ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 311 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES, HABITAT CONVERSION, INTRODUCED BIOTA BY ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. October 1987 @ COPYKTGHT 1.987 by I IAI JP~I ' J GECIGRAPIITC SOCIETY & H A W A I I A N TELEPHONE COMPANY - -a]. 1 r i . ~ h t s reserved P e r m i s s i o n t o u s e o r r e p r i n t mus t b e o b t a i n e d i n w r i t i n g from ~ a w a i ' i Geograph ic S o c i e t y .5A*.* . Northern / I LYCU." I .I.. "l-*ln i Y",W Mariana 1 .................................................................. I rour* rrc,rr courll l lor I ........ I An 18 x 25" (45 x 62 cm) en- largement of this map is avail- able postpaid for $5; the same size, deluxe edition, sent rolled in a tube via airmail is $10. A complete list of available maps will be sent on request. Send orders, requests for informa- tion, and suggestions to: Hawai'i Geographic Society Post Office Box 1698 Honolulu, 96806-1 698, HAWAII 2oS-53&-3S52 8 0 U - 3 2 3 - 3 7 2 3 - ~ h 5 ~ ......... . I i I A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES, HABITAT CONVERSION, INTRODUCED BIOTA BY ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS Introduction To plant conservationists who must fervently gather botanical intelligence against a time-frame of rapidly dwindling plant populations and habitats, the following statements expressed by M.-H. Sachet and F.R. Fosberg (1955, 1971) are both pertinent and self-explanatory: "The great unsolved problem of modern scientific methodology is that of bibliography, that of knowing what has been accomplished already. In starting any line of investigation the scientist is faced with the choice of ignoring his predeces- sors, possibly wasting much time on work that has already been done and missing valuable information and ideas, or of spending a large proportion of his time in study of current and past literature on the field. The latter alternative is preferable from almost any viewpoint, though the amount of time involved makes it very expensive ... Any worker who, for his own investigation, explores the literature of a field with some thoroughness may do his colleagues a useful service if he presents the results of such a search in the form of an annotated bibliography. His familiarity with the contents of the papers examined may enable him to save later workers an enormous amount of time by indicating very briefly what the paper is, whether it contains original information and what aspect of the field is covered." Plant Conservation Unit. Department of Botany. National Museum of Natural ist tor^; Smithsonian ~nititution, Washington, D. C. 20560 Several large regions of the world are plagued by conservation problems shaped around a particular inherent set of geographical, biological and human conditions which have been operational for varying periods of time. Typical of situations facing Latin Amerlica are the progress of economic development in Amazonia with its attendant loss of rainforest biodiversity, and the Central American "hamburger connection" involving conversion of forests to grazing land to support the export of cheap beef to the United States. Characteristic of Africa is the struggle with desertification in the Sahel and the terminally desperate fuelwood crisis there. Europe has its centuries- long history of urbanization and the deforestation of Mediterranean lands to contend with, while the similarly industrialized North American continent must deal with large-scale wetland drainage, the effects of high- technology terrain vehicles (swamp buggies, dune buggies, snowmobiles, motorcycles) on the landscape, as well as protecting the endangered cacti indigenous to the deserts from overexploitative commerce. The 7,500 islands of the Pacific Ocean share a unifying theme in connection with environmental and ecological disturbances, for their island ecosystems are very sensitive and fragile, and easily susceptible to irreversible vegetational and erosional damage as caused by weeds, feral animals, and humankind. As noted by Arthur Dahl (1986), "The total land area of Oceania is very small, but the region has the world's highest proportions of endangered species, ... and probably endemic species, per unit area or per inhabitant." In addition to the spe- cialized and endangered flora of such isolated Pacific eco- systems, which are partly within the Cretaceous cradle of evolution of the first, primitive flowering plants, the Pacific islands usher us into their uniqueness by means of considerat ion of the sandalwood trade, the phenomenon of mass dieback of forests, the practice of total conversion of islands into coconut plantations for the copra trade, the impact of military operations during World War 11, studies of radioactivity levels and nuclear detonations on the remote shores of selected atolls, and the serious degradation of the incomparably beautiful and productive coral reefs by crown-of-thorns starfish and silt from ac- celerated terrestrial erosion. The geographical scope of this bibliography, on which research was concluded in May 1987, encompasses Micronesia, Polynesia and Melanesia, with boundaries including Clipper- ton, Cocos, Galapagos, Easter and Juan Fernandez Islands in the eastern Pacific; Norfolk, Lord Howe, New Hebrides, Bismarck, and Admiralty Islands in the south and western reaches of the ocean, and northwards to the Ryukyu and Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. The coverage excludes a number of islands which are in a comparatively close proximity to mainland, such as Japan, the Philippines, Borneo, and New Guinea, as well as the more distant and very large islands comprising New Zealand. A number of people deserve my grateful thanks for their encouragement and assistance during this project. In the Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, I wish to thank Dr. F. Raymond Fosberg, Dr. Marie-Helene Sachet, Dr. Mark M. Littler, Royce Oliver; staff of the Plant Conservation Unit, S. Jane Villa-Lobos, Shirley L. Maina, and Olga Herrera-MacBryde; technical aid from Kim Barker, Karen Lee, Chris Tuccinardi and Marie Uehling; and botany interns Jeff Nekola and Orlo C. Steele for contributions to the geographical index and annotations, respectively. I would also like to acknowledge the help of Marsha Sitnik, Office of the Director, National Museum of Natural History, for supplying data on the Galapagos. I am particularly indebted to S. Jane Villa-Lobos for her critical assistance with computerization of the manuscript. Persons who also extended courtesies and sup lied references include Mrs. Ruth F. Schallert (Librarianf, Stephen D. Davis (IUCN Con- servation Monitoring Centre, Threatened Plants Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Dr. Gustav Paulay (University of Washington, Seattle), and Dr. David S. Liem (Derwood, Mary- land). . . References Dahl, A.L. 1986. Review -- of the Protected Areas System in Oceania. 239 pp. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, E ~F land: IUCN and UNEP. ences - ~atconal ~esearch -council. Sachet, M.-H. and F.R. Fosberg. 1971. Island Bibliographies Supplement. 427 pp. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences. Abbott, W. L. 1975. Ua man ke ea o ka aina i ka pono (The life-of the land is perpetuated in righteousness). Defen- ders 50(6): 460. A plea for non-violence to Hawaiian environment. Acosta-Solis, M. 1963. Protection and conservation problems on the Galapagos Islands. Occasional Papers California Academy of Sciences 44: 141-146. Suggests that all hunting, agriculture and human settle- ment should be prohibited on the islands or parts of islands to be declared as nature reserves. Acosta-Solis, M. 1966. Problems of conservation and economic development of the Galapagos, pp. 282-285, in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. General discussion of primary problems. .dsersen, H. 1976. A botanist's notes on Pinta. Noticias de Galapagos 24: 26-28. - Analysis of goat damage to fern peat area on Pinta leads to the general conclusion that "three goats brought ashore on a tropical island may give rise to a population that in a mere 15 years can destroy an entire and unique plant community, which has taken thousands of years to become established." Albert, H. 1986. Structure of a disturbed forest community repl-anted with Eucalyptus robusta on Wailalae ~ i d ~ e , Oahu, Hawaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 25 (2): 60-69. Planting eucalyptus on this disturbed site effectively and rapidly regenerated forest cover, but there is evi- dence that the eucalyptus is spreading beyond the area originally planted. Amerson, A. B. 1971. The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 150: 1-383. Tern Island vegetation has been variously impacted by a U.S. naval air facility on the island in World War 11, by the U.S. Coast Guard LORAN transmitting station, and by the subsequent arrival of weeds. Amerson, A. B. 1973. Ecological Baseline Survey of Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. 365 pp. Wash- ington, D.C.: Ecology Program, Smi thsonian Institution. All original vegetation on Johnston Island was eradi- cated by the U.S. Navy in 1941-1942 during the building of runways. Amerson, A. B., Clapp, R.B. and W.O. Wirtz. 1974. The natural history of Pearl and Hermes Reef, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 174: 1-306. The atoll is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. On Southeast Island, ironwood (Casuari- na) trees were planted by the U.S. Navy in 1963 to - increase the island's visibility from the ocean. As this was in violation of Refuge regulations, all trees not already dead were destroyed in 1964. Amerson, A.B. and P.C. Shelton. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin 192: 1-479. Terrestrial vegetation has been heavily disturbed by man. Amerson, A.B., Whistler, W.A. and T.D. Schwaner. 1982a. wildlife and wildlife Habitat of American Samoa. I. - - - - Environment ---- and Ecology. 119 pp. Wa-sTington,-~rC-~.x Fish and Wildlife Service. With the introduction of Western material culture, the only types of vegetation that were not exploited were the cloud forest, littoral scrub, littoral strand and montane scrub. Lists 15 potentially threatened or en- dangered plant species, 24 species requiring determina- tion of population status, and 20 orchid species needing status studies. Amerson, A.B., Whistler, W.A. and T.D. Schwaner. 1982b. wildlife - - and Wildlife Habitat - of -- American Samoa. 11. --- - Kccounts - of Flora and Fauna. 151 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. Includes brief description and geographical range of potentially threatened or endangered plant species. Anderson, A. 1979. -- The Blue Reef. 259 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Contains history of detonation of nuclear devices on Enewetak Atoll. "Remarkably, he finds little apparent damage (to life forms) beyond the immediate vicinity of the blast points. Even there, he reports, the flora and fauna are not visibly different from life forms else- where in the atoll." Anderson, J.A. 1972. Return to Eniwetok. - Micronesian Re orter 20(3): 28-32. describes the nature of devastation resulting w from 1954 explosion of hydrogen bomb. A n i m a l S p e c i e s A d v i s o r y C o m m i s s i o n . S t a t e o f Hawaii. 3974. Reviews -- of the Five-Year ores st Planting Plan for the State of Hawaii, Fiscal Years 1972-1976 and t,heAEn=t Envirrnmental Impact Statement, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 69 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: --- Department o f r a n d Natural Resources. - ~~ ~ L r i n ~ 1972-1976, the Department's intention was to plant in the various Hawaiian islands (Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Hawaii) 25,000 native trees, and the following amounts of introduced species: 119,000 Austra- lian toon ( Toona australis); 164,000 slash pine ( Pinus 5ytus grandis);- elliottii); 816,000 rosegum ( Eucal 962,000 saligna ( Eucalyptus saligna Anonymous. 1942. Midway plants. Scientific American 167: ,1.70 . Laysan Island vegetation was destroyed by rabbits in 1903. Anonymous. 1954. Biological control in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin 6(2): 9-10. iarge areas of the islands are covered with exotic Lantana and Schinus terebinthi folius. Anonymous. 1958. - The Vegetation - of Micronesia. 160 pp. Engineer Intelligence Study No. 257. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Military Geology Branch. Contains much data on causes of denudation and disruption of vegetation in all of the island groups. Anonymous. 1966. Poro, a new mining and industrial centre in New Caledonia. South Pacific Bulletin 16(4): 25-26. Regarding this nickel mine, it is ventured that "as a first step in the industrialization of the hinterland, Poro ... offers promising prospects of what New Caledonia could be like tomorrow." Anonymous. 1967. Norfolk Island. IUCN Bulletin 2(2): 13. Stands of native rain forest on Mt. Pitt and Mt. Bates are threatened by encroaching roads projects. Anonymous. 1968. Chile: the Juan Fernandez Islands. IUCN Bulletin 2(8): 61. Native plant species are declining due to introduced biota. Anonymous. 1969a. Survey of rare and threatened plant species in the pacific- Basin. Association - for ~ropical Biology Newsletter 19: 12-13. Announcement of a survey list to be prepared by Subcommittee on Nature Protection of the Standing Com- mittee on Pacific Botany, Pacific Science Association. Anonymous. 1969b. Phosphate prospecting begins. H.Q. H i hli hts 1 March 1969:4. d h d $ E s p h a t e mining could disturb vegetation. Anonymous. 1973. Museum miscellany. Ka 'Elele 116-118:4. Seeds of ohia (Sesbania tomentosa)-and other endangered Hawaiian plants have been planted on the B i s h o ~ Museum grounds in Honolulu, in hopes of preserving theAspecies. Anonymous. 1977. The greening of Kauai. - Marathon -- World 14(2): 10-13. concerns the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, whose mission is to grow endangered species. Anonymous. 1978a. Gaining ground in Galapagos. ---- IUCN Bulletin 9(5): 27. Striking recovery of vegetation is seen after extermination of feral goats. Anonymous. 1978b. Hide-and-seek orchid found. Bishop Museum News and Ka 'Elele 5(2): 3. --- -R a r e e n d e m i c o r c h i d , P l a t a n t h e r a --------- ------,-- holochila 9 rediscovered in Alakai Swamp-bog, Kauai, in 1977. Anonymous. 1979a. Rare and endangered species planted at Waimea Arboretum. Notes Waimea Arboretum 6(2): 7-10. Lists names of Hawaiian endangered endemics in cultiva- tion. Anonymous. 1979b. Kokia cookei- extinction or survival? Notes Waimea Arboretum 60:2-5. Discusses Tokyo tissue culture attempts with this endangered ~awaiian malvaceous plant. Anonymous. 1979c. Tree-fern logging on Hawaii. Oryx 15(2): -I 9 1 I L I . Brief account of the activity is given. Anonymous. 1979d. A plea for plants. IUCN Bulletin lO(2): 9,16. Includes the endangered Hibiscus insularis, endemic to Philip Island and threatened by feral rabbits. Anonymous. 1979e. Service lists 32 plants. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 4(11): 1, 5-8. Includes, from Hawaiian Islands, Li ochaeta venosa, Haplostachys haplostachya var. angusti *olia Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia and Kokia cookei. Anonymous. 1 9 8 0. 'Ewa P l a i n s 'akoko proposed a s endangered. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 5(10): 5-6. Concerns Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana. Anonymous. 1981a. Serianthes nelsonii: an update. Notes Waimea Arboretum 8(1): 8-9. New record of this plant for Rota; previously known only from four trees on Guam. Anonymous. 1981b. Kokia cookei : progress repoxt. Notes Waimea Arboretum -8. Several graftings of Kokia cookei onto K. drynarioides - have been planted at Waimea, Hawaiian Islands. Anonymous. 1982. The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii. - The Nature Conservancy News 32(3): 18-23. Discussion of unique areas preserved in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1983a. Les chevres et vaches de Rapa favorisent llerosion de llile. Les Nouvelles (newspaper) 21 January. 3 PP- Research of Gustav Paulay on Rapa, French Polynesia, concerning destructive action of sheep and goats on vegetation. Anonymous. 1983b. An island at risk. Oryx 17(3): 109. Incipient danger in proposed development of Henderson Island. Anonymous. 1984a. IUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 91. Natural features of islands should preclude development. Anonymous. 1984b. Easter enigma solved. IUCN Bulletin 15(1-3): 6. Deforestation of Easter Island may have led to the collapse of the islandls civilization. Loss of soil fertility as a result of deforestation may have under- mined food production and caused out-migration of people. Sophora toromiro, the only Easter Island endemic plant, is extirpated in the wild. Anonymous. 1985a. Kokele logging: "maintenance"?. Elepaio 45(12): 131-132. 4 0 0 - koa trees to be cut in Kokele State Park, jeopardizing the most diverse mesic forests in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1985b. Ohila woodchipping double talk. Elepaio 45(12): 132-134. Deprecates the continuance of woodchipping in the United States1 last lowland tropical forest, in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1985c. Plan approved for three songbirds of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin lO(2): 8-10. Notes that the fragile ecosvstem of Lavsan Island was severely damaged eLrly in t6is century ifter introduced rabbits multiplied and consumed virtually all the veg- etation, resulting in a wasteland. As a direct result of this, several endemic terrestrial birds became extinct: the Laysan millerbird (Acroce halus familiaris famili- aris) ,Laysan hone creeper + Himatione sanguinea f r m Z f T ~ a y s a n rail horzana palmeri). Anonymous. 1985d. Kauai: the garden island. Hawaii 2(1) --- (Issue No. 3): 10-15. Notes the problems of declining sugarcane acreage and prospects of increased tourism in this relatively un- spoiled environment. Anonymous. 1985e. Northern Islands slated for preserva- tion. Coastal Views(Saipan,Marianas) 7(2): 1,3,10; see cit 7 m - i , 8 - 9 (1985). % - Descri es, with photos, four islands in Northern Marianas which will be given conservation protection status: Maug, Uracas, Asuncion, and Guguan. The island of Farallon de Medinilla, which is regularly bombed and strafed as a target range under the military lease agreement with the United States, is no longer con- sidered a candidate for preservation. Anonymous. 1985f. CNMI Northern islands win preservation. Information Bulletin (Pacific Science Association) 7(6): 57-58. In November 1985, four uninhabited islands in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Uracas (Farallon de Pa jaros), Asuncion, Guguan, Maug) were set aside for purposes of conservation and preservation, including the plant species. The effects of past human habitation on Sariguan Island, including large popula- tions of rats and wild goats, made that island a poor candidate for preservation status because many native species and habitats have been disturbed or destroyed. Anonymous. 1986a. Endangered Species Act protection proposed for four planis. ~ n d a n ~ e r e d specie; Technical Bulletin 9(10): 3-4. In the Marianas, much of the habitat of Serianthes nelsonii has been destroyed by human activities, to the extent that only 64 of the plants survive on Rota, and only 2 remaining trees are on Guam. Anonymous. 1986b. T w o plants given final Endangered Species Act protection: Lanai sandalwood or 'iliahi. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin ll(2): 3. Concerns Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense, of which only 39 in-dividuals remain on Lanai (Hawaiian Islands). Introduced rats prey on its fruits, and it is also subjected to severe ecosystem disturbances. Anonymous. 1986c. Found again. S ecies (Newsletter of IUCN-Species Survival Commission f-- 6: 20 Formerly presumed extinct, Abutilon julianae (~alvaceae) from Norfolk Island was last recorded in 1912, but it was recently discovered on Philip Island, where vegeta- tion once devastated by goats, pigs and rabbits is now regenerating. Anonymous. 1986d. Recovering the Galapagos. IUCN Bulletin 17(4-6): 77. "The IUCN, in cooperation with the Charles Darwin Foundation, is attempting to reduce the threat posed to the Galapagos Islands native species by dozens of species introduced by man." Santiago Island still has the serious problem of 100,000 goats and 20,000 pigs. Anonymous. 1986e. Mullein discovered in Haleakala National park. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical A single common mullein plant (Ver been found near roadside at 9000 ft., are wary that potential infestation can be controlled. Anonymous. 1987. Thyrsopteris elegans. IUCN Bulletin 181-3): SR12-SR13. This tree-fern, along with 97 other plant s ecies, is R endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. More t an half of these species are threatened by erosion created by the continuing spread of introduced animals, mainly feral cattle, sheep and goats. Apfelbaum, S.I., Ludwig, J.P. and C. E. Ludwig. 1983. Ecological problems associated with disruption of dune vegetation dynamics by Casuarina equisetifolia L. at Sand Island, Midway Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 261: 1-19. "It is clear that certain areas on Midway are beine damaged for continued Navy use and altereh for othe; uses. The cross. runway is being invaded rapidly by ironwood (Casuarina). The runway aprons are almost com- pletely invaded and root-heaving of the pavement by ironwood will probably destroy the runway in the 1980's. Similar problems are far more advanced on the Eastern Island runways." Apple, R. and P. Apple. 1972. Again? Axis deer? Yes! ~lepaio 32(9): 83. - Relates history and controversy over introduction of axis deer in ~awaiian Islands. - Atkinson, I.A.E. 1977. A reassessment of factors, particularly Rattus rattus L., influencing the decline of endemic f o m i m n the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31(2): 109-1.13. Includes section on introduced browsing mammals (cattle, horses, sheep, goats, English pigs) whose devouring of vegetation affected the food supply of the birds. Aubert de la Rue, E. 1958. Man's influence on tropical vegetation. 94. Proc. Ninth Pacific Science Congress Examples cited include New Caledonian rain forest on serpentine massifs destroyed in process of mining nickel, chromium and cobalt; and the dangerously threa- tened limestone primary forests on Walpole I. and Maka- tea I. which are fated to disappear completely to permit the extraction of calcium phosphate deposits below ground. Concludes with discussion by eight scientists. Ayensu, E.S. and R.A. DeFilipps. 1978. Endangered - and Threatened Plants of the United States. 403 pp. Wash- ington, D.C.:smithsoni~~nstitution and World Wildlife Fund-U.S. Lists 646 candidate endangered, 197 candidate threatened, and 270 presumed extinct plant species, subspecies and varieties in the Hawaiian Islands, which altogether comprise 50.6 percent of the indigenous flora. Ayensu, E.S., Heywood, V.H., Lucas, G.L. and R.A. - ~ e ~ i l i ~ ~ s . 1984. 'our re en and World: The Wisdom to Save It. 255 ppxVaskingtK, D.C.: S m o n i a n Insti- --- tution Press. Includes mention of vegetation status on Philip I., Norfolk I., Rose Atoll (American Samoa), Takapoto Atoll (Tuamotus), and Hawaiian Is. Baines, G. 1984. Environment and resources: managing the South Pacific's future. Ambio 13(5-6): 355-358. General discussion of critical issues. Baker, J.K. and S. Allen. 1977. Hybrid Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31(3): 285-291. concerns progeny of H. iffardianus x H. hualalaiensis. Factors of hvbrid ferTilitv +an gene flow "must be taken into considiration in any prog;am designed to protect the genetic integrity of Hibiscadelphus taxa". Discovery of hybrid Hibiscadelphus has created much interest and controversy among those concerned with maintaining na- tive species and ecosystem integrity. Baker. R.H. 1946. Some effects of the war on the wildlife of ~icronesia. Trans. Eleventh North American Wildlife Conference, pp. 205- 213. Effects of World War I1 on vegetation of Peleliu and Ulithi are considered. Bakus, G.J. 1975. Marine zonation and ecology of Cocos Island, off Central America. Atoll Research ~ulletin 179: 1-9. Observes that feral pigs and goats roam the island. Baldwin, P.H. and G.O. Fagerlund. 1943. The effect of cattle grazing on koa reproduction in Hawaii National Park. Ecology 24: 118-122. Deleterious effects of cattle on Acacia koa. Barrau, J. 1958a. Plant introduction and exploration in the South Pacific. South' Pacific Bulletin 8(1): 16-19. Duboisia myoporoid~olanaceae) is a wild plant of New Caledonia that potentially could be grown commercially for medicinal purposes. Barrau. J. 1958b. Beware of this attractive noxious weed. south Pacific Bulletin 8(3):7. Cryptostegia grandif lora(Asclepiadaceae), the "Indian rubber vine", is invading pastures of western New Cale- donia. Barrau, J. 1959a. Marquesas journey. South Pacific Bulletin 9(1): 18-21, 35. "In many islands one finds at altitudes varying between 1,500 and 2,400 feet, vast grassy patches containing graminaceae (sic) and ferns of the Gleichenia type. These representhe final stage of the severe degrada- tion of the vegetation caused by man and animals intro- duced since the arrival of the white man. This degrada- tion often goes hand in hand with bad soil erosion." Barrau, J. 1959b. The tamanu tree. South Pacific Bulletin 9(2): 44. Kernels of Calo h llum inophyllum (Guttiferae) are ex~orted to *-cosmetic inaustrv from Tahiti. here is certainly sufficient demand io demonstrate that local wild plants of the South Pacific Islands can sometimes be a source of cash income." Barrau, J. 1960a. Plant exploration and introduction in Micronesia. South Pacific Bulletin lO(1): 44-47. "Guam was on the route of the Spanish galleons which sailed across the Pacific linking Central America and the Philippines. This explains why so many plants of American origin were introduced into this island." Barrau, J. 1960b. The sandalwood tree. South Pacific Bulletin lO(4): 39, 63. Recounts the history of sandalwood decimation in Fiji, Juan Fernandez Is. and Hawaii, and lists the species of Santalum in Oceania. Barrau, J. 1967. Les hommes, les plantes et la mer en Oceanie tropicale. Cahiers du ~acifi ue 10: 59-78. Review of the history of -7%- intro uce Pacific sustenance plants. Barrau, J. 1981. Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian savannas: the case of New Caledonia, pp. Human Ecology in Savanna 253-265, in Harris, D.R., ed., - Environments. London: Academic Press. Account of the European bastardization of a formerly stable ecosystem. Barrau, J. 1983. La diffusion humaine des vegetaux et des animaux envisagee dlun point de vue biogeographique. R. Societe Biogeographie 59(1): 19-27. - Island ecosystems such as New Caledonia provide examples of biogeographical changes caused by the diffusion of plants and animals by man. Barrau, J. and L. Devambez. 1957. Quelques resultats inattendus de l'acclimatation en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Terre -- et Vie 104(4): 324-334. Effects of introduced deer and plant species on New Caledonian vegetation. Bartley, W.S. 1954. --- Iwo --- Jima: -- Amphibious Epic. 253 pp. U.S. Marine Corps Historical Monograph. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Includes photos showing effect of war operations on the vegetation during the capture of Iwo Jima in 1945. Bayliss-Smith, T.P. 1978. Batiki in the 1970's: Satellite of Suva, pp-.67- 128, in Unesco/UNFPA Fiji Island Reports, No.4.Canberra, Austra1ia:ANU for Unesco. Most of ~atiki once supported a tree cover; now there is dense weedy covering in a fire-climax vegetation. Beighton, P. 1966. Easter Island people. Geographical Journal 132: 347-359. Gives location of introduced Eucalyptus groves. Berner, A.J. 1966. Save Hawaii's unique flora and fauna. ~ i e p ~ i o 27(1): 1-2. Imputes lack of conservation effectiveness to the State reforestation activities; article followed by rebuttal by Governor Burns. Berger, A.J. 1974. History of exotic birds in Hawaii. Ele aio 35(6): 60-65. h e s discussion of habitat destruction caused by sugarcane cultivation, sandalwood harvests, and invasive tropical weeds (Lantana, Myrica, Rubus, Opuntia). Berger, A.J. 1975a. The Hawaiian honeycreepers, 1778-1974. Ele aio 35 (10): 110-118. nc u es detailed history of Hawaiian forest iia destruction. Berger, A.J. 1975b. Hawaii's dubious distinction. fenders 50(6): 491-496. Excellent summary of serious degradation of forests noting there are 4,500 species of exotic (introducedj plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Berger, A.J. 1977. Aloha means goodbye. National Wildlife 15(1): 28-35. Disturbance of Hawaiian forests reduces habitats. Biddulph, 0. and R. Cory. 1952. The relationship between Ca45, total calcium and fission product radioactivity in plants of Portulaca oleracea growing in the vicinity of the atom bomb test sites on Eniwetok Atoll. - U.S. Atomic Commission Report UWFL-31: 1-15. %=- P ysiological effects of radiation demonstrated. Bishop, L.E. and D. Herbst. 1973. A new Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) from Kauai. Brittonia 25(3): 290- 293. The endangered species H. distans is described, with notes on status of closerelatives. Black, J.M. 1976. Galapagos National Park, problems and solutions. Parks l(1): 2-4. Discusses invading plagues of weeds and grazing animals and their destructive effects. Blumberg, B.S. and R.A. Conard. 1961. A note on the vegetation of the northern islets of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, March 1959. Atoll Research Bulletin 84: 4-5. Changes in the vegetation are similar to those suspec- ted, by some researchers, as due to radioactive fallout. Boutilier, J.A. 1981. The nature, scope, and impact of the tourist industry in the Solomon Islands, pp. 37-50, in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds.., Persistence - and Change. 155 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Contains appropriate cautionary statements in hopes that the nascent Solomon Islands tourist industry will not result in disfigurement and overdevelopment such as befell Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands. Bowman, R.I. 1963. The scientific need for island reserve areas, pp. 60-76, in Scientific Use of Natural Areas Symposium, XVI International C o n g r e F o f zoology. 103 pp. Miami, Florida: Coconut Grove. Field Research Projects, Natural Areas Studies No. 2. Using Galapagos and other Pacific islands as examples, presents the scientific importance of islands for evolu- tionary studies (7 reasons), distributional studies, ecosystem studies, and "living museum" studies. Brewer, W.A. 1975. The assault of our reefs and lagoons. - ~icronesian Re orter 23(3): 16-20. "Sedimentation *o estuaries, bays, and lagoons from - - accelerated, man-induced erosion is ...p ribably the greatest environmental threat to Micronesia today. Brookfield, H. and G. Glaser. 1975. Population and environment in the eastern islands of Fiji. Nature and Resources ll(2): 2-8. Critical issues include environmental effects of the introduction of new weeds, and also the cessation of human interference in certain areas. Browne, M.W. 1987 (Jan. 13). New findings reveal ancient abuse of lands. New York Times, Science-~imes C1-C3. Deforestation or~a-r 1sland =her areas is used to support the observation that "there has never been such a thing as a noble savage, and that present-day man is neither more nor less destructive than his fore- bears ." Bruhin, D. 1985. The two endemic palms of Chile. International Dendrological Society yearbook 1984: 119- 122. Includes Juania palm of Juan Fernandez Islands. Bryan, E.H. 1929. The background of Hawaiian botany. The Mid-Pacific 37: 33-40. Wasteful water runoff from deforested mountains must be counteracted "by covering the mountains with suitable and sufficient vegetation, to replace the native forests which are fast disappearing." Bryan, E.H. 1931. Kahoolawe, the island of dust. Bishop Museum Special Publication 19: 13-14. O n i s Hawaiian island, destructive animals have obliterated native vegetation. Bryan, E.H. 1949. Economic Insects of Micronesia. 29 pp. Washington, D.C.: National ~esearch-council. To controi the undesirable foreign Lantana camara plant on Ponape, the following insect enemies were introduced: lantana tortricid moth, lantana plume moth, lantana leaf bug, and lantana seed fly. Bryan, E.H. 1954. - The -- Hawaiian Chain. 71 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. Includes discussion of the upset of nature's balance, foreign introductions, and the sandalwood trade. Bryan, E.H. 1982. Introduction, pp. ii-v, in Lamberson, J.O., A Guide - to Terrestrial Plants of Enewetak Atoll. 73 pp. ~onolulu, Hawaii: Pacific ~ciFntific Information Center, B.P. Bishop Museum. Due to World War I1 bombardments and later nuclear tests, "Enewetak might be called the most abused atoll in the Pacific." Bryan, L.W. 1947. Twenty-five years of forestry work on the island of Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters1 Record 51(1): 1- 80. Includes photos of introduced trees and revegetation projects, also of roundups of feral sheep and goats. Bryan, L.W. 1971. Native Hawaiian plants. Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Society lO(4): 38-42. Observations on numerous threatened endemic species. Bryan, L.W. 1973. Ahinahina. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 12(1): 1-2. d e decline and protection of Ar y r o x i ~ h i u m ---- -- - sandwicense, the silversword or ahinahina$ompositae~. Buck, M. 1984. The precious forests of Ponape and Kosrae. Glimpses of Micronesia 24(3): 24(3): 33-37. A forestinventory is being undertaken to provide baseline data or a starting point to monitor the effect of the current period of Micronesian cultural transi- tion, growth, and change, on the forest resource. Budowski, G. 1972. Book review, of Wiggins, I.L. and D.M. Porter, 1971, Flora - - of the Galapagos. IUCN Bulletin 3(10): 50. ~ e v i e w is critical of the book's casual remark that the El Junco lake area on San Cristobal Island might support carefully planned, limited agricultural activity. Bunge, F.M. and M.W. Cooke. 1984. Oceania, - A Regional Study. 550 pp. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. Includes useful background overview of the region. Burcham, L.T. 1948. Observations on the grass flora of certain Pacific islands. Contributions United States National Herbarium 30(2): 405-447. O n G l i u I. [Palau Is.), "virtually all vegetation was denuded from the western and southern portions' by our (military) operations. However, configuration of the terrain and nature of the coral bedrock are such that this denudation should produce no erosion problems; as a matter of fact, the net result of these activities should be to accelerate soil formation." Byrne, J.E.,. ed. 1979. Literature Review - and Synthesis of Information - on Pacific Island Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fisrand Wildlife Service. 0fy:e of Biologi- - cal Services. Contains articles by various authors concerning status of ecosystems in the Pacific. Calvopina, L.H. and F. Calvopina. 1980. Reproductive bi - ology of wild goats and growth and development of vegeta- tion in permanent goat exclosures on Isla San Salvador (Santiago), pp. 87-97, in Annual Report 1980, Charles Darwin Research Station. Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. An objective of this project is to establish exclosures to protect endangered plants until goats can be brought under control or eradicated. Calvopina, L.H. and T. DeVries. 1975. Estructura de la poblacion de cabras salvajes (Capra hircus L.) y 10s danos causados en la vegetacion de la Isla San Salvador, Galapagos. Rev. Universidad Catolica 3(8): 219-241. Concerns the structure of the wild goat population and the damage caused to vegetation on San Salvador Island, Galapagos. Campbell, D.J. and M.R. Rudge. 1978. Reply to: Goats on Auckland Islands. -- New Zealand Journal - of Botany 16(2): 293-296. Instructive for its approach to the feral goat problem in general. Campbell, E.M.J. 1952. Land and population problems in Fiji. Geographical Journal 118(4): 477-482. Population pressure impacts land adversely. Campon, R. 1982. Additional Reading. Natural History 91(12): 88-89. The December 1982 special issue of Natural History on Hawaii: Showcase of Evolution presents many interesting articles, and supplementary reading suggested by Campon covers the major topics. Canby, T.Y. 1984. El Nino's ill wind. National Geographic 165(2): 144-183. Explains causation of storms damaging vegetation, including picture of 1983 cyclone on Aruta Atoll, Polynesia, which arose due to El Nino. Canfield, J.E. 1981. Palau: diversity and status of the native vegetation of a unique Pacific island ecosystem. ~ewslette; Hawaiian ~otanical Society 20: 14-20. Human disturbance factors include the historical burning w of uplands, extensive cultivation of lowlands, mining and war damage, and the recent influx of weedy introductions. Carew-Reid, J. 1984. The South Pacific Regional Environ- ment Program. Ambio 13(5-6): 377. General description of the program. Carlquist, S. 1965. Island Life. 451 pp. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Includes plant endemism, adaptation to island ecosys- tems, archipelago effects. Carlquist, S. 1970. --- Hawaii: - A Natural History. 463 pp. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Includes biological phenomena relevant to plant conser- vation such as dispersal, loss of competitiveness, adap- tation, breeding s stems; special discussions on lobe- lioids, silverswor B s, extinction, and conservation. Carlquist, S. 1974. Island Biology. 600 pp. New York: Columbia University Press. Evolutionary and patterns in island biota, e.g. Hawaii, New Caledonia, Galapagos, and Juan Fernandez Islands. Carlquist, S. 1982a. The first arrivals. Natural History 91(12): 20-22, 24, 26, 28,30. Chance and deliberate dispersals of plants and animals to the Hawaiian Islands are described. Carlquist, S. 1982b. Hawaii: a museum of evolution. The Nature Conservancy News 32(3): 4-11; Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical ~arde% 13(2): 33-39 11983). Includes discussion of threats to the vulnerable flora, such as feral mammals. Carlson, N.K. 1954. The vanishing fishponds of Molokai. Natural History 63: 248-254. Ponds are silting-up, due to increased soil erosion on slopes caused by overgrazing and destruction of vegeta- tion. Carlson, N.K. 1973. The Kamehameha Schools-Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate and the forests of the Big Island. ~ewslgtter Hawaiian Botanical Society 12(3): 16-19. A conservationist offers alternative viewpoint to total preservation of Hawaiian forests. Carpenter, R.W. 1959. Maui notes. Elepaio 20(1): 1. Concerning the feral goats, Park Naturalist Carpenter cheerfully observes that "with all the damage they do, they are interesting to watch and may be seen most anywhere in the crater, and especially on the cliffs, in herds of from 3 or 4 to 30 or 40". Carr, G.D. Undated, unpublished manuscripts. Status reports roxi hium sandwicense DC. var. sandwicense s t -- -- antalum freycinetianum Gaud. var. ------- ---------- lanaiense Rock nantalaceae->T Scaevola coriacea Nutt. XGoodeniaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Carr, G.D. 1982. Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Dubautia herbstobatae Carr (Compositae); Dubautia latifolia (Gray) Keck (Composi tae); Wilkesia hobdyi St. John (Compositae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Carr, G.D. and J.K. Baker. 1977. Cytogenetics of Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae): a meiotic analysis of hybrids in Hawaii Volcano National Park. Pacific Science 31(2): 191-194. Hybridization can cause concern for the integrity of taxa. Refer to article by J.K. Baker and S. Allen (1977). Carr, G.D., Robichaux, R.H. and D.W. Kyhos. 1982. Radiating silverswords. Natural Histor 91(12): 36-39. + Variation, evoluti.on, adaptive ra iation in Hawaiian Compositae of the genera Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia. Carson, H.L. 1982a. Hawaii: showcase of evolution, an introduction. Natural Histor 91(12): 16-18. -4 Hawaiian biota are mentione . Carson, H.L. 1982b. A cloudy future. Natural History 91(12): 72. "Energy needs in the 1980's have generated new threats to natural areas (of Hawaii), especially to the rain and cloud forests that are still not deeply penetrated by agriculture ." Carter, W. 1940. A neglected aspect of land utilization in Hawaii. Proc. Sixth Pacific science Congress 4: 903. It is suggested to convert suitable forest lands to smallholder fruit and nut crops, e.g. cashew nuts in upper forests, and coconuts in coastal areas, to augment the Hawaiian food supply, and to quinine plantations for strategic medicine. Catala, R.L.A. 1953. Protection de la nature en Nouvelle- Caledonie. Proc. Seventh Pacific - Science Congress 4: 674- 679. In New Caledonia, native and naturalized weeds are rupturing the equilibrium of the land. Caufield, C. 1985. -- In The Rainforest. 304 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Makes reference to Unilever timbering in the Solomon Islands. Caum. E.L. 1936. Notes on the flora and fauna of Lehua and ~ a " l a islands. Occasional Papers, B.P. Bishop --- Museum ll(21): 3-17. Lehua is overrun by rabbits and Lantana --- camara. Aubrey Robinson, owner of island of Niihau, is systematically exterminating the lantana on Lehua to prevent its spread to Niihau (Hawaiian Islands). Chamberlain, P. 1972. Micro planning. Micronesian Reporter 20(2): 33-43. Account of 1972 master planning for Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands; includes 1944 aerial photo of the heavily bomb-cratered island. Chand, V. and S. Chand. 1980. Medicinal plants of Fiji with special attention to the antifertility plants, p. 235, in Fourth Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices. ~ m c t s . Bangkok: ~ o v e r n m e n t of Thailand a Unesco. An assessment of the traditionally used antifertility plants will attempt to discover their potential as a medicinal source in the Fijian fertility regulation program, since, although family planning is an important program in the nation, abortion is not yet legalized. Chapline, W.R. 1961. FAO's interest in forest, range and watershed conservation in the Pacific area. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Con ress 6: 226-232. Recommends stu Sg- ies to develop sound policies of forest grazing, e.g. reseeding forests that have deteriorated due to grazing animals, with native or exotic grasses. Chapman, M.D. 1985. Environmental influences on the development of traditional conservation in the South Pacific region. Environmental Conservation 12(3): 217- 230. It is suggested that environmental factors such as predictability and extremeness could account for some of the fundamental differences in conservational attitudes observed in different traditional societies. Quite elaborate intentional conservation measures and regulations were in effect on Pukapuka and Tahiti in the old days. Chapman, V.J. 1967. Conservation of maritime vegetation and the introduction of submerged freshwater aauatics. - Micronesica 3: 31-35. Appropriate cautionary measures must be observed with any introductions. Chapman, V.J. 1969. Conservation of island ecosystems in the South-West Pacific. Biological Conservation 1: 159- 165. Includes descriptions of some species and vegetation types meriting preservation. Char, W. 1976. Field studies of the Sesbania complex on the island of Hawaii. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 6(2):41. Sesbania tomentosa is subjected to cattle browsing damage at Soit-hnt (Ka Lae). Char, W.P. and N. Balakrishnan. 1979. 'Ewa Plains Botani- cal Survey. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii at Manoa. U.S. Department of the Interior Contract Report. Includes status of Abutilon menziesii and many other - endemics. Chave, E.H. and J.E. Maragos. 1973. A historical sketch of the Kaneohe Bay region, pp. 9-13, in Smith, S.V., et a1 eds., Atlas of Kaneohe Bay: A Reef Ecosystem under ., - - Stress. 128 pp. ~ r n o l u l u , ~ a w a i i : University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program. Population increase, urbanization, replacement of native vegetation by weeds and other introductions, and grazing which facilitated increased erosion and sediment loading in streams, are among causes of deterioration of the ecosystem. The effects of nutrient stresses on the biota include diminishment of algae in the south Bay, and an enormous growth of the "bubble alga", Dictyosphaeria, in mid-Bay. Cheatham, N.H. 1968. Forestry and conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. South Pacific Bulletin 18(4): 38-41, 47. Notes certain problems such as indiscriminate burning of the grassland areas on Babelthuap Island. Cheatham. N.H. 1975. Land development: its environmental impactv in Micronesia. ~icronesian Reporter 23(3): 7-11. "When planners consider various approaches to land development, they should weigh the estimated ecological impacts and choose alternatives that have the least detrimental impact on the environment." Chevalier, J.-P., Denizot, M., Mougin, J.-L., Plessis, Y. and B. Salvat. 1968. Etude geomorphologique et bionom- ique de llAtoll de Mururoa (Tuamotu). Cahiers - du Paci- fique 12: 1-144. A section on flora and vegetation mentions the adventive plants on this French nuclear testing ground. Chilcott, M. 1986. Australian plants campaign. Threatened Plants Newsletter (IUCN) 16: 6-8. Includes d i s c u s s i o n project on conservation biology of the endangered ~ibisc-us -insular is, a plant reduced-to 8-10 living individuals in two small thickets on P h i l i ~ Island, where its survival is threatened by rabbits. Chock, A.K. 1963. Kokee. -- Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Society 2(3): 37-39. Kokee, where much of the endemic vegetation of Kauai is found, is partially being overrun by invasive exotic weeds such as blackberry, firebush, Malabar melastome, and lantana. Christensen, B. 1983. Mangroves- what are they worth? Unas lva 35(139): 2-15. &cal significance of mangroves is discussed. Christensen, C. 1979. Propagating Kauails Bri hamia. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 9(1&- Brighamia citrina var. napaliensis (Lobeliaceae), from the Na Pali cliffs of Kauai, in the first Brighamia ever to flower in cultivation. Christensen, C.C. 1982. Hawaiian land snails: past, present, and (? ) future. Ka 'Elele 9(2): 3. "Land clearance for agrTculture and deforestation by cattle or other means have resulted in the extinction of many species that were dependent on native vegetation." Christensen, C.C. and P.V. Kirch. 1981. Nonmarine mollusks from archaeological sites on Tikopia, southeastern Solomon Islands. Pacific Science 35(1): 75-88. Since the year 900 BC, mankind has cleared land for agriculturai purposes on Tikopia, resulting in displace- ment of native vegetation. Then, interisland transport of economic plants by humans provided opportunities for the introduction of adventive terrestrial mollusks, of which three species are known to have become established there as of 900 BC. Christian, K.A. and C.R. Tracy. 1980. An update on the status of Isla Santa Fe since the eradication of the feral goats. Noticias de Galapagos 31: 16-17. On this island in t7.e Galapagos, native vegetation appears denser and more diverse since feral goats were exterminated. Christophersen, E. and E.L. Caum. 1931. Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. - B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 81: 1-41. Relates history of rabbit swarms on Laysan Island, which denuded the terrain. Cieply, M. 1983. East of Eden. Forbes (31 January): 34-36. Tough economic considerations of Hawaiian land use are discussed. Clapp, R.B., Kridler, E. and R.B. Fleet. 1977. The natural history of Nihoa Island. northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll kesearch Bulletin -207: 1-147. Discusses population of the threatened Pritchardia remota palm. Clapp, R.B. and F.C. Sibley. 1971. Notes on the vascular flora and terrestrial vertebrates of Caroline Atoll. Southern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 145: 1-18: Discusses the atoll as a coconut plantation in past years. Clapp, R.B. and W.O. Wirtz. 1975. The natural history of Lisianski Island, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 186: 1-196. Introduced European rabbits starved to extinction in 1915-1916 only after eating "every particle of vegeta- tion" on Lisianski Island. A few plant species have begun to recolonize and revegetate the island. Clark, H. 1986 (Sept. 21). Forest blaze on Big Island saddens botanists. - The Sunday Star-Bulletin 5 Advertiser (Honolulu): A- 12. Report of an extensive fire which burned nearly 4,000 acres on the North Kona side of the Big Island, Hawaii. "This was the very best example of Hawaii dryland forest. There are nine species in that area on the endangered species list" said Quentin Tomich. Clarke, J.F.G. 1986. Pyralidae - and Microlepidoptera -- of the Marquesas Archipelago. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo- logy No. 416. 485 pp. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian In- stitution. Includes photographs depicting areas in the Marquesas where much devastation has been caused by deforestation, slashing, burning, and the introduction of horses, cat- tle and pigs, as well as showing pockets of original flora at higher elevations. Clav. H.F. 1961. Narrative re~ort of botanical field work o;lSKure Island, 3 October 1659 to 9 October 1959. Atoll Research Bulletin 78: 1-4. Includes photo showing "habitat improvement", land clearance for albatross runways. Cloud, P.E., Schmidt, R.G. and H.W. Burke. 1956. Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands. Part 1. General Geolo . U.S. - -- Geological Survey Professional Paper 280-A. 12 + pp. "The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by cultivation, burning, and importation of foreign species that it is difficult for any but the skilled botanist to know what plants are indigenous and which introduced." Coblentz, B.E. 1978. The effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on island ecosystems. Biological Conservation 1374): 279-286. ~6merous deleterious effects of this pest are discussed. Colinvaux, P.A., Schofield, E.K. and I.L. Wiggins. 1968. Galapagos flora: Fernandina (Narborough) caldera before recent volcanic event. Science 162: 1144-1145. Exemplifies volcanic eruption as a natural threat to plant po ulations. The major, multimegaton explosion which coylapsed the caldera probably killed or buried the plants on the crater walls, although summit Scalesia forest appeared almost unaffected. Collins, M. and S. Wells. 1983. The IUCN Invertebrate RDB ( ~ e d Data ~ook)- Plant connections. Threatened Plants Newsletter 11: 19-21. On Oahu (Hawaiian Islands), the indigenous Achatinella land snails are not adapting to the fast-growing intro- duced trees. Colwell. R.N. 1946. The estimation of ground cover condi- tions - from aerial photographic interpretation of vegeta- tion types. Photogrammatic Engineering (June 1946): 151- 161. Includes photos and discussion of interconnecting facts regarding the values of plants, which are not often contemplated by altruistic botanists, e.g.: the dense concentrations of cycads in limestone areas of Okinawa indicate coral deposits at or near the surface of the earth, and such sites are ideally suited, in turn, for borrow-pit excavation of coral needed for surfacing roads and airfields. Colwell, R.N. 1948. Aerial photographic interpretation of vegetation for military purposes. Photogrammetric -- Engineering (December 1948): 472-481. The Pacific War Theatre sustained much vegetation damage in World War 11. It is often on the basis of type of barrier posed to the conduct of military operations, that vegetation is classified on aerial photos for mili- tary purposes. Article includes stereogram (aerial photo) showing value of tone in differentiating coconut from betelnut palm, and discusses military value of casuarina, nipa palm, hevea rubber and cinchona. "There are four important ways in which vegetation may affect military operations: (1) it may facilitate or impede the movement of foot soldiers and motorized equipment; (2) it may accentuate or conceal evidence of military acti- vity; (3) it may determine the ease with which clearings can be made for the construction of airfields and roads; and (4) it may serve as a source of construction material, fuel, or food." Connell, J. 1984. Islands under pressure- population growth and urbanization in the SOU-th pacific: ~ m b i o 13 (5-6): 306-308. 310-312. -~is;usses effects of population pressure on land. Connell, J. 1986. Population, migration, and problems of atoll development in the South Pacific. Pacific Studies 9(2): 41-58. Good precautionary background for considerations of development of atoll resources. Cook, C.M. 1937. Extinction of land shell faunas of the Mangareva Islands. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 30: 12-13. Due to the destruction of practically all the native forests, the endemic land snails have been almost entirely wiped out. Coolidge, H.J., compiler. 1948. ------------ Conservation in Micronesia. 70 pp. Washington, D.C.: National ResearcE -- Count i 1. Contains 22 papers on conservation subjects by various authors, being a report on two conferences held under the auspices of the Pacific Science Board in Honolulu and Washington, D.C. in 1948. Cooray, R.G. 1974. Stand Structure - - - of a Montane Rain Forest - on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Island Ecosystems IRP/IBP Hawaii, ~ e c m a l Report No. 44. 98 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Rooting activity of feral pigs destroys Acacia koa seedlings rooted in mineral soil. Pig populations,if allowed to increase, may cause a change in the stability trends of species populations, and an overall deterioration of this native rainforest ecosystem. Corner, E.J.H. 1972. Urgent exploration needs: Pacific floras. Pacific Science Association Information Bulletin 24 (3 6 -27. Lists operational threats in various island groups. The floras of the Admiralty Is., Santa Cruz Is., New Hebrides, Rotuma I. and Wallis I. are particularly in- adequately explored. Corporacion Nacional Forestal. 1976a. Plants, pp. 6-10, in Plan de Manejo Parque Nacional Juan Fernandez. Santiago, -- Chile: Org. Nacional Unidas para la Agric. y la Aliment., Off icina Regional para America Latina. Management plan for Juan Fernandez Is. National Park. Corporacion Nacional Forestal. 1976b. Plants, pp. 9-10, in pian de Manejo Par ue Nacional Rapa Nui. santiago, Chile: -- -+- Org. Nacional Uni as para la Agric. y la Aliment., Offi- cina Regional para America Latina. Management plan for Rapa Nui (Easter Island) National Park. Corwin, G., - et - al. 1957. Military Geology - of Pagan, Mariana Islands. 259 pp. H.Q, US Army Japan. "At present the airfield is pocked with bomb c'raters up to 18 feet deep and is overgrown by swordgrass, shortgrass, and scattered Casuarina trees." Costa, M. 1978. The Garden of Eden alive and blooming on Kauai. Latitude - 20 (The Hawaiian Air Magazine) 6(3): 18-19, 38-39. Article concerns the Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden, which cultivates endangered plant species. Costin, A.B. and R.H. Groves, eds. 1973. Nature ------ Conservation in the Pacific. IUCN Publications New Series, No. 25. 337 pp. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). Coulter, J.W. 1931. Population and utilization of land and sea in Hawaii, 1853. - B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 88:l-33. Useful data for determining vegetational changes occurring since 1853. Coulter, J.W. 1940. The relation of soil erosion to land utilization in the Territory of Hawaii. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: 897-901. Soil erosion is due to perturbations of the original vegetative cover, such as pineapple cultivation and overgrazing by wild sheep and goats. Some introduced plants are good soil-binders. Coulter, J.W. 1946. Impact of the war on South Sea islands. Geographical ~ e v i e w 36(3): 409-419. Construction of many airplane fields and hangars caused forests to be "cleared and the ground leveled with broken coral. Many people profited by the "white man's wart1." Cowan, I.M. 1976. Biota Pacifica 2000, pp. 86-98, in Scagel, R.F., ed., - Mankind's Future -- in the Pacific. 198 pp. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. The discovery of the Pacific Islands by the forerunners of the Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians is much more recent (in many cases as recent as within the last 1,000 years) than the history of the peopling of Africa, southern Europe and Asia. In the Pacific Islands (and the Americas and Australia), man and fauna did not evolve together as in Europe and Asia, but instead man arrived in the Pacific with a well-developed hunting technology as a totally new force upon the existing biotic equation. The author further notes that man's power of extermination was best in hitherto untouched ecosystems. The subsequent arrival of Europeans in the Pacific in the 1500's was different only in degree to the forerunners of the indigenous Pacific islanders, and included introduction of foreign grazing animals and noxious weedy plants. Mentions forest destruction; Hawaii; Laysan I.; Galapagos. Coyne, P. 1983. Revegetation attempt on Philip Island, South Pacific. Threatened Plants Newsletter(1UCN) 12: 14. Enclosures protecting soil from rabbit grazing give evidence of soil's ability to support growth and regeneration of native and introduced plant species. Craine, C. 1975. Dangerous and endangered species: a political update on native ecosystems. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 14(1): 13-18. ff-Y Mainly about the e ects of axis deer and cattle on Cranwell, L.M. 1984. Lehua Maka Noe, an endangered bog. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ 23: 3-6. an earthen dam nearby. n- Kauai bog appears threatene y a proposal to build Creutz, E. 1966. The tiare apetahi of Raiatea. Garden Journal (New York Botanical Garden) 16(4): 142-144. Apetahi 'raiateensis (Lobeliaceae) is a' ihrub which grows only on several acres at one locality on Temehani plateau on the island of Raiatea, which is 100 miles northwest of Tahiti. Cribb, P.J. 1986. The slipper orchids of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Kew Magazine 3(4): 159-166. Plate 71. -- P a ~ h i o ~ e d i l u m --- ------ --- bougainvilleanum ---------- from Bougainville is a species endangerer-by over-collecting, and Plate 72. P. wentworthianum from Bougainville and Guadalcanal represents a species which numbers no more than 10Q-200 individuals in the wild. Cribb, P.J., Campbell, J. and G. Dennis. 1985. Paphiopedilum in the Solomon Islands: the rediscovery of "P. dennisii". Orchid Review 93(1098): 130-131. On Guadalcanal, muchfthemountainous locale of a new Paphiopedilum orchid once provisionally named - P. dennisii, and n o w known to be - P. --- wentworthianum, was under shifting agriculture and then covered by secondary growth, since the plant was first discovered in 1962. In 1984 it was rediscovered in an extremely inaccessible part of the island. Croft, K.D., Cannon, J.R., Matsuki, Y., Toia, R.F. and A.H. White. 1980. Medicinal plants of the Fiji Islands, p. 227, in ------ Fourth -- Asian -- S y m ~ o s i u m ---- on Medicinal Plants and S ices ~6stra:ts. ~angxox: - Government of ~hailH-iih a b c o . Work includes examination of a variety of A1 xia bracteolosa rich in alkaloids; bark alkaloids ? rom Her- nandia peltata; and coumarins from Micromelum minutum. Bleekeria vitiensis (Apocynaceae), a Fijian endemic, is believed useful in control of some cancers. and has been shown to contain a mixture of alkaloids which exhibit a wide spectrum of antitumor activity. Croft, L., Hemmes, D.E. and J.D. Macneil. 1976. Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site plant survey. Newsletter -- Hawaiian Botanical Societ 15(4-5): 81-94. Site contains rare en emic pololei fern, Ophioglossum concinnum. + Crosby, W. and E.Y. Hosaka. 1955. Vegetation, pp. 28-34, in M.G. Cline, Soil Survey of the Territory - of --- Hawaii. USDA, Soil ~ u r v e y e r i e s 1939, No. 25. ~ncluding many- interesting facts on introduced trees, including the spreading forests of algaroba (Prosopis chilensis), an exotic first introduced to Hawaii as a few seeds in 1820 by a French priest in Honolulu. Cruz, F., Cruz, J. and J.E. Lawesson. 1986. Lantana camara L., a threat to native plants and animals. --- Noticias - de Galapagos 43: 10-11. T h e agressive introduced weed Lantana c a m a r a (Verbenaceae) is spreading into the bTeine, A. 1984. Urbanization and social change in the Marshall Islands. Ambio 13(5-6): 313-315. Urbanization has inevitable effects on the surrounding environment. Heinl, R.D. 1947. - The Defense -- of Wake. 75 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Photos depicting effects of 1941 military operations on the vegetation of Wake atoll are included. Heinl, R.D. and J.A. Crown. 1954. ___ The ________- Marshalls: Increasing - the -- Tempo. 188 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Photos depicting effects of 1944 military operations on the vegetation of the Marshall Islands are included. Herbst, D.R. 1972a. Botanical survey of the Waiehu sand dunes-. Bulletin Pacific Tropical ~otanical Garden 2(1): 6-7. Includes information on Hawaiian Scaevola coriacea. Herbst, D. 1972b. Ohai, a rare and endangered Hawaiian plant. Bulletin Pacific Tropical - Botanical Garden 2(3): 58. Sesbania tomentosa ----- on leeward shores is presently threatened6y motorcyclists and the proposed construc- tion of a highway which would open tLe area to greater disturbance. Herbst, D. 1976. Appendix B-2. Vegetation survey of the Barbers Point Harbor Area, Oahu. 3 pp. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Barbers Point ~a;;br, Oahu, ~awaii. ~ K o l u l u , ~awaTi: U.S. Army Engineers. Mentions endangered plant species in the area. Herbst, D. 1977a. "cdangered Hawaiian plants. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical - --- S o c i e t ~ 16(1-2): 22-29. "A kapu laced on cattle allowed the build-up of enormous Rerds until their destruction (of vegetation) was so great that man was forced to contain or destroy them. 'l Herbst, D. 1977b. Vanishing plants. Water Spectrum 9(4): 20-26. Includes discussion of vanishing elements of Hawaii's - indigenous flora. Herbst. D. 1980. Miscellaneous notes flori.l. Phytologia 4511): 67-81. Includes notes on spread of introduced station on Tern ~sland, French Frigate on the Hawaiian weeds near LORAN Shoals. Herbst, D. 1984. Cookels kokio (Kokia ---.--- cookei). Endangered Wild -.- Flower Calendar. Brooklyn, New York: ~ e ~ s m e n t of Biology, Brooklyn College. Includes descriptive caption material. Herbst, D. and J.J. Fay. 1981 (30 January). Proposal to list Panicum carteri (Carter's Panicgrass) as an endan- gered species and determine its critical habitat. Federal Re ister 46(20): 9976-9979. h e s range map of Panicum -- ----- carteri on Mokolifi Island, Hawaiian Islands. Hertlein, L.G. 1963. Contribution to the biogeography of Cocos Island, including a bibliography. Proc. California A c a d e ~ y of ---.--.- Science 32(8): 219-289. Cocas I., in the Pacific Ocean off Central America: discussion of biotic environment. Hess, W.N. 1962. New horizons in resource development. Geographical Review 52: 1-24. Illustrates nuclear blast devastation on Enewetak. Heyerdahl, T. 1940. Marquesas Islands. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: 543-546. A t e time, nature protection was lacking in the Marquesas. In some places, semiwild animals were devouring plants and bringing in weeds which then developed and spread along trails. Heyerdahl, T. 1963. Prehistoric voyages as agencies for Melanesian and South American plant and animal dispersal to Polynesia, pp. 23-35, in ~ i r r a u , J., ed., Plants - -- and the Migrations of Pacific Peo~les." 136 n D . Honolulu. .-- I L Hawaii: Risho~Mu~eurn PreG. Remarks on a single dwarfed, mutilated living specimen - of Sophora --- toromiro in t h e - ~ a n o Kao crater, the only individual remaining of this Easter Island endemic. are - included. Heyerdahl, T. 1968. The prehistoric culture of Easter Island, pp. 133-140, in Yawata, I. and Y.H. Sinoto, eds., Prehistoric .- Culture - in Oceania: - A Symposium. Hono- lulu, Hawaii. Refers to evidence of forest plants existing when period of human occupation began. Heyligers, P.C. 1967. Vegetation and ecology of Bougain- ville a.nd Buka islands, pp. 121-145, in: CSIRO (Austra- lia), Lands - of Bougainville -- -- and Buka Islands, Territory of Papua and New Guinea. CSIRO Land Research Series No. - 20. 184 p p T ~ e n o u r n e : CSIRO. Essential to any future studies of vegetation change on Bougainville (formerly in Solomon Islands politically), and includes descriptions of anthropogenous vegetation types. Land-use map accompanies enti re publicat ion. Heywood, V.H. 1979. The future of island floras, pp. 431- Plants and Islands. London: 441, in Bramwell, D., ed., Academic Press. General considerations of the fate of insular plants are presented. Hickman, J. 1985. - The ------ Enchanted Islands: The Galapagos - Discovered. 169 pp. Dover, New Hampshire: Tanager Books. Chapter 16: Conservation of Species, includes discussion of -alien plants, and introduced animals such as the 100,000 goats and 20,000 pigs of Santiago Island in the Galapagos. Higashino, P.K., Guyer, W. and C.P. Stone. 1983. The Kilauea Wilderness Marathon and Crater Rim runs: sole searching experiences. -- Newsletter ---.-- Hawaiian Botanical Societv 22: 25-28. Contestants from the weed-ridden island of Oahu were prevented from inadvertently spreading weed seeds on the soles of their running shoes, prior to participating in a foot-race on the island of Hawaii. Hirano, R.T. 1973. Preservation of the Xawaiian flora. Arboretum and Botanical Gardens Bulletin 7(1): 10-11. Contains general remarks on the title subject. Hirano, R.T. and K.M. Nagata. 1972. - A --------- Checklist -- of Indigenous and Endemic Plants - of -- Hawaii - in Cultivation - at the ~ a r o l d 7 . L~yon - --- ~rboretum. 22 pp. University of Hawaii. ~ a r o l d L, Lvon Arboretum. 1 6 5 tHxa are beini cul~tivated for the preservation and study of a rapidly diminishing Hawaiian flora. Hobdy, R. 1976. Hawaiian ecosystems, pp. 17-18, in De- partment of Planning and Economic Development, Industrial -- Forestry - for Hawaii. 40 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii. The need for a timber industry (commercial forestry) in Hawaii is discussed relative to a managerial commitment to protect proposed endangered plant species. Hodel, D. 1980. Notes on Pritchardia in Hawaii. Principes 24(2): 65-81. Several species of Pritchardia palm are highly localized endemics and threatened in Hawaii. Hoffman, C.W. 1950. Saipan: - - - The Beginning -- of - --- the End. - 286 pp. Washingto.n, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on vegetation. Hoffman, C.W. 1951. The Seizure of Tinian. 169 pp. Wash- ------ - .------ ington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on vegetation. Holden, C. 1985. Hawaiian rainforest being felled. - Science 228: 1073-1074. Ohila trees (Metrosideros) -- on 3,300-acre tract of Campbell Estate on island of Hawaii are threatened by conversion of habitat to grazing lands. Holdgate, M.W. and E.M. Nicholson. 1967. An international conservation programme for the Pacific Islands. Micronesica 3(1): 51-54. Lists 9 principal conservation problems. Holdgate, M.W. and N.M. Wace. 1961. The influence of man - on the floras and faunas of southern islands. - The Polar Record 10168): 475-493. - - ~ .- - Includes Juan Fernandez Is., where problems of goats were enough to cause severe soil erosion on Masafuera. Holdsworth, D.K. 1974. A phytochemical survey of medicinal plants in Papua New ~uinea, Part I. science- -- in New Guinea 2(2): 142-154. The author has investigated medicinal plants of numerous Melanesian islands politically in Papua New Guinea. Holing, D. 1987. Hawaii: the Eden of endemism. - The Nature Conservancy News 37(1): 6- 13. Discussion of Hawaii's unique biota, and of factors which contribute to its high percent-age of endemism. Vulnerability to threats from introduced species and human disturbance are mentioned. Holt, R.A. 1981. Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Gouania hillebrandii Oliver (~hamnaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plant of the Hawaiian Islands. Holt, R.A. 1983a. Exotic species control: an island perspective. The Nature conservancy News 33(4): 23-24. Includes Clidemia hirta, an objectionable melastomata- ceous weed of Hawaii. Holt, R.A. 1983b. - The Maui -- Forest Trouble: A Literature Review and Pro osal for Research. Hawai3 Botanical m c ; Ferd%T6Ep. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Widespread canopy dieback in Hawaiian and other Pacific rainforests is discussed. Holthus, P.F. 1985. A reef resource conservation and management plan for Ponape Island (Caroline Archipelago, Micronesia). Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress 2: 184.(Ab-s-tract) Includes consideration of habitat degradation from sand - extraction. Holzner, W.M., Werger, J.A. and I. Ikusima, eds. 1983. Man's a c t on Vegetation. 370 pp. The Hague, The RetherlXids: D~Tw. Junk BV Publishers. principles and problems are presented for and discussion. Hosaka, E.Y. 1936. A troublesome introduced grass. Mid- -- Pacific Ma azine (April-June): 126. Chloris + ivaricata or "star grass", native to Australia, is a troublesome, destructive invader of Honolulu lawns where it replaces the "Bermuda grass", Cynodon dactylon. Hosmer, R.S. 1910. Kahoolawe Forest Reserve. Hawaiian For. Agr. 7: 264-267. Imputes a local climatic change due to destruction of Kahoolawe vegetation. Hosokawa, T. 1967. Life-form of vascular plants and the climatic conditions of the Micronesian islands. Micronesica --- 3: 19-30. Human disturbance of vegetation may cause confused speculation as to the original sequence of sera1 stages in plant succession towards climax vegetation. Hosokawa, T. 1973. On the tropical rainforest conservation to be proposed in Micronesia, pp. 150-164, in Planned Utilization - of - the --- Lowland Tropical Forests. 263 pp. Pacific Science Association Symposium, 1971, Cipayung, Bogor, Java. Recommends the conservation of mossy forests near summits of Mt. Nanarant and Mt. Niinioanii and near the top of Mt. Fenkol in Kusiae; of the Planchonella ----- on uninhabited Palauan islands: of any remaining sperma forests on Palau and pinape; a'nd of any Fe Terminalia carolinensis forests on Kusaie. --- forests Campno- maining Hough, F.O. 1947. - The Island .- - War: - The United States Marine Corps in the Pacific. 415 pp. Philadelphia and ~ e w - ~ o r k : 7 7 J.B. Lippincott Company. World War I1 destruction of vegetation on Pacific Islands, often as a direct or side-result of attempts to extricate opposing troops from fortified limestone caves, was accomplished with apparatus including porta- ble one-man flamethrowers; napalm-throwers mounted on amphtracks (tracked landing vehicles) or on the turrets of tanks; and by attaching bulldozer blades to tanks and armored amphtracks (amphibious tanks) in order to clear operating positions. Hough, F.O. 1950. --- The ---.- Assault -.---- -- on - Peleliu. - - - - - - -- 209 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military operations on the vegetation of Peleliu. Hough, F.O. and J.A. Crown. 1952. The Campaign of New --- - -- Britain. 220 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Illustrates effects of 1944 military o~erations on the , L vegetation of New Britain. Howard, R.A. 1962. Hawaii - a botanical and horticultural opportunity. Garden Journal 12(6): 223-226. Discusses l a n d s e and the need for preservation of natural areas in Hawaii. Howard, W.E. 1965. Control - -- of - Introduced Mammals in New -- -- Zealand. 96 pp. New Zealnnd DSIR, Information Series, No. ----- - - . - 4 5 . Unstable habitat conditions caused by introduced noxious animals such as sheep and deer in New Zealand are discussed, and should exemplify the repercussions awaiting similar ill-conceived introductions contem- plated in the Pacific. Howarth, F.G. 1972. Ecological Studies on Hawaiian Lava -- -- -- -.- ----- -- Tubes. 20 pp. Island Ecosystems IRP~IBP Hawaii, Technical Report No.16. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. he forest overlying-many of the caves -has been cut or removed, thus drastically altering the ecology of the caves beneath. Also, regrettably , the fields with the largest caves known on Kauai were covered to a depth of 5 meters by sugar cane bagasse (pressed cane-stem trash) and the caves are now gone and their fauna extinct. Howarth, F.G. 1973. The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes, 1. 1rl.t reduction. Pacific --- . - - - - - - - Insects 15(1): 139- 151. The forest over the tube of Kazumura Cave (Island of Hawaii), one of the largest known lava tubes in the world, has recently Seen altered by fire and cutting for a housing subdivision and is now a s w a m w savanna with ~etrosideros trees. Many of the tree ro6-s are dead but still hang from the ceiling of the cave. Significance: Tree roots dangling in cave-air function to supply food and form pathways for percolation of organically rich water which supports life of cave organisms. Howe, K.R. 1984. Where the Waves Fall: A New South Sea -- --- -- - -- -- - Islands Histo9 From First Settlement to Colonial Rule. -- .---.- --- ------- - --We---- .----- Includes detailed consideration of the Melanesian sandalwood trade from 1840's to end. Hoyle, M.A. 1978. Forestry and conservation in the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. Tigerpaper 5(2): 21-24. Interactions of forest management and conservation practices. Hughes, P.J. and G. Hope. 1979. Prehistoric man- induced degradation of the Lakeba landscape: evidence from two inland swamps. Unesco/UNFPA Fiji Island Reports ------------ -- - ------ -- ---- 5. Canberra: Australian National University. Lakeba I. is in the Lau group of the Fiji Islands. Huguenin, B. 1974. La vegetation des Iles Gambier: releve botanique des especes introduites. Cahiers du Paci f ique -l ' 8 ( 2 ) : 459-471. Lists 200 plant species introduced in Mangareva I., western Polynesia. Hunt, P.F. 1969. Orchids of the Solomon Islands. Philosophical Transactions Ro a1 Societ B255: 581-587. Some of the coastal orchi s o r-5- Koloom angara I. in the Solomon Is. were brought from New Georgia and Giza by the native Melanesians and Gilbertese. This activity of collecting orchids and then cultivating them somewhere else could possibly affect future understanding of the true pattern of island orchid endemism in the area. A similar concern for the possible mix-up in geographical ranges resulting from human introduction of a plant is evidenced by the note on the palm Pela odoxa henr ana Beccari by E.J.H. Corner, -- loc. cit. 592-593 +I?- 1969 Hurlimann, H. 1953. Etude sur la structure des forets de la Nouvelle-Caledonie: Experiences et propositions. & Melan. n.s. 5(7): 55-68. - Includes considerations of plant conservation in New Caledonia. Hurlimann, H. 1959a. Naturschutzbestrebungen in Pazifik. w w e i z e r Naturschutz 4: 123-127. - 1 n F i K E Estory of vegetation disturbance in Pacific islands, and specifically relates the threat of inundation in the Plaine des Lacs, New Caledonia. I-Iurlimann, H. 1959b. Need for a conservation park in New Caledonia. Proc. ---- Ninth Pacific ------ Science -- ----- Congress --- --- 7: 50. A p r o p o s e n a r g e hydroelectric project to create artificial lakes would inundate most flat and swampy areas of the Plaine de Yate and Plaine des Lacs in New Caledonia. This process would exterminate the serpentine endemics, especially Podocarpus palustris, Dacrydium - guillauminii, and perhaps also Libocedrus -- yateensis. Hurlimann, H. 1960. Un parc de conservation botanique en Nouvelle-Caledonie. -- Jour. Soc. Oceanistes 16: 110-112. Transplantation of threatened New Caledonian plants has been attempted. Iltis, H.H. 1967. Whose fight is the fight for nature? - Sierra ---- ---- Club -- Bulletin 52(9): 34-39. Invokes the expression by Edgar Anderson, that "Taxonomists are mice hiding behind herbarium cases hating each other", in order to persuade taxonomists to reject irresponsibly arrogant attitudes towards plant conservation. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA). 1982a. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Dublin, I r e d : Tycooly Internationai-Publishing Ltd. Discusses (pp. World Heritage IUCN Commission (CNPPA). 1982b. 194-196) the Site. on National Galapagos National Park and Parks and Protected Areas - The World's Greatest Natural Areas: An Indicative Inventory - of Natural Sites - of World ~eritage Quality. 70 pp. Universal significance of 220 sites around the world is described, including: Marine lakes of Palau (Republic of Belau), Village of Nan Mad01 (Caroline Islands), Nui National Park (Chile), Island of Tahiti (Fra,"Pes: Rennell Island (Solomon Islands), Savo Island (Solomon Islands), Kulambangara Island (Solomon Islands), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (USA), Le Pupu-Pue National Park (Western Samoa), Lord Howe Island, Juan Fernandez National Park (Chile), and Galapagos National Park (Ecuador). IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1983a(3 January). List of Hawaiian Threatened and Endemic Plants Recorded in Cultivation. 12 pp. Royaliotanic Gar= Kew, ~ n ~ l a n d . In addition to this Hawaiian list, the CMC has prepared lists for the Galapagos and Juan Fernandez Islands (1984). IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1983b. Background Notes on the ~ a w a i i a n Flora. 4 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, K e x Eland. Includes data on main threats to the flora, conservation measures taken, and lists of parks, refuges, and botanical gardens of relevance to plant conservation in Hawaii. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1985. -- The Bo- tanic Gardens List --p of Rare and Threatened Species of the Hawaiian ~ ~ l a x . Botanic Gardens Conservatior 5 - orainating Body Report No. 14. 21 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Lists 274 rare and threatened Hawaiian endemic plants in cultivation in Hawaiian botanical gardens and other gardens throughout the world. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1986a (3 April). --- List of CCAL References for Pacific. 10 pp. Royal - Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. This unpublished computer-generated list contains many references to articles published in the Federal Register and the Endan ered S ecies Technical Bulletin concerning p r o p o s e d d ~ i A y ~ s t e d endangered and threatened plant species of Hawaii and elsewhere in the American Pacific. Updated lists are produced upon request to CMC. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). 1986b. The - Plant Sites --- Red Data Book. 48 pp. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. outline of a book-concept from the Threatened Plants Unit, containing paragraphs describing candidate plant conservation localities in Hawaii, Galapagos, Juan Fer- nandez Is., Fi j i, New Caledonia, Marquesas, Rapa (Austral 1 , and Western Caroline Is. Jacobi, J.D. 1978. Vegetation Map - - - of the Kau Forest Reserve and Adjacent Lands, island - of Hawaii. 1 sheet. ~ e s o u r c e ~ l l e t in PSW-16. Berkeley. California: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range ~ x ~ e r i m e n t Station. This map outlines areas of "introduced shrub-dominated community", often with a disturbed understory dominated by Psidium cattleianum (guava). Jacobi, J.D. 1981. Vegetation Changes - in - a Subalpine Grassland in Hawaii Following Disturbance & Feral Pigs. 23 pp. cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report 41. University of Hawaii at Manoa. In Haleakala National Park, native and introduced plant species competed equally for areas uprooted by pigs. Jacobs, M. and T.J.J. de Boo. 1982. ------------ Conservation Literature on Indonesia: Selected Annotated Bibliogra- phy. 274 pp.-~eiden, The ether lands: Ri jksherbarium. Comprises references to literature on all aspects of conservation in Indonesia. Geographical coverage in- cludes Papua New Guinea, and thus of interest regarding the adjacent Bismarck Archipelago. Jenkin, R.N. and M.A. Foale. 1968. An investigation, -- of the Coconut-Growing Potential of ~ h r i z m a s Island. Volume 1. The Environment and the-plantations. 123 pp. ~ a n i Resource S t u d y No. 4. Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, Surrey, England. Christmas Island, in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, had an almost complete lack of trees for natural reasons before coconuts were planted. "the exception being the occurrence of a f6w buka- trees, Piionia randis, on Motu Tabu and near the South-East Point, k$i- the latter were virtually destroyed by the 1957 atomic test." It is also observed that recent clearing - for coconut planting has largely destroyed the Messer- schmidia argentea - Sida fallax association. Jenkins, D.W. 1975. At last, a brighter outlook for endangered plants. National Parks and Conservation Maga- zine 49(1): 13-17. Includes discussion and photos of endangered Hawaiian plant species, e.g. Hibiscus kahilii. Jenkins, D.W. and E.S. Ayensu. 1975. One-tenth of our plant species may not survive. Smithsonian 5(10): 92-96. Includes discussion of several endannered Hawaiian plants, e.g. Rollandia and ~ r ~ y r o x i ~ h i u m r Jenkins, J.T. 1948. Bibliography of whaling. Journal Society -- for the Bibliography - of Natural History 2- 166. Whalers were sometimes the first non- indigenous people to variously discover, describe, explore, exploit, or adversely impact certain remoter Pacific islands. Johannes, R.E. 1985. The value today of islanders1 traditional knowledge of their natural resources. - Pandanus Periodical 7: 3 pp. Traditional knowledne of wise land use and of medicinal herbs is being lost, and Pacific islanders should be encouraged to retain such knowledge. Johnson. C.G.. Alvis. R.J. and R.L. Hetzler. 1960. ~ilitaiy ~ e o i o ~ y of Islands, Caroline Islands. 164 pp. ~okyo: H.Q. ~ ~ A r m y Pacific. "Southernmost Yap Island was once cleared by the Japanese and planted to gardens and (citrus) orchards. This area has been lying fallow since 1945 and the whole area is grown over by low 'brush and very dense stands of tall grass (Ischaemum muticum L.) and weeds." Johnson, M.P. and P.H. Raven. 1973. Species number and endemism: the Galapagos Archipelago revisited. Science 179: 893-895. Includes explanation of patterns of plant endemism among the 29 Galapagos islands. Johnson. S.P. 1972. Palau: conservation frontier of the ~ a c i f k. National Parks and Conservation Magazine 46(4): 12-17. Describes efforts to protect Palau's ecosystem, threats to which include brush fires, soil erosion, and phos- phate mining. Johnston, E.G. 1975. A review of literature on native medicine in Micronesia with em hasis on Guam and the Mariana Islands. Guam Recorder 5 ? 2): 60-65. Includes articles on 'role of traditional medicinal plants in health-delivery systems of various islands. Johnston, W.B. 1959. The Cook Islands. Journal - of Tropical Geography 13: 38-57. "Few remnants of the original tropical rain forest have survived and, even in the interior, the larger forest members have been milled for building material and for boxwood ." Josiah, S.J. 1983. Guam's badlands. Glimpses of Micronesia - 23(2): 32-35. "Overgrazing by livestock, bulldozing and recreational vehicles are speeding up the erosion process." Judd. C.S. 1916. Kah.oolawe. pp. 117-125. in Thrum. T.G.. - * - coipiler, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual -- for 1917. Hawaii: T.G. Thrum. Relates the history of vegetation destruction animals on Kahoolawe Island. Judd, C.S. 1921. Hawaiian forests and trails. ~onolulu; by feral Hawaiian or ester and Agriculturist 18: 79-82. Seeds of Pas alum conjugatum grass were accidentally introduce plants have invaded forests. Judd, C.S. 1922. Honolulu water or ester and Agriculturist 19: Hawaiian wet forests are very shed protec 30-45. susce~tible Hawaiian structive influences that retard their'utilit'y as a useful water- shed. Judd. C.S. 1927a. The natural resources of the Hawaiian foiest regions and their conservation. Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist 24(2): 40-47. Includes history of sandalwood ex~loitation. and effects of sugarcane cultivation and cattle grazing: Judd, C.S. 1927b. Factors deleterious to the Hawaiian forest. Hawaiian Forester - and Agriculturist 24(2): 47-53; B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 12: 11-12. Discusses deforestation of Oahu watershed by overgrazing. On the island of Hawaii, land cleared for coffee and subsequently abandoned is occupied by inva- sive Hilo grass. Judd, C.S. 1927c. Hawaiian forest regions and their conservation. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 13: 9. "The damage done to the forests during the period of the sandalwood trade and by the cattle which were allowed to run wild, together with the clearing and cultivation of large tracts of land, have reduced the forests to a point where they are not even adequate to protect our water supply." Judd, C.S. 1927d. Bamboo against staghorn fern. Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist 24(2): 54-55. Bamboo m m b u s a vulgaris) which was planted in a --- e or .st tion experiment on Maui where natural forest f;a5 cfiet out, has displaced invasive staghorn fern (~leichenia linearis) in some places. Judd, C.S. 1936. Growing sandalwood in the Territory of Hawaii. Journal of Forestry 34(1): 2 pp. - Native species of sandalwood, once largely extirpated for trade, are increasing in population size due to protection from scorching fires and grazing animals. Judd, C.S. 1937. Staghorn fe Museum Special Publication 31: "Althou h the uluhi or st linearisf makes a-fa3 cover has two undesirable aualiti rn invasion. - B.P. Bishop 8-9. aghorn fern (Gleichenia ---- C-----r- for water conservation, it es. It invades the native forest with a dense mat which prevents natural reproduc- tion, and in dry seasons this mat presents a serious fire menace." Judd, C.S. 1940. Forest resources of the Territory of Hawaii, U.S.A. Proc. Sixth Pacific Science Congress 4: 797-800. Along dry seashores is found the a1 aroba forest type, comprising introduced Prosopis juli ?p-- lora which has run wild on 100,000 acres, and is interspersed with plants such as the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia). Juvik, J.O. and S.P. Juvik. 1984. Mauna Kea and the myth of multiple use, endangered species and mountain manage- ment in Hawaii. Mountain Res. Devel. 4(3): 191-202. Considerations for effective use of natural resources of the Hawaiian mountainous areas. Kalkman, C., ed. 1983. People unite against Unilever. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 36: 3916-3917. - "The people of North New Georgia, Solomon Islands, have become aware of the damage a large timber operator like Levers Pacific can do to their forests." Karasik, G. 1984. Smiley Ratliffe: some men are islands. Islands 4(5): 16-17. An excursion into the mentality of an individual who proposed to acquire rights to Henderson Island for par- tial clearance and settlement. Kastadalen, A. 1982. Changes in the biology of Santa Cruz Island between 1935 and 1965. Noticias - de Galapagos 35: 7-12. Regarding introduced plants, it is noted that avocados (Persea americana) crowd out all native vegetation where they become established, and so do Hibiscus tiliaceus and Eugenia jambos. Kawamura, K., Tanaka, T. and T. Inagaki. 1940. On the soils of the Saipan, Tenian, and Rota Islands, Marianas. Part I and 11. Jour. Sci. Soil and Manure 14: 439-484. ---- (Translation by U.S. Geological Survey, 1949). Includes data on changes in soil conditions after deforestation. Kay, E.A. 1972. Hawaiian natural history: 1778-1900, pp. 604-653, in Kay, E.A., ed., A Natural History -- of the Hawaiian Islands - Selected ~2adings. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of ~awalan-ti in this habitat are discussed. Sorensen, J. 1974. Remote Oceanic Islands: Approaches to Conservation of an International Resource. 26 pp. ~ n i v e F sity of CaliforTia. Berkeley: Institute of Urban and ~ e ~ i o n a l ~evelo~ment. Plots 26 inventory factors and measures onto a matrix of 10 types of suitability of an island for alternative uses, in order to arrive at an inventory of the resource stock of an oceanic island. The major problem-areas of oceanic islands are: overpopulation; degradation of natural resources; colonial rule vs. island self- determination; extinction of distinct island races; human and crop diseases, animal and plant pests; proper- ty and resource ownership; extinction of species from island or world; and disruption, corruption or loss of indigenous cultural patterns. Sorensen, J. 1977. Andropogon vir inicus (Broomsedge). Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societ -%7 16 1-2): 7-22. An obnoxious pest seemingly introduced by accident into Hawaii pre-1932. Souder, P. 1968. Report on Conservation Areas on Guam. 2 pp., mimeo. Agana, Guam: Micronesian Area ~ e s c r c h Cen- ter. In 1968, only 3,594 acres or 2.65 percent of Guam's total area was devoted to conservation. Report lists conserved areas. Sparre, B. 1973. Plants from Robinson Crusoels island. Taxon 22(1): 171. C o m ~ l a i n t that scientists have over-collected rare plants on Juan Fernandez Islands. Spate, O.H.K. 1979. The Spanish Lake. 330 pp. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Concerning the era when the Manila galleons traversed the Pacific from Middle and South America to the Philippines, non-stop travel except for one stop in Guam, ''Plants introduced (to Asia) via the Pacific in- cluded acacias, capsicums, groundnuts, papaya, indigo, manihot, tobacco; maize was probably already in Southeast Asia before any Spanish introduction ... There was little plant transferral from Asia; in contrast to the westbound sailings, the cold on the northern reaches of the eastwards run was probably enough to inhibit success with seedlings." Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972a. Succession Patterns After Pig Digging - in Grassland Communities on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. 44 pp. Island Ecosystems I R P / I ~ -- Hawaii, T e c h n i c ~ e p o r t No. 15. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. "It was found that pi digging greatly enlarges the component of introduceif species in communities with a former high percentage of native species." See similar article in Phytocoenologia 3(2-3): 346-373 (1975). Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972b. - The Influence - of Feral Goats -- on Koa (Acacia koa Gray) Reproduction in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. 16 pp. Island ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s t e m s IRP/IBP Hawaii, Technical Report, No. 3. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. If high numbers of goats are permitted to exist, the koa stands will become senile and the remnant trees will eventually die a normal physiological death, as is pre- sently demonstrated in the parallel ecosystem on Mauna Kea, where cattle interfere with the koa reproduction cycle. Goat extermination is suggested to remedy the situation. Spatz, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1973. The influence of feral goats on koa tree reproduction in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Ecolo 54(4): 870-876. Several negative + e ects are observed. Spence, G.E. and S.L. Montgomery. 1976. Ecology of the dryland forest at Kaneputu, Island of Lanai. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(4-5): 62-80. To preserve this forest, fires should be suppressed, axis deer should be limited, and conservation re-zoning should be enforced. Spoehr, A. 1954. Saipan: the ethnology of a war-devastated island. Fieldiana: Anthropology 41: 1-379. The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by man that its original character is no longer preserved. Only in a few small restricted areas on Mount Tapochau and along the cliffs and steep slopes of the east coast are there patches of forest that probably resemble the vegetation of early days. Squire, S. 1984. Frozen assets. National Wildlife 22: 7- 13. Includes discussion of exotics introduced to Hawaii. Stager, K.E. 1964. The birds of Clipperton Island, Eastern Pacific. Condor 66: 357-371. Mentions destructive activity by feral pigs. Stark, J.T., et al. 1958. ------- Military ----- Geology -- of ---- Truk Islands, Caroline Islands. 205 pp. Tokyo: H.Q. US Army Pacific. "Most of the present grassland areas were cleared during the latter years of the Japanese administration ... When abandoned at the end of World War 11, these areas were revegetated with Ischaemum (shortgrass), Gleichenia (fern), and ~ e r r e m i a n e r . ? S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t o f Land and N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s - (Hawaii). 1976. Forestry Potentials for Hawaii. 68 pp. ---- U.S. Forest Service, Region 5. Feral pigs and other vectors have spread the aggressive exotic "banana poka" vine over at least 25,000 acres, drastically altering the forest in some areas. It has been estimated that at least 150,000 acres are infested with undesirable exotic plants such as black wattle, fire-tree, banana poka, melastoma, lantana, gorse, and blackberry. Stebbins, G.L. 1966. Variation and adaptation in Galapagos - - - plants, pp. 46-54, in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of C a m o r n i a Press. Characteristics of endemic plant species of the Galapagos, evolved in isolation, are discussed. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. 1964. On the origin of island - floras-. Advancement of Science (May 1964): 79-92. The author is proponent of theory of a land origin of Pacific floras, an alternative to the diffusionist theory. Endemic genera of various islands are mentioned. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. 1965. Man and plants in the tropics: an appeal to Micronesians for the preservation of nature. Micronesica 2(1): 61-65. Suggests flora should be inventoried, living collections should be maintained in botanical gardens, and nature reserves laid out in Micronesia. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. 1972. Axis deer tragedy in Hawaii. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 26: 2017. Remarks on the vegetation damage which may occur as a result of proposed experimental introduction of axis deer to a large enclosure on Mauna Kea, for sport hunting . Steinberg, R. 1978. Island Fighting. 208 pp. Alexandria, Virginia: Time - Life Books. In Pacific island combat areas during World War 11, enemy defense personnel were often deployed in nearly impregnable concrete bunkers, limestone caves, subterranean tunnels, reinforced pillboxes, trenches, blockhouses and gun emplacements. Underbrush and dense taller vegetation which presented an impediment to access and dislodgement of enemy resistance was either purposefully or inadvertently eliminated. Penetration methods and instruments on difficult terrain included bomber-strafer airplanes; naval bombardment; airplane rockets; hand grenades; dynamite, TNT and demolition charges; armored bulldozers; one- and t w o - m a n flamethrower teams; tanks; amtrac-mounted flamethrowers (amtracs are amphibious tractors, known as LVT, for "Landing Vehicle, Tracked"); long-range flamethrowers mounted on tanks; and artillery, mortar and napalm attacks. In many cases, the Seabees (U.S. Navy Construc- tion Battalions) were called in to build roads, air- strips, naval bases and related facilities, which re- quired clearing and flattening of much remaining atoll vegetation, involving utilization of bulldozers, detona- tion blasting of stumps and coral, power-shovels, dynamite-assisted quarrying, road surface graders, Marston mats, trenching- machines, and earth-movers. Thus, the genesis of a secondary flora on many Pacific islands. Illustrated. Stemmermann, L. 1980. Observations on the genus Santalum (Santalaceae) in Hawaii. Pacific Science 34(1): 41-54. In the lowlands of Maui, habitat destruction, and perhaps the effects of sandalwood trade, is extensive. Plants such as Santalum freycinetianum now exist only in relict pockets. Stemmermann, L., Higashino, P.K., Char, W. and L. Yoshida. 1986. Botanical survey of the Kahuku Training Area, Oahu, Hawaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 25(3): 90-118. he- training area consists of 9,646 acres leased by the U.S. Army, extending from near sea level to the coast of the Koolaus (approx. 2,000 ft.). Includes discussion of vegetation types, rare plants and limitations of survey. Ochrosia com ta, two species of Tetraplasandra, and Reynoldsia?~n%rsicensis were located. Stemmermann, L. and F. Proby. 1978. Inventory of Wetland - vegetation -- in the ~ a r o l i n e Islands. Vol. I. Wetland Vegetation TvDes. 231 DD. Honolulu. Hawaii: VTN Facif ic. . - - ~ - ~ ~ r G p a r e d fo; 'Pacific L6cean ~ivision, US Army Corps of ~ n ~ i n e e r s . Discusses invasive plants, flora of bomb craters, and several rare plants. Volume 11. Wetland Plants. 382 pp. (1978) warns of the noxious potential of the now rare Clidemia hirta on Palau. Stewart, M. 1973. New species found on Kauai. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 3(4): 71. Recounts various species o f s c a d e l p h u s (Malvaceae). Stine, P.A. 1986. Refuge established for endangered Hawaiian forest birds. Endangered Species Technical Bul- letin ll(1): 5. The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge on island of Hawaii will protect several potentially threatened plants, including species of Clermontia, Cyanea, Gouldia and Platydesma. St. John, H. 1946. Endemism in the Hawaiian flora, and a revision of the Hawaiian species of Gunnera (Haloragid- aceae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 11. Proceedin s California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, ZS(16- 377 419. Reprinted as pp. 517-527, in Kay, E.A., ed. 1972. A Natural Histor of the Hawaiian Islands: Selected ~ea3ings. Honolulu~ ---- Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Pertinent data on Hawaiian endemic plants. St. John, H. 1947. The history, present distribution, and abundance of sandalwod on Oahu. Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 14. Pacific -science l(1): 5-20. History of the extensive. destructive trade in sandalwood, a monopoly of the- Hawaiian kings. St. John, H. 1954a. Ferns of Rotuma Island, a descriptive manual. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 21(9): 161- 208. More than 90 percent of the land area of Rotuma I., near Fiji, is planted in coconuts for copra. St. John, H. 1954b. The vegetation of Hawaii at the time of Capt. James Cook in 1778-79, and a comparison with its present status. Eighth Congr. -- Int. Bot. Rapp. Comm. 21 a -- 27: 176-177. Origin of adventive plants in Hawaii is probed. St. John, H. 1957a. Adventive plants in the Marshall Islands before 1941. Proc. Eighth Pacific Science Con- gress 4: 227-228. Brief outline of successive waves of weeds occupying the Marshalls, until the 1890's development of coconut plan- tations opened up even more habitats for weed en- croachment. St. John, H. 1957b. Vegetational provinces of the Pacific: Hawaiian. Proc. Ei hth Pacific science Congress 4: 56-57. The n a t u r m o r a -57 o Hawaiian zones having a rainfall of 20 to 60 inches annually at lower altitGdes, has been virtually exterminated by man and his animals. St. John, H. 1959. Botanical novelties on the island of Niihau. Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 25. pacific Science 13(2): 156-190. Includes account of the first discovery, in an area of grazing sheep and cattle, of the endangered endemic palm Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. St. John, H. 1960. Flora of Eniwetok Atoll. Pacific Science 14(4): 313-336. Heavy bombing and fighting on Eniwetok in February 1944 llcaused general devastation on the largest islet, Eniwe- tok ~ s l e t , and on several others. It probably exterminated some of the rarer plant species." St. John, H. 1966. Monograph of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. B.P. Bishop --- Museum Bulletin 229: 1-465. Details history of forest destruction in Schofield Saddle region: "Now the forest is so comple.tely destroyed that prolonged research was needed to reveal that it once existed." St. John, H. 1977. The flora of Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga. Pacific Plant Studies 32. Phytologia 36(4): 374- 390. "The vegetation of Niuatoputapu has been extensively modified as a result of some 3,000 years of Polynesian occupation. l1 St. John, H. 1979. A new Steno ne (Labiatae). Hawaiian Plant Studies 84. Phytolo* 305-308. On the island of Hawail In the saddle area between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Stenogyne pohakuloaensis occurs in a lava fissure in vegetation that has suffered from the grazing of feral goats and from military maneuvers and cannon fire, for it is now a military training area. St. John, H. and A.C. Corn. 1981. Rare Endemic Plants of the Hawaiian Islands Book I.onol~lT, Hawaii: --- -------- ------ 2 ---- - Department of Land and Natural Resources. Details of status, threats, and habitat of 68 threatened plant species of Hawaii. St. John, H. and F.R. Fosberg. 1937. Vegetation of Flint island; Central Pacific. B.P. Bishop ~ i s e u m , Occasional Papers 12(24): 3-4. "The original vegetation of this island has been practically destroyed, and the island is now an intensively cultivated copra plantation." St. John, H. and W.R. Philipson. 1962. An account of the flora of Henderson Island, South Pacific Ocean. Trans- actions Royal Society -- of New Zealand, Botany l(14)- 194. "Each summer, when possible, they (Pitcairn islanders) sail in whale boats the 90 miles to windward to Hender- son Island. land at the north end and fell trunks of "milo", ~hespesia populnea and sandalwood, Santalum hendersonense. From the beautiful reddish wood of th; latter they make carvings to be offered for sale to passengers on passing steamers." Stockman, J.R. 1947. The Battle - for --- Tarawa. 86 pp. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps. Tarawa, devastated island of the Pacific Combat Theater in 1943, is shown with many photos of vegetation destroyed due to military operations in World War 11. Stoddart, D.R. 1965. Geography and the ecological approach: the ecosystem as a geographic principle and method. Geography 50(3): 242-251. Includes brief indications of studies of Pacific ecosystems impacted by introduced mammals, e.g. Clipper- ton I., Fiji Is. Stoddart, D.R. 1967. Organism and ecosystem as geographical models, pp. 511-548, in Chorley, R.J. and P. Haggett, eds., Models - in Geography. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. Ecosystem modelling as an activity for geographers, including references to articles on the interaction of man, plants and animals in Fiji and Hawaii. Stoddart, D.R. 1968a. Isolated island communities. Science Journal 4(4): 32-38. Includes map indicating locales of threats posed to Pacific islands by the development of international airports, airstrips, military bases, weapons testing sites, and guano and phosphate mining. Stoddart, D.R. 1968b. Catastrophic human intervention with Cora Inc str f lo T 1 at lude ucti ra , ecosystems. ~ e o g r a p h ~ 53(1): 25-40. ffects of coconut ~lantations. airstri~ and nuclear weapok testing,-on the pAac the disappearance of Cordia forest on Ca con- if ic nton Stoddart. D.R. 1969. Sand cays of eastern Guadalcanal. ~hilosoihical Transactions, ~ b ~ a 1 Society B255: 403-432. "Field mapping of the Marau cays suggests a major distinction between the vegetation of islands much dis- turbed by man, dominated by coconuts and Casuarina, and the less disturbed islands (such as East, Keura, North, Horohato and Tarvarau) which are still largely covered with broadleaf woodland.ll Stoddart, D.R. 1971. Conservation -- of the Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific Ocean. 20 DD. ReD0rt to the Southern Zone - . - - -. - - - - Research Committee, ~d;al iociety, Department of Education and science, and Foreign - and dommonwealth Office. Recommendations for preserving the fragile ecosystems of the Phoenix Is. Stoddart, D.R. 1975. Reef islands of Aitutaki, Atoll Research Bulletin 190: 59-72. Mentions that vegetation of the Ootu peninsula of Aitutaki was considerably leveled and cleared for run- way development in World War 11, and still is periodically cleared. Stoddart, D.R. 1976. Scientific Importance - and Conserva- tion of Central Pacific Islands. 28 pp. Report to the -- Southern Zone Research Committee, Royal Society, De- partment of Education and Science, -and -Foreign and- Com- monwealth Office. Includes discussion of disturbances caused by human activities in the central Pacific. Stone, B.C. 1963. The role of pandanus in the culture of the Marshall Islands, pp. 61-82, in Barrau, J., ed., Plants - - - and the Migrations of Pacific Peoples. 136 pp. Honolulu. Hawaii: Bishop ~ u s e u m Press. ll~andanus trunks are split down the middle for use in light construction, especially for walls, and were so much employed by American armed forces in the Gilberts during World War I1 that the area saw a great reduction in the Pandanus population." Stone, B.C. 1967a. The phytogeography of Guam, Marianas Islands. Micronesica 3: 67-73. Sixty-three percent of the total Guam flora (585 out of 931 species) is introduced by man. Introduced and native species are categorized under several headings for dis- cussion. A large number of the introduced plants are from Mexico, Central or South America, and may be traced to the Spanish galleon route from Acapulco, Mexico, to Guam, and on to Manila in the Philippines. Most endemics occur on coral substrate. Stone, B.C. 1967b. The flora of Romonum Island, Truk ~ a ~ o o n , Caroline Islands. Pacific Science 21(1): 98-114. V e r y little, if any, of the original vegetation is left intact. l1 Straatmans, W. 1964. Dynamics of some Pacific island forest communities in relation to the survival of the endemic flora. Micronesica l(1 6 2): 113-122. Concerns IEua I. in Tonga Is. "Land clearing, ring- barking, firing, logging and crop-growing under in- creasing population pressure has resulted in drastic changes which cross-pattern the spontaneous dynamics of the virgin forests.ll Strauss, T. 1978. - The Cousteau Odyssey: Blind Prophets of Easter Island. 58 min. running time. A Cousteau society Production. J. 6 P. Cousteau. Executive Producers. This film discusses the firmer civilization of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, which died trying to destroy its own habitat. As the island was denuded of timber, the people became impoverished and sought the natural shel- ter of caves . Social disorder became commonplace as overpopulation and food shortages continued. Strange petroglyphs of flowers and large trees survive to indi- cate the formerly flourishing woodlands, and the huge totemic stone figures, mute celebrities of the island's history, now stand amid the short grass. Today, the handful of descendants of the ancient people have no conscious recollection that wood was once plentiful on their depleted island. Street, J.M. 1960. --- Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. 63 pp. Library brochure prepared for pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. llBogombogo Islet, which was denuded by a nuclear shot set off at a distance of 2.3 miles in November 1952, was re-covered with a heavy growth of Scaevola and Messer- schmidia when examined in April, 1954." Strong, M.F. 1976. Environment and man's future in the Pacific, pp. 99-11, in Scagel, R.F., ed., Mankind's - Fu- ture in - the Pacific. 198 pp. Vancouver: hiversity of ~ r i t i s T Columbia Press. Includes mention of various Pacific islands which have become llecologically bankrupt", such as Banaba (or, Ocean I. in the Gilberts), and large desecrated areas of New Caledonia, including the importance of restoring centuries of damage in the Galapagos. See similar article in SPC Environment Newsletter 2: 10-17 (1975). Stuessy, T.F. and 0. Silva. 1983. The evolution of the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Rep. Chilean Univ. Life 15: 3-6. Some endemics have unusual life-forms. Stuessy, T.F., Sanders, R.W. and O.R. Matthei. 1983. Juania australis revisited in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. Princi es 27(2): 71-74. Status o 7+- a rare endemic palm. Stuessy, T.F., Sanders, R.W. and M. Silva. 1984. Phytogeography and evolution of the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands: a progress report, pp. 55-69, in Radovsky, F.J., Raven, P.H. and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Bio- geography -- of the Tropical Pacific. 221 pp. B.P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication No. 72. - - "The main reason for the decline in the endemic flora is the destruction by domesticated and feral animals including goats, sheep, cattle, coatimundis, rabbits and horses .I1 Summerhays, B. 1984. The endangered species of Darwin's islands. Environment Southwest -504: 3-6. Environmental perturbations in Galapagos are mentioned. Svenson, H.K. 1963. Opportunities for botanical study on the Galapagos Islands, pp. 53-58, in Galapagos Islands: a unique area for scientific investigations. Occasional Papers, California Academy of Sciences, No. 44. Dry areas of the islandshave the more pronounced endemism. Svihla, A. 1936. Rana rugosa Schlegel. - Mid-Pacific Magazine ( ~ ~ r i l - ~ u n r 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 . It is possible that this Japanese and Korean frog may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands (where it is known from Oahu and Maui) by means of man as an agent of plant dispersal, i.e., tiny frog eggs inadvertently concealed among the roots of aquatic plants shipped from Japan. Breakdown of frog's breeding rhythm postulated as a result. Svihla, A . 1936. The Hawaiian rat. The Murrelet 17: 2-14. - In a strange reversal of the overwhelmingly provable concept that introduced plants are usually deleterious to the native biota. the indigenous "iole" or Hawaiian rat, ~ a t t u s -- hawaiiensis, actGally prefers to live in gullies thick with growths of introduced guavas, cactus and lantana, rather than in dry areas where the native vegetation is sparse. Sykes, W.R. 1969. The effect of goats on vegetation of the Kermadec Islands. -- Proc. New zealand Ecological Society 16: 13-16. On the Kermadec Is., located between Tonga and New Zealand, and particularly with respect to Raoul I., palatable indigenous flora will continue to disappear due to grazing pressure by goats, unless goats are exterminated. Sykes, W.R. 1980. Botanical Science, pp. 9-67, in Bibliography of Research --- on the Cook 1slandsI New Zealand Nat. Comm. ~ n G c o . DSIR. Lower Hutt. Cook Islands a r e - ~ e w zealand territory located by Tonga. Sykes, W.R. 1981. The vegetation of Late, Tonga. - Allertonia 2(6): 323-353. To avert the threat of ~ o t e n t i a l l ~ dangerous weed spread, all visible plants 'of Mimosa 6udicaWon the lava cliff dwelling site were eradicated-by the author. Tabata, R.S. 1980. The native coastal plants of Oahu, ~awaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical society 19: 2-44. - Threats to indigenous plants in coastal habitats discussed in detail; includes checklist of plants and recommended protective measures for them. Tagawa, T.K. 1976. Endangered species in Hawaii: effect on other resource management. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 15(1): 7-14. Discloses a mounting apprehension concerning the bureaucratic burdens involved in protecting officially listed Hawaiian plants and critical habitats. Followed by rebuttal article by Lamoureux, C.H., -- loc. cit. 14-21 (1976). Takahashi, M. and J.C. Ripperton. 1949. --- Koa ----- Haole (Leucaena glauca): Its Establishment, Culture, - and Ut ili - zation - as - a Forest Crop. 56 pp. Bulletin 100. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Background information on a plant which has since become, due to improper management, an invasive pest on several Pacific islands. Taketa, K.H. 1987. Hawaii's islands of life: a campaign to stem the tide of extinction. The Nature Conservancy News -37(1): 4-5. Briefly describes the objectives of TNC Islands of Life Campaign recently initiated in the State of Hawaii, along with mention of TNC1s accomplishments of the past decade. Takeuchi, W. 1980. Unpublished manuscripts. Status reports on Bidens cuneata Sherff (Compositae); Schiedea adamantis st.= [ v h y l l a c e a e ) . Washington, D.C.: U.S. De- partment of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Tak.euchi, W. 1982. Unpublished manuscript. Status report on Brighamia -- spp. (Lobeliaceae). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered plants of Hawaiian Islands. Talbot, F.H. and C.E. Holdren. 1985. The protection of coral reef ecosystems: the size of viable reserves. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 198- 375. (Abstract) "~conomic development in the form of tourism; over- fishing or poor fishing technique; siltation from housing development, forestry, agriculture or mining; or pollution from increasing city size and industrial growth, often threaten the long term productivity or even the survival of many coral reefs." Talbot, L.M. 1969. Highlights of conservation in the International ~ i o l o ~ i c a l Programme in the Asia-Pacific Region. Malaysian Forester 32: 391-394. Discusses nature conservation in the Pacific. Tannowa, T. and A. Yoshida. 1975. Plant Collecting -- in the Ogasawara Islands: Collecting and Breedin Institute of Breeding Research, Tokyo, Vol. -* 37, No. 8 In Japanese) Rare endemic plants, principally of Hahajima I. and Mukojima I. Tannowa, T., Yoshida, A. and K.R. Woolliams. 1976. Tentative list of rare and endangered plants of the Ogasawara Islands. Notes Waimea Arboretum 3(2): 10-12. Endemic Ogasawara plants requiring conservation. Taylor, J.L. 1951. Saipan: a study in land utilization. Economic Geography 2714): 340-345. Includes vegetation and land use. Taylor, R.H. 1968. Introduced mammals and islands: priorities for conservation and research. Proc. New Zea- --- land Ecological Societ 15: 61-67. Exotic mammals -IF s ould not be permitted to gain a foothold on unmodified islands, and they also should be removed from unstable, actively degrading islands. But the control of introduced mammals on modified, stable islands with balanced ecosystems, or on nearly stable islands with declining mammal populations, should not be attempted solely as a conservation measure unless the need is confirmed by sufficient ecological research. Taylor, W.R. 1950. Plants of Bikini - and Other Northern Marshall Islands. 227 pp. A= Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Damage to terrestrial vegetation on various islands as a result of military installations and atomic bomb sta- tions is noted. Telfer, T.C. 1971. Kauails blacktail deer. Aloha Aina 2(11: 16-18. The deer were introduced from Oregon to Kauai because, "In view of the goat control measures, the needs and desires of the Island sport hunters had to be considered. l1 Templet, P.H. 1986. American Samoa: establishing a coastal area management model for developing countries. Coastal Zone Management Journal 13(3-4): 241- 264. Pressures on Samoan coastal ecosystems are treated. Tennev. E.D. 1909. Oahu water resources. Hawaiian For. , ' -- Agr. 6: 130-132. Remarks on Kahoolawe deforestation and ensuing climatic changes. Tercinier, G. 1974. Les sols de llIle de Mangareva (Gambier): etude pedologique temoin dlune ile haute de la Polynesie Francaise. Cahiers du Pacifi ue 18(2): 341-457. Human activity destroyed t h e + orest cover and fragile soil of Mangareva, promoting erosion and sedimentation. Terrell, 3. 1976. Island biogeography and man in Melanesia. -- Arch. and Phys. Anthrop. in Oceania ll(1): 1- - 17. Biogeography, the study of distribution patterns of plants and animals in time and space, has been an integ- ral part of human geography for generations, although some investigators do not wish to consider human beings as animals. Animals or not, our increasing and diffusing populations are consuming and converting a great deal of biomass, including native forests and vegetation. Thaman, R.R. 1974a. Lantana --- camara: its introduction, dispersal and impact on islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Micronesica lO(1): 17-39. Documents the presence of lantana on many islands and its adverse alteration of many floras, in conjunction with other modifications by man. Good, long Bibli- ography. Thaman, R.R. 1974b. Tongan agricultural land use: a study - of resources, pp. 153-160, in Proc. ~nternational Geographical Union Re ional Conference and Eighth -- New Zealand G e o g r a m o k Palmerston North, New Zea- land: New Zealand Geographical Society. - * Owing to population pressure (over 300 persons per square kilometer in 1971) and over 3,000 years of human occupance, very little primary vegetation remains on Tongatapu. The existing vegetation communities provide gene pools of plants commonly found in either a protec- ted or wild state on many bush allotments. Thaman, R.R. 1976. The Tongan Agricultural System. 433 pp. Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific. Includes details of Tongan lant associations, weeds , a and how people interact an utilize indigenous flora. Native forest species on Tongatapu are rapidly being eliminated as a result of the need for firewood and timber for banana "shooks" and other purposes. Theobald, W.L. 1976. Proposed road through garden defeated. Bull. Pacific ~ r o ~ i c a l Botanical ~ a r d e n 6(3): 64-68. Scenic road proposed by the Hawaii State Department of Transportation, which would have gone through the Lawai Valley and the PTBG, was aborted due to pressures from conservationists. Theobald, W.L. 1978. Economic crop survey: New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Bull. Pacific Tropical Botanical Gar- den 8(4): 81-85. In New Caledonia, "Cattle grazing is significant for the local population and there is a timber industry which is rapidly depleting the native flora." Theobald, W.L. 1980. The nation's tropical garden. Pacific Horticulture 41(2): 28-34. A primary goal of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden is to grow endangered plants. Thibault, J.-C. 1975. Rapa Iti: l'ile de la derniere chance. Te Natura o Pol nesia 4: 8-10. Introdu~e~nfs*abundant ly multiplied and therefore significantly modified the environmental milieu of Rapa Iti. Thompson, P.G. 1965. Goat breeding in Fiji. South Pacific Bulletin 15(2): 28-30. "Goats were well established in Fiji before Cession in 1874, and Angora goats were run on the Nananu Is., at Nadi, on Mago I., and probably elsewhere ... Fiji's large Indian population much prefers goat meat to mutton." Control of stock numbers to prevent overgrazing is sug- gested. Thorby, R.G. 1954. Afforestation in the Cook Islands. south Pacific Bulletin 4(4): 15-16. D e f o r m a r e a s and sheet - washed s l o ~ e s should be reafforested before they become irremediably ruined. Acacia Eucalyptus and Albizzia falcata are being tested f o r i s purpose. Thorne, R.F. 1965. New Caledonia, island of botanical opportunity. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 4(1): 1-3. "The area of native vegetation on la Grand-Terre is rapidly being diminished by frequent and extensive burning, destructive prospecting and mining, timbering, over-grazing, and other disturbances attributable to civilized man." Thorp, T.E. 1960a. -- Wake Island. 42 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. Original vegetation patterns on Wake have been considerably modified by "(1) wartime construction work, and (2) by damage resulting from air and sea bombardments of the islands by both Japanese and U.S. forces." Thorp, T.E. 1960b. Midway Islands. 47 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, Cali- fornia. Riverside, California: University of California. Includes brief history of the considerable modification of the vegetation by introduction of exotic species, and construction work. Thorp, T.E. 1960c. -------- Johnston ------ Island. 40 pp. Library brochure prepared for the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, California. Riverside, California: University of California. Discusses incidence of naturalized weeds, some of which may have come in with nursery stock from Hawaii. Tindle, R.W. 1983. Galapagos conservation and tourism: eleven years on. Oryx 17(3): 126-129. Minimization of tourist impact is desired. Titcomb, M. 1969a. The axis deer: impending threat to the Big Island. Elepaio 30(3): 21-25. Deer may turp out to have the same "nuisance valueM as feral goats in Hawaii. Titcomb, M. 1969b. Axis deer: welcome or not? Elepaio 30(6): 52-54. "Recent observers have called East Molokails forest a disaster area, as to its vegetation." (Hawaiian Islands) Tokyo Metropolitan Government. 1969-1970. Surve Re ort on Nature Conservation of Bonin Islands. Vol+l9*Vo~: 2, 251 pp. (1970). Reviewed by Eldridge, L.G., Atoll Research Bulletin 185: 34-37. Volume 1 contains article by T. Tuyama on "Flora of the Bonin Islands", pp. 79-110. Tomich, P.Q. 1965. A question of values. Elepaio 25(7): 54-55. Concerns program for eradication .of rabbits from Manana Island (Hawaiian Is.). "Rabbits have inhabited Manana for more than 60 years and undoubtedly were the greatest factor in the extirpation of nearly all the original vegetation." Tomich, P.Q. 1969. -- Mammals - in Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 57. Concerns introductions of animals which became feral in Hawaii. Tomich, P.Q. 1972. The feral goat in Hawaii, with particular reference to problems in the national parks, pp. 203-204, in Mueller-Dombois, D., ed. (1972). The goat is an inharmonious element in native ecosystems and has caused extensive damage, modifications, and also probable extinctions relative to the indigenous flora and fauna. Tomich, P.Q., Wilson, N. and C.H. Lamoureux. 1968. Ecological factors on Manana Island, Hawaii. Pacific Science 22: 352-368. Feral rabbits are potent destructive agent on Manana. et al. 1959. Military Geolo Tracey, J.I., - - - of -2 Guam Mariana Islands. 282 pp. U.S: Army, Chief 2 Engineers, Intelligence Division, H.Q. US Army Pacific (Tokyo). Trotman, I.G. 1979. Western Samoa launches a national park program. Parks 3(4): 5-8. Reprinted in Tigerpaper 6(4): 11-14 (1979). The largest park likely to be established is 0 Le Pupu - Pu'e National Park in the southern part of Upolu Island, Western Samoa. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. 1972. Rota Master Plan. 9 3 pp. + 11 Appendices. Planning Division, Department of Public Works, TTPI. Contains excellent narrative on history of land alteration on Rota (Mariana Is.) from Spanish through German, Japanese, and World War I1 eras. "The present distribution and nature of the flora represents a mirror of man's activity on the islands and is so artificial as to make it almost impossible to reconstruct the original climax pattern." Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. 1976. Adopted Regulations, Title 45: Fish, Shellfish and Game, Chapter 5: Endangered Species. Territorial Register 2(1): 4 December. Lists 5 endangered plant species of the Trust Territory: Rock Island Palm, Gulubia palauensis from Palau; Truk Palm, Clinosti ma carolinensis from Truk; Palau Palm, ---T Ptychosperma pa auensis from Palau; and the Marianas Serianthes, Serianthes nelsonii from Rota. Tuoc, L.T. 1983. S o m e thoughts on the control of introduced plants. Noticias de-~alapagos 37: 25-26. Too little has been achieve7 in checkinn the spread of introduced plants from the colonized areas (of human habitation and agriculture) into the Galapagos National Park. Turner, J.S., Smithers, C.N. and R.D. Hoogland. 1968. - The Conservation of Norfolk Island. 41 pp. Australian Conser- vation ~oundation. S~ecial Publication No. 1. . L Compares Philip I., devastated by feral grazers, to Norfolk I. which has representative remaining plant communities likely to be threatened by recent develop- ments (airstrip, hotels). Tuttle, M.D. 1986. Gentle fliers of the African night. National Geographic 169(4): 540-558. Vegetarian bats ("flying foxesu) are vital seed- dispersal agents for the regeneration of forests. They are often wrongfully decimated as crop-destroying pests and food-animals, and their decline could have a devas- tating effect on tropical ecosystems in Samoa, Fiji, Guam, and Saipan where they are declining. Also, three continents support flying foxes that are likewise impor- tant for forest regeneration. Tuyama, T. 1953. On the phytogeographical status of the Bonin and Volcano Islands. Proc. Seventh Pacific Science Congress 5: 208-212. Owing to the dense population and the inadequate forestry administration, the original forest of the Bonin Group was mostly destroyed. The tall forests which maintain the original features are seen only in restricf ted areas in Peel and Bailey Islands. Uhe, G. 1974. Medicinal plants of Samoa. Economic Botany 28(1): 1-30. 154- species are covered in this preliminary survey, a forerunner of more detailed studies of specific plants and remedies. Umpingco, N.R. 1975. The realities facing Guam today, pp. 107-114, in Force, R.W. and B.P. Bishop, eds., The Impact of Urban Centers in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, - - - Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Guam remains a favorite tourist destination, especially favored by Japanese honeymooners, and the growing economy adversely impacts on the environment, including the sys- tematic destruction of pristine lands. U.S. Army, Office of the Engineer, Intelligence . - Division. 1955. Militar Geolo of Saipaan, ~ a i i a n a Islands. Volume L d ~ t d a n Xgineering hpects. 67 pp. H.Q. US Army Forces Far East. "The vegetation of Saipan has been so altered by burning, cultivation, and importation of foreign species that it is difficult for any but the skilled botanist to know what plants are indigenous and which introduced." U.S. Army, Office of the Engineer, Intelligence ~ivision-. 1956. Militar Geology- of Palau Islands ~ a r o - line Islands. 2 8 5 d y o : H.Q. US Army P- Describes World War I1 damage to terrain: soil deficiencies; occurrence of bauxiie. U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. 1953. Ryukyu Islands Forest Situation. 123 pp. USCAR, Special Bulletin No. 2. Clearing of the forests is a major problem in the Ryukyus. Other threats to native vegetation include the effects of burning, grazing, introduced timber trees, and exploitation of cycads for starch in the "Cycad Hellw of Amami Oshima. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife service. 1968. -- Hawaii's Endangered - Wildlife. 16 pp. Portland, Orenon. - ~emonstiates interdependence of endangered vegetation (as habitat) and fauna (especially birds) affected by grazing of rabbits and other animals. Also illustrates how a housing development erected on a pond destroyed a waterbird marsh. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife service. 1970. Hawaii's ~ n d a n ~ e r e d Forest Birds. 30 pp. Portland, Oregon. Demonstrates dependence of specialized native birds on intact, vegetated habitats, i.e.? the survival of bird species is linked to preservation of large tracts of native f rest.. Exotic plants in Alakai Wilderness Preserve P~auai) threaten the Hawaiian crow; feral goats in Lanai forests threaten the Lanai thrush; grazing rabbits on Laysan Island caused extinction of the Laysan apapane bird; and feral browsing mammals threaten liwi birds on Molokai. U.S. Navv. 1946. Field survey of Javanese defenses on chichi' Jima Retto. Part 0nk: The - ~ e ~ o r t . CINCPAC - - CINCPOA Bulletin 2-46: 1-114. Useful to researchers wishing to date the changes in - vegetation due to military operations. U.S. War Department, Historical Division. 1946. The Capture of Makin (20 November - 24 November 1943). 135 --- ---- - ---- pp. Washington, D.C. Includes photos depicting effects of war activities on the vegetation. VanBalgooy, M.M.J. 1971. Plant-Geography - - of the Pacific. Blumea Supplement Volume VI. 216 pp. Rijksherbarium, Leyden, The Netherlands. Contains separate discussions of the composition, including endemism, of the floras of 36 prominent island groups of the Pacific. VanBalgooy, M.M.J. 1973. Chapter 14. Vascular plants: the altitudinal range of some taxa, pp. 171-175, in Costin, A.B. and R.H. Groves, eds. (1973). Many plants (mostly at the generic level) which occur in both the Pacific islands and Malesia show two tenden- cies: "the same taxa occur at lower altitudes in the Pacific than in Malesia; and the total altitudinal range in the Pacific is in general narrower than in Male- sia. ..In the Pacific the impact of man on the original vegetation is greatest in the lowlands, to which many taxa are restricted. Therefore it is particularly impor- tant that lowland areas receive high priority in conser- vation." Van der Poel, C.J. 1975. Human and cultural values on Guam in a period of rapid transition, pp. 327-336, in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., The Impact - of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Pacific Science Association. Guamanian young people feel they are becoming second- class citizens in their own country, and are more disturbed than the entrenched older persons about situa- tions such as the presence of military forces on the island; the fact that so much arable land is utilized for roads, hotels and factories; and the breaking up of the forested coastline to build hotels. Their concerns are significant because, as explained by R.W. Force (loc. cit., pp. 345-362), "Much of the credit for the consciousness that exists in the world today about our environment, what is happening to it, and what is happening to man as part of that environment, may be awarded quite legitimately to young people, who some- times seem to have more respect for the world and its inhabitants than do some of us who are a bit older." Force further observes that Pacific "people are not museum populations, nor do they wish to be." Van der Werff, H.H. 1978. The Vegetation --- of the Galapagos Islands. 102 pp. + 12 plates. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht. Zierikzee, The Netherlands: Drukkerij Lakenman 6 Ochtman . Includes new records of pantropical weed introductions, e.g. Tridax rocumbens on Santa Cruz; and Pangola grass, Di itaria pk--, on Santa Cruz where it easily h r o m cultivation as a forage grass and threatens to overrun the native vegetation in the fern-sedge zone by means of vegetative reproduction. Van der Werff, H.H. 1979. Conservation and vegetation of the Galapagos Islands, pp. 391-404, in ramw well, D., ed., Plants - and Islands. London and New York: Academic Press. Review of the problems besetting the Galapagos. Van der Werff, H.H. 1982. Effects of feral pigs and donkevs on the distribution of selected food ~lants. ~oticias de Gala a os 36: 17-18. A Differences -+?- in istributions of the orchids Li aris and Prescottia on Santa Cruz I. and Alcedo I. r"- Galapagos) are proba6ly a result of feral pigs who dig up and eat the subterranean organs of the plants. Van Tilburg, J. 1987. Symbolic archaeology on Easter Island. Archaeolo 40(2): 26-33. -Includes brief iscussion of early deforestation by original inhabitants of Easter Island. Veillon, J.M. 1971. La flore Neo-Caledonienne, son originalite, sa vulnerabilite face aux problemes de degradation et de pollution. Commission du ~ a c i f i ~ u e Sud, Colloque Regional -- sur la Protection de l a ~ a t u r e - Recifs et La ons Noumea, 4-14 Aout 1971, SP~~RSCN-WP. 23 ~ 3 3 7 7 5 3 p . 1-5. In New Caledonia, the relictual, highly endemic flora is exposed to the dangers of destruction through mineworks, roads, and mineral discharges. From review by Plessis, J. Cahiers - du Pacifique 16: 213-214 (1972). Vietmeyer, N. 1986a. Casuarina: weed or windfall? American Forests 92(2): 22-25, 63. Casuarina, or "Australian pine", grows vigorously in places such as the toxic alumina soils of ~ e w ~aledonia. This article discusses the potential of Casuarina in reforesting barren lands in developing countries. Vietmeyer, N. 1986b. Lesser-known plants of potential use in agriculture and forestry. science 232: 1379-1384. Several underexploited leguminous tree species are presented as "important weapons" against deforestation in tropical areas. Creating the most enthusiasm is Leu- caena leucocephala, a fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree that promises to provide wood and reforestation for much of the tropics. ~x~erimental plots of leucaena are being grown by the University of Hawaii at Waimanalo, on the island of Oahu. Villa, J.L. and A. Ponce. 1982. Islands for people and evolution: The Galapagos, pp. 584-587, in McNeely, J.A. and K.R. Miller, eds., National Parks, Conservation, - and Development: --- The Role of Protected Areas in Sustainin Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian ~nstiTution Press! Suggests ways to orient the management of Galapagos National Park towards the achievement of rural develop- ment objectives which benefit people living in the area. Villiers. A. 1971. Cautain Cook: the man who mauued the * * pacific: National ~ e d ~ r a p h i c 140(3): 297-373. Background information on major discoveries of land in the Facific, in non-technical- presentation. Virot, R. 1951a. Associations vegetales de la Nouvelle- Caledonie et leur protection. Journal Societe Oceanistes 7: 263-269. Plea for judicious control of mineral prospecting, forest exploitation, and other activities which negatively impact the vegetation of New Caledonia. Virot, R. 1951b. Les plantes indigenes utiles de la ~ouvelle-~aledonie. ~ev.- Intern. B O ~ T Appliquee no.339- 340 an.-Feb. 1951. XIT): 120-131- An attempt to inventory useful plants of New Caledonia, including the endemic medicinal plants Gardenia aubreyi, Gardenia urvillei and Nicotiana fragrans. Virot, R. 1954. Le probleme de la protection de la nature en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Eighth Congr. Intern. Bot. Rapp. Comm. 21-27: 14-144. -- Discusses human threats to vegetation of New Caledonia and conservation procedures to counteract them. Virot, R. 1956. La vegetation Canaque. Memoires --- Museum National Histoire Naturelle, serie B. 398. (Th. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1956, ser. A, no. Invasions of weeds and other current and future modifications to the vegetation of New Caledonia are discussed. Exten.sive Bibliography of New Caledonian flora included. Vogl, R.J. 1971. General ecology of northeast outer slopes of Haleakala Crater, East Maui, Hawaii. Contr. -- Nat. Cons. 6: 1-8. Preservation of the slopes is recommended. Vogl, R.J. and J. Henrickson. 1971. Vegetation of the alpine bog on East Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science 25(4): 475-483. Grazing by feral goats, pigs and cattle may have elimi- nated Lobelia and/or Argyroxiphium species that may have once existed in the bog. Wace, N.M. 1960. The botany of the southern oceanic islands. Proceedings -- of the Royal Society B152: 475-490. These highly impoverished floras are extremely vulnerable- to- competition from continental species ini troduced by man. The native floras have few or no annual species to exploit the open habitats produced by the destruction of the vegetation. The Juan Fernandez Is. are within the scope of this article. Wace, N.M. 1978. The Character of Oceanic Islands -- and the Problem of Their Rational -- u s e a n d Conservation. Morges, ~witzerland: IUCN. Energy flow models are presented for island ecosystems. Wace, N.M. and M.W. Holdgate. 1976. -- Man and Nature -- in the Tristan da Cunha Islands. IUCN Monograph No. 6. 114 pp. Morges, ~witzerland: IUCN. Oceanic islands will have increasing significance as baseline monitoring sites, e.g., a station at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, monitors atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. (Tristan da Cunha, the principal subject of this article, is in the Atlantic Ocean.) Wagner, J.P. 1985. The "scandalwood". Hawaii 2(2) (Issue No. 4): 51-52. story of the 30-year (1800-1830) Hawaiian sandalwood trade, from which the trees are only now slowly reviving. By the 19th century, the original non-Hawaiian resources of sandalwood had dried up through a lack of conservation measures in India, Java, Timor and the East Indies. The Hawaiian aristocracy mortgaged the economy of the islands with promissory notes payable in sandalwood, with disastrous results on the native vegetation. Wagner, W.H. 1950. Ferns naturalized in Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Pa ers 20(8): 95-121. Interesting historical he ata on the establishment of invasive fern species which became naturalized in the Hawaiian ~slands, e.g. Azolla filiculoides and Blechnum occidentale. Wagner, W.H. 1981. Ferns in the Hawaiian Islands. Fiddlehead Forum 8(6): 43-44. Many ferns were introduced into Hawaii for commercial purposes, e.g. Adiantum cuneatum Pteris vittata, Cera- topteris thalictroides, a n d y r o g f a m m a - -- - . - -. calomelanos. Apparently extinct ferns of Hawaii include Botrychium subbifoliatum, Asplenium leucostegioides, and Diellia mannii. Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden. 1983. Checklist of Hawaiian Endemic, Indigenous, Food Plants and ~ o l ~ n e s i z Introductions in Cultivation - in --- Hawaii. 31 pp. Waimea Arboretum ~oundation Educational Series No. 2. Haleiwa. Hawaii: Waimea Arboretum Foundation. Includes numerous endangered and threatened Hawaiian species, growing at 16 garden sites. walker, C.M. 1971. Forest Conservation Research -- Plan for the Seventies. 35 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Department of - Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. Discusses ways in which the ecological basis for understanding forest conservation in Hawaii must be strengthened, and considers the impact of invasive plant species and feral sheep. Walker, E.H. 1952. A botanical mission to Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyus. - Asa Gray Bulletin, n.s. 1 (3): 225-244. Records the northernmost occurrence in the world of the useful nipa palm, Nipa fruticans, at Hinai Bay, Iriomote Island, Ryukyus. Also includes many observations, on all the Ryukyus, of invasive weeds and reversions of grassland and agricultural land to forests. Walker, E.H. 1953. Botanizing with the Okinawans. The Smithsonian Report for 1952 pp. 359-383. Washington, -- --9 D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. One-third of Okinawa I. (Ryukyus) was devastated in the World War I1 invasion of 1945. Regarding the barren appearance of the southern end due to the paucity of trees: "Those (trees) that the Japanese army did not use in building defenses, the Americans blew down to eliminate snipers ... The appearance of barrenness is further augmented by the American installations built on great bulldozed and leveled areas, once hills and val- leys covered with grass, trees, or cultivated fields." 1 Walker. E.H. 1957. A sketch of the vegetation and ~ l a n t s of the Southern Ryukyu Islands. roc. Eighth pacific Science Con ress 4: 397-406. +On sout ern Okinawa Island. long occupation and destruction by World War I1 have swept away most of the arboreal cover, leaving extensive areas grown up in coarse grasses such as Miscanthus floridulus and "la- lang" (Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii). Walker, F.S. 1962. The Forests of the British Solomon --. -- --- Islands Protectorate. 186 pp. Honiara, Guadalcanal: South Pacific Commission. (~eprint of 1948 Original). Details of extensive secondary vegetation on various islands are included. Walker, R.L. 1969. Staff report by State Division of Fish and Game on question: Should axis deer be introduced to the Island of Hawaii. Elepaio 30(4): 31-36. Division of Fish and Game recommends introduction of axis deer to island of Hawaii, after reviewing 18 harmful effects such action may cause; indirectly provides excellent insight into bureaucratic mentality. Wallace, R., et - al. 1973. Chapter 6. The enigma of a tree, pp. 150-1637 in The American Wilderness Series: Hawaii. New York: Time-Life Books. Concerns Hibiscadelphus distans (Malvaceae). Wallis, O.L. 1961. Coral Reefs, A Challenge to Conserva- tion. 24 pp. mimeo. Paper presented at sixth Interna- tional Game Fish Conference. Miami Beach. Florida. 1961. Washington, D.C.: U.S. ~ e ~ a r t m e n t of th; ~nteridr, Na- tional Park Service. Among the eleven stated categories of impact to the fragile ecosystems of coral reefs is "changes wrought on land". Massive land-clearing can cause water run-off into coral beds, silting them up. Bibliography of 46 references. Walsh, J. 1976. Superport for Palau debated: ecopolitics in the Far Pacific. Science 194(4268): 919-921. The possibility that a superport for transshipping Iranian oil to Japan may be built in Palau, causes concern for resource development in the ecologically fragile lagoon and reef of Palau. Also mentions incipient cultural deterioration which may ensue due to infusion of more money and material possessions to Palauans at such a superport. Ward, R.G. 1965. --- Land Use and Population in Fiji: A Geographical Study. 309 pp. Department of ~eFhnical CO- operation, Overseas Research Publication No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Relates intensive utilization of terrestrial resources due to increasing population pressure. Wardle, P., Moar, N.T. and D.R. Given. 1978. Goats on Auckland Islands. -- New Zealand Journal - of Botany 16(2): 291-292. Instructive for its approach to the feral goat problem, though Auckland Is. are not covered by the present Bibliography. See Campbell, D.J. and M.R. Rudge (1978) for rebuttal article. Warner, R.E. 1960. A forest dies on Mauna Kea. Pacific Discovery 13(2): 6-14. On the island of Hawaii, feral sheep have destroyed natural vegetation in the llmamanell forest dominated by Sophora chrysophylla, on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea volcanic peak. Graphically illustrated with photos. Warner, R.E. 1961a. The problem of native forest destruc- tion- in Hawaii. ~ e n t h - Pacific Science Congress, - Ab- stracts, 251-252. Short notes on aspects of Hawaiian deforestation. Warner, R.E. 1961b. Hawaii's birds: birth and death of an island biota. Pacific Discovery 14(5): 6-13. Photos show effects. on vegetation and forests. of feral - sheep and other stock, overbrowsing, overgrazing, trampling, erosion; bulldozing natural vegetation for macadamia nut orchards. Warner, R.E. 1963. Recent history and ecology of the Laysan duck. The Condor 65(1): 3-23. Details the = e m destruction of the Laysan duck's habitat by overgrazing rabbits, pigs and Guinea pigs. "The nearly completed annihilation of the flora of Laysan Island followed the introduction of domestic rabbits in 1903 to provide meat for guano miners." Warner, R.E., ed. 1968. Scientific Report -- of the Kipahulu Valley Expedition. 184 pp. The Nature Conservancy. Contains numerous observations on status and threats to natural vegetation of the Kipahulu Valley, Hawaii, by expedition participants R.E. Warner, R.E. DeWreede, C.H. Lamoureux, and G.A. Smathers. Warshauer, F.R. 1977. The Kalapana extension of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: its variety, vegetation, and value. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 16(3-4): 57- 60. Severe problems with feral pigs are delineated. Warshauer, F.R. and J.D. Jacobi. 1982. Distribution and status of Vicia menziesii Spreng. (Leguminosae): Hawaii's first of-lly listed endangered plant species. Biological Conservation 23(2): 111-126. "The primary factors responsible for the decline of V. menziesii are habitat loss and excessive predation o n the plants by introduced ungulates. Continued logging and cattle grazing within its remnant range are major threats to its existence." Watson. J.S. 1961. Feral rabbit ~ o ~ u l a t i o n s on Pacific islanhs. Pacific Science 15(4): 5blL-593. Discusses rabbit damage to vegetation. and causes of - kabbit population fluct;ations, in the ~awaiian Leeward Islands of Lisianski and Laysan; Phoenix I., Philip I., and islets of the main Hawaiian group: Manana, Lehua and - Molokini. Watson-Gegeo, K.A. 1982. Review of Bryan F a r r e l l , Hawa i i , The Legend T h a t S e l l s . H o n o l u l u : U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i 7 P r e s s , 1 9 8 2 . 4 2 0 pp. P a c i f i c S t u d i e s 6(1) : 128-132. F a r r e l l ' s book i s " t h e f i r s t comprehens ive t r e a t m e n t o f t o u r i s m deve lopment i n Hawaii", w i t h a c h a p t e r on t h e impac t o f t o u r i s m on t h e p h y s i c a l l a n d s c a p e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t " t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s on l a n d and s h o r e have been c o r a l r e e f d e s t r u c t i o n , p r o b l e m s o f b e a c h a c c e s s f o r l o c a l p e o p l e , o v e r s t r e s s i n g o f e n e r g y a n d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s , a n d d e s t r u c t i o n o f l o c a l v e g e t a t i o n a n d s o i l . " W a t t e r s , R.F. 1960. The n a t u r e of s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n : a r e v i e w of r e c e n t r e s e a r c h . P a c i f i c View o i n t 1: 59-99. Impact o f s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n i n *Samoa. W a t t s , D. 1970. P e r s i s t e n c e and change i n t h e v e g e t a t i o n o f o c e a n i c i s l a n d s : a n e x a m p l e f r o m B a r b a d o s , West I n d i e s . Canadian Geographer 14C2): 91- 109. E v i d e n c e f r o m t h e C a r i b b e a n i s l a n d o f B a r b a d o s s t r e n g t h e n s t h e v iew t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n o f p l a n t a l i e n s i n l o c a l ( i n d i g e n o u s ) v e g e t a t i o n a s s o c i a t i o n s i s a n a r t i f i c i a l o n e , i n t h a t a s s o o n a s f e l l i n g o r g r a z i n g a c t i v i t i e s a r e r educed i n s c a l e , n a t i v e s p e c i e s u s u a l l y r e g a i n t h e i r p r e - e m i n e n c e . S t a t i s t i c s f r o m P a c i f i c i s l a n d s a r e i n c l u d e d f o r compar i son . Weave r , K.F. 1 9 7 1 . M a u i , w h e r e O ld H a w a i i s t i l l l i v e s . N a t i o n a l Geograph ic 139(4) : 514-543. I n c l u d e s m e n t i o n of t h e s i l v e r s w o r d s (Argyroxiphium) o f H a l e a k a l a C r a t e r . Weber , D . 1971 . P i n t a , G a l a p a g o s : u n e i l e a s a u v e r . ~ i o l o ~ i c a l c o n s e r v a t i o n 4(1): -8--12. E f f o r t s t o s a l v a e e t h e e c o s v s t e m s o f P i n t a I . i n t h e Galapagos I s l a n d s "of Ecuador . ' Weber , W.A. 1 9 8 6 . The l i c h e n f l o r a o f t h e G a l a p a g o s I s l a n d s , Ecuador . M c o t a x o n 27: 451-497. I n c l u d e s d i s c u s s i o n % o c a t a s t r o p h i c l o s s e s o f l i c h e n h a b i t a t s i n t h e Galapagos caused by t h e E l Nino phenome- non o f 1982-1983. Weber , W.A., G r a d s t e i n , S.R., L a n i e r , J . a n d H . J . M . S i p - man. 1977. Bryophy te s and l i c h e n s o f t h e Galapagos I s - l a n d s . N o t i c i a s d e Galapagos 26: 7-11. D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e b r y o p h y t e a s s e m b l a g e s on each i s l a n d i n t h e Galapagos may be due i n p a r t t o t h e i n f l u e n c e of man and h i s c a t t l e . S u g g e s t s p r o t e c t i o n of San C r i s t o b a l p e r m a n e n t s t r e a m s i n v i e w o f u n i q u e b r y o p h y t e f l o r a t h e r e . W e b s t e r , G.L. 1 9 5 1 . The P o l y n e s i a n s p e c i e s o f - Myoporum. - P a c i f i c S c i e n c e 5(1) : 52-77. "The real value of Myoporum to the Hawaiian Islands resides in its role'lln the formation of a dry forest cover and in the consequent checking of soil erosion. On most of the islands the dry forest region has been partially or completely denuded, with serious consequent erosion." Weimarck, G. 1984. torommiro, the tree Botanical Institute, The toromiro tree, Island, now exists Botanical Garden. Conservation work with -- S o ~ h o r a ---- of Easter Island. Reports from the University of Aarhus No. 1 0 3 4 0 - 4 r "virtually eradicated" from Easter only as three specimens in Goteborg grown from seeds collected by Thor Heyerdahl from the iast surviving tree in 1955, which is now dead (having been gradually cut down for the wood used for sculptures). Attempts have been made to reintroduce the species to Easter Island. Weller, D. 1981. A Preliminary Look at Some Environmental --- Effects --- of the U.S. Nuclear - Weapons Testing Program - - in the Marshall Islands. 20 pp. Unpublished manuscript. San Jose, California. Includes consideration of effects of nuclear device detonation on igniting the vegetation, soil radionuclide uptake by plants (radioactivity), and destruction of surface soil. Wells, S.M. 1985. The IUCN Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Proc. if th International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 1985) T ( ~ b s t r a c t ) m e c t i v e s include to provide a broad survey of the world's reefs in sufficient detail to enable priorities for reef conservation to be established at both national and international levels." Wenkham, R. 1967a. Importance to the people of Hawaii of conservation of natural scenic resources. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 6 (1 6 2): 1-5. Instances of alleged carelessness towards Hawaiian natural environment are enumerated. Wenkham, R. 1967b. A Kauai national park. National Parks Magazine 41(234): 4-8. 97,000 acres (150 square miles) of shoreside cliffs and wilderness interior are proposed for preservation on Kauai (Hawaiian Is.), including Waimea Canyon, Napali Cliffs, and Alakai Swamp. Wenkham, R. 1971. Micronesian parks: a propsal. Micronesian Re orter 19(3): 9-22. Descriptions an p otos of natural areas being proposed for parks. 9hT; Wenkham, R. and K. Brower. 1975. Introduction: towards oceanic parks for Micronesia - a proposal, pp. 10-25, in Brower, K., Micronesia: Island Wilderness. 161 pp. San Francisco, CaTifornia: rimo of the Earth. Discusses conservation benefits that would accrue from proposed oceanic parks on Nan Mad01 (Ponape), Elabaob (Palau Is.), Peleliu (Palau Is.), Arno Atoll (~arshall 1 , Marpi (Saipan, Marianas), Truk Lagoon, and Guam. Wentworth, C.K., Mason, A.C. and D.A. Davis. 1955. Salt- water encroachment as induced by sea-level excavation on Angaur Island. Economic Geology 50(7): 669- 680. Phosphate mining on Angaur I. (Palau Is.) produced excavations below sea level in which lakes were formed, and contamination of freshwater supplies and of agricultural land by salt water resulted from tidal pulsations through the fissured rock. Westendorp, F.J. van. 1961. Agricultural development on Niue. South Pacific Bulletin ll(2): 67-69. Photos include: "Part of the "Niue desert", an area of 8,100 acres which because of wrong use in the past, including frequent burning off, became valueless for agricultural purposes." Wester, L. 1978. Development -- of the Adventive Flora -- of the Hawaiian Islands. 13 pp. Paper prepared for 74th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New Orleans, April 1978. Discusses alternative explanations that may account for the recent decline in the rate of arrival of introduced plants. A preliminary survey indicates there are at least 600 adventive plant species in Hawaii. Wester, L.L. and H.B. Wood. 1977. Kosterls curse (Clidemia hirta), a weed est in Hawaiian forests. Environmental Conservation 4117: 35-41. - - - - ~ A plant of the melastome family, which smothers extensive areas of indigenous vegetation. Whistler, W.A. 1976. Inventory - - and Mapping of Ketland Vegetation in the Territory - of -- American Samoa. 74 pp. U.S. Army C o r p s o f Engineers, ~ a c i ~ c e ~ D v i s i o n , Fort Shafter. Aunulu Crater marsh, Pala Lagoon, and the mud lake on Aunulu with its mangrove forest, are recommended for nature preserves. Samoan localities of Xylocarpus moluccensis should be protected. Whistler, W.A. 1978. Vegetation of the montane region of Savaili, Western Samoa. Pacific Science 32(1): 79-94. Includes discussion of proposal to establish a national park in the Mt. Silisili area, which supports many endemic plant species. Whistler, W.A. 1980. The vegetation of Eastern Samoa. Allertonia 2(2): 45-190. Includes discussion of 4 types of disturbed vegetation: managed land; kula (Dicranopteris) fernland; disturbed forest; and ---- Rhus s a r y forest. In general, llapproximately one-third of the area (of Eastern Samoa) is covered by plantation and another third by secondary forest ." Whistler, W.A. 1981a. A naturalist in the South Pacific: off the beaten track in Samoa. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden ll(1): 1-6. Various proposals to erect a hotel on Nulutele ("an inviable vroiect") and to raise goats on the islands to A " provide export goat meat for ~ i j i , have caused the rare iegetation- to "remain under the sword of Damocles". Whistler, W.A. 1981b. A naturalist in the South Pacific: north t o Tokelau. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden ll(2): 29-37. Observing rare plants such as Hed otis romanzoffianus on Atafu, and newly introduced-such as Lepidium - virginicum on Nukunono. Whistler, W.A. 1982. A naturalist in the South Pacific: in search of the apetahi. -------- Bulletin ------- Pacific --- T r o ~ i c a l ---- Botanical Garden 12(1): 1-4. The llapetahi"s Apetahia raiateensis, a woody lobelioid endemic to Temehani ~oun-aiatea (in Leeward Society Is.). The plant is seriously threatened by flower pickers especially during celebrations such as the Bastille Day fete in mid-July, when masses of its flowers are picked for sale in town. Whistler, W.A. 1983a. The flora and vegetation of Swains Island.. Atoll Research Bulletin 262: 1125. Swains is voliticall~ in the Territory of American Samoa. he vegetation of Swains 1slahd is greatly disturbed and nearly the whole island is covered with coconut palms. It is doubtful if any of the original forest vegetation remains." Whistler, W.A. 1983b. Vegetation and flora of the Aleipata Islands, Western Samoa. Pacific Science 37(3): 227-249. Condition of the vegetation is observed. Whistler, W.A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botan 38(4): 464-489. Useful a hY junct to other articles on Samoa by Whistler. Whistler, W.A. 1983c. Weed Handbook - of Western Polynesia. 152 pp. Weed control has become very im~ortant as the trend to increase food crop productioh continues in Polynesia. White, K.J. 1965. Forestry activity (in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea). South Pacific Bulletin 15(2): 31- 34. ~kntions reafforestation at Kerauat, near Rabaul (New Britain) with native hoop and klinkii pine (Araucaria cunninghamii, - A. hunsteinii) and teak (Tectona grandis). Whiteaker, L.D. 1983. The vegetation and environment of the crater District of ~aleakala National Park. Pacific Science 37(1): 1-24. Exotic plant "introductions have resulted in native species -losing ground to invading forms, and there has been up to 100 percent alteration in species composition in some areas." Whitesell, C.D. 1964. Silvical Characteristics -- of Koa (Acacia koa Gra ). 12 pp. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper, PSW-1 sY Forests of koa, the most valuable common native timber species in Hawaii, have been reduced by land clearing, poor cutting practices, and destruction by animals, insects, and fire. Whitesell, C.D. 1972. Natural areas on Guam. -- Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Societv 11(1): 7. --.~ ~~ ~ - ~ - - ~ ~ ~- , ~ - - ~- "The best residual forests on Guam are on the Naval Magazine, and on Andersen Air Base, protected by the military.'' Whitesell, C.D. 1974. Tree plantings on Kahoolawe. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 13(2): 4-5. Describes trial plantings for purposes of reforesting, on a Hawaiian island said to have no soil, only parent material (bare rock). Whitesell, C.D. and M.F. Landgraf. 1966. Growing Queensland maple on lava rocklands in Hawaii. Tree planz tersf Notes No. 77: 1-3. "Thousands of acres of rough or "aa" lava rockland now support low-value species, but this land can produce valuable stands of timber." On two and one-half acres in the Waiakea Forest Reserve (Island of Hawaii), the Queensland maple trees, Flindersia brayleana, were planted after most of the native ohia vegetation was knocked down and crushed by bulldozers in preparation. Growth of the Queensland maple was "impressive1'. Whitmore, T.C. 1966. The social status of Agathis in a rain forest in Melanesia. Journal of Ecology 54: 285-301. Details the status of the kauri, A. macro h lla, in forests of Vanikoro Island, as well as - in -+eforested and forest-managed areas of the island. Whitmore, T.C. 1969. The vegetation of the Solomon ~slands; Philosophical ~ransactions, Royal Society B255: 259-270. ~ - "The extensive areas which carry thickets of small trees and climber tangles instead of high forest are thought due to the combined influence of man, earthquake, landslip and cyclone." Whitmore, T.C. 1976. Conservation Review of Tropical Rainforests: General Considerations a n d - ~ z a . 116 pp. IUCN-UNEP, WWF Switzerland. Includes general account of Fiji, Micronesia, Polynesia, New Hebrides. Whitmore. T.C. 1980. Utilization. potential. and - conservation of Agathis, a genus of tropical - ~ s i a n conifers. Economic Botany 34: 1-12. Agathis includes the kauri, - A. ----- m a c r o ~ h y l l a - ---, of Me Ta%%STa. Whitney, L.D., Hosaka, E.Y. and J.C. Ripperton. 1939 (~eprinted 1964). Grasses of the Hawaiian Ranges. 148 pp. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 82. Useful 8iscussions o f introduced, aggressive weedy and potentially weedy grasses are included, e.g. ripgut grass ( ~ r o m u s -- rigidus), barbwire grass (~mb0pog;n refractux and Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clan estinum Wichman, C. 1978. Limahuli Valley botanical survey. ~ulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical -~arden 8(1): 1-6. The PTBG1s new satellite garden on fairlv wild land harbors two apparently new- color forms of ' the endemic (on Kauai) and rare Hibiscus saintjohnianus, and other novelties. Wiens, H.J. 1955. The Geography of Kapingamarangi Atoll - in the Eastern Carolines. 9 4 pp. SIM Report No. 21. --- ------- --------- Washington, D.C.: Pacific Science Board, National Research Council. The atoll comprises 33 vegetated islets which support creeping vines such as Cassytha, Vi na and I omoea which choke out native vegetation. --if- "T e high he--* egree of manipulation of the vegetation by man obscured the natural vegetation succession. ..it was very difficult to interpret the natural ecology and environment from the apparent pat terns." Wiens, H.J. 1957. Field notes on atolls visited in the Marshalls, 1956. Atoll Research Bulletin 54: 1-23. The islets visited on Kwajelein Atoll had been violently disturbed by World War I1 military operations and the vegetation was thus quite abnormal. War damage to vegetation is apparently the major factor in weed invasion and spread on Majuro Atoll. Wiens, H.J. 1962. Atoll Environment - and Ecology. 532 pp. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Includes discussions of plants introduced and maintained by man on atolls (Chapters 16 4 171, and of population pressures on atoll resources. Wiggins, I.L. 1966. Origins and relationships of the flora of the Galapagos Islands, pp. 175-182, in Bowman, R.I., ed., The Galapagos. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Good background relating to endemic flora. Wiggins, I.L. and D.M. Porter. 1971. Flora -- of the Galapa- gas Islands. 998 pp. Stanford, California: Stanford Uni- versity Press. Includes information on patterns of human settlement in the Galapagos, with attendant agricultural expansion, goat problems, and encroachment into natural forests. Williams, M. and B. Macdonald. 1985. - The Phosphateers. 586 pp. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. An account of the British Phosphate Commissioners, including reference to extensive hosphate mining on Nauru, Banaba (Ocean 1 , Makatea P Tahiti), as well as Christmas I. (Indian Ocean); considerations of land rehabilitation. Wills,R. 1965. Tourism for Guam. South Pacific Bulletin 15(3): 44-45, 58. "The coconut palm is predominant and much of the jungle area is covered with a thick green mantle of tangan tangan, Leucaena glauca, which is used extensively for animal fodder and fuel." Wilson, P.T. 1976. Conservation problems in Micronesia. - Oceans 9(3): 34-41. Aspects of a number of serious Micronesian questions are Wirawan, N. 1974. Floristic and Structural Development of Native Dry Forest Stands at Mokuleia, -- N.W. Oahu. 1sland Ecosystems ~ B P ~ a w a i x Technical Report No. 34. 56 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Introduced Schinus suppresses native Canthiurn, and introduced Melinis grass suppresses seedling establishment-of-EryThrina sandwicensis, but native S a ~ i n d u s is able to i n v a d e t t a n Z introduced EU c3mz: Wodzicki, K. 1970. Man and his animals. New Zealand -- Science Review 28(5): 89-102. Includes a quotation from Quentin Thomas regarding Hawaii, to the effect that "A choice must be made be- tween managing the native flora and fauna out of exis- tence by an increasing encroachment upon natural or semi-natural areas, or of wisely conserving specific elements of it under a well-defined plan." Wodzicki, K. 1971. The birds of Niue Island, South Pacific: an annotated checklist. Notornis 18(4): 291-304. "During the last century the shifting system of agriculture with repeated burning of second-growth forest has led to the establishment of large "fern-land areas" and to a considerable reduction of the primeval, tropical forest that once covered the whole island. This must have significantly affected all (bird) species that solely or partly depend on the fruit or seeds of forest trees or require tall forest community with a high canopy for nesting, such as tuaki, taketake, or ngongo. Wodzi-cki, K. 1973. Problems of vanishing plants and a s m a l s . Proc. Regional a m p o s i u m - - on Conservation - of Nature - Reefs and Lagoons, Part 117 pp. 217-223. 1nclud;s considerations of rare ~ l a n t s of the South Pacific. Wodzicki. K. 1981. Some nature conservation ~roblems in the ~ 0 6 t h Pacific. Biological Conservation 21tl): 5-18. Conservation problems affecting various ecosystems in the South pacific include: adventive plant and animal species, forest fires, tourism, pollution of mangrove and sea-grass communities, mining, population growth, and milling of indigenous forests. Useful bibliography included. Wodzicki, K. and M. Laird. 1970. Birds and bird lore in the Tokel'au Islands. Notornis 17(4): 247-276. Man causes vegetational changes such as the planting of coconut palms and other crops, which in addition to the hunting of birds and their eggs, makes him appear to be the most important and efficient negative factor affec- ting birds on tropical islands. Womersley, J.S., compiler. 1974. Conservation of primi- tive, rare, and endangered species, p. 594, in Specht, R.L., et al., eds., Conservation of Major Plant - Communi- ties i y Australia and Papua ~ e w Guinea. 667 pp. Austra- -- - lian Journal of Botany, Supplementary Series, Supplement No. 7. A period of locally intense agricultural development is commencing in Papua New Guinea and this will mean the destruction of large areas of closed forest, particu- larly on the north coast of the island of New Britain. Woodward, P.W. 1972. The natural history of Kure Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin On Green I.? introduced Verbesina encelioides in the central plain is spreading rapidly and threatening the native plant species, which cannot grow under it. It also threatens the breeding habitat of blue-faced booby birds. Woolliams, K. 1972a. Propagation of endangered tropical plants. Bulletin Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 2(1): 17-20. Lists Hawaiian species being grown in the nursery of PTBG, with cultural notes. A number of subsequent articles entitled "From the Nursery" document additional species being cultivated there. Woolliams, K. 1972b. A report on the endangered species. Bulletin Pacific Tro ical Botanical ~ a r d e n 2(3):-46-49. --a Data on 12 Hawaii n en angered plants being propagated - - in Garden nursery. Woolliams, K.R. 1974a. Plant collecting trip to the ~ ~ a s a w a r a Islands. Bulletin Pacific ~ropical ~otanical Garden 4(2): 23-28. The Ogasawara Islands flora comprises at least 400 species, of which 46 percent is endemic. Hahajima I. has endangered Erythrina boninensis. On Minamijima I. all goats were exterminated in 1972 and the vegetation has since somewhat regenerated. The handsome palm Clinostigma savoryanum occurs .on Chichi j ima I., where its population was reduced to 100-200 plants during World War 11: the young growing tips served as a food source. The Clinostigma is now threatened since rats eat and destroy its seeds, making regeneration difficult. Woolliams, K.R. 1974b. Endangered species now established in the grounds of Pacific ~arden. Bulletin Pacific Tropi- cal Botanical Garden 4(2): 33. - List includes 26 Hawaiian species. Woolliams, K.R. 1975a. The propagation of Hawaiian endangered species. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 14(4): 59-68. Includes specific examples of successes and failures. Woolliams, K.R. 1975b. Propagat ion (Sesbania tomentosa). Notes Waimea Arboretum 2(2): 7-8. Cultivation of an endangered Hawaiian legumes. Woolliams, K.R. 1975c. Plant collecting in the Ogasawara Islands. "Collecting and Breeding". Institute of Breeding Research (Tokyo) 37(7). (In ~apanese? - Emphasizes indigenous plants of Chichijima and Minami jima islands. Woolliams, K.R. 1976a. Tentative list of rare and endangered plants of the Ogasawara Islands. Notes Waimea Arboretum 3(2): 10-12. Several endemics are endangered. Woolliams, K.R. 1976b. Propagat ion of Hawaiian endangered species, pp. 73-83, in Simmons, J.B., et al., eds., Conservation of Threatened Plants. New ~ o r r a n h ~ o n d o n : Plenum Press.T~bstract appears in Notes Waimea Arboretum 2(2): 5.1974.) The procedures leading to cultivation of rare and endangered Hawaiian plants. Woolliams, K.R. 1976c. Propagation (Chenopodium pekeloi). Notes Waimea Arboretum 3(1): 5-6. Cultivation of an endangered Hawaiian chenopod. Woolliams, K.R. 1978a. Propagation of some endangered' - - Hawaiian ~ l a n t s at Waimea Arboretum. Arboretum s(1): 3-4. Data on Sophora, Mezoneuron, Lepechinia. Notes Woolliams, K.R. 1978b. Observations on the flora of the 0 asawara Islands. Notes Waimea Arboretum 5(2): 2-10; e ---- - 6 1): 6-14 (1979). Data on 18 mostly threatened plant species. Woolliams, K.R. 1979. ----- Kokia ------ cookei: extinction or survival? Notes Waimea Arboretum 6(1): 2-5. Precarious existence of endangered Hawaiian plant. Woolliams, K.R. 1980. Oahu yellow hibiscus found. Notes Waimea Arboretum 7(1): 9, 12. Concerns Hibiscus brackenridgei var. mokuleiana. Woolliams, K.R. 1981a. Serianthes ne1sonii:an update. Notes Waimea Arboretum 8(1): 8-9. First discovery of the plant in 1980 on Rota I., near Guam. Woolliams, K.R. 1981b. Notes Waimea Arboretum K. cookei grafted onto - Kokia cookei: 8(1): 8. K. drynarioides - progress , in Hawai report. .i. Woolliams, K.R. 1982. Kokia cookei: more good news. Notes Waimea Arboretum 9(1): 3-4. Progress of Kokia cookei in cultivation. Woolliams, K.R. 1983. Ogasawara Islands: news from Hahajima. Notes Waimea ~rboretum lO(1): 4-5. Data on f m r e a t e n e d plant species. Woolliams, K.R. 1985. Endangered Heliconia: how serious a problem? Notes Waimea Arboretum 12(1): 5-8. Refers to Fiji. Woolliams, K., Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1980a. Kokia cookei Deg.: then there were two!. Notes Waimea Arboretum ?(2-7. cultivation history of an extremely endangered species. Woolliams, K., Degener, 0. and I. Degener. 1980b. Cookels kokia again. Notes Waimea Arboretum 7(2): 8-9. Refers to the endangered Hawaiian ----- Kokia ------ cookei (Malvaceae). Wright, H.D. 1946. Orchid hunting on Guadalcanal. American Orchid Societ Bulletin 15(3): 106-116. T G K d n o r t h e r n coast was shorn of vegetation to create huge Lever Brothers Coconut ~1antations.l~ Wylie, R.B. Academ of d ~ i weeds a1 f udica), ----- Lantana scandens, 1924. Notes on introduced plants. -- Proc. Iowa Science 30: 333-336. ji Islands of 1922, the intolerable nuisance ready included the sensitive plant para grass (Panicum -- --- --------- barbinode), camara), guava T ~ s i h i u m gua java), --- and Kosterls curse(Clidemia hirta). (Mimosa ---- lantana Mikania - Yates, S. 1984. On the cutting edge of extinction. Audubon 86(4): 62-85. Deforestation contributes to habitat diminishment of Hawaiian endemic birds. Yee, R. 1984a. Gardens in time: plants of modern Hawaii. Ka 'Elele ll(2): 4-5. - Discusses introduced plants harmful to Hawaiian - ecosystems, e.g. lantana, koa-haole, and banana poka. Yee, R. 1984b. Dry lowland plants dominate this garden. - Ka 'Elele ll(6): 4-5. m e Hawaiian Is.. dry lowland forest contains more endangered species- thah any other plant community. Plants such as Hibiscus brackenridgei are rare in this rapidly diminishing ecosystem. Yen, D.E. 1975. Effects of urbanization on village agriculture in Oceania, pp. 171-180, in Force, R.W. and B. Bishop, eds., - The -- Impact of Urban Centers -- in the Pacific. 362 DD. Honolulu. ~ y w a i i : Pacific Science A A Association. It is possible that the depopulation of rural and outer- island areas in Oceania may actually have a beneficial effect on natural resources. When people move to cities and urbanized areas, there is created a llfallowingll period for the land they vacated: land whose topography and soils are best fit for the readaptation of traditional crops and forms of agriculture under a new economic and political order emanating from the towns. Yocom, C.F. 1967. Ecology of feral goats in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii. American Midland Naturalist 77(2): 418-451. Feral goats may have eliminated native Lobelia and Argyroxiphium species. Yoshida, A. and T. Tannawa. 1976. Endangered plant species of the Ogasawara Islands. Notes Waimea Arboretum 3(2): 8- 9. Listing of endangered plants from area formerly known also as Bonin Islands. Young, R.A. and P. Popenoe. 1916. Saving the kokio tree. - ~oirnal of ~eredit~-7(1): 24-28. Refers to the Hawaiian Kokia drynarioides (Malvaceae). Younge, O.R. and J.C. Moomaw. 1960. Revegetation of stripmined bauxite lands in Hawaii. Economic Botany 14: 316-330. Experimental study of devastated lands. Yuncker, T.G. 1934. Some botanical aspects of the Hawaiian Islands. Torreya 34(2): 29-36. Includes remarks on unfavorable influences on the native flora, including feral pigs, feral goats, vigorous weeds, sandalwood trade, as well as mentioning benefi- cial plants for reforestation. Yuncker, T.G. 1937. Three additional species of Pe eromia in Hawaii. -- B. P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 13 14 161-165. + In Honolulu (Oahu), -- P e ~ e r o m i a ------ ~ e l l u c i d a -------- is now naturalized and locally common. The species was "probably accidentally introduced from India with plants for reforestation." Yuncker. T.G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. B.P. - - ~- ~ ish hop ~ u s e b m Bulletin 184: 1-73. _. In American s a n e original vegetation has now been exterminated to aPlarge extkt on tKe lowlands and lower hillsides to provide for coconut and banana planta- tions .ll Yuncker, T.G. 1956. Plants of Tonga. B.P. Bishop --- Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283. On Tonga, some alien plant species "have undoubtedly played-a-part in limiting or-even exterminating some endemics or indigenous species through aggressiveness." Lumber operations on some islands have caused soil ero- sion problems on slopes. Zacharin, R.F. 1978. -- Emigrant Eucalypts: Gum Trees as -- - Exotics. 137 pp. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ~ a c k ~ r o u n d of the often deprecated genus Eucalyptus, used in many reforestation programs in the Pacific. Zimmerman, E.C. 1948. Island faunas in general: their special interest and vulnerability, pp. 17-18, in Coolidge, H.J., compiler (1948). The Bishop Museum 1934 Mangareva Expedition found that on Mangareva "all the native forests are gone - burned and reburned, and eaten away by goats ... Today on Manga- reva, nothing but the ghosts of a once unique and magnificent biota hover - their cries are echoed by the moaning birds screaming over mountain slopes barren of native life and mocked by the bleating of hungry goats." Zimmerman, E.C. 1963. Nature of the land biota, pp. 57-64, in Fosberg, F.R., ed. (1963). Notes that many Polynesian islands have been stripped bare by goats, and the lower islands (of 1,000 or 2,000 feet in elevation) that do not have heavy rain forest have been subjected to repeated burning. Zucker, W.H. 1985. Reef management in the Pacific Region. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress (Tahiti, 1985) 2: 424. The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) includes coverage of coastal ecosystem interactions. SUBJECT INDEX Index Headings 1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS la. Storms (El Nino, Typhoons) lb. Volcanic Eruptions (Ecosystems treated as 5b) 2. INTRODUCED AND FERAL ANIMALS 2a. Introduced Animals in General (Including Pigs) 2b. Deer (Axis, Blacktail) 2c. Goats 2d. Rabbits 3. INTRODUCED, INDIGENOUS, AND ECONOMIC PLANTS Endangered and Threatened Plant Species Endemism and Endemic Plants Economic Plants in General (Including ~ermplasm) Weeds and Other Alien Plants (Trees, ~rasses) Eucalyptus Lantana Ferns and Fernlands Sandalwood (Exploitation, Decline, Protection) Medicinal Plants 4. HUMAN IMPACTS UPON SPECIES AND HABITATS 4a. Human Disturbances of Vegetation in General 4b. Economic Development 4c. Population Pressure (Including Urbanization) 4d. Agriculture (Activities, Ranching, Land Use) 4e. Soil Erosion (Including Soils) 4f. Deforestation (Including Timbering) 4g. Forestry (Forests, Reforestation, Practices, Resources, Management) 4h. Mining (Mineral Exploitation) 4i. Nuclear Testing (Detonations, Radioactivity) 4j. Tourism 4k. World War I1 (Military Operations and Facilities) 5. CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AND VALUES 5a. Conservation Studies and Problems 5b. Ecosystems (Studies, Status, Characteristics, Factors, Vegetation Studies) 5c. Nature Reserves (Natural Areas, National Parks) 5d. Botanical Gardens (Including Arboreta, -- Ex situ Preservation, Propagation) 5e. Ethics of Conservation SUBJECT INDEX 1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS la. Storms Canby, 1984 Fosberg, 1961 Weber, 1986 lb. Volcanic Eruptions Colinvaux, et al., 1968 Degener 6 Degener, 1968 Dutton, 1884 Hamann, 1981 Smathers, 1969 Smathers 6 Mueller-Dombois 1974 Whitmore, 1969 2. INTRODUCED AND FERAL ANIMALS 2a. Introduced Animals in General Anonymous, 1968, 1986d Atkinson, 1977 Bakus, 1975 Baldwin 6 Fagerlund, 1943 Black, 1976 Bryan, 1931 Carlquist, 1982b Cooray, 1974 Dawson, 1962 Degener 6 Degener, 1961a, 1971a, 1971d, 1972 Dening, 1982 Duefrene. 1984 Duffy, 1981 Eckhardt, 1972 Egler, 1947 Eliasson, 1968 Elton, 1958 Flanders, 1985 Fosberg, 1936, 1963a Fowler, 1979 Gardner 6 Gardner, 1985 Giffin, 1977 Gillett, 1972 Green, 1979 Harrison, 1972 Hartt 6 Neal, 1940 Herbst, 1977a Hickman, 1985 Howard, 1965 Jacobi, 1981 Judd, 1916 Kikukawa 6 LeBarron, 1971 Kirch, 1982a Koford, 1966 Kramer, R., 1969 Lawesson, 1986 LeBarron, 1971b Long, 1960 Loope 6 Stone, 1984 MacCaughey, 1918-1919 Milton, 1968 Mitchell, 1981 Montgomery, 1972 Mueller-Dombois, 1967, 1972 Mueller-Dombois 6 Krajina, 1968 Mueller-Dombois 6 Lamoureux, 1967 Mull, M.E., 1977, 1978 Mull, W.P., 1975 Munro, 1952a Myrhe, 1970 Paramonov. 1963 Perry, 1969 Peterson, D., 1976 Richardson, 1949 ~ o e d e l b e r ~ e r 6 Groschoff, 1967 Sachet, 1963 Sachet, et al., 1975 Spatz 6 Mueller-Dombois, 1972a Squire, 1984 Stager, 1964 State Dept. of Natural Re- sources, 1976 Stoddart, 1965 00 W Z \D 0, H 4 nJ rl M ZPI H \D - U 0 , - -H 0 4 4 n x b W c d M r l W o 0, -\o a\o U Z rl c m w m m 3 0 O d a d d n U 166 3a. Endangered and Threatened Plant Species Amerson, Whistler 6 Schwaner, 1982a, 1982b Anonymous, 1969a, 1978a, 1979e, 1980, 1981a, 1986a, 1986c Ayensu 6 DeFilipps, 1978 Ayensu, et al., 1984 Bishop 6 Herbst, 1973 Bryan, 1971 Carr, Undated, 1982 Carr 6 Baker, 1977 Char, 1976 Char 6 Balakrishnan, 1979 Chilcott, 1986 Clapp, et al., 1977 Clark, 1986 Cribb, et al., 1985 DIArcy, 1976 Degener 6 Degener, 1963, 1968, 1971c, 1971e, 1974c, 1976, 1977b ~egener, Degener 6 Hormann, 1969 Degeners 6 Sunadas, 1976 Devaney, et al., 1976 Doria, 1979 Drahos, 1974 Evans, et al., 1972 Fay, 1980, 1982 Fosberg, 1950 Fosberg 6 Herbst, 1975 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1966, 1985 Funk, 1982 Gagne, B.H., 1982 Gagne, W.C., 1983 Gilmartin, 1970 Given, 1975 Gorman 6 Siwatibau, 1975 Green, 1979, 1985 Halle, 1980 Harney, 1983 Herbst, 1972b, 1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1984 Herbst 6 Fay, 1981 Heyerdahl, 1963 Hodel, 1980 Holt, 1981 IUCN - CMC, 1983a,1985, Jenkins, D.W., 1975 Jenkins 6 Ayensu, 1975 Kimura 6 Nagata, 1980 Konishi, et al., 1979 Koopowitz 6 Kaye, 1983 Lamoureux, 1981, 1982 Lasseter 6 Gunn, 1979 Linney, 1982 Lucas 6 Synge, 1978 Lucas, S.A., 1961 Melville, 1979 Mohlenbrock, 1983 Moore, H.E., 1979 Moore, P.H., 1980 Moore 6 Uhl, 1984 Moore, P., Raulerson, L., et al., 1977 Munro, 1955a Nagata, 1981, 1982 Obata, 1976, 1986 Obata 6 Smith, Undated Ono, et al., 1986 Parman, 1975 Perlman, 1977, 1978, 1979 Powell, E., 1982, 1985 Pung, 1971 Ralph, 1978 Ralph, et al., 1980 Russ, 1932 Sachet, 1973 Schmid, 1981 Smithsonian Institution, 1975 Sneed, 1979 Stemmermann, et al., 1986 Stewart, 1973 St. John, 1959, 1979 St. John 6 Corn, 1981 Tagawa, 1976 Takeuchi, 1980, 1982 Tannowa, et al., 1976 Trust Territory of the Paci- fic Islands, 1976 Wallace, et al., 1973 Warshauer 6 Jacobi, 1982 Weimarck, 1984 Whistler, 1982 Wodzicki, 1973 Woolliams, 1974a, 1975b, 1976a, 1976c, 1978b, 1979, 1980, 1981a, 1983, 1985 Yoshida 6 Tannawa, 1976 Young 6 Popenoe, 1916 3b. Endemism and Endemic Plants Anonymous, 1987 Bruhin, 1985 Bryan, 1973 Campon, 1982 Carlquist, 1965, 1970, 1974, 1982a Carr, Robichaux 6 Kyhos, 1982 Carson, 1982 Creutz, 1966 Dahl, 1980, 1984c Dawson, 1981 Degener, 1945, 1977 Degener 6 Degener, 1958, 1975a, 1975b Dodd, 1976 Fosberg, 1948c, 1973c Gerrish 6 Mueller-Dombois 1980 Glassman, 1957 Grant, 1981 Gustafson, 1979 Hall, E.O., 1839 Hamann, 1979c Hamilton, T.H., et al., 1963 Hashimoto, 1977 Hawaii Volcanoes Natll. Park, 1974 Heyerdahl, 1963 Holing, 1987 Hurlimann, 1959b Johnson 6 Raven, 1973 Kobayashi, 1973, 1974 Kores, 1979 Landgraf, 1973 LeBarron, 1971a Leigh, et al., 1981 Moore, H.E., 1966, 1969 Mull, M.E., 1975a, 1975b Munro, 1933, 1955b Okutomi, et al., 1982 Parham, 1953b Perry, 1974, 1984a Pickard, 1980 Porter, 1979 Pung, 1971 Radovsky, et al., 1984 Rauh, 1981 Ronck, 1975 Schmid, 1981, 1982 167 Schofield, 1984 Serpell, et al., 1983 Skottsberg, 1953a, 1961 Smith, A.C., 1970 Sohmer, 1978 Stebbins, 1966 Steenis, 1964 St. John, 1946 Straatmans, 1964 Stuessy 6 Silva, 1983 Stuessy, et al., 1983 Svenson, 1963 Tannowa 6 Yoshida, 1975 Van Balgooy, 1971, 1973 Weaver, 1971 Whistler, 1982 Wichman, 1978 Wiggins, 1966 Woolliams, 1975c 3c. Economic Plants in General Barrau, 1959b, 1967 Carter, 1940 Degener 6 Degener,l970, 1971b Gosnell, 1976 Hashimoto, 1977 Jenkin 6 Foale, 1968 Lowry, 1973 Lucas, S.A., 1981 Massal 6 Barrau, 1956 McClelland, 1915 Niering, 1956 Perlman, 1977 Prescott-Allen 6 Prescott Allen, 1982 Randall, 1973 Scheuer, 1961 Scowcroft 6 Sakai, 1984 Simmonds, 1956 Spate, 1979 Theobald, 1978 Vietmeyer, 1986b Virot, 1951b Waimea Arboretum, 1983 Walker, E.H., 1952 Wills, 1965 3d. Weeds and Other Alien Plants Apfelbaum, Ludwig 6 Ludwig, 1983 Anonymous, 1986e Barrau, 1958b, 1960a, 1983 Berger, 1975b Catala, 1953 Chapman, V.J., 1975 Chock, 1963 Collins 6 Wells, 1983 Crosby 6 Hosaka, 1955 Degener, 1966, 1977 Degener 6 Degener, 1958 DeVries 6 Black, 1983 Doty, 1969 Eckhardt , 197 2 Egler, 1939, 1942 Eliasson, 1982 Ellshof f, 1986 Elton, 1958 Fagerlund, 1947 Forbes, 1911 Fosberg, 1937b, 1948a, 1953b, 1955, 1957b, 1967, 1968b, 1979 Fosberg 6 Corwin, 1985 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1962 Gagne, W.C., 1986 Gerrish 6 Mueller-Dombois 1980 Gilbert, 1977 Gosnell, 1976 Hamann, 1979b Harris, 1962 Hart, 1975 Herbst, 1980 Heyligers , 1967 Higashino, et al., 1983 Holt, 1983a Hosaka, 1936 Huguenin, 1974 Hunt, 1969 Jacobi, 1978 Judd, 1921, 1927d, 1940 Kastadalen, 1982 Kirch, 1982a Knapp, 1975 Lamoureux, 196 1 Lawesson, 1986 Lee, M.A.B., 1974 Loope 6 Stone, 1984 MacCaughey, 1918 McCombs, 1987 Merrill, 1940 Moldenke, 1968 Motooka, et al., 1967 Mune 6 Parham, 1956 Munro, G.C., 1957b Myrhe, 1970 Nelson, 1960 Newhouse, 1980 Nishi, 1968 Obata, 1985a Paine, 1934 Parham, 1953a, 1953c, 1953d Parsons, 1945 Pickard, 1984 Porter, 1976 Powell, R.H., 1968 Price, 1936 Reboul, 1975 Richmond, 1965 Schofield, 1973c School of Naval Admin., 1948 Setchell, 1923, 1926 Simmonds, 1934 Smathers 6 Gardner, 1979 Sorensen, 1977 State Dept. of Natural Re- sources, 1976 Stemmermann 6 Proby, 1978 St. John, 1954b, 1957a Stone, 1967a Svihla, 1936 Sykes, 1981 Takahashi 6 Ripperton, 1949 Thibault, 1975 Thorp, 1960c Tuoc, 1983 Van der Werf f, 1978 Vietmeyer, 1986b Virot, 1956 * Wace, 1960 Watts, 1960 Wester, 1978 Wester 6 Wood, 1977 Whistler, 1981b, 1983c White, 1965 Whiteaker, 1983 Whitney, et al., 1939 Wiens, 1955, 1962 Wirawan, 1974 Wylie, 1924 Yee, 1984a Yuncker, 1934, 1937, 1956 3e. Eucalyptus Albert, 1986 Beighton, 1966 Gilmartin, 1970 LeBarron, 1962 McKinney, 1986 Pratt, 1973 Sachet, 1957 Shiva 6 Bandyopadhyay, 1983 Thorby, 1954 Zacharin, 1978 3f. Lantana Anonymous, 1954 Bryan, 1949 Caum, 1936 Cruz, et al., 1986 Davis 6 Krauss, 1961 ~evribs 6 Black, 1983 Fosberg, 1937a Guillaumin, 1933 Hartley, 1963 Lamoureux, 1976a MacDaniels, 1947 Parsons, 1945 State Dept. of Natural Re sources, 1976 Svihla, 1936 Thaman, 1974a Wylie, 1924 Yee, 1984a 3g. Ferns and Fernlands Anonymous, 1979c Barrau, 1959a Croft, et al., 1976 Degener 6 Degener, 1966, 1971d Fosberg, 1942 Giffin, 1977 Halle, 1980 Harrison, 1972 Judd, 1927d, 1937 Leigh, et al., 1981 Moore, P., 1974 Nelson 6 Hornibrook, 1962 Skottsberg, 1935, 1961 Stark, et al., 1958 St. John, 1954a Van der Werff, 1978 169 Wagner, 1950, 1981 Whistler, 1980 Wodzicki, 1971 3h. Sandalwood Anonymous, 1986b Barrau, 1960b Berger, 1974 Bryan, 1954 Davidson, 1956 Degener 6 Degener, 1973 Dodge, 1976 Douglas, B., 1971 Furnas, 1948 Guillaumin, 1970 Howe, 1984 Judd, 1927a, 1927c, 1936 Murthy, 1985 Powell, E., 1982 Rock, 1916 Serpell, et al., 1983 Shineberg, 1967 Skottsberg, 1953b, 1954 Snow 6 Waine, 1979 Stemmermann, 1980 St. John 6 Philipson, 1962 Wagner, 1985 Yuncker, 1934 3i. Medicinal Plants Barrau, 1958a Chand 6 Chand, 1980 Croft, et al., 1980 Grepin, 1976 Holdsworth, 1974 Johannes, 1985 Johnston, E.G., 1975 Nagata, 1971 Perry 6 Metzger, 1980 Rageau, 1973 Salcedo, 1970 Singh 6 Siwatibau, 1977 Singh, Y.N., 1986 Uhe, 1974 Virot, 1951b 4. HUMAN IMPACTS UPON SPECIES AND HABITATS 4a. Human Disturbance of Vegetation in General Amerson & Shelton, 1976 Anonymous, 1958 Berger, 1977 Brewer, 1975 Brookfield & Glaser, 1975 Canfield, 1981 Clay, 1961 Cloud, et al., 1956 Cowan, 1976 Cribb, 1986 Dahl, 1984b Decker, 1971 Degener, 1963 Degener 6 Degener, 1961c, 1974a, 1974b Doan, Paseur 6 Fosberg, 1960 Dousset & Taillemite, Un- dated Egler, 1956 Elliott & Hall, 1977 Falanruw, 1976a, 1976b Fay, 1978 Force, 1981 Fosberg, 1951, 1953c, 1954b, 1957a, 1959d, 1960a,1960b, 1960c, 1972a, 1975, 1977, 1983, 1984b, 1985 Fosberg & Sachet, 1969 Garnock-Jones, 1978 Gilbert, 1974 Green, 1969 Groube, 1971 Guillaumin, 1953b Halle, F., 1978 Hamann, 1981 Havas, 1985 Heyerdahl, 1940 Holzner, et al., 1983 Hosokawa, 1967 Hughes & Hope, 1979 Hurlimann, 1959a Jenkins, J.T., 1948 Johnson, et al., 1960 Kemf, 1985 King, J., 1978 King, W., 1971 Kirch, 1982c Knapp, 1975 Kramer, 1973, 1983 Kurrus, 1985 Little, H.P., 1982 MacDaniels, 1952 Mangenot, 1963 Mann, 1866 Marshall & Medway, 1976 Marshall, C., 1949a Marshall, D., 1961 McIntire, 1960 McKinney, 1985 McMichael & Talbot, 1970 Moore, 1983 Murdock, 1963 Muzik, 1985 Newell, 1986 Niering, 1961, 1963 Nisbet, 1976 Patterson, 1986 Petard, 1948 Randall & Holloman, 1974 Randall & Tsuda, 1974 Rappaport, 1963 Reed, 1952 Rinke, 1986 Robbins, 1972 Salvat & Richard, 1985 Sanders, et al., 1982 Schafer , 1977 Schmid, 1981 Schofield, 1973a Shallenberger, 1975, 1982 Siegel, 1973 Skottsberg, 1920-1956, 1935, 1957 Smith, C.W., 1971 Smith, S.V., 1978 Sparre, 1973 Stark, 1958 St. John, 1957b, 1977 St. John 6 Fosberg, 1937 Stoddart, 1968a, 1968b, 1969 Stone, 1976 Summerhays, 1984 Talbot 6 Holdren, 1985 Terrell, 1976 Thorne, 1965 U.S. Army, 1955 Veillon, 1971 Virot, 1951a, 1954 Walsh, 1976 Warner, 1961a, 1961b Weber, et al., 1977 Whistler, 1980, 1983a, 1983b Wiens, 1955 Wodzicki 6 Laird, 1970 Wright, 1946 Yuncker, 1945 4b. Economic Development Acosta-Solis, 1966 Anonymous, 1967, 1983b, 1984a Baines, 1984 Barrau, 1981 Bunge 6 Cooke, 1984 Carson, 1982b Chamberlain, 1972 Chave 6 Maragos, 1973 Cheatham, 1975 Cieply, 1983 Colwell, 1946 Dahl, 1984a Degener 6 Degener, 1984 Faulkner, 1981 Fernald, 1981 Fosberg, 1984a Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1983a Fosberg, Sachet 6 Stoddart, 1983 Frome, 1986 Gold, 1985 Gormley, 1984 Havas, 1985b Heine, 1984 Herbst, 1976 Jenkin 6 Foale, 1968 Juvik 6 Juvik, 1984 Karasik, 1984 Kluge, 1986 Koford, 1966 Lal, 1984 Levathes, 1983 Mackensen 6 Hinrichsen, 1984 Mason, 1979 McKinney, 1986 Moverley, 1953 Newell, 1986 Norris, 1986 Oliver, 1951 Ridgeway, 1983 Salvat, 1985 Seiden, 1985 Serpell, 1983 Templet, 1986 Trust Territory of the Pa- 171 cific Islands, 1972 Umpingco, 1975 Van der Poel, 1975 4c. Population Pressure Campbell, 1952 Connell, 1984, 1986 Coulter, 1931 Falanruw, 1985 Gourou, 1963 Heine, 1984 Kluge, 1986 Lewin, 1978 Menard, 1982 Perez, 1975 Sabath, 1977 Schultze-Motel, 1974 Smith, S.V., 1978 Straatmans, 1964 Thaman, 1974b Ward, 1965 Wiens, 1962 4d. Agriculture Budowski, 1972 Christensen, C.C., 1982 Christensen 6 Kirch, 1981 Clapp 6 Sibley, 1971 Cumberland, 1949 DiCastri 6 Glaser, 1980 Fosberg, 1973a Gilbert, 1974 Hartley, 1963 Heyligers, 1967 Howard, 1962 Kira, et al., 1962 Kirch, 1982b Kramer, 1973 Langlois, 1976 Lever, 1964 Matsue, 1932 Maxwell, 1985 McClelland, 1915 McIntire, 1961 McQueen, 1983 Milne 6 Steward, 1967 Nishi, 1968 Parsons, 1945 Porteous, 1978 Sachet, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1983d Schofield, 1973c Siwatibau, 1984 Taylor, J.L., 1951 Thaman, 1974b, 1976 Ward, 1965 Watters, 1960 Westendorp, 1961 Wiggins 6 Porter, 1971 Wodzicki, 1971 Womersley, 1974 Yen, 1975 4e. Soil Erosion Carlson, 1954 Coulter, 1940 Cumberland, 1953 DfEspeissis, 1953 Dugain, 1953 Egler, 1941 Fosberg, 1973a Garnock-Jones, 1978 Gourou, 1963 Graf, 1972 Holdgate 6 Wace, 1961 Josiah, 1983 Lee, K.E., 1969 McCracken, 1953 McHugh, 1986 Moore 6 McMakin, 1979 Morat 6 Veillon, 1985 Mueller-Dombois, 1973b Munro, 1929 Tercinier, 1974 Webster, 1951 Yuncker, 1956 4f. Deforestation Anonymous, 1984b, 1985a, 1985b Bayliss-Smith, 1978 Berger, 1975a Browne, 1987 Bryan, 1929 Caufield, 1985 Clarke, 1986 Cook, 1937 Cumberland, 1963 Donaghho, 1970 E, 1938 Flanders, 1985 Gosnell, 1976 Gourou, 1963 Gradstein 6 Weber, 1982 Heyerdahl, 1968 Holden, 1985 Hosmer, 1910 Howarth, 1972, 1973 Johnston, W.B., 1959 Judd., 1927b, 1927c Kalkman, 1983 Kawamura, et al., 1940 Kenchington, 1985 Kirch, 1980 Linklater, 1974 Lyon, 1918 Marden, 1957 Morat 6 Veillon, 1985 Moverley, 1953 Myers, 1980 Ralph, 1982 Ranjitsinh, 1979 Rao 6 Chandrasekharan, 1983 Routley 6 Routley, 1980 Schubert, 1961 St. John, 1966 Strauss, 1978 Tenney, 1909 Tuyama, 1953 U.S. Civil Admin. Ryukyu Is., 1953 Van Tilburg, 1987 Warner, 1961 Yates, 1984 4g. Forestry Animal Species Advisory Com- mission, State of Hawaii, 1974 Berger, 1966 Bryan, 1947 Buck, 1984 Carlson, 1973 Chapline, 1961 Cheatham, 1968 DfEspeissis, 1953 Donaghho, 1970 Frome, 1986 Fullaway, 1975 Gilmartin, 1970 Hall, W.L., 1904 Halle, F., 1978 Hamilton, L.S., 1983 Hatheway, 1952 Hobdy, 1976 Holt, 1983b Hoyle, 1978 Jacobi, 1978 Judd, 1927d, 1940 Knibb, 1984 Kroon, 1953 Lamoureux, 1976b LeBarron, 1966, 1970, 1971a Little, E.L., 1969 Lyon, 1919, 1922, 1927, 1929 Marshall, C., 1949b, 1953, 1961 Merlin, 1985 Mueller-Dombois, 1980, 1981, 1983a, 1984a, 1984c Munro, 1957b Nelson, 1964, 1967, 1971 Obata, 1985b Pardo, 1984 Pickford, 1962 Pung, 1971 Richmond, 1965 Routley 6 Routley, 1980 Scowcroft, 1971, 1983 Spence 6 Montgomery, 1976 Thorby, 1954 Tuttle, 1986 Vietmeyer, 1986 Walker, C.M., 1971 Walker, F.S., 1962 Warner, 1960 White, 1965 Whitesell, 1964, 1974 Whitesell 6 Landgraf, 1966 Whitmore, 1966 Yuncker, 1934 4h. Mining Anonymous, 1966, 1969b Aubert de la Rue, 1958 Doumenge, 1963 Holthus, 1985 Lucas, G., 1980 Manner, et al., 1984 McMakin, 1977 Moomaw 6 Takahashi, 1960 Parrat, 1971 Wentworth, et al., 1955 Williams 6 Macdonald, 1985 Younge 6 Moomaw, 1960 4i. Nuclear Testing Anderson, A., 1979 Anderson, J.A., 1972 Biddulph 6 Cory, 1952 Blumberg 6 Conard, 1961 Chevalier, et al., 1968 Danielsson, 1984 Doran, 1959 Ellis, 1986 Fosberg, 1959a Hess, 1962 Libby, 1969 Marsh, 1979 Mid-Pacific Marine Lab., 1975 Nolan, et al., 1975 Palumbo, 1962 Street, 1960 Taylor, W.R., 1950 Weller, 1981 4j. Tourism Anonymous, 1985d Boutilier, 1981 DeGroot , 1983 Fullard-Leo, 1985 Gormley, 1984 Grahem, 1987 Heacox, 1984 Kluge, 1969b Lindsey, 1986 McGorum, 1975 Perez, 1975 Porcher 6 Dupuy, 1985 Seiden, 1985 Tindle, 1983 Umpingco, 1975 Watson-Gegeo, 1982 Wills, 1965 4k. World War I 1 Perez, 1975 Perry, 1969 Sachet, 1954 Schofield, 1981 Serpell, et al., 1983 Skottsberg, 1940, 1953b, 1961, 1962 Smith, N., 1977 Sorensen, 1974 Souder, 1968 Steenis, 1965 Stemmermann, et al., 1986 Stoddart, 1971, 1976 Tabata, 1980 Talbot, 1969 Tokyo Metropolitan Govern- ment, 1969-1970 Turner, et al., 1968 Van Balgooy, 1973 Van der Werff, 1979 Virot, 1954 Wallis, 1961 Warner, 1968 Weber , D., 197 1 Weimarck, 1984 Wells, 1985 Wenkham, 1967a Whitmore, 1976, 1980 Wilson, 1976 Wodzicki, 1970, 1981 5b. Ecosystems Byrne, 1979 Carew-Reid, 1984 Carlquist, 1974 Chapman, M.D., 1985 Chapman, V.J., 1969 Christensen, B., 1983 Corner, 1972 Dahl, 1980 Dahl & Baumgart, 1982 Diamond, 1982 Eyde & Olson, 1983 Fosberg, 1948b, 1954a,1963b, 1966, 1968a, 1971, 1972a, 1973b Fosberg & Sachet, 1983b Gagne, W.C., 1975 Gilpin & Diamond, 1980 Gon, 1987 Grady, 1986 Gustafson, 1979 Herbst, 1972a Hertlein, 1963 Hosokawa, 1967 Howarth, 1972, 1973 Johnson, S.P., 1972 Judd, 1922 Kay, 1972 Keast, 1966 Kenchington, 1985 Kirkpatrick & Hassall, 1981 Kuschel, 1963 Levine, 1984 Matthiessen & Wenkham, 1970 Mueller-Dombois, 1967, 1972, 1973c, 1981, 1983a, 1983b, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c Mull, M.E., 1977 Murdock, 1963 Newhouse, 1979 Perry, 1984b Peterson, R.T., 1967 Pickard, 1973 Prior & Stanhope, 1980 Rappaport, 1963 Raynal, 1979 Robyns & Lamb, 1939 Sachet & Fosberg, 1983 Salvat, 1976 Spatz & Mueller-Dombois, 1972a Stoddart, 1965, 1967 U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1968, 1970 Vogl, 1971 Wace, 1978 Wace 6 Holdgate, 1976 Zucker, 1985 5c. Nature Reserves Acosta-Solis, 1963 Amerson, Clapp 6 Wirtz, 1974 Anonymous, 1982, 1985e, 1985f Bowman, 1963 Corporacion Nacional For- estal, 1976a, 1976b Cranwell, 1984 Curry-Lindahl, 1980 Dahl, 1980 Decker, 1975 Frome, 1986 Gilpin & Diamond, 1980 176 Gold, 1985 Guillaumin, 1953a Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 1974 Hosmer, 1910 Hurlimann, 1959b, 1960 IUCN (CMC), 1983b IUCN (CNPPA), 1982a, 1982b Jacobi, 1981 Loope 6 Stone, 1984 Mack, 1975 Marshall, A.G., 1973 McKinney, 1983 Mueller-Dombois, 1973a Mull, M.E., 1975b Oberhansley, 1953 Peterson, B., 1964 Pulea, 1984 Pung, 1971 Reeser, 1976 Root, 1952 Singh, B., 1982 Skottsberg, 1961 Smathers, 1969 Stine, 1986 Taketa, 1987 Tomich, 1972 Trotman, 1979 Villa 6 Ponce, 1982 Warshauer, 1977 Wenkham, 1967b, 1971 Whistler 1976, 1978 Whiteaker, 1983 Whitesell, 1972 5d. Botanical Gardens Anonymous, 1973, 1977, 1979a, 1979b, 1981b Baker 6 Allen, 1977 Christensen, C., 1979 Costa, 1978 Degener 6 Degener, 1977c Dworsky, 1986 Gagne, W.C., 1986 Gardiner, 1979 Hirano, 1973 Hirano 6 Nagata, 1972 IUCN - CMC, 1983a, 1983b Koopowitz 6 Kaye, 1983 Lucas, S.A., 1981 Moir, 1971 Obata, 1976 Perlman, 1977, 1979 Shimozono 6 Iwatsuki, 1986 Sneed, 1983 Tannowa 6 Yoshida, 1975 Theobald, 1976, 1980 Waimea Arboretum, 1983 Weimarck, 1984 Wichman, 1978 Woolliams, 1972a, 1972b, 1974b, 1975a, 1975b, 1976b, 1976c, 1978a, 1981b, 1982, Woolliams, et al., 1980a, 1980b Yee, 1984b 5e. Ethics of Conservation Abbott, 1975 Iltis, 1967 McHarg, 1971 Sears, 1959 Van der Poel, 1975 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX ADMIRALTY IS . Corner, 1972 AILINGINAE; see also Marshall Is. Fosberg, 1959a AITUTAKI; see also Cook Is. Stoddart, 1975 ALAMAGAN; see also Micro- nesia Fosberg, 1973b ALCEDO; see also Gala- pagos Is. Van der Wer f f , 198 2 ALEIPATA IS. ;see also Samoa, Western Whistler, 1983b ANATAHAN; see also Mar- ianas Is. Sablan, 1976 ANGAUR; see also Palau Is.; Micronesia Fosberg, 1957b Wentworth, et al., 1955 ARUTA; see also Polynesia Canby, 1984 ASUNCION; see also Mar- ianas Is. Anonymous, 1985e, 1985f ATAFU; see also Tokelau Is. Whistler, 1981b AUCKLAND IS. Campbell 6 Rudge, 1978 Wardle, et al., 1978 BABELTHUAP Cheatham, 1968 BAILEY; see also Bonin Is. Tuyama, 1953 BALTRA; see also Gala- pagos Is. Hamann, 1981 BANABA; see also Gilbert Is. Strong, 1976 Williams 6 Macdonald, 1985 BARRINGTON; see also Ga- lapagos Is. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1860 BATIKI; see also Fiji Is. Bayliss-Smith, 1978 BIKINI; see also Marshall Is. Ellis, 1986 Libby, 1969 Taylor, W.R., 1950 BISMARCK IS. Jacobs 6 DeBoo, 1982 Lamb 6 Gressitt, 1976 BONIN IS. Degener 6 Degener, 1971a Hashimoto, 1977 Nicholson 6 Douglas, 1970 Numata, 1969 Ono, 1985 Ono, et al., 1986 Sampson, 1968 Shimozono 6 Iwatsuki, 1986 Tannowa 6 Yoshida, 1975 Tannowa, et al., 1976 Tokyo Metropolitan Govern- ment, 1969-1970 Tuyama, 1953 Woolliams, 1974a, 1975c, 1976a, 1978b, 1983 Yoshida 6 Tannowa, 1976 BORABORA; see also So- ciety Is. Dawson, 1962 CHATHAM; see also Gala- pagos Is. Dawson, 1962 CHICHIJIMA; see also Bonin Is. Ono, 1985 U.S. Navy, 1946 Woolliams, 1974a, 1975c CHRISTMAS I. Fosberg, 1959c Jenkin 6 Foale, 1968 CLIPPERTON I. Keast, 1966 BOUGAINVILLE; see also Solomon Is. Cribb, 1986 Heyligers, 1967 BUKA; see also Solomon Is. Sachet, 1963 Stager, 1964 Stoddart, 1965 cocos I. Bakus, 1975 Hertlein, 1963 COOK IS. Heyligers, 1967 CANTON; see also Phoenix Is. Degener 6 Degener, 1958, 1959, 1974b Degener 6 Gillaspy, 1955 McIntire, 1960 Stoddart, 1968b CAROLINE IS. Fischer 6 Fischer, 1957 Fosberg, 1948b, 1973b IUCN - CMC, 1986b Newell, 1986 Stemmermann 6 Proby, 1978 CHARLES; see also Gala- pagos Is. Cumberland, 1949 Johnston, W.B., 1959 Sykes, 1980 Thorby, 1954 DESVENTURADAS IS. Kuschel, 1963 Skottsberg, 1957 EASTER I. Anonymous, 1984b Beighton, 1966 Browne, 1987 Corporacion Nacional Fores tal, 1976b Elton, 1958 Havas, 1985b Heyerdahl, 1963, 1968 Kirch, 1982b Kuschel, 1963 Lucas 6 Synge, 1978 Lucas, S.A., 1981 Porteous, 1978 Skottsberg, 1920-1956, 1961 Strauss, 1978 Van Tilburg, 1987 Weimarck, 1984 ENEWETAK (ENIWETOK); see also Marshall Is. Anderson, A,, 1979 Anderson, J.A., 1972 Biddulph 6 Cory, 1952 Bryan, E.H., 1982 Doran, 1959 Hess, 1962 Keck, 1957 Mid-Pacific Marine Labor- atory, 1975 Nolan, et al., 1975 Palumbo, 1962 St. John, 1960 Street, 1360 EUA I.; see also Tonga Is. Straatmans, 1964 FENUA URA Sachet, 1983a FERNANDINA; see also Ga- lapagos Is. Colinvaux, et al., 1968 Gold, 1984 Hamann, 1981 FIJI IS. Barrau, 1960b Bayliss-Smith, 1978 Brookfield tj Glaser, 1975 Campbell, 1952 Chand 6 Chand, 1980 Croft, K.D., et al., 1980 Cumberland, 1949, 1953 DIEspeissis, 1953 DiCastri 6 Glaser, 1980 179 Fosberg, 1954a IUCN - CMC, 1986b Kirkpatrick 6 Hassall, 1981 Lal, 1984 Lucas 6 Synge, 1978 Marshall, C., 1949b, 1953, 1961 Moore, H.E., 1979 Mune 6 Parham, 1956 Pardo, 1984 Parham, 1953a, 1953b, 1953c, 1953d Powell, 1968 Simmonds. 1934 Singh, A. tj S. Siwatibau, 1977 Singh, B., 1982 Singh, Y.N., 1986 Siwatibau, 1984 Smith, A.C., 1970 Stoddart, 1965, 1967 Thompson, 1965 Tuttle, 1986 Ward, 1965 Watters, 1960 Woolliams, 1985 Wylie, 1924 FLINT I. St. John 6 Fosberg, 1937 FLOREANA I.; see also Ga- lapagos Is. Cruz, et al., 1986 Eliasson, 1982 FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS; see also Hawaiian Is. Amerson, 1971 Herbst, 1980 GAFERUT; se also Caroline Is. Niering, 1961 GALAPAGOS IS. Acosta-Solis, 1963, 1966 Adsersen, 1976 Anonymous, 1978a, 1986d Black, 1976 Bowman, 1963 Budowski, 1972 Carlquist, 1974 Cowan, 1976 Curry-Lindahl, 1981 Dawson, 1962 DeGroot, 1983 DeRoy, 1987 DeVries 6 Black, 1983 Dorst, et al., 1972 Duffy, 1981 Eckhardt, 1972 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1960 Eliasson, 1968, 1982 Fosberg, 1966 Fowler, 1979 Gilbert, 1974 Gold, 1984 Gradstein 6 Weber, 1982 Graham, 1987 Hamann, 1979a, 1979c, 1981 Hamilton, T.H., et al., 1963 Heacox, 1984 Hickman, 1985 IUCN - CNPPA, 1982a, 1982b IUCN - CMC, 1983a, 1986b Johnson, M.P. 6 P.H. Raven, 1973 Koford, 1966 Kramer, P., 1973, 1983 Kuschel, 1963 Lewin, 1978 McHugh, 1986 Moldenke, 1968 Perry, 1969, 1974, 1984b Peterson, R.T., 1967 Porter, 1976, 1979 Prescott-Allen 6 Prescott- Allen, 1982 Schofield, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c, 1981, 1984 Skottsberg, 1953b Stebbins, 1966 Strong, 1976 Summerhays, 1984 Svenson, 1963 Tindle, 1983 Tuoc, 1983 Van der Werff, 1978, 1979, 1982 Villa 6 Ponce, 1982 Weber, W.A., 1986 Weber, W.A., et al., 1977 Wiggins, 1966 Wiggins 6 Porter, 1971 GAMBIER IS. Lucas 6 Synge, 1978 GILBERT IS. Moo.re, W.R., 1945 Strong, 1976 Williams 6 Macdonald, 1985 GUADALCANAL; see also Sol- omon Is. Cribb, 1986 Cribb, et al., 1985 Sneed, 1983 Stoddart, 1969 Wright, 1946 GUAM; see also Marianas Is. Anonymous, 1981a, 1986a Barrau, 1960a Drahos, 1974 Dybas, 1948 Falanruw, 1976a, 1976b Fosberg, 1956a, 1957b, 1959c, 1959d, 1960a, 1973b Johnston, E.G., 1975 Josiah, 1983 Lawcock, 1982 Lee, M.A.B., 1974 Lodge, 1954 Lucas 6 Synge, 1978 McMakin, 1977 Merrill, 1940 Moore, P.H., 1974, 1980 Moore, P.H. 6 P.D. McMakin, 1979 Moore, P.H., et al., 1977 Perez, 1975 Randall, R.H. 6 J. Holloman, 1974 Randall, R.H. 6 R.T. Tsuda, 1974 Reed, 1952 Root, 1952 Souder, 1968 Spate, 1979 Stone, 1967a Tracey, et al., 1959 Tuttle, 1986 Umpingco, 1975 Van der Poel, 1975 Wenkham 6 Brower, 1975 Whitesell, 1972 Wills, 1965 HAWAII (Island of); see also Hawaiian Islands Baldwin 6 Fagerlund, 1943 Carlson, 1973 Char, 1976 Clark, 1986 Cooray, 1974 Degener, 1945 Degen r 6 Degener, 1968, 1977 4b , 1984 Degener, Degener 6 Hormann, 1969 Degeners 6 Sunadas, 1976 Donaghoo, 1970 Duefrene, 1984 Fagerlund, 1947 Fosberg, 1972b, 1973a Frome, 1986 Giffin, 1977 Hartt 4 Neal, 1940 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 1974 Higashino, et al., 1983 Holden, 1985 Howarth, 1973 Jacobi, 1978 Judd, 1927b Juvik 6 Juvik, 1984 Lamoureux, 1968, 1976a Landgraf, 1973 Lassetter 6 Gunn, 1979 Lindsey, 1986 Long, 1960 McIntire, 1961 McKinney, 1983 Mitchell, 1981 Mueller-Dombois, 1967, 1984b Mueller-Dombois 6 Krajina, 1968 Mueller-Dombois 6 Spatz, 1972 Mull, M.E., 1975b, 1977, 1978 Oberhansley, 1953 Powell, 1985 Reeser, 1976 Richmond, 1965 Robyns 6 Lamb, 1939 Scowcroft, 1983 Scowcroft 6 Sakai, 1984 Smathers, 1969 Smathers 6 Gardner, 1979 Smathers 6 Mueller-Dombois, 1974 Spatz 6 Mueller-Dombois, 1972a, 1972b, 1973 Steenis, 1972 Stine, 1986 St. John, 1979 Titcomb, 1969a Wace 6 Holdgate, 1976 Walker, R.L., 1969 Warner, 1968 Warshauer, 1977 Whitesell 6 Landgraf, 1966 HAWAIIAN IS. Abbott, 1975 Animal Species Advisory Com- mission, 1974 Anonymous, 1954, 1973, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1979e, 1980, 1981b, 1982, 1985a, 1985b, 1986e Apple 6 Apple, 1972 Atkinson, 1977 Ayensu 6 DeFilipps, 1978 Ayensu, et al., 1984 Baker 6 Allen, 1977 Baldwin 6 Fagerlund, 1943 Barrau, 1960b Berger, 1966, 1974, 1975a, 1975b, 1977 Bishop 6 Herbst, 1973 Bryan, E.H., 1929, 1954 Bryan, L.W., 1947, 1971 Campon, 1982 Carlquist, 1970, 1974, 1982a, 1982b Carlson, 1973 Carr, Undated, 1982 Carr, et al., 1982 Carson, 1982a, 1982b Carter, 1940 Char, 1976 182 Char 6 Balakrishnan, 1979 Chave 6 Maragos, 1973 Christensen, C.C., 1982 Cieply, 1983 Coulter, 1931, 1940 Cowan, 1976 Craine, 1975 Croft, L., et al., 1976 Crosby 6 Hosaka, 1955 Curry-Lindahl, 1980 Davis 6 Krauss, 1961 Degener, 1945, 1968, 1972, 1977 Degener 6 Degener, 1961a, 1961b, 1961c, 1963, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971b, 1971c, 1971d. 1971e. 1972. 1973. Doty, 1969 Dutton, 1884 Egler, 1939, 1941 Elliott, M.E. 6 E.M. Hall, 1977 Ellshoff, 1986 Elton, 1958 Eyde 6 Olson, 1983 Fay, 1978, 1980, 1982 Fernald, 1981 Flanders, 1985 Forbes, 1911, 1913a, 1913b Force, 1981 Fosberg, 1937a, 1937b, 1942, 1948a, 1948c, 1954a, 1963b, 1971, 1975 Fosberg 6 Herbst, 1975 Frome, 1986 Funk, 1982 Furnas, 1948 Gagne, B.H., 1982 Gagne, W.C., 1975, 1983, 1986 Gardiner, 1979 Gilmartin, 1970 Gon, 1987 Gustafson, 1979 Hall, W.L., 1904 Hart, 1975 Herbst, 1972a, 1972b,1977a, 1977b, 1980, 1984 Hirano, 1973 Hirano 6 Nagata, 1972 Hobdy, 1976 Holing, 1987 Holt, 1981, 1983a, 1983b Howard, 1962 Howarth, 1972, 1973 IUCN - CMC, 1983a, 1983b, 1985, 1986a, 1986b Jenkins, 1975 Jenkins 6 Ayensu, 1975 Judd, 1916, 1921, 1922, 1927a, 1927b, 1927c, 1927d, 1936, 1937, 1940 Kay, 1972 Keast, 1966 Kikukawa 6 LeBarron, 1971 Kimura 6 Nagata, 1980 King, J., 1978 King, W., 1971 Kirch, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c Knapp, 1975 Konishi, et al., 1979 Koopowitz 6 Kaye, 1983 Kores, 1979 Kramer, R., 1969 Kurrus, 1985 Lamoureux, 1961, 1963a, 1963b, 1964, 1973a, 1973b, 1976a, 1976b, 1981, 1982 LeBarron, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1971a Levathes, 1983 Levine, 1984 Linney, 1982 Little, E.L., 1969 Little, H.P., 1982 Loope 6 Stone, 1984 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 Lyon, 1918, 1919, 1922, 1927, 1929 MacCaughey, 1918, 1918-1919 Mangenot, 1963 Mann, 1866 Maragos 6 Elliott, 1985 Maxwell, 1985 McClelland, 1915 McGorum. 1975 ~ c ~ n t i r e , 1961 Mohlenbrock, 1983 Moir, 1971 Montgomery, 1972 Moomaw 6 Takahashi, 1960 Moore, 1983 Motooka, et al., 1967 Mueller-Dombois, 1972, 1973c, 1980, 1981, 1983a, 1983b, 1984a, 1984b Mueller-Dombois 6 Lamoureux, 1967 Mull,M.E., 1975a Mull, W.P., 1975 Munro, 1933, 1952b,1952c, 1955a, 1955b, 1955b, 1957a Nagata, 1971, 1981, 1982 Nelson, 1960, 1967, 1971 Nelson 6 Hornibrook, 1962 Nicholson 6 Douglas, 1970 Nisbet, 1976 Norris, 1986 Obata, 1985 Obata 6 Smith, Undated Ord, 1962 Parman, 1975 Pickford, 1962 Powell, E., 1982 Powell, R.H., 1968 Pung, 1971 Ralph, 1978, 1982 Ralph, et al., 1980 Rauh, 1981 Rock, 1916 Russ, 1932 Scheuer, 1961 Scowcroft, 1971 Shallenberger, 1975 Skottsberg, 1953b Sohmer, 1978 Sorensen, 1977 Squire, 1984 State Dept. of Land and Na- tural Resources (Hawaii), 1976 Stemmermann, 1980 St. John, 1946, 1954b, 1957b St. John 6 Corn, 1981 Stoddart, 1967 Svihla, 1936 Tagawa, 1976 Taketa, 1987 Takeuchi, 1980, 1982 Theobald, 1976, 1980 Titcomb, 1969b U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1968, 1970 Wagner,J. P., 1985 Wagner, W. H., 1950, 1981 Waimea Arboretum, 1983 Walker, 1971 Wallace, et al., 1973 Warshauer 6 Jacobi, 1982 Watson-Gegeo, 1982 Webster, 1951 Wenkham, 1967a Wester, 1978 Wester 6 Wood, 1977 Whitesell, 1964 Whitney, et al., 1939 Wodzicki, 1970 Woodward, 1972 Woolliams, 1972a, 1972b, 1974b, 1975a, 1975b, 1976b, 1976c, 1978a, 1979, 1981b, 1982 Woolliams, Degener 6 Degener, 1980a, 1980b Yates, 1984 Yee, 1984a, 1984b Young 6 Popenoe, 1916 Younge 6 Moomaw, 1960 Yuncker, 1934, 1937 HENDERSON; see also Tuamotu Is. Anonymous, 1983b, 1984a Fosberg, 1959c, 1984 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1983a Fosberg, Sachet 6 Stoddart, 1983 Karasik, 1984 Lever, 1953 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 Marden, 1957 Serpell, 1983 Serpell, et al., 1983 St. John 6 Philipson, 1962 IRIOMOTE; see also Ryukyu Is. Walker, 1952 ISABELA; see also Gala- pagos Is. Fowler, 1979 Gold, 1984 Grant, 1981 Havas, 1985 Kemf, 1985 Van der Werff, 1982 184 ISHIGAKE-SHIMA; see also Ryukyu Is . Fosberg, 1960c Moore, H.E., 1969 ISLE OF PINES; see also New Caledonia Shineberg, 1967 IWO JIMA Bartley, 1954 Sampson, 1968 JALUIT; see also Marshall Is. Fosberg, 1961 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1962 JOHNSTON Amerson, 1973 Amerson 6 Shelton, 1976 Fosberg, 1949 Thorp, 1960c JUAN FERNANDEZ IS. Anonymous, 1968, 1987 Barrau, 1960b Bruhin, 1985 Carlquist, 1974 Corporacion Nacional Fores- tal, 1976a Curry-Lindahl, 1980 ~ o s b e r ~ , 1959c Holdgate 4 Wace, 1961 IUCN - CMC, 1983a, 1986b Kuschel, 1963 Linklater, 1974 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 Perry, 1984a Peterson, 1964 Sanders, et al., 1982 Skottsberg, 1920-1956, 1953a, 1954, 1957, 1961 Sparre, 1973 Stuessy, et al., 1983, 1984 Stuessy 6 Silva, 1983 KAHOOLAWE; see also Ha- waiian Is. Bryan, E.H., 1931 Forbes, 1913a Gourou, 1963 Hosmer, 1910 Judd, 1916 Kirch, 1982b Kurrus, 1985 LeBarron, 1971b McKinney, 1985 Myrhe, 1970 Tenney, 1909 Whitesell, 1974 KAPINGAMARANGI; see also Caroline Is. Niering, 1956, 1963 Wiens, 1955 KAUAI; see also Hawaiian Is. Anonymous, 1977, 1978b, 1985d Bishop 4 Herbst, 1973 Chock, 1963 Christensen, 1979 Costa, 1978 Cranwell, 1984 Degener. 1966 Degener 6 Degener, 1961b, 1969 Dworsky, 1986 Fosberg, 1959c Gosnell, 1976 Howarth, 1972 McIntire, 1961 McKinney, 1986 Moomaw 4 Takahashi, 1960 Perlman, 1978, 1979 Stewart, 1973 Telfer, 1971 Wenkham, 1967b Wichman, 1978 KAULA; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. 6 Hawaiian Is. Caum, 1936 KERMADEC IS. McCombs, 1987 Sykes, 1969 KOLOMBANGARA; see also Solomon Is. Hunt, 1969 IUCN - CNPPA, 1982 KOSRAE; see also Caroline Is. Buck, 1984 KURE; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. & Hawaiian Is. Clay, 1961 Lamoureux, 196 1 Woodward, 1972 KUSAIE; see also Caroline Is. Fosberg, 1973b Hosokawa, 1973 KWAJALEIN; see also Marshall Is. Doe, 1971 Wiens, 1957 LAKEBA; see also Fiji Is. Garnock-Jones, 1978 Hughes & Hope, 1979 LANAI; see also Hawaiian Is. Anonymous, 1986b Degener, 1963 Degener & Degener, 1971e Fosberg, 1936, 1959c Gourou, 1963 Munro, 1929, 1952a, 1955a, 1957b, 1970 Seiden, 1985 Spence & Montgomery, 1976 LAYSAN; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. & Hawaiian Is. Anonymous, 1942, 1985c Christophersen & Caum, 1931 Cowan, 1976 Ely & Clapp, 1973 Lamoureux, 1963a, 1963b, 1964 La cock, 1970 K Sc langer & Gillett, 1976 Warner, 1963 Watson, 1961 LEEWARD HAWAIIAN IS. Christophersen & Caum, 1931 Lamoureux, 1961, 1964 Woodward, 1972 LEHUA; see also Hawaiian Is. Caum, 1936 Richardson, 1963 Watson, 1961 LINE IS. Clapp & Sibly, 1971 LISIANSKI; see also Lee- ward Hawaiian Is. & Hawaiian Is. Clapp & Wirtz, 1975 Watson, 1961 LORD HOWE I. Gardner & Gardner, 1985 Green, 1979 Keast, 1966 Leigh, et al., 1981 Lucas, G.L. & H. Synge, 1978 McMichael & Talbot, 1970 Moore, 1966 Paramonov, 1963 Pickard, 1973, 1980, 1984 Smith, N., 1977 MAGO; see also Fiji Is. 186 Thompson, 1965 MAJURO; see also Marshall Is. Milne 6 Steward, 1967 Sabath, 1977 Wiens, 1957 MAKATEA; see also Tuamotu Is. Aubert de la Rue, 1958 Doumenge, 1963 Williams 6 Macdonald, 1985 MAKIN U.S. War Department, 1946 MALEKULA; see also New Hebrides Marshall 6 Lord Medway, 1976 MANANA; see also Hawaiian Is. Tomich, 1965 Tomich, et al., 1968 Watson, 1961 MANGAREVA Cook, 1937 Huguenin, 1974 Kirch, 1982b Tercinier, 1974 Zimmerman, 1948 MANUA IS.;see also Samoa, American Yuncker, 1945 MARCUS Kuroda, 1954 Satagami, 1961 MARIANAS IS. Anonymous, 1985e, 1985f Doan, et al., 1960 Fosberg, 1948b, 1960a, 1973b Johnston, 1975 Moore, P., et al., 1977 Price, 1936 Ronck, 1975 School of Naval Administra- tion, 1948 MARQUESAS IS. Barrau, 1959a Clarke, 1986 DtArcy, 1976 Decker, 1971, 1975 Dening, 1982 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1966 Gillett, 1972 Halle, 1978 Harney, 1983 Heyerdahl, 1940 IUCN - CMC, 1986b Keast, 1966 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 Schaf er, 1977 MARSHALL IS. Chamberlain, 1972 Doe, 1971 Ellis, 1986 Fosberg, 1953c, 1955, 1956b, 1959a Heine, 1984 Heinl 6 Crown, 1954 Libby, 1969 St. John, 1957a Stone, 1963 Taylor, W.R., 1950 Weller, 1981 Wenkham 6 Browner, 1975 Wiens, 1957 MASAFUERA; see also Juan Fernandez Is. Skottsberg, 1954, 1957, 1962 MASATIERRA; see also Juan Fernandez Is. Skottsberg, 1935, 1961, 1962 MAUG; see also Marianas Is. Anonymous, 1985e, 1985f Ronck, 1975 MAUI; see also Hawaiian Is. Bryan, L.W., 1973 Carpenter, 1959 Carr & Baker, 1977 Doria, 1979 Gold, 1985 Harrison, 1972 Holt, 1983b Jacobi, 1981 Judd, 1927d Kobayashi , 1973, 1974 Lamoureux, 1976a Landgraf, 1973 Mack, 1975 Mathiessen & Wenkham, 1970 McKinney, 1983 Oberhansley, 1953 Peterson, 1976 Scowcroft & Sakai, 1984 Svihla, 1936 Vogl, 1971 Vogl & Henrickson, 1971 Weaver, 1971 Whiteaker, 1983 Yocum, 1967 MELANESIA Davis, S.D., et al., 1986 Holdsworth, 1974 Howe, 1984 Keast, 1966 Myers, 1980 Routley 6 Routley, 1980 Sachet, 1957 Terrell, 1976 Whitmore, 1980 MICRONESIA Anonymous, 1958 Baker, 1946 Brewer, 1975 Cheatham, 1975 Coolidge, 1948 Davis, S.D., et al., 1986 Dybas, 1948 Falanruw, 1971 Fosberg, 1951, 1953a, 1956b, 1957b, 1960a, 1968b, 1973b, 1984 Fullaway, 1975 Hosokawa, 1967, 1973 Johnston, 1975 Nanyo Cho, 1932 Nishi, 1968 Oliver, 1951 Otobed, 1975 Owen, 1979 Ridgeway, 1983 Rogers, 1975 Salcedo, 1970 Steenis, 1965 Wenkham, 1971 Wilson, 1976 MIDWAY; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. & Hawaiian Is. Apfelbaum, et al., 1983 Fisher, 1949, 1966 Thorp, 1960b MINAMIJIMA; see also Bonin Is. Woolliams, 1974a,1975c MIYAKO ARCHIPELAGO; see also Ryukyu Is. Doan, et al., 1960 Fosberg, 1960b MOEN; see also Caroline Is. Newell, 1986 MOHOTANI; see also Marque- sas Is. Sachet, et al., 1975 MOKOLIfI; see also Hawai- ian Is. Herbst 6 Fay, 1981 MOLOKAI; see also Hawai- ian Islands Carlson, 1954 Degener 6 Degener, 1961c Forbes, 1913a Fosberg, 1967 Gilbert, 1977 Gormley, 1984 Munro, 1970 Pratt, 1970 Richardson, 1949 Titcomb, 1969b MOLOKINI; see also Ha- waiian Is. Watson, 1961 MOOREA; see also Society Is. Petard, 1948 MOPELIA; see also Society Is. Sachet, 1983d MUKOJIMA; see also Bonin Is. Tannowa 6 Yoshida, 1975 MURUROA; see also Tuamotu Is. Danielsson, 1984 NADI; see also Fiji Is. Thompson, 1965 NANANU IS.; see also Fiji Is. Thompson, 1965 NARBOROUGH; see Fernandina NAURU Manner, et al., 1984 Williams 6 Macdonald, 1985 NEW BRITAIN; see also Bis- marck Is. Hough 6 Crown, 1952 Liem, 1977 Polansky, 1966 Sachet, 1957 White, 1965 Womersley, 1974 NEW CALEDONIA; see also Melanesia Anonymous, 1966 Aubert de la Rue, 1958 Barrau, 1958a, 1958b, 1981, 1983 Barrau 6 Devambez, 1957 Carlquist, 1974 Catala, 1953 Dawson, 1981 Douglas, 1971 Fosberg, 1959c Green, 1969 Guillaumin, 1933, 1953a, 1953b, 1970 Hurlimann, 1953, 1959a, 1959b, 1960 IUCN - CMC, 1986b Lucas, G., 1980 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 MacDaniels, 1952 McQueen, 1983 Moore, D.M., 1983 Moore, H.E., 1979 Moore, H.E. 6 N.W. Uhl, 1984 Parrat, 1971 Parsons, 1945 Rageau, 1973 Sachet, 1957 Schmid. 1981. 1982 ~kottsber~, i953c Smith, A.C., 1971 Strong, 1976 ~heobald, 1978 Thorne, 1965 Veillon, 1971 Vietmeyer, 1986 Virot, 1951a, 1952a, 1954, 1956 NEW GEORGIA; see also Solomon Is. Kalkman, 1983 NEW HEBRIDES; see also Melanesia Corner, 1972 Davidson, 1956 Green, 1979 Hoyle, 1978 Marshall, 1973 Massal 6 Barrau, 1956 Sachet, 1957 Theobald, 1978 NEW IRELAND Simmonds, 1956 NIHOA; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. 6 Hawaiian Is. Clapp, et al., 1977 Gagne, 1983 NIIHAU; see also Hawai- ian Is. Caum, 1936 Forbes, 1913b Gouron, 1963 Menard, 1982 St. John, I959 NIUATOPUTAPU; see also Tonga Is. St. John, 1977 NIUE Westendorp, 1961 Wodzicki, 1971 NORFOLK I. Anonymous, 1967 Ayensu, et al., 1984 Green, 1979 189 Leigh, et al., 1981 McMichael 6 Talbot, 1970 Turner, et al., 1968 Watson, 1961 NUKUHIVA; see also Mar- quesas Is. Gillett, 1972 OAHU; see also Hawaiian Is. Albert, 1986 Collins 6 Wells, 1983 Degener 6 Degener, 1963, 1971c Devaney, et al., 1976 Egler, 1939, 1942, 1947 Evans, et al., 1972 Fosberg, 1937a Fullard-Leo, 1985 Gerrish 6 Mueller-Dombois, 1980 Gourou, 1963 Grady, 1986 Hall, 1839 Hatheway, 1952 Herbst, 1976 Hosaka, 1936 Judd, 1927b Kurrus. 1985 ~ueller-~ombois, 1973d Obata, 1976, 1985a Siegel, 1973 Smith, C.W., 1971 Stemmermann, et al., 1986 St. John, 1947, 1966 Svihla, 1936 Tabata, 1980 Tenney, 1909 Vietmeyer, 1986b Wirawan, 1974 Woolliams, 1980 Yuncker, 1937 OCEAN I.; see Banaba OGASAWARA IS.; see Bonin Is. 190 OKINAWA; see also Ryukyu Is. Walker, 1952, 1953, 1957 PAGAN; see also M-arianas Is. Corwin, et al., 1957 Fosberg & Corwin, 1985 PAGO PAGO; see also Samoa, American Graf, 1972 PALAU IS.; see also Caroline Is. Anonymous, 1969b Burcham, 1948 Canfield, 1981 Dybos, 1948 Faulkner , 1981 Force, 1981 Fosberg, 1954a, 1968c, 1973b Hosokawa, 1973 Johnson, 1972 Kluge, 1969a, 1986 Kochi, 1971 Nicholson & Douglas, 1970 Owen, 1978 Salcedo, 1970 Stemmermann & Proby, 1978 Trust Territory of the Paci- fic Islands, 1976 U.S. Army, 1956 Walsh, 1979 Wenkham & Brower, 1975 Wentworth, et al., 1955 PALMYRA; see also Line Is. Dawson, 1959 PEARL AND HERMES REEF; see also Hawaiian Is. Amerson, Clapp & Wirtz, 1974 PEEL; see also Bonin Is. Tuyama, 1953 PELELIU; see also Micro- nesia Baker, 1946 Fosberg, 1950, 1957b Hough, 1950 Kluge, 1969a PHILIP I. Anonymous, 1979d, 1986c Ayensu, et al., 1984 Chilcott, 1986 Coyne, 1983 Given, 1975 Green, 1979, 1985 Leigh, et al., 1981 Lucas, G.L. & H. Synge, 1978 Turner, et al., 1968 Watson, 1961 PHOENIX IS. Stoddart, 1971 Watson, 1961 PINTA; see also Galapagos Is. DeVries, 1977 Hamann, 1978, 1979b, 1981 Kramer, 1973 McHugh, 1986 Weber, 1971 PITCAIRN E., 1938 Kinnane, 1983 Marden, 1957 Moverley, 1953 Randall, 1973 Schubert, 1961 POLYNESIA (including French Polynesia) Davis, S.D., et al., 1986 Huguenin, 1974 Kirch, 1980 Merrill, 1940 Porcher & Dupuy, 1985 Salvat, 1976, 1985 Webster, 1951 Whistler, 1983c Zimmerman, 1963 PONAPE; see also Caroline Is. Bryan, E.H., 1949 Buck, 1984 Dybas, 1948 Fosberg, 1973b Glassman, 1957 Holthus, 1985 Hosokawa, 1973 Newell, 1986 Shikama, 1942 Wenkham 6 Brower, 1975 PULUWAT; see also Caroline Is. Niering, 1961 RAIATEA; see also Society Is. Creutz, 1966 Dodd, 1976 Whistler, 1982 RAIVAVAE (Austral Is.) Marshall, D., 1961 RAOUL; see also Kermadec Is. McCombs, 1987 Sykes, 1969 RAPA; see also French Polynesia Anonymous, 1983a IUCN -CMC, 1986b Thibault, 1975 RAROTONGA; see also Cook Is. Cumberland, 1953 Merlin, 1985 191 RONGELAP; see also Marshall Is. Blumberg 6 Conard, 1961 Fosberg, 1959a ROSE ATOLL; see also Samoa, American Ayensu, et al., 1984 Sachet, 1954 ROTA; see also Marianas Is. Anonymous, 1981a, 1986a Fosberg, 1973b Kawamura, et al., 1940 Trust Territory of the Pa- cific Islands, 1972, 1976 Woolliams, 1981a ROTUMA Corner, 1972 Hartley, 1963 St. John, 1954a RYUKYU IS. Kira, et al., 1962 Muzik, 1985 Nicholson 6 Douglas, 1970 Numata, 1969 U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, 1953 Walker, 1952, 1953, 1957 SAIPAN; see also Marianas Is. Cloud, et al., 1956 Dybas, 1948 Fosberg, 1957b, 1968b, 1973b Hoffman, 1950 Kawamura, et al., 1940 Kluge, 1969b McCracken, 1953 Moore, P., et al., 1977 School of Naval Administra- tion, 1948 Spoehr, 1954 Taylor, 1951 Tuttle, 1986 U.S. Army, Office of the Engineer, 1955 Wenkham 6 Brower, 1975 SAMOA, AMERICAN; see also Samoan Is. Amerson, Whistler 6 Schwaner, 1982a, 1982b Ayensu, et al., 1984 Nelson, 1964 Sachet, 1954 Templet, 1986 Whistler, 1976, 1980 SAMOA, WESTERN; see also Samoan Is. Kroon, 1953 Trotman, 1979 SAMOAN IS.; see also Samoa, American 6 Samoa, Western Cumberland, 1949 Keast, 1966 Schultze-Motel, 1974 Simmonds, 1956 Trotman, 1979 Tuttle, 1986 Uhe, 1974 Watters, 1960 Whistler, 1981a, 1984 SAN CRISTOBAL; see also Galapagos Is. Budowski, 1972 Weber, 1977 SAN SALVADOR; see also Galapagos Is. Calvopina 6 Calvopina, 1980 Calvopina 6 DeVries, 1975 Gold, 1984 Hamann, 1981 SAND; see also Johnston Survey Program, 1964 SANTA CLARA; see also Juan Fernandez Is. Skottsberg, 1962 SANTA CRUZ (Indefat ig- able); see also Gal- apagos Is. Eliasson, 1982 Grant, 1981 Hamann, 1981 Kastadalen, 1982 Perry, 1974 Van der Werff, 1978, 1982 SANTA CRUZ IS.; see also New Hebrides Corner, 1972 SANTA FE; see also Galapagos Is. Christian 6 Tracy, 1980 De Vries, 1977 Hamann, 1978, 1979b, 1981 SANTA ISABEL; see also Solomon Is. Lee, 1969 SANTA MARIA; see also Galapagos Is. Hamann, 1981 SANTIAGO (James); see also Galapagos Is. Hickman, 1985 McHugh, 1986 SAVAII; see also Samoa, Western Knibb, 1984 Simmonds, 1956 Whistler, 1978 Pacific Ocean Biological SCILLY; see Fenua Ura SOCIETY IS. Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1983b, 1985 Keast, 1966 Perlman, 1977 Reboul, 1975 Sachet, 1983c Sachet 6 Fosberg, 1983 SOLOMON IS.; see also Guadalcanal Boutilier, 1981 Caufield, 1985 Christensen 6 Kirch, 1981 Fosberg, 1954 Heyligers, 1967 Hoyle, 1978 Hunt, 1969 Lee, 1969 Lever, 1964 Perry 6 Metzger, 1980 Walker, 1962 Whitmore, 1969 SWAINS; see also Tokelau Is. Whistler, 1983a TAHITI; see also Society Is. Barrau, 1959b Chapman, 1985 Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1983b Grepin, 1976 Keast, 1966 MacDaniels, 1947 Perlman, 1977 Reboul, 1975 Setchell, 1923, 1926 TAHUATA; see also Marquesas Is. Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1966 Sachet, 1973 TARAWA Stockman, 1947 TAVEUNI; see also Fiji Is. Langlois, 1976 Paine, 1934 TERN; see also Leeward Hawaiian Is. Shallenberger, 1982 TINIAN; see also Marianas Is. Dybas, 1948 Hoffman, 1951 Kawamura, et al., 1940 Kluge, 1969c Matsue, 1932 Moore, P., et al., 1977 TOKELAU IS. Prior 6 Stanhope, 1980 Whistler, 1981b Wodzicki 6 Laird, 1970 TONGA IS. Groube, 1971 Keast, 1966 Pulea, 1984 Rinke, 1986 Sykes, 1981 Thaman, 1974b, 1976 Van Balgooy, 1971, 1973 Yuncker, 1959 TROPICAL PACIFIC ISLANDS Anonymous, 1969a Aubert de la Rue, 1958 Baines, 1984 Barrau, 1958a, 1959a, 1959b, 1960b, 1967 Bowman, 1963 Bunge 6 Cooke, 1984 Burcham, 1948 Byrne, 1979 Czrew-Reid, 1984 Carlquist, 1965, 1974 Chapline, 1961 Chapman, M.D., 1985 Chapman, V.J., 1967, 1969 Christensen, 1983 Coblentz, 1978 Colwell, 1946, 1948 Connell, 1984, 1986 Corner, 1972 Costin 6 Groves, 1973 Coulter, 1946 Cowan, 1976 Cumberland, 1963 Curry-Lindahl, 1980 Dahl, 1980, 1984a, 1984b, 1984c, 1985 Dahl 6 Baumgart, 1982 Diamond, 1982 Dodge, 1976 Doran, 1959 Doty, 1973 Douglas, 1970 Dousset 6 Taillemite, Undated Egler, 1956 Elliott, 1973 Force, 1981 Fosberg, 1950, 1953c, 1954a, 1954b, 1957a, 1959c, 1963a, 1963b, 1968a, 1972a, 1973a, 1973c, 1973d, 1983, 1985 Fosberg, ed., 1963c Furnas, 1948 Gressitt , 1963 Hamilton, 1983 Harris, 1962 Heyerdahl, 1963 Heywood, 1979 Holdgate 6 Nicholson, 1967 Holdgate 6 Wace, 1961 Holt, 1983b Holzner, et al., 1983 Hough, 1947 Howard, 1965 Howe, 1984 IUCN - CNPPA, 1982 IUCN - CMC, 1986a, 1986b Jenkins, J.T., 1948 Johannes, 1985 Keast, 1966 Kenchington, 1985 King, 1973 Kirch, 1980, 1982, 1982b Koopowitz 6 Kaye, 1983 Lever, 1953 Lowry, 1973 Lucas, G.L. 6 H. Synge, 1978 MacDaniels, 1947 Mackensen 6 Hinrichsen, 1984 Marsh, 1979 Marshall, C., 1949a, 1953, 1961 Mason, 1979 Massal 6 Barrau, 1956 Matsue, 1932 Melville, 1979 Milton, 1968 Montgomery, 1972 Moore, D.M., 1983 Mueller-Dombois,l973a, 1983a, 1984c Murdock, 1963 Murthy, 1985 Newhouse, 1980 Nicholson, 1969 Nicholson 6 Douglas, 1970 Nicholson 6 Eldredge, 1970 Office of the Chief Engineer, 1951 Pacific Science Board, 1953 Radovsky, et al., 1984 Ranjitsingh, 1979 Rao 6 Chandrasekhavan, 1983 Rappaport, 1963 Raynal, 1979 Robbins, 1972 Roedelberger 6 Groschof f, 1967 School of NavalAdministra- tion, 1948 Sears, 1959 Shiva 6 Bandyopadhyay, 1983 Simmonds, 1956 Singh, A. 6 S. Siwatibau, 1977 Singh, B., 1982 Skottsberg, 1940, 1953c Smith, A.C., 1970 Sneed, 1979 Snow 6 Waine, 1979 Sorensen, 1974 Steenis, 1964 Steinberg, 1978 St. John, 1957b Stoddart, 1965, 1968a, 1968b, 1976 Strong, 1976 Takahashi 6 Ripperton, 1949 Talbot 6 Holdren, 1985 Talbot, 1969 Taylor, 1968 Thamann, 1974a Villiers, 1971 Wace, 1960, 1978 Wallis, 1961 Watts, 1970 Wells, 1985 Wiens, 1962 Wodzicki, 1973, 1981 Yen, 1975 Zacharin, 1978 Zimmerman, 1948 Zucker, 1985 TRUK IS.; see also Caroline Is. Fosberg, 1973b Stark, et al., 1958 Stone, 1967b Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 1976 Wenkham 6 Brower, 1975 TUAMOTU IS. Ayensu, et al., 1984 Chapman, 1985 Chevalier, et al., 1968 Danielsson, 1984 Keast, 1966 Newhouse, 1979 Sachet, 1983b Salvat 6 Richard, 1985 TUBUAI IS. (Austral Is.) Linge, 1983 Halle, 1980 ULITHI; see also Caroline Is. Baker, R.H., 1946 URACAS; see also Marianas Is. Anonymous, 1985e, 1985f 195 Whitmore, 1966 VANUA BALAVU; see also Fiji Is. Garnock-Jones, 1978 VANUATU; see also New Hebrides Gilpin 6 Diamond, 1980 VITI LEVU; see also Fiji Is. Gorman 6 Siwatibau, 1975 VOLCANO IS.; see also Bonin Is. Okutomi, et al., 1982 Tuyama, 1953 VOSTOK Fosberg, 1977 WAKE Fosberg, 1955, 1959b Fosberg 6 Sachet, 1969 Heinl, 1947 Thorp, 1960a WALLIS AND FUTUNA IS. Corner, 1972 Morat 6 Veillon, 1985 WAZPOLE I. Aubert de la Rue, 1958 YAP; see also Caroline Is. Falanruw, 1985 Fosberg, 1973b Johnson, C.G., et al., 1960 VAN1KORO;see also Melanesia