1SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
Submitted as a supplementto the FY 1985 budget
January 1984

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
PROGRAM PURPOSES AND LIST OF GRANTS
CONTENTS
Page 1 Introduction
1 The Global Nature of the Smithsonian's Charter
2 The FY 1985 Appropriation Request
2 Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriation and the U.S. Taxpayer
2 Program of Grants for Research
3 The Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences and CulturalHistory
U The Importance of Multi-year Grants
4 Benefits to United States Institutions
5 Scientific Review Under the Smithsonian Program
6 The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research
6 Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of Indian Studies
8 International Effort to Salvage Moenjodaro
Charts:
10 Summary of Obligations, Actual and Estimated FY 1983, FY 1984,and FY 1985 - By Program Area and Country
11 Actual Obligations FY 1983 - By Program Area and by Country
12 Estimated Obligations FY 1984 - By Program Area and by Country
13 Estimated Obligations FY 1985 - By Program Area and by Country
14 Status of Smithsonian Funds FY 1983, FY 1984, and FY 1985

15 List of Grants:
15 Archeology and Related Disciplines
24 Systematic and Environmental Biology
28 Astrophysics and Earth Sciences
30 Museum Programs
32 SFCP Grants Administration
33 Science Information Program for Translations

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
PROGRAM PURPOSES AND LIST OF GRANTS
INTRODUCTION
The Smithsonian Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program makesgrants in United States-owned foreign currencies to United States institu-tions, including the Smithsonian itself, to conduct research projects in theso-called "excess" foreign currency countries. In FY 1983, the "excess"foreign currency countries were Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan. TheSmithsonian program supports research in Archeology and Related Disciplines,Systematic and Environmental Biology, Astrophysics and Earth Sciences, andMuseum Programs
.
The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program awards grants when applicantshave fulfilled three requirements. These are: 1) the favorable recommen-dation by a national advisory council of qualified scholars; 2) the con-currence of the appropriate American embassy and host government overseas;and 3) the completion of appropriate cooperative arrangements with hostcountry institutions.
This supplement to the Institution's FY 1985 appropriation requestdescribes: 1) the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program within the contextof the basic Smithsonian purpose; 2) some of the program's achievements; 3)its goals for FY 1985, and 4) projects for which obligations were incurredduring FY 1983.
THE GLOBAL NATURE OF THE SMITHSONIAN'S CHARTER
The purpose of the Smithsonian Institution is "the increase and dif-fusion of knowledge." This quotation from the will of its founder, JamesSmithson, was made part of the Institution's enabling legislation enacted bythe Congress in 1846, chartering the Institution and leading to the eventualdesignation of the Institution as the custodian of the National Collections.
The Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, implemented thecharter through support of basic research and publication not only inWashington but through a global network of correspondence devoted to thesesame ends. At the same time, the Institution began to acquire substantialcollections of biological and geological specimens and of archeological andethnographic materials, derived both from its own research and from U.S.Government programs. The Institution continues to conduct research and edu-cation programs and to improve its collections. Today the Institution isacknowledged to be a major national resource for the study of natural andcultural history and to be without equal anywhere on earth.

THE FY 1985 APPROPRIATION
For FY 1985, the Smithsonian requests an appropriation of $9,000,000equivalent in foreign currencies which have been determined by the TreasuryDepartment to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States. Thisappropriation will be used to continue a program of grants to United Statesinstitutions for research in those countries where excess local currenciesare available. Of the total requested, $4,000,000 will be available forcontinuation of the grants program. The appropriation request includes$4,000,000 equivalent in Indian rupees for the forth installment to theforward- funded reserve in support of future programs of the AmericanInstitute of Indian Studies. The request also includes $1,000,000 equiva-lent in Pakistani rupees for the third of four increments of a U.S. contri-bution for the restoration and preservation of Moenjodaro in Pakistan.
Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriations and the U.S. Taxpayer
An appropriation for this program does not add to the tax burden ofAmericans because the money used for foreign currency grants comes from U.S.holdings of foreign currencies abroad in existing accounts that wereestablished in connection with the "Food for Peace" (P.L. 480) program.These accounts were generated largely through sales of surplus U.S. agri-cultural commodities abroad in exchange for local currencies. In caseswhere these are greatly in excess of the projected normal U.S. needs, theTreasury Department designates them "excess foreign currencies." They thenbecome available through the Special Foreign Currency Program appropriationprocess for U.S. uses like scientific research.
Erosion of these accounts by inflation is in many countries dramati-cally reducing their value to the United States. The Indian rupee has lost,for example, more than half of its value since 1970. As a consequence,when a worthy use of these excess currencies can be identified throughprograms like the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, the U.S. can effec-tively employ at least some of these currencies before inflation effectivelyeliminates their usefulness.
PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR RESEARCH
The purpose of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program is, like thatof the Institution itself, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." TheSmithsonian Foreign Currency Program supports this purpose by making grantsto United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higherlearning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research andadvanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian com-petence. An appropriation of $4,000,000 equivalent in excess foreigncurrencies is sought for these grants.

The Smithsonian program is a major source of excess foreign currencysupport for research carried out by United States institutions in the excesscurrency countries. The Smithsonian program is distinguished from otherSpecial Foreign Currency Programs in that the full responsibility for thedesign, execution and publication of research results rests with a scholarworking within the program of a United States institution.
The Smithsonian program strengthens the research and training activi-ties of collaborating institutions abroad, for most projects directlyinvolve host country institutions and scholars. Enduring professional tieswhich result from joint efforts and scholarly exchange contribute to thestrongest form of United States cultural relations with other nations.These ties contribute to the integration of the worldwide advancement ofscience which serves to narrow the gap between the industrial and the deve-loping nations.
The Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences and Cultural History
The rapid growth of world population and technological development hasresulted in significant effects on the natural environment and on society.Research sponsored by the Smithsonian in the natural sciences and incultural history is aimed in part at improving understanding of the environ-ment, of the management and protection of scarce resources, and the culturalsetting within which social changes take place.
In FY 1983, grants supported the following projects of specialinterest:
A geological team tested on the ground in Egypt radar images ofarcheological sites taken from the space shuttle Columbia. The imagesrevealed important unknown features several feet below the surface ofthe desert
.
Ancient pollen samples taken at sites in Pakistan are helping to datesome of the oldest paleolithic material found to date on the Indiansubcontinent.
An architectural survey of the Hindu imperial capitol Vijayanagara isestablishing the organizational patterns and principles embodied in oneof the greatest of medieval urban centers.
Refugees now resident in India are being interviewed to document thefinal years of Tibetan history 1933-1950.

Further, with emphasis on information exchange through small workshops,symposia and field conferences, the Smithsonian is encouraging internationalresearch in specialized areas. In FY 1983, for example, U.S. scholars receivedsupport for participation in exchanges on the subjects of social class struc-ture, Pakistani archeology, elephant management, 20th century literature andcosmic ray physics.
The Importance of Multi-Year Grants
Beginning in FY 1979 the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program began apolicy of multi-year funding of major programs, whenever sufficient fundswere available. Such funding is important because rational planningrequires the advance commitment of professors and graduate students as wellas of facilities. Multi-year grants, with annual disbursements subject tosatisfactory review of progress by the advisory councils, allow par-ticipating institutions to coordinate such projects into their long-rangescholarly programs, by providing some assurance of funding for the durationof the project.
Further, the Smithsonian has been able to use multi-year grants to pro-tect successful projects from sudden termination when excess currencyaccounts were abruptly exhausted. This happened in Poland and Tunisia in1976 and in Egypt in 1981. With multi-year funding over a three-yearperiod, 10 projects in Egypt were funded to reasonable conclusions and 3continuing projects gained sufficient time to seek other funding sources.
India is currently projected for removal from the excess currency listin 1986. The Smithsonian hopes to provide stabilizing funding beforethat time through multi-year grants and, for the American Institute ofIndian Studies, a substantial forward- funded reserve.
Benefits to United States Institutions
Since the inception of the program in FY 1966, Smithsonian grants havebeen made to 233 United States institutions in 41 states, Puerto Rico, andthe District of Columbia to support more than 800 individual projects.Publications known to have resulted from program grants totalled more than1,350 at the end of FY 1983.Collections of original biological specimens and the archeological andethnographic materials are acquired in the course of field research. Theyremain available for further study and interpretation by other generations ofscholars long after the research teams supported by the Smithsonian havedispersed and their conclusions have been published. More than 100 suchresearch collections have been placed in United States universities andmuseums. A similar number of collections has been added to the researchresources of the excess currency countries.

The benefits of the program have extended to a far larger number ofinstitutions than the 233 United States institutions which have receivedgrants directly. For example, three of the grantee institutions are consor-tia of United States scholarly institutions. They are the AmericanInstitute of Indian Studies (AIIS) in Chicago, Illinois, with 39 institu-tional members; the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) in New YorkCity, with 27 institutional and approximately 600 individual members; andthe American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) in Cambridge,Massachusetts, with 135 member institutions.Smithsonian grants have supported the research in India of 500 AIISfellows over the 16-year period from FY 1968 through FY 1983- The fellowswere drawn from 70 United States institutions in 23 states. Program grantshave also supported more than 80 ARCE projects over the 1 8-year period fromFY 1966 through FY 1983, and since FY 1977, 70 ARCE fellows have receivedSmithsonian support. Nine ASOR excavations in Israel and Tunisia providedresearch opportunities for more than 260 senior U.S. scholars and fieldtraining for more than 324 graduate students. The Indo-American FellowshipProgram, initiated in FY 1977 under the auspices of the Indo-U.S.Subcommission on Education and Culture has sent 65 scholars from U.S. insti-tutions to India.
Scientific Review Under the Smithsonian Program
The Smithsonian program considers proposals from any qualified Americaninstitution for research in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.The program seeks the advice of experts in the specific area of sciences tobe studied in reviewing the proposals and annually convenes advisory coun-cils of senior scholars from across the nation. Following the recommen-dation in the House-Senate Conference Report 95-1672 dated September 29,1978, the National Science Foundation reviews the credentials of the membersof the advisory councils and certifies their competence. The councilsdiscuss and evaluate the proposals, taking into consideration the experts'opinions, and provide specific advice to the Smithsonian regarding theselection of proposals recommended for support and the priorities among them.
Whether funded originally on a multi-year or on a one-year basis, pro-jects lasting more than one year are subject to an annual review of scien-tific progress by the advisory councils before another year of funding isapproved. In addition, Smithsonian staff scientists and program advisorycouncil members visit projects in the field when firsthand scientificreports are considered necessary. Smithsonian policy requires that granteespublish scientific results and that scientific collections be readilyaccessible to the scholarly community.
Foreign currency awards to other institutions are executed as normalFederal contracts, with the American grantee institutions providing for fullfiscal accountability. The Smithsonian audits each grantee's periodicfinancial reports and where grantees maintain records abroad, conducts siteaudits to ensure that appropriate accounting procedures are followed.

The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research
Access to funds for independent research is an essential factor inenabling the Smithsonian to attract and retain leading researchers andthereby to maintain a standard of excellence as a research institution. Inthis context, the Institution's initial request in FY 1966 for anappropriation of excess foreign currencies made it clear that Smithsonianscholars would compete for these funds. The appropriation justification inthat year stated that the Institution would "...award and administer foreigncurrency grants.. .. for maximum benefit of all participating institutions, aswell as the Smithsonian." This appropriation has provided Smithsonianscientists an opportunity to pursue new and innovative research.
Under the Special Foreign Currency Program guidelines, Smithsonian pro-posals ace reviewed by the same councils of distinguished scholars as areproposals from other institutions. Continuing projects also are subject toannual reviews. (These processes are described above in the sectionentitled "Scientific Review under the Smithsonian Program.") The SpecialForeign Currency Program awards to Smithsonian employees, as to other scho-lars, often involve participants from other organizations and universitiesas collaborators. No Smithsonian employee, nor any other grantee, receivespersonal compensation to duplicate or supplement his salary. Program awardscover only field research costs in the excess currency country and travel tothat country.
The awards to Smithsonian employees are executed as normal Federalallotments to the individual bureaus of the Institution for the support ofapproved employee research projects. Such funds are expended in accordancewith Federal procurement and personnel regulations.
FORWARD-FUNDED RESERVE FOR THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES
Founded in 1 96 1 by a consortium of 15 United States universities andcolleges, the American Institute of Indian Studies' purpose is to promoteAmerican scholarship at the pre- and postdoctoral level on India in allrecognized fields of the humanities and the social and natural sciences.Funding for U.S. administration is raised through dues paid by member insti-tutions and from foundation grants from several sources. As of 1983 thenumber of consortium members has grown to 39 with about 100 fellows in Indiaat any given time, in a variety of programs. Funding for research and localadministration in India is primarily through the Smithsonian, with lesseramounts being contributed by the Department of Education (language teachingprograms only), National Science Foundation (fellowships in specificdisciplines), International Communications Agency (fellowships), and theFord Foundation.

The Smithsonian and the AIIS share common purposes: education andscholarship, global intellectual understanding and the promotion of research.Research at the Institute takes several forms: individual research in any-recognized field; joint projects such as the ones resulting in the publica-tion of the Encyclopedia of India's Philosophies; long-term projects, one ofwhich has been the continuing project at the Center of Art and Archeology atBenares which will make available an archive of photographs, largely ofIndian temples and monuments, for students and the scholarly public; andlanguage teaching programs, now given in six of the 14 major Indianlanguages
.
Through its competitive grants program, the Smithsonian has providedannual 1 funding to the American Institute of Indian Studies since 1967 forfellowships, research, symposia and publications and for administrativecosts. The Smithsonian has helped sustain this Institute and otherAmerican research centers abroad for more than a decade because of theirsignificant contributions to scholarship and science without regard fornational boundaries and their special service to American scholars con-ducting research.
The amount of Indian currency available to the U.S. government is arapidly decreasing finite fund. With inflation rates in India at a highlevel, it has disappeared more quickly than had been anticipated in thepast. The Office of Management and Budget is currently suggesting one yearremaining of excess status. Since the end of "excess" currency statushistorically has happened suddenly, the Institution has been building since1980 a reserve of funds for the AIIS to avoid a situation similar to theone which developed in Egypt. (In late 1978, funds for new Americanresearch in Egypt dried up suddenly, placing in doubt the future ofAmerican archeology and cultural history studies there and jeopardizing thecontinued existence of the very successful Cairo Center of the AmericanResearch Center in Egypt.)
By building a substantial foreign currency reserve fund, theSmithsonian hopes to assure that AIIS will be financially secure on a long-term basis , and to encourage other such centers to make the effort necessaryto develop funding from other sources for the period beyond that of supportby the Smithsonian. Toward this end, the Smithsonian has receivedappropriations and obligated the amount of $500,000 in Indian rupees,in FY 1980; $750,000 in FY 1 98 1 and $2 million in FY 1984. In FY 1985,$4 million is requested to bring the fund to $7,250,000. This would provideapproximately 5 years of core funding, although an optimum reserve of$10,000,000 would guarantee 5 years of activity at the present level. Thereserve is to be maintained intact, until such time as the depletion of theUnited States Indian rupee account causes its removal from the "excess" currencylist. A system of annual scholarly and financial review will be developed foradministration of the reserve fund similar to that now used for the grantsprogram.

Long-term support for the AIIS is feasible and highly desirable. As aresult of its long relationship with the AIIS, the Smithsonian has con-fidence that the mutually acceptable and beneficial working relationshipcan be continued. The AIIS is a very viable organization, standing in highregard with the Indian Government and the scholarly community. FY 1985 isthe last opportunity to provide funds for this vital activity.
INTERNATIONAL EFFORT TO SALVAGE MOENJODARO
In 1921 , two important discoveries were made in the Indus Valley ofIndia, now Pakistan, when archeologists discovered the remains of the citiesof Harappa, near Lahore, and Moenjodaro, about 250 miles north of Karachi.These two cities apparently are the products of the Harappan civilizationwhich flourished over 4,500 years ago, from about 3000 B.C. to 1500 B.C.Moenjodaro, a city of a square mile, is the larger and more impressive ofthe two sites. From the standpoint of planning, sanitation and social orga-nization, this city anticipates developments which only blossomed severalthousand years later.
The excavated ruins at Moenjodaro have been threatened since theirdiscovery by two main causes of destruction: floods of the Indus River andhighly saline ground waters have caused the serious deterioration of theexcavated remains
.
Since the 1960' s, the Government of Pakistan has appealed to the inter-national community for assistance in salvaging Moenjodaro by diverting theriver, lowering the water table, providing remedial action to stabilizethreatened buildings and preventing disintegration of those that have notyet been seriously damaged, and installing appropriate landscaping. UNESCOresponded to Pakistan's appeal and, in 1974, agreed to lead an internationalfund raising campaign. In the interim, the Government of Pakistan, with theassistance of UNESCO, has conducted a series of technical studies relatingto river control, dewatering and other methods conducive to the eventualpreservation of the site.
The project, long in the planning stage, is underway, with a groundwater control scheme now nearing completion and preparations of the rivercontrol scheme advancing rapidly. The consolidation and treatment of theremaining structures is continuing and landscaping work has started. Salt-resistant plants will be planted for erosion control and to provide suitableprotection from wind-driven sands.
On October 10, 1979, an agreement between UNESCO and the Government ofPakistan for the preservation and development of the monumental site ofMoenjodaro was signed. Following this, an Executive Committee of the Campaignwas set up to advise the Director-General of UNESCO on all aspects of the pro-ject. The Committee has held several meetings during which various aspects ofthe plans were reviewed. To date, UNESCO has raised approximately $3.3 million,

mainly from governmental contributions of member states and the Governmentof Pakistan has made an initial commitment of $2,000,000 for the project.The funds raised thus far have been deposited in an international trust fundfor Moenjodaro. Considering that the total budget for the project is nowestimated at more than $13,000,000, the Committee is seeking new or addi-tional contributions.
In FY 1982, the Institution transferred to UNESCO the appropriation of$960,000 equivalent in nonconvertible Pakistani currency as an initialcontribution from the United States toward this important project. Theamount of $1,040,000 will be transferred in FY 1984. The Smithsonian isseeking a third increment of funds for this project in FY 1985, a sum of$1,000,000 equivalent in Pakistani rupees, to increase the United Statescontribution. One more increment will be sought in FY 1986 to complete thecontribution.
The Smithsonian is conveying this gift because of its traditional interestin archeology and cultural history. It was the agent for conveying the finalUnited States' contribution to the International Campaign to Save the NubianMonuments? the successful effort to move the Temples of Philae. The SmithsonianSpecial Foreign Currency Program has supported the significant archeologicalinvestigations of Moenjodaro and other Harappan sites which have added greatlyto knowledge of this civilization.
As with the Nubian monuments of Egypt, preserving the remains of Moenjodarowill be of great benefit to generations of future scholars. The network ofscholarly relations between American institutions and their counterparts inPakistan will be developed and strengthened. Indeed, the maintenance ofcultural ties between nations can provide a link which endures through theshifting of other relations and insures continued contact between nations.Finally, support by the United States for the preservation of this uniquehistoric site is in the spirit of the UNESCO convention concerning the protec-tion of the world culture and natural heritage (the World Heritage Convention)which was ratified by the United States in 1973-

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)SUMMARY OF OBLIGATIONS, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATEDFY 1983, FY 1984, and FY 1985Obligations of Funds by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
FY 1983Actual FY 1984Estimate FY 1985EstimateArcheology and RelatedDisciplines $1,479,000Systematic andEnvironmental Biology 412,000
Astrophysics and EarthSciences 91,000
Museum Programs 187,000
Grant Administration 3/ 110,000Science InformationProgram (Translations) 62,000
$5,748,000 1/2/ $7,540,000 1/2/
876,000 850,000
Total $2,341,000Obligations of Funds by Country(dollar equivalents)
85,000 195,000350,000 360,000110,000 105,000
150,000 150,000$7,319,000 $9 ,200,000
FY 1983Actual FY 1984Estimate FY 1985Estimate
BurmaGuinea
India
Pakistan
Total
$ -0-
-0-
2 ,050 ,000
291.,000$2,341,000
$ 15,000 $ 21,000
-0- -0-
5,845,000 V3/4/ 7,665,000 1/3/4/1,459,000 2/ 1,514,000 2/$7,319,000 $9,200,0001/ Includes obligation for AIIS forward- funded reserve: FY 1984,$2,000,000; FY 1985, $4,000,000.2/ Includes obligation for U.S. contribution for Moenjodaro: FY 1984,$1,040,000; FY 1985, $1,000,000.3/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support."4/ Includes estimates for Science Information Program for translations.

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MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FISCAL YEAR 1983 - ACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Actual Obligations by Program Area(dollar equiva lents)
Archeology and RelatedDisciplines
ResearchProjects$1,443,000 y ResearchDevelopment 1/$36,000 Total$1,479,000Systematic and Environ-mental Biology 369,000 43,000 412,000
Astrophysics and EarthSciences 79,000 12,000 91,000
Museum Programs 181,000 6,000 187,000
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH $2,072,000 $97,000 $2,169,000SFCP Grant Administration 2/ 110,000Science InformationProgram-Translations
TOTAL
Actual Obligations by Country(dollar equivalents)
62,000$2,341,000
Burma
Guinea
India
Pakistan
TOTAL
Grants Administrationand Agency Transfers
$ -0-
-0-
168,000 2/
4,000 2/$172,000
Research ResearchProjects Development Total
$ -0- $ -0- $ -0-
-0- -0- -0-
1,789,000 93,000 2,050,000283,000 4,000 291,000$2,072,000 97,000 $2,341,000
_1_/These projects are described in the Grants List which follows.2_/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support."

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MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FISCAL YEAR 1984 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONS
Estimated Obligations by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
Archeology and RelatedDisciplinesSystematic and Environ-mental Biology
Astrophysics and EarthSciences
Museum Programs
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH
ResearchProjects
$5,673,000
79 1 , 000
65,000335,000$6,864,000
ResearchDevelopment
$ 75,000
85,000
20,00015,000$195,000SFCP Grant Administration VScience Information Program ?Translations
TOTAL
Total
$5,748,000
876,000
85,000
350,000$7,059,000110,000
1 50,000$7,319,000
Estimated Obligations by Country(dollar equivalents)
Grants Administration& Science Information Research ResearchPi"Ogram Projects Development Total
Burma $ 1 , 000 $ 10,000 $ 4,000 $ 15,000Guinea -0- -0- -0- -0-
India 254,000 J/?/ 5,453,000 3/ 138,000 5 ,845,000Pakistan 5,000 1,401 ,000 y 53,000 1 ,459,000TOTAL $260,000 $6,864,000 $195,000 $7 ,319,000
_1/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support."
_2/Includes estimates for the Science Information Program for translations.3/Includes $2,000,000 estimated obligation for AIIS forward- funded reserve.4/Includes $1,040,000 estimated obligation for U.S. contribution toMoenjodaro.

13MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FISCAL YEAR 1985 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONS
Estimated Obligations by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
Research ResearchProjects Development Total
Archeology and RelatedResearch $7,514,000 3/V $26,000 $7,540,000Systematic and Environ-mental Biology 816,000 34,000 850,000
Astrophysics and EarthSciences 189,000 6,000 195,000Museum Programs 357,000 3,000 360,000
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH $8,876,000 $69,000 $8,945,000
SFCP Grants Administrat:Lon 1/ 105,000Science Information Program ?Translations
TOTAL
150,000$9,200,000
Estimated Obligations by Country(dollar equivalents)Grants Administration& Science Information Research ResearchP]"ogram Projects Development Total
Burma $ 1 , 000 $ 17,000 $ 3,000 $ 21,000Guinea -0- -0- -0- -0-
India ? 248,000 1/2/ 7,385,000 3/ 32,000 7 ,665,000Pakistan 6,000 1/ 1,474,000 4/ 34,000 1 ,514,000
TOTAL $255,000 $8,876,000 $69,000 $9 ,200,000J/Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support."2_/Includes estimates for the Science Information Program for translations.3/Includes $4,000,000 estimated obligation for AIIS forward- funded reserve.4/Includes $1,000,000 estimated obligation for U.S. contribution to Moenjodaro

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
STATUS OF FUNDS(dollar equivalents)
14
Unobligated BalanceStart of Year
Appropriation
Recovery of Prior Years'Obligations
Unobligated Balance,End of Year
FY 1983Actual
+ 135,000
+2,000,000
+ 245,000
39,000
FY 1984Estimated
+ 39,000
+7,040,000
+ 300,000
60,000
FY 1985Estimated
+ 60,000
+9,000,000
+ 200,000
60,000
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS 2,341 ,000 7,319,000 9,200,000

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)Fiscal Year 1983
List of Grants
ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES
The study of archeology, anthropology, and related fields such as ethnology,are studies of changes in the human condition brought about by the environ-ment and by cultural factors. Societies such as ours that are undergoingrapid change are subject to increasing pressures to accommodate new factors.These societies must look to studies of the history of man as well as tostudies of today's condition to find answers to such questions as:
a) How have societies responded to similar pressures in thepast?b) What are those elements in our condition that are biologicalimperatives or are so culturally interdependent that we darenot change them? For example, is the family unit essentialto the survival of our civilization?c) What are the current options available to today's societies?
The urgency to understand the forces demanding change in human societies hascaused scholars to study man and communities, past and present, for a bettergrasp of the process of social change.
Projects of United States institutions which contribute to understandingthese processes and which received support in FY 1983, are listed below.ObligationNumber Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv,
INDIA
1. 20852300Amend. 1 & 2 American Instituteof Indian StudiesChicago, IL E. Dimock, Jr. $719,561
The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) was founded in 1 96 1 andtoday has a membership of 37 United States institutions. The AIIS is a uni-que national resource because it is the principal source of money supportingon an annual basis in the United States , the advancement of knowledge andunderstanding of India as well as the training in India of area specialists.

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Moreover, the AIIS has served the U.S. national interest by sustainingactive scholarly collaboration between the U.S. and India during periodsof political stress when contacts have been interrupted. Disciplines spon-sored by the AIIS are increasing from the original concentration on socialsciences and the humanities to include the natural sciences as well.Smithsonian support of the AIIS has totalled more than $8,664,000 equivalentin Indian rupees over a sixteen-year period.
The AIIS provides administrative support for its fellows and for a majorlanguage program from a headquarters in New Delhi and small offices inBombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Poona.
The principal activity of the AIIS has been the appointment of fellows. TheSFCP currently provides most of the funds for this fellowship program. AIISfellows receiving support during FY 1983 are listed below.SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS
Ali Akbar College of Music
Barnard CollegeColumbia UniversityCooper Union
Harvard University
Ohio State University
Unaffiliated
University of Arizona
University of California atLos Angeles
University of Canterbury
University of Chicago
University of ConnecticutUniversity of Hawaii
Christopher Ris
Brian Smith
Frances Pritchett
Jean Le Mee
Mitchell Weiss
John HuntingtonSusan Huntington
Rosalind SolomonSharon WeinerLudwig Adamec
Nazir JairazbhoyJohn Povey
Bruce King
Arnold ArnoffJoan ErdmanEdwin GerowVictoria KennickSubhas Jain
K.N. Upadhyaya

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University of Illinois
University of IowaUniversity of Michigan
University of MinnesotaUniversity of Pennsylvania
University of Texas
University of WashingtonUniversity of Wisconsin
Wellesley College
Girdhari Tikko
Irene Wherritt
Peter HookWalter Spink
Joseph SchwartzbergGeorge CardonaPeter GaeffkeGuy Welbon
William Roger Louis
Karl Potter
Usha Nilsson
Holly Reynolds
JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSColumbia University
New York University
Princeton University
Rice UniversityUniversity of Californiaat BerkeleyUniversity of Chicago
University of Illinois
University of MichiganUniversity of Pennsylvania
Kokila Rangachari
Varundra Varadhan
David Landes
Vasumathi Duvvury
Linda Feldman
June McDanielCharles NuckollsVishvajit PandyaDavid WhiteSumita ChakravartyRichard Lutz
Clair HuntingtonSusan Stalker

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University of Virginia
University of WashingtonUniversity of Wisconsin
Daniel CozortChristopher HillClark ShoresCynthia Talbot
ObligationNumber
2. 30616300 InstitutionAmerican Instituteof Indian StudiesChicago, 3L
PrincipalInvestigator
N. Jairazbhoy $ Eqv.$150,000
The establishment of the Archives and Research Center for Ethnomusicologywill provide a center for the documentation of traditional Indian folk musicas studied by international scholars.
3. 20852700Amend . 110560600,Amend . 5
American Instituteof Indian StudiesChicago, IL G. Possehl $28,035
The Center for Art and Archeology at Benares, India, is a vital researchfacility serving scholars of ancient and modern India from all over theworld. The Center -was established to apply rigorous scholarly standards tothe massive job of photographing and indexing the art collections andtemples and monuments of India which abound in every region of the subcon-tinent. The archive of more than 30,000 photographs continues to grow asimportant projects such as the photographing of collections in the IndianMuseum in Calcutta are undertaken.
4. TX3000272 American Instituteof Indian StudiesChicago, IL K. Potter $3,450
The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, summarizing present knowledgeabout classical systems of Indian philosophy, will provide a usefulreference for the general reader, the professional philosopher, thehistorian of thought and the Indologist.
5. 20852400Amend . 1
,
10567500Amend 2 7 3
Asia Society, NY, T,Agent for the AmericanPanel of the Indo-U.S.Subcommission on Edu-cation and Culture
Tanen $8,899

19
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
The Indo-American Fellowship Program, established in late 1975, was createdto widen the circle of scholarly/professional contacts and increase theextent of collaboration between the U.S. and India. Fellowships are grantedfor research in India, primarily at the postdoctoral or equivalent levelwith substantial collaboration with Indian colleagues. The fellows whoreceived support in FY 1983 are:
Dartmouth College M. Naroll
DePaul U. D. BarnumCollege of St. Catherine M. O'HaraOhio State U. B. Groseclose
U. of Massachusetts C. Foss
U. of North Alabama N. Canipe
U. of Pennsylvania J. Lang
U. of Texas S. Buckley
U. of Washington J. Conlon
6. TX300318 U. of California J.D. Clark $6,010Berkeley, CASurvey of prehistoric land-use in the upper Son Valley, Madhya Pradesh, willprovide data for comparison with paleo-ecological events in Africa, showingto what extent cultural development in the subcontinent may have paralleledthat in tropical Africa where current evidence predicts the development ofhumankind
.
7. TX300195 U. of Pennsylvania H. Cohen $4,016Philadelphia, PA
U.S. participation in the University of Delhi conference on 20th centuryliterature
.
8. 9037700 U. of Wisconsin J. Elder $11,819Madison, WI
Preparation of documentary films on selected aspects of contemporarySouth Asian civilizations.

20
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
9. 30866500 U. of Wisconsin J. Elder $92,133Madison, WI
Analysis of the Advaita Vedanta Monastic rituals will include preser-vation on film of these rapidly changing and disappearing traditions.
10. 30616400 & U. of Pennsylvania F. Frankel $76,910TX300752 Philadelphia, PA
U.S. and Indian scholars are collaborating in an effort to documentregional patterns of political, and economic change in modern India.
11. 20852800 Amend. 1 State U. of New York G. Forbes $2,082& TX300809 Oswego, NY
The lives of 20th century Indian women of middle class will be examined andanalyzed with the using of family photographs.
12. TX300297, U. of New Mexico J. Fritz $26,582298 & 181 Albuquerque, NMStudy of Vijayanagara , the Hindu imperial capital, is providing valuableunderstanding of the organizational patterns and principles embodied in thisgreatest of medieval Hindu urban centers.
13. 305^3400 & Case Western Reserve M. Goldstein $40,260U. , Cleveland, OH
The final years of Tibetan history - 1933-1950 - will be documented withinterviews of the aging refugees now residing in India.
14. 10575700 Western Michigan U. A. Helweg $389Kalamazoo , MI
Widespread migration of professional and highly skilled Gujaratis isbeing studied to determine the little known effect of migration on thesending society.
15. 30725800 & U. of Arizona M. Mahar $44,460TX300349
The restudy of an Indian village after a 30-year interval is providinga controlled picture of change in rural India.

21
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
16. 309494 U. of Pennsylvania M. Meister $16,000Philadelphia, PA
Publication of proceedings of University of Pennsylvania symposium,
"Discourses on Shiva."
17. 00606800 Herbert H. Lehman J. Mencher $7,970Amend. 2 & 3 College, CUNYAnthropological investigations in three traditional ri-ce-producing regionsof India will outline the involvement of women in Indian agriculture.
18. TX300885 Tufts University J. Perry $4,905Med ford, MA
Interviews with bilingual poets are being used to trace cultural strains inthe use of Indo-English in modern Indian poetry.
19. 20190700 U. of Pennsylvania G. Possehl $45,000Amend. 1 Philadelphia, PA
The unusual change back to pastoral nomadism from urbanized civilization isbeing examined in an archeological program in Gujarat.
20. TX 300071,-72 U. of Pennsylvania G. Possehl $14,934
-73,-74,-75, Philadelphia, PA
-76
U.S. participation in the Workshop on Late Cenozoic Paleoclimatic Changes
21. 3074660 & U. of Chicago L. Rudolph $28,428TX300850
Explanations of state formation have been based on interpretations of thehistory of the west. This study seeks to explain how different social con-ditions in Europe and India produced relatively stable but contrasting statetypes, the nation state in Europe and the imperial state of India.
22. TX300273 New York U. R. Schechner $2,280
The famous Hindu theatrical performance tradition, the Ramlila of Ramnagar,is being documented as a theatrical as well as religious and socialphenomenon
.

22
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
23. TX300236 Case Western Reserve J. Shaffer $5,073U., Cleveland, OHSite surveys and test excavations are being used to locate the beginnings ofearly iron technology in north India about 5,000 years ago.
24. 309575 U. of Hawaii W. Solheim $9,000Honolulu, HI
Publication of proceedings of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Symposium held inPoona, December 1978.
25. 30932100 U. of Puerto Rico B. Southard- $7,272Rio Piedras, PR Choudary
This study is tracing the goals of the women's movement in Bengal betweenthe World Wars and to what extent these were translated into effectivelegislation.
26. 30640700 Syracuse U. S. Wadley-Derr $35,548Syracuse, NY
A restudy of a north Indian village is illustrating how social, cultural andeconomic changes of the past sixty years have differently affected thelives of men and women of different age groups and socio-economic classes.
27. 20223600 American U. C. White $666Amend. 1 Washington, D.C.
The rich Vaishnava literary heritage of India is being recorded and conservedwith a major effort to microfilm documents in private and public collectionsthroughout India.
28. TX300821 Duke U. A. Zagarell $5,610
A regional study will seek to understand the appearance and historical deve-lopment of southern Indian pastoralism.
PAKISTAN
29. TX300954,-56 U. of Minnesota R. Asher $16,771
-65,-69,-70,-71 Minneapolis, MN301010
U.S. participation in the First International Symposium on KharakorumCulture at Gilgit , Pakistan

23
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
30. TX300235 U. of California G. Dales $3,561Berkeley , CA
Research into the paleo-environmental and archeological history of a 4000B.C. coastal site in Pakistan illustrating that Balakot was indeed a seaport(now several miles inland) and that trade was carried on with Mesopotamiaand the Persian Gulf. The boring of stratigraphic cores is determining thephysical environmental situation in relation to the ancient coastline and mayprovide historical information directly bearing on present-day developmentschemes for harbors and coastal facilities.
31. TX300319 U. of California G. Dales & $6,058Berkeley, CA M. Kenoyer
Examination of shell artifacts from the Indus site of Moenjodaro is unco-vering new data on the manufacturing industry in this ancient civilization.
32. 30587000 & Case Western Reserve W. Fairservis & $54,409TX30023601 U. , Cleveland, OH J. Shaffer
Excavation at the Harappan site of Allahdino are providing a new source ofmaterial in the ongoing attempt to decipher the Harappan script.
33. TX300274 Social Science D. Szanton $1,134Research CouncilNew York, NY
Travel of Pakistani participant in the Mount Kisco conference on "Islam,Ethnicity and the State of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan," November 1982.

24
SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
For much of our history as a nation, we have regarded technology as the keyto the betterment of the human condition. It is a concept that once stoodvirtually unquestioned and which has profoundly influenced changing culturalpatterns around the world. Today, however, it is becoming increasinglyobvious that technology exacts its price, one that is multiplied by newlevels of population. Biological scientists who once concerned themselveswith laying the brick-work of the edifice of human knowledge now find them-selves with a new responsibility. We now know that it is imperative toestablish norms for our environmental systems, to monitor changes, and topredict the consequences of social policies that may have an injuriousenvironmental impact. American scientists are again the leaders in inter-national research efforts in these new fields. Through the long-term colla-borative relationships between American and foreign institutions andscholars, research conducted under the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Programserves as a foundation for the intense efforts that will be required tosolve the problems of biological science that transcend national boundaries.ObligationNumber Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv.
INDIA
34. TX300182 &
-183 Illinois State U.Normal, IL J. Armstrong & $7,280B . Drummond
The study of Myristica fragrans , the nutmeg of commerce, is yielding signi-ficant results on the role of floral biology in angiosperm evolution.
35. TX300225 SmithsonianInstitutionWashington, D.C. E . Ayensu $2,688
Development of a workshop and research program on endangered plants of eco-nomic value in India.
36. TX300695 U. of Massachusetts K. BawaBoston, MA $5,657
Development of a long range study to determine the conversion rates of indi-genous Indian forests into plantation forests, managed forests, preservedforests and vegetation of other types
37. TX300170 &
-171 Brown U.Providence, RI G. Conroy $5,555
Paleontological studies in the Siwaliks of India will fill in the enormousgeographical gap between primate discoveries in Pakistan and China.

25
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv?
38. 10832900 Amend. Southern Illinois U. R. Corruccini $62,071
1 & 301999 Carbondale, ILStudy of dental occlusal variation in transitional Indian populations isproviding new data for understanding epidemiological changes from rural tourban populations.
39. TX300906 Iowa State U. C. Davis $2,880Ames , IAStudies on the vegetation in the Bharatpur wetland will be used to developindices and guidelines for predicting the impact that the changes in waterregime will have on vegetation development in semitropical, monsoonal fresh-water wetlands.
40. TX300270 Iowa State U. C. Davis $8,453& -271 Ames, IA
U.S. participation in the Indian Environmental Congress, Mew Delhi
41. 30543300 Carnegie Museum C. Gans $39,735& TX300452 of Natural HistoryPittsburgh, PA
A baseline collection of reptiles and amphibians is being made in southIndia before environmental destruction of the forests destroys the largeendemic population of these animals.
42. TX300674 Princeton U. J. Gould & $4,385Princeton, N.J. W. Towne
Behavioral studies of three species of Indian bees are providing newmaterials for comparison with the well-known honey bee.
43. TX300905 U. of Michigan W. Hamilton $2,600Ann Arbor , MI
Development of a program of research on reproduction in fig wasps.
44. TX300079 Smithsonian J. Heppner $4,241InstitutionWashington, D.C.Systematic studies of Indian moths is providing important comparative databetween old and New World species.

26
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
45. 30645800 U. of Oregon J. Lukacs $30,705Eugene, OR
Examination of South Asian human skeletal remains of Late Stone Age (10,000B.C.) to Iron Age (200 A.D.) for patterns of dental disease will provideinformation regarding the history of population migration into the Indiansub-continent.
46. TX300070 Indiana U. P. Mahlberg $6,810Bloomington, IN
Studies of the plant species Euphorbia in India will be used to interpretthe evolutionary origin and relationship of Indian species to those inAfrica.
47. TX300302 Smithsonian D. Pawson $3,535InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Studies of echinoderm collections in India is providing comparative data onOld and New World species.
48. TX300732 Pennsylvania State U. D. Pearson $4,825University Park, PAObservational and manipulative tests on Indian tiger beetles is providingmaterial for comparative studies on New World species.
49. TX300950 & Smithsonian S. Ripley & $11,70051 Institution B. BeehlerWashington, D.C.
An ornithological field survey in Andhra Pradesh, India, examined an areapreviously studied in the 1930' s to assess the faunal changes under thepressure of uncontrolled development.
50. TX300172 Smithsonian M. Robinson $2,545InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Development of a phenological monitoring program in South India will enhancea similar program being conducted in Panama by providing new comparisonsbetween old and new World tropics.
51. TX300246 Smithsonian C. Wemmer $2,911InstitutionWashington, D.C.
U.S. participation in the International Workshop on Elephant Management.

PAKISTAN
27
ObligationNumber
52. 309^2500 InstitutionHoward U.Washington, D.C.
PrincipalInvestigator
S.T. Hussain $ Eqv.$100,000
Field studies of recently discovered vertebrate fauna from the Miocene lowerSiwaliks of Pakistan, includes six families of rodents and two of insec-tivores some of which are new to South Asian fossil deposits.
53. 30942300 &TX300949 Harvard U.Cambridge, MA D. Pilbeam $101,288
In a search for fossils of small and large animals in Pakistan, particularlyfor primates dating from the time of man's earliest development, a colla-borative effort between Harvard Univ. and the Geological Survey ofPakistan is striving toward a better understanding of the evolution of man.
54. TX300546 Southern Methodist U.Dallas, TX A. Woosley &M. McKean $2,039
Examination of prehistoric and modern pollen samples in Pakistan will pro-vide base data for the reconstruction of the paleo-environment of thePre-Harappan and Harappan periods.

28
ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES
The study of astrophysics and earth sciences is the study of man's availableenergy and mineral resources. Studies of the stars and their origins revealmuch about the origin, composition, behavior and fate of the Earth. Theforces governing the stars are the same as those governing the star which isour Sun. The Earth was born of solar minerals, and the Sun remains thesource of all energy, fossil or otherwise, available to man today. Uranium,for example, which provides the fuel for atomic power plants, is present inthe Sun as well as in the Earth. Coal and oil are fossil remains of plantsand animals which once relied on sunshine for life, just as all life doestoday.Studies, like those listed below, which received Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program support in FY 1983 are contributing to knowledge essentialto meet man's future energy and mineral needs, to understand and predictsuch natural phenomena as earthquakes, and to foster space age developments.Such projects help host nations, particularly the developing nations,improve their scientific output while providing United States institutionswith collaborators, facilities or field research opportunities essential tothe conduct of such studies, judged most likely to advance man's knowledgeto his available energy and mineral resources.Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
INDIA
55. TX300269 U. of Minnesota S. Banerjee $3,479Minneapolis, MN
Development of a program of paleomagnetic age dating of ancient lake sedi-ments in northern India, which cannot be measured by standard methodsbecause of lack of suitable organized matter.
56. TX300923 & American Physical A. Buffington $59,96530715100 SocietyNew York, NY
U.S. participation in the 18th International Cosmic Ray conference atBangalore.
57. TX300194 U. of Arizona T. Gehrels $3,077Tucson, AZ
Development of a cooperative program of research in astronomicalpolar imetry.

29
ObligationNumber
58. TX300936 InstitutionU. of MarylandCollege Park, MD
PrincipalInvestigator
M. Kundu $ Eqv.$3,730
U.S. participation in the Second Indo-U.S. Workshop on Solar TerrestrialPhysics.
59. TX300328 U. of MarylandCollege Park, MD M. Kundu $3,520Coordinated space and ground-based observations have been designed for anintegrated effort for understanding the physics of solar flares and otherexplosive events in the universe.
60. TX300312,-343, Smithsonian& 3^5 InstitutionWashington, D.C. S . Murray $10,050
U.S. participation in the Conference on Energetic Extragalactic Sources.
61. TX300826 U. of Chicago D. Schramm $4,2U1Chicago, TLCollaborative theoretical research in the field of astrophysics has produceda model of an early universe and associated cosmology.
62. Amend. 6 SmithsonianTX200776 , -787 , Institution
-968 Washington, D.C. T. Weeks $2,773
Travel of participants in the Conference on High Energy Gamma Rays.

30
MUSEUM PROGRAMS
The scope of museum activities is growing and changing. The traditionalmuseum role has been the care and preservation of scientific specimens andcultural objects for study and reevaluation as new techniques and databecome available. Today museums also have a growing role belonging tradi-tionally to universities. They also play a growing role in communicationbetween present-day cultures, drawing together peoples of different landswhen language barriers prevent exchange of basic information. Museums arenow making more use of their skilled personnel and their collections forpopular education. Increasingly, museums are broadening the interpretationof museum collections to include living cultural traditions such as craftsand the performing arts.
Projects like those listed below, which received Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program support in FY 1983, support both the traditional and thenewer roles of museums. These projects respond to those needs of the museumprofession not met within the natural sciences and cultural history areas ofthe Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program.ObligationNumber Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv,
INDIA
63. 10524600 Amend. 1, The Asia Society T. Tanen20494600 Amend. 2, (As Agent for Indo-20854300 Amend. 1, U.S. Subcommission& TX300789 on Education &Culture
)
New York, NY
$91,126
Continuation of museum-related programs and exchanges under the Indo-U.S.Subcommission on Education and Culture.
64. TX300953 SmithsonianInstitutionWashington, D.C. W. Boyne $4,000
Two students, essay contest winners from India, spent two weeks at theNational Air and Space Museum preparing presentations on man and space.
65. TX300296 SmithsonianInstitutionWashington, D.C. L . Herman $2,871
Development of an Indian crafts exhibition.

31
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
66. TX300334 Smithsonian J. Majewski $1,646InstitutionWashington, D.C.Consultation with specialists at the National Museum of Natural History, NewDelhi, on the development of a program for handicapped museum visitors.
67. TX300433 Smithsonian E. Miles $2,831InstitutionWashington, D.C.Consultation on the design of an exhibition celebrating the 100-year historyof the Bombay Natural History Society.
68. TX3007*J0 Carnegie Museum of T. Parks $1,780Natural HistoryPittsburgh, PAContinuation of an ongoing exchange of museum and scientific personnel ofthe National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, and the Carnegie Museumof Natural History, Pittsburgh.
69. TX300463 . Smithsonian R. Rinzler $6,934InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Development of a program of international cultural exchanges of traditionalperformers and artisians.
70. 30725700 & Carnegie Museum of D. Schlitter $73,728TX300077,-78 Natural History H. GenowaysPittsburgh, PA
U.S. participation in a zoological collections management workshop atCalcutta.
PAKISTAN
71. TX300464 Smithsonian R. Rinzler $1,932InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Development of a program of international cultural exchanges of traditionalperformers and artisians

32
SFCP GRANTS ADMINISTRATIONObligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
INDIA
72. Transfer Smithsonian $17,942InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Indian rupees were transferred to the State Department for Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department in pro-viding administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees in theexcess currency countries.
73. TX300156 Smithsonian $3,090InstitutionWashington, D.C.
This obligation supported inspection and audit -of research projects andliaison with host country governments by Smithsonian staff and advisors.
74. 30942400 Smithsonian $85,000InstitutionWashington, D.C.
This obligation is for the development, conduct, and administration ofSmithsonian/SFCP projects in India.
PAKISTAN
75. Transfer Smithsonian $104InstitutionWashington, D.C.
Pakistan rupees were transferred to the State Department for Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department in pro-viding administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees in theexcess currency countries.
76. TX300275 & Smithsonian $3,786TX301005 InstitutionWashington, D.C.
This obligation supported inspection and audit of research projects andliaison with host country governments by Smithsonian staff and advisors,

33
SCIENCE INFORMATION PROGRAM FOR TRANSLATIONSObligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
77. ST3027^2 Science Information $62,500Program
Indian rupees were obligated for translations of publications of priorityinterest to scholars conducting research in the natural sciences andcultural history.


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