en)?^'^ Senate HearingsBefore the Committee on AppropriationsDepartment of the Interiorand Related AgenciesAppropriations
H.R. 941792 d CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
Fiscal Year ItyJ^
an ?/ tftS
Part 2?Pages 1277 through 2670Monday, March 15, 1971 through Wednesday, March 31, 1971

577
DEPART31ENT OF INTERIOR AND RELATED AGENCIESAPPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1972
MONDAY, MARCH 8, 1971U.S. Senate,Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,Washington, D.C.The subcommittee met at 10 a.m. in room 1114, New Senate OfficeBuilding, Hon. Alan Bible (chairman) presiding.Present: Senators Bible, Ellender, and Percy.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWoodrow Wilson International Center for ScholarsSTATEMENT OF BENJAMIN H. READ, DIRECTORACCOMPANIED BY WILLIAM M. DUNN, ADMINISTRATIVE ANDBUDGET OFFICERBUDGET REQUEST AND JUSTIFICATIONSenator Bible. The hearing will come to order.We will first consider the budget for the Woodrow Wilson Inter-national Center for Scholars. Our first witness this morning is Ben-jamin H. Read, director, accompanied by William M. Dunn, admin-istrative and budget officer.Good morning.Mr. Read. Good morning, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. We will place in the record the justification of therequest for $683,000 in fiscal year 1972 for the Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars.(The justification follows)
:
578WOODROW WILSONINTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARSGENERAL STATEMENTThe Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act, approved on October 24, 1968, (PublicLaw 90-637) established the Woodrow Wilson International Center for SchoTars asthe nation's official living memorial to the 28th President. The Center wasplaced in the Smithsonian Institution under the direction of a 15-man, mixed pri-vate and public Board of Trustees, subsequently appointed by President Johnsonand President Nixon. Former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey was desig-nated Chairman of the Board.After a seven-month planning period the Board of Trustees approved at itsfall 1969 meeting the opening in October of 1970 of fellowship and guest scholarprograms in space made available for the interim use of the Center in the newlyrenovated, original Smithsonian Institution building on the Mall.
In the fall, winter and spring of 1969-70 the Board of Trustees authorizedthe publication of notices about the programs of the Center, and the Center staffdisseminated information about the programs widely by correspondence withcolleges and universities in every state and a large list of individuals and institu-tions here and abroad, including several Fulbright-Hays binational commissionsand foundations in other countries with the consent of the Secretary of State.Hundreds of nominations and applications were received throughout this periodand processed by the staff to obtain references, interviews whenever possible andwritings of the fellowship candidates. After obtaining the recommendations ofoutside academic advisory panels on the files of leading candidates, the Fellow-ship and Guest Scholar Committee of the Board of Trustees approved in March,June and December the issuance of 29 invitations for fellowship appointmentswhich have been accepted by the recipients. Other outstanding applications havebeen received subsequently and more are expected in the months ahead, whichwill be processed in the same manner.The scholars are undertaking work in three principal areas: (1) the in-crease of understanding, law and cooperative practice between nations in the usesof the oceans; (2) man's overall relations to his deteriorating environment, par-ticularly the international institutional arrangements which must be worked out toresolve environmental problems transcending boundaries; and (3) general studiesunder the Center's basic theme of "increasing man's understanding of significantinternational governmental and social problems and improving the organization ofsociety at all levels to meet such problems".The terms of appointment vary from a few weeks to more than a year induration; the average to date being more than ten months (6 weeks - 18 months).The average age of the fellows is 39. Half of the first fellows appointed comefrom the United States; the other half from nine other countries (Australia,England, France, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Switzerland and Yugoslavia).The first scholars come from the social and behavioral sciences, the humanities,the natural sciences, and careers in government, law, diplomacy and journalism.
579
In addition, the Center has a small guest scholar program under whicheminent visiting scholars, particularly those expert in the fields being empha-sized at the Center, are welcome to work for brief periods of stay in Washington.In response to strong urging received during the legislative hearings,planning, congressional appropriation hearings and subsequent stages, the Cen-ter is sponsoring a series of seminars, dinner discussions and lectures to whichmembers of the Executive and Legislative branches, the Diplomatic Corps andthe public are invited on a fairly regular basis.FundingSection 6 of the legislation creating the Center authorized the appropriation
"to the Board" of "such funds as may be necessary to carry out the purposes ofthe Act" and directed the Board to raise money from private sources as well.Funding for planning, administrative and preparatory operations fromMarch, 1969, through June 30, 1970, were based on the following sources:Ford Foundation Grant $45, 000Federal Appropriations for Fiscal Year-70($100, 000) Actually Obligated 90, 799. 74In addition, the State Department transferred $25, 000 to the SmithsonianInstitution, which was obligated in fiscal year 1970, to support in part thefellowship appointments at the Center of four duly appointed non-US scholarswho arrived during fiscal year 1971.For preparation and operation (from October 19) of the Center during fis-cal year 1971, Congress appropriated $750,000. On September 1, 1970,$620, 000 was apportioned for the Center's use by the Office of Management andBudget for the administrative expenses of staffing and equipping the Center andfor support of the fellowship program. ?In addition, the congressional appropriation committees specificallyapproved the extension of a $65, 000 matching grant to the Center from theNational Endowment for the Humanities to support the Center's fellowship pro-gram of scholarship in the humanities. As of January 1, 1971, the Center hadraised $38, 125. 00 of private donations to the NEH so that an additional likeamount of matching funds have been made available for the fellowship program.In addition, the Center had raised $100, 075. 00 of general purpose donations and$87, 500 of special purpose private contributions as of the same date for a totalof $263, 825. 00 in private support.
580WOODROW WILSONINTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
1 970 Appropriation 0*1971 Appropriation $750, 000. 001972 Estimate 683, 000. 00Without consideration of the anticipated $130,000 unobligated fiscal year1971 balance, the $683,000 requested for fiscal year 1972 is $67,000 below the$750,000 appropriated in fiscal year 1971 and $63,000 above the $620,000 actuallyapportioned by the Office of Management and Budget in fiscal year 1971. Whenthe $130,000 unobligated balance is added to the $683,000 requested for fiscalyear 1972, the combined total of $813, 000 is $193, 000 above the $620, 000 appor-tioned in fiscal year 1971 or $63,000 above the fiscal year 1971 appropriation.The increase is due almost entirely by virtue of the twelve month operation of theCenter in fiscal year 1972 as opposed to 8 1/2 months of operation is fiscal year1971. The $683, 000 requested will be spent as follows:Fellowship Program $332, 000The sum requested plus the $130,000 available in the unobligated balance atthe end of fiscal year 1971 will permit the Center to commit funds during fiscalyear 1972 for 20 full fellowships to begin during fiscal year 1972 or fiscal year1973 at an average anticipated cost of $23, 100. 00 apiece for stipends and travel.The anticipated costs are based on the same average yearly rate experience levelson which the fiscal year 1971 budget estimates were made with the addition of afive percent actual cost for handling bookkeeping, disbursements and accounting.The Center's stipend policy, which was approved by the Board of Trusteesand spelled out in detail in 1970 submissions to the appropriation committees, isbased on the precedents used by the Center for Advanced Study in the BehavioralSciences (Palo Alto) and the Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs.Each appointed fellow is asked first to devote his sabbatical leave or other earnedincome during the fellowship period toward his support while at the Center and toseek outside foundation or other support for his study proposal whenever possible.Thereafter, the Center's policy is to attempt to provide the fellow with a stipendrate which would be a no-gain no-loss figure over his earned income rate in thepreceding year within set limits (maximum $25,000 offered to date; $30,000authorized) and with a cost-of-living increase for non-U. S. scholars to bringthem to an equivalent stipend with U.S. scholars of comparable position.Most scholars of the stature appointed by the Center to date simply cannotbe expected to come at a lower average stipend figure and many will come at aloss because of the preset limit, even though many of them will be devoting sabba-tical or leave pay, foundation funds and other outside income to their supportduring the period of appointment at the Center. The highest stipends offered atthe Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Fogarty Center(NIH), the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study and the Adlai Stevenson Institute
* $100,000 for Woodrow Wilson Center was included in Smithsonian's "Salariesand Expenses", Fiscal Year 1970.
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are all higher than those offered by the Center to date. The most recent data ofthe American Association of University Professors shows that in the academicyear 1969-70, ten percent of all universities in the U.S. had a mean compensa-tion for full professors above $23, 970.In addition, the Center offers reimbursement of travel expenses for Ameri-can carrier, round-trip, direct route, jet economy fare for the fellow and hisaccompanying dependent family members between his home city and Washington.As in the present fiscal year, the Center's goal in fiscal year 1972 will beto raise an equivalent amount of private monies for support of the fellowship pro-gram to fund an additional 20 fellowships and to bring the Center up to full com-plement of 40 scholars. The "critical mass" for the Center according to the bestadvice we have been able to gather is a minimum of 20 to 40 scholars at all times.Without such a minimum number it would be hard for the Center to establish afully satisfactory intellectual life of its own.At a meeting of the Board of Trustees Executive Committee on September23, 1970, it was decided that the Center, OMB and Congressional fiscal year 1972budget presentations should state as a general principle that the Center would notrequest public appropriations for more than twenty full fellowships in any givenyear during the occupancy of present interim quarters, and the Board and staffwould attempt each year to raise funds from the private sector to finance an addi-tional equal number of fellowships. The Center's fund raising capability and ex-perience will be fully tested in the months ahead, and a major corporation andfoundation fund drive is now being launched.The experience of other centers and the Wilson Center to date indicates thatthe heavy majority of appointments must be made many months in advance of thedate of the beginning of the period of appointment, and for this reason the Centeris requesting the same "no year" provision for the fiscal year 1972 federal appro-priation with Congress provided in the Center's appropriation for fiscal year 1971.Administrative Expenses $351, 000The $351,000 request for administrative expenses of the Center in fiscalyear 1972 represents an increase of $11, 000 -over the sum estimated for this pur-pose under the figure apportioned for fiscal year 1971.The breakdown of this figure is as follows:(1) Staff Salaries - 5 substantive; 10 clerical
1 Director (GS-18) 35,5051 Deputy Director (GS-16) 27,4321 Administrative Officer (GS-13) 17,8781 Librarian (GS- 12) . 14,6651 Information Center Officer (GS-11) 12,30210 Secretaries for staff, fellows and guestscholars (GS-9, 1 GS-8, 1 GS-7, 7 GS-5/6 at $7500 @) 80, 0001 Equivalent part-time GS 5/6 secretarial 6, 879194,66114,339209,000 209,000
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(2) Furnishings, Equipment, Supplies, etc.(a) Furnishings and Equipment 10,000(b) Supplies 10, 000(c) Reference Library (books andperiodicals) 23,000(d) Printing 9, 000(e) Travel (trustees, staff and scholars) 15,000(f) Consultations (scholar coordinators,fund raising, guest scholars) 30, 000(g) Seminars, dinner discussions, lectures 20,000(h) Permanent Site Selection ScholarSurvey 13,500(i) Phones 7, 500(j) Other (postage, etc.) 4, 000142,000 142,000351,000A. Staff SalariesThe Center is budgeting in fiscal year 1972, except for the addition oflimited part-time secretarial help, for the same number of permanent positions(15) as to be employed in the current fiscal year; 5 professionals; 10 clerical andone part-time clerical--$209, 000. The cost increase of $26 , 000 over estimatedcurrent fiscal year costs is due to anticipated in-grade promotions and the addedyear-round cost for the pool secretaries for the fellows, who are on the rolls foronly part of the current fiscal year but the entire year in fiscal year 1972. Theneed for additional part-time clerical assistance is anticipated because of theexpected cyclical nature of the workload. Clerical help positions included aredesigned to permit the Center to assign one secretary to every 4 or 5 scholars,which is ratio found acceptable at other centers of advanced studies. The pro-posed staff arrangement appears minimal to run the Center, process the heavyflow of applications and scholar selection procedures?which are often as onerousfor unseccessful as for successful candidates- -and to provide the essential ser-vices approved by the Board of Trustees for the fellows, guest scholars and mem-bers of the public.B. Other Administrative Expenses of $142,000 are largely self-explanatory.The proposed scholar survey item, which will be undertaken jointly with theArchives and Library of Congress, will attempt to develop the first precise infor-mation about the resident and transient post-doctorate scholars in the Washingtonarea, their work habits and residential arrangements. This information isneeded to provide basic data for an intelligent choice of a permanent site for theCenter, as directed in the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act. The furnishings andequipment item is, of course, a fraction of the current fiscal year costs, sincethe Center will have acquired during the current fiscal year the major share ofneeded physical assets, other than basic reference library acquisitions which willbe spread over three years.
583Senator Bible. Your written statement will be incorporated inthe record at this point, and you may highlight it in your ownmanner.(The statement follows):The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was createdby Act of Congress in 1968 (PL 90-637). After an eighteen-month planningand development period, the Center's fellowship and guest scholar programsopened on October 19, 1970 in excellent interim quarters provided by theSmithsonian Institution on the third and fourth floors of the central section
of the newly- renovated, original Smithsonian Institution Building on the mall.
It is a pleasure to present this report of the first five months of oper-
ation of the Center as part of the fiscal year 1972 submission to the committee.The Center's Board of Trustees, chaired by Senator Humphrey, (seelist at attachment 2) chose a theme for the Center designed to accentuatethose aspects of Woodrow Wilson's ideals and concerns for which he isperhaps best remembered a half century after his presidency--his searchfor international peace and the imaginative, new governmental approacheshe used to meet major contemporary problems. In addition, the Boardinvited substantial studies in two areas: oceans and environment.Thus, of the twenty-nine fellowship appointments and nine guest scholar
appointments approved as of March 1, 1971 by the Board, acting on the
advice of expert advisory panels, (see list attachment 4) the scholars fallinto three broad categories:(1) Seventeen concerned with various general studies under the Center'sbasic theme of "increasing man's understanding of significant international,governmental and social problems";(2) Twelve studying problems related to the increase of understanding,law and cooperative practice between nations in the uses of the oceans;-and
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(3) Nine studying various aspects of man's overall relations to hisdeteriorating environment, including the international institutional arrange-ments needed to resolve environmental problems transcending nationalboundaries.As indicated by the list of scholars included at attachment 1, with bio-graphical information and brief description of projects, the scholars
appointed are:
--strongly international in makeup sinxe approximately half come fromthe United States and half from other countries;
--selected from many nonacademic professions and occupations (govern-
ment, law, business, journalism, diplomacy, etc.) as well as a variety
of traditional academic disciplines (social sciences, humanities and
natural sciences);
--appointed for short as well as long terms of appointment to facilitateparticipation by busy executives as well as traditional scholars with
well-developed study proposals;
--chosen without consideration of arbitrary age limits; and
--working individiually as well as in groups in approaching their subjects
of study.
In summary, Center scholars are appointed primarily for what they
can contribute to the increase and diffusion of knowledge about significantinternational, governmental and social problems and their solutions.In other words, the Wilson Center is not primarily an educationalinstitution. It is not primarily a cultural exchange program- -although both
educational and cultural exchange benefits will exist. It is primarily a
center for the encouragement of scholarship on vital current problems bypersons of outstanding intellectual qualifications, experience and dedication.Since the Center is a year-round institution, scholars come and go and
applications and nominations are received and processed year-round, the
585
number of persons studying at the Center at any one time will fluctuate upto a maximum capacity of about 40. Invitations for appointment are issued
regularly three times each year in December, March and July.The development of the Center's institutional life has taken severalforms. One is a regular weekly seminar on each of the two topics of specialemphasis, both of which have attracted a number of the fellows from otherfields of concentration and a substantial number of outside experts. Asecond procedure has been a noon discussion hour on Tuesdays and Fridays
at which Center scholars and invited guests lead informal conversations on
a variety of topics.In addition, the Center is sponsoring a series of late afternoon seminarsand dinner discussions to which members of the Legislative and ExecutiveBranches, the diplomatic corps and the public are invited on a fairly regularbasis. Speakers and guests at such occasions to date have included ProfessorRene Dubos of Rockefeller University; Mr. Edward Wenk of WashingtonUniversity; Ambassador Arvid Pardo of Malta; Mr. John Stevenson, LegalAdvisor of the Department of State; Ambassador George Bush, U.S.Ambassador to the U.N. ; and Mr. Christian Herter, Special Assistant
to the Secretary of State for Environmental Affairs. We hope that theseseminars and discussions will be of increasing interest to the Membersand their staffs.The Congress and the trustees have envisioned a Center with an intel-lectual climate encouraging vigorous exchange of ideas and insights amongthe scholars in residence and between them and the capital community,and this process is well underway. In addition, of course, the scholarsare producing a variety of articles and books for publication and a number
of these have already been accepted for early publication.
586FundingThe Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act creating the Center authorizedthe appropriation "to the Board" of "such funds as may be necessary tocarry out the purposes of the Act" and directed the Board to raise moneyfor such purposes from private sources as well.By virtue of the strenuous efforts of the trustees and of Mr. C. PeterMcColough, Chairman of the Center's Advisory Committee (see list attach-ment 3), $288,066.42 had been raised from private sources for the WoodrowWilson Center as of March 1, 1971, including $48,125.00 from the NationalEndowment for the Humanities under a $65,000 matching grant to the Center.The Center's private donations receipts are detailed at attachment 5.The first federal appropriation for the Center was $100,000 as part ofthe Smithsonian's "Salaries and Expenses" for fiscal year 1970, of which$90, 799. 74 was actually obligated.During fiscal year 1971 Congress appropriated $750,000 for preparationand operation of the Center. On September 1, 1970 $620,000 was apportionedfor the Center's use by the Office of Management and Budget for the admini-
strative expenses of staffing and equipping the Center and for support ofthe Center's fellowship program.The Office of Management and Budget has indicated that it will make
available the $130,000 of unobligated balance of "no year" funds at the end
of fiscal year 1971, and in addition to that, the Board of Trustees of theCenter is requesting Congress to approve an appropriation of $683,000 forfiscal year 1972.The $683,000 requested for fiscal year 1972 is $67,000 beneath the$750,000 appropriated in fiscal year 1971, or $63 , 000 above the $620, 000
actually apportioned by the Office of Management and Budget in fiscal year1971.
587When the $130,000 unobligated balance is added to the $683,000 requestedfor fiscal year 1972 the combined total of $813,000 is $193,000 above the$620,000 apportioned in the fiscal year 1971, or $63,000 above the fiscalyear 1971 appropriation. The increase is due almost entirely to the twelve-month operation of the Center planned for fiscal year 1972 as opposed to the8-1/2 months of operation in fiscal year 1971.The $683,000 requested would be spent as follows:Fellowship Program - $332,000 of the requested funds plus the$130,000 available in the unobligated balance at the end of fiscal year 1971would permit the Center to commit funds during fiscal year 1972 for twentyfull fellowships to begin during fiscal year 1972 or subsequently at anaverage anticipated cost of $23, 100 apiece for stipends and travel. The
anticipated costs are based on the same average yearly rate experiencelevels on which the fiscal year 1971 budget estimates were made with the
addition of a five percent actual cost for bookkeeping disbursements and
accounting.The Center's stipend policy approved by the Board of Trustees was
spelled out in the 1970 submissions to the committee and is based on thepractice of several other advanced studies centers. Under this policy
each appointed fellow is asked first to devote his sabbatical or leave pay
or other earned income during the fellowship period toward his support
while at the Center and, second, to seek outside foundation or other
support for his study proposal whenever possible. Thereafter, theCenter's policy is to attempt to provide the fellow with a stipend rate
which would be a no-gain, no-loss figure over his earned income ratein the preceding year (within a $30,000 ceiling authorized by the Board)
with a cost of living increase for non-U. S. scholars to bring them up to
an equivalent stipend rate with U.S. scholars of comparable experienceand position.
588
In addition, the Center offers reimbursement of travel expenses forAmerican carrier, round-trip, direct route, jet economy fare for the fellowand his accompanying dependent family members between his home cityand Washington.The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees determined that inthe Center's fiscal year 197Z and subsequent budget submissions to theOffice of Management and Budget and to the Congress, the Board would
not request public appropriations for more than twenty full fellowshipsin any given year during the occupancy of present interim quarters, andthe Board and staff and advisory committee would attempt each year to
raise funds from private sources to finance an additional like number offellowships.The experience of other advanced study centers and the Wilson Center
to date indicate that most appointments must be made many months inadvance of the date of the beginning of the period of appointment, and forthis reason the Center is requesting the same "no year" provision for thefiscal year 1972 federal appropriation which Congress provided in theCenter's appropriation for fiscal year 1971.Administrative Expenses - The $351,000 requested for administrativeexpenses of the Center in fiscal year 1972 represents an increase of $1 1 , 000over the sum estimated for this purpose under the figure apportioned forfiscal year 1971.The Center is budgetting in fiscal year 1972, except for the addition of
one full equivalent part-time secretarial position, for the same number ofpermanent positions (15) as employed in the current fiscal year: 5 profes-
sional, 10 clerical and one part-time clerical for $209,000.The cost increase of $26,000 over the estimated $183,000 currentfiscal year salaries cost is due to anticipated in-grade promotions and theadded year-round costs for the pool secretaries for the fellows, who are on
589
the rolls for only seventy percent of the current fiscal year but for the entireyear in fiscal 1972. The need for an additional part-time clerical positionis based on the demonstrated cyclical nature of the workload. Clericalhelp positions are designed to permit the Center to assign one secretary toevery four or five scholars, which is the ratio found acceptable at other
centers of advanced study and workable in practice to date.The other administrative expenses of $142,000 are listed in detail inthe justification sheets. The furnishing and equipment item is, of course,
a fraction of the current fiscal year costs, since the Center will haveacquired during the current fiscal year the major share of needed fiscal
assets, other than basic reference library acquisitions which will bespread over a three-year period.On February 18, 1971, President Nixon and Senator Humphrey,Chairman of the Board, jointly presided over the official dedicationceremony of the Center. In his remarks Senator Humphrey stated wellthe theme of the Center: "So, Mr. President, in dedicating the WoodrowWilson International Center for Scholars today, we have set our sights highindeed. We ask no less today of the scholars and staff of the Center andthose who will follow than that they dedicate their experience, creativityand insights to the solutions of man's primary problems and the need forchange to meet those problems. "The Board and staff of the Center are convinced that the members ofthe Committee who made possible the opening on schedule of the Centerlast fall will share our sense of pride at the new scholars' communitywhich has come into being in the nation's capital in honor of the nation's28th President. We hope that each Member of the Committee will have achance to visit the Center in the weeks and months ahead and to meet the
scholars assembled there from this and many other countries whosepresence and work constitute Woodrow Wilson's 'living memorial".
590 March 1, 1971Fellows and Guest Scholars ofWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
A. Fellows
( 1 ) Environment StudiesStephen V. Boyden , 45, Australia, Head of Urban Biology Group atAustralian National University. Writer and lecturer on broad biological con-sequences of advancing technology in advanced societies. Writing book on"The Biology of Civilization" which will be an attempt to describe aspectsof the contemporary human situation in biological perspective, and to discussinteraction between natural and cultural processes as they relate to problemsof modern man. (October 1970 - February 1971.)Douglas M. Costle , 31, attorney and government official. Graduateof Harvard University and University of Chicago Law School. As a seniorstaff associate on the Environment and Natural Resources Panel of thePresident's Advisory Council on Executive Organization under Roy Ash,Costle and one other have been given principal credit for formulation ofPresident Nixon's reorganization plan and message on the new EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA). Will concentrate at the Center on related basicvalues issues of the quest for a better environment and the internationalinstitutional and political questions which will call for sustained attention.Elizabeth Haskell , 28, formerly on research staff of the Urban Institutein Washington, D. C. ; previously a legislative aide to U.S. Senator Jackson;and policy analyst for the Assistant Secretary of the Interior for water pollutioncontrol; is heading small task force project funded largely by the FordFoundation to analyze state environmental institutions. The study will formu-late general guidelines based on legal and public administration research, toassist state legislatures in developing comprehensive, environmental institu-tional arrangements. Currently also co-authoring book on thermal pollution,she has in past year compiled two-volume compendium and evaluation of federalprograms involved in urban waste management and regulation of quality ofurban environment.Paul G. Kuntz , 55, Professor of Philosophy, Emory University,Atlanta. A Ph. D. from Harvard, Kuntz has also taught at Smith andGrinnell Colleges. He is the author of several books on philosophy andnumerous articles covering a wide range of humanist concerns. Is workingat the Center on various writings stemming from The Concept of Order (1968)such as order in individual experience, the ordering of societies, and con-cepts of the order of nature crucial in discussions of the environment.
Athelstan Spilhaus , 59, meteorologist, oceanographer, environmentalist;American Association for the Advancement of Science, president 1970-71:Chairman of the Board 1971-72. Self-employed as writer and consultant inFlorida during last year, Spilhaus has been president of the Franklin Institutein Philadelphia 1967-69; dean of the Institute of Technology at the Universityof Minnesota 1949-66; and has held a succession of teaching, consulting andboard positions in the fields of meteorology, oceanography and other natural
591
sciences. He has held presidential appointments- -UNESCO, Seattle World'sFair and National Science Board- -under Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedyand Johnson. His extensive writings have concentrated recently on environ-mental issues, particularly new town issues.Robert E. Stein , 32, Attorney Adviser, Legal Adviser's Office,Department of State; served as attorney for U.S. Section of InternationalJoint Commission (U.S. & Canada); previously attorney, U.S. Arms Controland Disarmament Agency; honor graduate, Brandeis University and ColumbiaLaw School. His project deals with methods of organizing transnationally forenvironmental control with special emphasis on the role that can be played byregional institutions.
(2) Ocean StudiesR. P. Anand , 37, Professor and Head of the Department ofInternational Law, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal NehruUniversity in New Delhi; author of. several books and numerous articleson international courts, arbitration, conflict settlement, developing roleof the newly- independent Asian-African countries in the present interna-tional legal order, and several other aspects of international law. Iswriting a book on "Legal Regime of the Sea-bed and the Developing Countries. "Edward Duncan Brown , 36, Senior Lecturer in International Law atUniversity College, London; Master of Laws with Distinction and Ph. D. ,University'pf London (Ph.D. thesis on legal regime of submarine areas);author of The Legal Regime of Hydrospace , 1971, and a number of articlesand papers on ocean issues, particularly legal regime of deep sea mineralexploitation, freedom of scientific research, and pollution problems. Iscompleting a study on Arms Control in Hydrospace and undertaking a com-parative study in depth of institutional models for a legal regime for thesea-bed beyond national jurisdiction.Lucius C. Caflisch , 34, Assistant Professor of International Law,Graduate Institute of International Studies at Geneva, Switzerland. Holdslaw degrees ( Licence en droit and Docteur en droit ) from the University ofGeneva and a Master of Arts Degree from Columbia University. Haspublished a book and articles on international law in various periodicals.Is doing research and writing on international legal questions relating to thepollution of the seas.Moritaka Hayashi , 32, member of study group of ocean exploitationlaw at Japanese Institution of International Business Law in Tokyo; Lecturerat Hosei University in Tokyo; previous assignments with legislative referencebureau of the Japanese Diet. Has law degrees from both Waseda Universityin Tokyo and Tulane University in New Orleans, and has done advancedgraduate study work at the University of Pennsylvania. Author of severalarticles and a book on various aspects of the law of the sea, particularly oncontinental shelf problems. Will do systematic research on Soviet attitudestoward ocean space, deep seabed and ocean floor problems, and the prospectsfor international cooperation with the West in this area. (Coming March, 1971. )
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 1
592E. W. Seabrook Hull , 47, marine affairs publicist. President,Nautilus Press, and editor, Ocean Science News , Coastal Zone Management ,and World Ecology 2000 ; previously editor, Underseas Technology ; editorwith McGraw-Hill, Whaley-Eaton Service; authors of books and articles onoceans; Master of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island. Is workingon model international regime for prevention, control and clean-up of oceanpollution.Vladimir Ibler , 57, Professor of Public International Law, Universityof Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Author of a number of publications on internationallaw, in particular on the law of the seas. Is studying problems arising inconnection with the proposed conference on the law of the sea in 1973,especially those of preservation of freedom of the seas.Gerard J. Mangone , 52, former Vice President for Academir Aff.iirsand Professor of Political Science at Temple University, Philadelphia, isthe author, co-author, or editor of some twenty books on international rela-tions. He is Senior Fellow and Coordinator of Ocean Studies at the WoodrowWilson International Center for Scholars.P . S . Rao , 27, a graduate of Andhra University, Waltair, India, Raohas just received his doctorate in international law from Yale University.His thesis was on "Legal Regulation of the Exploitation of the Deep Seabed".Is doing research on the international issues involved in offshore naturalresources exploitation and world public order.George E. Reedy, Jr. , 52, writer; previously press secretary toPresident Johnson 1964-65; special assistant to the Vice President 1961-63;staff director, Senate Majority Policy Committee, 1955-60; member of(Stratton) Commission on Marine Science Engineering and Resources (1967-69).Based on his experience on the Stratton Commission and extensive subsequentresearch, Reedy is writing a book on marine policy problems.Hideo Takabayashi , 43, Professor of International Law, RyukokuUniversity, Kyoto, Japan; author of numerous articles and book on maritimeand ocean law problems, particularly questions concerning the territorialsea. Is doing study of future regime of the deep seabed and the exploitationof its resources, with special emphasis on the needs of developing countries.(October 1970 - March 1971.)
(3) General StudiesR. C. Anderson , 51, Associate Director, Brookhaven NationalLaboratory; specialist in chemistry and American Literature; studied roleof science in modern society by an interview process with officials in theExecutive and Legislative Branches. (October - November 1970. )Shlomo Avineri , 37, political scientist and historian; chairman ofthe Political Science Department of Hebrew University in Jerusalem; Ph. D.from London School of Economic* (1964). Author of roccnt work* on M:?rxand Hcgcl, Avineri wishes to pursue his studies of possible options for theresolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, with special attention to the role ofthe Palestinians on whom he is an acknowledged expert. (Coming Sept. 1971. )
593Rajeshwar Dayal , 61, former senior fellow at Woodrow Wilson School,Princeton; previously Foreign Secretary and Head of Indian Foreign Service;Special Representative of U.N. Secretary General in Congo and head of TJ. N.Mission; Indian Permanent Representative to U.N. ; High Commissioner toPakistan; Ambassador to France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece;Minister in Moscow. Is writing book on international peacekeeping, concilia-tion and mediation, drawing particularly on U. N. Congo experience.Alton Frye , 33, on leave as Administrative Assistant to Senator EdwardW. Brooke; political scientist; writer; Ph. D. from Yale; former staff mmioerof the Rand Corporation. Is writing book on "A Responsible Congress: TheLegislative Context of American Foreign Policy", for which he has receiveda grant from the Council on Foreign Relations.Jackson Giddens , 35, Assistant Professor of Political Science at MIT;Ph. D. from Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He is studying theorigins and effects of Wilson's approach to communications with other nations,particularly the idea of open diplomacy and its implications for Americanpropaganda overseas.Jules Gueron , 62, Professor, Science Faculty, Sorbonne; specialist inphysical chemistry; former Director, French Atomic Energy Commission;former Director General, European Atomic Energy Community. Wants tostudy (1) process by which U.S. Government science policy is developed; and(2) relevance of U.S. interstate regulating system for European Community.An internationally known physical chemist and science administrator as wellas a philosopher and student of comparative political developments. (ComingJune 1971.
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Donald L. Horowitz , 31, attorney, U.S. Department of Justice. Lawdegrees from Syracuse and Harvard Law Schools; Ph. D. in government.Harvard University. Author of several articles on race and ethnic problems.Horowitz plane to undertake research and comparative study at the Center onthe politics of ethnic and racial relations in developing countries. The studywill center on (1) the sources of ethnic conflict, (2) the patterns of ethnicpolitics, and (3) the strategies of ethnic accommodations in divided societies.Robert E. Lane , 53, Political Science Department, Yale University;formerly, chairman of department; President, 1970-71, of AmericanPolitical Science Association; author of several books and numerous artu.1i:.'>on American government and political life; is studying ways in which politicalscience research can become more useful and better known to top Executiveand Legislative Branch officials.Yves-Henri Nouailhat , 35, French historian, writer; AssistantProfessor of History at the University of Nantes; is studying relationsbetween France and U.S. between 1914 and 1917 for which he has receiveda grant from the American Council of Learned Societies.H. J. Rosenbaum , 29, Assistant Professor of Political Science,Wellesley College, and specialist in Latin American politics and comparativeforeign policy. A Ph. D. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy andauthor of numerous articles on Latin American Affairs, Rosenbaum is studyingrecent Latin American security developments and writing a book on Brazilianeconomic and political development.
594Harold I. Sharlin , 45, Professor of History, Iowa State University.Teaches history of science and technology and their influence on Americanculture; author of numerous articles and of The Making of the Electrical Age(1963), The Convergent Century : The Unification of the Sciences in theNineteenth Century (1966), forthcoming work on Lord Kelvin. Is working onthe role of 19th century science and technology in the formation of Americanattitudes and beliefs.Kurt R. Spillmann , 33, Switzerland, specialist in American Historyat University of Zurich; holder of research followship at Yale University,1969-70; author of several publications, including articles on Wilson andRoosevelt. Studying "motives and goals of the peace concepts of WoodrowWilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt: a case study of the gap between long-rangeobjectives on foreign policy and the realities of making peace. "David Wise , 40, author and journalist, Washington, D. C. ; formerlyWashington Bureau Chief, New York Herald Tribune ; co-author of The U-2Affair (1962), The Invisible Government (1964), The Espionage Establishment(1967); and Democracy Under Pressure (1971), a college textbook on theAmerican political system; numerous articles in leading newspapers andmagazines. Studying processes through which government-decision makingand action, especially in the field of foreign policy are - or are not - trans-lated into public information and public support.
B. Guest ScholarsLynton K. Caldwell , 57, political scientist; professor of governmentat Indiana University; author of a number of books and publications on bio-politics, science, ethics and public policy and articles over several yearson environmental questions. Now working on book on "Protecting theBiosphere: International Organization for Environmental Control" forpublication in 1972 prior to U.N. Environmental Conference. Based onconsiderable travels books will concentrate on international understanding,cooperation and arrangements necessary for combatting environmentalproblems on international scale, influence of international business, scienceand technology and limitations of present international structure. Will conductand participate in planned series of seminars at Center in 1971 on internationalenvironmental issues.Aaron L. Danzig , 57, attorney, senior partner in law offices ofNemeroff, Jelline, Danzig, Paley and Kaufman, New York City; A. B. andLLB Columbia; LLM New York University; President, U.S. Financial Co. ,Inc. , New York City; charter member World Peace through Law Center;chairman of U.N. Charter Commission; member Commission to StudyOrganization of Peace. Author of books and articles, including draft legalregimes on seabeds, U.N. , etc. Plans to spend three weeks at Centerdeveloping treaty proposal on ocean pollution matters.Wilton S. Dillon , 47, anthropologist and educator, SmithsonianInstitution, former director of seminars, now attached to Office of Environ-mental Sciences. A former university teacher and foundation executive, Dr.Dillon spent six years at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. .helping to organize international cooperation on science and technology indeveloping countries. He is author of Gifts and Nations , and co-editor,
595Man and Beast : Comparative Social Behavior . He is presently working onan essay about the management of science diplomacy, and a book onintellectual life in Africa.Rene Jules Dubos , 69, micro-biologist and leading environmentalist;professor at Rockefeller University in New York City; first to demonstratefeasibility of obtaining germ-fighting drugs from microbes more than twentyyears ago. Noted author of fourteen books, including Pulitzer Prize in 1969for "So Human an Animal". Dubos has been concerned with the effects andenvironmental forces--physicochemical, biological and social- -exerted onhuman life. His interest in the biological and mental effects of the totalenvironment has involved him in the sociomedical problems of the under-privileged communities as well as the developed areas of the world. Duboshas indicated he will devote "ample time to participate in the activities ofthe Woodrow Wilson International Center" in defining environmental studyobjectives and in helping to find and select the scholars who would like towork on these problems at the Center in its opening year.V. A. Fedorovich , 46, U.S.S.R. , has higher degrees in bothengineering and economics and has taught political economy at the Universityof Moscow. Currently a research fellow at Institute of U.S.A. in Moscow,Fedorovich is a specialist in science policy and is gathering data on U.S.government system of research and development contracting in science.(January - February 1971.)Terrence R. Hutchins , 33, has degrees in history and law fromPembroke State University and Wake Forest University. American Councilon Education Fellow, 1969. Conducting research on the impact of federalinvolvement in the education of American Indian students. (In December,1970.)Albert Koers , 28, Holland, visiting Assistant Professor of MarineAffairs, University of Rhode Island. Degree in law from University ofUtrecht, Netherlands. Presently on leave from his position as researchassociate, Institute for International Law, University of Utrecht. Mr.Koers is spending regularly several days per month at the Center incollaboration with Fellow, Seabrook Hull on an ocean studies project.Peter Sand , 35, Legal Officer in charge of Environment Protection,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, since 1970;previously member of Faculty of Law of McGill University, Montreal,Canada (1968-70); Haile Selassie University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (1965-68).(Coming September - October 1971. )Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski , 67, Associate Professor ofCriminology, University of Ottawa. To engage in a comparative study ofthe fundamental rules of treatment of juvenile delinquents in NATO countries.(Coming April - May, 1971. )Edward Wenk, Jr. , 50, professor of engineering and public affairs,University of Washington; Chairman, Committee on Public EngineeringPolicy, National Academy of Engineering; formerly executive secretary(1966-70), National Council on Marine Resources and EngineeringDevelopment; leading authority on multiple policy aspects of ocean uses;first advisor on science and technology, Legislative Reference Service,Library of Congress; Executive Secretary of Federal Council for Scienceand Technology; Director of Engineering in civil engineering, JohnsHopkins. Dr. Wenk is spending regularly two days a month on oceanstudies at Center.
596Board of Trustees
The Hon. Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman
, Vice Chairman (Vacancy)Hon. William P. Rogers, Secretary of StateHon. Elliott L. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education & WelfareHon. Wallace B. Edgerton, Acting Chairman, National Endowmentfor the HumanitiesHon. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitutionHon. L. Quincy Mumford, Librarian of CongressHon. James B. Rhoads, Archivist of the U.S.(Vacancy)Mr. James MacGregor Burns, Williamstown, Mass.Mr. Ernest Cuneo, Washington, D. C.Mr. Kevin Roche, New Haven, ConnecticutMr. Charles Horsky, Washington, D. C.Mr. Harry C. McPherson, Jr. , Washington, D. C.Mr. John P? Roche, Waltham, Mass.
597WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS
Members of Advisory CommitteeEugenie AndersonDwayne AndreasRobert C. BakerWilliam BentonRalph J. BuncheHarry Byrd, Jr.William CahillClifford CaseJames E. CheekHedley DonovanJohn EisenhowerMilton S. EisenhowerEdwin D. EtheringtonLuther H. FosterPeter FrelinghuysenJohn GardinerR. K. A. GardinerRobert F. GoheenW. Averell HarrimanLinwood HoltonChester R. HuntleyAustin KiplingerArthur LarsonW. Price Laughlin
Henry C. Lodge, Jr.C. Peter McColough, ChairmanRobert S. McNamaraJames R. MartinTakeo MikiG. William MillerJean MonnetDavid A. MorseLester B. PearsonClaiborne PellNelson PoynterStuart T. SaundersFrancis B. Sayre, Jr.Edgar F. Shannon, Jr.Cyrus R. SmithWilliam SpongFrank StantonArthur Ochs SulzbergerFrank ThompsonStewart L. UdallEarl WarrenWalter WashingtonHarrison WilliamsHarold WilsonWhitney M. Young, Jr.Non-U. S. (Hon.)H. R. H. the Prince of The NetherlandsWilly Brandt, Chancellor, Federal Republic of GermanyEdward Heath, Prime Minister, United KingdomAlec Douglas -Home, Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs,United KingdomH. I M. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of IranGalo Plaza, Secretary-General, Organization of American StatesEisaku Sato, Prime Minister, JapanWalter Scheel, Minister of Foreign Affairs, GermanyMaurice Schumann, Minister of Foreign Affairs, FranceMitchell Sharp, Secretary of State for External Affairs, CanadaPierre Elliot Trudeau, Prime Minister, Canada
598Members of Advisory Panels of Woodrow Wilson Centeron Appointment of Scholars --March, June & December, 1970
Lewis Alexander, Geographer, Law of the Sea Institute, Universityof Rhode IslandMarver Bernstein, Dean, Woodrow Wilson School, PrincetonDaniel Boorstin, Director, Museum of History & Technology,Smithsonian InstitutionFrancis T. Christy, Jr. , Resources for the FutureAlexander Clark, Acting Executive Secretary, Division of BehavioralSciences, National Academy of SciencesHenry David, National Research Council, National Academy of SciencesJohn Dixon, Applied Devices CorporationMax Frankel, New York TimesPeter Grose, New York TimesO. B. Hardison, Jr. , Director, Folger Shakespeare LibraryLouis Henken, Professor of Law, Columbia University Law SchoolRobert E. Lane, President, American Political Science Assn.Margaret Mead, AnthropologistHenry Riecken, President, Social Science Research CouncilHedrick Smith, New York TimesWilliam Trainor, Department of StateGordon Turner, American Council of Learned SocietiesJohn Voss, Executive Secretary, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
599List of Private Donationsto Woodrow "Wilson International Center for Scholars(*to National Endowment for the Humanities foruse of WWICS under $65,000 matching grant.Total matched to date: $48, 125. 00)Date Received Donor Amount4/1/69 Ford Foundation $45,000.003/3/70 C. R. Smith 500.006/4/70 C. R. Smith 500.005/11/70 Occidental International Corp. 1,000.005/27/70 J. D. Bowerstock 75.00*5/28/70 Harold Linder 1,000.00Bureau of National Affairs 100. 00Charles F. Baird 25.006/12/70 Ford Foundation 17,000.00*6/17/70 Arthur D. Little Foundation 100.006/19/70 The Andreas Foundation 10,000.007/21/70 Seymour J. Rubin 50.00*8/3/70 I. B.M. Corporation 10,000.00*8/13/70 Riggs National Bank 250.009/4/70 Jacob Blaustein 2,500.009/15/70 American Council of LearnedSocieties (Nouailhat) 500.009/23/70 Ford Foundation (Haskell Project) 95,000.009/28/70 New York Times Foundation(Library) 5,000.0010/7/70 G. William Miller 1,000.00*11/2/70 Xerox Corporation 15,000.0011/9/70 Cafritz Foundation 15,000.00($10,000 fellowships*;5, 000 library)11/10/70 Paul Ignatius 100.0011/30/70 Poynter Foundation 5,000.0012/14/70 Anonymous 1,000.001/4/71 Merck & Co. , Inc. 1,000.001/11/71 American Council of LearnedSocieties (Nouailhat) 500.001/21/71 Electronics Corp. of America 500.001/26/71 S covill Manufacturing Co. 500.001/27/71 Cameron-Brown Co. 100.002/17/71 C. Peter McColough 1,141.422/22/71 Caterpillar Tractor Co. 500.002/23/71 I. B.M. Corporation 10,000.00*National Endowment for Humanities 48, 125. 00TOTAL $288,066.42
600PRESENTATION FORMATMr. Read. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.I welcome the chance to give you a report on the opening of theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and our plansfor the coming year.With your permission I would like to take 2 or 3 minutes to high-light the substantive operations of the Center's fellowship and guestscholar programs in the 5 months in which we have been operating.APPROPRIATION AND APPORTIONMENT FOR 1971Senator Bible. How much did you have last year?Mr. Read. We were appropriated $750,000, Mr. Chairman, andthe Office of Management and Budget apportioned $620,000 of the$750,000.Senator Bible. So $620,000 is what you had last year?Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. All right.CENTER OPENINGMr. Read. After rather strenuous planning, preparations, andfundraising efforts by the Board of Trustees, advisory committee, andstaff, the Center opened on October 19, 1970.FIRST FELLOWS AND GUEST SCHOLARSWe are exceptionally pleased with the first scholars chosen by theBoard on the advice of expert advisory panels. Since this is a "livingmemorial" institution, I hope you will have a chance to look at thelist of the first 40 fellows and guest scholars appointed to date withindividual biographical and studies information included. That is attach-ment 1 to the formal statement placed in the record this morning.If I may, I would like to try to summarize their makeup brieflyand the reasoning that led to their choices.First, they are strongly international. Approximately half of thefirst scholars appointed come from the United States; half from 11other countries: Australia, France, Holland, India, Israel, Japan,Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the USSR., and Yugoslavia. Ina group now being considered, I am glad to report there are scholarsfrom Latin America and Africa.Second, they come from many nonacademic professions and occu-pations?government, law, business, journalism, diplomacy?as wellas from a variety of the traditional academic disciplines, including thesocial sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. The Board feltstrongly that no one discipline or occupation has a monopoly on "theworld of learning," to use the phrase in our statute, and that persons ofintelligence and experience from many walks of life were needed togain insights and answers to today's complex and interrelated problems.Among those at the Center currently are two heads of Americanlearned societies, several international law authorities, two journalist/writers, a Senate administrative assistant, four contemporary histori-ans, an urban expert, and three drawn from government careers,among others.Third, they are given short as well as long terms of appointment
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from 3 weeks to 18 months (averaging 10 months) in the first group to
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facilitate participation by busy professional people as well as tradi-tional scholars with well developed study projects.Fourth, the scholars are chosen without consideration of arbitraryage limits. The first fellows range in age from 27 to 62 and the averagehappens to be about 39 or 40.Fifth, they work individually as well as in groups. Ten appointmentshave been awarded to those working on problems relating to theincrease of international understanding, law and cooperative practiceamong nations in the uses of the oceans. Six are working on broaderenvironmental issues from the viewpoints and experiences of a varietyof disciplines and occupations. Thirteen others are pursuing variousindividual contemporary policy studies as shown on the list ofappointments.As Senator Humphrey, our board chairman, reported to PresidentNixon at the Center's official dedication last month:The scholars are appointed to the Center primarily for what they cancontribute ... to the better understanding and solution of significant contem-porary, international, governmental and social problems.DEVELOPING INSTITUTIONAL LIFEWeekly seminars in the two areas of specialty, biweekly noondiscussion hours, occasional evening dinner discussion meetings?withresident scholars and frequent guests?a variety of papers, articlesand books, some accepted for early publication, have all been partof the early, developing institutional life of the Center. All scholarsaccepting appointments agree in advance to share the insights andwork undertaken here with their colleagues and a wider audience ona regular basis. INTERIM QUARTERSThe interim quarters for the Center generously provided by theSmithsonian Institution are excellent in all respects. We are veryfortunate, indeed. The offices, library, meeting and commons roomsare ideal for scholars' uses, and the relationship with the Smithsonianis an altogether satisfactory one.APPROPRIATION REQUEST AND PRIVATE FUNDSProceeding to the funding request, which is discussed in the secondhalf of my statement, we are requesting an appropriation of $683,000for the Center for fiscalyear 1972. This is $67,000 less than the$750,000 appropriated for fiscal 1971, or $63,000 above the $620,000actually apportioned by the Office of Management and Budget inthe current fiscal year.The increase is due almost exclusively to the 12-month operationof the Center for the next fiscal year as opposed to eight and one-half months in fiscal year 1971.As indicated, we would propose to spend or commit $332,000 ofthe requested funds plus the $130,000 available in the unobligatedbalance at the end of the fiscal year?or a total of $462,000 for 20full fellowships to begin in fiscal year 1972 or subsequently.The board, advisory committee headed by Mr. C. Peter McColough,president of Xerox, and center staff would attempt to raise fundsfrom private sources to finance an additional 20 fellowships in the sameperiod to bring the Center up to full capacity. As of March 1, a
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shown on the last attachment to my statement, $288,000 had beenraised from private sources.The additional $351,000 fiscal year 1972 appropriation requestedfor administrative expenses is detailed on page 4 of the justificationsubmission.Mr. Dunn and I would be pleased to try and answer any questions.FEDERAL AND PRIVATE FUNDED FELLOWSHIPSSenator Bible. Does that break out so that it is a little less than50-50 private matching? Is that true? Is that about the way it breaksout?Mr. Read. That is true to date. We are aiming, sir, for 50-50fellowship support in the coming year. It is somewhat less than thatthis year in terms of what we have been able to raise.Senator Bible. I see. But the ultimate is to have it on a 50-50basis for 40 fellowships?Mr. Read. Correct, sir. Twenty fellowships from Federal appro-priations and 20 from the funds that we are making efforts to raise onthe outside.Senator Bible. Again what is the amount of the fellowship?Mr. Read. The amount sought for fellowshipsSenator Bible. I mean what does it break out into with theaverage fellowship?Mr. Read. The average fellowship is estimated at $23,100, whichis based on the experience level that we have been given from five orsix other advanced studies centers.Senator Bible. So it is in the $23,000 range?Mr. Read. Yes. Of course, individual costs go down below andabove that.Senator Bible. I understand that. There is a little variation but itis in that neighborhood.Mr. Read. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. The number of fellowships as of now is 39. Did Iunderstand \ou correctly?Mr. Read. There are 29 fellowships and 10 guest scholar appoint-ments to date, sir.FELLOWSHIPS AND GUEST SCHOLARSHIPSSenator Bible. Distinguish between the two. I am not sure I knowthe difference between a fellowship and a guest scholar appointment.Mr. Read. Guest scholars are those who are with us occasionally orfor short lengths of time.Senator Bible. At the same rate? Do they get the $2,000 a month?Mr. Read. No; most of the guest scholars are just using our facilitiesand are not receiving a stipend. Others are receiving expenses andsomething above that when they are serving as research assistants.The fellowships are those who are appointed for longer terms, aver-aging 10 months. The guest scholars are occasional or short-term visitorsat the Center.Senator Bible. Now, on the completion of a fellowship appointmentor award?You say they average 10 to 12 months?Mr. Read. Yes, sir; so far.Senator Bible. Does that end the complete fellowship or does itgo for the second year as well?
603Mr. Read. The longest fellowship we have granted to date is 18months. At the end of each year with appointments longer than 12months we have told them that we would review their status with theCenter in order to determine whether to offer them a continuedfellowship. We have a feeling of obligation for turnover because ofthe limited size of the Center and the partial public base.Senator Bible. Do they receive some kind of an award at the endof 18 months?Mr. Read. No, sir.Senator Bible. Twelve months or whenever.Mr. Read. No. This is not a degree or credit granting educationalinstitution. These are people well established in their own professionsand by and large they are here to write articles, to write books, andto engage in discussions of contemporary issues that they are experton.Senator Bible. Well, there is no diploma and there is no degree,it is not an educational institution?Mr. Read. Correct, sir.WORK OF THE SCHOLARSSenator Bible. And the end product of the International Centerfor Scholars is an improved writing, is that it, or an improved research?How do you measure in terms of production?Mr. Read. Well, it is actually a very selfish concept that they arechosen on. We are trying to select people that will contribute somenew insights and solutions to very tough current questions. As wesee it, they will contribute in a variety of ways: by the discussionsthey engage in while here; by panel discussions; by the articles andthe books that they are writing.Senator Bible. I am having a little difficulty in measuring the valueof the discussions while there, because that would be only among avery few people. How would the United States, for example, or theworld as it is international, profit by some discussions that they hadamong themselves?Mr. Read. We have guests in constantly, sir, from the executivebranch, the legislative branch, and the public, so there is that returnto the public. In addition the papers they undertake here will become,of course, public knowledge when published, so there will also be thatreturn.Senator Bible. I can understand that. If I had the fellowship, Iattend for whatever period of time it is?the 10 or 12 months or 18months or whatever term is worked out at the end of that?if there isa paper or a book, I can see where I have made a contribution. Whatif I just go for 18 months and don't do anything? There is no penaltyagainst that, is there?Mr. Read. It will be the job of the staff to see that that is not so,Mr. Chairman. We are not going to be a repository for people whosimply wish to recharge their batteries. The people who have agreed toaccept appointments offered by the Board have all agreed to undertakestudy proposals which the Board has approved, and in each case theycall for substantial work in a variety of forms. We have found thatthey are putting in extremely full time on their various tasks.
604PUBLICATIONSSenator Bible. I am not questioning their putting in the fulltime, I am questioning what happens at the end of their putting in thefull time. You say they will produce books or reports or papers.Assuming that to be correct?and I know you are just at the formativestage?you have the 40 scholars and they produce 40 papers. Whathappens to the 40 papers at the end of their tour of duty, so to speak?Where do the papers go?Mr. Read. The Center will be publishing occasional papers aswe go along. We may be publishing compilations of those papers.Some of them have outside contracts to write books and articles andare doing so. Some have had articles that they have worked on whilehere accepted for publication. In each case of scholars leaving theCenter, we think there will be public benefit from the material thatthey have produced here.Senator Bible. That is exactly where I am. You and I are at thesame point now. Once you produce this material and once they leavethe Center, because that is where they produced it and that is wherethey were paid, then what do you do with the papers they produce?You have paper X produced by fellow X. What do you do withpaper X, where does it go?Mr. Read. We have a mailing list that we are compiling for peopleinterested in specific areas of their work.Senator Bible. For example?Mr. Read. For example, the group of 10 scholars working on oceanquestions at the moment, each of them is producing a variety ofarticles?some on marine pollution, some on security aspects of oceanuse, seabed regime proposals, et cetera. Those papers will be distributedto the marine centers around the country, to people that we now knoware concerned with those efforts, to the committees on the Hill that aredealing with those matters concerned with it and to people abroad whoare working on these problems, because we are not going to be doingany classified work. We will be sending these very widely and on re-quest to interested persons. We are compiling mailing lists nowfor the ocean studies products.Senator Bible. Some have taken a cue from the Senate committees,at least, who are constantly studying and producing reports and thenputting them on shelves and letting them repose there. I would hopethat a little more beneficial use comes of them than that, and thiswould be one of my main concerns. Of course, if you are just barelystarting, you certainly don't have a great deal of experience at thisstage.Mr. Read. We do not yet, sir. I hope by next year we will havesomething to report that will be quite worthwhile.Senator Bible. I think this has a challenging possibility, but Iwould like to know what happens at the end of the production.Mr. Read. Right. GUEST SCHOLARSSenator Bible. Now, how many guest scholar appointments didyou say had been made? I think you mentioned that. Did you saynine?Mr. Read. There are 10.Senator Bible. And you told me they are short term.
605Mr. Read. Yes; and for occasional users of the center. They arelisted at the end of attachment 1 to my statement.Senator Bible. That probably answers my question; but does thatgive the amount of the stipend that they receive?Mr. Read. It does not, sir.Senator Bible. But you tell me that varies, and does not exceed$23,000 per annum. How long a period of time are they there; 3, 4,5 weeks?Mr. Read. The average term for the guest scholars, and we havenot computed it?would probably be 2 or 3 weeks, I would think, at theoutside. They are short-term visitors, and most of them are notsupported by way of stipend in the guest scholar category, unlessthey are undertaking something specifically at our request that fitsin with the work of the fellows themselves. The fellows are the oneswho by and large we are supporting, although many of them havesabbatical pay and other pay that is devoted to their support.Senator Bible. I asked this question earlier but I am not quiteclear on how the answer came out: What is the difference then be-tween the guest scholar and the fellowship other than time?Mr. Read. It is essentially time. For instance, if I might justspecify the first two people on the list of guest scholars, Prof. Lynton K.Caldwell, environmental expert from the University of Indiana?hestops in perhaps 2 or 3 days a month whenever he is in Washington.He sits with the fellows who are the full-time scholars at the centerand discusses with them his work in the environmental field andgets a feedback from what they are doing. There is no stipend involvedin Mr. Caldwell's case.Mr. Aaron L. Danzig, the second man listed, is a senior partner ina law firm on Wall Street He came in and spent a 3-week period withus last fall working on a model marine pollution code. Again therewas no stipend involved in his case. He has also come down for otherlectures and seminars.Senator Bible. Do you pay him traveling expenses and livingexpenses when he comes to Washington from New York City?Mr. Read. Mr. Danzig has received no funds from the center. Inthe case of other guest scholars, if they are coming to undertake, atour request, a specific piece of work connected with the work whichthe fellows are undertaking at the center and it is thought valuablefrom that viewpoint, yes, we pay expenses and sometimes a little more.Senator Bible. Well, it still seems to be a little up in the blue tome. I have difficulty with pulling it down and completely under-standing what contributions are made by the scholar. If I understandyou correctly, they come in on specific problems.Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. And discuss and talk over with the fellows with theidea in mind that that may enrich their end product.Mr. Read. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. Is that roughly how it works?Mr. Read. That is correct, sir, and it does help the fellows who arethe full-time scholars at the Center who realize that they are lackingcertain perspectives, to be able to ask guest scholars who providethose added perspectives to join them. Frequently they do it on agratis basis and there is no expenditure involved but sometimes wepay travel expenses back and forth.
60GSTIPENDS AND RELATED EXPENSESSenator Bible. Who determines that? Are you the one that deter-mines the stipend?Mr. Read. No, sir; there is a Fellowship and Guest Scholar Com-mittee of the Board of Trustees, which reviews and passes on allappointments.Senator Bible. If I am guest scholar X, do I write you and say Iwould like to come down and make a contribution in the field ofoceanography and I will come down providing you pay me $5,000?Do they make the original proposal or do you go out and get thesescholars who have expertise in oceanography?Mr. Read. It is both, but normally they apply. They submit anapplication to us with the usual references which we check.Senator Bible. That is for qualification. I am primarily interestedin the price tag. How do they indicate what they are willing to comedown for? Do they just say straight out?Mr. Read. They say what support they need, and it is a matter ofnegotiation in all cases after the Board approves an application for afellowship appointment.I don't think in the entire guest scholar list, at the moment, morethan a few hundred dollars of expenses are involved. These are peoplewho areSenator Bible. Anxious to share their knowledge?Mr. Read. Very anxious to share their knowledge and to learn fromthe people we have there.Senator Bible. Now of course again I recognize you just startedout with the Woodrow Wilson Center and have little background andexperience, so that probably as you develop this you will be able tobe a little more positive on how this is going to work. You are newin the field, of course. FUNDINGNow did I understand you to say that in fiscal year 1972 yourestimate is that you will receive about one-half from outside sourcesand the other half from the Federal contribution?Mr. Read. For the support of the fellowship program.Senator Bible. For the support of the fellowship program.Mr. Read. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. None of that is cranked into the administrativeexpenses; that is total Federal expenditure?Mr. Read. That is correct.Senator Bible. Very well.CENTER ARRANGEMENTS WITH SMITHSONIANNow you are occupying quarters in the Smithsonian Institution?Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. You either said or it was inferred.Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. Do you pay rent for these quarters?Mr. Read. We do not. We have in effect made a payment in kindfrom the appropriations which you provided last year which havepermitted us to help furnish the rooms occupied by the Center whichwere bare when we started.Senator Bible. I see your breakdown on that.
607Mr. Read. We have helped to furnish the commons rooms and themeeting rooms which are shared with the Smithsonian.Senator Bible. Do you share utility cost or maintenance cost?Mr. Read. We are paying out-of-pocket expenses for phones,Xerox use, that sort of thing. There is not as of this time an overheadarrangement with the Smithsonian.Senator Bible. You don't pay them anything for lights or for heator for air-conditioning, janitorial services?Mr. Read. That is correct. In this first year and in the fiscal yearcoming up the understanding is that the other expenditures that wemake in the way of furnishings and input which are used in commonwith the Smithsonian people would be in lieu of overhead. That is thearrangement.Senator Bible. Does the Smithsonian give you any estimate asto what that amounts to in dollars? They must put it in their budget.Mr. Read. They do have those estimates. I don't have them withme today, but they are available.Senator Bible. Is it material? How much does it amount to?Mr. Read. I cannot give an accurate figure. The Center occupiesthe third and fourth floors of the central portion of the old castle.Senator Bible. We can ask them; they will come up within theweek before this committee. Maybe that is the correct place to go forthe answer. proposed scholar surveyDescribe the proposed scholar survey about which you speak onpage 5 of your justification.Mr. Read. The part of the legislative history of the WoodrowWilson Memorial Act, which set up the Center, Senator Bible, wasthat the Board of Trustees should undertake to find an appropriatepermanent site for the Center where a building would be either ac-quired or built, so that the Center could serve a wider transientscholar population. The city, of course, has many scholars who comethrough, both from this country and abroad.During the interim quarter years we have a maximum of 40 scholarsthat we can accommodate at any one time. The expressed hope wasthat at a later time, according to the legislative hearings, living arrange-ments could actually be acquired or erected that would facilitate theproblem of the scholar who comes to town and has to find his ownquarters and has no information service at his command to lead himto the large and growing intellectual assets of the city including thedozens of libraries, et cetera.We found when we made the rounds initially in the planningprocess, that nobody really knows the size of this transient scholarlypopulation in this city or their habits or practices.The people who run the Library of Congress have rough estimatesof their users but they do not have anything that purports to be anaccurate profile of the people who come in their doors day to day;nor does the Archives. This survey would be an effort to find out thesize and nature of the scholarly community which this Center ismeant to serve eventually. What are their habits? Where do they live?Is proximity to the Library of Congress important? The answers to avariety of similar basic questions are not known at the moment fromthe experience I have been able to gather from the public or privateagencies around town.55-968 O?71?pt. 1 39
608PERMANENT SITE SELECTIONSenator Bible. Now as I understand it you have a committeewithin the Board of Trustees that is charged with the responsibilityof selecting a permanent site.Mr. Read. We do, sir. It is composed of Mr. Charles Horsky andtwo other members.Senator Bible. Charles Horsky has been the White House adviserin this connection for many years.Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. What is the current status of that selection?Mr. Read. At the moment we are in a hold situation, because thesite which the Center was directed to look closely at and report backto Congress on is at 8th and Pennsylvania Avenue, north of theArchives, across Pennsylvania Avenue.We did an initial feasibility survey a year and a half ago and thecosts were simply sky high, and it was quite beyond feasibility topropose building there. However, we think that the issue of whetherthat location or its immediate environs has any promise for this centerwill rise or fall with the legislation which the administration has sub-mitted for a Bicentennial Development Corporation Authority toundertake renewal in that entire area.Senator Bible. That is the so-called Pennsylvania Avenue Com-mission. It is dressed up now under a new name.Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Bible. It is the same thing, the Willard Hotel and thatwhole block.Mr. Read. It is part of it. It would incorporate the PennsylvaniaAvenue original plan and additional areas between the Portrait Galleryand the Archives, in its scope.Senator Bible. Then your fate is wrapped up in that Commission?Mr. Read. Our fate as to whether that site will ever be feasible iswrapped up in what happens to that legislation. It just won't befeasible unless that legislation goes through.Senator Bible. If you are headquartered in the Smithsonian Insti-tution now and you have space there, isn't that adequate for theforeseeable future?Mr. Read. We are totally comfortable as is; however, the legislativehistory did direct us to try to serve this broader function for the tran-sient scholar community that comes to town, and we will, of course,only be able to serve that function in a very limited way in thosequarters.Senator Bible. The Senator from Illinois.ORGANIZATION OF CENTERSenator Percy. Mr. Chairman, I would like to comment that Ispent the weekend out in the Chicago area at a 3-day board meetingat the University of Chicago. I was particularly interested that in thebudget for the university, 66 percent of the physical sciences areunderwritten by the Federal Government and 11.4 percent of thehumanities, arts and so forth. I always felt and hoped when I was atrustee at Cal Tech that the emphasis of the institute and the trainingof physicists and mathematicians and so forth would be toward making
609humanists out of them also. My only contribution there was getting astep up in teaching the humanities, so I am terribly encouraged by thisinstitute.I would like to commend the organizers of the institute, it is one ofthe finest boards I think any group could have. The members of theAdvisory Committee are most distinguished, not only in this countrybut in the world. The members of the Advisory Panel to appointscholars is very distinguished, indeed; and I have no doubt they arenot j ust names, they are working people who believe in what you areaccomplishing.I was particularly pleased with the amount of private funds thathave been raised and I think the trustees should be commended forthis effort. An outstanding job has been done and I am glad to see thatthe National Endowment for the Humanities has granted $48,000.ARMS CONTROL STUDIESI have only one question. In quickly going through the scholars'works that they have engaged in there is a tremendous emphasis inoceanography and so forth. I did not find anybody working on armscontrol. I have searched the board. The distinguished chairman of theAppropriations Committee is here. If we are ever going to find ways toshift priorities in spending to get more money in the cities and thehumanities and social sciences and away from just the highly technicalareas, we are going to have to begin in the area of reducing our armsrace.Does the Disarmament Agency have enough funds and enoughpeople over there working on this problem to meet the need? How doesit happen we don't have one scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Instituteworking on the problem of reducing the arms race and arms control?Mr. Read. I wish we did, Senator Percy. The general theme of thefellowship program is quite broad enough to encompass such studies.In the luck of the draw of the first applications and nominationsreceived, there simply were not any scholars of highest caliber inter-ested in this field that came our way. I spent a good part of the last6 years of my life in this field. My own bias is that we should dosomething in this direction in the next year or two.Senator Percy. I think it would be good to have that input, and Ithink it would add to the community's scholars you have there. Acertain amount of the discussion would center in that area. I thinkemphasis on the environment is needed, is important and is in veryshort supply now, just as we are way overemphasized in astronauticsand a lot of other things. Thousands of scientists and technicians areavailable who are now trying to get j obs as grocery store clerks becausethere are just too many people in that field. We have certain shortagesdespite the saturation in other fields.HEALTH WELFARE STUDIESIs there an}7 thing in the area of health, health welfare, health de-livery services that fits at all into the context of your broad charter?Mr. Read. Yes.Senator Percy. Here again there is a crying need and a great man-power shortage in filling this national need.
610Mr. Read. It does fit within the general theme, and I believe wedo have pending applications in this area.In general we receive applications and nominations, Mr. Chairman,year around and try to act on them three times a year, as we are notjust open for an academic, 9-month year. We are a year-around cen-ter. We do have a large number of applications pending that we arelooking at right now.INVITATIONS TO CENTER DISCISSIONSSenator Percy. You have issued an invitation to members of thecommittee to visit you. I would like to accept that.Mr. Read. I hope you will.Senator Percy. I would very much enjoy spending a luncheon oran evening sometime to learn more of what you are doing. I think itis one of the most important activities being carried on in Washingtontoday, certainly one of the most instructive. The contribution thatyou can make over a period of years will be most helpful.Mr. Read. Thank you.Senator Percy. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Thank you, Senator Percy. I think the suggestionyou make is an excellent one.Might I suggest to you at certain intervals when you have a dis-cussion that might be of unusual interest that you advise Paul Eatonof this staff and he in turn can advise the committee members.How long do these discussions last?Mr. Read. What we have been doingSenator Bible. Is it an evening session, a day session? Do you meetfor an hour in the afternoon? What are the mechanics of it?Mr. Read. We have discussion hours at noon on Tuesdays andFridays. Under the present proceedings tomorrow Mr. Clark Cliffordwill speak.Senator Bible. Do you eat lunch and talk for an hour?Mr. Read. Talk and have lunch and talk for another hour.Senator Bible. They run from 12 to 3?Mr. Read. Sometimes they go beyond lunch.The other procedure is evening discussions when we gather at4 p.m. and talk for 2 or more hours and then at supper following.I would be delighted to let Paul Eaton know as soon as those arescheduled.Senator Bible. I wish you would because there might be manymembers of the committee that would like to come down just to?itsounds like a fraternal bull session, is the closest thing to describe it as.I have never sat in one of these high level discussions but it might begood for all of us. So I wish you would let the staff director know andhe in turn can advise the various members of the committee becausethere may be a Tuesday noon, or is it a Friday evening?Mr. Read. It is Tuesday noon, Friday noon, and occasionalevenings.Senator Bible. Why don't you advise him of the scheduling andmaybe you will pick up a Senator now and then who will come downand listen to your discussions.Mr. Read. You are most welcome.Senator Bible. Senator Ellender.
611ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSESChairman Ellender. In glancing over your budget I notice thatyou spend almost a third of it for administration and a director,deputy director, administrative officer, librarian, information centerofficer, 10 secretaries for the fellows and guest scholars and so forth.Have you any teachers there?Mr. Read. No, sir; we do not on the staff. The center is not a degree-granting or credit-granting educational institution in the normal sense.These are many professors present as scholar/fellows.Chairman Ellender. How many scholars attend these seminars?Mr. Read. Virtually all of the center fellows and guests.Chairman Ellender. I said how many?Mr. Read. How many, sir?Chairman Ellender. Yes.Mr. Read. We have 29 full time scholars at the center.Chairman Ellender. What do they do there, these 29, discussamong themselves and with you the problems of the world or what?Mr. Read. They have general and specialized discussions whichhave just been referred to, and they are each engaged in their ownindividual study project which has been submitted to the Board andon which they are writing monographs, articles, and books.Chairman Ellender. Who benefits from this, mainly the scholars?Mr. Read. I hope mainly the public.Chairman Ellender. How?Mr. Read. Each of the scholarly products, Senator Ellender, willbe published in some form. Many of them have articles which havebeen accepted for publication already. In addition when they ac-cepted appointments they were told not to do so unless they werewilling to share with the public and with their colleagues at theCenter and a broader audience their findings and conclusions as theywent along.Chairman Ellender. There is a Director that you pay $35,500; aDeputy Director, an Administrative Officer, Librarian, InformationCenter Officer. Why so many for just 29 scholars?Mr. Read. The Librarian I guess is self-explanatory.Chairman Ellender. I understand that.Mr. Read. My own job and that of the Deputy Director have beendivided between fund raising chores, administering the Center andsetting the schedule for the programs and processing the applications.At peak periods we are receiving three or four applications andnominations a day, and unhappily the paper work of reaching fairjudgments on those applications is rather heavy.Chairman Ellender. I notice you have an item here for PermanentSite Selection Survey. I came in late and you may have discussed it,but what does that mean?Mr. Read. That is an effort to answer the part of the legislativehistory creating the Center which said that the Board should attemptto find a permanent site for the Center where it could service more ofthe scholars who come through town, the transient scholarly popula-tion which come to Washington for a longer or shorter period of time.We have not been able to find a site which we would be willing torecommend to Congress as of this point.
612Chairman Ellender. What would this site consist of, what wouldyou have?Mr. Read. The idea as presented to the Authorization Committeewas a site which would be both offices where the scholars wouldwork, meeting rooms, et cetera, and dormitory and living quarters.At least this is the concept which was presented to the AuthorizationCommittee.Chairman Ellender. To what extent have you been able to obtainfunds from private endowments?Mr. Read. We have been able to raise the sum listed on attachmentNo. 5. to my statement, sir.Chairman Ellender. I regret I was not here.Mr. Read. $288,000.Chairman Ellender. How much?Mr. Read. $288,000 as of March 1 from all sources.Chairman Ellender. That is $288,000 and then the differencebetween $351,000 which is for administration. On page 5 I notice$142,000 furnishings and equipment. What is the rest of this moneyto be used for? That is, the $683,000 which appears to be your estimatefor 1972.Mr. Read. Yes, sir. Of that $351,000 we are requesting for adminis-trative purposes, $209,000 would be for salaries and expenses of thefive substantive and 11 clerical people; $142,000 would be for theother expenses which are itemized in the justification on page 4, suchas supplies.Fortunately we have been able to get almost all of our furnishingsthis year, thanks to the appropriation of last year. We do have a fewadditional items we have had to put over and additional libraryexpenses. We are spreading the acquisition costs for the modestreference library that we are building over a 3-year period.Chairman Ellender. Your budget presentation requires abouthalf for administration. What is the rest of the money used for?FELLOWSHIP EXPENSESMr. Read. The rest, sir; is for the support of the fellowshipprogram.Chairman Ellender. Are these scholars given a stipend to come?Mr. Read. Yes, sir; they are. The principle which the boardagreed to was that in every instance the scholars would be asked firstto apply their sabbatical or leave pay, if they had any, toward theirsupport while here. Second, we ask them to go out and attempt toseek foundation or other outside support where there is a well-developed study project. Above and beyond that we attempt to bringthem up to the preceding year's earned income on a no gain-no lossbasis within obvious limits. Naturally cost-of-living adjustments aregiven to non-U.S. scholars. The top stipend the board authorized is$30,000, and it has not gone that high to date in the case of anystipend paid by Federal approriations.The average stipend we have been told to expect is about $23,000per person per annum based on the experience of other scholar centersaround the country. When we bring them in from around the world,of course, travel expenses become a factor also, but those are theaverages on which we have based our stipend estimates.
613Since we have only 5 months of experience to date, I am not certainthat our own experience will corroborate or modify the estimates. Weshould know next year. I think we made a very systematic effort totry to get the experience of other centers that are doing like things,and we based our estimates on that experience.Chairman Ellender. Where have you been conducting theseseminars? Who owns the property in which these seminars are con-ducted?Mr. Read. We are in the old Smithsonian Institution Building onthe Mall, the red stone castle.Chairman Ellender. Is the upkeep and maintenance containedin these administrative expenses that you are talking about?Mr. Read. Yes, in part.ADMINISTRATIVE COSTSChairman Ellender. With the number of scholars you have at themoment and the money you spend, I think the administrative cost israther high.That is all, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Do you care to comment on the statement of thechairman? It does seem to be a pretty high ratio for that limitednumber of scholars.Mr. Read. Well, let me point out that in addition to the 29 fellowsappointed to date, other fellows will be added and still others servedas guest scholars. We will probably have had about 60 scholars work-ing at the center altogether by the end of our first year.What we have done with the clerical staff is to average four to fivescholars per secretary which is about the ratio which has been used atPalo Alto, Cambridge, Wesleyan, and other scholar centers. We havefound that it works fairly well, and these girls are very fully employed,I can assure you.The library demands of the scholars are enormous. We have aninterlibrary loan acquisition list each day which is not easy to comeby and to acquire.We find the processing of the three or four applications receiveddaily is an immense undertaking. Unfortunately, it frequently requiresas much time and thought to reach a fair but negative judgment asto build a successful file. I think our staff-scholar ratios are in linewith the other centers that are attempting to do this sort of thing.If I saw a way of cutting, I would do it, but we are flat out at themoment.Chairman Ellender. Who does the processing?Mr. Read. We have a staff of five substantive officers, sir.Chairman Ellender. What is that?Mr. Read. We have five substantive officers of the Center. Otherthan the librarian, there are four of us who all take a hand in thisprocessing of the applications and nominations.Chairman Ellender. Well, you have here, as I said, a Director,Deputy Director, Administrative Officer, Information Center Officer,Mr. Read. Those are the ones who undertake this process with me,sir, and together with the fundraising chores which haveChairman Ellender. Do the 10 secretaries take dictation fromthe scholars?
614Mr. Read. They do, sir.Chairman Ellender. Then the scholars produce their own booksor papers?Mr. Read. They assist the scholars. If there is a major manuscript,we sometimes have to farm it out. The secretaries take care of theday-to-day writings of the scholars and dictation needs.PUBLICATIONSChairman Ellender. I don't suppose you have had many papersissued up to now, have you?Mr. Read. No, but a large number of manuscripts are in varyingstages of acceptance for publication.Chairman Ellender. To what extent have these papers been dis-tributed to the public?Mr. Read. Well, at the moment they are just not at the stage todo that but they will be published, of course.Senator Bible. You have only been operating about 5 months, isthat right?Mr. Read. Four and a half.Senator Bible. Four and a half or 5 months, and of course theywill not be distributed immediately. It will take time.A little earlier I developed questions in that same general areabecause I was interested primarily in what happened to these schol-arly works after they were finished. They are produced and they arecirculated and they go to various depositories around the country.fundingChairman Ellender. For fiscal year 1971 you had $750,000 appro-priated. How much money did you collect aside from that?Mr. Read. Well, as of the momentChairman Ellender. I mean for fiscal year 1971.Mr. Read. The Office of Management and Budget apportioned only$620,000 of the $750,000, Senator Ellender, but above and beyondthat we have been ableChairman Ellender. Does the rest of it go back to the Treasury?Mr. Read. Those were no year funds which will be released onthe first of July.Chairman Ellender. So that this year you will have $130,000plus $683,000?Mr. Read. That is correct, sir.Chairman Ellender. Thank you.Mr. Read. And we have raised $288,000 from private sources.Chairman Ellender. Thank you.Senator Bible. Well, some evening, Senator Ellender and I maycome down and visit you.Thank you very much, Mr. Read.Mr. Read. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1972
FRIDAY, MARCH 19, 1971U.S. Senate,Subcommittee or the Committee on Appropriations,Washington, D.C.The subcommittee met at 10 :30 a.m., in room 1114, New Senate Of-fice Building, Hon. Alan Bible (chairman) presiding.Present : Senator Bible.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONSTATEMENT OF S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARYACCOMPANIED BY:JAMES BRADLEY, UNDER SECRETARYCHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORYAND ARTDAVID CHALLINOR, ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY FORSCIENCEWILLIAM W. WARNER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLICSERVICET. AMES WHEELER, TREASURERJOHN F. JAMESON, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING ANDBUDGETRICHARD S. COWAN, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NAT-URAL HISTORYDANIEL J. BOORSTIN, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HIS-TORY AND TECHNOLOGYFRED L. WHIPPLE, DIRECTOR, SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICALOBSERVATORYTHEODORE H. REED, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKABRAM LERNER, DIRECTOR, JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUMAND SCULPTURE GARDENMICHAEL COLLINS, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL AIR AND SPACEMUSEUMMONROE E. FREEDMAN, DIRECTOR, SCIENCE INFORMATIONEXCHANGESenator Bible. The hearing will come to order.This is the time set for the hearing on the Smithsonian Institutionbudget. We have Mr. Ripley with us this morning.There will be placed in the record the general statement submittedwith the budget justification for the Smithsonian Institution, togetherwith a number of other statements furnished which contain informa-tion about this agency.(The statements follow:) (1965)
1966
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONFISCAL YEAR 1972 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONSGENERAL STATEMENT
This past year has been one of measured progress for the SmithsonianInstitution. Where many of the prospects of the nation seem fraught withdissent and division, where the path of education has become obscured by thedivisiveness which has beset the academies, the smaller private institutions oflearning seem to have survived so far relatively unscathed. Like otherinstitutions concerned with research and study, however, the Smithsoniansuffered in the past year from the general decline in support for science aswell as to related areas of study. Our problem with the declining governmentbudgets for the support of basic science has been compounded by the taxreform act which produced a serious paralysis of will on the part of thefoundations. In addition, the steadily worsening effects of inflation on the costsof personnel, research equipment, objects for the collections, as well as onthe everyday supplies and materials for general museum and laboratoryoperations further threaten the Smithsonian's ability to carry out itstraditional responsibilities.One encouraging development has been a widening awareness that theSmithsonian's activities represent a kind of unity. In spite of the manybureaus, some of them incorporated in large buildings on the Mall and otherslocated in laboratories in Washington and elsewhere, there are a series ofunifying themes which run through the Institution's activities. Our concernsremain united around the general subject of history: history of art, science,and technology including the history of air and space flight, and thedelineation of these histories through public exhibition. In addition, our scienceactivities revolve generally around the compilation of statistics, information,and research about the biosphere and space. Our classical concerns in naturalhistory and in astrophysics have come full circle so that today we can proudlyclaim our work to be of vital importance in the new sciences of the study of theenvironment on the one hand and of outer space on the other.Within these common themes there are overriding considerations for thepublic good. Education and public exhibition are of paramount concern fcr allour main buildings and for the curators and the research staff who inhabitthem. Education through research and publication remains paramount in theother bureaus whose activities are not contained in the large public buildings.In addition, Joseph Henry's initial concern with bringing scholars together withcolleagues in foreign countries continues to be developed and encouragedthrough our foreign currency program as well as research activities both hereand abroad. ,In Joseph Henry's view the Smithsonian existed to stimulate research inpursuit of new truths and to make these available to both the public and toprofessionals, in the arts, sciences, and cultural history. His favorite phraseto describe the Institution's ultimate aim was a "College of Discoverers. " Thisis still the unifying force, the common factor in all the diverse bureaus andmuseums of the Smithsonian--the Institution as a "College of Discoverers"which:
--First, keeps records of knowledge through its collections;
--Second, serves as a stimulus to research largely through itscollections;
--Third, and perhaps most important, uses the collections andthe results of research for public education.
1967
These three elements may be found to a greater or lesser degree in allthe bureaus of the Smithsonian, as they are today.Increasingly, the Institution's bureaus and offices are engaged in commonefforts. Notable among these are the contributions that will be made in thenational celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial and in studies ofthe environment. We have begun to lay-out long range plans for ecologicalassessments in both the New World temperate and tropical zones and in theOld World. We are uniquely equipped through processing and working with theNational Collections to contribute to solutions, but we are pitifully undersupport-ed financially to make our contributions effective.In spite of appropriation increases each year, which have averagedsomewhere between 6 and 8 percent, costs have continued to escalate so muchthat our scientists' work and our research and exhibits potential have beenseriously undermined. Little has been allowed for growth, expansion and change,so necessary for a healthy concern, be it a corporation, university, or aresearch and museum complex. Examples of such needs are continuingadditions to art, history, and science collections, modern inventorycomputerization for these collections, and development of new experimentalideas and fields of study.While vigorously seeking additional federal fund support for these purposes,we are at the same time carrying out a program of self-examination of the useof our total resources with the objective of reducing or eliminating outmodedor low-priority activities.Planning is of the utmost importance in all Smithsonian activities.Growth must be brought into effective relation to the availability of resources,especially for an establishment such as ours with more than forty line items inour federal budget, each of which could very readily be expanded to meet someexternal or internal need. We are strengthening the planning function within theInstitution to maintain a balance between our pattern of commitments and theresources we may expect. It has been our judgement, however, that theInstitution would have to inaugurate some new programs and achieve order-of-magnitude increases in some support activities in order to function successfullyfor the 1970s. With inflation, the requirements for new tools and techniques,and the ever-increasing demands placed on our staff, our budget meets no morethan one-half of our requirements. The elimination of remaining shortages isa priority objective in our planning, for the next several years.The central concerns of the Smithsonian represent national needs for thekind of sustained commitment that can be made only by an institution with astrong sense of continuity, tradition, and concentrated purpose. We believethat our first responsibility is to continue the general lines of endeavor whichare traditional with the Institution: basic research in selected areas of nationalinterest; development and maintenance of the national collections in biology,anthropology, history, and the arts; and enlightenment of the public throughexhibitions and related activities.In order to meet this responsibility, an overriding concern must be thequality of the professional staff effort within the Smithsonian. We cannot toostrongly emphasize the achievement of an adequate level of support of thateffort. We have repeatedly appealed for the remedy of deficiencies in supportof research and scholarly programs. Virtually half of the growth in appropri-ations since 1964 has been devoted to staffing and operating new facilitiesauthorized by the Congress. Much of the rest has been negated by inflation.A strong effort must now be made to sustain the basic scholarly program:support for fieldwork, instruments, libraries, conservation, automatic data
1968
processing, technician support, related higher and elementary and secondaryeducation activities, better access to colleagues through scholarly publishing,and unremitting emphasis on the professional character of staff appointments,all against a background of increasing costs. Our budget henceforth willproceed on two tracks, the first a phased elimination of these shortages andthe second to provide for the continued development of programs entrusted to usby the Administration and the Congress. Several of these are identified in thefollowing paragraphs.Beginning this year the observance of the Bicentennial of the AmericanRevolution will become a predominant factor in the development of Smithsonianprograms. Within the settings of our history and art museums members of thepublic may seek a reappraisal of our national experience with due reference toits international setting. Fresh insights of historians should be interwoven withsuperb offerings of objects and art works that portray our nation's course overthe past two centuries and suggest paths for our continued development.From the studies of the sources of energy and means far its use by livingsystems to the explanation of biological diversity, the Smithsonian representsan unexcelled multidisciplinary array of information resources and professionalscientists which bear upon critical needs to improve our understanding of thephysical environment upon which human society depends. We anticipateincreasing demands upon our efforts in systematic biology, anthropology,astrophysics, and environmental studies as important resources for the nationaleffort in environmental improvement.One of the most important unfulfulled hopes for the Smithsonian is that agreat national museum might be developed on the authorized space on the Mallto recreate the experience of man's greatest adventure: flight and spaceexploration. We also aspire to present insights about the significance of thespace age for everyday life and to communicate an understanding of thescientific discoveries originating from space exploration.The birthright of today's citizen is an understanding of the forces shapinghimself and his world. It is to museums that many people look for access tothe works of artists, an appreciation of the past, an awareness of the scientificview of nature, and for portents of the future. All museums must experimentwith new techniques of exhibition and embark upon training and research aimedat improving their effectiveness in popular education. The quality of ourresponse to this democratic vista will continue to be a matter of overridingconcern to the Smithsonian in years to come. Implementation of the NationalMuseum Act through adequate funding will greatly strengthen the capability ofall museums.From the amassing of great national collections will arise difficultquestions about how to guarantee access to the information they contain. Thiswill call for innovative designs of indexes, catalogs, and ways to manage vastresources of information. Perhaps some of the techniques developed for themanagement of voluminous flows of data from satellite observations oroceanographic stations may be adapted to the needs of the future. In our roleas custodian of the nation's collections we must try to serve the public interestin improved management of scientific and scholarly information.The fiscal year 1972 appropriation estimates are designed to help correctmany of the problems identified and to improve the Institution's capabilitiesin other areas. We are convinced that only by obtaining the requestedadditional resources canthe Smithsonian meet the future of the decade.
1969
The estimates are presented in four sections:A. "Salaries and Expenses"for regular operating programs in the museums,galleries, research laboratories, and programsupport units $41,529, 000
' for special programs of an Institution-wide natureand of unusual importance for national research andpublic education needs 3, 475, 000B. "Salaries and Expenses" for Science InformationExchange as a separate appropriation account inrecognition of the unique service nature of thisorganization 1 , 400, 000C. Special Foreign Currency Program in archeology andrelated disciplines, systematic and environmental biology,astrophysics, and museum programs. 5, 500, 000D. Restoration and construction of Smithsonian buildings andfacilities 6, 847, 000Each of these requests is summarized below. The estimates of theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars are separately presented byits Board of Trustees. A. "Salaries and Expenses"Regular Operating Programs1970 Actual 1971 Estimate 1972 "Estimate$28,993,000 $34,783,000 $41,529,000The total increase requested for "Salaries and Expenses" for regularoperations is $6,746,000. Included in this amount is $1,154,000 for mandatorypay and related benefits commitments, largely for current staff, that will falldue in fiscal year 1972 and are relatively uncontrollable. This increase isdistributed as followed: (In thousands of dollars)1971 Requested 1972Base Increase EstimateScience $12,306 $3,791 $16,097To correct serious deficiencies in the avail-ability of technicians and other supporting staff,scientific equipment, laboratory supplies andmaterials, and key professional research staffin order that the Institution can continue itstraditional basic investigations and educationalservices in anthropology, biology, geology, andthe space sciences which are fundamental to abetter understanding of the environment. Includesrequests for the National Museum of NaturalHistory, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Office of EnvironmentalSciences, National Air and Space Museum, Centerfor the Study of Man, Center for Short- LivedPhenomena, and the National Zoological Park.
1970
1971 Requested 1972Base Increase Estimate(In thousands of dollars)History and Art $4,801 $1,245 $6,046To provide essential support staff and theroutine services, supplies, and equipmentrequired for basic operations in order thatthe established and developing museums andart galleries of the Smithsonian can effectivelytell the story of American civilization tomillions of visitors annually. Includes thebudgetary requirements of the National Museumof History and Technology, National Collectionof Fine Arts, National Portrait Gallery, JosephH. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,Freer Gallery of Art, Archives of AmericanArt, and the National Armed Forces MuseumAdvisory Board.United States National Museum 3,120 183 3,303To improve the documentation and conservationof the National Collections. Includes requestsfor the Office of Museum Programs, Office ofExhibits, Conservation Analytical Laboratory,and the Office of the Registrar.
Public Service 807 118 925To furnish additional capabilities to certain ofthose Smithsonian's activities which reach outto serve a wide public. Requests are includedfor the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, theOffice of International Activities, InternationalExchange Service, Division of Performing Arts,and the Office of Public Affairs.Program Administration and Support 4,478 602 5,080To allow the central services to give adequateadministrative and technical support to themuseums, galleries, and laboratories. Includesrequests for the Offices of the Secretary, GeneralCounsel, Treasurer, and Personnel, and for theSmithsonian Press, Libraries, InformationSystems Division, and other important supportunits.Buildings Management 9,271 807 10,078To provide adequate maintenance, operation, andprotection services in support of the Institution'sresearch, collections' management, and publiceducation services. Totals $34,783 $6,746 $41, 529
1971
Special Programs1970 Actual 1971 Estimate 1972 Estimate$972, 000 $1, 549, 000 $3,475,000This request is aimed at strengthening the Smithsonian's abilities toperform ecological research of national significance, present important andtimely exhibitions, and extend its public education services. Included arerequests for program funding for the Environmental Sciences, the AmericanRevolution Bicentennial, the National Museum Act, a Major Exhibition on theWorld of Living Things, Academic and Educational Programs, and the ResearchAwards Program.
B. Science Information Exchange1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$ 1/ 1/ $1,400,000A separate appropriation account is requested to enable the Institution toboth manage and fund the Science Information Exchange as a nationalinformation service to the federal and nonfederal research community.1/ Funded under contract with the National Science Foundation at anannual rate of $1,600,000C. Special Foreign Currency Program1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$2,316,000 $2,500,000 $5,500,000The need is to provide adequate support, without any dollar drain to thenation, for overseas archeological work, systematic and environmental biology,astrophysical studies, and museum programs of benefit to American institutionsof higher learning. Ongoing research, based on a broadened authority toemploy these excess foreign currency funds, now consumes the entire approp-riation (funding for many ongoing projects has had to be reduced). Newdemand, however, spurred by diminishing dollar support of basic research andby greater research opportunities abroad is steadily climbing.D. Restoration and Construction1970 Appropriation 1971 Appropriation 1972 Estimate$4,625,000 $7,125,000 $6,847,000Included in this request are $200, 000 to continue to make essential repairsto existing buildings and facilities at the National Zoological Park; $1,050,000for the restoration and renovation of Smithsonian buildings, including completingthe Renwick Gallery of Art, providing Bicentennial facilities on the NationalMuseum of History and Technology, and other projects; $3,697,000 to liquidatethe balance of the Hirshhorn construction authority; and $1,900,000 for theredesign of the National Air and Space Museum.
Total 1972 Appropriations Requested $58,751,000
1972
"SALARIES AND EXPENSES"Report on the Number of Permanent Positions by Organization UnitIncrease1970 1971 1972 1972 overActual Estimate Estimate 1971National Museum of Natural History 258 271 349 78Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. . . 57 57 57Smithsonian Tropical Research Insititute 40 45 57 12Radiation Biology Laboratory 36 40 46 6Office of Environmental Sciences 23 34 42 8National Air and Space Museum 41 41 44 3Center for the Study of Man 6 7 10 3Center for Short- Lived Phenomena 14 3National Zoological Park 249 297 48Museum of History and Technology 158 158 157 -1National Collection of Fine Arts 59 70 72 2National Portrait Gallery 30 37 38 1Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden 13 18 21 3Freer Gallery of Art 7 7 8 1Archives of American Art 11 11National Armed Forces Museum Adv. Bd. 8-8 6 -2Office of Museum Programs 7 9 9Exhibits 167 167 164 -3Conservation Analytical Laboratory 11 11 14 3Registrar 29 29 30 1Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 9 11 15 4Office of International Activities 8 8 9 1International Exchange Service 9 9 9Performing Arts 7 7 7Public Affairs 12 12 12American Revolution Bicentennial 2 2Environmental Sciences Program 3 8 5Major ExhibitionsNational Museum Act 3 3Academic & Educational Programs 18 20 23 3Research AwardsSecretary. 38 38 40 2General Counsel 8 8 9 1Treasurer 31 31 33 2Personnel 26 28 29 1Libraries 49 54 63 9Press 23 25 25Information Systems Division 13 14 16 2Archives 6 6 6Photographic Services Division 20 20 20Supply Division 21 21 21Administrative Systems Division 9 9 9Duplicating 7 7 7Other Central Support 13 13 13Buildings Management Department 748 768 793 25Woodrow Wilson International Centerfor Scholars 8Tot* 1 2,033 2,373 2,608 235
1973
Report of Obligations by Objects
1970 1970 1972Actual Estimate Estimate11 Personnel Compensation ..$20,631,000 $25,126,000 $28,000,00012 Personnel Benefits 1,564,000 1,942,000 2,177,00021 Travel & Transportationof Persons 313,000 329,000 527,00022 Transportation of Things.. 210,000 180,000 253,00023 Rent, Communications,and Utilities 1,889,000 2,349,000 2,656,00024 Printing and Reproduction. 597,000 885,000 1,095,00025 Other Services. 2,397,000 3,297,000 5,376,00026 Supplies and Materials 1,048,000 1,204,000 1,763,00031 Equipment 1,355,000 1,012,000 3,134,00041 Grants 8, 000 8, 000 23, 000Total Obligations $30,012,000 $36,332,000 $45,004,000Appropriation Adjustments :Receipts and Reimbursementsfrom Federal Funds -61,000Unobligated balance lapsing. . . 14, 000 0_Appropriation or estimate $29, 965, 000 $36, 332, 000* $45, 004, 000
Increase orDecrease(-)
'72 over '71$2,874,000235,000198,00073,000307,000210, 0002,079,000559,0002, 122,00015, 00Q:5,672,000
i, 672, 000
* Includes anticipated supplementalof $1,630, 000.
1974
Smithsonian Institution Current Building Program
Project Est. TotalCost Appropriatedto Date Fiscal Year 1972Request
Construction andImprovements,National ZoologicalParkRestoration andRenovation ofBuildingsConstruction, Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture GardenConstruction, NationalAir and Space Museum
$20,000,000 $8,703,000(depending on redesign)
Continuing Program 8, 323, 000
15,000,000- 11,303,00044,775,000 1,875,000(depending on redesign)
1/200, 000 ?
1, 050, 000i/
3,697, 0001,900,000
1. Buildings and facilities repair and maintenance.2. Renwick Gallery completion ($400, 000) planning and design of Bicentennial facilitiesand exhibits on the History and Technology Building ($500,000), sewer systemimprovements ($125, 000), and library improvements at Lamont Street ($25, 000).Total estimated cost of Bicentennial facilities is $4, 500,000.3. Excludes $200,000 for relocation of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and$1,000,000 legally committed by Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn for construction.4. Liquidation of contract authority of $14, 197, 000 provided in fiscal year 1969appropriation act.5. Building planning and redesign.
1975
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1976
SIGNIFICANT EXHIBITS, FISCAL YEAR 1970Natural History Building _John Wesley Powell: The Indomitable Malay ArchipelagoMajor Armani Hammer ExhibitSmithsonian Science Illustrators A Heritage in Peril - Alaska'sBengal Tiger Vanishing TotemsDead Sea Scrolls, Parts I and II Studies of South African CostumesDaco-Roman Traces in RomaniaArts and Industries BuildingContemporary Black American Artists Lovis CorinthBritish Designer Crafts Moon RockYugoslavian Tapestry & Graphics Toledo GlassUrban Transit Johannes GutenbergApollo Art Art ProtisWhite House Press Photographers Polish Folk ArtHistory and Technology BuildingHistorical machinery and products "The Roots of California Culture"of the American textile industry "Women and Politics"Energy Conversion "Laser 10"Fine Arts and Portrait GalleriesRetrospective of the work of Tibelan ArtMilton Avery Winslow Homer"Explorations" Paintings and sculpture from the ^BCsMid-career retrospective of Augustus Saint -Gaudens : "TheLeonard Baskin Portrait Reliefs"Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design
"Kabuki Prints" Posters by E. McKnight KaufferContemporary Japanese Posters 1890-1965A Stately Pleasure Dome: Contemporary Drawings by New York"The Royal Pavilion at Brighton" ArtistsLight and Line: Etchings by Rembrandt India ChintzSmithsonian Institution Traveling ExhibitionsThe exhibits originated at the Smithsonian with Smithsonian collectionsand were planned and produced by Smithsonian programs.Jean Louis Berlandier Werner Drewes WoodcutsPhotography and The City The People's ChoicePerforming ArtsFolk Festival on the Mall - Third Annual EventAnacostiaThe Rat: Man's Invited Affliction "The Douglass Years" FrederickDouglass
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1979INTRODUCTION OF ASSOCIATESSenator Bible. Introduce those with you at the witness table.Dr. Ripley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.I would like to introduce those first who are here today with us, andwho may be from time to time joining me in testifying before yourcommittee.Senator Bible. Very well, proceed.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Bradley, the Under Secretary, is on my right.Dr. Challinor, the Acting Assistant Secretary for Science, is at theend of the table.Mr. Warner, Assistant Secretary for Public Service, is next to him.Mr. Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art.Mr. Jameson, Director, Office of Programming and Budget of theInstitution.Mr. Wheeler, our Treasurer.Behind in the first row of seats, Mr. Chairman, I would like to in-troduce Dr. Cowan, Director of the National Museum of NaturalHistory.Dr. Boorstin, Director of the National Museum of History andTechnology.Dr. Whipple, Director, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.Mr. Lerner, Director of the Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden.We have asked to come along as an observer Mr. Michael Collins,astronaut, who is the incoming Director of the National Air andSpace Museum.Senator Bible. I remember him very well.Dr. Ripley. He is a St. Albans schoolboy.Senator Bible. As were two of my sons. They brag about him allthe time, and deservedly so.Dr. Ripley. The last name on our list is Dr. Reed, who is Directorof the National Zoological Park.justificationSenator Bible. There will be printed in the record the justificationmaterial which you supplied in support of your fiscal year 1972 budgetestimates for salaries and expenses amounting to $45,004,000 which isan increase of $10,302,000 over the appropriations thus far for fiscalyear 1971.(The justification follows:)
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 45
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1983NECESSARY PAY INCREASES, FISCAL YEAR 1972An increase of $1, 154, 000 is required for personnel compensation andpersonnel benefits. The operations of the Smithsonian Institution have beencarefully reviewed and the following have been absorbed in our existing base forsalaries and benefits. Recent legislation increased the agency's contribution to theemployees' health benefits. The agency's share was increased, on the average,from 24 percent to 40 percent of the cost of each employee's health insurance.This Public Law 91-418 became effective January 1, 1971. The Smithsonian isabeerbing the cost of this increase which is estimated to cost $120,000 in fiscalyear 1972.The Smithsonian Institution is also absorbing part of the cost of the WageBoard increase effective November 1, 1970. The amount of the absorption in1972 is estimated to be $87, 000 and affects the Buildings Management Departmentand the National Zoological Park. No further absorption is possible withoutadversely affecting the operations of the Smithsonian.The above increase will be used to finance the following items:
a. Periodic step increases in accordance with GovernmentEmployees Salary Reform Act of 1964 and with prevailingpractices in the wage scales $623, 000b. To finance the cost of promotions 185, 000
c. To finance an extra work day in fiscal year 1972 100, 000d. Guard raise 163,000
e. To finance the cost of housing allowance for United Statescitizen employees of the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute 21, 000
f. Full-year costs of wage adjustments for wage employees atthe Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 13, 000g. To finance a new holiday-Columbus Day--as authorized inPublic Law 90-363 10, 000h. Full-year costs of the wage board increase granted onNovember 1, 1970 39, 000$1, 154, 0001In fiscal year 1966, the Smithsonian Institution account obligated 68.9 per-cent of the total "Salaries and Expenses" budget for personnel compensation andbenefits. In fiscal year 1971, we anticipate obligating 74. 5 percent of our fundsfor personnel compensation and benefits. We are striving to achieve a betterbalance in our funds between those for salaries and benefits and those for otherobjects of expense. Much of this imbalance has been caused by absorbing portionsof legislated salary and wage increases. In order not to have to reduce otherobjects further, this requested increase is of high priority. People are theSmithsonian Institution's most important asset provided by the budget process, butas modern techniques and equipment are coming into use, we must also be in aposition to provide the professional research staff as well as the administrativeand technical support staff with such tools as advanced equipment and computer
This amount is distributed in the fiscal year 1972 column of the individualbudget requests.
1984
services. This can only be done if we have some flexibility in other objects.Currently this is not the situation. After we have provided for the other essentialcosts in other objects, i.e., electricity, steam, gas, air conditioning, rent, andcommunications, there are extremely limited amounts of funds left.Periodic step increases are made in accordance with the GovernmentEmployees Salary Reform Act of 1964 and prevailing practices in the wage system.This amount includes the additional portion of the fiscal year 1971 step increasesto be paid in fiscal year 1972 and the new amount to be paid to employees in fiscalyear 1972. The apparent cost was determined through a position-by-position studyand has been reduced to real cost by offsets resulting from employees beingseparated or promoted before receiving step increases and from filling somepositions at a lower grade step than the former incumbents held. Experience in1970 showed that we paid $191, 000 in new costs which on an annual basis wouldhave cost $388, 000. We are requesting $623, 000 for these costs in 1972. This isbased on our higher employment in 1971 over 1970 and on the fact that 50 percentof 1970's experience was based on lower pay scales, and the wage system'sexperience was based on pay that will have been increased twice and will probablybe increased again in early 1972.In order to hold its eminent professional research and curatorial staff, theSmithsonian Institution must be in a position to offer promotions as these men gainexperience and professional competence. Within the Smithsonian Institution, thehistorians and scientists are rated by their peers. Certain criteria have beenestablished by these two groups in order to assess rates of professional advance-ment in order to obtain promotions. There are two groups known as ProfessionalAccomplishments Evaluation Committees. One group is composed of curators andhistorians in history and the arts. The other group is made up of scientists andcurators in the natural sciences. These groups have to recommend a scientist'spromotion to the bureau directors before any action can be taken. Even then thebureau directors and the personnel staff have to apply the standard regulationsbefore these promotions are accomplished. In order to keep this program goingand to maintain the staff of qualified researchers that have been gathered, theSmithsonian Institution is requesting $65, 000 to pay for the additional part-yearcost of fiscal year 197 l's promotions in fiscal year 1972 and the additional costsin that year for new promotions. We are also requesting $120, 000 to help financethe upgrading of the rest of our staff.In fiscal year 1972, there will be an extra workday since February will have29 days in that year. This will cost $100, 000 in additional salaries and benefits.The Civil Service Commission was requested and granted authority under5 U.S. C. 5303 and Executive Order 11073 to establish the special new highersalary rates for all guards GS-085 which is the category of the SmithsonianInstitution's special policemen. These guards possess full police power withintheir jurisdiction including the power of arrest, and are qualified to bear armsunder the authorizing statute. The increased salaries were deemed necessary togive them parity with other similar protective forces in the District of Columbiaand enhance the ability to recruit suitable personnel and to retain those already onthe force who possess the required training and experience. These factorsbecame all the more important in light of the government's security crackdownbecause of the many recent bomb threats, and the alarming increase in demon-strations, protests, and crimes. The special guard raise gave the guards inGS-3, 4, and 5 an average increase of $1, 500 per year. This increase becameeffective November 12, 1970. We are seeking $163,000 to annualize this raisein fiscal year 1972 for our Buildings Management Department.The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute is the only U.S. federal activityin the Canal Zone or in Panama whose employees are not offered low-cost CanalZone housing, Government-leased quarters in Panama, or quarters allowances.
1985All STR1 families must reside in Panama where high costs in comparison withDistrict of Columbia costs provide the basis for State Department surveyedForeign Quarters Allowances. STRI's U.S. staff members, however, now receiveonly a 15 percent pay differential as do all other U.S. employees working in theCanal Zone. This differential is approximately three-fifths the value of theForeign Quarters Allowances received by all U.S. employees working in Panama.The requested funding of $21, 000 would make up the difference by enabling theagency to lease quarters in Panama and sublease these to staff members on apartially subsidized basis. This will rectify a hardship on the STRI's employees.Authorization for a longer-term solution will be sought whereby full ForeignQuarters Allowances may replace the differential.The Smithsonian Institution's Tropical Research Institute has manualemployees who are maintained on a separate pay system from other employeeswithin the Smithsonian. We are requesting $13, 000 to finance the wage adjustmentsfor these employees. This covers $9i 000 for adjustments effective July 12, 1970,and an increase effective October 1, 1970, at $4,000 to raise the minimumwage paid in the Canal Zone from $1.45 to $1.6 per hour.
Public Law 90-363 provided a new holiday--Columbus Day--which will occurfor the first time in fiscal year 1972. We are requesting $10, 000 for this holidaysince our museums and zoo are open every day of the year except Christmas.This is the holiday pay for the guards, policemen, animal keepers, custodians,and certain mechanics needed to keep the buildings open.The Smithsonian Institution employs over 700 wage board employees. Theseemployees received a pay increase on November 1, 1970. We are requesting$39, 000 to finance the additional cost of this increase in fiscal year 1972. Whilemost government agencies depend upon the General Services Administration toprovide maintenance, operation, and protection services, the SmithsonianInstitution because of the uncommon feature of our buildings being not only officespace, but museums, galleries, and laboratories, maintains its own BuildingsManagement Department. At the National Zoological Park, we have the additionalfeature of having live exhibits. Animal keepers are required to maintain theselive exhibits. It is not possible to further absorb pay increases in these twogroups of employees by abolishing positions in order to finance wage increasesfrom base resources. Additional building spaces and exhibits are creating needsfor more, not fewer, such positions.
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1988SCIENCEDiscovering the history and development of natural phenomena and thecharacterization of natural events, especially as they relate to the evolution ofman in response to his physical and sociological environment, represents themajor scientific goal of the Smithsonian. If there is a single scholarly bond ofinterest among all the activities of the Institution, it is a common concern withhistory, the history of art, the history of technology, the history of science, andindeed natural history. Our staff of scientists is concerned with elucidating theinterrelationships between organisms (including man), communities, and popula-tions with the physical, chemical, and geological factors which play a role informing the ecology of the earth now and in past ages. More than seventyspecialties are represented by the Smithsonian's community of scientists.Activities range from astrophysical investigations that contribute to our under-standing of the origin and mechanics of the universe, through investigations onmicroscopic organisms in the ocean depths, to the development of man as shownby his artifacts and productivity.There is a major change occuring now in the nation's general scientificeffort. This change regards the type of input information more and more investi-gators view as necessary to further research on problems which are biological orphysical in nature. While the change is a contemporary one, it is related in animportant way to the basic and long-term activities of the Smithsonian and similarresearch institutes across the nation, and indeed the world. The change, simplystated, involves the following.Ecological investigations concerned with identifying long-term factorsaffecting environmental balance increasingly are becoming dependent on analysisand information constructed around collections of objects. Systematic collectionsof biological and geological specimens contain standards for describing andmeasuring ecological changes. Unfortunately, as of now, not enough historicalinformation has been extracted to create "bench-marks" of change which wouldgive scientists accurate indices for speculating about ecological trends, and aboutman-made solutions to problems which would be in keeping with the naturalevolutionary process.This, however, is the type of work which the various scientific laboratoriesand museums of the Institution have been involved in for a century and a quarter.In recent times, systematics has not been considered one of the more fashionableof sciences. Even during the hey-day of federal support for scientific research,systematics did not receive the measure of support needed to maintain a level ofinvolvement adequate to the nation's best environmental interests. But now thedemands for taxonomic information are increasing rapidly as our nationalprograms of science and technology are redirected to cope with environmentaldeterioration.The requests contained in this budget are pointed to rectifying certainsupport shortages in Smithsonian scientific endeavors in biology and tostrengthening certain areas of the physical and anthropological sciences. Theincreases requested for this Science program amount to $3, 791, 000 or 44 percentof the total Institutional requested increase. It will permit improved technicalassistance for our scientists to permit them to produce at their optimum level ofprofessional competence.
1989NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 271 78 34911 Personnel Compensation $3,806,000 $ 654,000 $4,460,00012 Personnel Benefits 286,000 51,000 337,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 13,000 86,000 99,00022 Transportation of Things .... 3,000 3,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 17,000 4,000 21,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 44,000 150,000 194,00026 Supplies & Materials 24,000 90,000 114,0003
1
Equipment . 15. 000 433, 000 448, 00041 Grants TOTAL $4. 205,000 $ 1,471,000 $5, 676,000
Analysis of Total tPay Increase $221,000 $163,000 $384,000Program $3, 984, 000 $1, 308, 000 $5, 292, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Correct Museum Support Deficiencies (34 positions, $576, 000)A serious imbalance exists between the professional research and curatorialefforts and the technical support available for these efforts (museum technicians,assistants, equipment, supplies, etc.). This needs to be corrected over the nextfew years. The increase requested will more nearly reflect the support ratiosas recommended by the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panel onSystematics and Taxonomy, and allow a shift of professional attention toimportant contemporary environmental problems.Environmental Studies (28 positions, $532,000)The Museum has a major national role to play in producing baseline informa-tion and research related to environmental problems. This increase isdirected at strengthening the Museum's ability to fill this role and will involvestudies of deteriorating freshwater habitats, sea animal populations, the originof oceanic ecological systems and terrestrial change.Collections Information and Electronic Data Processing ( 16 positions, $200, 000)
If this Museum is to serve as a base for important environmental research,it must make its collections and accompanying data more accessible toresearchers and scholars. Data processing provides the only means by whichthis can be done. This request would expand current efforts to include fishes,marine mammals, and mineral sciences.
1990NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY1970 Actual $3, 9 12, 0001971 Estimate $4,205,0001972 Estimate $5,676,000This Museum serves as a national and international center for the naturalsciences. It maintains the largest reference collections in the Nation andconducts a broad program of basic research on man, plants, animals, fossilorganisms, rocks, minerals, and materials from outer space. Its research isconcerned with classification, distribution, analysis, and environmental andecological relationships. Its fundamental studies in systematics and biology areproviding new information required for the solution of major national problems ofconservation and pollution, food production, improvement of medical knowledge,and for planning national and international programs leading to predictive ecologyand environmental management. It engages in joint educational programs withuniversities by teaching courses, training graduate students, conducting scienceseminars, and providing leadership in the improvement of museum techniques,collections management, and the training of technical assistants for cooperatinginstitutions.The NMNH has the legal responsibility (20 U. S.C. 59) to serve as theultimate Federal repository of all collections and objects of natural history,archeology, and ethnology made by agencies of the Government when no longerneeded for investigations in progress. Additionally, the NMNH has become therepository for numerous extremely valuable collections obtained from othersources, such as the scientific community, academic institutions, as well asmany private individuals. Because the Museum is the national repository, it hasresponsibilities far beyond the research of its own staff. It assists both thelayman and the scientist with identification, lends specimens for research, andsafeguards the tangible results of research. As the National Museum, it hasinherent responsibility to provide leadership for other museums and institutions.In this latter role through use of its collections, NMNH is a vigorous scientificorganization devoting an increasing share of its resources of professional staffand unrivaled collections to research which is "locked into" understanding,explaining, and coping with the multitude of environmental problems which besethumanity.For fiscal year 1972, the Museum is requesting an additional $1, 308, 000 tohelp correct imbalances that exist between the levels of professional scientificeffort and support effort necessary for proper curation of the collections($576, 000), and to strengthen the Museum's ability to respond to nationalproblems by expanding and intensifying its research efforts, which are directlyassociated with its collections interests in ecological and biological areas($532,000). An additional $200,000 is being requested to strengthen theMuseum's capability to extract and automate collections information related to theenvironmental research effort. An increase of $163,000 is needed to covernecessary pay increases.Need for Increase
1. Museum Support Deficiencies (34 positions, $576, 000)With the enlarged emphasis on research on the collections, which is basic toexplaining the many mysteries of how man must manage his environment, manyinternal imbalances have resulted. Within the limited resources available toNMNH in the past, it is impossible to perform adequately both the identificationand care of the collections and undertake research. In this regard the efforts ofthe limited subprofessional staff are almost entirely devoted to performing
1991
curation and collection maintenance in the face of ever increasing numbers ofspecimens which seriously tax the ability of the staff to keep abreast of theworkload.The scientific staff is deeply involved in research, but lacks the necessarysupport required to provide for daily routine functions. This is clearly mostundesirable from both the scientific and the economic standpoints.Several typical examples will serve to illustrate the nature of this problem:
a. The lack of sufficient technicians requires that highly skilledand compensated professionals must routinely perform such menialtasks as preparing thin sections for microscopic analysis. Thistask could be performed competently by subprofessional personnel,freeing the scientist to apply his expertise to meaningful research.b. The shortage of technicians precludes the timely and properprovision of routine identification services to numerous requesters.Presently all departments have sizable backlogs of requests whichcannot be processed without redirecting personnel efforts fromother activities. Frequently, when these services are providedthe scientists must do the work so that the curation responsibilitiescan continue uninterrupted. The professional staff does not do thisbecause of preference, but rather in an attempt to continue thecooperative atmosphere which such consultant work promotes. Thisroutine work can also be effectively performed by technicians.
c. The shortages of such subprofessionals as illustrators oftenforces scientists to prepare their own art work in order thatresearch publications can go to press. This is a gross misdirec-tion of scientific expertise. This work could more properly bedone by lower-graded employees.d. The lending of specimens to other museums and researchlaboratories is a time-consuming but essential process whichrequires the selection, withdrawal, packing, and processing ofcollection material both in the sending and receiving operations.Often this service is provided only by redeploying personnel fromother more essential tasks. This is done to discharge theresponsibility of the National Museum and to maintain closeworking relations with the requesters who are engaged in comple-mentary research and who cooperate with SI in the solution ofscientific problems. These services could be rendered effectivelyby technicians if adequate staff were available.
e. Clerical personnel are also inadequate in numbers to keeppace with the workload. This frequently forces the scientist totype answers to public inquiries, his own reports, memoranda,manuscripts, and do other routine office work.As far back as 1953 a conference sponsored by the National ResearchCouncil called attention to the fact that "the active taxonomists are overwhelmedby the ever-increasing flood of collections crying for attention, to say nothing ofthe great accumulations of unworked, undetermined materials piled up in yearspast" and stated that the greatest needs to meet this problem were "increasedmanpower- -more trained and experienced personnel?greater productivity on thepart of active systematists and taxonomists. "In May 1969 the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panel onSystematic s and Taxonomy recommended a ratio of three support personnel(technical and clerical) to each professional employee as the optimum level for
1992research endeavors. As shown in Table 1, the NMNH is able to provide far lessthan this level of support. Support deficiencies other than those which involvepersonnel also result in less than truly effective utilization of Museum staff andfacilities.The Smithsonian Council, an Institutional advisory body composed of twentyof the Nation's leaders in art, science, and history, at its spring 1970 meetingadopted the following resolution:
"In view of the present need to protect and appreciate thediversity of the environment, the Council is deeply concernedwith the present trend relating to systematic biology as itaffects the Museum of Natural History and strongly urges theallocation of additional resources to the Museum to promotethis field. "These men, in their present capacities as research scientists, foundationdirectors, and university scholars, are used as a sounding board by theInstitution to help integrate national needs with Institution activities.Recently many special support services which had been provided by theInstitution at no cost to the Museum have been discontinued by the support unitsbecause of budgetary constraints. This has required the Museum to redirectfunds from other higher priority areas to provide these essential services. Someexamples of this follow.
a. The SI Library now finds it necessary to require NMNH tofund many of its purchases of reference books for the variousdepartments as it is unable to sustain former levels of thissupport.b. The Administrative Systems Division, which formerlyprovided cataloging forms, labels, and other items essentialto systematic and logical curation, is no longer able to furnishthis service. The departments must finance their own needswhich in some cases represent sizable dollar amounts.
c. The Supply Division, which in the past stocked most itemsnormally required for departmental operation, has discontinuedsome 400 items with the result that the various Smithsonianoperating units must now purchase these from their own alreadyreduced funds.d. The Buildings Management Department now requires theMuseum to purchase supplies and materials used in performingmany special projects requested. In the past, these materialswere routinely supplied.Other financial problems are present in support areas. For instance, theshortage of specimen storage cases and specimen bottles is acute. -In past yearsit was possible to maintain adequate inventories of bottles for specimens but thefinancial constraints in the last several years have prevented the replenishment ofthese stock levels. Specimen storage cases and drawers which in some casesrepresent the largest single expenditure of a department are no longer purchasedon a routine annual basis but rather whenever and to whatever extent funds can beassembled from all available sources. This is neither efficient nor economicalsince these are not available commercially and must be constructed to exactspecifications. Larger volume purchases, such as were possible in the past,would result in lower unit costs. Further, despite selectivity in acquiringspecimens, accessions have grown at a rate which outstrips the availability ofcases in which to house them. This often means that valuable additions to the
1993
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collections are subjected to improper storage, possible damage, and, mostimportantly, the inability to locate specimens readily when required for study byMuseum and other scientists. Immediate relief is essential to curate incomingspecimens in a timely manner, to facilitate proper collection management andprovide the research information when needed.The foregoing are but a very few of the examples of conditions which wouldbe eliminated by additional funding for support shortages. There are many areasin need of increased financial support which individually constitute problems ofgreat magnitude and which when taken collectively represent major deficienciespreventing the Museum from carrying out effectively both its curation andresearch activities.In order to correct these support shortage imbalances, an additional$576, 000 is being requested. Shortages of museum technicians and museum aidsconstitute the greatest need and are largely concentrated in the areas of botany,zoology, and paleobiology (34 museum subprofessionals and $205,000).The current Museum ratio of support personnel to scientific professionals isonly slightly better than 1:1. The requested increases, while falling short of thestandards selected by the President's Science Advisory Committee and the Panelon Systematics and Taxonomy, would serve to improve this ratio to approximately1.6:1. In addition, $371,000 arerequested to provide needed support for equip-ment, supplies and materials, and travel. In this latter amount, $200, 000 are innonrecurring costs involved in major equipment and storage items. The balanceof $171, 000 is urgently needed to raise the current annual amount available forexpenditures per professional from an average of $900 to an amount approaching$2, 000, a figure which would permit efficient utilization of the Museum'sprofessional expertise.2. Environmental Sciences (28 positions, $532,000)A total of $532, 000 is requested to initiate or expand present exploratoryresearch projects related to our environment. These projects include studies ofthe interactions of organisms with each other and with their surroundings--soilstructure, temperatures, water supply, day length, available nutrients, andmany others. A plant grows where it does, just as an animal feeds on it, becauseof a complex interrelationship between the non-living and the living parts of thetotal environment. The development of basic information on these interactions iscritically important to establishing environmental standards and to the intelligentmanagement of natural resources in a world increasingly threatened by man'sactivities. Table 2 presents a program breakdown of the Museum's request.Concern for environmental matters and the research it engenders currentlypervades all of national life, but the National Museum of Natural History has aunique role that has been poorly recognized and supported. The NationalCollections of natural history objects, now more than 50 million, are the largestdata base in the Nation for information on the chemical makeup, structure,geography, and ecology of the world's plants and animals.Much of this material was collected prior to the first atomic explosion andbefore pollution from pesticides, heavy metals, and other sources reachedanywhere near their present levels. Consequently, it constitutes an irreplaceablebase line resource available for analysis which cannot be duplicated. There is noother more reliable, documented source for determining what lived where andwhen and how . Therefore, the identification and protection of the specimens inthe National Collections and the increased availability of information concerningthem must be of the highest priority in the development of our Nation's efforts inthis vital area. The research based on these collections which is conducted bythe Museum's scientific staff is likewise a unique resource available to the entire
1995
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scientific community. The Nation's research in the environmental sciences, tobe successful, must depend increasingly on the collections, data, and intellectualresources of the Museum.Two Science Advisors to the President have emphasized the significance ofthese relationships. Dr. Donald Hornig, testifying before a Congressionalcommittee on environmental quality, pointed out
"the increasing attention being given ecological effects ofman's activities calls for additional scientists capable ofidentifying the multiplicity of biological constituents of anecosystem as a prerequisite to assessing changes."More recently, Dr. Lee DuB ridge stated in a letter
"Certainly the Smithsonian Institution can play a unique role inmeeting our future environmental needs, particularly in theareas of systematics and basic ecology. . . . Undoubtedly thetaxonomic and systematics capability of the Smithsonian willhave to be utilized if we are to know the character of changesoccurring in the natural environment. "The new research projects for which increased funds are requested in fiscalyear 1972 are designed to permit the Museum to play its "unique role" andprovide the services and information needed by all those who are or who will beengaged in these scientific investigations.The destruction of natural ecological communities all over the world isproceeding at an accelerating rate as technology improves, as populationpressure increases needs for space, food, shelter, etc. The effects of clearinglarge, previously undisturbed areas for housing, industry, and agriculture, andthe building of dams and highways, canals and other large public works all poseurgent problems of proportions never before faced by man. It is necessary nowto develop a better understanding of what constitutes the "communities" ofinterdependent plants and animals before disturbances alter them forever.Similarly, such studies permit the protection of organisms against destruction,so that their chemistry, behavior, genetic constitution, and other aspects of theirbiology, which may be important to man's survival, can be studied. The followingprojects are those which are most urgently needed.Study of Deteriorating Freshwater Habitats (3 positions, $50,000)Ongoing research on aquatic insects and crayfish will be expanded in orderto meet growing needs for basic information by Federal agencies and researchorganizations investigating environmental quality problems. Both groups oforganisms which are abundant naturally in freshwater habitats are quite sensitiveto water pollution. Their presence or absence in a particular stream or lake canbe an indicator of water quality. In addition, both larvae and adults of aquaticflies, the specific group to be studied in this project, are vital elements in thefreshwater food chain.Animals of the Sea (7 positions, $121,000)Information on the identity, distribution, environmental requirements, andbehavior of marine animals is fundamental to an understanding of the world-oceanecological system. A very important international effort was made towardclosing this information gap in the International Indian Ocean Expeditions duringwhich large numbers of invertebrate animals were collected. This projectincludes studies of these materials, the results of which will permit fisheries,biologists, and others to frame rational plans for exploitation of the sea.The coastal areas and estuaries are particularly critical ecologicallybecause they are the breeding grounds of so many forms of marine life and theyare among those most threatened by discharge of industrial/urban wastes. Datawhich would be developed in this research on bottom-dwelling, microscopicworms and small crustaceans, important food for fishes, will aid scientists inmany fields to develop and increase the economic value of foods from the sea.
1997Marine mammals (seals, dolphins, and whales), in spite of over exploita-tion, still constitute a valuable natural resource for furs, oil, and food. Inaddition, the study of their physiological mechanisms (such as their deep-divingadaptations, highly discriminant sonar, and underwater communication) wouldprovide clues to new techniques for ocean exploration and exploitation. TheNMNH has the world's largest collection of both fossil and living marine animalsand the finest library pertaining to them. The scientist who would be hired onthis project would strengthen the Museum's research competence in the field ofmarine mammals and provide leadership in planning the projected new NationalMarine Mammal Research Center which will provide facilities to government anduniversity scientists and will be capable of housing the collections, thuspermitting adequate study of these outsized specimens.One has only to have read recent newspaper accounts of pollution of fishesby mercury, pesticides, and petroleum residues to realize that these animalsare highly useful indicators of environmental contamination. It is essential thatnatural populations of fishes be studied now while relatively undisturbed marinehabitats are still available. Fishes are an important source of human food, andtheir number and diversity provide a wide variety of indicators for monitoringlocal contaminants. The National Museum of Natural History houses one of theworld's largest collections of Indo-Pacific reef fishes; however, much of thismaterial remains unsorted and unidentified. As part of this project, thesecollections will be put into order and provide a starting point for a basic inventoryof the species. These specimens will also provide material for chemicalanalyses to establish the base line information on the amounts of heavy metalsand other possible pollutants which they contain. Subsequent analysis of recentlycaught individuals will permit comparisons with a standard from an environmentrelatively unaffected by man.Origins of Oceanic Ecological Systems (9 positions, $104, 200)Analyses of the rocks and fossils will provide data on the kinds, rates, andcauses of natural environmental changes so critical to interpreting the modernsituation. With such information, planners will be in a better position to predictthe effects of environmental disturbances, whether natural or man-made.The Atlantic Coastal Shelf is one of the most threatened areas of NorthAmerica. Asa model of the role that geology and paleobiology can play in theinterpretation and prediction of environmental changes, the origin and develop-ment of the natural environments of the Shelf will be studied in detail. A complete,well-exposed physical record and rich fossil strata are available along theAtlantic Coast. These biological studies will be concentrated on mollusks, oneof the most dominant and environmentally sensitive of the marine shelf organisms.Coral reefs which contain communities of plants and animals which are soeasily destroyed by changed environments would also be studied. An evaluationof the origin of the changes which are occurring cannot be made without athorough understanding of reef ecology. Basic to this knowledge is the origin,structure, and history of the rock framework of the 'reef. This project isdesigned to provide these fundamental data.Studies in Terrestrial Biology (6 positions, $74, 400)Environmental change affects organisms wherever they occur, from theupper layers of soil to thousands of feet above sea level. Rich soils may containmore than ten million insects and their relatives per acre. These tiny animalsare critical links in the total ecological chain of the interrelationships of the soilbecause many break down plant and animal remains so that the nutrients can berecycled to the living plants. Many insects and plants are sensitive toinsecticides and herbicides, and thus can be used as indicators of soil pollution;but in spite of their abundance, little is known of their identity and behavior.This project will develop such information for application to existing problems ofland productivity and soil pollution.The proposed study of birds and mammals would provide clues necessaryfor solutions to environmental and health problems. Because birds and mammalsare closely tied to their habitats, they also are good indicators of environmentalchange.
1998Most of what we know about migrations, breeding cycles, populationstructure, and ecological interrelationships has been derived from investigationson birds and mammals of the Temperate Zone. However, many tropical species,which still live in relatively undisturbed situations and from which the temperatespecies have evolved, remain poorly known. Many of these species eithermigrate into the Temperate Zone themselves or come into contact with temperatezone migrants in the tropics and may therefore act as long-distance carriers ofdisease. Consequently, research in this project will concentrate on the identity,distribution, and ecology of these animals in tropical Asia and Africa.Changing Climates and Man's Adaptations (3 positions, $124,400)By constantly adapting himself, man has survived severe environmentalchanges throughout his history. Today, and in the forseeable future, he faceschallenges to his survival of a magnitude not dreamed of earlier. But the basicproblems are not new, and the more we learn of the adaptations that weresuccessful in earlier periods, the better guidelines we have for current decision-making.One of the most useful techniques for assessing past conditions in aparticular site is the study of the pollens in the various soil layers. Pollen grainsof wet-land plants at one soil-horizon followed by grains of desert plants provideimportant clues to man's life and activities in those periods. Similarly, theorigin of cultivated plants in various cultures can be studied by pollen researchcoupled with archeology. Throughout history, man has had a profound effect onhis surroundings, and it is essential that these interdisciplinary studies beinitiated now to provide a better understanding of his relationships with theenvironment and its impact on his cultures, civilization, and ability tc survive.Crystallography Laboratory ($58,000)Included in the amount for new program activities is the sum of $58, 000needed to begin equipping a much-needed crystallography laboratory, through thepurchase of a single-crystal diffTactometer . The extremely capable crystallo-grapher in the Department of Mineral Sciences could then greatly extend theSmithsonian's research capabilities. The diffractometer is a highly versatileinstrument, and yields valuable structural data on virtually any crystallinematerial. Minerals, meteorites, deep-sea basalts, lunar rocks, and even man-made materials can be studied in minute detail, thus greatly strengthening theanalytical power of existing Museum facilities, and adding new dimensions tocurrent and proposed investigations. This sum is a substantial fraction of thetotal that would be required for a complete laboratory, yet would secure the bestinstrumentation currently available.
3. Improvement in Collection Management and Availability of Data ThroughElectronic Data Processing (16 positions, ?200,000 )Improved access for the scientific and museum communities to the data inthe National Collections is urgently needed, and is a project of the highest priorityof the National Museum of Natural History. Funds appropriated by Congress infiscal year 1971 for the initial application of electronic data processing to naturalhistory collections are being used in four projects. These projects will makeavailable information on important collections in the Departments of Paleobiology,Botany, Invertebrate Zoology, and Vertebrate Zoology. Each data preparator canprepare for computer entry 8, 000 to 12, 000 records per year. Computerprocessing of these records, and the production of listings for internal use andpublication, costs approximately fifty cents per record. It is estimated thatduring fiscal year 1971 a total of approximately 30, 000 specimen records will beprepared and computerized for all four projects. The results already achieved inthis program include three cross-referenced catalogs, containing information onover 4, 000 specimens, which are soon to be published. Two more catalogscovering an additional 10, 000 specimens will be completed in the current fiscalyear.
1999The increase of $200, 000 being requested for fiscal year 1972 would be usedto expand current efforts to cover new groups of organisms and to initiate newprograms in two departments. These projects would make information associatedwith specimens of animals, plants, and minerals in the National Museum ofNatural History collections more readily available to all who need these data. Inaddition, the volcanic activity file will provide historical perspective and currentawareness data on behavior of the world's volcanoes. Users of informationproduced in these programs include personnel connected with research andacademic institutions, industry, and government, as well as other scientists,students, and the staff of the Museum itself. It is estimated that the increaserequested would permit the preparation and computer input, manipulation, andoutput of information on approximately 150, 000 specimens per year. Of thisnumber, about 75, 000 will be new specimens comprising about one -tenth of theyearly inflow of specimens to the Museum. A major goal for the future is tocapture data on the 300, 000 to 500, 000 most important yearly additions to thecollections while continuing work on the major collections already on hand.Introduction of modern data management methods and computer technologyinto the control of specimen holdings at the National Museum of Natural Historyhas the immediate benefit of assuring more accurate and permanent capture ofinformation, while at the same time improving the efficiency of highly skilledpersonnel. However, it is already apparent that a more important benefit is theability to obtain, through the computer, any of the stored items of data in anydesired combination rather than in only the very few catagories possible throughtraditional indexing procedures. Thus, the limiting factor becomes the ingenuityand interest of the researcher rather than the restrictions presently placed on himby conventional paper filing systems. This flexibility is becoming increasinglyimportant for investigation of the complex interrelationships of variablesaffecting the distribution, genesis, and evolution of minerals, animals, and plants.Two environmental research proposals, for which funding is also requested,offer examples of the integration of computer data storage and the broader aimsof scientific study. Data collected in both the Comparative Faunistic Inventory ofIndo-Pacific Coral Reef Fishes and the Development of National Marine MammalResearch Center will be entered into the computer. Study of migration patterns,habitat preferences, population densities, and other important environmentalparameters will be made much easier through computerization of the data fromthese programs.The tremendous volume of information already in hand in the Museum, butlargely in undigested form, and the increasing mass of information currentlybeing collected, poses a staggering challenge. The proposed projects wouldattack discrete, select segments of this information mass to provide scientificresults of the greatest immediate value, and would serve as a base for analysesand future investigations. Over the next several decades this progressive 'approach would result in the preparation of information about a significantproportion of specimens in the collections, largely as a by-product of other short-term studies which have scientific merit in their own right. The insights whichcan be gained by the use of the computer for such highly organized data cannot allbe predicted, but it is clear from man's growing awareness of environmentalinteractions that such insights are already very badly needed. Because of thevolume of data which must be organized, we must begin now the task of puttinginto order our knowledge about organisms, environmental phenomena, and thechanges which have been and are now taking place.To summarize, the National Museum of Natural History is requesting$576,000 (34 positions with $205, 000 for associated personnel costs, plus$371,000 for equipment, supplies and materials) to correct operating supportdeficiencies; $532,000 (28 positions with $241,000 for associated personnel costs,plus $291,000 for equipment, supplies and materials, and information processing)for program development in the environmental sciences; $200,000 (16 positions,with $96, 000 for associated personnel costs) for improving its ability to automati-cally handle environmental information associated with the collections; and$163, 000 for necessary pay increases in the fiscal year.
2000SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 1971 Base57 IncreaseRequested11 Personnel Compensation $1,157,000 $ 19,00012 Personnel Benefits 92,000 2,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 50,00022 Transportation of Things .... 12,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 152,000 10,00024 Printing & Reproduction 30, 00025 Other Services 274,000 160,00026 Supplies & Materials ....... 85, 0003 1 Equipment 224, 000 363, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 2, 076, 000 $ 554, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 68,000 $ 21,000Program $2, 008, 000 $533, 000
1972Estimate57$1, 176,00094, 00050,00012,000162,00030,000434, 00085, 000587,000$2, 630, 000
$ 89,000$2, 541,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Phased Development of Large, Low Cost Telescope ($ 533, 000)Since its establishment, the Observatory has been one of the leadingorganizations in the field of astrophysics. The Observatory's eminentscientific position is closely associated with its instrumentation capabilities.Recent years' budgeting constraints have jeopardized these capabilities. Inconjunction with the University of Arizona and the Department of Defense,the Observatory has a unique opportunity to develop a large astronomicaltelescope for the nation with new techniques at very low cost. A scientificevaluation of existing national instrumentation capabilities, the requirementsof the world astronomical community, and the goals of SAO's own researchprogram, makes it clear that this opportunity should not be neglected. Thetelescope represents a break-through in instrumentation. A three- yearphased plan for development requires $1,500,000 for engineering design,construction of facilities, and installation. To implement the first year'sactivity, $533, 000 are requested.
2001SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY1970 Actual $2,086,0001971 Estimate $2,076,0001972 Estimate $2,630,000The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) pursues a broad programof research in astrophysics and related earth and space sciences. Establishedin 1890, the SAO was reorganized in 1955 and moved to Cambridge,Massachusetts. In addition to some 50 scientists and supporting staff currentlyemployed in Cambridge, SAO maintains scientific facilities elsewhere in theUnited States and overseas. Included in these facilities are a multipurposeobservatory on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona; a worldwide network of Baker-Nunncamera and laser tracking stations; camera and radar networks in the mid-western United States for meteor studies and meteorite recovery; and jointuse with Harvard College Observatory of an 84- foot radio telescope inMassachusetts.An appropriation increase of $533, 000 is requested to continue thedevelopment of a large telescope to provide the kind of instrumentation essentialto further scientific achievement and to correct research support shortages.An additional $21 , 000 are requested to cover necessary pay increases.Need for Increase?The professional staff working at SAO has been unableto achieve its full potential because of severe budgetary restrictions. Theresults of the Observatory's research have established standards for otherscientists engaged in similar investigations. Included in these accomplishmentsare the publication of the 1969 Smithsonian Standard Earth (II) , the mostaccurate representation of the earth's size, shape, and gravitational field everproduced; a determination, through observations, of limits on the frequency andnumber of micrometeroids as hazards to space flight; the production of theSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog and Star Atlas as standardreferences; and studies of the maser process to help measure the motions ofthe earth, to test the theory of relativity, and to investigate those areas of theuniverse where vast natural hydrogen masers operate.The Observatory has always emphasized pioneering research. Forexample, SAO recognized even before the first Sputnik was launched thatartificial satellites would provide a means for studying the earth and itsatmosphere in more detail than ever before possible. The continuing role ofSAO as a scientific pioneer depends upon timely, systematic acquisition of newinstrumentation. Scientific inquiry is dynamic, and yesterday's tools areseldom sufficient for tomorrow's problems.From year to year, the Observatory has applied a significant fraction ofits funds to acquiring new research capability. The eminent scientific positionof the Observatory is closely associated with the capabilities represented byits instrumentation. This necessary policy of instrumentation advancement wasunfortunately broken in fiscal year 1971. Inflation and a relatively staticbudget have made any major equipment purchases impossible. This unhealthysituation must be remedied in 1972 if SAO is to survive as a productiveresearch organization.In an effort to select the most useful new instrumentation for SAO, thescientific staff evaluated the existing national instrumentation capabilities, therequirements of the world astronomical community, and the goals of SAO'sown research program. It was clear that an appropriate step forward would bethe construction of a large optical telescope designed for a broad range ofapplications from infrared astronomy and spectral photometry to observationscomplementing the capabilities of instruments detecting high-energy radiation.
2002To overcome the immense difficulties and expense inherent in themanufacture of a single mirror, studies at SAO and elsewhere indicate thatdesign advances lie in the direction of multielement mirror arrays. Atelescope of this new design can be relatively lightweight, inexpensive, andextremely accurate--incorporating provisions for small adjustments of themirrors so that all the images fall upon each other with sufficient precision.Less than a decade ago, such a technique would have been impossible. Changesin temperature and flexure caused by repointing the telescope to observe adifferent sky section would have caused the delicate alignment of the individualmirrors to go awry. Modern electronics, however, now make it possible toreadjust continuously and automatically the alignment of the mirrors to ensurea single image.SAO has a unique opportunity to undertake a cooperative project with theUniversity of Arizona to build such a large multielement telescope. Thispioneering effort will not only produce an instrument with resolving powerequal to a 240" conventional telescope but will pave the way for the scientificcommunity to build even larger, more powerful telescopes at remarkablymodest costs. A photograph of the planned telescope follows; additionaldetail related to its development is being separately transmitted in the supple-ment A Large A stronomical Telescope at Low Cost . The Optical SciencesCenter of the University of Arizona has acquired six 72" mirrors. Withassistance from the Department of Defense (DOD), they plan to build sixsystems that will be tied together optically and electronically to function as asingle but stationary optical system. The technology developed through thisphase of the program will satisfy DOD's requirements. The Smithsonian, acooperating agency with complementary objectives, plans to work with theUniversity to design and construct a control system, mounting, and shelter sothat the instrument can then be used as an astronomical telescope. If this isnot done, the nation may lose an opportunity to convert an experiment intechnology into a powerful operational scientific instrument at modest cost.An amount of $1,500,000 spread over three fiscal years will be required forengineering design, construction of facilities, and installation of the telescope.For the first phase of the project, $533, 000 is requested for fiscal year 1972.SAO RESEARCH PROGRAMSAO's activities for 1972 will be grouped under three major programheadings: 1) THE EARTH AS A PLANET, 2) THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 3)ENERGETIC PHENOMENA in the universe.The Earth as a PlanetSAO's investigations of THE EARTH AS A PLANET are centered on thedynamics of the earth and its atmosphere. The Observatory applies the mostprecise laser and electronic techniques now available to monitor geophysicalchanges by observing the motions of artificial satellites in the earth'sgravitational field. This can lead toward better understanding of processeswithin the earth and may eventually result in practical benefits such as theprediction of earthquakes. Employing techniques developed for measuringsatellite orbits, SAO uses its worldwide observing stations to monitortemperature and density variations in the upper atmosphere caused by solaractivity.Man lives in a small and extremely fragile environment close to thesurface of the earth; SAO scientists are making major contributions to anunderstanding of the physical processes that have such a important effect onman's environment.
2G03The Solar SystemStudies of THE SOLAR SYSTEM include the near-space neighbors of theearth--the moon, planets, comets, asteroids, and meteoroids--as well as thesun itself and its relationship to other members of this complex system. SAO'sresearch program incorporates theoretical, laboratory, and observationalstudies of extraterrestrial bodies, their history since the formation of the solarsystem, and the sea of radiation to which they have been exposed.Energetic PhenomenaENERGETIC PHENOMENA studies are concerned with the sources ofradiation, including the nature of newly discovered and largely unexplainedsources of radiation far outside the solar system. For many scientists, thesenew astronomical sources present some of the most intellectually challengingproblems in science today. More energy is being emitted from the centers ofgalaxies and from quasars than can be explained by any processes now under-stood. Most likely, the answers to these newest mysteries will be provided bythe newest astronomical tools--radio, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, andadvanced optical instrumentation.
2004SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions . . 45
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 409, 00012 Personnel Benefits 25, 0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 20,00022 Transportation of Things .... 4, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 26,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 32,00026 Supplies & Materials 32, 0003
1
Equipment 12, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 560, 000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate12 57
I 147,000 $ 556,0009, 000 34, 0009, 000 29, 0006, 000 10, 0006, 000 32, 00024, 000 56, 00016, 000 48, 00019,000 31,000
; 236,000 $ 796,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $16,000 $60,000 $76,000Program $544,000 $176,000 $720,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support to Professional Research Efforts (3 positions, $34, 000)The environmental research programs have suffered because of a lack ofback-up support activity. The greatest shortages are two field aids and alaunch operator ($17, 000) and additional direct support for the scientificoperations ($17,000).Support to Facilities Operations (5 positions, $64, 000)A large portion of the Institute's annual budget is used to keep the facilities inreasonably good shape; this is a difficult task because of the tropical climate,the growing use of facilities, and condition of some buildings and equipment.A manager and a janitor are needed for the marine station's facilities, amaintenance laborer for Barro Colorado Island, and an electrician and amessenger for all facilities ($25, 000). Additional funding for facilitiesmaintenance and equipment is also requested ($39,000).Environment and Behavior Research (2 positions, $44, 000)A marine ecologist and a forest ecologist are needed to allow a measuredstep of progress in the research program ($33,000). Direct support funding isrequested for laboratory and office needs, travel and household transportation,and supplies ($11,000).Administrative Support and Interagency Research (2 positions, $34, 000)With the growing utilization of STRI's facilities, administrative support isurgently needed; one office administrator and one technical typist are requested($21,000), along with support funding for central administrative functions($13, 000).
2005SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE1970 Actual $522, 0001971 Estimate $560, 0001972 Estimate $796, 000Established 25 years ago to foster understanding of the tropical environmentas preserved on Barro Colorado Island, the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute has become a center of excellence for advanced studies by staff,advanced students, associates, and visiting scientists on the processes ofsurvival and their relationship to the environment--ever more essential questionsfor which the tropics are uniquely suited. In the tropics, diversities are greater,competitive processes and interactions more complex, new lines of adaptiveradiation more pronounced, and year-round field study and experimental oppor-tunities richer by far than in other climes.Panama, easily accessible, offers an array of terrestrial and marine studyhabitats within immediate reach. The Isthmus is a land bridge for the bioticinterchange of two continents and, at the same time, a continuing barrier to thebiota of two oceans--separated by several millions of years, but only 50 milesapart. This affords an observational and experimental potential which cannot bematched elsewhere. The interdependence of ocean and continent is beginning tobe publically recognized. STRI has one of the few teams of scientists in theworld organized jointly to pursue the biology of both realms.Questions on survival, importance of diversity, the critical role of commu-nications, mapping and influence of environmental change, invasions by newpopulations, partitioning of environmental resources on lancj and in the oceans--on these and many other fronts STRI progress is recognized by leaders in biologyfrom around the world. Last year, ten STRI staff biologists gave 25 seminars atleading universities and prepared 53 contributions in research for publication.More than 100 other contributions were made by visiting scientists based onwork at STRI.The great growth in visitor demand from across the United States istestimony to the key value of STRI's role. In the last twelve months alone, 624men and women from sixty-two universities and 33 agencies and institutions in 28states and 22 countries spent 8, 757 work days mining the combined intellectualand environmental resources at STRI. STRI harbors five laboratories for studyingtropical marine and terrestrial ecology from forest and lake to seashore andmountain. Work is underway in forty different habitats on interactions betweenhundreds of different organisms and their environment. STRI provides a base ofoperations for pursuing fundamental questions in biology and for understanding thetropics --habitat for one-half of mankind. Concurrently, comparative studieselsewhere in the New and Old World tropics are magnifying the value of efforts atany one locale.Other recent sources of testimony include the following comments by aprominent scientist and past president of the National Academy of Sciences:
"It is terribly impressive to me and most encouraging that inrecent years STRI has expanded into such a first rate and significantinstitution. Most of the scientists whom I met and talked to at somelength are from good to excellent. The program of bringing youngpeople in for substantial working periods is really justifying itselfaccording to my first-hand impressions. The whole organization isgaining immensely from the effect of having a critical mass withgenuine group interaction and intellectual intercourse on a highplane.
2006
"In addition to my congratulations on the existence of such ascientifically significant group as that represented by your staffand invited fellows, I must also speak to the value and importancefor the total biological community of the excellent facilities youmaintain for transient visitors like ourselves."An increase of $176, 000 is requested to provide a balanced program ofresearch and research support, facilities management, and administrationadequate to keep pace with the accelerating demands on the activity. Anadditional $60, 000 are requested for necessary pay increases, compulsorybenefits' cost hikes, and to rectify a housing benefit inequity.Need for Increase
1. Research Support (3 positions, $34, 000)During the past year 43 long-term research projects have been conductedby STRI's ten staff biologists, 18 projects ranging between one and two years byvisiting postdoctoral and predoctoral fellows, and 40 projects of shorter term byvisiting scientists.Typical staff highlights included:
--the first explorations of Eastern Pacific shores of Western Panamadiscovering previously unknown large constructional coral reefs, ninespecies of fishes new to science and eleven new to the region, hydrocoralsnew to the Eastern Pacific and the first reported stable populations of thecoral predator, the Crown of Thorns starfish. The STRI expeditions laidthe basis for a new dimension of comparative Atlantic and Pacific analysis,as well as for uncovering natural controls for the predatory starfish thathas been highly destructive elsewhere.
--behavior among animals is often critically affected by the success oftheir communication systems. Major advances were made at STRI inunderstanding the ways in which "messages, " whether simple or highlyspecialized, mediate among organisms, and with the environment.
--survival patterns were charted of a highly venomous sea snake wide-spread in the Pacific but nonexistent in the Western Atlantic in order topredict the colonization and distribution success of the animal should itgain access to the Atlantic through construction of a sea-level canal.
--on Barro Colorado Island, which has housed hundreds of separate studiesfor four decades, an accelerating recent effort including 16 long-termstudies is laying the basis for the development of new methods, withpossible broad applicability, for predicting the effects of environmentalchange on the survival of organisms.The common denominator on these and nearly all promising efforts is thattheir productivity has been hampered greatly by the lack of reasonable support.Levels of support are far below national standards. Scientists and staff oftenwork around-the-clock to substitute for support. Immediate needs include twofield aides (marine, Barro Colorado) and one marine research launch operator,for $17, 000 in salaries; partial make-up of travel shortages ($3, 000); rectifyinga practically zero consulting and computations funding capacity ($4, 000); supplyfunding deficit of $400 per scientist ($4, 000); essential equipment needs forbalances, drying ovens, freezer, and one four-wheel drive research vehicle($6, 000); for a total of three positions and $34, 000.2. Facilities Operation Support (5 positions, $64, 000)World-wide biology is being enriched importantly by a belated but increasingfocus on the tropics. STRI provides a base of operations for tropical researchunique in this hemisphere and is acting increasingly as a work-ground and inter-change point for collaborators from around the world (e.g. , over the last twelvemonths, 23 leading biologists from the U.S. and Europe conducted advancedseminars at STRI). The following table shows the increased demands on STRIoperations.
2007
WORK VISITS TO SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCHINSTITUTE BY SCIENTISTS AND ADVANCED STUDENTS 8,7571+00
300
200
100
Summary 1970
;
62h visitors from 62 universitiesand institutions in 28 states, 22for 8,757 visitor days; 7,006 byand advanced students who stayed .of 18.8 days compared with 13.5- inin 1968.
33 agencies
"l9^o"
152
(Visitor Day data available only from 1968)
i,000g
.6,000 g
l+,000
6
2,000 p
1967 1968 1969 1970(INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY FROM LONGER WORK STAYS)This demand is greatly welcome and offers promise of concerted advanceson urgent biological problems of the Seventies. The effect is that STRI iscrammed literally to the rafters with staff, fellows, and visiting scientists.Immediate needs include a marine station chief (the burden for planning andcoordinating the greatly increasing number of complex marine laboratory andfield visits must fall on the scientists--an inefficient and very costly solution.The marine stations have immediate need for a counterpart to BCI's stationmanager), one marine station janitor (none now), one general maintenancelaborer for BCI, one electrician (none now) for all facilities, one messenger (onlvone on board now), for $25, 000 in salaries; make-up of shortages in utilities,supplies and fuel ($7, 000); work bench construction, and equipment maintenancecontract support ($3, 000); partial replacement (20% of that needed) of ancientfurnishings (e.g., main hall chairs on BCI were surplus 15 years ago),messenger vehicle, new and replacement air conditioners, mechanical mainte-nance tools ($4, 000); for a subtotal of five positions and $39, 000.In addition, essential building repairs previously shown under the Restora-tion and Renovation appropriation must now be grouped here. Thirty- sixstructures with 69, 760 square feet of space must be maintained. Repair budgetsof $25, 000 over each of the past two years have let STRI narrowly keep pace withsome of the most rudimentary of building needs, i.e. , replacements of heavilyused and rotting floors, completely depreciated air conditioners, etc. Althoughthis level of funding will not permit any substantial projects of renovation, i.e. ,dock replacement, electrical wiring replacement on BCI, tramway replacement,it is absolutely essential to safeguard present housing space, laboratories, andthe people using them. The $25,000 requested includes $14,000 in contractservices, $8, 000 in supplies and materials, and $3, 000 in equipment. The totalincrease required for proper facilities operation support is, therefore, fivepositions and $64, 000.
2008
3. Environment and Behavior (2 positions, $44,000)Additions to the STRI staff of a marine ecologist and a forest ecologist willpermit progress in comprehending the relationships between ecology and behaviorin these two realms. Current studies will incorporate research of wide eco-system scope including analysis of processes such as energy flow, productivity,nutrient cycling, and food webs. The increase would enable group attacks on keyquestions and would contribute to the foundation of fundamental research on whichto build productive collaboration with others on determining the biological costsof climatic and other physical environmental changes. In addition to fittingprecisely within STRI's overall research plan, both scientists would assist inhelping STRI to meet the increased calls for advanced training guidance in thesubject fields. At the heart of STRI's success has been the slow but steady anddeliberate assembly of an outstanding corps of young scientists. The addition ofthese two positions would allow a measured step of progress in servicing an areaof growing need in biology. Salary needs are $33, 000; travel, households trans-portation, supplies, lab and office needs ($11, 000); for a total of two positionsand $44,000.4. Administrative Support and Interagency Research (2 positions, $34, 000)An example of interagency joint research interest is STRI's present contractwith the Federal Water Quality Administration. FWOA is concerned over theeffects of oil pollution on shoreline habitats. STRI, with its Galeta Point Atlanticfield station and professional resources, is interested in analysis of the shorelineecology and in changes upon it. The concerns merge under the contract to permita study of the effects of oil pollution on a tropical shore, and natural correctivefactors. Many other areas of STRI capability could be brought into mutuallybeneficial contract relationships with the needs of other agencies (e.g., naturalcontrols of mosquitoes, models for crises resolution, special advanced trainingprograms, etc.).Proposal drafting, contracts negotiation and administration, however,require capabilities that the small hard-pressed administrative staff at STRI doesnot possess. The same sized work staff has handled a two-fold increase in work-load only because of its devotion, energy, and efficiency. In addition to theseveral hundreds of research visitors per year, the administrative section nowservices a total of 72 full-time persons, including, on the permanent staff, tenscientists, three research aides, two librarians, three wildlife aides, and 21facilities support personnel (game wardens, launch operators, kitchen crew, etc.),in addition to eight contract scientists, eight contract support staff, and elevenfull-year fellows. In many cases, clerical employees substitute as well as theyare able for the present lack of middle management. Relief is urgently needed.Investment in an office chief and one technical typist (technical typing for theentire staff and fellows i6 in the hands of one person only) would be repaid manytimes over, and would permit STRI's small management corps to pursue agreatly increased opening of STRI's resources to cooperating agencies.The two positions would cost $21, 000 in salaries. Administrative travelincreases are necessary to permit continued progress in tying in STRI programswith those centered in Washington ($3, 000); transportation, utility and communi-cations, rental, supply and office equipment shortages must be. met ($7, 000);duplicating machinery rental contracts and administrative equipment servicecontract needs require increased funding ($3, 000); for a total of two positions and$34, 000.
2009RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORYObject Class _1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 4011122122232425263141
Personnel Compensation $ 443, 000Personnel Benefits 34, 000Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000Transportation of Things ....Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 306, 000Printing & Reproduction 3, 000Other Services ... 25 000Supplies & Materials 39 t 000Equipment . 58, 000Grants TOTAL $916.000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate6 46$ 72,000 $ 515,0006,000 40, 0002,000 10,0002,000 308, 0001,000 4,0006,000 31,0004,000 43, 000276, 000 334, 000$369,000 $ 1,285.000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 20,000 $ 17,000Program $896, 000 $352, 000 $ 37,000$1,248,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Environmental Biology and Solar Radiation Monitoring (6 positions, $352, 000 )The requested increase will permit the restablishment of Laboratoryactivity in the highest priority area of its operations -Environmental Biology.Facilities and controlled growing areas at the Mall location are being phasedout; $275, 000 are requested for the completion and equipping of fiveenvironmentally controlled rooms at the new Rockville location. This amountwill cover the shell installation, controls for light quality, intensity, duration,the relative humidity, gas content, and temperature equipment. Six positionsare requested ($61,000 personnel costs) cogent to the Environmental BiologyProgram, a radiation physicist, environmental physiologist, a laboratorytechnician, two aides, and a refrigeration mechanic. In addition, directsupport funding ($16, 000) is sought to cover related program costs.
2010RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY1970 Actual $ 676,0001971 Estimate $ 916,0001972 Estimate $1,285,000From tne initial charge that it be concerned with the effects on the sun'senergy on earth's life, the program of the Radiation Biology Laboratory hasbeen devoted to the study of the responses of living organisms to variousqualities and intensities of radiant energy. The research of the Laboratoryconsists of three principal areas: 1) Regulatory Biology, 2) EnvironmentalBiology and, 3) Carbon-14 Dating.Light has been recognized as the key controlling environmental factor forthe development and growth of biological systems. The storage of solarradiation as chemical energy in photosynthesis is basic for all life on earth.However, the utilization of radiant energy and stored chemical energy isregulated by subtle changing signals of light quality, duration, and intensity.A primary objective of the Laboratory's efforts has always been to explain theinfluences of the various factors in the environment- -light, temperature,humidity, and atmospheric content--on the growth and development cycles ofplants and to characterize the mechanisms through which environmental signalseventually manifest their effects on the developmental processes in livingorganisms. This is accomplished by studying the problems in the Laboratoryunder controlled conditions using biochemical, biophysical, and physiologicaltechniques and then verifying the importance of these processes in nature bymonitoring the natural, dynamic environment. Such programs of research bytheir very nature are long-term and require the concerted team efforts ofmany scientific disciplines. (See the following newspaper extract).From shortly after its inception in 1928 the Laboratory has occupied aposition at or near the forefront of research on the effect of the spectralquality of visible light on plant growth and development. The existingexperimental programs encompass a greater number of projects under studythan in" any other single laboratory in the country and perhaps in the world.The complexity of the problems studied is demonstrated by the number ofdisciplines encompassed within the program, which has a range throughphysiology, cytology, biochemistry, biophysics, physics, engineering, electronmicroscopy, and morphology. The Laboratory has been credited with majorcontributions in the field of photobiology.
The Laboratory has a phased plan of research development and for fiscalyear 1972, an increase of $352,000 is requested to correct shortages in thecurrent Environmental Biology Research Program. The appended chart shows thepast and current distribution of resources and indicates that the research pro-gram has remained relatively static in funding except for increases for legislatedpay increases. An additional $17, OOOarc requested for necessary pay increases.Need for IncreaseShortages in Research ProgramsIn the area of Regulatory Biology , the research is primarily concernedwith the photoregulatory mechanisms through which small and large changes inradiant energy trigger biochemical, physiological, and morphological changesin living organisms. A majrr effort has been devoted to the isolation andphysiochemical characterization of the photoreceptor "phytochrome", thepigment system responsible for regulating such diverse responses as seedgermination, gross morphological development, and flowering.Also under the program of the Radiation Biology Laboratory is a Carbon- 14Dating Unit that has a research function in addition to its operation as a servicefacility. The unit plays a significant role in the Institution's program of datinggeological and archeological artifacts of cultural and scientific importance. Itsresearch program includes efforts toward refinement of techniques and newinstrumentation.Although there are serious shortages in staffing for carrying on theseprograms, for maintenance of the building, for acquisition of sufficient laboratory
2011furniture and adequate equipment to make the new laboratories functional at areasonable level, and for the refrigeration capacity for providing controlledtemperatures in laboratory areas, there is a critical and basic need forEnvironmental Biology staffing, and for establishment and equipping of environ-mentally controlled areas for growing plant material.
Environmental Biology andSolar Radiation MonitoringThis area of Radiation Biology Laboratory's activities is concerned withthe development of instrumentation and data acquisition systems for continuouslymonitoring the visible solar spectrum at various stations at different latitudes.At present, two monitoring centers are operating in the Washington area, andone in Israel. Other stations are in the planning stage. Significant data havealready been acquired demonstrating the presence and effects of pollutants inthe atmosphere.In conjunction with measuring the spectral quality and duration of sun andsky radiation incident to the earth's surface, studies are being carried on tocorrelate biological responses (such as flowering, fruiting, and othermorphological characteristics) with daily and seasonal fluctuations in the colorcomposition of sunlight. Greenhouse facilities and environmentally controlledgrowth rooms (until recently, located behind the Smithsonian Building) are usedin the studies in determination of correlation between measured solar radiationchanges and responses in plant development. A new greenhouse and environmentchambers, interference filter monochromators, and other instruments have beendesigned and developed by the Laboratory.When the Laboratory was relocated from the basement of the originalSmithsonian Building to the facility in Rockville, there were no funds forcompleting the research facilities. The Environmental Biology program of theLaboratory is dependent upon controlling the major physical factors of theenvironment, maintaining some at constant levels and varying others todetermine the comparative influence of each on plant growth. The influence ofatmospheric pollutants can be analyzed under these controlled conditions, as wellas influences of varying combinations of temperature, humidity, differentwavelengths of light, and nutrition. Installation and equipping of the fiveenvironmental control rooms at the new Rockville location could not be under-taken. Facilities now at the Mall location are now being phased out to makeroom for other Smithsonian purposes. Each of the rooms projected,approximately 100 square feet of floor space, requires precision control oflight quality, intensity, duration, relative humidity, gas contend and temperature.Current estimates come to approximately $3 5, 000 each for the shell of eachroom, including temperature control, humidity and gas exchange equipment,for a minimum total of $175,000. The lighting units, capable of simulatingsubtle changes in spectral quality, as well as the natural photoperiod of daylight,are presently estimated at $20,000 each, for a total of $100,000. Therequested amount for the five environmental control rooms, with provision forthe required lighting equipment, is $275,000.In addition, the most critically understaffed area in the Laboratory'sresearch program is Environmental Biology, which consists of about one-thirdof the total program in work projected and in emphasis. The correlation ofsolar energy measurement data with biological growth and development isdependent upon the study of plant material grown under controlled conditionsthat are identical to those produced by the daily and seasonal fluctuations ofthe sun's light. The six major staff shortages in Environmental Biologyresearch are a radiation physicist, an environmental physiologist, a laboratorytechnician, two laboratory aides, and a refrigeration mechanic. The total sumrequested for these positions is $61,000. At the present time, the Directorof the Laboratory is the only PhTX-level scientist engaged in research in thisprogram facet, and it can well be realized that administrative and other dutiespreclude a major part of his time being spent in directing and carrying on aresearch function. In five object categories (travel, rent and utilities,publication costs, contractual services, and supplies) a total of $16,000 isreauested to offset rising costs.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2012EXTRACTED FROM WASHINGTON POST, JUNE 5, 1970
AIR POLLUTION DIMS SUNLIGHT HERE BY 16 PERCENTBy Thomas O'Toole
"Air pollution has reduced the amount of sunlight reaching Washington by 16percent in the past half century."
'This dramatic change probably took place fairly recently. It wasdiscovered when the Smithsonian Institution compared findings from the last twoyears with two similar studies of sunlight conducted 50 and 60 years ago."
'The decline could have some far-reaching effects, since it is the "quality"of sunlight that regulates the growth of plants and crops, controls the mannerin which birds migrate and even dictates such things as the sex lives of someanimals, like rodents and fowl."
'The Smithsonian has no direct evidence that air pollution has caused thedecline in sunlight, but it has eliminated the weather as a possible cause andby doing so has concluded that it must be air pollution."
"'The weathers not a factor since we've carefully compared sunlightreadings on clear days, " said Dr. William Klein, head of the SmithsonianRadiation Biology Laboratory, which directed the study. "The only thing thatcan change the amount of sunlight is the air, so it's got to be aerosols, dustparticles, water vapor and hydrocarbons in the air that's doing it. ' "
"The Smithsonian has taken readings of the sunlight reaching Washingtonfrom sunrise to sunset on almost every day since September, 1968. It missedabout 20 days, either because its instruments needed maintenance or becausethe building where the instruments were housed needed renovating."
"The experiment has been conducted from the tower of the Smithsonian'sadministration building on the Mall, where instruments recorded the amount ofsunlight striking the tower every three minutes. Instruments also measuredthe amount of light filling the sky from horizon to horizon. "
"These readings were compared with readings from similar instrumentsput in the tower in 1909 by Dr. Charles Abbott, a Smithsonian physicist wholater became the institution's fifth secretar y."
2013Radiation Biology Laboratory:Funding Distribution, Fiscal Years 1965 through 1971
($000's)1,000
800
600
400
200
1970 costs for six temporary employees;1971 costs for two temporary and sixpermanent employees)
66 67 68Fiscal Year
jslsti) Salaries and benefits I # I No. scientific,
^,_t_^ technical staffI : .':V.
J
Equipment, supplies, etc.
I I Building operations t 1 Salaries and benefits(building operationstaff)
Using the numbers of scientific and technical staff, and monies availablefor equipment, supplies and other support, the figure demonstrates that therehas been no major increase in operational funds for the research programsince 1965. The small annual increases from that date represent primarilysalary adjustments and inflation. Although the total appropriation for 1970 and1971 appears to have doubled over previous years, more than half representscosts associated with the operation of the new building. It should be notedthat space, utilities and services were previously supplied from BMD budget.The increase in scientific staff for 1971 is primarily in non-professionaltechnical and non-technical support.
2014OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 34 8 4211 Personnel Compensation $503,000 $ 79,000 $582,00012 Personnel Benefits 38,000 4,000 42,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 6,000 6,000 12,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 4,000 4,000 8,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 22,000 40,000 62,00026 Supplies & Materials 5, 000 60, 000 65, 0003 1 Equipment 6, 000 50, 000 56, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 584,000 $ 243,000 $827,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 28,000 $ 18,000 $ 46,000Program ................. $556,000 $225,000 $781,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (6 positions, $81,000)Emphasis in fiscal year 1972 will be on achieving urgently needed capabilitiesin Smithsonian Sorting Services. Several thousand samples of fresh-waterorganisms have been sent for sorting in connection with water quality standards.The International Decade of Ocean Exploration, the Cooperative Investigations oftheMediterranean , the International Studies of the Caribbean have regularrequirements for marine sorting. The Sorting Center urgently needs foursorters, an assistant supervisor, and a registrar ($45,000), and funds foroperational support ($36, 000).Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (2 positions, $144,000)The establishment and utilization of natural areas has become very importantto public and private interests in the United States and in the world. Thedevelopment of principles for the evaluation of alternative land uses lags farbehind the requirement for use of such concepts in decision-making. Throughthe Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, the Smithsonian isdeveloping a model watershed study of the Rhode River estuary. Togetherwith the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, GeorgetownUniversity, and several Maryland and U.S. agencies, we expect to establishrates and processes of environmental change which will be incorporated in landuse management and contribute fundamental data important to the developmentof urban and suburban areas. To strengthen the services of the ChesapeakeBay Center, a botanist and a security officer are requested ($20, 000), andadditional support funds for supplies, materials, and equipment ($124,000).
2015OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES1970 Actual $565, 0001971 Estimate $584, 0001972 Estimate $827, 000The Office of Environmental Sciences was established in order to integratethe Smithsonian programs in ecology and oceanography and limnology, and tostrengthen the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. In thisestablishment, it was recognized that there must be increased concern with theinterface between land and water. Knowledge of land use practices as they affectwaters, and of the water cycle as a vital contribution to land, becomes of firstimportance in environmental studies, especially of pollution.During fiscal year 1971, a study was initiated of the environmental relation-ships of the Chesapeake Bay Center. Aimed at providing baseline informationwhich could be used in planning, predicting, and evaluating the results ofdevelopment of the megalopolis, this study will involve many public and privateagencies and individuals in sociological, economic, and scientific investigations.The ecology program has embarked on a series of studies designed to gaininsights regarding the management of development projects. Guidelines are beingdeveloped to identify the ecological consequences of river basin development,highway construction, growth of cities, and establishment of large biologicalpreserves. The oceanography and limnology program, working especially withoffices of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, the International CooperativeInvestigations of the Mediterranean, the International Decade of Ocean Exploration,and other national and international programs, coordinates the participation ofscientists of several Smithsonian bureaus and o>f scientists associated with theSmithsonian in exploration of the oceans. The Office also provides impartialsounding boards for public and agency examination of such issues as pollution inNew York Harbor, underwater archeology, Chesapeake Bay research, and marinenatural preserves. Through its sorting centers in Washington, D. C. and inTunisia (the latter principally supported by the foreign currency program), theOffice supplies marine biological and geological specimens and related data toscientists around the world.A program increase of $225, 000 is requested for fiscal year 1972 primarilyfor the support of the Oceanographic Sorting Center and the Chesapeake BayCenter as national resources. An additional $18,000 are requested for necessarypay increases.Need for Increase
1 . Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (6 positions, $81,000)The Sorting Center processes marine specimens from United States andinternational expeditions for use by more than 300 scientists from 27 countries inspecimen-related research. The Center provides marine biological andgeological identification services and operates as a national referral service forall kinds of specimen-based activities, from field collecting to the disposition ofidentified species in permanent repositories.The Center has made concerted efforts to improve its productivity. Anautomatic data processing system for specimen records has been started. Manyinstruments and scientific devices have been acquired or fabricated to improveefficiency. When possible, items have been procured through government surplussources to save funds.Despite improved productivity, the Center is unable to meet the increasingdemand from colleges, universities, and federal agencies for specimens. Back-logs of unsorted samples now exist for specimens gathered from the Great Lakesand several important oceanic expeditions. The backlog results primarily fromthe inability of the present staff to process and sort the more than 10, 000 samplesbeing received annually. Unless these samples are sorted soon, many willdeteriorate to the point of being useless for research.
2016
In order to alleviate this backlog, $45, 000 are requested for four sorter-technicians, an assistant supervisor, and a registrar. Support funds in the amountof $36, 000 also are requested for contract services, supplies, and equipmentneeded to sort, package, and distribute specimens, and for travel and rental ofequipment.2. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (2 positions, $144,000)The Chesapeake Bay Center is a 2, 000 acre natural and semi-natural arealocated seven miles south of Annapolis, Maryland, about equidistant fromBaltimore and Washington. It was established in 1966 and a formal open-endedconsortium with Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland wascreated to promote a program of research and education designed to developecological knowledge with emphasis on populations, communities, and ecosystems.This program demands the preservation of the land in a natural state, the develop-ment of a model watershed research and management program, and the use of theCenter as a focal point for educational activities.A major difficulty that impedes the study of natural systems is the shortageof adequate field stations and research facilities. Ecology is an outdoor science.Although important studies have been done in the laboratory, with few exceptionsthese have been inspired by observations made in the field. The most effectivestarting point for the development of ecosystem science is the establishment ofnatural areas to be used for research and education, with a guarantee of admini-strative continuity so that long-range research programs can be initiatedconfidently. The fundamental importance of the Center is the fact that itconstitutes the primary mechanism for both teaching and research on complexliving systems.Together with collaborating universities, federal and state agencies, theCenter can be used for a model watershed program for the Rhode River. TheCenter has 12 miles of shoreline and occupies nearly one-half of the shoreline ofthe Rhode River estuary. Yet the Center has no resident capability for the studyof this estuary. It is proposed that such a capability be established. A scientistwould be employed and support provided for studies of the estuary. The moniboringof rates and processes of change in this environment is especially vital as thedevelopment of suburbs begins to encroach on the Rhode River watershed.Data on land use history, ecosystem function, and socioeconomic trends andattitudes will be used in a way that will result in optimal wise use of the land andwater resources of this small watershed and its adjacent estuary. This modelcommunity action program is being developed in conjunction with the Anne ArundelCounty Office of Planning and Zoning, the Maryland Department of NaturalResources, the Soil Conservation Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, theDepartment of Housing and Urban Development, and other agencies. A construc-tive interaction wiil be established with the people of the area. Such interactionwill demonstrate land use planning that offers tangible environmental benefits whileavoiding the undesirable elements of a rapidly urbanizing complex. The movementof fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides, and the effects of soil erosion andestuarine sedimentation, as well as the role of marshes as filter mechanisms, andthe influences of these phenomena on the land, living systems, and estuary arestudies that may result in suitable control measures applicable to other areas.The maintenance of the Center as large natural area serves educationalpurposes and contributes to the esthetic quality of the region. As the area betweenWashington and Baltimore becomes increasingly populous, the Center increasesin importance as a training ground for pre and postdoctoral students, under-graduates, visiting scientists, and others. The use of the Center as a majorinterpretive facility for young people is rapidly increasing in volume andimportance. A museum and nature trail, visual aids, lectures, and "in the field"presentations assist in instilling the individual ecological perspective necessaryfor our future existence.For fiscal year 1972, funds are requested for a botanist to survey thevegetation of the watershed, and a security officer to protect the land and waterareas ($20, 000). An additional amount of $124, 000 is requested for travel,utilities, services, supplies, and equipment in support of the watershed programand other community- related services of the Center.
2017NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 41 3 4411 Personnel Compensation $462,000 $ 47,000 $509,00012 Personnel Benefits. 37,000 4,000 41,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 13,000 2,000 15,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 22,000 5,000 27,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 3,000 3,00024 Printing & Reproduction 7, 000 7, 00025 Other Services 43,000 20,000 63,00026 Supplies & Materials ...... . 19,000 12,000 31,00031 Equipment 20,000 15,000 35,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 626, 000 $ 105, 000 $ 731, 000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $22,000 $15,000 $37,000Program $604,000 $90,000 $694,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Preservation and Restoration of Collections and Exhibits Planning (3 positions$90, 000)The target year of 1976 has been selected for the opening of the newNational Air and Space Museum building as an important contribution to thenational celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial. A request forplanning and redesign funds for this building appears in the constructionsection of the Smithsonian's budget estimates. This lends impetus to whatis already a major institutional need; that is, preserving and restoring ourair and space collections. Most of these items are located at the SilverHill, Maryland, storage facility. About 60 aircraft require conservation andrestoration to prevent deterioration. An amount of $81,000 is requested forthree curatorial assistants, contractual restoration services, replacementparts and equipment, and related needs. Also requested are $9, 000 toinitiate planning of new exhibits for the building.
2018NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM1970 Actual $486,0001971 Estimate $626,0001972 Estimate $731,000By Act of August 12, 1946, the Congress established the National AirMuseum as part of the Smithsonian Institution and later by Act of July 19, 1966,added the memorialization of space flight to its responsibility and changed itsname to the National Air and Space Museum. The functions of the Museum areto memorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect,preserve, and display aeronautical and space flight equipment of historicalinterest and significance; and serve as a repository for documents pertaining tothe development of aviation and space flight. The same Act of July 19, 1966,authorized and directed the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution to prepareplans and to construct a suitable building for the National Air and SpaceMuseum. The target year of 1976 has been selected for the opening of thisnew building as an important part of the Smithsonian Institution's program forcelebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial. A request for planning andredesign funds for this building appears in the construction section of theSmithsonian's budget estimates.An additional $90, 000 are requested for the preservation and restoration ofthe Museum's collections and the initiation of exhibits planning. Funding of$15,000 for necessary pay also is requested.Need for Increase?The staff of the National Air and Space Museum incarrying out the Museum's functions has selectively acquired the world's mostcomprehensive collection of historically significant aircraft, spacecraft, engines,instruments, components, and accessories. At the same time there has beenassembled a large and valuable collection of documents, photographs, drawings,and publications recording experimentation, research, and development ofaircraft and spacecraft together with the history of the aerospace industry.The museum exhibits a small quantity of historical aircraft, spacecraft,and memorabilia in a 1917 steel shed called the Air and Space Building and inthe Arts and Industries Building which was built in 1879-81 for the UnitedStates National Museum. These temporary quarters are both inadequate andinappropriate for exhibit of the history and development of this country'saviation and spaceflight. Nevertheless these temporary displays are among themost popular at the Smithsonian museums. In fiscal year 1970 over two andone-half million visitors were counted entering the Arts and Industries Building.The Museum currently has on loan to other museums some 25 aircraftand 30 engines and propellers. Spacecraft and spacesuits are loaned to the U.S.Information Agency and U.S. Department of Commerce for display in U.S.overseas exhibitions, but the majority of most significant spacecraft aredisplayed in Washington and many locations throughout the United States.Most of the aircraft, engines, and spacecraft are located at the Smithsonianstorage facility at Silver Hill, Maryland. About 60 of the aircraft areunassembled and inadequately protected from deterioration. A program ofconservation and restoration of these historic aircraft is being conducted.The restoration of aircraft is slow and costly, however, and it is necessaryto acceler^'e this program lo arrest deterioration and prepare the collectionsto memorialize the nation's flight accomplishments in an effective and dignifiedmanner. Among the first aircraft scheduled for restoration' are "the XC-35 (thefirst pressurized, high altitude airplane), the Douglas World Cruiser, and theNeiuport 33. in the case of spacecraft, as received from the National Aero-nautics and Space Administration, refurbishment by replacement of missing'instruments and sheathing with protective plastic is necessary prior to placing 'on exhibition.
2019For the essential program of preservation and restoration of aircraft andspacecraft collections an increase of $81 ; 000 is required. This will providefor three curatorial assistants for research supporting restoration of collections,the planning and production of new exhibits, and increased requirements forpublic services. L?st year a series of new educational programs wereinitiated in cooperation with local high schools and limited tours at the SilverHill facility commenced. It is desired to increase these and other services tothe American public. This funding will also provide specialized maintenance andrepair, replacement parts and equipment, contractual restoration services, andrelated travel and transportation.For the research and planning of details for the new museum building,and development of new exhibit techniques which will be utilized in the newstructure, an increase of $9, 000 is required.
2020CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 1971 Base11 Personnel Compensation $ 71,0001 2 Pe rsonnel Benefits 5, 0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 63, 00026 Supplies & Materials 1, 0003 1 Equipment 2, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 152, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4, 000Program $148, 000
IncreaseRequested
$ 22,0002,0005,000
37,0002,000$ 68, 000
$ 3,000$65,000
1972Estimate10_$ 93,0007, 00015,000
100,0001,0004, 000$ 220,000
$ 7,000$213,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Encyclopaedia of North American Indians (3 positions, $48,000)Planning and initial development of the 17 volume Encyclopaedia areproceeding smoothly. A distinguished group of anthropologists and historianshave been chosen as volume editors. By May 1971, it is anticipated thatwriting assignments will be established with about 850 contributors. Thefirst return of manuscripts is expected by August 1971 with all manuscriptsreceived and revised by May 1974. A July 1976 publication date is plannedas part of the American Revolution Bicentennial celebration. To meet afirmly identified growing workload, three additional personnel are requested( a copy editor, a research assistant, and a typist) and other funds forthe expenses of volume editors and contributors- -$48, 000 in total.Anthropological Communications and Research Programs ($17,000)An additional $17, 000 are requested to fund additional small grants forurgent anthropology research in geographical areas that are undergoing rapidenvironmental change as a result of urbanization, improved communication,better transportation, or other factors. These funds would also be usedto support a task force study of world population growth.
2021CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN1970 Actual $ 83, 0001971 Estimate $152, 0001972 Estimate $220, 000The Center for the Study of Man is presently concentrating its efforts inthree general areas of program development: American Indian Program;International Anthropological Communications Program; and the Coordination ofResearch on Major World Problems. Under the American Indian Program, threeinterrelated activities can be identified:
--Development of the 17 volume Encyclopaedia of North AmericanIndians (successor to the original Handbook) including appropriateAmerican Indian scholarly input and involvement.
--Development of a system for providing scholarly educationalmaterials concerning Indians to individuals, schools, andIndian communities; and helping to coordinate educationalintercommunication among Indians themselves, and withscholars and appropriate governmental and private agencies.
--Development of a legal-historical research program on theNorth American Indian land base.For fiscal year 1972, an increase of $65, 000 is requested for continueddevelopment of the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians and for theanthropological communications and research programs. An additional $3, 000are requested for necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase
1 . Encyclopaedia of North American Indians (3 positions, $48, 000)The purpose of the Encyclopaedia, consisting of 17 volumes, is tosummarize all that is known of the prehistory, history, and traditional andmodern cultures of all the Indian groups north of Mexico, to bring up to date andreplace the previous standard encyclopaedic work on this topic which was issuedby the Smithsonian inl907- 19 10. " This will become the standard reference workon all aspects of North American Indian history and anthropology for students,teachers, authors, researchers, and administrators, both non -Indian and Indian,both U.S. and foreign. A list of the volume titles is shown on a following page.Ever since its founding, the Smithsonian has conducted important researchon American Indian history and cultures, and has been looked to as an important(often the most important) source of information on these topics. As a result,the resources of the Institution--scientific staff, manuscript and picture archives,library, and museum collections--are unexcelled anywhere as a basis for thisproject.Planning for the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians has now beencompleted. A series of meetings have been held, first by an Advisory Committeeto choose volume editors, and then by each volume editor to select authors for hisparticular volume. A distinguished group of anthropologists and historians,including two American Indians, have been chosen as volume editors. Thesevolume editors come from a number of distinguished institutions including theUniversity of Nevada (Dr. Warren D'Azevedo), University of Iowa (Dr. June Helm),Portland State University (Dr. Wayne Suttles), University of Oklahoma(Dr. William Bittle), University of Arizona (Dr. Frederick Hulse), HarvardUniversity (Dr. Ives Goddard), University of Chicago (Dr. Raymond Fogelson).
2022University of California (Dr. Mary Haas and Dr. Robert Heizer), McMasterUniversity (Dr. David Damas), Princeton University (Dr. Alfonso Ortiz),McGill University (Dr. Bruce Trigger), and the University of Saskatchewan(Professor D'Arcy McNickle). The Encyclopaedia office is functioning smoothlyand everyone connected with the project has been cooperative and enthusiastic.The timetable for this project is as follows:May 1971--writing assignments given to approximately 850 contributors;May 1972--completed manuscripts received;May 1973--revised and reassigned manuscripts completed;May 1974--submission of manuscripts for the 17 volumes to the printer;July 1976--issuance of the Encyclopaedia as part of the AmericanRevolution Bicentennial celebration.The requested additional funds will be used to hire three new personnel (acopy editor, a research assistant, and a secretary-typist) and to pay for theexpenses of volume editors and contributors. It is anticipated that the firstmanuscripts will be arriving by August 1971 and that they will increase in numberas the year progresses.2. Anthropological Communications and Research Programs ($17, 000)The remainder of the requested increase would go to support the Internationa]Anthropological Communications Program and the research program on topicsrelevant to the understanding of major world problems. For the former, $5, 000are requested to be used mainly in support of the Urgent Anthropology SmallGrants Program. The remaining funds ($12, 000) would be used to assemble atask force of human science specialists to begin a five-year research program onhow different cultures manage their environment.The Urgent Anthropology Small Grants Program has been meeting the needsof the scientific community by identifying, publicizing, and financing small grantsfor research in geographical areas that are undergoing rapid environmentalchange as a result of urbanization, improved communications, better transporta-tion, and other factors. During fiscal year 1970, in collaboration with 40 scholarsand nine institutions, nine grants with a value of $7, 600 were made. As anexample of this program, during the past summer, a small grant of $1, 000resulted in a study of the Ahashamen Indians of San Juan Capistrano. Twenty-fivereels of taped materials were collected on the language and oral history of thesepeople. In addition, a number of pictures were taken and a large number of fieldnotes were recorded. Another small grant of $ 1 , 000 has resulted in an unusualstudy of a Tibetan monastery which was recently built in Switzerland. For thefirst time, we have been able to record the actual construction of a Tibetanmonastery, together with the accompanying ritual. It may never be possible to dothis again.The research program on management of the environment is a continuationof efforts to assemble "task forces" of human scisntists from appropriateinstitutions throughout the world to work together on major world problems. Thisyear the Center is studying and inventorying present knowledge about problems ofworld population growth with emphasis on discovering what an anthropologicalapproach to this problem will reveal. Included in this effort are scientists,scholars, and persons involved in administration of programs (governmental andotherwise) concerned with this problem. Educational means (including museumexhibits, mass media communication, etc.) to provide information to the public,including governments and other appropriate organizations, are being established.It is anticipated that members of the "task force" will work together for a five-year period before publishing their final results.
2023Volumes of the Encyclopaedia of North American Indians
I. Introduction
II. Contemporary Affairs
III. Environment, Origins, and PopulationIV. History of Indian- White RelationsArea Volumes:V. ArcticVI. SubarcticVII. Northwest CoastVIII. CaliforniaIX. SouthwestX. Basin-PlateauXI. PlainsXII. NortheastXIII. SoutheastXIV. Comparative CultureXV. LanguagesXVI. Biographical DictionaryXVII. General Index
2024CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENAIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 1 3 411 Personnel Compensation $14,000 $26,000 $40,00012 Personnel Benefits 1,000 2,000 3,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 2,000 3,00022 Transportation of Things ... . ? 1,000 1,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 9,000 26,000 35,00024 Printing & Reproduction .... . 5,000 14,000 19,00025 Other Services 4,000 15,000 19,0002b Supplies & Materials ....... 3,000 3,000 6,00031 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $37,000 $90,000 $127, 000
Analysis uf TotalPay Increase $2,000 $1,000 $3,000Program $35,000 $89,000 $124,000
Specification of Increase (Program):World-Wide Natural Event Monitoring and Reporting (3 positions, $89, 000)Over the past three years, the Center has reported over 320 ecological,geophysical, and astrophysical events occurring in 78 countries and all theworld's oceans. Its reporting network has grown to 2,600 scientists andscientific field stations in 148 countries and territories. Despite anenthusiastic response from federal agencies and the international scientificcommunity, outside financial support for regular, on-going operations isdifficult to obtain. Special reporting projects are so funded and the Centerhas a subscription program which produces about $25, 000 a year. Aprogram increase of $89, 000 is requested to find three additional positions(event research specialist in biology; an event information specialist, and anoperations specialist for $27, 000) and to provide for communications,printing, computer services, and other operational costs ($62, 000).
2025CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENA1970 Actual $11,0001971 Estimate $37,0001972 Estimate $127, 000The Center for Short-Lived Phenomena is an early alert system andclearinghouse for the reception and dissemination of information on short-livednatural events. The Center alerts scientists, agencies, and researchinstitutions to major short-lived ecological, geophysical, and astrophysicalevents occurring anywhere in the world. It quickly communicates data anddescriptive information on events such as large oil spills, major atmosphericand water pollution events, high biocide residue discoveries, massive fauna andflora mortalities, volcanic eruptions and major earthquakes, the birth of newislands, the fall of large fireballs and meteorites, sudden changes in biologicaland ecological systems such as animal migrations and colonizations, and anyother natural or man-made phenomena that require rapid response fromscientists in order that they may take advantage of research opportunities whileenvironmental changes are occurring.During the past three years the Center has reported over 320 short-livedevents that occurred in 78 countries and all the world's oceans, including 143earth science events, 102 biological and ecological events, 49 astrophysicalevents, and 8 urgent anthropological and archaeological events that led to 237scientific field expeditions. The Center has issued over 1,000 eventnotification and information reports to thousands of research scientists andinstitutions, published 52 event reports, handled a communications volume ofover half a million cable words and mail volume of 690, 000 event notificationand information cards. Charts on a following page show growth of the Center's -activities.An increase of $90,000 is requested for the Center's basic operations.Need for Increase--The Center has had an overwhelming response fromfederal agencies and the international scientific community. At the urging ofa number of agencies and international organizations, it has become involvedincreasingly in reporting significant environmental pollution events. Becauseof its comprehensive global communications system and its reporting networkthat has now grown to 2,600 scientists and scientific field stations in 148countries and territories, the Center was able to report every majorenvironmental pollution event, volcanic eruption, earthquake, oil spill, andmeteorite fall that occurred on earth in 1970, usually within hours after theevents occurred.The Center has instituted many labor and cost-saving measures such asthe development of automatic computer printouts of event notifications, butcurrent staff and resources are severely limited. Its ability to cope with thedemand for its services, particularly requests from federal agencies andinternational organizations for fast, qualitative information on environmentalpollution events, is very inadequate. The Center has been successful inobtaining outside financial support from the Ford Foundation, from UNESCO,from NASA, and from the AEC for special projects dealing with globalenvironmental monitoring and the transient lunar phenomena program. It hasalso instituted an event notification subscription program that now has over600 subscribers and produces income of over $25,000 per year, but thesuccess of the Center's regular operations will depend heavily on the level ofcore federal funding that will be received.
2026The Center will begin no new activities in fiscal year 1971 and plans nonefor fiscal year 1972 that will use federal funds but requests that fiscal year1972 federal support be provided for two types of current shortages: thoseresulting from the Center's increased commitments in environmental pollutionevent information communication, and those resulting from the loss of grantand contract support from NASA and NSF due to agency budget cuts.An increase of three federal positions is requested: an event researchspecialist (biology) to handle a burgeoning volume of event research onecological and environmental pollution events; an event information specialistto assist in the collection and dissemination of event information to 160 federalagencies and scientific research centers throughout the world; and an operationsspecialist to handle a continuously increasing communications and computationsworkload ($28, 000). In order to continue to operate the Center at its currentlevel, the following increases in basic federal support for the Center also arerequested: travel ($2,000); transportation of things ($1,000); rent, communica-tions, and utilities ($26,000); printing and reproduction ($14,000); other services(computations and information systems support) ($15,000); supplies andmaterials ($3,000); and equipment ($1,000). The total increase requested,$90, 000, will permit the Center to continue to operate at its current level ofactivity in fiscal year 1972.
2027GROWTH OF ACTIVITIES OF THESMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENA
CURRENT'TOTAL 2590SCIENTISTS
_d L L L L iNUMBER OFPARTICIPATINGSCIENTISTS
1968 | 1969 | 1970
CURRENTTOTAL148 COUNTRIESI \ / t I ^_NUMBER OFPARTICIPATINGCOUNTRIES NUMBER OF EVENTS
125 1968 | 1969 | 1970IUU
; //75 //50 7 ? / ////25 -ml /I02 /84 -'11 // //
250,000200,000150,000100,00050,000
1968 1969 | 1970 50011/ /245,000WORDS11 4001/-1
1
194,000WORDS
300200
-//64,000
' WORDS 100
1968 1969 19707//523 ,// :///// /- 3177/ / /"^237-//FIELD INVESTIGATIONS COMMUNICATIONSVOLUME (words) NUMBER OF EVENTCARDS ISSUED
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 --
2028NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 249 48 29711 Personnel Compensation $2,384,000 $357,000 $2,741,00012 Personnel Benefits 208,000 43,000 251,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 10,000 18,00022 Transportation of Things .... 3,000 3,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 114,000 30,000 144,00024 Printing & Reproduction .... . 1,000 1,00025 Other Services 42,000 23,000 65,00026 Supplies & Materials ....... 319,000 97,000 416,00031 Equipment 71,000 95,000 166,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 3, 150, 00 $ 655, 000 $ 3, 805, 00
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 155,000 $ 70,000 $ 225,000Program $2,995,000 $585,000 $3,580,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Office of Director (8 positions, $135, 000)Improve public services; staffing the Hospital-Research Building; increasedcosts of operating items.Operations and Maintenance Department (30 positions, $293, 000)Accomplishment maintenance workload; increased costs of operating items;equipment replacement.Department of Living Vertebrates (5 positions, $72, 000)Accomplish research workload; acquisition of animals; animal food; increasedcosts of operating items.Department of Scientific Research (1 position, $31, 000)Accomplish research workload; temporary employees.Animal Health Department (4 positions, $54, 000)Improve medical treatment.
2029NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1970 Actual $2, 847, 000 1/1971 Estimate $3,150,0001972 Estimate $3, 805, 000The National Zoological Park was founded by Congress in 1889 for the"advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people. " Toaccomplish this mission, the Zoo exhibits a broad zoological collection of animalsfrom all parts of the world in natural surroundings; maintains an information andeducation program for the benefit of the visiting public from all over the UnitedStates; and promotes scientific research, including biomedical programs, forincreased scientific knowledge and for the benefit of the animals so that visitorscan enjoy them in prime health. To accomplish this mission, the Zoo isorganized in five departments: Office of the Director; Operations andMaintenance; Living Vertebrates; Scientific Research; and Animal Health.For fiscal year 1972, a program increase of $585, 000 is requested to staffand operate the new Hospital-Research Building and other facilities; to operatethe new heating plant; to replace ground equipment items; to augment the travel,animal acquisition, and food funds; and to install a new communication system.An additional $70, 000 are required for necessary pay increases.These increases are distributed in the following table. Specific details oforganization, functions, and budget requirements are presented on the followingpages. 1970 1971 1972(In thousands of dollars) Pos . A mo unt Pos . Amount Pos . AmountOffice of Director 60 $814 61 $909 69 $1,088Operation and Maintenance 99 975 100 1,114 130 1,420Living Vertebrates 77 874 77 962 82 1,043Scientific Research 5 72 6 84 7 118Animal Health
_J3 67 5 81 9 136Total 246 $2,802 249 $3,150 297 $3,805The number of zoo visitors increases annually. In calendar year 1970,approximately 5,200,000 visited the Zoo. A significant number of these visitorsare in organized school groups from the metropolitan area and more distantpoints. The Zoo is increasingly used as a teaching site by teachers of biologyand other natural sciences. The increased visitor load increases requirementsfor patrols, trash clean-up, washroom sanitation, first aid, and other services.Continued improvements have been made in the collection of animals, whichis one of the world's largest. As the collection evolves, the zoo will presentexhibits of greater visitor interest and, at the same time, give greater emphasisto species and groups which effectively demonstrate significant points of animals &adaptations and behavior. Greater emphasis will be given also to increasing zoobirths by pairing unmated animals and maintaining breeding groups. Not only isthis good conservation practice; it is essential in view of the increasing scarcityof many species and the high prices that must be paid to acquire them.Construction and improvement programs have progressed with the followingresults. The east-west perimeter road, eliminating through traffic in the mainsection of the Park, was completed in June 1964. The incinerator for the
1/ Included in the District of Columbia budget.
2030
sanitary disposal of trash and waste materials was completed in June 1964.In February 1965, the remodeling and renovation of the Bird House wasaccomplished. In June 1965, the new Great Flight Cage and two parking lotsfor 245 visitor cars were completed. A parking lot which accommodates 260visitor cars and 24 buses was completed in October 1965. Construction of atrunk sewer to eliminate most of the pollution discharged into Rock Creek wascompleted in June 1967. The remaining discharge, chiefly from waterfowlponds, was eliminated by construction funds appropriated in fiscal year 1968.The Deer Area was completed in November 1965. The Hardy Hoofed-Stock Areawas completed in August 1966, and Delicate Hoofed-Stock buildings No. 1 and 2were completed in January 1967. The construction of the new Hospital- ResearchBuilding, started in June 1968, was completed in January 1970. The old coalfired boilers were replaced with new gas fired units during the summer of1970.
2031NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKOffice of the DirectorIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 61 8_ 6_911 Personnel Compensation $657,000 $ 72,000 $ 729,00012 Personnel Benefits 56,000 21,000 77,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 4,000 12,00022 Transportation of Things .... 1, 000 1, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 114,000 30,000 144,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1,000 1,00025 Other Services 28,000 18,000 46,00026 Supplies & Materials 33,000 18,000 51,0003 1 Equipment . 11, 000 16, 000 27, 00041 Grants .... ,TOTAL $ 909, 000 $ 179,000 $ 1,088,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 45,000 $ 44,000 $ 89,000Program $864,000 $135,000 $ 999,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve the Services of the Director's Office (2 positions, $38, 000)As the Zoo increases in popularity as a source of scientific information, thevolume of correspondence has increased. Two secretarial positions and suppliesand equipment are requested ($16, 000). Additional travel funds ($4, 000) areneeded largely in connection with the animal acquisition program. Funds arealso required to meet the rising costs of routine services, supplies, and equip-ment associated with Director's Office operations ($18, 000).Staffing the Hospital-Research Building (3 positions, $34, 000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January 1970;the Pathology Office was transferred to this building in September 1970. Ahistopathology technician and a secretary are needed for specific researchprojects ($16, 000). One police position is requested to enlarge the night shiftfor the protection of drugs and expensive medical equipment ($9, 000). Suppliesand equipment, including books, are required for hospital 6perations ($9,000).Administrative Services (3 positions, $63, 000)As Zoo programs develop, the Supply Section workload has expanded.Request is for two positions, supplies, and equipment to augment the staff ofthis section ($14, 000). One clerk-typist position and supplies and equipment arerequired for the protective service program to perform administrative tasks nowdone by officers who should be on patrol duties ($8, 000), An increase inutilities funding ($30, 000) is requested to operate the new heating plant and tomeet the increased cost of operating the Hospital-Research Building. Funds($11,000) are requested to replace and expand the communications system on arental basis.
2032Office of DirectorThe Office of the Director plans and directs all Zoo programs. It alsocoordinates the activities and functions of the Pathology Office and the Planningand Design Office; directs the protective service program; develops and mainlainsthe Zoo's educational program; and furnishes general administrative services.The animal acquisition program is under the direction of this office. TheOffice of Pathology performs histopathologic and gross pathologic diagnosi s ofdisease in the animal collection and education of biomedically aligned studentsand trainees. The Planning and Design Office coordinates all constructionprojects and prepare criteria and architectual design of major structures.The protective services program enforces laws and regulations for the protectionand safety of visitors, animals, and Government property. The educationalprogram is being implemented through informative labels, exhibits, lectures,guided tours, and cooperative programs with local school systems. Administra-tive services include personnel, budget, fiscal, supply, and procurementfunctions.An increase of $135,000 is requested to provide eight positions to meetthe increases in workload in the Director's Office, Pathology Office, protectiveservices program, and administrative services; to cover increased costs oftravel, utilities, supplies, and equipment; and to install a new communicationsystem. An additional funding of $44,000 is sought for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase
1. Directors Office (2 positions $38,000)As the Zoo increases in popularity as a source of scientific information,the volume of correspondence (local, national, and international) has increased,causing a backlog of administrative requirements. To meet the increasedvolume of work in the Director's Office and the Assistant Director's Office, twosecretarial positions are requested ($16,000).Additional funds are sought for travel, largely in connection with theanimal acquisition program, and for services, supplies, and equipment associatedwith Director's Office operations. For the most part, these funds are requiredto meet rising costs ($22, 000).2. Staffing the Hospital-Research Building (3 positions $34, 000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January1970. The Pathology Office was transferred to this building in September 1970.The plans for the coming year are to continue to improve the service to theZoo and to undertake specific research projects by means of conventionalpathologic techniques. The Zoo has the opportunity to offer outstanding researchand training services. Space will be available for visiting scientists, under-graduate fellows, and trainees interested in the research potentialities of thepathology laboratory. The degree to which specific research can beaccomplished will depend largely upon the availability of technical and clericalhelp. To expand this service, two positions, a secretary and a histopathologytechnician, are requested ($16,000).One police position is requested to enlarge the night shift for the protectionof drugs and expensive medical equipment and for park security around theHospital-Research complex, located in the wooded area of the Park ($9, 000).Travel, supplies, and equipment, including books, are required to provideprogram support to the operations of the Hospital-Research Center ($9, 000).
2033
3. Administrative Services (3 positions $63,000)As the number of personnel in the Zoo increases and programs expand,the workload in the supply section of the Administrative Service Divisionincreases. For instance, the availability of funds for capital renovation andrepairs to existing surroundings and buildings has increased the workload. Anadditional purchasing agent and a clerk typist are required ($14, 000).One clerk typist position is needed for the protective service program toperform the administrative duties now accomplished by officers who should beon patrol duties. Forms that are required to be typed cover police activities,personnel manning, park safety, and requisitions for supplies and equipment($8,000).During the summer of 1969, the first phase of conversion of the heatingplant from coal to gas was accomplished. The complete conversion wasaccomplished in the summer of 1970. The cost for operating the Hospital-Research Building has exceeded estimates. Additional funds are required forutilities ($30,000).There are remote areas of the Park in which tradesmen, police, andprofessional staff must work. It is frequently important to communicatequickly with these people and telephones are not readily available. Funds arerequested to replace and expand the Zoo's radio communication system on arental basis ($11,000).
2034NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKOperations and MaintenanceIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 100 30 13011 Personnel Compensation $ 870,000 $ 185,000 $ 1,055,00012 Personnel Benefits 84,000 15,000 99,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 14,000 5,000 19,00026 Supplies & Materials 122,000 49,000 171,00031 Equipment 24,000 51,000 75,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 1, 114, 00 $ 306, 000 $ 1,420,00
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 52,000 $ 13,000 $ 65,000Program $1,062,000 $293,000 $1,355,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance and Operations of the Physical Plant (30 positions, $293,000)General workload demands for maintenance and operations require staff andfunding increases in several areas. For supervision and general operations ofthis department, an assistant buildings manager and a production control clerkand funds for work uniforms and safety supplies are needed ($33, 000). Delayin zoo reconstruction makes it necessary to prolong the life of existingfacilities. Five crafts workers and maintenance supplies and equipment areneeded ($65,000). Tree and grounds maintenance over 156 acres, includingnewly developed areas, requires six additional grounds workers and replace-ment supplies ($63, 000). The installation of new technical control boilersand other heating and air-conditioning machinery requires six additionalboiler plant operators for adequate maintenance of this expensive equipment($45, 000). The requirement for personnel to operate auto equipment hasincreased beyond a workable schedule for pick-up and delivery services. Twoadditional auto equipment operator positions are requested. One juniormechanic position is requested to augment the present staff assigned to main-taining zoo vehicles ($22, 000).As the visitors increase, the demand for laborer and custodial service alsorises. Taking into consideration annual and sick leave and the 40-hour work-week requirement, the 17 available laborer positions and four custodial workersare not sufficient to maintain a seven-daya-per-week schedule requirement. Anincrease of five laborer and three custodial positions and custodial supplies isrequested ($50, 000). An increase is also requested in the equipment allotmentto permit scheduled replacement of vehicles and scooters ($15,000).
2035Operations and Maintenance DepartmentThe Operations and Maintenance Department has responsibility for all plantmaintenance and supporting services. These include:
--Operational services: automotive maintenance; operation of trucks andheavy equipment; trash collection; sweeping of streets and walks; snowremoval; and janitorial services.
--Maintenance and construction: maintaining and repairing 15 majorbuildings and wide range of cages and other facilities. This unitalso performs renovation and minor construction, and builds nestboxes, shipping crates, exhibits, and other needed items.
--Grounds: maintaining and improving the 156 acres of trees, lawns,shrubs, flower beds, and indoor plantings.
--Air-heating: maintaining all heating plants and air conditioning inthe buildings throughout the Park.An increase of $293, 000 is requested to provide thirty positions forworkload increases in maintenance and operational services. An additional$13,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase1. Operations and Maintenance Management (2 positions $33,000)A maintenance work order system to provide useful information on workbadand maintenance costs has been in operation for three years. This consists ofa monthly summary report and a cumulative fiscal year report. Since there isno position available to perform the daily duties required to maintain theseaccounts and manpower statistics, the monthly report frequently falls 30 to 45days behind reporting dates. This system provides manpower and materialutilization reports and cost data necessary for developing systematic maintenancethroughout the entire Zoo. It also provides vital information for budgetrequirements and projections. One production control clerk position isrequested ($7, 000).Funds are required to provide all wage-board employees in this departmentwith work uniforms and safety supplies. There are 90 regular wage-boardemployees in need of instant recognition by other employees and the visitingpublic for security reasons. Also requested are travel funds for the O & Mmanager and for Zoo employees transporting animals ($15,000).One assistant building manager position is requested to assist the buildingand ground manager by performing routine estimating, inspections, and obtainingplans, bids, prices, etc., and to act in the absence of the manager ($11,000).2. Maintenance and Construction (5 positions $65, 000 )With the completion of the Great Flight Cage; Delecate and Hardy- Hoofedstock buildings, shelters, and areas; new roadways and parking lots; and theHospital-Research building, the following workload has been added to themaintenance program since 1963:
2036
--24 drains, 30 water outlets for hoses, 15 basins, 2 rest rooms,and 16 water troughs. The Hospital-Research building will have27, 000 feet of sanitation sewer, water, and vent pipes to main-tain, 116 floor drains and sink waste, 8 rest rooms, 64 hot andcold water outlets, 3 disposals, 1 sterilizer, and 27 valves andcontrols.
--49,640 feet of fencing to be maintained.
--236 locks and 348 doors which require the repair of various typemechanisms.
--293,972 square feel of asphalt roadways and parking lots to bemaintained.The wear and deterioration of the old facilities from the action of time,elements, visitors, and animals creates a normal workload. New facilities,added to the preventive maintenance demands on the present maintenance staff,leaves many of the facilities in a state of disrepair and deterioration causinga backlog in the various trades. Only one additional electrician, one carpenter,and one steamfitter positions have been authorized for this program since 1963.For instance, at present, there are one lead foreman, three pipefitters,and one junior pipefitter (including plumber conversions in the past 12 months)to maintain the pipes and equipment of the Zoo's heating, water, sewage, anddrainage systems. These systems are located in and around 20 buildings in anarea of approximately 100 acres. Due to the condition of 75 percent of thesesystems, emergency repairs seem to be the order of each day, creating abacklog of preventive maintenance. A backlog of 16,700 man-hours jeopardizesthe safety and well being of the animals.Two pipefitters, a carpenter, one asphalt worker, and one maintenancehelper are requested with funds for building and maintenance supplies andequipment purchases on a planned replacement cycle ($65,000).3. Tree and Garden Maintenance (6positions $63, 000)There are approximately 12, 000 trees in the Park. Using the InternationalShade Tree Evaluation Scale, the value of these trees is estimated to be $6.5million. There are five (including the supervisor) tree maintenance worker(climbers) positions available to prune and treat diseased trees, remove deador hazardous trees, plant or replace trees, and feed and water trees located inpublic areas. There is only one grounds worker position available to assistin this work, which requires climbers to be used as ground workers. Thetree section has a backlog of 24,000 man-hours of climhing work or 8-years ofwork with the present available positions. An addition of two grounds workerpositions will increase the actual climbing hours per year and reduce this timeto six years, permitting the tree section to start another cycle of preventivemaintenance and insure the safety of visitors, employees, and animals ($12,000).Three additional grounds worker positions also are required to assist theGarden Section in maintaining the horticultural features in new areas created bythe construction and improvement of the Zoo. The areas to be maintained are:Hoofed Stock area 2.5 acres Horticultural features tobe pruned and sprayed.Harvard Street Bridge area. . . 5 acres Lawn to be mowed, sodded,seeded, and fertilized.Hospital-Research area 2.5 acres Horticultural features andlawn to be maintained.
2037New areas and dry seasons have tripled the watering activity, addingZ, 300 additional man-hours; an increase of 1,000 man-hours in pruningactivities; and a minimum increase of 1,500 man-hours must be added to theweed spraying activity. Some flower beds will have to be eliminated in orderto give proper maintenance to the remaining ones and to the turf and ornamentalfeeding ($18,000).One clerk-typist also is requested to perform the administrative duties ofthis division. At the present time, maintaining time cards, filing records,ordering supplies and equipment, typing reports and correspondence and main -taming a horticulture library consumes 75 percent of the chief of the division'stime. Many of these duties fall days behind and correspondence goes unansweredbecause of lack of clerical personnel. A clerk would also allow the divisionchief to spend his time inspecting construction sites for damage to existingplants and trees; designing detailed landscape plans; estimating costs; andsetting up work orders and training programs for the division ($7, 000).Funds are sought for supplies and to replace the 40 foot skyworker. Thispiece of equipment is ten years old. A climber's life depends on the safety ofthis machine when operating the bucket 40-feet off the ground. The machine ischecked by special mechanics of the District Highway Department every sixmonths for efficiency and safety. Because of the lack of housing, the skyworkermust be subjected to the elements, causing wear and deterioration. The newskyworker will reach 60 to 70 feet from the ground which will enable theclimbers to eliminate a hazardous climb of 20 to 30 feet above the 40-footbucket ($26,000).4. Air-heating (6 positions $45,000 )The change from prior years of air-pollution and coal scoop engineering toa sophisticated anti- pollution and climate control system for the health andwell-being of the animals involves equipment requiring constant surveillance andplanned preventive maintenance. From simple operating boilers and equipmentplus emergency maintenance, with preventive maintenance being performed duringa few summer months, progress has been made to a system of weeklyinspections with spot inspections when manpower is available. With emergencytype maintenance a high factor, frequent and necessary inspections are some-times omitted because of manpower shortages. A tight surveillance of operatingconditions in buildings during all seasons is necessary to prevent over heatingor extreme chilling that might cause the loss of valuable and/or irreplaceableanimals. The workload is further increased by the addition of a boiler plantto operate the year around and the addition of large tonnage air conditioning forthe summer months.A comparison of manpower requirements of the present and proposedBoiler Plant operation is as follows: Man-years Man-yearsPresent ProposedSupervisoryMain heating plant (three complete shifts). . .Roving watch, steam tunnel and buildings. . .Hospital-Research Building (three shifts). . . .Refrigeration and air conditioning mechanic.Incinerator operator and traineeTotal 13. 19.Due to the increased workload and the backlog of preventive maintenance,four boiler plant operators, one junior engineer, and a helper are requested tobring the manpower up to standards for the safety of the personnel and animaland maximum operating efficiency of the boiler plants and buildings ($45, 000).
2.0 2.04. 5 4.54.04. 5 4. 51. 2.01. 2.0
2038
5. Operational Services (11 positions $87,000)The motor pool is responsible for furnishing transportation and pickup anddelivery service to all departments. It hauls ashes and debris to the MountVernon Boulevard Dump twice daily. Out of town trips (average one weekly)and trips to the three local airports (average four weekly) to pickup anddeliver animals, require the services of an auto equipment operator. Whenthese and other requests have first priority, the pickup and delivery services forthe departments fall behind schedule. Two additional auto equipment operatorpositions are requested to aid in carrying out the work that is assigned to themotor pool ($14, 000).At present there are one lead foreman, two auto mechanics, and onejunior mechanic to maintain a fleet of 26 trucks, 3 station wagons, 4 jeep-typevehicles, 13 scooters, and 9 pieces of equipment. Some trucks are on the roadseven days a week and others have been in service for ten years or more. Oneadditional junior mechanic position is requested to augment the present staffassigned to maintaining all zoo vehicles ($8,000).An amount of $11,000 is required to increase the vehicle replacementallotment. The cost of a truck or station wagon has increased 18 percent inthe past two years. There are thirty vehicles in the Zoo fleet with an averageage of 6 years. There are nine vehicles in the fleet that are ten years old orolder. Replacement standards for trucks are 6 years or 50,000 miles for 1-tonor less; 7 years or 60,000 for 1 1/2 through 2 1/2 tons. Passenger cars maybe replaced when they have been operated for 6 years or 60,000 miles whicheveroccurs first. The police vehicle must operate on a 24-hour, seven days a weekbasis and must remain mechanically safe for operators and passengers. Thisvehicle should be replaced every two to three years. This request willpermit the replacement of 4 or 5 vehicles each year over the period of sixyears.An amount of $4,000 also is requested to replace three scooters used inpolice duties. Scooters have been invaluable in reducing the response time ofpatrolling officers to reach troubled or critical areas. Officers patrolling theparking areas in these vehicles appears to have a deterrent effect on the typeof offenses generally committed (especially larcenies from autos).The labor force is responsible for assisting mechanics, maintaining thefifteen major buildings, twelve public rest rooms, and sixteen employees' restrooms in a clean, presentable, and sanitary condition, and removing trash leftby visitors over the 156 acres of Park grounds. The walkways in the eightpublic buildings are scrubbed with detergents and disinfectant once a week andswept once a day. The assigned duties of the available four custodial workersare those of maintaining the public rest rooms in a clean and sanitary condition.Employees' rest rooms are cleaned only once a week. As the visitorsincrease, the demand for laborer and custodial services increases. Takinginto consideration annual and sick leave and the 40-hour work-week require-ment, the 17 available laborer positions and four custodial workers are notsufficient to maintain a seven-da ys-per- week schedule requirement. Anincrease of five laborer and three custodial positions and custodial suppliesis requested to meet this schedule and to maintain efficiency in operations($50,000).
IncreaseRequested5 1972Estimate82$45,0003,0002,000 $ 765,00060, 0002,0002, 000
2039NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKDepartment of Living Vertebrate'sObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 77
1
1
Personnel Compensation $720, 00012 Personnel Benefits .57,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things .... 2, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 155,000 20,000 175,00031 Equipment. 28,000 11,000 39,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 962,000 $81,000 $1,043,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 49,000 $ 9,000 $ 58,000Program $913,000 $72,000 $ 985,000Specification of Increase (Program):Improve Divisional Supervision and Assist in Research (5 positions, $43, 000)With the expanded activities in research and conservation, it is apparent thata professional approach must be followed to apply the animal managementtechniques that are fast becoming available to the conservation-orientedzoological world. This will require the services of a trained biologist to supplythe exotic animal management expertise, a secretary to assist the fourzoologists, and three special keepers to accomplish the research and breedingefforts ($43,000).Acquisition of Animals and Increased Costs of Food and Sundry Supplies($29,000)An increase in the animal acquisition fund ($5, 000) is needed to provide anadequate number of interesting and unusual specimens for a well-balanced andeducational zoological collection. The present allotment for the acquisition ofanimals, which includes purchase prices and/or shipping charges, is $25, 000.An increase in the food allotment, sundry supplies, uniforms and equipmentis requested to cover increased costs. Funds also are requested to providefor travel of five zoologists to attend annual meetings of their professionalsocieties, visit other zoos, and collect native species of birds, mammals, andreptiles for exhibit.Department of Living VertebratesThe Department of Living Vertebrates is responsible for approximately3,200 animals of over 1,100 species, representing one of the largest and mostvaried collections of exotic animals in existence. To support this collection,the Department conducts an animal care program involving feeding, cleaning ofcages, and exhibition. Included in the animal care program are pest controlefforts to eliminate insects and rodents and a commissary program for ordering,receiving, storing, preparing, and delivering animal food, as well as raisingspecial food items. In addition to these major activities, the staff collaborateswith the Animal Health Department, the Scientific Research Department, and
2040the Pathology Office to improve the medical treatment of animals, collectmedical data, evaluate medical programs, and develop, investigate, and supportvarious research programs.An increase of $72, 000 is requested to provide five positions to accomplishthe research workload and to cover the rapidly rising costs of animals, animalfood, sundry and uniform supplies, and equipment as well as to provide fortravel of five professional staff members in this department to attend annualmeetings of their professional societies. An additional increase of $9,000 issought for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase--There are four zoologists who require secretarialassistance. The various headkeepers also are in need of clerical aid atvarious times. The services of other secretaries within the Park have beenutilized when time permitted. This situation is often difficult and far fromsatisfactory for efficiency in over-all operations. One secretary position isrequested ($7, 000).One wildlife biologist position is requested to aid in divisional supervisionof animal care. With the expanded activities in research and conservation, itis apparent that a professional approach must be followed to apply the animalmanagement techniques that are fast becoming available to the conservationoriented zoological world. Trained biologists would supply the exotic animalmanagement expertise not before available to this Zoo. In zoos, as in thecattle or poultry industry, there is a need for professionals trained in animalhusbandry to apply scientific knowledge rather than tradition to such specializedareas as nutrition, propagation, and sanitation. The biologist would alsoserve important functions in keeper training, improved exhibition, and collectionplanning ($12, 000).Three special keeper positions and funds for equipment are requested toassist the zoologists in research and breeding efforts. These consist ofextensive incubation, hatching, and rearing programs and the collection ofbehavioral and natural history data on special animal groups. The efforts tobreed rare and endangered species demand close supervision by a keeperspecialist. The collection of data is accomplished through observations,instrumentation, weighing, measuring, and animal care. Due to the compellingduties for the routine care and protection of the animals by the animal keepers,there is no position available that can be assigned to this phase of theoperations ($24, 000).The animal acquisition program is aimed at providing an adequate numberof interesting and unusual specimens for a well-balanced and educationalzoological collection. The present allotment for the acquisition of animals,which includes purchase prices and/or shipping charges, is $25,000. Anincrease of $5, 000 is requested. There has been no increase in these fundssince 1965. Animal prices have risen rapidly in the past six years. In thepast, the Zoo has relied heavily on gifts, and exchanges. It is rarely possible,however, to stipulate the species, ages, sex, and condition of gifts; andexchanges are dependent on what other zoos have in surplus. These twomethods tend to yield an unbalanced collection. The Zoo's collection objectivescan be fulfilled only by purchasing animals of selected species.Additional funds are requested for the food allotment to meet steadily risingprices. Approximately $138, 000 are now available to purchase animal food. TheCommissary makes every effort to obtain surplus food at reduced prices, butthis is frequently of low quality. The replacement prices for sundry suppliesand uniforms and equipment also have risen sharply. Funds are requested tocover the increased cost and usage of these items ($23, 000).Funds also are needed to provide for travel of five zoologists to attendannual meetings of their professional societies, visit other zoos to becomefamiliar with their operations and collections, and collect native species ofbirds, mammals, and reptiles for exhibit ($1, 000).
2041NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKScientific Research Department"Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 6 IncreaseRequested1 1972Estimate7
> 21,0002,0001,000 $ 94, 0008,0001,0001
1
Personnel Compensation $ 73, 00012 Personnel Benefits 6, 00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 2,000 5,000 7,0003 Equipment . 3, 000 5, 000 8, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 84, 000 $ 34, 000 $ 118,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 5,000 $ 3,000 $ 8,000Program $79,000 $31,000 - $110,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve Scientific Research Efforts and Care of Research Animals( 1 position, $3 1 , 000)The Hospital-Research Building was completed and occupied in January 1970.Request is for one reproduction physiologist position ($17, 000) to collectbehavioral data, and treat the data in such a way that it will generate fruitfulhypotheses for analyzing the physiological mechanisms underlying certainexpressed behavior. Funds are requested to provide for three temporaryemployees ($7,000) during the summer months to permit the regular employeesto take leave. An increase in the supplies and equipment allotments isrequested to cover increased costs ($6, 000). Funds also are requested toprovide for travel of three scientists to attend annual meetings and seminars($1,000).
2042National Zoological ParkScientific Research DepartmentThe Scientific Research Department undertakes studies of animal behavior,reproduction, and nutrition. The Zoo collection is a major scientific resource.For this reason, facilities and assistance are often provided to scientists fromfederal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health as well as fromuniversities. The Zoo's own scientific studies add to man's understanding ofthe living world. Investigations undertaken in the Zoo and in the field haveyielded numerous scientific publications. The work of the Scientific ResearchDepartment results in improved care of animals in the collection, as reflectedin their well-being and reproduction. This work is also of benefit to other zoosand animal collections. In addition, the Scientific Research Department is ofassistance to other organizations, including foreign governments concerned withwildlife management and conservation. The Department provides training andresearch opportunities for graduate students.An increase of $31,000 is requested to provide one position to improveresearch efforts; provide for temporary employees; cover the increased costs ofsupplies and equipment; and to establish a travel allowance for three scientists.An additional $3,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase- -The new Hospital-Research Building provides faciltiesfor extensive research necessary for caring and rearing of animals in captivity.One reproduction physiologist position is requested to collect behavioral data,and treat the data in such a way that it will generate fruitful hypotheses foranalyzing the physiological mechanisms underlying certain expressed behavior;to develop studies that are required to determine growth and the ontogenesis ofbehavior, especially with respect to sexual behavior; and to gain knowledge ofhormonal treatments and their effects on animal behavior ($17,000).There are two animal keeper positions available to care for the animalsunder study seven-da ys-per-week. Funds are requested to provide for threetemporary employees during the summer months to permit the regularemployees to take leave. This is to assure that the best care is given to theseanimals ($7, 000).Funds also are requested to provide for the increased cost and usage ofresearch supplies and equipment and to establish a travel allowance for the threescientists to attend annual meetings and seminars ($7, 000).
2043NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKAnimal Health DepartmentIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 5 4 911 Personnel Compensation $ 64,000 $ 34,000 $ 98,00012 Personnel Benefits 5,000 2,000 7,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 7, 000 5, 000 12, 00031 Equipment. 5,000 12,000 17,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 81,000 $ 55,000 $ 136,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4,000 $ 1,000 $ 5,000Program $77,000 $54,000 $131,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Improve the Medical Treatment (4 positions, $54, 000)In order that basic biomedical research devoted toward improvement of thecare of collection animals, development of physiological norms, and more in-depth study of therapeutic regimes be broadened, three positions are requested(associate veterinarian, medical technologist, secretary for $34, 000); to carefor hospitalized animals, one keeper position and supplies and equipment arerequested ($16, 000). Additional funds are needed to meet the increased costof medical supplies ($2, 000) and funds to establish a travel allowance ($2, 000)for the three professional staff members to attend annual veterinarianconferences and educational seminars.Animal Health DepartmentThe Animal Health Department is responsible for the maintenance of thehealth of the animal collection of 3,200 living specimens of 1,100 species.This requires: clinical treatment of illnesses and injuries; prophylacticprocedures; using clinical pathological data to assist in diagnosis of diseasesand formulation of effective treatment regimens; and collaboration in biomedicalresearch directed toward a broader knowledge of disease processes in exoticanimals and their treatment. The staff of the Animal Health Departmentconsults and collaborates with investigators from governmental agencies andacademic institutions in the solution of problems of mutual interest.An increase of $54, 000 is requested to provide four positions to improvemedical treatment and care for the hopsitalized animals; to cover the increasedcosts of supplies; and to establish a travel allowance for three professional staffmembers. An additional $1,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 49
2044Need for Increase?In order that basic biomedical research devoted towardimprovement of the care of collection animals, development of physiologicalnorms, and more in-depth study of theraputic regimens be broadened, threepositions are requested associate veterinarian, medical technologist, and asecretary ($34, 000).There is one veterinarian position available to maintain an around theclock call schedule. An associate veterinarian will alleviate the necessity ofone person being on duty 24-hours when there are emergencies. Other majorprobkms encountered are a lack of time for study, literature search, orattendance at continuing education seminars. This is the area in which newadvances in treatment regimens and medical techniques are disseminated andattendance is of inestimable value. The medical technologist will develop thephysiological norms in all quarantined animals as well as studying thephysiological changes in those animals that come into the Hospital as medical orsurgical patients. There is also a necessity for extensive bacteriologicalculture examination of the necropsied animals. This will provide a broaderknowledge of bacterial disease agents present in the National Zoological Park,and, through sensitivity testing, permit the more rapid establishment ofprophylactic measures to protect the cagemates that have been exposed to thedisease. Secretarial assistance is necessary to maintain the increased clericalworkload on a current status as a direct result of changes being made inHospital operations and medical record keeping.
The increase in animal holding space will permit the hospitalization of illpatients presently impossible in the existing quarters. By hospitalization andimproved observation of these animals, it is reasonable to expect a higherpercentage of cure. It will assure that proper medication at regular intervalswill be administered and a much closer evaluation of the patients' progress willbe made. Provision of adequate, centralized quarantine facilities will insurecontinuing observation of quarantined subjects and permit the use of laboratorystudies not presently possible with the subjects scattered throughout the Zoo insubstandard quarters and with sometimes very limited observation. Thisfacility will also protect against the possibility of the introduction of diseasesinto the static animal collection. The institution of a nursery facility willcentralize the handrearing of baby animals under stricter observation andsupervision of nursery techniques. The present program of "farming out" babyanimals to keepers, secretaries, and friends obviously must be stopped. Withthis centralized facility, particularly in the same physical location as theScientific Research Department, a continuing study of behavioral traits of thespecimen during infancy, growth and growth- rate statistics will be provided.The one keeper position is not sufficient for a 7-day- per-week operation andcare of hospitalized animals. An addition of one keeper position and suppliesand equipment is requested ($16,000).An amount of $2,000 is s required to meet the increased cost of medicalsupplies and $2, 000 to establish a travel allowance for the three professionalstaff members to attend annual veterinarian conferences and educationalseminars.
2045HISTORY AND ARTThe Smithsonian possesses an unequaled array of resources, both materialand human, for the understanding and illumination of our country's history throughits material culture, its technology, and its art. No other Institution has agreater and more exciting opportunity to demonstrate and celebrate whatAmericans?all Americans --have accomplished.As the custodian of national collections comprising literally millions ofhistoric objects and works of art, it is our responsibility to make sure that thesecollections are used as effectively as possible for the benefit of all. We mustcare for these collections, we must make them available to scholars both fromour own staff and from the broader academic community, and we must use themintelligently and imaginatively to help tell the story of American civilization toour millions of visitors and, through publications and traveling exhibitions, to aneven wider audience. It is also our responsibility to seek the continued growth ofthese national collections; as we are the beneficiaries of the foresight of pastgenerations, so must we be the benefactors of future generations, passing on tothem the fruits of our stewardship.With one essential exception, the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, the budget requests in the area of history and art are modest,reflecting our determination to fulfill our obligations and to realize our opportuni-ties as economically as possible. The increases requested for the History andArt activities amount to $1, 245, 000, or 14 percent of the total Institutionalrequested increase.Although many history and art bureaus of the Smithsonian have received noincreases in operating funds during the past two or three years, and althoughinflation has caused many of them to suffer in effect a decrease in funds, we havesought insofar as possible, to meet our needs out of existing resources. To thisend, we have undertaken to terminate some activities and to reduce othersdrastically- -for example, the International Art Program, the SmithsonianJournal of History , and temporary exhibition programs in all our museums. Weshall continue to scrutinize all our activities with a view to maintaining a strongsense of priorities. At the same time, with the enthusiastic cooperation of ourmuseum and bureau directors, we have encouraged cooperative efforts among ourhistory and art bureaus in the name of efficiency and economy; shared libraryand conservation facilities, for example, serve the National Collection of FineArts and the National Portrait Gallery better and more cheaply than wouldseparate ones.Despite these efforts, which will continue, certain real needs hamper theeffective operation of many of our history and art bureaus and prevent us fromderiving the full benefits from the investment that has been made in them. Therequested increases that follow represent, in our judgment, the minimumamounts needed to partially correct the most pressing of these shortages.
2046NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND T]Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 158
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 1, 943, 00012 Personnel Benefits 154,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 43,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 4, 00024 Printing & Reproduction 3, 00025 Other Services 21, 00026 Supplies & Materials 10,00031 Equipment. 31,00041 Grants ....
Increase 1972Requested Estimate
-1 157
; 63,000 $2, 006,0005,000 159,00043, 00010,000 14,0005,000 8,00045, 000 66,00022,000 32, 000148,000 179, 000TOTAL $ 2,209,000 $ 298,000 $ 2, 507,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 88,000 $68,000 $ 156,000Program $2,121,000 $230,000 $2,351,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support for Planned Museum Programs ($230, 000)The National Museum of History and Technology, a systematic general museumdevoted to the historical and technological achievements of the Nation, now hasattendance approaching 6, 000, 000 visitors a year. It has developed an explicitset of purposes and principles to guide its planning and its current activities.Specifically, these are:
--to widen, deepen, and enlarge the exhibits and the visitors' museumexperience;
--to become a more important, more attractive, more lively, and moreseminal center for scholarly study, interpretation, and reinterpretation ofAmerican civilization and the history of technology;
--to widen its reach to all ages and conditions, both in Washington andthroughout the nation and the world;
--to make the Museum a place for emphasizing the positive, discovering theextent and the limits of our national achievements and the achievementsof man; and
--to emphasize, dramatize, and interpret the relevance of past to present.These purposes can be achieved with no immediate increase in personnel ifcertain urgent non-personnel shortages can be corrected. An increase of$230,000 is requested for a wide range of essential supplies, services, andequipment needs.
2047NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY1970 Actual $2, 149, 0001971 Estimate $2,209,0001972 Estimate $2,507,000The National Museum of History and Technology, a systematic generalmuseum devoted to the historical and technological achievements of the Nation,is the most successful and important institution of its kind in the United States.Since its opening in January 1964, it has been visited by more than 30, 000, 000people. Attendance is approaching an annual rate of 6, 000, 000--the greatestin the world. Under its distinguished new director, Daniel J. Boorstin, theNMHT has developed an explicit set of purposes and principles to guide itsplanning and its current activities:
I. To widen, deepen, and enlarge the exhibits and the visitors' museumexperience.A. Toward a more total and more vivid, a more personal, a moreparticipatory and a more communal recapturing of man's experience.1. By including parts of man's experience until now neglected orignored: food, shelter, and clothing; heating and cooling; modesof educating, self-educating, and informing.2. By employing new techniques and the most effective forms of oldertechniques: by making our exhibits more selective, our interpretationmore widely intelligible, and drawing more freely on all techniquesof photography, sound, and sensory stimulation to reinforce andvivify the impressions of objects; by directing visitors movementin parts of the museum (e.g., by corridors).B. Toward a more total and more vivid and more personal and morecommunal recapturing of the kinds of men and women who have madeAmerica, and their relation to all men.1. By explicit demonstration of the origins, original experiences, waysof arriving and experiences after arrival, of the diverse strainsof the American people.2. By explicit demonstration of the impact of American civilizationon the world, the backwash of American peoples to their places oforigin.
II. To become a more important, more attractive, more lively, and moreseminal center for scholarly study, interpretation, and reinterpretation ofAmerican civilization and the history of technology.A. Toward attracting visiting scholars, immersing them in the concernsof the museum and drawing on their knowledge, imagination, and ideasfor museum activities.1. By attracting the ablest and most imaginative, established scholars,and the most promising younger scholars: as consultants, part-time or visiting curators, or advisers on particular exhibits andprojects; as research scholars: offering them improved andattractive facilities in library, research collections, offices, andsecretarial assistance.2. By numerous, current, and monumental contributions to thescholarship of American civilization: as in the SmithsonianEncyclopaedia of American Life, pamphlets, and books with thewidest reach.
III. To widen our reach to all ages and conditions both in Washington andthroughout the nation and the world.
2048A. Toward a more effective, more widespread, more inclusive, and morecontinuous reach to press, radio, television: a stream of stories ofthe events in the Museum; planning of more and more newsworthyand widely- interesting interpretations of our activities.B. Toward reaching all age groups and interest groups: preparation ofinteresting and understandable exhibits and programs for youngerchildren, for visitors from abroad, and for the undereducated at home;interpretations of American history and technology more intelligibleto nonexpert adults (special dramatic and other programs and a specialarea for younger children).C. Toward a more effective connecting with holiday and festive occasions:celebration of national anniversaries, the birthdays of history- makingAmericans, and anniversaries in the history of the American standardof living and epochs in science and technology.D. Toward a more effective tying of all events occurring in our museumto the large and explicit purposes of the National Museum of Historyand Technology.E. Toward a more effective orientation and guiding of all visitors: bybrochures, publications, orientation center at entrances, motionpictures, live guide services, informing of guards, etc.
IV. To make the National Museum of History and Technology a place foremphasizing the positive, discovering the extent (as well as the limits) ofour national achievements, and the achievements of man.A. To emphasize the greatness of individual man: by interpreting,dramatizing, and explaining the careers of history- making Americans:the discovery and rediscovery of American heroes.B. To explore the epochs of great achievement, and the circumstanceswhich helped make them possible: by exhibits on creative periods ofAmerican History and of the history of technology, and the socialconditions which helped make these possible, e.g., in the exhibits,"What Makes a Creative Moment?"C. To explore and remind Americans of their institutions- -how they cameinto being and how they have changed: by a fuller exhibit of ourpolitical and social institutions, and institutions which have helped makethe American standard of living (e.g., the businessman, newspapers,advertising, labor unions, public schools, universities, museums,etc. ).D. To help give meaning and content to national holidays (e. g. ,Thanksgiving, Fourth of July, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day,etc. ).V. To emphasize and dramatize and interpret the relevance of past to present.A. By current and changing programs of orientation.B. By new programs of publication in print, on radio, television, etc.C. By conferences and new exhibits and new kinds of museum experiences.The director and staff of the Museum believe that these purposes can beachieved with no immediate increase in personnel, if certain urgent non-personnelshortages can be corrected. At present, the Museum has available only aboutfive percent (some $100,000) of its appropriation for support activities. Anadditional $298,000 are requested for the following purposes:Shortages by Category of Expense11 & 12Mandatory increases in pay $68, 000
204923Rent high-speed photocopying unit to replace outmoded machine $10,00024Purchase photographs for research. Print exhibit catalogs 5, 00025Contract for lactures by visiting scholars 5, 000Training for existing professional and nonprofessional staff toincrease competence and efficiency 3,000Purchase service contracts for maintenance of typewriters anddictating machines 2, 000Contract with expert consultants for long-range planning of majorprograms and exhibits 15, 000Contract with architectural restoration experts for reconstructionand restoration of period rooms now owned, but in storage 20, 00026Purchase office supplies 5, 000Purchase photographic supplies? film, flashbulbs, and chemicals 2,000Purchase exhibits maintenance supplies 15, 00031Purchase office furniture and furnishings 10, 000Purchase urgently needed storage cases for visible storage ofcollections in maximum security areas 20, 000Purchase storage units for offices 4, 000Replace worn-out typewriters (10 at $700 each)=$7, 000Purchase 10 two-machine dictating units to increaseefficiency in understaffed offices, totalling $10,000 17,000Replace worn out photographic equipment and purchase additionallaboratory cameras and apparatus 5, 000Purchase specimens and objects for collections necessary tocomplete already constructed halls and period rooms whichcannot be opened for lack of specimens 20, 000Purchase specimens for completion of certain collections nowon display and for research 25, 000Purchase books and other reference materials for curatorsand technical manuals for specialists and technicians 15,000Purchase exhibits maintenance tools 5, 000Purchase laboratory equipment 7, 000Remodel certain offices and laboratories to alleviate crowdedand unacceptable working conditions 20, 000Total $298, 000
2050NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 70
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 643, 00012 Personnel Benefits 50,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 31,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 30,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 14,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1, 00025 Other Services 146, 00026 Supplies & Materials 25,0003
1
Equipment . 189, 00041 Grants 8,000TOTAL $ 1, 137, 000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate2 72$ 51,000 $ 694, 0005,000 55,00031,00030,00014,0001,0006,000 152, 0007,000 32,00024,000 213,00015,000 23,000$ 108,000 $ 1,245,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 30,000 $46,000Program $1,107,000 $62,000 $ 68,000$1, 177, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Research, Exhibit, and Collections Management Support (2 positions, $62, 000 )In current and future years, the National Collection of Fine Arts expects toachieve most of its goals in research and public education in the field ofAmerican art by the judicious use of its professional staff talents and byredirecting the current level of operating funds. If this effort is to besuccessful, however, certain basic functions must be strengthened in order toprovide a strong foundation for public service. For the budget year, theserequirements fall into four areas. An amount of $15,000 is required to fundadditional research scholar grants in the study and interpretation of Americanart. A small increase in staff (a museum aid and a musaum technician) andfunds for services, supplies and equipment are needed to open and continue thenew activities of the Renwick Gallery ($25, 000). In addition, the NCFA mustbuild its funds (now about $38,000) for the purchase of works of art in the faceof rising costs and prospective donors increasing reluctance to donate.Fifteen thousand dollars additional are requested. And, lastly, $7, 000 areneeded to reorganize the Museum's collections to protect them and make themmore accessible to scholars and the public.
2051NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS1970 Actual $1,015,0001971 Estimate $1,137,0001972 Estimate $1,245,000The National Collection of Fine Arts is the custodian of an ever increasingnational heritage of valuable acquisitions and deposits of American A rt both ofthe past and the present. Some 13,000 paintings, sculptures, and decorativeobjects are included in its exhibits and reference collections. To meetresponsibilites assigned by law (20 U.S. C. 76c), the museum provide arepository for Government art; carries on an active program of conservationand conservation research; lends art to the White House and cabinet offices;promotes the public appreciation of art through publications and by permanentand special exhibits in its gallery, and by sponsoring traveling exhibits withinthe United States and abroad through the Smithsonian Institution TravelingExhibition Service which circulates exhibitions to small and large institutionsthroughout the country.The museum's expanding education program is being developed in closeassociation with school curricula to provide material and study programs bothin Washington and throughout the country. In addition,- with its variedcollections, library, photographs, and archives, the NCFA provides a researchcenter for students and scholars devoted to the study of American art. Therecent addition by the Smithsonian of the Archives of American Art, a richrepository of source information for research purposes, greatly enhances itsoverall capabilities in this area. The NCFA is responsible for the developingactivities of the Renwick Gallery to be devoted to American arts and craftsdesign and shares photographic and conservation laboratories and libraryfacilities with the National Portrait Gallery.The requested program increase of $62, 000 will be directed at strengtheningeducational, scholarly, and curatorial support activities and preparing for theopening of the Renwick Gallery. An additional $46,000 are requested fornecessary pay for existing staff.Need for Increase--The objective of the National Collection of Fine Arts'education program is to discover the way in which schools and museums canbest work together to make real to children and adolescents the creativefreedom and expressive satisfaction which comes from the serious study ofworks of art. The gallery's activities in this regard will be exportable. Aseries of traveling exhibitions that can be done inexpensively will be presented,and classroom materials will be made available throughout the country.Attention is being paid to practical exhibiting procedures (such as the Children'sGallery and new "Discover" gallery in NCFA) and school materials to be usedin conjunction with the changing needs of area and national art curricula. In1970, it is estimated that NCFA was able to accommodate about $14,000 of thisactivity within its appropriation. In current and future years, the museumadministration expects to achieve most of the new goals in education andresearch by the judicious use of NCFA professional staff talents and byredirecting the current level of operating funds. If success is to be realized,however, the collections and curatorial support functions, i.e., the basichousekeeping operations of the gallery which are currently underfunded, needreinforcement.An amount of $62,000 in new funds is needed for the following purposes:to supplement research scholar grants $15,000; for two positions in theRenwick Gallery $10,000; $15,000, toward increased Renwick operations costs
2052
related to the opening of the museum to the public; a $15,000 increase in NCFAfunds for purchases of art; and $7, 000 for the reorganization of the museum'sarchives and collection, making them available for research activities.To provide for the continuation of the program of research scholars on asignificant scale, $15,000 should be directed toward the research scholarsprogram in American art, for both graduate and post-doctoral scholars toencourage sound scholarship in this much neglected field. This will provideopportunities for scholars throughout the country to work on the rich collectionof materials in Washington and allow the National Collection of Fine Arts toserve as a center for the study and reinterpretation of American art. Closelyallied to the exhibition and publication programs, this activity has a significantimpact on both the scholarly community and the general public.The opening of the Renwick Gallery is to take place in fall 1971, and thedevelopment of a permanent museum staff to accommodate the new activities ofthis Gallery is of high priority. Since both the semi-permanent exhibit galleriesand the large public opening will then be inaugurated, a museum technicianand a museum aid along with materials and equipment needed in advance of theopening are requested ($25,000). About $6 5, 000 are available for Renwickdevelopment in the NCFA appropriation for fiscal year 1971.Within NCFA itself, the acquisition of works of art to supply some of theembarrassing gaps in the museum's collection has become increasingly difficultowing to rising prices and a growing reluctance on the part of donors topresent significant works of art. If the collection is to be other than simplya fortuitous conglomerate, the museum's acquisition program must be mademore active and selective. A $15,000 addition to the present level ofacquisition funds would be a modest start in this direction. Only about $38, 000are available for art acquisitions in fiscal year 1971.Seven thousand dollars is needed to facilitate the systematic managementof the National Collection of Fine Art's extensive holdings, inherited from manysources over the past years. The rehabilitation of many important works, andthe proper organization of the Collection's archives must move forward quicklyif the Collection is to be properly safeguarded and available to scholars andthe public.
2053NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYIncreaseObject Class 1971 Base RequestedNumber of Permanent Positions . . 37 1
1
1
Personnel Compensation $ 403, 000 $ 54, 00012 Personnel Benefits 32,000 3,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 15,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 4, 000 3, 00025 Other Services 177, 000 7, 00026 Supplies & Materials 25, 000 1, 0003 Equipment . . 175, 000 2, 00041 Grants
1972Estimate38$ 457, 00035, 00016, 000
7, 000184, 00026, 000177, 000
$ 902, 000TOTAL $ 831,000 $ 71,000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 20,000 $21,000 $ 41,000Program $811,000 $50,000 $861,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Public Education (1 position, $50,000)The National Portrait Gallery is a unique national museum of Americanhistory responsible for collecting, exhibiting, and studying portraiture of menand women who have contributed significantly to the formation and developmentof the United States. It has a responsibility to use its collections of paintings,sculptures, and other resources for public education. To do this, two areas ofthe Gallery's basic operations need strengthening in fiscal year 1972. TheHistory Department has had a long existing need for a chief historian to takecharge of biographical and other research on the collections to assure impec-cable historical accuracy in exhibits labels and related materials for the public.This will cost $25,000 including associated reference materials. Second, theEducation Department needs $12, 000 to fund part-time temporary personnel toconduct teaching tours of the exhibits and to prepare teaching materials.Some 300 children each month receive tours, but the program is growing. Anadditional amount of $13,000 is requested to prepare three special teachingexhibits of special interest to school groups and to prepare related printedmaterials for classroom use.
2054NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY1970 Actual $768, 0001971 Estimate $831, 0001972 Estimate $902, 000The National Portrait Gallery is a unique national museum of Americanhistory responsible for collecting, exhibiting, and studying portraiture in paintingand sculpture of the men and women who have contributed significantly to theformation and development of the United States. Open to the public for only twoyears (since October 1968), the Gallery is still developing its staff and programs,particularly in the History and Education Departments, to meet public demandsfor its services.The Gallery's current activities can be grouped into four major categories:(1) the care and expansion of the collection; (2) public education through programswith schools and through exhibition of the permanent collection and special loanexhibitions illustrating particular subject areas of American history and portrai-ture; (3) the research, publication, and national distribution of catalogues of theseexhibitions, as well as other studies, both scholarly and popular in nature, relatedto the subject of American historical portraiture; and (4) the compilation of adefinitive Catalogue of American Portraits to be a comprehensive data bank andnational information service on American history and biography comprised ofentries on all portraits of historically significant Americans.An increase of $50, 000 in program funds is needed to support the activitiesof the History and Education Departments. An additional $2 1, 000 are requestedfor necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase
1
.
History Department (1 position, $25,000)The History Department requires a chief historian to be hired early in fiscalyear 1972, culminating a two-year search for a prominent historian qualified inAmerican history and art history ($19,000). Basic operating support funds areneeded for the chief historian's office to provide for travel, material services foroffice operations and personnel services by specialists in various aspects ofAmerican history and the public use of history collections, and for supplies,equipment, reference books, and materials for this new department ($6,000).Total funding requested for this activity is $25, 000.
It is essential that a history museum have as its core a well researchedcollection. Initial activities of the chief historian will, therefore, involve upgradingand expanding the biographical research files on the portraits so that the historiccontents of materials and exhibits for the public based on these individuals andtheir relations to historic events are of impeccable accuracy. At this point, only1/10 of the Gallery's holdings of 500 portraits is thoroughly researched, and theone staff member assigned to biographical research pending arrival of the chiefhistorian cannot keep current with new acquisitions, let alone cope with the bulk ofthe permanent collection.Other major activities will be to study the permanent collection in terms ofhistorical interpretation in its display arrangement, its labeling, and the contentof printed materials distributed in the galleries, and to evaluate continually thehistoric content of future exhibitions being planned and researched by othermembers of the staff.
2055The History Department's efforts in both of these areas will immediatelybenefit the activities of the other major program to be strengthened in fiscalyear 1972, the Education Department. This department is in more immediatecontact with the public than any other, and it is upon its activities that the Gallery'seducational services to schools, organized public groups, and individual visitorsof all ages depend.2. Education Department ($25, 000)Most of the $25, 000 required to support a broad educational programbeginning in fiscal yearl972 will provide part-time, temporary personnel toconduct teaching tours of the exhibits, to contact schools and other interestedorganizations, and to help research and write teaching materials based on thevisual and historical content of special teaching exhibitions.An average of 300 area school children each month are now receiving toursoften tailored to their classroom needs. Many inner city teachers are discoveringfor the first time how the educational programs of this Gallery can make the studyof American history more meaningful to their students. This use is expected toincrease considerably next year, and the Gallery must provide a teaching staff tomeet those demands.The number of school and other public groups the Gallery can serve throughtours is directly proportional to the numbers of trained volunteers and part-timepaid teaching staff available to supplement the small permanent administrative andresearch staff of the education department (curator, secretary, and temporaryresearcher). These non-permanent staff visit schools to meet classes and discussprospective visits with teachers, provide teaching materials based on the exhibits,conduct tours in the Museum tailored to the teacher's needs, and provide anydesirable follow-up contact with the teacher and the class.The core of this part-time teaching staff--comprised of persons with teachingexperience, and graduate and undergraduate students--must be paid to assurethat they will reliably meet the rigorous study requirements and demandingschedules of the educational program on a regular basis. Based on a projectionof this year's experience using only available volunteers, the Gallery needs fundsfor the equivalent of two man-years of work ($12, 000). This will guarantee 80hours of trained teaching staff each week. These paid staff will work with and besupplemented by approximately two dozen volunteers who give a few hours eachweek to the Gallery as their time allows.In addition to educational activities based on portraits in the permanentcollection and on major loan shows arranged twice yearly, one-room teachingexhibitions are produced by the Museum to focus in depth on one individual ortopic of particular interest to school groups. These exhibits contain portraits,audio-visual materials, personal objects, and other historical informationespecially designed and labeled in a compact gallery area to provide an environ-ment offering teachers or Gallery staff several possible directions for leadingdiscussions and stimulating student learning. To provide two of these exhibitsduring the school year, at least one of which will study persons involved in thehistory of the District of Columbia, and another during this summer, funding of$6, 000 is requested.Based on research and visual information gathered for the exhibits, theGallery plans to produce classroom naterials containing much more visualinformation than is normally found in available literature on the subjects. Thewriting and content will be aimed at the various student reading and comprehensionlevels. Teachers can use these materials to prepare students for the visit, toreinforce the visit afterward, and as a permanent resource after the exhibit isdisassembled. For coordinating the curriculum research and writing of these
2056brochures and pamphlets for the teaching exhibits, the Gallery needs $4,000 fortemporary personnel to help the regular staff. For printing and reproducing theseteaching materials to supplement the exhibit in the Gallery and to extend its usein the classroom $3, 000 are required.Fiscal Year 1971 Activities of the National Portrait GalleryWithin the major program categories identified at the beginning of thisjustification, there are a number of recent developments and accomplishments.The NPG is expanding and upgrading its small permanent collection through acqui-sitions from commercial galleries and private individuals, as well as by gifts. Inthe past two years 106 portraits were added at a total cost $391, 640. Thecuratorial staff is preparing catalogs and planning exhibitions to be held this spring(portraits by American Revolutionary War period painter Henry Benbridge) andfall (portraits illustrating the history of the performing arts in America to coincidewith the opening of the Kennedy Center). The Gallery's Fall 1970 show presentedthe life portraits of John Quincy Adams together with personal objects related tohis life. Portraits for these shows are located and borrowed by the Gallery frommuseums and individuals in this country and abroad, a process often requiringtwo or more years advance research and planning by the Gallery staff.Where no formal education program existed one year ago, the Gallery istraining two dozen volunteer docents to conduct educational tours. Contacts arebeing made with metropolitan area schools and with organizations serving schoolsand teachers locally and nationally. To the extent limited resources can betemporarily borrowed from other programs, the Gallery has funded the researchand production of experimental aids and one-room exhibits designed for use bytour leaders and teachers.The Catalogue of American Portraits has standardized its computer entryforms and processes in cooperation with the Smithsonian's Information SystemsDivision and is entering information regularly obtained from correspondence andstaff visits to nearby collections such as Mt. Vernon. The CAP handlescontinuing requests for portrait information from both scholars and the generalpublic. Forty thousand portrait prints in the collection are being sorted andinventoried. Finally, 18, 000 partial portrait entries gathered by researcherscontracted between 1964 and 1967 are being definitively researched and processedinto the data bank. In addition, the CAP is forming a roster of possible fieldresearchers in various locales and gathering information on the logistics ofcollecting widely scattered portrait data.Research is being performed on subjects related to American portraiture bytwo members of the staff. Two contract scholars are researching an exhibitioncatalog and exhibit on portraits of the American Negro to be held in spring 1972,and a separate publication on the same subject to be distributed nationally. Theassembled papers and archival materials will remain with the research resourcesof the NPG.The exhibits staff has continued to upgrade the appearance of the galleriesand to provide for the display of the growing collection. A suite of first floorgalleries was prepared for the John Quincy Adams exhibition designed as aversatile exhibit area which will be the location of all major temporary loanexhibitions in the future. Other projects are the formation of a new acquisitiongallery area, the improvement of graphics to direct and inform visitors, theinstallation of a first-floor lounge area, and a redesign of the vestibule and foyerto be a more welcoming and informative entrance to the Gallery, including anorientation exhibit and film about the history of portraiture and how to look atportraits in the Gallery. The production shop and silk screen facilities have beenimproved to provide in-house capabilities for constructing cases, pedestals,posters, labels to reduce some of the costs of exhibition production and a relianceon contracted exhibit production services.
2057Summary and Future GoalsThe additional $50, 000 requested here will enable the Gallery to take thenext logical step in fulfilling the goals set forth by Congress when establishing theGallery in 1962.Prior to fiscal year 1971, the primary goal was establishment and manage-ment of the collection . With stress on developing an exhibits staff during the pastyear and plans for the History and Education Departments next year, the Galleryis focusing now on relating and exhibiting the collections to the public. It is in thepublic education category that the new program funds will enable expansion.Continued basic staffing and program support in the coming years isnecessary for the National Portrait Gallery to reach maturity as a fully operativenational history museum and reference center. By the mid-1970's, when interestin American history will be heightened by activities commemorating the Bicen-tennial, it should be prepared to serve the public broadly through relevantexhibitions, scholarly and popular materials and programs, and through dissemi-nation of information on historical portraiture from the computerized Catalogue ofAmerican Portraits.
2058JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 18
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 174, 00012 Personnel Benefits 11,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 6,00022 Transportation of Things .... 3, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 40,00024 Printing & Reproduction 2, 00025 Other Services ... 162,00026 Supplies & Materials 9, 0003 1 Equipment 9, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 416, 000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate3 21$ 72,000 $ 246, 0006,000 17,0003,000 9,0003,0005,000 45, 0002,000 4,00097, 000 259, 00016,000 25,000400, 000 409,000$ 601,000 $ 1, 017,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $ 14,000 $ 22,000Program $408,000 $587,000 $ 995,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Meeting Target Date for Building Opening (3 positions, $587,000)The operating staff of the Joaeph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden will continue to be expanded. Three additional members are beingsought in the budget year, a registrar, administrative assistant, and clerktypist ($23,000) plus additional funds in other objects ($33,000) and funds toannualize part-time positions authorized in 1971 ($41, 000). These funds willbe added to the current budget and form the nucleus of the continuing budgetfor the Museum.Additional funds ($50,000) are requested to continue with the program ofconservation and framing of the collection for its initial opening in the newgallery.Funds for the design and production of storage screens ($400, 000) arebeing requested. Since this is a sizeable job it will be considerably cheaperto let the bid for the entire job at one time instead of doing the work inincrements. These screens need to be placed on the top floor of the museumas soon as possible in order for the physical move of the collection toWashington to take place.Funds are needed for the equipment necessary to set up three workrooms. ($40, 000). The carpentry, frame and paint shops have been chosento be equipped first because they seem the most essential to the immediateoperations of the building as construction work is completed. These shopswill be useful as the collection is moved and uncrated and hung in storage.Immediate attention to small repairs will save wear and tear of having torepack and reship the works that might be in need of modest work.
J2059JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN1970 Appropriation $ 308,0001971 Estimate $ 416,0001972 Estimate $1, 017, 000The Hirshhorn Museum, now under construction on the Mall, will housethe magnificent gift to the nation of more than 7, 000 paintings and sculptures.The Act of November 7, 1966, authorized construction of the Museum anddesignated the Mall site. Building construction began in March, 1970, and theestimated completion is October, 1972. All phases of work are presentlygeared to prepare for the opening of the Museum and to place it in operation.An increase of $587,000 for fiscal year 1972 will be used for acquiringequipment and furnishings to facilitate an early transfer of the collection toWashington as portions of the building become ready for outfitting and occupancyand for expanding the basic and continuing operations. The former item forequipment and furnishings consisteof one-time, non-recurring costs, which arephased over two years. The attached table provides a detailed flow of projectedoperations for fiscal years 1972, 1973, and 1974, as related to the expectedgrowth prior to and immediately following an anticipated public opening six tonine months following the completion of the building. An additional $14, 000 issought for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase- -In order to bring this major new Museum intoexistence, a dramatic acceleration in operating program activity must takeplace during the two and one-half year building construction period. This willrequire a very substantial increase in program funds over this period in orderto meet the projected public opening date. Major additional funding require-ments are in two categories: ongoing preparation of the collection, and theacquisition of furnishings and special equipment for the building.Approximately twelve hundred choice paintings and pieces of sculpture arebeing selected from the more than 7, 000 items in the collection for exhibitwhen the Museum opens. These paintings and pieces of sculpture must beexamined, photographed, mounted, cleaned, and in some cases restored prior toexhibition. The total cost of this effort in fiscal year 1972, is estimated at$200, 000 for such contractual services.Of these 1,200 items, 600 are paintings and 600 are sculptures. Based ona survey of the restoration and framing requirements of these items thefollowing funding needs have been projected which total $565,000. Some objectsare included in two categories.
--100 large paintings (5 to 15 feet) will need restoration at an averagecost of $1,000 ($100,000) and 50 will require work at $300 each($15, 000).
--350 small paintings will require restoration at prices ranging from $250to $500 ($150, 000).
--500 paintings must be framed at prices averaging $200 for a total costcost of $100, 000.
--400 sculpture pieces, including about 150 which are classed asmonumental, will require restoration at prices averaging $500.Estimated total cost of the job is $200, 000.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2060Approximately 350 paintings have been restored, conserved, and framedduring fiscal years 1969 and 1970, and are now completed for initial exhibitiondisplay. These include items that required both conservation and framing.In fiscal year 1971 it is estimated that an additional 300 items will becompleted, so that by the end of the fiscal year about 50 percent of the workfor the opening will be completed.The additional funds requested for conservation and framing in fiscal year1972 ($50,000) will allow for completion of nearly 90 percent of the totalnumber of items planned for use in the opening exhibition. Fiscal year 1973will be devoted to completing the remainder of the initial showing.An increase in technical and support staff is required to prepare for theMuseum's opening and subsequent exhibition and research programs. Thisstaff must: negotiate with conservators and other contractors, and follow upon work in progress; conduct research and documentation for the openingexhibition as well as continue with the cataloging of the entire collection; andcontinue the Museum's present public services such as loans, photographicrequests, and research queries. Three additional staff members are requested:registrar, administrative assistant, and clerk-typist ($23,000), plus funds toannualize new positions authorized only part year in fiscal year 1971 ($41,000).An additional $33,000 are requested for other contractual service costsrelated to the collections, the rental of working space and services(moving items in and out of storage for inspection, conservation, framing, etc),photography to document the collections for exhibits planning and researchpurposes. Professional visits to art museums and galleries for research willbe necessary as well as other field trips.Non-recurring CostsConstruction costs of $16,000,000 ($15,000,000 appropriated by Congressand a $1,000,000 gift by Mr. Hirshhorn) will provide the Institution with thebasic Museum building, including necessary utility equipment and connections.This amount does not permit the Museum to be completed to the point necessaryfor public opening or for conducting basic educational functions. It does notprepare the galleries or public areas, or furnish the administrative office space.To insure an opening to the public as soon as possible after completion ofconstruction, it is essential that procurement and installation of furniture,furnishings, moveable equipment, and other items be provided as soon aspossible. Approximately $1,466,000 of furnishings and equipment not includedin the original construction contracts (for furnishings and equipment) andnecessary to prepare and make effective use of the laboratory, gallery andadministrative space, have been identified as needed over the next two years.Funding for these items is being requested over two years, $440, 000 in fiscalyear 1972, and $1,026,000 in fiscal year 1973. Operating costs and non-recurring costs are identified in the following table.
2061 JOperating CostsPositionsStaff Costs (Including benefits)Conservation and restorationSupplies & Materials & EquipmentOther (Exhibits, planning, travel,rent, etc. )Subtotal, regular operations
FY 197118$185, 000150,00018,000
FY 197221$263,000200,00040,00063, 000 74,000$416,000 $577,000
FY 197345$494,000100,00032,000193, 000$819, 000
FY 197460$688,00040,00015, 000135,000$878,000
Non-recurring costsCarpentry, frame, paint shopsStorage screensCoatroom furnishings & are* lightsGallery furnishingsLamps and partitionsFourth floor furnishingsPhotography labLibrary shelvingRegistrars office and stafflunchroomStone pedestalsSecurity systemsExterior lightingExamination labConservation labAuditorium furnishingsTour guidesSales roomSubtotal, non-recurring costs
40,000400,000 8, 000210,00032, 000205, 00027,00050,00019, 00095, 00050, 00050, 00038, 00065, 00067,00060,00050,000$440, 000 $1,026, 000TOTAL $416, 000 $1,017, 000 $1,845,000 $878,000
2062FREER GALLERY OF ARTIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 7 1 ?11 Personnel Compensation $49,000 $ 8,000 $57,00012 Personnel Benefits 4,000 1,000 5,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 3,000 15,000 18,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants ?TOTAL $ 56, 000 $ 24, 000 $ 80, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $2,000 $3,000 $5,000Program $54,000 $21,000 $75,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support of Research and Care of the Collections (1 position, $21,000 )Freer endowment funds provide for the purchase of objects and forthe development and study of the collections. Federal funds, in accordancewith the Deed of Gift, are to be used for general support purposes.Funds are requested for a clerical position to assist research in NearEastern Art ($6,000) and for the purchase of storage equipment and relatedsuppli es ($15, 000).
2063FREER GALLERY OF ART1970 Actual $45,000 V1971 Estimate $56, 000 iV1972 Estimate $80, 000 I1/The Freer Gallery of Art houses one of the world's most distinguishedcollections of Oriental Art of over 10,000 objects. Including works of art fromChina, Japan, Korea, India, and the Near East, the collection covers paintings,sculptures, and other objects in stone, wood, lacquer, jade, pottery, porcelain,bronze, gold, and silver. Items not currently on exhibition and the library of40, 000 volumes are available and used extensively by the Gallery's staff andnumerous visiting scholars and students from throughout the world. The two-fold program envisaged by the founder involves the continuing search for worksof the highest quality that may be added to the collections and the continuingstudy of these works of art as keys to understanding the civilizations thatproduced them.An appropriation increase of $21,000 is requested to provide basic supportto research, collections maintenance, and exhibition programs of the Gallery.Funds in the amount of $3,000 are also requested for necessary pay for staff.Need for Increase- -Endowment funds provide for purchase of objects andfor the development and study of the Freer collections. In accordance with theacceptance of the Deed of Gift, federal funds are to be provided and used forthe upkeep, repair, guarding, heat, light, cleaning of building; repair andcleaning of collection; and recording, labeling, and moving of specimens andrelated services. Current federal employees are support staff. There hasbeen a great increase in use made of Freer resources by the general public,scholars, and students; and inflation in the costs of supplies and equipmentmakes the current level of federal support chronically inadequate. It is ourresponsibility to correct this condition.For fiscal year 1972, funds are requested to provide a clerical positionfor the newly-filled curator of Near Eastern Art to assist with a large backlogof accumulated work ($6,000). An additional $15, 000 are requested for cabinetsfor the storage of Chinese and Japanese handscrolls and albums, and formiscellaneous office and other supplies.
_1/ Excludes approximately $3 00,000 in maintenance, operations, and protectionsupport from the Buildings Management Department.
2064ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . .
1 1 Personnel Compensation $12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ...26 Supplies & Materials .3 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram
IncreaseRequested
1J_
t 145,00011,0004,00010,0003,0002, 000$ 175,000
$$175,000
1972Estimate11_$ 145,00011,0004,00010, 0003,0002,000$ 175,000
$$175,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance of Archives Holding (11 positions, $175,000)The Archives of American Art came to the Smithsonian Institution inMay 1970. The several million documents in its collection constitute anaid to research and in the history of American visualarts from prior to the American to the present time. Withtheother resources of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the NationalPortrait Gallery, the Archives makes the Fine Arts and Portrait GalleriesBuilding a major center for the study of American art. During the past year,several hundred researchers have used the Archives and a number ofrecent publications depended heavily on Archives documents. The $175,000requested for fiscal year 1972 will provide for personnel, space rental,contractual services (including microfilming), office supplies and equipment.
2065ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART1970 Actual $ 55, 000-*-,1971 Estimate $175, OOoI'1972 Estimate $175,000The Archives of American Art, founded in Detroit in 1954 and a bureau ofthe Smithsonian Institution since May 1970, is committed to aiding research andscholarship in the history of the visual arts in this country from prior to therevolutionary war period to the present time. It acts to achieve this goal byacquiring, organizing, and preserving the primary documentation needed byhistorians--the correspondence, diaries, business papers, and photographs ofpainters, sculptors, critics, dealers, and collectors, and the formal records ofgalleries, museums, and art societies. These collections of paper are cataloged,microfilmed, and made available to scholars. A photograph of an item in theArchives holdings is shown on a following page.The processing and chief reference center of the Archives is now located inspace provided by the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery library. Added to the library, and to the archival material alreadypossessed by these two museums, the Archives will make the old Patent Officebuilding a major center for the study of American Art.The organization expects to raise private funds amounting to about $200, 000in fiscal year 1971. This income is used primarily to support Archives'activities outside Washington. It is hoped that this level will be maintained. TheNational Portrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts have helped tooffset initial costs by providing facilities and earmarking some of their funds tosupplement the Archives own resources. Because the Archives came to theSmithsonian after the fiscal year 1971 budget had been submitted, it was notpossible to include in that budget a request for separate funds to enable theInstitution to make full use of this great collection of materials. This year,$175,000 are being requested to be appropriated for the AAA, an amount whichreflects no increase over the estimated fiscal year 1971 level of funding sharedby the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery.During the past year the Archives has acquired over 100, 000 individualitems. Among the more important collections received were the papers ofWilliam Baziotes, Cecila Beaux, Karl Bitter, Herbert Ferber, Palmer Hayden,Ibram Lassaw, Guy Pene du Bois, and Ben Shahn. Of particular interest is alarge collection of records accumulated by Charles Henry Hart, an authority on18th and early 19th century portraiture.The Archives' oral history program continued its activities with a series oftape recorded interviews with administrators and other figures in the New Yorkart world. Among those people interviewed were Harvard Arnason, Ralph Colin,Lawrence Fleischman, Henry Geldzahler, Huntington Hartford, and GordonWashburn.Since the objective of the Archives is to serve scholarship by providingdocumentation to researchers, its achievement is measured by the effective useof Archives resources in the writing of exhibition catalogues, catalog raisonnes,articles, biographies, monographs. The Archives further approachesits goal byoffering grants in aid, by publishing a quarterly Journal , and by disseminatinginformation on its holdings to universities and museums.
? These amounts reflect shared costs by NCFA and NPG, and are includedin the amounts shown for those galleries.
2066Research on the painter Stuart Davis, the Sculptor David Smith, the BlackMountain College Art Department, and the federal art programs of the 1930'sare a few of the more important projects now under way. Among otherrecent publications which depended heavily on Archives documents are BarbaraNovak, American Painting of the Nineteenth Century , N. Y. , 1969; Marcia M.Mathews, Henry Ossawa Tanner , Chicago, 1969; William I. Homer, RobertHenri and his Circle , Ithaca, N. Y. , 1969; and Sheldon Reich, John Marin; AStylistic Analysis and Catalogue Raissone, Tucson, 1970.
With the establishment of its office in Washington, D. C. , the volume of useof Archives holdings has risen sharply owing to the need for documentation by thestaffs of the National Collection of Fine Arts, the National Portrait Gallery, theNational Gallery of Art, and student and faculty researchers at the University ofMaryland and George Washington University. Since the Archives is still a recentarrival here, it anticipates a further increase in the use of its resources in thecoming year.Funding requested in the fiscal year 1972 budget will provide foradministrative and curatorial personnel ($156, 000) and for space rental,contractual services (including microfilming), office supplies, and equipment($19,000).
2067NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARDIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 8 -2 611 Personnel Compensation $111,000 $ -8,000 $103,00012 Personnel Benefits. 9,000 -1,000 8,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 -1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 29,000 -22,000 7,00026 Supplies & Materials ....... 1,000 1,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants 'TOTAL $ 152,000 $ -32,000 $ 120,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $ 5,000 $ 13,000Program $144,000 $-37,000 $107,000
2068NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD1970 Actual $182, 0001971 Estimate $152, 0001972 Estimate $120,000The National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board advises and assiststhe Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution on matters related to theestablishment of anational historical museum park to be known as BicentennialPark and a study center to be known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Institute forHistorical Research. Preliminary approval has been obtained for two sites on thePotomac River, both already under federal ownership and within a short distanceof downtown Washington: Fort Foote Park, in Prince George's County, Maryland,and Jones Point Park, on the southern edge of Alexandria, Virginia.
2069UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMThis group of activities includes a major segment of the conservation andpreservation efforts of the Institution, the collections documentation function, theexhibits effort, and the leadership role of the Smithsonian in diffusing knowledgeand training in these areas to the national museum community.For fiscal year 1972, only necessary pay increases are being requested forthe Office of Museum Programs, the Office of Exhibits, and small programamounts for important needs in the Conservation Analytical Laboratory and theRegistrar's Office. A separate request for a major exhibition project is beingrequested in the special program's section, but these funds are nonrecurring innature and are necessary to develop and improve the permanent educationaldisplays. The increase requested for United States National Museum activities is$183, 000, or two percent of the total Institutional requested increase.

2071OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 9 911 Personnel Compensation $143,000 $4,000 $147,00012 Personnel Benefits 11,000 11,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 8,000 8,00022 Transportation of Things ... . 2,000 2,00023 Rent, Comra. & Utilities ... . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 120,000 120,00026 Supplies & Materials 1, 000 1, 0003
1
Equipment 18, 000 18, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 304, 000 $ 4, 000 $ 308, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 4,000 $4,000 $ 8,000Program $300,000 $300,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Museum ServicesThis Office provides program planning for museum and exhibition activities,surveys visitor reactions to the Smithsonian's exhibits, and works with othermuseums and organizations on matters of mutual concern. No program fundincrease for the operations of this Office is requested for fiscal year 197?..
2072UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS1970 Actual $233,000197
1
Estimate $304, 0001972 Estimate $308, 000The Office of Museum Programs provides program planningand review of the Smithsonian Institution's museum and exhibition activities withspecial emphasis on developing experimental and educational exhibits, surveyingvisitor reaction to the Institution's services, and providing advice and technicalassistance to other museums. It works cooperatively with museum professionalsand their associations and organizations to increase the effectiveness of museumsin the performance of their scholarly and public education functions. The Officeof the Registrar, the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, and the Office ofExhibits are under the general administration of this Office.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the operationsof this Office. An amount of $4, 000 is requested for necessary pay purposes.
2073OFFICE OF EXHIBITS Increase 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 167 -3 16411 Personnel Compensation $1,936,000 $62,000 $1,998,00012 Personnel Benefits 143,000 5,000 148,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 10,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction 40, 000 40, 00025 Other Services 64,000 64,00026 Supplies & Materials 127,000 127,0003
1
Equipment . 40, 000 40, 00041 Grants TOTAL $2, 361,000 $ 67, 000 $2,428, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 98,000 $67,000 $ 175,000Program $2, 263, 000 $2, 263, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Maintenance of Current Exhibits ProgramNo program increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the Office ofExhibits as such. Its base resources are largely absorbed by the maintenanceand upgrading of existing exhibits, the design of new permanent exhibits, anda program of changing special exhibits. A request for new nonrecurringfunds for the construction and installation of a major permanent exhibitionon the World of Living Things in the National Museum of Natural History ispresented in the special programs section of this budget request.
2074UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE .OF EXHIBITS1970 Actual $2,354,0001971 Estimate $2, 361, 0001972 Estimate $2, 428, 000The Office of Exhibits, in collaboration with museum scientists andhistorians, designs, prepares, and installs exhibitions in Smithsonian museums,and occasionally for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service.Since its establishment in 1955, the Office has prepared over 3, 500 permanentexhibit units primarily in the National Museum of Natural History and the NationalMuseum of History and Technology, and has produced hundreds of special exhibitsin art, history, and science. New techniques such as freeze-drying of animal andplant specimens and new methods of presentation, including audio-visual andvisitor participation devices, are developed to enhance the visitor's learningexperience. Many staff innovations have been copied around the world. Bycounseling visiting professionals and by training museum technicians from allpoints of the world, the Office has had a significant effect on museum installationsin many countries.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972 for the Office ofExhibits. The base appropriation is largely absorbed by maintenance andupgrading of existing exhibits, design of new exhibits, and a modest program ofchanging special exhibits. New permanent exhibits, space for which exists inpresent Smithsonian museums, will require new nonrecurring funds for construc-tion and installation. A request for these funds is included in the specialprograms section of this budget request. An increase of $67, 000 is requested fornecessary pay for the Office of Exhibits staff.
2075CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORYIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 1
1
3 14!1 Personnel Compensation $113,000 $26,000 $139,00012 Personnel Benefits 9,000 2,000 11,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 5,000 5,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .,.: . 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction 1, 000 1, 00025 Other Services 7, 000 7, 00026 Supplies & Materials ........ 6, 000 3, 000 9, 00031 Equipment 12,000 24,000 36,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 154, 000 $ 55,000 $ 209, 000AnalyMs of TotalPay Increase $ 6,000 $ 5,000 $ 11,000Program $148,000 $50,000 $198,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Protection, Conservation, and Analysis of the Collections (3 positions, $50,000)Activities of the Laboratory fall into two broad areas: conservation,including preventive and remedial measures, and analysis of the compositionof objects in support of research. Increased funding is required for a smallfumatorium chamber and a technician to cope with serious insect infestationsin the History and Technology collections ($24, 000). Two additionalconservators at a cost of $14,000 are required to care for some 13 millionnon-biological objects (for instance, coins) in the collections. An Ebertspectrograph ($12,000) for analysis purposes will double current output ofexisting staff.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 51
2076UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMCONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY1970 Actual $134,0001971 Estimate $154,0001972 Estimate $209,000
The Conservation Analytical Laboratory was established in 1963 to serve themuseums of the Smithsonian Institution. It ascertains and advises on thesuitability of environmental conditions found in the buildings for objects displayedor in storage, and suggests remedial action if necessary. Advice is given to thecuratorial units on conservation procedures for specific objects. Objects whichpresent special problems or require more specialized equipment than is availablein these units are treated in the laboratory.Analysis of objects or their materials (e.g., pigments, fibers, alloys, orcorrosion products) is done by advanced instrumentation to determine appropriateconservation procedures or to provide museum archaeologists and historians withbasic research data concerned with dates, attribution, and ancient productionmethods.Current program shortages include the following for which a programincrease of $50,000 is requested. An additional $5, 000 are requested fornecessary pay for current staff members.Need for Increase- -The lack of a fumatorium to sterilize all objects onentry into the History and Technology Building allows development of insectcolonies within storage areas with consequent risk of serious and wide-spreadloss of the collections. Over 30 reports of insect finds have been made in thisone building in one year. Emergency actions taken on site to counter this riskare expensive in manpower, less than wholly effective, and inevitably add to thelevel of poison in the human environment. Funds are requested for a smallfumatorium chamber ($12,000) plus one technician to operate it ($9,000) and toassist in sampling for analysis and supplies and materials ($3,000).Conservation activity falls ludicrously short of the need. With thirteenmillion non-biological objects in the Smithsonian collections, if only one percentof these is in need of attention, then it would require 32 man- years in order todevote 30 minutes to each. Thirty minutes is barely sufficient time to carry anobject to and from this laboratory, without allowing time for any useful treat-ment. CA L at present has only three positions for conservators. Two additionalconservators are requested ($14, 000).Conservation activity requires supporting specialized analytical facilities.Some increase in output without increase in analytical staff or floor space canbe achieved by introducing newly-available instrumentation. An Ebertspectrograph to supersede the laboratory's present instrumentation (obtained onsurplus) will literally double output and will help to remove a bottleneck that isslowing conservation activity by existing staff ($12,000).The resources available to CA L in the fiscal year 1970 were used as shownin the accompanying diagram. This division of effort reflects needs expressedby curators that were satisfied to the maximum permitted by the availableapparatus, funds, staff abilities, and space. In that year 148 requisitions (395objects or samples) were accepted from 28 sources within the Smithsonianbureaus, and 140 requisitions (144 samples or objects) were completed, thebalance being in progress at the end of the year (60 percent requisitionedtreatment or advice, 40 percent analysis). In addition, training of CA L and otherSmithsonian Institution personnel proceeded, national and international professionalcontacts were maintained, research papers published, and practical assistancegiven to other museums and local archaeological societies.
2077
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2078OFFICE OF THE REGISTRARIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 29 1_ 3011 Personnel Compensation $223,000 $12,000 $235,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 1,000 18,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ... . 59,000 26,000 85,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 16,000 16,00026 Supplies & Materials ...... . 1,000 1,000 2,00031 Equipment 1,000 1,000 2,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 301,000 $ 57,000 $ 358,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $7,000 $15,000Program $293,000 $50,000 $343,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Protection of Accession Records and Shipping and Mail Room Requirements(1 position, $50, 000)Additional funding is requested for three important areas of the Registrar'soperations. A records technician and funds for contractual microfilmingservices ($22, 000) are required to begin the job of duplicating and protectingsome 1, 800, 000 documents dating from 1842 which record accessions to theNational Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of History andTechnology. An additional $26, 000 are required to bring the level of shippingfunds closer to identified requirements for the transportation of exhibits,specimens, and field equipment. An amount of $2, 000 is needed for mail roomsupplies and equipment to meet a growing volume of mail.
2079UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMOFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR1970 Actual $327, 0001971 Estimate $301,0001972 Estimate ... , $358,000The Office of the Registrar was established officially in 1881. It hasresponsibility for recording and safeguarding the documents pertaining to thereceipt and legal ownership of the objects accessioned into the NationalCollections of the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museumof History and Technology. In addition, the office provides essential serviceto support all units of the Smithsonian through the management of the centralmail and messenger service, the Smithsonian shipping office, U. S. Customsclearances, public inquiries for the museums, and official foreign traveldocuments such as passports, visas, and work permits.Current program shortages occur in the preservation of records, shipping,and mail service for which an additional $50, OOOare requested. Also requestedare $7, 000 for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase- -A critical area requiring prompt attention is themicrofilming of the valuable accession records which consist of original papersthat basically document objects in the National Collections. These uniquepapers date from before the establishment of the Smithsonian, the earliestdated 1842, and have never been duplicated. Their loss by fire or otherdisaster would seriously affect the research value of the collections. A long-term project is proposed: first, to place the estimated 1,800,000 pieces onmicrofilm as a precautionary measure against loss, and second, to deacidifyand restore selected early papers that are brittle, torn, and badly faded. Arecords technician is required to separate, coordinate, and safeguard thepapers during microfilming and to reassemble them for refiling ($6,000).Support in contractual services to commence the microfilming and completeone-fourth to one-third of the filming is estimated at $16,000.A primary responsibility of the Registrar's Office is the transportation ofexhibits, specimens, and related research items for the museums, galleries,and laboratories. The requests for this service have been growing rapidly inlight of expanding activities of program units. A recent analysis indicatesthat approximately $102,000 are necessary to meet expected transportationcosts, but only about $59, 000 are currently available. This deficit situationhas been brought about over a period of years by continued growth in requestsfor services, the necessity of absorbing part of salary increases, andinflationary cost increases in other areas. An increase of $26,000 is requestedto meet a higher portion of identified requirements and offset inflationarypressures in the budget year.Mail volume continues to grow as the public becomes more aware of theInstitution's activities and services. An increase of $2, 000 for mail roomsupplies and equipment is requested.
2080PUBLIC SERVICEThe Institution has not allowed itself to rest with static presentations andexhibits of collections directed at only those persons with sufficient motivation,time, or money to visit its centrally located galleries and museums. In order tobe successful in conveying the richness of the nation's heritage to a wider public,and to offer additional opportunities for appreciation of its growth and develop-ment, the Institution has sought to expand its public reach. It has achieved this ina variety of ways over the last several years.The experimental development of a neighborhood museum in Anacostia hasshown that museum operations may be carried out in the crucible of the innercity, that children may learn with delight and advantage, and that the residents ofthe area will treat with respect what they regard as their own center for learningand recreation. The story of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum and its useful-ness stands as one of the outstanding achievements of the Institution in recentyears.The activities of some of the other public service units have been no lessimportant. There is the popular Folklife Festival on the Mall, sponsored annuallyby the Division of Performing Arts. The services of the Office of Public Affairs,which range through activities in the fields of information and public education,such as radio, television, documentary films, news releases, and guide pamphletsare especially valuable. The world-wide character of the programs of the Officeof International Activities and the International Exchange Service serve to bringthis nation closer to the ideal of a world community through research and thedissemination of knowledge.The increase requested for the Public Service Activities amounts to$118,000, or one percent of the total Institutional requested increase.
2081ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUMObject ClassNumber of Permanent Positions 1971 Base11
1
1
Personnel Compensation $ 106, 00012 Personnel Benefits 8,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,00022 Transportation of Things ....2 3 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 4, 00026 Supplies & Materials 4, 00031 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 125,000
IncreaseRequested
$ 36,0003,0001,000
6,0006,000$ 52, 000
1972Estimate15_$ 142,00011,0004,000
4,00010,0006,000$ 177,000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 6,000 $ 7,000Program $119,000 $45,000 $ 13,000$164,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Classroom and Workshop Activity and General Operations (4 positions, $45,000)In the three years of its operations the Anacostia Neighborhood Museumhas entertained and instructed over 150,000 visitors and has offered a widearray of exhibits, classes, and youth programs. Although private gifts,donations, and grants for special programs and projects are coming to theMuseum, such support for regular, ongoing operations and administrationhas virtually dried-up. Yet community demands for museum- related educationservices are increasing steadily. Although part-time and volunteer help fromthe community is used, two full-time instructors ($13,000) are required toput class and workshop activities on a more regular basis. An assistant tothe director ($ 14, 000 ) is needed to work with the community and other groupsinterested in setting up similar museums. A custodian ($5,000 ) also isneeded to help maintain the public and work areas of the Museum. Funds inthe amount of $13,000 are required for custodial, exhibit, and workshopsupplies and equipment and for program related travel.
2082ANACOSTLA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM1970 Actual $124,0001971 Estimate $125, 0001972 Estimate $177,000The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum was established to reach out to newaudiences who are unaware of museum resources, physically too far from them,or as inhabitants of low-income population density centers do not see the interestor relevance of museums. Starting in 1966, the Smithsonian sought out communityreaction to the concept of a permanent neighborhood museum in the inner city.Reaction was most favorable and the desire for community involvement appearedstrongest in Anacostia. The Museum was founded entirely by private donationsand was opened in September 1967. Exhibits concentrated on visitor involvementand classes in sculpture, leathercraft, clay modeling, drawing, and painting havebeen held. In subse quent months, the Museum, in close collaboration with itsNeighborhood Advisory Council, began to present exhibits which the communityrequested, primarily in the field of Negro history. In each case, the exhibit servedas a backdrop for school programs, lectures, and concerts. Three years later,the Museum has entertained and instructed over 150, 000 visitors and offers a wide-ning array of classes and youth programs. Anacostia has linked its activitiesdirectly to the needs of the community and has assured a fresh, nontraditionalapproach to the role of the museum.In exhibits and related education programs, Anacostia is now concentratingon urban problems. A recent substantial combined grant from the CarnegieCorporation, the Cafritz Foundation,' and the Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment will permit the Museum to identify Anacostia' s most pressing socialand economic problems through community participation and translate theseproblems into exhibits with related educational activities. This effort should havea wide impact since to a large degree the problems of Anacostia are sharedwidely by other urban centers across the nation.A program increase of $45,000 is requested for classroom and workshopactivity, overall program administration, and general costs of operation. Anadditional funding of $7, 000 is requested for necessary pay for current staff.Need for Increase - -Although private gifts, donations, and grants for specialprograms and projects continue to be made available to the Museum, no suchfunds are now being provided for regular on-going programs and administration.To illustrate this point, over $100, 000 in general purpose funds were receivedduring 1967, 1968, and 1969; virtually none the past year. The increase providedin the fiscal year 1971 appropriation ($35, 000 of $75, 000 requested) met part ofthese costs. For instance, rental of the Museum building can now be paid withfederal funds. This increase, however, could not fund the additional staffrequired for basic activities.Community demands on the Museum for classes, workshops, and othermuseum-related education services have increased steadily since the Museumopened. Part-time and volunteer help from the community has been used, buttwo full-time instructors ($13, 000) are required to put the class and workshopactivities on a more regular basis. An assistant to the director ($ 14, 000)is needed to work with the community and otuer groups interested in settingup similar museums. A custodian ($5,000 ) also is needed to help maintainthe public and work areas of the Museum. Funds in the amount of $13, 000are required for custodial, exhibit, and workshop supplies and equipment andfor program related travel.
2083OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 8 1 9
1
1
Personnel Compensation $ 112, 000 $ 12, 000 $ 124, 00012 Personnel Benefits 8,000 2,000 10,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 4,000 9,000 13,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities".' . .. 1,000 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 1, 000 i, 000 2, 0003 Equipment .41 Grants ....TOTAL $ 125, 000 $ 25, 000 $ 150, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 6,000 $ 9,000 $ 15,000Program $119,000 $16,000 $135,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Foreign Currency Program Administration (1 position, $16, 000)A major role of the Office of International Activities is to administer theForeign Currency Program which awards grants for research abroad toAmerican institutions of higher learning. The program is now supporting 97grants in biology, archeology, earth and space sciences, and museum programsin ten excess currency countries. Additional clerical help is imperative tohelp administer a growing number of grants. One clerk-typist is requested($5, 000). An additional $11, 000 are requested, primarily for travel and relatedexpenses of the Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils that meet toselect proposals for funding and review performance of work underway.
2084OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES1970 Actual $118,0001971 Estimate $125,0001972 Estimate $150,000The Office of International Activities was established in 1965 to initiate,coordinate, and oversee Smithsonian interests abroad. In this capacity, itassists the Institution's scientific staff planning research overseas, briefsAmerican diplomats on Smithsonian activities abroad, and maintains close contactwith the foreign diplomatic missions in Washington. In addition, it briefspertinent foreign visitors and administers training programs for foreign museumtechnicians at the Institution. The Office also serves as the Executive Agent ofthe Iran-U. S. Agreement signed in 1968 to foster scientific cooperation betweenthe two countries.Recently the Office has become increasingly involved in the worldwideenvironmental and conservation interests of the Institution. It has been concernedwith conservation efforts on Dominica, Aldabra, and in Honduras as well as atthe Smithsonian's own Chesapeake Bay Center. It was instrumental in bringingabout a symposium on the endangered species of Hawaii. An environmentalsymposium to be held in India is now in the planning stage.A major role of the Office is to administer the Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program which awards grants for research abroad to Americaninstitutions of higher learning as well as to Smithsonian scirntists. Since 1965,over $10. 5 million worth of PL-480 "excess" currencies have been obligated toscientists working in the four basic fields of Smithsonian scientific competence:systematic and environmental biology, archaeology and related disciplines, earthand space sciences, and museum programs. The program is now supporting 97projects operating in Ceylon, Egypt, Guinea, India, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan,Poland, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. A symposium on Smithsonian projects inCeylon was held there, and a follow-up meeting is planned for the present year.An increase of $16, 000 is requested primarily for Foreign CurrencyProgram administration. $9,000 are required for necessary pay increases.Need for Increase --In fiscal year 1972 the Office of International Activitieswill face a critical shortage of clerical personnel. With the continual growth ofthe responsibilities of the OLA and an ever increasing number of grants handledby the Foreign Currency Program, additional clerical help is imperative. Sincethe Office's establishment in 1965, its administrative staff has grown, butclerical positions have not increased. At present, six persons are employed inan administrative capacity while there are only two clerical positions. Anadditional clerk-typist is requested ($5, 000).An additional $11, 000 are requested for travel and office maintenanceexpenses. Of this amount, $7, 000 are required for transportation and per diemexpenses for members of the Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils.Composed of prominent American scientists, these councils meet twice yearly toreview proposals submitted to the Foreign Currency Program for possiblefunding. The remaining $4, 000 are needed for domestic travel and overseastravel-related expenses of the OLA staff and for office supplies and equipment.
2085INTERNATIONAL, EXCHANGE SERVICEIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 9 911 Personnel Compensation $ 73,000 $ 3,000 $ 76,00012 Personnel Benefits 5,000 5,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things 38,000 13,000 51,00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials 4, 000 2, 000 6 , 0003
1
Equipment .41 Grants TOTAL $120,000 $18,000 $138, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 2,000 $ 3,000 $ 5,000Program $118,000 $15,000 $133,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Restoration of Exchange Services ($15,000)Official publications, such as the Federal Register and the CongressionalRecord , continue to be exchanged as required by law. A static appropriationand higher costs, however, have forced the Exchange Service to reducesubstantialy the exchange of library, university, and college publications.Additional funds in the amount of $15,000 for shipping and supplies arerequested to help restore the previous level of these important exchanges.
2086INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE1970 Actual $118,0001971 Estimate $120,0001972 Estimate $138,000Through the International Exchange Service, public and private institutionsin the United States transmit their publications to other countries and receivepublications from foreign institutions. Begun in 1849 as a exchange servicebetween the Smithsonian and learned societies in foreign countries, the programwas so successful that five years later it was expanded to other Americanlibraries, scientific societies, and educational institutions. As a result of theBrussels Convention of 1886 and some 50 bilateral treaties, the Smithsonian wasdesignated as the exchange bureaufor official United States publications. Todaymany libraries in the United States are dependent upon the exchange program fortheir foreign publications.An appropriation increaseof $15,000 is requested to help restore the levelof exchange services. Funding of $3,000 for necessary pay also is sought.Need for Increase - -In fiscal year 1967 over 1.5 million packages ofpublications were received from organizations in the United States for exchangewith foreign libraries. By fiscal year 1971, as a result of a static appropriation,higher salary costs, and inflation in the costs of shipping and packaging suppliesand equipment, the volume that could be shipped had dropped by about one-third.'At present, the exchange of offical publications (Federal Register, CongressionalRecord, etc.) is current as required by law. Th~e exchange programs oTcolleges, universities, scientific societies, libraries, and medical and dentalschools however, have had to be severely limited. Much of these materials areof great benefit to foreign libraries especially in the developing countries. Fundsare requested for shipping ($13,000) and packaging supplies ($2,000).
2087DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTSObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 7_11 Personnel Compensation $ 110,00012 Personnel Benefits 9,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 21,00022 Transportation of Things .... 6, 00023 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 7,00024 Printing 8t Reproduction 4, 00025 Other Services 12, 00026 Supplies & Materials 14, 00031 Equipment . 13, 00041 Grants
Increase 1972Requested ]Estimate
$ 7$ 6, 000 116,0009,00021,0006,0007,0004,00012,00014, 000
$ 13,000$ 6,000 202,000TOTAL $ 196,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 8,000 $6,000 $ 14,000Program $188,000 $188,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Programs in American Cultural History/The Division of Performing Arts is responsible for programs dealingwith America's cultural heritage particularly as it shows itself in theater,music, dance, and craft skills. Notable among its programs are theannual Festival of American Folklife and its participation in the annualAmerican College Theater Festival. A program fund increase is not beingsought for fiscal year 1972.
2088DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS1970 Actual $226, 0001971 Estimate $196,0001972 Estimate $202, 000The Division of Performing Arts is responsible for programs dealing withour national aesthetic expressions, particularly as they evidence themselves inoral, music, or dance forms. By staging such events as the annual Festivil ofAmerican Folklife, which in 1970 drew more than 750, 000 persons to the Mallover a five-day period, this Division undertakesto extend and further enliven theSmithsonian's educational services to the public.At the Festival, more than 350 Indians, cheesemakers, barrelmakers,jellymakers, distillers, wood carvers, basketmakers, jazz musicians, folksingers, gospel groups, and musicians from many regions of the United Statesdemonstrated the survival of American folklife in performances which remindedvisitors of their still-flourishing cultural heritage.Programs in jazz and modern dance reflect contributions to world culturewhich are widely recognized as particularly American in origin and style.Programs in contemporary and period music, theatre, and dance provide under-standing of the creative view of the present and past.The Division offers a variety of Touring Performances such as theatre,musical concerts, puppet theatre, the American Folklife Company, and lectureswhich are available to other museums, universities, and cultural centersthroughout the United States. It also sponsors, with the American EducationalTheater Association and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts,the annual American College Theater Festival.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972. An additionalamount of $6, 000 is requested for necessary pay for current staff.
2089OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested , EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 12 1211 Personnel Compensation $206,000 $16,000 $222,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 1,000 18,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 10, 000 10, 00025 Other Services 2,000 2,00026 Supplies & Materials 6,000 6,0003
1
Equipment .41 Grants ;TOTAL $ 241,000 $ 17,000 $ 258,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $12,000 $17,000 $29,000Program $229,000 $229,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Orientation, Information, and Public EducationThis Office provides visitor and public orientation, information, and educationservices. No program fund increase is requested for fiscal year 1972.
2090OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS1970 Actual $277, 0001971 Estimate $241, 0001972 Estimate $258, 000This Office is responsible for serving visitors to the Smithsonian and thepublic at large through a range of activities in the fields of orientation, informa-tion, and public education--radio, television, documentary films, news releasesguide pamphlets, tours, automatic telephone information services, publications,and other programs. Included in its presentations are the Free Film Theater,the Torch newspaper, the Smithsonian Calendar of Events , and "RadioSmithsonian" now being heard over 60 stations.No program fund increase is sought for fiscal year 1972. An amount of$17, 000 for necessary pay for the current staff is requested.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SPECIAL PROGRAMSThis group of activities is considered to be of particular importance inimplementing desired growth in the Institution's activities over the nextseveral years. Some supplement program activities of the museums andgalleries. For instance, opportunities are provided for outstanding pre-andpost-doctoral investigators from across the nation to be selected for workunder the supervision of the Institution's professional staff. Education servicesare provided by means of popular museum tours for school children andother education services. Other special programs provide the basis on whichthe Institution affects dramatic changes in its exhibits and research efforts.The exhibits program request is geared to produce one major exhibit on theWorld of Living Things in the Natural History Museum, while the Bicentennialof the American Revolution request will continue the Institution's efforts tocelebrate and portray the first two-hundred years of American history andwhat they may mean for the future. The environmental science programrequest speaks to the second year of a coordinated Institutional effort to shedlight on ecological problems in the nation, and the research awards requestwill enhance the Institution's ability to fund especially meritorious work ofits professionals. The National Museum Act request is directed atstrengthening the nation's museums by means of training and improvedconservation, cataloging, and exhibits techniques. The increase beingrequested for these programs is $1,926,000 and constitutes 22 percent of thetotal Institutional requested increase.'
2091BICENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions . .
1
1
Personnel Compensation12 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction ....25 Other Services 377,000 377 00026 Supplies & Materials .......3 1 Equipment .41 Grants
1971 Base2
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate2
5 21,0002,000 $ $ 21,0002,000
TOTAL $400,000 $ $ 400, 000
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $400,000 $400,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Smithsonian Bicentennial ActivitiesThe Bicentennial of the American Revolution offers the Smithsonian Institutiona unique opportunity and an urgent duty. We must use our vast resources, andenlist the resources of others, to help rediscover and illuminate our nationalachievements. The theme of the Smithsonian's Bicentennial celebration is theAmerican Experience; its purpose will be, in President Nixon's words, ". . .anew understanding of our heritage."The Smithsonian program of Bicentennial activities is in addition to, andbeyond, the Institution's normal level of day-to-day operation. It is designed tobe complete in itself, to be terminal in nature, and to avoid permanent commit-ment of personnel and other additions to the appropriations base.During the next several years, the greater part of the Institution's Bicentennialefforts will necessarily be devoted to the research, collection, and planningwhich are called for to arrive at the Institution-wide, coordinated eventssurrounding 1976. Preliminary work will result in some visible results such asindividual exhibitions, seminars, and publications. But in general, the natureof the entire undertaking is such that the budget projection shows a steadyprogress from "behind the scenes" activities toward translation into publicexhibitions, performances, and a series of major publications, as we approach1976.No program increase is requested for fiscal year 1972.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2092AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIAL PROGRAM1970 Actual $1971 Estimate $400,0001972 Estimate $400,000The Bicentennial of the American Revolution offers the SmithsonianInstitution a unique opportunity and an urgent duty. We must use our vastresources, and enlist the resources of others, to help rediscover and illuminateour national achievements. The theme of the Smithsonian's Bicentennialcelebration is the American Experience; its purpose will be, in President Nixon'swords, "... a new understanding of our heritage. "For this effort, the Smithsonian Institution is providentially well prepared.It is a remarkably comprehensive group of enterprises surveying every aspect ofman's life and work--his social, political, and military institutions; his fine arts,his applied arts, his performing arts; his use of natural resources; and hisadventures of exploration on this planet and into outer space. The SmithsonianInstitution has a long and rich tradition of free interchange of ideas with the worldof learning. It has been a center for the study of resources, natural and human,of the whole continent. The Smithsonian, as the repository for myriad objectssacred to our history and illustrative of the American Experience since thebeginning, is preeminent among the museums of the world and second to none inthe number of its visitors.The Smithsonian program of Bicentennial activities is in addition to, andbeyond, the Institution's normal level of day-to-day operation. It is designed tobe complete in itself, to be terminal in nature, and to avoid permanent commit-ment of personnel and other additions to the appropriations base. The requestfor fiscal year 1972, $400, 000, and projected future funding is shown in Table I.During the next several years, the greater part of the Institution'sBicentennial efforts will necessarily be devoted to the research, collecting, andplanning which are called for to arrive at the Institution-wide, coordinated eventssurrounding 1976. Preliminary work will result in some visible results such asindividual exhibitions, seminars, and publications. But in general, the nature ofthe entire undertaking is such that the budget projection shows a steady progressfrom "behind the scenes" activities toward translation into public exhibitions,performances, and a series of major publications, as we approach 1976.The Smithsonian's Bicentennial activities are designed to be interrelatedand mutually reinforcing, but for budgetary purposes they can be viewed underthree headings: Exhibitions and Performances; Research and Publications; andNational Programs. 'Exhibitions and PerformancesIn the Nation's Capital, the Smithsonian offers a uniquely effective andappropriate site for dramatizing and interpreting the American Experience. Nowsome 13 million people each year visit the Smithsonian museums in Washington.By 1976 this figure is likely to reach 20 million, and interest in the Bicentennialmay well bring the number to 30 million. The Smithsonian will provide thesevisitors with an appropriate and dramatic exposition. In January 1976 each ofthe Smithsonian's ten museums plans to open a major exhibiton commemoratingthe Bicentennial, the first occasion when so many of the Institution's resourceswill be devoted to a single theme. At the same time, a guide will be publishedshowing the coherence of the Smithsonian's many activities in exploring andillustrating the American Experience.
2093The visitor to the Mall will have an unparalleled opportunity to participatein a sequence of varied and informative experiences. He will explore Americanhistory and see the expression of the American spirit through two centuries andacross a wide range of subject matter.At the National Museum of Natural History, he will see the look and sensethe feeling of the land and its original inhabitants at the time the first Europeansarrived, and he will see what happened to these people and the effects wroughtupon the land over the centuries.At the Arts and Industries Building, he will see the way Americans sawthemselves, their past and future, at the time of the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial.In this building, constructed originally to house materials that had been assembledand displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial, the same objects will be used torecapture the optimistic mood in which Americans celebrated this midpoint in ourhistory.In the National Air and Space Museum, the visitor will see an exhibition ofwhat is perhaps America's greatest technological achievement, the conquest ofouter space, and of the nation's future in the Space Age.Special exhibitions at the National Museum of History and Technology willpresent the cultural, industrial, and political development of the United States.Examples of these are the Corridors' of American Experience, a series of "timecorridors" designed to enable the visitor to experience daily living at specifictimes in America's past. A "time machine", to be developed in the current yearand tested on the public' in fiscal year 1972, will transport the visitor by novelmeans of surveying the intervening experience.The Price of Independence will present the risks and the opportunities ofindependence for the American colonists: the risks of sea trade, of potential civilwar, the fear of defeat and the human and fiscal costs of war, supplemented bythe problems which would result from the loss of trade with England. The secondpart will depict the new opportunities --political, economic, intellectual- -to befound in independence. A newly designed computerized game will allow themuseum visitor to select one of several roles (such as that of a Boston merchant,a Philadelphia laborer, or a Southern planter) and test his decisions against theactual facts of history in the period 1770-1820. In this way, he can relive therisks and opportunities of the Revolutionary Era. (A significant number ofinnovative display techniques, using new technology, will be developed. Thesetechnical advances will be made available to museums and display designersthroughout the country.)Other major activities will include an unprecedentedly comprehensiveexhibit of portraits and associated objects of Americans of the Revolutionary Era,and a year-long festival of American traditional and ethnic performing arts andhandcrafts (the "Grassroots American Culture Program").Research and PublicationsWe believe that the commemorative activities associated with theBicentennial should improve our understanding of ourselves and make a lastingcontribution to human knowledge. When the performances have ended and theexhibitions have closed, something of use to Americans during the third centuryof our national life should remain.As an important part of the Bicentennial program of the Smithsonian, wepropose to undertake a number of inventories of national cultural resources.These will range from an Inventory of American Paintings, to a Survey of Ethnicand Regional Cultural Forms. During fiscal year 1971, the scope and techniques
2094
of these surveys will be specified and refined, with a particular view tocoordinating the activities of the scholars, students, conservationists, andphotographers who will participate in them. Every effort will be made to enlistthe support and cooperation of regional and local groups in this enterprise. Weexpect that the actual compiling of the inventories will begin in fiscal year 1972.The first result of these inventories will be apparent in our own Bicentennialexhibits and performances, as for the first time we will be able to draw upon theentire range of America's cultural resources. The same will hold true at theregional and local level, as our efforts make people more aware of the richnessand importance of their own traditions.Equally important, however, is our plan to preserve this information inpermanent form for scholars and for the public. We intend to sponsor, or toarrange for the publication of, scholarly catalogues, documentary histories,recordings and films; other data not appropriate for such publications will beretained in archival form or in computer banks for the use of future generations.We believe that these Smithsonian Bicentennial Inventories will reveal as neverjefore the full scope of our cultural achievements during the first two centuriesof our history.During the years between now and 1976, we will also be engaged in researchof a narrower kind, focused directly upon the topics of our special Bicentennialexhibits. Projects of this sort will include research on all the portraits of GeorgeWashington, on the life of a New England seaport in the mid- 18th century, on thelife of a midwestern town in the mid- 19th century, and on the contributions ofvarious ethnic groups to American civilization. Here, too, we intend that thefruits of this research shall be made available to the public in permanent form,drawing upon our exhibits for illustrative material.National ProgramsWe share the conviction of President Nixon and the American RevolutionBicentennial Commission that "the commemoration be national in scope, seekingto involve every state, city and community." For our part, we are determinedthat each of our Bicentennial activities, in addition to drawing upon and reflectingthe entire nation, shall also bring benefits to as many areas and people aspossible.Concretely, this means that in the conception and design of all ourBicentennial exhibits and performances, we will bear in mind the need to createcounterparts that can travel throughout the country during the Bicentennial Era.Drawing upon the experience and capabilities of our Traveling Exhibition Service,and upon the talents and imagination of our Office of Exhibits, we intend to offerto American museums, schools, historical societies, and other organizations arich selection of exhibitions and performances related to our general theme,The American Experience. Table IBicentennial Activities and Budget Forecast(in thousands of dollars)1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978Exhibitions andperformances . .Research andpublications. . . .Nationalprograms 50AdministrationTotal $400 $400 $725 $1,000 $1,250 $1,450 $1,200 $225
$130 $130 $350 $ 42 5 $ 525 $ 825 $ 400 $ 50200 200 250 350 400 200 75 5050 100 200 300 400 700 10020 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
2095ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAMIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 3 5 811 Personnel Compensation $ 27,000 $ 69,000 $ 96,00012 Personnel Benefits 2,000 6,000 8,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 30,000 40,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 61,000 70,000 131,00026 Supplies & Materials 10,000 20,000 30,00031 Equipment 40,000 30,000 70,00041 Grants TOTAL $ 150,000 $ 225,000 $ 375,000Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $150., 000 $225,000 $375,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Continued Development of Institutional Program (5 positions, $225,000)In fiscal year 1971, Congress authorized $150, 000 to enable the Institutionto muster its varied resources and expertise in basic ecological research towardthe objective of developing biological and physical data which will permit the Nationto evaluate and ultimately predict the consequences of changes to the environment.This approach is essential to making the best decisions possible for rationaland productive management of the environment. In the past many ecologicalchanges have been attributed to man's influence because of ignorance of fluctuationsin natural cycles; an ignorance which has often.led to counterproductive measuresin dealing with environmental problems. The fiscal year 1971 amount is beingdirected toward three activities: (1) the organization of an interdisciplinary programand establishment of a continuing mechanism for its operation; (2) the selection of sitesof highest priority for study; and (3) the implementation of interrelated studies atthese sites.In fiscal year 1972 the Smithsonian Institution is requesting an additional $22 5, 000to carry out its environmental program. This consists of a long term study of amarine shallow-water system and that of a tropical forest. A study of these twosystems is given a high priority by the Smithsonian and is consistent with therecommendations of the International Biological Program. In so doing, the Institutionis following the intent of Congress as expressed in Public Law 91-438. A totalof five scientific specialists will be appointed on a- short term basis to providespecialized expertise as required ($75,000) and provide related support fundingof $150,000.
2096ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PROGRAM1970 Actual1971 Estimate $150, 0001972 Estimate $375, 000The Smithsonian Institution has unique capabilities including experiencedpersonnel, the largest collections of plants and animals in the world, withdetailed distribution and abundance data required, as a basis for any effectiveglobal environmental monitoring system. The Smithsonian has the capabilityto measure natural and man-induced variation in the characteristics of solarradiation reaching the earth and the causes of such variations. The Institutionis studying, as a function of time, various biological correlates. These studiesare facilitated because it has permanent and protected field-research sites inboth temperate and tropical zones. In addition the Smithsonian enjoysparticularly favorable relations with its scientific colleagues and institutionsin virtually every country of the world.Environmental Science Program activity during fiscal year 1971 islimited to such priority items as monitoring rates of biological and physicalchange and using plants and animals as benchmarks and bioindicators in theestablishment of environmental standards. The major objectives of the fiscalyear 1972 program ( for which a funding of $375,000 is requested, are to studyselected tropical and temperate areas to understand all the factors contributingto the fluctuations in populations. This will be done in the following manner:
a. by monitoring and evaluating the physical and chemicalenvironments of selected study sites.b. by studying the biology and quantitative distribution of principalorganisms at these sites.
c. by studying the inter-relationships of the environment withthese organisms and man.Need for Increase --With its commitments to: identification and assessmentof the components of man's natural surroundings and of his cultural development;monitoring of change for predictive purposes; and education at all levels ofpublic interest, the Institution will concentrate on two subprograms duringfiscal year 1972.
-- A long term comparative study of shallow water marine environmentsat those sites selected for continuing study $155,000
-- Establishment of benchmarks in terrestrial environments at theselected sites. $70,000This plan of work is given high priority by the Smithsonian and is consistentwith the recommendations of the International Biological Program and withPublic Law 91-438.
2097
1. Shallow Water Marine Environments (3 positions, $155,000)Drastic, ecological changes are occuring in many tropical and temperateshallow water areas throughout the world. Some scientists attribute thesechanges to man's interference with the natural environment but others cautionthat they may be wholly natural. Should the changes be natural, efforts toreverse or halt their effects may do more harm to the world's biological systemsthan permitting them to proceed without alteration. An evaluation of the originof these changes cannot be made without a thorough understanding of thefluctuations and ecology of the organisms involved.Although many scientists throughout the world are studying the animalsand plants in the near-shore, marine environment, these studies are fragmentedand are made independently of each other. A coordinated study in selected areassusceptible to detailed examination is essential for an understanding of theimmense biological complexity and structual variety involved. The informationand methodology developed from such studies will have application to moreextensive environments, leading eventually to an understanding of the problemsas broad as whole continental regions. Allresearchers will apply theirparticular expertise to the primary site(s), but some investigators will needto make complementary studies elsewhere to validate their primary- site data.The development of this baseline information and its correlation withdata already available in the National Collections, accumulated over manyyears, will enable the scientific community to identify and design solutionsfor the environmental problems that grow increasingly critical.The professional staff of the several Smithsonian science bureaus (NationalMuseum of Natural History, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies,National Zoological Park, and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) willperform the bulk of these studies, in collaboration with highly qualifiedscientists drawn from other institutions on short-term appointments to providespecialized expertise as required. The populations of marine species andtheir ecology will be determined and monitored for long periods.For this portion of the program, an additional $155, 000 is requested tofill on a term basis, three positions ($39, 000) and to provide necessary supplies,equipment, and materials to undertake the studies ($116,000).2. Terrestrial Environments (2 positions, $70,000)The last large land area available for occupation and development by manlies in the tropical zones of the world. In the New World tropics, destructionof the land is rampant and ecological data that would permit intelligentmanagement is non-existent. It is important that these problems be attackednow, before rapidly expanding populations, industrialization, and urbanizationremove all options presently available. Therefore, the first phase in thisnecessarily long term research project will be directed to a study of the NewWorld tropics, with comparative studies being made in temperate zones andin tropical areas of the Old World to validate the conclusions drawn. Thisapproach will greatly expand the value and increase the usefulness of theenvironmental data acquired in each of the phases of the project.
2098Historically, there has been a long-standing scientific interest in theSmithsonian Institution concerning tropical plants and animals and theirinterrelationships. The millions of documented specimens in the NationalCollections, the resources of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,and the associated scientific expertise that has been developed in the SmithsonianInstitution constitute a unique national resource. It will be used fully in thisintegrated environmental subprogram to obtain information essential to thedevelopment of plans for the most effective long-term utilization of the land.Studies of variations in physical factors such as solar radiation, rainfall,temperature, and nutrients will be correlated with fluctuation in biologicalsystems such as primary productivity (plant growth), secondary productivity(amount and rates of consumption of plants by animals), and nutrient cycling(decomposition of organic matter and soil production).Studies of soil organisms, of vertebrate animals, insects, and of plantlife will be conducted in coordination with monitoring of natural lightquantitatively and qualitatively, of rainfall, temperature, animal behavior,and seasonal fluctuations in populations of both plants and animals. Whatwill be sought is a number of reliable biological indicators that will providea maximum amount of information about the structure and function of theterrestrial environments.For this portion of the program an additional $70, 000 is requested to fillon a term basis, two positions ($36, 000) and to provide necessary supplies,equipment and materials to undertake the investigations ($34, 000).
2099MAJOR EXHIBITIONS PROGRAM
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . _0
1 1 Personnel Compensation $12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services26 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment .41 Grants ....TOTAL $
IncreaseRequested
5,00030,000300, 00060,000130,000$ 525,000
1972Estimate
5,00030,000300, 00060, 000130, 000$ 525,000
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $525,000 $525,000
Specification of Increase (Program):World of Living Things ($525, 000)The Smithsonian has designed a major exhibition on the interrelatedlaws of nature. The purpose of this exhibition, called the World of LivingThings, is to educate and stimulate the public on the balance of the naturalenvironment, and action that must be taken to insure a livable environmenton earth. Space for this exhibition now exists in the Natural HistoryBuilding which will have some 4 million visitors a year. Plans for thisexhibition have been completed. The Institution however, does not have thefunds for its production and installation. An amount of $775, 000 will berequired, of which $525,000are requested in fiscal year 1972. The exhibitionwill be completed in 18 months after the initial appropriation of funds.
2100MAJOR EXHIBITIONS PROGRAMWORLD OF LIVING THINGS1970 Actual $01971 Estimate $01972 Estimate $525,000A major exhibition on the interrelated "laws of nature" is designed whichwill include both an introduction to ecology and the exposition of worldwideenvironmental balances and imbalances. Issues and options will be presentedto the visitor with the opportunity for him to react to them and to see andconsider the consequences of his choices. Plans and sketches of this exhibitionare shown on following pages.Three years of development have been devoted to the planning of thisexhibition. Science writer Peter Farb, working with Smithsonian scientists andexhibition and communication specialists, has produced the specifications for asignificant educational exhibition. The objective is to stimulate the hundreds ofthousands of visitors to the Museum of Natural History to participate inconservation programs and to inform them how to express and act upon theirconcern. About 4, 000, 000 visitors a year will view this exhibition. It willcontinue with changes for years of current usefulness.The exhibit will combine modern methods of communication through exhibitsand the authority of the Museum's scholarly scientists. It will be designed forexperimentation, testing, and development of its effectiveness as its use isobserved. It will have the flexibility to be up-dated as environmental sciencesevolve. It will have both present and future values in the critical effort toinsure a livable environment on earth. It will put the most significant of theMuseum's vast collection resources in the service of ideas explaining a vitalproblem of our times.Space for this exhibition now is available in the Natural History Buildingin a central location immediately off the Rotunda and extending to theConstitution Avenue side of the building. For the production of the exhibition$525,000 will be required in fiscal year 1972 and $250,000 in fiscal year 1973.The exhibition will be completed in 18 months after the initial appropriation offunds. The $525,000 required in fiscal year 1972 will be used as follows:travel ($5, 000), printing and reproduction including descriptive labels andrelated educational materials associated with the exhibition ($30,000), otherservices ($300,000), supplies ($60,000), and equipment ($130,000).
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2106NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT PROGRAM
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions Increase1971 Base Requested
1 1 Personnel Compensation $012 Personnel Benefits2 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services ...26 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $_0_Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram
25,0002,00020,00018,00015,00075, 000820, 00010,00015,000$ 1, 000, 000
$1,000, 000
1972Estimate
25,0002,00020,00018,00015,00075,000820,00010, 00015,000$ 1, 000, 000
$1, 000, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Support of the Educational and Cultural Resources of the Nation'sMuseums (3 positions, $1,000,000 )The Nation's museums are in trouble. Thirty years ago their attend-ance totaled 50 million annual visits. Today it probably approaches 300million visitors. Their financial resources have been strained to thebreaking point. Many of these museums no longer can preserve and exhibittheir national treasurers of works of art, historic objects, and scientificcollections without substantial national aid. Yet times call for a sharpincrease in the educational and cultural opportunities which these museumsare uniquely equipped to provide. Public Law 91-629 approved December 31,1970, reauthorized appropriations for the National Museum Act through fiscalyear 1974 and funding of $1,000,000 to the Smithsonian Institution each year.This funding is requested for fiscal year 1972 which will be used approximatelyas follows: studies of museum cataloging and data access ($240,000); studiesof museum laboratory centers to provide conservation and other services($130,000); training of museum personnel ($300,000); research in museumexhibits and other communications ($150,000); preparation of manuals and othermaterials on museum techniques ($75, 000); and for program planning andadministration ($105,000).
2107NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT1970 Actual $0 1/1971 Estimate $0 ~l/1972 Estimate $1,000,000Public Law 91-629 approved December 31, 1970, reauthorized appropriationsfor the National Museum Act through fiscal year 1974 and funding of $1,000,000each year to the Smithsonian Institution of which $100,000 each would be providedto the National Endowment for the Arts and to the National Endowment for theHumanities to assist their related museum assistance activities.An appropriation of $1,000,000 is requested for the purposes of theNational Museum Act in support of the Nation's museums.Need for Increase? The justification for the programs authorized by theNational Museum Act is found \n the following extracts from America'sMuseums: The Belmont Report ;*This is a report on a priceless national treasure?the worksof art, the historic objects and the scientific collections inthe custody of America's museums. In scope and magnitude thistreasure is unmatched by that of any other nation, and it hasenriched the minds and lives of countless Americans. Once lost,it can never be replaced.Today the institutions which have this treasure in theircustody are in serious trouble. The totally unpredicted popularsuccess of American museums has strained their financialresources to the breaking-point, has compelled them to denyservice to much of the public and will require many of them,unless help comes, to close their doors. Museums have arrivedat the point where they can no longer preserve and exhibit thenational treasure without substantial national aid.**********Thirty years ago America's museums reported that theirattendance totaled 50 million visits a year. Today the total isknown to be in excess of 200 million and probably approaches300 million. Museum attendance has increased much faster thanhas the population of the United States. The increase has beenso rapid, and has reached such a level, that museums now have toturn down requests for service. Yet the times call for a sharpincrease in the educational and cultural opportunities whichmuseums are uniquely equipped to provide.**********Museums base their request to the Federal Government forsupport on the following grounds:(l) Museums provide educational and cultural services whichno other institutions in the nation either do or can provide.jV Approximately $70, 000 over the two year period was appropriated tothe Office of the Director General of Museums for activities related to theNational Museum Act.2/ America's Museums: The Belmont Report ; a report to the FederalCouncil on the Arts and Humanities by a special committee of the AmericanAssociation of Museums:, published by the American Association of Museums,Washington, 1969.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2108(2) A number of museums provide nationwide service on fundswhich are disproportionately local in origin.(3) Though museums cooperate in anti- poverty and otherFederal programs, they have not received appropriate reimburse-ment for this service from the Federal Government.(4) Though the resources of museums are made available toschools, colleges, universities and individual scholars forresearch that is financed by the Federal Government, theGovernment has not helped museums meet the costs incidental tosuch service.(5) The collections, facilities and staffs of museumsproduce research which the Government uses and' the value ofwhich is recognized by Federal departments and agencies.Increased Federal support for such research is in the nationalinterest.(6) The Federal Government has an obligation, as yet unmet,to assist in preserving, maintaining and wisely utilizing thenational treasure in museums on behalf of all the Americanpeople. This report does not suggest that the Federal Governmentassume dominant responsibility for the financial support ofAmerica's museums, but it does suggest that the time has comefor the Government to assume a partnership role.The report lists ten major needs of museums as deservingpriority, and divides them into two groups.The first group includes needs which bear on the ability ofmuseums to reach more people. These needs concern:Nationwide services financed largely out of local funds;Services provided by museums for the Federal Governmentwithout appropriate reimbursement;Rehabilitation, expansion, modernization of museum buildings,equipment and exhibits to meet present and future public demands;The training of professional and technical personnel requiredby museums;Research by museums on ways of improving the quality andusefulness of museum services for the educational system and forthe general public;Expansion of traveling exhibits to reach people who donot have ready access to museums;Increased use of mass media, including television, tomake the resources of museums available to more people.The second group of needs relates more particularly toessential internal functions of museums. These needs concern:The financing of basic research in museums and the shareof the responsibility to be borne by the museums and by theGovernment;Special research into methods of conserving for posteritythe art, history and science collections in museums, andprovision for laboratory facilities, equipment and staff forsuch research;
2109An inquiry to determine the specifications of a computernetwork which would provide a modern method of storing andretrieving information on museum collections, which now arevast. To meet these ten priority needs, museums are alreadydevoting as much of their financial resources as they possiblycan. They cannot begin to make a dent in these needs, however,without the help of the Federal Government.While it is not possible at this time to state withprecision how large a Federal contribution is required, pre-liminary estimates put it somewhere between $35 million and$60 million for the first year. At present, Federal grantsof all kinds to museums (apart from the appropriations toThe Smithsonian Institution) total only a fraction of $35million, and most are limited to scientific research ofspecial interest to government departments and agencies.The Committee on Museum Needs believes that the existingmachinery of the Federal Government can go a considerabledistance in meeting the priority needs of museums, if fundsare appropriated and if certain amendments to statutes alreadyon the books are made. Accordingly, the Committee submitsthe following recommendations:That the National Museum Act be funded with an appropria-tion of at least $1 million for the first year;That grants to museums from Federal Departments andagencies already concerned with museums be sharply increased;That the Federal Government, as a matter of basicpolicy, recognize museums as educational institutions, work-ing in formal affiliation with elementary, secondary, under-graduate and graduate level institutions;That the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, infurtherance of the above basic policy, be asked to study theproblems of museums further and to make recommendations withreference to existing legislation to the end that the FederalGovernment may meet its obligations to museums;That this report be published for the information anduse of all those concerned about the future of museums.******##**Once the Federal Government decides as a matter ofpolicy to provide financial support for museums as it doesfor other educational institutions, what government machinerydoes it use? What agency or agencies can most logically andefficiently implement the policy?For years museums naturally have had a close workingrelationship with the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithso-nian, however, has not been a channel for massive Federalfunds. Such Federal grants as have been made have comemainly from the National Science Foundation and from certainother discipline- oriented departments or agencies. TheOffice of Education also has been involved through itssupport of schools and other educational institutions.
2110Increasingly the National Endowments for the Arts andHumanities have become concerned with the problems and needsof museums, but they have yet to receive funds commensuratewith the needs.While it is true that museums are mentioned along withother educational institutions in some existing legislation,the mention has gone almost unnoticed. As a practicalmatter it is extraordinarily difficult for a museum to obtainany of the benefits of Federal legislation enacted in theinterests of educational institutions.For the present this report suggests that the existingmachinery of the Federal Government be employed to meetthe urgent needs of museums. There is already on the booksa National Museum Act. There are several Federal Departmentsand agencies which can allocate funds to museums. There areother departments and agencies which could make funds avail-able to museums if existing legislation were amended.**********Consider first the Smithsonian and the National MuseumAct. Within the Smithsonian the United States NationalMuseum is the unit entirely oriented towards cooperationwith other museums and their associations. Its purpose isto work cooperatively with museum professionals in theUnited States and abroad to increase the effectiveness ofmuseums in the performance of their scholarly and publicfunctions.The Smithsonian has not, however, had massive fundsor grants to distribute to museums for facilities oracquisitions or for the support of continuing museumprograms. Whether or not it might be assigned such respon-sibilities in the future, it is clear that a number of theneeds relating to museums, as museums, can be addressedimmediately under the National Museum Act.This is said because there are other services to museumswhich the Smithsonian has long performed and which might wellbe expanded. Long before there was a National Museum Act theSmithsonian was supporting service programs responsive towide museum needs. Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, organ-ized the international exchange of information and publica-tions between institutions and museum professionals. Hegave grants for field work to non- Smithsonian anthropologistsand published the works of others. Successive administrationshave continued the Smithsonian's concern with broad museumproblems
.
**********The National Museum Act confirms the tradition of museumservices performed by the Smithsonian and names the NationalMuseum to carry them on with the cooperation of the museumsof the country. To date the Congress has not made appropria-tions to implement the Act. An appropriation of at least$1 million for the first year is essential. When an appro-priation is made available, as the authors of this report
2111
urge, the American Association of Museums and its memberinstitutions can make more rapid progress in establishingmuseum standards and methods of accreditation, can aidexperiments with museum consortiums and mutual assistanceprojects, and can help museums evaluate and improve theeducational value of their programs.**********In conclusion, the Committee on Museum Needs submits thefollowing recommendations:That the National Museum Act be funded with an appro-priation of at least $1 million for the first year;That grants to museums from Federal departments andagencies already concerned with museums be sharply increased,specifically the National Endowment for the Arts, the NationalEndowment for the Humanities, the U. S, Office of Education,and the National Science Foundation;That the Federal Government, as a -matter of basic policy,recognize museums as educational institutions, working informal affiliation with elementary, secondary, graduate andundergraduate level institutions;That the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities,in furtherance of the above basic policy, be asked to studythe problems of museums further and to make recommendationswith reference to existing legislation to the end that theFederal Government may meet its obligations to museums;That this report be published for the information anduse of all those concerned about the future of museums.The funds requested for Museum Act programs are to meet the demon-strated needs of America's museums- -not those of the Smithsonian Institution.The urgency of the needs is known by the Smithsonian from daily experience inresponding to requests for aid and advice. The urgency ha,s been repeatedlyconfirmed in discussions with the Director of the American Association ofMuseums representing the museum profession. An advisory committee ofmuseum professionals selected in collaboration with the American Associationof Museums will recommend procedures and policy for carrying out the highpriority programs to which these estimates are addressed. Examples of theneeds are suggested by the following program areas.Studies have begun on the development of programs and technology tocatalog museum holdings in science, history, and art on a national level. Allrequire more funds to continue the studies and to start the cataloging incoordinated and compatible systems. Museum professionals and the scientists,historians, and other scholars who use museum collections in their research aremuch concerned with the need to make the museum collections more accessiblethrough more comprehensive cataloging. All are concerned that the systems vdetermined upon will be adaptable to computer storage compatible with systemsused in all parts of the United States and other countries and that the computerprogram will be responsive to the needs of students, scholars, writers, andadministrators, and be equally usable for those concerned with the circulation ofcollections and the production of traveling exhibitions.To provide support for studies of computer cataloging and data accessconducted by consortiums of museums and museum associations there will berequired in fiscal year 1972, in other services $240,000To meet a number of the described needs of museums for conservation, forexhibitions, for museum- school materials, for television and radio productionsbased on collections and activities, it has been proposed that museum laboratorycenters be established in various locations throughout the United States. These
2112laboratory centers would be supervised and supported in part by groups ofmuseums or by regional conferences of museums to provide services and workon a cost-sharing basis. To determine the feasibility of such laboratory centersincluding the volume and nature of the support available and the volume andkinds of services museums would require from them, a study would be organizedand supervised by the American Association of Museums. To support the studyand to conduct pilot tests of services to museums there is required in otherservices $30,000 for the study and $100,000 for pilot tests $130,000The most frequently expressed need of America's museums is for trainedpersonnel at both the professional curatorial level and the museum techniciangrade. Three categories of training require funding. One includes the severalvarieties of combined museum-university courses for graduate students preparingto enter museum work in curatorial positions in science, art, or history.Another category of training is required for upgrading the skills of museumcareer personnel already serving in curatorial positions in smaller museums whowould be brought up-to-date on the latest doctrines and techniques of museumwork through work training in more advanced museums. The third category isfor the work training of museum technicians in science, history, or art, and inconservation, exhibition, museum education, and in the management of museumcollections and library and archival resources.Training in these categories and subjects will vary in time from 3 to 12months with an estimated average cost of $6,000 a trainee including the supportof the trainee and the expenses of the museums and universities providing thetraining. To train in fiscal year 1972, 50 trainees will require in otherservices $300, 000Systematic and imaginative research is required to improve the performanceof museums. Inquiry is needed into means to improve the public visitors'museum experience, to make exhibits more effective in communicating with theviewer, to enable museums to be of greater use to schools, colleges, anduniversities, to make museum resources available to disadvantaged people andcommunities, and to experiment, develop, test, and evaluate all of the museum'svaried functions. To support and accelerate research in museum opportunitiesand practices in cooperation with museums, and their associations, there isrequired $150,000 for other services for five research programs $150,000A great need exists for manuals of instruction on the design andpreparation of exhibits, on conservation of museum objects, on museum lighting,on museum education, on museum security, and on museum administration. Theopportunity to publish manuals will stimulate experts in the field to contributemanuscripts based on their experience and knowledge. The research and surveysproposed will produce much of value for printing and distribution. For theprinting and reproduction of manuals, photo essays, film strips, and othermaterials requires in fiscal year 1972 $75, 000For the administration of the program, a program manager, a secretary-stenographer, and a clerk-typist are required, estimated to cost in salaries andbenefits $27, 000An advisory committee will be formed with the advice of museum directorsand museum associations to advise on the programs to be funded.To support the staff and the advisory committee, it is estimated that therewill be required in fiscal year 1972, for travel $20,000; for transportation ofgoods $18,000; for communications and data processing $15,000; for supplies$10, 000; and for equipment $15, 000 $78, 000
Total $1,000,000
2113ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 20 3 2311 Personnel Compensation $181,000 $ 26,000 $ 207,00012 Personnel Benefits 14,000 1,000 15,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,000 4,000 14,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 387,000 88,000 475,00026 Supplies & Materials ...... . 3,000 2,000 5,00031 Equipment . 4, 000 5, 000 9, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 599, 000 $ 126,000 $ 725,000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $12,000 $11,000 $23,000Program $587,000 $115,000 $702,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Graduate Studies ($55, 000)Federal facilities developed for reference and research should serve theuniversities as auxiliary resources for the advanced training of students andfaculty. To strengthen the Institution's graduate studies program, an increaseof $24, 000 is requested to support one postdoctoral appointment in environmentalsciences, and one in systematic biology; $11,000 are requested for two pre-doctoral stipends in American history and art; and $20, 000 are sought for thepurpose of creating internship appointments for graduate students to work inspecialties recommended by their faculty advisors.Elementary and Secondary Education (3 positions, $60, 000)Within the present funding levels, the Institution is able to fill only a smallfraction of the existing demand for elementary and secondary educationalservices. The Institution is currently scheduling tours for serving about100, 000 school children in grades 1-12; or one tour per child for about oneseventh of the metropolitan area enrollment. This is less than adequate. Aplanned expansion in this activity has been developed, and to achieve theprojected levels, an additional $60,000 are being requested this year. By 1974,the Institution hopes to be able to accommodate the equivalent of about 250, 000children per school year with at least one scheduled tour. The requestedincrease would allow extending the services now provided to two new areas,the American Indian, and Technology (2 positions, $17, 000), one additionaltour scheduler ($6, 000), three new museum educational traineeships ($16, 000),and additional support costs associated with this expansion ($21, 000).
2114ACADEMIC AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS1970 Actual $572,0001971 Estimate $599,0001972 Estimate $725,000A major Smithsonian objective is to make its learning resources availableto the formal educational community and to the general public. At the highereducation level, the Institution develops and coordinates fellowship programsthrough a variety of cooperative agreements with the nation's universities. Theprogram promotes research opportunities and advanced study training for doctoralcandidates and postdoctoral investigators. Seminars in various curatorial anddisciplinary areas are conducted which are central to the interests of the studentsand the Smithsonian's research efforts. Formal educational activities below theuniversity level are also a responsibility of this program. These include thepopular escorted tours for schools, the preparation of teaching guides, lectures,and audio-visual materials. Public use of the educational facilities of theInstitution is growing rapidly at all levels of training. The Smithsonian isconsidered a significant supplementary educational resource by colleges anduniversities and by elementary and secondary school systems.A program increase of $126,000 is requested, including $55,000 for highereducation and research training in four areas, and $60, 000 for expansion of theelementary and secondary educational program. Also requested are $11,000 fornecessary pay increases.Need for Increase
1. Graduate Studies ($55,000)The Institution's capacity to supervise visiting investigators has greatlyincreased since 1967, but the number of stipends available has remained about thesame (see Figure 1). With present funds, only 20 Ph.D. candidates can besupported each year, so that the average staff member can expect to supervise adissertation only once in 17 years. Only 19 postdoctoral appointeees can now besupported each year. Stipends for these appointments are allocated in accordancewith scholarly discipline. There are only five for 98 Institutional systematicbiologists, only two for 28 Institutional specialists in the environmental sciences,and similar shortages through nine areas of study. A list of investigatorscurrently at the Institution is shown on a following page.Since 1967 the Smithsonian has perfected the administrative proceduresnecessary for this program and demonstrated that visitors may receive worthwhiletraining as they complete research projects of high intrinsic worth. As aguarantee of cooperation between the Smithsonian and other research establish-ments and a contribution to quality training in scarce specialities, the highereducation program should be expanded to serve at least twice as many Ph.D.candidates and postdoctoral investigators for a professional staff of the presentsize (345) and be expanded proportionately with each increase in number ofprofessional staff thereafter. A survey of staff interest has established a willing-ness to accomodate many more investigators than present funding allows.Consistently more highly meritorious applications for stipends have been receivedthan could be awarded. The Institution has determined that the deficiency to becorrected is $300, 000 per year. This shortage, which has come into existenceover the past four years, should be eliminated as rapidly as possible. The firstinstallment on this shortage is sought for fiscal year 1972 in the amount of$55, 000 for stipends; $24, 000 are requested to support one additional postdoctoralinvestigator in environmental sciences and one in systematic biology; $11, 000 arerequested for two additional predoctoral stipends in American history and art.The sum of $20, 000 is requested for internship appointments for graduate studentsto become associated with the activities and resources of the Smithsonian in
2115Figure 1Growth in Fellowships Desired By and Available ToProfessional Research StaffFiscal Years 1969-71, and Estimated Fiscal Year 1972500
400
300
200
100
000
Smithsonian Professional Research Staff
FellDwships Desired by Research Staff
Fell Dwships Available (requested)
1969 1970 1971 1972
specialties recommended by faculty advisors in their home institutions. Summerappointments, once supported by private funds, have been discontinued in recentyears, and the lack of opportunities for students at earlier stages of their graduatetraining is keenly felt. The Institution receives many requests to cooperate withuniversity departments which share its interests. It is proposed to develop asystem of "cooperative fellowships" whereby each participating universitycontributes to the student's expenses while at the Smithsonian. The GeorgeWashington University has created a "Smithsonian Fellowship" in AmericanStudies, and other universities have indicated a desire to follow suit in this andother fields. The annual cost per student is estimated to be $2, 000. Theintroduction of a principal of cost-sharing will be a further guarantee of thecooperative character of Smithsonian programs in higher education.
2. Elementary and Secondary Education (3 positions, $60, 000)Against a background of deepening public concern about the quality of class-room experience, the Institution acknowledges a heavy obligation to draw upon itsunconventional information resources to enrich education. As a result of aconcentrated effort to increase the use of its exhibit spaces, the number of visitsby school classes and teachers escorted by volunteer docents has more thandoubled in the two years since 1968. This required the addition of a scheduling
2116
staff and a three-fold increase in the number of volunteer docents. A number ofdifferent arrangements are being tried to associate intermediate -level educationstaff with curators in the bureaus to draw upon the Institution's resources ofsubject matter in the preparation of tours.In areas where educational staff and interested curators are lacking, tourscannot be offered. This is the case in technology in the National Museum ofHistory and Technology, biological topics at the National Zoological Park, andoceanography at the National Museum of Natural History. Based upon existingsubject matter competence, using tour subjects already developed, the Institutionexpects in fiscal year 1971 to accomodate a total of 100, 000 visits by schoolchildren. However, the Institution is capable of serving a much larger children'saudience, and the demand is present. The capacity of major exhibit spaces wouldbe over 400 class visits per week (330, 000 school children annually) if new subjectmatter tours could be developed. With the addition of three schedulers, and sixstaff associates in education over the next three years, the Institution could movefrom the 1970 actual level of 80 tours per week (a>bout 65, 000 annual visits) to over300 per week (250, 000 annual visits) by 1973-74. Figures 2, 3, and 4 presentsome historical information on these tours.
Figures are based on an approximate twenty-eight week Smithsonian schooltour schedule.In terms of the Institution's current funding capability, for every child(grade 1 - 12) taking only one of the scheduled tours during the school year, thereare five or six that are not being accommodated at all. Elementary and secondaryenrollment in the metropolitan area for the current year is about 650, 000. Evenif the Institution were presently operating its school tours at the projected 1973-74level of 300 tours per week, only about 38 percent of the area's youthful audiencewould be served?with but one visit.
Figure 2 -- Growth of subject matter tours andtrained volunteers220,200
150
100
SO
Trained volunteers(docents)
Total Subjects
FY 68 FY 69 FY 70 FY 71 FY 72 projected
2117Figure 3 --Number of students serviced byelementary and secondary school tours.100
80
60
40
20
1967 19&8 19o9 1970 1971 est.Fiscal Year
Figure 4 --Number of elementary andsecondary school tours provided.
1971 est.Fiscal Year
2118To implement this plan, the Institution requests an increase of $60, 000 infiscal year 1972 and an approximate like amount in each of the following two yearsin order to add one scheduler each year, and broaden the range of education staffsubject matter by two fields per year (for fiscal year 1972, the new fields wouldbe the American Indian, and Technology). This amount would also support threeadditional traineeships in museum education and provide funds for direct programcosts other than salaries.
It would be difficult to establish an accurate dollar value for the efficientparaprofessional museum teaching services rendered by a corps of some 150volunteer docents who conducted school tours for 67, 650 boys and girls in gradeskindergarten through 12 during school year 1969-1970. However, the influence ofthe professionally competent staff associate whose duties include (1) developmentof teaching curricula in pertinent subject areas, (2) establishing useful relation-ships with curators for the purpose of utilizing the Institution's research andcollections resources (3) supporting pre-service and in-service training of docents,and (4) continual monitoring of these volunteers to ensure quality control isdirectly responsible for a personnel miltiplier effect which makes the programpossible over such a broad range. Each new staff associate would have responsi-bility for a projected dozen additional docents in new content areas.The additional tour scheduler will be necessary to accomodate the steadilyincreasing workload handled by the School Tours Unit as it manages the logisticsof matching requests by the nation's schools with appropriate personnel andmaterial resources in the Smithsonian's several museums. The burden of thisunit often extends well beyond requests for tours into inquiries for othereducational services to school children.Funds requested for direct program costs are necessary to provide fundsfor a total operational force of 170 professional and volunteer staff, all of whomhave duties which place them in a direct service relationship with the public.Increased demand for external educational services require additional money tosupport the program of teacher education, docent training, dissemination of infor-mation to schools and other museums, and development of audio-visual materialsand other teaching aids for enrichment of tours. The Smithsonian considers theutilization of the full range and depth of potential subjects by schools and byvisiting classes as being of even greater importance than the attainment of anumerical goal.The potential importance of museums and other community resources foreducation in the arts has long been established. The Smithsonian recentlycompleted for the National Science Foundation an assessment of a similarpotential in the sciences. Thus, the attainment of full capacity in the use of sucha major community resource is a matter of national interest. The attainment offull capacity for class visits within the Smithsonian complex would be a landmarkfor other efforts underway everywhere in the Nation to draw upon communityresources outside the schools for educational purposes. Both the NationalPortrait Gallery and the National Collection of Fine Arts have undertaken veryworthwhile experimental programs in elementary and secondary education. Othernew efforts are being planned for the National Museum of Natural History, theNational Museum of History and Technology, National Air and Space Museum, andthe National Zoological Park. If the novel subject matter of these museums andtheir non-didactic open qualities finds counterparts in the classroom, museumssuch as those of the Smithsonian will have performed a distinctive service toeducation. The Smithsonian program could serve as a benchmark for referenceby other metropolitan school systems and museums, a welcome contribution ina frontier area of educational program development where standards for measure-ment have not yet come widely into use.The requested $60, 000 would be distributed as follows: two new staffassociate positions in anthropology and technology ($17, 000); one additionalscheduler ($6, 000); three new traineeships in museum education ($16, 000); andother program support costs ($21,000).
2119SMITHSONIAN VISITING RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 1970-1971Name & University Research TitlePROGRAM IN EVOLUTIONARY ANDO. Sylvester AdegokeU. of Calif. , BerkeleyArnfried AntoniusU. of Vienna, AustriaJames A. DoyleHarvard U.Miloslav KovandaCharles U. , PragueJerry A. Powell (partial support)U. of Calif. , BerkeleyKenneth A. BeemU. of CincinnatiDavid R. BudgeU. of Calif. , BerkeleyTheodore Gary GautierU. of KansasEckart HakanssonU. of CopenhagenCatherine Jane KerbyGeorge Washington U.
SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY:Tertiary paleontology of southern Nigeria andecology and distribution of living Foramini-fera in the Gulf of GuineaOccurrence and distribution of stony corals inVenezuelan watersStudies on angiosperm pollen and megafossils ofthe Potomac Group (Cretaceous) of Marylandand VirginiaPreparation of a monographic electronic databank of Campanula section HeterophyllaBiosystematic study of Neotropical Spargano-thidini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Choctawmatchee Formation of northwesternFloridaStudy of late Ordovician and Silurian rocks andcontained coral fauna in eastern Great BasinCryptsome Bryoza from Permian (Leonardian)of the Glass Mountains, TexasThe free -living Cheilostomata from the WhiteChalk of DenmarkA life history study of the polychaetous annelid,Sabella microphthalmaPROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES:Clarke BrooksU. of ChicagoJack H. BurkNew Mexico State U.Stephen L RothsteinYale U.Robin DoughtyU. of Calif. , BerkeleyChristen E. WemmerU. of Maryland
Analysis of algal biliproteinsProduction and energy status of deciduous treespecies with regard to annual cycle of energyutilization and standing cropAn experimental investigation of host preferencein the brown-headed cowbirdThe feather trade; its cultural and biogeographi-cal significance in England and AmericaBehavioral concomitants of morphology and therelationship of the form- function complex tosocial organization and habitat utilizationPROGRAM IN EVOLUTIONARY AND BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY, TROPICAL ZONES:Alicia BreymeyerU. of WarsawJeffrey B. GrahamScripps Inst, of OceanographyIan H. HealeyU. of WalesJames R. KarrU. of Chicago
Ecology of grasslands environments in tropicalzonesStudies on the adaptive radiation of tropicalmarine fishesThe role of animals in decomposition processesin the tropical forestComparisons of structure of avian communitiesin selected tropical areasPostdoctoral Associates underlined
2120David L. MeyerYale U.Eugene MortonYale U.A. Ross Kiester (partial support)Harvard U.John E. McCoakerScripps Inst, of OceanographyWilliam B. RamirezU. of KansasPROGRAM IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES:
Studies in the functional morphology of livingand fossil crinoidsEcological aspects of communication in birdsStudies on the ecology and social behavior ofPanmania Gecko Gonatodes albogularisSubstrate preferences and comparative func-tional morphology of eels, family OphichthidaeEcological relationships and specificity betweenwasps (Agaonidae) and Ficus
John J. GurneyCapetown U.Douglas D. NelsonU. of South Carolina
Electron microprobe studies of kimberlite andand its associated ultrabasic xenolithsClay mineralogy and sedimentation of theOuter Banks, North CarolinaPROGRAM IN ANTHROPOLOGY:Jamea H. RauhTulane U.Mario Jose SanojaU. Cent. VenezuelaD. Gentry SteeleU. of KansasRayna D. GreenIndiana U.Iraida Vargas (partial support)U. Cent. Venezuela
An investigation of the structure of the Borgiagroup of manuscriptsEcology and cultural areas in pre-ColumbianVenezuelaA te- evaluation of the within-group variationof the family TupaiidaeThe image of the Indian in the popularimaginationAboriginal cultural development in easternVenezuela and their relationships with theLesser AntillesPROGRAM IN HISTORY OF ART AND MUSIC:Robert E. EliasonU. of Missouri, K. CFrancis V. O'ConnorJohns Hopkins U.Shelley FletcherNew York U.William D. Morgan (6 mo. appt. )U. of DelawareRichard N. MurrayU. of ChicagoPhylis North (6 mo. appt. )
Early American wind instruments and theirmakersHistorical studies of American artPigment analysis of the American paintingcollection at NCFAHenry Vaughan, 1845-1917, Gothic revivalarchitectA study of figurative mural painting, public andprivate, in the U. S. 1890-1920Max Weber paintings, 1905-1920PROGRAM IN AMERICAN HISTORY:Leonard P. CurryU. of KentuckyWilliam B. Floyd (7 mo.George Washington U.Yvonne Marie LangeU. of PennsylvaniaPeter H. SmithGeorge Washington U.
Roots of American urbanism, 1800-1850
appt. ) An historical study of Thomas SullySantos, the household wooden saints of PuertoRicoThe Great American Wheel Conspiracy: HoopesBros, and Darlington, 1890-1920
2121PROGRAM IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:Sandra S. Herbert (partial support)Brandeis U?
Stephen CooperPrinceton U?Barbara Ann KaplanU. of MarylandSally G. Kohlstedtof U. of Illinois
Erasmus Darwin's materialistic physiology andits importance for his grandson Charles'discovery of evolution through naturalselectionHistory of American science and technologywith emphasis on interrelationships betweenscience and governmentThe relevance of alchemical and hermetic ideasto 13th and 14th century medicine inwestern EuropeThe American Association for the Advancementof Science, 1840-1860; the formation of anational scientific communityPROGRAM IN MUSEUM STUDIES:Joan W. MisharaNYU Inst, of Fine Arts Conservation studies of metals, particularlymetallic objects of art
2122RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAMIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ $ $12 Personnel Benefits21 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 400,000 50,000 450,00026 Supplies & Materials3 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 400, 000 $ 50, 000 $ 450, 000
Analysis of TotalPay IncreaseProgram $400,000 $50,000 $450,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Funding Multiyear Awards ($50,000)The Research Awards Program funds worthy, intramural research projectsnot funded either by the regular plans of operation of the Smithsonian's sciencebureaus or by outside agencies. Since its inception in fiscal year 1966, 234proposals have been funded and there have been more than 200 publications inthe fields of biology and anthropology directly attributable to this support. Theprogram also has enabled Smithsonian scientists to engage in productive fieldresearch with colleagues from other institutions. An additional $50, 000 isrequested to help fund multiyear awards for better stability, continuity, andplanning of research. This additional sum will also help to combat the highercosts of basic research brought about by inflation in the costs of laboratorysupplies, equipment and services.
2123RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAM1970 Actual $400, 0001971 Estimate $400, 0001972 Estimate $450,000The purpose of the Smithsonian Research Awards Program is to supportworthy, intramural research projects not funded either by outside agencies orthrough the regular plans of operations of the science bureaus.Prior to fiscal year 1966, the Smithsonian Institution received funds fromthe National Science Foundation for research projects of individual staffmembers. In the fiscal year 1966 appropriation, the Congress prohibited theNSF from making grants for scientific research to other Government agencies.The NSF instituted a further limitation that it would no longer make grants to anyagency or institution receiving direct federal appropriations. The ResearchAwards Program was begun in fiscal year 1 966 by an appropriation of $350, 000to the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of financing new or continuingresearch projects formerly eligible for support from the NSF. Funding for theprogram increased to $400, 000 in fiscal year 1967 where it has remained level.Proposals are submitted each year by members of the SmithsonianInstitution staff only and cover all phases of research in the scientific bureaus.All proposals have undergone a careful scientific or scholarly review in theirrespective bureaus before they are reviewed by members of the Research AwardsAdvisory Committee. The members of the Committee are selected on the basisof their broad experience in scientific research, their understanding of scholar-ship, and their ability to discern basic values in almost any field.An increase of $50, 000 is requested to help fund multiyear awards andoffset inflation in the cost of basic research.Need for Increase--From its inception in" fiscal year 1966 through fiscalyear 197 1, 234 proposals were funded through the Research Awards Program.There have been more than 200 publications in the fields of biology and anthro-pology directly related to the research accomplished from this support. Also, aninitial research effort activated by a research award, in many cases has beencontinued through funding by other federal granting agencies, and research anddevelopment foundations.In fiscal year 1971, members of the Smithsonian staff were allowed for thefirst time to submit proposals for funding up to three years in order to providefor better stability, continuity, and planning of research. There were 72proposals received for fiscal year 1971 amounting to $1, 654, 771, of which 40were funded in the amount of $400, 000. Amounts of $224, 000 are committed tosecond-year funding and $71, 000 to third-year funding. Thirty-two proposals hadto be rejected for lack of funds. The salary of the principal investigator is neverincluded in the budget of the proposal; it is borne by the Smithsonian Institution.Following pages show a comparison of proposals funded for fiscal year 1970and fiscal year 1971 (Table I), a comparison of proposals by dollar volume(Table II), and a comparison of proposals by bureau (Table III).The Research Awards Program is intended to cope with a serious problemconfronting many scientists who wish to undertake non-routine fundamentalresearch of the kind normally undertaken by university research scientists butwhich cannot be supported from the federal "Salaries and Expenses" appropriation.The large number of proposals that were not funded in fiscal year 1971 and inprevious years is of grave concern to the Institution. This concern is based onthe fact that the work supported by the Research Awards Program is often the
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 54
2124best of the Institution's productivity and the reason for acquiring scientists of thehighest competence and imagination. If the Smithsonian cannot provide this kindof support, it might not attract a high caliber of scientists nor retain them there-after. Further, it serves as an important means whereby scientists of theSmithsonian Institution may engage in collaborative field research with colleagueslocated in other institutions. Many opportunities for participation in expeditionsand other field projects would be lost were it not for the Research AwardsProgram providing modest, but essential, research assistance. The problemaffects all the research bureaus, but is especially acute in the National Museumof Natural History where most of the operational funding must go to the mainten-ance of the National Collections.
2125
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2128ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT
Increases being requested in this section cover primarily the centraladministrative and technical services which operate in support of the programunits. Included are the Office of the Secretary, Office of the GeneralCounsel, Office of the Treasurer, Office of Personnel Administration,Libraries, Press, Smithsonian Archives, Photographic Services Division,Supply Division, Administrative Systems Division, Travel Services Office,Duplicating Section, and the Information Systems Division. As a group, therequested increases for fiscal year 1972 amount to $602,000 or about 7percent of the total requested Institutional increases.For the last several years, actual operations indicate that the costs ofadministering and supporting the diverse program activities have amounted to15 percent to 18 percent of total obligations. The Smithsonian desires tokeep the actual costs of the support function in this range, and the requestspresented reflect what is necessary to strengthen certain areas. Theexpenditures of these units are viewed as necessary to cover generaladministrative and technical activities, in the manner of an operating overheadaccount, with the exception of the amounts requested for physical plantoperations, maintenance, and protection by the Buildings ManagementDepartment which are presented separately. These are an increase of$807,000 or 9 percent.Since the needs of the support group follow rather closely the develop-mental pattern of the program units, in future years' budget presentations aneffort will be made to consolidate- the number of organizational requests andreduce the complexity of several separate budget submissions. For fiscalyear 1972, however, in order to promote an understanding of the overalloperations, individual descriptions and requests are submitted for theadministrative support units.
2129OFFICE OF THE SECRETARYObject Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . 38
1
1
Personnel Compensation $ 534, 00012 Personnel Benefits 43,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 10,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 4, 00026 Supplies & Materials 3, 0003 1 Equipment . 3 , 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 598, 000
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate2 40$49, 0003, 0001,000 $583,00046,00011,0001,0003,0001,0001,00(0 7,0004,0004,000$ 58,000 $656,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $22,000 $12,000 $34,000Program $576,000 $46,000 $622,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Operations Officer and Public Service Assistant and Program Funds (2 positions$46,000 ) '.An operations officer at a cost of $20,000 is needed to assist the UnderSecretary in the planning, direction, coordination, and development of theadministrative and central support activities in order that they will be ofmaximum service to the requirements of our museums, galleries, andlaboratories. An assistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service) alsois required to help plan and produce a range of educational materials suchas books, kits, and recording cassettes drawing upon the Institution's resources.This position would cost $20,000. And, lastly, an additional $6,000 is requiredfor office support costs.
2130ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE SECRETARY1970 Actual $462, 0001971 Estimate $598,0001972 Estimate $656,000
The Office of the Secretary is composed of the immediate offices of theSecretary, the Under Secretary, the Assistant Secretary (Science), theAssistant Secretary (History and Art), the Assistant Secretary (Public Service),and the Office of Audits.For fiscal year 1972, a program increase of $46,000 is requested toemploy an operations officer for the Office of the Under Secretary and anassistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service) and to provide funds forgeneral operations. An additional $12, 000 are required for necessary pay.Need for Increase --At the May 1970 meeting of the Board of Regents, theformer Assistant Secretary was named to the post of Under Secretary. Thiswas in recognition of the very substantial responsibilities of this office. Inorder to meet an increasing workload involving Regents matters, construction,legislation, and program and policy matters concerning the entire Institution,additional staff for his office is required. An operations officer is needed toserve in an advisory capacity to the Under Secretary, and be responsible forthe direction, coordination, long-range planning, and development of certain ofthe administrative and central support activities of the Institution, particularlyin their service relationships to the museums, galleries, and laboratories.These services include personnel administration, management analysis,procurement, contract administration, property management, buildings manage-ment, buildings security, photographic services, and other administrative andtechnical support units. A position fcr the operations officer is requested($20, 000).An assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Public Service to help plan andproduce a range of educational materials is requested also. The Smithsonianhas many opportunities to cooperate with private industry and organizations indeveloping educational materials for the public. These materials include suchitems as pamphlets and books, construction kits, television programs, record-ing cassettes for home instruction and mini exhibits. Smithsonian activitiesthat would be involved in these efforts include the Press, the Office of Exhibits,the Elementary and Secondary Education Office, and others, drawing upon thevast subject matter resources of our museums, art galleries, laboratories, andthe Zoo. This position would cost $20, 000.Although the Office of the Secretary has developed a management groupresponsive to the broad and complex nature of the Smithsonian, it currently hasa serious deficiency of funding in other objects of expense to enable it toperform in an effective way. This is a request for essential funds for travel,advisory services, supplies and materials, and basic office equipment andfurniture ($6,000).
2131
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions
OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL1971 Base
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 121, 00012 Personnel Benefits 10,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 1,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 1, 00026 Supplies & Materials 1, 0003 1 Equipment . 1 , 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 135, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $8, 000Program $127, 000
IncreaseRequested
1
1972Estimate9
;21, 0001, 000 $ 142,00011, 0001, 000
1, 000
$23, 000
$ 5, 000$18, 000
1,2,1, 000000000
; 158, 000
$13, 000$145,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Legal Counsel Requirements of the Institution (1 position, $18, 000)The Institution has grown considerably since 1964. There have beenadded to its already numerous responsibilities the Renwick Gallery, theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, theArchives of American Art, the Chesapeake Bay Center for EnvironmentalStudies, and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. It hastaken on such program as the National Museum Act and the Foreign CurrencyProgram. Each of these required OGC staff participation in its establishmentand each places demands on the staff for its continued development andoperation within the framework of applicable laws. There is a growing backlogof matters requiring legal attention. An additional $18, 000 is requested:$17,000 for an. additional part-time attorney and a secretary and $1,000 forother expenses of the office.
2132ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL1970 Actual $110,0001971 Estimate $135, 0001972 Estimate $158,000In 1964 the Office of the General Counsel was established, some 118 yearsafter the Institution was founded. Prior to 1964, outside counsel was retainedfrom time to time to handle significant legal matters for the Institution's privateside affairs; the Department of Justice handled a few legal suits on the Federalside; and other questions were decided by Smithsonian administrative personnel.However, such a system was inadequate; it failed to provide the continuous legalcounsel necessary for consistency in the day-to-day operations of the Institution.An increase of $18,000 is requested for staff and other support. A furtherincrease of $5, 000 is requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase?As a non-Governmental establishment which neverthe-less operates in substantial part with appropriated funds, the legal problems ofthe Institution include those arising from the operations of a private, university-like, charitable corporation, as well as those common to Governmentorganizations. Many otherwise routine matters are complicated by the pervasivenecessity to maintain a rational, effective, and legal relationship between thesetwo capacities in which the Institution functions. In addition, the OGC isresponsible for the continuous analysis of Congressional activities and legislationand their impact on the Institution, and has a major role in the furtherance of theSmithsonian's own legislative program.The Institution has grown considerably since 1964. There have been addedto its already numerous responsibilities the Renwick Gallery, the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Archives ofAmerican Art, the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. It has taken on such programsas the National Museum Act and the Foreign Currency Program. Each of theserequired OGC staff participation in its establishment and each places demands onthe staff for its continued development and operation within the framework ofapplicable laws.The Office of the General Counsel has grown from three attorneys in 1964 tofour full-time attorneys and two part-time in 1971. During this same period, theInstitution's appropriations for salaries and expenses have more than doubled,with a concommitant increase in the workload of this office. This limitation ofstaff has made it increasingly difficult to meet the rising needs of the Institutionand has created a growing backlog of matters on which action has had to bedeferred.At the same time, funds for other objects, which averaged about 4 1/2 per-cent of salaries in fiscal years 1966 through 1969, have been curtailed to threepercent during the last two fiscal years. This has been achieved by funding somenecessary travel from sources which will not be available in fiscal year 1972, andby deferring the replacement of essential office equipment, which can no longerbe postponed without impairing the quality and efficiency of the services providedby the office.To help overcome these deficiencies, an increase of $18,000 is requested:$17, 000 for an additional part-time attorney and a secretary, and $1, 000 forother expenses of the office.
2133
Object ClassNumber of Permanent Positions .
OFFICE OF THE TREASURER1971 Base31
1
1
Personnel Compensation $331, 00012 Personnel Benefits 26,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities .... 192, 00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 37, 00026 Supplies & Materials ........ 14, 00031 Equipment 2, 00041 Grants TOTAL $604,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $22, 000Program $582, 000
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate2 33$ 28,0003,000 $359,00029,0002,00020,000 212,00010,0007, 000 47,00021,0002,000$ 68,000 $672,000
$13,000$55, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):
$35,000$637,000
Accounting(2 positionsBudgeting,$55, OOP) Financial Reporting, and Postage RequirementsThe Office of the Treasurer provides comprehensive financial managementassistance and technical services to the Smithsonian. This includes financialplanning, budgeting, accounting, contracts administration, and reporting. Anincrease of two employees and funds to meet Institutional needs are requested.A systems accountant is required to continually review and improve theInstitution's accounting procedures and records to keep them responsive to needs.A budget technician is required to assist the three budget analysts in a widevariety of data gathering and summarizing assignments. These two positionswould cost $18, 000. An additional $17, 000 are needed for forms and computerservices used in financial reporting to the museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and other units. Under recent postal reform legislation, a nearfuture substantial increase in postal rates is anticipated. An additional $20, 000are requested for postage indicia.
2134ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOFFICE OF THE TREASURER1970 Actual $573, 0001971 Estimate $604,0001972 Estimate $672, 000
This office provides financial management assistance and technical servicesto the Smithsonian. It is composed of the Treasurer's immediate office, theOffice of Programming and Budget, and the Accounting Division. Financialplanning, budgeting , accounting, contracts administration, and reporting are theresponsibilities of these several units.An increase of $55, 000 is requested to strengthen the budgeting andaccounting functions, to provide forms and computer services required infinancial reporting, and to meet anticipated higher postage indicia costs.Funding of $13,000 is required also for necessary pay.Need for Increase- - Selective staff increases and funds for programimprovement are required in order that the Office of the Treasurer can provideresponsive services to the Smithsonian's museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and to the other organization units that are themselves providingsimilar technical support in the way of personnel management, buildingsmanagement, and other services. The diversity of the Smithsonian's operationsand geographic distribution, and the variety of funding sources for its programspose unusual demands of financial management services. The effectiveness andefficiency with which the program offices carry out their assigned research,curation, exhibit, and other public services depend in large measure on theaccuracy and timeliness of good financial information.Two additional employees are required: a systems accountant and a budgettechnician. The systems accountant would assist in the design, adaptation,installation, evaluation, and updating of the Institution's accounting systems,including reports, records control devices, and related procedures. There areat present three budget analysts responsible for agency-level budget planning,formulation and execution including the year-round job of review and monitoringof obligations and outlays for some 40 budget line items as well as foreigncurrency and construction accounts. A budget technician (no such position nowexists) is required to assist in a wide variety of data gathering and summarizingassignments. Funding of $18, 000 is requested for these two positions.Additional funds for forms and computer services are requested forfinancial reporting to the heads of the Institution's museums, galleries, researchlaboratories, and the other administrative and central support activities includingthe Buildings Management Department ($17,000).Funding of the Institution's postage indicia requirements is providedcentrally from the Office of the Treasurer. Approximately $165,000 will bespent for this purpose in fiscal year 1971 primarily for first class mail. TheU.S. Post Office Department indicates substantially higher postage rates latethis fiscal year or early next. Under the recent postal reform legislation, theboard of govenors are empowered to make an emergency increase in postage rates.An eight-cent first class rate is likely as well as other increases. An additional$20, 000 are requested for postage indicia.
2135OFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND HEALTH UNITSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 28 1 2^9_11 Personnel Compensation $368,000 $16,000 $ 384,00012 Personnel Benefits. 29,000 2,000 31,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 2,000 ? 2,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 32,000 10,000 42,00026 Supplies & Materials 1,000 4,000 5,0003 1 Equipment41 Grants TOTAL $ 432, 000 $32, 000 $ 464, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $20,000 $10,000 $30,000Program $412,000 $22,000 $434,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Health Services and Employee Training (1 position, $22,000)This Office has responsibility for personnel administration and theoperation of health services for visitors and staff. On an annual basis thehealth units provide about 14,000 treatments. An additional $12, 000 arerequested to provide one more nurse position and necessary supplies andequipment to augment the health services provided in the History andTechnology Building, the Natural History Building, and the buildings onthe south side of the Mall. Similarly, the Smithsonian needs to providemore employee training especially of supervisors and of low-level, low-skill employees. The Office of Personnel Administration has only about$10,000 available to it for training expenses. An additional $10, 000 arerequested.
2136ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES .OFFICE OF PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND HEALTH UNITS1970 Actual $388, 0001971 Estimate $432,0001972 Estimate $464, 000
This Office has responsibility for personnel administration and theoperation of health services. It helps to formulate policy over a wide rangeof activities from manpower planning and managerial development, throughemployee training, performance evaluation, and labor relations. Theseprograms generally fall into six broad categories; the table below indicates thenature of these endeavors with estimated man- years and expenditures for fiscalyear 1970. Effort and DollarsActivity FY 1970Manpower and Organization .75 man years $ 12,000Career Development 2.75 " 40,000Management and PersonnelConsulting 9.00 " 153,000Technical and AdministrativeSupport 5.00 " 34,000Health Services 3.50 " 51,000Recruitment and Placement 2.00 " 29,000Admin, and Direction 3. 50 " 69, 00026.50 man years $388,000Annual reports indicate that over the last few years the number of actionshandled on a yearly basis by the staff has grown to 72, 000. This is a sizableworkload. The ratio of staffing for carrying out personnel office functions isone personnel employee per 125 employees serviced. While no fixed standardhas been developed, this is considerably higher than comparable governmentagencies which average approximately one personnel employee per 80 employeesserviced.The requested program increase of $22, 000 will be used to correctshortages in the areas of health services and employee training. An additional$10,000are required for necessary pay purposes.Need for Increase? The health units provide services to SmithsonianInstitution employees as well as to visitors and tourists. On an annual basis,these units provide about 14,000 treatments to tourists and staff. This figurehas been steadily increasing over the years. There is a critical need toimprove and increase the availability of these services in the History andTechnology Building, the Natural History Building, and the buildings on the southside of the Mall. An amount of $12,000 is requested for an additional nursingposition plus necessary supplies and equipment.The Smithsonian has been administering an austere program of employeetraining. In fiscal year 1970, the amount spent by the Office on training wasapproximately $10,000, yet the needs for training have been steadily mounting.Additional funding is required just to meet programs of special emphasis withthe Administration. For example, the Civil Service Commission recently hasrequired specially tailored training for first-level supervisors. In the nearfuture, the CSC will issue strong recommendations that equivalent training beprovided for all supervisors. There are more than 400 supervisors currentlyin the Institution. A second area of emphasis is training for supervisors andand managers in labor-management relations. A third area is "upwardmobility". The present Administration is putting much emphasis on the PublicService Careers Program and other programs to provide training for low-level,low-skill individuals who are currently Federal employees. The Institution hasat present more than 600 employees in the latter category, i.e., GS-5 andbelow and WG-5 and below. The Institution has at present no programs in thesecond and third areas, and only minimal programs in supervisory training.For these reasons an additional $10, 000 are being requested to strengthentraining programs.
2137SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 54 9 63
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 600, 00012 Personnel Benefits 47,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons 6,00022 Transportation of Things .... I, 00023 Rent, Comm, & Utilities ... . 2,00024 Printing & Reproduction 10, 00025 Other Services 15, 00026 Supplies & Materials 51, 0003
1
Equipment . 7, 00041 Grants
74, 000 $ 674,0006,000 53,0002,000 8,0001,000 2,0002,000 4,00020, 000 30, 00023,000 38,00033,000 84, 00050,000 57, 000TOTAL $ 739, 000 $ 211, 000 $ 950, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 24,000 $ 21,000 $ 45,000Program $715,000 $190,000 $905,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Correction of Shortages and Continued Modernization (9 positions, $190, 000)Although the Smithsonian will continue to use the resources of other librariesthrough interlibrary loans and other ways, the availability of adequate in-houselibrary materials and reference services is essential to the effective perform-ance of the Institution's curation, exhibition, and research functions. Presently,the Smithsonian Libraries are not meeting several staff needs. The request forfiscal year 1972 is meant to partially offset a variety of deficiencies such as inpurchase funds ($65, 000), development of automated library techniques($20, 000), materials preservation ($22, 000), and supplies and equipment($24,000). Nine additional positions are requested. A librarian and two clerkswill provide service to museums and galleries that are unserved by the GeneralLibrary ($20, 000). One cataloger and one technician will be used to create acore speed cataloging team to reduce the time of processing new materials($15, 000). A cataloger and a technician will also be utilized to organize andinventory the collections housed at the Lamont Street center ($14, 000). Inaddition, one technician and one aid are necessary to begin to edit the holdingsof the Institution's union catalog ($10, 000).
2138ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES1970 Actual $659, 000197 1 Estimate $739, 0001972 Estimate $950, 000The Smithsonian Institution Libraries provide reference and informationservices in support of the research and educational programs of the professionalstaff of the Institution. Basic library resources consist of about 750, 000 volumesin the working collections of the Institution. The Smithsonian Institution's libraryprogram has the following basic purposes: (a) to have at hand carefully selecteddocumentary materials containing the best and most pertinent data and resultsfrom research done elsewhere that has a direct bearing on our own investigations;(b) to arrange and index the information in ways that make it readily accessible;and (c) to provide reference and information services based on this material andrelated material in other libraries' collections, under terms and conditions thatadvance research in the Smithsonian. It is logical and prudent to have an informa-tion capability such as this as an adjunct to our research effort. In this manner .we speed up our own research effort and make it more efficient by avoiding costlyand unnecessary duplication of research.An increase of $190, 000 is requested to correct shortages in the Libraries'basic program of support to the research efforts of the Smithsonian, and tocontinue to modernize operations and services to the scientific and curatorial staffof the various museums and galleries. In addition, $21, 000 are being sought tohelp meet necessary pay increases.Need for Increase --The Smithsonian has embarked on a program of moderni-zation of its library services. The following table contains information coveringthe requested additional amount of $190, 000 for 1972 to implement the currentphase of this program. The Libraries are being changed from a congeries of
Table 1: Indicates Needs for FY 19721971 1972 RequestedBase Need IncreasePositions 54 63 9Personnel costs, including salaries,benefits, training, and travel $647,000 $727, 000a $ 80, 000aInformation resources (e.g., books,journals, documents, microfilm)... 52,000 117,000 65,000Communications equipment andservices (e.g., facsimile, specialmail, and transportation) 5, 000 8, 000 3, 000Materials preservation (current input) 7,000 29,000 22,000Supplies, equipment, and maintenance 16,000 37,000 21,000Automation and data processing 12, 000 32, 000 20, 000Total $739,000 $950, 000a $211, 000aIncludes $21, 000 for necessary pay increases.
andedwidely dispersed collections in a vast array of subjects in art, the sciences,the social sciences, into an integrated resource. Integration will be achievthrough improved indexing, search and retrieval mechanisms, involving bothimproved manual and new computer methods, and through consolidation of several
2139
related smaller collections into more serviceable units. Information servicesare to be upgraded, based on recently developed methods of information science.Further, the collections that hitherto chiefly served discipline-based curatorialand related research are being broadened to provide a base for informationservices for research in the newer interdisciplinary aspects of science, sociology,and culture.Of the more than 385, 000 books and uncounted tens of thousands of reportsand research documents produced throughout the world each year, it is estimatedthat the Institution must purchase about 18, 000 titles in order to maintain informa-tion services that are sufficiently well founded to be useful. This is a modestrate of acquisition. Currently, the Libraries are about $125, 000 short of fundsfor the purchase of library materials. The effects of inflation over the last fewyears have severely eroded the ability of the Libraries to purchase new materialsparticularly in subject areas of most concern to the Institution. While selectedprice indices, using 1957-59 as base years are presented in Table 2, much of therecorded increase has occurred in the last five years.
Table 2Recent Price Indices: Periodicals in Subject Areasof Institutional Interest, and Selected Hardcover Books1970 Index(1957-59 = 100)Subject AreasChemistry and Physics 265Fine and Applied Arts 154History : 143Mathematics, Botany, Geology, andGeneral Science 267Sociology and Anthropology 156Zoology 1761969 Index(1957-59 = 100)Selected Hardcover Books 177
Source: "Price Indexes for 1970, " Library Journal(July 1970), 2427, 2428, and Publishers Wee"kly(February 9, 1970), 49.
The Libraries also are $200, 000 short in funds for the application ofmodern indexing and retrieval techniques to operate this essential service.Also required are about $50, 000 per year for binding and filming of materialsfor preservation. As indicated in Table 1, the requested increase will beapplied to partially offset these and other pressing needs. The requested staffincrease of nine positions would be utilized as follows:To create a team of information service people tp provide referenceand collection management services at least ten hours a week in eachof the unstaffed bureau branches that are now unserved by the GeneralLibrary (principally the National Air and Space Museum, RadiationBiology Laboratory, Museum of Natural History, Armed Forces MuseumAdvisory Board, and Museum Services); one professional librarian,two library clerks $20, 000
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2140To organize a speed cataloging team for rapid processing of prioritymaterials. This is a move to reduce the average time of processing ofnew materials in cataloging, aiming at a goal of six weeks' lapsed time;one cataloger and one library technician $15, 000To organize and inventory those parts of the consolidated collectionsnow housed at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Center at LamontStreet (estimated to be a three-year project); one cataloger and onelibrary technician 14, 000To edit the Institution's union catalog of its holdings, particularlyto rationalize conflicts in entry and to provided entries for new subjectinterests among research projects; one library technician and onelibrary aid 10, 000In 1970 the Libraries acquired 3, 974 titles (books, journals, anddocuments) by purchase, and 12, 194 titles through gifts and exchanges. TheLibraries cataloged 8,158 of these for addition to the collections. This recordof accomplishment is offset by severe shortages in every category of service.One quarter of the titles circulated to the professional staff of the Institutionin 1969 were not in the Smithsonian's collections and had to be borrowed fromother libraries, principally the over-burdened Library of Congress. The 8,010uncataloged and unindexed items considered pertinent to the work of theSmithsonian acquired in 1969 were added to the existing backlog of 59,000uncataloged titles remaining from other years. The delays in organizing thismaterial for use have grown to several man-years. Of nineteen major bureausand offices of the Smithsonian, eight are completely without local service,except as provided by the Libraries' small Central Reference and Circulationstaff.
2141SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESSIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 2511 Personnel Compensation $319,000 $10,00012 Personnel Benefits 24,000 1,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 352, 000 40, 00025 Other Services 5,00026 Supplies & Materials ...... . 2,0003
1
Equipment . 2, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 707, 000 $ 51, 000
25$329, 00025, 0003, 000
392, 0005, 0002, 0002, 000$758, 000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 18,000 $11,000 $ 29,000Program $689,000 $40,000 $729,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Research Manuscript Printing ($40, 000)An additional $40, 000 of printing funds are required to reduce agrowing backlog of research manuscripts in science and history ready forprinting. At the close of fiscal year 1970, 19 major manuscripts couldnot be printed for lack of funds. Investments in research are wastedunless the results are published on a timely basis.
2142ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS1970 Actual $700, 0001971 Estimate $707, 0001972 Estimate $758, 000For a century and a quarter, the Institution has achieved the diffusion ofresearch knowledge principally through the Smithsonian Press. Most of the Presspublication activity is considered as a fundamental extension of the basic researchprograms of the Smithsonian's museums and research laboratories. TheSmithsonian Press also produces and distributes museum guides, exhibit catalogs,and information leaflets. This is an extension of another basic Smithsonianprogram, public education. Finally, the Press also furnishes the Institution witha variety of internal manuals, reports, specimen labels, and directories. Arecent analysis of Press operations reveals that about 70 percent of Press effortsare spent directly on research publications, 20 percent on public education, andthe balance on administrative support.Additional funding of $40,000 is requested for research publication printing.Funding of $11, 000 for necessary pay also is required.Need for Increase --Currently, about one hundred research publications ayear appear in eight active series in the fields of anthropology, astrophysics,biology, geology, history, and technology. This represents the extent of thePress 1 current funding capacity for this portion of overall activity and not whatcould have been published. There has accumulated over the last few years asubstantial backlog of research publications generated by Smithsonian scientistsand historians. At the close of fiscal year 1970, 19 major manuscripts ready forpublication, with estimated printing costs of $32, 000, were withheld from theGovernment Printing Office because funds were not available. The situation willonly worsen in fiscal years 1971 and 1972 since it is virtually certain that theresearch output of the professional staff will exceed the ability of the Press tofund the publishable reports. The Smithsonian is basically a research institutionand support of that research is wasted unless reported on a timely basis tonational users. An additional $40, 000 are requested for research publicationprinting.
2143INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISIONIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 14 2 1611 Personnel Compensation $175,000 $37,000 $212,00012 Personnel Benefits 14,000 2,000 16,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 4,000 1,000 5,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 10,000 10,00024 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 11,000 18,000 29,00026 Supplies & Materials 2, 000 2, 0003
1
Equipment 3, 000 3, 00041 Grants TOTAL $ 219,000 $ 58, 000 $ 277, 000Analysis of TotalPay Increase $ 12,000 $ 8,000 $ 20,000Program $207,000 $50,000 $257,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Application of Electronic Data Processing to Smithsonian Requirements(2 positions, $50, 000)The Smithsonian, through the work of its museums and researchlaboratories, is basically an information producer and distributor.Throughout the Institution firm requirements have been identified for theapplication of electronic data processing to the task of storing, arranging,and reporting data associated with collections and other research. Thisrequirement is especially acute in the National Museum of Natural Historybut virtually all of our science, history, and art activities have such needs.An illustration in our budget request shows how data related to the collectionscan be reported for medical research use. For fiscal year 1972, twoadditional computer specialists are required ($31,000) with funds forcomputer services and other support ($19,000).
2144ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESINFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION1970 Actual $217,0001971 Estimate $219,0001972 Estimate $277,000The Information Systems Division was established in 1966 in response to agrowing awareness that the Institution had to take advantage of computertechnology not only in its management areas but to gain access to masses ofresearch data and information associated with its collections. Currently, theDivision is comprised of an information retrieval section, a mathematicalcomputation section, a software and maintenance section, and a managementsystems section. While much of the Division's efforts are currently devoted toadministrative and management support functions, in future years attention willbe concentrated increasingly on research support and the retrieval of informationfrom the National Collections. Some 350 specific and 50 general computerprograms have been developed and much of the time of current staff must goto maintenance and updating. An illustration of the Division's output insupport of research and collections management is shown on a following page.Current program shortages include the following, for which a program increaseof $50,000 is requested. An additional $8, 000 are required for necessary pay.Need for Increase?The Division is not yet able to meet Institution needsin the management systems area. It is utilizing its present capacity in thisarea developing and installing new systems for library acquisitions and search,fiscal accounting, personnel administration, buildings management work planningand control, and for property management. These systems are only in initialor intermediate stages of development, and a particularly large increase inactual systems implementation and programming time is required to meet theanticipated workload in fiscal year 1972.For several years (largely with grant funds which are no longer available)the Institution has been exploring and developing automated methods for capturingnatural history collection information in order to make measurements of longterm environmental change associated with artifact and specimen characteristicsuseful for controlled research purposes. The Institution is considered thepioneer in this area by concerned scientists around the nation. One objective,for example, is to recreate environmental conditions for selected animalspecies which prevailed during specified periods in history, and then throughvarious analyses to speculate about changes which have occurred or will occurand result in contemporary population, distribution, and survival characteristics.The feasibility and usefulness of automation has been demonstrated to thescientific community by the joint efforts which have taken place to date betweenthe National Museum of Natural History and the Information Systems Division.These pilot projects have concentrated on birds, Crustacea, rocks, andminerals. The system must now be gradually extended and implemented throughthe Museum. Collection information systems are needed elsewhere in theSmithsonian. For instance, in the National Portrait Gallery, the Division ishelping to develop a program to permit retrieval of a great variety of researchdata concerning portraits of distinguished Americans. In the Museum ofHistory and Technology similar systems are needed to assist the curators incataloging, retrieving, and maintaining their collections.To accommodate these and related needs, two additional computerspecialists will be required ($31,000) along with necessary travel and computerservices to support the entire Division ($19, 000).
2145
BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
5fe
( INPUTDATA
MEASUREMENT AND DATA PREPARATION
GROUP
VARIABLE MEAN VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION
COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION STORAGE, RETRIEVAL AND ANALYSIS
STANBARC eR^OTT VARIATION CoeFF
63.5875 2.365735.8900 2.114338.9100 6.610233.7*25 1.934329.4675 .554616.7925 .529915.7050 .417418.8300 .647319.8675 3.473517.6050 1.066643.7525 2.374463.2225 2.805440.0475 1.343640.3675 .877632.5325 .897153.4950 2.225128.2350 2.626934.5475 2.554927.5475 3.7508
COMPONENT II
monkeys from leticia, Colombi'
1.53811.45402.57101.3908
.7447
.7280
.6461
.80451.86371.03281.54091.67491.1591
.9368
.94721.49171.62081.59841.9367
.2432
.2299
.4065
.2199
.1177
.1151
.1022
.1272
.2947
.1633
.2436
.2648
.1833
.1481
.1498
.2359
.2563
.2527
.3062
2.41894.05146.60764.12182.52713.87374.11384.27269.38095.86643.52182.64932.89442.32072.91142.78845.74034.62677.0304
OCCIPITAL LENGTH, AND LENGTH OF TOOTH R0?. COMPONENT II IS DETERMINED BY SKULL HEIGIN4SI0N-BREGMA LENfcTH,
The above Illustrates how computerization allows Smithsonian scientists to identify animals used in biomedicalresearch more precisely. Retrieved data on external morphology and skull morphology may be subjected to canonicalanalysis and discriminate function analysis often resulting In a discrimination among groups of animals which yields abetter definition of taxonomy and geographic variation. Investigators are concerned about a variety of physiologicand biochemical differences among squirrel monkeys (Salmiri scivreue) used In medical research. An analysis of 19variables has identified those characteristics most useful in discriminating between groups and has demonstrated thatsqulrTel monkeys differ according to the place obtained: Iquitos, Peru or Leticia, Columbia. This task could notreadily be accomplished without benefit of the computer system as manifold computations must be made on each of the19 variables.
2146SMITHSONIAN ARCHIVESIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 6 611 Personnel Compensation $50,000 $ 3,000 $ 53,00012 Personnel Benefits 4,000 4,00021 Travel 8t Transp. of Persons 1,000 1,00022 Transportation of Things .....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing 8t Reproduction25 Other Services ... 3,000 5,000 8,00026 Supplies & Materials 2,000 2,00031 Equipment 1,000 1,00041 Grants TOTAL $61.000 $ 8, 000 $ 69,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $3,000 $3,000 $6,000Program $58,000 $5,000 $63,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Microfilming Archival Records ($5,000)The Archives maintains records dating from the 1830' s on the Smithsonian'shistory, and makes these available for administrative purposes as well as toscholars studying the history of American science. The requested increase of$5,000 is aimed at microfilming deteriorating documents for preservation andto make them more accessible to researchers.
2147ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSMITHSONIAN ARCHIVES1970 Actual $33, 0001971 Estimate $61,0001972 Estimate $69, 000The Smithsonian Archives is both the official memory of the SmithsonianInstitution and a valuable research resource for scholars in the history ofAmerican science in the 19th century. Exclusive of materials located in theresearch and curatorial areas of the Smithsonian (which also should beidentified and protected), the Archives' current holdings amount to over onemillion documents from the 1830's to the present. Within available resources,the Archives' staff identifies permanently valuable records throughout theInstitution, preserves them for administrative, legal, and fiscal value, andprovides service on these records to Smithsonian staff. This constitutes theArchives' management or service function. The Archives also makes availableand interprets its holdings to the scholarly community, an activity which makesthe greatest demands upon the professional capacity of the staff.Current resources of staff and funds are distributed approximately equallyamong the following activities: identifying, selecting, and preserving valuablerecords; preparing finding aids; and providing reference services. In fiscalyear 1970, about one-half of the reference service effort went to student,scholar, and federal agency users.An increase of $5, 000 is requested for microfilming valuable records. Anadditional amount of $3, 000 is requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase--A major current program shortage is the lack ofsufficient funds for contract microfilming and supplies. Only about $3,000 iscurrently available for this purpose. Thi6 requested increase of $5, 000 forfiscal year 1972 is aimed at microfilming deteriorating documents as apreservation function, and to increase the availability of these records to staffand visitors through microfilm medium.
2148PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISIONIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions 20 2011 Personnel Compensation $211,000 $ 8,000 $ 219,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 17,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction 10,000 15,000 23,00025 Other Services 1.000 1,00026 Supplies & Materials 13,000 4,000 17,00031 Equipment 3,000 3,00041 Grants TOTAL $252,000 $ 28,000 $ 280,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase 12,000 8,000 20,000Program $240, 000 $20, 000 $260, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):General Photographic Support ($20,000)As a result of a virtually level allotment and some pay cost absorption,funds available for other object classes have decreased over the past severalyears. Yet the price of films, chemicals, and outside processing has increased10-15 percent. In addition, many pieces of equipment are 10-12 years oldand obsolete or frequently in need of repair. An amount of $20,000 isrequested to purchase supplies, replacement equipment, and specializedprocessing services.
2149ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESPHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION1970 Actual $265,0001971 Estimate $252,0001972 Estimate $280, 000The Smithsonian photographic services are unique in that the Institution'sactivities require more quality and custom work as compared to thephotographic needs of most government agencies. The photographic work isunder public scrutiny almost entirely. In view of the importance ofphotographic services to the entire Institution, the centralized PhotographicServices Division was formed to exercise a more stable and positive controlover the application of procedures and techniques. It maintains laboratories inthree museum buildings.This Division is charged with supplying all types of photographic andrelated services that the Smithsonian's museums and research activities mayrequire. This involves filling photographic requests, obtaining outside con-tractual services, and providing technical assistance and training to Smithsonianstaff members. The Division supports programs of research, documentation,and conservation of collections, exhibitions, education, training, publication,and public service.An increase of $20,000 is requested to provide for general photographicsupport. An additional $8, 000 are required for necessary pay.In the past several years, there have been several Government- wideincreases in salaries, resulting in funds being directed from other objectclasses and used for the payment of salaries and benefits. In fact, fundsavailable for other object classes have decreased from $52,000 in fiscal year1968 to $25,000 in fiscal year 1970. This situation is further aggravated bythe fact that the prices of films, chemicals, and processing have increased10-15 percent during this period. Equipment replacement needs have had to bedeferred in order to purchase necessary supplies and materials. Many piecesof equipment are now 1 to 12 years old and obsolete or frequently in need ofrepair. Outside processing (color work) has been held below minimum needs tocompensate for the shift of funds for salaries and benefits. Additional fundsin the amount of $20, 000 are urgently needed to pruchase supplies, equipment,and specialized processing services.
2150SUPPLY DIVISION Increase 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 21 2111 Personnel Compensation $236,000 $7,000 $243,00012 Personnel Benefits 17,000 1,000 18,00021 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things .... :2 3 Rent, Comm. & Utilities 8,000 8,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 6,000 3,000 9,00026 Supplies & Materials 59,000 15,000 74,00031 Equipment. 1,000 2,000 3,00041 Grants TOTAL $327,000 $ 28,000 $ 355,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $10,000 $8,000 $18,000Program $317, 000 $20, 000 $337, 000
Specification of Increase (Program):Stockroom Operations ($20, 000 )The growth in research, exhibit, and educational programs hasincreased demands for stockroom supplies. These commonly used itemsare centrally bought, stocked, and issued for economy and efficiency.Reserves of many needed items have been depleted, however, and pricescontinue to rise. An additional $20,000 are required for stockroom supplies,equipment, and office machine repair services.
2151ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESSUPPLY DIVISION1970 Actual $318,0001971 Estimate $327, 0001972 Estimate $355, 000The Supply Division procures supplies, materials, contractual services, andequipment for research, curatorial, exhibition preparation, and other Smithsonianactivities. It stocks and issues office, laboratory, and other supplies required indaily operations. It operates a property management program, obtaining excessproperty in lieu of new procurement wherever possible. The Division maintainsproperty records and takes periodic inventories to insure adequate control andutilization of equipment items.An increase of $20,000 is required primarily for stockroom operations. Anadditional $8, 000 are requested for necessary pay.Need for Increase?The growth in research, exhibit, and educationalprograms has increased demands for stockroom supplies. For economy andefficiency of purchasing, general supply items are bought centrally and stocked bythe Division for issue. The Division has had to reduce its expenditures forsupplies in order to absorb part of higher pay costs. About $76, 000 are availablein fiscal year 1971 of which about $18, 000 will be used for duplicating supplies.Because of limited funds, the Division has been unable to conduct an orderlyplanned procurement and stocking program. It has been forced to buy often insmall lots, making for uneconomical procurement. To save funds, the inventoryhas been purged of slow-moving items and specialized items used by only one ora few units. The reserves of many necessary items, however, have been reducedto dangerous levels. Stock prices are rising. An additional $20, 000 are requestedfor stockroom supplies, equipment, and office machine repair services.The Division's workload of purchase orders, contracts, imprest fund uses,and other transactions associated with operating funds, foreign currency matters,and construction projects continues to increase. This increase is the result ofgeneral expansion and the assignment of major procurements for the NationalZoological Park. Although improved methods and techniques (a new procurementmanual has been issued recently) will continue to increase productivity, it isanticipated that the procurement workload will outpace available manpower infiscal year 1972. There is also the problem of adequate control of receiving andprompt delivery services to additional building facilities (for instance, theRenwick Gallery and the new laboratory building for the Radiation Biology Labora-tory in Rockville, Maryland). Notwithstanding the foregoing, an increase inpersonnel is not being requested at this time. Further expansion will requireadditional personnel.
2152A DMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISION
Object Class 1971 BaseNumber of Permanent Positions . . g_
1 1 Personnel Compensation $ 117, 00012 Personnel Benefits . . 9, 0002 1 Travel 8t Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ....24 Printing & Reproduction ..... 25, 00025 Other Services 1, 0002t Supplies & Materials ....... 4,0003 1 Equipment .... 1,00041 Grant.5 TOTAL $ 157, 000
Increase 1972Requested Estimate
o 9$ 4,000 $ 121,0009,000
7,000 32,0001,0003,000 7,0001,000$ 14, 000 $ 171,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $8,000 $4,000 $12,000Program $149,000 $10,000 $159,000
Spec U. cation of Increase (Program):Forms Management Program ($10,000)An additional $10,000 (on a base of approximately $25,000) is requiredto purchase a variety of forms for management purposes.
2153ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS DIVISION1970 Actual $140, 0001971 Estimate $157,0001972 Estimate $171,000The Administrative Systems Division provides management analysis andsystem and procedures work in the development of sound business administrationand management improvement programs within the Institution. This unitdevelops organizational, functional, staffing and flow charts, procedural manualsand other administrative issuances, makes studies and special surveys, providesmanagement advisory services, and maintains a forms management program.A program increase of $10,000 is requested in order to provide suppliesfor the forms management program. An additional $4, 000 are required fornecessary pay.Need for Increase--As the complexity of the Institution has increased, theuse of forms has increased also. Formerly, the Institution could utilize arelatively small number of simple forms for management and reportingpurposes. However, the increase in the number of bureaus and programs of theSmithsonian requires that sophisticated reporting systems, including computerreports, be developed to insure that heads of bureaus and offices as well asother Smithsonian officials receive the information essential for effectivemanagement. These new reporting systems use many types of forms inrelatively large quantities. Unfortunately, in spite of inflationary increase inthe cost of forms, the funds available for their purchases have remained constantat about $25,000. This has now reached a point where the printing or purchaseof many required forms has been deferred due to the lack of funds. Anadditional $10, 000 are urgently needed for the purchase of forms.
2154DUPLICATING SECTIONObject Class 1971 Base7Number of Permanent Positions . .11 Personnel Compensation $ 54,00012 Personnel Benefits 4,00021 Travel 8c Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 7,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 5,00026 Supplies t* Materials3 1 Equipment .41 Grants ....
IncreaseRequested 1972Estimate7
i 3,000 $ 57, 0004,0007,0005,00015,000 15,000
i 18.000 $ 88,000TOTAL $ 70,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $3,000 $3,000 $6,000Program $67,000 $15,000 $82,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Replacement of Old Equipment ($15,000)The Duplicating Section produces a wide range of high quality printedmaterials for Smithsonian research, curatorial, *xhibits, and administrativeneeds. Much of its current equipment is old and, while well maintained,frequently breaks down. No funds are available for replacements. Anamount of $15,000 is requested to replace a 13-year-old offset press and aplatemaker to reproduce materials with greater fidelity.
2155ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESDUPLICATING SECTIO"N1970 Actual $83, 0001971 Estimate $70, 0001972 Estimate $88, 000The Duplicating Section is responsible for producing a wide range ofprinted materials for the Smithsonian Institution. Included are administrativeissuances, news releases and reports, and informational materials produced bythe research, curatorial, and exhibits activities.A program increase of $15,000 is requested to replace old and obsoleteequipment. An additional funding of $3, 000 for necessary pay is required.Need for Increase?The current budget meets the costs of essentialpersonnel (no staff reductions can be made and meet theworkload ), somesupplies, and essential repairs to existing equipment. No funds are available topurchase replacement equipment. Much of the current equipment is old andwhile well maintained frequently breaks down. One of the four offset pressesis thirteen years old. When out of operation there is a loss of production aswell as costly repairs. Funds are requested for a replacement offset press andfor a new itek platemaker in order to reproduce photographs and other originalswith greater fidelity.The service furnished by this unit is essential to many of the overallprograms of the Smithsonian Institution. The personnel are well qualified tohandle this type of work and do an excellent job. Work must be kept at acurrent level to be of any value to those requiring the work.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 56
2156OTHER CENTRAL SUPPORTIncrease 1972Object Class 1971 Base Requested EstimateNumber of Permanent Positions . . 1311 Personnel Compensation $155,000 $ 5,00012 Personnel Benefits 14,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons22 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 5,00024 Printing & Reproduction25 Other Services 2,00026 Supplies & Materials .......31 Equipment. 1,00041 Grants
13$ 160, 00014, 000
5, 0002, 000
1, 000
$ 182, 000TOTAL $ 177,000 $ 5,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $8,000 $5,000 $13,000Program $169,000 $16,9,000
Specification of Increase (Program):No program increase is sought for fiscal year 1972.
2157ADMINISTRATIVE AND CENTRAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIESOTHER CENTRAL SUPPORT1970 Actual $168, 0001971 Estimate $177,0001972 Estimate $182,000
Included are the activities of the Equal Employment Opportunity Office, thespecial project involving writing and research efforts associated with producingthe Joseph Henry Papers, the Travel Services Office, and the record keepingduties of the Secretary's Files. No increases are being sought for theseactivities other than necessary pay ($ 5, 000).
2158BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENTIncreaseObject Class 1971 Base RequestedNumber of Permanent Positions . . 768 2511 Personnel Compensation $6,032,000 $504,00012 Personnel Benefits 453,000 40,0002 1 Travel & Transp. of Persons 3,00022 Transportation of Things ....23 Rent, Comm. & Utilities ... . 1,425,000 168,00024 Printing & Reproduction .....25 Other Services 1,033,000 45,00026 Supplies & Materials 275,000 40,00031 Equipment 50,000 10,00941 Grants TOTAL $ 9,271.000 $ 807,000
Analysis of TotalPay Increase $606,000 $382,000Program $8, 665, 000 $425, 000
1972Estimate793$6, 536,000493,0003,0001,593,0001, 078, 000315,00060,000$10,078,000
$988,000$9,090,000
Specification of Increase (Program):Renwick Gallery (25 positions, $195,000)The Gallery will be undergoing exhibit preparation in early fiscal year1972, and is now scheduled for public opening in the fall of 1971. Additionalsecurity and maintenance personnel are needed for the Gallery operations.Twenty-five positions (17 guards, five custodial employees, and threemechanics) and personnel funding ($162,000) are requested. Support fundingfor related maintenance expenses such as supplies, communications, materials,and equipment are also requested ($33,000).Other Institutional Maintenance ($230,000)Because of inflationary costs and greater utilization of facilities, anadditional $230,000 are sought for utility and related expenses in all otherbuildings of the Institution.
2159BUILDINGS MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT1970 Actual $ 8, 067, 0001971 Estimate $ 9,271,0001972 Estimate $10,078,000The Buildings Management Department provides essential services to theprogram units and helps them accomplish the Institution's important goals. Theseresponsibilities include the protection, operation, and maintenance of eight majorbuildings. These include the original Smithsonian Institution Building, the Historyand Technology Building, the Natural History Building, the Arts and IndustriesBuilding, the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space Building, the FineArts and Portrait Galleries Building (housing the National Portrait Gallery and theNational Collection of Fine Arts), and the Renwick Gallery. The Departmentperforms various combinations of these functions for nine other research, collection,special purpose, and support facilities, including the Chesapeake Bay Center forEnvironmental Studies, the Oceanographic Sorting Center, the Belmont ConferenceCenter, and the Silver Hill facility (which provides for the restoration and preserva-tion activities of the National Air and Space Museum, and houses referencecollections of aircraft, and other objects of science, technology, art, and naturalhistory). The total floor space of all the Smithsonian buildings is 3,300,000 squarefeet, and includes exhibition and public areas, research laboratories, referencecollection areas, libraries, offices, and supporting facilities located at 17 differentsites in the Metropolitan Area.This Department provides utilities (electricity, steam, gas, water, andcompressed air), including servicing, repairing, and operating the refrigeration,heating, temperature and humidity control systems, and related machinery andaccessories. It furnishes transportation and communications, performs repairs,improvements, and alterations to the buildings. Among the Department'sresponsibilities are the safety, physical security, and disaster programs, as wellas engineering and architectural services, construction management, spacemanagement, feasibility studies, and professional services.A program increase of 25 positions and $425, 000 are required in fiscal year1972 to provide basic services to the Renwick Gallery; and to meet increased costsof utilities, communications, contract work, supplies and materials, and equipmentfor all of the buildings. An additional $382,000 are requested for mandatoryincreases in pay and benefits.Need for Increase1. The Renwick Gallery . Located at 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, theRenwick was turned over to the Smithsonian Institution in February 1969, andextensive and essential restoration and renovation work remained to be done insucceeding fiscal years. The Buildings Management Department has been providingbasic protection to the building and its contents, and other services such as heating,air conditioning, and the humidity control systems. This is done on a 24-hour basis,seven days a week. Fiscal year 1971 costs will be approximately $125,000.The Gallery will be undergoing exhibit preparation beginning in early fiscal1972, and is now scheduled for opening to the public in the fall of 1971. Theadditional positions required to provide adequate staffing for fiscal 1972 include 17guards, five custodial employees, and three mechanics (electrician, painter, andcarpenter). In addition to $162, 000 for personnel costs, funds are also requestedfor related expenses such as communications, supplies, materials, and equipmentto support these necessary functions ($33,000). This is a requested total increaseof $195, 000 for building operation costs of this significant additional Institutionalfacility.
2160
2. Other Institutional Maintenance . An increase of $230,000 is required to meetthe tonowing known additional utility and related expenses:
--$138,000 to meet an approximate 11.5 percent increase in the cost ofelectricity over the last two fiscal years.
--$35, 000 for contract services ($20, 000 for contract services for the removalof trash and debris resulting from higher labor costs; $15,000 to fund theincreased cost of miscellaneous contract work for such items as laundry,cleaning and repair of uniforms, and rodent control).
--$30,000 to meet the increasing costs of supplies and materials (this estimateis based on an average increase of 12 percent to 15 percent for essentialsupplies and materials for the maintenance, operation, and protection of allthe Smithsonian buildings).
--$20,000 to meet the increasing costs for communications (of this amount$16,000 are needed for the Federal Telecommunications System intercitytelephone services as projected by the General Services Administration).
--$7, 000 to meet the increasing costs for equipment (cost increases averaged12 percent to 15 percent during the past fiscal yeai).The cost of electricity, steam, and communications for all Smithsonianbuildings and activities continues to increase along with an upward trend inconsumption as indicated in the following table.Type of Expense 1969$595,000235,000322, 00031,0001, 183, 000
1970$650,000268,000372,00025, 0001,315, 000
1971Est. 1972Est.ElectricityCommunicationsSteamGas $685, 000288, 000425, 00029,0001,427,000
$823, 000318, 000425, 00029,0001, 595, 000In a four-year period, the cost of Institutional utilities has increased byapproximately 35 percent (or an average rate of 12 percent per year) with noprospect of this trend diminishing. For example, the General ServicesAdministration has increased the price of steam about 19 percent this fiscal year.Although higher consumption and increased costs reflect some growth inbuilding areas, to a substantial degree they result from the fact that Smithsonianbuildings and museum operations are not normal office-type activities. Airconditioning, heating, and lighting must be provided for the comfort of approximately14, 000, 000 visitors during day and evening hours. Many activities are continuous,such as operating engineers being available seven days a week, 24-hours a day,for maintaining environmental control systems. Continuous operations are absolutelyessential in many phases of the Department for the conservation and preservation ofthe National Collections. Supporting services must be provided not only during thenormal hours, but also for Institutional activities in the evenings, weekends, andholidays. Peak workload periods are during the spring and summer months whenthe museum and gallery exhibitions are open until 9:00 p.m.The mechanical services employees are also responsible for inspecting,servicing, repairing, and operating the 9,850-ton capacity environmental controlequipment. This is a complex and intricate system of machinery used for airconditioning, refrigeration, heating, and humidity control purposes. In additionto price increases, the capacity of this machinery has increased five percent in
2161the last year. The volume and complexity of work orders for mechanical tradesassistance continue to grow and to place heavy demands on this Department asindicated below: Fiscal Year Work Orders1969 8,1801970 9,5001971 10, 500 est.1972 11,000 est.These work orders represent a broad range of assistance and support to suchactivities as exhibitions in history, science and the arts, educational and researchprograms, and increased use of all buildings, grounds, and facilities by the visitingpublic.Building services employees give support to the many programs of theSmithsonian including moving collections and objects, and cleaning exhibit areas,research laboratories, offices, shops, and several public lounges. Employeesare also responsible for motor vehicle services, switchboard operation, checkroomservices, office moves, and operation of the Institution's 55 elevators.Over the past several years adequate protection of the visitors to our museumsand art galleries has become increasingly complex. The design of exhibit halls andconfiguration of space requires effective protection. Many more exhibits are beingdesigned to permit the public to view the objects without the intrusion of protectivedevices such as enclosures and cases. The National Collections must be givenmaximum protection against loss through arson, theft or vandalism. There hasbeen no significant decrease in the number of such incidents (211 in fiscal 1969;205 in fiscal 1970). The recently established special salary rate for guardpositions will aid in recruiting and retaining qualified guards. The rates are morecommensurate with the responsibilities of these positions.The scope and complexity of the activities of the Buildings ManagementDepartment require continuing management improvement efforts and cost reductionprograms to ensure that a maximum quality of service is provided with availablefunds. In recognition of this need, a study by a reputable management consultantfirm has been made regarding the organizational structure, financial management,and work control systems of the Department. Several of the recommendations inthis study are in the process of implementation. For example, work standards arebeing developed and implemented, and an inventory control unit has been established.A work control unit has been initiated to plan, estimate, and schedule all majorwork requests. This will ensure that the preventive maintenance program for plantequipment and buildings is conducted effectively and at minimum cost.
2162ANTICIPATED SUPPLEMENTAL: PAY INCREASESSenator BIBLE. There will be submitted a supplemental re-quest in the amount of $1,630,000. What is the status of thatsupplemental request? Where is it now?Dr. RIPLEY. That is still pending in the Office of Managementand Budget, Mr. Chairman.Senator BIBLE. Supplemental for what purpose, pay and sal-ary increases?Dr. RlPLEY. Yes, salary and pay increases.Senator BIBLE. To satisfy you to June 30?Dr. Ripley. Yes. PREPARED STATEMENTSenator BIBLE. Your full statement will be made a part ofthe record, and you may highlight it.(The statement follows:)Mr. '"hairman and Members of the Committee.
It is a pleasure to appear again before this Committee toreview the Smithsonian Institution's accomplishments over the pastyear and to enlist your continued interest in and support of our programs.This coming August will mark the 125th birthday of the Institution. Weare enthusiastic about the future and confident that our continued efforts
at increasing and diffusing knowledge will result in contributions to theNation as significant as those in the past.
Notable Events of the Past YearThere have been many notable events and achievements duringthe past year which I would like to summarize briefly for the record.
? Visitor attendance to the buildings on and in the vicinity of theMall increased by approximately 3, 200, 000 persons in fiscalyear 1970 over the previous year, from 10,400, 000 to 13, 600, 000.Through February of this fiscal year we have had 8, 024, 000
visitors, slightly ahead of last year's pace. An additional 50thousand persons visit the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum andapproximately 5 million come to the National Zoological Parkeach year. This use testifies to the growing interest in all public
2163institutions as educational and cultural resources.
- Construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden began in March 1970. As of now, the ground floor slabis 75 percent complete, the foundation walls are complete, andthe Mall level slab is 30 percent finished. We project that thebuilding will be ready for occupancy in the fall of 1972, with apublic opening to follow within six to nine months.Also in April 1970, the first issue of the Smithsonian magazineappeared. We now have some 230, 000 associate members andare very pleased by this new capability to diffuse knowledge.As Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian, statedin 1852, "The worth and importance of the Institution are notto be estimated by what it accumulates within the walls of itsbuilding [s], but by what it sends forth to the world. "A special word should be said about the coming to the Smithsonian
of the Archives of American Art in May 1970. This extraordinarilyimportant archival resource will strengthen our positionas a leading national center for the study of American artand civilization.More than 750, 000 persons were drawn to the Mall during thefive-day period including the Fourth of July to participate in theannual Festival of American Folklife. At the Festival 350craftsmen and musicians demonstrated the survival of America'scultural heritage. Although drawing participants from many
states, each year we highlight one or more regions --Pennsylvaniain 1969, Arkansas in 1970, and Ohio and the Indians of the PacificNorthwest this coming summer.
2164With funds appropriated to the Institution we have initiated aspecial interbureau program pointing toward the celebration ofthe American Revolution Bicentennial in 1976 and a reappraisal
of our national experiences. We have a similar Institution-wideeffort underway to develop long-range ecological assessments
critical to improving man's understanding of the physical andbiological environment upon which human society depends.The current and growing concern for the safety of the food weeat has, as in so many cases in the past, led scientists to thecollections in the National Museum of Natural History for cluesto the answers which are being sought. The determination ofthe levels of mercury found in seafood products is a good example
of the service which our staff is able to render. Analysis ofspecimens in our collections shows that as far back as 1878 tunacontained levels of mercury similar to those discovered recentlyin canned fish which were subsequently withdrawn from themarket. Specimens of tuna from the Gulf of Mexico and theAtlantic and Pacific Oceans taken as far back as 80 to 90 yearsago show concentrations of methylmercury ranging from 0. 04to 0. 64 parts per million. As you are aware, the presentsafety guideline established by the FDA is 0. 5 ppm and seafoodcontaining a higher concentration is deemed unsafe for humanconsumption.DDT had long been suspected as exerting a harmful effecton the reproduction of birds. Recent studies on specimens inthe National Museum of Natural History have confirmed thissuspicion. A comparison of pre-pesticide birds' eggs with eggs
of the same species of birds today shows a dramatic reduction in
2165
shell thickness. This increased fragility results in breakage
of eggs during incubation and, of course, a lower reproduction
rate. One species thus seriously affected of great concern tobiologists is the fish eating hawk, the Osprey. Specimen Ospreyeggs in the Museum's collections, some of which date back asfar as 100 years, demonstrate convincingly this change in shellthickness.
- We are proud of the initiation during the past year of the firstprograms for the Woodrow Wilson International Center forScholars. The opening in October 1970 of fellowship and guestscholar programs is a further realization of the Smithsonian'straditional international role. President Nixon and SenatorHumphrey, the Chairman of the Center's Board of Trustees,honored us by dedicating the Center on February 18, 1971.
- The Encyclopaedia of North American Indians is well alongtoward development. Planning has been completed, writingassignments have been partially made, and we are very optimisticthat this comprehensive set of standard reference works willbe published by July 1976 as part of the Institution's contributionto the American Revolution Bicentennial.
.- Public Law 91-629, approved December 31, 1970, reauthorizedappropriations for the National Museum Act in the amount
of $1, 000, 000 each year, a portion of which would be madeavailable by the Smithsonian to the National Endowment forthe Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.This funding for training, conservation, and exhibits techniquesis essential if the nation's museums, now being visited byperhaps as many as 700 million persons a year, are to continueto offer educational and cultural opportunities.
2166
-- Recently, we were pleased to announce the selection of
a Director for our National Air and Space Museum after
a long and intensive search. Astronaut Michael Collins
will join our staff on about April 12th and immediately beginto help us develop our plans for the future.
-- Radio astronomers at the Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory, coordinating research in the laboratoryand at the telescope, have recently observed in space suchsurprising substances as methanol (wood alcohol) and formicacid (the agent that makes an ant bite painful) and are searchingfor still more complex molecules such as amino acids whichare the building blocks of life.
-- On April 6, 1971, we will open a major exhibition in theNational Museum of History and Technology featuring themusic-making machines that have revolutionized theperformance, reproduction, and dissemination of musicin America. This will be an additional attraction for themore than 5 million persons who visit this Museum eachyear.These are but a few of the highlights of our activities duringthe past 12 months. Many more have been described in the recentlyissued Smithsonian Year, copies of which have been given widedistribution. We might add that this annual report has been revisedand streamlined to make it a more useful document and to reducethe very substantial printing costs of previous editions.Plans for the Future
I would now like to identify in a summary way our ten majorobjectives and guiding principles for the next several years. Additional
2167details on our plans and requirements that will help us realize theseobjectives have been stated in our budget estimates and will be discussedduring the course of the hearing.One The central concerns of the Smithsonian represent national needsfor the kind of sustained commitment that can be made only by an institutionwith a strong sense of continuity, tradition, and concentrated purpose. Webelieve that our first responsibility is to continue the general lines ofendeavor that have marked the past 125 years: basic research in selectedareas of national interest; development and maintenance of the NationalCollections in science, history, and in the arts; and education of the publicthrough exhibitions, publications, and lectures.Two An overriding concern must continue to be the qualify of theprofessional staff effort within the Smithsonian in order to sustain thebasic scholarly program. We cannot too strongly emphasize the achievement
of an adequate level of technical and financial support for this effort.
Three There are a number of courses we should avoid. We must declinerequests to assume responsibilities which we believe to be too extensive.For instance, while cooperating with universities we should not seek toassume their distinctive functions. And, while cooperating with andassisting museums elsewhere, as, for instance, through theNational Museum Act, we should provide guidance and experttraining, not assume a policy or directional role.
2168Four Without infringing upon the autonomy of our bureaus and theirdistinctive objectives, we shall try to emphasize the advantages
of existence as a community of scholars. Our desire to maintain
unity of outlook and professional endeavor suggests that theSmithsonian should select program developments that reinforceits existing activities.
Five The museum as an institution for communicating with thepublic at large is one focus for Smithsonian concern. The otherfocus is on the vigorous prosecution of lines of laboratory studieswhich, if it were not for the Smithsonian and companion institutions,would not receive the attention that the national interest requires.When we constitute a museum it is with due emphasis upon itsscholarly responsibilities in adding to the store of man's knowledge.These two foci of concern should continue to determine theSmithsonian's course.
Six Beginning this year, the observance of the Bicentennial ofthe American Revolution will become a predominant factor in thedevelopment of Smithsonian programs. Within the settings of ourmuseums, members of the public may seek a reappraisal of ournational experience with due reference to its international setting.Fresh insights of historians should be interwoven with superbofferings of objects and art works that portray our Nation's courseover the past two centuries and suggest paths for our continueddevelopment.
2169Seven From the studies of the sources of energy and means for itsuse by living systems to the explanation of biological diversity, theSmithsonian represents an unexcelled multi-disciplinary array ofinformation resources and professional scientists. This puts the Institution in aunique position to improve our understanding of the physical environmentupon which human society depends. We anticipate increasing demandsupon our efforts in systematic biology, anthropology, astrophysics,and environmental studies as important resources in the national effortin environmental improvement.
Eight One of the most important unfulfilled hopes for the Smithsonianis that a great national museum might be developed on the Mall torecreate the experience of man's great adventure: flight and spaceexploration. We also aspire to present insights into the significance
of the space age for everyday life and to communicate an understanding
of the scientific discoveries originating from space exploration.Thus, we are coming to appreciate that it is not only machines, orrelics of the past, or evidences of the skills of craftsmen that concern
us, but man himself. Thus, we propose also to continue to study theidea of a museum of man which would convey additional knowledgeabout man and society.
Nine The birthright of today's citizen is an understanding of theforces shaping himself and his world. It is to museums that manypeople look for access to the works of artists, an appreciation ofthe past, an awareness of the scientific view of nature, and for portents
2170
of the future. All museums must experiment with new techniques
of exhibition and embark upon research aimed at improving theireffectiveness in popular education. The quality of our response tothis democratic vista will continue to be a matter of overriding concernto the Smithsonian in years to come. We are hopeful that the programsunder the National Museum Act can be implemented fully.
Ten From the amassing of great national collections have arisendifficult questions about how to guarantee access to the informationthey contain. This will call for innovative designs of indices, catalogues,and ways to manage these collections as information resources. Perhaps someof the techniques developed for the management of voluminous flows
of data from satellite observations or oceanographic stations maybe adapted to the needs of the future. If man is not to be engulfedby a rising tide of reports, paper, data, computer printouts, andmemorabilia, organizations such as the Smithsonian must pioneerin winnowing and selecting from the spate of messages that now fillthe communications channels of our advanced technological civiliza-tion. In our role as custodian of the Nation's collections we musttry to serve the public interest in improved management of scientificand scholarly information. The Science Information Exchange isfunctioning in a related capacity.Budget Requirements for Fiscal Year 1972Turning now to our budget requirements for fiscal year 1972,these are presented in four categories: "Salaries and Expenses"for the regular operating programs in our bureaus and offices andfor special programs of an institution-v/ide nature; "Salaries and
2171Expenses" for the operation of the Science Information Exchange;the Special Foreign Currency Program; and Restoration and Construc-tion of Buildings. In total, we are requesting fiscal year 1972 appro-priations of $58, 751, 000, an increase of $12, 794, 000 over theestimated base of $45, 957, 000 for fiscal year 1971 as shown in thePresident's Budget. I would like to discuss each of our appropriationrequests in some greater detail with appropriate reference to ourplanning guidelines and objectives.
"Salaries and Expenses" for Regular and Special ProgramsFor regular and special programs, the Institution is requestinga "Salaries and Expenses" increase of $8, 672, 000 on our estimatedfiscal year 1971 base of $36, 332, 000 for a total of $45, 004, 000.The estimated 1971 base includes $1,630,000 of essential paysupplemental funds to cover three pay raises affecting SmithsonianGeneral Schedule and Wage employees in fiscal year 1971. It doesnot include a proposed pay supplemental of $563, 000 to fund theGeneral Schedule pay raise effective on January 10, 1971, whichoccurred too late to be reflected in the President's Budget. Thesepay supplemental appropriations are an absolute necessity in orderto avoid worsening a situation of already short support funds. Wehave absorbed this year approximately $68, 000 of higher costs ofthe health benefits program resulting from Public Law 91-418which became effective on January 1, 1971. Absorption of thiscost in fiscal year 1972 will amount to about $140, 000.Included in the requested increase of $8, 672, 000 is anamount of $1, 154,000 for necessary pay costs of current authorized
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 57
2172
staff, a portion of which is aimed at meeting the full year costs
of the pay raises. The balance of the requested increase,$7,518,000, is for two broad purposes. The first is a phasedelimination of shortages in technicians, very necessary librarymaterials and services, instruments and other equipment forresearch, electronic data processing, and other support requirements.The second is for the continued development of programs entrustedto us by the Congress.The increase of $8, 672, 000 is distributed as follows:
-- An additional amount of $3, 791, 000 is requested forthe operations of the science bureaus and offices. This programincrease will permit improved basic research, documentation, andeducation related to the Institution's traditional responsibilities inanthropology, astrophysics, biology, geology, and the air andspace sciences. Activities will range from investigations thatcontribute to our understanding of the origin and mechanics of theuniverse, through investigations on microscopic organisms in theoceans depths, to the development of man as shown by artifacts andproductivity, including his air and space achievements.
-- An amount of $1,245,000 is sought as an increase forthe Smithsonian's history and art activities to permit an understanding,illumination, and appreciation of our country's history through itsmaterial culture, its technology, and its art. No other institutionhas a greater opportunity to demonstrate what Americans haveaccomplished.
-- A funding increase of $183, 000 is requested for the UnitedStates National Museum activities, primarily for museum registration andconservation purposes.
-- Additional funding of $118,000 is required for the Smith-sonian's public service activities that enable it to expand its publicreach beyond the walls of its centrally located museums and artgalleries.
2173
-- An increase of $1,926,000 is sought in the special programscategory of the Smithsonian's budget request primarily for theEnvironmental Sciences Program of environmental assessment,monitoring, and prediction; for the National Museum Act; andfor a major exhibition on the World of Living Things. Continuedfunding of our American Revolution Bicentennial Program also isbeing requested.
-- And, finally, $1,409,000 are required to allow theadministrative and central support services to give adequatetechnical and management assistance to the museums, galleries,and research laboratories and the Buildings Management Departmentto provide an acceptable level of maintenance, operation, and pro-tection services to the physical plant and program activities.
"Salaries and Expenses" for the Science Information ExchangeTraditionally, the Smithsonian has been involved with theproduction and management of data required for research. Much
of this effort, of course, has been directed at the informationassociated with our collections, but we have been involved in
significant other ways. The Science Information Exchange wasestablished in 1949 by a number of Federal agencies for the purpose
of coordination and communication in research programming. Since1953 the Exchange has been operated by the Smithsonian, firstwith funds provided by approximately a dozen agencies and since1964 by contract from the National Science Foundation. This hasbeen at the level of $1 , 600, 000 for the past two years primarilyto meet the costs of data acquisition and storage. The cost ofoutput services is now met by user charges. The ScienceInformation Exchange provides the national research community
with a comprehensive, computerized source of pre-publicationinformation about research programs that are planned oractually in progress in the biomedical, social, behavioral,
2174physical, and engineering sciences. About 100,000 records
of currently active research are received annually and thousands
of inquiries are being answered to assist research investigatorsand administrators in the planning and management of projectsand programs.Over the past year, discussions with the National ScienceFoundation, the Office of Management and Budget, and with useragencies have concluded that centralized responsibility forfunding and management makes sense. For fiscal year 1972,the Smithsonian is requesting an appropriation of $1,400,000for data input. We will make every effort to increase the incomefrom users of the Exchange services in order to meet some portion
of the trimmed budget requirements for data bank costs. Thisincome amounted to $21 1,000 in 1970 and is estimated optimistically at$375,000 in the current year. If this effort is unsuccessful,the Exchange would be terminated in the latter part of fiscalyear 1972. Special Foreign Currency ProgramThe requested increase for fiscal year 1972 for the SpecialForeign Currency Program is $3,000,000 for a total appropriation
of $5, 500, 000. The increase is essential to support urgent fieldstudies in the Smithsonian's traditional disciplines of astrophysics,systematic and environmental biology, and anthropology whichtoday are recognized as basic to an understanding of man'senvironment and cultural change. The increase is important also toinsure support for on-going and new research which contributes toUnited States national programs under, for example, the InternationalBiological Program under Public Law 91-438, the InternationalDecade of Ocean Exploration, and the cooperative programs abroadunder the Endangered Species Conservation Act.
2175Additional funds are needed to support pending and new researchprojects from some 22 United States institutions. Despite the slightincrease provided in the fiscal year 1971 appropriation, this year'sfunding is sufficient only to support on-going projects and these only
at a reduced level. There will be no money for new research. And,finally, the increase is essential to permit multi-year obligation offunds for research in those "excess' currency countries, likeTunisia and Morocco, where the excess designation by the TreasuryDepartment is subject to termination at any time because the excessaccounts are small. Failure to obligate funds for a reasonablenumber of years for projects in such countries could prematurelyterminate worthy studies by United States institutions withoutreceiving full value from funds already expended.This program has had many accomplishments. It has benefitedmore than 200 institutions in 25 states. More than 107 researchpublications, 214 post-doctoral research opportunities for Americans,and 220 training opportunities for American Ph. D. candidates have
resulted.The General Accounting Office has recently concluded that
"considerably greater amounts [of U. S. -owned Indian rupees] thanare now being spent could be beneficially used. " India is one of themost important areas for the conduct of comparative ecological
studies. Our request for P. L. 480 monies in fiscal year 1972
reflects this and includes vital proposals to conduct studies in Indiacomparable to those initiated in the United States under the Inter-
national Biological Program and under the Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute.
Construction and Restoration and Renovation of BuildingsNational Zoological ParkWe have recently entered into contract with the architecturalfirm of Faulkner, Fryer and Vanderpool for a comprehensive
2176
revision and updating of the Master Plan for the physical development
of the Zoo including schematic drawings of all facilities. This willgive us the most complete plan we have ever had with reliable costestimates at today's construction cost levels. We will apply the verylatest techniques in animal habitat design and construction as well asthose for the accommodation of visitors to the Zoo. This redesign
will require one to two years. In the interim, an appropriation of$200,000 is requested for fiscal year 1972 for repairs and continuedmaintenance on existing facilities in order to keep them in usablecondition. This is the same level of appropriation as in the currentyear. Included in the necessary projects are repair and replacement
of portions of the perimeter fence, the addition of water main lines,and repairs to buildings, cages, and sidewalks.Restoration and Renovation of BuildingsOur total request for restoration, renovation, and improvementsto existing buildings amounts to $1, 050, 000. Included in this requestare four projects.An amount of $400, 000 is required to complete the program ofrestoration of the Renwick Gallery. This Gallery will serve thenation as an exhibit center for American creative achievements in
crafts, design, and the decorative arts. In addition to stagingtemporary exhibitions originating from outside the Institution, theRenwick will include presentations based on the Smithsonian's extensivecollections. We hope to make this Gallery an important nationalforce in promoting the encouragement and understanding of Americandesign. The requested funds will be used to replace the sidewalk,install exterior lighting fixtures, restore the cast-iron grillwork onthe roof and windows, replace damaged marble, install an essentialbird-proofing system, and provide storage facilities and public galleryfurnishings. This will complete our requests for the restoration of
2177this building. With this requested funding, the total appropriationsfor the Renwick Gallery will amount to $2, 770, 000, I might addthat this is well under the 1965 estimate of restoration costs ifthat estimate is adjusted to reflect the very substantial inflationin construction costs over the past six years.Funding of $125,000 is requested to correct a serious sewersystem problem in the Smithsonian Building, the Arts and IndustriesBuilding, and the Freer Gallery of Art by separating sanitary wastesand rainwater runoff. We have had serious flooding in the basements
of these buildings during heavy rains.We are also requesting $25, 000 to modify space at theSmithsonian's Lamont Street building to house essential librarymaterials, space for which does not exist in the Mall buildings.And, as a very important request, we are seeking anappropriation of $500, 000 to prepare plans and specifications forBicentennial facilities to be added to the History and TechnologyBuilding and to design exhibits for these facilities. The provision ofthese facilities, to be located on the terraces of the building, iscentral to this Museum's carrying out its planned twin themes of theBicentennial celebration: what the nations of the world gave to theUnited States and what our nation has given to other nations.ConstructionJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenAn appropriation of $3, 697, 000 is requested for fiscal year1972 to liquidate the remaining contract authority. This appropria-tion, with the $1, 000, 000 legally committed by Mr. Hirshhorn, willcomplete funding of construction contracts and supervision ofconstruction.
2178Planning and RedesignNational Air and Space MuseumWe are asking for an appropriation of $1, 900,000 for planningand redesign of a building for the National Air and Space Museum. Theobject of this redesign from the authorized design of 1966 would beto apply the latest design, construction, and exhibit techniques tolower the cost of the building to some prudent ratio in today'sexpanding construction market between design and expectations andreal dollars while still providing outstanding facilities to display themany unique aeronautical and astronautical items in the collections.We have the objective of opening this new museum building inJuly 1976 as a major element of our contribution to the commemoration
of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution.O
This completes an overview of the Smithsonian's budgetrequests for next year. For almost 125 years, the Institution hasprovided the American people with greater knowledge and appreciation
of their common environmental, cultural, and technological heritage.This has only been possible by the support of the Congress. Thissupport is deeply appreciated and with your continued involvementin our programs, we are confident of our ability to serve in thefuture.
2179CELEBRATION OF 12 5TH ANNIVERSARYDr. Ripley. This is a particularly auspicious year, Mr. Chairman,for the Institution because it marks our 125th birthday. In August1846 Congress decreed the acceptance of the Smithson bequest and byact inaugurated the Institution.The first meeting of the Regents of the Institution was held inSeptember 1846, and the Regents have asked that we celebrate thisoccasion in some way this autumn. We are hoping that the Congresswill see fit to introduce a resolution during that period to signalizethe events that have transpired over the past 125 years.Senator Bible. Has that resolution been prepared? Is it in thehopper ?Dr. Ripley. No, sir.Senator Bible. If you send it to me I will be one of the introducers.I think this is well worth commemorating, and I know of very fewinstitutions in our Government which is as criticism-free as theSmithsonian. You are not entirely criticism-free. There is some, andthat is part of public life, but I think over the history of the Smith-sonian it has had a very illustrious history, and I think it should benoted and a resolution properly passed.Dr. Ripley. We would be delighted, sir, if you would join in spon-soring that resolution.Senator Bible. When does that occur this year?Dr. Ripley. August and September is the period of the anniversary.Senator Bible. Very well. You may proceed.VISITORSDr. Ripley. This past year we have had very considerable increasein visitors over the preceding year, as you will have noted from mystatement which you have kindly accepted for introduction in therecord.Senator Bible. It has been introduced in full.Tell me how many visitors you had last year and how many youexpect this year.Dr. Ripley. Last year we estimated 10.4 million on the Mall, andthis year this figure has increased by 3.2 million to 13.6 million.At the zoo, we estimate that we have had about 5 million visits inthe past year and at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, we havehad about 50,000 visits.Senator Bible. Those are add-ons to the other figures, is that right ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; those are add-ons.Senator Bible. All right.HIRSHHORN MUSEUM CONSTRUCTIONDr. Ripley. This year has also marked the inauguration of the con-struction of the Hirshhorn Museum. The foundation parts are vir-
2180tually 75-percent complete, and the Mall slab is about 30-percent com-plete. We project that the building will be ready for occupancy inSeptember 1972, and that a subsequent 6- to 10-month period will berequired to furnish and install the objects for a mid-1973 opening.Senator Bible. Very well.FOLK LIFE FESTrVALDr. Ripley. Now, this past year we had a very successful Folk LifeFestival. I am not sure the Senator came, but I know a number ofSenators did come in July.Senator Bible. On the Fourth of July I was celebrating at a Basquepicnic in Nevada. But I am sure it was great.Dr. Ripley. It was a great festival, and both Senator McClellanand Senator Fulbright from Arkansas joined in the dancing. TheFestival celebrated the State of Arkansas.Senator Bible. Very well, you may proceed.RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY CHARACTERDr. Ripley. The research of the Institution in the past year hasbeen as varied and interesting as ever.One of our concerns has been to emphasize continually the fact thatwhatever we do has an essential interdisciplinary character and quali-ty. The reason for this is that so much of what life is concerned abouttoday is essentially derived from interdisciplinary pursuits.EducationIn spite of the fact that narrow specialization continue to be therule in the general educational procedures, more and more interdis-ciplinary studies are required to analyze and to confront the problemsof everyday life today. EnvieonmentI am sure the Senator will agree with me that environmental prob-lems which seem to be so frequent today require strong interdiscip-linary team efforts at solving or tackling them, technologically orecologically.We have a number of examples of some of the aspects of our re-search which I would like to show you.Senator Bible. I will be happy to see those, but let's complete ourhearings and then you show them to me at the end of the hearing.Dr. Ripley. Fine. I have them here and we will refer to them later.But in any case, it has been a central purpose of the Institution overthe years to make sure that what we were doing in the way of researchtied into everything else that we were doing, and that at no time werewe doing things which were not related to these central purposes forthe increase and diffusion of knowledge.
2181Food SafetyAn example is cited in my testimony about food safety. We haveshown quite conclusively that in the analysis of mercury in tuna andother fishes, the importance of having historical collections of speci-mens which can be analyzed to show whether or not mercury has ex-isted prior to the extensive use of it in agriculture and for other pur-poses. We have shown that levels of mercury even higher than thelevel tolerated or required to be the maximum level by the FDA ac-tually existed in species of fish prior to the introduction of mercuryin agriculture. DDTIn the same way, we have shown conclusively that the presence ofDDT in the atmosphere has had a catastrophic effect on certain spe-cies. We have studied birds' eggs, some of which I will show you laterto show the differences in old birds' eggs versus the same species of egg-today. Woodeow Wilson CenterWe have welcomed in the past year our sister and affiliated institu-tion, part of the Smithsonian, the Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars, testimony on whose budget you have alreadyheard.Senator Bible. Yes, we have heard that. A fine showing was made,and so far as I am concerned, I am convinced.NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT BUDGET REQUESTDr. Eiplet. Public Law 91-629 approved in December 1970 re-authorized appropriations for the National Museum Act in theamount of $1 million each year, a portion of which would be madeavailable by the Smithsonian to the National Endowment for theArts and the Humanities.We are asking for funds under the National Museum Act this year.Senator Bible. In what amount, the total authorized ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Do you transfer that to the National Endowmentfor the Arts ?Dr. Ripley. We would transfer $100,000 each to the arts and thehumanities endowments.Senator Bible. What do you do with the balance ?Dr. Ripley. We would administer the balance under our own pro-gram.Senator Bible. How would you administer this ?Belmont ReportDr. Ripley. We would use these funds for training, conservation,and exhibit techniques for the Nation's museums. If you will recall,sir, this is the recommendation of the Belmont report which was re-quested by President Johnson. This was a study made by the Ameri-can Association of Museums to show that the Smithsonian could pro-
2182
vide leadership and guidance in the field of museum techniques, con-servation, and related matters.Senator Bible. I don't question that. The only point I was con-cerned about is why are you used to bolster up the museums. I thinkthe testimony in the last few days has been that there are something-like, 6,000 museums throughout the United States. I suppose that is afairly, accurate figure. Why should you be doing this to help muse-ums?and I think that is indicated?and at the same time have theNational Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment forthe Humanities doing the same thing? Why are you all in the samefield ? Is that not an unnecessary duplication ?Dr. Ripley. I can say, Senator, that the Smithsonian, as we testifiedbefore your committee in the past, has been receiving every year forapproximately 100 years, appeals by museums for help in exhibitions,training, conservation techniques, museum operation, and administra-tion. We are in effect in a position to be sort of the fountainhead ofknowledge about how to organize and run museums.Work DistinctionsSenator Bible. I am not questioning that. The thing I am question-ing is why do the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanitiesdo the same thing \Dr. Ripley. They doirt do the same thing.Senator Bible. What is the difference? What do they do that youdon't?Dr. Ripley. The National Endowment for the Arts gives smallgrants for the arts, including arts in museums.We give, or try to give, small grants for technical services in muse-ums, which are quite distinct.Senator Bible. You both give grants, but they are of a differentnature ?Dr. Ripley. They are of different nature, and we have in the legisla-tion a Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities on which I sit,which is able to coordinate this and make quite sure we are running onparallel, but nor overlapping, tracks in support of museum activity.The National Museum Act was enacted to recognize the Smithsoni-an's traditional practices in offering technical assistance to the museumfield, but not to provide direct financial support solely for the benefit ofa particular museum. The national endowments are authorized to pro-vide program support to the particular museums within their statutoryjurisdiction. Museum PersonnelSenator Bible. How many people do you have within the Smith-sonian who are handling the national museums ?Dr. Ripley. We have one director and a small staff of two assistants.We have three people at the present time.Senator Bible. I forget what the testimony was from Nancy Hanksand the Acting Director of the Humanities as to the number they have.It was something in that range, as I recall. I don't recall the exactnumber. You say you have three total people ?
2183Dr. Ripley. Yes.Senator Bible. All right.Training and Training GrantsDr. Ripley. We are concerned with work in training technicians,conservationists, and museum exhibition preparators within museums.This is totally distinct from the activities of the endowments.Senator Bible. Does the Smithsonian make direct grants to museumsin the States ?Dr. Ripley. We have, over the past 3 years since the inaugurationof this act, raised and used out of our public and private resources asmall amount of money each year to make training grants to museums.Senator Bible. Just training grants? Do you make any outrightgrants to museums ?Dr. Ripley. Not outright, per se, no. We would not make such out-right grants under this program. What we would do would be toconduct training seminars.Senator Bible. But you conduct the seminars. You don't make agrant to another museum and let them do it ?Dr. Ripley. We would make a grant to let them do it, but we wouldparticipate in it and help organize the people who are to go to it.Senator Bible. Those are dollar grants ?Dr. Ripley. Essentially, yes.Senator Bible. For the record, supply the number of grants youhave made in the national museum program in dollars and wherethey were granted, and what thrust the grant had, what was it to do.Dr. Ripley. We have that material in hand, but you prefer weplace it in the record ?Senator Bible. It can be placed in the record.(The information follows :)
2184
Grants made for National Museum Act PurposesFY 1967 - 1971
1967GranteeL. McKinleyArkansas Arts CenterAmerican Associationof MuseumsChicago Field Museumof Natural HistoryNew York AmericanMuseum of NaturalHistoryLos Angeles Museumof Natural HistoryInternational Councilof MuseumsH. Plenderleith,(Rome Centre)Rome Centre
Purpose AmountReport on Symposium on Korean $ 561National MuseumSupport of Seminar on Role of 2, 500Regional MuseumPublication of Manual on Museum 5, 000RegistrationSupport of training program: 18, 0003 museum internshipsSupport of training program: 18, 0003 museum internships
Support of training program: 18, 0003 museum internshipsFor report on ethnological 700museumsFor report on conservation center 250at HonoluluSupport of Seminar on International 1,672Center for Preservation ofCultural Property at RomeTotal $64,6831968J. Hirschmann(OAS - Pan Ameri-can Union)H. Plenderleith(Rome Centre)
For report on evaluation of science $ 350museumsFor report on deterioration of 125marble
2185
1968 (continued)GranteeKorean NationalMuseumNational Foundationon Arts & Humanities
Purpose AmountSupport of development of Korean $7, 200National Science Cultural CenterSupport of Conference on Museum 2, 800Needs of U.S. (Belmont)Total $10,4751969Norfolk Museum ofArts & SciencesAmerican Associationof MuseumsB. BearziKorean NationalScience CulturalCenterAmerican Associationof MuseumsAmerican Associationof Museums
Support for Museum Seminar: 1,980Southeast Museum ConferenceSupport for feasibility study of 10,000museum proceduresLecture on Ancient Metal 100Support of development of Korean 7, 200National Science Cultural Center
Support of ICOM- US activities 18,000
Support of Regional Conferences 15,000
Total $52,280
1970Metropolitan Museumof Art
Oakland MuseumMuseum Planning, Inc
American Associationof MuseumsAmerican Associationof Museums
For support of International $ 875Institute of Conservation--Seminar on preservationof woodExhibit planning & consultation 1,544To conduct survey of National 12,500Museum of Natural HistoryexhibitsTo conduct feasibility study 4, 000of museum standardsFor support of Regional 15, 000Conf erences
2186
1970 (continued)GranteeKorean NationalMuseum PurposeSupport of development ofKorean National ScienceCultural Center Total
Amount$ 2,400
$36,319
1971international Institiiefor ConservationAmerican Associationof MuseumsAmerican Associationof MuseumsAmerican Associationof Museums
To support seminar on 5, 000conservationTo publish report on finances 5, 000of American museumsAnalyzation of Accreditation 5, 000QuestionnairesTo support ICOM-US activities 25,000in the United StatesTotal $40, 000
International Councilof Museums Private FundsPublication of manual, TheTraining of Museum Personnel $ 3,860
* In process
2187REDESIGN OF NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMSenator Bible. You may proceed.Dr. Ripley. In addition, as you know, Senator, we are appealingfor funds this year for the inauguration of the redesign of the Na-tional Air and Space Museum. We have been allowed under thebudget of the President this year to ask for the sum of $1.9 millionfor this redesign purpose.You may recall, Senator, that the report of the Senate Kules Com-mittee accompanying the 1966 legislation authorizing the construc-tion of the National Air and Space Museum stated that the Smith-sonian was not to proceed to construct this museum until there was asignificant decline in the costs of the war in Vietnam.Each year subsequent to 1966 we have been prevented by thislanguage from requesting funds for construction. As 5 years havepassed since that time, it seems prudent to us not to go back to theCongress for the exact design approved in 1966 on account of theincredible escalation in costs of construction, and also on account oftechnological improvements which have occurred in the meantime indesign techniques for exhibits and public space.Therefore, we wish to come back now for funds for redesign. TheRules Committee of the Senate has said that there is no hindranceto our asking for design money in contrast to construction moneyunder the construction holddown.We wish to come back now and ask for design money in order tosee how prudently we can approach this problem and come back in afollowing year for construction funds.Senator Bible. How much are you asking for in this budget fordesign money ?Dr. Ripley. $1.9 million, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Is that total for design ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; that is total for design.Redesign Time RequirementSenator Bible. What would be the time reouired for the architectsto develop the planning and design so that the National Air and SpaceMuseum could go to bid ?Dr. Ripley. We believe this could be accomplished within a year.Senator Bible. Within 1 year ?Dr. Ripley. Well within 1 year. The reason for this optimistic viewis that the architect is the same architect as for the current design. Heis willing to redesign and, in fact, has already been working onthoughts along this line. We believe, and have so expressed this to theOffice of Management and Budget, that if we could redesign in fiscalyear 1972, we could open the completed building at a cost in the lowforties of millions rather than $65 million or more if we went with theold design, thereby saving at least $20 million.Space Reduction and LocationSenator Bible. Are you cutting down in square feet ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; we would cut down in total square feet, but we be-lieve we could make up for it with design improvements.55-968 O?71?pt. 2 58
2188Senator Bible. Where is this building to be ?Dr. Ripley. Between 4th and 7th Streets, Independence Avenue andthe Mall, it exactly parallels in space the National Gallery of Art,which is on Constitution Avenue. This building would be on the southside of the Mall on Independence. There used to be a number of temp-orary buildings there.Senator Bible. I think I have the location in mindDr. Ripley. It is opposite HEWs first building.Underground ParkingSenator Bible. Do these plans propose an underground parking fa-cility underneath the Mall ?Dr. Ripley. We still have in the plans, as requested by the Congressin the original act. plans for a smaller underground parking space, butthis has not been decided and would have to be contingent upon thedesign. Anticipated Museum PersonnelSenator Bible. What would the total amount of employment bewithin the National Air and Space Museum ?Dr. Ripley. The estimate of the future number of staff would beunder 100 people.Senator Bible. What is the total amount today ?Dr. Ripley. Today we have 35 persons on board, Mr. Chairman.This number includes offcampus people at Silver Hill, our con-servation facility in Maryland where we store and work on air andspace and other collections.Senator Bible. Is that where you have vour general warehousing,at Silver Hill?Dr. Ripley. Yes.Senator Bible. And your other Smithsonian activities, storing oldwhales ?Dr. Ripley. We store old whales and other mammals up at SilverHill. Public Interest in Prehistoric AnimalsSenator Bible. Didn't you say some years ago that the youngergeneration wasn't as interested in the prehistoric animals as the olderand you had changed your exhibits?Dr. Ripley. No ; I don't recall saying that. In fact, on the Smithson-ian Mall we are getting a new prehistoric animal which is only 3 feethigh. It is from Sicily, and it is a miniature. It is a true species,and the first specimen exhibited in this country of one of the dwarfprehistoric elephants.Senator Bible. Mr. Eaton and I will be over there one day, but wehave to go to the Zoo first and see the lions.Dr. Ripley. The world's largest stuffed elephant is in the middleof the rotunda of the Natural History Building.Senator Bible. Is that the largest elephant in the world?Dr. Ripley. It is the largest specimen mounted; yes.
2189PARKING FACILITIES FOR PUBLICSenator Bible. What is the joint venture by the National ParkService and private capital to which the Board of Regents has beenrequested to give consideration?Dr. Ripley. I think Mr. Bradley could talk about this, because hehas been serving on this interagency committee.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, the Park Service, in collaborationwith the Smithsonian, has undertaken studies for possible under-ground garaging of automobiles, primarily visitors' automobiles. Thisthought arises somewhat derived from the Union Station arrange-ment, whereby the Department of the Interior, with the WashingtonTerminal Co., is using private capital and Federal capital, to makepossible there a visitors' center and a very large garage.Senator Bible. At Union Station ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, Mr. Chairman. That project is about to go ahead.We understand it has been in difficulty on financing charges becauseof the increases in the interest rate. Now it looks like they can goahead. So, deriving from that, and based on an engineering studyas to costs and feasibility from a fiscal and engineering standpoint, wethink we might be able to get in collaboration with the Park Serviceand with some private enterprise in the city here to develop parkingunder the Mall.Senator Bible. Very well ; you may proceed, Mr. Secretary.PROFESSIONAL STAFF SUPPORTDr. Ripley. I think I would like to conclude my general presenta-tion, Mr. Chairman, saving the particular objects which are here infront of us for the end, by simply saying that I think our principalconcern, aside from the creation of additional facilities for the public,not only the Air and Space Museum, but the additional Art Museum,the reconstruction of certain old buildings in the National Zoo, and soon, our principal and overriding concern is for support of our profes-sional research and curatorial staff.Over the past several years our budget has been eroded significant^by cost increases to the point, on which we will speak later when wedefend individual budget items, to the point where the average pro-fessional person working in the Smithsonian is not only not beinggiven a fair shake in terms of support for his research, but is beinggiven support at the poverty level. We do face a serious hazard thatin future years we will not be able to support these people and not beable to undertake the mission which has been entrusted to us by theCongress. ANNUAL REPORTI would like to show you our annual report, which is a swinglineversion?I believe it might be called?of 1970. This is about a third ofthe size for 1969, and is an effort to reduce costs and make it a moreuseful document.
2190Senator Bible. I think that is good. If you have shrunk it up threetimes you get more people to read it.How many of those do you publish ?Dr. Ripley. 9,000 copies were printed for each year, fiscal years1969 and 1970.Senator Bible. Who is on your list of distribution ?Dr. Ripley. I know you are, Senator.Senator Bible. I am on everybody's list, everybody who wantsmoney. I have a list a mile and a half long. Everybody who comesbefore the Appropriations Committee sends me a nice letter or anannual report or a brochure. So, I have plenty of mail.Dr. Ripley. The Smithsonian report goes all over the world tolibraries, to scholarly societies, and to other organizations in the tra-dition of the diffusion of knowledge. We started this report in 1846and we have continued to make it available to the public.Senator Bible. I wonder how many people read annual reports,whether they are in IBM, or General Motors, or Government publica-tions. How many people write you and say, "Dear Mr. Secretary, thisis a wonderful work of art, and I want to compliment you on it"?Dr. Ripley. I would say I get about a hundred letters of that sort,and out of that hundred about half of them say, "It is a marvelouslooking thing, and I am putting it right beside me to read."About half of them say, "I have looked into it, and it looks terriblypromising."Four or five of them say, "This is a great one this year, I have readevery word of it."Senator Bible. That is about the way I answer my mail. That showsit does reach a number of people, who pay a little attention to it.Dr. Ripley. One strategem that we have undertaken in the last 4 or5 years is to extract the first section of the report which is about 25 or30 pages long and call it the statement of the Secretary, mail it out inpaper covers. This gets read a lot.Senator Bible. Yes. REPORT COSTHow much does it cost you to produce this ? You have cut it down athird. Have you reduced the cost a third, two-thirds ?Dr. Ripley. Mr. Jameson, do you know ?Mr. Jameson. The fiscal 1969 report cost about $28,000, and the1 970 report cost about $9,000, so we saved about $19,000.Senator Bible. There you are. Now you don't have to ask for somuch if you saved that $i9,000, and increase the pay of these museumhelpers that you are having so much difficulty in holding.Dr. Ripley. That will help us with two of them.Senator Bible. All right.SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEDr. Ripley. The last item that I would like to refer to in my generaloverview of this year is the fact that this year for the first time we areasking for funds for the Science Information Exchange. This is anaddition to our previous budgetary requests.
r2191The reason for this is the decision taken by the Office of Manage-ment and Budget that the National Science Foundation should appro-priately discontinue its funding for this Exchange. We should attemptto get an essential base funding for the Exchange with additionalsupport from users of the information, and try it on our own.If we are unsuccessful in this funding effort this year, we will haveto terminate the Science Information Exchange, which has beenworking for more than 20 years serving a constituancy across the landof scientific agencies, Government agencies, and a variety of userswho wish digests of current scientific research.But that fund raising effort is in the lap of the gods, and we wish totry at least for a period of time with an authorized budget to see if wecan continue to fund it.It seems to be anomolous that in times like the present when scienceinformation seems to be at a premium, every Government inter-agency review calls science one of its highest priorities. But we maynot be able to aeouire the necessary funding to run this rather smallbut expert assemblage of people who are in the business of acquiring,digesting, and retrieving science information and making it avail-able to public agencies and others.Senator Bible. How much do you have in this budget for that?Dr. Ripley. A renuest for $1.4 million, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. What do you do with the $1.4 million ?Dr. Ripley. We estimate that to run the data acquisition and storagefunction of the Science Information Exchange for 1 year costs $1.6million. The allowance that we have been given by the Office of Man-agement and Budget is $1.4 million. Tf we receive this, we can operatefor approximately 10 months. We will attempt to make up part of thedifference from user charges we may receive. Otherwise, we shall haveto close down prior to the end of fiscal 1972.Senator Bible. As I understand it, for prior years you were fun'dedin this activity from the National Science Foundation.Dr. Ripley. Initially we were funded by a consortium of agencies,each of which chipped in to make the total funding necessary.Finally, it was decided that one agency should be the lead agencyin funding the SIE activity. The National Science Foundation hasdone this faithfully for a number of years, but with diminished fundson their part they decided they could not afford it any more.Senator Bible. How much was provided by the National ScienceFoundation for this purpose in the last fiscal year ?Dr. Ripley. About $1.6 million in the last year, $200,000 more thanwe are asking for now.Senator Bible. Has that been the average funding over the last fewyears ?Dr. Ripley. It has been a declining funding over the past few years.Senator Bible. What was the peak ?Dr. Ripley. $2 million, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Then it went down to $1.6 million?PersonnelDr. Ripley. Yes, and we have had to let people go as a result andreduce the scope of the operation.
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2192Senator Bible. How many personnel are involved in this activity ?Mr. Wheeler. Eighty-five, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Now if you are funded for this amount, obviouslythe National Science Foundation will not be. How many people willbe involved if you are funded for your request of $1.4 million ? I amnot clear on where that $200,000 comes from.Dr. Ripley. We would have to keep the 85 persons to make theservice work properly at all, as long as we have any money. When werun out of money then we would have to let everybody go.Senator Bible. I thought you said it was a $1.6 million activity.Dr. Ripley. $1.6 million is for a full year. We estimate we cannot runmore than 10 months in fiscal 1972 on $1.4 million.Senator Bible. Why do you ask for $1.4 million ?Dr. Ripley. We are allowed to ask for $1.4 million and see what wecan do to make up the difference from user charges.Senator Bible. Can you illustrate ?Dr. Ripley. May I call on Mr. Freeman ? He is here.Senator Bible. Yes.Mr. Freeman, do you want to come forward ?Dr. Ripley. This is Dr. Freeman, our trusted veteran of 10 yearsas Director of the Science Information Exchange.Useb ChargesDr. Freeman. The situation is that in earlier years, the Exchangewas completely funded by appropriated funds from a number ofagencies and then from the National Science Foundation. Two yearsago, we instituted user charges to pay for the cost of output services.Senator Bible. What I want you to do is illustrate so I can under-stand what user charges are. How do you do it? That is what I amasking. You weren't getting enough money through appropriations torun the Science Information Exchange. Therefore, you had to getmoney from somewhere, and you started charging the users.Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. Illustrate. I want to use your Science InformationExchange. What do you tell me ?Dr. Freeman. There are a variety of questions that one can ask.The basic one is, "Who is currently working on what projects at thepresent time?"Senator Bible. All right, I would like to ask you. Maybe this iswhere I get the information from you. You have been there 10 years.I would like to have you tell me, and this will be an exercise with-out pay?I don't want a user charge?but I wish you would tell me howmany bureaus and agencies and departments of Government are work-ing on the environment. Do I go to you, and do you give me thatanswer ?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. That would be the first question. Then the second oneis, I would like to have you tell me how many departments, agencies andbureaus of the Federal Government have some role in the problems ofour American Indians. Is that in your department?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir. We are particularly concerned with basic andapplied research. We would have quite a comprehensive list of re-search projects that are concerned with the social problems, physical
2193problems, or medical problems as they are related to the AmericanIndian, or to any other ethnic group that is the subject of inquiry.Determination of ChargesSenator Bible. I am a history professor from the University ofNevada, and I would like to get that information, and you write andsay, "Dear Professor : We can furnish you this information, but we aregoing to charge you x dollars." Is that what you tell me?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. How much will you charge me ?Dr. Freeman. That depends on the question, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. I asked the Indian question. Is it billed on an hourlybasis?Dr. Freeman. Partly on an hourly basis, partly on the computercost. The charged is based on the cost of the labor, machine time, andoverhead needed to get the information out of the data bank into theformat required by the requester.These requests vary from a collection of over 5,000 records dealingwith water resources down to a question that simply calls for the sum-mary of a single project on one piece of paper.Senator Bible. I understand you couldn't send me my bill or tellme what my bill might be today, but what would be the range of thebill for questions I might ask you? What departments and agenciesof the Federal Government have some role, whatever that role is, inthe problems of the American Indian? Would you be sending me abill?Dr. Freeman. The cost of a report on research on the AmericanIndian would probably be less than $40.Senator Bible. Less than $40. What is the maximum amount of userfees that I might expect in this area ? Is it still $40 ?Dr. Freeman. No, sir. We have a contract, an agreement, at the pres-ent time, to produce a collection of 5,000 projects dealing with waterresources. To put that information together and deliver it in theform of a manuscript and computer tape, cost about $28,000.Senator Bible. $28,000. This would be a pretty extensive and all-embracing?is it a treatise, a bibliography, or what? WTiat do youfinally come up with ? It it a thesis or a book ?Dr. Freeman. It is simply a catalog, properly indexed and editedthat includes all of the projects that we can find available, over 5,000of them that were active during the past fiscal year that related toresearch on Avater resources.Senator Bible. Is that wherever they are located in various uni-versities in the country ?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Sources of InformationSenator Bible. You must have a vast contribution list, then, thatfeed into this exchange.Dr. Freeman. We have approximately 100,000 records a year ofcurrently active research coming in every year.Now this research, of course, has not been completed. Our informa-tion is pre-publication data. It is a summary of a research project
2194that is going on at the present time. Each record is a one-page sum-mary. We get these records from 600 to 1,000 agencies throughout theUnited States, agencies that either support research, fund it, sponsorit, or actually carry it out.Senator Bible. Do you charge your fellow agencies in the FederalGovernment for this service ?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. The same as you do a private request ?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. That is based largely on the difference between theappropriated amount and the amount it would cost you to produce it?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir. What we use appropriated money for at thepresent time is to build the computerized data bank in which all thismaterial is stored. Once it is in this data bank it is essentially, shallwe say, merchandise on the shelf. When someone comes to us with aquestion, for instance, "What current research is going on that youknow about in drugs and drug addiction?" Our service fees followthe lines of the Freedom of Information Act that was passed severalyears ago. We charge for the labor and the computer time required toget this information out of the files and into the particular form theuser wants it.Senator Bible. Thank you, Doctor.Similar Work By Other AgenciesAre there other Federal agencies doing similar work to what youare doing ?Dr. Freeman. Yes, sir. Not strictly similar, but there are otherFederal agencies that have this typo of data bank for their own ma-terial. Wo wore established for information exchange between agenciesand others. For instance, the Department of Defense and the Depart-ment of Agriculture have such files, but they handle only their owninformation.Senator Bible. How about the Department of the Interior, sinceyou mentioned water resources? I was always given to understandthat the Department of the Interior had a pretty vast?I don't knowif "vast" is the right word for it?an extensive library on water prob-lems as well as research divisions within the Department of theInterior, unless it was transferred under some of the reorganizationbills that were just recently enacted.But can I get that same information just on water resources fromthe Department of the Interior, the Bureau of Reclamation, or theGeological Survey that I can get from you ?Dr. Freeman. No, sir. What I believe you are referring to here iscompleted research, technical bulletins, general articles, reports ofcompleted research. What SIF handles exclusively is records ofresearch that is going on and has not yet been completed.The purpose of this whole service, as set up by the agencies 20 yearsago, was to prevent useless or unwarranted duplication of effort. Agen-cies needed to know what other people are doing at the present time. Ittakes from 1 to 3 years between the time a project is started and thetime it is completed and the final report is in the literature as a pub-lished record. The SIE is intended to cover this information gap of 1 to
21953 years, so that people will know if other people are working on thesame projects. Knowing this, they won't start duplicating researchwork, which is perhaps already 2 years underway.Senator Bible. You have had such a division within the Smith-sonian for how many years, did you say ? You say you have been aboard10 years.Mr. Freeman. Yes, sir. But the Science Information Exchange hasbeen in the Smithsonian since 1953. The Federal agencies first wantedthis service in 1950 for their own planning and management servicesand for early information about what other agencies were planningand doing.They asked the Smithsonian to undertake this particular opera-tion in 1953.Direct Funding in Lieu of Reimbursement by NSPSenator Bible. It seems to me that it has a very definite role and avery definite function. I can't understand why this new request atthis time for funding.This may be properly directed to Secretary Ripley rather than you,but why do you go through the new concept of funding it yourselfrather than having yourself reimbursed from NSF ?Dr. Ripley. Because over the years the agencies came more andmore to assume that since we run the SIE we should ask for its fund-ing directly. It is within our traditional competence to attempt tokeep scientists, and, in addition, the agencies that employ the scien-tists, in touch with each other on ongoing research and to communi-cate back and forth. The SIE provides the kind of information thata scientist needs in order to do his research.But this effort became coordinated into a specifically directed ac-tivity only after World War II, and the Smithsonian was the tradi-tional place in which to center the SIE's work.But since our budget was not sufficient to be able to absorb the neces-sary costs of running an efficient highly organized operation involvingcomputer services, the agencies began to pay us. Then the NSF tookover funding responsibility. Now Ave and they believe we should bothmanage and fund the SIE. As you know, the zoo was separatelyfunded and administered for a number of years. Like the zoo, wenow wish to combine the management and funding responsibility to-gether for prudent and efficient purposes.Personnel RequirementsSenator Bible. Why do you need 85 people, no matter who is run-ning it ? Why do you need 85 people ?Dr. Ripley. I think Dr. Freeman would say, sir, that we need morethan 85 people.Senator Bible .Probably he would tell us that.Dr. Ripley. We have already lost 75 people through the level ofdiminished funding. The staff consists of people expert in computeroperations as well as in analyzing and describing research projects.They are highly skilled people in the whole problem of informationassessment, retrieving, editing, and compilation.
2196In order to rim this operation for the fullest range so as to be ableto cover the whole spectrum from anthropology, A, to zoology, Z, withmedicine along the line, you need a substantial number of well-trainedpeople. Receipts From User Charges
\ Senator Bible. How much have you received from your users' feesin each of the last 5 fiscal years, or 4 fiscal years ?Dr. Freemax. We started charging service fees only 2 years ago.Senator Bible. All right.Let's go back 2 years. How much did you receive in the first fullvear of operation where you started charging users' fees?Dr. Freemax. About $200,000, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. $200,000?Dr. Freemax. Yes, sir. I might add in 1968 when we didn't chargeany service fees, in other words, appropriated funds paid for the en-tire input and output, we had a cost accounting system that indicatedthat we had distributed about $650,000 worth of services.Senator Bible. How much did you take in in users' fees in the lastfull fiscal vear 1970SDr. Freemax. In 1970, for the first full year of charging, the amountwas about *21 1,000. This vear we anticipate about $325,000.Senator Bible. What is'the total amount of appropriated and pri-vite source monev .Dr Freeman It has been verv close to $2 million ever since 1965.
' Senator Bible. All right. I think that is all the questions that I haveon this particular phase. Thank you, Doctor.The statement which you submitted m support of funds for the Scl-ent itic Information Exchange will be printed at this point.(The information follows :)
2197
SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE1970 Actual 0^1971 Estimate 0l/1972 Estimate $1, 400, 000The Science Information Exchange, which has been in operation for Z0 years,has been conducted by the Smithsonian since 1953 at the request of, and on thebehalf of, the federal agencies. Funding is currently provided by the NationalScience Foundation.The SIE data bank receives and processes about 100,000 one-page records(2. 5 to 3 million data elements) of research planned or in progress annually.About 80 percent of the input comes from federal agencies and 20 percent comesfrom private foundations, universities, state and local governments, industry,and some foreign sources. From this data bank, SIE answers questions fromresearch investigators, directors and program administrators throughout thenational science community about who is currently working on what project,where , when , and with whose support. The purpose of this national service is tohelp investigators and administrators avoid unwarranted duplication andunnecessary overlap of complex programs and to assist in more efficient planningand management of research projects and programs. It is one to three yearsfrom the time a project is planned and started until the time it is completed andreported. Efficient planning and management requires the earliest information*bout what others *re doing.For fiscal year 1972, the Exchange is requesting an appropriation of$1, 400, 000. The Exchange has been funded at a level of $1, 600, 000 by theNational Science Foundation in fiscal years 1970 and 1971 (1971 at the monthly rateof $1, 600, 000 for ten months because of the difference in SIE's fiscal year). Thefiscal year 1972 budget request of $1, 400, 000 is contingent upon the realization ofadditional income generated through the recently established user charge system.Federal appropriations are used for the collection, processing, and storage of thedata as a national repository and a national service. Since December 1968, non-federal users have paid for retrieving, synthesizing, and packaging the requestedinformation. All users have paid. for such services since July 1969.About 80 percent of the output service goes to the federal agencies theirgrantees, and contractors. Their requests range from the retrieval of records(at one dollar each) to the preparation of printed annual catalogues of 1, 500 pages(at $25, 000) describing the current national research effort, for example in waterresources, marine sciences, and environmental quality. The total cost of alloutput products in fiscal year 1970 was $211, 000. SIE experienced an averageincrease of 200 percent in the demand for services over fiscal year 1969. Thisdemand for services is illustrated on the following pages. In fiscal year 1968,before any service fees were imposed, the output services totaled $650, 000. Thisis the approximate income target that must be achieved in fiscal year 1972 for theExchange to operate without a financial loss. The large drop in usage resultedfrom the imposition of user service fees without prior notice and an almostconstant federal R&D budget in the face of rising research costs. It is quiteobvious that early and adequate information is more essential than ever to efficientplanning and management, in research as well as in any other enterprise. At thepresent, the increasing demand for services is expected to result in a userincome of over $400, 000 by fiscal year 1972. (Summary information in containedin Table 1 .
)
_' Funded by contract with the National Science Foundation.
2198
The SIE data bank is the only one of its scope and size in the world that dealswith information about current research activities applicable to planning andmanagement purposes. It is the only source of coherent and comprehensiveinformation that can quickly define and describe the broad multidisciplinary andmultiagency (government and private) programs of immediate national importance.In mid-September 1970, an ad hoc committee was convened to reviewthe current effectiveness of SIE and to identify what it should and could be doing toincrease its value. This groupvascomposed of distinguished users representingboth government and private organizations in the biological and physical sciences.Recommendations from the Committee are:
1. The SIE has been an effective information exchange organizationin spite of many difficulties from an administrative and fiscal pointof view.2. There is both the need and the opportunity for the SIE to providenew kinds of services in response to changing requirements forinformation.3. The SIE should continue under a single management organiza-tion with an adequate budget, and an advisory committee that wouldguide the SIE in relation to user requirements.4. The Smithsonian Institution should become the manager of theSIE.5. The Smithsonian Institution should take the initiative inrecommending to the Office of Management and Budget and theappropriate Congressional committees that the Institution receivean adequate federal appropriation in the form of a special accountfor the support and continued improvement of the SIE as a nationalinformation exchange service for both the federal and non-federalcommunity.6. The SIE staff, working with the Smithsonian staff, shoulddraft a charter expressing the recommendations of the UsersCommittee.7. Ways and means must be considered to strengthen theresearch record received by SIE. This was considered by allmembers to be the weakest link in the whole program.8. More complete coverage of all research grants or contractsawarded by the various Federal agencies should be obtained.9. Reports of non-Federal supported research on a nationalscale as well as foreign research reports should also beobtained.
2199
TABLE 1SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEPROPOSED BUDGET FY 1972
TOTAL COST PARTIAL DATABANK <XCT_L/(Federally AppropriatedFunds) SUPPLEMENTAL INPUTAND OUTPUT COST -'(User Charges andOther Income)PersonnelSalariesBenefits $1,366,6541,242,413124,241 $ 956,000869,09086,910 $410,654373,32237,332Contract ServicesTravelTransportation ofRentsTelephoneIBMXeroxBuildingOther
things 10,0003,0009,000285,00012,00096,5007,000
3,000
9,000197,50012,00096,5007,000
7,0003,000
87,500
Printing 5,000 5,000Other ServicesEquipment maintenanceOther 4,00035,000 4,00015,000 20,000Supplies 20,000 15,000 5,000Acquisition of Capi talEquipment TOTAL ?l ,853,154 $1,315,000 $538,154SI Services 171,846 85,000 86,846GRANT i TOTAL |2 ,025,000 $1,400,000 $625,000
1_/ Partial cost of receiving, processing, and computer storing of researchinformation as requested in appropriation. Total cost of input is estimated at$1,600,000. This difference must be made up if possible by user charges orother sources of income.2V Includes additional money needed for input and to cover cost of out put services.In light of a fiscal year 1970 income of only $211,000 and a projected incomeof only $375, 000 in fiscal year 1971 it seems unlikely that user charges andother income will exceed $425,000 leaving a potential deficit of some $200,000 infiscal year 1972. Such a deficit could require the Exchange to cease itsexistence around the middle of fiscal year 1972 if an additional source of incomeis not available.
2200
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2202
Output Services - During SIE IT 19701 September 1969 - 31 August 1970
Total $ Total Total No. of RequestsCategory of Service Income No. Requests % Fed. % Non-FedT"
P2 Routine Inverted Subject & $ 64,3^8 2,030 37% &3%Administrative Searches
P3 Standard Report
P4 Negotiated Requests
?S Investigator Searches
?6 Accession # Retrieval
P7 Quarterly Mailings(Selective Dissemination)
P8 Automatic Distribution
P9 Historical Searches
Contracts
Total $211,523
4,216 23 83* 17%
56,399 34 65% 35%
7,693 2,687 95% 5%
726 66k 69% 31%
3,113 81 kl% 59%
3,655 36,55^ 10C# 0%
2,313 16 19% 81#
69*060 10 10C# 0%
2203
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O - 71 - pt. 2
2204
LIST OP CATALOGS PREPARED BY THE SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Volume 1. "Water Resources Research Catalog 1965"
a. Part I. Federally Supported Research in Progressb. Part II. Non-Federally Supported Research ir. Progress . (Preparedfor Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Washington , D. C.) Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402, Part I. $2.50; Part II $1.00Volume 2. "Water Resources Research Catalog" 1966 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington,D. C. (Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D. C. 20402)Volume 3. "Water Resources Research Catalog." 196? (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington,D. C.) Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing .Office,Washington, D. C. 20402 $6.75.Volume 4. "Water Resources Research Catalog" 1968 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402 $8.50Volume 5. "Water Resources Research Catalog" 1969 . (Prepared for Office ofWater Resources Research, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402 (In Printing Process)
"Marine Research" - FY 1968 (Prepared for Executive Office of President.National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development)Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402 $5.50
"Air Force Research Resxcr.es I966 " (Prepared for Office of Aerospace Research,U.S. Air Force) Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151
"Air Force Research Resumes I96S "( Prepared for Office of Aerospace Research,U.S. Air Force) Clearinghouse, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,Virginia 22151
"National Bureau of Standards - Research and Development Projects - FY 1965"^Prepared for National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce,Washington, D.C. )
"Water Resources Thesaurus 1966" (Prepared for Office of Water Resources Re-search, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. ) Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402$2.00
"Outdoor Recreation Research 1966" (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents,Wash. , D.C. 196?
"Outdoor Recreation Research 1967 " (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents,Wash. ,D.C. 1963
"Outdoor Recreation Research 1968" (Prepared for Bureau of Outdoor RecreationU.S. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.) Supt. Documents,Wash. ,D.C. 19&
2205
"Abstracts of Research and Demonstration Projects In Social Welfare andRelated Fields 1964 " (Prepared for Bureau of Family Services, WelfareAdministration, HEW, Washington, D.C.) Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 70 cents.
"Viral Tumorigenesls Report" (Published semi-annually by National CancerInstitute, National Institutes of Health, HEW, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
"Medical Research in the Veterans Administration, FY 1965"
"Current Population Research 1966" . (Prepared for National Institutes of Childliealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014)
"Current Population Research 1967" (Prepared for National Institutes of ChildHealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014) ?
"Current Population Research 1968" . (Prepared for National Institutes of ChildHealth and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, HEW,Bethesda, Maryland 20014) In Printing Process
"Recent Research in Public Administration - A Reference 1969" (Prepared forOffice of Metropolitan Development, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington, D.C. 20410) Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing-Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 $1.25
"Recent Research in Intergovernmental Relations I968" . (Prepared for Officeof Metropolitan Development, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington, D.C. 20410)
"Recent Research in Planning 1968" . (Prepared for Office of GovernmentalRelations and Planning Assistance, U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, Washington, D.C. 20410)
"International Trade Research" (Prepared for Export Strategy Staff, U.S.Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.) Department of CommerceJanuary 1970
"Neurological Disease and Blindness Catalog 1969" (Prepared for NationalInstitute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, National Institutesof Health, HEW, Bethesda, Maryland 20014) Published by NIH April 1970
"Sustaining University Program, NASA, 1969 " (Prepared for Office of UniversityAffairs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,D. C. 20546) Published by NASA April 1970
"Housing and Residential Building Research and Technology Catalog" (Preparedfor Office of Urban Technology and Research, U. S. Department of Housingand Urban Development, Washington, D. C. 20410) In Printing Process
"Food Distribution Research Projects in Progress 1969 " Food DistributionResearch Society, Hyattsville, Maryland February 1970
Note: New catalogs on Water Resources Research, putdoor Recreation, andPopulation Research are currently in progress.
2206NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYDr. Ripley. That concludes my general opening testimony, Senator.Senator Bible. Very well, Mr. Secretary.For the Museum of Natural History you propose an increase of$1,308,000 in your program. The first of these is a request for $576,000increase, along with 34 positions, which you indicate is to correct"internal imbalances."Will you please explain what total amount you will have for thispurpose, and indicate how you propose to use the increase which yourequest ?Dr. Ripley. I would like to introduce Dr. Cowan again, the Di-rector of that museum, and ask him to explain that in detail.Senator Bible. Very well.Dr. Cowan.Support Shortages: Personnel, Equipment, and MaterialsDr. Cowan. The $576,000 for support shortages that we have spokenabout in the budget request, has three aspects : making up of personnelshortages. 34 positions, $204,800; making up shortages in all otherobjects, equipment, and materials that have been deficient to the extent$171,200; and a nonrecurring item of $200,000 for equipment. Thisamount will begin to catch up with what has been deficient in the lastseveral years, the nonrecurring equipment item, if allowed, of course,will not be in the base next year.These 34 support positions I spoke of a moment ago are museumtechnicians, secretaries, research aides, clerk-typists and illustrators.I will say to you very quickly that the justification for adding thesepeople to our staff is simply to make more efficient use of our highly
t ra ined and skilled scientists.Senator Bible. How many people do you have in the Museum ofNatural History ?Dr. Cowan. We now have 106 professional research scientists,with about 136 of the types I just mentioned, illustrators, clerk-typists,technicians, and research assistants.Senator Bible. That would mean the total personnel is over 200persons ?Dr. Cowan. On appropriated funds, in the science departments, yes.Senator Bible. What do you mean on appropriated funds ? Do youhave others there paid by a different source ?Dr. Cowan. There are employees compensated under grants andcontracts for special projects, and personnel on other private funds.There are also Federal administrative personnel which I did not in-clude in the total above. The total of authorized positions for the wholemuseum is 271. Museum HoursSenator Bible. How many hours a day do you keep open now in theMuseum of Natural History ?Dr. Cowan. Ten a.m. to 5 :30 p.m. for most of the year. We are openevery day in the year except on Christmas Day. There is often a pe-riod in the spring of about 2 months, during which we are open from
220710 a.m. to 9 :30 p.m. That is the early spring season when vast numbersof young people are coming from colleges and high schools across thecountry to get acquainted with natural history.Senator Bible. Do you stay open on Saturday ?Dr. Cowan. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. I know you are pretty much open all the time. Doyou have an independent breakdown of visitors to the Museum of Nat-ural History ?Dr. Cowan. Yes. If a rough estimate will do at this time, about threeand a half million.Senator Bible. In the last fiscal year ?Dr. Cowan. Yes. SECURITY PROBLEMSSenator Bible. What is your guard problem, or security problem, inthe museum ? How many guards do you have ?Dr. Ripley. We can give you that figure, Senator. The guard forceis broken down by building. It is part of our general buildings man-agement. We can supply that figure.Senator Bible. Maybe you could offer it for various museums overwhich you have responsibility. What is the total ? Maybe that is a bet-ter way, rather than breaking it down.Dr. Ripley. Sixty-eight guards, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. That is for the entire Smithsonian ?Dr. Ripley. That is the number just for the Natural Historybuilding ?Senator Bible. Do you have thefts from that building?Dr. Cowan. Yes, sir; there have been thefts, and there have beeninstances of vandalism. We are constantly under the threat of an in-crease of damage or loss.Senator Bible. Has anyone ever threatened to blow up your place ?Mr. Cowan. Yes, sir ; there have been numerous threats in the formof telephone calls that come in, saying a bomb is in the building.Senator Bible. I can't see why anyone would want to blow up theMuseum of Natural History.Dr. Ripley. We had a gentleman last year who came in and de-cided that a stuffed snake in one of the exhibits was his particularenemy. I don't know why he picked on the snake. Maybe it related toone of the problems that the Senators have been discussing recentlywith respect to alcoholism. He produced a large hammerlike instru-ment, proceeded to break the glass and went in and dragged the snakeout and attacked it personally.Fortunately he was heard conducting this one-man vendetta.Senator Bible. It is a good thing he gave you a warning.Dr. Ripley. Eventually a guard was able to come up and disarmhim, but this is the kind of thing that can happen among otherwiseplacid surroundings.Senator Bible. I can't see why they would take it out on you. Younever could quite figure why they would take it out on stuffedanimals. 1971 REPROGRAMMING REQUESTYou had a reprograming request approved last year of $145,000.What did this provide ?
2208Dr. Ripley. I think Mr. Jameson could tell us that.Mr. Jameson. Mr. Chairman, we asked for a reprogramming of ap-proximately $240,000. One committee agreed to the full amount; theother committee agreed to about $100,000 less than that.The approximately $200,000 that Ave were able to provide to theMuseum of Natural History went to correct some of the kinds of sup-port shortages that Dr. Cowan has been describing, some additionaltechnician help, some additional money for laboratory supplies andmaterials, the replacement of certain pieces of laboratory equipmentsuch as microscopes, which are very much required in the basic areas ofsystematic taxonomic biology, as well as in some of the programs ofthe geologists. For instance, our geologists in the Museum of NaturalHistory have been engaged in the analysis of certain of the lunarsamples.But basically it went to provide a certain small measure of addi-tional support to the professional people.Senator Bible. Very well.INCREASE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUtDIESYou asked for an increase of $532,000 and 28 positions for environ-mental studies. How much in total dollars and in total positions willthis give you ?Dr. Ripley. I think Dr. Cowan is prepared to speak to this.Dr. Cowan. He is speaking of the Museum. Are you not, sir?Senator Bible. The Museum.Dr. Cowan. That would be 349 in fiscal year 1972.Senator Bible. 349 ?Dr. Cowan. Yes, the presently authorized 271 positions plus the28 positions for environmental studies, the 16 needed in the dataprocessing program, and the 34 new support positions discussedearlier.Senator Bible. What are the total dollars?Dr. Cowan. The amount requested for the environmental programwould add about half a million dollars to the fiscal year 1971 basefor the Museum.Senator Bible. The total funding level would be $4.2 million, ifgranted in full ?Dr. Cowan. The total funding, including the nonrecurring itemwould be about $5.7 million.ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYSenator Bible. Hoav does that activity differ from those you pro-pose under the Office of Environmental Sciences?These are environmental studies within the Museum of NaturalHistory. What are the differences?Dr. Cowan. Yes, I will speak to this initially.The Museum of Natural History, throughout its history, evenbefore it was called a separate Museum of Natural History, has beeninvolved and deeply concerned with the generation of baseline en-vironmental information. This is the kind of data that ecologistsand environmental researchers must use to solve our environmentalproblems.
2209I invite your attention to a volume published in 1898, "Fishes ofthe North and Middle America." This is the type of environmentalinformation and upon which solutions to these problems must bebuilt, and which the museum is so experienced at developing.Effects of DDT on Reducing Bird PopulationsI will point out quickly an application of this kind of data. Thiscollapsed Brown Pelican egg which looks like it ought to be 100years old, was collected 2 years ago. These lovely looking BrownPelican eggs are about 100 years old. The difference is DDT in theenvironment.The museum can help with the solution of environmental problemswith this information in truly unique ways, using the national col-lections and the associated libraries and staff.Methyl Mercury in FishesMore recently, the museum was asked to determine the presenceof methyl mercury in fishes. Traces of the heavy metal were foundin specimens of food fishes collected almost 100 years ago. It wasfound that even then it was present in amounts now regarded asdangerous. It is this kind of baseline information we generate forapplication by all scientists who need it for the solution of real prob-lems in a real world. EDP ApplicationsI want to mention one more activity. Last year in one of our dataprocessing applications, we drew out information on a small fileof fossils which are important in oil exploration. We have now putthis data into the computer in such a way that it is very useful toresearchers studying these fossil materials, and terribly importantto the oil companies in searching for oil.Now with respect to the institutional environmental program,the museum has only a small part. I think probably here I shoulddefer to the Assistant Secretary for Science, Dr. Challinor.OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES *Senator Bible. We will be happy to have him amplify that answer.Maybe he wants to tell us about the Office of Environmental Science.Dr. Challinor. The Office of Environmental Science was essentiallyconcerned with the interbureau activity of the entire institution.These are the bureaus of the Institution that are concerned withscience.We have requested in our budget this year support for the environ-mental science program in the amount of $375,000. This will be comingup, I expect, later. If you want, I will be happy to discuss this now toshow how this is distinguished from the request of the Museum ofNatural History.Senator Bible. I think you might as well develop it now, becauseit is being commented on within the Museum of Natural History, andI am just trying to determine in my own mind the distinction betweenthe two areas.
2210Dr. Challinor. Mr. Chairman, the Institution, as you know, con-tains a number of separate bureaus, all of which are working in vari-ous facets of the environment; but we are primarily concerned in ourenvironmental program with seeing how the combination of thesebureaus, acting together, can produce the sort of information whichis most valuable, that no one bureau could produce by itself.In other Avords, we have the Astrophysical Observatory and we havethe Eadiation Biology Laboratory, which apply techniques, which canbe added to those records kept by, and the research done by, the scien-tists in the Natural History Museum, for example. In combination theycan then produce answers to very complex environmental questionsthat we will need to know the answers to, in our efforts to explainwhat is happening to the globe.The Institution itself through the Astrophysical Observatory andthrough its studies of solar radiation hitting our entire globe, cantreat the entire world, not only just the animals and fish and insects,for example, that the Natural History Museum is primarily concernedwith, but the entire solar spectrum and what is happening in the upperatmosphere.To do this, we started last year and received an appropriation for$150,000 to get this program organized.In our efforts and in our meetings we have established the program.It is actually underway, and the Smithsonian, using primarily itsown facilities has therefore set up an interbureau program on theenvironment.In other words, we start with the sun hitting the outside of theatmosphere and try to learn how this influences the trees and plantsgrowing on flic surface of the earth. "We are specifically concentratingnow, as we have outlined in our budget request, on shallow water ma-rine environments and on the terrestial environments in a tropicalforest. This will allow us to use our facilities in Panama and at the( Jhesa | >eake Ray Center.PRIORITY OF PLANNED NATURAL HISTORY PROJECTSSenator Bible. AVe will query you in just a minute. I simply wantto ask Dr. Cowan one additional question, and I think this clears upour major questions on the Museum of Natural History.On page A.-17 to A-19, you list a number of studies, which you pro-pose to undertake with the increase requested. Please give me thepriority of those studies. That can be placed in the record. Those arethe only questions I have for you. Dr. Cowan. That can be submittedfor the record. The record will be kept open for several davs.(The information follows:)
2211ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES(28 Positions, $1*74,000)The unity of knowledge about the environment is more than a cliche:As the physical and living components are inseparably interdependent ina balanced environment, so also is the information about it. For thisreason, setting priorities is extremely difficult among the followingfive ecological programs, listed in priority order, for which the NationalMuseum of Natural History requests funds:(1) Animals of the Sea (7 positions) $121,000(2) Origins of Oceanic Ecological Systems (9 positions) $104,200(3) Studies in Terrestrial Biology (6 positions) $74,400(4) Changing Climates and Man's Adaptations (3 positions) $124, 400(5) Study of Deteriorating Freshwater Habitats (3 positions) $50,000The first two of these programs constitute a broadly based approachto the needs for basic data to solve nationally recognized problems ofcoastal areas. Every study to establish priorities for attacking environ-mental deterioration has identified (most recently in the proposed Inter-American Institute of Ecology research program) estuaries and shallowcoastal waters as two areas most threatened by human activities because of solidwastes, industrial wastes, growing recreational uses, etc. Such deleteriousmaterials or uses affect the breeding and nursery portions of the life cycleof many marine organisms, some of major economic significance. The 1970report of the President's National Council on Marine Resources and Engineer-ing Development (pp. 28-29) included an emphatic statement of need forresearch in the coastal zones:
"Basic scientific information enables us to define the eco-logical base from which we operate; to understand the naturalforces at work; to predict harmful and beneficial consequencesof man's activities on the environment. From this comprehension,we can employ better engineering and technology to maintainwater quality, control beach erosion, and create modern portsand harbors. With such information, we can generate criteria todefine options and make choices among alternative regulatoryactions, public and private uses of the seas and coastal lands,and costs. This information is fundamental to the politicaldecisions needed to manage the environment."modern and prehistoric, lie at the heart of this misdirection of terres-trial resources. Repeatedly, studies of soil organisms, for example,have been urged by major national planning groups, such as the U.S. por-tion of the International Biological Program.The Museum is uniquely qualified by its rich collections and associ-ated staff to undertake these programs that will provide the basic base-line data required for solutions of environmental problems wherever theyoccur.
The Crystallography Program described on page A-19 is a top priorityitem, separate from the environmental programs listed above. The $58,000requested will be used to purchase a critically important instrument forstudy of the crystal structure of meteorites, lunar samples, and othermaterials by our geologists researching the origin of the earth and solarsystem.
2212OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESSenator Bible. Now, Dr. Challinor, going back to the Office of En-vironmental Sciences. Is that a new office?Dr. Challinor. No, sir; that function has been in effect for the last5 years, I believe. We have changed the title of this particular office ofthe Smithsonian so that it now combines the Office of Limnology andOceanography, and the Office of Ecology.Senator Bible. What is limnology ?Dr. Challinor. That is the study of fresh water ponds and lakes, asopposed to marine biology which deals with salt water.Senator Bible. What activities do you have within the Office?Dr. Challinor. We run the Smithsonian Marine Sorting Centeiwhich is located at the Washington Navy Yard and employs about ascore of people who are primarily concerned with sorting marine speci-mens ranging from fish down to microplankton for various museums,and for scientists who are doing research in oceanography.Senator Bible. Is that what you call your oceanographic sortingcenter?Dr. Challinor. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. How many persons do you have in your sorting cen-ters now ?Dr. Challinor. I have the number right here. We have 11 techni-cians and seven professionals.Senator Bible. What is the total number you have in your office?Maybe I should ask that first.Dr. Challinor. In the Office of Environmental Science, there are34 positions allowed. We have all 34 aboard now. We have in the sort-ing center a total of 18, seven professionals and 11 technicians, or whatwe call nonprofessionals.We have in addition now at the Chesapeake Bay Center, 7 milesbelow Annapolis, a director and three people working there, for a totalof four.In the Office itself, we have five professionals housed in the NaturalHistory Museum, and five secretaries for a total of 10, which makesa subtotal of 32. We have one man on now, a scientist, on a 9-monthtemporary basis. And we have the director of the sorting center inTunis who is assigned to the home office. This is a total of 34.Senator Bible. Thirty-four is the total number within the Office ofEnvironmental Sciences. Do I understand that correctly?Dr. Challinor. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. All right. Place in the record a table showing the in-creases in personnel which have been provided over the past 10 years.Are part of those in the Tunisian office?
2213(The information follows:)Office of Environmental SciencesTotals available PositionsFiscal year 1972 estimated 42Fiscal year 1971 estimated 34Fiscal year 1970 estimated 23Fiscal year 1969 actual *23Fiscal year 1968 actual *23Fiscal year 1967 actual *23Fiscal year 1966 actual *23
?*1966 was the first year that activities in environmental sciences were separatelyidentified in the budget presentation. From then until 1969, these activities were identifiedas the Office of Ecology and the Office of Oceanography and Limnology. In 1970. theywere combined as the Office of Environmental Sciences. Starting in fiscal year 1967, oneemployee was stationed at the Mediterranean Sorting Center.SORTING CENTER IN TUNISIADr. Challinor. The Tunisian office operates with foreign currencyin Tunis, and I will be happy to place in the record the number ofpeople we have there.Senator Bible. Is that solely on counterpart funds ?Dr. Challinor. Except for the aforementioned director, all of theother 29 employees are paid solely from counterpart funds.USE OF FOREIGN CURRENCIES FOR TRAVELSenator Bible. When you bring a man over from the Tunisian of-fice into the United States, do you use hard dollars ?Dr. Challinor. We can pay to transport him from Tunisia out ofthe soft currencies. While he is here in Washington he would haveto be paid per diem out of dollar funds of the Office of EnvironmentalScience.CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESSenator Bible. How many people do you have at the ChesapeakeBay facility ?Dr. Challinor. We have a total of four paid out of appropriatedfunds, the director, a secretary, a resident caretaker, and one technician.Senator Bible. Do you operate that in conjunction with Johns Hop-kins University ?Dr. Challinor. This is a consortium arrangement. The propertyis owned by the Smithsonian Institution, having been purchased byprivate funds raised by the Institution. The scientific research that
2214takes place there is carried out through a cooperative arrangementwith the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University.The ongoing research, then, involves scientists from all threeinstitutions.Senator Bible. How much does the University of Maryland con-tribute to this consortium?Dr. Challixor. Time and personnel, but no dollar funds to main-tain the buildings.Senator Bible. How much personnel ?Dr. Challixor. There are probably four scientists there now. Thesepersons come and go, depending on their research schedules, and thereare perhaps somewhere between six or 10 or 12 graduate studentsworking with them, depending on the courses being taught at the time.Senator Bible. They put no hard dollars in that '.Dr. Challixor. Xo hard dollars into maintaining the building andother operating costs of the facility.Senator Bible. How about Johns Hopkins?Dr. Challixor. They have contributed some funds.Senator Bible. How many full-time professor or scientists do theyhave there?Dr. Challixor. The professors do not work there full time. Theywould be working there only to the extent this would be part of theirfield work. Of the six professors from Johns Hopkins, for example,Professor Sladen is interested in the whistling swan which winters onthe Chesapeake Bay. He has been conducting an elaborate tracingexperiment to see where they go in the spring when they fly north toCanada. We help him by making our laboratory facilities available.I should mention that the bay center has received direct dollar sup-port for its facilities totaling $6,500 from Johns Hopkins in fiscalyear 1971.Senator Bible. How many people would they have there ?Dr. Challixor. Two full-time and three to five part-time on hisparticular project. These would be both graduate students and under-graduate students and technicians.SECURITY AT BAY CEXTERSenator Bible. Is the security officer that you asked for this yearthe same one which was denied to you last year?Mr. Challixor. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman. As you know, this area isbeing built up very, very quickly. It is amazing that we have been ableto assemble as much undeveloped land as we have in the past 5 yearsbecause of the great population increases in the area. Vanadalism andpeople shooting woodchueks or foxes, or even the ducks, have becomean increasing problem. It is necessary to have a continuing presencethere to let people know that we are physically occupying it 24 hoursa day. For example, sometimes we have snap-traps hidden to catchsmall rats and mice and we must be continually concerned about inno-cent children coming in and stepping on such a trap.Senator Bible. Can you give me an estimate of the damage?Dr. Challixor. This is a little difficult. I would estimate we aretalking about less than a thousand dollars at this particular point.
2215Our need for a guard is more to prevent the disturbance of the wild-life and our experiments. We set up mist nets to catch birds, for ex-ample, and people will come in and tear them down. Before we boughtthis tract it was used as a local automobile stripping area. This iswhere cars are stolen, brought down side roads and stripped of bat-teries, tires, etc. When we took this place over, we had to spend overa year trying to get rid of all the automobile junk.It takes quite a little while to get word out to the public that theyno longer can come in as before. We have built barriers and put chainsacross roads but to be reasonably effective we really need a permanentguard. Center Research WorkSenator Bible. What type of work do you do there ?I thought this was more or less a function of the Fish and WildlifeService.Dr. Challinor. Mr. Chairman, the Fish and Wildlife Service isconcerned with how to protect and produce more fish for fishermen orhow to insure a greater harvest of ducks for hunters. We are more con-cerned with "why is the grass green," or when you abandon a cornfield,what sort of trees come in, and in what succession.As opposed to the Fish and Wildlife Service, which has its ownpriorities, we are involved with basic research that may or may notproduce valuable economic benefit. Specifically seeking such benefitswould be secondary to what we see as our mission, which is trying tounderstand what makes the earth tick.Senator Bible. Have you asked your computer service how manyother departments and agencies are trying to find out why the grassis green?Dr. Challinor. No, sir ; for I am using this as an illustrative ex-ample only.Senator Bible. I know what you are trying to do. I am trying to fig-ure out how many others are trying to do the same thing. Why don'tyou put it in your fellow doctor's computer and come up with ananswer ?Dr. Challinor. We might be able to submit this question and itwould be interesting to see what comes out.Senator Bible. Maybe he wouldn't even charge you for it.Dr. Challinor. Maybe we could get a cut rate at least.Senator Bible. I am not faulting the project. I am just wonderinghow much duplication there is.Dr. Challinor. The existence of the Bay Center has actually helpedreduce duplication of effort, because we are the only facility on theChesapeake that is able to integrate the research of many differentdisciplines. During fiscal year 1971 for example the Bay Center hasreceived $533,000 worth of gifts, grants, and contracts from such U.S.agencies as NASA, AEC, EPA, and the U.S. Geology Service. Thelatter is stationing two full-time scientists at the center to work onwater quality of the Chesapeake.We have another interesting aspect down there which concerns ourability to operate a research facility like this which is compatible withthe needs of our neighbors who range from prosperous tobacco farm-
2216
ers to impoverished black people who work on the surrounding farms.This has raised sociological problems.Senator Bible. Is the Smithsonian studying that?Dr. Challinor. We are now unwillingly involved because a smallhousing project is planned to be built on the watershed adjacent to ourfacility. The State government will authorize a secondary sewer treat-ment and we are concerned that mere secondary treatment emptyinginto the stream that flows through our center will affect our researchresults. We are now working with local authorities to get a tertiarytreatment plant or some acceptable substitute. This is how we run intoday-to-day problems of people rather than just plants and trees, whichwe are more happy with, but this is the reality of trying to conductresearch when surrounded by a rapidly developing area.Senator Bible. Doesn't the Environmental Protection Agency dothis?Dr. Challinor. They do some of the same kind of things, but ourproblem in this case is one that is applied to a specific example of a po-tential conflict between people's life style and research results. I thinkit is going to serve as a model of how to meet these conflicts and HUDand EDA's Community Environmental Section have both expresseda strong interest in how we plan to resolve it.Senator Bible. I don't want you to take over all of the work of theEnvironmental Protection Agency because we just created them.Dr. Challinor. I assure you, Mr. Chairman, this is on a muchsmaller scale.Senator Bible. Let's see if I have any other items to be directed toyou gentlemen.SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORYWho tells us about the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ?Dr. Ripley. I have asked Dr. Whipple, the Director, to come tospeak to that.Senator Bible. Come forward, Dr. Whipple. You are asking$533,000 to initiate development of a large astronomical telescope.What is its purpose ? Labge Optical TelescopeDr. Whipple. The purpose is to provide a new, large telescope, pri-marily for infrared work, and also to pave the way for still largertelescopes in a reasonable budget range, the point being that with non-conventional optical methods we can enormously reduce the cost oflarge telescopes, and this provides, then, a method of providing alarge telescope at a very small cost. This project would lay the founda-tion for other people to lead on to larger optical telescopes.I will illustrate why the nonconventional optics are so much lessexpensive than the conventional ones by the diagram that I have justhanded Mr. Eaton.Senator Bible. I have it right here before me.Dr. Whipple. There are in existence, made by the Coming GlassWorks, 6-foot mirror blanks. You see the six red circles I have marked
2217
at the top of the diagram. They would provide an instrument withan effective diameter of 175 inches.Senator Bible. Don't explain the technical part to me. Just tell mewhat you plan when you have this all done ?Dr. Whipple. We will find out about the infrared sources in theuniverse. Some are in great gas clouds ; you might call them the nurs-eries, or the lying-in hospitals for new planetary systems like ourown. We can see these bodies like the planetary nebula from which webelieve the solar system developed.Also, we find that quasars, which are the most distant energy sourcesin space, can be studied through infrared.Perhaps you have read of the new galaxy that was located by in-frared telescopes. We have an opportunity, then, to make a large tele-scope to fill this particular need of infrared astronomy, for whichthere is no suitable large telescope available, and it will lead the wayfor other large instruments.Other Agency Involvement in AstrophysicsSenator Bible. How many other Government agencies are therewhich have any responsibility in the astrophysical field, such as youare just describing?Dr. Whipple. There is a certain amount in the military, in the AirForce, on solar work particularly, and in the Navy, on time and stellarposition. The National Science Foundation is the major contributor tothis field, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administrationsupports ground-based astronomy. I think that these are all of theGovernment agencies who have much interest in astronomy.Senator Bible. How long has the Smithsonian had a responsibilityin the observatory and astronomical telescope field ?Dr. Whipple. Since 1890, sir.Senator Bible. It had the primary function ?Dr. Whipple. I wouldn't say the primary function. The Smithsonianstarted out studying solar radiation from high areas where the atmos-phere is clear.Senator Bible. You mentioned the Defense Department. Are thereany other agencies that study the stars and the planets and the galaxy ?Dr. Whipple. I may have missed some agency in the Government,but I think those are the primary ones by all means.OBSERVATOKY FUNDINGSenator Bible. How much money is devoted to that type of workwithin the Smithsonian ?Dr. Whipple. We haveSenator Bible. What is the total budget this year ?Dr. Whipple. It is a little hard to answer that, sir, but we have justbuilt at Mount Hopkins, Ariz., a 60-inch telescope of a low-cost typewhich is the forerunner of the type of thing we can do, and that is nowin continuous use.We have a number of smaller instruments for specialized purposes,such as tracking satellites and for observing the meteors around theworld, and the observatory which has become very effective in solar
2218
observation. Our total appropriation for fiscal year 1971 is slightlyover $2.0 million.Name and Cost op the Telescope ProjectSenator Bible. Have you given this a name ?Dr. Whipple. Our name is the Six Element Reflector, because in-stead of using one very large mirror, which is extremely heavy to giverigidity, we are splitting it up into six small mirrors, which are muchthinner. The mirror blanks are in existence, having been built by theCorning Glass Works. They are of very much lighter weight than themirrors that are normally used.In this fashion, we can reduce the weight of the primary mirror bya factor of about 5 to 10 times, and, therefore, reduce the total cost tovery reasonable proportions, about $2.5 to $3.0 million dollars for theentire instrument.Senator Bible. $2V2 to $3 million?Dr. Whipple. Yes, for the entire instrument.Senator Bible. Is that over and above the $533,000 ?Dr. Whipple. It is included. The idea is that the $533,000 is to initi-ate this effort. This would include detailed engineering complete withblueprints, so we can put out the specifications for fixed-price biddingfor the telescope mounting, the dome, housing and related facilities forthis instrument. Then we can initiate the actual contracts for the work.We expect to follow this with a similar amount, about $500,000 inthe following 2 year's budget, to a total of some $1.5 million.Senator Bible. That is the total cost including the $533,000 ?Dr. Whipple. Yes, for our contribution. We are working coopera-tively with three of the University of Arizona's departments.Senator Bible. How much will they contribute to the project?Dr. Whipple. About a comparable amount.Telescope LocationSenator Bible. Where will it be located in Arizona ?Dr. Whipple. There are two likely sites. Mount Lemmon, northof Tucson, or our Mount Hokpins site, south of Tucson.Those are among the best sites we know in continental UnitedStates for infrared observatories.OBSERVATORIES OPERATED BY U.S. GOVERNMENTSenator Bible. How many observatories are there in the UnitedStates operated and maintained by the U.S. Government?Dr. Whipple. By the U.S. Government ?Senator Bible. By the U.S. Government.Dr. Whipple. The Naval Observatory has two of them, one of theseis in Arizona, and one is in Washington, D.C., which has become asmaller operation, and, of course, the National Science Foundationoperates the Kitt Peak National Observatory.Senator Bible. Where is that one ?Dr. Whipple. That is located southwest of Tucson, Ariz.Senator Bible. What is the big telescope in Palomar?
2219Dr. Whipple. That is operated under the Carnegie Institution.Senator Bible. Isn't there a Lick Observatory around SanFrancisco ?Dr. Whipple. Yes. That is operated by the University of California,with public and private funds.Senator Bible. You say the Navy has two, and the National ScienceFoundation has some ?Dr. Whipple. Yes, Mr. Chairman. Their great one is at Kitt Peakand they are developing an observatory in Chile. They also have alarge national radio astronomy observatory in West Virginia.Now, for solar observatories, the Air Force operates one in NewMexico, and that is a rather large installation, and there is one, now,I think, operated by ESSA for solar work in Boulder, Colo. They arefor different purposes, sir.Senator Bible. That is substantially all of them, is it?Dr. Whipple. I think so, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Well, you can examine it, and if you want to correctthe record, you may.Dr. Whipple. Speaking of telescopes for observing stars, it islimited to the three, I believe. I will check into that to be sure Ihaven't missed any major ones.Senator Bible. How much is devoted out of the Smithsonian dollarto that purpose, did you say ?Dr. Whipple. We estimated that last year we spent about $175,000to operate the Mount Hopkins Laboratory, out of our total appropria-tion of some $2 million.NUMBER OF ASTRONOMERS IN THE UNITED STATESSenator Bible. How many astronomers are there in the UnitedStates?Dr. Whipple. I don't know the precise number, but I believe thereare some 2,500, because there are approximately 2,800 members of theAmerican Astronomical Society including some foreign astronomersand junior members.Senator Bible. I was always fascinated by the study of astronomyfrom my grammar school days, when I heard a lecturer. I was goingto be an astronomer until I found they weren't going to get paid.Dr. Whipple. I became interested in the same way, ana never wor-ried about being paid. But I have been.Senator Bible. I hope you have been. [Laughter.]I understand you are preeminent in your field. It is nice to talkwith you. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTENow, for the Smithsonian Tropical Eesearch Institute, you proposean increase of $236,000, of which $176,000 of this is for the institute'sprogram. Included in the $60,000 increase for pay is $21,000 for paydifferential received by U.S. employees working in the Canal Zone.A portion of this increase is to provide the employees a rent subsidy.Do you pay this in cash to the employees, or will you provide quarters ?Dr. Ripley. We would propose to pay this in cash, as we have noquarters.55-968 O?71?pt. 2 60
2220Senator Bible. All right. What pay differentials do the employeesin the Canal Zone receive ?Dr. Ripley. Other agencies provide housing in the zone at very lowcost in addition to a tropical wage differential of about 15 percent.Agencies with offices in Panama provide foreign quarters allowancesfor their employees who must establish households locally. Foreignquarters allowances average 54 percent higher than the tropical wagedifferential. In addition, they are untaxable, in contrast to the wagedifferential, which is included in taxable compensation.We seek to offset the inequity to our staff, who receive only the wagedifferential, by providing housing cost support at least equivalent tothe direct dollar differences between the tropical differential and for-eign quarters allowances for those families required to establish house-holds in Panama.For 13 eligible staff on board in 1971, this dollar difference wouldamount to $18,382 in total, increasing proportionately with additionalpositions in fiscal 1972.Subsidy plan alternatives allowable under existing regulations willbe reviewed thoroughly prior to acceptance and adoption of our plan,which would not be retroactive.Senator Bible. Now. are the manual employees of the SmithsonianTropical Research Institute Panamanians or U.S. citizens?Dr. Ripley. They are usually Panamanians, Mr. Chairman.Budget Request IncreaseSenator Bible. Your program shows a substantial increase overfiscal year 1971. Where will you use the increase in that program?Dr. Ripley. We want to add to our backup support activity in theinstitute in somewhat the same way. Senator, that you have alreadyheard Dr. Cowan describe the shortfall in backup activity in theMuseum of Natural History.We need two field aides and a launch operator.Senator Bible. What else do you need?Dr. Ripley. An electrician and a messenger for all our facilities,a manager, and a janitor for the marine station facilities, and a main-tenance laborer for Barro Colorado Island.CROWN OF THORNS STARFISHSenator Bible. We spoke last year of the Crown of Thorns starfish.Have you made progress in bringing that predator under control ?Dr. Ripley. No, sir. Ave have not. This project, which was involvedin special legislation, is in the fiscal year 1972 budget under the De-partment of the Interior, with the implication that should the fundsbe granted, a proportion of the funds, approximately half, would beallocated to the Smithsonian for our own basic research.Senator Bible. Did you have any money for that purpose last year?Dr. Ripley. No, sir.Senator Bible. Oh. you did not?Dr. Ripley. We did, by chance, discover that the Crown of Thornsstarfish had spread right across into the eastern Pacific, and was foundoff the western coast of Panama, where we discovered a coral reef, un-
2221known previously, but this was in connection with the operations ofour Tropical Research Institute, and we did not undertake any con-trol measures.Senator Bible. As I recall that item, it was primarily found inHawaii originally.Dr. Ripley. Guam, the barrier reef of Australia, and in the Micro-nesia area.It appears to occur where there has been human disturbances of thereefs, things like blasting, or dredging, or construction. In this areathere is an imbalance created and then the Crown of Thorns takesover. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTESenator Bible. You have a contract for research on the effects ofoil pollution on shoreline habitats. You are asking for $34,000 andtwo positions to implement this contract. Is any of your cost underthis contract reimbursed by the Federal Water Quality Administra-tion?Mr. Ripley. Mr. Chairman STRI does have a contract from theFederal Water Quality Administration. It is for oil spill damagestudies. The $34,000 request is for general administrative support.radiation biology laboratorySenator Bible. Last year four additional positions were providedfor you at the Radiation Biology Laboratory, and this year you areasking another six positions. Why are your increases in personnel inevery bureau or section continually necessary ?Dr. Ripley. We are still phasing into the new quarters in Rockville,Md. ; Senator, and we request part of this for this phasing proposition.Part of the construction funds involved are for the completion andequipping of five environmentally controlled rooms at the station, andsix positions, costing $61,000, are concerned with the environmentalbiology program of the laboratory. These are a radiation physicist,an environmental physiologist, a laboratory technician, two aides, anda refrigeration mechanic.We also request support funding to cover related program costs.I might point out, Senator, that in our efforts to weld the bureausof the Smithsonian into common objectives in connection with en-vironmental science, we have just had a conference of some of thebureau representatives, presided over by the Assistant Secretary forScience, in which we attempted to see how the astrophysical observa-tions from an observatory like Mount Hopkins could help the radiationbiology people who are working with much lower levels of the atmos-phere, and we think that there may be new research to be derived fromstudies of the magnetosphere, which is above the earth's nearest layerof atmosphere where thin trails of clouds may significantly be affect-ing radiation down on earth.This would have an applied interest in connection with studies ofsupersonic transport, for example.Senator Bible. We reported the SST out of Appropriations today,17 to 5, and we will have it up on the floor Wednesday. I don't knowwhat will happen. The House defeated it yesterday 217 to 204. That
2222may be one place we save some money if they defeat the SST come"Wednesday or Thursday of next week. But we will wait to see.NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM PERSONNELXow we turn to the National Air and Space Museum.How many positions are authorized, and how many are working?Dr. Ripley. At present, Senator, we have authorized positions of41, and we are requesting an increase of three.Senator Bible. How many curatorial personnel are aboard now?Dr. Ripley. Seven curatorial positions at present.Senator Bible. And how many administrative \Dr. Rir-LEY. Eleven administrative, and 17 museum specialists. Theseare largely engaged in aircraft restoration and conservation work outat Silver Hill.Senator Bible. How many are at your Air and Space Museum inWashington, and how many are out at Silver Hill ?Dr. Ripley. Eighteen employees are on the Mall, IB are at SilverHill, and one is at our 24th Street building.Senator Bible. How do you divide it ?Dr. Ripley. The curatorial and administrative personnel are pres-ently on the Mall. Most of the subprofessionals are out at Silver Hill.Senator Bible. T understand that, but what were the respectivenumbers?Dr. Ripley. Seven curatorial, 11 administrative, and 17 museumspecialists, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. All right. I didn't have that firmly in mind.TOURS AT SILVER HILL FACILITYAie you still conducting the tours at your Silver Hill facility?Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. How often do you conduct them ?Dr. Ciiallinot:. They have been conducted once a week on Fridayswith volunteer help. It is turning out that because of the threats thatwe mentioned earlier. Mr. Chairman, about blowing up museums andthings like this, we are not sure we will be able to continue these tours.There was nothing in the budget for taking people through the facilityat Silver Hill, but we were able for about -1 months to get highlyqualified volunteers to lead people through.Because the material is extremely valuable, and some of it is ex-posed, especially in the buildings, we are unwilling to let unaccom-panied visitors walk through particular areas. This is where therestoration takes place, and all the materials we need to reassemble theplanes are stored. "We can continue to do these tours if we control theflow of persons on a low-volume basis. There isn't much room to letpeople run through by themselves.Senator Bible. Am I to understand these were conducted in the pastwithout cost \Dr. Challtxor. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. How many visitors did you have ?Dr. Ciiallixor. Probably two or three score, certainly less than ahundred visitors. We didn't advertise these tours because of the prob-
2223lem I mentioned. We have had two tours each Friday, limited to about12 persons each.ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANSSenator Bible. How many personnel do you have working on theEncyclopedia of North American Indians ?Dr. Ripley. I believe we have four people currently assigned full-time to work on the encyclopedia with another two or three part-time.We really want to get firmly under way with this project now. Theinitial work, Senator, has been outlining the scope of the task andattempting to line up the editors and the particular contributors whoare national in scope.These contributors on a 17-volume work are going to come fromall over the country, and each one will be the recognized expert inhis field.What we will be doing essentially is some of the writing with ourown professionals, and the coordination, editing, and eventual pub-lication.We hope to have this encyclopedia completed by July 1976. Thereis a great deal of enthusiasm among the professionals for such aproject.By May of this present year we anticipate that we will have madeall the writing assignments with the probable total of about 850 con-tributors, most of whom, of course, will be volunteers.The first return of manuscripts is expected to be this summer, andall the manuscripts will be received and revised by May 1974. Wehope for a 1976 publication, in time for the Bicentennial. We havean increasingly heavy workload to do the editing and compilation ofthese volumes, and it is for this we are requesting a copy editor, aresearch assistant, and a typist, and funds for support of the volumeeditors and contributors. It is $48,000 in total.ANTHROPOLOGY GRANTSSenator Bible. One last question before we recess. What is thetotal amount that you will have for the small grants for urgentanthropology research with the increase of $17,000 ? What is the totalamount there ?Dr. Eipley. An increase of $17,000 for our urgent anthropologyshould bring us up to?I will have to wait a minute and try to figureit out. subcommittee recessSenator Bible. We are going to take a recess until 1 :45. Betweennow and a quarter to one, you figure up the answer and put it in. (Seepage 2230) I think we can finish up with an hour this afternoon.(Whereupon, at 12:30 p.m., the subcommittee was recessed, to re-convene at 1 :45 p.m.)

(Afternoon Session, 1:45 O'clock, Friday, March 19, 1971)Present : Senator Bible.Smithsonian InstitutionSTATEMENT OF S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARY?ResumedCENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENASenator Bible. Gentlemen, the hearing will resume.The Center for Short-Liver Phenomena is supported and fundedfor what amount, Secretary Ripley ?Dr. Ripley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to ask Dr.Challinor to speak to that, if I may.Senator Bible. Just answer the question. You don't need to makea long involved answer. I know what you do. You told me that last year.Dr. Challinor. An amount of $37,000 in appropriated funds.Senator Bible. How many positions is that ?Dr. Challinor. One position, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. And you ask for an increase of $90,000 and threepositions ?Dr. Challinor. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. You say you have difficulty in securing money forthis operation from outside sources. How much have you been able tosecure ?Dr. Challinor. May I ask Mr. Jameson, who has the figure for that ?Senator Bible. Very well.Mr. Jameson. In fiscal year 1970 we had approximately $58,000from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for a specialproject they were interested in. In addition, we had approximately$14,000 of subscription income.In current fiscal year, 1971, the support from other agencies, in-cluded a small amount from the Ford Foundation and UNESCO forspecial projects.Senator Bible. What I want you to do is give me the total amount ?Mr. Jameson. This year it will be about $40,000, sir.Senator Bible. For the record, supply the sources, whether they areGovernment or private.Mr. Jameson. Yes, sir.(The information follows:)Center for Short-Lived Phenomena?sources of financial support1970?Salaries and expenses appropriation (Federal) $11,000National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 (Federal) 58,000Subscriptions (Private) 14, 00083,000(2225)
2226
1971?Salaries and expenses appropriation (Federal) $37,000National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 (Federal) 3,000Subscriptions ( Private) 20, 000Ford Foundation 1 (Private) 7,000UNESCO * (Private) 2, 000Atomic Energy Commission (Federal) 5,00074,0001 For special projects not general operations.Proposed Appropriation of Funds to Replace Outside SupportSenator Bible. How much of your proposed increase is to be usedto replace the contract support heretofore received from NASA andthe National Science Foundation ?Mr. Jamesox. We estimate, sir, that an effective operating budgetlevel for the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena would be about$150,000, and we believe that we will raise through subscription incomeapproximately $25,000 in 1972. So, in effect, the $125,000, approxi-mately, that we are asking for is to replace outside income other thansubscription income.Senator Bible. Very well.NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKNow the National Zoological Park.1 assume that is you, Dr. Reed, if you want to come forward.Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. What is the total amount that you have for theoperation and maintenance of the National Zoological Park, first inthe current fiscal year, fiscal year 1971 ?Dr. Reed. At the present time, we have appropriated $3,025,000 forthe operation and maintenance of the National Zoological Park.Senator Bible. Is that all within this budget ?Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. Do you receive any contributions from the Districtof Columbia now ?Dr. Reed. We do not receive any contributions from any othersource than the Smithsonian Institution.Senator Bible. Private or otherwise?Dr. Reed. We have received occasional small bequests and gifts ofmoney, but noting to really support the zoo.Number of Zoo EmployeesSenator Bible. Hjow many personnel do you have aboard now?Dr. Reed. We have about 230 permanent employees on the rolls, asof this morning. Our authorized total is 249.Senator Bible. What, in your judgment, is the correct fundinglevel to maintain the National Zoo ?You are asking for an increase of $585,000.Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. That gives you another 48 people ?Dr. Reed. Yes, sir; that is correct.
22271967-1971 Appropriations HistorySenator Bible. Provide for the record by appropriation activitiesas presented in your budget justification the numbers of the person-nel, beginning with fiscal year 1963, if you have records.Do you have records from 1963 that are available to you? It wasthen under the District of Columbia Government.Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. You have been the head man of the National Zoohow long ?Dr. Reed. I believe it is about 14 years now.Senator Bible. All right. Beginning with fiscal year 1963 and run-ning through the current fiscal year, both as to amounts and personnel.(The information follows :)APPROPRIATION?AUTHORIZED POSITIONS AND FUNDS BY ACTIVITIES
Office of director Maintenance andoperation Living vertebratePosi-tions Amounts
Scientificresearch Anim al health Total
Year Posi-tions Amounts Posi-tions Amounts Posi-tions Amounts Posi-tions Amounts Posi-tions Amounts
1963 11 $96,17011 107,37012 121,50010 107,38010 124,93011 146,04228 377,76960 814,00061 909, 000
12212212212413113812699100
$788, 136863,958878, 342975,3751,054,5871,221.9031,165,366975, 0001,114,000
767776758386857777
$567, 094614,901641,523652, 323725, 803843, 603900, 300874, 000962, 000
112332556
$9, 30011,12723, 63529, 42236,78031,85250, 59372, 00084, 000
210211212212227237244246249
$1,470,2001964.1965 1,597,3561,665,0001966.. 1,683,3141967 1,942,1001968..1969 2,243,4002,494,0281970..1971.. 55 $67, 00081,000 2,802,0003,150,000Travel ExpensesSenator Bible. You seem to ask for more money for travel. Whydo you have to put more money for travel ?Dr. Reed. This travel money is for the scientific and technical staffto attend various meetings of their disciplines. There are about 15meetings a year which we should be represented at to broaden theknowledge of our people working at the zoo as well as to disseminateknowledge that we have gathered about the animals and about zoooperation and maintenance.The money is also used for the travel to acquire specimens for thezoo, actually going out and getting the animals. Small amounts ofthe money are used to travel to pick up and escort animals from, say,New York, or from other places.Size of Animal CollectionSenator Bible. What is your zoo population animal-wise?Dr. Reed. At the present time, the zoo population is about 825species, that is different kinds of animals, representing 52 families.The total number varies from about 2,800 to 3,000 individual animals.Senator Bible. How many ?Dr. Reed. Between 2,800 to about 3,000. Spring is coming on, andwe will be hatching out a lot of birds shortly.Senator Bible. You put birds in there ?Dr. Reed. Yes, sir; the total includes mammals, birds, reptiles anda very few insects.
2228Senator Bible. Do you keep insects as an attraction?Dr. Reed. Yes, sir.Senator Bible. What kinds ?Dr. Reed. We have kept such things as tarantulas and the largeimperial scorpion.They are quite an attraction, especially when visitors can get closeto them and be safe.Senator Bible. I have seen them in their native state. I am satisfied.Condition of ZooI am periodically receiving mail from that effervescent and activeMr. Ripley and others about the decaying state of the zoo. What arethe facts about the zoo? Is it in as bad shape as the articles I readoccasionally and people write me about, schoolchildren, and Mr.Ripley, and others ?I suppose you have to say yes as long as he is saying yes.Dr. Reed. I would like to think he said yes because I have told himhow bad it is and have shown him.Senator Bible. That is why, I guess you wanted me to come to seethe animals at twilight when they are quiet.Dr. Reed. I would like to show you some very fine and very won-derful animals, and if you happen to see a lion house built in 1890 thatis about to fall downSenator Bible. Paul Eaton and I will be out as soon as we can. Whatare your hours %Dr. Reed. The zoo is open from 9 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. on weekdaysand until 6 p.m. on weekends. After April 26 it will be open until 6 p.m.The hours for yon, sir, are anytime.Senator Bible. That is just red carpet treatment. That is just try-ing to butter me up like Mr. Ripley always is.Dr. Reed. I promise not to butter you up, just show you the facts.Senator Bible. Just show me the facts. Paul Eaton and I will be outthere as soon as we can. Travel BudgetWhat is your total travel budget \Mr. Reed. At the present time, the total travel budget is $8,000. Weare asking for an increase of $10,000 for a total of $18,000. This is forthe entire zoo for all purposes. There are about 25 of the technical andprofessional staff that should travel and be represented at various pro-fessional meetings throughout the year.Zoo RatingsSenator Bible. Do all you zoo directors get together and then givepriority as to which is the best zoo in the Unitecl States, and you al-ways put yourself first '. Other than your own, which do you rate sec-ond, or does that get you in trouble with your brethren ?Dr. Reed. Other than my own, I would say the San Diego Zoo is oneof the very best in the country and the world.I don't think we should underrate the Sonora Desert museum inTucson, Ariz. It represents the fauna and flora of the Sonora Desertand does a good job.The great zoos are Bronx, Brookfield, Detroit, San Diego, St. Louis,Milwaukee, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.
2229Suggested Zoo Television ProgramSenator Bible. Have you ever given consideration to giving a pro-gram like Marlin Perkins ? Does he get money out of that for the zoo ?Dr. Reed. I don't know how much the zoo has gotten out of it, butMr. Perkins has gotten a considerable amount of money out of it.Senator Bible. Maybe that would get money for you ; maybe NBC,on the other animals in Washington. Just by way of suggestion. A lotof people think we run a better zoo up here than you do. You mighteven turn that into a major production, and you might make moneyoff it.Dr. Reed. It could well be, sir.Senator Bible. That is a very interesting series. I like to look at that.Miss Adams was my administrative assistant for a few years, and sheis now with Mutual of Omaha, and I see her on TV.Plans for La Plata, Md.What do you operate at La Plata, Maryland?Dr. Reed. At La Plata, Md., we are not operating anything as yet.It is our desire under the broad authority we have for goinginto zoological endeavors to establish a country breeding zoo. Thereare many animals throughout the world that are faced with extinc-tion. We have difficulty bringing animals into this country, meetingthe very wise and very just laws of the Department of Agricultureto protect our domestic livestock, so we need a farm-type zoo wherewe can breed larger herds of these animals, and also devote ourselvesto the scientific research and study of the behavior, the life habitsand requirements, and needs of these animals.This site would serve the National Zoo and the other zoos in theNation as a reservoir for some of the more endangered and exoticanimals, as well as the source of behavioral and other scientific studiesof these animals.The piece of property at La Plata belongs to the military at thepresent time. It is being demobilized. It is 506 acres. We consider itan excellent site because it has a good, stout, chain link fenceall around it. It is close to Washington ; it is easily accessible to us
;
and we could use this once it became our property as an excellentsupplementary or auxiliary zoo for the purposes I mentioned.Senator Bible. Does the FCC still have an interest in that site ?Dr. Reed. Yes; the FCC and the Smithsonian Zoo are still inter-ested in the site.Senator Bible. When might you resolve that?Dr. Reed. It was hoped it would be resolved some time this month,but obviously it will be some time next month when the question isresolved. Construction and Costs at La PlataSenator Bible. If the site is acquired, what construction would youpropose that is not included in the present budget?Dr. Reed. In the present budget, we would be utilizing some of ourmen who are already on the rolls, some of our equipment, some of ourfeed, and some minor repairs and construction. In future budgets.
2230we would probably wish to construct simple farm-type sheds forthe animals and some rather simple fences within the grounds, be-cause the perimeter is well protected at the present time. So therewould be this minor, more or less farm-type construction for theanimals at La Plata.Senator Bible. What is the total estimated cost?Dr. Reed. It is not to exceed $200,000 in the 1973 budget, and prob-ably will never be more than 10 percent of the total Zoo budget. It ismore or less of a ranch-type operation rather than a public exhibitionzoo. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS POSITIONSSenator Bible. Very well. Last year your budget request for theNational Collection of Fine Arts showed that, if the full request wasapproved, as it was, you would have 60 positions, and this year yourestimate shows your 1971 base is 70 positions. How did you acquirethe additional 10? We gave you 60 and apparently you are coming upwith 70. Where did you get the 10 extra ; by what authority ?Dr. Ripley. Mr. Blitzer, would you answer that?Mr. Blitzer. I am sorry, Senator, I was just coming up.Senator Bible. Let me restate. Last year you asked for 60 positions,and we granted your request. This year your base is 70 positions.Mr. Blitzer. 1 would have to call on Mr. Bradley or Mr. Jamesonfor that answer.Mr. Jameson. Part of the additional positions, Mr. Chairman, arefor the Renwick Gallery. In addition, we have had to increase the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts start' slightly as they are expandingtheir public exhibition halls, filling up their share of the building, aswell as curat ing new collections. This was accomplished within theapproved level of funding.Senator Bible. Where did you get the authority to get the other 10?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, in retrospect, the authority does notexist: and I think that I should say that it is part of my responsibilityto catch these things, and this should have been submitted to this com-mittee. I have, sir, looked into it. Our reprogramings have been verywell received, and in the past 3 years we have had a total of $2 millionreprogramed out of the total of $90 million appropriated. In retro-spect, sir, the answer to your question is that we should have submittedthis to you and to t he other side for approval.Senator Bible. But you didn't.Mr. Bradley. We didn't.Senator Bible. That is what I was getting at. As long as we insiston reprogramming, we don't want to pick up items like this, where yougo ahead and do reprogramming. Did you supply the answer for therecord I asked before recess?Urgent Anthropology GrantsDr. Ripley. I have the answer. We had in 1970, $8,000 for urgentanthropology grants and in 1971, $13,000 estimated. We are requestingan additional $5,000, for a total of $17,000 in our 1972 budget.Senator Bible. Very well. That supplies the answer to that question.
2231 /NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY POSITIONSNow, I would ask the same question of the National Portrait Gal-lery, where you have 27 positions. No additional positions are re-quested, and yet the 1971 budget which you have furnished us showsyou have 10 additional positions.Where did you get that ; the same way ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I think this is the same case as withthe Collection of Fine Arts. This is a matter that should have beensubmitted to the committee. But as with the National Collection ofFine Arts, we did not exceed the approved level of funding.Senator Bible. How many other instances do you have other thanthose two ?Mr. Bradley. I would say, very few, Mr. Chairman. We have hadreprogramming specifically approved and, generally, while we have45 different line items before you, sir, we try to treat each one reason-ably close to the amount that is approved. So this is a point of diffi-culty and we do try to live with the 45. In general, we are very, veryfaithful to it.Senator Bible. Well, I just want you to be more faithful. I don'twant you to come in and say, "We are awfully sorry, we should nothave done it, but we did it." Let's not have it happen again.renwick gallery statusWhat is the status of the Renwick Gallery ?Mr. Blitzer. We hope construction on the inside of the RenwickGallery will be substantially completed by June of this year, and anopening will be possible by the fall.HIRSHHORN MUSEUM BUDGET REQUIREMENTSSenator Bible. The Joseph Hirshhorn Museum has a requested pro-gram increase of $587,000 and 3 positions. Furnish for the record thepositions now authorized for the museum.(The information follows:)
2232
Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenAuthorized Positions
Director - responsible for overall direction of the Hirshhorn MuseumSecretary to the Director - stenographer, typist, handles telephonecalls, initiates correspondenceCurator - supervises all curatorial, exhibit and educational programsAssociate and Assistant Curator - responsible for the cataloguing andexhibition of 7, 000 paintings and sculpture;responsible for preparation of the cataloguefor the opening exhibit; develop culturaland educational programsLibrarian - establishes and maintains up to date research, photographicand microfilm libraryMuseum Assistant - assists in researching data to document requiredbackground on various works in the collectionClerk Typist - assists in preparation of catalogue for opening exhibit andother clerical dutiesHistorian - Assists in researching and developing historical data in thepreparation of suitable provenances. Coordinate in organizingof exhibit displays. Answers research inquiries and arrangesloans of art worksAdministrative Officer - provides services to the director in the managementof the museum, pertaining to personnel, budgetpreparation and execution, and procurement activitiesSecretary to Administrative Officer - maintains control of obligations andinvoices, typing, answering correspondenceRegistrar - supervises activities at the warehouse, where there are 6employees involved in preparing collection for exhibitMuseum Assistants (5) - (located at site where collection is stored)Personnel are responsible for registration andinventory of all paintings and sculpture in Collection.Coordinates conservation photography, framing andother services relating to cataloguing and preparingthe collection for exhibition.Clerk Typist - furnishes clerical and typing support to personnel atwarehouse and eventually serve as secretary to RegistrarContract Clerk - Assists in the preparation of pertinent data requiredfor issuance of requisitions and contracts covering generalprocurement and particular items for building furnishings.
2233Stokage ScreensSenator Bible. An increase of $400,000 is proposed for the designand production of storage screens. What are those ?Dr. Ripley. These are to allow the storage of paintings and graphicsin the collection in place when the building is built. These are slidingscreens, Mr. Chairman, which go in and out on an overhead track andallow you to utilize the space appropriately. They are the equivalentof library stacks.Senator Bible. Very well.You say your average cost of framing a picture is $200. Do you dothis in-house or by contract ?Dr. Ripley. By contract.Senator Bible. What type of restoration do you have to accomplishwith respect to sculptured pieces in the Hirshhorn Museum?Dr. Ripley. The sculpture is restored from time to time by treat-ment. From time to time the exterior sculpture shows accretions likemoss, but it is a chemical process. We have to make sure this is notaffecting the quality of the bronze surface. Waxy coatings are appliedto preserve it. This restoration is done by experts under our contract.archives or American artSenator Bible. You have a new activity in the Archives of Ameri-can Art. Please describe this activity.Mr. Blitzer. I would describe that, Senator as a new form of atraditional activity. It came about when the Smithsonian was able, inMay of 1970, to acquire the greatest single collection of documentarymaterial about the history of the arts in America.This represented an enormous increase in our resources for doingwhat the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery in particular have been instructed by their legislation to do,and had always done, to study the history of art in this country.Senator Bible. How did you support it in the current fiscal year?Mr. Blitzer. By contributions from those two museums, the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery.Half of its expenses are paid for privately.Senator Bible. What is the total expense ?Mr. Blitzer. We are requesting $175,000, and we hope as much as$200,000 in private funds will be raised for it.Senator Bible. How much is the expense of taking care of Ameri-can ArchivesMr. Blitzer. An amount of $175,000 in the current fiscal year, Mr.Chairman.Senator Bible. The same level ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, sir ; it is at the same level.Senator Bible. Is the Quarterly Journal published with Federalfunds?Mr. Blitzer. No.Senator Bible. Completely private funds ?Mr. Blitzer. As far as I know.Senator Bible. At least, there are no Smithsonian funds in there ?Mr. Blitzer. Not so far as I know.
2234Senator Bible. Is that verified? How about your auditor or yourbudget man ? Are there any Smithsonian fundsMr. Jameson. The Quarterly Journal is funded entirely by privatefunds, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. All right.PRESERVATION OF RECORDS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUMYou are always starting new programs, Dr. Ripley. You say youstart a program which is a long-term project of duplicating and pro-tecting records of the U.S. National Museum. What is the import ofthat?Dr. Ripley. The Office of the Registrar of the National Museum,Mr. Chairman, is one of our oldest and most honorable activities. Itconsists of the central accession records of the National Museum ofNatural History and the National Museum of History and Technology.We are asking for one position and $50,000 for protection of theseaccession records and for shipping and mail room requirements.Senator Bible. What will the average funding level of that be?Dr. Ripley. The present base level is $301,000 for the entire Office ofthe Registrar operation, which consists of approximately 29 persons.These records and documents, many of which we inherited fromthe U.S. Government, go back to 1842, including the accessions of theoriginal National Institute, which was supported by Congress priorto the formation of the Smithsonian.Senator Bible. How much will it cost ? What will it be in the fore-seeable future ? Will this be an average funding level for several years?Dr. Ripley. About $25,000 a year.Senator Bible. About $25,000 a year.Anacostia Neighborhood Museum PositionsFor the record, supply the breakdown of four positions that you areasking for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, and describe themby responsibility and grade.(The information follows:)Anacostia Neighborhood Museumrequested additional positionsFour additional positions are requested in the fiscal year 1973 budget forthe Anacostia Neighborhood Museum.1. Assistant to the Director (GS-11)?Responsible for community relations,research on urban problems to be translated into exhibits, fund raising, counselto outside groups interested in establishing similar neighborhood museums,and general administrative matters assisting the Director.2. Class Instructor (GS-5)?Responsible for planning and conducting mu-seum-related courses in language skills for community children.3. Class Instructor (GS^l)?Responsible for planning and conducting mu-seum-related courses in graphic arts and design for community children.4. Custodian (WG-3)?Responsible for general museum cleaning and mainte-nance. Donations to the Anacostia MuseumSenator Bible. How many donations have you received for theAnacostia Museum to date in fiscal year 1971 ?
2235Mr. Warner. We have received private contributions in this fiscalyear, Mr. Chairman, totaling $191,000.Senator Bible. That sounds pretty good.From private sources ?Mr. Warner. Yes, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Is it reasonable to expect to receive a like amountfor 1972 ?Mr. Warner. I don't think so, Mr. Chairman.I will supply for the record the sources and amounts of our privategrants since the museum's inception. As Dr. Ripley pointed out atlast year's hearings, the record shows that in the beginning we gotmany general purpose grants to get Anacostia started, but. lately theyare nearly all for special purposes. We now have special project grants."Do this project for us," they say.Senator Bible. They want to specify how to use the money?Mr. Warner. Yes. Thus these grants give us an overburden anddon't contribute to the general operating expenses. That is why weask for two teachers this year for the everyday classroom type ofactivity that is our responsibility.Senator Bible. What is your total cost of operating this museum,both Federal and private ?Mr. Warner. I would say, sir, total costs are the 1971 base of$125,000, the $191,000 received so far this fiscal year from privatesources, plus about $40,000 from our own private funds. This isbecause we have some few employees on the private roll at Anacostia,sir.Senator Bible. That gives you a total operating budget of what?Mr. Warner. That would be $125,000, plus $191,000, plus $40,000.Senator Bible. About $365,000.Mr. Wheeler. It is about $165,000, leaving out the special additions.Mr. Warner. That is true. We should not put in the special grants,$191,000, so it is $125,000 plus $40,000.Senator Bible. That is your total cost of operating the museum,private and Federal ?Mr. Warner. That is correct, because all of the grants from outsideare for special projects.(The information follows :)
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
2236
Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Project GrantsFiscal Year 1967:Agnes Meyer Foundation (general purpose)Anne S. Richardson Fund (general purpose)Carnegie Corp. , Whitney Museum (general purpose)Neighborhood Campaign (general purpose)Total
Fiscal Year 1968:
Fiscal Year 1969:
il2, 000
5, 00010, 20010027, 300
Carnegie Corp., Whitney Museum) general purpose) 15,600Neighborhood campaign (general purpose) 15, 500Total 31, 100
Irwin Sweeney-Miller Foundation (general purpose, 21,000matching fund)Stern family fund (to help match above grant) 5,000Bell Aerospace Corp. (to help match above grant) 5,000Neighborhood campaign (general purpose) 10, 000Cafritz Foundation (matching funds for Irwin 1,000Sweeney-Miller grant)Strong Foundation (special purpose; education) 15, 500National Endowment for the Arts (special prupose; ^ ' ^0art education, artist in residence)Foundation for Voluntary Service (special purpose; 11,000youth opportunity)Total 75,800
2237
Total Outside Private Support to the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum
Fiscal Year 1970:Junior League of Washington (special purpose: $ 43,000mobile classroom)Agnes Meyer Foundation (special purpose:salary for community relations specialist) 15,000Hattie M. Strong Foundation (special purpose: education) 15,000National Endowment for the Arts (special: artist inresidence) 7,300Total $ 80,300
Fiscal Year 1971Carnegie Corporation (special purpose: urbanproblems) $ 100,000 *Cafritz Foundation (special purpose; urbanproblems) 25,000 **Department of Housing and Urban Development(special purpose: urban problems 50,000 **iWhitney Foundation (matching funds for HUD grant) 2,000Whitney Foundation (special short-term project) 500Hattie M. Strong Foundation (general purpose 13 , 500education and for use in FY 1972)Total $ 191,000
Grand Total $ 405,500
Over two yearsMatching fundsMatches above grant
2238OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIESSenator Bible. How much of the budget for your Office of In-ternational Activities is required for the administration of the foreigncurrency program in the fiscal year 1972 program ?Dr. Ripley. Dr. Challinor.Dr. Challinor. Mr. Chairman, we have been using the entireamount we have been appropriated. $125,000. during fiscal year 1971,to administer the foreign currency program and the other activities ofthe Office. For the foreign currency program alone I would say thisuses about 70 percent, 70 to 75 percent of the $125,000 we wereauthorized.Senator Bible. Is this about the same amount you had in the pastyear, the same amount you are projecting for the coming year?Dr. Challinor. We anticipate that $108,000 or about 70 percent ofthe fiscal year 1972 OIA budget will go for the foreign currency pro-gram. This year, we got an increase for the first time in 3 yearsin the total amount of foreign currency granted to us. We went from$2,316,000 to $2,500,000. We are asking and have received permissionto ask for a total of $5.5 million for this coming year in excessforeign currencies.We are asking to administer both the increased, hoped-for approvedamount, one new position as a clerk-typist.International Exchange ServiceSenator Bible. Now, I see that you use your International ExchangeService as an official exchange bureau for all of U.S. publications. Doyou receive any reimbursement from other Federal agencies whosepublications you handle ?Mr. Warner. No, sir, we do not. You could say that we receive in-kind help for the return flow, that is, foreign publications comingback to the United States.Senator Bible. But the answer is "No" ?Mr. Warner. That is correct, sir.AMERICAN REVOLUTION BICENTENNIALSenator Bible. Is your Bicentennial of the American Revolutionplan coming along very well ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I would say it is.Senator Bible. How much have you expended in the preparation ofthose plans to date ?Mr. Blitzer. We have $400,000 this year, and we will spend $400,000this year.Senator Bible. Do you have anything in this budget for next year ?Mr. Blitzer. Yes, we are asking for another $400,000.Senator Bible. Another $400,000. All right.EXHIBITION ON "WORLD OF LIVING THINGS"You have an exhibit which you are entitling "World of LivingThings," and you say that will cost about $800,000 and would require2 years to complete if I understand it correctly.
2239Dr. Kipley. We estimate that we will require about $775,000 for thisexhibition.Senator Bible. In total ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir ; in total. We are asking this year for $525,000.The exhibition will be completed, provided we have the funds, in 18months, so we would request the remaining segment in fiscal 1973 tomake up the $775,000.Senator Bible. Very well.For the record, would you detail exactly what this exhibit will con-tain and how it operates, with pictures and that sort of thing.How long will this be maintained %Dr. Ripley. This would be a permanent exhibit.Senator Bible. All right.(The information follows:)
2240WORLD OF LIVING THINGS
The WORLD OF LIVING THINGS is the initial attempt to presentideas with objects used as illustrations, rather than the objectorientation of many current exhibit halls. It is also the first trulyinter-disciplinary exhibit to be planned for the National Museum ofNatural History. This Hall is often referred to as our first environmentalexhibit because a principal objective is to help visitors develop a newlevel of awareness of their surroundings. Having generated betterinformed visitors, the exhibit concludes with the presentation of optionsfor action by the individuals.The exhibit will contain hundreds of specimens, illustrations andmodels, each identified and related to each other by the presentationof scientific knowledge. The relationship of the planet earth to the sunas a source of energy will be related to energy flow in a community ofcave insects. The insects, some almost microscopic, are shown 25times life-size to demonstrate highly specialized adaptations for life ina community of darkness.In a large area of the exhibit, structural and behavioral adaptationsof living things--man is included throughout- -will be presented, usingall types of communication techniques. Another area, "The Preciousnessof Life, " will provide an introduction to genetics and show man as thesuper-survivor of other forms of life that have become extinct throughnatural causes. This will be followed by an intense exhibit presentationillustrating man's ability to upset natural balances, and most importantly,man's ability to recognize what is happening, and to correct it.The exhibit will end with the best available information on currentecological problems and suggest how each individual can help throughaction or conservation groups, support of pending legislation and localeducational projects.A great variety of communication techniques will be used, inoiidingthe most traditional methods of natural history exhibits, and the mostrecent multi-media and visitor-participation types of presentations.The visitors will travel through the exhibit in a one-way flow. In aboutone-half of the exhibit, the visitor will pass through controlled circulationareas where multi-media presentations will establish the basic themesof the Hall of Living Things. In the other half of the exhibit, thevisitor will be in free circulation areas where he can study largeramounts of more detailed information on the basic themes. The exhibitis self-contained, and no leaflets or audio-devices need be bought orcarried by the visitor. Exhibit components will be changeable andperiodic up-dating will insure the current value of the exhibit for manyyears.The Smithsonian is now using the term "core-exhibition" to referto those exhibitions that utilize the resources of the collections andexpert knowledge of the Institution, and are long-term installations. TheWorld if Living Things is such a core- exhibition.
2241GRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAMSenator Bible. How much is available in fiscal year 1971 to supportgraduate studies ?Dr. Ripley. Approximately $387,000 for the graduate studiesprogram.Senator Bible. How much will be available in 1972? That is thetotal in each year.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Warner, would you answer that ?Mr. Warner. This year, sir, we are not asking any increase in thegraduate studies part of our academic programs but only in the ele-mentary and secondary school program.Senator Bible. No increase in the graduate studies program in 1972over 1971. It is to be funded at the same level ?Mr. Warner. I beg your pardon. I was thinking in terms of per-sonnel. We are asking for a program increase of $55,000 for the num-ber of stipends under our graduate studies fellowship program. Nostaff increases are asked for. The staff increases we are asking for arefor the elementary and secondary school programs. This would be atotal of $42,000 for the graduate studies part.ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAMSenator Bible. And in elementary and secondary education, you sayyou will ask for more money for support ?Dr. Ripley. That is right, sir.Senator Bible. Give me the 1971 figure and the 1972 figure.Mr. Warner. In the elementary and secondary division we are ask-ing for three new positions and a $60,000 increase. These would be twonew "teachers of teachers" or staff associates to teach our volunteerdocents and one tour scheduler. This is a person to schedule the manyclass visits we get at the Smithsonian museums. The fiscal year 1971amount is $212,000 and the 1972 amount would be $283,000.OFFICE OF THE SECRETARYSenator Bible. In the office of the Secretary you ask for an addi-tional $46,000. For the record, furnish the detailed justification forthose increases. How many personnel does that involve ?Dr. Ripley. Two positions and $46,000.Senator Bible. For the record, you can furnish exactly in detailwhat those two additional personnel will do.Dr. Ripley. We will do so.(The information follows:)
2242
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARYFiscal Year 1972 Budget RequestFor fiscal year 1972, a program increase of $46, 000 isrequested to employ an operations officer for the Office of the UnderSecretary and an assistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service)and to provide funds for general operations. An additional $12, 000are required for necessary pay.An operations officer is needed to serve in an advisory capacityto the Under Secretary, and be responsible for the direction,coordination, long-range planning, and development of certain of theadministrative and central support activities of the Institution,particularly in their service relationships to the museums, galleries,and laboratories. These services include personnel administration,management analysis, procurement, contract administration, propertymanagement, buildings management, buildings security, photographicservices, and other administrative and technical support units. Aposition for the operations officer is requested ($20, 000).An assistant to the Assistant Secretary (Public Service) to helpplan and produce a range of educational materials is requested also.The Smithsonian has many opportunities to cooperate with privateindustry and organizations in developing educational materials for thepublic. These materials include such items as pamphlets and books,construction kits, television programs, recording cassettes for homeinstruction and mini exhibits. Smithsonian activities that would beinvolved in these efforts include the Press, the Office of Exhibits, theElementary and Secondary Education Office, and others, drawing uponthe vast subject matter resources of our museums, art galleries,laboratories, and the Zoo. This position would cost $20,000.Although the Office of the Secretary has developed a managementgroup responsive to the broad and complex nature of the Smithsonian,it currently has a serious deficiency of funding in other objects of expenseto enable it to perform in an effective way. This is a request for essentialfunds for travel, advisory services, supplies and materials, and basicoffice equipment and furniture ($6,000).
2243STAFF PERSONNELSenator Bible. How many personnel are there on the staff now ofthe Assistant Secretary for Public Service, and what does this offi-cial do ?Dr. Ripley. The Office has a staff of four persons including the As-sistant Secretary for Public Service. He serves as my principal staffofficer and adviser on all programs and activities relating to publicservice. In this capacity, he supervises and coordinates such Smith-sonian offices as the Office of Public Affairs, the Division of Perform-ing Arts which produces the annual Folklife Festival I mentionedearlier, the Office of International Activities, and our SmithsonianAssociates and Museum Shops programs. In addition, I frequentlycall upon him to represent me in planning and developing importantcultural projects undertaken at the request of other agencies and insti-tutions. On occasion, he serves as my alternate on such important mat-ters as meeting and conducting official business with dignitaries andhigh-ranking officials of the United States and foreign countries.OFFICE OF SECRETARY PERSONNELSenator Bible. How many personnel do you have in the Secretary'soffice now ?Dr. Ripley. We have a fiscal year 1971 base of 38 persons.Senator Bible. This gives you two more ?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; two more, to 40 persons, Mr. Chairman.OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSELSenator Bible. Where in your fiscal year 1971 budget was provisionmade for the office of the General Counsel ?Dr. Ripley. Mr. Bradley, could you answer that ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, this office was included in a group ofactivities titled Management Support.Senator Bible. Tell me more, then, about the office of the GeneralCounsel. How many lawyers are in there ?Mr. Bradley. Sir, we have six lawyers including a part-time person.Senator Bible. How many clerical personnel ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, about three clerical.Senator Bible. What type of legal problems do lawyers have inthe Smithsonian ?Mr. Bradley. A range of problems from Federal to private financeproblems, such as estates, and tax laws, and legislative proposals andoccasional tort claims, occasional contractual cases, litigation involv-ing anything that you might imagine a corporation would find itselfgetting into.Senator Bible. All right.SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAMFor fiscal year 1972 you propose an appropriation of $5.5 millionfor the Special Foreign Currency Program. This is an increase ofthree million over the appropriation for the current fiscal year. Thejustification for this request will be placed in the record.(The justification follows:)
2244
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)1970 Appropriation $2,316,0001971 Appropriation 2,500,0001972 Estimate 5,500,000An appropriation of $5, 500, 000 in foreign currencies which are determined bythe Treasury Department to be excess to the needs of the United States isrequested for a program of grants to United States institutions for essential fieldresearch in archeology and related disciplines, systematic and environmentalbiology and astrophysics, as well as for museum programs and for other Smith-sonian interests.The requested increase of $3,000,000 in foreign currencies is to be devoted tostrengthening the research programs of United States universities, museumsand other institutions of higher learning in those countries where the United Statesholds excess currencies.The increase is essential to support urgent field studies in the Smithsonian'straditional disciplines of systematic and environmental biology and anthropologywhich today are recognized as basic to an understanding of the problems ofenvironmental quality and cultural change.The increase is essential also to ensure support for on-going and new researchwhich contributes to United States national programs under, for example, theInternational Biological Program under Public Law 91-438, the InternationalDecade of Ocean Exploration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,the National Academy of Sciences, the United States National Museum and theDepartment of Interior's cooperative programs abroad under the EndangeredSpecies Conservation Act.Above all, the increase is essential to provide funds for pending and new researchprojects from some 22 United States institutions. Funds available during fiscalyear 1970, including all previous appropriations, were sufficient only to coverthe cost of on-going research. The fiscal year 1971 appropriation is sufficientonly to support on-going research and that only at a reduced level. There willbe no money for new research.Finally, the increase is essential to permit multi-year obligation of funds forresearch in those "excess" currency countries, like Tunisia and Morocco,where the excess designation by the Treasury Department is subject to termina-tion at any time because "excess" accounts are small. Failure to obligate fundsfor a reasonable number of years for projects in such countries could prematurelyterminate worthy studies by United States institutions without receiving full valuefrom funds already expended. The Smithsonian appropriation has never beenadequate to permit obligation of funds for more than one year of research at atime. Ceylon, where multi-year research has been underway, was removedfrom the "excess" currency country list at the end of fiscal year 1970. The
2245
Institution was only able to provide for orderly completion of this research,by making multi-year obligations against monies originally committed forobligation for research in other countries during fiscal year 1971. The Programwill, of course, continue to require annual Advisory Council review to determinesatisfactory research progress of these and other multi-year studies prior toauthorizing disbursement of each successive year's funds.Funds are requested for the following programs:FY 1966-70 FY 1971 FY 1972Cumulative Estimated AppropriationCommitments Commitments RequestArcheology and RelatedDisciplines ,Systematic and Environ-mental BiologyMuseum ProgramsAstrophysicsGrants Administration .
$5,689,550
4, 143,417146,986519, 12451,568$10, 550,645
$ 1, 300, 000
1, 000,00080,000106,00014, 000$ 2, 500, 000
$ 1, 750, 0003,000, 000220, 000500, 00030, 000$5, 500, 000PROGRAM GROWTHThe Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has grown from one that supportednine projects in its first year, fiscal year 1966, to one that will support anestimated 97 projects in fiscal year 1971. A total of 168 projects had receivedProgram support by the end of fiscal year 1970. At the end of fiscal year 1970also, a total of $10,550,645 had been committed out of the five year appropria-tion total of $10, 564, 000. A total of $2, 923, 000 was obligated in fiscal year1970 alone for grants to on-going research including that approved in earlieryears but postponed while host country clearances were obtained. New inquiriesabout foreign currency uses continue to average about one a day.This rising demand for foreign currency grants reflects both the scientists'search for alternatives to declining federal research dollars and an expandingSmithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program authority. Program authoritywhich was limited to archeology and related disciplines in the first year,fiscal year 1966, was broadened in fiscal year 1967 to include systematic andenvironmental biology, in fiscal year 1969 to include astrophysics and infiscal year 1970 to include museum programs. During the same period, theappropriation increased from $1, 300, 000 in fiscal year 1966 to $2,316, 000 infiscal year 1967, where it remained until fiscal year 1971 when it was increasedto $2, 500, 000.NO FUNDS FOR NEW RESEARCHThis limit on appropriations has meant that worthy projects which have sometimesrequired months or years to prepare and then to win approval for from the Smith-sonian and from host country governments, cannot be supported and may beabandoned. Participating scholars, always under pressure to publish, must seekother research opportunities. A waiting list of such unfunded projects has beenestablished. As funds become available, projects with the highest scientific
2246
ratings will be funded first. To avoid postponement of worthy research and toprovide for rising demand, an appropriation level of $6, 000, 000 annually isconsidered realistic for future years.USE OF FOREIGN CURRENCIES SAVES HARD DOLLARSSpecial Foreign Currency Program appropriations are an advantageous source ofresearch monies. This is so because they are not new appropriations of taxdollars and because delay in the use of the "excess" accounts means continuinglosses to the United States Treasury as these accounts lose value through inflationand devaluation. Moreover, these appropriations do not add significantly to thePresident's budget total because the Commodity Credit Corporation reduces itsappropriation request by an amount equal to the amount of foreign currenciesexpended.At the same time, Special Foreign Currency Program appropriations contributeto essential national research objectives abroad without contributing to a balanceof payments deficit. Moreover, Smithsonian Foreign Currency grants frequentlyserve as dollar-saving supplements to the dollar grants of both public and privateagencies like the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National ScienceFoundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, the World Wildlife Fund, the John D. Rockefeller III Fund andthe Wenner-Gren Foundation. In such cases, the foreign currency grants covercosts in the host country; the dollar grants are expended in the United States forequipment not available in "excess" currency countries, for American salaries,laboratory fees and the like.FOREIGN CURRENCIES SERVE NATIONAL PROGRAMS ONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYNow is the time to use foreign currencies for urgent field studies of the pro-cesses of change in man's natural environment and in his culture. The impact oftechnology on rural and urban communities, the poisoning of man's environmentand the destruction of nature's productive mechanisms in the face of explodinghuman populations, are all problems of direct interest to the Smithsonian.Unrest in urban centers and among young people the world over attest to ourpoor understanding of these processes. Although the Smithsonian adheres to itstraditional role as an institution for basic, not applied, research, its traditionalbiological and anthropological interests are basic to an understanding of theseimmediate national and world problems.
"Excess" foreign currencies represent a substantial national resource whichshould be fully utilized to support studies of environmental quality like thefollowing projects:
...The United States' Desert Biome program under the International BiologicalProgram proposes studies in Tunisia of the continuing encroachment of the Saharain spite of concerted conservation efforts. Utah State University is the head-quarters for this broad study.
. . . Yale University and the Smithsonian are conducting ecological studies in theGir Forest in Northwest India where agricultural pressures threaten destruction
2247
of the forest which is the last habitat of the Asiatic lion, which once roamed theregion from the Mediterranean to the South China Sea.
...The Smithsonian is studying, together with Israeli scientists, the movementof marine organisms through the man-made, sea-level Suez Canal. Results showthat the majority of commercially valuable fish taken in the Eastern Mediterreanoriginated in the Red Sea. These studies have saved the United States thousandsof hard research dollars because they provide a tested model for studies beingprepared by the National Academy of Sciences in connection with a possible sea-level canal at Panama.
. ..The United States Tropical Forest Biome program under the InternationalBiological Program proposes studies of the tropical forests, grasslands, andcultivated lands in the Ganges river valley in India. The University of Georgiais the sponsor of this research.
...The Smithsonian is studying migrating birds and the parasites associatedwith them in Northeast Africa. Results show that these birds carry viruses andantibodies and thus can be considered potential carriers of human diseases.Studies of cultural change supported by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Pro-gram include:
...San Jose State College, San Jose, California studies of responses to un-usually rapid modernization in a traditional Hindu temple village in India.
. . .University of Washington studies of the modern history of a caste in Indiathrough analysis of its experience of urbanization.
...Kansas State University studies of the nature of changes in values, attitudes,relationships in the Tamil speaking world in India under pressure of moderncommunications and technological developments.Such studies by American scholars of man's behavior are best conducted abroadbecause, as a rule, the best observers of a living culture are those drawn froma different culture.RESEARCH WHICH MUST BE POSTPONEDNew research into the nature of the environment long in preparation which mustbe postponed because of insufficient funds in the Smithsonian fiscal year 1971appropriation include:
. ..International Decade of Oceanography studies conducted aboard the Smith-sonian research vessel PHYKOS by scientists from major American oceano-graphic research institutions as a part of the approved United States nationalcontribution to the Cooperative Investigations of the Mediterranean of the Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission .
...Oak Ridge National Laboratory studies of deciduous forest and grasslandecosystems in Poland which will supplement similar studies under Oak Ridge'sdirection under the United States national plan for the International BiologicalProgram.
2248
. . .Utah State University ecological studies in the Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuaryin India as related to wildlife management.
. . . University of Nevada comparative ecological studies of the arid zones ofMorocco.ACCOMPLISHMENTSSmithsonian Foreign Currency Program grants have benefited more than200 United States institutions in over 25 states. Accomplishments include:
... More than 107 research publications. Recent publications include thefirst systematic study of marine organisms sorted and distributed by the Smith-sonian's Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center in Tunisia and an ecologicalanalysis of the climate and vegetation of Ceylon growing out of the studies of theCeylonese elephant undertaken by the National Zoological Park.
... More than 214 post-doctoral research opportunities for Americans.
... More than 220 training opportunities for American Ph. D candidates, whoobtained essential field experience, frequently obtaining course credit, andmore often accomplishing the independent research for doctoral dissertations.Especially noteworthy for the training of students have been Hebrew UnionCollege, Cincinnati, Ohio in its summer seminar at the excavation of the biblicalcity of Gezer in Israel; and the American Institute of Indian Studies (a consortiumof 23 American universities), whose junior fellows conduct research in Indiatoward their doctor's degrees with Smithsonian support. Most research projectsinclude at least one American and one host country senior research scholar andone American and one host-country graduate student.
. . . Additions to research collections of the National Museum of Natural Historyand of other grantee institutions in the form of archaeological, ethnographic andbiological specimens collected and shared with the collaborating institutions inthe "excess" foreign currency country. The National Museum of Natural Historyis receiving specimens of handcrafts from India and Ceylon which are still beingmanufactured today employing methods handed down from father to son forcenturies. They represent a unique source of information on the archaeology ofthese countries. Yale University's Peabody Museum and the Museum of theUniversity of Colorado have benefited from additions to their paleontologicalcollections growing out of expeditions in Egypt and Tunisia respectively. TheYale expedition is making substantial contributions to our understanding of man'sevolution; the Colorado expedition has uncovered important information about theenvironment of early man and the geological history of northwest Africa.
2249
GROWING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESOpportunities continue to grow to employ foreign currencies. In June 1969an amendment was signed to the principles of cooperation between the Smithsonianand the Government of Yugoslavia permitting collaboration in ecological researchthere. Research proposals promoted by this amendment are just beginning toarrive at the Smithsonian. The recent exchange of visits of Dr. Lee DuBridge,when he was the President's Science Adviser, and Yugoslavia's MinisterMarco Bulc has provided added impetus and particularly to a Smithsonian-Yugoslav program to study man's impact on his environment. Moreover, thechange in government in Pakistan brought increased interest in collaboration inbasic research under the Smithsonian program. A University of Washingtonproposal to study the wild boar of Pakistan has just been approved? the first forthe Smithsonian in Pakistan. A Smithsonian proposal to study the marine faunaof the continental shelf of West Pakistan is currently under consideration by theGovernment of Pakistan. In India, the Smithsonian is sponsoring an ecologicalresearch planning symposium which will provide agreed ecological researchobjectives with the Government of India and open the door to a substantial pro-gram of joint research.Direct dollar costs to the Smithsonian for its Foreign Currency Program arelimited to those for administrative personnel in Washington. During fiscal year1971, six people were employed by the Office of International Activities for thispurpose at a total cost of about $88, 000. The administrative burden has grownby some 79 grants during the past year and by some 40 grants the previous twoyears without any increase in personnel. The increase in activity has been madepossible by the simplification of procedures and the introduction of labor-savingequipment.This Special Foreign Currency Program request, as in the past, is based onbudget projections for on-going research and on pending and new research pro-posals which include firm research proposals, those postponed by lack ofsufficient funds, and other sample or illustrative proposals based on firm indica-tions of interest both within and without the Smithsonian. They represent theInstitution's selection of possible projects which appear most promising forsuccessful development and implementation during fiscal year 1972. It should benoted, however, that actual implementation of these projects, and the distributionamong disciplines and countries, of "excess" currencies appropriated will becontingent upon three factors: review by the Smithsonian's national scientificadvisory councils, review and approval by American embassies overseas, andappropriate cooperative arrangements with host-country institutions or Govern-mental authorities.
2250MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
1. Archeology and Related DisciplinesA. On-going ProjectsRecipient Project Grant Expressedin U.S. Dollars
1. American Institute of To continue support of the Center 1972est.Indian Studies (a non-profit organization of24 American collegesand universities) for Art and Archeology a research 1971center for South Asian archeology 1970and art history. 1969196819671966
80, 000121, 012150, 000139,230144, 500130, 75076,850American ResearchCenter in Egypt (anonprofit study centersupported by ten Amer-ican universities)
To continue support of the Center's 1972est.research and excavation programin the archeology of Egypt, whichincludes Pharaonic, Hellenistic,Roman, and early Christian sites.
197119701969196819671966
100, 000164, 31525, 955109,415202, 071176, 777259, 200Jerusalem School ofArcheology of theHebrew Union College To continue the survey and ex-ploration of archeological sitesin the Negev and the excavationat Tel Gezer. 1972est.1971est.19701969196819671966
85, 00085, 000248, 34068, 500216,200300, 000150, 000
4. University Museum,University ofPennsylvania To terminate the study of theTemple of Akhnaten at Luxor,Egypt and to prepare the publi-cation on this study. 1972est.19711970196919681967
30, 00028, 00067, 00060, 0009, 73065, 070
5. University of Missouri To continue to excavate at Tell 1972est. 45, 000Anafa, Israel, to understand 1970 35, 500better the nature of Greek trade 1969 40, 000with Palestine and Egypt in the 1968 60,500period after 800 B. C.University ofMinnesota To continue a program of research 1972est. 40, 000in Yugoslavia with excavations of 1971est. 55, 000the unique Roman Palace of 1970 60, 288Diocletian at Split, Yugoslavia. 1969 78,1841968 32,505
2251
RecipientSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of Anthropology
8. Dumbarton Oaks(Harvard) Center ofByzantine Studies;American Academyin Rome
9. University of Illinois
10. American Institute ofIndian Studies
ProjectTo study disappearing metal-working crafts of Pakistan andCeylon as part of a worldwidestudy of ancient technologiesand their development.
To continue studies of the uniquebut rapidly disintegrating Romanand Byzantine mosaics at historicUtica and extend them to Thurburbol969Majus, Tunisia.To continue comparative studies of 1972estthe effects of cultural change onfolk music in Israel and Tunisia.To continue support for post-doctoral research in social andcultural anthropology and lin-guistics of India and to supportthe Institute's center in Poona,India as an American researchcenter abroad serving Americanscholars in all fields.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars1972est. 30, 0001971 51, 0301970 76, 1331969 43, 7421968 25, 1281967 6, 7391/1972est. 150, OOlT1971 58, 1121970 58, 691?196 28, 628
t. 22, 0001971 30, 0001970 31, 5751972est. 100, 0001971 239, 6541970 133, 9201968 147, 930
11. American Schools ofOriental Research,Boston, Mass. (aconsortium of 5United States institu-tions of higherlearning)12. State University ofNew York at Buffalo(formely under Univer-sity of Michigan)
13. Denison University
To continue support for twoarcheological excavations at Tellel Hesi. and Kirbet Shema embrac-ing biblical, Greek, Roman andByzantine periods.
To continue excavations of theearliest Neolithic settlementsPoland.
To continue excavations atSirmium, a Roman provincialcapital along the fortificationserected against the "barbarians.
1972est. 140, 0001971 117, 4921970 166, 7131969 50, 0001968 80, 000
1972est.19711969196819671972est.1971est.197019691968
26, 00036, 22037,25136, 10721, 68440, 00061, 00061, 59965,22334,285
?J Multi-year obligation to ensure orderly completion of research in countrieswhere "excess" accounts are small.
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 62
2252
Recipient14. Office of AnthropologySmithsonian Institution
Project Trant Expressedin U. S. DollarsTo continue to study the impact 1972est.on the culture of Palestine of the 1971Phoenician, Cypriot, Egyptian and 1970Arabian cultures from the MiddleBronze age through the Persianperiod through excavations at TellJemmeh in Southern Israel.
85, 00063, 53663, 272
15. University MuseumUniversity ofPennsylvania To continue study of Dra Abu ElNaga tomb inscriptions, Egypt. 1972est.197019691968 20, 00017, 00017, 3009, 75016. University of California To continue excavations of an 1972est. 20, 000Los Angeles early neolithic settlement at 1971est 20, 000Anzibegovo Macedonia, Yugoslavia 1970 50,487considered a cross road for form- 1969 30, 900ative cultures of westerncivilization.17. University of Michigan
18. University of Michigan
To continue research and excava-tions into the Middle Paleolithicof Northern Bosnia, YugoslaviaTo document photographically thearchitecture, sculpture and paint-ings of the Bhuddists, Hindus andJains during India's "Golden Age' 1from the fifth to the eight centuryA. D.
1972est. 20, 0001971est. 25, 0001969 15, 2201972est. 5, 0001971est. 5, 000
19. University of Texas To excavate the classical site ofStobi in Macedonia, Yugoslaviawhich lies at the confluence ofGreek, Roman and ancientBalkan cultures.
1972est. 35,0001971est. 35,0001970 40, 000
20. Dumbarton Oaks(Harvard) Center forByzantine Studies To excavate the Byzantine pro- 1972est.vincial capital of Bargala in 1970Macedonia which lies at the con-fluence of Greek, Roman andancient Balkan cultures in a studysupplementary to excavations atStobi and at Azibegovo which coversthe earlier classical and pre-historicperiods respectively.
35, 00035, 275
1972 Subtotal Estimate for On- going Research 1, 108, 000
2253
B. Pending Research Proposals
Recipient Project Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars
1. Smithsonian Institution To study the rapidly disappearing 1972est.Office of Anthropology crafts at village level in India
2. American Museumof Natural History To initiate archeological excava- 1972est.tions together with the ArcheologicalSurvey of India with special pro-vision for the training of Americansin the archeology of South Asia,today an area largely neglected byU. S. scholarship.
3. University of California To excavate Islamic archeological 1972est.Los Angeles sites in West Pakistan.
25, 000
30, 000
30, 000
4. Brandeis University To survey and excavate a western 1972est. 100, 000j/Phoenician archeological sitein Morocco.Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory,Cambridge, Mass. ,Dickinson College,Carlysle, Pennsylvania
6. University of Hawaii
To explore the significance to 1972est. 7,. 000ancient Egyptian societies of thestars through study of the align-ment of the temples at Luxorthrough application of newtechniques of aerial photographyand compiles calculation of thepositions of stars in ancient times.To initate prehistoric archeolog- 1972est. 30, 000ical excavations in north-eastern India.
7. Washington StateUniversity To excavate a prehistoric flintmining complex work of theKanienm River in Poland. 1972est. 25,000
8. Washington StateUniversity
9. University of Nevada
To study pre-mesolithic fossilsin Poland.To excavate the prehistoric siteof Kausambi in northern India.
1972est. 10, 000
1972est. 30,000
10. University ofWashington To study the relations of fishing 1972est.boat crew members and how theyrelate to conflict groups in apeasant fishing town in Yugoslavia. 15, 000
2254
Recipient
1 1. University ofWashington; theAmerican Museumof Natural History,New York12. Southern IllinoisUniversity
ProjectTo study the historical andreligious documents of Tibetbrought to India by the exiledDalai Lama.
To study the impact of ruralroad construction on social,cultural and economic changein Yugoslavia.Subtotal for Pending Research
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 30,000
1972est. 28, 000-f
360, 000
2/
C. New Projects
1. Colgate University,New York
2. University of Michigan
3. University of Kansas
4. Association for AsianStudies, Ann Arbor,Michigan
5. University of Michigan
To document in film, tape 1972est.recordings and through anthro-pological survey techniques, thedisappearing performing arts ofIndia.To study in Egypt the art and 1972est.technology of Graeco-Romanlamps as one method of linkingthe chronology of ancient citiesof Egypt with those of the rest ofthe Graeco-Roman world of antiquity.To study the pre-history of Lake 1972est.Ludas in Yugoslavia through studiesof fossil remains of plants and animalsand the computer analysis of thedistribution of prehistoric artifacts.
35, ooo_r2/
2, 000 2/
To support linguistic research inIndia of the Committee on SouthAsian Languages.To study the genetic effects ofinbreeding on Indian children.
1972est.
20, 000.
50, 000
2/
1972est. 25,000
_?' Fiscal year 1971 grant postponed for lack of funds.
2255
Recipient Project
6. Smithsonian Institution To excavate the MoroccanDepartment of Anthro- Islamic city of Sijilmassa.pology Subtotal Estimate for New Research
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars 1/1972est. 150,000"
282, 000
Total Archeology and Related Disciplines 1, 750, 000
II. Systematic and Environmental BiologyA. On-going Projects
Recipient
1. University ofGeorgia
Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of EnvironmentalStudies, Oceanographyand LimnologyProgram
ProjectTo study the flow of energythrough small rodent popu-lations in different habitatsin conjunction with theEcological Institute of Poland.To study marine organismsof the Red Sea and EasternMediterranean in order todetermine what biologicalinterchange of species hasoccurred through the Suez Canal.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars1972est.1969
Smithsonian Institution To accelerate the processing ofOffice of Environmental marine organisms from theStudies, Oceanography Mediterranean through the sorting 1969and Limnology facility known as the Mediterranean 1 967Program Marine Sorting Center operatedin cooperation with the TunisianInstitute of Oceanography andFisheries.
40, 00073,468
1972est. 75, 0001971est. 75, 0001970 119, 4621969 133, 4731967 122, 000
1972est. 600, 1/007J1970 478, 736V216, 962150, 000
Smithsonian InstitutionDivision of Birds To continue investigations on theecology of Palearctic birds mi-grating through northeasternAfrica, including cooperative re-search on serology with theRockefeller Virus Laboratory andectoparasites with the NavalMedical Research Unit III in Egypt.
1972est. 25, 0001971 26, 6801970 24, 6801969 33, 7801967 34, 593
2256
Recipient
5. University of Michigan Project Grant Expressedin U. S. DollarsTo continue taxonomic studies of 1972est. 25, 000Indian mollusks through caryotype 1971est. 25, 000analysis and the cytogenetics of 1970 25, 562closely related species which will 1969 25,414contribute to medical, public health,and veterinary programs.State University ofNew York at StonyBrook To continue theoretical ecological 1972est. 20,000studies of a living coral reef and 1971est. 20, 000the organisms related to it in 1970 7, 122Israel. 1968 12,036Smithsonian InstitutionDepartment ofVertebrate Zoology To continue studies of South Asian 1972est. 20, 000birds and their migration and 1971 20, 133the preparation of a handbook. 1970 17, 8001969 3,417University of Missouri To continue studies of the behavior 1972est. 30, 000and ecology of gazelles in Israel. 1971est. 30, 0001970 45,070
9. Library, SmithsonianInstitution To continue accelerated trans- 1972est. 50,000lation and publication of reference 1971est. 25, 000works and monographs through 1970 25, 000the National Science Foundation'stranslations program.10. Office of VertebrateZoology, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution
To continue to study the geo- 1972est. 45, 000graphic distribution and the 1971 43, 650ecology of the mammals of 1970 66, 840Morocco.
11. University of Michigan To study productivity of tropicallakes in Southern India. 1972est.1971est. 30, 00030, 00012. University ofWashington To study the ecology and behavior 1972est.of the wild boar in West Pakistan, 1971est.a little studied animal which isnevertheless a significant agri-cultural pest.
50, 00047, 000
1 5. Duke University,Durham, NorthCarolina To conduct studies for the classi- 1972est.fication of Moroccan lichen with 197 lest,special emphasis on their chemicalcharacteristics. 3, 0003, 000
2257
Recipient Project14. International Biological To continue direct support toProgram, U. S.National Committee,National Academy ofSciences the U. S. National Committeefor planning symposia, trainingU. S. scientists, developingresearch programs and coordi-nating U. S. and foreign researchin each of the "excess" currencycountries.
Grant Exp:ressedin U. S. Dollars1972est. 75, 0001971 30, 0001970 50,0001968 10, 000
15. International BiologicalProgram, Yale Univer-sity New Haven, Conn. To continue to study habitat re-lationships, numbers and distri-bution of wild antelope, deerand boar in the Gir Forest inIndia as a part of a broad studyof this tropical forest has includedthe Asiatic lion.
1972est. 25, 0001971est. 26, 0001970 35, 055
16. Office of Environmental International Decade of OceanStudies, Oceanographyand LimnologyProgram, SmithsonianInstitution Exploration (IDOE), cooperativeinvestigations of the Mediter-ranean aboard the Smithsonianresearch vessel PHYKOS asfollows:
1972est. 220, 00019711969
-University ofSouthern California Dredging, coring and bottom grabsampling in studies of microscopicsea life and fossils of such life.
-National Museumof Natural History,SmithsonianInstitution Deep sea dredging to study recentchanges in the geography of bio-logical regions through study of thechanging conformation of the highlyadaptable animal, the ostracod.Duke University Bi-monthly cruises to collectDurham, North samples for the study of the devel-Carolina oment, distribution and biology ofcrab larvae.
-Washington StateUniversity Biological sampling for studies ofthe paleontology of Pteropods
-University ofNorth Carolina Isolation and study of pure culturesof marine fungi.
-National Museumof Natural HistorySmithsonian Institution Plankton tows for studies of plank-tonic foraminifera.
-Florida StateUniversity Sampling for studies of deep seabiology and geology.
2258
Recipient
- -University ofDelaware
ProjectTowing multiple plankton samplersto study the verticle distributionof the cosomatous pteropods inrelation to water masses.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars
-University ofCalifornia Sampling deeper than 200 metersto study the systematics anddistribution of marine mites.
-Division of FishesNational Museum ofNatural HistorySmithsonianInstitution
Long line fishing for severalhundred specimens for a study ofthe distribution of the commonsharksucker.
University of NorthCarolina Trawling, gill net, and long linecollection of samples for syste-matic and distribution studies ofsharks and their relatives.
- Department ofinvertebrate Zoo-logy, SmithsonianInstitution
Mid-water trawling for studies ofthe systematics, distribution andecology of pelagic Cephalopods.
- Department ofPaleobiologySmithsonianInstitution
Dredging, coring and bottomphotography to study the morpho-logy of sediments and sub-bottom.
MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology Deep lowerings of coring andgrab sampling equipment forstudy of the deepest Mediter-ranean geological structures.
? Woods HoleOceano graphicInstitution,Massachusetts Submergible dives to explorethe water transport over theScarpanta sill in the EasternMediterranean.University of NewHampshire Ecology of deep sea animals.
- Lamont- DohertyGeologicalObservatory,Columbia Ecology of skeletal plankton(foraminifera and pteropods)
? University of Georgia Distribution of organic chemicalsand trace elements.FY 1972 Subtotal Estimate for On-going Research 1,3 3 3,000
2259
B. Pending Projects
Recipient
1. Smithsonian InstitutionDepartment of Botany
ProjectTo initiate flora and vegetationstudies of a district of MysoreState in the Ghat Mountains ofSouthwest India and to preparecollections for the Smithsonian'sNational Herbarium.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20,000
2. University of Georgia
Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Studies
4. Union College,Schenectady, N. Y.
5. Smithsonian Institution,Program of Ocean-ography and Limnology
6. Gulf Coast MarineLab. , Mississippi,and Division ofFishes, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory,Smithsonian Institution
To initiate studies of the inter- 1972est.action of human and small rodentpopulations in a variety of temperatezone environments in conjunctionwith the Ecological Institute of thePolish Academy of Sciences.To initiate studies of the behavior 1972est.of elephants and primates in Indiacoordinated with base line studiesalready conducted in Ceylon.To collect and study the plankton 1972est.communities of the Nile River Deltawith special reference to the changesin salinity and circulation caused byinterruption of seasonal riverfluctuation by the Aswan Dam.
25, 000
50, 000
50, 000
To collect and conduct taxonomicstudies of the marine fauna ofWest Pakistan's continental shelf.To conduct systematic andbehavioral studies of flatfishesand gobioid fishes in collaborationwith the Zoological Survey of India
1972est. 50, 000
1972est. 25,000
Smithsonian InstitutionDivision of InvertebratePaleontology To study in Tunisia the broadlydistributed fossil ostracod whichreveals through its varied physicalappearance much about the climateand geography of the geologic erain which it lived.
1972est. 75,000 1/
2260
RecipientSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Sciences
Smithsonian InstitutionOffice of Environ-mental Studies
ProjectTo conduct in Egypt a symposiumon the Biological control of thesnail, carrier of the disease,bilharzia, in the newly formedreservoirs and canals associ-ated with the Aswan dam in Egypt.To collect for the U. S. NationalMuseum and study the flora of thelong neglected areas of Indiaparticularly the Malabar and theKaramandel Coasts, and theNilghiri and Khasis Hills--areaswhich served as sources ofmaterials for classic botanicalstudies made as long ago as the17th Century and badly in needof revision.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20, 000
1972est. 20,000
10.
13.
University of Georgia
11. Missouri BotanicalGardens
12. Ohio UniversityQueens College,University of theCity of New York
To study organic productivity andnutrient cycling in tropical eco-sytems in collaboration with theHindu University of Benares,India. This study has been pro-posed to the National Committeesfor the International BiologicalProgram of both the United Statesand India.To initiate a comprehensive pro-gram of the study of the floraof Morocco with bio- systematicstudies of flowering plants.To study the pollution conditionof Lake Tunis in Tunisia.To conduct museum studies ofunique specimens of fossilmammals in Poland in connectionwith studies of evolution.
1972est. 42,000
1/1972est. 100,000
1/1972est. 100,000
1972est. 1'000
14. Office of Environ-mental Studies,Oceanography andLimnology ProgramSmithsonian Institution
To initiate study of the existingecosystem of the Eastern ArabianSea through oceanographic cruisesundertaken in cooperation with theIndian National Institute ofOceanography.
1972est. 40,000
2261
Recipient15. Office of Environ-mental Studies,Oceanography andLimnology ProgramSmithsonian Institution
ProjectTo initiate a multi-year pro-gram of study of the ecology ofcoral reefs in India.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 56,000
16. Oak Ridge NationalLaboratoryOak Ridge, Tenn. As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcooperative research in Polandon temperate zone forest andgrassland ecosystems supple-menting studies conducted in theUnited States.
1972est. 25, 000
17. Pennsylvania StateUniversity As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcomparative studies of humanadaptability at high altitudesin India.
1972est. 50,000
University ofMinnesota As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to studybiological rhythms in the catfishin India.
1972est. 25,000
19. Pennsylvania StateUniversity and theUniversity ofMinnesota
20. University of Utah
21. University of Colorado
As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to studyin South Asia the internationalspread of plant disease by meansof airborne organisms.As a part of United States re-search under the InternationalBiological Program, to conductcomparative studies in the aridclimates of Tunisia and Indiasupplementing studies conductedin the United States.To initiate systematic studies ofthe flora of Yugoslavia.
1972est. 50, 000
1972est. 175 J7000
1972est. 49 2/000
Subtotal Pending Biological Research 1, 049, 000
2262
C. New Projects
Recipient
1. Utah State University
2. University of Texas
3. University of NevadaDesert ResearchInstitute
4. University ofCalifornia, Davis
5. National Museum ofNatural History,Smithsonian Institution
6. Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NewHampshire
1972est.
ProjectTo study in India, the ecologyand behavior of the one-hornedrinocerous, an endangeredspecies, surviving in theKaziranga Wildlife Sancturay.To conduct studies of theecology of Indian ungulatesin the wildlife sanctuaries ofRajasthan.To conduct in Morocco studies 1972est.in desert ecology parallel to thoseconducted in Nevada.To conduct in East Pakistan studies 1972est.related to man's evolution throughresearch in the ecology and be-havior of the Hoolock Gibbonwhich seasonally changes its single-family territorial behavior tomulti-family foraging grouporganieation.To initiate ecological and be- 1972est.havioral studies of rhesus monkeysand langurs in India.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 69, 000 2/
30, 000
200, 000 V
25, 000
To conduct studies of the ecologyof Lake Ohrid and its drainagebasin in Yugoslavia. 1972est.
30, 000
50, 000
Office of Environ-mental Sciences,Smithsonian Institution
Department ofInvertebrate Zoo-logy, NationalMuseum of NaturalHistory
To develop a cooperative pro- 1972est.gram in environmental managementemploying Lake Skadar in Yugo-slavia and the Smithsonian'sChesapeake Bay Center for Environ-mental studies as the study areas.Such studies will provide the foun-dation for sound economic planningand development limiting man'sdegradation of his environment.
100, 000
To initiate studies of the syste-matics and zoogeography of thestomatopod crustaceans on theeastern coast of India.
1972est. 20, 000
2263
Recipient
9. Chico State College,Californai
ProjectTo collect for systematicstudies, ants and parasitesassociated with man in Tunisiaand Guinea.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 15,000
10. University ofWashington, Collegeof Forest Resources To study geographic variation of 1972est.the forest tree species Shorearobusta and the ecological basisfor the variations, and to detectseed sources best for reforestation.
14, 000
11. University of Illinoisat Chicago Circle
12. Office of Environ-mental Sciences,Smithsonian Institution
13. Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute,Panama
To trace the evolutionary relation- 1972est. 10, 000ships among Upper Cretaceousteleostean fishes through collectionand study of those found in theYugoslav Dalmatian Cretaceousoutcroppings.To initiate a survey of the rapidly 1972est. 15, 000disappearing India tiger and tostudy its ecology preliminaryto development of conservation plans.To initiate a program for com-parative studies in evolutionaryecology in India including environ-mental monitoring. 1972est.
40,000
Subtotal New Biological Research Proposals 618, 000
Total Biological Research 3, 000, 000
2264
IV. Museum ProgramsA. On-going Projects
RecipientU. S. NationalMuseum Project
Estimated Requestin U. S. DollarsTo assist, under the U. S. National 1972est.Museum Act, with museum ex- 1971est.pertise and support the program 1970of the International Council of 1969Museums (ICOM), a UNESCOaffilliate, to develop teachingmuseums of science and technologyin Asia and Africa. For example,the Smithsonian contributed in FY1969 to studies resulting in recom-mendations to ICOM that there beestablished in India a laboratory forbasic exhibits in science and technologywhere teaching exhibits will be builtfor circulation in industrializingcountries. The experiment will pro-vide opportunities to AmericanMuseum Specialists to observe theeffectiveness of exhibits in teachingbasic science and technology to peopleof all cultural backgrounds.Subtotal On-going Museum Programs
80, 00055, 00019, 05620, 000
80, 000
B. Pending ProjectsNational Collectionof Fine Arts andSmithsonian TravelingExhibition Service To prepare an exhibit catalogue, 1972est.to be the first scholarly publi-cation on a unique collection atBenares Hindu University, ofminiature paintings of the Moghulperiod of Indian art for distri-bution through American museumsexhibiting such art treasures, for thefirst time, in the United States.
5, 000
2. American Associationof Museums and theUnited StatesNational Museum To initiate a program of professio- 1972est.nal training for museum curators andtechnicians in collaboration with museumsof India, Pakistan, Tunisia and Egyptthrough twco-way exchanges of personnel foron-the-job training. Participants would beexpected to serve at least six months in amuseum housing collections of direct im-portance to their professional development.Subtotal Pending Museum Programs
85, 000
90, 000
C. New Projects 2265
RecipientSmithsonianTraveling ExhibitionService
ProjectTo prepare an exhibition ofPakistani ethnographic materialsand accompanying scholarlycatalogue for circulation toUnited States Museums anduniversities.
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 20,000
2. Division of Ethnicand Western CulturalHistory, NationalMuseum of Historyand Technology
3. National Museum ofHistory and Technology
To study and collect in Poland 1972est.ethnographic materials tosupplement national collectionsfor circulation to United Stateseducational and cultural organizations.To study in Poland and Yugoslavia 1972est.the cultures of origin of im-migrant Americans and makeethnographic collections to beused in preparing U.S. Bicen-tennial Exhibits.
20, 000
10, 000
Subtotal New Museum Programs
Estimated Total Museum Programs
V. AstrophysicsA. On- going Projects
Recipient
1. Hunter College ofthe City Universityof New York andSmithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
ProjectTo continue computer analysisin Israel of the application ofprinciples of plasma physicsconcerning the movement ofparticles at extremely highspeeds to the movement ofcelestial bodies in galaxies--a study of the collective be-havior of self- gravitating systemsTo continue studies in Israelcomparing theories developedseparately of the nature of theinterior and of the exterior ofevolving stars.
50, 000
220, 000
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars1972est. 15,0001971est. 15,0001970 13,4501969 5,4001968 41,810
1972est. 15, 0001971est. 15, 0001970 11, 2001969 27, 270
2266
RecipientSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of the Secretary
4. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
Project Grant Expressedin U.S. DollarsTo assist in studies sponsored by 1972est. 10, 000newly created Center for Short- 1969 9, 540Lived Phenomena, a clearinghouse for the receipt and dissemi-nation of information concerningrare or infrequent natural eventsthat might otherwise go unobservedor univestigated, such as remotevolcanic eruptions, the birth of newislands the fall of meteorites andlarge fire balls and sudden changesin biological and ecological systems.To record and analyze, together 1972est. 12, 000with data from around the world, 1970 11, 440at the Uttar Pradesh StateObservatory, India, film ex-posures of suspected flare stars,a relatively newly discovered classof variable stars, with radio andoptical energies several orders ofmagnitude higher than emissionsfrom the largest solar flares.American Universityin Cairo and Smith-sonian AstrophysicalObservatory To conduct research in theoriesof planetary motion in Egypt. 1972est.1971 20, 00023, 634Harvard Universityand SmithsonianAstrophysicalObservatory To conduct studies of thermal 1972est. 20, 000emission and absorption of 1971est. 20, 000diatomic molecules in India.Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatoryand consortium ofUnited States Astro-nomical ResearchInstitutions
To conduct coordinated 24 hourobservation of astronomicalphenomena in collaboration withIsraeli institutions employingtelescopes in the western UnitedStates, Chile and Israel.
1972est. 70,0001971est. 142,0001970 275,200
-U.S. Naval Research To conduct optical and photo-Laboratory, electric monitoring of X-rayWashington, D. C. sources.and MassachusettsInstitute of Tech-nology
2267
Recipient
-California Instituteof Technology
ProjectTo conduct photoelectricmonitoring of the continuum andline emission from quasi- stellarobjects (QSO) and the nuclei ofN-type galaxies.
Grant Expressedin U. S. Dollars
--Smithsonian Astro- To conduct a high-dispersionphysical Observatory abundance analysis of stars inthe Pleiades.
-State Universityof New York atStony BrookHarvard CollegeObservatory,Cambridge, Mass.
To determine the rate of starformation in young clusters.
To conduct photometric obser-vations of the High Balmer Lines(near the Balmer Limit) and theBalmer Continuum in PlanetaryNebulas.
8. Harvard University To conduct laboratory studiesin India of the excitation pro-cesses in stellar, planetaryand cometary atmospheres.Subtotal Estimate for On- going ResearchB. Pending Projects
Recipient
1. Smithsonian Astro-physical ObservatoryCambridge, Mass.
ProjectTo investigate solar radiationpressure purturbations upon thePassive Geodetic Earth-OrbittingSatellite (PAGEOS) in collabo-ration with the University ofWarsaw and the Polish Academyof Sciences.
1972est.1971est. 30, 00041, 700
192, 000
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 72,000
2. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory To measure air glow and iono-spheric characteristics at themagnetic equator in studies con-tributing to the understanding ofthe nature of the upper atmosphereand of some of its effects onsatellites.
1972est. 18, 000
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2 -- 63
2268
RecipientSmithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
ProjectTo initiate support for studiesin geodesy, geophysics andcelestial mechanics based onthe tracking of man-madesatellites at the Naini Talastrophysical observing stationin India.To study the variations in theearths gravity in India for abetter understanding of its geo-logical diversity and tectonichistory particularly as it con-tributes to an understanding ofcontinental drift.University of California To study in India the effects ofSan Diego cosmic rays on terrestrial andextra-terrestrial materials.
4. University of Hawaii
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 10, 000 /
II1972est. 20,000
1972est. 8,000
C. New Projects
1. Duke UniversityDurham, NorthCarolina
Subtotal Pending Research
To study sedimentation atBahiret el Bibane on theshores of Tunisia. 1972est.
128, 000
2/32, 000
2. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
3. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
4. Smithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
To initiate in India a program 1972est. 12, 000in indirect atmosphericmeasurements using radiotropospheric scatter techniques.To initiate in Poland geophysical 1972est. 76,000studies employing very long base-line interferometry techniquesparticularly studies of continentaldrift, polar wandering and satellitetracking.To study in Poland the nature ofstellar atmospheres. 1972est. 30, 000
RecipientSmithsonian Astro-physical Observatory
2269
ProjectTo supplement in Poland, UnitedStates contributions to the Inter-national Satellite GeodesyExperiment, a world-wide pro-gram sponsored primarily by theCommittee on Space Research ofthe International Council ofScientific Unions.Subtotal Estimate for New Research
Total Astrophysical Research
Estimated Requestin U. S. Dollars1972est. 30,000
VI. Program Development and AdministrationSmithsonian InstitutionOffice of InternationalActivities To defray costs of inspectionand audit of field research sitesand costs of negotiation withhost governments on programoperations- -costs which increasein step with the increasing numbersof active grants.Total Program Development and AdministrationGRAND TOTAL
180, 000
500, 000
1972est. 30, 0001971 20, 0001970 20, 0001969 15, 0001968 10, 000
30, 000
$5, 500, 000MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH
(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM )Commitment of Funds by CountryFiscal Years 1970, 1971 and 1972
Country 1970 1971 1972Actual Estimate Estimate$ -. $ 1,000 $661, 242 -- --154, 411
'
250, 000 300, 000
-- 5, 000 10, 000475, 348 600, 000 1, 500, 000946, 659 750, 000 600, 00072, 947 150, 000 600, 00027, 048 140, 000 250, 00071, 938 64, 000200, 000340, 000 420, 000623, 883 1, 200, 000532, 773 620, 000$3, 566, 249 $2, 500, 000 $5, 500, 000
Burma . . .Ceylon . . .EgyptGuinea . . .India ....IsraelMorocco . .Pakistan. .Poland . . .Tunisia. . .Yugoslavia
2270Foreign Currency Grants to the SmithsonianSenator Bible. How many of the proposed contracts and how manydollars are proposed for use by the Smithsonian Institution and itsbureaus ?Dr. Challinor. The number of dollars of the $5.5 million we are ask-ing for that would go to Smithsonian Institution scientists is verydifficult to predict. We can simply go on the basis of our past expe-rience. We would estimate somewhere between 15 and perhaps 20 per-cent at the very highest for purely Smithsonian projects since each ofthese has to be reviewed by outside scientists. The proposals includingthose of Smithsonian scientists are reviewed by peers and authorities inthe respective fields.There is no priority given to the Smithsonian scientists to partici-pate in this program. They have to meet the standards of theirprofessions.Senator Bible. Is this simply another means of providing additionalfunds for these bureaus and activities of the Smithsonian Institution ?Dr. Ripley. No sir. I think of the foreign currency program as asource of grant funds accessible to Smithsonian scientists just as fundsfrom the Ford Foundation or the World Wildlife Fund might beaccessible through competition with scholars throughout the UnitedStates. It does, of course, provide funds for the research of Smith-sonian scientists but it is not available to them through an administra-tive process like the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of theInstitution. The allocation of funds is made on the advice of thevarious advisory councils of leading scholars from across the country.Senator Bible. Please supply a report of obligations by objects.(The information follows :)
2271
SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAMObligations by ObjectsIndividual foreign currency grants contain budgets prepared according
to object class. These grants are, however, obligated under object class 410,Grants, Subsidies and Contributions, in accordance with established federalpractice. Nevertheless, we are able to provide for the record a breakdownsummarizing fund uses under grants obligated in FY 1971 through February 28.We have initiated this year a computer accounting system to facilitate monitoring
and controlling this appropriation which makes the following breakdown possible:MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH
(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM )Obligations by Object ClassFiscal Year 1971 through February 28Dollar equivalent11 Personnel Compensation 472, 172. 8012 Personnel Benefits 443,112. 00i/21 Travel and Transportation 362,575.8022 Transportation of Things 35, 860. 0023 Rent, Communications and Utilities 30, 648. 0024 Printing and Reproduction 48, 199. 0025 Other Services 128,413.2026 Supplies and Materials 73, 782. 20
3
1
Equipment 63, 024. 00
1, 657, 787. 0041 Grants - Prior Years, Additions 322, 213. 00Total Obligations FY 1971 through February 28 1, 980, 000. 00
1/ Includes housing and living allowances
2272Salaries Paid by Special Foreign Currency GrantsSenator Bible. How much of the salaries and expenses of the per-sonnel of the several Smithsonian Bureaus designated as recipients offunds for these projects are paid with funds provided by the specialforeign currency program ?Mr. Challinor. I will provide that for the record.(The information follows :)None of the employees of the Smithsonian bureaus receive salaries out offunds provided by the Foreign Currency Program. All grantees, Smithsonianor otherwise, hire staff abroad who are compensated out of our foreign currencygrants. Moreover, American scholars, particularly graduate students, may re-ceive salaries in foreign currencies provided they are not otherwise compen-sated by their institutions. Expenses associated with approved research under-taken in the "excess" foreign currency countries are, of course, also met withSmithsonian grant funds.Dollar Costs of Administering the ProgramSenator Bible. What is the U.S. dollar cost for the proportionateshare of these salaries with reference to its foreign currency program ?How many hard dollars would you have to have in there?Dr. Challinor. The dollar costs are primarily for the administra-tive costs here in Washington. We estimate we can operate this pro-gram in foreign currency for about 3 percent.In other words, we received $2.5 million in fiscal year 1971. We areable to operate the foreign currency program with approximately90,000 hard dollars.Does that answer your question, Mr. Chairman ?Senator Bible. It answers what you did this year, and I suppose itkeeps the same proportion, but if you have a program of $5.5 million,how many hard dollars does that take to operate ?Dr. Challinor. We expect to reduce the percentage cost consider-ably, since we have the mechanism set up to handle this grant proce-dure operation efficiently. I expect our dollar cost percentage to de-cline considerably from what it is now.Dr. Ripley. We estimate approximately $93,000 for personnel costsand a total of about $108,000.Senator Bible. $108,000 to operate the program.Dr. Ripley. Yes, to operate a full program of $5.5 million.Senator Bible. $5.5 million in special foreign currency.Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir.CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTS, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKSenator Bible. The capital improvement program proposed for theNational Zoological Park in the coming fiscal year is $200,000. Thejustification statement will be printed in the record.(The justification follows :)
2273
CONSTRUCTION AND IMPROVEMENTSNATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK1970 Appropriation $600, 0001971 Appropriation .... $200, 0001972 Estimate $200, 000In 1963, Congress approved the concept of a 10-year master developmentplan for the National Zoological Park. Funds, averaging $1.8 million ayear, were appropriated from 1963 to 1968 in support of the master plan.The Bird House, Great Flight cage, deer area, hoofed-stock area, Hospitaland Research building, roads and parking lots, utilities, sewerage, heatingplant, and improvements in the electrical distribution system were allcompleted using the original master plan and the funds appropriated by CongressIn fiscal year 1968, Congress appropriated only $400, 000 and work was scaleddown to only those improvements required to extend the useful life of thefacilities not yet replaced and some minor repair projects. Improvementsto the Zoo's facilities were further slowed in 1970 because the Zoo wasrequired to reimburse the District of Columbia $168,000 for contractorclaims resulting from fiscal years 1964 and 1965 work. In addition, inFebruary 1970 a portion of the master plan was rejected by the Commissionof Fine Arts. This rejection means that the plans for the future physicaldevelopment of the Zoo must be revised embodying a different philosophyof design. We have just entered into a contract with the architectural firmof Faulkner, Fryer & Vanderpool for a revision and updating of the MasterPlan, including schematic drawings for all facilities. This will give us themost complete overall plan we have ever had. We will have more reliablecost estimates at today's construction cost levels. We plan to take a hardlook at the construction and rehabilitation of the entire Zoo at this time. Wewill have an opportunity to take advantage of the very latest techniques inanimal habitat as well as the accommodation of the visitor. This will requirea minimum of one to two years' design effort. In the interim, an appropriationof $200, 000 is requested to continue to work on the large backlog of deferredrenovation and repair projects such as the following.
-- The perimeter fence is in a bad state of repair and presently, dueto vandalism, floods in Rock Creek, as well as deterioration fromage, does not afford the security that the Zoo requires. In August1970, the Zoo lost four waterbucks as the result of an attack bytwo stray dogs that entered through openings in the fence. The lengthof the present fence is 3. 7 miles. It crosses Rock Creek twice.Probably 70 percent of the fence, will have to be replaced and anengineering design will be required at the points where the enclosurecrosses Rock Creek in order to prevent future washouts by the creekwhen at flood stage.
-- The addition of a new water main loop at the south end of the Zoo isneeded in order to correct water pressure deficiencies in the areaof the Lion House and to insure an adequate supply of water for theboiler plant, which has been rehabilited.
-- Many of the existing buildings are in need of attention beyond theroutine maintenance accorded them. The Commissary in thebasement of the Reptile House that handles food for the entireanimal population of the Zoo requires new equipment along withreplacement and remodeling of much of the present equipment.The old Hospital, which hasbeenvacated by the Animal HealthDepartment, requires remodeling to accommodate the Departmentof Living Vertebrates. The Bird House area requires replacementof the existing crane, pheasant, and owl cages which are badlydeteriorated and require repair.
-- The sidewalks are in need of repair and some need to be replaced.
2274Visit to the ZooSenator Bible. We are going to go out and visit Dr. Reed and he isgoing to tell us about the construction improvements needed at thezoo, and we will do it before we proceed with the budget. You can, ifyou would like, Doctor, furnish for the record, because I am sure allthe members of the subcommittee won't be able to go out and look atthe zoo, what it needs in the way of construction, in deciding the olddilapidated lion house that is about ready to fall down ; and you canpoint out to us when we get there the amounts of money required. Itis a vital question to keep this updated, and I know over the years,from my past association with the District of Columbia Committee,the great difficulty getting money for the zoo.They had great difficulty getting money for human beings, and inthe order of priorities, they always put the human being just a littleahead of the animals, and I suppose that is a correct rating ofpriorities.(The information follows:)
2275National Zoological ParkRequirements for Modernizing and RedevelopingThe entire Zoo needs to be modernized, expanded andredeveloped. There are approximately 50 acres that at thepresent time are not being utilized. Our Master Plan antici-pates developing this unused area for animal exhibits andmaintaining a pleasant park-like atmosphere for our visitors.Presently the design team of Faulkner, Fryer and Vander-pool (architects and engineers), Lester Collins (landscapearchitect), and Architectural Graphics Associates (graphicsdesigners) are engaged in the redesign of the Zoo Master Plan.This design team is seeking to fully exploit the potential ofthe National Zoological Park site, and in keeping with theadmonition of the Commission of Fine Arts, they are developingdesigns which will emphazise the animals and the landscape.The role of architecture, buildings per se, will be one ofsupport for the exhibition of animals in a pleasing landscape.To accomplish this end, the visual impact of buildings mustbe minimized. This will apply particularly to new exhibitsand facilities. Existing buildings to be retained and re-modeled represent a challenge in this area since their sizesand architectural styles, established over the last 80 years,cannot be easily dismissed. We anticipate that judiciouslandscaping along with the unification of site design, walks,vine covered arbors, and site furniture will be directedtoward the lessening of the visual prominence of existingbuildings
.
The program for modernizing and redeveloping was startedin 1960 and we have accomplished some of our objectives. TheBird House, the Great Flight Cage, two buildings for the hoofed-
2276stock which must be exhibited inside during the winter. Wecall - - this the Delicate Hoofed-stock building, a complexfor the hardy hoofed-stock which only needs the minimum pro-tection during the winter, and the new Research and AnimalHospital building. We have also made corrections in thesewage system, expanded the electrical system, modernizedthe heating facilities, and improved the automotive circulationby new roads and additional parking.All of the major buildings need remodeling as they arenow over 30 years old. This would be improving the exhibitsto present the animals in a more pleasing and modern manner
as well as taking advantage of the newer mechanical featuresfor handling and managing the animals. Several of the buildingsare so dilapidated that they need to be completely replaced.The Lion House is a classical example. This entire facilitywill be replaced with modern exhibits in which there are novisual bars between the visitors and the animals. This willmake a much more pleasing exhibit for the visitors and a muchmore comfortable and pleasing home for the animals. At thepresent time we are putting patches on top of patches in theLion House to maintain it until it is replaced. The bear pitsneed to be replaced as well as the 60-year old monkey house.The monkeys and apes need to be exhibited and housed inquarters that are both educational and pleasing to the public
as well as meeting the needs of the animals for space andenvironmental conditions.We will present to you at a later date our completedMaster Plan which will show how we anticipate the Zoo willlook in the future.
2277Master Plan fob the ZooSenator Bible. When do you expect revision and updating of themaster plan to be completed in connection with the National Zoo?Dr. Reed. That can be done within this fiscal year.Senator Bible. You mean fiscal year 1971 ?Dr. Reed. I meant the budget year, 1972, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. It should be done by June 30, 1972 ?Dr. Reed. I anticipate it will be completed about January of 1972.Senator Bible. Thank you.How much do you have on hand to pay for this work now ?Dr. Ripley. The fiscal year 1971 appropriation was $200,000 forrepairs and we are requesting an additional $200,000 in 1972, still forrepairs.Senator Bible. I am talking about the revision and updating of themaster plan, so we are talking about the same thing.Dr. Reed. Sir, the money for that has already been appropriatedand we are under contract now with the architects.Senator Bible. You have sufficient money on hand to take care ofthat?Dr. Reed. Master planning, yes, sir.Senator Bible. I am just referring to the master planning.restoration and renovation of buildingsFor Restoration and Renovation of Buildings, you are asking $1,-050,000, a decrease of $675,000, under the amount provided in fiscalyear 1971. However, you did receive a supplemental appropriation forthe Museum of History and Technology of $775,000, to repair firedamages.The justification for the request will be placed in the record.(The justification follows:)
2278
RESTORATION AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS1970 Appropriation $425,0001971 Appropriation $1, 725, 0001972 Estimate $1, 050, 000An appropriation of $1,050,000 is requested for the following projects:Renwick Gallery $400,000National Museum of History and Technology 500, 000Sewer System Improvement-South Buildings 125,000Lamont Street Library Improvements 25, 000Total estimate 1972 1,050,000Less amount appropriated in 1971 1 , 725, 000Decrease in 1972 $-675,000Renwick GalleryAn appropriation of $400, 000 is requested to complete the program ofexterior and interior restoration of the Renwick Gallery.Using funds previously appropriated, the Smithsonian has directed itsefforts at the restoration of the Renwick Gallery's basic structure. An aircooling plant was installed in the Gallery. The need for this system was notanticipated in the FY 1971 budget request. As part of the restoration process,an air conditioning system was installed in the building which could use coldwater supplied by the General Services Administration. The Smithsonian wasinformed late last year by the GSA that cooling water could only be supplied ona 5-day week, 8-hour, basis. In order to meet the needs of the museum whichmust maintain a constant temperature and humidity to safeguard the collections;it was necessary to install a revised cooling plant. The exterior stonework,entranceways, and the interior corridors, lobbies and galleries have beenrenovated to the point where the final or finishing work can be started. Thisfinishing work, the full extent of which could not be determined until the basicstructural work was completed, includes the replacement of the sidewalk aroundthe building, exterior lighting fixtures, the cast iron grillwork on the roof andwindows, the finishing, painting and gilding of arches and columns, marbleizingof woodwork in the central halls and stairways, and the replacement ofdamaged marble in the floor of the building. This work will be designed torestore the exterior and certain areas of the interior of the building to theiroriginal appearance, as designed by James Renwick in 1859.In addition, it is necessary to complete storage facilities, to providegallery furnishings for use by the public in the restored interior areas of thebuilding, and to recast exterior sculpture for the facade as well as to installan essential bird-proofing system.National Museum of History and TechnologyBicentennial FacilitiesAn appropriation of $500, 000 is requested for the preparation of plans andspecifications for the Bicentennial facilities to be added to the National Museumof History and Technology, and to design exhibits for these facilities.As part of the Smithsonian's contribution to the American RevolutionBicentennial celebrations, the National Museum of History and Technology plansto convert the terraces of its building into usable space by the construction ofstructures on the sides of the building. The purpose of these structures willbe to house certain national treasures and exhibits relating to the twin themes
2279
of the Museum's Bicentennial participation- -what the nations of the world gaveto make the United States of America, and in turn what the United States hasgiven to the nations of the world.The National Museum of History and Technology will conclude a feasibilitystudy for the Bicentennial structure project in fiscal year 1971. Thecompletion of the study will permit the Museum to proceed on July 1, 1971,with developing final architectural plans. Construction would begin in fiscalyear 1973 and be completed no later than January 1, 1975, to allow one yearfor installation of exhibitions. Total structural costs are estimated to be$4, 500, 000, while the exhibits will cost an additional $1, 000, 000.Sewer Systems Improvements -South BuildingsAn appropriation of $125,000 is requested to correct a serious sewerproblem for the buildings on the south side of the mall.The three Smithsonian buildings on the south side of the Mall, SmithsonianBuilding, Arts and Industries Building, and the Freer Gallery of Art, emptyboth their sanitary wastes and rainwater runoff into the District of Columbiasewage system through single pipe systems. This type of system has twoserious drawbacks--overloading the treatment plants and a tendency to backflowduring heavy rains. Because the rainwater runoff and the sanitary systemwastes are mixed, large quantities of polluted water are discharged into theriver. The District of Columbia is in the process of converting to a separatesystem to reduce the load upon the already overloaded sewage treatment plants.The Smithsonian must be able to tie into this system. In addition, flooding ofthe buildings during heavy rains, because of the limited ability of the pipes tocarry off rain water, occurs frequently. By replacing the single pipe systemwith separate and larger sanitary and drain pipes, flooding can be eliminated.Lamont Street Library ModificationsAn appropriation of $25, 000 is requested to modify space at theSmithsonian's Lamont Street facility to house library materials.At the present time, the library is extremely short of shelf space forlibrary materials. A study of available space at the Smithsonian showed thatthe space formerly occupied by the Department of Entomology at Lamont Street,which recently moved back to the Natural History Building, could be modifiedby the addition of flooring, partitions, shelving and lighting to serve as anoverflow facility for library materials. The library is temporarily storingabout 40, 000 books in cartons and boxes at the Lamont Street facility becauseof lack of space in the Mall buildings. With the modifications about 50,000volumes could be handled at this facility, all of which would be accessible foruse by researchers.
2280Renwick GallerySenator Bible. Will the amount you ask for the Renwick Gallerybe enough to complete construction ? You said that would be completedby September ?Mr. Bradley. That repair should be completed by December of thiscalendar year.Senator Bible. December or September ?Mr. Bradley. December, Mr. Chairman.Senator Bible. Is the amount sufficient to complete it ?Mr. Bradley. That is sufficient to complete the agreed construction,yes, sir. Bicentennial FacilitiesSenator Bible. Where in your fiscal year 1971 budget is there moneyto accomplish a feasibility study for the bicentennial structure pro-posed for the Museum of History and Technology ?Mr. Bradley. That was included, sir, in the amount given for bi-centennial activities. That was not included, as sometimes we do, in afeasibility study request. CONSTRUCTIONSenator Bible. The construction budget of the Smithsonian Institu-tion amounts to $5,597,000 in 1972.The justification of the amount will be printed in the record.(The justification follows:)
2281CONSTRUCTION1970 Appropriation $3 , 5 00, 000U1971 Appropriation $5, 200, 000 1/1972 Estimate $5, 597, 000 i'CONSTRUCTIONJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenBy the Act of November 7, 1966, the Congress provided a site on theMall for the construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden, and provided statutory authority for the appropriation of constructionand operating funds. Within this appropriation authority, $803, 000 wereappropriated in fiscal year 1968 for the preparation of plans and specifications.In fiscal year 1969, $2,000,000 were appropriated for plans and to startconstruction. Contract authorization was granted by language in that appropri-ation bill in an amount not to exceed $14,197,000. An additional $3,300,000was appropriated in 1970 and $5,200,000 in 1971 toward liquidation of thecontract authority.Construction was started in March 1970 and the excavation and foundationconstruction is in progress. Construction is proceeding on schedule with nomajor delays being anticipated at this time. An appropriation of $3,697,000is requested for fiscal year 1972 in order to liquidate the remaining contractauthority. This appropriation, with the $1,000,000 legally committed by Mr.Hirshhorn, will complete funding of construction contracts and financesupervision and related construction management costs. This will allow forthe completion of the construction in time for the planned opening of theMuseum in late fiscal year 1973.CONSTRUCTIONNational Air and Space Museum PlanningThe Act of August 12, 1946, established the National Air Museum as abureau of the Smithsonian Institution. The Congress included provisions forselecting a site for a National Air Museum, building to be located in theNation's Capital. By the Act of September 6, 1958, the Congress designateda site for a building to be on the Mall from Fourth Street to Seventh Street,Independence Avenue to Jefferson Drive. Planning appropriations in the amountof $511,000 and $1,364,000 were made available to the Smithsonian by theCongress for the fiscal year 1964 and 1965 respectively. In 1966, theCongress enacted legislation authorizing the construction of the National Airand Space Museum but deferred appropriations for construction untilexpenditures for the Vietnam conflict had shown a substantial reduction.Construction plans and specifications for the proposed museum building werecompleted and were accepted by the Commission of Fine Arts and the NationalCapital Planning Commission. The cost of the buildings, built to those plansand specifications, was estimated to be $40 million dollars in 1965.Unfortunately due to the rising costs of labor and materials, this same buildingwould cost between $6 million and $70 million, to construct depending on theincrease in costs and the date of the beginning of construction.The space program, with its Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo flights, has
__used a considerable increase in the public's interest in aeronautical andaerospace matters. During 1970, almost 4.5 million visitors were counted inthe Arts and Industries Building and the Air and Space Building, both of whichca
1/ Fiscal year 1970 and fiscal year 1971 liquidation of Contract Authority.Fiscal year 1972 $3,697,000 liquidation of Contract Authority. $200,000in 1970 was appropriated to move the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
2282
are used to house temporarily a very small portion of the collections andexhibits of the National Air and Space Museum. With the additional spaceavailable in the new building, the National Air and Space Museum will be ableto use a wide range of the more than 200 aircraft and thousands of aerospaceobjects in the collections to interpret the historical and technological progressof aviation and aerospace science to the millions of visitors that will come tothe Museum annually. The Air and Space Museum already has in itscollections such historically significant aircraft as the original Wright BrothersFlyer, Lindburgh's "Spirit of St. Louis," the NC-4 (the first to fly theAtlantic), the Bell X- 1 (first to exceed the speed of sound) as well asMercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecrafts. To demonstrate and exhibittechnological progress, the Museum can choose from literally hundreds ofengines, power plants, and ancilliary equipment ranging from simple rotary enginesbuilt at the turn of the century to the huge Saturn F-l engine which producesmillions of pounds of thrust. This collection of aeronautical and aerospace itemswhich many consider the finest in the world, needs only the additional spaceprovided by a new Museum to be displayed properly to the public.During a Symposium on the National Air and Space Museum which washeld on January 18, 1971, Senator Barry Goldwater, Dr. Wernher von Braun,Congressman Frank T. Bow, and Congressman James G. Fulton jointlyproposed the following resolution be presented to the Board of Regents of theSmithsonian Institution.
--That the Smithsonian Institution should press for constructionof the authorized National Air and Space Museum building;
--That a study of changes in the original approved designshould be undertaken immediately in order to determine thefeasibility of lowering construction costs;
--That a firm date of July 4, 1976, should be established forthe opening of the new museum building as a major element ofthe Smithsonian Institution's contribution to the commemorationof the Bicentennial of the American Revolution;
--That consideration be given to constructing a major under-ground parking facility beneath the Mall in order to alleviate theincreasing problem of automobile parking in the vicinity of theMall;
--That consideration of the joint venture by the NationalPark Service and private capital be explored. This action wouldcomplement the requirement for parking facilities as a significantfactor in construction of the National Air and Space Museum.In consideration of the rising costs of the building and the increased publicinterest in air and space activities, an appropriation of $1,900,000 for planningand redesign, and for the specifying of programs, facilities, and installations isrequested. The object of this redesign would be to utilize the latest design,construction, and exhibit techniques to lower the cost of the building toapproximately $40 million, which still providing outstanding facilities todisplay properly the many unique aeronautical and astronautical items in thecollections.The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration has advised that arequest by the Smithsonian for redesign funds would be consistent with theCommittee's 1966 recommendation regarding construction funding.
2283 ^Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenhomluTe^L?-f
'
69r'000 is re<luired f^ construction of the Hirsh-orn Museum. Did you give us an estimate of when that constructionwork would be completed ? u birucnDr. Ripley. Yes, sir ; we did, September 1972.ber before ^^ September 1972 ' That is where X got the Septem-We can't forecast end effects, but do you have an answer you careto make on the Hirshhorn Museum as a result of the hearings in theHouse of Representatives, and the proposal to eliminate part of theconstruction on the Hirshhorn ?Dr. Ripley. We have been very much in touch with the Housecommittee which held the hearings last summer, and after their reportwas published in December 1970, we called the members of the com-mittee and assured them that we would undertake to recognize theirwishes in this regard. As a result we have been continually in contactwith the various commissions, National Capital Planning Commission,the Fine Arts Commission, the architect of the design, Mr. Hirsh-horn himself, who, of course, is involved, to see whether we could, ineffect, moderate the plan subject to the wishes of the congressionalsubcommittee effectively and still adhere to our contract throughGSA with the contractor.We are still studying this, and we believe that it may be possibleto do so. We cannot say at this moment.Senator Bible. I don't expect you to. What is the center of con-troversy ? What is the House's objections ?Dr. Ripley. It was the cross-Mall trench-like structure proposedby the architects and approved by the Commission for the sculpturegarden. That was the sole bone of controversy that arose from thehearings.Senator Bible. The House took the position, or seems to take theposition that that is inconsistent with the character of the gardens andthe Hirshhorn monument ?Dr. Ripley. They took the position that the invasion of the centergrass strip of the Mall which runs east and west was inconsistent withthe master plan for the Mall.Senator Bible. I see. So the inconsistency lies in the constructionof the crosswalk vis-a-vis the maintenance of the Mall as laid out inthe overall L'Enfant plan ?Dr. Ripley. The most recent plan was 1901, which called for theopen expanse of grass and the most recent Mall plan as an adjunct ofthe Pennsylvania Avenue Commission plan had brought in the ideaof the cross-Mall axis at Eighth Street.What we have been studying is ways in which we could live withinour contractual authority and eliminate the invasion of the grass stripwhich the House committee took exception to.Senator Bible. Very well. I think I understand what the contro-versy is. QUESTIONS BY SENATOR PERCYSenator Bible. Senator Percy is unable to be here today. Will you,therefore, please answer these questions of his for the record?
55-968 O - 71 - pt. 2
22S4(The questions and answers follow:)Responses to Questions by Senator PercyQuestion. The President has approved a very substantial increase in yourbudget request for fiscal year 1972. Can you give us their reasons for backingthis increase?Answer. The allowed increase for general operations and special programsamounts to $8,672,000. About 46 percent of this increase, $4,016,000, is in thescience area. For many years the Institution has been a recognized leader inspecialized science areas, particularly astrophysics, biology, and systematics.Systematics is research that deals with studying the classification, population,and distribution of animal and plant life on earth through collections of speci-mens. In astrophysics we provide the science community with basic informationrelated to the earth's atmosphere, the solar system, and the' universe. In radi-ation biology we have a long-term interest in the effects of sunlight on plantgrowth. If, as a nation, we are going to try to solve our environmental problems,then the Smithsonian collections and the basic research we conduct are veryimportant. We are now beginning to use our resources in new ways, such asresearch on mercury in fish and DDT in bird eggs, the Radiation BiologyLaboratory's sunlight experiments, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory'slaser potential, and our new interdisciplinary environmental sciences program.Ecological investigations concerned with identifying long-term factors affect-ing environmental balance increasingly are becoming dependent on analysis andinformation constructed around specimen collections from ages past and aroundbasic scientific monitoring of atmospheric conditions. We feel work of this natureis gaining wider recognition and acceptance, and constitutes a major reason whywe are being allowed to request more money for our science activities.Over the past years, the Congress and the President have given us valuablesupport in the development of our history and art and public service activities.These areas of our museum operations are the most popular with the generalpublic ; the benefits to be gained from supporting our activities in portrayingthe country's heritage through art and history collections are most visible. Weare requesting an increase of $3,247,000 (about 37% of the total increase) inhistory and art, and public service areas. This will allow us to continue develop-ment of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum. The requested increase also will helpprovide essential support required for basic operations in order that the estab-lished and developing museums and art galleries of the Smithsonian can effec-tively tell the story of American civilization to millions of visitors annually.In this portion of our request, we have been allowed to seek $1,000,000 forfunding the National Museum Act and $525,000 for initiating a new exhibits effortwithin the Institution. The Belmont Report, prepared by the American Associa-tion of Museums in response to a request by President Johnson, identified thefinancial plight of the Nation's museums, now visited by some 600 to 700 millionpersons a year, and stated that the cultural and educational resources of thesemuseums might not continue to be available if assistance was not forthcoming.There is a great deal of work to be done in museums, but we badly need a co-ordinated program to provide training to museum people so the work can be ac-complished. Funding of this Act will represent a major step forward in begin-ning to meet the needs of museums across the country regarding conservation,collection cataloging, and exhibit services.As regards our special exhibits request for an environmental sciences hallcalled the World of Living Things, we feel one of our highest priorities for thenext several years is to rebuild our permanent exhibits program in order to servethe public interests in new and more meaningful ways.The balance of the requested increase. $1,409,000, will be devoted to increasedcosts of plant maintenance, protection, and the provision of central support.These activities, while they attract less attention than our programs, are none-theless vital to the Institution. The success or failure of our program operationsdepends upon our ability to provide them with adequate administrative and cen-tral services.Question. Have your past budget requests been sufficient to keep pace withthe cost of inflation? What will be the result if this year's increase is not granted?Answer. Since 1968 the "Salaries and Expenses" operations of the Institutionhave increased by approximately $8,800,000, or at a rate of about 11% per year.
2285This excludes the Zoo and the Science Information Exchange for comparativepurposes, and assumes the requested pay supplemental are approved.We estimate that about 67% to 70% of this increase has been eroded by in-flationary price increases and the necessity of improving the competitive salarysituation in government. In addition, at least 6% has been devoted to costs associ-ated wtih utilization of new building space, such as the Renwick Gallery andthe Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries. This leaves us with a real increase of about$2,000,000 to $2,300,000, or an average amount usable for program developmentof $700,000 to $800,000 per year. Thus, the apparent appropriation increases re-ceived since 1968 reduces to a real annual growth in the Smithsonian base ofabout 3%.Most of the new program growth related to the real increase in base fund-ing that took place this last year (between fiscal 1970 and fiscal 1971) was inthe special funding appropriations of $550,000 received for the BicentennialCelebration ($400,000) and the Environmental Sciences Program ($150,000).We hope to continue these programs in fiscal year 1972. However, as you cansee, much remains to be done in other areas of the Institution's operations tokeep ahead of inflationary pressures.We believe that, as a partial answer to your earlier question, the matter ofinflationary inroads on our base funding were taken into consideration by theExecutive Branch. If the past holds any precedent for the future, we can onlyspeculate that a 10% or 11% increase in our base funding will not go very far,and would represent largely a holding action for most areas of operations.Question. Without a substantial increase, will you be able to hold onto seniorpersonnel, especially in the scientific field?Answer. In the past we have had people leave the Institution and return touniversities or other research organizations because we have not been able toprovide them with adequate levels of funding in terms of equipment, field sup-plies and operating support. By the same token, we have had people come to usand, after a period of time, indicate that our back-up support was far short ofthat available in good universities and colleges. We are working very hard toimprove this situation, and our fiscal 1972 budget request is geared to helpcorrect the current support deficiencies in several areas, such as the NationalMuseum of Natural History and the National Museum of History and Technology.Question. What are your present average salary levels, particularly for scien-tific personnel?Answer. Professional scientific personnel (those with a Ph. D. or equivalentand qualified to originate and conduct basic research or curation) average about$22,800 in salary.Technical support (illustrators, museum technicians, laboratory aids, etc.)average about $10,600.Office assistants (clerks, typists, and secretaries) average $8,300.These figures exclude benefits which in the case of professional staff wouldrun about $2,000 additional per year.Also, they do not reflect the inadequate ratio of staffing between professionalstaff and technical/office personnel support, or our low levels of support fund-ing per professional in the form of equipment, supplies, field support, etc.SUBCOMMITTEE RECESSSenator Bible. We will be in recess until Monday morning, whenwe will hear the Members of Congress.Thank you all, gentlemen.(Whereupon, at 2:45 p.m., Friday, March 19, the committee wasrecessed, to reconvene at 10 a.m., Monday, March 22.)

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