PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 105(4), 2003, pp. 1043-1050 STUDIES ON NEW GUINEA MOTHS. 2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF XENOTHICTIS MEYRICK (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE: ARCHIPINI) JOHN W. BROWN, SCOTT E. MILLER, AND MARIANNE HORAK (JWB) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Re- search Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560-0168 (e-mail: jbrown@sel.barc.usda.gov); (SEM) Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560-0105; (MH) Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Abstract.?Xenothictis gnetivora, new species, from Papua New Guinea, is described and illustrated based on morphological characters and DNA barcode. The type series consists of 124 specimens reared from leaf-rolling larvae primarily on Gnetum gnemon L. (Gnetaceae), but also on Celtis philippensis Blanco (Celtidaceae), Sterculia schuman- niana (Laut.) Mildbr (Sterculiaceae), and other plants during a multi-year rearing project (1995?2001). The five previously described species of Xenothictis are from Australia and Melanesia. Key Words: Malesia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea, genitalia, pupa, Gnetum gnemon, Celtis philippensis, Sterculia schumanniana The archipine genus Xenothictis Meyrick includes five previously described species distributed from Australia north and east to New Caledonia, Lifou (northeast of New Hebrides), Vanuatu (New Hebrides), and Fiji (see Appendix). Beyond brief original descriptions of the species, little has been published on the genus. Clarke (1958) il- lustrated the adult and male genitalia of X. atriflora Meyrick and its synonym, X. me- lananchis (Meyrick). Diakonoff (1961) il- lustrated the adult and male genitalia of X. noctiflua Diakonoff, presented brief com- ments on Meyrick's (1910) description of the genus, and commented on the relation- ship with his new genus Xeneda Diakonoff. Horak et al. (1996) transferred Barnardiella sciaphila Turner to Xenothictis and synon- ymized Barnardiella Turner with the latter HoUoway (1979: 225) provided the fol- lowing comment: "There is one group [of Tortricinae] that appears to have radiated within New Caledonia and spread to other areas of the Pacific. The species are as- signed at present to the closely related gen- era Xenothictis and Xeneda and are being studied by Mr K. Tuck [The Natural His- tory Museum, London] . . . who has sug- gested they might be congeneric. The two genera together contain at least six species in New Caledonia, two in the Loyalties and one in each of the New Hebrides and Fiji." In addition, there are several undescribed species from New Caledonia in the collec- tion of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. During a recent (1995?2001) insect ecol- ogy project in Papua New Guinea (Basset et al. 2000; Novotny et al. 2002a, b, c), a large series of an undescribed species of Xenothictis was reared from several plants. The purposes of this paper are to name the 1044 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 5 mm Figs. 1?2. Male and female of Xenothictis gnetivora. 1, Male, 2, Female. new species, provide descriptions and illus- trations of adult facies, male and female genitalia, and immatures, and to present a list of the described species of the genus. Although considerable material, including other new species, has accumulated in ma- jor museums worldwide, it is not within the purview of this paper to review this infor- mation or describe additional new species. We have not seen any other species of Xen- othictis from New Guinea. MATERIALS AND METHODS General field and laboratory methods for the project are described in Miller et al. (2003) and Novtony et al. (2002a, b, c). We examined 124 pinned specimens of the new species, all of which were obtained during the rearing project in Papua New Guinea. Text descriptions are composite, based on all available specimens. Forewing measure- ments were made with an ocular micro- meter under low power of a Leica MZ12? dissecting microscope. Terminology for genitalia structures follows Horak (1984). Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences, DNA barcodes of Hebert et al. (2003), fol- low the protocols in Hebert et al. (2003). SYSTEMATICS Xenothictis gnetivora Brown, Miller, and Horak, new species (Figs. 1-9) Diagnosis.?Superficially, adults of X. gnetivora are characterized by a grayish brown forewing, finely and faintly reticu- lated with pale reddish brown throughout. Males have a bold, contrasting, blackish brown, short, slightly curved fascia origi- nating near mid-dorsum, terminating near the middle of the discal cell; females lack the fascia. The male genitalia of X. gneti- vora are distinguished by the narrow tegu- men, simple, obovate valva with costa and VOLUME 105, NUMBER 4 1045 ventral margin subparallel and with ex- tremely slender sacculus not separated by a shallow emargination from rest of valva, slender gnathos arms with cross-bar close to tips, a narrowly ovate juxta, and a long, slender aedeagus with 1?2 cornuti. Among the tortricids reared by the project team near Madang, it is distinguished by the dif- ferential coloration of the fore- and hind- wings, maculation of the forewing, and the large, shiny scales on the abdomen in both sexes. Description.?Male. Head: Lower frons pale tan to buff; upper frons slightly darker; vertex with overhanging tuft of scales short. Labial palpus short, ca. 1.0 times horizontal diameter of compound eye, robust, third segment very short; pale tan to buff mes- ally, pale reddish brown laterally. Antenna with two rows of dorsal scales per flagel- lomere, tan; cilia long, ca. 1.2?1.5 times width of flagellomere. Chaetosema well de- veloped. Ocellus moderately large. Probos- cis present, presumably functional. Thorax: Buff; tegula large, pale grayish brown. Forewing (Fig. 1) length 6.5?8.1 mm (0 = 7.7 mm; n = 10). Ground color grayish brown, finely and faintly reticulated with pale reddish brown throughout; a bold, short, slightly curved, blackish brown fas- cia originating near mid-dorsum, terminat- ing near middle of discal cell; 4?5 extreme- ly short costal strigulae from base to mid- costa; a small brown spot near mid-costa, an additional ill-denned costal spot ca. % distance from base to apex; costal fold ab- sent; without modified scales on underside. Fringe concolorous with ground color. Hindwing uniformly gray brown, without modified scales. Abdomen: Pale gray brown. Genitalia (Fig. 3; drawn from USNM slide 92771; 4 preparations exam- ined) with tegumen narrow; a long, narrow, medial spine extending anterad from dorsal fusion of lateral halves of posterior portion of tegumen. Uncus moderately slender, bi- furcate from base. Socius short, ca. V2 length of uncus, pendant, weakly setose. Gnathos slender, arms long, weakly undu- late, arising relatively close because of nar- row tegumen; slightly and gradually con- vergent distally; slightly upturned and joined subdistally by transverse bar, free points short. Transtilla slender, extremely weak. Valva moderately long, obovate with costa and ventral margin roughly parallel, attenuate distally, with fine hairs throughout middle portion; sacculus simple, narrow, confined to ventral edge, extending ca. Vi length of valva. Juxta a narrowly ovate plate. Aedeagus slender, ca. \Q length of valva, weakly curved, attenuate in distal V^^; vesica with one or two long, slender cor- nuti. Female. Head: Essentially as described for male, except antennal cilia short, un- modified. Thorax: Buff; tegula large, pale grayish brown. Forewing (Fig. 2) length 7.9?9.6 mm (x = 8.7 mm; n = 10). Ground color grayish brown, finely and faintly re- ticulated with pale reddish brown through- out; 4?5 extremely short costal strigulae in basal Vi; a small brown spot near mid-costa, an additional ill-defined spot ca. % distance from base to apex. Fringe concolorous with ground color Abdomen: Genitalia (Fig. 4; drawn from USNM slide 82244; 6 prepa- rations examined). Papillae anales simple, slender slipper-shaped, unmodified. Sterig- ma an extremely slender, broadly U-shaped band, sometimes with patch of sclerotiza- tion immediately posterad of ostium. Duc- tus bursae extremely long, narrow, gradu- ally widening into corpus bursae; collicu- lum present immediate anterad of ostium; an irregularly-shaped sclerotized patch ca. Vi distance from ostium to junction of duc- tus bursae and corpus bursae, at which point the ductus bursae is curved or weakly bent. Corpus bursae simple, ovoid, non- spiculate, with signum typically archipine with a long, strong, internal curved spine from large, strongly sclerotized, elongate diamond-shaped process on the surface of the corpus bursae. Pupa (Fig. 5). Typically tortricine with- out modified head (Sohn 2002); no con- spicuous sculpturing; abdomen with one 1046 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 3?5. Genitalia and pupa of Xenothictis gnetivora. 3, Male genitalia, with valva spread and aedeagus removed (below genitalia capsule), 4, Female genitalia, 5, Pupa, venter on left, dorsum on right. row of spines dorsally on A3 and two rows posterior edge of segment; cremaster well on A4?8 in both sexes, posterior row con- developed with lateroposterior horns; 4 spicuously weaker, extremely weak on A4; pairs of long, hooked bristles, two laterally spines on A9 as a small irregular patch at and two mesally. VOLUME 105, NUMBER 4 1047 Gene sequence.?A male and a female, specimens 109973 and 120720, possessed identical COI-5' sequences (DNA bar- codes), which have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers AY313945 and AY313944, respectively. Type material.?Holotype, S, Papua New Guinea, Madang Province, Ohu Vil- lage, 5 July 1999, reared from Gnetum gne- mon, by the project team (Novotny, Basset, Cizek, Auga, Boer, Dal, Hiuk, Isua, Kasbal, Kutil, Manumbar & Molem). Deposited in National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Project specimen 107091. Paratypes, 51 S ,12 ?. Papua New Guin- ea, Madang Province, Mis, Baitabag, and Ohu Villages, reared during 1995 to 2001 by the project team. All labeled with project morphospecies TORT039 (or one of the synonyms, TORTlOl and TORT119), and including the following project specimens: 64808, 86216, 86817, 88484, 88170, 87565, 87554, 87700, 87545, 87719, 87631, 87695, 87672, 87285, 87480, 87292, 87454, 109523, 109529, 109527, 109538, 109521, 109542, 109130, 109317, 107600, 107359, 107596, 107461, 107454, 107370, 107419, 107598, 107323, 107364, 107365, 107470, 108953, 108955, 108867, 108915, 108857, 107931, 107987, 107870, 107864, 108796, 107829, 108918, 107849, 106999, 106960, 106990, 106973, 107037, 106938, 106834, 108459, 108262, 108482, 109973, 108367, 109995, 108585, 108579, 108454, 108945, 121278, 121049, 120702, 121101, 120737, 120577, 120995, 121425, 120977, 120869, 122699, 122951, 122449, 122346, 121662, 122474, 122587, 122485, 122383, 122080, 122591, 122058, 122477, 121602, 122081, 122400, 122374, 121579, 122578, 122762, 122024, 122023, 122430, 121603, 122510, 121606, 125410, 125185, 124501, 125172, 125182, 124979, 124887, 124820, 124880, 124597, 124648, 125489, 124661, 125116, 124757, 125024, 127025, 126975, 195727, and 195728. Project spec- imens 86216 and 86817 are in the PNG ref- erence collection in the laboratory in Ma- dang, and 195727 and 195728 are in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSI- RO, Canberra. Paratypes will be deposited in the following institutions: Bishop P. Ber- enice Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.; The Natural History Museum, London, England; Australian National Insect Collec- tion, CSIRO, Canberra; Nationaal Natu- urhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Nether- lands; National Agriculture Research Insti- tute, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; Museum Zoologi Bogor, Cibinong, Indo- nesia; and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, D.C, U.S.A. Distribution and biology.?All speci- mens are from a 25 km^ area, including the villages of Mis, Baitabag, and Ohu, near Madang in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Our project encountered 224 larvae and successfully reared 124 adults (see Miller et al. 2003 and Novotny et al. 2002a for methods). The species feeds primarily on Gnetum gnemon (n = 188) (Figs. 6?7), Sterculia schumanniana (Laut.) Mildbr. (Stericuliaceae) (n = 25), and Celtis philip- pensis Blanco (Celtidaceae) (n = 5). We also reared adults twice from Ficus nodosa Teysm. & Binn (Moraceae) and once each from Ficus variegata Blanco, Artocarpus communis J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Mora- ceae), Psychotria micralabastra (Laut. & Schum.) Val. (Rubiaceae), and Leucosyke capitellata (Poir) Wedd. (Urticaceae). Be- cause of the low occurrence of larvae com- pared to the density of sampling, we do not consider the last five "normal" hosts (see Novotny et al. 2002a for discussion). Lar- vae were collected year-round. Etymology.?The species name is a noun in apposition, derived from the genus of the most common larval host (Gnetum) and the Latin "to eat" (vorare). Discussion.?Xenothictis are character- ized by slight to moderate sexual dimor- phism in forewing pattern and length; a ve- nation with all veins separate and chorda present or at least indicated in forewing, in hind wing Rs an Ml closely approximated 1048 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 6?7. Live larvae of Xenothictis gnetivora on Gnetum gnemon. 6, On leaf surface, 7, In leaf roll. to connate, M2 somewhat distant from con- nate M3 and CuAl; a very long labial pal- pus with a greatly enlarged, triangular third segment (not so in X. gnetivora); a ciliate antenna in male; a bifurcate uncus; and long, subparallel gnathos arms joined by a cross-bar While the male genitalia of Xen- othictis are moderately plesiomorphic, with the valva, transtilla, and aedeagus little modified, the well developed signum of the female genitalia unambiguously associates the genus with Archipini. The absence of the second row of spines on the dorsum of abdominal segment 3 of the pupa has not previously been reported in Tortricidae and may represent a synapomorphy for the ge- nus. Xenothictis gnetivora differs from all congeners by its short, unmodified labial palpus in both sexes. However, wing ve- VOLUME 105, NUMBER 4 1049 nation, wing pattern, and genitalia of both sexes leave no doubt that X. gnetivora forms a monophyletic group with all other Xenothictis species. Its simple valva is more plesiomorphic than that of its three conge- ners with known males {X. atriflora, X. noc- tiflua, and X. sciaphila) and is nearly iden- tical to that of the Australian genus Thrin- cophora Meyrick. Further apomorphies linking Xenothictis to Thrincophora and its sister genus Acropolitis Meyrick are overall very similar female genitalia and the same tegumen, juxta, aedeagus, and transtilla structure, although the latter is dentate in Thrincophora and Acropolitis. The short la- bial palpus of X. gnetivora is similar to that of Thrincophora and Acropolitis, suggest- ing that it represents the plesiomorphic character state for the group as a whole. Given the combination of morphological characters present in X. gnetivora, it is even more doubtful that Xeneda, with its modi- fied, elongate labial palpus, should be treat- ed as a separate genus simply on the strength of the two patches of bristles on its uncus base, leaving Xenothictis parapyletic and without a generic synapomorphy. It is more likely that the patches of bristles rep- resent a species-level autapomorphy. The rearing data on the leaf roller X. gne- tivora are the first comprehensive biological information for the genus Xenothictis. There is only one host record in the Aus- tralian National Insect Collection for the Australian X. sciaphila, with its larva found in or on the fruit of Musa sapientum at Montville and Eumundi, Queensland, June 1962 and August-September 1963 by D. A. Ironside. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our colleagues Yves Basset, Vojtech No- votny, and George Weiblen collaborated at all stages of the project. Kevin Tuck assist- ed in identifying this species and com- mented on an early draft of the manuscript. Illustrations were skillfully prepared by Ka- rolyn Darrow, Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. Parataxonomists John Auga, Willian Boen, Chris Dal, Sam- uel Hiuk, Brus Isua, Martin Kasbal, Richard Kutil, Markus Manumbor, and Kenneth Molem assisted with most aspects of the project in PNG. Numerous collectors, ac- knowledged elsewhere, assisted with insect sampling. The landowners Kiatik Batet, Hais Wasel, and Sam Guru kindly allowed us to collect on their lands. Plant taxono- mists are acknowledged in Miller et al. (2003). DNA barcodes were provided by Paul Hebert and Erin Penton, University of Guelph. The following provided helpful re- views of the manuscript: F. Christian Thompson and David Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C, U.S.A; and Kevin Tuck, The Natural History Museum, London, England. The project has been funded by U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB-94-07297, 96- 28840, 97-07928, 02-11591), National Geographic Society, Czech Academy of Sciences (GAAV 651106), Czech Ministry of Education (ES 041), Czech Grant Agen- cy (653112), International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Nairobi), and Otto Kinne Foundation. The Smithsonian Institution, Bishop Museum, and The Nat- ural History Museum (London) provided critical facilities for the taxonomic work. LITERATURE CITED Basset, Y., V. Novotny, S. E. Miller, and R. Pyle. 2000. Quantifying biodiversity: Experience with para- taxonomists and digital photography in Papua New Guinea and Guyana. BioScience 50: 899? 908. Clarke, J. E G. 1958. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Nat- ural History) Described by Edward Meyrick, Vol. 3. Published by the Trustees of the British Mu- seum, London, 599 pp. Diakonoff, A. 1961. Records and descriptions of exotic Tortricoidea. Annales de la Soci?t? Entomolo- gique de Erance 130: 49?76. Hebert, P D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Bail, and J. R. deWaard. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 313-321. HoUoway, J. D. 1979. A Survey of the Lepidoptera, 1050 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Biogeography and Ecology of New Caledonia. W. Junk, The Hague, 588 pp. Horak, M. 1984. Assessment of taxonomically signif- icant structures in Tortricinae (Lep., Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologisch- en Gesellschaft 57: 3?64. Horak, M., I. F. B. Common, and F. Komai. 1996. Tor- tricidae, pp. 123-136. In Nielsen, E. S., E. D. Ed- wards, and T. V. Rangsi, eds. Checklist of the Lep- idoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 4. CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia. Meyrick, E. 1910. Revision of Australian Tortricina. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 35: 139-294. Miller, S. E., V. Novotny, and Y. Basset. 2003. Studies on New Guinea moths. 1. Introduction (Lepidop- tera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 1034-1042. Novotny, V., Y Basset, S. E. Miller, P. Drozd, and L. Cizek. 2002a. Host specialization of leaf-chewing insects in a New Guinea rain forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 400-412. Novotny, V., Y Basset, S. E. Miller, G. D. Weiblen, B. Bremer, L. Cizek, and P. Drozd. 2002b. Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical for- est. Nature 416: 841-844. Novotny, V., S. E. Miller, Y Basset, L. Cizek, P. Drozd, K. Darrow, and J. Leps. 2002c. Predictably sim- ple: Assemblages of caterpillars (Lepidoptera) feeding on rainforest trees in Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 269: 2337-2344. Sohn, J.-C. 2002. A taxonomy study on the immature stage of leaf-rolling Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) on rosaceous fruit trees in Korea, Master of Science Thesis, Kangwon National University, Korea, 151 pp. APPENDIX Xenothictis Meyrick Xenothictis Meyrick 1910, Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales 35: 279. Type species: Xenothictis paragona Meyrick 1910, by original designation. Barnardiella Turner 1925, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austral. 49: 49. Type species: Bar- nardiella sciaphila Turner, 1925, by orig- inal designation. atriflora Meyrick 1930 {Xenothictis), Exotic Microlepid. 3: 609. TL: Fiji (Vunidawa). HT (male): The Natu- ral History Museum, London. melananchis Meyrick 1933 {Xenothictis), Exotic Microle- pid. 4: 424. TL: Fiji (Vunida- wa). HT (male): The Natural History Museum, London. noctiflua Diakonoff 1961 {Xenothic- tis), Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 130: 66. TL: New Hebrides (Vanu- atu). HT (male): Mus?um National d'Histori? Naturelle, Paris. paragona Meyrick 1910 {Xenothictis), Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales 35: 280. TL: Lifu. HT (female): The Natural History Museum, London. sciaphila (Turner 1925) {Barnardiel- la), Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austral. 49: 50. TL: Australia (Queensland, Toowoomba). HT (male): Austra- lian National Insect Collection, Can- berra, Australia. semiota Meyrick 1910 {Xenothictis), Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales 35: 280. TL: Lifu. HT (female): The Natural History Museum, London. Xeneda Diakonoff Xeneda Diakonoff 1961, Ann. Soc. Ento- mol. Fr 130: 62. Type species: Xeneda coena Diakonoff, 1961, by original des- ignation. coena Diakonoff 1961 {Xeneda), Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr 130: 64. TL: New Caledonia (environs of Noumea). HT (male): Mus?um National d'Histori? Naturelle, Paris.