World Catalog of the
Family Tethinidae (Diptera)
m
WAYNE N MATHIS
and
LORENZO MUNARI
I
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 584
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 5 8 4
World Catalog of the
Family Tethinidae (Diptera)
Wayne N. Mathis
and Lorenzo Munari
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1996
A B S T R A C T
Mathis, Wayne N., and Lorenzo Munari. World Catalog of the Family Tethinidae (Diptera).
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 584,27 pages, frontispiece, 1996.?All genera
and species of the dipterous family Tethinidae are cataloged. Included are 126 species and 14
genera that are arranged within a classification of five subfamilies. The distribution of each
species is given by major zoogeographic region(s) and country(ies) within each region.
Information on the natural history, as available in the literature, and depository of primary types
also are provided. Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are as follows: The subfamily
Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari is proposed, three new combinations are included
(Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata (Hendel), Tethina dubiosa (Collin), and Tethina heringi (Hendel)),
one new synonymy (Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa = Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata
(Hendel)), and Tethina minutissima (Bezzi) is transferred to the family Chyromyidae.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is
recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral
Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicaaon Data
Mathis, Wayne N.
World catalog of the family lethinidae (Diptera) / Wayne N. Mathis and Lorenzo Munari.
p. cm.?(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 584)
Includes bibliographical references (p. 21) and index.
1. Tethimdae?Identification. 2. lethinidae?Classification. 3. lethinidae?Catalogs and collections.
I. Munari. Lorenzo. II. Title. III. Series.
QL1.S54 no. 584 [QL537.T448] 591 s?dc20 [595.77'4] 96-32911
? The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48?1984.
Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Distribution 1
Natural History 2
Phylogenetic Relationships 2
Format 2
Other Treatises on the Tethinidae 3
Abbreviations 3
Acknowledgments 4
Description of the Family Tethinidae 4
Key to Genera of Tethinidae 5
Catalog 7
Literature Cited 21
Index 26
in
FRONTISPIECE.?Afrotethinafemoralis (Munari) (</).
World Catalog of the
Family Tethinidae (Diptera)
Wayne N. Mathis
and Lorenzo Munari
Introduction
True flies of the family Tethinidae occur in temperate and
tropical zones of the world, primarily on or near seashores. A
few species are found inland, usually in saline or alkaline
environments, but occasionally they are found in meadow-like
habitats. The family has comparatively few species (126), and
aside from Hendel's revision (1934), which is now 62 years old
and woefully out-of-date (more than one-half of the species
were not included), the family has never been treated
comprehensively. The intent of this paper is to catalog all taxa
that have been described.
Catalogs or checklists are indispensable tools for anyone
needing a currently accepted name and frequently other
pertinent information, such as bibliographic and distributional
data. This is crucial because most information is filed under a
species' scientific name, which is the key to retrieval of
information from the literature or collections. The system,
however, is dynamic and subject to interpretation. The
taxonomic literature is constantly changing to reflect current
work, and some species are known by more than one name.
Thus, a complete listing of names, including synonyms, is an
important starting point for locating information, whether as
the basis for applied or basic research or simply to satisfy one's
curiosity.
The information included in a catalog is arranged in a logical
Wayne N. Mathis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of
Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Lorenzo Munari, Laboratory of Entomology, Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale, Fontego dei Turchi, S. Croce 1730,1-30135 Venezia, Italy.
Review Chairman: John M. Burns, Department of Entomology,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560.
Reviewers: Allen L. Norrbom, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
United States Department of Agriculture, do National Museum of
Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; Curtis W. Sabrosky, 205
Medford Leas, Medford, New Jersey 08055; J.R. Vockeroth, Centre
for Land and Biological Resources Research, Central Experimental
Farm. Ottawa, Ontario. Canada KIA 0C6.
and organized format that allows for its convenient and rapid
conveyance, i.e., a quick and easy storage and retrieval system.
The format and amount of information presented varies greatly,
however, and these issues have, in part, led to semantic debates
over differences between the terms "checklist" and "catalog,"
and to attempts to obviate the issue through use of a more
neutral or more modern term, such as database (Cogan et al.,
1980; Thompson and Knutson, 1987). Our use of the term
catalog is intended to convey a more comprehensive treatment,
including information on all valid names, synonyms, type
species, and deposition of primary types. The bibliographic
section for each name includes references (author, date, and
page number of the original description and most subsequent
citations), as well as distributional and other biotic information,
as available in the literature. Some citations that occur in the
literature of Tethinidae are omitted from this catalog and the
bibliographic section, especially where we suspect that the
species was misidentified and inclusion would perpetuate
inaccurate distributional data. Neither did we include all
citations from the extensive literature on the ecology of halo-
and thalassophilous (sea loving) insects (including check-
lists), rather we consulted, and recorded from, primary papers
only.
The sequence of subfamilies and genera should not be
interpreted strictly to represent a phylogenetic scheme, as no
comprehensive study is available for the family. Indeed, one
subfamily, Zaleinae, comprising but four species, was most
recently included in the family Canacidae. When D.K.
Me Alpine (1982, 1985) proposed the subfamily Zaleinae he
was unsure of its phylogenetic relationships, although he did
associate it with the Canacidae. Others have followed that
precedent (Mathis, 1989, 1992), mostly for convenience and
completeness. We concur with Freidberg (1995) that this
subfamily is intermediate within the Canacidae/lethinidae
assemblage and for completeness have included it here.
DISTRIBUTION.?The family occurs in temperate and tropical
zones on most major continents and many continental and
oceanic islands (also the subantarctic islands of Kerguelen,
Possession, Marion, Macquarie, Antipodes, Bounty, and
1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Campbell). In nature, sites where tethinids occur usually are
characterized by a surfeit of individuals and a paucity of
species.
NATURAL HISTORY.?Tethinidae are mostly halophiles,
occurring in coastal marine habitats, although some species are
found inland, usually associated with saline biotopes, such as
salt lakes and alkaline hot springs. A few species, such as
Pelomyia coronata (Loew), are exceptions, being associated
with meadows that occur in mountain passes, forests, and oases
(Melander, 1952:194). Adults of thalassophilous species are
commonly found in coastal marine habitats (Karl, 1930),
including the intertidal zone, wrack heaps (usually brown algae
that are most abundant along temperate seashores bathed by
cold currents), salt marshes, dune vegetation, lagoon-
litoriparian zones, mangroves (particularly species of
Dasyrhicnoessa), and on salty soils or bare sand. Two species
of Apetaenus, A. littoreus (Hutton) and A. watsoni Hardy, occur
on seabird dung and are associated with colonies of penguins
and other seabirds. Some species occur in habitats that have
been dramatically and usually adversely modified by human
activities, such as meadows polluted by industrial emissions
(Bahrmann, 1982) or slaughterhouses and poultry farms (Zuska
and LaStovka, 1969). These synanthropic habitats are usually
sites of salt accumulation and enrichment.
The biology and immature stages of the family are very
incompletely known. Hardy and Delfinado (1980) reared
Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado from deposits
of seaweed on beaches in Hawaii, and Ferrar (1987) provided
some observations on the puparia of Tethina (Rhicnoessa)
grisea (Fallen). S6guy (1940) and Hardy (1962) described the
larva of two species of the subantarctic genus Apetaenus Eaton.
Gorczytza (1988) reported on the spatial and seasonal
distribution of some European species (Pelomyiella mallochi
(Sturtevant), Tethina {Tethina) albosetulosa (Strobl), Tethina
(Tethina) illota Haliday, Tethina (Rhicnoessa) flavigenis
(Hendel), and Tethina (Rhicnoessa) grisea (Fallen)) from a
study using color traps on the Frisian Islands of Mellum and
Memmert. Tr6hen and Vernon (1982) and Tifhen et al. (1985)
conducted extensive ecological investigations on the genera
Apetaenus and Listriomastax Enderlein on Crozet Islands.
Only one parasite of Tethinidae is recorded. Rossi (1988)
described a new species of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) that
is parasitic on Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari from the
Seychelles.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.?The phylogenetic rela-
tionships of the Tethinidae, either with other families (out-
groups, sister groups) or among the included taxa, are not
entirely resolved, and further clarification will require cladistic
analysis at all taxonomic levels. At the familial level, J.F.
McAlpine (1989:1472) identified five synapomorphies that
link Tethinidae with Canacidae and noted that "these are clear
indications of a sister-group relationship between them.. . and
may even indicate that they are subgroups of a single family."
Other authors (Hennig, 1958; Griffiths, 1972; D.K. McAlpine,
1982; Freidberg, 1995) also suggested a relationship with the
family Canacidae, but Griffiths (1972) further noted some
affinities with the Chloropidae and Milichiidae. According to
J.F. McAlpine's (1989) phylogenetic inference, which included
an analysis of 25 characters for the families Tethinidae and
Canacidae, the Tethinidae, together with Australimyzidae,
Braulidae, Carnidae, Canacidae, Milichiidae, Risidae, Crypto-
chetidae, and Chloropidae (including Mindidae and Siphonel-
lopsidae), comprise the superfamily Carnoidea (= Chloropoi-
dea). Of the 25 characters J.F. McAlpine considered, five were
determined to be synapomorphies that establish the monophyly
of the Canacidae/Tethinidae lineage.
Freidberg (1995) reviewed the phylogenetic status of
Zaleinae as part of his description of Suffomyia and its type
species, 5. littoralis. Although clearly associating Suffomyia
with Zaleinae within the Canacidae/Tethinidae complex,
Freidberg concluded that Zaleinae is an intermediate taxon
between Canacidae and Tethinidae and further suggested that
all three taxa be recognized as a single family, with Canacidae
as the oldest family-group name.
At the generic and subfamilial levels, Foster (1976a)
proposed an hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships that
remains the only analysis available. Foster's hypothesis was
offered as a preface to systematic reviews of two Nearctic
groups, and his phylogenetic study was focused primarily on
Nearctic taxa (Tethina illota, from the Palearctic Region, also
was included). Foster suggested that his analysis be considered
tentative (1976a:337), "as much data are still to be obtained on
certain character complexes, such as the male genitalia and the
immature stages." Foster proposed two monophyletic subfami-
lies, Tethininae and Pelomyiinae, with Pelomyia, Pelomyiella,
and Neopelomyia in the latter and all other Nearctic species in
the genus Tethina as part of Tethininae. Foster's analysis
provides an excellent hypothesis for further testing and
refinement on a more comprehensive basis.
A comprehensive, phylogenetic analysis of the family is ripe
for the plucking and is especially needed at the subfamilial
level. Placement of Masoniella Vockeroth within the existent
classification, for example, has cast uncertainty on the
relationships between, and blurred the characterizations of, the
subfamilies Tethininae and Pelomyiinae. Moreover, the rela-
tionships between the subfamilies with single or few included
genera, such as Horaismopterinae, Apetaeninae, and Zaleinae,
are attractive for phylogenetic analysis and invite further
consideration.
Vockeroth (1965:726) annotated one species entry, Pelo-
myia coronata (Loew), in the Nearctic catalog of Tethinidae
with the comment that this species was "an unworked
complex." Additional complexes, such as Tethina albula
(Loew), are known to exist and are further evidence that much
descriptive, revisionary, and phylogenetic work remains to be
done in the family.
The family now contains 126 valid species that are ranked in
14 genera. No fossil Tethinidae are known.
FORMAT.?The format we have adopted follows that
advocated by systematists from the Systematic Entomology
NUMBER 584
Laboratory (United States Department of Agriculture)
(Hodges, pers. comm., 1983). Details are illustrated in the
following hypothetical examples of generic and species entries
(genera Xus and Yus and species albus and zeus). All valid
generic and species names are indicated in boldfaced type.
Genus Xus Author(s) (number of species in the genus)
Xus Author(s), yeanpage. Type species: Xus albus Authors),
year, method of type designation.?Authors), yeanpage
[annotation(s)].
Yus Authors), yeanpage. Type species: Yus zeus Authors),
year, method of type designation.?Author(s), yearrpage
[annotation(s), such as "synonymy"].
albus Authors). Geographic distribution by major faunal
realm(s): Country (province or state, usually as an
abbreviation).
Yus albus Authors), yeanpage [type locality (Country.
Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s), such as
elevation or habitat. Specific information on the type
locality is desirable, and, to be explicit and complete, we
have provided this information without abbreviations. In
many cases, such as when a specific site is not published
or when the type locality is vague, we have quoted this
information as it appears in the original publication.);
primary type(s) and gender(s), deposition informa-
tion].?Author, yeanpage [annotation(s)].
Xus zeus Authors), yeanpage [type locality (Country.
Province or state: specific locality (annotation(s), such as
elevation or habitat); primary type(s) and gender(s),
deposition information].?Author, yeanpage [annota-
tion^), such as "synonymy"].
Yus zeus.?Authors), yearrpage [annotation(s), such as
"generic combination"].
Within a taxon, the subordinate taxa are listed alphabetically,
i.e., genera within a tribe, species within a genus.
OTHER TREATISES ON THE TETHINIDAE.?Although this is
the first treatment of the family on a worldwide basis since
Hendel (1934), there are several papers that treat Tethinidae on
a regional basis. These may be of interest and use to the reader,
and a summary of these and revisionary works is provided here.
Faunal Treatments (papers listed chronologically under
major faunal realms): Afrotropical: Vanschuytbroeck (1976,
fauna of St. Helena); Cogan (1980, catalog); Munari (1988,
fauna of the Seychelles; 1990, fauna of Aldabra; 1994 checklist
of Afrotropical species).
Australasian/Oceanian: Hardy and Delfinado (1980, Hawai-
ian fauna); Mathis and Sasakawa (1989, catalog); Sasakawa
(1995, Micronesian fauna).
Nearctic: Melander (1952, review); Vockeroth (1965, cata-
log; 1987, family treatment, key to genera); Cole (1969, fauna
of Western North America).
Neotropical: Malloch (1934, fauna of Patagonia and South
Chile); Foster (1976b, catalog).
Oriental: Steyskal and Sasakawa (1977, catalog).
Palearctic: Czerny (1928, Palearctic fauna); S6guy (1934,
fauna of France); Frey (1949,1958a, 1958b, faunas of Madeira,
the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands, respectively);
Collin (1960, fauna of Great Britain); Trojan (1962, checklist
of Polish fauna); Stackelberg (1970, western Palearctic fauna);
Cogan (1976, checklist of the British fauna); So6s (1978,
Mongolian fauna, checklist of Palearctic fauna; 1981, Hungar-
ian fauna; 1984, catalog); Sasakawa (1981, 1986, Japanese
fauna); Roh&ek (1986, Slovakian fauna); Beschovski (1994a,
Tunisian fauna; 1994b, Bulgarian fauna); Canzoneri et al.
(1995, Italian fauna).
Revisionary Treatments (papers listed chronologi-
cally): Collin (1966, Palearctic species of Tethina and
Rhicnoessa); Foster (1976a, review of Neopelomyia and the
milichioides group of Tethina); Sabrosky (1978, revision of
Horaismoptera); Munari (1981b, review of Pseudorhicnoessa;
1991b, review of Afrotethina).
ABBREVIATIONS.?Primary types are abbreviated HT, holo-
type; LT, lectotype; and ST, syntype. Other abbreviations are as
follows:
Museums
AM Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New
York, U.S.
ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canbera,
Australia
BMNH The Natural History Museum (former British Museum
(Natural History)), London, England
BBM Bemice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
CANT Canterbury Museum, New Zealand
CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California,
U.S.
CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada
CTC Collection of M. Carles-TolrA, Barcelona. Spain
DCSA Dipterorum Collectionis Strobl, Admont, Austria
DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswald, Germany
HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
IOC Institute) Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
KPU Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
KU Snow Entomology Museum, University of Kansas, Law-
rence, U.S.
MCV Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
NMI National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
NMP Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
NMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm. Sweden
NZAC New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Entomology Division,
DSIR, Auckland, New Zealand
TAU Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
UMO University Museum, Oxford University, Oxford, England
USNM National Museum of Natural History (former United States
National Museum), Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C., U.S.
ZIL Zoological Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
ZMHU Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin,
Germany
ZMA Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Mu-
seum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Nether-
lands
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
ZMO Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
States of the United States
AZ
CA
cr
DE
FL
GA
MA
MD
ME
MO
NC
NJ
NY
OR
RI
TX
VA
WA
BC
QB
BCN
DUR
SON
NSW
QLD
Arizona
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Massachusetts
Maryland
Maine
Missouri
North Carolina
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Rhode Island
Texas
Virginia
Washington
Canadian Provinces
British Columbia
Quebec
Mexican States
Baja California Norte
Durango
Sonora
Australian States
New South Wales
Queensland
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?The support and encouragement of
numerous persons have directly contributed to the production
of this catalog, and we gratefully acknowledge and thank them
all for their efforts, time, and opinions. We have especially
benefited from discussions on format and cataloging proce-
dures from Curtis W. Sabrosky, Ronald W. Hodges, F.
Christian Thompson, Norman E. Woodley, and Amnon
Freidberg. An earlier draft of this paper was critically reviewed
by F. Christian Thompson, Amnon Freidberg, Allen L.
Norrbom, Curtis W. Sabrosky, and J.R. Vockeroth. These
reviews were invaluable, as Thompson is intimately acquainted
with the literature on Diptera and Freidberg and Vockeroth
know the flies. G. D'Este (MCV) produced the excellent
frontispiece and is gratefully thanked. The following curators
provided access to collections, primary types in particular, and
other information that has substantially enhanced the value of
this work: V. Beschovski (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
Sofia, Bulgaria), R. Contreras-Lichtenberg (NMW), S.
Canzoneri (MCV), G. D'Este (MCV), N.L. Evenhuis (BBM),
A. Freidberg (TAU), H.G. Hansen (MCV), C. Leonardi
(Museum of Natural History, Milan, Italy), D.K. McAlpine
(AM), J.P. O'Connor (NMI), P. Oosterbroek (ZMA), M. Pavesi
(Museum of Natural History, Milan, Italy), G. Raffone (MCV),
E. Ratti (MCV), M. Sasakawa (KPU), H. Schumann (ZMHU),
R. Szadziewski (University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland).
Description of the Family Tethinidae
SIZE AND COLORATION.?Moderately small to minute flies,
length 1.6-4.0 mm; frequently covered with pale yellowish to
brown microtomentum.
HEAD.?Usually somewhat round, sometimes higher than
long, rarely elongate; shape and size of eye varying with shape
of head; eye sparsely or densely setulose or bare. Chaetotaxy of
head: postocellar setae absent; paravertical setae (= postocellar
setae, sensu Steyskal, 1976) extremely weak to relatively
strong, generally widely separated at base, convergent (diver-
gent in Zaleinae), simulating postocellar setae; inner and outer
vertical setae present; 1 well-developed, inclinate, upper
postocular seta generally present (absent in Zaleinae, Pelo-
myiinae, and Apetaeninae); ocellar setae well developed,
elongate, behind level of anterior ocellus; sometimes with a
pair of widely divergent setulae posterior to ocelli (pseudopos-
tocellar setulae, sensu J.F. McAlpine, 1989); 1-4 orbital and
0-4 fronto-orbital setae. Antenna short, porrect or decumbent;
first flagellomere round or oval; arista sub-basal with very short
pubescence. Face sometimes characterized by 2 shiny protuber-
ances laterad to the facial cavity just above vibrissal pore
(Tethina) or nearby (Afrotethina and Horaismoptera; Malloch
(1948:494) described this feature as "a pair of small shiny
angulate protuberances near epistome that may represent the
true vibrissal angles", but not found in Apetaeninae, Pelo-
myiinae, Dasyrhicnoessa, Tethinosoma, and Zaleinae); face
either with a shallow, median carina (Tethina) or essentially
flat; face relatively narrow and high (Pelomyiinae) or strongly
depressed and short (Horaismopterinae and Zaleinae). Genal
width varying, very narrow to exceptionally wide (Horaismop-
tera), though gena of male usually narrower than that of female;
gena bearing few to many scattered setulae between eye and
ventral row of setulae or bare except for ventral or nearly
ventral row of setulae. Proboscis long (except Apetaenus), with
labellum geniculate; palpus moderately long.
THORAX.?Chaetotaxy: Usually 3 postpronotal setae,
outer (lower) seta, curved anteriorly or upward, inner seta
mesoclinate, curved over mesonotum, and middle seta, the
largest, curved posteriorly (0-1 seta in Apetaeninae, 1-2 setae
in Pelomyiinae and Zaleinae); 2 notopleural setae; 1 presutural
intra-alar seta; dorsocentral setae usually 4 (1 + 3), sometimes
3 (1 + 2 in some Apetaenus) or 5 (Tethinosoma and Listriomas-
tax2 + 3); 1-2 supra-alar setae (if 2, posterior seta shorter and
weaker); 2 postalar setae; acrostichal setae variable, irregularly
multiseriate in 4-6 rows, in 2 rows with well-developed or
hair-like setae, or absent; prescutellar acrostichal setae variable,
well developed, hair-like, or absent; usually 2 pairs of marginal
scutellar setae (in Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel the scutellum
has numerous setae toward sides of dorsal surface between
basal and apical scutellar setae); disc of scutellum usually bare
(setulae on disc, sometimes appearing as pubescence, in
Apetaeninae, Afrotethina, Pseudorhicnoessa, and Suffomyia); 1
proepisternal; 0-1 moderate to very weak proepimeral seta;
NUMBER 584
anepisternum with 1 or more setae and some setulae posteri-
orly; katepisternum bearing 1 well-developed, elongate, pos-
terodorsal seta (2 in Apetaenus litoralis), otherwise mostly
bare; remaining thoracic pleurae (anepimeron, meron, katater-
gite, and anatergite) bare; prostemum broad anteriorly.
Wing: Generally uniformly faintly yellow or brown,
without spots or bands; costal vein generally lacking spines
along anterior margin (Horaismoptera and Tethinosoma
bearing several strong, erect, spine-like setae); costal vein
interrupted just before apex of radial vein Rp deeply so in
Horaismoptera; only basal section of subcosta visible, apically
touching or fused with apex of vein R,; cells bm and dm fused
or separate; position of crossvein r-m variable; cell cup present
but small; anal vein virtually absent or produced weakly as a
slight fold; anal angle and alula well developed (the former
reduced in Apetaeninae, the latter strongly reduced in Suf-
fomyia)', vein A, variable; vein A2 long, clearly visible but little
sclerotized. Micropterous species found in the subantarctic
genera Apetaenus and Listriomastax; aptery unknown.
Legs: Generally slender, with only hind femora of male
sometimes strongly swollen (in a few species of Afrotethina
and some Tethina); coxae and femora with some long, hair-like
setae (some species of Pelomyiinae with fore femur also
bearing 1-6 strong, spine-like setae anteroventrally); cteni-
dium present or absent; tibiae without setae (except Horais-
moptera and Pseudorhicnoessa, which have strong setae or
bear stout setulae on femora and tibia) but with an apical
ventral spur on mid tibia and sometimes an apical anteroventral
spur on hind tibia; dorsal, preapical setae on tibiae absent.
Halter pale, usually white to yellowish white; reduced and
rudimentary in micropterous species of Apetaenus.
ABDOMEN.?Most Tethininae with transverse pale stripe
along posterior margin of tergites; moderately setulose to
strongly setulose (Apetaeninae). Male syntergosternite 7 + 8
usually short (large only in Zaleinae, as in Canacidae), and
partially fused with tergite 6. Postabdomen of female mostly
telescopically retracted; 2 sclerotized spermathecae variable in
shape, below with a narrower cylindrical extension into the
spermathecal duct; cercus subcylindrical or compressed, from
2-8 times as long as broad, sometimes bearing spine-like
setulae; tergites 7 and 8 mostly with characteristic pigmented
areas; epiproct generally very small, bearing dorsally a pair of
setulae on apical third; hypoproct large. Postabdomen of male
with epandrium bearing 2 pairs of surstyli ventrally (except for
Tethina, Apetaeninae, and Suffomyia, which have a single pair
of surstyli; in Tethina surstyli partially fused with epandrium);
anterior surstylus very distinctive, heterogeneous in shape and
setal vestiture; posterior surstylus, as a rule, strongly setulose
and lobe-shaped, sometimes partially fused with epandrium or
bearing a ventrolateral lobe-shaped protrusion that resembles a
true surstylus that is fused with epandrium; inner basal corners
of surtsyli connected to broad interparameral sclerite; cerci very
short to exceptionally developed {Horaismoptera)', hypandrial
structures strongly varying in shape, particularly the large
lateral hypandrial arms and postgonites; aedeagal apodeme
very long, slender, ejaculatory apodeme usually large; ae-
deagus simple, usually elongate, sinuous, subcylindrical, with
a more or less dense ventral pubescence (short and without
dense ventral pubescence in Zaleinae), often with several
microscopic papillae.
2.
Key to Genera of Tethinidae
Paravertical setae (postverticals or pseudopostocellars of some authors) divergent
Eye densely setulose. Palpus markedly elongate and prominent anteriorly;
proboscis comparatively small. Dorsal pregenital sclerite of male (tergite 6 +
syntergosternite 7 + 8) large, with a visible transverse line or suture separating a
much longer anterior section from a short posterior section (inverted sternite 8).
Aedeagus short, stumpy, lacking a close ventral micropubescence (Zaleinae). .
2
Paravertical setae more or less convergent. Eye setulose or bare. Palpus and
proboscis usually normally developed. Tergite 6 well differentiated from short
syntergosternite 7 + 8 (long in Horaismoptera and some Apetaeninae), the latter
forming a dorsal pregenital sclerite. Aedeagus usually very long and sinuous,
ventrally micropubescent 3
Head rectangular in profile; clypeus large in relation to face. First flagellomere
large, in lateral view longer than wide. Prescutellar acrostichal setae absent;
scutellum strongly elongate, bearing 4 pairs of unequal setae. Claws strongly
curved. Alula markedly reduced; cells br and bm united. Epandrium with 1 pair of
surstyli Suffomyia Freidberg, 1995
Head oval in profile; clypeus narrower. First flagellomere not so large, discoid,
typical of lethinidae. Prescutellar acrostichal setae present; scutellum of normal
shape, not setulose aside from 2 pairs of lateral scutellar setae. Claws shallowly
curved. Alula normally developed; cell br clearly separate from cell bm.
Epandrium with 2 pairs of surstyli Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 1985
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
3. Clypeus large, protruding anteriad beyond shallowly emarginate oral margin. Vein
A, + CuAj long, subequal to length of discal cell; wing, if fully developed, long
and narrow, three times longer than wide (micropterous in some species of
Apetaenus). Tergite 2, and sometimes 1, elongate, as long or longer than wide
(Apetaeninae) 4
Clypeus small, if exposed not protruding anteriad beyond oral margin. Vein
Aj + CuAj short, much shorter than discal cell; wing usually shorter, about twice
as long as wide (less often 2.5-3 times). Tergites wider than long 5
4. Vein Rt setulose above (visible in fully winged specimens). Postpronotum bearing
1 large seta; dorsocentral setae 3 -4 Apetaenus Eaton, 1875
Vein R, bare above. Postpronotum bearing at most setulae; dorsocentral setae 5 .
Listriomastax Enderlein, 1909
5. Costa spinose. 1-3 fronto-orbital setae inclinate to slightly proclinate, 2-3 orbital
setae lateroclinate 6
Costa not spinose. Fronto-orbital and orbital setae usually with similar orientation,
mostly reclinate or lateroclinate 7
6. Dorsocentral setae 5; prescutellar acrostichal setae absent. Face lacking vertical
series of setae (with 1 vibrissal seta). Costa lacking well-developed setae just
before the subcostal break and where the humeral break would be; discal cell long,
penultimate section of vein CuA, over twice length of apical section (lethininae)
Tethinosoma Malloch, 1930
Dorsocentral setae 4; prescutellar acrostichal setae well developed. Face with
vertical series of well-developed setae, orientation of setae lateroclinate to slightly
curved upward except for dorsalmost, inclinate pair that arise from a pair of shiny
tubercles. Costa bearing 3-6 well-developed setae between humeral crossvein and
subcostal break; discal cell short, penultimate section of vein CuA, about '/2
length of apical section (Hora i smopter inae) . . . . Horaismoptera Hendel, 1907
7. Gena bare except for a ventral or nearly ventral row of setulae. Acrostichal setulae
in two or more complete or nearly complete rows (Tethininae) 8
Gena bearing few to many scattered setulae between eye and ventral row of setulae.
Acrostichal setulae sparse or absent (Pelomyiinae) 13
8. Fronto-orbital setae 2, reclinate; gena narrow, height about xl% eye height; frons
essentially bare of setulae. Cell bm and discal cell confluent, crossvein bm absent
Prescutellar acrostichal absent; postpronotum bearing 1 seta; mesonotum smooth,
at most with a few scattered setulae other than major setae
MasonieUa Vockeroth, 1995
Fronto-orbital setae 3-4; gena wider, about 78-73 eye height; frons bearing some
setulae in addition to larger setae. Cell bm and discal cell distinct. Prescutellar
acrostichal setae present; postpronotum with 3 or more setae, ventral seta curved
upward; mesonotum with more or less numerous rows of coarse setulae arising
from punctures 9
9. Eye mostly densely covered with small, pale, interfacetal setulae. Epandrium with
2 surstyli. Mid and hind tibiae with or without strong anterodorsal and
posterodorsal setae; scutellum pubescent on disc (if bare then lacking shiny
tubercle above vibrissal pore) 10
Eye appearing bare, setulae very sparse or lacking. Epandrium with 1 surstylus,
partially fused with epandrium. Mid and hind tibiae evenly setulose, lacking
anterodorsal or posterodorsal setae; scutellar disc bare (shiny tubercle above
vibrissal pore present; Tethina Haliday, 1837) 12
10. Vibrissal seta present on apex of vibrissal angle; shiny tubercle above the foremost
strong peristomal seta lacking. Scutellar disc bare except for marginal setae.
Anterior surstylus varying in shape but not curved hook-like ( P a n t r o p i c a l ) . . . .
Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934
NUMBER 584
Vibrissal seta absent on apex of vibrissal angle; vibrissal apex occupied by shiny
tubercle (sometimes as a scarcely visible fold); foremost peristomal setae
inclinate, simulating a vibrissal seta. Scutellar disc covered with a more or less
scattered pubescence in addition to marginal setae 11
11. Mid and hind tibiae evenly setulose, lacking anterodorsal or posterodorsal setae.
Anterior surstylus always curved, mostly hook-like (Afrotropical)
Afrotethina Munari, 1986
Mid and hind tibiae bearing strong anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae. Anterior
surstylus not shaped as above (Afrotropical, Australasian/Oceanian)
Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914
12. Both proepisternal and proepimeral setae present Abdominal setae and setulae
mixed in color (black and white) but mostly dark. Head usually roundish or
sometimes relatively prognathous, with antenna porrect or decumbent and
oriented laterally (the milichioides group). Labellum as long as head (the
milichioides group) or shorter than head. Gena mostly with a lengthwise
golden-shiny band Tethina, subgenus Rhicnoessa Loew, 1862
Only proepisternal seta present (if proepimeral setae present, these pale, whitish).
Abdominal setae and setulae always pale, whitish. Head roundish or strongly
prognathous (T. illota (Haliday, 1838)) but with antenna always porrect. Labellum
shorter than head. Gena homogeneously pale, microtomentose
Tethina, subgenus Tethina Haliday, 1837
13. Head elongate, longer than high; eye oblique and lower face protruding;
fronto-orbital setae 3 Neopelomyia Hendel, 1917
Head higher than long; face vertical, not produced; eye round; fronto-orbital setae
1-2 14
14. Fronto-orbital setae 2 (anterior seta in P. mallochi very short and weak, sometimes
difficult to see); face and peristoma microtomentose, without shiny stripes.
Acrostichal setulae absent PelomyieUa Hendel, 1934
Fronto-orbital seta 1, well developed; face below with 2 narrow, shiny stripes, each
continuous with a shiny peristomal ridge. A few acrostichal setulae present. . .
Pelomyia Williston, 1893
Catalog
Family TETHINIDAE Hendel
Tethinidae Hendel, 1916:297; 1917:45. Type genus: Tethina
Haliday.
Subfamily APETAENINAE Mathis and Munari, new subfamily
Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari, 1996:6 (herein). Type genus:
Apetaenus Eaton.
Genus Apetaenus Eaton (4 species)
Apetaenus Eaton, 1875:58. Type species: Apetaenus litoralis
Eaton, by monotypy.?Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic
relationships].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Aus-
tralasian/Oceanian catalog].
Macrocanace Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5. Type species:
Milichia littorea Hutton, by original designation.?
Harrison, 1953:272-276 [revision]; 1976:142-143 [key
to species].?Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic relation-
ships].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [synonymy].
australis (Hutton). Australian/Oceanian: Antipodes Islands,
Campbell Island.
Ochtiphila australis Hutton, 1902:174 [Campbell Island;
HT cf, NZAC (formerly in CANT)].
Macrocanace australis.?Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5
[generic combination].?Harrison, 1976:142-143
[southern islands of New Zealand subregion].
Apetaenus australis.?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667
[generic combination, Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
Macrocanace antipoda Harrison, 1953:276 [Antipodes
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Island: Ringdove Bay (spider's web); HT 9, NZAC];
1959:251 [synonymy].
litoralis Eaton. Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie
Island.
Apetaenus litoralis Eaton, 1875:58 [(France.) Kerguelen
Island; LT <? (designated by Harrison, 1959:99),
BMNH].?Enderlein, 1909:396, 432 [key, description,
figures (plates 48, 52)].?Harrison, 1959:98-99 [re-
vision].?Hennig, 1971:53-56 [discussion, figures of
head, cT and 9 terminalia].?Trelien and Vernon,
1982:108-118 [ecology].?Papp, 1983:272 [citation].?
Tre"hen et al., 1985:607 [alar development].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:667, 803 [Australasian/Oceanian cata-
log].
littoreus (Hutton). Australian/Oceanian: Antipodes Island,
Bounty Islands.
Milichia littorea Hutton, 1902:174 [Antipodes Islands (on
pools between tide marks); HT 0", NZAC (formerly in
CANT)].
Macrocanace littorea.?Tonnoir and Malloch, 1926:5 [ge-
neric combination].?Harrison, 1953:274-276 [revi-
sion]; 1959:250 [revision]; 1976:142 [Antipodes Island,
Bounty Islands].
Apetaenus littoreus.?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [ge-
neric combination, Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
watsoni Hardy. Australian /Oceanian: Macquarie Island.
Apetaenus watsoni Hardy, 1962:965 [Macquarie Island.
Hurd Point; HT <f, ANIC].?Watson, 1967:28-29
[ecology].?Harrison, 1976:127 [citation, Macquarie
Island].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australa-
sian /Oceanian catalog].
Genus Listriomastax Enderlein (1 species)
Listriomastax Enderlein, 1909:396. Type species: Listriomas-
tax litorea Enderlein, 1909, by original designation.?
Griffiths, 1972:232 [phylogenetic relationships].
litorea Enderlein. Australasian/Oceanian: Crozet Islands, Ker-
guelen Islands, Marion Island.
Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909:398 [(France.) Crozet
Islands: Possession Island, Weihnachts-Bucht; ST <f9,
ZMHU].?Tr6hen and Vernon, 1982:108-118 [eco-
logy].?Papp, 1983:272-275 [discussion, figures of cf
and 9 terminalia].?Tre'hen et al., 1985:607 [alar
development].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:804 [Aus-
tralasian /Oceanian catalog].
Subfamily HORAISMOPTERINAE Sabrosky
Horaismopterinae Sabrosky, 1978:335. Type
moptera Hendel.
genus: Horais-
Genus Horaismoptera Hendel (3 species)
Horaismoptera Hendel, 1907:238. Type species: Horaismop-
tera vulpina Hendel, by monotypy.?Sabrosky,
1978:327-336 [revision].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropi-
cal catalog].?So6s, 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].?
Munari, 1986:41-44 [discussion].
Selidacantha Bezzi, 1908:197. Type species: Selidacantha
microphthalma Bezzi, by original designation [preoccu-
pied, Hulst, 1896, Lepidoptera].?Bezzi, 1908:197 [syn-
onymy (in a footnote)].
Oestroparea S6guy, 1933:30. Type species: Oestroparea
grisea Se"guy, by original designation.?Hennig,
1958:659.?Sabrosky, 1978:328 [synonymy].
hennigi Sabrosky. Oriental: Sri Lanka.
Horaismoptera hennigi Sabrosky, 1978:330 [Sri Lanka.
Mannar District: Olaithoduvai (10 mi NW Mannar,
rotten seaweed); HT cf, USNM].
microphthalma (Bezzi). Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa.
Selidacantha microphthalma Bezzi, 1908:198 [Namibia.
Luderitz Bay (Angra Pequena); LT d" (designated by
Munari, 1994:25), ZMHU].
Horaismoptera microphthalma.?Sabrosky, 1978:330 [ge-
neric combination, revision, probable senior synonym of
H. grisea].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].?
Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].
Oestroparea grisea Se'guy, 1933:30 [Namibia. Swakop-
mund; ST <f 9,MNHN].?Munari, 1994:25 [synonymy].
Horaismoptera grisea.?Sabrosky, 1978:329 [generic com-
bination, revision, probable junior synonym of H.
microphthalma (Bezzi)].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropi-
cal catalog].?Munari, 1991b:179 [citation, Namibia].
vulpina Hendel. Afrotropical: Abd al Kuri (near Socotra),
Kenya, Madagascar. Palearctic: Egypt, Iran, Oman,
Yemen.
Horaismoptera vulpina Hendel, 1907:240 [Yemen. Abd-al-
Kuri; ST <f, NMW].?Hennig, 1965:2 [citation, Iran].?
Sabrosky, 1978:329 [revision].?Cogan, 1980:693
[Afrotropical catalog].?So6s, 1984:110 [Palearctic ca-
talog].?Munari, 1994:23, 27 [citation, Afrotropical list,
Kenya and Madagascar].
Subfamily PELOMYIINAE Foster
Pelomyiinae Foster, 1976a:337. Type genus: Pelomyia Willis-
ton.
Genus Neopelomyia Hendel (2 species)
Neopelomyia Hendel, 1917:46. Type species: Tethina rostrata
Hendel, by original designation.?Curran, 1934:331
[key].?Hendel, 1934:53 [citation].?Melander,
1952:192 [key].?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic cata-
log]; 1987:1075 [key].?Foster, 1976a:346 [revision].
longicerca Foster. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Neopelomyia longicerca Foster, 1976a:349 [United States.
California: Orange County, Laguna Beach; HT d",
USNM (73641)].
NUMBER 584
rostrata (Hendel). Nearctic: Canada (BC), United States (CA,
OR, WA).
Tethina rostrata Hendel, 1911:41 [Canada. British Colum-
bia: Pender Island (not Pender, Idaho, as stated in the
original description); LT d" (designated by Foster,
1976a:349), NMW].?Malloch, 1913:147 [citation].?
Melander, 1913:297 [key]; 1952:190 [revision].?
Saunders, 1928:545 [biology].
Neopelomyia rostrata.?Hendel, 1917:46 [generic combina-
tion, in key]; 1934:38 [generic key], 54 [citation].?
Sturtevant, 1923:7 [citation].?Hennig, 1937:139
[notes].?Melander, 1952:198 [citation].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1076 [figure of
head].?Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].?
Foster, 1976a:349 [revision].
Genus Pelomyia Williston (9 species)
Pelomyia Williston, 1893:258. Type species: Pelomyia oc-
cidentalis Williston, by monotypy [as Ephydridae].?
Becker, 1896:274 [as Ephydridae].?Kuntze, 1897:20
[as Tethina].?Williston, 1908:295, 307 [as Ephydridae
and Agromyzidae].?Hendel, 1911:41 [as Tethina in
Milichiidae]; 1917:46 [key to genera]; 1934:51 [revision,
references].?Malloch, 1913:146 [as Tethina in Ephydri-
dae]; 1934:456-460 [revision, southern South American
species].?Melander, 1913:297 [as Tethina of authors,
not Haliday, 1838]; 1952:193 [revision of Nearctic
species].?Sturtevant, 1923:5-8 [discussion].?Czemy,
1928:2 [revision of Palearctic species, generic misidenti-
fication],?S6guy, 1934:397-400 [review, French fauna,
generic misidentification].?Hennig, 1937:138 [Neotro-
pical distribution].?Ardo, 1957:131 [review, North
Europe, generic misidentification].?Trojan, 1962:63
[review, Poland, generic misidentification].?
Stackelberg, 1970:356 [review, fauna of USSR, generic
misidentification].?Foster, 1976b: 1-2 [Neotropical ca-
talog].?Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:375 [revision of
Hawaiian species].?Vockeroth, 1987:1075 [key].?
Mathis and Sawakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian
catalog].
coronata (Loew). Nearctic: United States (GA). Neotropical:
Mexico (DUR) and Peru.
Rhicnoessa coronata Loew, 1866:185 [United States. "Geor-
gia"; HT 9, MCZ].
Tethina coronata.?Malloch, 1913:147 [generic combina-
tion, citation].?Melander, 1913:297 [key].
Pelomyia coronata.?Hendel, 1917:46 [generic combination
in key]; 1934:51 [key], 52 [citation].?Sturtevant,
1923:7-8 [citation, in part].?Curran 1934:330 [figure of
wing],?Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of d terminalia].?
Melander, 1952:193, 212 [revision, figures of cf termi-
nalia].?Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic catalog, noted to
be an unworked species complex]; 1987:1076-1077
[figures of head and wing].?Cole, 1969:386 [distribu-
tion, discussion].?Foster, 1976b:l [Neotropical cata-
log].
cruciata Hendel. Nearctic: United States (MO).
Pelomyia cruciata Hendel, 1934:52 [United States. Mis-
souri: Independence County, Atherton; ST cT9,
NMW].?Melander, 1952:195 [citation].?Vockeroth,
1965:726 [Nearctic catalog].
intermedia Malloch. Neotropical: Argentina.
Pelomyia intermedia Malloch, 1934:460 [Argentina. Buenos
Aires: Bahia Blanca; HT 9, BMNH].?Hennig,
1937:140 [citation].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical cata-
log].
nubila Melander. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Pelomyia nubila Melander, 1952:195 [United States. Cali-
fornia: Orange County, Corona del Mar, San Clemente;
ST (3tf, 59), USNM].?Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic
catalog].?Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].
occidentals Williston. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Pelomyia occidentalis Williston, 1893:258 [United States.
California: Monterey County, Monterey; ST (lcf, 19),
KU].?Melander, 1913:297 [as a synonym of P. coro-
nata (Loew)]; 1952:193 [as a synonym of P. coronata
(Loew)].?Sturtevant, 1923:7 [as a synonym of P.
coronata (Loew)].?Curran, 1934:330 [generic combina-
tion, figure of head].?Hendel, 1934:52 [as a synonym of
P. coronata (Loew)].?Vockeroth, 1965:726 [Nearctic
catalog].
Pelomyia coronata of authors, not Loew, 1866 [misidentifi-
cation].?Melander, 1913:297 [key].?Sturtevant,
1923:7-8 [citation].
peruviana Malloch. Neotropical: Bolivia, Chile, Peru.
Pelomyia peruviana Malloch, 1934:458 ["Peru"; HT 9,
USNM].?Hennig, 1937:140 [citation]; 1939:82 [figure
of cf terminalia].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical cata-
log].
steyskali Hardy and Delfinado. Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaii
(Molokai, Oahu). Nearctic: United States (CA, OR, TX,
WA). Palearctic: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,
Slovakia.
Pelomyia steyskali Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:375 [United
States. Oregon: Curry County, Gold Beach (8 mi N);
HT cf, USNM].?Zuska and LaStovka, 1969:207 [as
Pelomyia sp., Czech Republic].?Szadziewski, 1983:47
[as P. coronata, Poland, ecology, figures of <? termi-
nalia].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/
Oceanian catalog].?Rohdcek, 1992:128-129 [discus-
sion, ecology, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia].
trivittata Malloch. Neotropical: Chile.
Pelomyia trivittata Malloch, 1934:459 [Chile. Malleco:
Renaico; HT tf, USNM].?Hennig, 1937:140 [cita-
tion].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
viedmae Mai loch. Neotropical: Argentina.
Pelomyia viedmae Malloch, 1934:460 [Argentina. Rio
Negro: Viedma; HT tf, BMNH].?Foster, 1976b:2
[Neotropical catalog].
Genus Pelomyiella Hendel (9 species)
PelomyieUa Hendel, 1934:39. Type species: Pelomyia hun-
garica Czerny, by original designation.?Curran
1934:331 [key].?Hendel, 1934:52-53 [key, list].?
Melander, 1952:196 [revision Nearctic species].?
Collin, 1960:191 [review, British species].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1075 [key].?So6s,
1978:407-411 [key, Palearctic fauna, catalog];
1981:130-132 [key, Hungary]; 1984:107 [Palearctic
catalog].?Beschovski, 1994b: 17 [Bulgarian species].
cinereUa (Haliday). Palearctic: Canary Islands, Denmark,
England, Finland, France, Ireland, Germany, Madeira,
Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Tibet.
Opomyza (Leptomyza) cinerella Haliday, 1837:151 [North-
ern Ireland. Down: Holywood (muddy seashore); ST
(6c?9),NMI,ZMHU].
Opomyza cinerella.?Walker, 1853:235 [citation, England].
Rhicnoessa cinerella.?Loew, 1865:38 [generic combina-
tion, revision].?Czerny, 1902:256 [citation].?Becker,
1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog]; 1908:164 [citation, Ca-
nary Islands].?Tuccimei, 1913:231 [citation, Italy].
Anthophilina cinerella.?Rondani, 1875:186 [key], 187
[generic combination, citation].
Leptomyza cinerella.?Czerny, 1902:256 [generic combina-
tion, placement in Rhicnoessa].
Tethina cinerella.?Hendel, 1911:42 [generic combination,
citation].?Ringdahl, 1948:3 [citation].
Pelomyia cinerella.?Czerny, 1928:2 [generic combination,
revision].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].?Karl,
1930:68 [citation, figure of head].?Krogerus, 1932:118
[citation, Finland].?S6guy, 1934:399 [key, review,
France].?Ardo, 1957:131 [citation].?Trojan, 1962:64
[key, figure of head].?Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].
Pelomyiella cinerella.?Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic
combination, citation].?de Meijere, 1939:162 [cita-
tion].?Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of <f terminalia, as P.
cinerea].?Collin, 1960:191 [citation, England].?Frey,
1949:36 [citation, Madeira].?Cogan, 1976:87 [citation,
England].?Raid, 1976:113-115 [key, Denmark, figure
of head, citation].?So6s, 1978:408-411 [key, Palearctic
catalog]; 1981:132 [key]; 1984:107 [Palearctic ca-
talog].?Hackman, 1980:150 [citation, Finland].?
Szadziewski, 1983:48 [citation, Poland].
hungarica (Czerny). Palearctic: Austria, Hungary, Slovakia.
Pelomyia hungarica Czerny, 1928:2 [Hungary. Szatymaz;
HT 9. ZMHU].?Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].?
Trojan, 1962:64 [key, figure of head].
Pelomyiella hungarica.?Hendel, 1934:39 [generic key], 52
[key], 53 [generic combination, citation].?So6s,
1978:407, 411 [key, Palearctic catalog]; 1981:131-132
[key, citation, habitus, figure]; 1983:312 [citation, Hun-
gary]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].?Rohd<5ek,
1983:1022 [citation, Slovakia]; 1986:176 [citation, Slo-
vakia]; 1987:260 [citation, Slovakia]; 1992:129 [biology,
citation, Slovakia].?Franz, 1989:255 [citation, Austria].
mallochi (Sturtevant). Nearctic: British Columbia to Baffin
Island, south to California and New York. Palearctic:
Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England,
France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Italy, Mongolia,
Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Tibet, Yugoslavia.
Pelomyia mallochi Sturtevant, 1923:7 [Massachusetts: Barn-
stable County, North Falmouth; HT 9, AMNH].
Pelomyiella mallochi.?Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic
combination, citation].?de Meijere, 1939:162 [cita-
tion].?Melander, 1952:196-197 [revision].?Collin,
1960:191 [citation].?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic
catalog]; 1987:1076-1077 [figures of head and wing].?
Cole, 1969:386 [distribution, diagnosis].?Cogan,
1976:87 [citation, England].?Raid, 1976:112-115 [key,
Denmark, figures of head and wing, citation].?Sods,
1978:407 [key], 408 [discussion], 412 [Palearctic cata-
log]; 1981:131 [key, citation]; 1984:108 [Palearctic
catalog].?Bahrmann, 1982:75-78 [ecology, citation,
Germany].?Roha^ek, 1983:1022 [citation, Slovakia];
1986:176 [citation, Slovakia]; 1987:260 [citation, Slova-
kia]; 1992:129 [biology, citation, Czech Republic and
Slovakia].?Szadziewski, 1983:47-48 [citation, figures
of cf terminalia].?Gorczytza, 1988:304, 307 [figure of
habitus and head, citation, ecology].?Franz, 1989:255
[citation, discussion].?Beschovski, 1994b: 18 [review,
figures of c? terminalia].
Pelomyia angustifacies de Meijere, 1928:76 [Netherlands.
Amsterdam and Diemen (Zuidersee); ST (lcT, 39),
ZMA]; 1932:286 [discussion].?Czerny, 1930:450 [cita-
tion, as P. angustifrons (sic)].?Karl, 1930:68 [cita-
tion].?Hendel, 1934:53 [synonymy].?Ardo, 1957:131
[citation].
Pelomyia kuntzei Czerny, 1928:3 ["Insel Borkum, England,
Neusiedler See, Keczel (Ungarn)"; ST c?9, ZMHU
(apparently lost)]; 1930:450 [synonymy with P. angusti-
facies].?-Karl, 1930:68 [synonymy].?Hendel, 1934:53
[citation, synonymy].?S6guy, 1934:399 [key, review,
France].?Trojan, 1962:64-65 [figure of head, key].?
Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].
Tethina parvula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentifica-
tion].?Malloch, 1913:147 [generic combination, cita-
tion].?Melander, 1913:297 [key].
Tethina illota of authors, not Haliday, 1838 [misidentifica-
tion].?Kuntze, 1897:20 [discussion].
NUMBER 584 11
maritima (Melander). Nearctic: United States (TX).
Tethina maritima Melander, 1913:297 [United States. Texas:
Galveston County, Galveston; ST 39, USNM].
Pelomyia maritima.?Sturtevant, 1923:7 [generic combina-
tion].
Pelomyiella maritima.?Hendel, 1934:53 [generic combina-
tion].?Melander, 1952:197 [revision].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].
melanderi (Sturtevant). Nearctic: Canada (BC). United States
(AZ, CA, OR, WA). Mexico.
Pelomyia melanderi Sturtevant, 1923:7 [United States.
California: Santa Clara County, Palo Alto; HT cf,
AMNH].
Pelomyiella melanderi.?Hendel, 1934:52 [key], 53 [generic
combination, citation].?Melander, 1952:196-197 [re-
vision].?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].?
Griffiths, 1972:305 [figure of cf terminalia].
Tethina parvula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentifica-
tion].?Hendel, 1911:43 [review, figure of head];
1934:53 [synonymy].
mongolica So6s. Palearctic: Mongolia.
Pelomyiella mongolica So6s, 1978:409 [Mongolia. South-
gobi: "Nojon nuruu, Grenzposten Ovot Chuural" (1500
m); HT cf, HNHM]; 412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108
[Palearctic catalog].
nigra So6s. Palearctic: Mongolia.
Pelomyiella nigra Soos, 1978:411,412 [Mongolia. Uvs: "S.
Rand des Sees Orog nuur" (1500 m); HT cf, HNHM;
Palearctic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].
obscurior (Becker). Palearctic: China (Tibet).
Tethina obscurior Becker, 1907b:308 [China. Tibet. Zaidam
(Fl. Orogyn, Syrtyn ju Nanyschanja Gobi); ST 6 (sex ?),
ZMHU (only 2)].?Hendel, 1911:42 [list].?Czerny,
1928:2 [citation].
Pelomyiella obscurior.?So6s, 1978:408,412 [key, Palearc-
tic catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].
Pelomyiella cinerella obscurior.?Hendel, 1934:52 [key],
53 [generic combination, citation].
opacula (Zetterstedt). Palearctic: Sweden.
Notiphila opacula Zetterstedt, 1860:6317 ["Scania merid. ad
IUstorp" (Sweden); HT cf, ZIL].
Pelomyiella opacula.?Zatwarnicki, 1991:330 [generic
combination, probably synonym of P. cinerella].
Subfamily TETHININAE Hendel
Tethininae Hendel, 1916:297 [as a family]; 1917:45. Type
genus: Tethina Haliday.
Genus Afrotethina Munari (7 species)
Afrotethina Munari, 1986:44. Type species: Afrotethina
aemiliani Munari, by original designation; 199la: 169
[checklist]; 1991b: 183-184 [key to species].
aemiliani Munari. Afrotropical: Kenya.
Afrotethina aemiliani Munari, 1986:44 [Kenya. Diani
Beach; HT cf, MCV]; 1994:16, 26 [citation, list, Kenya,
figure of cf terminalia].
aurisetulosa (Lamb). Afrotropical: Madagascar, Mozambique,
Seychelles (Aldabra, Cosmoledo, Mate).
Tethina aurisetulosa Lamb, 1914:368 [Seychelles. Mate:
Anonyme Island, Long Island; LT cf (designated by
Munari, 1988:45), BMNH].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotro-
pical catalog].
Rhicnoessa aurisetulosa.?Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [ge-
neric combination, citation].
Afrotethina aurisetulosa.?Munari, 1988:45-46 [generic
combination, figures of cf terminalia]; 1990:55 [citation,
Aldabra]; 1991b: 180 [citation, Madagascar, Mozam-
bique]; 1994:17, 26 [citation, list, Madagascar].
brevicostata Munari. Afrotropical: Madagascar, Seychelles
(Aldabra), South Africa (Natal).
Afrotethina brevicostata Munari, 1990:56 [Seychelles. Alda-
bra: Grande Terre, Anse Cedre (shoreline on beach);
HT cf, BMNH]; 1991b:180 [citation, South Africa];
1994:17, 26 [citation, list, Madagascar].
femoralis (Munari). Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, South
Africa (Cape, Natal).
Pseudorhicnoessa femoralis Munari, 1981b:94 [Kenya.
Diani Beach; HT cf, MCV; figures of hind leg and cf
terminalia]; 1991b: 180-181 [citation, Madagascar,
South Africa].
Afrotethina femoralis.?Munari, 199la: 166-168 [generic
combination, figure of cf terminalia, spermathecae];
1994:17,26 [citation, list, Madagascar, South Africa].
kaplanae Munari. Afrotropical: Cameroon.
Afrotethina kaplanae Munari, 1994:17 [Cameroon. Kribi
(beach); HT cf, TAU].
persimitis Munari. Afrotropical: Namibia.
Afrotethina persimilis Munari, 1991b: 181 [Namibia. Swa-
kop River mouth (near Swakopmund, 22?31'S, 14?32'E);
HT cf, NMP]; 1994:26 [list, Afrotropics].
stuckenbergi Munari. Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape).
Afrotethina stuckenbergi Munari, 1990:58 [South Africa.
South West Cape, Ysterfontein; HT cf, BMNH];
1991b:183 [citation, South Africa]; 1994:26 [list, Afro-
tropics].
Genus Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel (13 species)
Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934:38. Type species: Rhicnoessa
fulva Hendel, by original designation.?Malloch,
1935:93 [discussion].?Sasakawa, 1974:2-5 [revision
Oriental species].?Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394
[Oriental catalog].?Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:370
[revision Hawaiian species].?Mathis and Sasakawa,
1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
boninensis Sasakawa. Australasian/Oceanian: Bonin Islands,
Volcano Island.
Dasyrhicnoessa boninensis Sasakawa, 1995:58 [Bonin Is-
lands. Chichi Jima, Omura (Camp Beach); HT cf, BBM
(12773); figures of cf terminalia].
ferruginea Lamb. Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Sey-
chelles (Aldabra, Astove, Mah6). Australasian/Oceanian:
Marquesas. Nearctic: Bermuda, U.S. (FL). Neotropical:
Bahamas (South Bimini), Belize, Mexico, West Indies
(Cuba, Dominica, St. Lucia, St Vincent).
Rhicnoessa ferruginea Lamb, 1914:367 [Seychelles. Mah6;
LT cf (designated by Munari, 1988:48), BMNH].?
Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 49 [citation].?Bezzi, 1928:140
[synonymy with R. sexseriata Hendel].
Tethina ferruginea.?Cogan, 1980:639 [generic combina-
tion, Afrotropical catalog].
Dasyrhicnoessa ferruginea.?Munari, 1988:48 [generic
combination]; 1990:54 [citation, Aldabra and Sey-
chelles]; 1991b:180 [citation, Madagascar]; 1994:20, 26
[citation, Kenya and Madagascar, list Afrotropics].?
Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australiasian/Oceanian
catalog].?Woodley and Hilbum, 1994:53 [list, Ber-
muda].?Sasakawa, 1995:60-61 [revision, Micronesia,
figures of cf terminalia].
Tethina lasiophthalma Malloch, 1933:17 [Marquesas.
Hivaoa: Tahauku; HT cf, BBM].?Munari, 1988:48
[synonymy with R. ferruginea Lamb].
Dasyrhicnoessa lasiophthalma.?Sasakawa, 1974:2 [ge-
neric combination].?Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394
[Oriental catalog].?Munari, 1986:49 [discussion, Sey-
chelles].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Austral-
asian/Oceanian catalog].
freidbergi Munari. Afrotropical: Cameroon, Nigeria.
Dasyrhicnoessa freidbergi Munari, 1994:20 [Cameroon.
Kribi (beach, Rt. N7); HT cf, TAU].
fulva (Hendel). Oriental: Taiwan.
Rhicnoessa fulva Hendel, 1913:110 [Taiwan. Anping and
Tainan; ST 4 (sex ?), NMW].-Malloch, 1914:308
[citation].
Dasyrhicnoessa fulva.?Hendel, 1934:51 [generic combina-
tion].?Hennig, 1939:82-83 [figure of cf terminalia].?
Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].
fulvescens Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).
Dasyrhicnoessa fulvescens Malloch, 1935:93 [Australia.
Queensland: Townsville; HT 9, AM].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
insularis Aldrich. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands,
Christmas Island, Gilbert Islands, Hawaii (Canton Island,
Hawaii, Frigate Shoal, Maui, Oahu, Palmyra Island, Pearl
and Hermes Reef), Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian),
Marshall Islands, and Wake Island.
Tethina insularis Aldrich 1931:395 [(United States.) Wake
Island; HT cf, USNM (41629)].?Hardy 1952:463
[citation].
Rhicnoessa insularis.?Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [generic
combination, citation].
Dasyrhicnoessa insularis.?Hardy and Delfinado,
1980:371-373 [generic combination, citation, figures of
head, wing, cf and 9 terminalia; Oahu, Maui, Hawaii,
Frigate Shoal, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Canton Island, and
Palmyra Island].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667
[Australasian/Oceanian catalog].?Sasakawa, 1995:
61-64 [revision, Micronesia, figures of cf terminalia].
phyllodes Sasakawa. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands
(Palau), Mariana Islands (Guam). Oriental: Japan
(Ryukyus).
Dasyrhicnoessa phyllodes Sasakawa, 1995:64 [Caroline
Islands. Palau Islands: Babelthuap Island, Almongui
(Ngaramlungui); HT cf, USNM; figures of cf terminalia].
platypes Sasakawa. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).
Dasyrhicnoessa platypes Sasakawa, 1986:437 [Japan.
Ryukyus: Okinawa; HT cf, USNM].?Morimoto,
1989:833 [list, Japan].
serratula Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).
Dasyrhicnoessa serratula Malloch, 1935:94 [Australia.
Queensland: Townsville; ST 9, AM].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
sexseriata Hendel. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands
(Yap, Palau, Ponape), Fiji Islands, Mariana Islands
(Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands, Wake Island. Oriental:
China (Hong Kong), Philippines, Taiwan.
Rhicnoessa sexseriata Hendel, 1913:110 [Taiwan. Anping;
HT 9, NMW]; 1934:44 [key], 49 [citation].?Malloch,
1914:309 [citation].
Tethina sexseriata.?Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395
[generic combination, Oriental catalog].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
Dasyrhicnoessa sexseriata.?NEW COMBINATION.
Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia Sasakawa, 1995:56 [Caroline
Islands. Yap Islands: Rummang Island (at light); HT cf,
USNM; figures of cf terminalia].?NEW SYNONYMY.
tripunctata Sasakawa. Oriental: Philippines.
Dasyrhicnoessa tripunctata Sasakawa, 1974:5 [Philippines.
Palawan: Tinabog (3 km NE); HT cf, BBM (10355)].?
Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].
vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado. Afrotropical: Seychelles
(Aldabra, Mane"). Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Is-
lands (Truk, Palau), Gilbert Islands, Hawaii (Hawaii,
Kauai, Maui, Molokai, Oahu), Mariana Islands (Guam,
Saipan), Marshall Islands, Wake Island. Oriental: Japan
(Ryukyus).
Dasyrhicnoessa vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado, 1980:373
[United States. Hawaii: Kauai, Haena (collected on
beach); HT cf, BBM].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:667
[Australasian/Oceanian catalog].?Munari, 1990:53 [ci-
tation, Aldabra and Seychelles]; 1994:27 [list, Afrotro-
NUMBER 584 13
pics].?Sasakawa, 1995:66-69 [revision, Micronesia,
figures of 6" terminal ia].
Dasyrhicnoessa occidentalis Munari, 1986:47 [Seychelles.
Mah& Mah6 Beach (10 km N); HT cf, MCV]; 1988:51
[citation, Seychelles]; 1990:53 [synonymy].
yoshiyasui Sasakawa. Oriental: Japan (Ryukyus).
Dasyrhicnoessa yoshiyasui Sasakawa, 1986:439 [Japan.
Ryukyus: Iriomote-jima Island, Uehara (on beach);
HT cf, KPU (236)].?Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].
Genus Masoniella Vockeroth (1 species)
Masoniella Vockeroth, 1989:1075 [nomen nudum]; 1995:732.
Type species: Masoniella richardsi Vockeroth, by
original designation.
richardsi Vockeroth. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Masoniella richardsi Vockeroth, 1987:1075 [nomen
nudum]; 1995:732 [United States. California. San
Bernardino County, Helendale; HT cf, CNC].
Genus Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch (3 species)
Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914:306. Type species: Pseu-
dorhicnoessa spinipes Malloch, by original designa-
tion.?Hendel, 1934:54 [citation].?Steyskal and Sasa-
kawa, 1977:394 [Oriental catalog].?Munari, 1981b:92
[key to species]; 1991a:169 [checklist].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:667 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
Macrotethina Malloch, 1935:91 (as a subgenus of Tethina).
Type species: Tethina {Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch,
by original designation.?Mathis and Sasakawa,
1989:667 [synonymy].
rattii Munari. Afrotropical: Mauritius, Seychelles (Mane").
Oriental: Sri Lanka.
Pseudorhicnoessa rattii Munari, 1981b:92 [Seychelles.
Mah6: Anse Louis; HT cf, MCV; figures of hind leg
and <? terminalia]; 1988:42-44 [citation, Seychelles,
figures of cT terminalia]; 1990:55 [citation, Seychelles
and Mauritius]; 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].?Rossi,
1988:176-177 [parasitic fungus].
spinipes Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Caroline Islands,
Mariana Islands (Guam, Saipan), Marshall Islands.
Oriental: North Borneo, Philippines, Japan (Ryukyus),
Taiwan, Vietnam.
Pseudorhicnoessa spinipes Malloch, 1914:307 [Taiwan.
Takao; HT 9, USNM].?Hendel, 1934:54 [citation].?
Sasakawa, 1974:6 [revision]; 1981:520 [citation];
1986:433-434 [key, citation, Ryukyus]; 1995:69-71
[revision, Micronesia, figures of <f terminalia].?
Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].?
Morimoto, 1989:933 [list, Japan].
tibiseta (Malloch). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (QLD).
Tethina (Macrotethina) tibiseta Malloch, 1935:91 [Austra-
lia. Queensland: Townsville; HT d", AM].
Pseudorhicnoessa tibiseta.?Mathis and Sasakawa,
1989:667 [generic combination, Australasian/Oceanian
catalog].
Genus Tethina Haliday (59 species)
Tethina Haliday in Curtis, 1837:293 (as a subgenus of
Opomyza; published in synonymy; first made available
by use in Haliday, 1838:188). Type species: Opomyza
(Tethina) illota Haliday, 1838, by subsequent monotypy
(Haliday, 1838:188).?Becker, 1905a:234 [Palearctic
catalog].?Hendel, 1917:46 [key to genera].?
Sturtevant, 1923:5-7 [discussion of synonymy, listing of
Nearctic species].?Czerny, 1928:3 [revision].?
Malloch, 1934:453 [revision Chilean species, discussion,
key].?S6guy, 1934:399 [review, key, French fauna].?
Melander, 1952:199 [revision Nearctic species].?Ardo,
1957:131 [citation, fauna of northern Europe].?Collin,
1960:192 [review, British species]; 1966:20-25 [revi-
sion Palearctic species].?Trojan, 1962:65 [review,
Poland].?Vockeroth, 1965:727-728 [Nearctic catalog];
1987:1075 [key].?Prado and Tavares, 1966:429-431
[review, Brazilian species].?Stackelberg, 1970:356 [re-
view, USSR fauna].?Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [dis-
cussion].?Foster, 1976b:2-3 [Neotropical catalog].?
Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].?
Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:132-137 [key,
Hungarian species]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].?
Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].?Hardy and
Delfinado, 1980:377 [revision Hawaii species].?
Thompson and Mathis, 1981:86 [citation, nomencla-
ture].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/
Oceanian catalog].?Canzoneri et al., 1990:37-38 [fauna
of Pelagian Islands (Italy)].?Beschovski, 1994b:20
[diagnosis ofgenus and of the albosetulosa and czerni
groups].
Rhicnoessa Loew, 1862:174. Type species: Rhicnoessa cinerea
Loew, by monotypy.?Loew, 1865:34-39 [revision].?
Hendel, 1902:261-264 [systematics].?Becker,
1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog].?Williston, 1908:292,
296 [figure of head, key].?Collin, 1911:234 [probable
synonymy with Tethina]; 1960:192-193 [review, British
species]; 1966:25-32 [revision, Palearctic species].?
Hendel, 1911:41 [generic remarks]; 1917:46 [synonymy
in key]; 1934:46 [references].?Malloch, 1913:147 [dis-
cussion, figure of head].?Melander, 1913:298 [key to
Nearctic species]; 1952:200 [revision of Nearctic spe-
cies].?de Meijere, 1928:78 [discussion].?Curran,
1934:331 [key].?Hennig, 1937:138 [distribution in
neotropics].?Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [discussion].?
So6s, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearc-
tic catalog].?Munari, 1990:60-61 [status as a subgenus
of Tethina].?Beschovski, 1993:104 [diagnosis, as a
genus]; 1994b: 18 [diagnosis, as a genus].
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Phycomyza Melander, 1952:198. Type species: Rhicnoessa
milichioides Melander, by original designation.?
Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].?Foster,
1976a:338 [synonymy].
acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel.
Tethina acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:97
[Israel. Tel Aviv Dunes; HT cf, TAU].
alboguttata Strobl. Afrotropical: St. Helena. Palearctic: Alge-
ria, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia.
Rhicnoessa alboguttata Strobl, 1900:6 [Spain. Qidiz: Al-
geciras; HT cf, DCS A].?Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic
catalog].?Hendel, 1934:42 [key], 46 [citation].?Frey,
1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].?Collin, 1966:26,
28-29 [key, discussion].?Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].?Carles-Tolra\
1992:349 [citation, Spain].
Tethina alboguttata.?Czerny, 1928:3-4 [key, generic
combination, revision].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [cita-
tion].?Vanschuytbroeck, 1976:106 [citation, St.
Helena].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].?
Carles-Tolra\ 1992:349 [citation, Spain]; 1994:23 [list,
Spain],?Beschovski, 1993:104-105 [list, illustration
of cf terminalia].?Munari, 1994:23, 27 [citation, St.
Helena, list, Afrotropics].?Freidberg and Beschovski,
1996:102 [revision, list, Morocco].
albosetulosa (Strobl). Afrotropical: Senegal. Palearctic: Aus-
tria, Azores, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Denmark, Eng-
land, France, Mediterranean subregion, European Atlan-
tic coast
Rhicnoessa albosetulosa Strobl, 1900:7 [Spain. Qidiz:
Algeciras; ST (Id1, 49), DCS A].?Becker, 1905b:252
[Palearctic catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Tunisia].?
Mercier, 1925:178 [citation, France].
Rhicnoessa albosetulosa variety beckeri Strobl, 1906:375
[Egypt. "Alexandrien" (from Becker, 1903:184); ST
(sex ?), ZMHU].
Tethina albosetulosa.?Hendel, 1934:39 [key], 40 [generic
combination, citation].?Hennig, 1937:140 [citation];
1939:82 [figure of cf terminalia].?Frey, 1945:80 [cita-
tion, Azores].?Collin, 1960:192 [citation]; 1966:20,
22-23 [key, discussion].?Cogan, 1976:87 [citation,
England].?Raid, 1976:113, 116 [key, Denmark, cita-
tion].?Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1981:133-
134 [habitus figure, key, citation]; 1984:108 [Palearctic
catalog].?Gorczytza, 1988:307 [citation, ecology, fig-
ure of head].?Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation,
Pelagian Islands].?Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:26-35
[revision, morphology].?Beschovski, 1993:104-105
[list, illustrations of cf terminalia]; 1964:263 [citation];
1994b:20-22 [review, illustration of cf terminalia,
Bulgaria].?Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].
Tethina albosetulosa albipila.?Frey, 1958a:52 [citation,
Canary Islands].
Rhicnoessa albipsila Mercier, 1925:179 [France. Cote du
Calvados, "dune de Courseulles," Saint-Lunare, Spain;
ST (sex ?), MNHN].?Hendel, 1934:41 [synonymy].
Rhicnoessa albipila [sic] of authors, not Mercier, 1925
[error].?So6s, 1984:108 [citation].
Tethina griseola of authors (sensu Czerny, 1928), not van
der Wulp, 1871 [misidentification].?Czerny, 1928:5
[revision].?de Meijere, 1932:286 [discussion].?
Hendel, 1934:41 [synonymy].?S6guy, 1934:400 [key,
France].?Beschovski, 1975:5 [citation].
Tethina albissima Collin, 1966:23 [Italy. "Rosolina Mare"
(near Venice); HT 9 (destroyed, only a paratype
remains), MCV].?Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog];
1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].?Canzoneri et al.,
1990:37 [citation, Pelagian Islands].?Munari and
Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].
Tethina diversa Collin, 1966:24 [Italy. "Sp. Alberoni" (near
Venice); HT cf, MCV].?Sods, 1978:412 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:108 [Palearctic catalog].?Munari and
Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].
Tethina mixta Collin, 1966:24 [France. Plage S. Raphael,
Var, HT cf, MCV].?So6s, 1978:412 [Palearctic cata-
log]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].?Canzoneri et al.,
1990:37 [citation, Pelagian Islands].?Munari and
Canzoneri, 1992:33 [synonymy].
albula (Loew). Nearctic: Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.
Neotropical: Argentina and Chile.
Rhicnoessa albula Loew, 1869:44 [United States. Rhode
Island: Newport County, Newport; ST cf 9, MCZ].?
Johnson, 1910:812 [citation]; 1913:89 [citation];
1930:156 [citation].?Malloch, 1913:147 [citation].?
Melander, 1913:298 [key]; 1952:201-202 [key, cita-
tion].?Frey, 1919:15 [citation].?Hendel, 1934:43
[key], 46-47 [citation].?Hennig, 1937:140 [citation].
Tethina albula.?Sturtevant, 1923:6 [generic combina-
tion].?Johnson, 1925:286 [citation].?Curran,
1934:330 [citation].?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [Nearctic
catalog].?Prado and Tavares, 1966:431-432 [revision,
figures of cf terminalia].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical
catalog].
angustifrons Melander. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Tethina angustifrons Melander, 1952:199 [United States.
California: San Luis Obispo County, Asilomar, Morro
Dunes, Pismo Beach; ST 17 cf 9, USNM].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].?Cole, 1969:386 [distribu-
tion, diagnosis].
angustipennis (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).
Rhicnoessa angustipennis Melander, 1952:203 [United
States. California: San Luis Obispo County, Morro Bay
(dunes NW); ST (2cf, 29), USNM; figure of cf
terminalia].?Cole, 1969:387 [distribution, diagnosis].
Tethina angustipennis.?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic
combination, Nearctic catalog].
NUMBER 584 15
bermudaensis (Melander). Nearctic: Bermuda.
Rhicnoessa bermudaensis Melander, 1952:203 [Bermuda.
Castle and Cooper Islands; ST 32 cf 9, USNM].
Tethina bermudaensis.?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic
combination, Nearctic catalog].?Woodley and Hilbum,
1994:53-54 [list, Bermuda].
brasiliensis Prado and Tavares. Neotropical: Brazil (Bahia, Rio
de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte).
Tethina brasiliensis Prado and Tavares, 1966:435 [Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro: Una do Governador (Galeao); HT cf, IOC
(13358); figures of cf and 9 terminalia].?Foster,
1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
carioca Prado and Tavares. Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de
Janeiro).
Tethina carioca Prado and Tavares, 1966:433 [Brazil. Rio de
Janeiro: Ilha do Govemador (Galeao); HT cf, IOC
(13356); figures of cf terminalia and wing],?Foster,
1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
Tethina albula of authors, not Loew, 1869 [misidentifica-
tion].?Frey, 1919:15.
chilensis Malloch. Neotropical. Chile.
Tethina chilensis Malloch, 1934:455 [Chile. Antofagasta:
Antofagasta; HT cf, USNM (allotype on same pin)].?
Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
cinerea (Loew). Palearctic: Canary Islands, Mediterranean
subregion, Black Sea, northern Europe.
Rhicnoessa cinerea Loew, 1862:175 [Bulgaria. Varna;
HT cf, ZMHU].?Loew, 1865:35 [revision].?Strobl,
1900:6 [discussion].?Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Tunisia]; 1908:164 [cita-
tion, Canary Islands].?Hendel, 1934:46 [as a synonym
of Anthomyza grisea Fallen].?de Meijere, 1939:162 [as
a synonym of Anthomyza grisea Fallen].?Collin,
1966:25, 28 [key, discussion].?So6s, 1978:412
[Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].?
Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].?Beschovski,
1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of cf terminalia];
1994b: 18-20 [review, key to Bulgarian species, il-
lustration of cf terminalia].?Carles-Tolra, 1994:23 [list,
Spain].
Tethina cinerea.?Czemy, 1928:4 [key, generic combina-
tion, revision].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation];
1932:287 [discussion on taxonomic status].?Karl,
1930:69 [citation].?S6guy, 1934:400 [key, France].?
Ringdahl, 1948:3 [citation].?Tiensuu, 1954:42 [cita-
tion].?Ardo, 1957:131 [citation].?Trojan, 1962:66
[key, figure of head].?Beschovski, 1964:263 [citation];
1975:5 [citation].?Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].?
Soos, 1981:135 [key].
czernyi (Hendel). Palearctic: North and east sea coasts of
Europe, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Spain,
Transcaucasus, Turkey.
Rhicnoessa czernyi Hendel, 1934:46 ["TransKaspien, Klein-
asien, Spanien, Berlin, Nord-und Ostseekiisten"; ST (Id",
19), NMW].?Hennig, 1939:82 [figure of cf termi-
nalia].?Collin, 1966:26, 28 [key, discussion].?So6s,
1978:411-412 [citation, Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109
[Palearctic catalog].
Tethina czernyi.?Soos, 1981:135 [generic combination,
key, citation]; 1983:312 [citation, Hungary].?
Szadziewski, 1983:46 [citation].?Beschovski,
1993:104-105 [list, illustration of cf terminalia];
1994b:22 [review, illustration of cf terminalia, Bulgaria].
Tethina grisea.?sensu Czemy, 1928:4 [misidentifica-
tion].?Hendel, 1934:46 [synonymy (nee Fallen)].
denudata (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).
Rhicnoessa denudata Melander, 1952:204 [United States.
California: Santa Barbara County, Carpenteria (edge of
dunes at seashore); ST (7cf, I89), USNM].
Tethina denudata.?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic combina-
tion, Nearctic catalog].
dubiosa (Collin). Palearctic: Italy.
Rhicnoessa dubiosa Collin, 1966:30 [Italy. Lido di Volano
(near Ferrara); HT cf, MCV].?So6s, 1978:412 [Palearc-
tic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].
Tethina dubiosa.?NEW COMBINATION herein.
flavigenis (Hendel). Palearctic: Bulgaria, Denmark, England,
Germany, Italy, Spain, Tunisia.
Rhicnoessa flavigenis Hendel, 1934:47 [Spain. "Algeciras,
Andalusien"; ST (lef, 49), DEI, NMW].?Collin,
1960:192-193 [citation]; 1966:26, 29 [key, discus-
sion].?Raid, 1976:115-116 [key, Denmark, citation].?
Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearc-
tic catalog].?Gorczytza, 1988:307-308 [figure of head,
citation, ecology].
Tethina flavigenis.?Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combination,
citation, England].?Beschovski, 1993:104-105 [list,
illustration of cf terminalia]; 1994b:22 [review, illustra-
tion of cf terminalia, Bulgaria].
grisea (Fallen). Palearctic: Azores, Canary Islands, England,
Mediterranean subregion, European Atlantic, Black Sea.
Anthomyza grisea Fall6n, 1823:7 [Sweden; ST 9, NRS].?
Czerny, 1902:255-256 [citation, descriptive notes,
placement in Rhicnoessa].
Opomyza grisea.?Meigen, 1830:112 [generic combina-
tion].
Leptomyza grisea.?Macquart, 1835:581 [generic combina-
tion].
Anthophilina grisea.?Zetterstedt, 1848:2699 [generic
combination].?Rondani, 1875:186 [key], 187 [citation].
Rhicnoessa grisea.?Strobl 1900:8 [generic combination,
discussion, Spain].?Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic ca-
talog].?Collin, 1911:234 [citation, England]; 1960:192
[citation]; 1966:25, 28 [key, discussion].?Hendel,
1934:42 [key], 46 [citation].?<le Meijere, 1939:162
[citation].?Frey, 1945:80 [citation, Azores]; 1958a:52
[citation, Canary Islands].?Soos, 1978:412 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].?Szadziewski,
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
1983:46 [citation].?Ferrar, 1987:399, 894 [description
and figures of immature stages].?Gorczytza, 1988:307-
308 [figure of head, citation, ecology].?Beschovski,
1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of d" terminalia];
1994b: 18-20 [key, illustration of <? terminalia].
Tethina grisea.?Wahlgren, 1927:375 [generic combina-
tion].?Czerny, 1928:4-5 [key, revision].?de Meijere,
1928:79 [citation]; 1932:287 [discussion on taxonomic
status].?Karl, 1930:69 [citation].?Krogerus, 1932:118
[citation, Finland].?S6guy, 1934:400 [key, France].?
Tiensuu, 1954:42 [citation].?Ardo, 1957:131 [cita-
tion].?Trojan, 1962:67 [key].?Beschovski, 1964:263
[citation].?Stackelberg, 1970:356 [citation].?Cogan,
1976:87 [citation, England].?Raid, 1976:113, 116 [key,
Denmark, figure of head, citation].?Canzoneri et al.,
1990:37 [citation. Pelagian Islands].
Rhicnoessa latigenis Becker, 1907a:405 [Tunisia. Tunis: La
Marsa; Greece. Kandia (island near Crete); Spain. Canary
Islands: Tenerife, Santa Cruz; ST c?9, ZMHU];
1908:165 [repeat of original description].?Hendel,
1934:46 [synonymy].
Tethina latigenis.?Czemy, 1928:3, 6 [generic combination,
key, revision].?Karl, 1930:69 [citation].?de Meijere,
1932:287 [discussion of taxonomic status].?S6guy,
1934:400 [key, France].?Trojan, 1962:65 [key].
grossipes Becker. Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Palearctic:
Canary Islands.
Rhicnoessa grossipes Becker, 1908:165 [(Spain.) Canary
Islands: Tenerife; HT cf, ZMHU].?Hendel, 1934:44
[key], 48 [citation].?Frey, 1958a:52 [citation, Canary
Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation, Cape Verde Islands].?
So6s, 1978:412 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearc-
tic catalog].
Tethina grossipes.?Czemy, 1928:3, 5 [generic combina-
tion, key, revision].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropical
catalog].?Munari, 1994:27 [list, Afrotropics].
guttata Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel, Tunisia.
Tethina guttata Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:103 [Israel.
Bor Meshash; HT tf, TAU].
heringi (Hendel). Palearctic: Canary Islands.
Rhicnoessa heringi Hendel, 1934:49 [(Spain.) Canary
Islands: Fuerteventura; ST (Id1, 19), NMW],?Frey,
1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands].?Soos, 1978:413
[Palearctic catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].
Tethina heringi.?NEW COMBINATION herein.
horripiians (Melander). Nearctic: United States (WA).
Rhicnoessa horripiians Melander, 1952:204 [United States.
Washington: Pacific County, Ilwaco; ST 170 c?9 (all
170 may not be syntypes), USNM].
Tethina horripiians.?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic com-
bination, Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1076-1077 [figures of
head, hind tibia, and wing].
Ulota (Haliday). Palearctic: Belgium, Canary Islands, Den-
mark, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands,
Sweden.
Opomyza (Tethina) Ulota Haliday, 1838:188 [Ireland. Dub-
lin: Killiney Bay; ST cT9,NMI (apparently lost)].
Tethina Ulota.?Becker, 1905a:234 [generic combination,
Palearctic catalog].?Collin, 1911:234 [discussion, cita-
tion, England]; 1960:192 [citation]; 1966:22 [key, cita-
tion, discussion],?Hendel, 1917:46 [citation in key];
1934:39 [key, citation].?Sturtevant, 1923:6 [discus-
sion].?Czerny, 1928:3, 5-6 [key, revision].?de Mei-
jere, 1928:79 [citation]; 1932:286 [discussion]; 1939:162
[citation].?Karl, 1930:69 [citation].?S6guy, 1934:399
[key, France].?Ardo, 1957:131 [citation].?Trojan,
1962:65-66 [key, figure of head].?Stackelberg,
1970:356 [citation].?Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, En-
gland].?Raid, 1976:113-114, 116 [key, Denmark,
figure of head, citation].?So6s, 1978:412 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1981:134 [figure of head, key]; 1984:109
[Palearctic catalog].?Gorczytza, 1988:307-308 [figure
of head, citation, ecology].?Beschovski, 1993:104 [list].
Madiza griseola van der Wulp, 1871:198 [Netherlands.
Scheveningen; ST <? 9, ZMA].?Hendel, 1934:40 [syn-
onymy].
Rhicnoessa griseola.?Becker, 1907a:405 [generic combi-
nation]; 1908:166 [citation, Canary Islands].
Tethina griseola.?de Meijere, 1928:78 [generic combina-
tion, discussion].?Karl, 1930:69 [citation].?Trojan,
1962:65 [key].
incisuralis (Macquart). Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands.
Palearctic: Canary Islands, England, North Africa, Spain,
Syria.
Chlorops incisuralis Macquart, 1851:278 [Egypt;
ST <?, MNHN].
Rhicnoessa incisuralis.?Collin, 1949:201 [generic combi-
nation, synonymy of R. pictipes Becker]; 1960:192-193
[citation]; 1966:27, 29 [key, discussion].?Frey,
1958a:52 [citation, Canary Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation,
Cape Verde Islands].?Hennig, 1971:14 [figure of
antenna (as R. incisurata)].?Sods, 1978:413 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].
Tethina incisuralis.?Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combination,
citation, England]; 1980:693 [Afrotropical catalog].?
Raid, 1976:115 [key].?Beschovski, 1993:104-105 [list,
illustration of cf terminalia].?Munari, 1994:27 [as T.
incinsuralis; list, Afrotropics].
Rhicnoessa pictipes Becker, 1903:185 [Egypt. Cairo and
Siala; ST 13 tf9, ZMHU]; 1905b:252 [Palearctic
catalog].?Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].?Collin,
1949:201 [synonymy]; 1966:32 [discussion].
Tethina pictipes.?Czemy, 1928:4, 7 [generic combination,
key, revision].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].?Karl,
1930:69 [citation].?Seguy, 1934:400 [key, France].?
Ardo, 1957:131 [citation].?Trojan, 1962:66 [key].
inopinata Munari and Canzoneri. Palearctic: Greece.
Tethina (Tethina) inopinata Munari and Canzoneri, 1992:35
[Greece. Salonika: Sithonid Peninsula (Calcid.), Isola
Diaporos; HT tf, MCV].
NUMBER 584 17
insulans Curran. Neotropical: Ecuador (Galapagos Islands).
Tethina insulans Curran, 1932:358 [Ecuador. Galapagos
Islands: Floreana, Post Office Bay (seaside); HT cf,
ZMO].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
intermedia Collin. Palearctic: Tlinisia.
Tethina intermedia Collin, 1966:21 [Tunisia. Tlinis: La
Marsa; HT cf, MCV].?So6s, 1978:412 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].
karatasensis Munari. Palearctic: Tlirkey.
Tethina karatasensis Munari, 198la: 139 [Turkey. Karatas;
HT 9, MCV].?So<5s, 1984:109 [Palearctic catalog].?
Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:105 [revision].
lavendula (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).
Rhicnoessa lavendula Melander, 1952:205 [United States.
California: Orange County, Huntington Beach and
Balboa; ST (2cf, 19), USNM].
Tethina lavendula.?Vockeroth, 1965:727 [generic
combination, Nearctic catalog].
longirostris (Loew). Palearctic: Algeria, Azores, Egypt, Italy,
Spain, Tunisia.
Rhicnoessa longirostris Loew, 1865:36 [Italy. Sicily; ST
(5cf, 39), ZMHU].?Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1907a:405 [citation, Algeria, Tunisia].?
Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 50 [citation].?Frey, 1945:80
[citation, Azores].?Collin, 1966:26, 29 [key, discus-
sion].?Sods, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110
[Palearctic catalog].
Tethina longirostris.?Czemy, 1928:4, 6 [generic combina-
tion, key, revision, misidentification (see T. strobliana
(Mercier))].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].?
Beschovski, 1993:104-105 [list, illustration of cf term-
inalia]; 1994b:24, 27 [review, illustrations of cf termi-
nalia and head].
marmorata (Becker). Palearctic: Canary Islands.
Rhicnoessa marmorata Becker, 1908:164 [(Spain.) Canary
Islands: Tenerife, Orotava; ST 12 cf 9, ZMHU].?
Hendel, 1934:44 [key], 48 [citation].?Frey, 1958a:52
[citation, Canary Islands].?So6s, 1978:413 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].
Tethina marmorata.?Czerny, 1928:3, 6-7 [generic
combination, key, revision].?Beschovski, 1993:104-
106 [list, illustrations of cf terminalia].
milichioides (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA, OR,
WA).
Rhicnoessa milichioides Melander, 1913:299 [United States.
Washington: King County, Seattle, Alki Point; LT cf
(designated by Foster, 1976a:346), USNM].?Hendel,
1934:43 [key], 48 [citation],
Tethina milichioides.?Sturtevant, 1923:6 [generic combi-
nation].?Foster, 1976a:345 [revision].
Phycomyza milichioides.?Melander, 1952:198, 212 [ge-
neric combination, figure of <f terminalia].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog].?Cole, 1969:386 [distribu-
tion, diagnosis].
munarii Carles-Tolrl Palearctic: Spain.
Tethina (Rhicnoessa) munarii Carles-Tolrd, 1993:251
[Spain. Gerona, Cadaques; HT cf, CTC]; 1994:23 [list,
Spain].
nigripes Czerny. Palearctic: Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Poland.
Tethina nigripes Czerny, 1928:7 [Germany. Siilldorf; and
Lebanon. Beirut; ST cf 9, deposition unknown].?Karl,
1930:69 [citation].?Ardo, 1957:131 [citation].?Trojan,
1962:67 [key].?Raid, 1976:115 [key].?Sods, 1981:136
[key].
Rhicnoessa nigripes.?Hendel, 1934:46 [key], 50 [generic
combination, citation].?Collin, 1966:27, 30 [key,
discussion].?Sods, 1978:413 [Palearctic catalog];
1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].?Szadziewski, 1983:46-
47 [citation, figure of cf terminalia].
nigriseta Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW,
QLD).
Tethina nigriseta Malloch, 1924:337 [Australia. New South
Wales: Woolgoolga; HT cf, AM].?Mathis and Sasa-
kawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
Rhicnoessa nigriseta.?Hendel, 1934:43 [key], 47 [citation].
Tethina (Tethina) nigriseta.?Malloch, 1935:92 [citation].
ochracea (Hendel). Afrotropical: Senegal, Seychelles (Alda-
bra), South Africa. Oriental: Taiwan. Palearctic: Bul-
garia, Egypt, Italy, Spain, Turkey.
Rhicnoessa ochracea Hendel, 1913:109 [Taiwan. Anping;
LT cf (designated by Munari, 1991a: 166], NMW].?
Malloch, 1914:308 [citation].?Hendel, 1934:45 [key],
50 [citation].
Tethina ochracea.?Steyskal and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [ge-
neric combination, Oriental catalog].?Munari,
1991a:166 [discussion]; 1994:23,27 [citation, Egypt and
South Africa, list, Afrotropics].?Carles-Tolra\ 1992:349
[citation, Spain]; 1994:23 [list, Spain].?Beschovski,
1993:104, 106 [list, illustrations of cf terminalia];
1994b:24-25 [review, illustration of cf terminalia and
head, Bulgaria].
Tethina canzonerii Munari, 1981a:142 [Turkey. Karatas;
HT cf, MCV]; 1990:60, 68 [citation, Seychelles, South
Africa, figures of cf terminalia].?Sods, 1984:108
[Palearctic catalog].?Canzoneri et al., 1990:37 [citation,
Pelagian Islands].?Munari, 199la: 165 [synonymy].
orientalis (Hendel). Australasian/Oceanian: Mariana Islands
(Guam). Oriental: China (Hong Kong), Japan (Ryukyus),
Taiwan.
Rhicnoessa orientalis Hendel, 1934:47 [Taiwan. Anping;
HT 9, NMW].
Tethina orientalis.?Sasakawa, 1974:1 [generic combina-
tion, revision]; 1981:520 [citation]; 1986:433, 437 [key,
citation]; 1995:54-55 [revision, Micronesia].?Steyskal
and Sasakawa, 1977:395 [Oriental catalog].?Morimoto,
1989:833 [list, Japan].
pallidiseta Malloch. Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (NSW).
Tethina (Tethina) pallidiseta Malloch, 1935:92 [Australia.
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
New South Wales: Collary; HT cf, AM].?Mathis and
Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
pallipes (Loew). Aftotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Palearctic:
Azores, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Mediterranean subre-
gion.
Rhicnoessa pallipes Loew, 1865:37 ["Griechenland
[Greece]" and "griechischen Inseln"; ST 3 cf9,
ZMHU].?Becker, 1905b:252 [Palearctic catalog];
1907a:405 [citation, Tunisia]; 1908:164 [citation, Canary
Islands].?Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50 [citation].?Frey,
1945:81 [citation, Azores]; 1958a:52 [citation, Canary
Islands]; 1958b:38 [citation, Cape Verde Islands].?
Collin, 1966:28, 32 [key, discussion].?Soos, 1978:413
[Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].
Tethina pallipes.?Czemy, 1928:4, 7 [generic combination,
key, revision].?de Meijere, 1928:79 [citation].?Seguy,
1934:400 [key, France].?Cogan, 1980:693 [Afrotropi-
cal catalog].?Beschovski, 1993:104, 106 [list, illustra-
tion of d" terminalia]; 1994b:22-25 [review, illustration
of cf terminalia, Bulgaria].?Munari, 1994:28 [list,
Afrotropics].
parvula (Loew). Nearctic: Canada (QB), United States (CA,
CT, DE, MA, MD, ME, NC, NJ, NY, RI, VA, WA).
Rhicnoessa parvula Loew, 1869:45 [United States. Rhode
Island: New Port County, Newport; ST cf9,MCZ].?
Hallock and Parker, 1926:3 [citation].?Hendel, 1934:43
[key], 48 [citation].?Melander, 1952:201, 205 [key,
citation].
Tethina parvula.?Hendel, 1911:43 [generic combination,
misidentification, see Pelomyiella melanderi (Stur-
tevant)].?Sturtevant, 1923:7 [citation].?Johnson,
1925:286 [citation]; 1930:156 [citation].?Vockeroth,
1965:727 [Nearctic catalog]; 1987:1073 [habitus figure].
Rhicnoessa whitmani Melander, 1913:298 [United States.
Massachusetts: Bamstable County, Woods Hole; HT d",
USNM].?Sturtevant, 1923:7 [synonymy].
pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Morocco.
Tethina pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:107
[Morocco. Larache (40 km S); HT cf, UZMC].
prognatha (Melander). Nearctic: United States (CA).
Rhicnoessa prognatha Melander, 1952:206 [United States.
California: San Luis Obispo County, Morro Bay (dunes
west); HT 9, USNM].
Tethina prognatha.?Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic
combination, Nearctic catalog].
quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Egypt.
Tethina quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:108
[Egypt. El Arish; HT cf, TAU].
saigusai Sasakawa. Palearctic: Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido).
Tethina saigusai Sasakawa, 1986:434 [Japan. Honshu:
Kyoto, Kunda Peninula, Shimakage Bay; HT cf, KPU
(234)].?Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].
seriata (Melander). Nearctic: United States (FL).
Rhicnoessa seriata Melander, 1952:206 [United States.
Florida: Dade County, Miami, Matecumba; Collier
County, Naples; ST (2a4,49), USNM].
Tethina seriata.?Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic combina-
tion, Nearctic catalog].
setulosa Mai loch. Neotropical: Chile (Tarapaea to Anto-
fagasta).
Tethina setulosa Malloch, 1934:454 [Chile. Antofagasta:
Tocopilla; HT cf, USNM].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropi-
cal catalog].
Rhicnoessa setulosa.?Hennig, 1937:139 [generic combina-
tion, citation].
shalom Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Israel.
Tethina shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:109 [Israel.
Elat; HT cf, TAU].
simplex (Collin). Palearctic: Czech Republic, England, Hun-
gary, Slovakia, Spain.
Rhicnoessa simplex Collin, 1966:32 [England. Norfolk:
Holme-by-sea; HT cf, UMO]; 1960:192-193 [misidenti-
fied as Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier].?Soos,
1978:413 [Palearctic catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic cata-
log].
Tethina simplex.?Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [generic
combination].?Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].?
Raid, 1976:115 [key].?Carles-Tolra, 1992:349 [citation,
Spain]; 1994:23 [list, Spain].?Rohacek, 1992:130 [as
? simplex, Czech Republic and Slovakia].?Beschovski,
1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of cf terminalia];
1994b:24 [review, illustrations of cf terminalia and head,
Hungary].
soikai Munari. Afrotropical: Senegal.
Tethina soikai Munari, 1981a:141 [Senegal. Rufisque;
HT <f, MCV]; 1994:28 [list, Afrotropics].
sonorensis (Melander). Neotropical: Mexico (BCN, SON).
Rhicnoessa sonorensis Melander, 1952:207 [Mexico. Baja
California Norte and Sonora: Rocky Point Marsh; LT cf
(designated by Foster, 1976b:2), USNM].?Cole,
1969:387 [distribution, diagnosis].
Tethina sonorensis.?Foster, 1976b:2 [generic combination,
Neotropical catalog].
spinulosa Cole. Nearctic: California. Neotropical: Mexico
(BCN).
Tethina spinulosa Cole, 1923:478 [Mexico. Baja California
Norte: Las Animas Bay; HT cf, CAS (1356)].?Hendel,
1934:41 [citation].?Vockeroth, 1965:728 [Nearctic ca-
talog].?Foster, 1976b:2 [Neotropical catalog].
Rhicnoessa spinulosa.?Melander, 1952:202, 208 [key,
generic combination, citation].
steyskali Foster. Nearctic: United States (CA).
Tethina steyskali Foster, 1976a:344 [United States. Cali-
fornia: San Luis Obispo County, Pismo Beach; HT cf,
USNM (73639)].
strobliana (Mercier). Palearctic: Denmark, England, France,
Germany, Hungary, Italy, Madeira, Poland, Spain.
Rhicnoessa strobliana Mercier, 1923:18 ["Espagne (Al-
geciras, Alicante), France (cote du Calvados; mare
NUMBER 584 19
saumatre a Bdnouville, dune de Courseulles, juin-
juillet)"; ST (sex ?), MNHN].?Hendel, 1934:45 [key], 50
[citation].?Frey, 1945:81 [citation, Azores]; 1949:36[cita-
tion, Madeira].?Collin, 1960:192-193 [citation, in part];
1966:27,30 [key, discussion].?Soos, 1978:413 [Palearctic
catalog]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].?Szadziewski,
1983:46 [citation].
Tethina strobliana.?Czerny, 1928:6 [as Tethina longiros-
tris (Loew), revision].?Cogan, 1976:87 [generic combi-
nation, citation, England].?Raid, 1976:115 [key].?
Soos, 1981:134, 136-137 [figures of head and habitus,
key, citation]; 1983:312 [citation, Hungary].?Canzoneri
et al., 1990:38 [citation, Pelagian Islands].?Beschovski,
1993:104, 106 [list, illustration of c? terminalia].
Tethina longirostris of authors, not Loew, 1865 [misidentifi-
cation].?Collin, 1911:234 [citation, England].?
Czerny, 1928:6 [revision].
Rhicnoessa penita Collin, 1966:31 [England. Suffolk:
Aldeburgh; HT cf, UMO]; 1960:192-193 [as Rhicnoessa
strobliana Mercier].?Sods, 1978:413 [Palearctic cata-
log]; 1984:110 [Palearctic catalog].?Beschovski,
1993:104 [synonymy].
Tethina penita.?Cogan and Dear, 1975:179 [generic com-
bination].?Cogan, 1976:87 [citation, England].?Raid,
1976:115-116 [key, Denmark, citation].
subpunctata Beschovski. Palearctic: Tunisia.
Tethina subpunctata Beschovski, 1994a: 198 [Tunisia.
Sousse (15 km N); HT <?, UMO].
texana (Malloch). Nearctic: United States (TX).
Rhicnoessa texana Malloch, 1913:148 [United States. Texas:
Nueces County, Corpus Christi; HT 9, USNM
(15807)].?Hendel, 1934:50 [citation].?Melander,
1952:202, 208 [key, citation].
Tethina texana.?Sturtevant, 1923:7 [generic combina-
tion].?Vockeroth, 1965:728 [Nearctic catalog].
thula Sasakawa. Palearctic: Japan (Hokkaido).
Tethina thula Sasakawa, 1986:436 [Japan. Hokkaido: Not-
suke-gun, Bekkai Beach; HT cf, KPU (235)].?
Morimoto, 1989:833 [list, Japan].
variseta (Melander). Australasian/Oceanian: Hawaii (Hawaii,
Kahoolawe, Kauai, Maui, Oahu). Nearctic: United States
(CA).
Rhicnoessa variseta Melander, 1952:209 [United States.
California: Los Angeles and Orange Counties, Long
Beach, Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Balboa, and
Corona del Mar; ST 19 <? 9,USNM].
Tethina variseta.?Vockeroth, 1965:728 [generic combina-
tion, Nearctic catalog].?Hardy and Delfinado,
1980:378-379 [citation, figures of head, <f terminalia,
spermathecae; French Frigate Shoal, Hawaii, Kahoolawe,
Kauai, Maui, Oahu].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668
[Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
willistoni (Melander). Neotropical: West Indies (Jamaica, St.
Vincent).
Anthomyza cinerea Williston, 1896:444 [West Indies. St.
Vincent; ST 12 (sex ?), BMNH; preoccupied, Loew,
1862].
Rhicnoessa cinerea.?Czerny, 1902:256 [generic combina-
tion].
Rhicnoessa willistoni Melander, 1913:298 [new name for A.
cinerea of Williston, 1896, not Loew, 1862].?Hendel,
1934:51 [citation].?Melander, 1952:201, 209 [key,
citation].
Tethina willistoni.?Foster, 1976b:3 [generic combination,
Neotropical catalog].
woodi Foster. Nearctic: United States (WA).
Tethina woodi Foster, 1976a:342 [United States. Washing-
ton: Pacific County, JJwaco; HT <?, USNM (73640)].
xanthopoda (Williston). Nearctic: Bermuda. Neotropical:
West Indies (St. Lucia, St. Vincent).
Anthomyza xanthopoda Williston, 1896:445 [West Indies.
St. Vincent; ST 3 (sex ?), BMNH].?Czerny, 1902:256
[citation, placement in Rhicnoessa].
Rhicnoessa xanthopoda.?Czemy, 1902:256 [generic com-
bination].?Melander, 1913:298 [key]; 1952:202, 209
[key, citation].?Hendel, 1934:51 [citation].
Tethina xanthopoda.?Foster, 1976b:3 [generic combina-
tion, Neotropical catalog].?Woodley and Hilburn,
1994:54 [list, Bermuda].
yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski. Palearctic: Spain.
Tethina yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski, 1996:110 [Spain.
Almeria, Cabo de Gata; HT cT, TAU].
Genus Tethinosoma Malloch (1 species)
Tethinosoma Malloch, 1930:335. Type species: Agromyza
fulvifrons Hutton, by original designation.?Harrison,
1959:150 [revision].?D.K. McAlpine, 1967:75 [cita-
tion, assigned to Tethinidae].
fulvifrons (Hutton). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand.
Agromyza fulvifrons Hutton, 1901:93 [New Zealand. Christ-
church (on sea beach); HT 9, NZAC (formerly in
CANT)].
Tethinosoma fulvifrons.?Malloch, 1930:335 [generic
combination].?Harrison, 1959:150-151 [revision].?
Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668 [Australasian/Oceanian
catalog].
Subfamily ZALEINAE D.K. McAlpine
Zalinae D.K. McAlpine, 1982:116. Type genus: Zale D.K.
McAlpine, 1982 [junior homonym, Hiibner, 1818 (Lepi-
doptera)].
Zaleinae D.K. McAlpine, 1985:81 [new name for Zalinae D.K.
McAlpine, 1982]. Type genus: Zalea D.K. McAlpine,
1985.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Genus Suffomyia Freidberg (1 species)
Suffomyia Freidberg, 1995:448. Type species: Suffomyia
scutellaris Freidberg, 1995, by original designation.
scutellaris Freidberg. Palearctic: Egypt, Israel.
Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg, 1995:448 [Egypt. Sinai:
Nueiba (10 km N); HT d1, TAU].
Genus Zalea D.K. McAlpine (3 species)
Zale D.K. McAlpine, 1982:108 [preoccupied, Hubner, 1818
(Lepidoptera)]. Type species: Zale minor D.K. McAl-
pine, 1982, by original designation.
Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [new name for Zale of D.K.
McAlpine, 1982]. Type species: Zale minor D.K.
McAlpine, 1982, automatic?Mathis, 1989:670 [Austra-
lasian/Oceanian catalog]; 1992:12-13 [catalog].
horning} (Harrison). Australasian/Oceanian: New Zealand.
Tethina horningi Harrison, 1976:143 [New Zealand. Snares
Islands: Seal Cove (on supralittoral rocks); figure of
wing; HT d", NZAC].?Mathis and Sasakawa, 1989:668
[Australasian/Oceanian catalog].
Zalea horningi.?D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combi-
nation, discussion].?Mathis, 1992:12 [catalog].
major (D.K. McAlpine). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia
(NSW).
Zale major D.K. McAlpine, 1982:112 [Australia. New South
Wales: Bundeena, Port Hacking; figures of head; HT <f,
AM].
Zalea major.?D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combina-
tion].?Mathis, 1989:670 [Australasian/Oceanian ca-
talog].?Mathis, 1992:12 [catalog].
minor (D.K. McAlpine). Australasian/Oceanian: Australia
(NSW).
Zale minor D.K. McAlpine, 1982:110 [Australia. New South
Wales: Sydney Harbour, Vaucluse, Nielsen Park, Bottle
and Glass Rocks; figures of wing, cT and 9 terminalia;
HT <f, AM].
Zalea minor.?D.K. McAlpine, 1985:82 [generic combina-
tion].?Mathis, 1989:670 [Australasian/Oceanian ca-
talog].?Mathis, 1992:13 [catalog].?Freidberg,
1995:454-455 [discussion].
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Index
acrostichalis Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina,
14
aemiliani Munari, Afrotethina, 11
Afrotethina Munari, 11
albipsila Merrier, Tethina, 14
albissima Collin, Tethina, 14
alboguttata Strobl, Tethina, 14
albosetulosa (Strobl), Tethina, 14
albosetulosa variety beckeri Strobl, Tethina, 14
albula (Loew), Tethina, 14
angustifacies de Meijere, Pelomyiella, 10
angustifrons Melander, Tethina, 14
angustipennis (Melander), Tethina, 14
antipoda Harrison, Apetaenus, 7
Apetaeninae Mathis and Munari, 7
Apetaenus Eaton, 7
asymbasia Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
aurisetulosa (Lamb), Afrotethina, 11
australis (Hutton), Apetaenus, 7
bermudaensis (Melander), Tethina, 15
boninensis Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
brasiliensis Prado and Ibvares, Tethina, IS
brevicostata Munari, Afrotethina, 11
canzonerii Munari, Tethina, 17
carioca Prado and Tavares, Tethina, 15
chilensis Malloch, Tethina. 15
cinerea (Loew), Tethina. 15
cinerea Williston, Tethina, 19
cinerella (Haliday), Pelomyiella, 10
coronata (Loew), Pelomyia, 9
cruciata Hendel, Pelomyia, 9
czernyi (Hendel), Tethina, 15
Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 11
denudata (Melander), Tethina. 15
diversa Collin, Tethina, 14
dubiosa (Collin), Tethina, 15
femoralis (Munari), Afrotethina, 11
ferruginea Lamb, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
flavigenis (Hendel), Tethina, 15
freidbergi Munari, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
/n/va (Hendel), Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
futvescens Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
futvifrons (Hutton), Tethinosoma, 19
gri?a (Fallen), Tethina, 15
grij?i S?guy, Horaismoptera, 8
griseola (van der Wulp), Tethina, 16
grossipes Becker, Tethina, 16
guttata Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 16
hennigi Sabrosky, Horaismoptera, 8
heringi (Hendel), Tethina. 16
Horaismoptera Hendel, 8
Horaismopterinae Sabrosky, 8
horningi (Harrison), Zalea, 20
horripilans (Melander), Tethina, 16
hungarica (Czerny), Pelomyiella, 10
(7/ota (Haliday), Tethina, 16
incisuralis (Macquart), Tethina, 16
inopinata Munari and Canzoneri, Tethina, 16
insulans Curran, Tethina, 17
insularis Aldrich, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
intermedia Collin, Tethina, 17
intermedia Malloch, Pelomyia. 9
kaplanae Munari, Afrotethina, 11
karatasensis Munari, Tethina, 17
kuntzei Czerny, Pelomyiella, 10
lasiophthalma Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
latigenis Becker, Tethina, 16
lavendula (Melander), Tethina, 17
Ustriomastax Enderlein, 8
litoralis Eaton, Apetaenus, 8
litorea Enderlein, Ustriomastax, 8
littoreus (Hutton), Apetaenus, 8
longicerca Foster, Neopelomyia, 8
longirostris (Loew), Tethina, 17
Macrocanace Tonnoir and Malloch, 7
Macrotethina Malloch, 13
major (D.K. McAlpine), Zafea, 20
mallochi (Sturtevant), Pelomyiella, 10
maritima (Melander), Pelomyiella, 11
marmorata (Becker), Tethina, 17
Masoniella Vockeroth, 13
melanderi (Sturtevant), Pelomyiella, 11
microphthalma (Bezzi), Horaismoptera, 8
milichioides (Melander), Tethina, 17
minor (D.K. McAlpine), Za/oz. 20
mixfa Collin, Tethina, 14
mongolica Soos, Pelomyiella, 11
munarii Carles-Tblra, Tethina, 17
Neopelomyia Hendel, 8
nigra So6s, Pelomyiella, 11
nigripes Czerny, Tethina, 17
nigriseta Malloch, Tethina, 17
nuW/a Melander, Pelomyia, 9
obscurior (Becker), Pelomyiella, 11
occidentalis Munari, Dasyrhicnoessa, 13
occidentalis Williston, Pelomyia, 9
ochracea Hendel, Tethina, 17
Oestroparea S6guy, 8
opacula (Zetterstedt), Pelomyiella, 11
orientalis (Hendel), Tethina, 17
pallidiseta Malloch, Tethina, 17
pallipes Loew, Tethina, 18
parvula (Loew), Tethina, 18
pen/to (Collin), Tethina. 19
Pelomyia Williston, 9
Pelomyiella Hendel, 10
Pelomyiinae Foster, 8
persimilis Munari, Afrotethina, 11
peruviana Malloch, Pelomyia, 9
Phycomyza Melander, 14
phyllodes Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
pictipennis Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 18
pictipes Becker, Tethina, 16
platypes Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
prognatha (Melander), Tethina, 18
Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 13
quadricephala Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina,
18
rattii Munari, Pseudorhicnoessa, 13
Rhicnoessa Loew, 13
richardsi Vockeroth, Masoniella, 13
rostrata (Hendel), Neopelomyia, 9
saigusai Sasakawa, Tethina, 18
scutellaris Freidberg, Suffomyia, 20
Selidacantha Bezzi, 8
seriate (Melander), Tethina, 18
serratula Malloch, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
setulosa Malloch, Tethina, 18
sexseriata Hendel, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
shalom Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 18
simplex (Collin), Tethina, 18
so/to/ Munari, Tethina, 18
sonorensis (Melander), Tethina, 18
spinipes Malloch, Pseudorhicnoessa, 13
spinulosa Cole, Tethina, 18
steyskali Foster, Tethina, 18
steyskali Hardy and Delfinado, Pelomyia, 9
strobliana (Merrier), Tethina, 18
stuckenbergi Munari, Afrotethina, 11
subpunctata Beschovski, Tethina, 19
Suffomyia Freidberg, 20
lef/iina Haliday, 13
Tethininae Hendel, 11
Tethinosoma Malloch, 19
texa/w (Malloch), Tethina, 19
r/iw/a Sasakawa, Tethina, 19
tibiseta (Malloch), Pseudorhicnoessa, 13
tripunctata Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 12
trivittata Malloch, Pelomyia, 9
vanjefa (Melander), Tethina, 19
viedmae Malloch, Pelomyia, 10
26
NUMBER 584 27
vockerothi Hardy and Delfinado, Dasyrhic-
noessa, 12
vulpina Hendel, Horaismoptera, 8
watsoni Hardy, Apetaenus, 8
whilmani (Melander), Tethina, 18
willistoni (Melander), Tethina, 19
woodi Foster, Tethina, 19
xanthopoda (Williston), Tethina, 19
yaromi Freidberg and Beschovski, Tethina, 19
yoshiyasui Sasakawa, Dasyrhicnoessa, 13
Zale D.K. McAlpine, 20
Zalea D.K. McAlpine, 20
Zaleinae D.K. McAlpine, 19
Zalinae D.K. McAlpine, 19

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