SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
. 230
ARRANGEMENT
FAMILIES OF MAMMALS.
WITH ANALYTICAL TABLES.
PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
BY
THEODORE GILL, M.D., Ph.D.
WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
NOVEMBER, 1872.

ADVERTISEMENT.
The following list of families of Mammals, with analytical tables, has
been prepared by Dr. Theodore Gill, at the request of the Smithsonian
Institution, to serve as a basis for the arrangement of the collection of
Mammals in the National Museum ; and as frequent applications for such
a list have been received by the Institution, it has been thought advisable
to publish it for more extended use. In provisionally adopting this
system for the purpose mentioned, the Institution, in accordance with its
custom, disclaims all responsibility for any of the hypothetical views upon
which it may be based.
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary, S. I.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, October, 1872.
(iii)

CONTENTS.
I. List of Families* (including references to synoptical tables) 1-27
Sub-Class (Eutheria) Placentalia s. Monodelpbia (1-121)
Super-Order Educabilia (1-73)
Order 1. Primates (1-8)
Sub-Order Anthropoidea (1-5)
" Prosimiae (6-8)
Order 2. Ferae (9-27)
Sub-Order Fissipedia (9-24) .
" Pinnipedia (25-27)
Order 3. Ungulata (28-54)
Sub-Order Artiodactyli (28-45)
" Perissodactyli (46-54)
Order 4. Toxodontia (55-56) .
Order 5. Hyracoidea (57)
Order 6. Proboscidea (58-59)
Diverging (Educabilian) series.
Order 7. Sirenia' (60-63)
Order 8. Cete (64-73) .
Sub-Order Zeuglodontia (64-65)
" Denticete (66-71) .
Mysticete (72-73) .
Super-Order Ineducabilia (74-121)
Order 9. Chiroptera (74-82) .
Sub-Order Aniinalivora (74-81)
" Frugivora (82)
Order 10. Insectivora (S3-92)
Sub-Order Dermoptera (83)
" Insectivora Vera (84-92)
Order 11. Glires (93-112)
Sub-Order Simplicidentati (93-110)
" Duplicidentati (111-112)
Order 12. Bruta (113-121)
Sub-Order Vermilinguia (113)
Squamata (114)
1,
VI
Sub-Order Podieutia (115) ....
" Tardigrada (11(3-117)
" Loricata (118-120) ....
Bruta iucertfe sedis (121)
Sub-Class (Eutheria) Didelphia (122-134) ....
Order 13. Marsupialia (122-134) ....
Sub-Order Rhizopbaga (122) .
Syndactyli (123-129)
" Dasyuroruorpbia (130-131)
" Didelpbimorpbia (132) .
Marsupialia incertse sedis (133-134)
Sub-Class (Prototberia) Ornitbodelpbia (135-136)
Order Monotrernata (135-136) ....
Sub-Order Tachyglossa (135) ....
" Platypoda (136) ....
23
24
24
25
25, 46
25
25
26
26
26
27
27, 46
27
27
27
II. List of Authors referred to 31-41
III. Synoptical Tables of Character of the Subdivisions of Mammals, with a
Catalogue of the Genera ........ 43-98
OF
FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES
OF MAMMALS.
[Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institution.]
N. B.—The Fossil Families are indicated by Italics.
Class A.—MAMMALIA.
Sub-Class PLACENTALIA.
Super-Order EDUCABILIA.
(gryrencephala = megasthena + archencephala -=
Archontia.)
(Primate Series.)
Order L—PRIMATES.
Sub-Order Anthropoidea.
(Bimana.)
1. Hoininiclae — Antliropini, Huxl., M. T. & G.,
1864, i, 153.
(Simiae.)
(Simiae catarrh inae.)
2. Simiidae = Antliropomorpha, Huxl., M.
T. & G. 1864, i, 648.
July, 1871. 1
a. Simiinae = Simiina, Gray, M., L., &
Fr.-eat. B., 6.
b. Hylobatinae = Hylobatina, Gray, M., L.,
& Fr.-eat. B., 9.
3. Cynopithecidae = Cynopitkecini, Huxl., M. T.
& G., 1864, i, 671.
a. Semnopitkecinae = Sub-Family II, Mart., Man
and Monkeys, 445.
b. Cynopitkecinae = Sub-Family III, Mart., Man
and Monkeys, 503.
[Simiae platyrhinae
.
)
4. Cebidae = Platyrkini, Huxl., M. T. & G.,
1864, ii, 93.
a. Mycetinae = Mycetinae, Miv., P. Z. S.,
1865, 547.
b. Cebinae = Cebinae, Miv., P. Z. S.,
1865, 547.
c. Nyctipithecinae = Nyctipitkecinae, Miv., P.
Z. S., 1865, 547.
d. Pitkeciinae = Pitkeciinae, Miv., P. Z. S.,
1865, 547.
5. Mididae = Arctopitkecini, Huxl., M. T.
& G., 1864, ii, 124.
Sub-Order Prosimiae.
(Lemuroidea.)
6. Lemuridac = Lemuridae, Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 6G.
a. Indrisinae = Indrisinae, Miv., P. Z. S.,
1866, 151.
b. Lemurinae = Lemurinae, Miv., P. Z. S.
1867,960.
c. Nycticebinae = Nycticebinae, Miv., P. Z.
S., 1864, 643.
d. Galagininae = Galagininae, Miv., P. Z. S.,
1864, 645.
7. Tarsiidae = Tarsidae, Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 83.
(Daubentonioidea.)
8. Daubentoniidae = Cheiromyidae, Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 85.
(Feral Series.)
Order II.—FEPwE.
Sub-Order Fissipedia.
[Aeluroidea.)
(Aeluroidea typica.)
9. Felidae = Felidae, FL, P. Z. S., 1869,
15-18.
a. Felinae = Felidae, § 1, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1867, 261.
b. Guepardinae == Felidae, § 2, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1867, 277.
c. Machaerodontinae > Felinae, Burm., A. M. P. B.
-A. i, 122-138.
10. Cryptoproctidae = Cryptoprocticlae, FL, P. Z.
S., 1869, 22.
[Aeluroidea hyaeniformia.)
11. Protelidae
12. Hvaenidae
= Protelidae, FL, P. Z. S.,
1869, 27, 474.
= Hyaenidae, FL, P. Z. Sv
1869, 26.
a. Viverrinae
[Aeluroidea viverriformia.)
13. Viverridae = Viverridae, FL, P. Z. S.,
1869, 18.
Viverrina, ) Gray, C.P.&
Genettina,
J
E.M.,46,49.
b. Prionodontinae = Prionodontina, Gray, C.
P. & E. M., 52.
= Galidiina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 55.
= Hemigalina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 56.
= Arctictidina, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 57.
f. Parodoxurinae = Paradoxurina, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 59.
g. Cynogalinae- = Cynogalina, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1867, 521 . = Cynogalidae.
c. Galidiinae
cl. Henrigalinae
e. Arctictidinae
h. Herpestinae
i. Cynictidinae
j. Rliinogalinae
k. Crossarchinae
14. Eupleridae
15. Canidae
a. Caninae
b. Megalotinae
= Herpestina, Gray, C. P. &E.
M.,144. (h-i<Herpestidae.)
= Cynictidina, Gray, 0. P.
& E. M., 169.
= Rkinogalina, Gray,C.P.&E.
M., 17'2. j-k<RIrinogalidae.
< Crossarchina, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 176.
= Euplereens, Doy., A. S. N".,
2e s., iv, 1835, Z., 281.
(Cynoidea.)
= Canidae, FL, P. Z. S., 1869,
23.
= Canidae, Gray, C. P. & E. M.,
178.
= Megalotidae, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 210.
(Arctoidea.)
(Ardoidea musteliformia.)
16. Mustelidae = Mustelidae, FL, P. Z. S., 1869,
11-14.
= Mustelina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 81.
= Melina, Gray, C. P. & E. M.,
122. (b-f < Melinidae.)
a. Mustelinae
b. Melinae
c. Mellivorinae
d. Mephitinae
e. Zorillinae
f. Helictidinae
g. Lutrinae
k. Enhydrinae
= Mellivorina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 131.
= Mepliitina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 133.
== Zorillina, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 139.
= Helictidina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 141.
= Lutrina, Gray, C. P. & E. M.
100. (g-h < Mustelidae.)
= Enliydrina, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 118.
17. Ursidae
18. Aeluridae
19. Cercoleptidae
20. Procyonidae
a. Nasuinae
1). Procyoninae
(Arctoidea typica.)
= Ursidae, FL, P. Z. S., 1869,
6-9.
[Arctoidea procyonifofmia.)
= Ailuridae, FL, P. Z. S., 1869,
11, 36.
> Procyonidae, FL, P. Z. S.,
1869, 9, 32.
> Procyonidae, FL, P. Z. S.,
1869, 9, 32.
= Nasuidae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 238.
= Procyonidae, Gray. C. P. &
E. M., 212.
721. Bassarididae = Bassaridae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 245.
[Fissipedia sedis incertae.)
22. Simocyonidae = Famille aujourdliui eteinte,
Gaudry, (320), 37.
23. Ardocyonidae, < Arctocyoni?iae, Giebel, Sauge-
tkiere, 755.
?
24. Hyaenodontklae = Hyaenodontidae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 38.
Sub-Order Pinnipedia.
(Phocoidea.)
25. Otariidae = Otariadae, Allen, B. M. C. Z.,
ii, 1 ; Gill, A. N., iv., 675.
2Q. Phoeidae = Phocidae, Gill, C. E. I., 1866,
5, 8.
a. Pkocinae = Pliocinae, Gill, C. E. I.,
18G6, 5.
b. Cystopliorinae = Cystophorinae, Gill, C. E.
L, 1866, 6.
c. Stenorhynckinae = Stenorhynchinae, Gill, C.
E. L, 1866, 6.
(Iiosmawidca.)
827. Rosmaridae = Rosmaridae, Gill, C. E. L,
1866, 7.
(Ungulate Series.)
Order III.—UNGULATA.
Sub-Order Artiodactyli.
(Pecora s. Ruminantia.)
(Pecora ? edentata.)
27a. Chalicotheriidae = ChalicotJierium, Falc, Pal.
Mem., i, 190, 208, 523.
(Pecora tylopoda s. phalangigrada.)
28. Camelidae = Camelides, Gerv., Mamni. ii.
223.
(Pecora unguligrada
.
)
(Pecora unguligrada typica.)
(Girafoidea.)
29. Giraffidae = Girafides, Gerv. Mamm. ii,
210.
(Booidea.)
(Booidea typica.)
30. Saigiidae = Saigiinae, Mur., P. Z. S.,
1870, 451.
31. Bovidae = Bovides, Gerv., Mamm. ii,
174.
a. Bovinae = Bovina, Rutim., N. D. S. G.
N., xxiii, 21.
b. Ovibovinap
c. Antilopinae
d. Caprinae
e. Ovinae
32. Antilocapridae
< Boveae, Gray, Mamm., iii,
15.
| Antilopeae, ) G. M., iii,
{ Strepsicereae, J 45, 131.
= Capreae, Gray, Mamm., iii,
142.
= Oveae, Gray, Mamm., iii,
160.
= Antilocapridae, Mur., P. Z. S.,
1870, 334.
(Booiclea cerviformia.)
33. Cervidae
a. Cervinae
b. Cervulinae
c. Moschinae
= Cervidae, ScL, P. Z. S., 1870,
114.
= Cervinae, ScL, P. Z. S.,
1870, 114.
= Cervulinae, Scl., P. Z. S.,
1870, 115.
= Moschinae, Scl., P. Z. S.,
1870, 115.
(Pecora wigidigrada traguloidea.)
34. Tragulidae Tragulidae, A. Milne Edw., A.
S.N..,5es.,ii,Z., 1864, 157.
[Pecora ungiiligrada incertae sedis.)
35. Sivatheriidae = Sivcdheriwn, Falc, Pal. Mem.,
i, 247.
10
36. Helladotheriidae = Famille cmjourcVhui eteinte,
G-audry, A. F. Att. (321) , 252.
[Pecora dentata.)
(Oreodontoidea.)
37. Oreodontidae.
a. Oreodontinae = Oreodontidae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 71.
b. Agriochoerinae = Agriochoeridae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak.-&Neb., 131.
[Anoplotheroidea.
)
38. Anoplotlieriidae = Anoplotkeriidae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 206.
39. Dichobunidae = Moschidae § Diclwbunina,
Turn, P. Z.S., 1849, 158.
(Omnivora.)
[Merycopotamoidea.
)
40. Merycopotamidae = Merycopotamns, Falc, Pal.
Mem., ii, 407.
(Hippopomatoidea
.
)
41. Hippopotamidae = Hippopotamidae, Gray, C.
P. & E. M., 356.
a. Hippopotaminae = Hippopotamus, Falc., Pal.
Mem., i, 130.
b. Choeropsinae = Choeropsis, A. Milne Ed.,
R. H. N. M., 43.
11
(Setiferd.)
[Setifera su ifomnia.)
42. Pkacockoeridae == Phacockoeridae, Gray, B. M.,
352.
43. Suidae = Suidae, Gray, C. P. & E. M.,
327.
[Setifera dicotyliformia.
)
44. Dicotylidae = Dicotylidae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 350.
(Anthracotheroidea. )
45. Anthracotheriidae < Hippopotamidae, Turn., P. Z.
S., 1849, 157.
a. Hyopotaminae < Anthracotlieriidae, L'dy, Ex.
Mamm.Dak.&Neb.,202.
b. Anthracotheri- < Anthracotlieriidae, L'dy, Ex.
inae Mamm. Dak. & Neb. , 202.
Sub-Order Perissodactyli.
(Anchippodontoidea.)
45a. Anchippodontidae = Trogosus, Leidy, P. A. N.
S., Phil., 1871, 114.
(Solidungula.)
46. Equidae = Equidae, Gray, C. P. & E. M.,
262.
12
47. Anchitheriidae = Anchiikeridae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm.Dak.&Neb.,302.
(Mdtungida.)
(Rliinocerotoidea.
)
(RJiinocerotoidea rhinocerotiformia
.
)
48. Rhinocerotidae = Rhinocerotidae, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 295.
(
Rhinocerotoidea macraucheniiformia. )
49. Macraucheniidae = Macrauchenia, Burm., A. M.
B.-A., i, 32, 1864.
50. Palaeotheriidae < Pala£oth6rioides,I*ictetjF9i,-
leont., 2e ed., i, 309-313.
(Tapiroidea.)
51. Tapiridae = Tapiridae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 252.
52. Lophiodontidae < Tapiroides, Pictet , Paleont.
,
2e ed., i, 301.
(Pliolopkoidea.)
53. Pliolophidae = Pliolophus, Owen, Pal.,
1860, 325.
(Perissodactyli? incertae sedis.)
54. Masmotheriidae Rhinoceroides, Pictet, Pa-
leont., 2e ed., i, 294.
13
Order IV.—TOXODONTIA.
55. Nesodontidae *= Nesodon, Owen, Ph. T.,
1853, 291.
56. Toxodontidae = Toxodon, Biirm, A. M.
B.-A., i, 254, 1864.
Order V.—HYRACOIDEA.
57. Hyracidae = Hyracidae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 279.
RDER VI.—PROBOSCIDEA.
58. Elephantidae < Proboscideae, Falc, Pal.
Mem., ii, 1868.
Elephantinae = Elephantidae, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 358.
Mastodontinae = Mastodontidae, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 359.
59. Dinotheriidae — [Dinotheriides,] Gaudry, An.
F. Att., 321, 162.
MUTILATE SERIES.
Order VII.—SIRENIA.
(Hal icoro idea.)
60. Halitheriidae < Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., ii, (f. 3,) 344.
14
61. Halicoridae < Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., ii, (f. 3,) 344.
62. Rhytinidae < Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., ii, (f. 3,) 344.
(Manatoidea.)
63. Tricheckidae = Manatida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., ii, (f. 3,) 343.
Order VIII.—CETE.
Sub-Order Zeuglodontes.
64. Basilosauridae < Zeuglodontes, VanBen., Mem.
Ac. R. Belg., xxxv, 1865.
65. Cynorcidae = Cynorcidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.,
1867, 144.
Sub-Order Denticete.
(Delphinoidea.)
(Delphinoidea platanistiformia. )
66. Platanistidae < Platanistidae, FL, Trans. Zool.
Soc, vi, 113, 1867.
67. Iniidae < Platanistidae, FL, Trans.
Zool. Soc., vi, 114, 1867.
(Delphinoidea typica. )
68. Delphinidae > Delphinidae, FL, Trans. Zool.
Soc, vi, 113, 1867.
15
a. Pontoporiinae = Pontoporiinae, Gill, C. E. L,
vi., 124, 1871.
b. Delpkinapterinae= Beluginae, FL, Trans. Zool.
Soc, vi, 115, 1867.
c. Delphininae < Delphininae, FL, Trans.
Zool. Soc, vi, 115, 1867.
d. Globiocephalinae < Delphininae, FL, Trans.
Zool. Soc., vi, 115, 1867.
[Delphinoidea ziphiiformia.)
69. Ziphiidae == Ziphioides, Fisch, N. A. M. H.
N". P., iii, 41, 1867.
a. Ziphiinae = Ziphiinae, Gill, C. E. I., vi,
124, 1871.
b. Anarnacinae = Anarnacinae, Gill, C. E. I.,
vi, 124, 1871.
(Physeteroidea.
)
70. Physeteridae — Physeteridae, Gill, A. N\, iv,
727, 1871.
a. Physeterinae == Physeterinae, Gill, A. N.,
iv, 732, 1871.
b. Kogiinae = Kogiinae, Gill, A. N., iv,
732, 1871.
(Denticete incertae sedis.)
71. RJiabdosteidae = Bhabdosteidae, Gill, C. E. I.,
vi, 123, 1871.
16
Sub-Order Mysticete.
72. Balaenopteridae = Balaenopteridae, Fl., Proc.
Zool. Soc, 1864, 291.
a. Agaphelinae = Agaphelinae, Gill, C. E. I.,
vi, 124, 1871.
b. Megapterinae = Megapterinae, Fl., Proc.
Zool. Soc, 1864, 391.
c. Balaenopterinae = Balaenopterinae, Fl., Proc.
Zool. Soc, 1864, 391.
73. BalaenidaQ = Balaenidae, Fl., Proc. Zool.
Soc, 1864, 389.
Super-Order INEDUCABILIA.
(Lissencephala Owen=MiCROSTHENA Dana.)
(Insectivorous Series.)
Order IV.—CHIROPTERA.
Sub-Order Animalivora.
(HcematopMlina.)
74. Desmodidae = Haematophilini, Huxl., P. Z.
S. L., 1865, 386.
(Histiophora.)
75. Phyllostomidae > Pliyllostomidae, Gray, P. Z.
S. L., 1866, 111.
76. Mormopidae = Mormopes, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 83.
17
77. Rhinolopkidae < Rhinolopkidae, Gray, P. Z.
S. L., 1866, 81.
78. Megadermidae < Megaderniata, Pet., M. P. A.
W. Berlin, 1865, 256.
a. Yampyrinae = Vampiri, Pet., M. P. A. W.
Berlin, 1865, 503.
b. Glossophaginae = Glossopkagae, Pet., M. P.
A. W. Berlin, 1868, 361.
c. Stenoderminae = Stenodermata, Pet., M. P. A.
W. Berlin, 1865, 356, 524.
(Gymnorhina.)
79. Yespertilionidae = Yespertiliones, Pet., M. P. A.
W.Berlin,1865,258,524,
a. Yespertilioninae = Yespertilioniens,Gerv.,An.
Am. S. Cast.—Mainm.,74.
b. Nycticejinae = Nycticeins, Gerv., Mamm.,
74.
80. Molossidae = Molossi, Pet., M. P. A. W.
Berlin, 1865, 573.
81. Noctilionidae = Brackyura, Pet., M. P. A. W".
Berlin, 1865, 257.
a. Noctilioninae = Noctilionins,Gerv.,An.Am.
S. Cast.—Mamm., 52.
b. Emballonurinae = Noctilionins,Gerv.,An.Am.
S. Cast.—Mamm., 62.
July, 1871.
18
c. Furiinae = Furia, Gerv., An. Am. S.
Cast.—Manmi., 69.
Sub-Order Frugivora.
82. Pteropodidae = Pteropi, Pet., M. P.. A. W.
Berlin, 1867, 320, 867.
Order VI.—ESTSBCTIVORA.
Sub-Order Dermoptera.
83. Galeopithecidae = Galeopithecidae, Miv., J. A. &
P., ii, 1868, 124
Sub-Order Insectivora Yera.
(Soricoidea.)
84. Talpidae = Talpidae, Miv., J. A. & P., ii,
1868, 150.
a. Talpinae = Talpina, Miv., J. A. & P.,
ii, 1868, 151,
b. Myogalinae = Myogalina, Miv., J. A. &
P., ii, 1868, 152.
85. Soricidae = Soricidae, Miv., J. A. & P., ii,
1868, 153.
(Erinaceoidea
.
)
86. Erinaceidae = Erinaceidae, Miv., J. A.& P.,
ii, 1868, 146.
a. Erinaceinae = Herissons, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., i, 229.
19
b. Gymnurinae = Gynmures, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., i, 231.
(Centetoidea.)
87. Centeticlae = Centetidae, Miv., J. A. & P.,
ii, 1868, 147.
a. Centetinae = Tanrecs, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., i, 233.
b. Solenodontinae — Solenodo-ntes, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm, i, 246.
88. Potamogalidae = Potamogalidae, . Allm., T. Z.
S., vi, 149, 1-16.
(
Chryschloridoidea.)
89. Chrysochlorididae= Chrysochloridae, Miv., J. A. &
P., ii, 1868, 150.
[Macroscelidoidea. )
90. Macroscelididae = Macroscelididae, Miv., J. A.
& P., ii, 1868, 143.
a. Rhynchocyoninae= Rhynchocybns, Gerv., H.
N. Mamm., i, 238.
b. Macroscelidinae = Macroscelidiens, Gerv., H.
N. Mamm., i, 235.
91. Tupayidae = Tupaiidae, Miv., J. A. & P.,
ii, 1868, 145.
(Insectivora incertae sedis.)
92. Leptictidae < Leptictis, Leidy, Ext. Mamm.
Dak. & Neb., 345.
20
(Rodent Series.)
Order GLIRES.
Sub-Order Simplictdentati.
(Lophiomyoidea.)
93. Lophiomyidae = Lophiomides, A. M. Edw., N.
A. M. H. N. P., iii, 114.
{Myoidea.)
94. Pedetidae
95. Dipodidae
96. Jaculidae
97. Muridae
a. Spalacinae
= Pedetina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 101.
= Dipodina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 101.
= Jaculina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 101.
= Murides, Gerv., H. N. Mamm.,
i, 417.
= Rhizodontes a. SpaJacini,
Br't., S. R., 307.
b. Georhyckinae = Rhizodontes b. Georhy-
chini, Br't., S. R., 308.
= Murini, Lillj., Gnag.
Daggdj., 12.
= Prisniatodontes b. Macro-
nyches, Br't., S. R., 309.
= Primatoclontes a. Bracliyo-
nyches, Br't., S. R., 309.
c. Murinae
d. Siphneinae
e. Ellobiinae
21
f. Arvicolinae = Arvicolini, Lillj., Gnag.
Daggdj., 22.
98. Myoxidae
{Myoxoidea.)
= Myoxidae, Lillj..
Daggdj., 31.
Gnag.
(Saccomyoidea.)
99. Saccomyidae = Saccomyinae, Bd., M. N. A.,
405. (e Saccomyidiis.)
100. Geomyidae = Sciurospalaco'ides, Br't.,S. R.,
301.
(Castoroidea.)
101. Castoridae = Castoridae, Morgan, Am.
Beaver, 186.
(Sciuroidea.)
102. Sciuridae = Sciurida, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 96.
a. Sciurinae = Campsiurina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 96.
b. Arctomyinae = Arctomyina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 97.
[Anomcduroidea.)
103. Ano^aluridae = Anomalurina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 98.
22
(Hcqoloodontoidea. )
104. Haplooclontidae = Haploodontidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Daggdj., 41.
(Hystricoidea.)
105. Spalacopodidae = Spalacopodidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Daggdj., 44.
a. Octodontinae x Octodontina, Waterh., N.
H. Mamm, ii, 242.
b. Ctenodactylinae < Octodontina, Waterh., N.
H. Mamm., ii, 242.
c. Echimyinae < Echimyina, Waterh., N". H.
Mamm., ii, 286.
d. Cercolabinae = Cercolabina, Waterh., N.
H. Mamm., ii, 484, (398).
106. Hystricidae < Hystrichina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 109.
107. Dasyproctidae = Dasyproctina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 110.
a. Dasyproctinae = Dasyproctiens, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., 327.
b. Coelogenyinae = Celogenyens, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., 325.
108. Caviidae < Caviina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 110.
109. Hydrochoeridae < Caviina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 110.
23
110. Clrinchillidae = Chinchillidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Daggdj., 42.
a. Cliinchillinae = Orobii sen Erioniyes monti-
colae, Br't., S. R., 317.
b. Lagostouiiiiae = Homalobii sen Erioniyes
planicolae,Br't.,S.R.,317.
Sub-Order Duplictdentati.
111. Lagomyidae = Lagornyidae, Gray, A. & M.
N. H., xx, 219, 1867.
112. Leporidae = Leporidae, Gray, A. & M.
N. H., xx, 219, 1867.
Order XIIL—BRUTA.
Sub-Order Yermilinguia.
113. Mjrmecophagi- = Myrmecophagidae, Gray, C.
dae P. & E. M., 390.
a. Myrmecophaginae (Myrmecophaga, ) Gray, C. P.
(Tauiandua, ) &E.M.,390.
b. Cyclothurinae == Cyclothurus, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 392.
Sub-Order Squamata.
114. Manididae = Manididae, Gray, C. P. & E.
M., 366.
Sub-Order Fodientia.
115. Orycteropodidae= Orycteropodidae, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 3S9.
24
Sub-Order Tardigrada.
116. Bradypodidae = Bradypodidae, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 362
a. Bradypodinae ( Bradypus, ) Gray, 363,
( Arctopithecus, ) 364.
b. Choloepodinae = Choloepus, Gray, C. P. &
E. M., 363.
117. Megatheriidae = Gravigrada, Burm., A. M. P.
B. A., i, 32.
a. Megatheriinae
b. Mylodontinae
Sub-Order Loricata.
118. Dasypodidae > Dasypodidae, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1865, 360.
a. Dasypodinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1865, 360.
b. Tatusiinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1865, 360.
c. Xenurinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1865, 365.
d. Tolypeutinae = Tolypeutina, Gray, P. Z. S.,
1865, 365.
119. Chlamydophori-= Chlamyphoridae, Gray, P. Z.
dae S., 1865, 387.
120. Hoplophoridae = Hoploplwridae, Huxl., Phil.
Trans., civ, 31.
25
?
121. Ancylotheriidae = Famille avjourcVhd eteinte,
Gaudry, An. foss. d'Att.,
i, 129, 321.
Sub-Class DIDELPHIA.
Order XIV.—MARSUPIALIA.
Sub-Order Rhizophaga.
122. Pkascolomyidae = Phascolomyidae, "Waterh., N.
H. Mamm., i, 241.
Sub-Order Syndactyli.
(Poepkaga.)
123. Macropodidae = Macropodidae, Waterh., N. H.
Mamm., i, 50.
(Carpophaga.)
124. Tarsipedidae = Tarsipedides, Gerv., Mamm.,
ii, 277.
125. Plialangistidae = Phalangistidae, Owen, T. Z.
S., ii, 332.
a. Petaurinae = Petauristins, Gerv., H. N.
f
Mamm., ii, 276.
b. Plialangistinae = Phalangistins, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., ii, 274.
126. Phascolarctidae = Phascolarctidae, Owen, T. Z.
S., ii, 332.
(Diprotodontoidea
.
)
26
127. Diprotodontidae < Diprotodon,Owen, Palseont.,
394-395.
128. Thylacoleonidae < Tkylacoleo, FL, Jour. GeoJ,
S. L., xxiv, 1868, 307.
(Entomophaga.)
129. Peramelidae == Peramelidae, Waterh., N. H.
Manini., i, 354.
a. Chceropodinae
b. Peramelinae
Sub-Order Dasyuromorphia.
130. Dasyuridae = Dasyuridae, Owen, T. Z. S.,
ii, 332.
a. Sarcophilinae
b. Dasyurinae
c. Phascogalinae
131. Myrmecobiidae — Ambulatoria, Owen, T. Z. S.,
ii, 332.
Sub-Order Didelphimorphia.
132. Didelphididae = Didelphididae, Waterh., N. H.
Manim., ii, 462.
27
Marsupialia incertae sedis.
133. Plagiaulacidae = Plagiaulax, Falc., Journ.
Geoi. S. L., 1862, 348.
134. Dromatlieriidae = Dromatherium, Owen, Pal.,
302.
Sub-Class ORNITHODELPHIA.
Order XVI.—MONOTREMATA.
Sub-Order Tachyglossa.
135. Tackyglossidae > Ornithorhynchidae, Gray, C.
P. &E. M., 393.
Sub-Order Platypoda.
136. Ornithorkynchi- > Ornithorhynchidae, Gray, C.
dae P. & E. M., 393.

BIBLIOGRAPHY,
OR
LIST OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO
(29)

LIST OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.
The following enumeration of works is chiefly intended to explain the abbrevia-
tions used in connection with the preceding list of families : the works most
accessible to students generally have been used, whenever they could be referred
to in explanation of the limits of families adopted
; special monographs have been
chiefly referred to when the groups in connection with which they are cited have
not been limited in the same manner in general works. The "Osteographie" of
de Blainville, although not actually referred to in connection with any special
family, is so indispensable to any investigator of the mammals, and has been so
much used by the writer, that the title thereof and an analysis of its contents have
been given ; the analysis and assignment of dates of publication of the several
monographs will doubtless prove useful, and save to some time and labor like that
necessarily devolved upon the writer in ascertaining the data furnished.
For the information of students, and because it is information often desired, the
publishers' prices of most of the works cited are given, in the currency of the
country where they were published. Many of the separate monographs reprinted
from journals can be obtained from the second-hand book dealers—especially the
German—and from the Naturalists' Agency of Salem, Mass., but at varying prices.
In order to secure uniformity of typography, only the initial letters of the charac-
teristic words are capital, the example of the learned brothers Grimm, as well as
other German writers, sanctioning such usage for their language. The initial
letters, however, of the more important words of the general titles, and to which
reference is made in the list, are capitalized, corresponding with and rendering at
once intelligible the abbreviated references. The punctuation of the respective
title-pages is adopted. The symbol ( < ) denotes that the memoir after which it is
inserted is contained in the volume or series whose title follows ; the symbol of
equality (=) denotes that the memoir is co-extensive with the volume.
ALLEN (Joel Asaph). On the eared seals (Otariada?), with detailed descrip-
tions of the North Pacific species, by J. A. Allen. Together with an account
of the habits of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), by Charles
Bryant. < Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, • • • . II, No. 1
= pp. 1—108.
ALLMAN (George James). On the characters and affinities of Potamogale.
.... < Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, VI, 1—1G, pi.
1-2, 1866.
BAIRD (Spencer Fullerton). Mammals of North America; the descriptions
of species based chiefly on the collections in the museum of the Smithsonian
institution. • • • . With eighty-seven plates of original figures, illustrating the
genera and species, and including details of external form and osteology.
(31.)
32
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1859. [4to., 4 p. 1., xi—xxxiv, 735
pp. _|_ (Part II, 1—55 pp.) 736—7G4 pp., 87 pi. (29 col.)—$10; with col. pi.,
$15.]
[" Part I. General report upon the Mammals of the several Pacific railroad
routes. • • • . Washington, D. C, July, 1857 :" reprinted from the "Reports
of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical
route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific Ocean. • • •
.
Volume VIII. Washington: • • -. 1857." (60 pi. in v. VI, VII, VIII.)
"Part II. Special report upon the Mammals of the Mexican boundary. By
Spencer F. Baird, • • • . With notes by the naturalists of the survey. Wash-
ington, D. C, January, 1859:" reprinted from the "Report on the United
States and Mexican boundary survey, made under direction of the secretary
of the interior, by William H. Emory, major first cavalry and United States
commissioner. Volume II. Washington :••• . 1859. (Part II. [§1.] Mam.
mals of the boundary, ••••)" 62 pp. 27 pi.]
BLAINVILLE (Henri Marie Ducrotay de). Osteographie ou description ico-
nographique comparee du squelette et du systeme dentaire des Mammiferes
recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie | par H. M.
Ducrotay de Blainville • • • . Ouvrage accompagne de 323 planches litho-
graphies sous sa direction par M. J. C. Werner, peintre du Museum d'histoire
naturelle de Paris, precede d'une etude sur la vie et les travaux de M. de
Blainville, par M. P. Picard.—[I—IV.—See " Contents."]—Paris: J. B. Baii-
liere et fils • • • . 1839-1864. [Text, 4to., 4v.; Atlas, fob, 4v.]
[Published in twenty-six fascicules ; the first twenty-five under the title:
"Osteographie; ou, description iconographique comparee du squelette et du
systeme dentaire des cinq classes d'animaux vertebres recents et fossiles, pour
servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie par M. H. M. Ducrotay de Blain-
ville • • • . Ouvrage accompagne de planches lithographiees sous sa direction
par M. J. C. Werner .... Paris, Arthus Bertrand, . . . ." [1839-1855.]
The twenty-sixth and last fascicule was issued with the special title above
given, titles for the four volumes of text and four of plates, table of contents
and index, by the Baillieres in 1864. The subscription price was 2 francs 35
centimes per plate ; the price of the twenty-sixth livraison, 45 francs ; and of
the whole, on completion, 800 francs, " au lieu de 961 fr."
The culpable neglect of the publishers to give the dates of publication of the
several fascicules has doubtless devolved upon many investigators, as upon the
writer, much trouble and annoyance in ascertaining them, and to save to
others similar trouble, a collation is here presented, the dates having chiefly
been ascertained from Wagner's annual reports in the "Archiv fur Natur-
geschichte." The appearance of successive fascicules has not been noticed in
the " Bibliographic de la France."
The titles of the respective monographs given below are those at the upper
fourth of the first page of each monograph, and which are the only special
titles' published.
The work is more remarkable as a methodical repertory of facts respecting
superficial osteological details, than as a digest exhibiting acute appreciation of
the value and subordination of characters and their taxonomical application,
or orthodox views respecting classification and the geological succession of
33
animals—the concurrent views of the most recent and approved investigators
being the standard. The "genera," it must be remembered, are generally
about equal in extent to the families now generally adopted.]
COXTENTS.
Tome premier [ Primates—Secundates | Avec atlas de 59 planches. [7 pp -+-
parts*, as below:
—
]
Atlas—Tome premier | compose de 59 planches | Primates—Secundates. [2
p. 1.
-f- 5 parts, viz. :—
]
[A title-page with the more general title [seeabove] and the addition:—"Mam-
miferes—Tome premier" was issued with the first fascicule in "1839," and
another with the modification " Mammiferes.—Primates: Pithecus. Cebus.
Lemur." in " 1841," but both are superseded by the special title issued for the
first volume with the twenty-sixth fascicule. ]
(Etude sur la vie et les travaux de M. de Blainville, par M. P. Nicard.) [1S64.—cexxiii. pp.
< F. xxvi.]
([A.] De l'osteographie en general. > Osteographie des Mammiferes. pp. 19—17). [1S39.—17
pp. <F. i.]
([£.] Osteographie des Primates.—Sur les primates en general et sur les singes (Pithecus) en
particulier.) [1S39.—52 pp. 11 pi. < F. i. (-f- pi. 1 bis and 5 bis. < F. xxv, 1855.)]
[A secondary general title for the Primates was issued as the first pages (p 1 =
1 1) of the preceding, viz.: "Osteographie des Mammiferes de l'ordre des Pri-
mates,, suivie de recherches sur riiistoire de la science a leur egard, les principes
de leur classification, leur distribution geographique actuelle et leur anciennete'
a la surface de la terre."]
([0.1 Osteographie des Primates.—Sapajous (Cebus).) [1839.—31 pp. 9 pi. =F. ii.]
([J>.] Osteographie des Primates.—Makis (Lemur).) [1839.—4S pp. 11 pi. < F. ill.]
([£.] Memoire sur la veritable place de l'Aye-Aye dans la s^rie des Mammiferes. Lu a la
Society philomatique, le 16 mai 1S16.) [1S39.—10 pp. < F. iii.—Plate < F. iii.—Plate
=pl. 5 <Z>.]
([F.] De l'anciennete des Primates a la surface de la terre.) 6S pp. [1S39] < F. iv.—Saus
planches.]
([<?.] Osteographie des Cheiropteres (Yespertilio, L.).) [1S39.—104 pp. 15 pi. < F. v.]
([#.]. Osteographie des Mammiferes insectivores (Talpa, Sorex et Erinaceus, L.)) [1S40.—115
pp. 11 pi. = F. vi.]
Tome deuxieme | Secundates | Avec atlas de 117 planches, [viii.pp. + 9 parts.]
Atlas—Tome deuxieme | compose de 117 planches | Secundates. [2 p. 1. + 8
parts, viz.:
—
]
([/.] Osteographie des Carnassiers. [1S40.—S5 pp. < F. vii.]
[A secondary title for the Carnassiers (I
—
Q) was issued as the first pages
(p. 1 = 11) of the preceding, viz.: "Osteographie des Carnassiers, precedee de
considerations sur l'histoire de la science a leur egard, les principes de leur
classification, leur distribution geographique actuelle, et suivie de recherches
sur leur anciennete a la surface de la terre."]
([J.] Des Phoques (G. Phoca, L.).) [1S40.—51 pp. 10 pi. < F. vii.]
([K.] Des Ours (G. Ursus).) [1841.—94 pp. IS pi. = F. viii.]
([//.] Des P«tit-ours (G. Subursus).) [1841.—123 pp. l(i pi. = F. ix. (-f- pi. 17 < F. x, 1S4'2.]
* The "parts" is each monograph or series distinguished by a special and complete pagination or
numeration of plates.
July, 1871.
34
[With this fascicule was issued a general title limited thus : " Mammiferes.
—
Carnassiers : | Vespertilio. Talpa. Sorex. Erinaceus. Phoca. Ursus. Sub-
ursus. • • • . 1841."]
([Jf.] Des Mustelas (G. 3fustela, L.).) [1842.—S3 pp. 15 pi. = F. x.]
([if.] Des Viverras.) [1S42.—100 pp. 13 pi. = F. xi.]
([0.] DesFelis.) [1843.—196 pp., 1 folded tab., 19 pi. = F. xii. (+ pi. 20 < F. xxv., 1855.)]
([P.] DesCanis.) [1S43.—160 pp. 16 pi. = F. xiii.]
([Q.I Des Hyenes.) [1844.—84 pp. S pi. = F. xiv.]
Tome troisieme | Quaternates | Avec atlas de 54 planches. [viii pp. + 5
parts. ]
Atlas—Tome troisieme | compose de 54 planches | Quaternates. [2 p. 1. + 5
parts, viz.:]
([RovS] Des Elephants.) [1S45.—367 pp. 18 pi. = F. xvi.]
([S or T] Du Dinotherium.) [1S45.—64 pp. 3 pi. = F. xvii.]
([T or U.~\ Des Laniantins (Buffon), (Manatv.s, Scopoli), ou Gravigrades aquatiques.) [1844.
—140 pp. 11 pi. = F. xv.]
([P".] Des Damans (Buffon), (Hyrax).) [1845.—47 pp. 3 pi. = F. xviii.]
([V or X] Des Rhinoceros (Buffon), (G. Rhinoceros, L.).) [1846.—232 pp. 14 pi. = F. xx.]
([Xand non-lettered.*] Monographie du Cheval. G. Equus.) 1864. [SO pp. < F. xxvi.]
Tome quatrieme
—
Quaternates—Maldentes | Avec atlas de 93 planches, [viii.
pp. + 8 parts. ]
Atlas—Tome quatrieme | compose de 93 planches | Quaternates—Maldentes.
[2 p. 1. + 11 parts.]
([!".] Des Palseotheriums, Lophiodons, Anthracotheriums, Choeropotames.) [1S46.—196 pp. 8
+ 3 + 3 4- 1 [= 15] pi. = F. xxi.]
([Z] Des Tapirs (Buffon). (G. Tapirus, Brisson).) [1846.—52 pp. 6 pi. = F. xix.]
([^4-4] Sur les Hippopotames (Buffon), (Hippopotamus, L.) et les Cochons (Buffon), (Sus, L.).)
1S47. [24S pp. S
-f 9 [=17] pi. < F. xxii.]
([BB.~\ Des Anoplotheriums iG. Cuvier) et sur les genres plus ou moins diff^rents:
1S49. [155 pp. 9 pi. = F. xxiii.]
Xiphodon, "| Merycopotamus, "> Falconer et Cauteley.f
Dichobune, r G. Cuvier, 1822. Hippohyus, / 1S47.
Adapis, J Paloplotherium, "j
Chalicotherium, J. Kaup, 1833. Dichodon, I K. Owen, 1848.
Cainotheriurn, Brarard, 1S35. Hyopotamus, J
Microchoerus, Sc.f Wood, 1846.)
([CO.] Des Ruminants (Pecora, L.) en general et en particulier des Chaineaux, des Lamas,
Buffon. (G. Camelus, L.) 18.30. [131 pp. 5 pi. = F. xxiv.]
([Z>X>.] Osteographie des Paresseux (Bradypus, L.).) [1S40.—64 pp. 6 pi. = F. v.]
([EE. General title.] Publication posthume.—Explication des planches suivantes.
PiLiFtREs. Genres. Gorilla, Smilodon, Sciurus, Arctomys, Castor, Capromys, Myopota-
mus, Hystrix, Cavia, Equus, Camelopardalis, Myrmeeophaga, Macrotherium, Megathe-
rium, Glyptodon, Toxodon, Elasmotherium, Macrauchenia et groupes qui s'y rattachent.
SQUAMMiFtREs. Genre Crocodilus et groupes generiques voisins.
Ost£ozoaiees. Signification des os du crane dans les diverses classes de ce type. 1855.
[63 pp. 41 pi.]
Table alphabetique des quatre volumes. 1855. [lxvi. pp. < F. xxvi]
BRANDT (Johann Friedrich). Symbols sirenologicoe, [fasciculus I,] quibus
praecipue Rhytinse historia naturalis illustratur. .... (1845). < Memoires
* The first series of letters is given in the list of monographs opposite title pages, and the second in
the table of contents of the third volume.
t The cacography of the original is copied.
35
de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg. Sixieme serie.
Sciences mathematiques, physiques et natnrelles. Tome VII. Seconde partie
:
Sciences naturelles. Tome VII. • • • . 1849.—Zoologie et physiologic, 1—1G0,
pi. 1—5.
BRANDT (Johann Friedrich). Beitragc zur nahern kenntniss der saugethierc
Russland's. Von J. F. Brandt. (1851.) < lb. Sixieme serie. Sciences
mathematiques, physiques, et naturelles. Tome IX. Seconde partie. Sci-
ences naturelles. Tome VII. • • • . 1855.—Zoologie et physiologic 1—365.
[ Vierte abhandlung. Blicke auf die allmiiligen fortschritte in der gruppirung
der Nager [Glires] mit specieller beziehung auf die geschichte der gattung
Castor, besonders des altweltlichen Bibers. (pp. 77—124.) Fiinfte abhand-
lung. Untersuchungen iiber die craniologischen entwickelungsstufen und die
davon herzuleitenden verwandtschaften und classificationen der Nager der
jetztwelt, mit besonderer beziehung auf die gattung Castor, (pp. 125—336,
pi. i—xi-f va.)]
Symbolae sirenologica3 . Fasciculus II et III. Sireniorum, Pachyder-
matum, Zeuglodontum et Cetaceorum ordinis osteologia comparata, nee non
Sireniorum generum monographic. . • • • . Petropoli, 1861-68. [4to., 3 p.
1. 383 (+1) pp. 9 pi.] < Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences
de St. Petersbourg, Sixieme serie. Sciences naturelles. 1—365, 19 pi.
De Dinotheriorum genere Elephantidorum familioe adjugendo nee non de
Elephaniidorum generum craniologia comparata. .... St. Petersbourg, ....
1869. [4to. 1—38 pp.] <Ib. XIV, No. 1.
Untersuchungen liber die gattung Klippschliefer (HyraxHerm.), besonders
in anatomischer und verwandtschaftlicher beziehung nebst bemerkungen iiber
ihre verbrcitung und lebensweise. • • • . St. Petersbourg, 1869. .... [4to.
vi, 127 pp. 3 pi. ] «c lb. XIV, No. 2.
BURMEISTER (Carl Hermann Conrad, or, Hispanice, German). Descripcion
de la Macrauchenia patachonica. < Anales del Museo publico de Buenos
Aires, • • •
,
para German Burmeister, director del Museo publico de Buenos
Aires. • • •
. I, 32—65, pi. 1—4. 1864.
Fauna argentina.—Primera parte. Mamiferos fosiles. < lb. I, 87—232,
pi. 5—8. 1866.
[Contains monographs of Gravigrada (pp. 149—182, pi. v) and Effodienta, a,
Biloricata.
—
i. e. Glyptodontes (pp. 183—231, pi. vi
—
viii).]
Descripcion de cuatro especies de Delfines de la costa argentina. > lb. I,
367—445, pi. xxi—xxviii, 1869.
[Contains an anatomical monograph on Pontoporia Blainvillii, demonstrat-
ing its affinity with the Delphinida?.]
Monografia de los Glyptodontes en el museo publico de Buenos Aires.
< lb. II, 1—107, pi. 1—12, 1870. [To be continued.]
CARUS (Julius Victor). Handbuch der zoologie von Jul. Victor Carus, • • •
und C. E. A. Gerstaeeker, .... Erster band. I. hiilfte. Wirhelthiere, bearb-
eitet von J. Victor Carus.—Leipzig : Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1868.
36
[8vo., Bogeu 1— 27.—2§th.] I. classe. Mammalia, [Siiugethiere. pp. 39—
191.]
COPE (Edward Drinkard). Au addition to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the
miocene period, "with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States.
.... < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1867, 138—156.
[Cynorcidae distinguished.]
DOYEEE (M . . . P . . -L • • •N • • •)• Notice sur un mammifere de Madagascar,
formant le type d'un nouveau genre [Euplere] de la famille des carnassiers in-
sectivores de M. Cuvier
;
par M. Doyere. < Annales des sciences naturelles
.... Seconde serie. Tome quatrieme. Zoologie. 1835, 270—283, pi. 8.
EDWARDS (Alphonse Milne). Recherches anatomiques, zoologiques et pa-
leontologiques sur la famille des Chevrotains [Moschidag et Tragididoe]. • • • .
< Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Cinquieme serie. Zoologie etPaleontologie.
.... II, 1864, pp. 49—107, pi. 2—12.
Memoire sur une nouvelle famille de l'ordre des Rongeurs [Lophiomides].
.... <Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, III,
81—118, pi. 6—10, 1867.
EDWARDS (Henri Milne et Alphonse Milne). Recherches pour servir a
Thistoire naturelle des Mammiferes. • • • . Paris : Victor Masson et fils, • • •
,
1868 [— ] 1870. [4to., liv. le>—5er.—Chaque livr. 13 fr.]
FALCONER (Hugh). On the disputed affinities of the mammalian genus Pla-
giaulax, from the Purbeck beds. • • • . < The Quarterly Journal of the Geo-
logical Society of London, XVIII, 1862, 348—369.
Palreontological memoirs and notes of the late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D.
• ••. With a biographical sketch of the author. Compiled and edited by
Charles Murchison, M.D., F.R.S. .... [See "Contents."] London: Robert
Hardwicke, .... 1868. [8vo., 2 vols. (I,) lvi, 590 pp. 34 pi.; (II,) xiii, 675
pp. 38 pi.—42 sh.]
CONTENTS.
Vol. I. Fauna antiqua sivalensis.
" II. Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous caves, Primeval man and
his cotemporaries.
FISCHER (Paul). Memoire sur les cetaces du genre Ziphius, Cuvier. ....
<Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, III, 41—79,
pi. 4, 1867.
[Contains a synopsis of the Ziphioides.]
FLOWER (William Henry). Notes on the skeletons of whales in the principal
museums of Holland and Belgium, with descriptions of two species apparently
new to science. .... ^ Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoo-
logical Society for the year 1864, 384—420.
Description of the skeleton of Inia geoffrensis and of the skull of Pon.
toporia blainvillii, with remarks on the systematic position of these animals
37
in the order Cetacea. • • • . < Transactions of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, VI, 87—110, pi. 4, 1867.
[Contains a systematic synopsis of the families and subfamilies Cetaceans.]
FLOWER (William Henry). On the affinities and probable habits of the
extinct Australian marsupial, Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen. • • • . < The Quar-
terly Journal of the Geological Society of London, XXIV, 1868, 307—319.
On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classifica-
tion of the order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and
other disputed forms. • • • . < Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the
Zoological Society of London, for the year 1869, 4—37.
On the anatomy of theProteles, Proteles cristatus (Sparrman). • • • . < lb.
1869, 474—496, pi. 36.
GAUDRY (Albert). Animaux fossiles et geologie de l'Attique, d'apres les
recherches faites en 1855-56 et en 1860 sous les auspices de l'Academie des
Sciences par Albert Gaudry. Paris: F. Sory, editeur, 1862—1867. [4to.,
474 pp. 1 1.; atlas 4 p. 1., 1 map, 75 pi.—Published in 19 livr., at 6 fr. each.]
GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRB (Isidore). Museum d'histoire naturelle de
Paris.—Catalogue methodique de la collection des Mammiferes, de la collection
des Oiseaux et des collections annexes. Par le professeur-administrateur
M. Isidore Gcoffroy Saint-Hilaire, • • • et les aides-naturalistes MM. Florent
Prevost et Pucheran.—Paris: Gide et Baudry, .... 1851. [8vo. 3 p. 1.
—
(Introduction.) xv. pp. — (Premiere partie.—Mammiferes.—Catalogue des
Primates, par M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.) 1 p. 1. vii, 96 pp.]
GERVAIS (Paul). Histoire naturelle des Mammiferes avec Vindication de
leurs moeurs, et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l'agriculture
.... [See " Contents."] Paris L. Curmer .... 1854 [— ] 1855. [Svo., 2 v.
(I) xxiv, 418 pp. 1 1. 18 col. pi., 14 uncol. pi.—21 fr.; (II) 2 p. 1. 344 pp., 40
col. pi., 29 uncol. pi.—25 fr.
]
CONTENTS.
l re partie. [Introduction, Primates, Cheiropteres, Insectivores, Rongeurs.] • . .
1854.
[2e partie.] Carnivores, Proboscidiens, Jumentes, Bisulques, Edentes, Mar-
supiaux, Monotremes, Phoques, Sirenides et Cetaces. .... 1855.
Animaux nouvcaux on rares recueilles pendant l'expedition dans les
parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de
Lima au Para ; executee par ordre du gouvernement francais pendant les
annees 1843 a 1847, sous la direction du comte Francis de Castelnau. • • •
Mammiferes par M. Paul Gervais, • • • Paris, chez P. Bertrand, • • • 1865
[2 p. 1., 116 pp. 20 pi.] < Castelnau (Francois de Laporte, comte de). Ex-
pedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a,
Lima, et de Lima au Para. 7e partie. Zoologie.
GIEBEL (Christian Gottfried Andreas). Die Saugethiere in zoologischer,
anatomischer und pala?ontologischer beziehung umfassend dargestellt, ....
Leipzig : verlag von Ambrosius Abel. 1855. [8vo., xii, 1108 pp.—7 r. th. 10
n. g-]
38
GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Prodrome of a monograph of the Pinnipedes.
• • •
. < Communications of the Essex Institute. V, pp. 1—13, 18GC.
The eared seals. [A review of memoir on the eared seals (Otariadse), etc.,
by J. A. Allen.] < The American naturalist, a popular illustrated magazine
of natural history. IV, 673.
On the Sperm-whales [Physeteridoe], giant and pygmy.. ... < lb. IV,
725—743, 1871.
Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the Cetaceans. • • • . < Com-
munications of the Essex Institute. VI, 121—12C, 1871.
GRAY (John Ed-ward). Catalogue of the specimens of Mammalia in the collec-
tion of the British museum. Part III. Ungulata furcipeda. • • • . London:
printed by order of the trustees. 1802. [12mo., xvi, 28G pp. 37 pi.—12 sh.]
Catalogue of Seals [Pinnipedia] and Whales [Cete] in the British mu-
seum. • ••. Second edition. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1806.
[8vo., vii, 402 pp.—8 sh.]
Synopsis of the genera of Vespertilionidas and Noctilionida?. • • • . < The
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, • • • XVII. Third series, 1866, 89—93.
A revision of the genera of Rhinolophiche, or horseshoe bats. .... < Pro-
ceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the
year 1866, 81—83.
Revision of the genera of Phyllostoinidrc, or leaf-nosed bats. • • • . <Ib.,
1866, 111—118.
Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia in
the British museum. .... London : printed by order of the trustees. 1869.
[8vo., 4 p. 1. 398 pp.—6 sh. 6 d.]
Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the collection of
the British museum. • • • . Loudon : printed by order of the trustees. 1870.
[8vo., viii, 137 pp.]
HUXLEY (Thomas Henry). On the osteology of the genus Glyptodon. • • •
.
< Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, CLV, 1865.
31—70, pi. 4—9.
On the structure of the stomach in Desmodus rufus. • • • . < Proceedings
of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1865.
386—390.
Reports of Professor Huxley's lectures on "The structure and classifica-
tion of the Mammalia," delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons. < The
Medical Times and Gazette, 1864, I and II, viz :
—
Lecture I [
—
] IX. Anthropini. [I, 153 : Distinctive characters and skele-
ton. II, 177 : Muscles. Ill, 20 : Extremities. IV, 229 ; V, 256 : Brain.
VI, 284 : Teeth and organs of reproduction. VII, 312 : Development.
VIII, 343 ; IX, 369 : Variations and number of species.]
Lecture X [
—
] XIX. Antiiropomorpha. [(Troglodytes niger.) X, 398;
XI, 428 ; XII, 456 : Skeleton and muscles. XIII, 486 : Larynx, Teeth,
39
Brain. XIV, 509 : Organs of reproduction, development, variations.
Troglodytes gorilla XIV, 509; XV, 537; XVI, 564. (Simia satyrus.)
XVI, 564; XVII, 595; XVIII, 617. (Hylobates). XVIII, 617;
XIX, 647. (Characteristics o/Anthropomorpiia). XIX, 647.]
Lecture XX [— ] XXI. Cyhopithecina. (v. I,) p. 671. (v. II,) pp.
12 ; 40 ; 93 ; 123.
Lecture XXII [— ] XXIII. Platyrhini. pp. 93 ; 123.
Lecture XXIII. Arctopittjecini. p. 124.
Lecture XXIV. Lemurini. Cheiromyini. Recapitulation, p. 145.
HUXLEY (Thomas Henry). Professor Huxley's Lectures at the Royal College
of Surgeons. [On Mammalia]. < The Lancet, 1866, I, viz :
—
Lecture I [— ] IV Sirenia. pp. 157—158; 180; 214—215; 239.
Lecture IV [— ] IX. Cetacea. pp. 239 ; 268 ; 291 ; 324—325 • 350 ; 381.
Lecture X [— ] XL Pinnipedia. pp. 434—435 ; 465—466.
Lecture XII. Dog. p. 607.
LEIDY (Joseph). The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska,
including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with
a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America. • • • . Preceded
with an introduction on the geology of the tertiary formations of Dakota and
Nebraska, by F. V. Hayden, M. D. Philadelphia, 1869. = Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. VII, second series. Phila-
delphia : published for the Academy, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1869. [4to.,
472 pp., 30 pi., 1 map.—$20.]
LILLJEBORG (Wilhelm). Systematisk ofversigt af de Gnagande Daggdjuren,
Glires. • • • . Uppsala : Kongl. akad. bocktrykeriet, 1866. [4to., 1 p. 1. 59 pp.
3 folded tables.]
McCOY (Frederick). On the speciesof Wombats [Phascolomyidse]. (Abstract.)
• . •
.
«c Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria,
VIII, 266—270. 1868.
MARTIN (William Charles Linnaeus). A general introduction to the Natural
History of Mammiferous Animals, with a particular view of the Physical
History of Man, and the more closely allied genera of the order Quadrumana,
or Monkeys, .... Illustrated with 296 anatomical, osteological, and other
incidental engravings on wood, and 12 full plate representations of animals,
drawn by William Harvey. London: Wright & Co. 1841. [8vo., 1 p. 1.
545 pp., 12 pi.—16 sh.]
MIVART (St. George). Notes on the crania and dentition of the Lemurida?.
• • •
. <: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864, 611—648.
— Contributions towards a more complete knowledge of the axial skeleton in
the Primates. • • • . <Ib., 1865, 545—592.
[Contains a synoptical arrangement of the order.]
— On the structure and affinities of Microrhynchus laniger [Lemuridae]. • • • .
<Ib., 1866, 151.
— On the skull of Indris diadema [Lemurida?]. • • • . <Ib., 1867, 247.
— Additional notes on the osteology of the Lemurid£E. • • • . < lb., 1S67, 960.
40
MIVART (St. George). Notes on the osteology of the Insectivora. • . • .—
< The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, I, 18G7. 281—312 ; II, 1868,
117—154. [Contains a descriptive synopsis of the order.]
Notes sur l'osteologie des Insectivores. • • • . < Annales des Sciences
Naturelles. Cinquienie serie. Zoologie et paleontologie, VIII, 18G7, 221—284
;
IX, 1808, 311—372.
[A translation of the preceding.]
MORGAN (Lewis Henry). The American Beaver [Castoridse] and his works.
.... Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1868. [Svo., 330 pp., 1 map, 23
pi.—$5.]
MURIE (James). On the saiga antelope, Saiga tartarica (Pall.) • • • . < Pro-
ceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the
year 1870, 451—503.
Notes on the anatomy of the pronghuck, Antilocapra americana.
.... < lb. 1870, 334—368.
OWEN, F.R.S. (Richard). On the osteology of the Marsupialia. • ... < Trans-
actions of the Zoological Society of London, II, 1841, 379—408, pi. C8—71.
Outlines of a classification of the Marsupialia. • • • . <Ib., II, 1841. 315
—
oqo
ooo.
Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth {Mylodon ro-
bustus, Owen), with observations on the osteology, natural affinities, and
probable habits of the Megatherioid quadrupeds in general. By Kichard
Owen, F. R. S., Hunterian professor and conservator of the museum of the
Royal college of surgeons in London. Published by direction of the council.
London : • • • Sold by John Van Voorst, • • • . 1842. [4to., 176 pp., 24 pi.
w. 24expl. 1.]
Description of some species of the extinct genus Nesodon, with remarks on
the primary group (Toxodontia) of hoofed quadrupeds, to which that genus
is referable. • • • . < Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lon-
don. For the year MDCCCLIII. vol. 143, 291—310, pi. 15—18.
Paleontology or a systematic summary of extinct animals and their geolo-
gical relations. .... Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black. 1860. [8vo.
xv, 420 pp. ]
PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hartwig). [22. Mai 1865.] Hr. W. Peters legte
Abhandlungen zu einer monographie der Chiropteren vor und gab eine Uber-
sicht der von ihm befolgten systematischen orduung der hieher gehorigen
gattungen. < Monatsberichte der koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wis-
senschaften zu Berlin, 1865, 256—258.
[13. Juli 1865.] Hr. W. Peters las iiber flederthiere ( Vespertilio soricinvs
Pallas, Choroenycteris Lichtenst., RMnophyUa <pumilio nov. gen., Artibeus
fallax nov. sp., A. concolor nov. sp., Dermanura quadrivittalum nov. sp.,
Nycteris grandis n. sp.). < lb., 1865, 351—359.
[Contains a synopsis of Stenodermina1
,
pp. 356—359; continued on p. 524.]
41
PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hartwig). [16. October 1865.] Hr. W. Peters las
iiber die zu den Vampiri gehorigen flederthiere uud fiber die natiirliche stel-
lung der gattung Autrozous. <Ib., I860, 508—524.
[22. Juni.] Hr. W. Peters las iiber die zu den Glossophagre gehorigen
flederthiere und iiber eine neue art der gattung Coleura. <Ib., 1868, 361
—
886, 1 pi.
PICTET (Francois Jules). Traite de Paleontologie ou histoire naturelle des
aniniaux fossiles considered dans leurs rapports zoologiques et geologiques.
• • •
. Seconde edition, revue, corrigee, considerablement augmentee, acconi-
pagnee d'un atlas de 110 planches grand in -4°. • • • .Paris, chez J.-B. Bailliere,
• • • 1853 [—] 1857. [8vo. 4 v. ; 4to. atlas.—80 fr.]
RUTIMEYER (Ludwig). Versuch einer natiirlichen geschichte des rindes,
in seinen beziehungen zu den Wiederkauern irn allgemeinen. [Eine ana-
toniisch-palaeontologische monographie von Linne's genus bos. • • • . [4to.,
Erste abtheilung. 102 pp. 1 1. 2 pi. ; Zweite abtheilung, 175 pp., 4 pi.]
< Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die
gesammten Naturwissenschaften.—Nouveaux rnemoircs de la Societe helve-
tique des sciences naturelles. XXIII, [Dritte dekade, II]. 1867.
SCLATER (Philip Lutley). Remarks on the arrangement and distribution of
the Cervidae. • • • . < Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1870,
114—115.
TURNER (!!••• N • • •
,
jun.). On the evidences of affinity afforded by the
skull in the Ungulate mammalia. • • • . < Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London. Part XVII, 1849, 147—158.
VAN BENEDEN (Pierre Joseph). Recherches sur les Squalodons. • • • .
< Memoires de 1'Academie royale de Belgique, XXXV, 1865.
WATERHOUSE (George R • • •)• A- Natural History of the Mammalia.
[See "Contents."] London: Hippolyte Bailliere, .... 1846 [— ] 1848 [8vo.,
(I), 3 p. 1. 553 pp., 22 pi. (11 col.).— ; (II,) 1 pi. 500 pp., 22 pi. (11 col.).—
each 29 sh; col., 34sh6d.]
CONTENTS.
Vol. I. Containing the order Marsupiata, or Pouched animals, with 22 illus-
trations engraved on steel, and 18 engravings on wood.
Vol. II. Containing the order Rodentia, or Gnawing mammalia ; with 22
illustrations engraved on steel, and [8] engravings on wood.

SYNOPTICAL TABLES
CHARACTERS
OF THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF
MAMMALS,
A CATALOGUE OF THE GENEKA.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1871.

MAMMALS.
Abranchiate Vertebrates with, a brain whose cerebral hemispneres are more or less
connected (and in nearly inverse ratio) by an anterior commissure, and a superior
transverse commissure (corpus callosum) ; the latter more or less roofing in the lateral
ventricles: lungs and heart in the thorax, separated from the abdominal viscera
by a muscular diaphragm : aorta single and reflected over the left bronchus : blood
with red non-nucleated blood-corpuscles ; undergoing a complete circulation, being
entirely received and transmitted by the right half of the quadrilocular heart to the
lungs for aeration, (and wanned.) and afterwards returned by the other half through
the system. Skull with two condyles, chiefly developed on the exoccipital elements,
(one ou each side of the foramen magnum): with the malleus and incus superadded as
specialized auditory ossicles: and the lower jaw (composed of a pair of simple rami)
articulated directly by convex condyles with the squamosal bones. Dermal append-
ages developed as hairs. Viviparous: foetus developed from a minute egg : young
nourished after birth by a fluid (milk) secreted in peculiar glands (mammary) by
the mother.
SUB-CLASSES.
Brain with superior transverse commissure composed of a body as well as
psalterial fibres; and with a well developed septum. Sternum with
no element in front of the manubrium or presternum. Coracoid not con-
nected with the sternum, but early anchylosed with and developed as a
simple process of the scapula. Oviducts debouching into a double or single
vagina, (and not into a common cloacal chamber). Testes variable in po-
sition, but the vasa deferentia open directly or indirectly into a distinct
and complete urethra, (and not into a cloacal cavity). Ureters discharge
directly into the bladder the renal secretion, which thence passes into the
urethra. Mammary glands with well developed nipples.
A. Brain with the cerebral hemispheres connected by a more or less well-
developed corpus callosum and a reduced anterior commissure. Vagina
a single tube, but sometimes with a partial septum. Young retained
within the womb till of considerable size and nearly perfect development,
and deriving its nourishment from tbe mother through the intervention
of a "placenta" (developed from the allantois) till birth. Scrotum
never in front of penis.
MONODELPHIA. (I.)
B. Brain with the cerebral hemispheres chiefly connected by a well-de-
veloped anterior commissure, the corpus callosum being rudimentary.
46
Vagina more or less completely dividing into two separate passages.
Young born when of very small size and imperfect development ; never
connected by a placenta with the mother, but when born attached by
her to the nipple, from which the milk is forced by herself into the
mouth of the young. Scrotum in front of penis.
DIDELPHIA. (II.)
II. Brain with the superior transverse commissure with no well defined
psalterial fibres; and with the septum very much reduced in size. (Flower).
Steruum with a peculiar T-shaped bone (the episternum or interclavicle)
in advance of the manubrium or presternum. Coracoid extending from
the clavicle to the sternum, and only towards maturity anchylosed with
the scapula. The oviducts, enlarged below into uterine pouches, but open-
ing separately from one another, as in oviparous vertebrates, debouch,
not into a distinct vagina, but into a cloacal chamber, common to the
urinary and genital products, and to the faeces. Testes abdominal in posi-
tion throughout life, and the vasa deferentia open into the cloaca, and not
into a distinct urethral passage. Ureters pour the renal secretion, not
into the bladder, which is connected with the uj)per extremity of the cloaca,
but into the latter cavity itself. Mammary glands with no distinct nip-
ples. (Huxley.)
ORNITHODELPHIA. (III.)
I. MONODELPHIA
ORDERS.
I. Brain with a relatively large cerebrum, behind overlapping much or all
of the cerebellum, and in front much or all of the olfactory lobes : corpus
callosum (attypically) continued horizontally backwards to or beyond
the vertical of the hippocampal sulcus, developing in front a well-defined
recurved rostrum.
SUPER-ORDER EDUCABILIA.
A. Posterior members and pelvis well developed. Periotic and tympanic
bones articulated with the squamosal
;
(etypically, free and otherwise
modified, e. g. Tapiridac).
1. Legs almost or entirely exserted outside of the common abdominal
integument. First digit (great toe) of hind foot (pes) enlarged, op-
posable to the others, (exceptionally resuming parallelism with them.)
furnished with a nail. Brain with a well-developed calcarine sulcus,
giving rise to a hippocampus minor within the posterior cornu of the
ventricle by which the posterior lobe of the cerebrum is traversed.
(Flower.) (Incisors four in each jaw ; etypically, two—or all in upper
jaw—suppressed. Clavicles completely developed.)
47
a. Digits with corneous .appendages developed as claws (i. e. com-
pressed) or, attypically, as nails (i. e. depressed). Teeth of three
kinds, (canines of second set etypically atrophied.) all encased
in enamel
;
(molars mostly two- or three-rooted). Placenta decidu-
ate, discoidal.
PRIMATES. (I.)
, Legs with the proximal joints (humerus and femur) more or less
inclosed in the common abdominal integument. First digit of hind
foot attypically reduced or atrophied ; etypically hypertrophied (e. g.
Pihnipedia). Brain with no calcarine sulcus. (Incisors archetypically
six in each jaw ; etypically, two or more suppressed. Clavicles
rudimentary, or—in (b) Ungulate Series—none.)
a. Digits with corneous appendages developed as claws. Teeth of
three kinds, all encased with enamel : canines specialized and
robust : (molars mostly two- or three-rooted—etypically one-root-
ed,—attypically one (
p
" '
'
) or more in each jaw sectorial, followed
by tubercular ones.) Scaphoid and lunar consolidated into one bone.
Placenta deciduate, zonary.
FERAE. (IX.)
b. Digits with corneous appendages developed as hoofs. Teeth of
three kinds, (canines and incisors of second set exceptionally in
part undeveloped,) all encased in enamel : (molars attypically two- or
three-rooted, attypically with grinding surfaces.) Scaphoid and
lunar separate. Placenta diversiform.
b. 1. Incisors (archetypically |; often, especially in the upper jaw,
reduced in number or wholly suppressed; implanted by simple
roots,) with incisorial crowns. Feet with inferior (or, rather, pos-
terior) surfaces with a hairy skin continuous with the rest of the
integument: carpal bones in two interlocking rows; cuneiform
narrow and affording a diminished surface of attachment forwards
for the ulna (which is retrorse beside the radius); unciform and
lunar articulating with each other and interposed between the
cuneiform and magnum: hind foot with the astragalus at its an-
terior portion scarcely deflected inwards, articulating more or less
with the cuboid as well as navicular: toes (not more than four
completely developed) with terminal joints encased in thick
hoofs. Placenta non deciduate, (diffuse or cotyledonary).
UNGULATA. (HI.)
b. 2. Incisors (Jj or * ; variable as to insertion,) with incisorial
crowns. Feet mostly unknown: carpal bones unknown: hind
foot with the astragalus at its anterior portion inclined obliquely
inwards, articulating in front only with the navicular. Calcaneum
with an extensive upwards surface for the articulation of the
fibula, and with a large lateral process articulating in front with
48
the astragalus. Molars of upper jaw broad and extending into an
externo-anterior angle ; of lower jaw, narrow and continuous in a
uniform row.
TOXODONTIA. (IV.)
b. 3. Incisors (|) of upper jaw next to symphysis (with persistent
pulps) long and curved; those of lower jaw straight and nor-
mal. Feet with inferior surfaces furnished with pads, (as in
Rodents and Carnivores): carpal bones in two interlocking rows;
cuneiform extending inwards, (and articulating with magnum,)
and affording an enlarged surface of attachment forwards for the
ulna (which is antrorsely produced); unciform and lunar separat-
ed by the interposition of the cuneiform and magnum: hind foot
with the astragalus at its anterior portion extended and, as a
whole, much deflected inwards, articulating in front only with
the navicular: toes (four to the front feet, three to the hind) with
terminal. phalanges encased in hoofs; (inner nail of hind foot
curved). Placenta deciduate, zonary.
HYRACOXDEA. (V.)
b. 4. Incisors (§, or, in extinct forms, | or §, renewed from per-
sistent pulps,) developed as long tusks curved outwards. Feet
with palmar and plantar surfaces invested in extended pad -like
integuments, which also underlie the toes : carpal bones in two
regular (not interlocking) rows, broad and short; cuneiform ex-
tended inwards—broad, and furnishing an enlarged surface of
attachment forwards for the ulna (which is antrorsely produced).
Unciform directly in front of cuneiform, and magnum directly in
front of lunar: hind foot with the astragalus at its anterior por-
tion very short, (convex,) and not deflected inwards, articulating
in front only with the navicular : toes (five to each foot, in known
forms,) encased in broad shallow hoofs. Placenta deciduate,
zonary.—Snout produced into a very long proboscis. Legs mostly
exserted outside the abdominal integument; and with the proxi-
mal and succeeding joints extensible in the same line.
PROBOSCIDEA. (VI.)
B. Posterior members and pelvis more or less completely atrophied ; the
form of the body being fish-like, furnished with a horizontal tail, and
specialized for progression in the water. Periotio and tympanic bones
anchylosed together, but not articulated with the squamosal.
1. Brain narrow. Skull with the foramen magnum posterior, directed
somewhat downwards: supra-occipital nearly vertical and not ex-
tending forwards, the parietals meeting and interposed between it and
the frontals. Periotic with a posterior irregularly rounded part;
tympanic annuliform. Lower jaw with well-developed ascending rami
and normal transverse condyles and coronoid processes. Lateral teeth
molar, and adapted to trituration of herbage. Neck moderate ; second
49
cervical vertebra with an odontoid process. Anterior members mod-
erately long, flexed at the elbow; with carpal bones and phalanges
directly articulated with the adjoining ones ; and with normal digits.
Mammae two, pectoral.—Heart deeply fissured between the ventricles.
SIRENIA. (VII.)
. Brain broad. Skull with the foramen magnum entirely posterior,
directed somewhat upwards: supra-occipital very large, sloping for-
wards, and (attypically) extending forwards over or between the
frontals. Periotic attenuated backwards ; tympanic solid, entire.
Lower jaw with no ascending ramus, with its narrow condyles at the
posterior extremities or angles of the rami, and with only rudimentary
corouoid processes. Teeth conic or compressed, monophyodont. Neck
attypically very short; second cervical vertebras with no odontoid
process. Anterior members (attypically) abbreviated, extended back-
wards in a continuous line ; with carpal bones and phalanges often
separated by cartilage ; and with the second digit composed of more
than three phalanges. Mamma? two, inguinal.
CETE. (Vm.)
II. Brain with a relatively small cerebrum, leaving behind much of the
cerebellum exposed, and in front much of the olfactory lobes : corpus
callosum extending more or less obliquely upwards and terminating before
the vertical of the hippocampal sulcus ; with no well defined rostrum in
front.
SUPER-ORDER INEDTJCABILIA.
A. Teeth encased in enamel: incisors (very variable as to number) with-
out persistent pulps: canines present (but sometimes modified in form):
molars attypically with sharp and pointed cusps. Lower jaw with
condyles transverse, received into special glenoid sockets. Placenta
discoidal deciduate.
1. Anterior members adapted for flight: the ulna and radius being
united, and the metacarpal bones and phalanges—2 to 5—much
elongated; the whole sustaining a very thin leathery skin arising
from the sides of the body, and extending backwards on the hind
members, down to their tarsi. Mamma? pectoral.
CHIROPTERA. (IX.)
2. Anterior as well as posterior members adapted for walking or grasp-
ing: the ulna and radius entirely or partly separated: metacarpal
bones and phalanges normally developed. Mamma) abdominal
:
(etypically—in Dermoptera, &o.
—
pectoral).
July, 1871. mSEGTIYORA. (X.)
50
B. Teeth encased in enamel: incisors (§; exceptionally, also two sup-
plementary posterior teeth,) continually reproduced from persistent pulps,
and growing in a circular direction: canines none: molars attypieally
with ridged surfaces. Lower jaw with condyles longitudinal, and not
received in special glenoid sockets, but gliding freely backwards and
forwards in longitudinal furrows. Members and feet ambulatorial.
Placenta discoidal deciduate.
GLIRES. (XI.)
C. Teeth (when developed) not encased in enamel: incisors typically
absent (lateral present in Dasypus): molars variable: members and feet
ambulatorial, (modified often for grasping and digging). Placenta diver-
siform (discoidal deciduate in Orycteropodidce and Dasypodiche; diffuse
deciduate in Manididoz; and coyledonous non-deciduate ? in Bradypo-
didce).
BRUTA. (XII.)
I. PRIMATES.
SUB-ORDERS.
I. Cerebrum with its posterior lobe much developed, wholly or mostly cover-
ing the cerebellum. Skull with lachrymal foramen within the orbit.
Orbit separated from temporal fossa by the union of the alisphenoid and
malar bones. Ears rounded, each with a distinct lobule. Female with
uterus undivided, and clitoris imperforate. Mammae (2) exclusively pec-
toral.
ANTHROPOIDEA.
II. Cerebrum with the posterior lobe not extended backwards over the entire
cerebellum, a considerable portion of the latter being uncovered. Skull
with lachrymal foramen outside the orbit. Orbits open behind, (partially
closed in Tarsiidae). Ears more or less produced upwards and pointed,
angulated at their extremities, with no distinct lobules. Female with
uterus two-horned, and the clitoris perforated by the urethra. Mammae
variable.
PROSIMIAE.
ANTHROPOIDEA.
FAMILIES.
I. Fore limbs withdrawn completely from the locomotive series, and trans-
ferred to the cephalic (Dana). Form habitually erect, except in infancy.
Feet with the great toe produced, and in same plane with others. Teeth
in an uninterrupted series. Hair scant. (Bimana.)
HOMINIDAE. (I.)
II. Fore limbs more or less employed in progression. Form prone, exception-
ally erect. Feet with the great toe more or less abbreviated, thumb-like,
51
and opposable to the others. Dental series interrupted by diastemas,
especially in the upper jaw between canines and incisors. Hair dense.
(Simice.)
A. A bony external auditory meatus well developed, at the bottom of
which is the membrana tympani. Pre-molars 2,x2. (Teeth M § PM |
C j I §X2.) Nose with the median septum thin and narrow (exception-
ally, broad), and the nostrils correspondingly approximated. (Simice
catarrhinos.")
1. Spinal column with a slight sigmoid curve ; lumbar as well as dorsal
neural spines directed more or less backwards. Sacrum large and
solid, composed of four vertebra? tapering gradually backwards.
Sternum broad and short, with three or four bones between the manu-
brium and xiphoid cartilage. Anterior limbs much longer than
posterior.
SIMIIDAE. (II.)
2. Spinal column with a simple curve ; neural spines of lumbar and
last dorsal vertebra? inclined forwards. Sacrum moderate, composed
generally of three vertebra? not tapering gradually. Sternum elongated
and narrow. Anterior limbs shorter than posterior ; rarely elongated.
CYNOPITHECIDAE. (III.)
B. Bony external auditory meatus null, and the tympanic membrane
attached to a ring close to the surface. Pre-molars |x2. Nose with
the septum broad and flattened (exceptionally, narrow), and the nostrils
proportionally distant. (Simice platyrkince.)
1. Teeth (M l-PMf CJI|x2=) 33. Manus with inner digit (when
developed) more or less slightly opposable to the rest.
CEBIDAE. (IV.)
2. Teeth (M | PM f C ] I |X2=) 32. Manus with inner digit not
opposable, but on same plane as rest; all armed with elongated com-
pressed claws.
MIDIDAE. (V.)
I. HOMINIDAE.
Single genus.
Homo.
II. SIMIIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Form robust. Ilia broad, alate. Cerebrum projecting backwards over
the cerebellum. Buttocks without callosities.
SIMI1NAE. (A.)
II. Form slender. Ilia narrow, not alate. Cerebrum scarcely or not pro-
jecting backwards over the cerebellum. Buttocks with callosities.
HYLOBATINAE. (B.)
52
A. SIMIINAE.
Gorilla I. Geoff.
Mimetes Lea.ch=Tror/lodytes, Geoff.= Anthropopithecus, Bl.
Simia Linu.= Pithecus Geoff.
Siamanga Gray.
Hylobates 111.
Pliopithecus Gerv.
Dryopilhecus Lartet.
B. HYLOBATINAE.
Extinct Simiidiet
III. CYNOPITHECIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Stomach complex ; the cardiac portion dilated ; the pyloric elongated.
Cheek pouches obsolete.
SEMNOPITHECINAE. (A.)
II. Stomach simple, as in man. Cheek pouches developed.
CYNOPITHECINAE. (B.)
A. SEMNOPITHECINAE.
Nasalis Geoff.
Lasiopyga 111., Gray.
Semnopithecus F. Cuv.
Colobus 111.
Guereza Gray.
B. CYNOPITHECINAE.
§. 1.
§.2.
Miopithecus I. Geoff.
Cercopithecus Erxl.
Cercopithecus sensu strict.
Cercocebus Geoff.
Mucacus Lac, Desm.
Macacus sensu strict.
Itiitus Geoff.
Theropitltecus I. Geoff.= Gelada Gray.
Cynopithecus I. Geoff.
§.3.
Papio Erxl., Cuv., Geoff.= Cynoceph'nlus Lac.
Cynocephalus, sensu strict.
Mandrilla Cuv.,=Mormon Less.
Mormon, Gray, not 111.
Chlorocebus Gray.
Silenus Gray.
Hamadryas Less., Gray.
Chocropithecus Gray,
Extinct Cynopithecidcc.
Mesopithecus Gaudry.
Coenopilhecus Rutimeyer.
58
IV. CEBIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Cerebrum with posterior lobe abbreviated, scarcely covering the cerebel-
lum behind. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage greatly developed : hyoid
bone expanded into a sub-globular drum, with thin osseous walls, the
larger coruua projecting backwards, the lesser obsolete. Incisors vertical.
MYCETINAE. (A.)
II. Cerebrum with posterior lobe enlarged, extending backwards much
beyoud the cerebellum. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage moderate.
A. Incisors vertical.
1. Cerebrum with convolutions well marked. Tail more or less pre-
hensile.
CEBINAE. (BJ
2. Cerebrum with convolutions obsolete. Tail not prehensile.
NYCTIFITHECINAE. (C.)
B. Incisors inclined forwards. Tail more or less abbreviated and bushy.
PITHECIINAE. (D./
Aluatta La.c.=Mycetes 111.
A. MYCETINAE.
B. CEBINAE.
5-1.
§.2.
Cebus Erxl.
Sapajou Lac.= Ateles Geoff.
Eriodes I. Geofi.=Brachy teles Gray.
Lagothrix Geoff.
C. NYCTIFITHECINAE.
§• 1.
Nyctipithecus Spix=Aotus (Humb) 111. (Inapplicable.)
§.2.
Callithrix < leoff.
Saimiris Geoff., Gerv.= Chrysothrix Wagn
D. PITHECIINAE.
Pithecia Desm.
Chiropotes 111., Gray.
Brachyums Spix=0ua£arta Gray.
Extinct Cebidce.
Protopilfit cus Lund.
54
V. MIDIDAE.
GENERA.
Saguinus LsLC=Hapale Geoff.
Ilapale Gray. Jacchus Gray.
Cebuflla Gray. Mico Gray.
Midas Geoff.
Leontojtithecus Gray. Oedipus Gray.
Midas Gray. Seniocebus Gray.
PROSIMIAE.
FAMILIES.
I. Teeth of three kinds, the canines being retained through life. Incisors
small, with simple roots. Pectoral mammae developed, in addition to
inguinal ones. (Owen.) (Lemuroidea.')
A. Fibula entirely distinct from the' tibia. Skull with the orbits open
behind. Incisors of upper jaw small, (rarely wanting,) separated into
two groups by a symphysial interspace ; of lower jaw, larger, contiguous,
and proclivous; canines of lower jaw parallel with and like incisors.
Pes with the second toe armed with a subulate claw ; rest with flattened
nails.
LEMURIDAE. (VI.)
B. Fibula partially anchylosed with the tibia. Skull with the orbits parti-
ally closed behind by the unio,n above of the alisphenoid with the jugal.
Incisors of upper jaw (4) contiguous, inner large and conic; of lower
(2) contiguous and opposed to large upper teeth: canines of lower jaw
normal. Pes witli the second and third toes armed with subulate nails
;
rest with flattened pointed nails.
TARSIIDAE. (VII.)
II. Teeth of two kinds, the canines being early deciduous. Incisors f , gli-
riform, continually reinforced from the formative pulp; the fangs very
long, those of the lower jaw extending backwards to the base of the coro-
noid processes. Inguinal teats only developed.—Manus with the middle
finger very attenuated, and provided with a narrow scooped nail ; rest of
nails (except of thumb of pes) similar, subulate. (Daubentonioidea.)
DAUBENTONIIDAE. (VIII.)
SUPER-FAMILY LEMUROIDEA.
VI. LEMURIDAE.
SUTB-FAMILIES.
I. Teeth 30 ; i. e. M f P.M. § C. { I. -^2.
INDRISHSTAE. (A.)
II. Teeth 3(3 (exceptionally 32) ; i. e. M. f P.M. f C. } I.
2
-^x2 (exception-
ally, I. '} in adult).
A. Tarsus short or of moderate length.
55
, Hind limbs considerably longer than the fore. Neural spines of last
dorsal and lumbar vertebras inclined forwards. Ears (in typical forms)
moderate, with the anterior portion of the helix well developed, folded
over the fossa? of the concha and antihelix, and with the tragus and
antitragus distinct. Tail elongated, not less than two-thirds the length
of body.
LEMURINAE. (B.)
2. Hind and fore limbs sub-equal, or fore ones shorter. Neural spines
of dorsal and lumbar vertebrae inclined backwards. Ear (in typical
forms) small, with the helix little marked, and tragus and antitragus
obsolete. Tail short (always shorter than half the length of the body),
rudimentary, or absent. (Mivart.)
NYCTICEBINAE. (C.)
B. Tarsus very long; calcaneum more than one-third the length of the
tibia; naviculare much longer than the cuboid (Mivart).—Hind limbs
much longer than the fore. Neural spines of the twelfth or thirteenth
dorsal vertebrae turned forwards. Ear very large, with the pinna pro-
longed upwards.
GALAGININAE. B.)
A. INDRISINAE.
Indris Cuv. Geofi.=Lichanotus 111. =Pithelemnr Less.
Propithecus Benn.—Macromerus Smith.
Microrhynchus Jourd.=Acahis Geoff.
b. lemtjbinae:
Lemur Linn.
Varecia Gray. Prosimia Gray.
Lemur Gray.
Hapalemur I. Geoff.
Hapalemur Gray. Prolemur Gray.
Lepilemur I. Geoff.
Chirogaleus Geoff. (St. G. Mivart. )=J/</>/j/7AecuA- F. Cuv.
c. nycticebinae.
Perodicticus Benn.
Arctocebus Gray, Huxl.
Nycticebus Geoff. =Stenops l]\.=Bradylemur (Blainv.) Less.
L.mis GeoR.—Arachnocebus Less.
D. GALAGININAE.
Galayo Geoff.= Otolicni(s 111.
Otohmur Qoq.= Cullotus Gray. Otogale Gray.
Galcujo sensu strict. Hemigalago Dahlb.
Microcebus Geoff.
Murilemur Gray. Phaner Gray.
Azema Gray. Mirza Gray.
56
VII. TARSIIDAE.
Tarsias Storr=Macrotarsus C. & &.=Cephalopachus Sw.=Hypsicebus Less.
SUPER-FAMILY DAUBENTONIOIDEA.
VIII. DAUBENTONIIDAE.
Daubentonia Geofi.=Aye-aye ha.c.— Cheiromys Cuv.
FERAE.
SUB-ORDERS.
I. Body more or less raised, with the legs exserted beyond the elbows and
knees, and with the feet (generally with free toes) adapted for walking.
Manus and pes with first phalanges and digits not enlarged nor produced
beyond the others (attypically more or less reduced or even atrophied).
Skull moderately compressed between the orbits : with a distinct lachry-
mal bone, perforated by a canal (the lachrymal), and more or less exserted
outside the orbit, and, in conjunction with the malar, forming the anterior
margin of the orbit : palatines extending forwards laterally between the
frontal and maxillary bones, and leaving no vacuity. Tympanic bound-
ed behind by the exoccipital. Deciduous dentition well developed.
FISSIFEDIA.
II. Body prone, with the legs confined in the common integument beyond
the elbows and knees, (with the feet rotated backwards, and with toes con-
nected together), and especially adapted for swimming. Manus and pes
with first phalanges and digits enlarged and produced beyond the others.
Skull much compressed between the orbits: with a lachrymal bone early
united with the maxillary, imperforate, and entirely contained within the
orbit: malar applied to the inner side of a transverse zygomatic process of
the maxillary and not continued to the front of the orbit (which is there-
fore bounded by the maxillary) : palatines not extending forwards later-
ally, extensive vacuities intervening between the frontal and maxillary
bones. Tympanic separated from the exoccipitals by a vacuity as well as
by the re-entering periotic bones. Deciduous dentition much reduced
and rudimentary.
PINNIPEDIA.
FISSIPEDIA.
FAMILIES.
I. Skull with the paroccipital process applied closely to the auditory bulla
;
the mastoid process small or obsolete ; external auditory meatus very
short or imperfect. Intestinal canal provided with a cceuum. Prostate
gland salient.
A. Skull with carotid canal minute and superficial or obsolete; condyloid
foramen and foramen lacerum posticum debouching in a common
fossa: glenoid foramen minute or null. Os penis rudimentary (in
Cryptoproctidce, enlarged). Cowper's glands present. (Aelui-oidea.)
57
1. Teeth 28-30 (M j, PM | or \, C {, I Jx2) : true molar of upper jaw
small, tubercular; of lower, sectorial. Snout very short, decurved.
Bulla divided by a septum into posterior and anterior chambers com-
municating with each other by a narrow aperture. (Aeluroidea
typica.)
a. Body compact. Feet digitigrade, with the palms and soles hairy.
Skull with no alisphenoid canal.
FELIDAE. (IX.)
b. Body elongated, viverriform. Feet plantigrade, with the palms and
soles bald. Skull with a distinct alisphenoid canal.
CRYPTOPROCTIDAE. (X.)
2. Teeth 32-34, diversiform, but no tubercular (or second true) molar
in lower jaw. Snout moderate, depressed. Bulla with no septum.
Feet digitigrade. (Aeluroidea hyceniformia.')
a. Teeth 32 (M
-f ? PM ~1 C \, I |x2); molars very small and
distant ; no fuuctionalized sectorial molars.
PROTELIDAE. (XI.)
b. Teeth 34 (M \, PM j, C},I § x2) ; molars large and approximated ;
true molar of upper jaw reduced, tubercular; last pre-molar sec-
torial, feline: true molar of lower jaw sectorial.
HY.ENIDAE. (XII.)
3. Teeth 36-40 (M f—rarely I—PM f—exceptionally f-C {, I §X2) ;
true molars of the upper, and last of the lower jaw tubercular. Snout
moderate or elongated, depressed. Auditory bulla divided. {Aeluro-
idea viverriformia.)
a. Skull irregularly flattened behind above foramen magnum ; with
the snout moderate or robust. Incisors approximated ; canines
robust.
VIVERRIDAE. (XIII.)
b. Skull convex behind above foramen magnum (at least, especially
so in young) ; with the snout slender. Incisors not approximated
;
canines small.
EUPLERIDAE. (XIV.)
B. Skull with the carotid canal well developed, but opening into the
foramen laceruin posticum ; condyloid foramen distinct
;
glenoid foramen
patent. Os penis large. Cowper's glands not developed. (Cynoidea.')
1. Teeth typically 42; varying between 38 and 46 (the true molars
heing the varying element.—M f (V-|), PM j, C >, I : x2).
CANIPAF- (XV.)
II. Skull with the paroccipital process not closely applied to the auditory
bulla; the mastoid process prominent and proiectinji outwards or down-
wards behind the external auditory meatus; external auditory meatus
diversiform. Intestinal canal with no coecuui. Prostate gland not salient,
being contained in the thickened walls of the urethra.—Skull with the
58
carotid canal distinct, and more or less in advance of the foramen lacerum
posticuin; condyloid foramen also distinct from the foramen lacerum
posticum
;
glenoid foramen generally well defined. Os penis very large.
Cowper's glands not developed.
—
(Arctoidea.)
A. True molars of upper jaw one (M J ; rarely—in Mellivorinaz—y) ;
last pre-molar of upper jaw sectorial (rarely—in Enhydrince—with blunt
tubercles). (Aictoidta musteliformia.)
MUSTELIDAE. (XVI.)
B. True molars of upper jaw two ; last pre-molar of upper jaw tubercular
(rarely—in Bassarididce—sectorial)
.
1. Last molar of upper jaw oblong and exceeding the first: three true
molars in lower jaw ; first narrowest but longest; second oblong and
broader. Foramen lacerum posticum introrse, behind the postero-
internal angle of the tympanic bone; carotid canal little in advance
of the foramen lacerum posticum. Tail rudimentary. (Arctoidea
typica.)
TJESIDAE. (XVII.)
2. Last molar of upper jaw more or less transverse and compressed
forwards; two true molars in lower jaw; first broadest. Foramen
lacerum posticum antrorse from postero-internal angle of the tympanic
bone ; carotid canal nearly at or in advance of middle of inner wall
of the auditory bulla. Tail well developed. (Arctoidea procyoni-
formia.)
a. Alisphenoid canal developed : auditory bulla very small, and with
a very prolonged bony floor to the auditory meatus : paroccipital
process long and trigonal, standing backwards and outwards, quite
unconnected with the bulla. (Flower.)—Teeth 36 (M §, PM f, 6 T ,
1 1X2).
AELURIDAE. (XVIII.)
b. Alisphenoid canal none: auditory bulla well developed, and with
a short bony floor to the auditory meatus : paroccipital process
short and blunt, somewhat hooked, generally contiguous to the
bulla at the base.
b. 1. Teeth 36 (M §, PM §, C T, I fX2) ; last pre-molar of upper
jaw and first molar of lower tubercular. Snout abbreviated, de-
curved. Lower jaw very stout, with an extensive anchylosed
symphysis, with high coronoid processes, and extended back-
wards and downwards at the angles.
CERCQLEPTIDAE. (XIX.)
b. 2. Teeth 40 (M ?,, PM £, C {, I |X2); last pre-molar of upper
jaw and first molar of lower tubercular. Lower jaw moderate or
slender, with a reduced symphysis, with recurved coronoid pro-
cesses, and extended upwards to the angles, which are near the
condyles.
PROCYONIDAE. (XX.)
59
b. 3. Teeth 40 (M
_
2
,
PM §, C \, I fx2), resembling those of
Canidce; first upper pre-molars sometimes deciduous; last pre-
molar of upper jaw aud first molar of lower sectorial. Lower jaw
as in Procyonidoz.
BASSARIDIDAE. (XXI.)
Familiss incertse sedis.
1. Teeth 32 ? (M | ? PM |? C \ ? I § ; x2) ? last pre-molar of lower jaw
moderate ; first molar obtusely sectorial ; second oblong, tuberculated.
SIM0CY0NIDAE. (XXII.)
2. Teeth 44 (M;, I'M >, C }, I j|X2)? last pre-molar of upper jaw tri-
tuberculate ; true molars tuberculate.
ARCTOCYONIDAE. (XXIII.)
3. Teeth 44? (M f, PM f, C ], I fx2)? last pre-molar of lower jaw
enlarged ; first as well as second and third molars sectorial.
HYJENODONTIDAE. (XXIV.)
SUPER-FAMILY AELUROIDEA.
IX. FELIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Canine teeth of upper jaw moderate, with transversely convex anterior
and posterior margins ; those of lower jaw equal to upper and much ex-
ceeding adjoining incisors.
A. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw with an inwardly projecting antero-internal
lobe. Claws retractile.
FELINAE. (A.)
B. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw with no internal lobe. Claws not re-
tractile.
GTJEFARDINAE. (B.)
II. Canine teeth of upper jaw enormously developed, compressed, and with
distal trenchant anterior and posterior margins ; those of lower jaw re-
duced in inverse ratio, and not much larger than the adjoining incisors.
(Sectorial tooth of upper jaw with a transverse inner lobe some distance
in front of the anterior end of the tooth.)
MACHAEB.ODONTINAE. <C.)
A. FELINAK.
Lynx Raf.
Lyncus Gray. Caracal Gray.
Neqfelis Gray.
I7r< rriceps Gray.
Felis Linn.
Unciu Gray. Leo Gray.
Tigris Gray. Leopardus Gray.
Pardalina Gray. Catolynx Gray.
GO
Pajeros Gray.
Chaus Gray.
Aelurina Gerv. =Ailurofjale Fitz.
Felis Gray.
B. GUEPARDINAE.
Gueparda Gray.
Drepanodon Nesti, Bronn.
Machcerodus Kaup, Bronn.
Smilodon Lund, Bronn.
Pseudcelurus Gerv.
Trucifelis Leidy.
? Dinictis Leidy.
? Aelurodon Leidy.
Cryptoprocta Bennett.
Proteles I. Geoff.
C. MACHAERODONTINAE.
All extinct.
Other Felidae of Extinct Genera.
X. CRYPTOPROCTIDAE.
Single Genus.
XL PROTELIDAE.
Single Genus.
Hyaena Linn.
Crocuta Gray.
XII. HYAENIDAE.
Genera.
XIII. VIVERRIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
Auditory bulla divided by an oblique groove into two portions ; an an-
terior with the auditory meatus, and a posterior more inflated aud larger
portion. (Flower.) Toes short, regularly arched ; the last phalanges
bent up, withdrawing the claws into a sheath ; claws sharp. (Gray, s.
Aeluropodae.)
A. Nose simple, flat, bald, and with a central groove beneath.—Gray, s.
Viverrida.
1. Digitigrade : the under-side of the hind feet hairy, except the pads,
metatarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. Upper flesh-
tooth elongate; upper tubercular grinders small, transverse.—Gray.
a. Body robust ; tubercular grinders two above, one below on each
side (f-f).—Gray. VIVERRINAE. (A.)
b. Body slender, elongate ; tubercular grinders one on eacli side
above and below (j—x).—Gray. PRIONODONTINAE. (B.)
2. Subplantigrade: tbe under-side of tbe toes and more or less of the
back of the tarsus naked, callous. Flesh-tooth strong ; upper tnber-
cular grinders large, broad.
a. Tail moderate, not prehensile. The hinder part of tbe tarsus
hairy to the palm ; the tail bushy.
GALIDIINAE. (C.)
b. Tail moderate, not prehensile. The upper part of the hinder part
of the tarsus hairy to the palm; tail ringed. (Gray.) Sectorial
tooth with large tubercular ledge.
HEMIGALIINAE. <T>.)
c. Tail very long, sub-convolute. The hinder part of the tarsus bald,
callous. (Gray.) Sectorial tooth typical.
PARADOXURINAE. <E->
d. Tail thick, strong, prehensile. The hinder part of the tarsus
bald, callous. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw transverse, sub-tuber-
cular.
ARCTICTIDINAE. (F.)
B. Nose rather produced, rounded, hairy, and without any central groove
below (Gray, s. Cynoyalidce). Sectorial tooth with an extensive tuber-
cular ledge.
CYNOQALINAE. (G.)
II. Auditory bulla very prominent and somewhat pyriform, divided by a
transvei'se constriction into two portions ; the anterior nearly as large and
inflated as the posterior. (Flower.) Toes straight ; the last phalanx and
claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end, the front ones
often elongated. (Gray, s. Cynopoda.)
A. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central groove. (Gray, s. Ilerpes-
tid(c)
1. Head elongate, conical ; tail conical or cylindrical. (Gray.)
HERPESTTNAE. (H.)
2. Head short, ventricose ; tail bushy, expanded laterally; claws
elongate. (Gray.)
CYNICTIDINAE. (I.)
B. Nose broad, convex, and hairy, beneath without auy central groove.
(Gray, s. Rhinoyalidae.)
1. Head elongate, nose short. Teeth 40. False grinders |. (Gray.)
RHINOGALINAE. (J.)
2. Head ventricose. Nose elongate. Teeth 36. False grinders f.
(Gray.)
CROSSARCHINAE. ,K.)
Vivcrra Linn.
Viverricula Hodgson.
62
A. VIVERRINAE.
8.1.
Genetta Cuv.
Genetta Gray. ? Fossa Gray.
B. PRIONODONTINAE.
Prionodon Horsfield.=Linsang Gray.
Poiana Gray.
Galidia I. Geoff.
Hemigale Jourdan.
Nandinia Gray.
Paradoxurus F. Cuv.
Paguma Gray.
Arctogale Peters.
Arctictis Temm. =Ictides F. Cuv.
Cynogale Gray.
Galidict/s I. Geoff.
Herpestes Iilig.
A thylax F. Cuv.
Calogale Gray.
Galerella Gray.
Calictis Gray.
Ariela Gray.
Ichneumia I. Geoff.
Bdeogale Peters.
?7rra Hodgson.
Tamiogale Gray.
Onychogale Gray.
Helogale Gray.
Cynictis Ogilby.
C. GALIDIINAE.
D. HEMIGALIINAE.
E. PARADOXURINAE.
P. AHCTICTIDINAE.
G. CTNOGALINAE.
it. HERPESTINAE.
I. CYNICTIfilNAE,
J. RHINOGALINAE,
Ehinor/ale Gray.
Mungos Ogilby.
63
K. CROSSARCHINAE.
Crossarchus F. Cuv.
Suricata Desin.=Rhyzccna
,
Illig.
Extinct Vivcrridae?
Paleonyctis Blainv.
Soricictis Pomel.
Amphichneumon Pomel.
Galeotherium Wagner, (not Jacq.)
Eupleres Doyere.
XIV. ETIPLERIDAE.
Single genus.
SUPER-FAMILY CYNOIDEA.
XV. CANIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
Sectorial tooth of upper jaw elongated, and with the antero-iuternal
lobe projecting directly inwards; of lower jaw, elongated and narrowed
forwards and with the externo-rnediau lobe enlarged : true molars in
upper jaw two (rarely one), tubercular.
CANINAE. (A.)
II. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw abbreviated, triangular, and with the antero-
internal lobe large and ledge-like; of lower jaw, comparatively short and
broad forwards, and with the externo-median lobe reduced ; true molars
of upper jaw three, tubercular.
MEGALOTINAE. (B.)
A. CANINAE.
I. 1.
Lycaon Brookes.
I
Iciicyon LuTid=Cynalir.iis Gray=Melictes Schinz.
Cyon Hodgson.
Can is Linn.
Canis=Canis-\-Lupus Gray.
Sinterna Gray.
Lycalopex Burm.
Psew/alopex Burm.
Lycalopex Gray.
Vulpes.
Vulpes.
Fennecus Gray.
I rocyon Baird.
M-
?-5.
2.c.
Dieba Gray.
Crysocyon H. Smith.
Thous Gray.
Leucocyon Gray.
64
§.7.
Nyclereutcs Ternminck.
B. MEQALOTINAE.
Megalolis Blainv.=Agriodus H. Smith== Otocyon Licht.
Extinct Canidae f incertae sedis.
Amphicyon Lartet.
Cynodon Aym.
Galecynus Owen.
Palceocyon Lund, (not Blainv.)
Speothos Lund.
STTPEK-FAMILY ARCTOIDEA.
XVI. MTJSTELIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Skull with the cerebral portion comparatively compressed backwards
;
and with the rostral portion comparatively produced, attenuated, and
transversely convex above ; anteorbital foramen small and opening for-
wards. Feet with little developed or no interdigital membrane.
A. Auditory bulla much inflated, undivided, bulging, and convex forwards ;
periotic region extending little outwards or backwards. Palate moder-
ately emarginated.
1. Last molar of upper jaw (M — ) transverse, (with the inner ledge in-
flated at its inner angle;) sectorial tooth with a single inner cusp.
a. M J ; First true molar (sectorial) of lower jaw followed by a small
second (tubercular) one. Toes short, regularly arched, and with
the last phalanges bent up, withdrawing the claws into sheaths.
(Gray.)
MUSTELINAE. (A.)
b. M }; first true molar (sectorial) of lower jaw only developed. Toes
straight, with the last phalanges and claws extended; the latter
non-retractile. (Gray.)
MELLIVOKINAE. (C.)
2. Last molar of upper jaw (M 7j enlarged and more or less extended
longitudinally.—M h Toes straight, with the last phalanges and
claws extended ; the latter non-retractile. (Gray.)
MELINAE. (B.)
B. Auditory bulla elongated and extending backwards close to the par-
occipital process. (Flower.) Palate moderately emarginated.
1. Last molar of upper jaw (M^-) transverse; (with the inner ledge
narrowed inwards): sectorial tooth with two inner cusps.
HELICTIDINAE. (F.)
C. Auditory bulla inflated, undivided, with the anterior inferior extremity
pointed and commonly united to the prolonged hamular process of the
pterygoid. (Flower.) Palate moderately emarginated.
65
1. Last molar of upper jaw (M —
J
transverse; (with the inner ledge
compressed).
ZOHILLINAB. (E.)
D. Auditory bulla little inflated, transversely constricted behind the mea-
tus auditorius externus and thence inwards ; in front flattened forwards
:
periotic region expanded outwards and backwards. Palate deeply
emarginated.
1. Last molar of upper jaw (M— J quadraugular, wide, but with an
extended outer incisorial ledge.
MEFHITINAB. (D.)
II. Skull with the cerebral portion swollen backwards and outwards ; and
with the rostral portion abbreviated, high and truncated forwards, and
widened and depressed above: anteorbital foramen enlarged and pro-
duced downwards and backwards. Feet with well-developed iuterdigital
membrane, and adapted for swimming.
A. Teeth normal, 3G (M l, PM ;], C {-, I ;'x2): sectorial tooth (PM —
)
normal, efficient, with an expanded inner ledge ; the other molars
submusteline. Posterior feet with normally long digits.
LUTEINAE. (G.)
B. Teeth very aberrant, 32 (M \, PM f, C \, I §—the lower inner incisors
being lost— X^) : sectorial tooth (PM— J defunctionalized as such,
compressed from before backwards ; the other molars also with blunted
cusps. Posterior feet with elongated digits.
ENHYDEUfAB. (H.)
A. MUSTELINAE.
§• I-
(Digitigrade.)
Mustela L., Guv. =Martes Gray (Les Martes
—
Mustela Cuv).
Putorius Cuv.=Poelorius Keys, and Bias.
Putorius Gray.
Gymnopus Gray.
Gale Wa,gner=Mustela Gray, not Cuv.
Lutreola Wagner= Vison Gray.
§. 2.
(Plantigrade.)
Galictis Bell=.E7rara Lund.
Galera Gray. Grisonia Gray.
§. 3.
(Sub -plantigrade.)
Gnlo Storr.
MELINAE.
Tnxiden Waterh.
Meles Stoir=7'((.T«s Cuv.
Mydaus F. Cuv.
Arctonyx F. Cuv.=Synarchus Gloger.
August, 1871.
6Q
C. MELLIVORINAE.
Mellivora StorT=Ratelus Gra.y=Lipotus Lund.
D. MEPHITINAE.
Conepatus Gray=77u'osm!<s Licht. < Marpulius Gray.
Mephitis Cuv., Gray.
Spilogale Gray.
E. ZORILLINAE.
Zorilla Gra.y=Rhabdogale Wa,gn.=Ictonyx Lund.
P. HELICTIDINAE.
Uelictis Gra.y=Melogule I. Geoff.= Rhinogale Gloger, uot Gray.
Q. LTJTRIHAB.
§.1.
Barangia Gray=Leptonyx Less., Gerv.
Aonyx Less., Gerv., Gray.
Lonlra Gra.y=Saricovia Less. =Loutra Gerv. (misprint).
Lutra Linn.
Lutra Gray. Nutria Gray,,
Lutronectcs Gray.
Hydrogale Gray.
Latax Gray (not Gloger)=Lataxia Gerv.
§.2.
Pteronura Gray, Gerv. =Pterura Wiegm.
H. ENHYDRINAB.
Enhydris Fleming=ZaYar Gloger.
Extinct Mustelidce? incertce sedis.
Palaeomephitis J'a,geT=Palaeobassaris Paul von Wurt.
Palaeogale Meyer.
Plesiogale Pomel.
Plesictis Pomel.
Putoriodus Pomel.
Potamotherium Geoff.= ? Lutrictis Pomel=? Stephanodon Meyer.
Thalassictis Nordm
Galeotherium Jiiger (not Wagner).
Enkydriodon Falc.=Amyxodon Falc.
Ursitaxus Falc.
XVII. TJRSIDAE.
Genera.
M.
Thalassarctos Gray.
Ursus Linn.
67
Ursus Gray. Myrmarctos Gray.
Tremarc.tos Gerv,
Helarctos Horsf.
§.2.
Melursus Meyer=Prochilus 111.
Extinct Ursidae?
(Family? Hytcnarctidae?")
Uycenarctos Cautl. and Fa.\c.=Ai/riotherium \Yzgn. =Sivalai ctos-\-Amphiarcios Blainv.
=Hemicyou Lartet.
XVIII. AELURIDAE.
Genus.
Aelurus F. Cuv.
XIX. CERCOLEPTIDAE.
Genus.
Cercoleptes l\\iger=Kinkojou Lac.=Potos Cuv. =Caudivolvulus Desm.
XX. PROCYONIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Snout attenuated. Auditory bulla small, abruptly contracted, flattened
forwards and towards the external auditory meatus. Mastoid process little
developed, extrorse behind meatus.
U'ASUINAB. (A.)
II. Suout comparatively abbreviated. Auditory bulla large, sloping gradu-
ally towards the external auditory meatus. Mastoid process enlarged and
prolonged downwards.
PROCYONINAE. (B.)
A. NASUINAE.
Nasua Storr= Coati Lac.
Procyon Storr.
Tylodon Gerv.
Ltptarctos Leidy.
Bassarit Licht.
B. PBOCYONINAE.
Procyonidae? of extinct genera.
XXI. BASSARIDIDAE.
Genus.
FISSIPEDIA INCERTAE SEDIS.
XXII. SIMOCYONIDAE.
Extinct.
Simocyon K&u$=Diaphorus Gaudry.
68
XXIII. ARCTOCYONIDAE.
Extinct.
Arctocyon Blainv.-\-Palaeocyon Blainv. (not Lund).
XXIV. HYAENODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
Hyaenodon de Laiz & de Par.= ? Hyaenodon-\-Taxotherium-\-Pterodon Blainv.
Fissipedium Genera incertae sedis.
Acanthodon Meyer.
ffarpagodon Meyer.
Patriofelis Leidy.
Sinopa Leidy.
(Hyaenidae?)
Lycyaena Hensel.
Hyaenictis Gaudry.
Ictitherium Gaudry.
(Viverridae?)
PINNIPEDIA.
FAMILIES.
Molar teeth § or | ; canines of both jaws moderately developed, those of
upper jaw being scarcely larger than those of lower; incisors persistent.
(Phocoidea.)
A. Form comparatively archetypical, with the hinder legs flexible for-
wards. Small ear conchs developed. Skull with the mastoid processes
strong and salient, standing aloof from the auditory bullae; with well-
developed post-orbital processes, and alisphenoid canals. Incisors, (f)
of upper jaw notched. Anterior limbs about as large as the posterior;
their feet with digits decreasing in a curved line and without claws:
posterior feet with all their digits nearly co-terminal and furnished with
long linguiform flaps extending beyond their tips ; the three middle toes
alone clawed.
OTARIIDAE. (XXV.)
B. Form attypically phociform, with the hinder legs projected back-
wards and not flexible forwards. Ear conchs obsolete. Skull with the
mastoid processes swollen, and seeming to form part of the auditory
bullae; the post-orbital processes null or obsolete: no alisphenoid
canals. Incisors (variable in number
—
f or f, or \—) of upper jaw not
notched. Anterior limbs smaller than the posterior; the feet with the
digits successively abbreviated and armed with claws ; the posterior
flippers emarginated (the third and fourth digits being shortest), and
provided with claws (rarely suppressed).
PHOCIDAE. (XXVI.)
69
II. Molar teeth 5t |, the posterior generally caducous in adult : canines of
upper jaw greatly hypertrophied and developed as tusks; those of lower
jaw atrophied: incisors, except external of upper jaw, deciduous. (Ros-
maroidt ".)
A. Form comparatively etypical, with the hinder legs flexible forwards.
Ear conchs obsolete. Skull with the mastoid processes strong and
salient ; the surface continuous with the auditory bullae ; no postorbital
processes ; distinct alispheuoid canals. Anterior limbs about as large
as posterior; feet with the toes decreasing in a curved line, destitute of
claws : posterior feet with the five digits scarcely increasing toward
inner; all provided with claws.
ROSMARIDAE. (XXVII.)
SUPER-FAMILY PHOCOIDEA.
XXV. OTARIIDAE.
Genera.
§• 1.
Zalophus Gill.
Zalophus sensu. strict. Neophoca Gray.
§.2.
Eumetopias Gill.
Otaria Peron.
Oiaria sensu strict. Phocarctos Peters, Gray.
Arctocepkalus F. Cuv.=Halarctos Gill.
Arctocejihalus Gray.
Gypsophoca Gray.
Arctophoca Peters=Euotaria Gray.
Callirhinus Gray.
XXVI. PHOCIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Maxillar zygomatic process with the posterior surface subvertical or very
oblique. Malar oblong-rhomboid, emarginated above and below.
A. IntermaxiUaries narrow, prolonged, and wedged behind between the
supramaxillaries and nasals. Nasal bones narrow, diminishing in
width backwards. Incisors f ; exceptionally ;!.
PHOCINAE. (A.)
B. IntermaxiUaries terminating far from nasals. Nasal bones narrow and
shortened. Incisors #.
CYSTOPHOR.INAE. (B.)
II. Maxillar zygomatic process with its lower and posterior surface extended
horizontally backwards, and its angle continued far behind along the inner
side of the malar. Malar elongated, bow-shaped, and curved upward in
front.
A. IntermaxiUaries narrow, not continued backward between nasals and
supramaxillaries. Nasal cavity expanded, with the nasal bones w'dest
toward the middle and very long. Incisors 'J ° STENORHYNCHINAE. (C.)
70
A. PHOCINAE.
8.1.
Phoca Linn., GiU=Callocephalus F. Cuv., Gray.
Callocephalus Gray. Ealicyon Gray.
Pagomys Gray.
Pagophdus Gray.
Erignathas Gill=Phoca Gray, not Linn.
§.2.
Halichoerus Nilss.
§.3.
Monachus Flem.=Pelagios F. Cuv.=IIeliophoca Gray.
B. CYSTOPHOEINAE.
Cystophora Ni\ss.=Ste7?imatopus F. Cuv.
Macrorhinus F. Cuv.=J/iVou>isra Gray=Afacror/n/na Gray=J/o;- 101.7a Gray.
C. STENOK.HYNCHINAE.
Lobodon Gray.
Slenorhynchus F. Cuv.
Leptonychotes=Leptonyx Gray, not Sw. 1821.
Ommatophoca Gray.
Extinct Phocidae?
Pachyodon Meyer.
Pristiphoca Gerv.
SUPER-FAMILY ROSMAROIDEA.
XXVII. ROSMARIDAE.
Single genus.
Rosmarus Sco-p.=Odobaenus (Briss.) Il\.=Trichechus auct. pi., not Linn.
Extinct Rosmaridae.
Trichechodon Lankester.
UNGULATA.
SUB-ORDERS.
*
I. Digits paired, the third and fourth being subequally developed and ex-
serted
;
(the fifth, generally, nearly corresponding in size and position to
the second, and, generally, developed—or atrophied—in nearly equal
degree;) the articulating phalanges and proximal carpal and tarsal hones
correspondingly modified. Astragalus with its anterior or inferior articular
surface divided by a crest into two sub-equal facets. Femur without
a third trochanter, and with its shaft generally perforated at the fore and
71
upper part by the medullary artery. Dorso-lumbar vertebrae, generally,
nineteen in number (d. 12— 15-f-l. 7—4.) Skull with the intermaxillary
bones flattened above towards the symphysis, and with the incisors, when
present, diverging towards their roots. Stomach more or less subdivided
or complex: coecum comparatively small and simple.
ARTIODACTYLA.
II. Digits unpaired or unequal, the third being the largest and most exserted
;
(the fourth nearly co-equal in size and position with the second; fifth
—
of hind foot, at least,—atrophied;) the articulating phalanges and carpal
and tarsal bones correspondingly modified. Astragalus with the anterior
or inferior articular surface divided into two very unequal facets. Femur
with a third trochanter, and with its shaft perforated at the back-part by
the medullary artery. Dorso-lumbar vertebrae not less than twenty-two
in number (d. 18—194-1. 3— 6). Skull with the intermaxillary bones
tectiform above and united towards the symphysis, and with the incisors,
when present, implanted subvertically and nearly parallel to their roots.
Stomach simple: coeouin very much enlarged and sacculated.
PERISSODACTYLA.
ARTIODACTYLA.
FAMILIES.
, Molars (M) attypically each with two double crescentiform folds, whose
convex surfaces are internal. Canines of lower jaw, attypically, re-
sembling, and parallel with, incisors
;
(differentiated and specialized in
Camelidae). Palatine bones contracted and compressed behind, thin, and
(at the walls of the posterior nares) separated by a wide sinus from the
terminal portion of the supramaxillary bones. Digestive system adapted
for rumination: stomach tripartite, or, attypically, quadripartite, a " psal-
terium" being finally developed.—Axis with the odontoid process like
a spout, or hollow half-cylinder, and with a prominent sharp semi-circular
rim. (Flower.)
—
(Pecora; or, Rumincmtia.)
* Incisors deciduous from upper as well as lower jaws. Canines of lower
jaw inclined forwards, with compressed cuueate crowns. Placenta and
stomach unknown. Chalicotheroidea.
One family. CHALICOTHERIIDAE. (XXVII a.)
** Incisors persistent in lower jaw.
A. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) exserted and not contain-
ed within the common integument. Canines of lower jaw specialized
and differentiated from incisors. Incisors in part (;'. e. lateral) persist-
ent in upper jaw. Placenta diffuse. Stomach imperfectly quadripartite.
{Pecora tylopoda s. phalangigradu.)
One family. CAMELIDAE. (XXVIII.)
B. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) not exserted but inclosed
within the common integument. Canines of lower jaw similar to and
72
parallel with the incisors. Incisors deciduous from upper jaw
;
per-
sisteut in lower. Placenta and stomach diversiform. (Pecora unguli-
gruda.)
1. Placenta polycotyledonary. Stomach quadripartite, a well-developed
psalterinm being differentiated. Incisorial series of lower jaw unin-
terrupted at the symphysis. (Pecora unguligrada typica.)
a. Neck very long and slender, the cervical vertebrae (3-7) being
much elongated : the dorsodumlmr vertebrae comparatively ab-
breviated and declining backwards, the hinder limbs being shorter
than, or as short as, the anterior. Horns developed as epiphyses
of the frontals, and covered with an extension of the skin. ( Giraf-
foidea.~)
One family. GIKAFFIDAE. (XXIX.)
b. Neck comparatively more or less short, the cervical vertebrae
(3—7) being normally developed : the dorso-lumbar vertebrae
longer, and highest backwards, the hinder limbs being considerably
longer than the anterior. Horns diversiform. (Booidea.)
i. Skull with the auditory bulla produced downwards, especially
towards the inside, and applied behind to the paroccipital pro-
cess. Styloid process deflected more or less forwards and en-
closed in an oblique fold on the outer surface of the auditory
bulla. Palatine axis declivous from the occipito-sphenoid axis.
(Booidea typica.)
a. Horns persistent, (common to both sexes,) and developed as
sheaths of true "horn" on osseous cores originating from the
frontal bones. Styloid process partially enclosed in a more or
less open canal.
a. 1. Olfactory organ extremely expanded and inflated above:
nasal bones much abbreviated, arched upwards, and entirely
separated from the supra-maxillaries as well as lachrymals,
the frontals projecting between the latter and the nasals.
Supra-maxillaries and inter-maxillaries reduced and atten-
uated forwards. Posterior nasal cavity with walls inflated
outwards.
SAIGIIDAE. (XXX.)
a. 2. Olfactory organ normally developed : nasal bones elonga-
ted, straight or declining forwards, and connected by suture
with the lachrymals, supra-maxillaries and sometimes with
the inter-maxillaries. Supra-maxillaries and inter-maxil-
laries well-developed forwards.
BOVIDAE. (XXXI.)
b. Horns deciduous, peculiar to the rutting season, (in both
sexes,) develojjed as pseudocorneous sheaths with agglutinated
hairs on osseous cores originating from the frontal bones. Sty-
73
loid process completely inclosed in a canal by the lateral
extension of the base of the bony meatus auditorius.
- ANTILOCAPKIDAE. (XXXII.)
ii. Skull with the auditory bulla little produced downwards and
applied only to the inner surface of the paroccipital process.
Styloid process directed downwards, interposed between the bulla
and paroccipital process, and not inclosed in au oblique fold of
the auditory bulla. Palatine axis nearly parallel with the oc-
cipito-sphenoid axis. {Booidea cerviformia.)
One family. CERVIDAE. (XXXIII.)
2. Placenta diffuse. Stomach tripartite, the psalterium being unde-
veloped. Iucisorial series of lower jaw interrupted at symphysis, (the
middle incisors very enlarged and expanded towards their crowns.)
{Pecora unguligrada traguloidea.)
One family. TKAGULIDAE. (XXXIV.)
3. Familiae incertae sedis.
a. Skull broad behind, in front of the molars contracted forwards,
with .the facial portion produced downwards and abbreviated, and
with the nasal bones abbreviated and longitudinally arched.
Molars (M f, PM §-,) broad; inner crescentic plates of enamel run-
ning zig-zag-wise in large sinuous flexures. Horns in two pairs.
SIVATHERIIDAE. (XXXV.)
b. Skull with the parietals and supraoccipital extended far back-
wards, and contracted forwards in front of the molars, with the
facial portion normally produced. Molars (M |, PM |,) broad;
inner crescentic plates of enamel describing a simple curve. Horns
none, (in both sexes ?)
HELLADOTHERIIDAE. (XXXVI.)
C. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) not exserted, but inclosed
within the common integument {Inferential). Canines of lower jaw
similar to and parallel with the incisors. Incisors all (I 3-3) persistent
in upper jaw. (M f, PM |, C \, I §x2=44.) Placenta diffuse {Inferen-
tial). Stomach tripartite, the psalterium being undeveloped {Inferen-
tial). {Pecora drntata.'
1. Teeth of both jaws in an interrupted series, the canines of the upper
jaw being enlarged, and the first premolar of the lower caniniform, and
received in diastemas of the opposite jaw. {Oreodontoidea.)
OREODONTIDAE. (XXXVII.)
2. Teeth of both jaws in a nearly or quite uninterrupted series, the
canines and first premolars of neither jaws projecting. {Anoplothero-
idea.)
a. Body somewhat cerviform, with the hind limbs little longer than
the fore, (having the relative length normal to walking quadru-
peds.) Teeth comparatively uniform.
ANOPLCTEERIIDAE. (XXXVIII.)
74
b. Body somewhat leporiform, with the hind limbs much longer than
the fore, (as in the Leporids.) Teeth comparatively differentiated.
DICHOBUNIDAE. (XXXIX.)
II. Molars (M) attypically tuberculiferous. Canines of lower jaw enlarged
and often developed as tusks, entirely differentiated and distant from
incisors. Palatine bones scarcely contracted behind, thick, and (at the
walls of the posterior nares) articulated with the terminal portion of the
supramaxillary bones. Digestive system not adapted for rumination
:
stomach imperfectly septate.—Axis with the odontoid process conical.
(Flower.)
—
(Omnivora.)
A. Body massive, with the feet phalangigrade, and their external (2, 5)
toes well developed and produced as far as or beyond the first phalanges
of the middle (3—4) toes ; the last phalanges wide and with convex
margins : manus with unciform bone much broader than high, and with
second phalanx wedged between trapezoid and magnum
;
pes with
cuboid broader than high. Lower jaw with a deep preangular expansion
directed forwards. (Snout rounded and with the nostrils open upwards
and sideways. Mammae two, inguinal.) Obesa.
f Molars of upper jaw with a bow-shaped (convex extrorsely) longitudinal
and a straight transverse valley dividing four tubercles, all of which are
convex introrsely (towards the palate) and concave externally, (thus
simulating the teeth of ruminants.) Molars of lower jaw narrower than
those of upper, and with the longitudinal valley very narrow : (last
molar with a supplementary. posterior lobe.) Canines comparatively
small and cylindro-conic. (Merycopotamoidea.)
MERYCOPOTAMLDAE. (XL.)
! Molars (M) of upper jaw with nearly straight or irregularly sinuous
longitudinal and transverse valleys dividing four tubercles, of which
the external two are convex extrorsely and the inner two convex in-
trorsely (towards the palate.) Molars of lower jaw resembling those
of upper, (the last molar with a supplementary posterior lobe.)
Canines very large and furrowed along their posterior surface. (Hip-
popotamoidea.)
HIPPOPOTAMIDAE. (XLI.)
B. Body suiform
; with the feet unguligrade, and their external toes re-
duced in size and not produced or assisting in progression ; the last
phalanges elongated and trihedral: manus with the unciform little or
no broader than deep, and with the second phalanx not wedged be-
tween the trapezoid and magnum
; pes with cuboid deeper than broad
and emarginated behind. Lower jaw with.no preangular expansion.
(Snout disciform and with the nostrils in it and open forwards. Mam-
mae in increased number (4 to 10), ventral as well as inguinal.) Seti-
fera.
1. True molars of upper jaw with oblong crowns with four or more
principal sub-conical lobes and accessory smaller ones.
75
a. Occipital bone with long deflected sfyliform paroccipital processes
in front of the occipital condyles, and emitting transverse internal
ridges in which are the condyloid foramina. Squamosals with
their articular processes projecting directly outwards from their
bases (and thu3 aloof from the auditory bullae), and with the
zygomatic processes overlying the malar hones. Pterygoid bones
twisted and reflected outwards : the crest continued upwards and
backwards into the temporal region. Articular surface for lower
jaw transversely concave, antero-posteriorly convex, and with no
post-gleuoid process. Lower jaw with triangular condyles. Canine
teeth of upper jaw (in males) more or less twisted outwards and
upwards and parallel with the lower. Back with no dorsal sceut
gland. (Setifera suiformia.')
i. Skull with the palato-maxillary axis extremely deflected and
forming a high angle with the occipito-spheuoidal axis. Basi-
sphenoid reflected (with a crest uuitiug with the presphenoid),
and forming two deep pocket-like cavities. Orbits directed up-
wards and backwards. Malar hones very deep, and with a short
inferior process. Dental series aberrant (molars reduced (in old)
to true (M i—3) or even last tiue molar) : last or third true molar
elongated and composed of three longitudinal rows of columnar
tubercles presenting, when worn, simple oval insular areas. (In-
cisors, in adults, reduced to 2 (or none) iu upper, and sometimes
none in lower jaw.)
PHACOCHOERIDAE. (XLII.)
ii. Skull with the palato-maxillary axis little deflected, and nearly
parallel with the occipito-spheuoidal axis. Basisphenoid normal,
and with no bursiform cavities. Orbits directed outwards and
forwards. Malar bone3 elongated and with a long inferior pro-
cess. Dental series normal (M » x2, PM | X 2, C } X 2,
1
1 x2=44)
:
molars with corrugated cusps presenting, when worn, deeply
siuuated insular areas.
STJIDAE. (XLin.)
b. Occipital bone with short backward-directed paroccipital processes
originating sideways from the occipital condyles, and emitting a
transverse internal ridge continuous with the anterior margin of the
bone, behind which are the condyloid foramina. Squamosals with
their articular processes deflected from their bases and bounding
the outside of the auditory bullae, and with the zygomatic processes
articulating obliquely with the malar hones. Pterygoid hones
simply curved outwards: the crest with a crest-like anterior
process of the squamosal in front of the auditory bullae. Glenoid
fossa curved and transversely concave, antero-posteriorly concave
and with a distinct post-glenoid process. Lower jaw with trans-
verse condyles. Canine teeth of upper jaw simply decurved. v.-ry
acute and trenchant behind. Back with a posterior dorsal scent
gland. (Setifera Jicotyliformia.)
One family. DICOTYLIDAE. (XLI7.)
6
76
2. True molars of upper jaw,with quadrate crowns, with four principal
pyramidal and more or less distinctly trihedral lobes, divided by deep
valleys, not filled up by cement, but, in some genera, interrupted with
minor tubercles and ridges. (Owen.) Orbits, attypically, with a
continuous margin behind. Lower jaw, attypically, with a tubercle
projecting outwards. (Anthracotheroidea.)
ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE. (XLV.)
ARTIODACTYLI? INCERTAE SEDIS.
SUPER-FAMILY CHALICOTHEROIDEA.
XXVIIIa. CHALICOTHERIIDAE.
Chalicotherium Kaup., Falc.
PECORA.
SUPER-FAMILY CAMELOIDEA.
XXVIII. CAMELIDAE.
• Genera.
Camelus Linu.
Auchenia 111.
UTerycotherium- Bojanus.
Poebrotheriwn Leidy.
Procamelus Leidy.
Megalomeryx Leidy.
Homocamelus Leidy.
Protomeryx Leidy.
Merycodus Leidy.
Camelops Leidy.
Palauchenia Owen.
Extinct Camelidae.
SUPER-FAMILY GIRAFFOIDEA.
XXIX. GIRAFFIDAE.
Single genus.
Giraffa Storr ex. Briss.= Camelopardalis Cuv.
SUPER-FAMILY BOOIBEA,
XXX. SAIGIIDAE.
Genus.
Saiga Gray.
XXXI. BOVIDIAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
(Fide auct. plar.)
I. Form massive, with the head declined; with the neck abbreviated, the
third and succeeding vertebrae being much shortened. Legs stout, and
77
with the metacarpals ami metatarsals little or no longer than the phalanges
with hoofs.
A. Molars comparatively broad, without supplemental lobes. The basi-
occipital bone with its tubercles well developed, and a deep groove
between them. (Turner.)
BOVINAE. (A.)
B. Molars comparatively narrow, with supplemental lobes. The basioc-
cipital boue broad and flat, with a ridge and a fossa on each side.
(Turner.)
OVIBOVINAE. (B.i
II. Form slender, with the head more or less uplifted ; with the neck com-
paratively lengthened, the third and succeeding vertebrae being not much
shorter than thick. Legs slender, and with the metacarpals and metatar-
sals much longer than the phalanges with hoofs.
1. Horns diversiform (definable by no common characters), conical,
cylindrical, or compressed; or, sub-angular, with a sub-spiral ridge
originating at the base anteriorly ; or, variously contorted.
ANTILOPINAE. (C;
2. Horns curved backwards, sub-angular, with a rectilinear ridge an-
teriorly continuous around the convex curve.
CAPKINAB. (D.)
3. Horns curved outwards and forwards or sub-spiral, sub-angular,
with a rectilinear ridge continuous around the convex curve.
OVINAE. (B.)
A. BOVINAB.
Bos Linn.
Bihos Hodgson.
BUos sensu strict. Probos Hodgson.
Bubal us H. Smith.
Bubalus sensu strict. Syncertts Hodgson.
IL initios Falc. (Extinct.) Amphibos Falc. (Extinct.)
Anon Leach.
Poephagus Gray.
Bison H. Smitu=Bonasus Wagn.
B. OVIBOVINAE,
Oribos Blainv.
Ovibus sensu strict. Bootherium Leidy. (Extinct.)
C. ANTILOPINAE.
§• I-
Slrepsiceros H. Smith.
Oreas Desm.
Tragelaphus Blainv.
(Stiepsiceros Turner.)
78
§. 2.
(Gazella Turner.)
Pantholops Hodgson, Gray, Gerv.
Procapra Hodgson.
Gazella Blainv.
Tragops Hodgson.
Antidorcas Sund.
sEpyceros Sund.
Antilope Blainv.
Tetraceros Leach.
(Antilope Turner.)
(Cervicapra Turner.)
( Tetraceros Turner.)
(Oreotragus Turner.)
Calotragus Sund.
Scopophorus Gray.
Oreotragus Gray.
Nesotragus Von Duben.
Cephalophus H. Smith.
Nanotragus Sund.
Pelea Gray.
Eleotragus Gray.
Adenota Gray.
Kobus H. Smith.
Connochetes Licht.
Connochetes Gray.
(Neotragus Turner.)
(Cephalophus Turner.)
(Eleotragus Turner.)
§.3.
( Catoblepas Turner.
)
(Alcelaphus Turner.)
Gorgon Gray.
Alcelaphus Blainv.
Damalis H. Smith= Gazella §. Gerv.
Capricornis Ogilby.
Nemorhaedus H. Smith.
Budorcas Hodgson.
§•4.
(Nemorhaedus Turner.)
(Budorcas Turner.)
§.5.
(Apolceros Turner.)
Mazama Raf., Gra,y=Aploceros H. Smith=Antilocapra Gerv.
(Rupicapra Turner.)
Rupicapra Blainv., Gray=Capella K. and B.
79
§.6.
Aegoceros II. Smith, T\imer=Hippotragus Sund.
Oryx Blainv., Turner.
Addax Gray, Turner.
§. 7.
(Portax Turner.)
Portax H. Smith.
D. CAPKINAE.
Hemitragus Gray.
Semitragus Gray.
Kemas Ogilby, Gray, Gerv.
Copra Linn.
Aegoceros (Pall., Gray (p. 147, not p. 142).
Ibex (Pall.), Gerv.=Capra Gray.
Cupra (Linn.), Gerv.= IIircus Gray.
E. OVINAE.
Ovis Linn.
Ovis sensu strict.
Caprovis Hodgson=Musimon Gray, Gerv.
Pseudovis Hodgson.
Ammotragus Blyth.
Extinct genera.
(Antilopinae.)
Palaeotragus Gaudry.
Palaeoryx Gaudry.
Tragoceros Gaudry.
Palaeoreas Gaudry.
Anlidorcas Gaudry.
(Bovidae? incertae sedis.)
Leptotherium Lund.
Cosoryx Leidy.
XXXII. ANTILOCAPELDAE.
Genus
Antilocapra Ord=Dicranoceros II. Smith.
XXXIII. CERVIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Horns developed.
A. Canine teeth small or none.
B. Canine tooth of male enlarged and tusk-like.
II. Horns not developed.
A. Canine teeth of male enlarged and tusk-like.
CEBVINAE. (A.)
CERVULINAE. (B.)
MOSCHINAE. (C.)
80
A. CERVINAE.
{Genera fide Sclater.)
§. 1.
Alces H. Smith.
Rangifer H. Smith= Tarandus Ogilby.
Dama H. Smith.
Cervus Linn., Sclater.
Cervus sensu strict.
Elaphurus A. M. Edw.
Rusa Hodgson.
Axis Hodgson.
Blastoceros Sund.
Coassus Gray.
Capreolus Gray.
5. 2.
§.3.
Sika Hodgson.
Rucervus Hodgson=Pano/ui
Hyelaphus Sund. [Gray.
Cariacus Gray.
Furcifer Sund.
Pudu Gray.
B. CERVULINAE.
Cervulus Blainv.=Muntjacus Gra,y=Stylocerus H. Smith=Pro.r Ogilby.
Moschus Linn.
Hydropotes Swinhoe.
Megaceros Owen.
C. MOSCHINAE.
Extinct.
( Cervinae.)
(Cervidae? related to Moschinae?)
Dremotherium E. Geoff.
Amphitragulus Pomel= Tragulotherium Croizet.
Dorcatherium Kaup.
Leptomeryx Leidy.
SUPER-FAMILY TRAGULOIDEA.
XXXIV. TRAGTTLIDAE.
Genera.
§. 1.
Tragulus Briss.
Tragulus sensu strict-
Uyomoschus Gray.
Meminna Gray.
SUPER-FAMILY ! SIVATHEROIDEA.
XXXV. SIVATHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Sivatherium Falc. and Cautl.
81
Incerlce sedis.
Bramatherium Falc. and Cautl.
SUPER-FAMILY? HELLADOTHEROIDEA.
XXXVI. HELLADOTHEEIIDAE.
Extinct.
Ilelladotherium Gaudry.
SUPER-FAMILY OREODONTOIDEA.
XXXVII. OREODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
A. Orbit complete behind. Lachrymal bone impressed by a well-marked
fossa. (Leidy.)
OREODONTINAE. (A.)
B Orbit incomplete behind. Lachrymal bone with no fossa. (Leidy.)
AGRIOCHOERIDAE. (B.)
A. OREODONTINAE.
Oreodon Leidy=Merycoidodon Leidy= C'otylops Leidy. (Fide Leidy.)
Merycochoerus Leidy.
Merychyus Leidy.
Leptauchenia Leidy.
B. AGRIOCHOERIDAE.
Agriochoerus Leidy.= ? Eucrotaphus Leidy.
SUPER-FAMILY ANOPLOTHERIOIDEA.
XXXVIII. ANOPLOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Anoplotherium Cuv.
Eurytherium Gervais.
XXXIX. DICHOBUNIDAE.
Extinct.
(Genera Jide Turner.)
Caenotherium Bra.va.Td=Oplotheriitm Laiz. and de Par.
Dichodon Owen.
Dichobune Cuv.
Xiphodon Cuv.
Anoplotheroidea? incertce sedis.
Tapinodon v. Meyer, 1846.
Choereomeryx Pouiel, 1S4S.
Aphelotherium Gervais.
February, 1872.
82
Cebochoerus Gervais.
ZooJiyus Aymard.
Diplocus Aymard.
Ilyaegulus Pomel.
Microtherium v. M.eyeT=Amphimeryx Pomel.
Ailapis Cuv.
Homaladotherium Huxl.
OMNIVORA.
SUPER-FAMILY MERYCOPOTAMOIDEA.
XL. MERYCOPOTAMLDAE.
Extinct.
Merycopotamus Falc. and Cautl.
SUPER-FAMILY HIPPOPOTAMOIDEA.
XLI. HIPPOPOTAMIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
A. Skull depressed between the orbits and with the frontal sinus ob-
solete; the orbits prominent above the level of the forehead, and closed
behind.
HIPPOPOTAMINAE. (A.)
B. Skull convex between the orbits and with the frontal sinus well
developed ; the orbits depressed below the level of the forehead and
incomplete behind.
CHOEKOPSINAE. (B.)
A. HIPPOPOTAMINAE.
Hippopotamus Liuu.=Tetraprotodon Falc. and Cautl.
B. CHOEROPSINAE.
Choeropsis Leidy.
Extinct.
( Hippopota minae. )
Hexaprotodon Falc. and Cautl.
SUPER-FAMILY SETIFERA.
XLII. PHACOCHOERIDAE.
Genus.
Phacochoerus F. Cxxv.—Eureodon G. Fisch.
Extinct genus referred (erroneously?') to Phacochoeridac.
Calydonius v. Meyer.
XLIII. SUIDAE.
§ I-
Babirussa F. Cuv.= Porcus "Wagler.
83
Potamochocrus Gray—Choiropotamus Gray.
Sus Linn.
Sus Gray. Scrofa Gray.
Centuriosus Gra.y=Gyrosus Gra,y=Pti/chochocrus Fitz.
Porcula Hodgson.
Extinct genus inccrtcc scdis.
Hippohyus Falc. and Cautl.
XLIV. DICOTYLIDAE.
Genera.
Dlcotylrs Cuv.
Hfotophorus Gray.
Extinct.
Platygonus Lee, Leidy.= IIyops Lec.—Protochoerus Lee. =Euclioerus Leidy. (Fids
Leidy.)
SUPER-FAMILY ANTHRACOTHEROIDEA.
XLV. ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
SUB-FAMILIES.
A. Premolars of upper jaw in part (PM 4) resembling the true molars,
and with tubercles in transverse series (y | --) separated by transverse
vallies; the preceding (PM 3, 2, 1) successively more and more differ-
entiated forwards.
HYOBOTAMINAE. (A.)
B. Premolars (PM 4, 3, 2, 1) of upper jaw all differentiated from the true
molars, and each with a conical crown and a small inner lobe.
ANTHRACOTHERIINAE. (B.)
A. HYOPOTAMINAE.
Hyopotamus Owen.
Bothryodon Aymard=^4«coc/iis Poiuel.
B. ANTHRACOTHERIINAE.
A nthracotherium Cuv.
Elotherium Poiuel.
EXTINCT OMNIVORA? INCERT.E SEDIS.
Choeropotamus Cuv.
Palaeoc.hnerns Pomel= Cyclognathus Croizet = Brachyynathus Pomel = Synaphodus
Pomel.
Choeromorus Lartet.
Entelodon Aymard.
Ileterohyns Gervais.
Acotherulum Gervais.
Choerothcrium F&lc.= Tctraconodon Falc.
84
Titanotherium Leidy.
Perchoerus Leidy.
Leptochoerus Leidy.
Nanohyus Leidy.
PERISSODACTYLI.
FAMILIES.
I. Incisors (4? in lower jaw) in part gliriform, the outer Laving persistent
pulps, and growing continuously in a circular direction. (Anchippodonto-
idea.)
ANCHIPPODONTIDAE. (XLV. a.)
II. Incisors not gliriform.
1. Middle digit and hoof hypertrophied and alone supporting the body,
the lateral (second and fourth) digits being more or less atrophied and
functionless, or (attypically) obsolete (reduced to the condition of
"splint bones"). Femur with a fossa above the external condyle.
Skull (attypically) much prolonged forwards. Molars subequal (not
decreasing forwards) and cuboid ; pre-molars (PM 3-4) also enlarged
(not decreasing forwards) and (except second) cuboid ; tbe second
(PM 2) elongated ; tbe first milk molar (I) 1) more or less persistent
and not replaced by a pre-molar (PM 1) ; disproportionately small.
Incisors with a deep invaginated fold of enamel penetrating the in-
terior from the crown, and producing a central cavity filled with
cementum. (Solidungula.)
A. Ulna with tbe sbaft atrophied and the extremities anchylosed and
consolidated with tbe radius. Fibula rudimentary and anchylosed
to the tibia. Skull with the orbit complete behind. Upper molars
(PM and M)—at least, of sec/md set—with a deep valley re-entering
from the postrorse portion of the inner side obliquely forwards, and
(in connection with a more or less deep valley re-entering from the
introrse portion of the anterior border or the angle) more or less
isolating an introrse enamel lobe or area, and with two (anterior and
posterior) crescentic enamel islands. Lower molars (PM 2, M 2)
with a valley re-entering inwards from the outer wall, one from the
introrse portion of the anterior wall, and another (terminating in
anterior and posterior branches) from the posterior portion of the
inner wall.
EQUIDAE. (XLVI.)
B. Ulna with the shaft complete and moderately developed, and more
or less differentiated from the radius. Fibula archetypically com-
plete but archylosed with the tibia. Skull with the orbit incomplete
behind. Upper molars (PM 3-4 and M) with a deep (anterior) val-
ley re-entering from the middle of inner side inwards and forwards
85
and ending in lateral branches, and with a (posterior) valley re-
entering from the posterior wall. Lower molars with a V-shaped
valley re-entering from the outer wall, and two V-shaped vallies,
re-entering from the inner wall (the crowns having W-shaped
ridges)
ANCHITHERIIDAE. (XLVII.)
, Middle digit and hoof not hypertrophied, and only in connection with
the lateral supporting the body, the lateral being well developed and
efficient. Femur without a fossa above the external condyle. Skull
moderately prolonged forwards. Molars unequal (the first smaller
than the second), diversiform
;
pre-molars decreasing in size forwards
;
first milk molar not persistent, but (generally) replaced by a pre-
molar (PM 1) of moderate size. Incisors without an invaginated fold
of enamel penetrating the interior.
A. Nasal region expanded or thrown backwards, the supramaxillary
bones forming a more or less considerable portion of the border of
the nasal aperture ; the nasal bones contracted forwards, or atro-
phied. Molars with crowns traversed by more or less well-defined
continuous ridges.
a. Upper molars with a continuous outer wall and without com-
plete transverse crests. (Rhinocerotoidea.)
aa. Neck abbreviated. Incisor teeth (attypically) reduced in
number or entirely suppressed. (Rhinocerotoidea rhinoceroti-
formia.')
* Skull with the basioccipital comparatively well developed
behind and narrowed forwards
;
(with tympanic and periotic
bones anchylosed and wedged in between the squamosal, ex-
occipital and other adjacent cranial bones.—Huxley;) with
the nasal bones produced forwards and more or less arched,
and meeting an upward developed expansion of the supra-
maxillary bones. Upper molars with a deep valley extending
obliquely inwards from the median portion of the inner wall
and (PM 4, M 1-2) a shallow one extending from the posterior
wall. Lower molars (PM 2, M 3) with two curved transverse
crests.
RHINOCEROTIDAE. (XLVIII.)
bb. Neck more or less elongated. Incisor teeth developed in
normal number (,';). (Rhinoccrotoidea macraucheniformia.)
* Skull with the basioccipital widened forwards : with the nasal
bones extremely reduced and above or behind the orbits : the
supramaxillary bones rectilinear above, arched and approxi-
mating each other in front of the nasal aperture but separated
by the extension upward of the vomer? Dental series almost
86
continuous : upper posterior molars (M 2, 3) each with a shal-
low valley extending inwards from the anterior portion of the
inner wall, and with two or three deep depressions in the
inner half: lower molars (PM 3, M 3) with two (anterior
and posterior) more or less defined crescent-shaped ridges:
canines small.
MACRAUCHENIIDAE. XLIX.)
** Skull with the basioocipital comparatively narrow forwards :
with the nasal bones produced forwards and terminating in
a free narrowed surface; the supra-maxillary bones with an
upward developed expansion (connected with the nasal
bones) and widely separated above in front. Dental series
interrupted by wide diastemas: upper molars (PM 2, M 1, 2,
3) each with a deep valley extending obliquely inwards from
the median portion of the inner wall and a shallow one ex-
tending from the angle or posterior wall : lower molars (PM
2, M 2) with two (anterior and posterior) crescent-shaped
ridges: canines well developed.
PALAEOTHERIIDAE. (L.)
b. Upper (as well as lower) true molars without a continuous outer
wall, but (M 2-3, at least,) each with two complete transverse
crests. (Lophiodontoidea. )
1. True molars as well as pre-molars in part (PM 2, 3, 4) nearly
similar, squarish, and each with the anterior crest marginal, but
with an anterior cingulum terminating in a cusp at the antero-
outer angle of the tooth ; hindmost molar (M 3) with no posterior
lobe. Anterior feet with four toes; posterior with three, (in
known types).
TAPIRIDAE. (LI.)
2. True molars and pre-molars differentiated from each other ; the
former oblong, with the anterior crest remote from the anterior
margin and continuous with a small crest recurrent from the
outer wall: hindmost molar with a posterior lobe; (pre-molars
not bilophodout but with a lobe extending inwards from the
inner wall). Anterior feet with four (?) toes ; posterior with
three (?).
LOPHIODONTIDAE. (LII.)
B. Nasal region compressed and extended forwards, the supramaxil-
lary bones excluded from the nasal aperture ; the nasal bones
elongated and extending far forwards, and articulated with the in-
termaxillary bones. Molars (M 1 , 2, 3) of upper jaw each with two
transverse rows of tubercles (3|3) separated by a transverse valley
and with a cingulum anteriorly and internally: (lower molars dis-
similar). (Pliohphoidea.)
PLIOLOPHIDAE. (LIII.)
87
Perissodactyli? incertae sedis.
Molar teeth of lower jaw with a crenulated longitudinal ridge. Canines and
incisors wanting.
ELASMOTHERIIDAE. (LIV.j
SUPER-FAMILY ANCHIPPODONTOIDEA.
XLV a. ANCHIPPODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
Anchippodus Leidy=Trogosus Leidy.
SUPER-FAMILY SOLIDUNGULA.
XLVI. EQUIDAE.
Genera.
Equus Linn.
Asinus Gray.
Asinus sensu strict. Eippotigris H. Smith.
Extinct.
Hipparion Christo\=Hippotheriu7n Kaup.
Merychippus Leidy.
Protophippus Leidy=Hippidion Owen 1870.
XLVII. ANCHITHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Genera fide Leidy.
Anchitherinm v. Meyer=Hipparitherium Christol.
Hypohippus Leidy, 1858.
Purahippus Leidy, 1858.
Anchippus Leidy, 186S.
SUPER-FAMILY RHINOCEROTOIDEA.
XLVIII. RHINOCEROTIDAE.
Genera.
Rhinaster Gray.
Rhinaster sensu strict. Ceralotherium Gray.
Rhinoceros Linn.
Rhinoceros sensu strict. Ceratorhinus Gray.
Extinct.
§. 1.
Coelodonta Bronn.
Acerothirium Kaup.
Badactherium Croizet.
Ilyracod'jn Leidy.
§.2.
XLIX. MACRAUCHENIIDAE.
Extinct.
Macrauchenia Owen= Opisthorhinus Bravard.
L. PALAEOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Palaeotherium Cuv.
Monacrum Aymard.
Propalaeotherium Gervais, 1849.
Paloplotkerium Owen=Plagiolophus Pomel.
SUPER-FAMILY LOPHIODONTOIDEA.
LI. TAPIRIDAE.
Genera.
§• 1.
Elasmognaihus Gill.
Tapirus Linn.
Rhinochoerus Gray.
§.2.
LII. LOPHIODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
Genera Jide Bronn.
Lophiodon Cuv.= Tapirotherium Blainv. 1817 (not 1846).
Tapiroporcus Jiiger, 1835.
Coryphodon Owen, 1846.
Listriodon v. Meyer, 1846= Tapirotherium Lartet
Pachynolophus Pomel, 1847=Hyracotherium Blainv. 1S44 (not Owen, 1840).
Lophiotherium Gervais, 1849.
Tapirulus Gervais, 1850.
Anchilophus Gervais, 1852.
SUPER-FAMILY PLIOLOPHOIDEA .
Lin. PLIOLOPHIDAE.
Extinct
Pliolophus Owen.
PERISSODACTYLI INCERTAE SEDIS.
LIV. ELASMOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Elasmotherium Fischer= ? Stereoceros Duvernoy.
UNGULATA? INCERTAE SEDIS.
Hyracotherium Owen.
Stereognathus Owen.
89
IV. TOXODONTIA.
FAMILIES.
I. Teeth 44 (M |, PM |, C \, I j|x2) ; molars of upper jaw mostly (PM 3-4,
M 1) oblong, moderately narrowed backwards, with two folds (the ante-
rior of which is divided) re-entering from the inner side. Incisors three
on each side, with simple fangs ; the first largest, compressed, widely
separated from its homologue; the second smaller, trihedral; the third
lateral and behind the second, and rudimentary: molars of lower jaw
comparatively broad and complex : canines moderate ; incisors implanted
in a curved row.
NESODONTIDAE. (LV.)
II. Teeth 36 (M }, PM f, C #, I §X2) ; molars with enamel coat interrupted
at the anterior and posterior margins ; those of upper jaw mostly (PM 3, 4,
M 1—3) obliquely triangular, rapidly narrowed backwards, with a single
simple fold re-entering obliquely forwards from the inner side. Incisors
of upper jaw two on each side, but with incisorial crowns, the outer with
roots of nearly uniform diameter throughout, and describing the segment
of a circle, (like those of rodents,) and with persistent pulp
—
(Owen) :
molars of lower jaw narrowed, especially the posterior portions ; canines
rudimentary; incisors in a nearly straight line.
TOXODONTIDAE. (LVI.)
LV. NESODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
Netodon Owen.
LVI. TOXODONTIDAE.
Extinct,
V. HYRACOIDEA.
FAMILY.
LVII. HYRACIDAE.
Genera.
Hyrax Linn.
Ibjrax Gray. Euhyrqx Gray.
Dendrohyrax Gray^
IV. PROBOSCIDEA.
FAMILIES.
I. Incisors of upper jaw (14-1) everted, enormously developed and modified
as cylindro-conio tusks, with roots extending baokwards and converging,
Toxodon Owen
90
and thus producing a high pre-narial rampart: incisors of lower jaw com-
paratively small and directed forwards, or entirely absent. Molars suc-
cessively displacing each other from behind forwards (and therefore no
pre-molars replacing the deciduous ones), and not more than two (or one)
fully developed at the same time. Skull abbreviated and enlarged
obliquely, convex backwards and outwards, and with the occipital con-
dyles declined.
ELEPHANTIDAE. (LVIII.)
II. Incisors of upper jaw atrophied or absent, (and consequently an uninter-
rupted oval depression occupying the naso-maxillary region) : incisors of
lower jaw (1+1) enlarged, and developed as tusks decurved downwards
and backwards, and involving the symphysial poition of the jaw. Molars
vertically developed (with pre-molars replacing the decidilous molars),
and in considerable number (PM |, M f x2) at the same time. Skull
moderately long, and with the occipital condyles inclined upwards.
DINOTHERIIDAE. (LIX.)
LVIII. ELEPHA2TTIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Intermediate molars (D 4, M 1, 2) with an "isomerous" ridge formula
((. p. with the ridges equal in number in the successive teeth—three to
five): the ridges attypically continuous: the valleys with a thick deposit
of cemeutum.
ELEPHANTINAB. (A.)
II. Intermediate molars (D 4, M 1, 2) with a "hypisomerous" or "anisc-
merous" ridge formula (t. e. with the ridges increasing in number by one
("hypisomerous") or more ("auisomerous") in the successive teeth (e.g.
D 47
,
M l 8
,
M 29 to D 412 Pm -, M l16 Pm-, M 218 Pm ): the ridges with more or
less mammilliform tubercles: the valleys with little or no cementum.
MASTODONTINAE. (B.)
A. ELEPHANTINAE.
Elephas Lmn=Elasmodo7i Fa.\c:=Euelephas Falc.
Loxodonta F. Cuv.=Loxodon Falc.
Extinct genus.
Stegodon Falo.
B. MASTODONTINAE.
Extinct.
Pentalophodon Falc.
Mastodon Cuv.= Tetraloj>kodon Falc.
Tetracaulodon Qodma.n=Trilophodon Falc.
LIX. DINOTHEBIIDAE.
Extinct.
Dinotherium Kaup.
91
Vn. SIRENIA.
FAMILIES.
I. Tail entire, rounded, and with the vertebrae towards last {i.e. 54-*) 5
sub-cylindrical and destitute of transverse processes. Intermaxillary
bones with the branches little prolonged backwards and with the anterior
portion nearly or quite straight. (T/ichechoidea.)
TRICHECHIDAE. (LX.)
#
H Tail forked, and with the vertebrae (except the terminal) depressed and
provided with transverse processes. Intermaxillary bones (attypically)
with the branches prolonged backwards and with the anterior portion more
or less deflected. (Halicoroidea.)
A. Teeth present, and in part at least functionally developed in the adult:
molars | to {;X2 in number, but rarely present in full complement, the
anterior being gradually cast ; incisors in the upperjaw two (more or less
prominent) at least in the male. Teeth of the complete series—at least
of Trichechidae—M §:§, C J, I f ><2; the upper incisors only persistent,
the others as well as the canines being reabsorbed; molars successively
increasing in size backwards.
1. Molars mostly with two or three roots each (generally three-rooted
above and two-rooted below) ; and with crowns furnished with obtuse
tubercles arranged in transverse yoke-like eminences, and in the
posterior ones with an additional narrower tuberculated yoke behind
the principal ones. {Brandt. )
HALITHERIIDAE. (LXI.)
2. Molars with simple hollow roots (not separated from the crowns);
with crowns furnished with little prominent tubercles, few in number
(in the anterior teeth simple or double, in the rest three or four) not
forming yoke-like eminences, and early woru away and disappearing.
HALICORIDAE. (LXII.)
B. Teeth absent. (Intermaxillary lines with the apical portion produced
and simulating incisorial teeth. Mauducation is only effected by a
very large palatine corneous plate, and by another opposed to it and
covering the very large and elongated symphysis of the lower jaw.
—
Brandt.)
RHYTINIDAE. (LXIII.)
SUPER-FAMILY TRICHECOLDEA.
LX. TRICHECHIDAE.
Genus.
Trichechus L'mn=Manatus StorT=Oxi/stomus Fischer.
'7
92
STJPEE-FAMILY HALICOROIDEA.
LXI. HALITHEEIIDAE.
Extinct.
Ilalitherium Kaup, 1S38=Halianassa v. Meyer, 1838.
Metaxytherium de Christol. Fucotkerium Kaup.
Halitherium Kaup. Pontotherium Kaup.
Pugmeodon Kaup. Cheirotherium Bruno.
SXXI. HALICOEIDAE.
Genus.
Halicore llliger=Dugungus Tied.ra=Platystomus Fiscli.
LXIII. EHYTINIDAE,
Genus.
Extinct ?
Rhytina Steller=<SW/er«s Desm.=.ZVep«s Fisch.
SIEENIA? INCEETAE SEDZS.
Extinct.
Trachytherium Gervais.
Prorastomus Owen.
Anoplonassa Cope.
Ilemicaulodon Cope.
Crassitherium Van Beneden.
VIII. CETE.
SUB-ORDERS.
I. Intermaxillaries expanded forwards, normally interposed between the
maxillaries, and forming the terminal as well as anterior portion of the
lateral margin of the upper jaw. Nasal apertures produced more or less
forwards, and with the nasal bones freely projecting. Teeth of the inter-
maxillaries apparently in normal number (3-f-3), conic ; of the maxillaries,
2- or 3-rooted.
ZEUGLODONTIA.
II. Intermaxillaries narrowed forwards, forming only the point of the upper
jaw, and underlaid by the maxillaries, which form the entire lateral alve-
olar margins of the jaw. Nasal apertures far back, near the vertex, and
with the nasal bones appressed. Teeth (when present) all single-rooted.
A. Teeth more or less persistent after birth. Upper jaw without baleen.
Supramaxillary expanded backwards over the frontal bones, but not
produced outwards in front of the orbits. Rami of lower jaw united by
93
a syniphyseal suture. Olfactory organ rudimentary or absent ; the nasal
bones appressed on the froutals and overlapped distally by the ineseth-
moid.
DENTICETE.
B. Teeth absorbed and disappearing before birth. Upper jaw provided
with plates of baleen. Supramaxillary not expanded backwards over
the frontal bones, but produced outwards in front of the orbits. Rami
of lower jaw connected by fibrous tissue, and not by suture. Olfactory
organ distinctly developed ; the nasal bones projecting forwards, and
not overlapped at their distal ends.
MYSTICETK
ZEUGLODONTIA.
FAMILIES.
I. Parietal, frontal, and especially nasal bones elongated. Anterior nares
open forwards. (Cope.)
BASILOSATJRIDAE. (LXIV.)
II. Parietal, frontal, and especially nasal bones abbreviated. Anterior nares
open far behind. (Cope.)
CYNORCIDAE. (LXV.)
LXIV. BASILOSATJRIDAE.
Extinct genera.
Basilosaurus Har\.=Zeuglodon Ovren=Poli/pti/chodon Euirnons=Zfydrarc/*os Koch.
Durodon Gihbes=Pontogenus Leidy.
LXV. CYNORCIDAE.
Extinct genera.
(Fide Copei.)
Portheodon Cope.
Squalodon Grat.= Colophonodon Leidy, Cope, 1867.
Cynorca Cope.
Delphinodon heidy=Squalodon Cope, 18G7.
Genera? incertae sedis.
Stenodon Van Ben.
Saurucetus Gibbes.
DENTICETE.
FAMILIES.
I. Rostrum of skull moderately prolonged, and terminating in a rounded or
subaugulated apex.
A. Ilead (generally) rostrated and attenuated, or ledge-like around the
margin. Skull with the vertex produced forwards. Supraoccipital not
projecting forwards laterally above the temporal fossa?. Froutals visible
94
above only as elongated hook-shaped borders produced backwards
around the maxillaries. (Delphinoidea.)
1. Lachrymal bones coalesced with the jugals.
a. Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. (Flower.)
al. Maxillary bones with crests null or little developed. Teeth in
great part witli a complete cingulum, or a distinct tubercle at the
base of the crown. Eye moderate. External respiratory aperture
transversely crescentiform.
INIIDAE. (LXVI.)
a2. Maxillary bones with large bony incurved crests. Teeth with-
out cingulum or tubercle. Eye rudimentary. External respira-
tory aperture longitudinal.
PLATANISTIDAE. (LXVII.)
b. Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitu-
lar articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of
the vertebrae by the tubercle. (Flower.)
DELPHINIDAE. (LXVIII.)
2. Lachrymal bones distinct from the jugals.
a. Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder ribs losing their tuber-
cular, and retaining their capitular articulation with the vertebrae.
(Flower.)
ZIPHIIDAE. (LXIX.)
B. Head not rostrated or marginated ; snout high towards the front
and projecting beyond the mouth. Skull raised behind and retrorsely
convex. Supraoccipital projecting forwards laterally to or beyond the
vertical of the temporal fossa?. FrOntals visible above as erect triangular
or retrorsely falciform wedges between the maxillaries and supraoccipital.
(Physeteroidea. )
PHYSETERIDAE. (LXX.)
II. Rostrum of skull prolonged into a slender, straight beak, the inter-
maxillary and maxillary bones forming a cylinder, bearing teeth on its
proximal portion. (Rhabdosteoidea.')
RHABDOSTEIDAE. (LXXI.)
SUPER-FAMILY DELPHINOIDEA.
LXVI. INIIDAE.
Genus.
Inia D'Orb.
Tretosphys Cope.
Zarhachis Cope.
Priscodelphinus Leidy.
Ixacanthus Cope.
Lophocetus Cope.
Extinct Inildaet
95
LXVII. PLATANISTIDAE.
Genus.
Piataniitu Cuv.
LXVIII. DELPHINIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Neck evident externally, the cervical region being attenuated. Frontal
area longitudinally expanded an i little depressed. Postorbital process of
frontal and zygomatic process of squamosal projecting outwards, and the
latter enlarged and directed forwards. Maxillary with a crest and free
margin over orbital region.
PONTOPORIINAE. (A.)
II. Neck not evident externally, the cervical region not being differentiated.
Frontal area abbreviated and declivous. Postorbital process of frontal
and zygomatic process of squamosal compressed, and the latter compara-
tively short and oblique. Maxillary with no supraorbital crest.
1. Digits (second and third) not segmented into more than 5-6 pha-
langes, each.
a. Cervical vertebrre all distinct.
DELPHINAPTERINAE. (B.)
b. Cervical vertebra more or less (2 to 7) consolidated.
DELPHININAE. (C>
2. Digits (second and third) segmented into numerous phalanges.
GLOBIOCEPHALINAB. (D.)
A. PONTOPORIINAE.
Pontoporia Gray=StenodeIphis Gerv.
B. DELPHINAPTERINAE.
Dflphinaptcrus Lac, Li\lj.-=Beluga Gray.
Monodon Linn.
C. DELPHININAE.
S'ttalia Gray.
Steno Gray.
1 > Iphinus Linn.
Clymenla Gray.
Tursiops Gerv. ^Tursio Gray.
Cephalorkynchus F. Cuv.=Eutropia Gray.
Ijiigenorhynchus Gray.
Electra Gray. Feresa Gray.
Lucopletvus Gray. Lagenorhynchus Gray.
Leucorhamphus JAllj.=DelpJiinapterus Gray (not Lac.)
Pseudorca Reinh.
Orca Gray
Orra sensu strict. Ophysia Gray.
OrcaeUa Gray.
Phoccerta Gray.
Phoacna sensu strict. Acanthodelphis Gray.
Ncomrrts Gray.
Sagmatias Cope.
96
D. GLOBIOCEPHALINAE.
Globiocephalus Gray.
Globiocephalus seusu strict. Sphaerocephalus Gray.
Grampus Gray.
LXIX. ZIPHIIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Mamillaries with no incurved lateral crests.
II. Mamillaries with greatly developed incurved crests.
ZIPHIINAE. (A.)
ANANARCINAE. (E.
A. ZIPEIHSTAE.
Ziphius C\iv.=Epiodon Gray.
Epiodon Gray. Petroryhnchus Gray.
Mesoplodon Gerv. = Ziphius Gray = Ueterodon Blainv. 1816 (not Beauv.
1800) = Diodon Less. = Aodon Less. = Nodus Wagl.
Ziphius Gray. Dolichodon Gray.
Neoziphius Gray. Dioplodon Gerv.
Berardius Duv.
B. ANAE.NACINAE.
Anarnucus Lzc^IIyperoodon Lac.= Chenocetus Lschr.
Hyperoodon Gray. Lagenocetus Gray.
Extinct Ziphiidat.
Choneziphius Duv.
Belemnoziphius Huxl.
Placozipliius Van Ben.
Ziphirostrum Van Ben.
Aporotus Du Bus.
Ziphiopsis Du Bus.
Rhinostodes Du Bus.
SUPER-FAMILY PHYSETEROIDEA.
LXX. PHYSETERIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Head very large, truncated in front. Blow-hole near the edge of the
snout. Cerebral cavity declining downwards. Jugal and zygomatic pro-
cesses of squamosal connected.
PHYSETERINAE. (A)
II. Head moderate, conic in front. Blow-hole frontal. Cerebral cavity
inclining upwards. Jugal and zygomatic processes of squamosal remote.
KOOIINAE. (B.)
A. PHTSETEBINAE.
Physeter Linn.= Catodon Gra.y-\-Physeter Gray.
Physeter sensu strict. Meganeuron Gray.
B. KOailNAE.
Koqta Gvay=Euphysetes Wall.
Cailtynatlius Gill.
97
Extinct Physeteridacf
Oryctemcetus Leidy.
Ontocetus Leidy.
SUPER-FAMILY T RHABDOSTEOIDEA.
LXXI. RHABDOSTEIDAE.
Extinct genus.
Rhabdosteus Cope.
MYSTICETE.
I. Skull with the maxillary region slightly arched, and with short baleen
plates. Rostrum broad at the base, gradually tapering, depressed. Front-
al s with the orbital processes moderately prolonged, broad, and flat on the
upper surface. (Supramaxillary bones with the posterior margin deeply
excavated.) Tympanic bones elongated, ovoid. Lower jaw with the coro-
noid process more or less developed. Cervical vertebrae in whole or in
part separated. Manus narrow, with four digits (first wanting). (Flower.)
BALAENOPTERIDAE. (LXXII.)
II. Skull with the maxillary region greatly arched, and with long, narrow
baleen plates. Rostrum narrow aud compressed at the base. Froutals
with the orbital processes much prolonged, and extremely narrow and
rounded on the upper surface. (Supramaxillary bones with the posterior
margins entire.) Tympanic bones broad, rhomboid. Lower jaw with the
coronoid processes scarcely perceptible. Cervical vertebrae coalesced.
Manus broad, with five digits. (Flower.)
BALAENIDAE. (LXXIII.)
LXXII. BALAENOPTERIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Throat not plicated. Dorsal fin null.
AOAPHELINAE. (A.)
II. Throat longitudinally plicated. Dorsal fin developed.
A. Frontal with the orbital processes much narrowed externally. (Flower.)
Manus very long, with the four digits segmented into many phalanges.
Dorsal fin hump-like.
MEGAPTERINAE. (B.)
B. Frontal processes with the orbital processes nearly as broad at the
outer extremity as the base, or somewhat narrowed. (Flower.) Maims
moderate, with the four digits having each not more than six phalanges.
Dorsal fin high, erect, falcate or suhfalcate.
BALAENOPTEKINAE. (C.)
A. AQAPHELINAE.
Agaphchts Cope.
Riiacltianectes Cope.
February, 1872.
98
B. MECJAPTEHINAE.
Megapatera Gray.
Poescopia Gray.
Eschrichtius Gray.
C. BALAENOFTEHINAE.
§• I-
Physalus Gray.
Benedenia Gray. Physalus Gray.
Cuvierius Gray.
Sibbaldius Gray, 1866=FZoM;enus Lillj. 1867.
Rudolpliius Gray (s. <?.), 1866= S^iaMius Lillj. 1867.
§. 2.
Balaenoptera Lac.
Balaenoptera sensu strict. Swinhoia Gray.
Extinct genera incertae sedis.
Cetotherium Brandt.
Plesiocetus Van Ben and Gerv.
Balaena Linn.
Neobalaena Gray.
Eubalaena Gray.
Huntefius Gray.
Caperea Gray.
Macleayius Gray.
Palaeocetus Seeley.
LXXIII. BALAENIDAE.
Genera.
{Fide Gray.)
Extinct Balaenidae?