FULL PAPER
Redescription of a poorly known acropomatid, Verilus sordidus
Poey 1860, and comparison with Neoscombrops atlanticus
Mochizuki and Sano 1984 (Teleostei: Perciformes)
Yusuke Yamanoue ? G. David Johnson ?
Wayne C. Starnes
Received: 24 December 2008 / Revised: 8 September 2009 / Accepted: 8 September 2009

 The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2009
Abstract A poorly known acropomatid, Verilus sordidus
Poey 1860, is redescribed based on six specimens from the
western central Atlantic. We present diagnostic characters
to differentiate this species from Neoscombrops atlanticus
Mochizuki and Sano 1984, which has been confused with
this species, and designate a neotype of V. sordidus. This
species is distinguishable from N. atlanticus by the proxi-
mal-middle radial of the first anal-fin pterygiophore being
slender with no trough or hollow on the anterodorsal por-
tion (vs. hollow in N. atlanticus), several canine teeth
posterior to the large canine teeth on either side of the
symphysis of the lower jaw (vs. villiform teeth posterior to
enlarged canines), and by the modal numbers of pectoral-
fin rays, lateral-line scales, and gill rakers on the lower
limb of the first arch.
Keywords Verilus sordidus 
 Neoscombrops atlanticus 

Acropomatidae 
 Anal-fin pterygiophore
Introduction
The Acropomatidae are a basal family of perciform fishes
(e.g., Johnson 1984; Nelson 2006) distributed on continental
shelves and slopes, oceanic island slopes, and seamounts of
tropical and temperate areas around the world. They com-
prise approximately 30 species in eight genera (Yamanoue
2009), many of which are found in the Indo-West Pacific,
with six species recorded from the western central Atlantic
(Heemstra and Yamanoue 2002). One of the Atlantic spe-
cies, Verilus sordidus Poey 1860, was described based on a
specimen from off Cuba; the genus Verilus has been regarded
as being monotypic since that description. Heemstra and
Yamanoue (2002) presented a key to species of acropomat-
ids in the western central Atlantic and indicated that V.
sordidus is very similar to Neoscombrops atlanticus Moc-
hizuki and Sano 1984. The authors of that species overlooked
this poorly known acropomatid species for comparison in
their description. For this reason, we herein redescribe V.
sordidus and compare it to N. atlanticus to clarify differences
between them.
Materials and methods
Methods for counts and measurements follow Yamanoue
and Matsuura (2001), and institutional abbreviations follow
Eschmeyer (1998). All specimens examined were dissected
or X-rayed to check the form of anal-fin pterygiophores.
Standard and total lengths are expressed as SL and TL,
respectively.
Specimens examined. Verilus sordidus (total 5 speci-
mens): CAS 30674 (1), 219 mm SL, Ciudad de la Habana
Province, Cuba; MCZ 21764 (neotype, designated in this
study), 295 mm SL, off Cuba, coll. by F. Poey; USNM
Y. Yamanoue (&)
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo,
1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-ku,
Tokyo 164-8639, Japan
e-mail: yamanouey@yahoo.co.jp
G. D. Johnson
Division of Fishes,
National Museum of Natural History,
MRC 159, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC 20560, USA
W. C. Starnes
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences,
Research Lab, MSC #1626,
Raleigh, NC 27699-1626, USA
123
Ichthyol Res (2009) 56:400?406
DOI 10.1007/s10228-009-0131-0
9791 (1), 250 mm SL, off Cuba, coll. by F. Poey; USNM
12565 (1), 186 mm SL, off Cuba, coll. by F. Poey, 1873;
USNM 271959 (1, skull, dry osteological preparation), SL
unknown, off Cuba, coll. by F. Poey; USNM 271973 (1,
skeleton, dry osteological preparation minus skull),
apparently the same individual as USNM 271959; USNM
229535 (1), 248 mm SL, 20420N, 73380W, Atlantic off
Great Inagua I., Bahamas, 0?650 m depth, 24 May 1965,
R/V Oregon (paratype of N. atlanticus).
Comparative specimens. Neoscombrops atlanticus (total
18 specimens): CAS 44052 (2 paratypes), 174?191 mm
SL, 1957.50N, 7105.00W, Atlantic, off Cabo Isabela,
Dominican Republic, 275?348 m depth, R/V Silver Bay,
14 October 1963; MCZ 34773 (3), 173?189 mm SL, Straits
of Florida, Havana, Cuba, 20 January 1937, coll. by L.
Howell-Rivero; USNM 229531 (2 paratypes), 133?
134 mm SL, 12090N, 72470W, Caribbean Sea, off El
Pa?jaro, La Guajira, Colombia, 0?183 m depth, R/V Ore-
gon, 1 June 1964; USNM 229532 (2 paratypes), 129?
132 mm SL, 11020N, 75100W, Caribbean Sea, off Salina
del Rey, Atlantico, Colombia, 183?201 m depth, R/V
Oregon, 23 May 1964; USNM 232322, 123 mm SL,
12070N, 82440W, Caribbean Sea, off Big Corn I., Corn
Is., Nicaragua, 192 m depth, shrimp trawl, 7 February
1967; USNM 232323 (1 of 3, paratype, cleared and
stained), 139 mm SL, 12070N, 82440W, Caribbean Sea,
off Big Corn I., Corn Is., Nicaragua, 192 m depth, shrimp
trawl, 7 February 1967; USNM 270532 (3), 146?186 mm
SL, 1109.50N, 7425.00W, Caribbean Sea, off Santa Marta,
Magdalena, Colombia, 293 m depth, R/V Oregon, 19 May
1964; USNM 270803 (3), 154?167 mm SL, 11240N,
73470W, Caribbean Sea, off Guachaca, Magdalena,
Colombia, 274 m depth, R/V Oregon II, 5 May 1968;
USNM 289485 (1), 116 mm SL, 11260N, 73300W,
Caribbean Sea, off Polomino, Magdalena, Colombia,
201 m depth, R/V Oregon II, 6 December 1968.
Verilus sordidus Poey 1860 (Figs. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, b)
Verilus sordidus Poey 1860: 125, pl. 12, fig. 6 (type
locality: off Cuba); Jordan and Evermann 1898: 1284.
Neoscombrops atlanticus: Mochizuki and Sano 1984:
335 (in part).
Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other
acropomatids by the following combination of characters:
ten dorsal-fin spines; three anal-fin spines; basioccipital
fossa absent; proximal-middle radial of first anal-fin
pterygiophore slender with no trough or hollow on ante-
rodorsal portion (Fig. 2a); upper jaw with large canine
tooth on either side of symphysis followed posterolateral-
ly by a band of villiform teeth; lower jaw with a large
canine tooth on either side of symphysis followed by
numerous small conical teeth (Fig. 3a); pectoral-fin rays
15; lateral-line scales 43?45; gill rakers on lower limb of
first arch 14?16.
Fig. 1 a Verilus sordidus, MCZ
21764, neotype, 295 mm SL,
off Cuba; b Neoscombrops
atlanticus, CAS 44052,
paratype, 191 mm SL, off
Dominican Republic
Redescription of Verilus sordidus 401
123
Description. All counts and measurements are shown in
Table 1. Body compressed and relatively deep. Body and
head including cheek and both jaws covered with relatively
caducous cycloid and very weakly ctenoid scales (Fig. 4a, b).
Bases of soft portions of dorsal fin, anal fin, pectoral
fin, pelvic fin and caudal fin covered with scales. Mouth
oblique and reaching to a point ventral to pupil. A pair of
canine teeth near symphysis of jaws; villiform and conical
teeth posterior to canine teeth in upper and lower jaws,
respectively; villiform teeth on vomer and palatine, and
conical teeth on posterior surface of vomer. Preopercular
margin smooth; opercle with two weak spines and mem-
branous edge. Nostrils proximate, anterior to orbit. Anus
situated near origin of anal fin. Spinous and soft dorsal fins
nearly separate, but ninth dorsal-fin spine and first soft
dorsal-fin ray connected by membrane. Caudal fin forked.
Basioccipital fossa absent. Proximal-middle radial of first
anal-fin pterygiophore slender with no hollow or trough.
No information on coloration in fresh specimens; body
yellowish and dusky in alcohol.
Neotype designation. According to Poey (1860), the
description of Verilus sordidus was based on a single
specimen of 290 mm TL, but Howell-Rivero (1938) treated
MCZ 21764 with 365 mm TL as the holotype. The stan-
dard length of this specimen is approximately 290 mm, but
it is probable that Poey always used total lengths for
descriptions of specimens (K. Hartel, personal communi-
cation). We could not find any of Poey?s specimens with
Fig. 2 Proximal-middle radials of the first anal-fin pterygiophore.
a Verilus sordidus, lateral radiograph (MCZ 21764, neotype, 295 mm
SL); b Neoscombrops atlanticus, lateral radiograph (USNM 232322,
holotype, 123 mm SL); c V. sordidus, anterior (left) and lateral (right)
views (USNM 271973, non-type, SL unknown); d N. atlanticus,
anterior (left) and lateral (right) views (USNM 232323, paratype,
139 mm SL). Bars 10 mm
Fig. 3 Dentition of lower jaws. a Verilus sordidus CAS 30647,
219 mm SL; b Neoscombrops atlanticus, CAS 44052, 191 mm SL.
Bars 10 mm
Fig. 4 Schematic depiction of squamation, indicating retained
ctenoid (checked) and cycloid (dotted) scales. a Verilus sordidus,
MCZ 21764, neotype, 295 mm SL; b V. sordidus USNM 9791,
250 mm SL; c Neoscombrops atlanticus MCZ 34773, 173 mm SL
402 Y. Yamanoue et al.
123
total lengths approximating 290 mm. The original number
of MCZ 21764 is 141, which matches the number in Poey?s
description, but as pointed out by Howell-Rivero (1938),
this is not a catalog number but rather a numerical desig-
nation for this species as typically used by Poey in this and
other publications (Poey 1875, 1876a, b). Accordingly, we
conclude that MCZ 21764 and Poey?s other specimen
deposited at the USNM were not used for his description,
and the whereabouts and continued existence of his type
are unknown; thus Howell-Rivero (1938) was mistaken in
regarding MCZ 21764 as the holotype. Because of past
confusion between V. sordidus and N. atlanticus (see
??Discussion??), we designate MCZ 21764 as the neotype
for V. sordidus to maintain the usage suggested here in
accord with ICZN (1999, Art. 75.1).
Discussion
Heemstra and Yamanoue (2002) used the morphology of the
first anal-fin pterygiophore and the dentition of the lower
jaw to differentiate Verilus sordidus from Neoscombrops
atlanticus in the western central Atlantic. The first anal-fin
pterygiophore varies greatly in shape among acropomatid
species and is thus very useful in discriminating species
(Katayama 1959; Yamanoue and Matsuura 2001, 2002,
2004; Yamanoue and Yoseda 2001). Verilus sordidus does
not have a hollow concavity anterodorsally in this bone
(Fig. 2a), the condition found in some other acropomatids,
such as Malakichthys barbatus Yamanoue and Yoseda 2001
and Neoscombrops pacificus Mochizuki 1979 (Yamanoue
and Yoseda 2001; Yamanoue and Matsuura 2003). It differs
Table 1 Selected counts and proportional measurements of Verilus sordidus and Neoscombrops atlanticus
V. sordidus N. atlanticus
Neotype
MCZ 21764
Other specimens
n = 4
Holotype
USNM 232322
Other specimens
n = 13
Standard length (SL, mm) 295 186?248 123 116?189
Counts (mode)
Dorsal-fin rays IX, I?10 IX, I?10 IX, I?10 IX, I?10
Anal-fin rays III, 7 III, 7 III, 7 III, 7
Pectoral-fin rays 15 15 16 15?16 (16)
Lateral-line scales 43 43?45 (44) 48 45?49 (48)
Gill rakers on first arch; upper ? middle ? lower 8 ? 1 ? 15 8?9 ? 1 ? 14?16
(8.5 ? 1 ? 15)
7 ? 1 ? 17 7?9 ? 1 ? 16?18
(8 ? 1 ? 17)
Measurements in % SL (mean)
Head length 38.3 37.5?38.4 (38.0) 39.1 36.0?39.1 (37.6)
Head depth 32.7 30.5?32.2 (31.3) 30.5 26.6?30.6 (29.3)
Snout length 8.92 9.75?10.2 (9.93) 9.77 9.81?11.1 (10.4)
Orbital length 14.5 13.3?14.5 (14.1) 15.2 12.5?15.1 (13.9)
Bony interorbital length 8.18 8.19?8.60 (8.42) 8.71 7.59?9.06 (8.29)
Postorbital length 16.1 15.4?15.5 (15.5) 15.0 14.0?15.6 (14.9)
Upper-jaw length 18.7 18.2?19.4 (18.7) 18.3 16.9?18.8 (17.8)
Lower-jaw length 23.7 22.5?23.9 (23.1) 23.3 21.9?24.2 (22.7)
Body depth 36.8 32.6?33.7 (33.3) 33.0 30.9?33.9 (32.2)
Snout to dorsal-fin origin 44.3 41.5?42.7 (42.1) 41.4 39.6?42.8 (40.9)
Snout to anal-fin origin 75.2 69.7?75.6 (72.9) 72.2 69.0?75.2 (72.8)
Snout to pectoral-fin origin 37.2 37.9?38.9 (38.5) 36.8 35.4?39.9 (37.3)
Snout to pelvic-fin origin 41.9 41.7?43.0 (42.5) 40.8 39.5?46.0 (42.2)
Snout to anus 68.5 63.8?71.3 (66.8) 65.1 62.8?68.8 (66.7)
Dorsal-fin base 43.8 42.3?43.7 (43.2) 40.6 40.1?42.6 (41.1)
Anal-fin base 11.6 12.1?12.5 (12.4) 13.6 10.9?13.1 (12.2)
Longest pectoral-fin ray 31.7 29.7?32.0 (30.8) 25.6 25.1?29.6 (27.2)
Pelvic-fin spine 13.7 13.1?14.5 (13.9) 13.4 12.1?14.4 (13.2)
Caudal-peduncle depth 12.2 12.9?14.1 (13.4) 10.2 9.64?12.9 (11.0)
Caudal-peduncle length 21.9 21.0?23.4 (21.9) 23.0 20.0?22.3 (21.3)
Redescription of Verilus sordidus 403
123
strikingly from N. atlanticus, in which the anterodorsal
portion of this bone has a hollow concavity that receives the
posterior extremity of the swimbladder (Fig. 2b). In addi-
tion, Verilus sordidus has several canine teeth posterior to
the large canine teeth on either side of the symphysis of the
lower jaw (Fig. 3a), whereas N. atlanticus has villiform
teeth posterior to the enlarged canines (Fig. 3b). We
examined the osteology of one specimen of each species in
search of differences, but failed to find anything except for
the characters described above.
Although our sample sizes are small, there also appear
to be modal differences in the numbers of pectoral-fin rays,
lateral-line scales, and rakers on the lower limb of the first
gill arch, and the proportional head depth, longest pectoral-
fin ray, and caudal-peduncle depth (Tables 1, 2, Fig. 5).
Counting rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch is
made difficult by the presence of minute rakers on the
anterior end of this arch. The differences observed in the
proportional head depth, longest pectoral-fin ray, and
caudal-peduncle depth may conceivably be related to the
different size ranges examined for the two species
(Table 1, Fig. 5). In addition to the above characters, the
distributional patterns of cycloid and very weakly ctenoid
scales on the head and body may differ between the two
(Fig. 3). Available V. sordidus specimens have cycloid
scales over much of the posterior part of the body, but N.
atlanticus has these scales confined to the midlateral area.
Additional specimens are needed for a thorough assessment
of this character and to confirm observations suggesting
modal differences in other characters.
Poey (1860) did not mention the anal-fin pterygiophore
morphology in his description of Verilus sordidus, but the
teeth on the lower jaw were described as: ??une range?e
externe de tre`s petites dents aigu?es.?? The reference to an
external row of very small sharp teeth corresponds to the
condition in specimens we regard as V. sordidus, rather
than N. atlanticus. In addition, all of Poey?s Verilus spec-
imens deposited at the MCZ and USNM are the same
species. Our description of V. sordidus based on these and
other specimens is consistent with that of Poey (1860),
which, among other characters, included 15 pectoral-fin
rays and 45 lateral-line scales.
The specimens of V. sordidus examined in this study
were collected only from off Cuba, and the two specimens
with detailed collection locality available were collected
off the northern coast of Cuba, rather than the Caribbean
Sea. However, V. sordidus has been reported from other
areas of the Caribbean, including Belize (Colin 1974),
Puerto Rico and Honduras (Bunkley-Williams and
Williams 2004), Colombia and Venezuela (Cervigo?n 1992;
Cervigo?n et al. 1993), and Cuba (Jordan and Evermann
1898; Claro 1994). We found the specimen regarded as V.
sordidus by Bunkley-Williams and Williams (2004),
USNM 28945, to be N. atlanticus. However, the descrip-
tion of V. sordidus in Jordan and Evermann (1898) prob-
ably represents V. sordidus according to their description of
Table 2 Numbers of pectoral-fin rays, lateral-line scales, and gill
rakers on the lower limb of the first arch in Verilus sordidus and
Neoscombrops atlanticus
Pectoral-fin rays 15 16
Verilus sordidus (n = 5) 5
Neoscombrops atlanticus (n = 18) 2 16
Lateral-line scales 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Verilus sordidus (n = 5) 2 2 1
Neoscombrops atlanticus (n = 16) 1 3 5 4 3
Gill rakers on lower limb 14 15 16 17 18
Verilus sordidus (n = 5) 1 3 1
Neoscombrops atlanticus (n = 18) 2 8 8
Fig. 5 Comparisons of proportional measurements of a head depth,
b longest pectoral-fin ray, and c caudal-peduncle depth, and size in
Verilus sordidus (open triangles neotype, solid triangles non-types)
and Neoscombrops atlanticus (open circles holotype, solid circles
other specimens)
404 Y. Yamanoue et al.
123
43 lateral-line scales and 17 rakers on the lower part of the
first gill arch, which are thought to comprise 16 on the limb
plus one at the angle. We also identified numerous speci-
mens of N. atlanticus, from the Caribbean and northern
coast of Cuba. As Heemstra and Yamanoue (2002) were
the first to present the diagnostic characters emphasized
here, it is not surprising that some previous distributional
records of V. sordidus from the Caribbean Sea may have
been misidentifications of N. atlanticus. Because voucher
specimens for many of these records were not retained,
additional material needs to be examined to determine the
extent of the distribution of V. sordidus.
These externally similar species, classified in separate
genera, Neoscombrops Gilchrist 1922 and Verilus, have not
been treated phylogenetically to assess the validity of the
current classification. Beyond N. atlanticus, Verilus sordi-
dus is clearly distinguishable from the remaining two
species of Neoscombrops by the absence of the basioc-
cipital fossa [present in N. cynodon (Regan 1921); also
absent in N. pacificus Mochizuki 1979] and 43?45 lateral-
line scales (37?42 in N. cynodon; 47?51 in N. pacificus)
(Mochizuki 1979; Starnes and Mochizuki 1982; Yamanoue
and Matsuura 2003). Verilus sordidus is also morphologi-
cally similar to N. pacificus, which occurs in the western
and central Pacific (Mochizuki 1979; Starnes and
Mochizuki 1982), in the shape of the first anal-fin ptery-
giophore (Starnes and Mochizuki 1982; Yamanoue and
Matsuura 2003), dentition, and other characters. Consid-
ering these combinations of similarities in morphology
between V. sordidus and species of Neoscombrops, the
current generic alignments are questionable. Although
dentition, by which V. sordidus and N. atlanticus differ, is
considered a key character for acropomatid genera
(Yamanoue and Matsuura 2007; Yamanoue 2009), the
remaining species of Neoscombrops, N. cynodon and N.
pacificus, have dentition on the lower jaw that is more
similar to V. sordidus than to N. atlanticus. Thus, the
current classification of these genera should be reassessed
in a phylogenetic context, perhaps via multiple approaches,
to determine whether realignments or consolidations might
be warranted.
Remarks. We examined the type series of N. atlanticus,
and found that the paratype, USNM 229535 is a specimen
of V. sordidus, underscoring the aforementioned confusion
between these two species.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the following persons and
institutions for specimen loans: D. Catania (CAS), K. Hartel (MCZ),
S. Jewett, L. Palmer, S. Raredon, J. Williams, and R. Vari (USNM).
W. Eschmeyer (CAS), K. Hartel (MCZ), and B. Collette (Systematics
Laboratory, NMFS) kindly provided us with helpful comments on
type specimens of Verilus sordidus. The first author also thanks
A. Charef (Univ. Tokyo), who kindly translated the French description
of Poey (1860), and A. Carvalho-Filho (Fish Bizz Ltda) for helpful
comments. A portion of this study was supported by the Ito Grant for
Ichthyology, Fujiwara Natural History Foundation, and Research
Fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for
Young Scientists (10824).
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