ISSN No. 0083-7903 
arine i-auna or New zeaiam 
Stephen D. Cairns 
Sen- Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 7 03 
FRONTISPIECE: 
Top left:        Habitat of Ocwfiwz uirgoaz Squires, Three Kings Islands. Photo: Roger V Grace 
Fop right    Monomyces rw6rwm (Quoy& Gaimard), Poor Knights Islands. Photo: Linda Grace 
Bottom:        Cwficza rwkok (Quoy & Gaimard), Mimiwhangata. Photo: Roger V Grace 
COVER PHOTO: Ocwfimz uwgosa Squires, Three Kings Islands. Photo: Roger V Grace. 
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 
WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NIWA) 
The Marine Fauna of New Zealand 
Scleractinia 
(Cnidaria : Anthozoa) 
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS 
Smithsonian Institution 
Washington, DC. 
New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103 
1995 
Cataloguing in publication 
CAIRNS, STEPHEN, I). 
The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria : Anthozoa) by 
Stephen D. Cairns ? Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1995 
(New Zealand Oceanographic Institute memoir, ISSN 0083-7903,103) 
ISBN0-47&-08335-1 
I.       Title: II.      Series 
UDC 
Series Editor Dennis P. Gordon 
Typeset by Rose-Marie C. Thompson 
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) 
(incorporating the New Zealand OceanograpMc Institute) 
Received for publication ? 5 April 1994 
NIWA Copyright 1995 
CONTENTS 
Page 
LIST OF TABLES  6 
LIST OF KEYS                 6 
EPIGRAPH                     6 
ABSTRACT                     7 
INTRODUCTION           8 
MATERIALS AND METHODS           14 
LIST OF STATIONS       16 
LIST OF SPECIES           25 
ZOOGEOGRAPHY        27 
MINERALOGY              30 
CLASSIFICATION 
Suborder FUNQINA               31 
Supedamily FUNGIOIDEA      31 
Family FUNGIACYATHIDAE           31 
Family MICRABAOIDAE        34 
Suborder FAVIINA                38 
Superfamily FAVIOIDEA              38 
Family RHIZANGHDAE          38 
Family OCUUNIDAE               39 
Family ANTHEMIPHYLLIIDAE        41 
Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA           42 
Superfamily CARYOPHYLLIOIDEA      42 
Family CARYOPHYLLHDAE              42 
Family TURBINOLIIDAE        82 
Superfamily FLABELLOIDEA       92 
Family GUYNIIDAE                92 
Family FLABELLIDAE              96 
Suborder DENDROPHYLLHNA        118 
Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE           118 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                 129 
REFERENCES                  129 
INDEX              140 
Page 
LIST OF TABLES 
1.       Chronology of knowledge of recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia 
of the New Zealand region       
2. Distribution, patterns, and depth ranges of New Zealand 
azooxanthellate Scleractinia      11 
3. Patterns of sderactiruan distribution widiin the New Zealand region 27 
LIST OF KEYS 
1.       Key to the six species of f WMgiecyat&ws known from the New Zealand 
region.  31 
2. I(e%rtothel2s;xadka)(d(jmryop#n^7az(<jinyopdM^W%^laicn&7iti<xTkt}w2 
New Zealand region.  43 
3. Key to Aeei^ht species of fW^wm known from Ae New Zealand 
region.  96 
EPIGRAPH 
"Trie living coral fauna of New Zealand is of the poorest kind as far as we know it. 
One species of HakWum and one or two AsfroMgwcggf are all that are known." 
(Tenison-Woods I860:1-2!) 
"The scleractinian corals of New Zealand have received so little attention that they 
have remained one of the larger unknown quantities of modern coral faunas." 
(Ralph & Squires 1962:1) 
The Marine Fauna of New Zealand 
Scleractinia 
(Cnidaria : Anthozoa) 
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS 
National Museum of Natural History 
Smithsonian Institution 
Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A. 
ABSTRACT 
A total of 105 species of azooxanthellate Scleractinia are reported from the New Zealand region, defined as 
24? to 57?30'Sandl57?E*ol67*W. Three new genera CPaAkBUocpaWnKvTnBnmwfnxJnw^JSdcmb^&dkibon), 21 
newapedes, andonenew subspecies are described, and 71 new records for this region are reported. This 
revision is based on an examination of previously unexamined corals from approximately 804 stations, 
derived primarily from the collections of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute and the Museum of 
New Zealand. 
The New Zealand azooxanthellate Scleractinia are primarily (57%) tropical Indo-West Pacific in 
afGnity, die species having varying degrees of southward extension into the region; 33*% is the southern 
limit for many species and is chosen herein to be the southern limit of the tropical/subtropical azooxanthel- 
late province. There also appears to be a small, relatively shallow-water, warm-temperate (Auckland 
Province) group of endemic species; a group that is restricted to cold-temperate latitudes; and one species, 
fbkffwm myoKmM, that has its northern limit in the New Zealand region in an otherwise Antarctic 
distribution. Six azooxanthellate species are reported from off Lord Howe Island, 18 from off Norfolk 
Island, and 10 from the Colville Ridge, all three regions containing primarily tropical and eurythermic 
tropical species. Most (82%) of the 56 azooxanthellate species known from off the Kermadec Islands are 
also tropical or eurythermic tropical; the remaining 10 species are found in warm- to cold-temperate 
regions to the south. Although 41 of me 105 species occur at shelf depths (0-200 m), most (80%) of the New 
Zealand azooxanthellate Scleractinia occur on the upper slope (200-1000 m), the deepest record being that 
of f wMgm%wf/ms marwxzefkri at 4954 m. 
Keywords: Sderactmla, classification, distribution, new species, new genera, marine fauna. New Zealand, 
zoogeography. 
New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103,1995 
ISSN 00603-7903 
ISBN (W78-08335-1 
INTRODUCTION 
Despite the impression given in the epigraph of a 
sparse and poorly known coral fauna, the New 
Zealand region fauna is now known to be quite a 
diverse one with at least 105 azooxanthellate 
species, which includes about 15% of the known 
azooxanthellate species worldwide. The paucity of 
shallow-water corals off New Zealand led to the 
statement (see Epigraph) of Tenison-Woods (1880) 
that corals are rare off New Zealand, but azoo- 
xanthellate corals abound in deeper waters, 
especially the upper slope, a fact only gradually 
revealed by deep-sea exploration: viz. Gazelle 
(StuderlSTB); CWenger(Mbseleyl881); Ttmz 
Now (Gardiner 1929); andDzscotvry (Gardiner 1939) 
expeditions. 
Only the azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the New 
Zealand region are discussed in this account, i.e., 
those species that lack algal symbionts. Being eco- 
logically defined, the azooxanthellate corals are a 
polyphyletic group occurring in four of the five 
scleractinian suborders, but include all of the spe- 
cies that occur off New Zealand; however, the zoo- 
xanthellate (hermatypic or reef) corals that occur 
in the northern New Zealand region off Lord 
Howe, Norfolk, and the Kermadec Islands are not 
included in this account. 
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia occur from the Arc- 
tic Circle to off continental Antarctica, and, although 
often referred to as "deep-water corals", occur from 
0-6328 m, being commonest on the upper slope 
(200-1000 m). Scleractinia are exclusively sessile, 
benthic organisms, with an aragonitic calcium car- 
bonate corallum that is usually white, but may be 
mottled or streaked with black, brown, or pink 
pigment. Most azooxanthellate corals are solitary 
in growth mode (e.g., 83% of New Zealand 
species), but colonial azooxanthellate species also 
occur, both in shallow and deep water. 
Previous Studies 
Squires (1958), Ralph and Squires (1962), and Squires 
and Keyes (1967) all presented brief historical 
resumes of scleractinian species and their distri- 
bution in the New Zealand region. Table 1 also 
briefly summarises all reports of scleractinian corals 
from this region, including first occurrences of all 
species, semor synonyms, and, in some cases, names 
of the vessels from which the specimens were 
collected. Only the significant publications are 
discussed below, and those requiring clarification. 
Not surprisingly, the first two species of Sclerac- 
tinia reported from the New Zealand region were 
the common, colourful, shallow-water Mononzycgs 
rwbnmz and CwMcia rwkok by Quoy and Gaimard 
(1833). 
Milne Edwards and Haime (1848b) reported three 
species of Coenopazmfnig from "Nouvelle-ZeUande 
(Quoy et Gaimard)": C.coccinaz, Ogxnmardz, and C. 
wnmffu, which, according to Wells (1983), are all syno- 
nyms of T?bzstr#%z ax%3KKH Lesson, 1829. These 
records were perpetuated by Milne Edwards and 
Haime (1857) and Duncan (1870), but not by Mutton 
(1904) in his list of corals known from New Zealand. 
In a revealing paragraph, Tenison Woods (1878:340) 
cited Captain Hutton, "the well known naturalist at 
Dunedin", as saying that these three species did not 
occur off New Zealand. Tenison Woods went on to 
say that many of the specimens collected by the 
Asfrofak were mixed and mat "many tropical corals 
quoted by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard as from Aus- 
tralia and New Zealand, really came from the 
Pacific Islands within the tropics. Certain it is that 
very few of the Australian or New Zealand habitats 
can be verified/' Later, Squires (1958) and Ralph 
and Squires (1962) listed these records as erroneous 
for the New Zealand region. In fact, Twbzsfnzaz had 
never been collected subsequent to the 1848 report 
until Squires (1960b) reported T. e%m; (another jun- 
ior synonym of T. coccmeo) from the Norfolk Island 
cable. But even this record is false ? the two speci- 
mens in question have well-developed Pourtales 
Plans and thus are more consistent with the genus 
CWopsmnmmz man TwbzsfnzeR, although the species 
identity is unknown. 
Six species (Table 1) were added to the inventory 
of New Zealand corals by three dredge stations of 
the Term Now, as reported by Gardiner (1929). Not 
all of these records were originally identified to 
species level, but examination of Gardiner's speci- 
mens (now deposited at The Natural History 
Museum, London, formerly the BM(NH), British 
Museum (Natural History)) confirm the identification 
of six well-known species for this region. 
In his thorough revision of the fossil corals of 
Table 1. Chronology of knowledge of recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia of die New Zealand region 
(+ denotes a significant paper). 
*1833 Quoy&Gaimard 
1848b Milne Edwards & 
Haime 
1849 Milne Edwards & 
Haime 
1862 Holdsworth 
1870 Duncan 
1876 Duncan 
1878 Studer 
1879 Tenison Woods 
1881 Moseley 
1904 Hutton 
1906 Dennant 
"1929 Gardiner 
1937 Wells 
1939 Gardiner 
1947 Powell 
1948 Ralph 
+1958 Squires 
1958 Wells 
1960a Squires 
1960b Squires 
1960c Squires 
1962 Ralph & Squires 
+1963 Squires 
1964a Squires 
1964b Squires 
1965 Squires 
1965 Squires& Ralph 
*1967 Squires & Keyes 
1968 MortontMiller 
1969 Squires 
.Aatndak: first records of Twr&mafza (= Monomyces) rwbra n. sp. and Demfro- 
pAyHw (= CMffcza) rutcofa n.sp. 
Erroneous reports of three species of Coenopsammwz (= Tuhzsrroaz) from New 
Zealand. 
CWida smif/n* n.sp. from New Zealand (doubtful record). 
Makffum MoWk n.sp. (= A&wxamycgs rwhrwm) from New Zealand. 
Uncritical listing of 7 recent species from New Zealand. 
CoMOcyaf&us zdandiae n.sp. from Cook Strait; not since recollected off New 
Zealand, but known elsewhere. 
S.M.S. Gazefk: FfaWfzwz fafunz n. sp. and F. graczk n.sp. (both considered to 
be forms of Mofzomyces rubrwrn). 
Cyficuz Awffanz n. sp. (= CWzcw rwkok) and C. wcwa n.sp. (= Manomycgs 
rwbrww) from off New Zealand. 
H.M.S. CWfeMger: dubious record of Caryop&y/fza mocWak (= RAizasmffza 
macwfafa) and C. (anze/fi/era n.sp. from off the Kermadec Islands. 
Uncritical list of 8 recent and 1 fossil species from New Zealand. 
Kiorzofmckws swkri n. sp. from off Great Barrier Island. 
Terra Nboa: Seven deep-water species reported off Three Kings Islands: 
Ffakffwm Aanwn n.sp (= Manomyces rwbn/m); GarJmeria sp. 
(= Cr%spa(ofmc/zws cunx%rws); Dgsmap/zyffwm crisfagaM f= D. dianfAws); 
CaryapAyf/ia pro/iwzda; TracAocyafAws sp. (= TftkocyafAws cyfindnzcews); 
TTzecapsammia sp. (= BafawapAyZfia dmaws); and Demf ropAyffia (= Eguchzpsamzma) 
japoMfca. 
Additional record of KianofrocAiw swfgn from Cuvier Island. 
Discawry: Df/focyaf&ws k?s (= Pgpamxyzfkws dazasanO and Sp&erzafrac&us 
mkrmafias f= 5. sqwiresf) from off New Zealand. 
Two species listed in "Native Animals of New Zealand". 
Additional records of CaryapAyffia pn^wwfa and F&zW/wm n#wfas%nz 
(= Manamyces rw!?rwm). 
Uncritical listing of all recent corals reported from New Zealand coasts. 
SfgpAanopAy/fza^brmosissfma (= Lffgpsanmua/isszfW from off New Zealand. 
Additional notes on KioMofnx&Hg swffn, endemic to New Zealand. 
First record of Ganzacardfa dwmasa from New Zealand (off Norfolk Island). 
Notes on fossil and Recent CWicia rwkofa. 
Five new records: Ocwfma pirgosa; Sp/zenorrodzws sp. B (= S. rafpAae); Sfenacyat/ms 
jgcamgra n.sp. (= S. oen?{/brmzg); Ffakffwm de/Wens (= F. apfrrwm); and F. 
kwozx n.sp. 
Monograph of f fahe/fMm (= MaMomyces^ rw6rwm. 
Additional records of CaryopAyffia prqfunda, GaMiacarffZa (fw/nasa, and Ffakffwm 
bzoai from off Chatham Islands. 
Seven species reported off northeastern New Zealand, including new records of: 
CknzfofrodzMS (= LatyrinfAocyafhMs) ffmatufi/s n.sp. and FZakffwm aafeama. 
Deep-wakr coral coppices reported from Campbell Plateau and Chatham Rise. 
New records of FZakHwm knae&eyes: nap. and SkpAanocyafAws sp. (= S. plafypwg). 
NZOI: New records of Madrepora i^fiaf (= M. ocwiata), Derwfraphyffia pa/ifa n.sp. 
(= D. a/coc#), and Nafacy?f/%as arignfafis ^= Pepofzocyaf&ws dawsanO 
Colour illustrations of Cwfxda rufvafa and FWvffwm (= Manamycfs.) nffTrum. 
Nine species mapped and discussed from the New Zealand region, including 
new records of Saknasmi/ia oarzaWis and FfaWfwm zmpenswrn. 
1974c Zibrowius 
1976 Grace&Grace 
1982 Brook ef af. 
1982 Brook 
*1982 Caims 
1984 
1985 
1988 
1989a 
Hayward ef af. 
Hayward ff of. 
Cairns 
Cairns 
1992    Stolarski 
Notes onDgwfnpkyWzapaJiW (= D. mkxxdW). 
CwficM rwkok and FkW/wm (= Monomycgs) rukim* off Great Mercury Island, 
SpkfMohvdms nzJp/%ae off Rakitu Island. 
Four shallow-water species off Rakitu Island. 
R.V. EffgMin: 13 species reported from Subantarctic New Zealand, including 4 
new records: Aidocyafkwa recidrpwg, EWfopsmmTua morgMZgfkn, E. rosfro&z, and 
Fwwgwcyzf hws /ragi/is. 
SpAgMWfnx&ws nz/p&ag off Chickens Islands. 
Three shallow-water species off Broken Islands. 
Notes on Xwrnofrockus sukn. 
/ammza sp. (= /. pocAyfAfca) and TnmcofqgwyMia sp. (= T. frrggWans) reported from 
off Kermadec Islands. 
Notes on fGoMofrocAws sukn. 
New Zealand, Squires (1958) also listed all previous 
records of recent Scleractinia in an appendix, 
listing 26 taxa, 18 of which he considered valid. No 
new records of recent Scleractinia were included in 
his paper, but he did provide a brief history of 
recent corals known from New Zealand waters. 
Except for an addendum by Squires (1962a), the 
fossil corals have not been subsequently revised 
and thus Squires' (1958) revision serves as the fossil 
counterpart to this paper. 
The revision of the extant scleractinian corals of 
New Zealand by Ralph and Squires (1962) was the 
first of two revisions of the recent corals of this 
region. They included three new species and five 
new records for the region (see Table 1). Their 
material drew from many sources, most now de- 
posited at the Auckland Institute and Museum, 
and some at the Museum of New Zealand (MoNZ). 
Although it deals with only one species, Squires' 
(1963) monograph of the New Zealand endemic 
F&zW/wm (=Monomyces) ndbrwmx is a classic for the 
New Zealand region, including an extensive, anno- 
tated synonymy; a description of morphological 
variation of corallum and polyp; and a discus- 
sion of its ecology, distribution, and fossil record. 
The second major revision of the scleractinian 
fauna of the New Zealand region was that of 
Squires and Keyes (1967), who based their paper 
primarily on the NZOI collections (station series A- 
C). "They reported, illustrated, and keyed 25 recent 
species and discussed three other records mat they 
considered of doubtful authenticity: THnadbocy&tkwa 
sp. of Gardiner (1929); GerdiMfna sp. of Gardiner 
(1929); and ConocyatkHS zg&z?w#ge Duncan, 1876. Of 
this number, three were new species, and three 
were new records for the region (see Table 1),F. 
raWanwMnsis n. sp. having previously been 
reported as F. defwdens by Ralph and Squires (1962). 
Most of their specimens are deposited at NZOI but 
some are atMoNZ. 
In a revision of die Antarctic and Subantarctic 
fauna, I reported 13 species frcmi Subantarctic New 
Zealand waters, including four new records for the 
region (Caims 1982). 
A tabulation of all species previously reported 
from the New Zealand region (Table 2) yields 34 
species of azooxanthellate Scleractinia. Seventy- 
one additional species are included herein, 
resulting in a total of 105 species for this region. 
10 
Table 2. Distribution patterns and depth ranges of New Zealand azooxanthellate Scleractinia. 
m 
U 
P 
u 8J5 
< 
? 
C=5 
< 
z 
< 
!7 P 
m pa 
Depth (m) 
H Cold Temperate CA in the 
Species l 2 3 4 5 6   I   7 8 Elsewhere region 
f WMgAzcyafAws (f J skpkmws K X X Indo-West Pacific 1C 1442-1705 
f. (f J/n%%f*s X X X N. Atlantic, 
i C. Pacific ID 1029-1693 
f. (FJpMSZffMgpOC^kXfS NTC ! j 1 2C 350-988 
F. (BJ marenzefkn x | % i Cosmopolitan 1C 1760-4954 
f. (BJ mmywvfgf C 2C 635-673 
f. (BJ fwrtmofMwks X W. PaciBc IB 600-751 
Lgfepsammw swpgrsks K Japan 3B 200-710 
L./%ss%fis X 2A 106-206 
1. ybrmosksMMa NK j Indo-West Pacific 1A 290-378 
Stephanophyllia complicata NT X ; Indo-West Pacific 1A 319-1137 
Cwficig rwkok X X 2D 0-82 
OcWi w riryosa X 2A 29-388 
Madreponx ocWafa TK X X X Cosmopolitan ID +149-946 
Anj&emip^WMdeM&i&z NTK Indo-West Pacific 1A 280-570 
CoryophyffwfCJrMgosa LNK Indo-West Pacific 1A 142-508 
C. (C.) /wnmnkTzgis LNK C. and W. Pacific 1A 126-279 
C. fOyWregrnana X X X W. Pacific ID 77-198 
C. (CJprq/iww&z X X X X X S. Indian Ocean 3A "20-1300 
C. (CJ affrnxfico T X X X E. Atlantic, 
W. PacificlD 1004-1474 
C. (Ondjp&ae L Chesterfield Is. 2C 315-360 
C. (CJ^Mmedewe CK X X X Widespread 1C 660-1200 
C. (C.) /aponico X X X X NW Pacific 3B 106-946 
C. fC.Jfamgff{fera LNK ?SW Indian Ocean 2C 89-1152 
C. (C.) elongata TK X Indo-West Pacific IB 165-590 
C. fC.) scotmosa LC Indo-West Pacific 1A 784-1276 
C. (CJamWezg C X X Widespread 1C 701-1180 
C. (P.) coMpngssa K X Off Japan 3B 402-757 
CofMocyafhus fmootz K 2C 7-95 
(jnkpwfotnadbws cwrDofws X X 2D 1373-2505 
C. rwgosa LK 2C 142-508 
Lg6ynnfkocygf/w9 fuMgWws LNK X 2B 20-508 
L. sp. :  x X J2L 665-1000 
Polycyathus norfolkensis N 2C 10-20 
TrocAocyaf/ws rAomk- 
cofwmmz LTK Indo-West Pacific 1A 419-530 
7. macwfofMS LK 2C 100-183 
7. gordom K 2C 398-710 
7. cepWfo NK New Caledonia 2C 398-449 
7. /wsWws K Tuvalu 1A 460-710 
Tgf/xocyafhws cyfoWnzcews X ? W.Atlantic IB 5-327 
11 
?-1 
H 
< 
u 2 8 < 7 H 5 5 
O < 
H s ^5 Depth (m) Cold Temperate (/) in the 
Species 1 2      3 4 5   |  6 7 8 Elsewhere region 
7. PWgBfHS TCK 1 W. Pacific 1A 142-530 
SffphaMOcyafkus C5J pbh/pws x   !  x X X Temp. SW Pacific 3A 561-1168 
5. (A J sp*M^ger LNK X Indo-West Pacific IB 174-590 
S. CO.) n*kr?mws L W. Pacific 1A 1045 
S. (OJ conmafug NTC W. Atlantic 1A 646-1276 
VawghnfZkongopWa NC W. Pacific 1A 646-757 
y. mwff^Mf^Era K X 2B 1357-1450 
Bowrnwfrodwfs sfeffwbfws LNK W. Pacific 1A 326-710 
Z3fffocya(&ws omafws N W. Pacific 1A 280-390 
D./brmosws NK 2C 142-565 
(jDMoAnxdntsJhnwinfus LTK Indo-West Pacific 1A 486-1051 
Aufocyaffmg rgcW fpws TK X X X X Temp. Indo-West 
Pacific 3B 245-1137 
Dagmosmzfnzfymam X Atlantic IB 633-1002 
DgsmopAy/fwm dumf/xug NTK X X X X X X X Cosmopolitan ID 25-1750 
TkafgmopAyffia ffMMgscgms LK W. Pacific 1A 200-315 
Hopfongie dwrofriz x E. Atlantic 3B 7-110 
GwiMxwffb (fwmosa N X X X X X Indo-West Pacific ID 88-1488 
Anomoconx cf^rcwmfo NK X Central Pacific IB 145-388 
SoffMosmifnz z*mgWf6 TK X X X X X X Cosmopolitan ID 509-1260 
Conocyof/ms zfkmfwg ? Indian Ocean, 
Australia 7 
Akkfrockws rwkscms N W. Pacific 1A 449-751 
SpAfMofrodms nzfphaf X 2A 7-104 
5. s^wifKSf X i 2A 66-318 
KioMofnxAws gukn X 2A 46-622 
Czypfofrockug WMMsfws T W. Pacific 1A 1137 
PgpoMocyafhws jmosom T X X X X 2D 87-988 
TropMfbcyafhMS pikws N Indo-West Pacific 1A 319 
NofocyafAus comicus NK W. Pacific 1A 402-710 
Tkrypf icof rocAws BndffZokfws NK X Indo-West Pacific IB 95-440 
PmfxceffocyafAws teyesz X 2A 70-194 
7rwMcak|gMyma fr?gwWis NK W. Pacific 1A 133-248 
SfenocyofAwa Me/fM^brmis TK X X X X X X X Cosmopolitan ID "30-805 
Temmofnxrhws tfrmmkcemsfg K 2C 366-402 
FWvffwm fFJ tnozz X X X X X 2E 160-1167 
F. (F.) gMgzbgfomwm NT 1 W. Australia 1A 540-640 
F. fFJ *mpe?%swn X Off Antarctica 4 1165-2100 
F, (Lf J fotog&eyesf LK X X X X X SWIndian Ocean, 
Tasmania 3A 381-1064 
F. (TJJ mgsswm K Indo-West Pacific 1A 800-1035 
F. (UJ aokaroa LNK X Chesterfield Is 2B 130-565 
F. (If J Aq^MASfgn CK Temp. SE 
Australia 3A 440-646 
F. fUJ aperfwrn aperfwm X X X X X X Subantarctic 3A 322-1575 
12 
U 
u u OK 
< y < H 
z 
< 
CO 
H PJ D 
H Cold Temperate V) 
Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Elsewhere 
MoMomycesndprwm X X 
- typical form 
- forma noM/e 
- forma bfwm 
Polymyces wellsi K X X Pacific 
KAaoffocAus^Zak(f(fbrm%s LNK X W. Pacific 
Gardineria hawaiiensis NTK X W. Pacific 
G. sp. LN Chesterfield Is 
/go&nwzfcmgRnXMdbwm K Central Pacific 
/. packyfAeca LK x } Chesterfield Is 
Tnwzaaq/ZgkffwTM p?n- 
prnxminwrn K Indo-West Pacific 
7. do%6 NK W. Pacific 
T. pAooiiz K off Japan 
T. arcwafwm X 
PkcofrocWgsscopAWo X Indo-West Pacific 
Fafcak^Zakffum nxowkmsb K 
BaZoMopkyfffgdmowg X 
B.&WB X X W. Pacific 
B. CMSszfkco LNK X 
EMdopachysgnxyi NK X Indo-Pacific 
^gMck^S0mm*0gmf;(am% NTK X Cosmopolitan 
E./kfw&z K Indo-West Pacific 
E.^aponicg NTK X X X W. Pacific 
CWopsamrnxagyMcAu K Pacific 
DemfropAyffia arfwscwk NK W. Pacific 
D. afcocW LNTK X X X Indo-West Pacific 
Emd&ysmmMWKnx#ra(a NTCK X X X       : X X Cosmopolitan 
E. cf. MMfKMZgfkn X Indo-West Pacific 
NE Atlantic 
76     52     31     14 12     12     11 
8^ 
< in 
2D 
IB 
IB 
IB 
2C 
1A 
2B 
1A 
1A 
3B 
2B 
1C 
2C 
2A 
1C 
2B 
IB 
IB 
1A 
1C 
1A 
1A 
1C 
ID 
ID 
Depth (m) 
in the 
region 
0-201 
70-410 
1-163 
355-1165 
228-419 
142-602 
291-378 
465-710 
360-1045 
1035-1450 
320-555 
145-179 
350464 
665 
366-402 
140^49 
148-640 
190-608 
95-143 
57-988 
325 
142-785 
7 
202-259 
+118-570 
110-1276 
333-371 
1 Tropical/Subtropical Region: Lord Howe Island and Seamount Chain (L); Norfolk Island and Ridge north of 33*5 
(N); Three Kings Ridge north of 33?S (T); Colville Ridge (Q; Kermadec Islands and Ridge norm of 33?S (K) 
2 Warm Temperate Region: Auckland province 
3 Cold Temperate Cookian Province: southern North Island and South Island 
4 Cold Temperate Cookian Province: Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise 
5 Cold Temperate Antipodean Province: Macquarie Ridge north of 50?S 
6 Cold Temperate Antipodean Province: Campbell Plateau 
7 Cold Temperate Antipodean Province: Bounty Plateau 
8 Subantarctic Region: southern Macquarie Ridge south of 50?S and Hjort Seamount 
* Shallow depths occur only in fiord localities 
13 
MATERIALS /INTO METHODS 
Material 
This study is based on the examination of previ- 
ously unstudied material from eight institutional 
sources, herein listed in order of decreasing size of 
the contribution: NZOI* (a rich source of thousands 
of specimens from 557 stations primarily from the 
collections made using the R.V. Tangaroa, cruise 
series D-Z; MoNZ (numerous specimens from 118 
stations from R.V. Tangmna cruise series O, P, and 
R (1978-1981) and earlier collections made by the 
R. V. Akrf (1957) and R.V. Adenm (1972-1978); AIM 
(several hundred specimens from throughout the 
New Zealand region, including collections of Fred 
Brook from Kermadec, Norfolk, and Three Kings 
Islands); AUM (deep-water corals from 24 New 
Zealand localities); AMS (deep-sea corals from nine 
stations of the R.V. f nmtfm from seamounts in the 
Tasman Sea and Lord Howe Seamount Chain); In- 
stitute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (IGNS), 
formerly the ISLZL Geological Survey (NZGS) (15 
lots of relatively shallow-water corals from coastal 
New Zealand); Portobello Marine Biological Sta- 
tion of the University of Otago (nine lots of deep- 
water corals from canyons off Dunedin); Otago 
University Department of Geology (three lots of 
deep-water coral). Based on these specimens, addi- 
tional records of 103 of the 105 azooxanthellate 
New Zealand species are reported and illustrated. 
CbMocyBf&ws zeLnzdwe has never been collected from 
New Zealand subsequent to its original description 
in 1876, but is described and illustrated based on 
Australian specimens. likewise, EwZZopsaTmMwmgr- 
fMZfZkn has not been recollected since it was re- 
ported from the Macquarie Ridge by Cairns (1982). 
In addition to these unstudied collections, pre- 
viously reported specimens from the following 
museums were re-examined: AIM (Squires 1960b, 
1964b; Ralph & Squires 1962), AMS (Bourne 1903), 
BM(NH) (Duncan 1876; Moseley 1881; Gardiner 
1929,1939; Gardiner 6 Waugh 1938; Squires 1962b); 
MoNZ (Ralph & Squires 1962 (part); Squires & 
Ralph 1965 (part)); NZGS (Tenison Woods 1880; 
For explanation of abbreviations, see p. 15 
Squires 1958,1965; Squires & Keyes 1967); USNM 
(Squires 1958 (part), 1964a (part), 1969; Squires & 
Ralph 1962 (part); Cairns 1982,1988,1989a); ZMA 
(Alcock 1902b, c); ZMB (Studer 1878). Type mate- 
rial of 78 of the 105 New Zealand species was 
examined, as well as the types of at least seven 
junior synonyms. 
Methods 
It was attempted to provide complete species syn- 
onymies, at least regarding records from the New 
Zealand region, but it is acknowledged that various 
checklists and smaller publications may have been 
overlooked. The original description and other sig- 
nificant references outside the New Zealand region 
are also included in the synonymies, the latter often 
being a key to the extended synonymy (chreson- 
omy) (sgnsu Smith & Smith 1972) of the species. 
Efforts were made to examine as many types as 
possible and to verify as many of die previously 
published records as possible (see Material), but when 
specimens were unavailable for study and the pub- 
lished accounts unclear, the synonymic entries and 
corresponding distribution records are queried. 
Most of the 105 species included in the revision 
are described or diagnosed, all but two based on 
new materal (see Material); however, if a species 
has recently been described and/or the new 
records do not add to a previous description, then 
only a reference to a complete description is given. 
Conventional scleractinian terminology is used in 
describing coralla (see Wells 1956; Cairns 1981, 
1989a). One new term introduced in this paper is 
the calicular lancet which is a group of three or 
more septa that project well beyond the calicular 
edge as rectangular or triangular apices, producing 
a serrate to lacerate calicular edge. 
It is important to document which specimens 
were actually seen by the author of a systematic 
paper and where those specimens are deposited. 
Therefore, I have segregated the Material Exam- 
ined sections into New Records and Previous Rec- 
ords: the former lists previously unreported speci- 
mens, die latter lists specimens that have been cited 
in previous publicadons. A third category is added 
14 
some species named Reference Material, for 
specimens examined of closely related but not con- 
specific species. Each Material Examined section 
begins with a station number, followed by the 
number of specimens in the lot, and finally the 
catalogue number and/or museum of deposition. 
A detailed map of the geographic range and a 
bathymetric range within the New Zealand region 
is given for most species, as well as its extended 
geographic and bathymetric ranges outside the re- 
gion. 
Holotypes and paratypes of all new species de- 
scribed herein are deposited at the USNM, NZOI, 
MoNZ, AMS, or AIM, as indicated in the text. An 
effort was made to list the museums of deposition 
and type localities for all senior and junior syno- 
nyms of all species. 
The scanning electron photomicrographs were 
taken by the author on a Cambridge Stereoscan 
100. In some cases in which specimens lacked 
sufficient contrast for conventional photography, 
the speci-men was dyed dark red and coated with a 
thin layer of sublimed ammonium chloride. 
The following abbreviations are used in the text. 
AIM Auckland Institute  and Museum, 
Auckland  (coral catalog numbers 
prefaced with "AK"). 
AMS Australian Museum, Sydney. 
A U M Auckland University Museum, Geology 
Department; prefix for specimens 
held in that collection is AU. 
BM(NH)   British Museum (Natural History), 
London; now The Natural History 
Museum. 
IGNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear 
Sciences 
IOM Institute of Oceanology, Moscow. 
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, 
Harvard University, Cambridge. 
MNHNP   Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 
Paris. 
MNW        Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien. 
MoNZ      Museum of New Zealand Te Papa 
Tonga-rewa (coral catalogue numbers 
pre-faced with "CO"). 
NMV        National    Museum    of    Victoria, 
Melbourne. 
NZGS        New Zealand Geological Survey (now 
Institute of Geological and Nuclear 
Sciences, IGNS). 
NZOI        New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 
Wellington, 
SAM South Australian Museum, Adelaide. 
TIUS Institute of Geology and Paleontology, 
Tohoku (Imperial) University, Sendai, 
Japan. 
USNM      United  States  National  Museum, 
Washington, DC; now the National 
Museum of Natural History. 
ZMA        Zoologische Museum, Amsterdam. 
ZMB Zoologisches Museum, Berlin. 
Of&er AMprepigfzons 
GCD Greater calicular diameter of corallum. 
GCD:LCD Ratio of greater calicular diameter to 
lesser calicular diameter of corallum. 
Ratio of diameter to height of corallum. 
Ratio of height to diameter of corallum. 
Lesser calicular diameter of corallum. 
Ratio of lateral edge length to height of 
corallum (see Cairns 1989b). 
Ratio of pedicel diameter to greater 
calicular diameter. 
Septal concavity index: ratio of distance 
from thecal edge to point of greatest 
septal inflection to length of thecal 
face along mat septum. 
Septal   sinuosity   index:   ratio   of 
amplitude of lower inner edge of a 
major septum      to thickness of that 
septum (see Cairns        1989b). 
Sx, Cx, Px, CSx    Cycle of septa, costae, pali, or 
costosepta, respectively, designated 
by numerical subscript. 
In the context of a septal formula, septa 
of cycle x are wider than those of 
cycle y. 
D:H 
H:D 
LCD 
LEL:H 
PDiGCD 
SCI 
SSI 
Sx>Sy 
15 
LIST OF STATIONS 
NZOI (New Zealand Oceanographic Institute) 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. CS) (m) No. (?S) (m) 
A502 41*30.0" 174^328^ 457 14.10.59 D136 48*33.5' 169*10.0^ 713 121.64 
A904 44"152' 179"35.4'E 1108 12.9.63 D149 49*103' 166*51.(XE 454 14.1.64 
A910 43*04.0' 178*39.01V 549 13.9.63 D159 49*01.0' 164*30.015 741 17.1.64 
B152 39*266' 176*56.71V 4 25.7.57 D166 49*49.0' 163*51.0^ 668 19.1.64 
B473 43*20.0' 169=47^E 215 3-4.6.61 D173 50*53.0' 166*32.0^ 141 21.1.64 
B476 43^59.7 168"172'E 144 4661 D224 40*47.0' 169*41.0^ 903 27.9.64 
B482 46*086' 166*1)6.0^ 88 5-6.6.61 D225 40*270' 169*05.(rE 940 " 
B487 46*16.0' 166*03^E 196 6661 D226 39*54.0' 168*40.0^ 823 27-28.9.64 
B489 46*39.0' 166*09.5^ 198 7.6.61 D227 39*50.0' 169*43.(XE 752 28.964 
B490 45*443' 166*446^E 148 8.6.61 D228 39*08.0' 170*19.0^ 662 " 
B544 42*40.0' 173?39.0'E 128 4.10.62 D230 38*10.0' 170^21 .CE 861 29.9.64 
B554 44*00.0' 172*582^ 81 6.10.62 D231 37=53.0' 169*45.0^ 774 
B653 39*20.0' 173=42.0^ 79 23.10.62 D235 39*43.0' 167*56.0^ 792 30.9.64 
B808 39*29.5' 173*48.0'E 55 18.3.63 D242 38*00.0' 169^03.0^ 337 210.64 
C344 37*58.6' 174?34.4'E 55 26.10.59 D244 39*31.0' ITl^W.O^ 838 3.10.64 
C399 41*35.0' 174?45.7'E 468 36.60 D424 41*05.0' 178^00.0^ 1558 14365 
C509 40*39.0' ITTW^'E 201 20.6.60 D836 37*34.0' 179*22(XE 1395 6369 
C510 40*36.0' 177*02.0^ 384 " 1)871 43*20.0' 17y40.(XW 420 243.69 
C527 32*30.0' 179*12.0^ 508 18.9.60 D876 43*20.0' 176*50.0^V 148 253.69 
C530 30*38.0' 178*31.01V 183 19960 D888 44*15.0' 176*45.01V 98 273.69 
C531 29*14.4' 178*02.(XW 179 " D899 44*23.0' 176*49.(XW 345 293.69 
C640 39*17.0' 171*53.0^ 364 28.5.61 D904 43*58.5' 78*40.(XW 459 303.69 
C642 39*15.5' 171?526'E 354 " E74 44*00.0' 176"40.0^ 547 233.64 
C690 42*332' 173*336^ 119 18661 E75 44*00.0' 177*25.0^ 715 " 
C703 42*420' ITS^^B'E 184 19461 E79 43*05.0' 17B*00.(KE 371 243.64 
C748 36*00.0' 173'322'E 135 162.62 E121 43*15.0' 175*40.(TW 693 14.10.64 
C752 35*19.0' 172*576^ 131 17262 E123 43*45.0' 175*30.(TW 492 
C758 34*40.0' 172*143^ 203 " E148 44*30.0' 17745.01V 880 17.1064 
C764 34=08.5' 172?08.5'E 66 192.62 E254 34*35.0' 172*25.(TE 126 6465 
C766 34*182' 17Z'48.8'E 75 " E255 34*39.0' 172*25.(KE 154 
C769 34*40.1' 173?11.2'E 77 20262 E256 34*39.0' 172?20.(rE 157 
C771 34*40.0' 173"27.(XE 192 E258 34*39.0' 172*10.0^ 380 
C774 35?09.8' 174'14.4'E 78 " E261 34*35.0' 172*15.(XE 161 
C776 35*20.0' 174*25.8^ 77 " E274 34*30.0' 172*05.0^ 318 7.4.65 
C778 35?19.8' 174'476'E 187 " E275 34?25.0' 171*45.(TE 600 
C780 35=59.8' 174?47.4'E 75 21262 E278 34*25.0' 172*15.0^ 141 
C781 36.oyo' 175*206^ 93 " E283 34*25.0' 172*35.0^ 79 8.4.65 
C7B2 35*59.7 175*36.7^ 134 " E291 34*15.0' 171*50.0^ 410 
C793 36?39.9' 175?020"E 132 23262 E302 34*06.7 172*10.0^ 132 9.4.65 
C804 37=39.8' 177'436'E 77 242.62 E313 34*05.0' 171*55.0^ 732 10.4.65 
C814 3740.0' 17B?56.4'E 194 25262 E319 33*56.0' 172*17.0^ 104 11.4.65 
C821 38*40.0' 178*213^ 32 26262 E340 34*05.0' 172*40.0T 102 124.65 
C910 41*13.0' 173?527'E 24 8.263 E348 34*37.0' 173*20.0^ 150 13.4.65 
D5 56"406' 158*45.5'E 1280 19.4.63 E349 34*37.0' 173*15.0^ 121 " 
D6 55^29.0' 158*316^ 415 20.4.63 E351 34*37.0' 173*06.0^ 62 
D39 50*58.0' 165*45.yE 549 7.5.63 E356 34*34.0' 173^05.(XE 68 14.4.65 
D74 50^55.7" 165*54.8'E 168 128.63 E358 34*34.0' 173*15.0^ 143 
D87 49*56.0' 171*50.(XE 483 146.63 E359 34*34.0' 173*20.CTE 172 
16 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Dak Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. 
34?30.0' 173*05.03 
(m) 
73 
No. cs) (m) 
E364 14.4.65 E825 46*393' 166*4053 914 24.10.67 
E368 34*25.0' 173*W53 126 " E826 46*375' 166*44.23 823 
E370 34*25.0' 173^10.03 146 15.4.65 E830 47*21.0' 167*00.03 682-619 25.10.67 
E374 34=20.0' 173*00.03 117 E840 33*52.0' 172*16.03 757-729 16.3.68 
E378 34?20.0' 172*55.03 102 " E841 33"53.0' 172*17.03 479-428 
E387 34*155' 172*4753 88 16.4.65 E846 34*^6.5' 171*5753 417-343 
E389 34*01.5' 172?4353 155 E848 33*59.0' 171^40.03 250 173.68 
E390 34*07.6' 172?45.0'E 102 " E849 33*55.0' 171*32.03 216 
E391 34*12.6' 172?45.0'E 95 " E850 33*49.0' 171*19.03 509-515 
E393 34*^0.0' 172?45.03 70 " E852 33*38.0' 170*55.03 1024-1049     " 
E399 46?00.0' 171*33.03 1222 6.10.65 E855 33*10.0' 169*56.03 736-710 
E400 46?00.0' 171*02X)3 622-768 7.10.65 E859 32*1)1.0' 168*03.03 484-486 18.3.68 
E405 47*20.0' 169*55.03 1004 9.10.65 E860 32=21.0' 16741.03 1246-1258     " 
E410 46*40.0' 170^44.63 1086 10.10.65 E864 32*36.0' 16736.03 130 19.3.68 
E413 45=12.0' 171*44.03 594 11.10.65 E865 32=41.0' 16736.03 168 
E421 44=00.0' 175*00.03 494 15.10.65 E868 33*51.0' 167*20.03 751-762 
E422 44?15.0' 175*00.03 615 E869 33*58.0' 16745.03 1705-1685    " 
E423 44?18.0' 174*31.03 640 " E870 34*05.0' 168*10.03 1488-1556 203.68 
E424 44?40.0' 172*38.03 293 16.10.65 E873 34*37.0' 171*52.03 974-961 213.68 
E428 44^16.0' 174?00.0'E 646 17.10.65 E876 34*39.0' 172?14.03 216-247 " 
E434 43"30.0' 174?30.03 556 18.10.65 E879 35?19.0' 172?25.03 768-786 22.3.68 
E436 43*15.0' 174?00.03 695 " E880 35*20.0' 172*20.03 1029-1074    " 
E636 37*28.5' 177*13.03 190 10.10.66 E883 36*00.0' 172*52.03 999-1046 233.68 
E707 40?103' 1771833 951-834 21.3.67 E884 35*59.0' ITS^IO.O'E 701-689 
E712 39*20.0' 178"15.83 772-717 22.3.67 E889 36*48.0' 173*40.03 727-729 
E713 39*20.8' 178*17.03 935-858 " E890 36*40.0' 173*34.03 1014 23-24.3.1 
E714 39*19.6' 178?21.2'E 1284-1249    " E894 37*20.0' 173*57.03 728-708 243.68 
E715 38?40.0' 178?293E 322 233.67 E899 38*00.0' 173*47.03 729-715 253.68 
E717 38*42.0' 178?3333 828-839 " E902 37=34.0' 172*05.03 1064-1066 263.68 
E718 38*41.0' 178=40^)3 1041-1019    " E908 38*38.0' 172*41.0'E 256-336 28.3.68 
E719 38?46.0' 178*48.03 913-750 " F10 38*43.0' 172?35.03 333 30.10.64 
E720 37*33.0' 178*35.03 256-252 243.67 F75 35*30.0' 174*43.03 121 12.11.64 
E725 37*20.5' 178.0053 1004-942 " F81 49*32.0' 167*01.03 401 14.1.65 
E731 37*235' 17712.03 602-503 253.67 F90 49*30.5' 167*40.03 601 16.1.65 
E749 40?47.0' 176*57.03 913-997 293.67 F100 49*02.0' 168*5353 733-746 18.1.65 
E751 41?39.7 175?15.03 300-399 303.67 F110 48*07.0' 174*02.03 1167 21.1.65 
E752 41?40.7 175*15.43 618-596 " F112 48=08.0' 175*56.03 1427-1481 22.1.65 
E753 41=46.2' 175?15.0'E 1074-1227     " F123 4738.0' 178*57.yW 1280 27.1.65 
E755 42*00.5' 174=25.43 247-276 " F128 49*09.0' 17718.03 978 28.1.65 
E756 42*01.8' 174?2653 885-969 " F135 50*58.0' 173^57.03 832 30.1.65 
E757 42*03.2' 174?2723 1081-1125    " F136 51*20.0' 172*42.03 547 
E772 42*00.0' 170=16.03 748 14-15.10.67 F143 53*055' 17O?13.03 380 1.2.65 
E773 42?00.0' 169*54.03 968 15.10.67 F144 53*29.0' 178*56.03 596 
E774 42*00.0' 169*15.03 1168 F146 53*00.0' 172*45.03 435 
E783 43"23.0' 168?3653 966 16-17.10.67 F147 52*21.0' ITS'W.O'E 611 
E784 43=23.0' 168=05.03 1221-1213    17.10.67 F319 19*51.0' 157433^ 847-940 27.5.65 
E792 44*40.0' 1673353 213-123 19.10.67 F750 44*15.0' 175*26.03 594 17.8.66 
E793 44*40.0' 16732.03 243-253 " F753 44?45.0' 174*30.03 763-854 18.8.66 
E796 45*20.0' 166*4553 251-226 20.10.67 F762 41*00.0' 176*30.03 304^326 213.66 
E797 45*20.0' 166*44.73 47W21 " F764 41*05.0' 176*37.53 999-1030 
E8O0 45*^05' 166=4153 1003-993 " F767 41*30.8' 176*07.03 1205-1293     " 
E801 45*53.5' 166*07.03 983-888 " F797 37*25.7 177*11.03 348 7.9.66 
E803 45"57.0' 166*09.03 534-514 21.10.67 F868 37=28.5' 179*0353 808-924 2.10.68 
E804 45=58.5' 166*1853 183 "  . F872 37*20.6' 178*11.23 878-832 3.10.68 
E821 46=435' 165*4653 549 23.10.67 F873 37*19.5' 178*11.03 1050-1053     " 
17 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. (?S) 
37=18.0" 178?11.0'E 
(m) 
1357 3.10.68 
No. (?S) (m) 
F874 G697 46*195' 170*42.03 528 21.1.70 
F877 37*31.0' 177*3203 783-728 G701 46*20.0' 171*30.03 1400 22.1.70 
F878 37*28.5' 177?31.5'E 997-942 " G703 46*20.0' 172*04.03 1480 23.1.70 
F896 36=40.5' 176*1923 909-814 6.10.68 G817 33*00.9' 162*56.63 815 14271 
P898 36*13.0' 176?10.0'E 263-260 8.10.68 G818 33*00.0' 162*4853 791 " 
F900 36*13.0' 176?23.0'E 754-721 9.10.68 G819 32*57.6' 162*3533 782 " 
F909 35*06.4' 175?11.0'E 1002-1030   10.10.68 G820 33*09.0' 162*36.03 793 15271 
P911 34=38.0' 174*36.03 1295-1412   11.10.68 G821 33*185' 162*3553 791 
F913 34*43.5' 174*3153 743 " G822 33*20.4' 162=4923 815 " 
F915 34=58.7' 174?18.0'E 251-265 " G823 33*10.4' 162*5923 798 " 
P916 34*383' 173*28.03 249-241 12.10.68 G824 33*10.4' 162*5923 807 " 
F923 34*075' 172*46.73 143-216 13.10.68 G825 33*20.9' 162*5953 829 15-16271 
P924 34*075' 172'47^)3 315-139 " G885 47*54.3' 179*53.13 210-240 13.1270 
F928 34*06.2' 172*06^3 388-406 14.10.68 G888 48*16.0' 177*50.43 1020 14.1270 
P933 34=24.0' 173*1033 252-249 15.10.68 G893 49*37.0' 178*19.03 570 16.1270 
Gl 3235.0' 167*23.03 138 14.9.66 G937 49*41.3' 167*1653 520 16.1.71 
G3 26*25.0' 167*15.03 710 27.9.66 G938 49*33.9' 166*4453 490 17.1.71 
G32 43=44.0' 176*29.03 402 232.67 G941 3959.7 178*08.03 665-690 175.73 
G33 43*40.0' 177?00.0'E 457 G947 40=13.8' 177*20.03 1491-1423 305.73 
G38 43*37.0' 179*2953 415 212.67 G955 42*405' 174=4553 1195-1147   3.6.73 
G172 43*39.0' 179*28.01% 373 17.1.68 H636 43*26.4' 179*34.93 395 103.75 
G177 43*47.0' 179*28.01% 315 " H914 43*29.4' 177*5551% 358 11.8.75 
G184 44*06.0' 179*25^nV 344 " H923 43*29.0' 179*3223 395 13.8.75 
G197 43*46.0' 179*44.01% 377 18.1.68 H939 43*40.9' 179*29.83 431 14.8.75 
(3198 43*48.0' i7y44^yw 366 19.1.68 H942 43*43.8' 179*2823 46 " 
G200 43*54.0' 179*44.01% 395 " H945 43*19.4' 179=2923 405 15.8.75 
G208 43*30.0' 179*56.03 413 " 114 35=35.9' 174?40.03 103 4575 
G223 43*44.0' 179?50.0'E 421 21.1.68 115 35*24.6 174*28.03 68-71 
G230 43*33.0' 179*43.03 410 " 119 35*252' 175*00.43 270-276 5575 
G233 43*32.0' 179*36.03 412 " 121 35*242' 175*25.83 690 
G240 43?40.0' 179*36.03 424 22.1.68 125 35*11.1' 175*06.13 675 6575 
G244 43*36.0' 179*30.03 406 " 134 35*00.0' 175*13.03 578 7575 
G245 43*35.0' 179*31.03 421 " 147 36*00.0' 174*39.93 48-46 9575 
G254 43*35.0' 179^29.03 417 23.1.68 150 36.002' 175*1323 92 105.75 
G255 43*39.0' 179*29.03 424 " 152 36*112' 75*1353 63-66 
G258 43*34.0' 179*22.03 402 " 153 36*12.1' 174*55.03 56-54 115.75 
G259 43*33.0' 179*22.03 419 " 156 36*23.0' 175*13.13 50-46 " 
G262 43*30.0' 179*22.03 412 " 163 36*113' 176*23.03 585-400 12575 
G273 43?30.0' 179*15.03 410 24.1.68 164 36*12.0' 176*11.83 335-247 " 
G276 43*35.0' 179*15.03 413 " 171 29*09.8' 168*02.13 57 20.7.75 
G278 43*40.0' 179*15.03 413 " 176 28*45.0' 167*45.13 259-190 " 
G279 43*39.0' 179*07X13 426 " 186 29*29.9' 167*5053 280-350 23.7.75 
(3291 43*42.0' 179*01.03 402 25.1.68 187 29*25.0" 167*50.03 89-170 " 
(3292 43*42.0' 179*48.03 454 " 191 29*24.8' 168*10.03 342-360 
G293 43=40.0' 179*28.03 421 " 192 29*24.8' 168*1323 570-578 " 
G303 43=04.0' 179*20.01% 311 26.1.68 194 29*202' 168*10.83 308 
G329 44*06.0' 179*00.01% 417 12.68 196 32*10.8' 167*2123 356 25.7.75 
G344 43*44.0' 178*5201% 402 22.68 197 32*22.9' 1672823 540-544 " 
G371 43*33.0' 177*50.01% 388 52.68 1343 34*46.4' 173*23.73 <30 17.11.77 
G398 43*25.0' 178*17.01% 424 7268 1345 34=40.4' 173*31.03 182-227 " 
G651 44*00.0' 174=31.03 572 17.1.70 1352 34*39.0' 174*0423 840-815 19.1177 
G665 44*43.0' 172*40.(yE 934 18.1.70 1353 34*45.4' 174*04.13 530 
G666 44*52.2' 172*2023 1015 18-19.1.70 1356 34*524' 174*05.73 269-275 " 
G667 44^57.0' 172=05.03 872 19.1.70 1363 34*502' 174*0023 227-224 20.11.77 
G688 46*10.0" 171=00.23 731 20.1.70 1366 34*423' 174*17.63 705-684 
18 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. CS) (m) No. ("S) (m) 
1370 34*10.6' 172*4653 94 23.11.77 J951 35*02.0' 172*52.73 52 18.631 
1371 34*11.6' 72?49.5'E 118-120 J953 34*39.6' 172*13.13 270-260 " 
1374 34*323' 173*3033 232-240 J954 34*38.0' 17T1353 204-192 " 
1375 343Z7 173*30.93 - J959 34*253' 173*08.83 140-210 19.6.81 
1661 43*50.2' 179*0531% 375 113.79 J966 34*51.9' 173*51.73 120 206.81 
1664 47393' 179*2731% 595 123.79 J969 35*083' 174*21.13 70-106 21.631 
1666 47*47.5' 178*5951% 1165 13.3.79 J970 35*08.6' 174*21.13 86-91 " 
1667 47*45.6' 179*1731% 648 " J971 35*253' 174*58.93 246 22.6.81 
1669 47*49.0" 179*45.71% 355 " J976 35*44.7 175*29.63 155-225 " 
1671 48*00.0' 180?00.0'E 280 " K527 41*10.4' ITS'lOCXE - 24.7.72 
1674 48?00.4' 179*1051% 750 14.3.79 K795 33*02.6' 179*34.61% 350 18.7.74 
1676 48?09.8' 179*20.01% 810 " K800 29*11.9' 177*5031% 670-778 22.7.74 
1684 48=20.0' 179*29.01% 705 15-163.79 K803 29*16.0' 177*5031% 190-140 " 
1685 48=195' 179*2951% 722 163.79 K804 29*143' 177*49.61% 590-490 " 
1686 48*305' 179*45.01% 710 " K805 29*10.7 177*47.41% 1142-1156 22-23.7.74 
1689 48*515' 178*4153 808 173.79 K806 28"30.7 177*4931% 1165-1185 23.7.74 
1694 49*30.0' 178*45.03 1004 183.79 K818 29*133' 177*56.41% 95-116 24.7.74 
1698 48*20.0' 178*30.03 726 193.79 K819 29*13.2' 177*5631% 100-140 " 
1699 48*16.0' 179*00.03 532 " K820 29*133' 177*5931% 95-122 " 
1702 48*10.0' 178^4453 545 20-213.79 K823 29*185' 177?5621% 202-131 25.7.74 
1703 48*10.9' 178*15.93 875 213.79 K825 28*47.8' 177*47.81% 145 " 
1704 48=00.0' 178^29.03 475 " K826 28*48.0' 177*48.01% 142 " 
1707 47*20.0' 179*30.03 552 22.3.79 K828 28*35.4' 177*50.71V 440 26.7.74 
1715 47=05.0' 178*15.03 623 233.79 K828A 28*35.4' 177*50.71% 508-510 " 
1716 44=00.0' 176*13.93 500 253.79 K829 29*13.0' 177*52.41V 565-635 " 
1721 44"W.4' 175*4623 540 263.79 K830 29*115' 177*53.01Y 545-590 26-27.7.74 
1735 24*42.0' 159*3433 360 115.79 K838 30*153' 178*23.71% 200 28.7.74 
1741 22*43.0' 159*1633 328 125.79 K839 30*15.4' 178*24.01% 290 " 
1743 22*34^' 159=09.43 291-298 " K840 30*17.6' 178*2531% 398-412 " 
1745 22*063' 159*06.33 1300-1560    " K842 30*102' 178*35.91% 325-370 29.7.74 
J55 44*055* 176*1203 198 17.5.70 K843 30*105' 178*3451% 254-260 " 
J58 43*31.0' 179=09.53 512 205.70 K844 30*112' 178*3331% 290 " 
J59 43*51.0' 179*25.03 309 " K846 30*13.1' 178*3101% 610-640 " 
J362 32*32.7 166*2653 1030 25.8.73 K851 30*333 178*31.81% 106-104 30.7.74 
J485 50*38.0' 167=38.03 320-365 7.12.73 K857 30.33.8' 178^30.61% 165-180 " 
J657 37=28.2' 179*0323 695-726 4.9.74 K858 30*34.2' 178*2931V 465^501 " 
J658 36*00.6' 179*1233 2515-2505     " K859 30*34.9' 178*282!V 405-443 " 
J659 35*00.6' 179"15.13 695-689 5.9.74 K860 30*353' 178*25.71% 605-720 " 
J660 35=02.0' 179*15.93 803-788 K867 31*21.4' 178*50.61% 190-240 13.74 
J667 36*375' 178?19.3'E 2431 5-6.9.74 K868 31*21.5' 178*51.41% 335 " 
}672 36*265' 175*46.015 25-32 7.9.74 K870 31*21.2' 178*4451% 510-610 2374 
J674 36*41.8' 175*5523 3-33 K872 31*20.4' 178*4921% 280-235 " 
1676 37*225' 177*11.73 341-333 89.74 K873 3734.0' 179*22.01% 1270-1280 33.74 
J678 37*24.7 177*1103 352-350 " M763 44*36.2' 167*49.73 27 293.81 
J679 37?21.r 177*1133 316-328 M773 44*37.1' 167*51.53 25 30331 
J680 37=25.8' 177?11.8'E 328-352 M774 44*40.0' 167*54.63 30 " 
J663 37*20.7" 177*06.83 388-400 " M775 44*38.9' 67*5523 20 " 
J686 37*162' 176*5123 194-219 " M776 44*395' 167*5423 15 " 
1699 37332' 176*5923 174-248 10.9.74 M779 44*36.0' 167*49.43 30 31331 
J705 37*16.0" 176*51.or 190 11.9.74 M782 44*40.0' 167*55.03 22 1.4.81 
J709 37*152' 176*50.03 328-406 M793 44*36.0" 167*49.43 30 7.4.81 
J710 37*15.1' 176*50.13 195-208 N369 34*24.6' 172*2633 101 10.12.74 
J711 ST'IS.O' 176*50.03 366-472 " N897 32*20.7 179*0331% 424-426 222.77 
J715 36*1)43' 17y?0033 683-693 12.9.74 0841 45*20.8' 167*02.45 0-35 26.235 
J716 36*042' 178*00.63 785-990 " 0849 45*16.0" 167*00.13 0-35 28.285 
19 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. (*S) (m) No. rs) 
44*06.1' 176*11.7^ 
(m) 
435 0852 45*15.6' 167*09.4^5 0-35 15.85 Q340 13.11.79 
PI 32*35.4' 16732.0*5 122 24.1.77 Q341 44*07.1' 176*19.2^ 264 14.11.79 
P2 32*35.7 16731.7*5 122 " Q343 44*07.8' 175?475'5 500 
P5 32*36.4' 167*30.6'E 126 25.1.77 (2738 44*373' 167*51.7^ 30 11.752 
P8 32*405' 167^65^5 757-660 " Q741 44*375' 167*51.7*5 30 13.7.82 
P10 32*40.0' 167^28.4'E 378-352 Q743 44*57.6' 167*27.0^5 37 14752 
P13 32*105' 167*21^*5 449-442 Q874 12*225' 178*32.51% 1000 23.10.83 
P14 31*47^' 167'51.6'E 319-316 " R437 39*35.1' 178*25.1T 800 16.690 
PI 6 29*365' 168*05.(XE 310 26.1.77 R438 39*26.0' 78*205*5 1010 " 
PI 7 9*355' 168*W.O^ 248-225 " R439 39*26.8' 178*20.0^ 1000 
P27 28*54.6' 167*44^*5 39&402 27.1.77 S6 42*35.9' 170*39.7^ 201 11.9.78 
P34 28*57.8' 167'455'E 370 28.1.77 S8 42*38.0' 170*36.0^ 120 
P35 28*57.9' 167'455'E 392-423 " S22 50*39.0' 167*39.6"E 400 17.9.78 
P48 28*42.8' 167*54.6^5 279-186 30.1.77 S25 50*415' 167*40.6*5 339 
P57 33*15.0' 169^59.(^5 563-614 42.77 S27 50*415' 167375*5 335 18.9.78 
P64 34*52.5' 172*34.4*5 155-163 7^.77 S28 50*41.1' 167*44.0^ 375 " 
P68 38*39.0' 172*38.2'E 313-557 9^.77 S29 50*40.7 167*41.1^ 300 " 
P85 31*38.4' 159*09.5^ 430-465 285.77 S30 50*41.0' 167*40.8^5 265 " 
P115 31"^5.9' 159*0Z2'5 183-179 315.77 S42 53*15.6' 169*30.5"E 480 21.9.78 
P120 35*45.7 165*04.1'E 950 3.6.77 S43 53*29.1' 170*04.2"E 693 " 
P842 32*34.4' 156*175'5 285-290 28.11.79 S46 53*59.8' 171*13.2^ 1075 " 
P846 31*00.1' 153*185'5 350-375 3.12.79 S48 53*30.6' 172^24.0^ 625 22.9.78 
P925 27*59.6' 155"37.5'5 420 11.1279 552 52*47.0' 172*54.0^ 494 23.9.78 
P939 41*20.4' 166*545'5 1760-1799 22.4.80 S53 53*00.7 172?59.9'E 450 " 
P942 41*00.6' 169*06.0^ 914 24.450 567 48*05.9' 179=55.2*5 380 26.9.78 
P944 27*205' 179*20.91% 673-670 315.80 S72 48*06.5' 17y 46.8^5 420 27.9.78 
P945 26*42.9' 179^20.01% 1276-1384 1.6.80 S99 51*57.8' 174*48.0^ 1750-1800   27.11.78 
P946 25*59.1' 179*18.11% 660 " S122 43*35.5' 17^575*5 322 20.10.79 
P947 25*13.7 179?04.11% 646-547 " S125 43*321' 175*58.5^5 365 " 
P966 23*29.8' 176*34.61% 635-695 10.6.80 S126 43*33.4' 175*58.6^ 322 " 
Ql 43*49.7 179*00.01% 470 125.78 S127 43*35.4' 175*575*5 322 " 
Q2 43*36.8' 178*43.71% 400 " S130 43*34.0' 175*57.7*5 335 21.10.79 
Q6 44*09.4' 179*35.61% 468 145.78 S142 44*30.9' 174*525^5 715 24.10.79 
Q7 44*06^' 179^33.81% 408 14-155.78 S152 45*525' 174*04.9*5 1676 26.10.79 
Q8 44*02^' 179^2051% 305 155.78 S154 45*24.2' 173?595'5 1373 27.10.79 
Qll 43*44.1' 179*31.61% 300 11 S157 44*105' 173*29.9*5 160 28.10.79 
Q13 43*27.6' 179*46.91% 415 11 S159 44*195' 173*355^5 525 " 
Q16 43*59.4' 179*15.61% 215 165.78 S160 44*13.9' 173*395^ 550 " 
Q19B 44*02.0' 179*17^^ 285 S166 44*25.4' 174*07.4*5 720 29.10.79 
Q20 44*09.6' 179^14^1% 320 17-185.78 S168 44*10.6' 174*235*5 594 
Q24 44*29.7 17633.71% 320-300 225.78 S173 43*59.4' 174*02.0*5 486 30.10.79 
Q25 44*26.2' 176*38.41% 360 5174 44*065' 173*54.1*5 518 " 
Q31 44*155' 176*5451% 340-315 235.78 S181 43*26.7 173*30.0*5 392-260 31.10.79 
Q38 44*245' 176*43.61% 345 23-245.78 S216 42*40.9' 173*392*5 200 4.11.79 
Q39 44*26.0' 176*37.01% 255 245.78 S222 42*285' 173*402*5 600-180 5.11.79 
Q40 44*295' 176*32.51% 345-380 S248 44*36.1' 167*492*5 30 192.80 
046 33*07.4' IWlO.l'E 148 245.78 S251 45*10.9' 167*07.4*5 20 20.2.80 
Q68 29*14.0' 159^00.0*5 1045-1212 1.6.78 S257 45*17.0' 167*00.6*5 37 21.2.80 
Q70 26*59.7 159*18.9*5 376-427 2.6.78 S260 45*29.4' 167*05.1*5 33 22.2.80 
Q83 33*00^' 163*01.2^5 816-841 7.6.78 S562 35*49.2' 172*54.0*5 600-505 5.8.83 
Q84 32*59.4' 163*08.7^5 830 S565 29*185' 169*46.7*5 1350-830 12.853 
Q102 45*385' 166*53.3^ 0-40 8.11.78 S571 30*475' 172?452'5 509-480 15.8.83 
Q105 44*38.1' 167*525^5 0-30 9.11.78 S572 30*455' 172*47.7*5 530-403 
Q174 41=37.9' 17yi25"5 44 17.12.78 S573 30*29.7 172?425'5 975-840 
Q338 44*00.7 176*04.9*5 480 13.11.79 T7 44*065' 176*065*5 315 75.81 
20 
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. (?S) (m) No. (*S) (m) 
T8 44?19.4' 176*14.03 480-520 7.341 Z3909 43?42.2' 179*58.03 388 
T32 48?23.6' 17y 42.61V 668 133.81 Z3911 43*38.1' 178*0923 376 - 
T38 49?04.6' 178?5823 740 13-143.81 Z3924 43?33.0' 179*39.03 402 - 
T48 49?18.6' 177?54.73 990 15341 Z3925 43?24.0' 179*2233 394 - 
T88 44=02.0' 174?4633 500 31331 Z3928 43?343' 179*37.63 399 - 
T109 39?45.8' 178*14.13 288-350 24.431 Z3934 43*333' 179*39.43 400 - 
T182 18*57.9' 159"44.(XW 375-672 14.931 Z3936 43*332' 179*40.13 389 - 
T214 30*40.9' 178=253^ 565 18382 Z3939 43*322' 179?40.03 391 - 
T217 30=44.0' 178?38.1'W 492 " Z3943 43*33.4' 179*40.13 388 - 
T225 29?13.1' 177*533^ 472 213.82 Z3947 43*33.1' 179*39.93 389 - 
T226 28*33.0' 177*50.01V 800-930 223.82 Z3948 43*33.2' 179*39.93 390 - 
T233 29*13.0' ITyW-OTV 100 " Z3950 43?329' 179*43.63 393 - 
T235 30*19.3' 178^21.0'W 510-^45 23.3.82 
T241 30.05.0' 178*25.1TV 1087 23-24332 
T243 30.05'0' 178^15.01^ 1035 24.3.82 MoNZ Stations (BS) 
T244 30.052' 178*102'W 1450 
T247 30*14.0' ITS^ZCXW 15 " BS208 37*223' 176?223 207-219 27.237 
T256 30*31.0' ITB'W.O^V 710-725 27332 BS300 41*30' 174*543 603 6.9.72 
T257 31*09.7" 178?40.0'W 890 28332 BS302 Antipodes ;Is 81 21.11.72 
1259 31?09.8' 178"30.01V 1310-1254 BS307 Raoul L, Kermadecs 110-146 4.4.73 
U197 34?09.8' 163?36.73 1186 25.932 BS309 Raoul L, Kermadecs 165-220 " 
U198 34?59.3' 162?11.2'E 1573 26.982 BS310 Raoul L, Kermadecs 155-165 " 
U203 35"33.Z 159?05.83 4919-4912 29.982 BS313 NW end of Raoul I. 146-201 5.4.73 
U204 35"29.7 157*28.03 4570-4675 30.9.82 BS314 39*22' 171*503 236 
U208 34*13.8' 151*29.13 498-466 5.1032 BS327 Bay of Islands 7 7.1223 
U224 36?55.7' 159*3133 4954-4961 15.1032 BS329 off Moturoa, Bay of 
U325 10*52.4' 165*58.61V 1585-1446 21.436 Islands 31 8.12273 
U345 14*56.1' 172*1531V 1972-2166 26.436 BS335 Bay of Islands 37-40 10.12.73 
U351 18*39.1' 172*1221V 996-976 29.436 BS342 Bay of Islands 46-55 14.12.73 
U568 35?08.4' 169?28.43 867-865 3.2.88 BS346 off Motuwhekeke I., 
U573 33*33.1' 170*06.43 1260 4.2.88 Bay of Islands 22-31 " 
U574 33*19.6' 170^06.93 570-580 BS353 37?30' 179*223 1134-1207 7.2.74 
U582 31*52.0' 172?26.03 1058-988 5238 BS362 36*01' 174?433 59 132.74 
U584 31*26.3' 172*35.63 1137-1150 6238 BS363 35*583' 174?443 62 " 
U591 30*51.0' 172'48.03 486 7238 BS369 35*32' 174*413 110-113 152.74 
U592 30*41.3' 172*54.03 1067-1058 " BS370 35*29' 174*443 110 152.74 
U594 30*20.1' 172?59.63 406 " BS372 35*22' 174*433 146 " 
U595 30?21.5' 173?08.73 1474-1365 BS380 35?10.5' 174*103 37 16.2.74 
U599 30^43.0' 173?16.03 640-590 8238 BS391 34?01' 172*073 622 18.274 
U602 31?30.6' 172*50.93 1216-1385 92.88 BS392 34*08' 172*113 102 " 
V365 43^44.9' 179*00.4^ 399 8.939 BS394 34*11' 172?103 91 19.274 
V372 43?20.2' 178?58.8'E 415-409 13.9.89 BS395 34*10' 172?123 252 " 
V373 43?35.5' 178*5933 385 " BS396 34*13' 172?1133 256 " 
V386 44?W3' 177*00.13 665 16.939 BS401 34*22' 173^W3 121 " 
V387 43*49.6' 176^5933 498-497 BS402 34?26' 173*143 146 202.74 
V388 43?34.8' 176?59.93 331-328 BS415 Bay in Stephenson's L, opposite 
X121 37*24.7 177=11.73 340 23.1139 Whangaroa Heads 22-24 23.274 
X122 37*25.1' 177?11.1'E 365 24.1139 BS434 4.1 km off Fleetwood 
X138 37^15.0' 176?50.43 355-265 27.1139 Bluff, Raoul L 135 25.10.75 
X152 36?09.7 176?48.43 940-820 28.1139 BS437 5.6 km off Fleerwood 
X182 36?482' 177"2833 1035-925 3.12.89 Bluff, Raoul 154 " 
X221 37*20.2' 177*06.03 405-300 7.12.89 BS438 3 9 km off Nugent I., 
Z2098 28?39.5' 173?01.03 850 4.9.67 Raoul I. 146-165 28.10.75 
Z2997 26?57.0' 168*1023 1329 - BS441 3.7 km off Nugent L, 
Z3907 43?41.8' 179*55.13 387 - Raoul L366-402 " 
21 
S t n          L a t i t u d e  L o n g i t u d e  D e p t h  D a t e  S t n           L a t i t u d e  L o n g i t u d e  D e p t h  D a t e  
N o .              ( * S )  ( m )  N o .              ( * S )  ( m )  
B S 4 4 2      5 . 0  k m  o B  : N u g e n t  I . ,  B S 7 2 4 ( R 8 2 )  
R a o u l l  5 1 2 - 5 4 9  2 8 . 1 0 . 7 5  3 7 * 3 7 . 5 '  1 7 6 * 5 9 . 9 3  1 2 9  2 0 . 1 . 7 9  
B S 4 8 0      4 1 * 2 6 '  1 7 4 * 4 7 3  9 9 - 1 0 6  2 9 . 2 . 7 6  B S 7 3 2 ( R 9 0 )  
B S 5 5 9      4 3 * 1 4 '  1 7 3 * 3 9 3  5 1 2 - 1 0 0 6  2 7 . 9 . 7 6  3 7 * 4 6 5 '  1 7 6 * 3 8 5 3  3 9  2 1 . 1 . 7 9  
B S 5 6 0      4 2 * 3 5 '  1 7 3 * 4 1 3  6 4 0  2 8 . 9 . 7 6  B S 7 3 3 ( R 9 1 )  
B S 5 7 0      2 9 * 1 4 '  1 7 7 * 5 0 ' W  1 3 5 - 1 4 6  1 0 . 9 . 7 6  3 7 * 4 3 . 4 '  1 7 6 * 3 8 5 3  5 9  "  
B S 5 7 1      2 y i 9 '  1 7 7 * 5 4 T V  2 1 9 - 2 7 4  "  B S 7 3 4 ( R 9 2 )  
B S 5 8 1      2 9 * 1 4 '  I T T S S ' W  5 3 0 - 5 6 7  1 3 . 9 . 7 6  3 7 * 3 9 . 4 '  1 7 6 * 3 4 . 4 3  8 2  "  
B S 6 3 0      4 2 * 3 6 '  1 7 0 * 4 0 3  3 0 0  1 3 . 4 . 7 8  B S 7 4 2 ( R 1 0 0 )  
B S 6 3 1 ( P 4 4 1 )  3 7 * 2 2 . 0 '  1 7 6 * 2 8 5 3  4 4 8  2 2 . 1 . 7 9  
3 4 * 2 4 . 0 "  1 7 2 * 1 6 . 8 3  1 2 0  2 0 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 4 4 ( R 1 0 2 )  
B S 6 3 2 ( P 4 4 9 )  3 7 * 1 8 . 9 '  1 7 6 * 1 6 . 2 3  5 9  "  
3 4 * 2 0 . 0 '  1 7 2 * 3 0 . 0 3  1 0 0  B S 7 4 7 ( R 1 0 5 )  
B S 6 3 3 ( P 4 6 1 )  3 7 * 1 6 . 7  1 7 6 * 1 7 5 3  1 0 4  "  
3 4 * 2 0 '  1 7 1 * 4 8 3  4 4 0  2 1 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 4 8 ( R 1 0 6 )  
B S 6 3 4 ( P 4 6 5 )  3 7 * 1 5 2 '  1 7 6 * 1 4 5 3  1 8 8  "  
3 4 * 1 7  1 7 1 * 4 5 3  4 2 7  B S 7 5 3 ( R 1 1 1 )  
B S 6 3 5 ( P 4 7 5 )  3 7 * 0 7 . 8 '  1 7 6 * 1 8 . 7 3  4 6 3  2 3 . 1 . 7 9  
3 3 * 5 9 2 '  1 7 2 * 1 3 . 6 3  1 5 5  2 3 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 5 6 ( R 1 1 4 )  
B S 6 3 6 ( P 4 7 6 )  3 7 * 0 0 . 8 '  1 7 6 * 1 2 5 3  1 7 8  "  
3 4 * 0 1 . 8 '  1 7 2 * 1 2 . 9 3  5 0 8  "  B S 7 5 7 ( R 1 1 5 )  
B S 6 3 7 ( P 4 8 5 )  3 7 * 0 0 2 '  1 7 6 * 1 4 . 8 3  3 0 4  
4 * 0 5 . 5 '  1 7 2 * 2 4 . 6 3  2 0 0  2 4 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 6 1 ( R 1 1 9 )  
B S 6 3 6 ( P 4 8 7 )  3 7 . 2 2 . 0 '  1 7 6 * 4 0 . 0 3  6 1 6  2 4 . 1 . 7 9  
3 4 * 1 4 2 '  1 7 2 * 3 2 . 4 3  1 0 0  "  B S 7 6 2 ( R 1 2 0 )  
B S 6 3 9 ( P 5 1 5 )  3 7 * 2 9 . 0 '  1 7 6 * 3 2 . 0 3  8 1 8  "  
3 3 * 5 8 . 0 '  1 7 2 * 3 0 . 6 3  5 5 0  2 5 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 6 3 ( R 1 2 1 )  
B S 6 4 1 ( P 5 7 1 )  3 7 * 3 0 . 8 '  1 7 6 * 3 2 5 3  7 5 5  
3 4 * 0 2 . 0 '  1 7 1 * 4 8 . 4 3  1 8 8  2 9 . 6 . 7 8  B S 7 6 8 ( R 1 2 6 )  
B S 6 4 2 ( P 5 7 4 )  3 7 * 3 3 . 1 '  1 7 8 * 4 9 5 3  9 4  2 5 . 1 . 7 9  
3 4 * 0 6 . 5 '  1 7 2 * 0 4 . 7 3  3 1 0  "  B S 7 7 0 ( R 1 2 8 )  
B S 6 4 9 ( R 7 )  3 7 * 3 3 . 4 '  1 7 8 * 4 8 5 3  1 0 6  "  
4 2 * 2 9 . 2 '  1 7 6 * 0 6 3 3  1 2 6 2  1 1 . 1 . 7 9  B 6 7 7 1 ( R 1 2 9 )  
B S 6 5 4 ( R 1 2 )  3 9 * 1 5 . 4 '  1 7 8 * 1 9 5 3  4 1 3  2 6 . 1 . 7 9  
4 3 * 0 2 . 6 '  1 7 5 * 2 4 . 2 3  2 5 3  1 2 . 1 . 7 9  B S 8 0 6 ( O 5 5 0 )  
B S 6 6 5 ( R 2 3 )  3 5 * 5 4 '  1 7 2 * 1 2 3  5 4 3 - 5 9 7  1 1 . 1 . 8 1  
4 2 * 1 6 . 3 '  1 7 4 * 2 0 . 8 3  8 6 0  1 4 . 1 . 7 9  B S 8 0 7 ( O 5 5 1 )  
B S 6 6 8 ( R 2 6 )  3 5 * 1 0 . 4 '  1 7 2 * 3 5 . 4 3  1 1 0 - 1 4 6  
4 1 * 5 2 . 1 '  1 7 4 * 4 3 . 2 3  4 5 4  8 5 8 1 2 ( 0 5 5 6 )  
B S 6 7 2 ( R 3 0 )  3 5 * 3 7 . 6 '  1 7 2 * 3 6 5 3  6 5 7  "  
4 1 * 3 1 . 4 '  1 7 4 * 5 2 . 6 3  5 3 3  1 5 . 1 . 7 9  6 5 8 1 9 ( 0 5 6 4 )  
B S 6 8 2 ( R 4 0 )  3 7 * 0 6 . 6 '  1 7 3 * 5 4 . 1 3  9 5 2  1 2 . 1 . 8 1  
3 7 * 3 5 . 0 '  1 7 8 * 4 3 . 0 3  1 2 9  1 7 . 1 . 7 9  B S 8 3 0 ( O 5 7 5 )  
B S 6 9 7 ( R 5 5 )  3 9 * 5 2 . 8 '  1 7 7 * 3 6 5 '  7 8 5 - 8 8 2  2 1 . 1 . 8 1  
3 7 * 2 5 2 '  1 7 7 * 1 1 5 3  3 1 8  1 9 . 1 . 7 9  B S 8 3 1 ( O S 7 6 )  
B S 7 0 7 ( R 6 5 )  3 8 * 3 9 '  1 7 8 * 4 1 3  7 2 5 - 7 5 5  "  
3 7 * 2 4 . 0 '  1 7 7 * 0 6 . 5 3  7 4 0  "  B S 8 3 3 ( 0 5 7 8 )  
B S 7 0 9 ( R 6 7 )  3 7 * 3 8 '  1 7 8 * 5 6 3  1 4 3 - 1 5 3  2 2 . 1 . 8 1  
3 7 * 2 1 . 5 '  1 7 7 * 0 6 . 0 3  2 8 3  B S 8 4 2 ( O S 8 8 )  
B S 7 1 5 ( R 7 3 )  3 7 * 1 7 . 4 '  1 7 6 * 5 3 . 6 3  2 9 2 . 3 3 7  2 3 . 1 . 8 1  
3 7 * 1 7 . 0 '  1 7 6 * 5 1 . 0 3  2 5 1  2 0 . 1 . 7 9  B S 8 4 3 ( 0 5 8 9 )  
B S 7 1 8 ( R 7 6 )  3 7 * 1 5 '  1 7 6 * 5 1 3  1 6 3 - 4 0 7  "  
3 7 * 2 9 . 1 '  1 7 6 * 5 4 . 7 3  2 4 8  "  B S 8 4 4 ( O 5 9 0 )  
B S 7 2 3 ( R 8 1 )  3 7 * 1 1 '  1 7 6 * 3 9 3  6 8 5 - 7 0 5  "  
3 7 * 3 5 . 9 '  1 7 6 * 5 9 5 3  1 7 9  "  
2 2  
S t n  L a t i t u d e     L o n g i t u d e        D e p t h        D a t e  
N o .  ( ? S ) ( m )  
S t n  L a t i t u d e      L o n g i t u d e        D e p t h  
N o . ( ? S ) ( m )  
D a t e  
8 5 8 4 6 ( 0 5 9 2 )  
3 7 ^ 0 4 '  
B S 8 4 9 ( 0 5 9 5 )  
3 7 = 0 0 '  
8 5 8 5 6 ( 0 6 0 2 )  
3 5 * 3 5 '  
B S 8 6 6 ( 0 6 1 2 )  
3 4 * 4 3 '  
B S 8 7 8 ( 0 6 2 4 )  
3 4 * 2 5 . 7  
8 5 8 8 1 ( 0 6 2 7 )  
3 4 * 2 0 '  
B S 8 8 2 ( 0 6 2 8 )  
3 2 * 3 2 '  
B S 8 8 3 ( 0 6 2 9 )  
3 2 3 2 '  
B S 8 8 4 ( O 6 3 0 )  
3 2 * 3 3 '  
B S 8 8 8 ( 0 6 3 4 )  
3 2 ? 3 9 '  
B S 8 8 9 ( 0 6 3 5 )  
3 2 ? 4 1 '  
B S 8 9 1 ( 0 6 3 7 )  
3 2 ^ '  
B S 8 9 3 ( 0 6 3 9 )  
3 3 * 5 9 . 9 '  
8 5 8 9 5 ( 0 6 4 1 )  
3 4 * 0 2 '  
8 8 8 9 6 ( 0 6 4 2 )  
3 4 " V 1 '  
B S 8 9 7 ( 0 6 4 3 )  
3 4 * W  
8 5 8 9 8 ( 0 6 4 4 )  
3 4 * 0 1 '  
B S 8 9 9 ( 0 6 4 5 )  
3 4 * 0 0 '  
8 5 9 0 2 ( 0 6 4 8 )  
3 4 ? 1 0 3 '  
B S 9 0 4 ( O 6 5 0 )  
3 3 ? 5 7 . 0 '  
B S 9 0 5 ( O 6 5 1 )  
3 y 5 7 . 4 '  
B S 9 0 6 ( O 6 5 2 )  
3 4 * 1 5 '  
8 5 9 0 7 ( 0 6 5 3 )  
4 3 * 1 7  
8 5 9 0 9 ( 0 6 5 5 )  
3 4 ^ 1 6 '  
8 5 9 1 0 ( 0 6 5 6 )  
3 4 * 1 9 '  
8 5 9 1 1 ( 0 6 5 7 )  
3 4 * 2 0 2 '  
8 5 9 1 2 ( 0 6 5 8 )  
3 4 * 2 2 3 '  
1 7 6 * 2 7 3  
1 7 6 = 1 3 3  
1 7 5 ? 4 6 3  
1 7 3 * 3 2 3  
1 7 3 ? 1 2 8 3  
1 7 3 * 0 6 3  
1 6 7 * 3 0 3  
1 6 7 * 3 1 3  
1 6 7 * 2 9 3  
1 6 7 = 4 0 3  
1 6 7 * 3 8 3  
1 6 7 3 2 3  
1 7 1 = 4 5 . 3 3  
1 7 1 ? 4 4 3  
1 7 1 * 4 5 3  
1 7 1 * 4 6 3  
1 7 1 * 4 4 3  
1 7 1 * 4 7 3  
1 7 2 ? 1 1 . 4 3  
1 7 2 ? 1 9 . 0 3  
1 7 2 ? 1 9 . 4 3  
1 7 2 " 1 4 3  
1 7 2 * 1 6 3  
1 7 2 * 1 5 3  
1 7 2 ^ 1 8 3  
1 7 2 * 2 1 . 8 3  
1 7 2 * 2 4 . 6 3  
8 0 7 - 8 7 2        2 3 . 1 . 8 1  
2 0 2 - 2 0 7       2 4 . 1 . 8 1  
3 2 7 - 3 2 9  
1 6 3 - 1 6 8        2 7 . 1 3 1  
2 0 7 - 2 2 1  
1 6 3 - 1 6 8  
1 1 3 - 1 1 8        2 9 . 1 . 8 1  
i n  
1 3 3  
3 5 7 - 4 8 7  
2 0 6 - 2 9 6        3 0 . 1 . 8 1  
1 3 3  
1 8 6 - 1 9 6  3 1 . 1 . 8 1  
2 4 6 - 2 9 1  
2 0 1 2 1 6  
2 0 6 - 2 2 1  
2 0 6 - 2 1 1  
1 4 3 - 1 6 3  
1 5 3  1 . 2 . 8 1  
1 3 8  
1 2 3 - 1 2 8  
1 7 3 - 1 7 8        2 2 . 8 1  
1 2 3 - 1 3 3  
1 3 8 - 1 4 3  
8 8 - 9 3  
1 2 1  
1 2 1  
8 5 9 1 3 ( 0 6 5 9 )  
3 4 * 2 5 . 0 '    1 7 2 = 2 7 . 8 3     7 8  2 . 2 . 8 1  
M i s c e l l a n e o u s  V e s s e l s  
( A I M , A M S ,  A U M , B M , M o N Z ,  P o r t o b e l l o ,  U S N M )  
A f b z f m s g  :  
3 7 0 8        3 G P 0 2 T N  1 3 8 ? 4 6 3  
4 8 9 4        3 2 * 3 3 7 4  1 2 8 ? 3 2 3  
N 1 7 - 6      3 2 ? 1 5 '  1 7 9 * 1 0 3  
N 1 7 - 1 5    3 2 ? 1 5 '  1 7 9 ^ 1 0 3  
7 9 - M 1 4   1 1 = 3 3 . 5 '  1 3 5 * 5 2 . 5 3  
7 9 - M 1 5   1 1 = 3 1 3 '  1 3 5 * 4 8 . 8 3  
A z w d w  A b r u ;  
9 6  4 4 = 1 7 . 8 '  1 7 7 = 3 0 . 6 1 V  
4 4 ? 1 0 . 6 '  1 4 7 * 1 0 . 1 3  
1 7 0  2 9 * 5 5 '  1 7 8 * 1 4 1 V  
4  4 3 ' 1 4 "  1 7 6 * 1 1 1 V  
3 4  4 4 * 0 4 '  1 7 5 " 2 3 3 1 V  
C o n f i f k :  
4 2 = 5 0 '  
3 7 0  5 3 = 5 4 '  6 4 * 3 6 T V  
1 4 0 3        4 1 * 4 2 '  1 7 5 * 2 9 3  
1 7 1 2        3 8 ? 2 4 '  I T t r S S T V  
1 1 0 - 1 2 8  
1 7 4  
9 0 0 - 9 5 0  
7 6 0 - 8 3 0  
2 2  
2 4  
5 1 2  
1 0 5 1 - 1 1 0 0  
7 1 1 5 2  
3 6 6  
2 3 8  
8 . 5 . 1 9 0 0  
9 . 8 . 1 9 0 6  
D e c  1 9 8 9  
D e c  1 9 8 9  
1 7 1 8  3 8 2 7 '  
1 8 5 0  4 9 * 4 0 '  
1 9 8 3        4 7 * 1 1 '  
6 / 8 8 / 4    1 0 * 3 4 '  
6 / 8 8 / 5    1 0 * 3 7 . 2 '  
5 / 8 9 / 4    3 6 * 4 3 . 1 '  
5 / 8 9 / 5    3 3 * 1 4 '  
5 / 8 9 / 1 0  3 0 * 4 8 '  
5 / 8 9 / 2 5  2 8 * 0 5 . 8 '  
5 / 8 9 / 3 2  2 7 * 1 2 . 0 '  
5 / 8 9 / 4 0  2 6 * 4 5 3 '  
5 / 8 9 / 4 1  2 7 * 0 8 . 4 '  
5 / 8 9 / 4 7  2 8 = 1 7 . 5 '  
B 2 6  3 5 ? 0 4 '  
1 1 / 5 6 / 7 1  
3 5 W  
J 1 5 / 9 / 7 6  
3 9 * 4 0 '  
J 9 / 1 5 / 7 7  
4 4 = 1 3 . 1 '  
I C 1 0 / 5 7 / 7 1  
4 7 * 0 9 '  
1 7 7 * 4 1 ' W       7 6 3 - 7 7 5  
1 0 4 - 1 1 5  
9 4 6 - 9 5 1  
1 3 5 4 -  
1 9 9 5  
1 6 8 W W       5 3 1 - 6 5 9  
1 7 8 * 5 3 3        1 0 3  
1 4 7 * 4 7 3        1 0 2 8 - 1 0 3 4  
1 4 4 * 1 3 3  8 1 5 - 8 2 5  
1 4 4 * 2 2 . 0 3  9 9 0 - 1 0 5 3  
1 5 6 * 1 3 3 3        1 4 3  
1 5 6 * 1 0 3  1 3 2  
1 5 6 ? 1 3 3  2 8 8  
1 6 3 ? 0 6 3  1 0 5 1  
1 6 0 * 3 7 . 8 3  1 9 6 0  
1 5 9 ? 3 1 . 0 3  3 1 5 - 3 6 0  
1 5 8 * 1 5 . 2 3  2 8 6 0  
1 5 8 ? 3 7 . 9 3  4 1 9  
1 7 4 = 2 3 3  1 8 5  
1 7 2 * 2 7 3  2 7 4  
1 6 9 * 4 5 3  7 1 2 - 7 4 0  
1 7 3 ? 5 1 3  6 1 0  
1 6 9 * 2 8 . 4 3  4 2 9 4 5 6  
1 4 . 7 . 1 8 7 4  
2 3 . 1 . 5 4  
1 9 5 4  
1 3 . 8 3 9  
1 2 . 1 2 . 6 2  
3 1 . 1 . 6 5  
2 8 3 . 6 6  
1 3 . 7 . 6 6  
2 1 . 6 7  
2 4 . 2 6 7  
2 0 . 8 3 8  
2 1 . 8 3 8  
1 3 3 9  
2 3 3 9  
5 3 3 9  
7 . 5 3 9  
8  6 3 9  
1 0 3 . 8 9  
2 3  
Stn Latitude Longitude Depth Date Stn         Latitude Longitude Depth Date 
No. CS) (m) No.             (*S) (m) 
JC11/2/71 L4722     W.ofEsperanceRock 
43?56' 174?35.8'E 585 - Kermadecs 22 1448 
JC19/9/84 LacMm : 
4(T06' 167?57.yE 919-922 13.11.84 37*39' 178^34^ 183 - 
IC19/19/84 M*fm : 
39"42.4' 168?07'E 748-780 15 .11.84 36?47.4' 173^53.4'E 732 - 
Kl/24/81 Mwnzdg: 
40*46.1' 176'59.0'E 1010-1035 25.11.84 MU67/81   Sander'sCanyon, 
Kl/25/81 Otago 512-533 - 
40?13.3' 177*11.8' 555-585 25.11.81 MU73/124   PapanuiCanyon, 
KTN17/82 Otago 420 - 
42*46.2 176*32^^ 1100 - MU76/139 
KTN26/82 45*46' ITl'WE 660 - 
42"50' 176*08^ 1050 - Pakrsm* : 
Prnwk Cofkcfion; 36*18' 164*51^ 1000 Jury 1993 
L892 N. of Curtis I., PoOMg SOM-I. 
Kermadecs 30 13.1065 40^02' 168*58.4^ 795-887 - 
L999 W. of Esperance Rock 22 1.9.88 5(m A&muJbzw-I; 
L1050 VV.ofN. 
Raoull 
Meyer I., 
[. 12 1 .1.91 
44?46' 
5/opf: 
176*15^ 1272-1322 20.1249 
L1051 SW of Napier L, 33          38?19.6' 14y243'E 930 - 
Raoul] E. 36 1641 5?b; 
L1056 34?11" ITZfB.S'E 20 18.1.85 1/82/59 
L1057 34?10.5' 172?02'E 37 1.2.85 33*09' 156^3^ 138-142 28.1.82 
L1413 N. of Macauley I., Terra M%xL 
Kermadecs 20 1.6.92 91          off Great King, Three 
L1630 W. side Meyer L, Kings Is. 549 26.7.1911 
Raoul ] [. 7 1.1.91 96          llkmeastofNorth 
L2633 34*08.2' 172?10.4'E 15 19 .1.85 Cape 128 3.8.1911 
L2641 34=11' 172'033'E 15-18 18.1.85 TM(KT9292)Yn 
L2680 37=33.5' ITB'IS'E 10 25.1.85 30^1441^ 130*46.1^ 80-88 16.2.92 
L2712 36*37 175?48'E 20 25.10.84 Trinity II 
L2715 36?08' 175"30^E 53 2.1.81 37*05' 176*17^ 470-700 - 
L2925 35*54' ITS'WE 23 28.10.84 Tui: 
L2926 36"*15.5' 175*19.6^ 16 23.10.84 Rumble II 
L2929 35*54' ITS'WE'E 30 3.1.84 35?25' 178*48^ 1050 - 
L3069 35*28.4' 174*43.5'E 5-7 27.8.84 Rumble IV 
L3071 35*28.4' 174*43^^ 5-22 36?06' ITB'Dl'E 640 - 
L4620 Buncombe Bay, AU2/53 
Norfolk I. 10-12 1.11.89 34?00' 171*55^ 805 - 
L4621 Duncombe Bay, 
Norfolk I. 20 " 
AUZ40       29*24' 168*iyE 326 
L4622 W. of Nepean, 64           35?26.3' 175*43^ 445 - 
Norfolkl. 15 213.92 B30/20/1 
L4623 Organ Rock, BarrierBank,Nof Great 
Norfolkl. 15 1.11.89 Barrier Is 300-500 - 
L4721 W. of Cheeseman I., B30/28 
Kermadecs 26 1448 KnighfsTerracx ;, off Poor 
Knights] fs 300-500 - 
24 
LIST OF SPECIES 
Order SCLERACHNIA 
Suborder FUNGIINA 
Superfamily FUNGIOIDEA 
Family FUNGIACYATHIDAE 
FwMgwcyafkws fFungzacyaf/ms) sfepAanus (Alcock) 
FwMgnzcyaf/wfs CFwngzacyafAwsJ/nzgiffg CO. Sars 
FwngzacyatAws (FwMgwcygfAws) pweAf wg paq/kifa rLssp. 
FuMgiacyafAwg (BafAyacfis) mwmeMZflkn (Vaughan) 
FwngiacyafAws (BafAyacf6) mgyyzrgfaf n.sp. 
Fim^zacyafkws (BafAyacfis) (wrWMofzbz&s Cairns 
Family MICRABACIIDAE 
LgkpanMMmz swpersks (Ortmann) 
lekpsam*mia/zgg#*g n.sp. 
LgfepaMm?ie^)7?nasfssfma (Moseley) 
SfgpAwmopAyffw compficofa Moseley 
Suborder FAVIINA 
Superfamily FAVIOIDEA 
Family RHIZANGIIDAE 
Cwficza rwbeo&z (Quoy & Gaimard) 
Family OCULINIDAE 
OcWma Mrgosa Squires 
MAfr^ponz ocwAzfa Linnaeus 
Family ANTHEMIPHYLLIIDAE 
y4Mf/%gmyAy//6z jfMMa (Alcock) 
Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA 
Superfamily CARYOPHYLLIOIDEA 
Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE 
CAryopAyWa (CaryopAyffW rwgoso Moseley 
CaTyopAyZfza (CaryopAyffW AaiaazKMszs Vaughan 
CaryopAyffza (CaryopAyffW yfaJrageMaria Alcock 
CaryopAyffia (CayyopAyffza) pn^wnJa Moseley 
Caryopkyffxa (CaryopAyffza) affanfica (Duncan) 
CaryopAy/fia (CaryopAyfW nz/p/wf n.sp. 
CaryopAyZ/ia (CaryopAyffia) Jzamakag Marenzeller 
CaryopAy/fia (CaryopAyffzaj /aponica Marenzeller 
CazyapAyffia fCaryopAyMiaj famgf/zj^ra Moseley 
CaryopAyffza (CaryopAy/W g/mzgafa Cairns 
CaryopAyffza (CaryopAy/fW scofwzosa Alcock 
CaryopAyHza (CaryopAy/fia^ amizrogia Alcock 
CaryopAy/Ha (PrgmocyafAws) coznpressa Yabe & Eguchi 
CoenocyatAws brookz n^p. 
CrispaforracAiw curoafus n.sp. 
Cnspafofrodxws rwgosMs n.sp. 
la&yrzMfAocyafA?s 7zz?ar?Zz<s (Squires) 
LzAynnfAocyafAzw sp. 
PofycyafAz# nor^ftensig n.sp. 
TrocAocyaf Aws (TrocAocyaf Aws) rAomtocoZamna Alcock 
TrocAocyztAzzs (TrocAocyafAz/s) macwfatws n.sp. 
TrocAocyatAi/s (TrocAocyaf Aws) gor?&)Mz n.sp. 
TrocAocyafAz# (TrocAocyaf Aws) cepwUa n.sp. 
TrocZzocyafAws (Apfocyaf&ws) Aasfafws Bourne 
Tlgf AocyafAzfg cyZzmfracezza (PourtalGs) 
HefAocyafAz^s Mrgafws (Alcock) 
SkpAanocyafAz/s (SfepAarzocyafAz#) pZafypzfg (Moseley) 
SfgpZzawocyaf Aws (Acizzocyaf Aws) spmzzger (Marenzeller) 
Sf^pAaMocyafhus ^OdonfacyafAwsj weknazzz^s (Alcock) 
SkpAa?zocyafZz%<s ^Odoniocyaf Aws^ coromarus (PourtalAs) 
MaMgAawZZa oreop/iifa Keller 
VawgAawZZa MwZfrpaZ^ra n.sp. 
BowrMeofrocAws gkfZwiarus (Cairns) 
DgZfocyafAzw ozTzatws Gardiner 
DeffocyafAz^s^?nMO@wg n.sp. 
CoMOfrocAws brwnrzfMS (Moseley) 
AufocyafAus rgcWmwg (Dennant) 
DasmogmzzZza fymam (Pourtalk) 
DesTwpZzyfZMm diawfAzw (Esper) 
TAaZawzopAyZZia fenwgscgns (Gardiner) 
Hopfangza (fwrofnz Gosse 
GozziocoreZZa jwmosa (Alcock) 
Anomocora cf. ^czmda (Pourtal6s) 
Soknosmtfia taarza&zZis Duncan 
Family TURBINOLUDAE 
Canocyafkws zeZayzdzae Duncan 
i4Zafofrod%MS rwkscens (Moseley) 
Sp/KMOfroc&ws (SpfxgMOfrodzws) raZpAag Squires 
SpZzfMOfrocAz/s (SpZzazofrocAws) s^wrrcsz n.sp. 
KioMOfroc/zMS swkn Dennant 
25 
(Zrypfotn?dkMS oenwsfwg (Alcock) 
PgpoMOcyafAwg f&zwsonf n.sp. 
Trppmdocygtkws pifews (Alcock) 
Nbfocyafkiw comzcwg (Alcock) 
Tkrypficof rochws mWfifoWws Cairns 
Superfamily FLABELLOIDEA 
Family GUYNIIDAE 
Pedzoe/focyofAMS teyesi iLgen., nap. 
TnmozkgwynwirMgWgrK Cairns 
Sfenocygfkws ogrm^brmfs (PourtalAs) 
Temnotrochus kermadecensis n.gen., n.sp. 
Family FLABELLIDAE 
FWvHwm(F7akffum)tMO%% Ralph & Squires 
FW*Hwm(FkWfum)gngxasfomwmFolkes(m 
Flabellum (Flabellum) impensum Squires 
Ffakf/wmfUZbcyafAws) Awdkeyes* Squires & Ralph 
fTabfWiwn CLHocywfAwsjmesswMi Alcock 
FWvffwm (U7ocya(Aw@) aokonxz Squires 
Fbkffwm (LBocygfAwg) Ao^maskn Cairns & Parker 
Fkkffwm fUkcyafAwg^ <ymf?m aperhon Moseley 
Adomomyces rutrwm (Quoy & Gaimard) 
Polymyces wellsi Cairns 
RMzofrochwg/kkff^nma (jaunts 
Gardrwhj WwzueM@isVai%han 
GgrdiwrM ep. 
/mnRM%%Zg%qpn%#ckwjn (Moseley) 
/awzMiapachyf/zeca n_sp. 
Tnmcak^akU%m% pznpgwMmwm (Alcock) 
7nmozf^kkWw?M deng (Alcock) 
TrwMcofo/kkffimfpAoeMiz nusp. 
TruMazfq/kkfZwM am^fwm n.sp. 
JP&KXdYockidesdKxgdku&z Alcock 
fgZcafq/kk/fwTM nzoWenaK ngen., nap. 
Suborder DENDROPHYLLIINA 
Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE 
BaWopAyffzackmMW Squires 
BalaMopkyffwg^xzs Moseley 
BakMophyffia mzgstfAgca n.sp. 
Ejwfqpackysjpnqn! Mime Edwards &Haime 
EgwcAipsammzggmfiWTM (Duncan) 
i^^wKJupGKmMRMWzJGshwL; (Alcock) 
f^pwckqBammDMig/apomwcg (Rehberg) 
CWop&mmng qgwcAzi Wells 
DgmfrnpAy/fw grfTwacWa Van der Horst 
DgmfropAyZfwofcockz (Wells) 
EWfopsmrnma rosfnzfa (PourtalAs) 
EWbpacmnmza cf. wwrMZgZkn Zibrowius 
26 
ZOOGEOGRAPHY 
Vaughan and Wells (1943:88) made the brief state- 
ment dwt 10 (56%) of the 18 speck* ofNewZea- 
land Scleractinia then known were endemic, the 
other eight being related to a South Pacific fauna. 
Based on the slightly larger number of 21 species, 
Ralph and Squires (1962) suggested that the New 
Zealand coral fauna originated from pre-Pliocene 
relicts and a more recent invasion from the Indo- 
Pacific, and minimised the endemic nature of 
the fauna. Finally, based on 25 species, Squires 
and Keyes (1967) stated that 12 species (48%) were 
endemic, seven were autochthonous (traceable to 
forms from the New Zealand Neogene), and the 
remainder shared a relationship with South Pa- 
cific and Antarctic faunas, including two species 
with affinities to the Australian region. They also 
discussed five general patterns of distribution 
based on 17 of these 25 species. Their first general 
pattern (New Zealand endemic) corresponds to 
pattern 2D discussed below; their second pattern 
(warm-temperate shelf) corresponds to pattern 2A 
discussed below; their third  pattern  includes  a 
miscellaneous group of three species; the 
fourm pattern groups foujeinymerrmc tropical 
species (patterns IB, C, D discussed below), and 
their fifth pattern also corresponds to two 
eurythermic tropical species (pattern ID) and one 
widespread temperate species (pattern 3A). 
The following analysis is based on 104 species, 
one species (ConocyafAws zeknAaf) remaining 
unclassified. It includes a much larger area than 
previous studies of the New Zealand region, 
defined as having latitudinal boundaries of 24* S 
and 5r3y S and longitudinal borders of 157* E to 
167* W (the New Zealand region as defined and 
mapped by Carter (1980)). 
Patterns of Distribution 
Four general patterns of distribution (Tables 2 and 
3) emerge from a study of the distribution patterns 
of the 104 azooxanthellate species in the New 
Zealand region, these patterns being in general 
Table 3. Patterns of scleractinian distribution within the New Zealand region. 
L Cosmopolitan, mdo-Weet Pacific, or widespread in Pacific, with a southern range in New Zealand region 
extending to: 
A. Subtropics (no farmer south man 33*%), including Wanganella Bank, Norfolk Ridge; 
Lord Howe Islands; northern Three Kings Ridge; Colville Ridge; Kermadec Islands... 29 species 
B. Warm-temperate Auckland Province (eurythermic tropical)       12 species 
C. Cold-temperate region (southern North Island, South Island, Chatham Rise, Campbell 
arud Bounty Plateaus, rwrmemMacquarie Ridge), bro^                                       8 species 
D. Subantarctic (Macquarie Ridge south of 50*9, Hjort Seamount)  10 species 
II. "Endemic", or thus far known only from: 
A. Warm-temperate Auckland Province           7 species 
B.Auckland Province and subtropical ridges and island                                                6 species 
C. Subtropical ridges and islands north of 33?S (Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Ridge, 
Three Kings Ridge, Colville Ridge, and Kermadec Islands)  _  14 species 
D. Temperate (warm and cold) New Zealand               4 species 
E. Cold-temperate region              2 species 
III. Widespread temperate species 
A. Restricted to southern temperate latitudes              5 species 
B. Disjunct distribution off Japan or northeast Atlantic and New Zealand         6 species 
IV. Antarctic       1 species 
27 
agreement with the horizontal distribution of shelf 
fauna proposed by Briggs (1974). 
The commonest pattern of azooxanthellate coral 
distribution in the New Zealand region is that of 
species that are widespread in the tropical Indo- 
West Pacific (or even cosmopolitan) that have their 
southern limit in the Southwest Pacific in the New 
Zealand region. Also included in this group are 
four species (TefhocyafAwa cy/mdracewg, Sfepka- 
nocyaf&ws coronafws, Daamosmffw: fymenf, and 
HopWgwdwro-fm:) that are thus far known to oc- 
cur only in the Atlantic Ocean and New Zealand 
region. This group (pattern 1 of Tables 2-3) con- 
sists of 59 species (57% of regional fauna) andean 
be further subdivided based on the degree of south- 
ward extension into the New Zealand region. For 
instance, 29 of these 59 species are found no farther 
south than 33*S (pattern 1A). Zooxanthellate corals 
are known from Lord Howe Island (Veron & Done 
1979; Veron 1993:65 species), Norfolk Island (Veron 
1986; Veron, pers. comm., 1993: 5 species), and the 
Kermadec Islands (Vaughan 1917: 8 species), the 
latter assumed by some (e.g., Schiel, Kingsford & 
Choat 1986) to be subtropical. However, there are 
no islands or shallow banks in the New Zealand 
region between Esperance Rock (the southern limit 
of zooxanthellate corals, about 31?20'S) and Three 
Kings Islands (about 34?), where no zooxanthellate 
corals are known to occur. But, because 13 of the 
29 species having pattern 1A have their 
southernmost occurrences at 33?S, often at 
Wanganella Bank on the southern Norfolk Ridge, 
this latitude was chosen as the boundary between 
the subtropics and warm-temperate upper slope 
(200-1000 m) region of New Zealand. It is interesting 
to note that the northern limit of reef corals in the 
northwest Atlantic is 34-35*N (Madnryre 1970) 
and the northern limit of reef corals in the northwest 
PadGc is MWN (Veron 1992). Latitude 33?S is also 
considered to be the northern limit of the warm- 
temperate upper-slope Auckland Province. 
A second distributional pattern (pattern IB) 
consists of 12 species that are widespread in the 
tropics but also extend into the warm-temperate 
region of New Zealand ? the Auckland Province. 
Briggs (1974) defined this region to include the 
northern half of North Island from East Cape and 
38-39? S on the west coast. He referred to species 
having this kind of distribution as eurythermic 
tropical. 
A third distributional pattern (pattern 1C) 
consists of eight species termed "broad euryther- 
mic tropical" by Briggs (1974), including species 
that are widespread in the tropics but also extend 
into cold-temperate regions. In New Zealand, the 
cold-temperate region is defined by Briggs (1974) 
to include the North Island south of the warm- 
temperate boundary, South Island, Chatham Rise, 
Bounty and Campbell Plateaus, and northern Mac- 
quarie Ridge north of 50?S. Three of these eight 
species are cosmopolitan in distribution. 
A final, fourth category of widespread species 
(pattern ID) is a derivative of the third, consisting 
of ten species that extend even farther south into 
Subantarctic waters of the Macquarie Ridge (south 
of 50*%) and Hjort Seamount. Seven of these ten 
species have cosmopolitan or near-cosmopolitan 
distributions. Squires and Keyes' (1967: fig. 4) fourth 
general pattern of distribution corresponds to 
patterns 1C-D discussed above. 
A second group of distributional patterns com- 
prises those species mat are "endemic" or at least 
so far known only from a restricted geographic 
range. Seven species (pattern 2A) occur only in the 
warm-temperate Auckland Province. Because the 
bathymetric ranges of these species are fairly shal- 
low (i.e., mostly 50-300 m), most of these species 
may in fact be endemic to this province. This pat- 
tern corresponds to Squires and Keyes' (1967: fig. 2) 
second general pattern of distribution. 
A second pattern of "endemics" (pattern 2B) 
consists of six species that are known only from the 
warm-temperate region of New Zealand and the 
subtropical ridges and islands to the north, of 
which two species also occur as far north as the 
Chesterfield Islands. The depth ranges of these 
species are considerably deeper than those of 
pattern 2A, Le., none shallower man 130 m, and 
most ranging from 500-1000 m. For this reason it is 
likely that these species may eventually be 
found to be eurythermic tropical species with 
broader distributions in die upper-slope tropical 
region (i.e., pattern 1A). 
A third category of "endemics" (pattern 2C) 
consists of 14 species known only from the sub- 
tropical ridges (Norfolk, Colville, Kermadec, and 
Three Kings north of 33*S) and islands (Lord Howe, 
Norfolk, and Kermadecs) norm of New Zealand, of 
which two species also extend to the Chesterfield 
Islands. Like pattern 2B, the bathymetric ranges of 
these species are relatively deep (primarily 300- 
800 m) and it is likely that at least some of these 
species will be found to occur more widely in 
tropical regions (Le., pattern 1A). 
A fourth category of "endemics" (pattern 2D) 
consists of four species known only from off both 
warm- and cold-temperate New Zealand. Whereas 
the two shallow-water species, CWicw rwkofa and 
28 
Monomyces rubrum, are probably endemic to New 
Zealand, the two other species, CnspofomxAws cur- 
oofus (1375-2505 m) and Pepomocyefhws (WxsoMf (87- 
988 m) are predicted to be found either to the north 
of New Zealand or in other temperate areas. 
Monomyces rubrum characterised Squires and Keyes' 
(1967: fig. 1) first general pattern of distribution, 
that species apparently being the only species in 
their group. 
Two species are known only from the cold-tem- 
perate region of New Zealand (pattern 2E): Flabel- 
fwm* bzozz and LabynnfAocyaf&us sp. A. JFZabeffwfM 
knoxi is widespread and common in this region and 
serves as a reliable indicator of the cold-temperate 
upper slope New Zealand region. 
A third group of distributional patterns includes 
widespread temperate patterns. Pattern 3A con- 
sists of five upper-slope species that occur in the 
temperate region of the southern Indian Ocean and/ 
or Australia as well as in the temperate region of 
New Zealand. Two species (ffgfvffwmhq^meisfen 
and SfepAanocyaf/ms pfafypwg) are known only off 
Australia and New Zealand, and constitute the only 
(1.9%) unique affinity between the species of these 
two regions. 
Pattern 3B consists of five species known from off 
temperate Japan as well as temperate to subtropical 
New Zealand, and one species (Hop6mgtadurofnz) 
is known only from the temperate northeastern 
Atlantic and warm-temperate New Zealand. These 
unusual disjunct distributions may eventually be 
found to be artefacts of collecting or, possibly the 
resWt of species mtroducdcms (e.g., H.ffwrohtr). If 
found to be more widely distributed, these patterns 
might change to 1A, B, C or even ID. 
Category 4 consists of only one species, Fb&eWwm 
fmpeMSwnz, that is Antarctic in distribution with an 
apparent northern range in the deep water of the 
cold-temperate Bounty Plateau. 
To summarise, a majority (57%) of the 104 
azooxanthellate coral species that occur in the New 
Zealand region represent the southern limit of 
more widespread tropical or eurythermic tropical 
species. Some endemic species do seem to occur in 
the warm-temperate Auckland province (pattern 
2A), off New Zealand (pattern 2D), and in the cold- 
temperate region (pattern 2E)? but those known 
only from the subtropical islands and ridges north 
of New Zealand (pattern 2C) may well have 
extended distributions into the tropics. Eleven 
species (119k) are known from more widespread 
temperate regions (patterns 3A-B) and one species 
is Antarctic in affinity (pattern 4). 
Briggs(1974: 373) suggested that the horizontal 
distribution of upper-slope (200-1000 m) faunas 
"closely follows that of the shelf. Azooxanthellate 
Scleractinia (and Stylasteridae) are good tests for 
this theory in that most (Le., 8006) New Zealand 
azooxanthellate Scleractinia occur in the upper- 
slope realm (see below). In general, the distribu- 
tion of deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia 
(Cairns, 1979, 1982, 1994) have bean found to be 
con-sistent with the generally accepted shallow- 
water regions and provinces, the New Zealand re- 
gion being no exception. Consistent with Briggs' 
(1974) shelf regions and provinces, the corals of 
New Zealand show tropical, eurythermic tropical, 
and broad eurythermic tropical components, warm- 
temperate endemics, and cold-temperate endemics. 
I diverge from Briggs only in the interpretation of 
the Kermadec Islands (see below). 
Regional Affinities 
Although 22 azooxanthellate species are known 
from the Lord Howe Seamount Chain (Table 2), only 
six are known from off Lord Howe Island or Balls 
Pyramid. Half of these six species are tropical or 
eurythermic tropical species (patterns 1A-C), two 
are known only from the subtropical ridges and 
islands norm of New Zealand (pattern 2C), and one 
species, Bc&nzop/zyW6z cross* fkeco, is known from the 
subtropical New Zealand region as well as the warm- 
temperate Auckland Province (pattern 2B). 
Seventeen of the 36 (Table 2) azooxanthellate 
species that occur on the Norfolk Ridge also occur 
off Norfolk Island. Their affinities are primarily 
tropical (pattern 1 A, 9 species) to eurythermic tropi- 
cal (patterns 1B-D, 5 species). Also, two species are 
thus far known only from the New Zealand sub- 
tropics (pattern 2C) and two species are known 
from the subtropics and warm-temperate Auck- 
land Province (pattern 2B). 
Of the ten species that occur on the Colville 
Ridge, seven are widespread tropical (pattern 1 A) or 
eurythermic tropical (patterns 1C-D), two are known 
only from the subtropical ridges north of New Zea- 
land (pattern 2C), and one species, Ha&eZfwTn kqgbzezs- 
(en, occurs off cold-temperate south-eastern Austra- 
lia and Tasmania (pattern 3A). 
The zoogeographic affinities of the Kermadec 
Islands/Ridge have been debated with mixed 
opinion, perhaps depending on the animal group 
being analysed and the depth range being considered. 
Briggs (1974) considered the Kermadecs as a separate 
province in the wann-temperate region; from fish 
distributions Shiel ef of., (1986) considered the chain 
29 
to be subtropical; and Gordon (1985), based on 
Bryozoa, suggested that they were transitional 
between the northern tropical and temperate 
neozelanic elements. The 56 species of azooxan- 
thellate Scleractinia (Table 2) known from the 
Kermadec Ridge show a decided correlation with 
the tropical region ? 19 species are widespread 
tropical species with their southern range in the 
Kermadecs (pattern 1A), another 18 species are 
eurythermic tropical (patterns 1B-D), and nine are 
known only from the subtropical region (north of 
33*9) to the north of New Zealand (pattern 2C), of 
which three of the latter are known only from the 
Kermadec Islands. Thus, a total of 46(8236) of the 
56 Kermadec species have tropical or subtropical 
affinities. Four species (7%) occur in the warm- 
temperate Auckland Province as well as the 
subtropical ridges north of New Zealand (pattern 
2B), giving support to Briggs' hypothesis of a warm- 
temperate affinity, and six species are widespread 
in cold-temperate regions having their northern 
extension or disjunct distribution in the Kermadec 
Islands (patterns 3A-B). 
Of the 13 species that are known from the Chatham 
Rise (Table 2), eight are broad eury thermic tropical 
species (patterns 1C-D), one is endemic to the cold- 
temperate region of New Zealand, and four are 
more widely distributed primarily in the southern 
temperate regions (patterns 3A-B). 
In summary, the ridges and islands north of New 
Zealand (Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands and ridg- 
es north of 33?S, Colville Ridge, Kermadec Islands 
and Ridge) show a strong tropical affinity (patterns 
1A-D, 2C) and a very weak affinity to the warm- 
temperate Auckland province, the latter evidenced 
by a low number of species sharing pattern 2B. 
Bathymetric Distribution 
Forty-one (3996) of the 104 New Zealand species 
occur at shelf depths (0-200 m) within the New 
Zealand region (Table 2), 14 of which are 
accessibleby scuba (0-50 m), viz. CWicwz rubfok, 
Ocwffm* exrgosa, CofMOcyatAus brootz, 
WynRf&ocyat&ws fmxafwfws, Pofycyaf&ws Mor/b/kerzszs, 
Tefkocyatkws cyfxmdracewg, Hopfangfa dwrofrf%, 
Sp&fHOfnx&ws ra/phae, KionofrocAus swfen, Monomyces 
rzdmun, CWopsamowa egwc&ii, Caryophyffia prq/wmJa, 
DesTMopkyUwm diaMfkws, and Sknocyafkws uermifbnM*. 
The last three species, however, as well as Mafrepora 
ocwfafa, AwfocyafAws recMfPus, and DendropAyHia 
aJcocti (Table 2), are found more commonly at upper- 
slope depths (200- 1000 m), occurring in shallow 
water only in the cool upwelled waters of Fiordland. 
Most (82 species or 80%) of the New Zealand 
species occur in the upper slope (200-1000 m) 
and 30 species (39%) occur in the lower-slope 
region (1000-3000 m). Only one species, 
FimgiacyafAwg mareMzefkn, is known from the 
abyssal region, as deep as 4954 m west of the 
Lord Howe Rise. The percentages above exceed 
100 because many species occur in more man one 
bamymetric region. CoMocyafhws zefarwfzae was not 
included in the bathymetric analysis, but would 
probably occur in the 0-100 m zone. 
The 104 species (all but CoMOcyafkws zdandzag) were 
scored for their occurrences in eight bathymetric 
zones: 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 200-400 m, 400-600 m, 
600-800 m, 800-1000 m, 1000-2000 m, and 2000- 
5000 m. These zones were then clustered by 
UPGMA using NTSYS-PC, version 1.60 (1991). The 
most obvious result of this cluster analysis was the 
faunistic break between the species occurring from 
0-400 m and those occurring deeper than 400 m, the 
similarity coefficient between these two clusters be- 
ing only 0265. Within the three shallower-water 
zones, those species occurring at 100-200 m have a 
strong affinity with those occurring at 200-400 m, 
whereas the species that occur at 0-100 m are some- 
what independent, joining the 100-400 m cluster only 
at the 0.347 leveL This faunistic break at 100 m was 
also noted by Squires and Keyes (1967: 36) in their 
bamymetric analysis of 23 New Zealand species. 
MINERALOGY 
In the context of a more comprehensive analysis of 
the mineralogy of the Scleractinia, the coralla of 
eight New Zealand species were analysed by X-ray 
diffraction to determine their calcium carbonate 
polymorph. All species consisted of 100% arago- 
nite. The species tested were CoryopkyUw e&Mgata, 
C. diomafaM, FfaMfwm aofazroa, TrwncafqfZakWwm 
dens, /aoania pac&ytAeca, Fafcak^akff%m% raoWgnsis, 
TnmcafogwyMiairr^gWans, andfofymyceswf/fsz. All 
recent Scleractinia thus far analysed have proven to 
be aragonitic (Filkom, in press). 
30 
CLASSIFICATION 
Order SCLERACTTNIA 
Suborder FUNGDNA 
Superfamily FUNGIOIDEA Dana, 1846 
Family FUNGIACYATHIDAE Chevalier, 1987 
FwMgwcyafkfsSars, 1872 
Corallum solitary, cupolate, and free; septotheca 
horizontal and usually quite fragile. Costae either 
thin serrate ridges or rounded and granular. Four 
or Avecydes of sepm;sepW faces cahnate, reflecting 
underlying trabeculae. All septa attached to their 
adjacent septa with synapticular plates. Pali may 
be present; columella spongy. 
Key to the six species of Fungiacyathus 
known from the New Zealand Region 
1 Five cycles of septa (96 septa) F.(FuMgwcya(/ms) 
_ 2 
Four cycles of septa (48 septa) F. (BafAyacfW 
4 
2 Septal and costal edges straight; numerous 
trabecular spines on inner septal edges 
   F. puaffws po(gfzcws 
Septal and costal edges sinuous (corrugated); 
no trabecular spines 3 
3 Small P2 present; septal lobes quite tall 
 F. skp/umws 
P2 absent; septal lobes not tall F.^u^iZis 
4 Costae rounded and granular; intercostal 
furrows deep near calicular edges (as 
in a turbinoliid); coralla small 
(311 mmGCD) F. (wr6mofm&s 
Costae ridged and serrate or granular; inter- 
costal regions shallow; adult coralla 
18-40 mm in diameter 3 
5 Base flat; all costae serrate ridges; 
trabecular ridges sparse and widely 
spaced (about 1.0-1.75 mm apart); 
diameter up to 40 mm  F. azgTenzgfkn 
Base highly concave; Cl-3 rounded and 
granular; trabecular ridges numerous 
and closely spaced (about every 0.4 mm 
apart); diameter up to 18 mm F. margaretae 
FwMgMcyafkws (FwMgMcyaf&Ms) Sars, 1872 
Fim^azcyatAMs having 96 septa (5 cycles). 
TYPE SPB3ES Fuf#zacygf&ws /hzgzfis Sars, 1872, by 
monotypy. 
REMARKS: Six species are known in the nominate 
subgenus, including one exclusively fossil species 
(F. euafMSK Wells, 1977, Eocene of Tonga) and one 
as yet undescribed species (F. sp. A of Cairns, 1994, 
North Pacific). The other four are F. pwswVus 
(Pourtales, 1868; F. /rogdig Sars, 1872, F. skp/zomw 
(Alcock, 1893), and F. pafx/erws (Alcock, 1902). The 
recent species occur worldwide at 99-2200 m. 
FwMgwMyaf&ws (FJ sfepAwms (Alcock, 1893) 
(Plate 1, a-c) 
BotAyocfis skpfwznws Alcock, 1893: 149, pL 5, ngs 12,12a. 
BafAyzcfts skpkma: Alcock 1898: 28-29, pL 3,6gs 5,5a. 
FwfypecyefW (FJ skp&Mws: Cairns 1989a: 7-9, pL 1, ngs 
a-k, pi. 2, ngs a-b (synonymy); Cairns & Keller 1993: 
230; Cairns 1994: 37, pL 13, ngs g-L 
MATBUAL Examined: New Records: NZOI Stn E774, 1, 
USNM 93983; Stn E784, 2, NZOI; Stn E869, 1, USNM 
93984; Stn P911,1, NZOI; Stn K805,1, NZOI; Stn U197,3, 
USNM 93985. Previous Records: 5* Cairns (1989a: 8). 
DisnuBUTiON: New Zealand region: Lord Howe Rise; 
Norfolk Ridge; Kennadec Ridge; Challenger Pla- 
teau; east of North Cape (Map 1); 1142-1705 m. 
Elsewhere: southwest Indian Ocean; Gulf of Aden; 
Bay of Bengal; off Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; 
245-2000 m. 
TYPES: The holotype is presumed to be deposited at 
the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 
TYPE LocALmr: fMoesfz^afor Stn 133, 15?43'30N, 
81 ?1930 E (off Krishna Delta, Bay of Bengal), 1240 m. 
REMARKS: Complete descriptions and synonymies of 
this species are given by Cairns (1989a, 1994) in the 
context of revisions of the Philippine and Norm 
Pacific Scleractinia, respectively. The records re- 
ported herein represent a southern range extension 
31 
for the species and the first record from the New 
Zealand region. The largest New Zealand speci- 
men (NZOI Stn U197) is 39.5 mm in (Ocular di- 
ameter and 17.2 mm in height, which is thought to 
be about the maximum size for the typical (concave 
base) form of the species. 
Fwigtacyaffiws gfephaMWS is quite similar to F./nzgifis 
and is compared to that species in that account. It 
is distinguished from other species in the subgenus 
by having extremely tall septa! lobes, a broad mar- 
ginal shelf, and highly corrugated septa. 
fwMgiacyaffM** (F.)/rag%Hs G. O. Sars, 1872 
(Plate 1, d,f) 
F:mg6zcyRfW/h%*fa; Skua, 1872: 58, pL 5, figs 24-32% 
Zibrowius 1980: 23-24, pL 5, Ggs A-% (synonymy); 
Calms 1982: 7, pi. 1, figs 3-7 (synonymy). 
B^hywA WwkngMVaughan, 1907:145-147, pL 27, Ggs 
1,1a. 
Not f ung&cyzfkwg symmefncus/nzgBzs Keller, 1976:41-43 
(junior homonym). 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Record: NZOI Stn E880, 2 
fragments, USNM 93975. Previous Records: Specimens 
repented by Cairns (1982):  Effxnnh Stn 1412 and 1846; 
holotype of B. hawaiiensis. 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: off west coast of 
New Zealand (rare) and Macquarie Ridge (Map 1); 
1029-1693 m. Elsewhere: North Atlantic; Hawai- 
ian Islands; 285-2200 m. 
TYPE& One syntype of F./ragiffs is known to be 
deposited at the Oslo Museum (B626). The holo- 
type of B. ibmK*nK%BM5 is deposited at the USNM 
(20834). 
TYPE LOCALITIES: F. fragilis: "Skraaven in Lofoten" 
(Norway), 549 m. B. AaimzweMsig; AMxzfross Stn 4125, 
between Oahu and Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 1761- 
2056 m. 
REMARKS: Nothing can be added to the descriptions 
of this species previously given by Zibrowius (1980) 
and Cairns (1982). The largest New Zealand speci- 
men examined (Efkmm Stn 1846) is 25.6 mm in di- 
ameter. It is quite similar to F.skpWxws, the only 
other species in the subgenus to attain a large cali- 
cular diameter. In fact, damaged and/or juvenile 
specimens of the two species are difficult to distin- 
guish; however, adult F. /hzgiZzs differs by lacking 
P2, lacking a marginal shelf, and by having much 
lower septal lobes. 
Fwwguzcygf&wg (FJ pwsiffwa paci/icws n. subsp. 
(Plate l,g-i,l) 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Types, q.v. 
DiSTTUBuriON: Known only from die New Zealand 
region on the Norfolk, Three Kings, arid southern 
Colville Ridges (Map 13); 350-988 m. 
DESCRIPTION: Holotype 17.5 mm in diameter and 
8.8 mm in height; largest specimen (NZOI Stn 197) 
21.4 mm in diameter. D:H of most well-preserved 
specimens about 2. Base flat to slightly concave. 
Costae straight, finely serrate ridges, appearing as 
beaded in centre of worn coralla. Intercostal 
width near calice edge 2-4 times width of a costa. 
Corallum white. 
Septa hexamerally arranged in 5 complete (96 
septa) cycles, even in coralla as small as 9.0 mm 
diameter. SI consist of 3 or 4 thick, ridged inner 
trabecular spines that are vertical to slightly 
incurved in shape. Peripheral to these spines is a 
tall septal lobe bearing 12-15 vertical serrate 
ridges on each face, the ridges alternating in 
position on either septal face. Peripheral to the tall 
lobe are 13-15 trabeculae that form a series of dis- 
junct lobes, each composed of only 2 or 3 trabecu- 
lae. 11 or 12 synapticulae occur per SI, the largest 
usually the sixth from the centre. S2 consist of 5 or 
6 irmer trabecular spines, the inner 3 inclined to- 
ward the columella (the third being quite massive), 
the outer 2 or 3 smaller and inclined outward. 
Peripheral to these spines is a tall septal lobe simi- 
lar in size and shape to that of the SI, but 
positioned shghdy further from centre of fossa and 
inclined slightly outward (not vertical). Peripheral 
to the tall S2 lobe is a similar arrangement of 13-15 
trabeculae that form smaller, disjunct lobes, as in 
the SI. S3 consist of 4 large inner trabecular spines, 
each spine consisting of 2 or 3 trabeculae, bordered 
by a septal lobe consisting of 7-9 ridges per face. S3 
lobe positioned further outward from centre of calice 
than S2 lobe and orientated even more oblique- 
ly, its outer edge extending beyond the base. This 
overextension of the S3 lobes and the virtually 
vertical outer edges of all septa produces a slight 
marginal shelf encircling the corallum, quite simi- 
lar to that seen in some species of Skp/zmzopAyUia. 
Outer edges of S3 consist of 7-9 trabeculae arranged 
in smaller lobes. S4 consist of 12-15 trabecular 
spines, some of them doubled into small lobes, but 
not united into a larger septal lobe. S5 consist of 5- 
7 slender trabecular spines. All septa are planar 
with straight edges, having no sinuousity or undu- 
32 
lations. Only SI are independent; pairs of S5 fuse to 
S4, pairs of S4 to S3, and pairs of S3 to S2, the inner 
edges of the Sl-2 reaching the columella. No septal 
canopies are present. Columella papillose and in- 
distinguishable from inner septal trabecular spines 
of Sl-2. 
TYPES Holotype: NZOI Stn U599, NZOI H-621. 
Paratypes: NZOI Stn G3,2, NZOI P-1000; Stn 196,3, 
NZOI P-1001; Stn 197,12, NZOI P-1002, 6, USNM 
93974; Stn K795,3, NZOI P-1003; Stn P10,3, USNM 
93973; Stn U582,3, USNM 93972; Stn U591,1, NZOI 
P-1004; Stn U599, 7, NZOI P-1005,5, USNM 93971. 
TYPE LocALm: 30?43'S, 173?16'E (northern Three 
Kings Ridge), 590-640 m. 
ETYMOLOGY: The subspecies name pacificus alludes 
to the larger-sized Pacific subspecies of the species. 
REMARKS: fMMgwcyofAws pwsMws p@c^Zc%<s is easily 
distinguished from F./hypHg and F. gfepAamw by its 
planar septa and solid corallum; it differs from F. 
paliferus in having serrate (not granular) costae, and 
in lacking P2; it differs from Fungiacyathus sp. A 
(sensu Cairns 1994) in lacking septal canopies and in 
having a papillose columella. But, f. pwaUus 
pacificus is remarkably similar to the nominate sub- 
species (Pourtales 1868), which is known only from 
the Caribbean at 285-439 m (see Cairns 1979% 
apparently differing only in size. The maximum 
known size for the Atlantic subspecies is 16.8 mm, 
that of the Pacific subspecies 21.4 mm. Correlated 
with the larger calicular diameter, F. pusillus pacificus 
also has better-developed and more numerous 
trabeculae per corresponding septal cycle. 
FuMgtgcygtkws (Baf&yacfis) Moseley, 1881 
Fungiacyathus having 48 (four cycles) septa. 
TYPE SPEcms: Fzwi#w gymnrngfrzca Pourtales, 1871, by 
monotypy. 
REMARKS: Nineteen species are known in this sub- 
genus (s# Caims 1989a, Filkom in press), five of 
them exclusively fossil in occurrence. The remain- 
ing 14 species occur worldwide at depths of 183- 
6328 m. 
FwMgiacyatkws (B.) mareMzgfkfi (Vaughan, 1906) 
(Plate 1, j-k) 
BefAyocfis margnzefkn Vaughan, 1906a: 66-67, pL 4, figs 
1-lb. 
Fwngigcygfkws merenzefkn: Caims 1979: 35-37, pL 2, figs 
8-9, pi. 3, figs 3, 8 (synonymy); Zibrowius 1980: 24- 
25, pL 6, figs A-M, pL 7, figs A-K (synonymy); Caims 
1982: 5-7, pL 1, Eg* 1-2, 8 (synonymy); 1994: 15-16, 
pi. 1, figs a-f (synonymy). 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn J667, 3, 
USNM 93976; Stn P939, 1, USNM 93978; Stn U203, 8, 
USNM 93977; Stn U204, 1, NZOI; Stn U224, 15, NZOL 
Previous Records: Type series of B. marenzeMfri. 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: abyssal plain 
south of Lord Howe Island; Bellona Trough; 
Raukumara Plain (Map 1); 1760-4954 m. Elsewhere: 
virtually cosmopolitan, including amphi-Atlantic, 
amphi-Pacific, Subantarctic, and off continental 
Antarctica (Caims 1994); 300-6328 m. 
TYPES: The holotype is deposited at the USNM 
(47415) and three paratypes are at the MCZ. 
TYPE LOCALITY: /Ukzfross Stn 4721, 8*07.5'S, 
104*10.5' W (off Peru), 3820 m. 
REMARKS: Because of its widespread distribution, f. 
marfMzefkn has been adequately described and 
figured before (see synonymy) and will therefore 
not be redescribed here. It differs from the other 
species in its subgenus by having a relatively large 
corallum, straight septal edges, and relatively few, 
widely spaced trabecular ridges. A large, well- 
preserved New Zealand specimen (NZOI Stn 1667, 
Plate 1, j, k) is 34.7 mm in diameter, but even larger 
coralla up to 40 mm GCD have been reported 
(Caims 1989a). Fwn#wcygf/zws mareHzefkri is the 
deepest-living coral known, and represents the 
deepest record of a scleractinian from the New 
Zealand region. 
Ao#:acyaf&ws (BJ mazyarffag n. sp. (Plate 2, a-c) 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Types, q.v. 
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the northern Col- 
ville Ridge (Map 20); 635-673 m. 
DESCRIPTION: Holotype 16.3 mm in calicular diameter 
and 8.3 mm in height; largest specimen (NZOI Stn 
P944) 183 mm in diameter.   Base highly concave, 
33 
the outer septal edges extending as much as 2 mm 
beyond basal perimeter. C4 consist of narrow, ser- 
rate ridges, but Cl-3 are wider (about 0.35 mm) 
and rounded, bearing small, rounded granules. 
CS1-3 develop small (1.1 mm), downward project- 
ing spurs at calicular edge. Corallum white. 
Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete 
(cycles. SI consist of 2 or 3 inner trabecular spines 
bordered by a highly exsert septal lobe that bears 
16-23 closely spaced, vertical, serrate ridges, these 
ridges becom-ing horizontally oriented near calicu- 
lar edge. S2 less exsert, consisting of 3 or 4 inner 
trabecular spines, bordered by a slightly smaller 
lobe consisting of 10-13 trabecular ridges. S3 about 
two-thirds width of an S3 and consist of a lobe of 8 
or 9 projecting trabecular spines, each pair of S3 
solidly fused to their common S2 by an imperforate 
canopy. S4 about two-thirds width of an S3 and 
also consist of 8 or 9 projecting trabecular spines, 
each pair of S4 solidly fused to their common S3 
through an imperforate canopy. Both SI and S2 
extend from columella to calicular edge, the SI 
being the only independent septa. Septa are planar 
with straight inner edges. Synapticular plates sol- 
id, 7 or 8 per SI or S2, the sixth from the columella 
being the tallest, rising well above the adjacent S4. 
Columella a central, circular plate 2.5-3.0 mm in 
diameter, often slightly concave and usually pene- 
trated by various trabecular spines from the inner 
edges of the Sl-2. 
TYPES: Holotype: NZOI Stn P944, NZOI H-622. 
Paratypes: NZOI Stn P944, 1, USNM 98979% Stn 
P947,2,NZOIP-1006; Stn P966,1, USNM 93980. 
TYPE LocAUTY: 27*20.8' S, 179*20.9' W (Colville 
Ridge), 673 m. 
ETYMOLOGY: This species is named in honour of my 
wife. 
REMARKS: Among the 13 other recent species in this 
subgenus, F. margaretae is most similar to F. granu- 
fosws Cairns, 1999a (Philippines, 390-567 m), both 
species having granular costae and similarly shaped 
septal trabecular ridges, fwngwcyof/xws marggrefw 
differs in having a highly concave base, costoseptal 
spurs, more exsert SI, more highly developed syn- 
apticular plates, and a smaller corallum. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn E275,l, 
NZOI; Stn E868,1, USNM 93981; BS391,6, MoNZ C0252, 
3, USNM 93982; Sbpe Stn 33,1, USNM, 2, NMV F67776. 
Previous RecordszType series. 
DBTRmtmoN: New Zealand region: southern Norfolk 
Ridge; off Three Kings Islands (Map 13); 600-751 m. 
Elsewhere: Celebes Sea; Formosa Strait; off Victoria 
(reported herein); 622-930 m. 
TYPES: The holotype and 65 paratypes are deposited 
at die USNM; two paratypes are also deposited at 
the AMS. 
TYPE LOCALITY: Afbafross Stn 5586, 4?06'50N, 
118?47'20 E (off Sabah, Celebes Sea), 635 m. 
REMARKS: FwMgiecyzf&wg fwrf%Mo/ioides was recently 
described and figured; nothing can be added to our 
knowledge of that species based on the worn New 
Zealand specimens except for the range extension. 
It is easily distinguished from other fwngzacygfAws 
by its deep peripheral intercostal furrows that sepa- 
rate wide, granular costae, which makes it appear 
like a turbinoliid from a basal view. Other distin- 
guishing characters include its robust compound 
trabecular spines; relatively few (3 or 4), low synap- 
ticular plates per SI (barely visible in an intact 
corallum); and lack of septal canopies. 
Family MICRABACHDAE Vaughan, 1905 
LekpsdMBMia Yabe & Eguchi, 1932d 
Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free; a small 
marginal shelf usually present. Costae thin and 
ser-rate, separated by wide, porous intercostal 
regions. Synapticulothecate, highly perforate septa 
altemat-ing in position with an equal number of 
costae. Columella spongy to papillose. 
TYPE SPECIES: 5kp/%mop&yffw ^brmosissima Moseley, 
1876, by original designation. 
REMARKS: Three species are currently recognised in 
this genus: 1. /brMzosissimg (Moseley, 1876), L 
swpersks (Ortmann, 1888), and L/ksiZzs n. sp. 
Fwayacygfkws (B.) &*rWMO#o&ks Cairns, 1989 
(Plate 2, d, e) 
Fungiacyathus (B.) turbinolioides Cairns, 1989a: 12-13, pi. 
6, figs a-g. 
Lffepsammia swperstes (Ortmann, 1888) 
(Plate 2, f-i) 
SkpkgMop&yffw swpfrsks Ortmann, 1888: 160-161, pi. 6, 
Bg. 5; Owens 1986b: 487. 
34 
Skp&gMopkyfNe (LekpsgnoMW /qmnwcg Yabe& Eguchi, 
1932b: 443 (mwn. nwf.); 1934: 281, figs 1-3; 1942k 139, 
156-157, pL 12, Bg. 8. 
Micrabacia japonica: Omura 1983: 119. 
SkphmopAyffk /gponioa: Zou 1988: 75, pL 5, Gg. 7. 
Wqwammk/brmosissmM (onna awpersfes: Cairns 1994: 
40-41, pL 15, Ggs. c, f. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn K795, 3, 
USNM 94060; Stn K828, 1, U5NM 94081; Stn K838, 1, 
NZOI; Stn K840, 11, USNM 94082; Stn T256, 1, NZOI; 
BS441,3, MoNZ C0226. 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: Kermadec Ridge 
(Map 20); 200-710 m. Elsewhere: Sagami Bay, Japan, 
to off Hong Kong, South China Sea; 77-307m 
(Caimsl994). 
DESCRIPTION: Corallum discoidal to patellate, some 
coralla having a flat base but most having a slightly 
conical base, the basal angle as low as 140?. Largest 
corallum examined (NZOI Stn K840) 19.7 in di- 
ameter and 7.4 mm in height. Costal ridges about 
0.15 mm wide near calicular edge, separated by 
intercostal spaces about 2 times as wide. Each 
costa bears a uniserial row of small (0.10-0.15 mm 
in height), closely adjacent, blunt teeth, producing 
finely serrate costal edges. Costae project 0.5- 
0.7 mm beyond septal edge perimeter, producing a 
narrow marginal shelf. Regularly spaced cylindri- 
cal synapticulae unite each costa to its 2 adjacent 
septa, 25-36 synapticular bridges occurring per 
major septum (= corallum radius) depending on 
size of corallum. Synapticular bridges create a 
series of intercostal pores that increase in diameter 
from epicentre to calicular edge (e.g., 0.10-0.25 mm 
diameter range). Corallum white. 
Septa invariably 96 in number, arranged in typi- 
cal micrabaciid fashion. SI independent and semi- 
circular in profile, with an oblique inner edge that 
slopes toward the columella. SI bear 16 or 17 slen- 
der trabecular spines, the innermost spines inclined 
toward columella. 152 bear about 13 trabecular 
spines, the innermost 3 spines quite robust, cylindri- 
cal, and finely granular. S3, prior to bifurcation, bear 
2 or 3 massive (0.5 mm in diameter), cylindrical 
spines, which constitute the highest point of corallum. 
Remaining S3 trabecular spines are smaller diameter 
cylinders or flattened perpendicular to septal plane. 
Each pair of S3 solidly fuses to its common S2 near 
columella. All septa highly porous and solidly fused 
to one another by synapticular rods that are circular 
to slightly elliptical in cross section, which usually 
occur in oblique rows relatively high in corallum. 
Fossa shallow, containing an elliptical Held of 11-18 
slighdyclavate granular papillae, aD interconnected 
among their bases. 
TYPES: The holotype of S. swpersfes is deposited at 
the Strasbourg Zoological Museum. Twosyntypes 
of 5. /aponica are deposited at the TIUS (50236). 
TYPE LOCALITIES: S. gwpersfes: Sagami Bay. 5. yopofzzca: 
Pleistocene limestone of the Ryukyu Islands. 
REMARKS: In my revision of the North Pacific Scler- 
actinia (Cairns 1994), I referred to the Japanese 
populations of this species as L. /brmaszssrn%z forma 
swpersks, the Japanese specimens described as dif- 
fering from typical L. /bmosissima in being smaller, 
having fewer septa, and having a papillose col- 
umella. Having seen additional specimens of this 
species from the New Zealand region I now believe 
this "form" to represent a distinct species, L swper- 
sfes. It differs from L. /brmosissrma in having a 
smaller corallum (GCD max. 20 mm vs 47 mm for 
L. ybrmosissoMa); having fewer septa (96 vs 2120 for 
L. /brmosissMMa); having spinose, sloping inner SI 
edges (those of L. /bnnosissmwz are vertical and not 
spinose); having a flat-based to patellate corallum 
(coralla of L /brmosissimM are exclusively flat); and 
having a papillose columella (that of L /brnzosissimg 
is spongy). Overall, L swpersks has a denser, more 
robust corallum and more closely spaced septa. 
IffepSAmuMia/bsiKs n. sp. (Plate 3, a-e) 
TStrpAanopAyfKa /brmosissima: Wells 1958: 263 (park 
specimen from New Zealand); Ralph & Squires 1962: 
16. 
fzkpsanonia sp. Squires 1964b: 3; Squires & Keyes 1967: 
21, pi. 4, Gg. 1. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Types, q.v.; specimens reported by 
Squires (1964b) as Lfkpsomwrua sp. (Rakre Stn B23, B26, 
B27, and LicMan, ATM). 
DiSTRmunoN: Known only from New Zealand region 
from southernmost Norfolk Ridge; off Three Kings 
Islands; and off North Island from North Cape to 
East Cape (Map 10); 106-206 m. 
DESOUPTTON: The typical shape of this species is a 
triangular wedge-shaped sector representing one- 
sixth (or 1 system minus enclosing SI) of a typical 
micrabaciid corallum. Its outer (calicular) edge is 
rounded and its two sides straight, making an inner 
35 
angle of about 60?. In time, these wedges grow out- 
ward as well as generate additional septa, result- 
ing in an increase in radius and edge angle. In only- 
one case (NZOI Stn P5) was an entire circular 
corallum generated from an initial fragment, the 
calice being 12.5 mm in diameter. Most sectors 
appear to originate at a calicular radius of about 
9 mm and a septal complement of 19. Multiplying 
19 by 6 and adding 6 for the missing SI yields a 
theoretical complement of 120 septa for an entire 
corallum. The holotype began from such a sector, 
but extended its radius to 12.1 mm and widened its 
calicular edge to encompass 31 septa. Regeneration 
of the original wedge-shaped corallum is most eas- 
ily seen and illustrated in basal view (Plate 3, e) as 
discontinuities or irregular additions to the costal 
structure. Costae are typical for the genus, consist- 
ing of narrow (0.10-0.15 mm), finely granular cos- 
tal ridges separated by rather wide (about 0.3 mm), 
porous intercostal regions. Virtually all specimens 
examined were worn, but it would appear that a 
low marginal shelf is present. Corallum white. 
Most coralla contain 12-32 septa, the majority 
having 19, and only one (the complete but juvenile 
corallum from NZOI Stn P5) having 96 septa. Sep- 
tal complements between 20-32 are the result of 
irregular additions by septal bifurcation of periph- 
eral septa of the original wedge. Because fission 
appears to occur along the symmetry of the SI, 
these septa are lost in the process. S2 independent 
and unbranched, rather low in relief, and highly 
porous, bearing 20-25 trabecular spines that consti- 
tute its entire border. S3 bifurcate in micrabaciid 
fashion, being quite irregularly developed along 
edges of regenerating coralla. Synapticulae absent 
from septal faces, but do occur basally, linking 
septa to costae. This lack of septal synapticular 
reinforcement may predispose the corallum to split- 
ting and explain the usual loss of the SI and col- 
umella following fission. 
Types: Holotype: BS881 (0627), MoNZ C0281. 
Para-types: NZOI Stn E256, 2, NZOI P-1007; Stn 
E261, 4, NZOI P-1008; Stn E359, 2, NZOI P-1009; 
Stn P5, 1, NZOI P-1010; BS770 (R128), 1, MoNZ 
CO308;BS833,18, MoNZ C0287, 6, USNM94085; 
135881 (0627), 10, MoNZC0281, 3, USNM 94086,; 
BS897(0643), 2, MoNZC0223; JWereStn B26, 6, 
USNM 81868; LaAW, 10,U5NM 81869. 
TYPE LOCALITY: 34W S, 173*06' E (off North Cape), 
163-168 m. 
ETYMOLOGY: The species name /zsszfis (Latin /issifis, 
splittable) refers to the fragile nature of the corallum 
of this species, which often splits into six wedge- 
shaped fragments. 
REMARKS: WgpemnmMZjGssifzs is distinguished from 
its two congeners by its distinctive asexual form of 
reproduction and regeneration, mitigated by its lack 
of septal face synapticulae. Although an intact 
corallum would appear to consist of 1120 septa, 
as in Lybrmzosissinwi, it differs from that species in 
having a smaller but more robust corallum. Fur- 
thermore, L /bnnosissmwz occurs at a greater depth 
in the New Zealand region. Lffepsammio/issifisis 
approximately the same size as L. swpersfgs, but 
would appear to have more septa in the fully 
developed condition (120 vs 96) and a flat base. 
Furthermore, L supersfes is characteristic of deeper 
waters to the north of the range of L /Zssifis. 
I^epsawama/bnwosissmwi (Moseley, 1876) 
(Plate 3, f, g) 
Skphanop&yffio /brnzoszsMmo Moseley, 1876: 561^562. 
Z^kpsowma/brmosissDMa: Owens, 1986b: 486-487; Cairns, 
1989a: 15-18, pi. 6, Gg. j, pL 7, ng. g-i, pi. 8, Ggs a-d 
(synonymy); Cairns & Parker, 1992: 8-9, pL 1, figs f, 
h; Not Cairns, 1994: 40-41, pi. 15, 6gs c, f (= L 
swpersfes). 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: Stn K804,5 (dead), 
NZOI; Stn K844,1, NZOI; Stn P10, 6, USNM 94084; Stn 
Pit 5, USNM 49232; Stn T256,1, NZOI; BS888 (0634), 1, 
MoNZ. 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: southern Norfolk 
Ridge, including Wanganella Bank; Kermadec 
Islands (off Raoul, Macauley, and Curtis) (Map 10); 
290- 378 m. Elsewhere: Indo-West Pacific from 
south-west Indian Ocean to Hawaiian Islands and 
South China Sea; 97-457 m. 
DIAGNOSIS: Discoidal coralla up to 46.7 mm in di- 
ameter (NZOI Stn P10); base flat to slightly convex; 
D:H up to 4.9 in large specimens. Thin (0.06- 
0.07 mm), ridged costae bear very small teeth or 
short spines, producing a finely serrate edge; inter- 
costal regions quite wide (3-6 times costal width) 
and porous, the synapticular bars connecting each 
coata to its 2 alternating, adjacent septa clearly vis- 
ible in basal view through the intercostal region. 
Synapticulae circular in cross section and rather 
scarce, restricted to base and lower edges of septa. 
A low, marginal shelf up to 3 mm wide present on 
36 
well-preserved specimens. Corallum white. 
Septa arranged in typical micrabaciid fashion 
(Caims 1989a: text-fig. 2), attaining 144 septa at a 
calicular diameter of 30-40 mm, but larger coralla 
of up to 46 mm diameter (MoNZ C0153) having up 
to 199 septa. SI independent and unbranched, hav- 
ing a smooth upper, inner edge, but a spinose 
peripheral edge. S2 also unbranched but not 
independent a pair of S3 fusing to each S2 near the 
columella. Each S3 bifurcates repeatedly, producing 
a majority of the septa. Sl-2 primarily non-porous, 
except for attenuate region in vicinity of marginal 
shelf, where all septa are porous. S3 also porous to 
varying degrees at regions of septal bifurcation. 
Columella elongate, papillose, and often heavily 
fused. 
TYPES: Rvesyntypes are deposited attheBM(NH). 
TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines and Indonesia, 174^236 m. 
REMARKS: Wepsgmmza/brmosissz'nM is compared to 
the two other species in its genus in previous re- 
marks, but it is most likely to be confused with 
R&om6opsmnm6z MyAa&% Owens, 1966a. lefepsmmma 
/brmosissima differs from the latter in having porous 
SI and no vepreculae and lacking septal canopies. 
Furthermore, PL nzpWb is more typical of deeper 
water (405-804 m) and is not yet known from die 
New Zealand region. 
SffpAawopkyffw Michelin, 1841 
Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free; a small mar- 
ginal shelf may be present. Costae granular. Syn- 
apticulothecate, 96 imperfbrate septa alternate in 
position with costae, the septa and costae intercon- 
nected by elongate, bar-shaped synapticulae in base 
(fulturae) or septal face synapticulae circular to 
elliptical in cross section.   Columella lamellar to 
papillose. 
TYPE SpEOEs: f wmgjg ekggms Bromn, 1837, by original 
designation. 
REMARKS: The generic synonymy is discussed in 
detail by Cairns (1989a) and die four species com- 
pared in a tabular key. The recognised species are 
S. ebgansfBrorm, 1837) (Mio-Pliocene, Europe); & 
comp/KBfa Moseley, 1876; S./%w#ufus Alcock, 1902b; 
and & PMgkcA; Boschma, 1923. 
SfgpAa?opAyfZ*g compficafg Moseley, 1876 
(Plates3,h,4,a-e) 
SkpAanopAyWia compfzcofg Moseley, 1876: 558-561, text- 
Ag; 1881:198-201, pL 4, 6g. 12, pi. 13, figs 3-n5; Van 
der Horst 1926:51; 1931:11; Gardiner 6 Waugh 1939: 
234; Filial & Scheer 1976:14; Cairns 1989a: 21, pL 12, 
Gg& a-b; Caims & Keller 1993: 231-232. 
MATEMAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn 196, 1, 
NZOI; Stn P13, 1, NZOI; Stn P14, 1, U5NM 94078; Stn 
U568,1, NZOI; Stn U584,11, U5NM 94079; Stn U592,1, 
NZOI. Previous Records: Syntypes of 5. compficafg; 
specimens reported by Van der Horst (1926,1931). 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: southern Norfolk 
Ridge; Three Kings Ridge (Map 10); 319-1137 m. 
Elsewhere: Indian Ocean (Saya de Malha Bank, 
Chagos and Maldive Archipelagos); Banda Sea; 229- 
236 m. 
DESCRIPTION: Corallum up to 18 mm in diameter and 
72 mm in height (NZOI Stn U584), with vertical 
outer edges and a flat to slightly convex base. 
Costae flat and relatively wide (about 020 mm at 
ralimlar edge), each separated by a porous inter- 
costal space about same width. In large coralla 
each intercostal region is bridged at regular inter- 
vals by 20-22 synapticular bars, which produce the 
porous basal structure. Each costa bears a central 
row of granules (about 50 pm in diameter) for its 
innermost 3-4 mm, beyond which the granules 
slightly decrease in size and form 2 rows, 1 row 
on each edge of the costa, the central region being 
flat to slightly concave. At calicular edge costae 
often slightly upturned, bifid, and extend about 
05 mm beyond septal perimeter, producing a small 
marginal shelf. Corallum white. 
Septa invariably 96 in number arranged in typical 
micrabaciid fashion like mat of S. /wigWiw (Caims 
1989a: text-fig. 3); however, in 2 specimens (figured 
syntype and 1 from NZOI Stn U584) pairs of very 
small septa appear to diverge from the outer edges 
of both SI and S2. SI independent, usually un- 
branched, and have an arched upper edge describ- 
ing a half circle; a vertical, non-spinose inner edge 
that borders the columella; and a spinose upper 
outer edge mat reflects the 18-21 trabecular spines 
that project from the septum. Trabecular spines 
gradually decrease in size away from the columella, 
each spine corresponding to a low, serrate ridge 
(vepreculum) on the septal face. S2 consist of 3 or 4 
rather massive, inward-inclined trabecular spines, 
peripheral to which is a semicircular septal lobe 
composed of about 15 trabecular spines. S3 and its 
37 
subsequent bifurcations also consist of trabecular 
spines, the innermost region of each S3 bearing 
2or3 thick spines. Each pair of S3 strongly fused to 
its common S2 by their inner edges as well as by 
numerous synapticular bars. Synapticular bars sol- 
idlyjoin all adjacent septa, particularly the SI and 
its adjacent septa, the b^rs(fmturae) occurring from 
the base to quite high in the corallum. All septa 
imperforate;Sl-2 planar and straight, whereas S3, 
because of their repeated bifurcations, appear to 
meander. Fossa shallow, containing a prominent, 
narrow (05 mm wide), lamellar columella, the sum- 
mit of which is often divided into papillae or stout, 
lamellar segments. 
TYPES: TWO syntypes are deposited at the BM(NH) 
(1880.11.25.155A-B). 
TYPE LocAUTY: CWeMgerStn 192,5?42'S, 132!?:%;' IS 
(off Km Islands, Banda Sea), 236 m. 
REMARKS: SkpbzMopki/Hwz comp/zcofo differs from the 
two other recent species in the genus by having a 
relatively thin, lamellar columella and in having SI 
with vertical, non-spinose inner septal edges. Also, 
5. compfzcmbz attains a larger size than the other 
species and has more widely spaced septa. Stephano- 
phyllia complicata is further differentiated from S. 
fungulus by having a thinner base and synapticular 
bars that are circular in cross section, not as mas- 
sive and elongate as those in S.yungwfus. 
Suborder FAVIINA 
Superbmily FAVIOIDEA Gregory, 1900 
Family RHTZANGIIDAE d'Orbigny, 1851 
C?fWa Dana, 1846 
Corallum colonial (reptoid), consisting of short, 
cylindrical corallites linked together by stolons. 
Corallites epithecate, the epitheca often rising above 
upper, outer septal edges as a thin, continuous rim. 
SI and often S2 lobate; higher cycle septa lobate to 
coarsely dentate. Paliform lobes often present; 
columella papillose. 
TYPE SPECIES:   Cuficfg sfeZZafa Dana, 1846, by 
subsequent designation (Wells 1936). 
REMARKS: Approximately 15 species have been de- 
scribed in the genus Cw(6%g, but, like for most other 
shallow-water azooxanthellate genera, a worldwide 
revision is needed to establish the valid species and 
their synonyms. Despite the report of at least four 
species of CWxcw from New Zealand waters, it is 
suggested that only one species exists, C. ndvo&z, 
and mat it may be endemic to this region. 
Cwf&dg rwbfoZa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 
(Plates 4, g, h, 5, a-c) 
DWrophyUw rwkoL: Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 197-198, 
pL 15, Ggs 12-15; Dana 1846:389. 
Angw rwkob: Milne Edwards & Haime 1848c pi. 7, figs 
6, 6a; 1849:176. 
CyWcig rwAada: Milne Edwards & Haime 1857: 607-608; 
Not Teniaon Woods 1878a: 324,325 (= C. Aqgneisfen); 
?Tate 1890: 173;    Not Dennant 1904: 9 (= C. 
gwdnzHgnas); Not Howchin 1909:247 (= C kqgmmsffn). 
CyfkM Auffom Tenison Woods, 1879: 132, pi. 12, Gg. 1; 
Mutton 1904: 315. 
Not CWicw ruAeda Wells 1954:464-465, pL 185, ngs 3-6. 
CWicia rwkob: Squires 1960c: 6-7, figs 5-6; Ralph & 
Squires 1962: 4-^5, pi. 1, figs 1^5; Squires 1964b: 3; 
Squires & Keyes 1967: 21, pi 1, fig. 1; Morton & 
Miller 1968:159-160, pL 7, Gg. 4; Grace & Grace 1976: 
99; Dawson 1979:28; Brook 1982:168-169; Hayward, 
d d. 1985:101. 
Not Cwficw sp. cf. C. ndeola: Cairns 1991a: 7. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn C910,1, 
NZOI; Stn M763, 3, NZOI; Stn M793, 20, USNM 94000; 
Sm S251, 3, NZOI; Doubtful Sound, 20-30 m, 2, USNM 
76306; Ocean Beach, Kawhia, 20, AUM 12020; Rangaunu 
Harbour, 82 m, 6, AUM 147; Manukau Harbour on 
bivalve Perma cmwJicwfug, 2, AUM 140, H1201; between 
Great and Little Barrier Islands, 77 m, 1, AIM. Previous 
Records: Some of the specimens reported by Ralph and 
Squires, 1962 (AIM); Squires, 1964b (AIM); and Squires 
and Keyes, 1967 (NZOI). 
DisnuBUTiON: New Zealand region: Probably endemic 
to New Zealand region, off all coasts of Norm Island 
and off Fiordland (Map 6); 0-82 m. 
DEsanmDN: Colonies low and encrusting, formed 
by reptoid budding from short, flat stolons. If the 
substratum is smooth (e.g., a bivalve shell, Plate 4, 
g, h), a circular colony may develop, one of the 
larger known colonies (AUM 140) being 60 mm in 
diameter and consisting of about 200 corallites. In 
these circular colonies, corallites are relatively 
short (13-20 mm) and usually spaced less than 1 
fplirnlar diameter from each other, but rarely 
directly adjacent. The reptoid budding sequence 
can usually even be traced to a founder corallite, 
which is invariably 3 8 budding generations from 
38 
colony edge. Corallites in centre of colony vertical, 
whereas peripheral corallites are usually inclined 
outward. But if the substratum is irregular or other 
organisms are competing from the same space, 
corallites are more irregular in arrangement, have 
longer stolons, and are often taller (up to 8 mm). 
Calices dioJar and 3.0-6.0 mm m diameter (although 
most corallites are 3.5-4.5 mm in diameter), larger 
corallites apparently associated with sheltered envir- 
onments (Brook 1982). Coralla epithecate, bearing 
thin, horizontal thecal corrugations encircling each 
corallite. Occasionally vertical granular costae are 
detectable beneath the veil of epitheca, the epitheca 
rising above the level of the septa as a thin, entire 
(smooth), circular rim. Corallum white; polyps pink. 
Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles, the fourth 
cycle rarely complete (most corallites having 30-40 
septa); however, one large corallite (GCD = 5.6, 
AU147) has 62 septa. Hexameral symmetry often 
difficult to determine because of unequal develop- 
ment of S4 within systems and the similarity of S2 
to SI in systems having pairs of S4. Often the 2 
systems of a corallite on the leading edge of the 
colony are more developed, these 2 systems each 
having 2 pairs of S4, whereas the proximal systems 
will have only 1 pair or no S4. Each SI has 1 or 2 
narrow lobes on its upper margin adjacent to 
epitheca, then widens to a fuller primary septal 
lobe with a straight inner edge and 1 or 2 tall but 
narrow paliform lobes adjacent to columella. S2 
half to three-quarters width of an SI and bear 5 or 6 
rounded lobes, the innermost lobes similar in size 
and shape to PI. If a pair of S4 flanks an S3, the S3 is 
almost as wide as an S2, each S3 pair fusing with the 
inner edge of the common S2. Inner edges of these 
S3 composed of numerous slender, horizontally ori- 
ented lobes and several larger, inner paliform lobes. 
S3 unflanked by pairs of S4 are much smaller, about 
one-third width of an S2, and composed of numer- 
ous slender, horizontally oriented lobes. S4, if pres- 
ent, rudimentary. Fossa moderate to deep, contain- 
ing a well-developed papillose columella composed 
of 5-10 slender, nongranular pillars that are indis- 
tinguishable in size (about 0.15 mm in diameter) and 
shape from inner paliform lobes (Pl-3). 
TYPES: The type specimen of DeMdnop&yWw rwbeo&z 
was stated to be deposited at the Otago Museum by 
Ralph and Squires (1962: 5, pi. 1, fig. 5); however, 
this specimen could not be located there in 1991 
and it is more likely that Quoy and Gaimard's type 
wouldbeatmeMNHNP. Theholotypeof C. 
huttoni was not traced, although the original 
description implies that it also was deposited in the 
Otago Museum, Dunedin. 
TYPE LocALmEs: DfMdrop&yHio rwko&z: Tamise (= 
Thames) River, New Zealand; depth unknown. 
Cyficia kwffom: "on old metal near the slip at Welling- 
ton, therefore may have been introduced" (Tenison 
Woods 1879:132). 
REMARKS: No attempt was made to rigorously com- 
pare O r%!%%da to the 12-14 other species in die 
genus, many of those species being known from 
few sp?ecimens and often from dubious localities. A 
revision of the genus is obviously needed. It is 
noted, however, that Wells' (1954) C. rw&eo&z from 
the Marshall Islands and Cairns' (1991a) specimen 
from the GalApagos ace not conspecific with the 
New Zealand C. rwko&z, and that the New Zealand 
species is similar to C. %K#pmw%s&%n (Squires, 1966 
(known from off southeastern Australia), but dif- 
fers m aspects of septal dentition. 
It should also be noted that a second species, C. 
smzf/zn (Milne Edwards &Haime, 1849), has been 
reported from off New Zealand. Only (me speci- 
men is known, the reputed type illustrated by Ralph 
and (Squires (1962: pi. 1, Eg. 6) and Secures and 
Keyes (1967: pi 1, fig. 1). This specimen appears to 
differ from C. rwkok in having very closely adja- 
cent corallites (cerioid) and, according to Ralph and 
Squires (1962), its septa are not lobate at the epi- 
theca] wall Squires and Keyes (1967) indicated 
some uncertamty about the legitimacy of this type 
specimen as well as the accuracy of its type locality. 
Because no additional specimens of this shallow- 
water species have been reported from off New 
Zealand since 1649,1 strongly doubt that C smifAn 
occurs in New Zealand waters. 
A third species, Cyficza mewa Tenison Woods, 1879, 
issynonymisedwimMbMomycegrw6rwm. 
Family OCULINIDAEGray, 1847 
OcwKna Lamarck, 1816 
Corallum colonial (arborescent), corallites formed 
by extratentacular, alternate budding; axial coral- 
lites absent. Coenosteum dense and costate or 
uniformly granular. Pali or paliform lobes present 
before all but last septal cycle, usually in 2 crowns. 
Columella papillose. 
TYPE SPECEs: AWreporo pirgzna; Lamarck, 181(5 (= 
OcWnza jfj^fwsa Lamarck, 1816), by subsequent 
designation (Milne Edwards & Haime 1850: xix). 
39 
REMARKS: Of the approximately 25 nominal species 
in the genus, probably only 4 or 5 appear to be valid 
species (Cairns 1991a). The genus includes both 
zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate species and is 
commonest in the western Atlantic. 
Ocwf ma %myo*a Squires, 1958    (Plates 4, f, i, 5, c, d) 
Ocwfmawgosa Squires, 1958:39, pL 5, figs 8-16, texWig. 
11; Ralph & Squires 1962: 5-6, pL 1, % 7; Squires & 
Keyes 1967: 22, pi. 1, Hg. 3; Cairns 1991a: 10; Grant- 
Mackie, 1993:16,17,20. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn F928, 5 
branches, NZOtSm 1969,NZDI;Sm]970,NZOl;BS895 
(Q641), 10 branches, MoNZ CO307 and 312; BS898 (0644), 
1 colony, MoNZ CO290; BS899 (0645), 3 colonies, MoNZ 
GQ166 and 299; BS907 (0653), MoNZ; BS910 (0656), 1 
colony, MoNZ CQ27; 5-6 km off North Cape, 40 m, 2 
colonies, AUM 9129, H1200; Efingmmk wreck. West King 
Island, 42-46 m, 3 colonies, AIM; off Poor Knights Island, 
29 m, NZGS; Cape Karikan, Doubtless Bay, 49 m, NZGS. 
Previous Records: Specimens reported by Squires (1958) 
several of which are at the U5NM; Ralph and Squires 
(1962); and Squires and Keyes (1967). 
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from New Zealand region 
in a circumscribed area off northeast coast of North 
Island from Three Kings Islands to Poor Knights 
Wand (Map 8); 29-388 m. 
DESCRIPTION: Corallum sparsely and irregularly 
branched, one of the largest specimens examined 
(AU9129, Plate 4, f) 140 mm in height and 14 mm in 
basal branch diameter, having 13 terminal branches. 
Slender terminal branches bear distally inclined, 
sympodially arranged corallites, but intermediate 
to large-diameter branches bear perpendicularly 
oriented corallites that are uniformly distributed 
on all branch faces. Most corallites are exsert, as 
much as 3.0 mm; however, corallites on basal 
branches sometimes flush or even recessed into 
coenosteum. Calicos circular, ranging from 2.5- 
4.5 mm in diameter. Costae conspicuous only near 
calice, where they are 0.22-0.31 mm wide and 
separated by shallow intercostal striae about 30 }im 
in width. Costae, as well as remaining coenosteum, 
covered with low, rounded granules 70-80 |xm in 
diameter. 
Septa predominantly hexamerally arranged in 4 
complete cycles, one pair of S4 usually occurring in 
each of the 2 systems on the leading (distal) edge of 
each corallite, resulting in 28 septa (6:6:12:4). 
Occasionally, one system is without the S4 pair 
or a third system acquires a pair of S4, resulting in 
26 or 30 septa, respectively. In about 10% of the 
corallites examined, septa are heptamerally 
arranged in 3 complete cycles (7:7:14), also resulting 
in 28 septa. SI exsert (up to 0.8 mm) and rather 
narrow (0.7 mm), having straight, vertical, slightly 
dentate inner edges, each of which bears a narrow 
(0.15 mm wide) paliform lobe near the columella. 
S2 slightly less exsert and less wide (about three- 
quarters width) than an SI, each bearing a slightly 
wider (025- 030 mm) paliform lobe. S3 half to 
two-thirds width of an S2 and have dentate 
inner edges, unless flanked by a pair of S4, in 
which case they are as wide as an S2 and bear a 
paliform lobe of equal size and same relative 
position as a P2, the 2 paliform lobes within such 
a system being paired. The crown of 6 PI lie low in 
die fossa directly adjacent to the columella; the 6-8 
P2 form a second crown of lobes that rise higher 
in the fossa and are slightly more recessed from 
the columella than the PI. Columella papillose, 
composed of 2-4 granular pillars. 
TYPES: The holotype and three paratypes are depo- 
sited at the NZGS, the holotype numbered CQ1219. 
TYPE LOCALITY: Sandstone, Waitemata Group, the 
Funnel, Kaipara Harbour, Auckland, North Island, 
Altonian (early Miocene). 
REMARKS: Two exclusively fossil species of OcWiMd 
are known from New Zealand: O. omwzruenas Park, 
1917 (middle Eocene to early Miocene) arid O. w/rens 
Squires, 1958 (Cretaceous), and only one other re- 
cent Pacific species is known: O. prq/%wzdo Cairns, 
1991a (Galapagos and California, 119-^578 m). Oc- 
wfffM pfrgosa is distinguished from these three spe- 
cies by its tendency to have 28 septa, either in an 
incomplete hexamerally arranged fourth cycle or a 
full heptamerally arranged three cycles. Squires' 
(1958: text-fig. 11) diagram of the septal plan of this 
species is incorrect, showing twice as many septa 
(56) as proper and thus also confusing the paliform 
lobe arrangement. 
Madrepore Linnaeus, 1758 
Corallum colonial (arborescent), corallites formed 
by extratentacular alternate budding; no axial 
corallites. Coenosteum dense and weakly costate 
or uniformly granular. P2 sometimes present. 
Columella papillose or absent. 
TYPE SPECms: Madrgponz ocu&%6% Linnaeus, 1758, by 
subsequent designation (Verrill 1901). 
40 
REMARKS: Many species names have been attributed 
to the genus Madrepore (see Zibrowius 1974b); how- 
ever, mere are probably only three or four valid 
recent species, which includes the highly variable, 
cosmopolitan M.ocWafa Linnaeus, 1758. Adiscus- 
sion of its variation is found in Zibrowius (1980) 
and Cairns (1982,1991a). Other distinctive species 
include: M. azmfina (Pourtales, 1871) andM. tauaieM- 
sis Vaughan, 1907. 
Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 
(Plates 5, e, f, 6, a, b) 
AWnzpon: ocxdcfo Linnaeus, 1758: 798; Zibrowius 1974b: 
762-766, pi. 2, figs 2-5 (synonymy); Calms 1979: 39- 
42, pL 3, ng. 2, pi. 4, ng. 5, pi. 5, figs 1-3 (synonymy); 
Zibrowius 1980: 36-40, pL 13, ngs A-P (synonymy); 
Calms 1991a: 9-10, pL 2, Gg. {, pi. 3, Ggs a-d; 1994: 
1819, pi. 3, figs, f-h (synonymy). 
Madngpom %%(%# Squires & Keyes, 1967:22, pL 1, Bgs 4-8; 
Dawson 1979: 29-30. 
of the species occur in the New Zealand region: 
forma Wfigf, decribed as a new species by Squires 
and Keyes (1967) and the "symbiotic" form, so 
named because of its association with commensal 
poly-chaetes that form tube galls throughout the 
corallum. Forma Dzrzae consists of robust colonies 
with long sympodially budded branches that infre- 
quently anastomose. Its coenosteum is white and 
faintly striate. Calices are 2.6-3.3 mm in diameter 
and septa are hexamerally arranged in three com- 
plete cycles (S1>S2>S3). P2 may or may not be 
present; the columella is rather small and papillose. 
The symbiotic form consists of small, bushy colo- 
nies that are penetrated by polychaete worm tubes. 
Its branches are relatively short and frequently anas- 
tomose. Its coenosteum is light brown and finely 
granular, not striate. Calices are smaller, only 1.9? 
22 mm in diameter, and septa are hexamerally ar- 
ranged in three cycles (S1>S2>S3). P2 may or may 
not be present; columella papillose and rather large. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: typical (vitiae) form: 
NZOI Stn B490, USNM 88376; NZOI Stn C509, NZOI; 
Stn D6, NZOI; Stn D424 (dead), NZOt Stn E908, NZOI; 
Stn F10, NZOI; Stn H222, NZOt Sm H223, NZOt Stn 
P68, NOZt Sm S572, USNM 93989; Sm T235, NZQt Sm 
T256, NZOI; Vbfcamxky Stn 64, AUM AU12299. Encrusting 
form: NZOI Stn K828, NZOt Sm K840, NZOI; Sm K858, 
NZOI; Sm U591, USNM 93987; Sm U594, USNM 93988; 
Sm Z2098, NZOI; BS441, MoNZ C0256. Previous 
Records: Types of M. vitiae; specimens reported by Squires 
and Keyes (1967) and Cairns (1982). 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: typical form: 
widespread from southern Macquarie Ridge to 
Kermadec and Three Kings Ridges (Map 2); 149- 
946 m, the shallowest records off Fiordland. Sym- 
biotic form: Three Kings and Kermadec Ridges: 
398-850 m. Elsewhere: cosmopolitan except for off 
continental Antarctic; 15-1500 m. 
TYPES: The types of M. oculata are lost (Zibrowius 
1980). The holotype and three paratypes of M. 
p#og are deposited at the NZOI (H-17, P-18-20) (s* 
Dawson 1979). 
TYPE LOCALITIES: M. oculata: Tyrrhenian Sea and off 
Sicily, Mediterranean; depth unknown. M. vitiae: 
NZOI Stn B314, 39*22' S, 171*50' E (northwest of 
Cape Farewell), 230-251 m. 
REMARKS: AWfKpofB ocw&zfg is a widespread and 
variable species that has been described and 
illustrated many times (see synonymy). Two forms 
Family ANTHEMTPHYLLIIDAE Vaughan, 1907 
AMthffMapkyfMg PourtalGs, 1878 
Corallum solitary and patellate or bowl-shaped. 
Coralla begin attached to substratum but usually 
become free as an adult. Base porcellanous and/or 
costate, often showing a scar of attachment Septo- 
theca thick and dense. Septal edges dentate to 
coarsely lobate. Pali absent; columella papillose. 
TYPE SPECIES: AMfA#mp/n//fw pakra Pourtal6s, 1878, 
by monotypy. 
REMARKS: AMf/zemzpTzy/fw is the only genus in the 
Anthemiphylliidae; however. Best and Hoeksema 
(1987) consider it to be a faviid genus, with close 
affinities to 7ndopkyW%% Gerth, 1921. Six species are 
known in the genus: A paffro Pourtal6s, 1878 (west- 
em Atlantic, 500-700 m); A. denk&z (Alcock, 1902a); 
A. pac(/*ca Vaughan, 1907 (off Hawaiian Islands, 
205- 296 m); A pzkfb Gerth, 1923 (Tertiary, Java); 
A/hwfa Calms, 1994 (off Japan, 237-241 m); and an 
undescribed species (A. denfafa sznsw Cairns 1984) 
(off Hawaiian Islands, 369 m). 
Aa*&?m*p&yZKa dewfafa (Alcock, 1902) 
(Plate 6, c-g) 
Discofrodnw dfMtofas Akock, 1902a: 104; 1902c 27, pL 4, 
figs 26,26a. 
41 
^Mdemykyf/w denkfa: Wells 195& 264, pL 1, Hgs 8-11; 
Not Cairns 1964: 11, pi. 1, Age F-G (= undescnbed 
spedes);Best AHoeksema 1987: 398-399, ngs 9a-c; 
Cairns & Parker 1992:16-17, pi. 4, figs e-f (synonymy); 
Cairns 1994: 44-45, pL 18, Hgsd-f (synonymy). 
MATERIAL EXAMINED: New Records: NZOI Stn C527, 8, 
U5NM 93990; Stn 192, 1, NZOt Stn K828, 2, USNM 
93991; Stn K840, 3, NZOI; Stn K842, 1 attached form, 
USNM 93992;StnK858, 2, NZOI; Stn K872,1 attached 
form, USNM 93993; Stn P10,4, NZOI; Stn T217,5, USNM 
93994; Stn U591, 1, USNM 93996% Stn U594, 2, NZOt 
BS441,16, MoNZ C0226 and 234,6, USNM 94357. 
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand region: ridges north of 
New Zealand, including southern Norfolk, Three 
Kings, and Kermadec Ridges (Map 14); 280-^570 m. 
Elsewhere: Arabian Sea; Maldives; Sulu and Banda 
Seas; off Japan; off southeast Australia and Tas- 
mania; 50-560 m. 
DESCRIPTION: Corallum shaped as a shallow bowl, 
the largest specimen examined (NZOI Stn T217) 
21.9 mm in diameter and 11.4 mm in height. Most 
coralla are free, but often display a circular scar or 
irregularity 4-6 mm in diameter at centre of base. 
Several specimens, including all juvenile specimens 
and 2 adults from NZOI Stn K842 and K872, are 
firmly attached to the substratum by a region 4- 
6 mm in diameter. It is believed that free coralla 
result when specimens originally attach to a small 
and/or unconsolidated substratum; attached coralla 
persist if the substratum is large and solid. Central 
basal region often smooth, even porcellanous, but 
toward basal perimeter discrete, rounded costae 
0.8-1.0 mm wide occur, separated by narrow 
(0.2 mm) intercostal furrows that become increas- 
ingly deep towards basal edge. Occasionally very 
thin ridges bisect each intercostal furrow. Costae 
very finely granular, 6 or 7 granules occurring across 
the width of a costa, each granules about 50 urn in 
diameter. Corallum white. 
Septa hexamerally arranged in 5 cycles, the last 
cycle usually incomplete, the most common septal 
complement being 60, achieved by having one 
pair of 55 in each system. In some coralla, 2 
pairs of S5 occur in a system, but invariably within 
the same half-system. Sl-2 quite thick (up to 1 mm) 
and bear 7-11 septal lobes, the number dependent 
on the calicular radius. Innermost septal lobes cy- 
lindrical (0.3-0.4 mm in diameter), but become in- 
creasingly wider and thicker toward calicular edge 
such that outermost lobes are quite coarse (up to 
1 mm wide) and have blunt tips. Sl-2 have straight 
inner edges and highly granular faces, especially 
the faces of the prominent septal lobes. S2 only 
slightly less exsert and less wide than the 151. S3 
almost as wide as the S2 (reaching almost to colu- 
mella), but only half as thick. S3 bear 12-16 tall, 
cyclindrical teeth, the tallest being near the calicular 
edge. Unflanked S4 and all S5 about half width of 
an S3 and bear 10-12 tall, laciniate teeth, each about 
0.3 mm in diameter. Fossa shallow, containing a 
granular, papillose columella, the elements about 
0.5 mm in diameter, and indistinguishable from in- 
ner teeth of Sl-2. 
TYPES Seven syntypes of D. denfizrws are deposited 
at the ZMA (Coel 716-718) (Van Soest 1979). 
TYPE LOCALITY: SAqgo Stns 95,98, and 100, Sulu Sea; 
350-522 m. 
REMARKS: The New Zealand specimens reported 
herein differ slightly from those reported from the 
Indian Ocean (Cairns & Keller 1993), Australia 
(Calms & Parker 1992), and the Sulu Sea (Akock 
1902a) in having smaller, bowl-shaped coralla. 
Specimens from other regions are usually larger 
and flatter, and, being larger, have more septal 
spines/lobes per septum. The Sl-2 septal lobes of 
the New Zealand specimens are, in general, fewer 
in number and coarser in shape than those from 
other regions, but there appears to be great varia- 
tion in this character, even among specimens from 
the same station. AMf&emzpAyffio deM&zfo is distin- 
guished from other species in the genus by having 
up to 5 cycles of septa and relatively large coralla, 
most other species having smaller coralla and only 
4 cycles of septa. The New Zealand specimens are 
similar to the unique specimen reported as A d#zbzfg 
by Cairns (1984), both taxa having bowl-shaped 
coralla of about the same size and 60 septa, but the 
Hawaiian specimen is distinguished by its distinc- 
tive SI location. 
Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA 
Superfamily CARYOPHYLLIOIDEA Dana, 1846 
Farmily CARYOPHYLUIDAE Dana, 1846 
CaryopkyfMa Lamarck, 1816 
Corallum solitary; attached (subcylindrical, cera- 
toid, trochoid) or free (comute). Calice circular, 
elliptical, or compressed; thecal edge spines 
present on species having compressed coralla. 
Septal symmetry variable, but hexameral symmetry 
with 4 cycles of septa most common. One crown of 
pali present before penultimate or (rarely) antipenulti- 
42