THE EXCAVATION AND REPAIK OF BETATAKIN
By Neil Merton JtjddCurator of American Archeology, United States National Museum
INTRODUCTIONThe Indian appropriation act approved May 18, 1916, includedthe following:For preservation and repair of prehistoric pueblo ruins and cliff-dwellings,under the supervision of the Smithsonian Institution, Navajo National Monu-ment, Arizona, $3,000.To carry out the provisions of this item the present writer wasrather unexpectedly designated, early in March, 191T, representativeof the Smithsonian Institution and special disbursing officer, Bureauof Indian Affairs. Availability of the appropriation was limited tothe then current fiscal year, ending June 30.Entraining at Washington March 16 I proceeded to Flagstaff,Ariz., engaged four laborers, and left with them by automobile onMarch 20 for Tuba; thence by 4-mule team to Kayenta; thence bysaddle horses and pack mules to Betatakin ruin. This journey ofapproximately 200 miles from the railroad was not without itsdisagreeable features,Navajo National Monument, at an elevation of 7,000 feet, is nonetoo inviting in early springtime when sandstorms crowd the heelsof retreating winter. We turned northward from Tuba into theface of wind-driven snow, camped about 6 miles short of Red Lakeat some deserted Navajo hogans whose old timbers offered fuel andpartial protection, spent the next night under frost-covered blanketsin the open desert, and arrived at Kayenta March 24, just as a settingsun was painting the neighboring sandstone buttes with brilliantcrimson.My diary recalls the succession of discouragements under whichour special task was pursued. Both economic and climatic obstaclesintervened. We broke trail through snow 2 feet deep to establishNo. 2828.?Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 77, Art. 592187?30 1 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77camp at Betatakin, March 27 ; once there, each night brought freez-ing temperatures until May 1 and occasionally thereafter ; rain, hail,and snow fell with annoying frequency. All this, so our irregularNavajo boarder insisted, was owing to the fact that our work inthe ruin disturbed the spirits of the ancient people. But I am re-minded that our last snowstorm occurred May 31; that ice coveredour water pails on the morning of June 2. I am reminded, too, ofour meager rations.Foodstuffs were at a premium ; trading-post stores were practicallyexhausted. Wool continued in demand and the Navajo, childishlyprodigal in time of plenty, had bought freely. Having receivedtwice the customary price for their last clip, the Indians still hadcredit to draw upon ; native jewelry to pawn. None cared to work
;
winter lingered. Lacking forage, Indian ponies were poor; roadswere ribbons of knee-deep mud; the wet-weather rate of $2.50 foreach hundredweight from Gallup to Kayenta did not tempt freight-ers. In consequence, even the usual modest fare of desert travelerswas unprocurable. If we had flour there were no beans; if beans,no flour. For days at a time, and repeatedly, rice formed our solediet. The Navajo would willingly sell neither sheep nor goats. Wesubstituted " Brigham tea " when coffee could not be had. At times^and in their own convincing way, my workmen expressed a measureof discontent.Then, late in April, came news of United States entry into theWorld War. My three remaining assistants, impatient to be in thefray, promptly registered in their respective States. And just aspromptly they were ordered into service by the too-zealous localdraft board. Regulations governing distribution of foodstuffs hadbeen imposed; reservation traders could not replenish their emptyshelves. Nevertheless, there remained the chance of forcing ourassignment to conclusion.Snow and lack of forage made it impossible to keep a saddle horseat camp ; hence, on three separate occasions, it was necessary to walkthe 20 miles to Kayenta seeking supplies. I happened to be thereApril 29 and joined the trader in going to the relief of two Indianfreighters, then stuck in the mud 10 miles out, who had been on theroad from Flagstaff since late December. The few sacks of flourreceived at Kayenta on May 20 immediately sold at $10 a 100; thenext lot arrived June 10, on 20 burros driven by Indians from nearFarmington, N. Mex. Navajo National Monument seemed altogetherisolated in the spring of 1917.This recital is offered not as an apology for a task left unfinishedbut rather as evidence that factors quite beyond one's control some-times arise to handicap the field worker. Those unforeseen condi-
AKT. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 6tions we experienced might easily have forced early abandonmentof our undertaking except for the cordial cooperation of Mr. andMrs. John Wetherill and Mr. Clyde Colville, of Kayenta. To thesegood friends I make public acknowledgment of my appreciation,however tardily. As with other transients before and since, Mr. andMrs. Wetherill welcomed me whole-heartedly into their hospitablehome; drew generously from their family larder at times of urgentneed, and persuaded reluctant Navajo into our service when my ownefforts failed.I have said our task was left unfinished. The special appropria-tion cited in the first paragraph above was intended to cover themajor ruins of Navajo National Monument. There are three such
?
Betatakin, Keet Seel, and Inscription House. We concentrated uponthe first of these. The work there accomplished will be apparentfrom the pages which follow. That left undone includes repair ofthe southwest house group and adjacent retaining wall; partialreconstruction of missing rooms whose former positions were plainlyevidenced in the east half of the cave ; basal wall repairs with cementand the placement of steel tie rods in certain dwellings, as originallycontemplated. The cement and steel we ordered for this purposefrom Gallup on April 2 were not delivered in Kayenta, so impassablewere the muddy roads, until June 8?too late to be relayed toBetatakin and positioned.Since the World War and return from military service I haveconstantly entertained the hope that additional funds might be pro-vided with which to complete not only the work herein describedbut also that intended for Keet Seel and Inscription House. It nowappears this hope is not soon to be realized. Fairness to thosecoworkers who have need for certain facts at my disposal urgespresentation of our observations in Betatakin without further delay.Of the sum designated in the act of May 18, 1916, more than one-third was returned to the Treasurer of the United States, as re-quired by law. This refund and the fact that it was not humanlypossible in 1917 to conclude the repairs contemplated by Congress,seemingly would justify a new Federal appropriation to insurepreservation of the incomparable cliff dwellings of Navajo NationaEMonument. Those ancient villages are not surpassed even by themarvelous ruins of Mesa Verde National Park, Colo., visited bynearly 17,000 persons in 1928 ; they stand as visible reminders of anenlightened, though primitive, people who played a most importantpart in the conquest of our arid Southwest centuries before Euro-pean mariners dreamed of a New World ; they merit restoration andprotection as an irreplacable inheritance of our Nation from itsprehistoric predecessors.
4 PKOCEBDINGS OP THE IsTATIOlSrAL MUSEUM vol. 77BETATAKIN AND THE KAYENTA DISTRICTBetatakin occupies a large cave in the north wall of an unnamedsouth fork of Laguna Canyon/ which latter empties into TyendeCreek at Marsh Pass. (PL 2.) About 15 miles northeast of the Passis Kayenta,^ founded by Wetherill and Colville as a trading postlate in 1909 and since grown into an oasis of peculiar charm?thehome of several white families, chiefly associated with the localNavajo Indian hospital and its related activities.To archeologists an indefinitely bordered area surrounding thissettlement is known as the " Kayenta district." Its rugged canyonswere anciently inhabited by a semisedentary people whose evolvingculture has been clearly portrayed by Kidder and Guernsey.^ Fol-lowing the so-called Basket Makers, first known agriculturists of theSouthwest, came three other equally distinct stages of tribal and ma-terial development to culminate in those great, communal towns ofthe Pueblo III * period?Betatakin, Keet Seel, and InscriptionHouse.Throughout the centuries required for this perfectly obvioussequence of cultures and with a vigor that increased as each genera-tion passed, established villages in the Kayenta district were recur-rently attacked by more warlike, nomadic peoples. The identity ofthese wandering hunters remains undetermined but the fact of theirformer presence as disturbers of tranquil community life is evi-denced here, as in other parts of the Pueblo area.
1 So named from the ponds that formerly marked its middle course. Gregory (1916,p. 48) says : "At the time the topographic map was made (1883) Laguna Canyon held anumber of lakes which have since disappeared in consequence of recent deep trenching ofthe alluvial fill."Throughout the Kayenta district in 1908 and 1909, that which Gregory designates" Laguna Canyon " was widely known as the Segi ; that which he names " Tyende Creek,"running from Marsh Pass to the Rio San Juan, was commonly called Laguna Creek.Fools were then present in the open valley south of Tyende Mesa ; Segi Canyon wasalready deeply trenched, but its arroyo banks clearly showed the stratified deposits formerlylaid down in placid ponds. Segi Canyon is the To-wan-aho-che Creek of the General LandOfiQce map of 1887 ; the To-wan-on-Cheo Creek of the presidential proclamation datedMarch 20, 1909, and hereinafter mentioned. " Tyende Creek " is obviously an erroneousrecording of " Kayenta Creek."
^ Individuals will naturally differ in attempting to record, with English characters, thepronunciation of Indian place names. For example, Kaenti is the spelling first used byCummings (1910) ; Kayenta, that subsequently employed by the same writer, by otherexplorers and by Federal cartographers. Segi Canyon (Gregory, 1916) has been pub-lished both as Sagi (Cummings, 1910; Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, 1921) and Sagie(Cummings, 1915; Judd, 1918). Keet Seel (Gregory, 1916; presidential proclamation otMarch 14, 1912) has been printed Kitsil (Cummings, 1910), Kitsiel (Fewkes, 1911), andKietsiel (Kidder, 1924). Because of these and other possible variants it seems not im-probable that the orthography employed by Gregory (1916) in his comprehensive study ofthe Navajo country will be adopted by most observers henceforth reporting upon thedivers interests of this fascinating region.3 1921 ; 1921a. See also Kidder and Guernsey, 1919 ; Kidder, 1924.
* A designation now accepted by most students of Pueblo archeology. See Kidder, 1927.
AET. 5 EXCAVATION" AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 5In describing the procession of prehistoric civilizations throughthe Kayenta district, Kidder ^ writes : " * * * it seems likely fromthe finds of their typical pottery at Pueblo Bonito and Cliff Palacethat the proto-Kayenta villages were inhabited at the same time asthe great dwellings of the Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon ; and thatthe late Kayenta sites were erected after the Mesa Verde and ChacoCanyon had been abandoned. Thus Kitsiel and Betatakin may wellhave been the last large communities that existed in the San Juandrainage." Cummings '^ had previously drawn a similar inference
;
more recently, his and Kidder's deductions have been fully confirmedby the as yet unpublished explorations of the National GeographicSociety at Pueblo Bonito, under direction of the present writer, andby the related " tree-ring " chronology now being erected by Dr.A. E. Douglass,, of the University of Arizona.But herein we are concerned solely with the excavation and repairof Betatakin. No comparison is to be drawn between it and othefruins of the Kayenta district or elsewhere; no effort will be madeto determine the place occupied by Betatakin on the ladder ofPueblo history. The present paper serves merely to present certainobservations resulting from our 1917 expedition, as an aid to thatmore intimate study of the village yet to be written.Although Betatakin is now a familiar name to most students ofPueblo archeology, few are aware that it was first seen by whites onAugust 5, 1909, when a Utah University exploring party led by Prof.Byron Cummings and guided by John Wetherill was directed to itby a Navajo Indian, casually met in Segi Canyon. This Indianpointed the way and then sat down beside the trail to await theparty's return. Through inherent fear of all things associated withthe dead, he steadfastly refused to advance within sight of the ruin.The Kayenta district was wild and untamed at that time ; canyons tothe westward sheltered many young Indians who had yet to see theirfirst white man, unbelievable though this may seem.^ Archeologicalexplorers looked like prospectors; buttes in Monument Valley borethe names of men killed while seeking minerals on the reservation inopen defiance of Navajo wishes. At Oljeto, Wetherill and Colvillemaintained the only trading post between Bluff and Tuba.As student assistant to Doctor Cummings I participated in thebrief, initial inspection of Betatakin, but I was not present in the
^1924, p. 73.? 1915, p. 278.
'' In August, 1909, while guiding W. B. Douglass from Rainbow Bridge to Keet Seel andBetatakin, the present writer witnessed inauguration of a 3-day war ceremony, surrepti-tiously held near the head of Piute Canyon ; a few days later, in Oljeto, he was informedby old Hoskinnini, revered chief of the northern Navajos, that the Douglass party werethe first whites ever seen by several Indians, in their mid twenties, attending thatceremony.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77autumn of 1909 when the professor, following explorations which re-sulted in his discovery of important cliff dwellings south of NavajoMountain ^ and that marvel of erosion, the Rainbow Natural Bridge,^returned to resume, and conclude, his investigation of this remark-able ruin.^'^Government reservation of Betatakin, Keet Seel, and InscriptionHouse came about in this wise : While at Bluff, Utah, in September,1908, W. B. Douglass, examiner of surveys for the United StatesGeneral Land Office, learned from Professor Cummings's guide,John Wetherill, and immediately reported to Washington, the exist-ence of certain " fine prehistoric ruins about 90 miles west of Bluff."Douglass asked and received instructions to locate and examine theseruins. It is not to his discredit that he failed in this quest, evenwhen aided by trail maps furnished by Mr. Wetherill and his part-ner, Clyde Colville. The information so gained enabled the sur-veyor to submit, March 8, 1909, the data on which was based theall-inclusive presidential proclamation dated 12 days later creatingthe Navajo National Monument. It was in mid August, 1909, andat Doctor Cummings's direction, that I accompanied Mr. Douglassfrom Rainbow Natural Bridge to Keet Seel and pointed out, as wepassed it, the south fork in which Betatakin is located. As Doug-lass's earlier and somewhat presumptuous communications to Wash-ington prompted the initial visit and preliminary report of Dr. J.W. Fewkes,^^ so did Douglass's surveys of August-November, 1909,supply the awaited details incorporated in the second presidentialproclamation of March 14, 1912, which superseded that of March20, 1909, and reduced the monument to its present area.Although he merely anticipated Professor Cummings in so doing,to W. B. Douglass is owing such honor as may be for having firstapprised the General Land Office of the existence of important pre-historic ruins west of Bluff and for having urged their reservationand protection in the public interest. Likewise to Professor Cum-mings is due credit for having first recommended a Federal appro-priation to insure repair and preservation of the major Segi Can-yon ruins. Senator Reed Smoot, of Utah, had introduced such abill in 1915; secured its passage during the next session of Congress.Under date of July 15, 1916, Special Agent W. J. Lewis reportedto the General Land Office highly approving the investigations ofDoctor Cummings and earnestly recommending that he be placed in
* Cummings, 1910."Cummings, 1910a; Judd, 1927." Few realize so fully as the present writer that only ceaseless pressure of academicresponsibilities has so long, and so unfortunately, delayed publication of Doctor Cum-ming's archeological observations. As pioneer archeologist of the Kayenta district hehas accumulated a fund of information eagerly awaited by his younger coworkers.a 1911.
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 7charge of the reconstruction contemplated within the new monument.This recommendation would have been followed gladly since Pro-fessor Cummings, the first archeologist to examine the prehistoricvillages in question, was logically the one to restore them. But thelaw required that Federal funds be disbursed only by a Federalemployee. Thus it came about that the present writer, a member ofthe Smithsonian staff, was assigned the task of carrying out theprovisions of the act of May 18, 1916.It was westward bound that I determined to restrict my effortsto Betatakin. Based on personal knowledge of the Kayenta district,this decision seemed wise for three reasons, previously mentioned : ^^(1) More than one ruin could not be excavated and restored in thetime available, from the sum appropriated; (2) Betatakin was, per-haps, in greatest need of repair; (3) the site was more accessible thanthe others and furnished abundant water for camp purposes.When our animals were unpacked at Betatakin on the afternoonof March 27, 1917, we first cleared away the snow and improvisedsleeping quarters under the scrub oaks that border a little flat nearthe gurgling stream. Firewood was close at hand, but our thin,cotton tents afforded scant protection from the wintry blasts thatplayed almost incessantly up or down the canyon. During theweeks which followed we frequently retired to the old dwellings inthe cliff there to seek shelter from the storms.Our work began with a cursory examination of the talus immedi-ately below the village. Neither house remains nor burials weredisclosed there; stratified deposits from which length of occupancyand local changes in the technique of pottery manufacture might begauged were utterly lacking. The inhabitants of Betatakin amassedno single trash pile?the delight of dirt archeologists?^but utilizedtheir household debris in widening the rock terraces of the cave,thus to increase its habitable space.During the centuries which followed abandonment of the pueblo,walls had collapsed; tons of wind-blown sand had lodged in theempty rooms and the courts between. In such accumulations,watered by seepage, long banks of columbine and intertwining boxelders and scrub oaks had taken root. Huge blocks of sandstone hadbroken from the cave roof to crush the eastern house group. Mostof the ancient dwellings had been previously excavated and refilledto protect the fractured masonr3^ All this vast quantity of sand,rock, and overturned rubbish must necessarily be cleared away beforeour principal task could properly begin.This task, let me repeat, was solely one of repair and preservation.Betatakin had been thoroughly explored by Professor Cummingsi=Judd, 1918.
8 PEOCEEDIN"GS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77in 1909 ; its story, in so far as this could be read from the remains,had been patiently recorded. Ours was the work of mendingbroken and insecure walls; of patching roofs; of providing laddersto facilitate access by those less agile than primitive folk. In theperiod between 1909 and 1917 the Kayenta district had become averitable magnet attracting, in ever increasing numbers, persons whovalue solitude and weird desert beauty.While fulfilling our mission at Betatakin we sought also to pre-serve the prehistoric atmosphere of the place ; to so disguise our ownhandiwork that it would be unobtrusive thereafter. During ourclearing operations we noticed that some of the old mud mortar hadoutlasted the friable sandstone it bound together. After brief ex-periment we were able to duplicate this mortar with a half-and-halfmixture of clean sand and the compact red clay that occurs in rela-tively thin layers beneath the massive Jurassic sandstone of the cliffs.Stones and timbers from shattered dwellings were salvaged and re-used. In repairing or reconstructing house walls we took painsto eliminate the marks of our tools ; at the same time, we deliberatelybroke joints in our stonework, a precaution with which the ancientmasons did not concern themselves. This slight difference in methodwill, in most instances, serve to identify the walls we built. Whilenearly every room received some measure of attention, the noteswhich follow will guide future students to our major repairs.NOTES ON BETATAKIN ROOMS.As Plate 10 of his " Preliminary report on a visit to the NavahoNational Monument," Doctor Fewkes (1911) publishes a ground planof Betatakin prepared by W. B. Douglass. This plan I naturallyassumed to be correct ; it forms the basis of that which appears hereinas Plate 3.^^ House numbers previously assigned are retained in eachinstance, but since these end with room 96 those additional dwellingsdisclosed in 1917 have been designated rooms 100-135. Perhaps adozen others, evidenced by characteristic wall seatings, might havebeen included had we found opportunity carefully to examine anddelineate their respective sites.The notes which now follow were made during the course of ourexcavations. Room measurements taken at the same time will befound in the table beginning on page 72.Room i, above and west of room 2 in the extreme western end ofthe cave, was obviously designed for storage. Its floor is the rough,
" Although without instruments of precision, we observed certain minor discrepanciesin the Douglass survey. This, it should be borne in mind, was made under pressure oftime and before all the house walls were exposed. The principal differences between hisplan and ours will be manifested By direct comparison of the two and by our descriptionof the individual rooms.
AET.5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OP BETATAKIN JUDD 9unworked cliff, slightly filled in at the front. Three ceiling beams,extending from the front wall to a masonry fill at the rear, supportshort cross poles and a thick layer of willows, covered directly byadobe. Two poles overlain with split cedar so parallel the frontwall as to suggest a former hatchway in the north corner. Threepegs for hanging articles protrude from the inner front wall.A 16 by 25 inch (0.40 by 0.64 m.) door opens through the north-east wall. Its sill, widened outside by a sandstone slab on edge,formerly supported a stone door which fitted into grooves on theouter jambs and was held firmly in place by wooden wedges insertedthrough feather-cord loops. One such loop occupies a hole at eachside of the door ; that on the north is held in place by mud. At theouter southeast side a bench 5 by 12 inches (0.13 by 0.31 m.) by 11inches (0.27 m.) high fills a narrow crack.Through the lower front wall four roof poles protrude from room2. This latter structure was obviously built first, for there is a dis-tinct line of separation between the large blocks forming its rearwall and the smaller stones in the front wall of room 1.We attempted no repairs in rooms 1-8; nor on the masonry ofcourt 10.Room 2 was probably a storeroom ; no smoke stains appear on itswalls. It floor is mostly of fairly level, native rock, but a shallowfill in front concealed several east-west poles horizontally embeddedabout 6 inches (0.15 m.) above the base of the east wall. These wereundoubtedly deemed necessary as supports or anchors, since themasonry stands flush with the cliff edge. Two pegs protrude fromthe southeast wall; two beams extend through from room 3. Sixbeams support the ceiling of willows, cedar bark, and adobe mud;in the northeast corner of this is a hatchway, the only entrance.Five feet six inches above the outer southeast corner of the roofare two holes, drilled through a cliff angle; near by is a similar,single eyelet. From these, various light objects were doubtless sus-pended by the ancient inhabitants.Room S, a dwelling, exhibits the smoke stains of long occupancy.The lower half of its three masonry walls was repeatedly plastered,but the west, or cliff, side was not similarly surfaced. Two small,parallel timbers next the cliff and a larger, central beam support 10east-west ceiling poles carrying layers of willows, reeds, and mud.A small smoke vent through the middle roof, next the north wall, hadbeen closed with cedar bark and plastered over. In the southeastcorner the solid sandstone surface is about a foot lower than theremaining floor, which lies some 8 inches (0.20 m.) higher than thatof room 4.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOISTA-L MUSEUM vol.77At the floor level an opening 11 inches (0.27 m.) square connectswith room 4. Directly in front of this opening, embedded in thefloor of room 3, is a willow loop?one of two loom anchors. Thesecond is wanting, but directly above, two loops still hang from aceiling cross pole. Four wall pegs remain in position ; holes for fourothers may be noted.A door opens through the north half of the east wall. Just withinthis door, and formerly protected by a now missing screen, is thefireplace. The retaining wall continuing from court 10 ends againstthe outer east wall, south of the door. Above its south jamb sixshallow holes had been drilled.On the cliff face above the roof a " sandal " figure had been pecked
;
pointed and flat implements had been sharpened and white paintcrudely spread in several places. Above the southeast roof cornerone may note portions of a pair of drilled holes on a broken cliffslab.Room Jf, adjoins room 3 on the north and is apparently of later con-struction. Its east wall is missing; of the north wall, a section atthe northwest corner stands 3 feet (0.91 m.) high against the cliff.Above this fragment and formerly concealed by the wall are severalholes, pecked through the cliff corner; two pairs of similar holes onthe cliff face had been plastered over. Through the west end of thesouth wall, 8 inches (0.20 m.) above the floor, a 10 by 18 inch (0.25by 0.46 m.) opening marks the position of a former room 3 door, thelintels of which still show through three coats of plaster.In the middle floor is a slab-lined fireplace measuring 16 by 18inches (0.40 by 0.46 m.) ; its deflector slab, standing on the east, sug-gests a former door on that side.Room 6, beneath room 6, was used for storage. At least the smokestains which ordinarily identify a dwelling are lacking. Verticalcliff forms its south and west walls, while the other two are ofmasonry, freely chinked. The floor, of native rock, is slightly higherthan the terrace outside.A single beam, paralleling the cliff, supports the ends of six crosspoles; upon and at right angles to these are layers of willows andreeds. On the floor we found a cedar pole, slightly shorter than theroom length, which may formerly have been an additional ceilingsupport, since its butt end fitted in a hole at the north side when theopposite end rested on a protruding rock between the main beam andthe cliff. Through the middle east wall is a 15 by 24 inch (0.38 by0.61 m.) door whose outer jambs are grooved for the usual slab. Aloop fastener appears on the north side only. Four sticks supportthe sandstone lintel; in its stone sill are two grooves where axeswere sharpened.
ART. 5 EXCAVATIOISr AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 11Fire stains on the cliff at the outer southeast corner mark: theposition of an open fireplace.Room 6, above room 5, probably served also for storage. Its wallsare unsmoked ; its floor, smooth and hard. The cliff forms its southand west sides, while the other two are composed of small, irregularstones laid in quantities of adobe mud, chinked with sandstone spalls.The outer east wall, smooth and regular, is superior to most Beta-takin masonry; the outer north wall is plastered. (PI. 7, A.)Paralleling the south cliff wall is a single large ceiling beam, thewest end of which rests on a narrow wedge of masonry, built in acrevice. This south beam supports one end of a timber whichparallels the west cliff, and the latter beam, in turn, supports theends of 14 cross poles. Above these is a thick layer of willows withadobe mud spread directly upon it to complete the roof. Six centralcross poles have been broken by rock falling from the overhangingcliff.A door through the middle north wall measures 18 by 24 inches(0.46 by 0.61 m.). Its lintel includes four sticks and a large sand-stone block ; its sill is a well-worn slab showing two shallow grooveswhere axes were sharpened. This sill and both outer jambs aredeeply grooved for the door slab characteristic of storerooms; oneach side is a willow loop for wooden fasteners. An inset step, T%inches (0.19 m.) wide by 3 inches (0.076 m.) high by 21/2 inches(0.063 m.) deep, lies in the outer north wall 19 inches (0.48 m.)below the door sill and 17 inches (0.43 m.) above the roof of room 7.A similar step, 4 by 1% by 2 inches, lies upon the lintel slab, 24inches below the roof of room 6. The protruding end of the westbeam doubtless served as an additional step.Room 7, adjoining room 5 on the north, is a dwelling whose westwall is formed by the cliff. Its floor is mostly solid rock^ but theeast third was filled in to a depth of from 6 to 18 inches. Two north-south beams support a ceiling of 18 cross poles overlain with willowsand cedar bark. One of the cross poles was spliced, its two portionsbeing tied with yucca strips; three cross poles extend only from thecentral beam to the east wall. Of equal interest is the fact that thewest beam, hewn off on top, was braced in the middle by a post rest-ing on a sandstone block. A former hatchway, 3 feet 3 inches(0.99 m.) from the north wall, is evidenced by the cut ends of severalcross poles showing in the broken roof of the southeast quarter.Abutting the outer northeast corner of room 5 is a section ofmasonry, 20 inches (0.51 m.) wide, the perpendicular east end ofwhich is slightly convex, carefully chinked with numerous spalls, andplastered over as though to form a door jamb. Similar treatment isnoted for the upper south end of the broken east wall. Together,
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77these finished wall ends suggest for room T a southeast corner doorextending from floor to ceiling. (PI. 8, B.) Such an entrance wouldbe most unusual ; none like it is observed elsewhere in Betatakin nor,indeed, can I recall having seen one in any other prehistoric Pueblovillage.At the outer northwest corner, just below the roof level, a singlestep had been pecked in the cliff face.Room 8 is merely a recessed platform, 20 inches wide by 6 feet long(0.51 by 1.82 m.), formed by a convex wall on a ledge above thenorthwest corner of room 7. (PL 7, A, B.) Externally this wallstands 26 inches high to the solid rock floor ; there is no trace of upperwall masonry.Room 9. The remains of a small storeroom opposite the northeastcorner of room 7 ; outside of and below the retaining wall of court 10.It is shown but not numbered on Douglass's ground plan.Court 10y long and narrow, lies between rooms 7 and 11; it isformed by the irregular retaining wall which extends from the southcorner of room 11 to the east side of room 3. This wall appears notto have stood more than 1 foot above the court floor ; the latter con-sists mostly of native rock, with a debris fill along the east side.Shallow, close-lying steps on the uneven rock surface next the cliffwere probably pecked by children at play. Opposite the northeastcorner of room 7 and fronting rooms 3 and 4 the retaining wall hadlargely disappeared prior to 1909 ; elsewhere it is still well preserved.At the northeast corner of room 4 the walk formed by this wall wasextremely narrow.Against the retaining wall and 5 feet 3 inches (1.6 m.) from room11 is a fireplace measuring 20 by 34 by 12 inches deep (0.51 by 0.86 by0.31 m.). In the east corner, with its sill at the court level, a 10 by 11inch (0.25 by 0.27 m.) vent opens downward into room 11. Nearby,the fragment of a small post stands against the inclosing wall.At the north end of court 10 a slender pine pole, 30-35 feet long,gave access to the gallery ledge above. (PI. 26, A.) The ladderleading to the roof of room 11 is one we substituted for steps peckedin the cliff at the north corner.Room 11 is one of the most interesting chambers in Betatakin,since it obviously is an old dwelling, remodeled for ceremonial pur-poses. Next the cliff wall is a ceiling beam whose west end rests ona shelf of masonry ; two other beams, with butt ends opposite, lie sideby side across the middle room. On these timbers are 25 cross poles,overlain by layers of willows, cedar bark, and sand. Where the crosspoles were too short to reach from the southeast wall to the cliff twowere placed together, butt ends opposite. The lower third of thesouthwest wall and the lower half of the southeast and northeast walls
ART. 5 EXCAVATION" AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 13
were surfaced; traces of plaster also remain on the northwest, orcliff, side.Incised drawings appear in the smoke-blackened plaster of all fourwalls. (Fig. 1.) On the north half of the southwest wall 22 paralleland approximately vertical lines varying in length from 1 to 4 incheshave been scratched. Other scratches occur below this group, but nogeometric design is distinguishable among them. So-called " pot-tery " or " basket " designs were incised in the plaster of the south-east wall.A south corner roof opening, 17 by 29 inches (0.43 by 0.73 m.),had been cut through after completion of the ceiling and perhapsafter conversion of the room. This hatchway, 8 inches from thesouthwest wall, was rimmed with slabs on all except the southeastside; its inner jambs, above the cross poles, were plastered withadobe and chinked with small spalls. Two feet from the west cor-ner and 13 inches above the floor a former southwest door, 17 by 29inches (0.43 by 0.73 m.), had been carefully blocked from the out-side, leaving its inner sill exposed to form a shelf 5 inches wide.In the south corner an opening, 12 inches (0.31 m.) high by 17inches (0.43 m.) wide, formerly pierced the southeast wall at thefloor level; its east jamb sloped to the west. Externally this venti-lator was a full third less than its inner dimensions. Apparently itdid not prove entirely satisfactory, for it had been closed withmasonry from the inside and a second vent, 12 inches (0.31 m.) highby 11 inches (0.27 m.) wide, cut through the southwest wall flushwith the south corner and 9 inches above the floor. The slab sill ofthis second opening slopes upward to the level of court 10. Withinthe room and directly below this latter vent are the remains of ashallow, basinlike depression, 16 inches (0.41 m.) in diameter by1% inches (0.038 m.) deep. Formerly a ladder extended throughthe hatchway directly above this depression. A slab fire screen, 24inches (0.61 m.) wide by 25 inches (0.64 m.) high by 1% inches(0.034 m.) thick, abuts the southeast wall 27 inches (0.69 m.) fromthe south corner. Eight inches east of this screen and 5 inches(0.13 m.) from the southeast wall is a fireplace whose dimensionsaverage 16 by 18 by 7 inches deep (0.41 by 0.46 by 0.17 m.) ; it islined and paved with slabs and its inner corners rounded with adobe.The ceiling willows above this fireplace had been plastered withmud?a simple, protective measure that might have been followedprofitably by other prehistoric house builders.Our repairs were confined largely to the southwest wall. Inaddition, we propped a cracked ceiling beam with a cedar post seton a sandstone slab ; and placed, through the hatchway, a pole ladderfitted with oak rundles.
14 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE IsTATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 77
FiisuRHi 1.
?
Incised figures on thh walls of koom ii. (The bar represents1 INCH)
ART. 5 EXCAVATIOlSr AND REPAIR OF BETATAKII^ JUDD 15On the cliff above room 11 two holes, 1% inches apart, had beendrilled through a thin layer of sandstone.Room 12 is a storeroom, built against the outer northeast wall ofroom 11. Its floor is the solid sandstone of the uppermost terrace;its masonry bears no trace of smoke. A single northeast-southwestbeam crosses the room slightly nearer the cliff than the southeastwall; four cross poles support a ceiling of willows, cedar bark, andadobe mud. Several potsherds were used as chinking in the north-east wall. One peg protrudes from the upper southeast side, 3inches from the east corner.An 18 by 24 inch (0.46 by 0.61 m.) door opens through the middlenortheast wall. Its lintel consfsts of three pieces of split cedar, sup-porting a large stone; its sill is a thin sandstone slab. Both outerjambs are slightly grooved for the usual door slab; loops for fas-teners appear on each side. A mano was incorporated in themasonry under the outer north jamb; in the wall above, two emptyholes for wall pegs may be seen.Court 13 separates room 11 from room 14 ; on the southeast standsan inclosing wall, now 2 feet high. Room 12 is a later addition,built in the west corner of the court against room 11; sheer cliffforms the northwest side. The rock surface in the north cornerhad been pecked down to approximate the level of an adobe pave-ment which covers a deep debris fill against the southeast retainingwall. Open fires and the varied domestic activities pursued in thecourt have darkened its entire floor and left their mark on some ofits surrounding masonry.A shallow fireplace, rimmed with adobe (now much broken) , liesat the base of the cliff 26 inches (0.66 m.) from room 12. Threeslab fragments stand on edge back of this fireplace; within it wefound a dressed sandstone tablet measuring 10^ by 9 by % inches(0.26 by 0.22 by 0.019 m.). Near by a mortar, 11 inches (0.27 m.)in diameter by 14 inches (0.35 m.) deep, had been pecked into therock floor 9 inches from the cliff and 2 feet 7 inches from the northcorner. Its concave bottom and vertical sides are stained by fire andash. Three grooves on stones of the northeast wall near the northcorner show where implements were sharpened. Here also a protrud-ing beam end and three shallow steps pecked in the cliff gave accessto the roof of room 14; a fourth pecked step, or handhold, appearsa bit higher on the cliff. The roof of room 11 was doubtless formerlyreached by a ladder in the alcove south of room 12.To aid passage to and from court 13 we substituted a notchedcedar (pi. 27, A) for the old pecked steps in the north corner andplaced a pole ladder in the south corner. Minor wall repairs weremade, especially on the southeast.
16 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77Room H^ apparently a ceremonial chamber, stands between court13 and room 15. Its floor is entirely of native rock, partially workeddown in the west corner. On the northwest side a ledge slopes fromthe upper west corner to the floor at the north. The west half ofthis ledge was built up with masonry, filled with debris and cappedwith slabs 31 inches (0.78 m.) above the floor to form a shelf 12inches (0.31 m.) wide at the northwest and 24 inches (0.61 m.) wideat the northeast.The roof is supported by two central northeast-southwest beams;three others, side by side, lie next the cliff. On these beams fifteencross poles support a layer of willows, mud covered. Ceiling andwalls are heavily smoked. The lower two-thirds of the southeast andnortheast walls are plastered while the southwest and northwest sidesremain unsurfaced. Several small ovals and circles, made by press-ing a pointed instrument into the new plaster, appear on the south-east wall; also, several casually incised lines. Two pegs protrudefrom the upper northeast side. Apparently after completion ofthe room, a vent about 4 inches in diameter was cut through thesoutheast wall, 14 inches (0.35 m.) below the cross poles and 4 feet6 inches (1.37 m.) from the east corner.A door opens through the middle southwest wall with its slabsill, slightly grooved where a stone ax was sharpened, at the court 13level. Just within this door and continuing from its. sill a sand-stone slab which has settled 2 inches at the north tops a masonryplatform 16 inches (0.41 m.) wide and 16 inches high. This plat-form lies between the wall and a masonry fire screen, 25 inches(0.64 m.) high by 27 inches (0.69 m.) wide by 10 inches (0.25 m.)thick, capped by a single stone. Pecked into the rock floor at thenortheast base of this screen is an ovoid fireplace, 25 by 18 by 41^inches deep (0.64 by 0.46 by 0.114 m.). In the ceiling above theplatform an unrimmed smoke vent measures 6 by 10 inches (0.15by 0.25 m.). Northwest of fireplace and platform the cave floorslopes upward toward the cliff; in this sloping surface four stepswere pecked.Four feet six inches from the north corner and 8 inches (0.20 m.)above the floor a second door opens into room 15. Loops for doorfasteners protrude at points 8 inches and 12 inches (0.31 m.)^respectively, from its grooved jambs.Five pairs of pecked eyelets and others, unfinished, appear on thenorthwest cliff above the roof; here also is a narrow groove wheresome implement was pointed.We repaired the walls, recapped them with a single course ofstones, and patched several holes in the roof.
AET. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 17Room 15 may be identified as a storeroom from the absence ofsmoke stains on its inner walls and from the presence of grooveson its outer door jambs. Within the room, solid cliff sandstone slopesrather sharply downward toward the east corner, which was filledto provide a limited floor area. A rock ledge averaging 12 inches(0.31 m.) wide extends along the northwest wall base.The roof is supported by a single beam seated 8 or 10 inches fromthe cliff and by three pairs of smaller timbers lying butt ends oppo-site. Upon these are five pairs of cross poles, covered with layersof willows and cedar bark. One peg protrudes from the southeastwall; five, from the northeast. A 17 by 24 inch (0.43 by 0.61 m.)door opens through the southwest wall 16 inches (0.41 m.) abovethe floor; two broad pieces of split cedar form its lintel. In thesloping sandstone beneath this door are five pecked steps.On the northeast side a hole, approximately 20 inches in diameterand obviously of fortuitous origin, was repaired in 1917. In addi-tion, the walls were recapped and holes in the roof mended.Room 16 lies against the cliff, between room 15 and court 24. Itsnortheast and southwest walls are of masonry, but its southeast wall,now missing, was undoubtedly of wattle. Although the rock floornext the cliff had been worked down somewhat, it remains slightlyhigher than the front, filled portion. The east side of a low, narrowledge at the base of the northwest, or cliff, wall was leveled withmasonry to form a shelf. Smoke stains appear on the floor and atthe base of all three walls.Th(5 roof had burned, but one charred beam end remains in thenortheast wall next the cliff, and three notches, pecked for beamrests, appear in the southwest wall. Above these, charred timbersprotrude from room 15; the northeast wall masonry extends 18inches (0.45 m.) above the roof level of room 16.Room 17 is a possible storeroom situated between rooms 18 and41; in front of and below rooms 15 and 16. Cliff forms its lowernorthwest side ; its southeast wall is of wattle?posts supporting up-right willows, bound at intervals by horizontal withes either singlyor in pairs, and the whole plastered with adobe. (PL 9, A.) Smokestains are not perceptible.Excepting a small section in the west quarter the floor is artificialand rests upon 19 inches (0.48 m.) of debris covering an earliersurface. No plaster appears on the southeast wall below the upperfloor, although its willows and posts extend to the lower. In thenorth corner a 9 by 12 inch (0.22 by 0.31 m.) shelf was made byleveling a small rock ledge with adobe. Above this shelf, next thenortheast wall, is a recess measuring 8 by 12 by 5 inches (0.20 by 0.31by 0.13 m.) deep. In the west corner pecked steps lead up the slop-92187?30 2
18 PEOCEEDIlSrGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 'vol.77ing sandstone to a ceiling hatchway. Between floor and roof, oneadditional pecked step appears in the northwest wall; two in thesouthwest.The roof is supported by four northeast-southwest beams.Upon these are 12 cross poles, only one of which extends the entirelength of the room; then layers of split cedar, reeds (Johnson grass),and sand. In the west corner an 18 by 24 inch (0.46 by 0.61 m.)hatchway is reached by pecked steps. From the north middle beama loop of knotted yucca leaves hangs 12 inches and is rather sharplycurved at the bottom as though it once supported a pole approxi-mately 2 inches in diameter. We recapped the walls and patchedthe broken edges of the roof.Room IS is a kiva, or ceremonial chamber, if one may judge fromthe character of its furniture. Its floor is mostly of native rock;its walls and ceiling are heavily smoked. The lower half of itsnortheast and southeast walls is plastered and in this appear mis-cellaneous scratchings^?mostly vertical, parallel lines. Similar in-cisings may be noted on the northwest, or cliff, side. A sloping ledgealong the face of this same wall had been leveled in the north cornerto form an 18 by 30 inch (0.46 by 0.76 m.) shelf about 3 feet (0.91 m.)above the floor. During the initial examination of Betatakin inAugust, 1909, the present writer found two clay pipes and otherarticles on this shelf. They are now in the University museum atSalt Lake City.The roof of room 18 includes 3 northeast-southwest beams, 10pairs of crosspoles and layers, respectively, of willows and cedarbark. As usual, the willows are tied down to the cross poles by splityucca leaves. A door through the middle southwest wall has aslab sill and four oak lintel sticks about 1 inch in diameter ; a 214-inchpost stands against the inner south jamb. (PI. 8, A.) Within theroom, 20 inches (0.51 m.) from the southwest wall and separatedfrom it by a platform lying 6 inches below the door sill, stands amasonry fire screen, 34 inches (0.86 m.) high by 27 inches (0.68 m.)wide by 10 inches (0.25 m.) thick. The platform extends a fewinches beyond the south end of the screen; the latter is capped witha single sandstone block, 27 inches (0.68 m.) long by 13 inches(0.33 m.) wide by 3 inches (0.07 m.) thick. At the northeast baseof this screen is a now broken, unrimmed fireplace approximately2 feet (0.60 m.) in diameter; it was formerly lined with irregularstone blocks. In the roof above the platform, and obviously cutafter completion of the ceiling, is a 7 by 10 inch (0.17 by 0.25 m.)smoke vent, rimmed with adobe-covered cedar bark. A second venti-lator, 9 inches (0.22 m.) wide by 12 inches (0.31 m.) high, appearsin the southeast wall 3 -^^eet (0.91 m.) above the floor and 4 feet 5
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 19inches (1.34 m.) from the east corner. Externally, this latter ventis almost round and about 6 inches (0.15 m.) in diameter.During the snowstorms we experienced in 1917 my crew and Irepeatedly sought shelter in this room and built fires in the southcorner. Excepting minor patchwork along the roof edges and anew course of capping stones no repairs were necessar3^Ooiirt 19. During occupancy of the village this open space mayhave been leveled with debris. But to-day its sandstone surface,slightly higher in the middle, drops abruptly to the sloping cavefloor between room 20 and the retaining wall below room 7. Onthe southeast side of the court a few courses of masonry cap thecliff terrace that serves as northwest wall for rooms 20-21. One seesno evidence of a passageway to court 13, above and at the northwest,but six pecked steps in the cliff at the north corner gave access tothe roof of room 18.At the cliff base, 3 feet 4 inches (1.01 m.) from the north corner,a pot-shaped hole 11 inches (0.27 m.) deep had been pecked in thesolid rock. Three inches below the surface the diameter of thisreceptacle is 11 inches, but the body diameter, like that at the ori-fice, is 13 inches. Open fires had burned between this hole andthe north corner of the court.Room 20, a probable storeroom, stands below and south of court19. (PL 10, B.) The face of a cliff terrace, thinly plastered, formsits northwest wall ; the others are of masonry. Smoke stains are notpresent. The floor is mostly artificial. A cedar log is embeddedin the masonry of the southwest wall, about 2 feet below the floorlevel.Four northwest-southeast beams, two of which lie side by side inthe middle of the room, carry 17 cross poles with overlying layersof willows and cedar bark. At the northwest all four beams restupon a log which lies on a shoulder of the cliff, although notchesfor their individual support had been pecked in the cliff face abovethe log. Eight pegs protrude from the walls, close up under thebeams; a hole for one additional peg is noted. The only entranceto the room is a hatchway, 20 by 24 inches (0.51 by 0.61 m.), inthe south corner.The terrace on which this storeroom was built had previouslysettled away from the cliff 14 inches ; the resultant craclj, extendinglengthwise through the middle of the floor, had been filled withhousehold debris. A 2-inch fracture in the northeast masonry evi-dences further settling since abandonment of the room. To checkthis we tied the southeast wall to the cliff with two steel rods,equipped with turnbuckles and expansion bolts. In addition, a holein the lower southwest side was closed, the walls were recapped, andthe roof patched.
20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 7TRoom 21^ the longest in Betatakin, may also have served for stor-age, since its walls bear no trace of smoke. The sandstone cliff,,capped with about 14 inches (0.35 m.) of masonry, forms itsnorthwest wall; those adjoining on the northeast and southwesthave been cracked by settling of the ledge on which the room stands.The floor is mostly native rock.Four northwest-southeast beams supported the roof. Of thiSyonly two cross poles now remain; upon them, in the west corner^are willows and cedar bark. Five wall pegs are noted, broken offflush with the masonry. Lacking evidence to the contrary, we as-sume the hatchway?sole entrance to the room?was located in thesouth corner, as in room 20.The southeast wall we anchored to the cliff with a single steelrod. The north end of this, provided with an expansion bolt, wasset in a drilled hole and packed with cement. In addition, we re-paired the upper walls and replaced a missing beam. No effort wasmade to complete the roof.Room 22, probably a kiva, adjoins room 21 and occupies the sameterrace. Its northwest wall is formed by the face of the nexthigher ledge, topped by 2 feet of masonry. The lower three-fourthsof all four walls are plastered and heavily smoked ; the floor, mostlynative rock, was worked down in the south corner to within 6 inchesof the general level. Without lateral doors the chamber necessarilywas entered through a hatchway.Two northwest-southeast beams supported the roof; seven peckedrests for cross poles appear in the masonry of the southwest wall.At the floor level a 9 by 7 inch (0.22 by O.lY m.) ventilator opensthrough the southeast wall 38 inches (0.97 m.) from the south cor-ner. Extending into the room from the east jamb of this vent is adeflector slab, 17 inches (0.43 m.) wide by 16 inches (0.40 m.) high;at its northeast base lies a broken, stone-lined fireplace.Two pecked steps at the west end of the northwest wall weredoubtless cut before construction of the room ; another " step," 6inches (0.15 m.) wide by 4 inches (0,10 m.) high by 1 inch (0.025m.) deep, appears in the middle of the same wall, 21 inches (0.53 m.)above the floor. Near by is a partially demolished shelf, 5 inches(0.12 m.) wide by 8 inches (0.20 m.) long, built of adobe on a nar-row surface. One wall peg protrudes from the northeast side.A rock ledge extending the entire length of the southwest wallwas leveled in front with masonry to form a bench, 16 inches (0.40m.) wide by 25 inches (0,64 m.) high. Four sandstone slabs surfacethis bench, the face of which had been battered by stone hammersand subsequently plastered. The crack caused by settling away ofthe terrace on which rooms 20-23 were built had been filled through-
ART. 5 EXCAVATIOlSr AND EEPAIR OP BETATAKIN JUDD 21
out with rubbish. But in room 22 the southwest wall masonry con-tinued down into this crack, thus leaving, under the paved bench, arecess 10 inches (0.25 m.) wide by 16 inches (0.40 m.) deep.Incised designs appear on the plastered bench face and on all four
-walls. (Fig. 2.) An irregular rectangle about 5^/2 inches (0.13 m.)high by 7 inches (0.17 m.) wide, with crossed lines forming 100 smallsquares, is seen on the southeast wall; a similar figure shows faintlyon the northeast side near the east corner, and just to the left of itis a familiar pottery design. The best preserved of all these incised|ZJZ120Zj
"Bj"gj~graj~5L)ZlzI^J^J^
Figure 2.^Designs carved on the walls of room 22.1 INCH) (The bar representsfigures appear on the middle northwest wall, in the plaster coveringthe cliff face ; in addition, there are faint waved lines and miscella-neous scratchings. A series of six " turkey tracks," with other fig-ures, will be noted in the plaster above the southwest bench.To check settling of the southeast wall we anchored it to the cliffwith two steel rods fitted with turnbuckles. Minor wall repairs weremade.RooTTi 23 is a relatively small structure between rooms 22 and 42,south of and below passage 40. Its northwest wall is formed mostlyby the perpendicular face of a ledge; the other three are masonry.Of the northeast wall only three stones remain and these lie in the
22 PEOCEEDHnTGS of the national museum vol. 77
subfloor crack continuing through rooms 20-23; of the southeastwall, only a fragment in the south corner has survived. The floor isentirely artificial. Fires had burned against the southwest wall^near the south corner. Upon the floor at the base of the northwestwall lay 3 feet of old debris; above this, the looser earth and sandthrown out by earlier excavators.Although the roof is entirely missing, two beam rests show in thestonework above the cliff and holes for five cross poles appear in themasonry of the southwest wall, 5 feet 6 inches (1.7 m.) above thefloor.The Douglass ground plan inadvertently shows the northeast wallof room 23 a continuation of that in room 39. Its correct position,,evidenced by the masonry fragment in the subfloor crack, is indicatedon Plate 3.Court 2Jt. lies between rooms 16 and 25. A cliff ledge on the north-west side forms a bench 18 inches (0.45 m.) wide at the west by 3feet (0.91 m.) wide at the east; its middle surface rises nearly a footabove the remainder. At the east end, which stands about 3 feethigh, a depression had been filled with spalls and debris; over this,a series of nine stone steps led from the court floor to the roof ofroom 26. At the opposite end of the bench four pecked steps gaveaccess to the roof of room 16. Below this shelf is a second and nar-rower ledge from which the native rock floor slopes gently downwardtoward the south side of the court. Here a southeast wall supports a-debris fill, approximating the level of the sandstone surface at thenorthwest. In the west corner two shallow mortar-like basins, 11inches (0.27 m.) in diameter by 2 inches (0.05 m.) deep and 8 inches(0.20 m.) in diameter by 1 inch deep, had been pecked in the solidrock.The southeast side and the adjacent wattled wall required minorrepairs (pis. 11, A; 12, B) in 1917; three of the north steps were re-laid (pi. 27, B) and a notched cedar was substituted for those peckedat the west.Room 25, east of court 24, stands against the cliff immediatelybelow room 26. Half of its wattled southwest wall was still stand-ing; we reconstructed, but did not surface, the remaining portion.(PI. 11, B.) The lower 3 feet (0.91 m.) of the three masonry walls-had been surfaced; 10 superposed layers of plaster were counted inone place. Incised designs appear on all except the wattled wall.In the north corner, 2 feet 8 inches (0.81 m.) above the floor, is atriangular shelf measuring 7 inches (0.17 m.) on the northeast by6 inches (0.15 m.) on the northwest. The charred ends of twobeams, 8 inches in diameter, protrude on the northwest, 4 feet 5-inches (1.34 m.) above the floor; a lesser beam supported the top of
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 23the wattled wall. Seatings for 10 crosspoles appear on the north-east side.Three feet eight inches (1.11 m.) from the west corner a door, 18inches (0.45 m.) wide and 10 inches (0.25 m.) above the floor, opensthrough the wattled wall into court 24. Against its inner north jambstands a shattered masonry abutment, 9 inches (0.22 m.) thick. Thisjoined the wall to a now missing fire screen which stood in front ofthe door to shield a fireplace, 24 inches (0.61 m.) in diameter by 5inches (0.13 m.) deep, pecked into the rock floor. A subfloor cist 3feet (0.91 m.) deep, about 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m.) in diameter andlined with rough masonry, occupies the east corner of the dwelling.In the northwest wall, 19 inches (0.48 m.) from the west cornerand 13 inches (0.33 m.) above the floor, is a pecked recess measuring4 inches (0.10 m.) square by 4 inches deep. A second recess of equalsize and comparable depth lies in the northeast wall, 3 feet 6 inches(1.1 m.) from the north corner and 14 inches (0.35 m.) above thefloor. A peg protrudes at an angle from the north half of thewattled southwest wall. In the upper southeast wall, near the eastcorner, is a 7 by 9 inch (0.17 by 0.22 m.) opening whose externaldimensions are 5 by 6 inches (0.13 by 0.15 m.). A former ventilator,now blocked, about 11 inches (0.27 m.) wide by 14 inches (0.35 m.)high, is discernible at the floor level in the middle southeast wall.Room 26, built upon an upper terrace northwest of and overlook-ing room 25, was used for storage purposes. Its rock floor slopesunevenly downward toward the southeast. Although the roof ismissing, two pecked beam rests are noted in the northwest cliff ; tim-bers protrude slightly from room 25. In the south corner threejutting stones in the northwest wall and two in that adjoining servedas steps to a former hatchway.In 1917 we substituted other timbers for the two missing beamsand laid a hewn plank lengthwise of the room to facilitate accessbetween courts 24 and 34.On the cliff about 6 feet (1.82 m.) above the roof level of room26 are four pairs of holes?shallow, pecked depressions connected bydrilling. Two of these pairs are still occupied by small willowswhich protrude at right angles from the upper member. Like similarholes elsewhere on the walls of Betatakin cave, these were obviouslyprepared for suspension of maize, herbs, or equally light articles.They could hardly have been intended for loom cords since theyare unequally spaced and the smaller pairs would not have resistedthe tension required.Room S7, a dwelling between rooms 25 and 100, stands below andin front of court 34. The cliff, surmounted by 18 inches (0.45 m.)of stonework, forms its northwest side; the southeast wall is of
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77
wattle, mud covered. Only the lower half of the three masonry wallswas plastered. The charred ends of three northwest-southeast beamsare visible, and two of these lie side by side, near the west corner.At the southeast these three beams rested upon individual posts setjust within the wattled wall. Seatings for five cross poles werepecked in the upper northeast masonry, but the former ceiling un-doubtedly included 10 or 12 such timbers. The stonework upon thenorthwest, or cliff, wall was set back 5 inches (0.12 m.), thus forminga shelf the entire width of the room and about 4 inches (0.10 m.)below the beams. This shelf we repaired; at the same time thenorthwest and northeast walls were recapped.In the middle southeast wall is a broken door. Within it, 22inches (0.56 m.) from the wall, stands a slab fire screen measuring25 inches (0.64 m.) wide by 14 inches (0.35 m.) high; its west endis joined to the wattled wall by slabs embedded on edge and extend-ing 4 inches above the floor. At the northwest base of the screen is afireplace, 7 inches (0.17 m.) deep, and averaging 16 by 21 inches(0.40 by 0.53 m.).Court 28 lies between rooms 27 and 29, southeast of room 100.Like other courts, it served as an open living room in which diversedomestic activities were pursued. Its northeast wall, 5 feet 3 inches(1.6 m.) long, is of wattle (pi. 12, A) ; on the southeast a low retain-ing wall, extends westwardly to form a narrow passage frontingroom 27. In the middle northwest side a door opens into room 100
;
both jambs are grooved and loops are present for wooden fasteners.Minor repairs were made on the wattled wall and on that adjoiningat the southeast.Room 29-30. A 2-story dwelling northeast of court 28 and room100; southeast of and below room 31. Little remains of the upperchamber; the following notes pertain to the lower: For the mostpart, the floor is artificial, but along its northwest side the nativerock had been worked down to approximate the general level. In thewest corner a hole, 10 inches (0.25 m.) in diameter by 12 inches(0.30 m.) deep and now fire stained inside, had been pecked fromthe solid sandstone. Three shallow grooves where axes were sharp-ened appear in the northwest half of the room; here also are threepecked holes, averaging 2 inches in diameter by 2 inches deep,one of which contains a loom anchor stick. The wattled portion ofthe southwest wall was entirely plastered; of the others, only thelower half was so treated. No door being present, this lower roomnecessarily was entered through a hatchway.The southeast wall was built upon a horizontal log. At thenorthwest, lying on a low ledge of rock and supporting the upperwall masonry, is a similar log; above it, 4 feet (1.2 m.) from the
ART. 5 EXCAVATION" AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 25
sloping floor, is a second log (boxelder) and a foot higher, thecharred ends of two pairs of northwest-southeast beams. A fifthbeam, its ends only slightly embedded, rested close against the north-east wall. On this same side are recesses for, or the broken ends of,seven cross poles ; three pole ends appear in the north 4 feet 3 inches(1.3 m.) of the southwest wall, the remaining 5 feet (1.5 m.) of whichis of wattle. Extending along the base of this wattled section is amasonry bench 15 inches (0.38 m.) wide by 3 feet 4 inches (1.01 m.)long. An upright slab, 2 feet (0.60 m.) wide by 2 feet 8 inches(0.81 m.) high, adjoins the southeast corner of this bench as a screenfor an ovoid fireplace. The latter measures 18 by 17 inches by 7inches deep (0.45 by 0.43 by 0.17 m.) ; although pecked from solidrock, it is lined on the southeast and southwest by slabs. To furthershelter this fireplace, a second upright slab, 12 inches wide by 2 feethigh, extends eastwardly from the bench corner and the first screen.The bases of both these deflectors are supported by embedded slabfragments. In the west end of the south wall and at the floor levelis an air vent, 8 inches (0.20 m.) wide by 12 inches (0.30 m.) high.The southeast masonry continues 2 feet beyond the abutting wattledwall. In the west corner narrow shelves on the northwest and south-west sides were capped with slabs. Only one wall peg is evident, onthe southeast.The second-story northeast wall apparently was added after com-pletion of the lower room, for its basic stones are larger than theothers. Although still in excellent condition, this upper wall showsno seatings for ceiling beams or cross poles ; an unusual feature of itis the stepped construction at its south end, the " step " being 14 inches(0.35 m.) deep by about 30 inches (0.76 m.) long. (PI. 11, A.) Inthis same second-story wall are two small recesses, approximately 5inches (0.12 m.) wide by 4 inches (0.10 m.) high by 4 inches deep.One lies in the north corner ; the other, in the middle wall and about2 feet (0.60 m.) above the second-story floor level. The first of theserecesses was plainly left during construction, but the second ap-pears to have been made subsequently by removal of a few smallstones.Room 31, northwest of and above room 29, is another storeroom.Its floor is of native rock. A cliff terrace forms its northwest wall,but masonry was employed at each end to support the ceiling crosspoles; between these seatings are three holes, pecked for other poleends. A single northeast-southwest beam crossed the middle room.Through the southeast wall a 15 by 22 inch (0.38 by 0.56 m.) dooropens upon the roof of room 29. The slab sill and both jambs aregrooved; loops occur at either side.After patching and recapping the walls, we presumed to recon-struct the roof. (PI. 13, A.) Ceiling poles and willows were sal-
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77vaged from other sections of the village; new willows were broughtin from the banks of the creek near camp. Upon the poles a layer ofwillows was spread and tied with strips of yucca leaves; upon thewillows we placed a layer of cedar bark and covered it with dry sand.Although in roof construction they invariably used mud as a cover-ing for willows or reeds, the builders of Betatakin seem often tohave employed dry sand only in completing a roof in which cedarbark formed the next but final layer.Room S2, northwest of and above room 31, also was utilized forstorage. Unworked native rock, quite uneven and sloping sharplydowuAvard toward the south corner, sufficed as floor. In this slant-ing surface a single pecked step occurs. A shallow, pecked beamrest is noted on the cliff in the north corner; a few inches lower, butoutside the northeast wall, is a similar recess, 5 inches (0.12 m.) indiameter by 21^ inches (0.06 m.) deep. It is conceivable that thebuilder's plans were altered during construction.Through the middle east wall a 16 by 24 inch (0.40 by 0.61 m.)door opens upon an irregular bench. Although its lintel had dis-appeared both jambs are grooved: and the remains of willow loopsshow at either side.In repairing this room we placed two adjacent beams parallel withand next to the northwest, or cliff, wall ; a single beam was embeddedin the restored masonry near the southeast wall and three steps atthe east end were enlarged.RooTm 33^ on a ledge west of room 32, is yet another storeroom. Itsfloor is of native rock, higher in the middle than at either end. Onepeg protrudes from the upper southeast wall ; no doubt others wereformerly present.A door, 15 by 20 inches (0.38 by 0.50 m.), opens through themiddle southwest wall. Its south jamb is a stone slab on end; theother, an upright stick embedded in adobe. Outside, both are roundedoff with mud and grooved for a door slab; holes at either side wereonce occupied by willow loops. The lintel is a stone slab supported
? by six strips of wood; the sill consists of two slabs set at differentlevels. The uppermost of these, 11 inches (0.27 m.) wide by 13inches (0.33 m.) long, lies 6% inches (0.16 m.) above the lower; thelatter, 8 inches (0.20 m.) wide by 15 inches (0.38 m.) long, lies 7inches above the general floor level. Outside this door the cliffledge forms a flat space approximately 2 by 4 feet (0.60 hj 1.2 m.).We placed two salvaged beams lengthwise of the room, seatingtheir ends in the restored upper northeast and southwest walls.Court 3If. lies between rooms 26 and 31, in front of and below room33. The face of the narrow ledge on which rooms 32-33 stand formsits northwest side; at the west corner seven pecked steps lead upand over this ledge to the roof of room 26. In the north corner three
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND KEPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 27
similar steps and a fourth in the outer wall of room 31 gave accessto the roof of the latter. The court floor is mostly artificial and
'Continues at the same level with the roof of room 100.We substituted a notched cedar for the west steps and placed asimilar, though larger, ladder in the north corner.Room, 35, a dwelling, is situated between room 37 and court 45.TVe observed no evidence of the second story shown in Douglass'sground plan as reproduced by Fewkes (1911).The northwest side is sheer cliff, surmounted by rooms 29 and 30
;
the southeast and southwest walls are masonry; the northeast, ofwattle. While the latter was surfaced all over, only the lower halfof the other three was plastered. The north part of the floor isnative rock, worked down nearly 2 feet (0.60 m.) in the west cornerand along the southwest side. A slab-lined but screenless fireplace,18 by 20 inches (0.45 by 0.50 m.), occupies the middle floor. Threefeet two inches above the floor a 5 by 9 inch (0.12 by 0,22 m.)opening extends diagonally through the middle southeast wall. Inthe west corner, 11 inches (0.27 m.) above the floor, is an 8 by 4 inch(0.20 by 0.10 m.) shelf.A small beam lies against the northwest cliff ; two larger northeast-southwest beams cross the middle room. At the northeast thesethree timbers rested upon individual posts set just within the wattledwall. Although five cross poles (1 single, 2 pairs) appear in thesoutheast wall, at least four others were formerly present.In 1917 we repaired but did not replaster the wattled wall; wereconstructed the rounded adobe sill of its door and rebuilt the<;entral fireplace.Court B7. The northwest wall is sheer cliff, 8 feet (2.4 m.) high,surmounted by the retaining wall fronting court 28. No beam restsappear on this side. Two beam ends from room 35 protrude throughthe northeast wall, which apparently never extended more than5% feet (1.7 m.) above the court floor. Of the southeast side onlytraces now remain in the east corner. At the northwest is thecleaved end of a rock ledge on whose sloping surface stands thefragmentary northeast wall of room 39, ending abruptly with thesoutheast face of the ledge. Court 37 lies several feet below pas-sage 40, but connects with it by a single pecked step. Other similarsteps may long since have disappeared with disintegration of thesoft, friable sandstone.Bone awls were pointed on the northwest cliff face; stone axeswere sharpened on the sandstone floor. In the west corner foursteps were pecked in the gently sloping surface where steps seemquite unnecessary.We observed no suggestion of the second story indicated onDouglass's ground plan.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISrATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77Room 39 is a dwelling, between rooms 41 and 37. Its northwestwall is formed by the face of a cliff terrace, surmounted by room 25
;
a fragment of northeast masonry remains at the north. The south-east wall, of wattle construction, was plastered all over; successiveplaster layers show on the lower half of the northwest and southwestwalls. Wliile the north half of the floor is of native rock, the re-mainder consists of a debris fill surfaced with adobe. A protrudingrock mass on the southwest side had been worked down 5 inches tothe general floor level. Through the middle southeast wall a doorgave access to passage 40, which in turn connects with court 37.A narrow ledge lies at the base of the northwest, or cliff, side;on this ledge, in the north corner and abutting the northeast wall,stands a masonry column, 12 inches square, that probably oncereached to the ceiling. The lower half of this column is plastered;its southeast face is smoked. On the same rock ledge and abuttingthe southwest side of the column is a masonry shelf, 8 inches(0.20 m.) wide by 2 feet 3 inches (0.68 m.) long. An adobe-rimmedfireplace, the north side of which lies 3 feet 5 inches (1.04 m.) fromthe middle southeast wall, had been partially destroyed with cavingof the east quarter of the floor. Both firescreen and door-sill werelost at the same time.Pecked into the rock floor at an average distance of 17 inches(0.43 m.) from the cliff are four loom anchor holes averaging 2^2inches (0.06 m.) in diameter. The westernmost of these lies 2 feet8 inches (0.81 m.) from the southwest wall; the second, 16 inches(0.40) from the first; the third, 16 inches from the second and 16inches from the northwest wall; the fourth, unfinished, lies 8^inches (0.21 m.) from the third and 19 inches (0.48 m.) from thecliff. Another incomplete hole is noted on the north side, betweenthe third and fourth. Hole No. 1 contained a %-inch stick em-bedded 1 inch below the room floor ; hole No. 2 held two quarter-inchsticks, placed one upon the other, with the uppermost li/4 inches(0.031 m.) below the floor; hole No. 3 contained a single stick. Eachanchor rested in an undercut at one side of a vertical groove (fig. 3)
;
each had been introduced through the groove into the undercut,after which both groove and socket were packed with adobe mud.At some later time all five holes were filled with mud ; their presencewas disclosed by the difference in color between this adobe filling andthe sandstone. From the uniformly discolored floor here we inferthe loom anchors were in disuse long before abandonment of theroom.Room 40, a passageway about 21 feet (6.4 m.) long, furnishedaccess from court 37 to rooms 39 and 41 and the roof of room 22.At its west end the alley is 18 inches (0.45 m.) wide; between rooms
ART. 5 EXCAVATIOlSr AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIlSr JUDD 2939 and 41 it attains its maximum width of 35 inches (0.88 m.). Thesoutheast wall probably did not extend more than 3 feet (0.91 m.)above the floor level and may have been stepped down at the eastend. An earlier debris-covered floor lies 6 inches (0.15 m.) belowthat last utilized.The masonry separating rooms 39 and 41 ends flush with theirwattled southeast walls, instead of continuing, as shown on Douglass'splan.RooTYi Jfl, between rooms 17 and 39, opens into passage 40. As sofrequently happens in Betatakin, its northwest wall is formed by theface of a rock ledge, in this instance surmounted by the southeastwall of court 24. A fracture inthe cliff, 4 inches (0.10 m.) abovethe room floor, left a flat surface12 inches wide by 3 feet (0.91 m.)long.The northeast and southwestwalls of the room are of masonry
;
the southeast, of wattle. The roofhad been supported by at leasttwo large northwest-southeastbeams whose south ends restedon posts incorporated within thewattle construction. Charred endsof nine cross poles protrude fromthe southwest wall. The floor, /I1 ^5X,
,. ,'.^^^^^:SPJt;r^
FiGUEE 3. Cross section and plan ofloom anchor
almost wholly of solid rock, hadbeen pecked away more than 2feet in the west corner. Such anexcavation, made only with ham-merstones, furnishes ample proofof the patience and industry ofprehistoric Pueblo workmen.A doorway, with stone sill slab lying 3 inches above the floor andwholly outside the door, pierced the middle southeast wall. Directlyin front of and 15 inches (0.38 m.) within the door stands theremnant of a masonry fire screen, 30 inches (0.76 m.) wide by 7 inches(0.17 m.) thick; an upright stone slab connects its west end and thesoutheast wall. It is not improbable that this slab, like others pres-ent in houses with wattled south walls, was intended both as a second-ary screen for the fireplace and as a check for sand carried by thewinds which usually sweep through the cave from east to west.In 1917 we had ample opportunity to observe the force of these windsand the amount of sand they transported. The fire-pit, pecked from
30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOISTAL MUSEUM vol. 7Tthe solid rock floor, measures 2 feet 4 inches (0.71 m.) long by 1&inches (0.40 m.) by 5 inches (0.12 m.) deep.When we repaired the upper northwest wall no effort was madeto indicate positions for the principal ceiling timbers.Room J^. The long room numbered 42 on Douglass's plan is notnow traceable, although the ledge which marks its site, especially atthe west end next room 23, is wide enough and not too sloping to havesupported a room. Debris covering the floor of room 23 extendeddownward and across the sloping surface of this ledge. No portionof the southeast wall shown by Douglass is evident.Room Ji-S^ a dwelling, stands between rooms 48 and 49, above court45. Five medium-sized beams were covered directly with a thicklayer of Johnson grass to form its ceiling ; there were no cross poles.In the west corner native rock was worked out to a depth of 16 inches(0.40 m.) ; the remaining floor is a rubbish fill, surfaced with adobe.Part of the southeast wall had fallen, releasing some of the debris.Two feet four inches of the northeast wall consists of room 51 stone-work; the remainder, of wattle (now mostly destroyed), apparentlyreplaced a masonry wall 7 inches (0.17 m.) thicker. The southwestside, also of wattle, was built in after completion of the roof whichcovers both rooms 43 and 48. All four walls are heavily smokestained.A door through the middle of the northeast wattled wall has fourthin strips of split cedar to support its stone lintel ; as usual, a slabforms its sill. Another door, 16 by 20 inches (0.40 by 0.50 m.) , opensthrough the middle southwest side ; its sill is a slab on edge, 11 incheshigh. A fireplace, now broken but probably slab-lined, lies 15 inches(0.38 m.) inside the northeast door. We observed no trace of ascreen.In 1917 we propped a broken beam with a post, replaced two otherbeams, patched the roof edges with willows and cedar bark, repairedthe broken southeast wall, and filled the floor break above noted.Room li-Jf,^ above and northwest of room 51, is a storeroom. Onaccount of the sloping cliff at the northwest the floor area is re-duced to half that of the ceiling. Two large slabs of rock hadslipped down the cliff (pi. 13 B), breaking the northeast wall andpushing it outward 7 inches (0.17 m.) from its original position.The southwest side was built over a ledge which had been workeddown within the room. Smoke stains appear on all four walls;more prominently in the south corner. Two narrow, groovelikenotches were pecked in the cliff near the west corner, perhaps asbeam rests. Only two cross-pole fragments, one at each end of theroom, remained in place.A former northeast door had been blocked; its jutting lintel slaband the recessed masonry above, form a shelf 6 inches (0.15 m.)
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN" JUDD 31wide by 2 feet 8 inches (0.81 m.) long. A later door, 15 by 25 inches(0.38 by 0.64 m.), opened through the southeast wall onto the roofof room 51; two stones composed its sill. Although the outer jambsof this second door are slightly grooved, fasteners were not pro-vided.Restoring the southeast door in 1917, we seated a single lintel slab,without supporting sticks. To suggest the original beam level, apole was placed parallel with the cliff.Court li5 lies in the left front of "the village with room 35 ad-joining on the southwest; rooms 46 and 50, on the northeast. Thenorthwest side is sandstone cliff, sloping up from the floor to rooms29, 43, and 48. The southwest wall, of wattle, is divided by a doorwhose slab sill lies 4 inches above the court floor. At each side ofthis door stands a post, joined to the wall by 6 inches of masonry.In the upper middle of the southeast inclosing wall was an opening(reproduced in 1917) slightly larger than the usual " windows " orventilators.Most of the court floor is artificial; fires had burned in variousplaces. Several pecked steps lead up the sloping northwest side toa small flattish area in the corner formed by the outer walls ofrooms 29 and 48. Two loom anchor holes, pecked in the north cornerof the main court floor, each measure 3 inches (0.076 m.) in diameterby 21/^ inches (0.06 m.) deep; a third hole, unfinished, lies slightlyto the west. A narrow bench, 8 inches (0.20 m.) wide by 14 inches(0.35 m.) high, extends nearly the entire length of the northeastwall and serves as a sill for the door to room 46. This door meas-ures 18 inches (0.45 m.) wide by 25 inches (0.64 m.) high; staplesappear at each side.Where it abuts the nearly vertical cliff, the northeast wall wasbuilt into a dug groove about 3 inches deep. (PI. 14, B.) We re-paired the broken masonry here, repaired the wattled southwestwall, and did miscellaneous patching elsewhere.RooTTi Ji.6 stands east of court 45 and southeast of room 60. Itsnorthwest and southeast walls follow the irregular cliff ledges onwhich they were built. For example, the southeast wall extends4 feet 9 inches (1.4 m.) from the south corner to a northwest-south-east jog, 2 feet 3 inches (0.68 m.) long; thence, 3 feet 7 inches (1.1 m.)to the east corner. The northwest wall, standing on parts of twonarrow sloping ledges, has a similar offset 3 feet 10 inches (1.16 m.)from the west corner and 5 feet (1.5 m.) from the north corner.While the floor consists mostly of native rock, depressions along thesoutheast side were filled and surfaced with adobe.A door opens through the southwest wall into court 45 ; 24 inches(0.61 m.) below its sill a step, 6 inches (0.15 m.) wide by 17 inches(0.43 m.) long, was pecked into a protruding mass of native rock.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77The crude masonry of room 46 required much repair in 1917. Thewest end of its northwest wall was rebuilt to furnish support forthe south corner of room 50, but no attempt was made to show beamseatings.Room Jf7^ adjoining room 46 on the east, occupies a sloping rocksurface in the lower middle front of the cave. Only the southwestand part of the southeast walls remain. The pecked groove on whichthe northwest masonry rested continues to the probable north cornerwhere we restored a small section in 1917. The east half of thesoutheast wall, built on a lower ledge, necessarily includes masonrymuch higher than that in its west half. Within and against thiswall a very considerable fill of debris provided a floor the formerlevel of which is not now evident.Room 48 is a small chamber that originally formed part of room43, which it adjoins on the southwest. Its two roof beams supportnumerous small cedar sticks and a thick layer of Johnson grass.Owing to the sloping cliff on the northwest side, the floor area isreduced to less than half that of its ceiling. For example, the floormeasures 2 feet 8 inches (0.81 m.) by 16 inches (0.40 m.), while theceiling measures 2 feet 8 inches by 4 feet (0.81 by 1.2 m.). Thewattled northeast wall is not plastered as is its opposite face inroom 43. A triangular space between the cliff and the northeastdoor is occupied by a single large stone, forming a low shelf 5 by14 inches (0.13 by 0.35 m.). The inner walls are heavily smoked.The lower southeast masonry, having fallen, was replaced in 1917(pi. 14, A) and the floor brought up to its former level.Room, 49 stands on a ledge northeast of room 43, between rooms50 and 51. The northeast wall has wholly disappeared; the south-east, a fragment only of which remains, formerly concealed a large,rounded rock mass that lay just below the floor level of the eastquarter. Absence of seatings for ceiling timbers suggests that room49 might have served as a court, its floor at the roof level of room!50 or possibly separated from it by low stonework.Part of a slab-lined fireplace will be noted against the southeastwall near the south corner. Through the middle southwest wall adoor connects with room 43; a second door, whose grooved westjamb only remained, opened into room 51 through the west half ofthe northwest wall. We partially restored this latter wall and itsbroken door in 1917.Room 50 lies north of court 45, between rooms 46 and 49. Itsnortheast wall is wholly missing, while that on the northwest isrepresented merely by sections of masonry at the west corner andunder the bowlderlike rock noted below the oast corner of room 49.Of the southeast side, a fragment remains in the south corner; theadjacent southwest wall is complete and shows seven holes left by
ART. 5 EXCAVATION" AND KEPAIR OP BETATAKIN JUDD 33
cross poles. The lower half of this latter wall is plastered andsmoke stained. Native rock at the base of the northwest side hadbeen worked down to the general floor level ; elsewhere, the floor wasof abode mud over a debris fill. This rubbish covered three earliersteps, pecked in the sloping sandstone.In 1917 we rebuilt an alcove in the west corner ; reconstructedthe northwest wall and thus again concealed all except the protrud-ing east end of the rock mass under room 49. A beam was alsoreplaced on top the northwest wall.Room 51 may be found in front of and below rooms 44 and 56,northwest of room 49. North of the angle in its southwest wall,rude masonry holds back the debris forming a level for the unnum-bered court marked " Bench " on Douglass's ground plan. Fourshallow steps, pecked into the sloping rock floor of this west corner,suggest the rude masonry above them was added when room 51 wasconstructed in this space, originally used as a passageway.The lower west half of the northwest side is sandstone cliff, withroom 44 above and at the roof level; the remainder is the masonryfoundation of the wattled southeast wall of room 56. Stones looselypiled in debris marked the northeast wall. In the middle south-east wall a door connected with room 49; east of this opening themasonry had fallen.We supplied a new sill for the southeast door and partly recon-structed both the southeast and northeast walls. In the latter, weleft an irregular opening to provide ready access to the ladderplaced in the west corner. The north leg of this ladder stands ina shallow hole we pecked in the sloping cave floor.Room 52. The only traces of this structure were a few superposedstones of its southwest wall and several others under the north edgeof the bowlderlike mass upon which the southeast wall had rested.Room 57, at the northwest, may have opened onto the roof of thisbuilding, although we have no reason to say it did. Room 56 pro-trudes slightly into the west corner from which a low ledge, workeddown several inches, extends the entire length of the room. Twocup-shaped depressions had been pecked into the cliff floor as restsfor the northeast masonry.We reconstructed portions of the southeast and northeast wallsin 1917 and left an opening in the northeast side to facilitate accessto the rooms beyond. (PI. 15, B.)The series of pecked steps under the southwest wall of room 52is a continuation of the trail which passes up the slope westwardlyfrom room 55. These steps and the fact that all partitions hadabutted the major northeast-southwest walls seem to indicate thatrooms 51, 52, 53, etc., were later additions to the village, built upon92187?30 3
34 PROCEEDIJSTGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77the narrow ledge previously used as a passage between the eastand west house groups. It is certain that the ledge crossing thecave at this level was used as a trail for its course is marked bjpecked steps and otherwise. (Pis. 6, B; 15, B.) Water seeps outjust above the old path, providing lodgment for wind-driven sandand moisture for growing plants. From this area we removed athick mat of columbine and other vegetation. Also we cleared theold trail and deepened some of its more weathered steps.Room 53. In front of and below room 60-61, the pecked out cliffbetween room 52 and the projecting southeast wall of room 64-65marks the former floor level of room 53 and its northeast-southwestlength as 8 feet 7 inches (2.61 m.). A shallow groove, pecked inthe sloping sandstone, served as a rest for the southeast wall, in con-tinuation of that in room 52.During our repairs six steps were cut in the cave floor of room53 to facilitate access to the western portion of the ruin.Room 5Jf- Not indicated on Douglass's plan.Room, 55, obviously a ceremonial chamber, stands in the lowermiddle front of the cave. Like other Betatakin kivas, its specialfunction is evidenced by certain furnishings never present in secularstructures.Although the south wall is now missing its former position ismarked by a pecked rest on the cliff face below the floor level. Theeast and west walls stand more than 7 feet (2.13 m.) in height with-out trace of beam seatings ; unlike any other in the ruin, they meas-ure over 2 feet thick and include a core of sandstone spalls and adobe,faced on each side with masonry.On the north the sharply inclined terrace face was squared upin front with masonry to form a shelf 18 inches (0.45 m.) wide atthe east and 10 inches (0.25 m.) wide at the west, extending theentire length of the room, 3 feet 11 inches (1.19 m.) above the floor.In the middle face of this shelf, 22 inches (0.56 m.) above the floor,is a pecked hole, 7% inches (0.19 m.) in diameter by 3 inches (0.07m.) deep; above the shelf, where the room length is a few inches lessthan that below, masonry continued to the roof level. The wallswere plastered and smoke stained.Filling was necessary adjacent to the south wall, but elsewhere thefloor is the flat surface of the lowermost terrace. Jn this are fourloom anchor holes, averaging 3 inches (0.07 m.) in diameter by 2i/4inches (0.056 m.) deep. They were pecked in the sandstone about12 inches (0.30 m.) from each other and about 17 inches (0.43 m.)from the base of the north shelf; each hole lacks its former anchorstick. 'Built in the lower northwest corner is a triangular bench, 2 feet3 inches (0.68 m.) high by 2 feet 4 inches (0.71 m.) on the north and
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 353 feet 7 inches (1.09 m.) on the west. In the face of this bench, atthe floor level, is a recess measuring 6 inches (0.15 m.) wide by 18inches (0.45 m.) high by 11 inches (0.27 m.) deep; its implasteredinterior is but lightly smoked.At the beginning of our 1917 excavations debris sloped downwardfrom near the present top of the north wall, covering the floor andextending beyond its south margin. In this rubbish were quantitiesof cedar bark, sticks, and adobe flooring from dwellings higher inthe cave. We repaired the northwest corner bench and the brokenedge of the north shelf; recapped the walls and replaced some of themissing plaster. (PL 23, B.)Room 56 lies north of room 51, between rooms 44 and 57. Itsnortheast and southwest sides are of masonry, but its southeast wall,above a masonry base which supports a debris fill and the floor level,appears to have been of wattle construction. There is no trace ofmasonry abutting the outer east corner of room 44. Of the north-east wall only a small section remained; in this, next the cliff, wasthe charred end of a ceiling cross pole and, in the lower front por-tion, the north jamb of a door. An offset in this same wall forms atriangular shelf, 12 inches (0.30 m.) wide by 18 inches (0.45 m.)long, against the cliff and just below the ceiling level. The slab sillof the blocked door to room 44 protrudes 4 inches (0.10 m.), forminga shelf 2 feet (0.60 m.) above the floor.From the built-in floor the cave surface slopes sharply upward tothe rear cliff, which maj^ have served as the northwest wall of asecond-story room.In the debris-filled front part of the room were three mealing bins.For two of these the inclosing slabs were still in position when ourexcavations began ; those of the third bin had fallen. The two binsmeasured 28 inches (0.71 m.) long by 17 inches (0.43 m.) and 14inches (0.35 m.) wide, respectively. Although the original metateswere missing, their angle of inclination was evidenced by the adobepacking inside the bins.In repairing this chamber we set three posts just inside themasonry base of the southeast wall to suggest the wattling whichprobably once stood there. Also we partly rebuilt the adjoiningnortheast wall while retaining its original irregularities. But itshould be understood that the present dimensions of the restored doorare approximations only. We reset the slab sides of the threemealing bins and substituted for those formerly employed, metatessalvaged from other sections of the ruin. (PI. 18, B.)Room 67 lies between rooms 56 and 60 ; in front of and below room58; above and behind room 52. From the rather precipitous cavefloor a section 20 inches (0.51 m.) high by 12 inches (0.30 m.) deepand extending the entire width of the room had been battered away
36 PEOCEEDIlSrGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77with hammerstones. This excavation doubtless marks the formerfloor level, the front portion having been filled in with rubbish andsurfaced with adobe as in so many other rooms, similarly situated.Two charred beam ends protrude from the upper southwest wall,next the cliff. A long narrow groove, pecked in the sandstone,formerly supported the now missing southeast wall. This latter,as in the case of room 66, we assume to have been of wattle above amasonry base that rose only to the floor level. It should be admitted,however, that we have no real justification for the assumption.We deepened the southeast wall groove and, upon it, reconstrucedthe masonry foundation to approximately its original height; theadjacent sides were also represented by limited stonework built upondeep steps we cut to replace the shallow, pecked seatings provided bythe aboriginal masons. (PI. 17, B.)Room 68 is merely a platform fronting room 59. When ex-amined in 1917 its retaining (southeast) wall extended only onecourse above the landing ; there was no certain evidence of a formersouthwest wall, although several large stones had been piled inthere, below the floor level.Directly in front of the door to room 59 is a groove where astone ax was sharpened. On the slanting cliff west of the platformis a single pecked step which, with similar steps on the large rocksthat had slumped into room 44, suggests that room 59 was enteredfrom above the roof levels of rooms 44 and 56.We added a second course of stones on the southeast side and,perhaps erroneously, replaced the loose subfloor blocks at the south-west with masonry extending two layers above the platform level.Room 59, a probable storeroom, situated high in the middle por-tion of the cave, above and northwest of room 60-61. The founda-tion of its southeast wall was supported by a log resting upon theprecipitous cave floor with its ends embedded in the northeast andsouthwest walls of room 60-61. A post about 6 feet (1.82 m.) highand reaching from floor to arching cliff above was incorporated inthe masonry at the north corner. Rough stonework fills the spacebetween this post and the adjacent lower cliff, thus creating an anglein the northeast side as shown in Plate 3. Smoke stains are dis-cernible on the lower walls. Although the floor is mostly of solidsandstone, a shallow fill was made in front. Pecked in the rockfloor at the west end is a seemingly unnecessary step.The roof was supported by two parallel beams next the cliff anda third, now missing, toward the front. Through the middle south-west wall, with two large cedar sticks as lintel, is a 17 by 30-inch(0.43 by 0.76 m.) door. Its outer jambs are not grooved; hencethe space within may not have been utilized solely for storagepurposes.
AET. EXCAVATION AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 37During progress of our work the southeast wall collapsed, forreasons explained below. It was subsequently rebuilt; the spacebehind its supporting log was filled with spalls and covered byslabs extending out over the timber thus to provide a sturdierfoundation for our new stonework. A salvaged pole replaced themissing ceiling beam.Room 60-61 lies northeast of room 57, in front of and belowroom 69. The front wall continues from that in room 57 and, likeit, rested on a pecked groove several feet below the actual floorlevel. We observed nothing to indicate that this wall includedother than masonry. The two sides were erected above series ofshallow, pecked steps. Some notion of the degree of inclinationhere may be gained from the fact that the floor length of the lowerroom is less than half its ceiling length. It is possible, therefore,that the lower chamber was utilized primarily for storage whilethe upper provided living quarters.Part of the northeast wall and a small section of that adjoiningon the southeast were in position when our work began. But thesefragments, cracked by previous settling (pi. 16, A), collapsed ut-terly on April 18 after their adobe mortar had softened under theclinging snow of successive storms. Twelve days later, while wewere reconstructing these fallen walls upon more deeply cut steps(pis. 17 and 18), the upper northwest wall gave way owing to vibra-tions set up by the reverberating echoes of an unusually severethunderstorm. This wall, which serves as a foundation for room59, was also reconstructed and upon its original horizontal support-ing log. Our experiences here afford evidence of two distinct fac-tors contributing to the destruction of cave dwellings.A third factor might be noted in passing, namely, the abrasiveproperty of wind-blown sand. As blown sand contributed to thecreation of Betatakin cave, so has it played a part in destruction ofthose prehistoric dwellings subsequently built within that hugecavern. When the spring sandstorms were at their worst our workwas repeatedly interrupted. The wind that leveled camp on April9 and hung our spare clothes on far, high branches also drove usto seek shelter in the old rooms. Scouring sand cut pellets from thecave roof and showered them down with surprising velocity. Came,also, occasional larger stones. Storms of comparable temper per-sisted well into May. Blown sand has left its mark on both caveand house walls; masonry has been undercut and thrown down.Over a period of years the amount of destruction so caused mightprove not inconsiderable.Room 62. As shown on Douglass's ground plan, this room doesnot exist.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77Room 63 is a small storeroom adjoining room 59, above and north-west of room 64-65. The cliff at the rear rises vertically to thegallery wall. As with rooms 58 and 59 a masonry foundation onthe southeast side rose to the floor level ; of the northeast wall, onlya few stones remained in position. In 1917 we added several coursesto these two fragmentary walls.Northeast of room 63 the ledge upon which it stands bears sev-eral grooves where stone axes were whetted; farther along, thisledge narrows and disappears. But the line of cleavage continuesas a seepage zone from which, in 191T, rippled a fluffy green band ofcolumbine. A second similar band grew down slope, on a parallelseepage extending eastwardly from room 53. Over and below thislower seep, wind-blown earth and sand had gathered to a depth of3 feet (0.91 m.) ; in this grew several oaks and box eiders, from 3 to5 inches in diameter. The decaying trunks of others were disclosedduring removal of the accumulation.Room 6Jf-65. Of this structure only one wall was standing in 1917.(PI. 16 A.) The lower story, quite V-shaped, might have beenutilized for storage; with equal plausibility, it could have beenpacked with rubbish. Pecked grooves and steps as former wallrests and a difference in floor coloration marked the house site.Where once covered by masonry, the slanting sandstone remainedunsoiled ; elsewhere it was darkened by ash and debris of occupation.As in other structures similarly situated, the floor level of thelower room is now represented by a battered and partially excavatedcliff section from which an adobe-surfaced, rubbish fill formerly ex-tended to the front wall. This latter had been erected above apecked groove 2 feet 8 inches (0.81 m.) lower on the slope than thesoutheast wall of room 60-61, which adjoins on the west.Before construction of the dwelling several dissociated steps hadbeen pecked on this lower slope. These were never actually used aswall seatings, although they may have been intended as such. Thereis also the possibility that they served as foot rests during buildingoperations or as earlier trails across the precipitous cave floor.Upon specially prepared cuts we reconstructed so much of thefront and side walls as would indicate the original position and sizeof this room. (Pis. 17 and 18.)Room 66 is identified as a second-story dwelling in the lower,middle portion of the cave. We find here a certain discrepancy inthe Douglass ground plan. Therein, room 66 is shown as a 1-storyhouse separated from a 2-story structure (K. 68-69) by narrow room67. As a matter of fact, room 68 is barely traceable ; room 66 is theonly one of the three chambers having two doors in its west wall.One of these occurs in the first story ; the other, in the second. If
ART. 5 EXCAVATION" AND REPAIR, OP BETATAKIN JTJDD 39
one takes these two openings as the distinguishing feature of room66, its correct position relative to its neighbors will be that shownby our Plate 3.The upper story of this structure had burned during occupancyfor the charred beams and willows of its original roof still show inthe wall masonry 3 feet 10 inches (1.2 m.) above its floor. Subse-quently, a new ceiling was constructed approximately 6 inches (0.15m.) above the remains of the earlier. Only one door occurs andthat in the west wall, near the southwest corner; it measures 18inches (0.45 m.) wide by 31 inches (0.78 m.) high. Two feet insidethis door and 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m.) from the south wall is askb-lined fireplace, 13 by 24 inches (0.33 by 0.61 m.) by 9 inches(0.22 m.) deep ; it was protected by a wattled firescreen whose charredwillows are still visible. Between this screen and the door, 4 inches(0.10 m.) below the sill, is a platform measuring 20 inches (0.51 m.)wide by 8 inches (0.20 m.) high; on the south side of this, joiningscreen and west wall, one notes the frag-ment of an upright slabwhich once served as a secondar}^ deflector. In the middle southwall, 3 feet 5 inches (1.04 m.) above the floor, is a 6-inch squaresmoke vent.During our 1917 repairs we replaced one of the missing upperbeams and added split sticks and a stone lintel to the broken westdoor. The adobe floor was patched where needed; the walls, re-capped.Beneath room 66 is an unexcavated, debris-filled chamber whosefloor area, on account of the sloping cliff, is considerably less thanthat of the upper story. In the north half of the lower west wallis a partially blocked door. (PL 9 B.) While some of the closingstones may have been removed within recent years, the writer seemsto recall that this particular opening was in much the same condi-tion when Betatakin was discovered by Professor Cummings in1909. We presumed to close it completely in 1917.Room 67 is a narrow building, east of room 66, Only a decayedfragment of its south wall remained and this we replaced in 1917.The adjoining sides had entirely disappeared; no grooves werepresent to mark their former positions. The north wall, about5 feet (1.5 m.) long, was doubtless a continuation of that in room 66.Room 68. Of this structure no trace survived except the batteredcliff edge, east of room 67. Here the south wall had stood ; the eastand west sides doubtless continued from those in room 122, whichlies next on the north.Room. 70 formerly rested precariously on the cliff edge, east ofrooms 68 and 122. Pecked wall seatings give the approximate di-mensions recorded in the table on page 73. The stonework had en-
40 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77tirely disappeared with the exception of a small north section sup-porting the artificial platform adjoining room 122, at the foot ofthe steps leading to room 73 and beyond. Upon the seatings theyformerly covered we partially reconstructed this retaining v/all andthose adjacent.Room 71. Although no masonry remained at the time of our work,the former presence of this room, on the lower cliff terrace eastof room To, is well evidenced by the series of steps pecked for sup-port of its north wall. These steps may be noted on the upper edgeof a slight break in the sloping cave floor; they extend thence, east-wardly toward the cliff edge. Below the break mentioned the nativerock had been battered away to mark the floor level.Room 72. Not shown on Douglass's plan.RooTYix 73 is a small storeroom built midway of the old step seriesleading from room 122 to the upper east end of the cave. (Most ofthese steps were enlarged and deepened in 1917.) The east, west, andsouth walls are of masonry; the north side is an acclivity, about 2feet high, on which a number of horizontally pecked steps may repre-sent footings for former masonry. But these steps continue to thewest of room 73, along the crest of the same slanting ledge.Abutting the outer southwest corner of the storeroom a short re-taining wall supports a platform, partially made with debris, at aturn in the old trail. Fires had burned on this platform. A crackin the north, or cliff, side had been enlarged \y^ pecking and con-tinued, in snakelike fashion, downward toward the floor.Construction of room 73 caused annoyance to some of the villagers,since it formed an obstacle on their much-traveled trail between theeast and west house groups. Those most deeply irritated thereafterused another step series at the very top of the sloping sandstone;the others soon made a new path close on the north side of thegranary.In clearing room 73 we found numerous corn cobs and a smallcircular basket. (PL 42, 1.) Also, a stone ax was discovered in arecess created by removal of a stone from the lower south wall.Room 7J{.. The former presence of this room is evidenced by afragment of masonry at the northeast corner; by the battered cliffat the floor level and by pecked grooves on which the north andsouth walls were erected.Room 76 lies east of room 74, in the lower northeast portion ofthe cave. Most of its west wall still stands and the lower half ofthis bears traces of plaster. The north side, now missing, stood upona well-marked groove; the south wall, also missing, had beenbuilt on the verjr edge of the cliff. Of the east wall a small sectionfound in position rested upon several inches of loose householdrubbish.
ART. 5 EXCAVATION" AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 41The north half of the floor had been worked out of native rock,while the remainder was filled in and adobe surfaced. Pecked inthe standstone near the east wall is a shallow hole, 2 inches indiameter; just below it is a step that may have been cut before thehouse was built. A stone in the outer east wall bears an incised,swastika-like design. (Fig. 4.)In 1917 we partially restored the north and east walls. (PI.22, B.)Room 76 was built on the sharply inclined cave floor betweenrooms 75 and 77. A pecked groove marks the former position of itssouth wall ; its east and west sides, now represented by a few coursesof masonry, had been erected upon loose debris. We saved the westfragment by building in new foundations as the rubbish was re-moved; the north end of this same wall and the east side werepartially reconstructed.Room 77 is a small chamber between room 76 and the retainingwall in the upper northeast section of the cave. Its missing south
Figure 4.
?
Design incised on outer east wall of room 75wall formerly stood upon a narrow, pecked groove; a worked-outarea marked its floor level. The east and west walls, having dis-integrated beyond hope of repair, were partially restored in 1917,as was also the adjacent retaining wall. (PL 20, B.)Room 78, also in the upper east end of the cave, was designedfor storage purposes. (PL 19, A, B.) Sheer cliff forms its north-east wall; masonry, the others. Externally the stonework of thisroom is among the best in the ruin ; inside it is crude and irregular.The level floor is wholly of native rock. Four beams supportedthe roof; two of these, of aspen and still present, lie side by sidenext the cliff.Thirteen inches above the floor in the middle northwest wall isa 15 by 24-inch (0.38 by 0.61 m.) door, whose heavy stone lintel issupported by five strips of split cedar. The outer jams and lintelof this entrance are deeply grooved for the door slab so typicalof Betatakin storerooms. In the southeast wall, 22 inches (0.56 m.)above the floor, one notes a former opening that measured about16 by 20 inches (0.40 by 0.51 m.). Its irregular sides and the ab-sence both of lintel and sill slabs suggest that this prospective door
42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77was broken through after completion of the room and then closedagain before it was actually finished.Rude masonry, 2i/^ feet (0.76 m.) high, caps the southeast wall;through this a single beam end protrudes from room 79.Room 79^ a dwelling, stands southeast of and next to room 78.Its ceiling .of cross poles, willows, and Johnson grass rested upontwo northwest-southeast beams. But the roof had been crushed bylarge sandstone slabs, fallen from the vaulted cave. (PL 21, A.)The northeast wall is cliff; the southwest, of wattle?willows andJohnson grass bound to posts and surfaced inside and out withadobe. No plaster appears on the other three sides; all four areheavily smoked. The northeast half of the rock floor has beenpecked out to a depth of 12 or 14 inches (0.30-0.35 m.) ; a 3-inch fillcovers the remainder.A door opened through the middle southwest wall with its adobesill at the outside terrace level, 4 feet 3 inches (1.3 m.) from theretaining wall. Just inside this door is a platform, 4 inches high;at its southeast side a slab on edge, 10 inches (0.25 m.) high by 13inches (0.33 m.) wide, abutted the wattled wall and a now missingmasonry firescreen. Against the northeast base of this former screenone notes a slab-lined fireplace, 23 by 11 by 7 inches deep (0.58 by0.27 by 0.17 m.). On a narrow ledge in the east corner, 3 feet 6inches (1.06 m.) above the floor, lies a boat-shaped shelf measuring5 by 12 inches (0.127 by 0.305 m.), made of adobe and chinked withsmall sandstone chips. The stonework blocking the unfinishedopening into room 78 was laid flush with the northwest wall face.Room 80 will also be found at the upper east end of the cave, be-tween rooms 79 and 81. Its ceiling height may not be determined, forthe upper northwest and southeast walls were broken by great slabsfalling from the cave roof. The northeast wall is formed by thecliff; the now missing southwest wall, of wattle, stood 4 feet 6inches (1.4 m.) from the retaining wall. The adobe floor, spreadover a shallow fill, lies 3 inches below the outside terrace level. Inthe west corner of the room is one stone of the former slab-linedfireplace.Room 81, adjoining room 80 on the south, also was utilized as adwelling. Like its neighbor, its northeast wall consists of the sand-stone cliff ; its southwest wall, now missing, was of wattle. The rockfloor at the northeast had been slightly reduced by battering ; on theopposite side two grooves evidence the whetting of stone axes. Adoor undoubtedly opened through the wattled southwest wall.The retaining wall which forms a terrace fronting this and near-by dwellings stands 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m.) from the south cornerand 4 feet 3 inches (1.29 m.) from the west corner of room 81. On
AKT. 5 EXCAVATIOIsr AND EEPAIE OF BETATAKIN JUDD 43the cave floor just south of this room are two grooves where axeswere sharpened. Here the cliff drops sharply away, perhaps 25 feet(7.62 m.), to rooms 83-85; down this slope debris had been thrownfrom the upper dwellings.Room 82 stands on the cliff edge in the lower east part of thecave. (PL 21, B.) Its east wall is of wattle ; the others of masonry.All four walls were plastered their full height; all are heavilysmoked. The ceiling beams lay north and south.A door with the usual slab sill divided the wattled east wall.Against each inner jamb stands an upright slab, that at the northbeing 18 inches (0.45 m.) high by 18 inches wide; that at the south,7 inches (0.17 m.) high by 22 inches (0.56 m.) wide. These appearto have abutted a slab fire screen, now missing, A fireplace, 18 inches(0.45 m.) square by 8 inches (0.20 m.) deep, lies 2 feet 6 inches(0.76 m.) from the east side. In the middle south wall, 3 feet(0.91 m.) above the floor, is an 8 by 11 inch (0.20 by 0.27 m.) open-ing whose outer dimensions are reduced to 4 b}/^ 10 inches (0.10 by0.25 m.).Our 1917 efforts included repair of the wattled east wall andreplacement of the adjacent ceiling beam (pi. 22, B) ; miscellaneouspatching and resurfacing of the three masonry walls; restorationof the fireplace and partial reconstruction of the north wall as asupport for an extramural platform or walk, 2 feet (0.60 m.) wideand 3 feet (0.91 m.) above the room floor.Court 83 lies between rooms 82 and 84, on the cliff edge in thelower east end of the cave. Its south wall was relatively low ; oppo-site this the cliff slopes down to form part of the court floor, theremainder being filled with debris and surfaced with adobe a fev/inches above that of room 82. A fireplace, 19 by 23 inches (0.48 by0.58 m.) b}^ 8 inches (0.20 m.) deep, lies against the middle south-east wall. At each end of this wall a single step had been cut intothe masonry. In the north corner a series of four pecked steps leadsto the platform between room 82 and the cliff.We repaired the wattled west wall by tying horizontal willows tothose still standing between the posts ; no plaster was added.Roo']n 8Ii.^ a storeroom, adjoins court 83 on the southeast. All fourwalls are of masonry; that at the northeast stands on a narrowledge, 3 feet 6 inches (1.06 m.) from the cliff, the space betweenbeing filled with debris. Two ceiling beams support nine crosspoles with layers of willows and cedar bark. On the northeast sideis a 16 by 20 inch (0.40 by 0.51 m.) hatchway, once covered by adoor slab; in the masonry beneath this opening are three peckedsteps. No wall pegs are present. The most unusual feature of thisgranary is the fact that it is floored with sandstone slabs, set inadobe mud.
44 PEOGEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77We replaced the stone slabs that rimmed the ceiling hatchway.RooTn 86, another storage chamber, adjoins room 84 on the south-east and stands on the very edge of the cliff, at the base of the precip-itous slope below rooms 78-81. (Pis. 21, B; 25.) Two parallelceiling beams near the outer wall and a third next the cliff supportseven cross poles with superposed laj'-ers of willows and cedar bark.No wall pegs were noted. Like its neighbor on the northwest theroom was entered through a 16 by 20 inch hatchway. Beneath thisopening two steps were pecked in the cliff. The northeast half ofthe floor consists of native rock, sloping and uneven; the remainderis paved with slabs set in adobe.On the roof between rooms 84 and 85 and next the cliff is a slab-lined fireplace measuring 13 by 27 inches (0,33 by 0.68 m.) by 8inches deep; it is rimmed by slabs and surrounded b}'^ an adobepavement.We placed two posts in this chamber to support a broken cross poleand the northeast beam.Room 86, under the cliff at the lower southeast end of the cave, hasnot been excavated. It is represented by several wall fragments,mostly concealed by rocky debris.Room 87, also unexcavated, abuts the north corner of room 86. Itis filled with large rocks ; between these one notes the jamb of a northdoor. We observed no evidence of the curved west corner shown onDouglass's plan.Room 88 is a small storeroom, adjoining room 87 at the base of thesoutheast cliff. Its fragmentary walls disclose no trace of beams ; itsentrance was probably a ceiling hatchway. A rock ledge on the eastcliff about 3 feet (0.91 m.) above the floor forms a shelf 3 feet 6inches by 4 feet 6 inches (1.06 by 1.4 m.).On the cliff above one notes a 26-inch circle, painted in dull redexcept for the upper left quarter. Near this is an indistinct v/hitespiral 3 inches (0.07 m.) in diameter. At the outer southeast cornera rock contains five deep grooves where axes were sharpened.The space between rooms 88 and 89 has not been excavated. Thereare no visible indications of a west wall. Smoke stains on the cliffsuggest a probable open fireplace.Room 89 served as a dwelling. Vertical cliff forms its east wall
;
masonry, the others. Its floor is of native rock, pecked out to a depthof 6 inches (0.15 m.) in the southeast corner.Part of one jamb places a former door in the middle south wall.Just within the room, 5 inches (0.13 m.) below the door sill, stoneslabs form a step 2 inches (0.05 m.) high; close on the west is a slab-lined fireplace measuring 14 by 24 inches (0.35 by 0.61 m.) by 6 inches(0.15 m.) deep. In the west wall at the southwest corner a blocked
ART. EXCAVATION AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 45door, 12 inches above the floor, measured 19 by 22 inches (0.48 by0.56 m.) ; its protruding lintel slab formed a shelf 4 inches (0.10 m.)wide by 22 inches (0.56 m.) long. Below the sill and next the southwall is a ventilator, 8 inches (0.20 m.) square, apparently cut throughafter the door was blocked.On the cliff above the former roof level is a white painted figurewhich Cummings (1915, p. 277) identifies as a " Slayer god"; nearby, a typical Pueblo conception of a mountain sheep. (PL 29, A.)Room 90, occupying a narrow ledge north of room 89, was utilizedfor storage purposes. Of its walls only a few courses remain. Atthe north end two beam rests had been pecked in the cliff 3 feet 6inches (1.06 m.) above the ledge surface; no others were noted.On the same ledge, but north of room 90, three grooves were wornby patient sharpening of stone axes. Two shallow steps, withoutapparent purpose, are noted on the cliff' face.Room 91. Only a small fragment of the north wall remains. Theroom is still unexcavated ; undisturbed and much-weathered rocks lieat the southeast, close below the northwest corner of room 90.It seems doubtful that this room could have been so large asDouglass represents or that the retaining wall he shows could haveextended all the way to room 94.Room 92 lies below and slightly south of room 85, on a narrowledge which has settled outward 10 or 12 inches. The west wall,built on the terrace edge, has fallen ; sheer cliff forms the north andeast sides. A pecked beam rest may be noted in the north wall, 6feet (1.82 m.) above the floor; on the adjacent cliff one observesthe marks of rubbed implements and numerous daubs of variouslycolored mud, but no smoke stains. Near by, just above the southwall, is the white imprint of a small hand. The room floor is theunworked ledge surface. A door opened through the south wall atthe southwest corner.Room 93, a small dwelling, was built south of room 92 and onthe same ledge. The north and south walls are of masonry; thewest has disappeared. Smoke stains are discernible. The southhalf of the floor had been pecked down to a depth of 23 inches(0.58 m.) ; in the face of this cut, under the south wall masonry,are two vertical grooves about three-fourths of an inch wide. Marksleft by sharpening of stone tools show plainly in the rock floor.A north door gave access to room 92 ; near by a circular fireplace^19 inches (0.48 m.) in diameter, was pecked into the ledge surface.From the near door jamb a masonry wall extended to the east cliffyforming a triangular bin in the northeast corner; against the innerface of this wall is a thin, upright slab.Room 9.!f. No walls are now visible, but seven pecked beam rests-appear in the east side, below the ledge on which room 92 stands.
46 PROCEEDIlSrGS OF THE ISTATIOlSrAL MUSEUM vol. 77There are no similar seatings on this same bench face below room 93,which fact, together with the presence of large rocks, suggests thatimexcavated room 94 is smaller than Douglass has indicated.Room 95 is a dwelling on the same ledge with, and south of, room93. Its north and south walls are of masonry ; the west has vanished.Traces of smoke adhere to all standing walls. The ledge surface hadbeen pecked down to a depth of 22 inches (0.56 m.) at the northeastand 27 inches (0.68 m.) at the southeast, but the west side of thefloor was filled in. Near the west end of the south wall is the eastjamb of a former T-shaped door, the only one observed in Betatakin.Its upper portion, about 20 inches (0.51 m.) high, is set back 4inches (0.10 m.) from the lower, 13 inches high. A protrudingrock east of this door had been partially severed with stone saws.Just within the door is a platform, 23 inches (0.58 m.) wide by10 inches (0.25 m.) high; at its north side stands a masonry firescreen, 10 inches (0.25 m.) thick, 3 feet 5 inches (1.04 m.) long andnow 21 inches (0.53 m.) high. Pecked in the rock floor at the northbase of this screen is a fireplace measuring 13 by 18 inches (0.33 by0.45 m.) by 7 inches (0.17 m.) deep. Three feet 5 inches from thenorth wall and 37 inches (0.94 m.) from the cliff a pecked hole, 3inches (0.07 m.) in diameter by 214 inches (0.05 m.) deep, containsa single stick as a loom anchor.A large rock lies south of room 95 and beyond it is space for tworooms. The ledge surface here has been leveled by battering withhammerstones, but no beam rests appear in the cliff and only onemasonry wall fragment, at the southwest corner of the floor area, isevident. Daubs of colored mud had been thrown against the cliff;here, also, is a rudely painted white square with sides 2 inches wideand, high above, the rude representation, also in white, of a mountainsheep.Room 96. Visible wall fragments on the talus below the twoprobable chambers on the ledge south of room 95 suggest a formerirregular retaining wall extending to the outer southwest corner ofroom 94. This section remains unexcavated.Room 96 is the last indicated on the Douglass ground plan. In1917, however, while clearing Betatakin of debris preparatory toour work of repair, a number of additional structures or traces ofthem were disclosed in the cave proper. These we have numbered100 and following.Room 100, lying between rooms 27 and 29 and entered from court28, could have answered only for storage. Its north wall is the faceof a cliff terrace, with superimposed masonry; its floor is of nativerock, seamed and uneven. Three northwest-southeast beams sup-port eight aspen cross poles with layers of willows, Johnson grass.
ART. 5 EXCAVATIOJSr AND REPAIR OP BETATAKIN JUDD 47and sand. The roof lay in continuation with the floor level ofcourt 34.A section of the smoke-stained northwest wall of room 29 extendsthrough into room 100 ; the upper portion of this protruding masonry-had been raised somewhat to form an 8 by 20 inch (0.51 m.) shelf,22 inches (0.56 m.) above the floor. Below this shelf is the embeddedend of the lower log supporting the northwest side of room 29.Through the middle southeast wall a 15 by 23 inch (0.38 by 0.58 m.)door opens into court 28. Six small aspen branches support thestone lintel ; its sill slab lies about 12 inches above the floor.Room 101 will be found in the north middle portion of the cave,adjoining room 64-65. Only a portion of its northeast wall re-mained in 1917, and this was so disintegrated and so insecure wepartially replaced it with new masonry, built upon deepened steps.The southeast wall had rested on two rather shallow steps, slightlynorth of the southeast corner of room 64-65. Other pecked steps,varying in size and depth, are present on the abruptly sloping cavefloor in front of and below rooms 101 and 102. (PI. 16, B.) Whilesome of these doubtless served as wall rests, it is quite possible theothers merely furnished temporary footing for the builders.Because the space between it and the slanting cliff is so restricted,the southeast wall rose several feet to the floor level. This spacemay have been filled with debris or it may have served for storagepurposes. Above it, however, there must certainly have been aliving room, corresponding with that next on the west.An old step series leads northwesterly up the sloping cliff, acrossthe middle of room 101 and the upper end of room 64-65, to room 63.Room 102. Of this room, northeast of and adjoining room 101, nowalls remained in 1917. But their former positions were plainlyevident from the pecked steps and grooves commonly used as restsfor masonry. The southeast wall formed a continuation of that inroom 101. High on the upper slope great slabs of sandstone haveseparated from the ledge. Since these slabs are grooved by thegrinding of stone axes we endeavored to hold them in place byseveral steel drills, set on the lower side.It is improbable that other rooms formerly stood on the slop-ing cave floor northeast of room 101, but disintegration here hasremoved all trace of them, if any.Rooms 103-106. Four buildings northeast of rooms 49 and 50 andnorthwest of room 47 may be postulated. With but few interrup-tions a pecked groove continues from the west corner of room 55 tothe north corner of room 50 ; this undoubtedly once served as a wallrest. A similar groove, extending from the north corner of room 46to the east corner of room 52, is supposed to be that on which the
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOl-^AL MUSEUM TOL. Tt
northeast walls of room 49 and 50 once stood. Other wall! seatings;in this section are less certain.Room 107 stood next on the east of room 53, but our excavationsexposed only a single fragment of its northeast wall. This abutted.the southeast side of room 101 near the outer east corner of room64^65. Subsequently we restored this small section. (PI. 15, B.)The former position of the southeast wall has been lost with disinte-gration of the cave floor.RooTTis 108-109. A pecked groove and the apparently worked ap-pearance of the disintegrated sandstone below rooms 101 and 102 sug-gests the former presence of two rooms no wall of which remained in1917. Masses of adobe-covered grass flooring had slid down slopefrom rooms 64, 101, and 102, and were removed from this area during:our preparatory excavations.Rooms 110-113. Fragments of flooring in place above the northwall of room 55 indicated the former presence of dwellings, bat weobserved no pecked holes or grooves that would serve to mark theposition of masonry walls. There had been much seepage through-out this portion of the cave with resultant disintegration of the sand-stone; blown sand had lodged here and in it trees and shrubs hadtaken root. (PI. 6, A.)A narrow ledge between the steep, upper cave floor, and the prob-able north line of this room series marks the old trail which led past,rooms 117 and 122 to room 73 and the upper east end of the village.Room^ llJ^-115. The ledge face which formed the north wall ofroom 55, continuing to the eastward, underlay the south walls of tworooms whose respective floor levels are indicated by pecked-outareas. The floor of room 114 was approximately 2 feet (0.60 m.)below that of room 115. A portion of the east wall of room 115.remained in position ; the other walls were not traceable in 1917.Buried in the accumulated debris removed from this area was aninfant's skeleton, the only burial we found.Room 116. Disintegrated portions of the east and west sides werefound, resting on steps pecked in the sloping sandstone. Althoughthe south wall was missing, its former position was plainly markedby a groove along the cliff edge. Two other pecked grooves, appar-ently incomplete, extend northwestwardlj^ up the slope from thesoutheast corner of the room. Fully 3 feet of debris against theinside south wall was necessarj^ to complete the floor level, repre-sented by a worked-out section on the cliff face.Following excavation we partially reconstructed the fragmentaryeast and west walls.Room 117, north of room 121 and northwest of room 66 in themiddle north portion of the cave, was set aside for the grinding of
AJiT. 5 EXCAVATIOlSr AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN" JITDD 49
maize and other foodstuffs. When exposed by our excavations onijsections of the north and west walls remained, and both these werecovered by blown sand which had settled about the roots of trees.Pecked grooves identified both the east and south wall positions.Behind the north wall a debris fill marked the cross-cave trail here-tofore mentioned. In the middle floor were three broken, slab-line mealing bins from which the milling stones had been removed.In our work of repair we restored the lower walls of this room,rebuilt the grinding bins, and fitted them with metates recoveredfrom other portions of the ruin. (PI. 23, A.)Rooms 118-119. Built upon the lowermost terrace and adjoiningroom 55 on the east was a room approximately 15 feet (4.57 m.)long, subsequently divided by a wattled partition. The fairly level,unworked ledge surface formed a floor several feet above that inroom 55. The south and upper north walls had wholly disappeared.Incorporated in the north end of the east side is a projecting blockof masonry, 21 inches (0.53 m.) long by 10 inches (0.25 m.) wide,the purpose of which remains unknown. When inhabited, the tworooms were doubtless connected by a door through the dividing,wattled wall.Room IW is situated in the lower, middle front of the cave be-tween rooms 119 and 121. Portions of its north and west walls standat the northwest corner; below these fragments the sloping sand-stone has been slightly reduced. The room floor, however, was doubt-less lower than this pecked area, and must have rested on a fill sup-ported by the now missing south wall.Room, 121, a large dwelling, adjoins the west side of 2-story houseNo. 66. (PI. 9, B.) The west and part of the south walls weremissing; at the north, on the next higher terrace edge, masonrywhich we replaced in 1917 separated this structure from room 117.In the southeast corner is a subfloor, masonry-walled fireplacemeasuring 3 feet 4 inches (1.01 m.) north and south by 22 inches(0.56 m.). Its west side had slumped with collapse of the south-west quarter of the dwelling. West of this fireplace the room floorhad rested on a deep debris fill; sloping cliff, worked down in thenortheast corner, occupies the north half of the room. Betweenthe base of this terrace face and the fireplace and 16 inches (0.40 m.)from the east wall is a pothole pecked into the solid rock. It mea-sures 10% inches (0.26 m.) in diameter by 12 inches (0.31 m.) deep.In this hole we found the earthenware colander illustrated in Plate46, 1, a charred hairbrush (pi. 39, 1), and a short mano. A doorblocked with rude masonry formerly connected this dwelling withthe storage chamber below room 66.92187?30 4
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. T7It is not unreasonable to suppose that rooms 118-121 were origi-nally 2-story buildings.Room 12"2. Obviously a later addition, this structure was builtacross the old trail on the sloping cave floor north of room 68. Thenorth half of its floor area, of native rock, was worked down some-what; the remainder consists of adobe mud spread over a debrisfill. The masonry walls, which had entirely disappeared, werepartially restored in 1917. (PI. 24, A.)East of room 122 and abutting the north wall of room 70 an ar-tificial terrace forms a landing at the foot of the step series leadingpast room 73 to the upper east house group. Following constructionof room 122 its roof may have been crossed by aid of ladders or theold trail may have been abandoned in favor of the pecked steps onenotes higher up the slope.Room 123 is situated on the front edge of the slope, east of room71 and below the trail past room 73. Seatings for its missing wallsare not at once apparent, but the rock surface has been battered awaysomewhat and still shoAvs the stains of smoke and ashy deposits.The rather precipitous cave floor between rooms 123 and 76 wasmostly covered at the beginning of our work by large masses ofsandstone, fallen from the cave roof. On this slope is space for atleast six large rooms.Room 12Jt.^ in the upper east end of the cave, is evidenced by smokestains and wall adobe adhering to the north, or cliff, side. Owing inpart to seepage at this point the masonry has wholly disintegrated.The narrow ledge extending west from this room would seem tohave offered desirable house sites, yet no indication of masonry wasfound beneath the huge masses of sandstone we removed. (PL 20, A.)One might infer from this omission that at least part of the brokenrock had accumulated prior to or during occupancy of this uppereast terrace.Room 126. Portions of the east wall were present ; masonry whichdoubtless once rose to the ceiling level stood against the north, orcliff, side. The south wall appears to have been of wattle ; throughit a door must have opened upon the artificial terrace above room77. Next the cliff the rock surface had been worked down to auniform floor level.In front of room 125 is a narrow walk, supported by a retainingwall which meanders from this point to the cliff beyond room 81.(PL 19, B.)RooTTb 126 lies between rooms 125 and 127. The masonry of itseast and west walls abuts the cliff; the south wall is of wattle witha door in the middle. At the base of the cliff a masonry bench, 15inches (0.38 m.) wide by 17 inches (0.43 m.) high, extends the entirewidth of the room. The artificial floor lies 8 inches (0.20 m.) below
Aux. 5 EXCAVATIOlSr AND EEPAIK OF BETATAKIN" JUDD 51that of room 125; in its middle is a slab-lined fireplace. Three ofthe slabs bordering this pit extend 5 inches (0.13 m.) above thefloor level.Room 127. The east wall of this dwelling had been demolished by-falling blocks of sandstone and wholly disintegrated by seepage.But smoke stains on the cliff indicate a room larger than those im-mediately to the west. Portions of the west and wattled south wallswere present; against them lay broken flooring, 6 inches (0.15 m.)above the walk outside.Between rooms 127 and 78 is space for two dwellings, but the levelterrace surface here, although smoothed with adobe, discloses noevidence either of masonry or wattled walls. The outer jambs andlintel of the door into room 78 are deeply grooved for the door slabcharacteristic of storerooms. At one side of this opening two peckedsteps gave access to the roof.Room 128 stood on a low detached ledge west of room 74, A cut-out area marks its approximate floor level and indicates the probablewall positions.From above the northwest corner of this room pecked steps extendnorthward for several feet up the sloping cave floor, as seatings fora former wall.Room 129 was built on the cliff edge in the lower east end of thecave, south of room 75 and west of room 82. The cliff face had beenworked down in two terraces; the lower of these forms part of thefloor, while the upper extends nearly the entire width of the roomas a bench 9 inches (0.22 m.) high by 8 inches (0.20 m.) wide. Thecurved southeast wall, now reduced to 2 feet (0.60 m.) in height,follows the contour of the cliff. No beam holes are evident in thesmoke-stained walls.We repaired the north end of the curved wall, but did not attemptdesirable restorations.Room 130 is one of possibly six large rooms formerly situated onthe abrupt slope southeast of room 73 and north of rooms 74 and128. Pecked grooves and steps as probable wall seatings are notedat intervals, but it seems likely that whatever masonry once stoodhere was erected upon debris thrown down from dwellings above, aswas the case east of room 76.Rooms 131-135. Excavated areas approximating floor levels, withpecked grooves and steps as rests for masonry walls, indicate theformer presence of six or more rooms in that section east of room76 and north of room 82. At least some of these structures had beenerected upon loose debris. No walls were standing in 1917. At be-ginning of our operations this entire slope was buried under fallenmasonry; great blocks of standstone from the cave roof seemedlargely responsible for the destruction.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 77A series of steps leads up the cliff from the northeast corner ofroom 75 to the retaining wall opposite the northwest corner of room.78 and was undoubtedly used before houses were built in this quar-ter. Above rooms 83-85 the cliff appears too precipitous for dwell-ing sites.Lack of time precluded even partial restoration of the demolishedbuildings we have numbered 131-135, But we renewed the old stepseries from the northeast corner of room 75 down to the platformback of room 82, thus facilitating access to court 83 and its near-by-storerooms.Retaining wall. Rooms 78-81 and 124r-127 stand on a level ledge-at the upper east end of the cave. Erected upon a 2-inch groove,,pecked on the outer edge of this terrace just where the cave floordrops abruptly down to rooms 82-85, is what we have called " the-retaining wall." It is the counterpart of that which inclosed court,10 and continued southward to form the walk leading to room 3.The east retaining wall widened the natural terrace and thus;formed in front of the dwellings a walk that varies somewhat inwidth as it extends from room 81 northward to room 124. Oppositethe south corner of room 81 this terrace walk is 2 feet 6 inches.(0,76 m,) wide; at the south corner of room 80 it is 4 feet 3 inches(1.3 m.) wide; at the south corner of room 78, 4 feet (1.2 m,) ; atthe west corner of room 78, 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m.). Three slabsteps, totaling 15 inches (0.38 m.) in height, connect the upper ter-race level fronting rooms 79-81 with the lower level northwest ofroom 78.We repaired and recapped the retaining wall throughout itsgreater length; rebuilt a missing segment above rooms 132 and 134after widening and deepening its seating groove ; omitted restorationof the extreme ends. (Pis. 19 and 20.) As noted under the descrip-tion of individual rooms, certain minor repairs were also made onthe houses hereabout.Gallery xoall.?In the high, upper portion of the cave, on the veryedge of the cliff and about 25 feet (7.62 m.) above room 59, is along straight wall approximately 4 feet (1.2 m.) high. Viewed frombelow, this wall appears to stand alone, but there is a bare possibilitythat other walls lie buried in the loose shale which has accumulatedon the slope behind the wall. About 2 feet (0.60 m.) above the frontbase of the masonry 11 poles protrude to suggest a probable floorlevel behind the wall.x4.ccess to the gallery was formerly gained by means of the longpine pole still standing at the north end of court 10. Only one whohas shinned up this splintery pine and felt it tip threateningly out-ward from the sheer cliff can fully appreciate our lack of knowledge-concerning the upper gallery and the structures, if any, it shelters.
.AHT. 5 EXCAVATION" AISTD REPAIB OF BETATAPvIN"?JUDD 53BBTATAKIN ARTIFACTS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUMThe cultural plane attained by any primitive people is determina-ble in part by their habitations; to an even greater degree, by articlesdaily employed in and about those habitations. This truism holdsnot only for Indian tribes living in the United States a generationago but also for those that passed on before the origin of what wecommonly call the " history " of our country, beginning with thevoyages of Eric the Red and Columbus.It would be altogether unjust to the prehistoric builders of Beta-takin, therefore, were I to attempt portrayal of their arts and in-dustries from the few, miscellaneous artifacts recovered during thecourse of our work in 1917. These were ail casual finds, disclosedas we cleared away the vast accumulation of detritus and householdrubbish with which the ruin was blanketed. Alone, these chanceobjects tell an incomplete story. But they may add something tothat history of the village which is yet to be written; hence, it seemsdesirable briefl}'^ to list those minor Betatakin antiquities now pre-served in the national collections.^* National Museum cataloguenumbers accompany those specimens mentioned but not illustrated;the list on page 75 gives the numbers and dimensions of those shownby plate and text figure. OBJECTS OF STONEMetate (pi. 31, 1).?The only milling stone brought away waslast used for pulverizing yellow ocher; a rubbed area on its underside is smeared with red paint. Of fine-grained sandstone, the speci-men has a grinding surface transversely plane but longitudinallyconcave, being worn in the middle to a depth of five-eighths of aninch.To judge wholly from want of contrary statements in my fieldnotes, the characteristic Betatakin metate is relatively thin, rathercarefully shaped by pecking with hammerstones, and rarely, if ever,deeph^ troughed.Manos^ or mullers (pi. 31, 2-5) are the hand stones with whichmaize and other foodstuffs were ground on metates. Among the 30manos (312207-27) in our collection, certain dissimilarities of shapeand size are obvious. This variation is owing to the structure of thesandstone, volcanic breccia, and vesicular quartzite from which allare made and, perhaps in equal degree, to personal differences inmethod of use. Eight of the 30 appear to be reworked and reusedmano fragments; they vary in length from 4% to 63/4 inches (0.120
" Every specimen regarded as reasonably secure from the habitual curio collector wasleft at the ruin.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77to 0.171 m.). The remaining 22 average 414 inches (0.107 m.) inwidth by IO14 inches (0.260 m.) in length. Six of these are pro-vided with shallow finger grips on the longer sides, while three only,and four of the shorter ones, show wear on both sides. Four ofthe series, all long muUers, are slightly wedge-shaped in cross sec-tion; three, including a reworked fragment, exhibit a convexitydue to wear on a narrow, shallowly troughed milling stone. Onthe flat-faced metates of Betatakin, flat-faced manos naturally wereemployed.Rubbing stones^ supposedly for smoothing newly surfaced floors,walls, etc., bear a close relationship to the manos and might wellhave substituted for them upon occasion. Our three specimens ofthis type (pi. 32, 7-9) are all of sandstone, somewhat oval, carefullyshaped at the periphery, rubbed on both faces. Water-worn cobblesfrequently were carried long distances by Pueblo peoples living in aregion of sand and sandstone. From Betatakin we brought twosuch cobbles (312231), both of which show slight use as smoothers.One is of quartzite ; the other, diorite.Six small pebbles (312232), worn smooth by stream action, wereused to polish the thin clay slip with which earthen vessels weresurfaced. Such pebbles were the handy tools of Pueblo potters inmiddle and late prehistoric times.Two still smaller pebbles of white flint (312310) are flattened onone or more sides. Similar specimens have been found heretoforein a medicine man's outfit.Hammerstones.?Any hard, tough stone served as a hammer. Ofthe three in our series (312233), two are quartzite cobbles polishedby blown sand before human use; the third and largest (pi. 32, 6) isof chert.Mauls.?Our two mauls are each provided with an encirclinggroove for attachment of the customary withe handle. The larger,of heavy sandstone, is flattish and irregular, but evidences con-siderable work with the pecking hammer. (PL 32, -4.) In markedcontrast, the second is merely an elongate basalt cobble (312240),grooved about the middle and probably used but once or twice.A much smaller and more globular specimen (312241), of vesicu-lar quartzite,^^ while maullike in shape may have been intended as aweapon. There can be little doubt, however, that the one shown inPlate 32, 5, was designed as a club head, for it was carefully peckedthen smoothed with a sandstone rasp. Its pointed ends, slightlybattered on other rocks, illustrate the readiness with which almost
^^ A seemingly porous material containing variecolored stone pellets and described bythe late Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator, Department of Geology, U. S. NationalMuseum, as " a very interesting and peculiar type of quartzite."
AUT. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 55
flint points atThe smaller of
any Pueblo implement was pressed into service for which it wasnot primarily intended.Stone axes (pi. 32, 1-3).?The four recovered, all of diorite, arerelatively crude, like most axes from ruins throughout the San Juandrainage. The smallest of those illustrated has a secondary groovejust below the principal one.Celt.?The well-known celt or tcamahia of the SanJuan Basin is represented by a single, fragmentaryspecimen of reddish argillaceous chert (312243). Itshandle is mostly missing, but on the remaining por-tion a perceptible difference in coloration indicates theformer presence of a covering or wrapping. Theblade had been broken, rechipped, and the sharpedges slightly rubbed.Chipped implements.?Of the sixhand (312312), two are arrowheads,these, triangular in shape, is three-quarters of an inchlong; the other, notched and slightly barbed, meas-ures 1% inches. The other four specimens may beregarded as knives. Their bases are square or nearlyso, and to two of them some adhesive, probably pitch,still cleaves. The largest of the lot, its tip missing,measures 1 by 21^ inches (0.025 by 0.063 m.) ; its sidesand edges have been slightly smoothed byThe wooden knife handle illustrated by Figure 5 wascollected at Betatakin by Professor Cummings in 1909 and added tothe national collections through exchange with the University of Utah.A small frag-ment of ared jasper flake (312313)had been chipped alongeach side, for use in cuttingor scraping.Stone pellet.?A roundedstone ball (312309), five-eighths of an inch in diam-eter and blackened by fire, served an unknown purpose.Effigy.?No one may say what animal is represented by the littlestone effigy shown in Figure 6. Its front legs, mere knobs at best,have been broken and subsequently rounded.Turquoise.?The fragment of a small, semilunate bead, V-drilledon the flatter side, is the only piece of turquoise collected (312311).
rubbino- figure 5.?wooden^ ^^ to- KNIFE HANDLE
Figure 6.
?
Stone efitigy
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATION"AL MUSEUM VOL. 77Pendant.?The only undoubted ornament we recovered is a thindisk of red clay stone (312304), drilled at one edge for suspensionand in the middle for diversion.Lignite ornannent (fig. 7).?Through a ridge across the middleback, two V-drillings provided means of attachment. On one edgeare four vertical and parallel incised lines. The material is iignitizedwood, highly resinous. OBJECTS or WOODFor working wood, the inhabitants of Betatakin had only flakesand chipped knives of flint; they used sandstone for rasping andsmoothing.Board (pi. 33, 1).?The specimen illustrated is an oak board, care-fully finished but subsequently burned. Through one corner is anearly vertical, drilled hole; on the(f^ ^'^^. *4.^ same side and at approximately one-i^'''''i^'Sfi^!V^.M^'C^/*^hv third the total length is a similar hole,bored at an angle of 55?. The twofragments which compose this speci-men were found widely separated, thelarger on the surface; the smaller,buried in the sand above room 55.Hence the difference in coloration seenon the original.A small, charred fragment of alike board, of cottonwood, is alsodrilled through one corner; the flat-ter side is deeply scored by cuttingFigure 7.
?
Lignite button , ^?^??,^vtools (312346).Billets (pi. 33, 2-4) .?Three cottonwood billets, or lapboards, andfragments of two others (312343) are in the collection. Two of thefive still possess the original convex curve of the tree trunk, althoughslightly modified; all exhibit on their flat sides and rounded edges
'^,he marks of cutting and scraping implements or the pricks of somesharp-pointed tool. The longest of the three illustrated was madefrom a cottonwood root ; all the others are from sections of the stem.Digging sticks (pi. 34, 4-7).?Nine reused fragments of oak dig-ging implements are all we found. For fuller understanding ofthese essential tools of primitive agriculture, reference should bemade to Kidder and Guernsey (1919, p. 119) and other authorities.In addition there is the problematical specimen shown in Plate34, 1. Doubt hangs upon this latter from the fact that its pointedend is rounded and blunted, not flattened and sharpened as is always
EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 57the case with serviceable digging sticks. Conjecturemight identify this as the oak staff or cane of somevenerable villager.Staves,?What seems unquestionably a walking stickis that illustrated in Plate 34, 2. Except for smooth-ing a few knots and trimming the two ends, nospecialization is evident. The stick is cottonwood;its grip is worn and the lesser end rounded andabraded. Fragments of a like staff (312327) show ahole drilled transversely through the handle and, atthe opposite extreme, the asymmetric wear such asone frequently notes on canes used by elders.A third cottonwood staff (pi. 34, 3; fig. 8) differsfrom those just considered in that its lower end iscircled by 14 incised grooves. Some of these were
Mk
ccFigure 8.
?
CarvedEND OP COTTON- FIGURE 9. D B- FIGURE 10. ARROW FIGURE 11. SmALLWOOD STAFF TACHED BOW END FORBSHAFT WOODEN AWbS
58 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ISTATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 77made before, others after, an 11-inch splinter was cut away and itsplace gouged out. Except that the incisures circle its smaller end,this particular specimen might be likened to the so-called " cere-monial staves " occasionally found in Pueblo ruins.Bows and arrows.?In thecollection are three fragmentsof two self bows, each madeof red cedar (312331). Thefragments are burned andblunted from use about a fire-place, but they show carefulworkmanship and a grip thatmeasures 1^4 inches wide by
^f inch in thickness. Figure9 shows the severed end of athird bow.Four wooden foreshafts forreed arrows (312360) average8i/2 inches (0.215 m.) long;they are all shouldered andthe two unbroken have plain,sharpened points, as does thatfrom a shallow cave nearBetatakin. (Fig. 10.)Fire-making tools (pi. 35,5, 9).?Three drills, two ofthem broken, and fragmentsof two Cottonwood sticks withcharred sockets identifyingthem as hearths, constitute allthe fire-making apparatus wefound in Betatakin.Awls (pi. 36, 5-11).?Thecollection includes nine wood-en awls measuring from 6% tolOS/g inches (O.lTl-0.263 m.) inlength. Their butts are round-ed or flattened and square cut
;
none is spatulate. While twoor three appear to be of red cedar a harder, more durable wood waspreferred. Two smaller examples (fig. 11) are probably to be classedin this group.Toothed implements (pi. 37, 1-5.)?Our five examples are all ofred cedar. Two of them (2-3) have spatulate or knifelike butts;
a hFigure 12.
?
Spatulate implements . of wood
AKT. 5 EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 59
m
1, cut from a splinter, is less carefully finished. It will be noticedthat the number of teeth varies. The split and reworked edge of2 indicates at least a former fifth tine, while the two fragmentaryspecimens apparently had 10 or more teeth each, and these werecloser together, longer, and morerounded than in the others illus-trated.Knives.?Red cedar, of course,will not take an edge capable ofcutting hides or equally resistantsubstances. But the two spatulateobjects shown in Figure 12 haveknifelike edges, and these arestained with what may be blood.Kidder and Guernsey (1919, p.120) have called such instruments
" skinning knives " under the quitelogical assumption that they mighthave served in flaying animals.The unfinished specimen repre-sented by Figure 13 is includedhere only because its two endsare ground to near-cutting edges.Both sides are scored by the coarsesandstone rasp employed in thefinal shaping process.Paho (pi. 35, 1).?This cotton-wood cylinder bears such a closeresemblance to similar objects as-sociated with certain Hopi ritualsas seemingly to justify the desig-nation. Its upper end is twicegrooved, but displays no evidenceof wear owing to cord attach-ments. A slight depression atthis extremity is quite fortuitous,but in the base is a central, drilledconcavity five-sixteenths of aninch in diameter by three-sixteenthsinch deep.Flute ( ? ) .?Large wooden flutes were employed by prehistoricas by historic Pueblos. But all modern flutes examined by thewriter have been made in two parts, each gouged out in perfectagreement with the other and the two fitted together with exactness.The fragmentary specimen in hand (pi. 35, 3 ; fig. 14) must have been
Figure 13.
?
Spatu-late WOODEN IM-PLEMENT, UNFIN-ISHED
Figure 14.? Sec-tion OF WOODENFLUTE (?)
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 7Tproduced by like means, for its inner surface is finished with suchnicety; is polished and blackened so uniformly as to preclude useof any method of drilling known from the Southwest. Both edgesare split. There remains no evidenceof drilled holes
:
pings. Yet the no trace of wrap-fragment is almostcertainly part of a large flute. The 14external grooves were incised with flintflakes or knives.Scrapers (fig. 15, <2-&).?The usualnumber of pine and cedar splintersemployed in smoothing and scrapingoperations is in the collection.Mask attachment ( ? ) .?A stopper-like object of Cottonwood (fig. 16) isone of several specimens wdiose originalfunction may only be surmised. Two
' otton strings, projecting from a holedrilled through its lesser diameter, ap-pear to have crossed the larger in thegroove indicated.Painted stick.?A cylindrical pieceof wood, probably willow, y'*g-inch(0.011 m.) in diameter by 1% inches(0.044 m.) long, covered with thick,dark green paint (312299).Drill.?It is incredible that the crudedrill shown in Plate 36, 1 and FigureIT, 6 was the tool of a skilled artisan.Its rudely chipped, chert point is set inthe split end of a greasewood shaft andloosely bound with a shred of yucca leaf. A second drill, comparablein crudeness but less worn, is mounted in a reed shaft. (Fig. 17, a.)Spindle shafts and tohorls (pi. 36, 2-4;12-16).?Spindle shafts are invariably madeof some hardwood that takes and holds asmooth, even finish. Our longest (312363), afragment, measures 14-inch in diameter by233/s inches (0.006 by 0.59 m.). Such slen-der, pointed shafts as 2 seem altogether toofragile for spindles.Six whorls, mostly Cottonwood, vary indiameter from li/^ (0.038 m.) to 2 inches(0.050 m.) ; in thickness, from % (0.015 m.) to 1{\ inches (0.033 m.).The finest (13) is convex on one side; flat and centrally cupped onthe other. One fragmentary specimen (312287) is convex on
FiGUKE 15.
?
Wooden scrapers
Figure 16.
?
WoodenOB.TKCX
ABT. 5 EXCAVATION AND EEPAIE, OF BETATAKIN" JUDD 61both sides. Two (15-16) are of mountain-sheep horn, as is thesquared block, a doubtful whorl, shown in Plate 36, 17.Miscellaneous wooden objects.?We have the usualproportion of peeled and unpeeied sticks with cutends; fragments severed from finished implements;slender, smoothed twigs with one pointed end ; workedobjects of unknown use (pi. 35, 6-8) ; splinters andtwigs with sinew or cord wrappings (pis. 35, 2 ; 37.6-9)
.
a
i!
Figure 17.
?
Drills Figure 18.
?
Loom anchorThe oak stick pictured in Plate 35, 4 has been split to permitinsertion of a scrap of cotton cloth; a wrapping of some sort for-merly circled the stick and covered this fragment. The willow
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. Tt
rings shown in Plate 34, 8-9 may be regarded as hastily improvisedpotrests. A charred oak stem (312328) with four branches, the twounbroken having rounded tips, could have served as a vertical sup-port for hanging various articles.Figure 18 shows a not uncommon type of loom anchor?an oakbranch, knotted and tied with yucca, and buried so that the looplay just below the floor level. OBJECTS OF BONEAwls (pi. 38, 1-8).?Of the 11 awls in our col-lection, only one (1) is of bird bone, and that thetibiotarsus of a turkey. The longest (2), with itsspecialized point, and the two rounded specimens(7-8), are worthy of note; the others are meresplinters and cut sections of mammal bones, shapedby abrasion on sandstone. Figure 19 illustrates aneedle whose drilled eye is so small as to take but asingle yucca fiber.Flesliers.?The three typical examples in Plate38, 9-11, are all of deer bone, the larger two fromthe femur.Miscellaneous hones.?From almost every Puebloruin come diverse bones and fragments, manj'' ofwhich show at least some slight evidence of modi-fication by human agencies. Only two such piecesFiGUEE 19.?B0NE3 j. 1 Jt iU "O x x % ? x'NEEDLE were retained from the Betatakm excavations:(1) The humerus of a turkey from which bothcondyles were removed (312377), and (2) the cannon bone of a deer(312381), partially split by sawing on each side with flint tools.In addition, there is an unworked fragment of mountain-sheep horn(312382). A drilled block and two spindle whorls of horn werenoted in a preceding paragraph.OBJECTS OF VEGETAL ORIGINBrushes (pi. 39, 1-3).?The three specimens illustrated are com-posed of what appears to be cedar bark, completely charred (1),trimmed yucca leaves (2), and wire grass (3). Each is tied with ashred of yucca leaf. Brushes were employed in combing one'shair and in sweeping floors and, often enough, the two ends of asingle specimen served these two entirely unlike purposes.Cordage.?^As is well known, most cliff-dweller cord was made ofyucca fiber, that handy material so generously distributed throughoutthe greater part of the Southwest. The bundles figured in Plate
ART. E) EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 6339, 4, 5, are of an unidentified species of apocynum and yucca, re-spectively. A second hank of yucca cord is embedded in a bit ofadobe flooring, marked by the imprints of willow (312257). In ad-dition, we have the usual number of scraps of feather-wrapped yuccacord; a tasseled fragment, square braided, of eight 2-ply cottonstrands (3122Y2) ; several cord fragments made from human hair(312275) ; a bit consisting of two strands of hair twined with one ofyucca fiber (312274) ; and several knotted scraps of twisted buffalohair (312281).^? Bundles of human hair, tied with yucca shreds andperhaps intended for use in cord manufacture, or for weaving bagsand other fabrics, are also in the collection.Mats.?From the Betatakin cave debris came a small section ofcedar bark matting, bound with a simple over-and-under lacing ofyucca leaf shreds (312321) ; a similar fragment composed whollyof yucca leaves (312409) and several pieces of a larger mat, twillwoven of rushes (312395).Cloth (pi. 39, 6-9) .?Bits of cotton fabrics, often patched and re-patched, are present in nearly every cliff-dwelling rubbish heap.Most of these rags show a plain checkerboard weave, although theircomponent threads may vary in size and compactness. Our ragseries includes four specimens of twilled work (312259), two ofwhich appear to be fragments of headbands, and a cotton tasselwhose cord, seven-sixteenths inch in diameter, consists of a core ofcloth strips inclosed by a covering in which three parallel strandswere braided as one.Our only example of twined textile is woven of human hair. Asingle specimen of coiled work without foundation has what appearsto be buffalo hair twisted in with some species of apocynum fiber. ^'^Sandals.?Two types of weaving, twilled and wickerwork, are rep-resented in the 11 sandals or sandal fragments we collected at Beta-takin. Of the formei", there are but two examples, both made fromnarrow yucca leaves. (PL 40, 1, 3.) The larger is the finer andmore tightly woven; its component elements were plaited over-twounder-two until the edge was reached, when each strand wastightened, drawn forward under-four, and reintroduced from thelower side, thus creating a slightly thicker, rounded selvage. As theweaving progressed from toe to heel, leaf ends were brought out onthe sole, there to be clipped and later frayed through wear into aM Kidder and Guernsey (1919, p. 118) note the finding of a scrap of buffalo hide, withthe hair still on, in their ruin 7 and point out the possibility of its having been broughtin by Navajos. Biologists have not yet included the Kayenta district in the known,former range of the mountain buffalo."A similar scrap (303262) in the Betatakin series obtained through exchange with theUniversity of Utah includes both cotton and apocynum strings in which is twistedwhitish mammal hair, as yet unidentified, that may be either deer or mountain sheep,and also the brown hair of some undetermined animal.
64 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE jSTATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 77fibrous pad. (PL 40, 2.) To complete the weaving, each strandwas tied in a single knot under the heel.The smaller sandal, woven in the same technique, is a bit cruderand might well be the work of an adolescent. On the border, eachleaf was brought forward under-two and reintroduced. The toeends were mostly drawn out ontop, intertwined, and left to form aknotty pad. In finishing the heel,one strand was brought squarelyacross and the others looped aboutit, half above and half below, afterwhich their ends were clipped. Asa final touch, two strips, tied to-gether on the middle left edge,were laced back and forth acrossthe sandal, one to end at the toe;the other at the heel.Although our wickerwork sandals(pi. 41, 1-3) present an entirely dif-ferent appearance, one from theother, the method of their manufac-ture was much the same. All aremade of yucca. Coarse leaves werelooped and tied to form four warpstrands ; back and forth across these,over one and under the next, theweft element was woven. Thismight be narrow yucca leaves (2, 3)or a sort of bast of finely shreddedleaves (1). Apparently to bindthese weft strands together, stripsof the same material were some-times laced through longitudinallybetween the warps, as in 3. Theextreme to which such stitching cango is illustrated by Figure 20.One fragment in the lot is woven of yucca bast over four warpstrands of coarse yucca cord.^?Basketry.?In our 1917 Betatakin collection, basketry is representedby the two specimens figured in Plate 42 and by several fragments(312394) of similar vessels. The ring basket (1), a very common sortof receptacle among cliff dwellers of the Kayenta district, is wovenof trimmed yucca leaves in simple twilled pattern ; that is, each weft
Figure 20.
?
Wickerwork sandal withsecondary stitching
1* For an excellent analysis of wickerwork and twilled technique in sandal weaving,see Kidder-Guernsey, 1919, pp. 101-107.
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND EEPAIR OP BBTATAKIN JUDD 65
element alternately goes over-two. then under-two warp elements.Construction began at the center and the two primary strands, atright angles to each other, tend naturally to quarter the fabric. Con-tinuing outward from the middle along these two strands-, everyfourth weft element extends over-three thus to produce the concentricdiamond pattern faintly discernible in the illustration. At the rim,the component strands were gathered in pairs and clipped. Eachalternate pair was brought over from the outside and tied with itsneighbor just below the ring, by thin twined strips of yucca. In thisparticular specimen, the unpeeled willow forming the hoop had beenbroken and subsequently repaired with a similar withe, lashed onwith more shreds of that most useful plant, the yucca.As to our coiled specimen (pi. 42, 2) and fragments, little need besaid other than that each was woven in the manner described byKidder and Guernsey ^^ as " two rod and bundle." In this style, eachcoil consists of two tiny willow rods, placed side by side with abundle of fibrous material above and between them. Coiling pro-gressed as the sewing splints were drawn through the middle of thebundle and over the three elements (two rods and bundle) of the coilnext above.In the small series of Betatakin artifacts collected by ProfessorCummings and obtained by the United States National Museumthrough exchange with the University of Utah, are two frag-mentary yucca ring baskets of twilled weave. (PI. 43.) One (1)is woven over-three, under-three, with each sixth element on thequartering strands over-five; the other (2), over-two under-two, asdescribed above. The fragment of a larger ring basket, approxi-mately 15 inches (0.381 m.) in diameter (303269), and part of acoiled specimen, 61^ inches (0.165 m.) in diameter, woven on asingle-rod and welt foundation (303270), will also be found in thiscollection.Cradles.?During the course of our clearing operations we founda fragment of what might have been a cradle (312396). Uncer-tainty lies in the fact that the specimen, when in use, obviously wasbroader than known cradles from the Kayenta district; from thefurther fact that the reed backing follows the curve of the hoopwithout apparent interruption. This hoop is an unpeeled oakwithe; the reeds were added one at a time, each being bent aroundthe oak frame and lashed with a pair of twined yucca strands.Plates 44 and 45 show the front and back of a fragmentarycradle of superior construction, exhumed at Betatakin by Profes-sor Cummings in 1909. A peeled oak twig, partly split to aid in
"1919, p. 110.92187?30 5
66 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM vol.77bending it to the shape desired, forms the frame. To the underside of this, selected reeds were bound by a single yucca-leaf strandin running coiled stitch.^? Such lashing, and a cornhusk pad thatcovered it and the reed ends, was subsequently inclosed by twilledweaving (over-three, under-three) of unidentified basketry ma-terial. The original dimensions of this exceptional specimen wereapproximately 12 by 24 inches (0.304 by 0.609 m.).Two sets of reeds, at right angles to each other, compose the bodyof the cradle. First to be attached was the transverse series abovementioned, of which 72 elements now remain. Upon these, 26 longi-tudinal rods were bound in pleasing pattern with two-ply cords ofhuman hair. Close inspection of the illustrations will show therunning coiled stitch that binds the outermost stems of the upperset to each one in the lower. The lowermost and each twenty-fifthcross reed above (pi. 45) is fastened to individual rods of theopposite series by a wrapped stitch in which a single cord twinesabout the horizontal member as it crosses, successively, those placedlengthwise. This method of attachment resulted in a sequence ofthree rectangles each of which is bisected diagonally by coiledstitching.It is to be noted that only 2-ply human hair cord was utilized as asewing element in binding the two sets of reeds which compose thebody of the fragmentary cradle before us. But a shred of yucca leaf,looped over several lateral stems, served subsequently for minorrepair.Foodstuffs.?Maize has formed the staple food crop of Pueblopeoples since Basket Maker times. Innumerable cobs appeared inthe household rubbish with which Betatakin was terraced ; those fewwe salvaged (312266) average 6i/^ inches (0.165 m.) and are amongthe longest. We found also three small red beans {Phaseolus vul-garis?No. 312268) -^ and various squash stems, seeds, and frag-ments of rind {Cucurhita pepo?Nos. 312261, 3, 5). Pinyon nuts,the seeds of desert grasses, and edible roots, such as a species of wildpotato that grows abundantly in canyons of the Kayenta district,contributed, each in its proper season, to the products of cultivatedgardens. No useful list of the divers game animals killed for foodcan be compiled from the handful of worked bones retained.Figure 21 shows two severed fragments of a gourd vessel. It isunderstood that to-day, as in prehistoric times, young wild gourdsare still eaten by several Southwestern tribes.
-" The thread crosses the twig, goes down and encompasses two reeds beneath ; thenceback over the twig and down again to inclose one of the same two reeds and the nextbeyond ; thence bad? over the twig, and so on.^ This and the following identifications were made by Mr. D. N. Shoemaker, of theBureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
AUT. 5 EXCAVATION" AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN" JUDD 67POTTERYThe half dozen specimens we recovered afford no adequate concep-tion of the variety of earthenware vessels employed in Betatakin norof the skill that went into their making. From shards gathered ondebris heaps, something could be written of local technique; ofdifferent wares and their characteristic types of paste, surface treat-ment and decoration. But this has already been done by thosediligent, painstaking observers, Kidder and Guernsey.^^Let us briefly consider the few pieces in hand since they are theonly ones in the National Museum collections known to have comefrom Betatakin.-^ Our two whole vessels (pi. 46, 1, 3) are both poly-chrome. The flat-topped col-ander (1) was finished with ared slip, except for a narrow,cream-colored band around theshoulder; on this smooth redsurface black geometric deco-rations were painted and out-lined in white. Ornamenta-tion is confined to the bodyand to the slightly depressedrim. The flat bottom is per-forated by 41 holes, one-eighthinch in diameter, punchedthrough from the outside.This is the strainer previouslynoted as having been found inthe hole pecked in the stonefloor of room 121.To the gray paste of the small handled jar (3), a brown paint wasapplied from the rim to just below the maximum diameter; overthis, black designs were drawn and bordered with white. Thelarger jar (5) likewise was rubbed to a near-polish with waterwornpebbles then ornamented directly with broad, brown bands, outlinedwith a darker paint that may be regarded as an impure black. Thesame pigment was employed in tracing the coarse, parallel linesthat occupy the interspaces. Bits of wood, gourd rind, and frag-ments of broken pottery (fig. 22) were employed as scrapers in themanufacture of earthenware vessels.
Figure 21.- -FlUGMENT OF GOURD VESSEL^ CUTIN TWO
~ See Kidder-Guernsey, 1919, pp. 129-143 ; Kidder, 1924, pp. 68-74.
-' Accession 52301, transferred from the Bureau of American Ethnology, includes anumber of vessels perhaps erroneously credited to Betatakin by the collector. Dr. J. W.Fewkeg. Certainly they display none of the distinguishing features of Kayenta, or evenproto-Kayenta, v^ares. In the report on his preliminary visit, Fewkes implies (1911,p. 26) that fragments only were gathered at this site.
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 77Of the two bowls, both restored, the larger (6) was first coatedinside and out with a thin red slip, polished and then decoratedwith a coarsely hachured, convoluted design in black. Ornamenta-tion is limited to its inner surface. The smaller specimen (2) has anout-flaring rim and a single, horizontally placed loop-handle?twocharacteristic features of bowlsbelonging to the principal Kay-enta culture. But this particu-lar vessel bears no decorationwhatsoever. Its exterior wasroughly smoothed ; its inner sur-face Avas covered with a cream-colored slip and polished. Varia-tion in Betatakin bowl rims isshown by Figure 23, drawn fromfragments inour Shard collection.In thissame series are segmentsof four shallow, platelike vesselswith perforated edges (fig. 24) , atype limited in distribution, s faras I am aware, to the Kayentadistrict, and to Jadito Valley, southeast of the modern Hopi villages.Fewkes ^^ illustrates a restored specimen, 5l^ inches (0.133 m.) indiameter, from the Marsh , Pass region ; Kidder and Guernsey ^^observed fragments of similar dishes on ruins in the same localityand were so fortunate as to recover half of a 13-inch (0.330 m.)plate, threaded with strips of yucca, at Sunflower House, on the
F'iGURB 22.
?
Shakd pottery scraper
n
Figure 23.
?
Rim types of Betatakin bowls
iIm
south margin of Skeleton Mesa some 2 miles below the mouth ofSegi Canyon. Both their pronounced shallowness and their mar-ginal perforations attract attention to these unusual vessels. Whatpurpose they originally served remains undetermined. Hough ap-pears to be the only one who has ventured an opinion. After notingthe occurrence of fragments in large numbers at Kawaiokuh and1911, pi. 15, b. 25 1919, p. 143.
EXCAVATION AND REPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 69their relative infrequence at Kokopnyama, protohistoric Hopi vil-lages in Jadito Valley, he conjectures the use of such plates as
" revolving rests for ware during the process of manufacture." ^^
Figure 24.
?
Rim fragments of pottery platesIn other words, a rotative disk that could be turned as the formativevessel it supported took shape?nearest aboriginal approach in theNew World to the potter'swheel.Like the two jars previ-ously mentioned, the brokenladle shown in Plate 46, 4received no surface slip.It bears no trace of orna-mentation either within thebowl or on its flat, solid han-dle. In prehistoric times,as to-day, Pueblo pottershabitually modeled a ladlehandle separately and fre-quently attached it by in-serting one end through ahole punched in the still plastic clay of the bowl, the union thenbeing smoothed ovef and completely obliterated. This union, in thecase of tubular handles, was occasionally strengthened by a cylin-drical clay plug, molded separately and introduced from the bowlafter the handle was joined to its exterior. (Fig. 25.)
=" See Walter Hough : Archseological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona. The Museum-Gates Expedition of 1901. U. S. National Museum, 1901, An. Kept., pp. 337 and 343.Washington, 1903.
Figure 25.
?
Ladle fragment
70 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 77Miniature vessels (fig. 26).?These two tiny specimens are per-haps to be regarded as toys for small girls. The larger was crudelymodeled and sundried; the smaller, on the other hand, is quiteregular in shape and fired. On its inner surface are striations left
Figure 26.
?
Miniatdkb vesselsby the scraping tool. Part of a third miniature vessel (312254) isalso present.Efjigy fragment.?Kidder and Guernsey ^'^ found two small effigieson the surface at Ruin A, Marsh Pass. Our Betatakin fragment(312306) is the head froma very similar, thoughless realistic, specimen.The face is flat?a bitof gray clay pressed be-tween thumb and indexfinger. The nose is notindicated ; eyes andmouth are representedmerely by pricks madewith a bone awl or likeinstrument. From thishead the neck and rec-tangular body, if any,have been broken. Itshould be noted that thef*specimen is unfired.C'^peZZe^ (312314).?A flattish ball of mold-ed red clay, 1% inches( 0.034 m.) in diameterby % inch (0.022 m.)1thick, is in the collection, jWith like balls, no doubt,'village boys improved their marksmanship, for daubs of variate claystill adhere to the higher walls of Betatakin cave, clustered aboutcasual targets.Figure 27.
?
Leather bag fragment
"1919, p. 143.
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND EEPAIR OF BETATAKIN JUDD 71LEATHER OBJECTSAnimals slain on the chase furnished flesh for hungry aborigines,bones from which their needed tools could be fashioned, hides suit-able for clothing and other purposes. Implements of bone fromBetatakin have already been listed; we are now briefly to considerthe only two scraps of leather in our 1917 collection.Figure 27 is part of a bag, made bysewing together with sinew two round-bottomed pieces of tanned hide. Intheir present condition these resist ab-solute identification. They closely re-semble buckskin and yet are too thin.Perhaps mountain sheep hide was uti-lized. Whether or no, the bag whenin use was approximately 2^ inches(0.063 m.) in diameter. Rodents havegnawed away the upper portion.Figure 28 represents a trimmed bitof buckskin so well tanned that even to-day it is as soft and pliable as a piece ofchamois. It was perforated at each endfor sewing; a fragment of cotton cordoccupies a hole on one margin. Tracesof white paint adhere to both sides.In these concluding paragraphs thereader is again reminded that thisabridged description is not intended toconvey more than a. summary of thework of excavation and repair under-taken in the early spring of 1917.Other students of southwestern arche-ology have found need for certainarchitectural notes at our command andhave urged their publicaiton. But it is to be emphasized that ourobservations pertain only to the shell of Betatakin ; not to the kernelwithin. Even though the privilege were properly ours we lack theessential data from which to write the story of this fascinating ruin.The place of Betatakin in Pueblo history is well known. It wasone of the last occupied cliff dwellings ; its former inhabitants movedsouthwardly in late prehistoric times to unite with other clans, andthese, in turn, migrated under pressure of nomadic tribes shortlybefore advent of the Spaniards in 1540. But Fewkes has drawn tooshort a trail from Betatakin to the modern Hopi villages; has ac-cepted too literally, I am sure, the traditions of his Hopi friends.Future exploration and painstaking attention to details shouldshortly identify those sites at which the Betatakin folk successivelylingered after they abandoned Segi Canyon.
Figure 28.
?
Painted buckskin
APPENDIX ITABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS
Room North or northeast East or south-east South or South-west West or north-west Floor to beamsFeet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters
1 546
31111
1.601.492.10
659 18
1.821.542.94
155456445
756SW9T.4B.Oe.17
0.481.651.671.441.621.821.211.241.70
75106998
2564639
2.181.653.201.932.892.822.66
444
1183
1.492 1.423 1.294 .5 435 4911 1.321.141.80 778 46Oe. 2.232.282.43 544 346 1.606 1.327.- 1.3789 - 7 Oe. 2.13 4 Oe. 1.2110 Ct. 884Ct. 97911979Ct. 87654Ct. 149418Ct. 58
Oe.711495Oe.9T.9B.5110746e.7310 T.8B.131
2.432.611.492.842.362.873.352.972.362.872.462.382.001.621.374.442.821.470.502,461.602.46
11 114168654
1
5Oe.8
3.371.214.872.561.821.721.21
84109910988
366e.1698T.3B.5
2.511.373.202.762.893.272.942.512.56
11399654
11258106
3.351.162.792.872.031.771.37
44 52 1.3412 1.271314 4654
7119
1.3915 1.8516 1.5417 - 1.4418 101681695888
479103578
3.155.052.665.132.821.652.612.642.43
10 6 3.20 4 8 1.421920 6676119418
97326e.55T.3B.3
2.052.002.211.883.502.871.343.812.51
916106987
2812
'I
2.795.083.071.882.742.692.28
645 4117 1.93212223 1.491.7024 __25 44 57 1.3426 -. 1.3927 8 1 2.46 868 5Oe.1 2.561.822.46 4 2 e 1.272829 7 11 2.41 9 3 2.82 4 11 1.493031 554Ct - - 412 1.621.541.27 886151011921U
8Oe.332e.Oe.
2.432.432.034.573.123.422.796.403.35
4435109616
11102Oe.113611
1.491.470.961.523.043.021.900.452.10
8871681298
42
15T.2B.8
2.542.432.184.872.463.782.792.64
4 3 1.293233 3 4 1.013435 10Ct. 117
75Oe.
3.223.482.13
4 6 1.37373940 . -41 6 11 2.10 12 3.65 6 1.824243 773 27 T.2B. 2.182.31.96 66 68 1.982.03 651 53T.5B. 1.951.600.43 59 810 1.722.99 4 4 1.3244 :::::::2s With such irregularities of masonry as occur in Betatakin and with such a pronouncedslope as that on which the village was constructed it follows that these room measure-ments are more or less arbitrary. No two observers will get identical results unless, bychance, their I'espective tapes are stretched between the same Identical building stones.In the present instance the measurements given were taken as near the floor as possible,with these exceptions : " T " denotes one made at the top of the wall ; " B," one made atits base ; " e " identifies an estimated dimension. Ceiling heights were taken between thefloor and the principal beams, usually 4 to 6 inches in diameter ; not to the lesser polessupported by those beams.The writer confesses with sincere regret that some of his room measurements wererendered illegible when the notebook recording them was thoroughly soaked during thesnowstorm of May 31?a loss discovered too late for correction.72
ART. 5 EXCAVATION AND KEPAIR OP BETATAKIN" JUDD 73Tahle of room dimensions?Continued
Room North or northeast East or south-east South or South-west West or north-west Floor to beamsFeet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters
45 Ct. 16 109 5.132.74 13 28 4 4.012.54 10 Oe.10 38 Oe. 3.043.122.43 12 310 8 3.733.25
, ?4647 . .48 4 OT.1 4B. 1.21.40 2 8 .8149 14 Oe.10 Oe.7 108 11 4.233.042.382.71 4 96 94 114 7 1.442.051.491.39 15 Oe.12 Oe.8 37 78 78 4?.5 3T.4 5 B.6 5
4.573.652.512.312.612.541.601.341.95
6051 5 4 1.625253 5 Oe.12 810 10 T.5 11 B.9 10 T.5 3B.44 1010 3T.4 IIB.
1.523.863.301.802.991.601.211.473.121.49
55 7 6e.5 8 2.281.72 8 Oe. 2.4356 8 6T.4 OB.7 2T.3 5B.2 113 10
2.591.212.181.04
.881.99
57. 7 2 2.1858 4 67 67 5 1.372.282.26 4 88 27 6 1.422.482.2859 4 3 1.2960 . . 4 9B. 1.446163 4 Oe. 1.21 4 46 9e. 1.322.05 3 6?.6 OB. 1.061.82 6 4T.4 10 B. 1.931.47646566 8 Oe.5 Oe.8 6e.7 10 e. 2.431.522.592.38 7 Oe.7 Oe.6 Oe.8 4e. 2.132.131.822.54 3 10 1.996768 7 Oe. 2.137071-73 4 5 1.34 5 2 1.57 5 1.52 3 7 1.097475 10 Oe.8 Oe.8 Oe.7 107 667 78 Oe.Ct. 12 e.6 Oe.7 Oe.
3.042.432.432.382.281.822.312.433.651.822.13
8 Oe. 2.437677 3 Oe.6 475 1058 Oe.6 Oe.6 Oe.5 Oe.
.911.932.131.771.522.431.821.821.52
78 . . 6 117 36 86 38 6e.6 Oe.5 Oe.7 Oe.
2.102.212.031.902.591.821.522.13
6 866 85 107 6e.10 Oe.5 Oe.7 Oe.
2.031.822.031.772.283.041.522.13
3 84 9 1.1179- 1.448081828384- 4 Oe.4 Oe. 1.2185 1.218687 7 6e.5 Oe.5 Oe.2 Oe.4 Oe.3 Oe.5 6e.
2.281.521.52
.601.21
.911.67
5 6e. 1.6788 6 6e.6 Oe.9 6e.9 Oe.
1.981.822.892.7489 6 6e.5 Oe.5 Oe.5 Oe.6 Oe.
1.981.521.521.521.82
?09192 5 6e.7 Oe. 1.672.13 6 Oe. 1.82939495- 8 Oe. 2.43 9 6e. 2.89 9 Oe. 2.7496100 4 8T.2 10 B. 1.42.86 6 1 1.85 4 5 1.34 5 10 1.77 3 .91101 56 Oe. 1.521.82102103104105106107 1 8 Oe. 2.43108109110--Ill112113114115116 7 411 577 5
2.233.482.132.26
117 6 3 1.90 11 2 3.40 7 48 OT.5 5B. 2.232.431.65118? 8 OT.6 3B. 2.431.90 7 7 2.31119 .
74 PROCEEDINGS OP THE tSTATIONAL MUSEUMTable of room dimensions?Continued VOL. 77
Room North or northeast East or south-east South or south-west West or north-west Floor to beamsFeet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters Feet Me-ters
120.. _ r It7 911 Oe.8 7 2.363.352.61
, n , ? 8 Oe. 2.43 , ?121.. 8 Be.8 5 2.592.56122... 8 5 2.56 9 6 2.89123124125 6 58 3 1.952.51 7 108 3T.6 2B. 2.382.511.88126... 7 3 2.21127 7 Oe. 2.13128129 7 Oe. 2.13 7 Oe. 2.13130131132133134135 .
APPENDIX IICATALOGUE NUMBERS AND DIMENSIONS OF OBJECTS ILLUSTRATED-
NationalMuseumNo. Length Width Thickness DiameterIllustration Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters
PI. 31, 1 312206312216312227312227312208312238312235312237312239312242312233312229312230312228303257312317312305312345312341312342312340312325312326312324312323312323312323312323312405312405312324312303312413312372312372312383312332312347312339312333312351312352312330312334312349312364312361312362312370312370312370312370312370312370312370312283312286312284312288312290312289
17115%51141,1en5H31.443Hm6H2H
43.127.914.612.727.910.715.810.713.38.210.19.513.312.015.85.7
124?43i.i4H52H31423/4413/42%342?4m1
30.412.08.810.712.75.78.26.910.14.46.97.610.16.92.82.5
U611IH2V-A2V-A13/4m
i?i13/42
3.82.52.53.15.04.16.35.06.33.84.43.83.83.81.22.21.22.23.44.45.0
2345PI. 32, 1234S6789Fig. 567 IJi 4.7^PI. 33, 1 12151.41237443.4322522?^23?^22^^
49.530.438.730.493.9113.681.263.557.059.757.1
6?431.623/44H 17.18.86.910.723..4PI. 34, 1 % 2.22 2.23 1.94 2
1/2
5.03.83.43.8
IH11 3.12.22.52.55..678 76% 17.7^9. 15. 2Fig. 8... 322?482H27H101^1214%13%61.65H5m1917^18%12^A9^i7H%Vi6%83,i88%
81.26.920.36.05.018.426.630.437.434.916.513.312.74.448.243.847.634.623.120.021.517.121.220.322.2
1.99 % 1.9 Vi 1.210 S/6Am .711, a .311, b .3PI. 36, 1 1 3.
8
2 %6 .7 %6 .43
^6 3.84 1.2'5 1.2.:6.. IM1 3.12.51.5 %69i6 .6.41.47 .89 %6HH 1.5PI. 36, 1 .42 .33 .64.. .65 %6 .9.9.7
.9 H3/6 .6.6.4.6678.9 n .910 Ji6 1.11.1 HH%%63/4\M^
.6
.61.51.41.9
.3
.61.5
11 .12 m2m 4.4-13 5.14 4.415 1% 4.7 15/^ 4.116 m 3.417 m 3.1 i 2.5 75
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.77Catalogue numbers and dimensions of objects illustrated?Continued
NationalMuseumNo. Length Width . Thickness DiameterIllustration Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters Inches Centi-meters
JPl. 37, 1. 312357312356312355312359312358312389312386312387312388312353312354312348312347312337312337312297312350312349312406312374312374312374312374312374312374312375312375312379312378312380312376312318312319312320312273312390312259312259312259312259312407()312407312407312407312407312407312392312393303268303271303275(1)312262312244312248312245312249312246312247312256312255312255312255312255312252312253312270312271
3%33?4e}^7^5H5H10?^126li6197K24H
53^641^656M66%Z\i2%m84^222%71010911
8.89.516.17.69.616.515.814.619.013.313.326.330.415.27.92.215.248.219.010.715.57.112.78.711.912.716.010.716.17.96.611.420.311.45.05.717.725.425.422.827.9
2.82.2
.92.21.5
^6MeHMs 0.4.4.3.6.72..-.34. .5.. ...67.. .8..9 _ .Tig. 12, a 11 2.51.52.5 .6.4.661314. m 3.815, a 3.42.8 Me .9.4616 . . m 2.817, a6 Me .418Tl. 38, 1 ?i6 1.51.423 .4 HaHa 1.4.4.7567. .68 .69 m 3.43.82.2
.61011Fig. 193"!. 39, 1...234...5678 2 5.08.810.79Tl. 40, 12..3... 7^4118Wi8% 18.427.920.324.722.2 32V24ZVi 7.612.06.310.18.8PI. 41, 1.2...3... .Pig. 20PI. 42, 1... 9^^1111 24.12 27.9PI. 43, 1.. 29.22 . 27.9PI. 44 22 55.8 11 27.945Pig. 21 5 12.7 6H52\^2^2 13.3-Tl. 46,1 23/421^2iA 6.96.36.3 12.72... 13.93 6.34 3i.i 8.8 6.35 4 10.111.4
.3 13.36 18.4Pig. 22.. 2H 5.7 2M 5.3Pig. 23Pig. 24, a 2^24 6.310.1 3.83.8 H .6.66Pig. 25Pig. 26,0 1.5
.9 m1 3.16 2.5Pig. 27 5^23% 13.99.5 41 10.12.5Pig. 28
1
1 Same specimen.
BIBLIOGRAPHYCuMMiNGs, Byron.1910. The ancient inhabitants of the San Juan Valley. Bulletin of the-University of Utah, 2d archaeological number, vol. 3, No. 3, pt. 2.Salt Lake City, 1910.1910a. The great natural bridges of Utah. National Geographic Magazine,,vol. 21, No. 2. Washington, 1910.1915. Kivas of the San Juan drainage. American Anthropologist, new ser.^vol. 17, No. 2. Lancaster, 1915.Fewkes, J. W.1911. Preliminary report on a visit to the Navaho National Monument^Arizona. Bulletin 50, Bureau of American Ethnology. Wash-ington, 1911.Gregory, H. E.1916. The Navaho Country. A geographic and hydrographic reconnais-sance of parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Water-supplyPaper 380. U. S. Geological Survey, Interior Department, Wash-ington, 1916.JuDD, Neil M.1918. Archeological work in Arizona and Utah. Smithsonian Miscellaneous-Collections, vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 74-83. Washington, 1918.1927. The discovery of Rainbow Bridge. National Park Bulletin, No. 54.Washington, 1927.KlDDElR, A. V.1917. Prehistoric cultures of the San Juan drainage. Proceedings of the19th International Congress of Americanists, 1915. Washngton,,1917.1924. An introduction to the study of southwestern archaeology. Publishedfor the Department of Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover,Mass., by the Yale University Press. New Haven, 1924.1927. Southwestern archaeological conference. Science, vol. 66, No. 1716,.pp. 489^91. Lancaster, 1927.Kidder, A. V., and Guernsey, S. J.1919. Archeological explorations in northeastern Arizona. Bulletin 65,Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, 1919.1921. Basket-maker caves of northeastern Arizona. Papers of the PeabodyMuseum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Uni-versity, vol. 8, No. 2. Cambridge, 1921.1921a. Peabody Museum Arizona exploration, 1920. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 69-71. Easton,.Pa., 1921.Morris, Earl H.1921. Chronology of the San Juan area. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 18-22. Easton, Pa., 1921.Prudden, T. Mitchehj:,1903. The prehistoric ruins of the San Juan watershed in Utah, Arizona,,Colorado, and New Mexico. American Anthropolog'st, new ser.,vol. 5, No. 2. Lancaster, 1903. 77U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1930-

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 1
Betatakin Blends naturally with the Walls of Its Vast Cave. (1926Photograph, by Courtesy of Dr. a. E. Douglass)
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 2
HeAriS CANYON
o J loSCALE or MILTSMap Showing the Three Units of Navajo National Monument
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ?OCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 3

y S. NATIONAL MUSEUM GALLEKV WAiLu PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77.
o to ao 4o 60 8oSCALE o" FE-ET
Ground plan of Betatakin Ruir


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 4
A. Trail scene in segi Canyon in August. 1908
B. Approaching Betatakin Ruin on March 27. 1917
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 5
A. Blanketed with Snow. Camp Was a Dismal Place
B. Waiting for Whatever the Cook Might Provide
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 6
A. The Principal house Group Before Excavation, as Viewed fromRoom 75. Room 66 stands at the Lower Right
B. Above Rooms 66 and 117, in the Right Foreground, One Notes theSeepage Zone Which Formerly Watered Diverse Vegetation
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL- 77. ART. 5 PL. 7
A. The Door of Room 6 and. on the Right Margin, the Convex Founda-tion OF Room 8
jr-A? ; ?,.
B. Rooms 3-7 and the Near-by Retaining Wall, as Viewed from theRoof of Room 20



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 11
A. The Northeast Wall of Court 24. at the Left. BeforeRestoration
B. Two-story room 66 and Near-by Buildings stand at the ExtremeRight
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 12
A. The Wattled Northeast Wall of Court 28, from the West
B. Navajo Indian Repaiping the Wattled Wall of Court 24
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 13
A. WILLOWS, Cedar Bark, and sand Made a New Roof for Room 31
B. Room 44, from the West; Beyond, the Lower Seepage Zone and Trail
FvV?>kj,\.w, Mil*.' ', ' ,, ;
h'Ji 1 tf ' 'f
ii'fj: ' ' '^^

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 16
A. The Northwest Wall of Rooms 64-65 (which Later Collapsed)WITH Beam Holes Marking the Floor Level of the second-storyChamber
t. ^;it\ii/.? Jill '* im^^B^^mS^n^ BflF^iSHH^^H HHPLiSlHHHHEHI JPHH^^ /^ppr
I^^^H^^^P^S' '< '^^BSmH^Hr Jp<?^' . . /vH npP^.^^^^^9^^ - '." ,1sHi
^^^pt
-''^jMi'' r^' 4r-' ^, , 'J
'?
B. Many Betatakin Walls Were Erected Upon Such Shallow, peckedsteps as These, at the Southeast End of Rooms 101-102
-I Ld
It
<
1-<LlIIhg:A """^ uz
-I- '.?- LlJI1-< /- z
'Jjt 1-uhzuJ 'tifl ' \
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 19
A. The upper. East House Group Before Excavation. Room 78 ShowsProminently in the Middle Distance
B. Rooms 78-81, After Restoration, in the Right Foreground, theRepaired West Wall of Rooms 76-77
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 20
A. Houses of the Northeast Group Had been demolished by HugeBlocks of Fallen sandstone as This View, from Room 81, plainlyShows
B. In the Foreground, the Restored Walk Fronting Rooms 78-81 atthe Lower Left, the side Walls of Rooms 76-77
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 21
A. Massive sandstone slabs Had Crushed the Roof of Room 79
1>:'- B. THE East Retaining Wall Looks Down Upon Rooms 82-85

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 23
A. Walls and Mealing Bins of Room 1 17. Restored; Above, the Prin-cipal Cross-cave trail
B. The Plastered North Shelf and Corner Bench in Room 55, viewedFROM THE East


r" U.




U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 31
Metate or Mealing stone
Manos. or Hand Stones, used on MetatesFor description see text
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 32
AXES, Mauls, and smoothing StonesFor description see text.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 33
Drilled Oak Board and Billets of CottonwoodFor description see page 000.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 34
COTTONWOOD STAVES, OAK DIGGING STICKS, AND WILLOW POTRESTSFOR DESCRIPTION SEE TEXT.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 35
Miscellaneous Artifacts of WoodFor description see text.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 77 ART. 5 PL. 36
Drill, Wooden awls. Spindle Shafts, and WhorlsFor description see text
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS VOL. 77 ART. 5 PL. 37
Toothed implements and Cord-wrapped sticksFor description see text.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77. ART. 5 PL. 38
Bone Awls and ScrapersFor description see text
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 39
Brushes, Cord, and Cotton RagsFor description see text.



"<-i'V<^ ,.-
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 44
Cradle?Front ViewFor description see page 65.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77 ART. 5 PL. 45
Cradle?Back viewFor description see page 66.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 77, ART. 5 PL. 46
Earthenware VesselsFor description .see text.