, Kobe, Onotnichi,Nagasaki, Hakata, Kawatana, Hongkong.6. ?;ysaA"fH.s' Jordan and Starks, 1906; INIisaki, Kobe, Tsnruga, Wakanonra.7. oligodon (Bleeker), 1857; Formosa.8. dupUoceUatus Regan, 1905.9. ocellifer Hegan, 1905; Hakodate, Yokohama, Tokyo, Kobe, Wakanonra, Mororan,Nagasaki.10. olkjoleph Bleeker, 1869. 5. Paraliditliys Girard, 1858.11. olivaceus (Schlegel), 1846; Hakodate, INIororan, Same, Aomori, Matsnshima,Tokyo, Yokohama, Misaki, Wakanonra, Kobe, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Kawa-tana, Nagasaki.12. coreaniciis (Schmidt), 1904.13. percocephalus (Basilewsky), 1855. 6. Xi/slri((!^ Jordan and Starks, 1904.14. grigorjeiiu (Herzenstein), 1890; Hakodate, Matsushinui, Tokyo, Aomori, Uzen. 7. Verasper Jordan and Gilbert, 1899.15. variegatus (Schlegel), 1846; Tokyo, Yokohama, Matsnshima Bay, Onomichi.16. j?os<'ri Jordan and Gill )ert, 1898; Iturup, Mororan, Hakodate, Same. 8. Acanthopaetta Schmidt, 1903.17. riadeshnyi Schmidt, 1903. 9. Oi/Dnpsettd Schmidt, 1903.18. dnliia Schmidt, 1903; Uzen.10. IIipj)oglosso Idrs (iottsche, 1835.19. elassodon Jordan and Gilbert, 1880.20. hamiltoni Jordan and Gilbert, 1899. 11. ('/m