NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF TWO-WINGED FLIES BE-LONGING TO THE TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINIBy Harry W. Allen0/ the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station
INTRODUCTIONAn attempt lias been made in this paper to define the Hmits of asmall group of Muscoid flies which have long been associated, some-what incorrectly, by most American workers in Diptera with thefamily Tachinidae, and to render the species of the group thus definedreadily determinable.In the American literature of the past 30 years, with the exceptionof Townsend's, the genera which are discussed in this paper havebeen rather widely scattered among genera of Tachinidae with whichthey are but distantly related. Owing to the difficulty of obtaininga clear conception from the existing literature, of the limits of thegroup, and of the genera contained, it has been found advisable todefine and redescribe quite fully. A special effort has been made inthe generic descriptions to disregard characters v/hich fall within therange of specific variation, and to make the limits of the genera, whichfortunately are more readily distinguished than in the great centralmass of either the Sarcophagidae or Tachinidae, broad enough toinclude not only the kno\vn species, but others as yet unloiown, ofwhich there must still be many. In the genera to which new specieshave been added, the old species not adequately defined have beenquite fully redescribed.It has been found necessary to change the generally acceptednomenclature and the synonomy to a considerable extent, from twocauses; first the failure of earlier v/orkers, doubtless handicapped bythe lack of properly determined European material, to recognize theidentity of certain American forms with previously described Euro-pean species, and secondl}^, the inclusion in one genus, namelyHilarella, of several heterogenous Nearctic elements each of which isvery evidently entitled to generic rank. While Coquillett's concep-tion of the genera of this group has been adhered to in most cases,the author has recognized some of Townsend's genera not hithertogenerally accepted.No. 2610.?Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 68. Art. 954292?26t 1 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68The types of very nearly all the species described b}" Coquillettand Townsend, most of which are deposited in the United StatesNational Museum, have been examined. Prof. S. J. Hunter of theUniversity of Kansas very kindly loaned Townsend's types depositedthere, for examination. A study of these revealed that three of thetypes, long submerged in synonomy, undoubtedly represent distinctspecies, but in most the synonomy of Coquillett and of Aldrichwasconfirmed. Van der Wulp's types of Mexican and Central Americanspecies which arc located in the British Museum, were not seen, butcorrespondence with the museum cleared up some of the uncertaintysurrounding these species. It is to be regreted that the position ofMiltogramma erytlirura and M. nana of Van der Wulp could not beunquestionably settled at this time. The types of species describedby Meigen, Rossi, Fallen, and Zetterstedt were not seen, and theirpresent location is not known to me, but most represent well knownEuropean species, of which I have seen determined specimens fromseveral European workers, and about the identity of which there canbe little doubt. Macquart's types of the North American Meiopialateralis and Senotainia rubriventris were not seen and their presentlocation is not Ivnown. However, very fortunately, both maj' bequite certainly distinguished from the other known species b}" theoriginal description.In the course of the work on this group, considerable scatteredinformation has been secured on the morphology of the immaturestages, which has been submitted for the purpose of clearing awaysome of the uncertainty regarding the taxonomic position of theMiltogramminae. Notes on the biology of certain species have alsobeen included.To Dr. J. M. Aldrich, I am most deeply indebted for so freelyplacing the facilities of the United States National Museum at mydisposal, and for frequent consultations and much correspondence,at the cost of much inconvenience and loss of time to himself. ToProf. vS. J. Hunter, I am also very deeply indebted for the loan oftype material from the University of Kansas Museum, the examina-tion of which has contributed materially to the accuracy of thispaper. I am indebted to C. W. Johnson for the opportunity toexamine his fine collection, and that of the Boston Natural HistorySociety, as well as for much helpful correspondence on the group;to Prof. M. Bezzi of Italy, who loaned for study specimens of severalEuropean genera of Miltogramminae not known in the NorthAmerican fauna; to Doctor Zerny, who loaned for study NorthAmerican material deposited in the Imperial Museum at Vienna,which included the type of Arrenopus americanus; to Maj. E. E.Austen and his assistants in the British Museum for helpful cor-respondence concerning Van der Wulp's types; to Prof. R. W'
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TKIBE MILTOGKAMMINI ALLEN 3Harned, of Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, forproviding an opportunity to study collections in the Eastern States,to J. R. Ricks, director of the Mississippi Agricultural ExperimentStation, for allowing time for the completion of the manuscript;and to Prof. E. W. Stafford for much helpful criticism. Thanks aredue, also, to Nathan Banks, J. R. Malloch, Prof. J. S. Hine, C.Howard Curran, H. J. Reinhard, C. S. Brimley, A. F. Burgess, Dr.H. T. Fernald and R. C. Shannon for allowing me to examine theircollections or the collections in their charge.CLASSIFICATIONFamily SARCOPHAGIDAESubfamily MiltogramminaeThe Miltogramminae are a group of Muscoid flies closely relatedboth to the Tachinidae and the Sarcophagidae, but in both morphol-ogy and habits, more closely resembling the latter. The adultsmay be distinguished from any Tachinidae that have come undermy observation, by the presence of an undivided postscutellum (fig.1, B, mP, compare with A and C) the possession of an enlarged secondsternite wliich overlaps the tergite of the first abdominal segment^on the sides (fig. 2, B, 2s, compare with A and C). From the Sarco-phaginae they may be distinguished, usually, b}" the Tachinidhabitus, and by the arista, wliich is naked or at most with incon-spicuous plumosity scarcely longer than the thickness of the arista.The outer forceps of the male genitalia are usually several times aslong as wide and approximate or exceed the inner forceps in size;whereas in the Sacophaginae they are reduced to the so-called " ac-cessory plate."The Miltogramminae of North America may be divided into twotribes on the following adult characters:1. Impression of the bucca, near the vibrissal angle, large, conspicuously sub-merged below the surface level of surrounding sclerites, color of impressionusually contrasting conspicuously with that of the parafacials and remainderof bucca; orbital bristles present on females, but usually lacking on males;mesotibia on outer front surface near the middle usually with more than onemacrochaeta Tribe AmobiiniImpression of bucca, near vibrissal angle, small, not deeply submerged or con-spicuously differentiated by color from the parafacials and the remainder ofthe bucca; orbital bristles present in both sexes or lacking in both males andfemales; mesotibia on outer front surface near the middle with never more thana single marcochaeta; sternopleuron at most with two bristles; abdomenwithout discal macrochaetae Tribe Miltogrammini
1 Actually the second abdominal tergite, the first having been reduced to a vestigial sclerite. Mosttaxonomic workers in calypterate Muscoidea refer to the first plainly visible segment as the first abdominalsegment, which is the procedure adopted in this paper. Compare Young, Cornell Agricultural Experi-ment Station, Mem. 44, figs. 38 to 76, 1921.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 6STribe MILTOGRAMMINISmall to medium sized flies, usually with rather short wings anda short, conical abodmen. Ocellar bristles usually differentiated,proclinate. Orbital bristles present in both sexes except in Pachyo-yhtlialmus, in which they are submerged in a second row of frontals;but one frontal row of bristles on either side of vitta, except in Pachyo-phthalmus. Penultimate joint of arista not more than twice as longas wide. Bucca and back of head about the oralcavity never with a chstinct white beard, at mostwith sparse pale hairs. Eyes bare. Abdomen alwaysbearing macrochaetae. Females with nonpiercinglarvipositors. Male genitalia (pis. 1-3) with penisnot so higlily cliitinized nor so intricately sculpturedas in typical Sarcophaginae; comparatively smalland unspecializod, tipped with a membraneous, moreor less collapsible hood; two pairs of claspers present,the posterior clasper usually bearing a stout bristle.Apical cell (pi. 4, fig. 24) ending far before the ex-treme tip of the wing, sometimes closed at marginof wing but never long petiolate. Fourth vein witha strong fold at the bend.The females in all species that have been studied,possess a very short uterus (pi. 4, figs. 20, 22, 25),Fig. 1.?Variation in from wliicli arises a large pouch, in wliich the ovajHEMlmTERQiTEOR dcvclop to large, naked, active maggots, of whichposTscuTELLUM. thcrc Is oulv a modcratc number. The female repro-LaTERAL aspect. ],? P 11 ? i.l-lj.i.VA tachinidae ductive organs conform m all species studied to the(tachina mella Group III of Pantcl,^ and the somewhat more rc-Walker), B, Mil- i-iiA/Ti. ?? ? r rn j >togramminae(Sen- stricted Metopnne series of lownsend.^DTAiNiA trilineata Tlic lai'vac in all instars resemble the unspecializedsakcopha^gTnae Muscoid maggot in general appearance. The first{Saiicophaga COM- instar maggots are metapneustic, the posterior spir-j^r^^rrosTsci-TELLUM ^^^^' bciug at tlic bottom of a depression; the buc-sp, scuTELLUM, 2t cophar}^lgeal apparatus (pi. 5, figs. 29-34) consists ofFIRST ABDOMINAL 11 1 -1 !_?.?? 1 1- 11SEGMENT. A, AND ^ smglc largc, lieavily chitimzed, median hook,c ADAPTED FROM articuhitiug with a slender dorsal rod of the in-termediate region, and two much weaker, thinlychitinized lateral hooks, one on either side of the median; the inter-meihate region is fused to the basal piece without articulation. Thesecond and tliird instar maggots are amphipneustic, the anteriorspiracle (pi. 5, fig. 28) consisting of several fingerlike papillae radiatinglike the rays of a fan. In the last two instars, the mechan hook of
> Dipteres ft larves entomobies, LaCellule, vol. 26, p. 57, 1910.'An. Ent. Soc. .\iner., vol. 4. p. 130, 1911.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLENthe l)uccopharyngeal apparatus (pi. 5, fig. 34) is a])seiit or vestigial,and the two divergent lateral hooks are strong and heavily chitinized;two articulations, one between the hooks and the intermediate pieceand another between the intermediate piece and the basal piece,are present; and above the intermediate region is a small rodlikedorsal accessory piece.The puparium (pi. 4, fig. 21) is smooth and evenly rounded saveat the anterior end which sometimes shows distinct segmentaryfolds, and the posterior end which is somewhat constricted andtruncate at the apex. At the anal end there is usually a deep pit(pi. 5, fig. 27), in which the posterior spiracles are located. Thespiracle is pierced by three nearly straight, more or less convergingslits.The adults occur on barren sand, rocks, denuded soil, or lessfrec[uently on herbaceous vegetation and low shrubby foliage. Some
Fig. 2. Ventral VIEW OF abdomen to show variation in the development and position of theSECOND STEHNITE. A, TaCHINIDAE (FrONTINA ALETIAE RiLEY), B, MILTOGRAMMINAE (SeNOTAINIAtrilineata Van der Wulp), C, Sarcophaginae (Sarcophaga, species), 2t tergite of first seg-ment, S?, second sternite reduced and submerged beneath tergite in TaCHINIDAE, ENLARGEDAND OVERLAPPING TERGITE IN MiLTOGRAMMINAE AND SARCOHPAGINAE.are attracted to flowers, others to the flow of honey dew from aphidsor other Hemipterous insects. The females are viviparous, deposit-ing active, motile maggots on or near their food. The maggots livein the nests of fossorial Hymenoptera, feeding on the stores providedfor their young, which may be paralyzed insects or spiders, or massesof pollen. The maggots are not known to be primary parasites ofthe young of their Hymenopteron hosts, though their presence inthe nests frequently results in the death of the latter. So far as Iam aware, it has not yet been conclusively demonstrated that anyof these flies arc the primary parasites of phytophagous insects intheir native habitat. All the records investigated by the writerindicate that while the flies do breed in the bodies of such hosts, theydisplay no interest in them imtil after they have become the preyof some wasp.
6 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68KEY TO NORTU AMERICAN GENERA OF MILTOGRAMINI1. First vein bare 2.First vein bristly; distal section of fifth vein more than half as long as precedingsection; parafacials bearing a distinct row of macrochactae, facial ridgesnearly parallel Opsidiopsis Townsend.2. Length of head at vibrissae almost equal to length at base of antennae; epistomausually produced, and in profile conspicuously visible? ' 12.Length of head at vibrissae much less than at base of antennae; epistoma notproduced, at most scarcely visible in profile 3.3. Apical cell open at margin of wing 5.Apical cell closed at margin of wing 4.4. Distal section of fifth vein longer than preceding section; fold of fourth veinlonger than discal cell - Taxigramma Perris.Distal section of fifth vein scarcely more than half as long as preceding section;fold of fourth vein distinctly shorter than discal cell Hilarella Rondani.5. Facial ridges with bristly hairs or macrochaetae which extend not more thanone-fourth the distance from the vibrissae to the base of the antennae 6.Facial ridges with strong macrochaetae which extend more than half thedistance from the vibrissae to base of antennae; vibrissae and ocellar bristlesdistinctly differentiated; bristly hairs on either side of frontal vitta belowocellus Sphenometopa Townsend.6. Parafacials with a distinct row of macrochaetae 11.Parafacials without macrochaetae 7.7. Abdomen elongate conical; macrochaetae on abdomen much larger than thebristlj' hairs 8.Abdomen subglobose; macrochaetae on abdomen scarcely differentiatedfrom the surrounding bristly hairs; head in profile with no definite anglebetween buccal and facial margin - Oestrohilarella Townsend.8. Frontal rows not extending to below base of antennae and not strongly diver-gent below; lunule scarcely visible 9.Frontal rows extending to middle of second antennal joint and stronglydivergent below; lunule conspicuously exposed.Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy.9. Third vein on upper surface with but one or two small hairs near its base; aristathickened to near its tip Senotainia Macquart.Third vein on upper surface usually with a row of bristles extending at leastnearly halfway to the small cross vein; if not, arista not thickened beyondbasal half 10.10. Apical scutellar bristles well developed, nearly or quite as large as the extremelateral scutellars; front with sides not converging anteriorly; male genitalia,in repose, largely or wholly concealed within tip of abdomen.Gymnoprosopa Townsend.Apical scutellar bristles lacking, or if present, much smaller than the other twopairs of marginals; front with sides usually converging anteriorly; malegenitalia, in repose, extruding prominently from tip of abdomen.Eumacronychia Townsend.11. Facial ridges strongly divergent; vibrissae much less than length of secondantennal joint above front edge of oral margin; proboscis much shorter thanheight of head .Metopia Mcigen.Facial ridges parallel; vibrissae at least length of second antennal joint abovefront edge of oral margin; proboscis at least nearly as long as height of head.Opsidia Coquiliett.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 712. Facial ridges usually with bristly hairs; macrochaetae if present, not extendingon ridges above tips of antennae 13.Facial ridges with a row of macrochaetae extending far above tips of antennae.Sphenometopa Townsend.13. A single row of frontal bristles on either side of frontal vitta; orbital bristlespresent 14.Two rows of frontal bristles on either side of frontal vitta; orbital bristlesabsent Pachyophthalmus Brauer and Bergenstamm.14. Distance from tip of antennae to vibrissae ec)ual to or exceeding length ofsecond antennal joint; antennae extending scarcely more than halfway fromtheir base to front edge of oral margin; posterior, convex part of sterno-pleuron triangular in outline; mesothoracic spiracle with both fringes ofabout equal size, the posterior one not plumose Senotainia Macquart.Distance from tips of antennae to vibrissae distinctly less than length ofsecond antennal joint; antennae more than two-thirds distance from theirbase to front edge of oral margin Eumacronychia Townsend.DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIESGenus PACHYOPHTHALMUS Brauer and BergenstammPachyophthalmus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Denkschr. Akad. Wien.,vol. 56, p. 117, 1889; vol. 60, p. 170, 1893. Genotype, Tachina signataMeigen.
?
Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., no. 7, p. 79, 1897.
?
Adams, in Williston's North American Diptera, pp. 372, 373, fig. 151,nos. 72, 75, 1908.
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Thompson, Paris Edition du Bull. Biol, de la Franceet de la Belgique, Recherches sur les Dipteres parasites, pp. 138-149, 1921.Sarcomacronychia Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 100, 1892.Genotype, S. unica Townsend, which equals P. floridensis Townsend,according to J. M. Aldrich, who has examined both of Townsend 's types.The genus is represented in North America by four closely relatedspecies. The adults in general appearance closely resemble Sarco-pliaga adults. Other characters are as follows:The inner eye orbits are broadly convex, without sinuosity, some-what more nearly approximated at base of antennae than at thevertex, diverging rapidly to bucca; front much narrower than eithereye, slightly narrower in female than in male; two frontal rows oneither side of vitta, the inner row scarcely attaining base of antennae,and not suddenly divergent below, composed of larger bristles thanthose of outer row; no orbital bristles in either sex; vibrissae highabove front edge of oral margin; antennae short, extending scarcelymore than halfway to the oral margin; third joint less than threetimes the second; penultimate joint of arista not more than twice aslong as broad; length of head at vibrissae nearly equals length atbase of antennae; facets of eye at extreme front very much largerthan those at the side; bucca and back of head beset with blackbristly hairs; no pale hairs present. Thorax with three broad, con-spicuous black vittae; two sternopleurals, and three pairs of nearlyequal marginal scutellar bristles. Intermediate abdominal segmentsmarked with large, irregular blackish spots. Genitalia of male
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68moderately large; in repose protruding but slightly from tip ofabdomen; inner forceps divergent from near their base; posteriorclaspers bearing bristles; penis with a more or less rigid, noncollapsi-ble, heavily chitinizcd hood; genitalia of female consisting of a rela-tively unspecialized larvipositor, telescoped within abdomen in repose.Wino-s lacking costal spine; veins without bristles save a few at baseof third vein; apical cell narrowly open, ending far before extremewing tip; section of fourth vein beyond the bend strongly arcuate;last section of fifth vein much less than half the preceding section.Pulvilli of male nearly or quite as long, of female much shorter thanlast tarsal joint.Townsend ^ dissected one species of the genus and found that itpossessed the typical double-pouched uterus of Miltogramminae.The writer has dissected dried specimens of Jloridensis, finding inthem considerable nimibers of maggots, indicating that the femalesdeposit active larvae. Not all the larvae found were fully formed,a definite series from partly to fully developed first instar maggotsbeing present.Thompson's description and figures of signatus ^ indicates that inthe first instar larvae, the cuticle covering, save near the mouth,takes the form of oval or polygonal, convex rugosities differing fromthe covering of flattened scales followed by longitudinal ribs foundin Miltogramma and Senotainia. The buccopharyngeal apparatusof signatus, as figured by Thompson, closely resembles that of Seno-tainia, excepting that the whole mechanism is more massive and themedian hook lacks the ventral denticle. I find that the buccopharyn-geal apparatus of Jloridensis differs slightly from Thompson's figurefor signatus in possessing a more slender intermediate piece anddifferently shaped lateral hooks. Thompson finds that the buccalarmature of the third instar very closely resembles that of Sphecapataconica and Miltogramma punctatum; that there are seven radiatingpapillae on the anterior spiracle, and that the posterior spiraclepossesses the usual three oval slits.The puparium oi jloridensis has been carefully described and fig-ured by Greene," who finds that the posterior end bears a small,deep pit, within which occur the posterior spiracles. The threeslits of the spiracle are straight and parallel, pointed at the lowerend, below which is the large round button. The pit is locatedlargely below the horizontal bisecting plane, the anal opening beingoutside of and below the pit. Thompson noted that the pupariumof signatus lacks the anal pit, an unexpected aberration verified bythe writer in North American specimens in the National Museum.
* An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, p. 130, 1911.
' Rechorches sur les Dipteres parasites, p. 112, 1921.
? Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. CO, p. 12, fig. 8, 1921.
ART. 9 T\\'0-WINGED i^ i^IES OF TBIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 9Pachyophthalmus is represented by a limited number of speciesoccurring in Europe and the American continents. The adults ap-parently do not frequent barren sand and denuded ground. Theyare attracted to flowers, bask on shrubby foliage in the sunlight, andhave been noted about habitations, as would be expected from thepeculiar host relationships. The members of the genus, so far asknown, are biologically superimposed on wasps which build mudnests under shelter or in hollow stems, including members of thefamilies Sphecidae and Eumenidae. The manner in which the femaleestablishes her progeny and the subsequent larval development havenot been observed. Rau found the puparia of one species lodged ina hollow stem containing the nests of Odynerus. When associatedwith the common ''dirt daubers" Pelopaeus and Trypoxylon, whichbuild their nests indoors, it is not known whether the maggotspupate within the mud cells of their hosts or leave them to seekother shelter for the transitional stage. The members of the genusPachyophthalmus are more distinctly aerial in habit than the otherNorth American genera of Miltogrammini. So far as is known, allof the activities of adult, larval, and pupal stages take place in astratum extending from a foot or more to several feet above theground. This is a noteworthy biological specialization in a groupof flies, most of which pass the immature stages under ground, andnever rise, as adults, but a few inches above the ground.KEY TO NOKTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PACHYOPHTHALMUS
1. Thoracic vittae not continuous over scutellum; hind tibia on outside with acomplete row of bristles extending to the apex; the fourth abdominal andgenital segments wholly black 3.Thoracic vittae continuous over scutellum; hind tibia on outside with a rowof bristles not extending far beyond the middle 2.2. Fourth abdominal segment and genital segments wholly black; parafrontalsoutside the two frontal rows conspicuously setulose hinei, new species.Fourth abdominal segment and genital segments yellow; parafrontals outsidethe two frontal rows, at most with scattered microscopic bristly hairsfloridensis Townsend.3. Anterior clasper of the male genitalia much shorter than the penis, and withbluntly pointed tips signatus (Meigen).Anterior clasper of the male genitalia nearly as long as the penis, and withexceedingly sharp, delicate, incurved hooks at the tip.distortus, new species.UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES OF PACHYOPHTHALMUS
erythrura Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 89, 1890.Described from a single male from Presidio, Mexico, and assigned to Milto-gramma. Type in British Museum.sarcophagina Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 90, 1890.Described from a female from Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico, and assignedto MiUogramma. The type and one other specimen in British Museum.04292?26t 2
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68PACHVOPHTHALMUS FLORIDENSIS TownsendPachyophthalmus floridensis Townsend, Ent. News, vol. 3, p. 80, 1892; An.Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, p. 130, 1911.
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Coquillett, U. S. Bur. of Ent.,Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 80, 1897.?Smith, Ins. of New Jersey, p. 778, 1909.?Aldrich, Cat. of N. A. Dipt., p. 447, 1905.
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Johnson, Bull. Amer. Mus.Nat. Hist., vol. 32, art. 3, p. 72, 1913.?Walton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,vol. 48, p. 182, 1914.?Reinhard, Ent. News, vol. 30, p. 283, 1919.?Coleand LovETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, vol. 11, p. 301, 1921.Sarcomacronychia unica Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 101,1892.Sarcomacronychia sarcophagoides Townsend, Canad. Ent., vol. 24, p. 165,1892.Sarcomacronychia trypoxylonis Townsend, Bull. Ohio Exp. Sta., Tech. Ser.,1, p. 165.Sarcomacronychia trivitatta Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p,363, 1912, type from Peru deposited in U. S. National Museum, examinedby me.
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Rau and Rau, Wasp Studies Afield, p. 331, 1916.Male.?Front at narrowest point 0.25 of extreme width of head(measurements of five as follows: 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.27, 0.27);frontal vitta narrowest near middle, where it is one-half to three-fifthswidth of parafrontals; parafrontals silvery pollinose, outside thefrontal rows bare or with sparse microscopic bristly hairs; vibrissaethe length of the second antennal joint above front edge of oralmargin; facial ridges bristly on lowest half; third antennal joint oneand one-half times length of second; arista thickened on basal fourth;penultimate joint slightly longer than broad; proboscis almost equalsthe head height; labella small and laterally compressed; palpi black.Thorax with the usual three black vittae, extending over the scutellum;three postsutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum with three nearlyequal marginal bristles and small preapicals. Abdomen black ex-cepting the last segment which is red; the three posterior segmentsthinly gray pollinose, usually to the apex; the intermediate segmentswith three large, more or less rectangular black spots; first segmentbearing strong median marginal bristles; second with median mar-ginals and several lateral bristles, which become weaker as thc}^ ap-proach the median line; third and fourth with a marginal row of eightto twelve. Genital segments rufous (pi. 2, fig. 12) ; inner forcepsnearly straight when viewed from the side; outer forceps pale yellow,much less massive than the inner pair, apical two-thirds slender androunded in cross section; penis with a black, laterally compressed,heavily chitinized hood, consisting of a large, irregular anteriorprocess and a small slender posterior process connected by a narrowtranslucent membrane; anterior claspers much shorter than the penis,tapering forward to a strong blunt point. Wings with one or twosmall bristly hairs near the base of the third vein ; penultimate sectionof the fourth vein equaling one-half the preceding section. Pulvillilonger than last tarsal joint; hind tibia on the outside, with an incom-
ART. 9 T\V0-WIXGP:D flies of tribe MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN Hplete irregular row, of which the lowest is the hirgest and is locatedslightly beyond the middle.Female.?Front at narrowest point 0.19 of head width (measure-ments of six as follows: 0.14, 0.18, 0.18, 0.19, 0.22, 0.23). With theusual sexual difl'erences in the genitalia and length of pulvilli. Other-wise like the male.Length, 5 to 9 mm.Redescribed from a long series including both males and females,from the following localities: Lafayette, Indiana; Blue Ridge Sum-mit, Pennsylvania; Clementon, New Jersey; Chesapeake Beach andPlummer Island, Maryland; Rock Creek Park, District of Columbia;Potomac Creek, Virginia; Wilmington County, Georgia; Miami andLake Worth, Florida; Victoria, Waco, and Brownsville, Texas;Colorado; Minot, North Dakota: Moscow, Idaho; Emigration Can-yon, Utah; Rio Aravaipa, East Verde River and Cave Creek Canyon,Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona; Socoro, New Mexico; Santa CruzMountains, Santa Clara County, Los Angeles County, and Claremont,California; Kaslo, British Columbia; Porto Bello, Panama; Boracoa,Cuba; specimens from Lafayette, Indiana, labelled "on parsnipfloAver," (J. M. Aldrich) ; ''from cells of P. cementarius" DorchesterCounty, Maryland, (H. S. Barber); ''from nest of P. cementarius,"Biloxi, Mississippi; "from the nest of Tiarrisi'^ (F. M.Jones); "fromthe nest of wasp Scelvphron cemeniarium Dr. var."; Toboga Island,Panama, (J. Zetek) ; all the above in the collection of the UnitedStates National Museum. Baldwin, Kansas; Columbus, Ohio; incollection of Prof. J. S. Hine. Agricultural and Mechanical College,Sellers, and Ocean Springs, Mississippi, in my collection.The conclusions of Aldrich ^ who examined the types, and ofCo(juillett ^ as to the identity of Townsend's {sarcophagaides) (frypox-ylonis) (anica) a,ndjloride}isis has been accepted without further studyof the types. Major Austen of the British Museum, who has com-pared a specimen of Jiondensis determined by me with the type of( Miltof/ramma) erythrura Van der Wulp, states that the latter is aPachyophthahnus but questions whether it is identical with,jloridensis.He adds that "your specimen is little more than half the size of thetype, but in spite of this, and the fact that your specimen is a female,while the type is a male, the enlarged facets in the eyes of your speci-men are somewhat larger than the corresponding facets in the eyesof the type. Again, the frontal stripe is black in your specimen, butrusset in the type in wliicli the black markings on the first threeabdominal tergites are less extensive and less clearly defined thanin the specimens forwarded by you." I find that in Jloridensis,the size, color, and distribution of pollen are characters variable to a
? Cat. of X. A. Dipt., p. 447. * U. S. Bur. of Ent., Tech. Sor., No. 7, p. 80.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68
considerable degree, and that the females possess distinctly largereye facets than the males, and believe that the differences noted byMajor Austen may not be of specific significance. Miltogrammasarcophagina Van der Wulp, according to Major Austen, who hasrecently examined the type for me, is certainly a PacliyopJithahnus.According to the original description, it has a red-tipped abdomen,a character not possessed by any other species of PacliyopJithalmusknown to me, except floridensis. It seems possible that ftoridensisis identical with erythrura or sarcophagina of Van der Wulp, or withboth, but I hesitate to submerge floridensis in synonomy until aftera more careful comparison of types.PACHYOPHTHALMUS fflNEI, new speciesMah.?Front at narrowest 0.27 of head width, (measurements offive as follows: 0.26, 0.26, 0.27, 0.27, 0.28); face and front whitepoUinose, becoming leaden towards vertex; frontal vitta red, some-times black, narrowest in front of middle, where it is from less tlianhalf to two-thirds as wide as either parafrontal; about 12 bristles inthe inside frontal row; parafrontals outside the second frontal row, andas far as base of the antennae, black setulose; vibrissae insertedslightly less than length of second antennal joint above front edge oforal margin; facial ridges with scattered bristly hairs on slightly morethan lowest half; antennae black, third joint scarcely longer thansecond; arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate joint con-spicuous and nearly twice as long as wide; parafacials bare; in profile,width of bucca equals width of parafacial and one-eighth eye height;palpi black. Thorax gray poUinose, with three broad black vittaecontinuous over the scutellum; two, and sometimes three, postsuturaldorsocentral bristles; three nearly equal marginal scutellars; nopreapicals. Abdomen black, strongly tinged with bronze, denselyoverlaid with gray pollen, with an obscure, broad, black, median vitta;first segment witliout median marginal bristles, second with a medianmarginal pair, third and fourth ^\^th uninterrupted marginal rows.Genitalia black, small and fully concealed within the abdomen, inrepose; first genital segment without apical macrocahetae; claws ofinner forceps nearly straight in profile and terminating in blunt,laterally compressed tips; outer forceps as long and massive as the innerpair, tapering moderately to broad, rounded, polished black tips;penis with the hood largely membranous, consisting of a slender,heavily chitinized stem which extends to apex and supports a posterior,laterally com])ressed membranous wing which gives to the hood alanceolate appearance. Wings liyaline; third vein with one to twosmall bristles at its base. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feet almost aslong as last tarsal joint; hind tibia on outside with a row of abouteight unequal bristles not extending far beyond the middle.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 13Female.?Front at narrowest, 0.25 of head width, in the singlespecimen measured. PulviUi of fore feet less than one-half length oflast tarsal joint. Otherwise, save for usual differences of genitalia,like the male.Length, 6 to 8 mm.Typ^'.^Male, in the collection of Prof. J. S. Hine, from Cameron,La. " August 14-28, 1903.Allotype.?Female, in the collection of Professor Hine, same localityand date as the type.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from two males and one female from Cameron, La.,August 14-28, 1903, and three males from the same locality, July 7,1905, all collected by Professor Hine, in whose honor the species isnamed.The species is closely allied to Jloridensis, from which it may bedistinguished by the absence of red on the last abdominal segmentand the genitalia, the absence of preapical scutellars and medianmarginal bristles on the first abdominal segment, and in having tlieparafrontals setulose outside the frontal rows.PACHYOPHTHALMUS SIGNATUS (Meigen)Tachina signatus Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 4, p. 303, 1824.Tachina anomalus Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 13, p. 6074, 1859.Macronychia signata Schiner, Faun. Aust., vol. 1, p. 502, 1862.Pachyophthalmus signatus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Denkschr. Akad.Wien., vol. 56, pi. 7, fig. 145, 1889; vol. 61, p. 620, 1894.?Coquillett,U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 79, 1897.?Stein, Entom. Nachricht,vol. 26, p. 149, 1900.
?
Villeneuve, Bull. Soc. entom. France, 1900,p. 381.?Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 518, 1907.?Smith,Ins. New Jersey, p. 778, 1909.?Brimley, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 24, 1922.Pachyophthalmus aurifrons Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 18,p. 354, 1891.Miltogramma signata Pandelle, Rev. entom., vol. 14, p. 298, 1895.For this species the writer has accepted the synonomy of Coquillettand Bezzi and Stein without examination of the types concerned.The identity of the European with the North American form hasbeen verified by a comparison of tlie genitalia.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.215 of the head width (measurementsof four as follows: 0.21, 0.21, 0.21, 0.23); frontal vitta dull black,narrowest at base of antennae; at the middle of front, almost as wideas either parafrontal; inner frontal row of about thirteen bristles;parafrontals golden pollinose; vibrissae two-thirds length of secondantennal joint above front edge of oral margin; facial ridges irregu-larly bristW on lower lialf or less; antennae black, third joint slightlylonger tlian second; arista thickened on basal third; in profile, buccalwidth equals parafacials and one-sixth the eye height; front projectsabout one-fourth the eye diameter; proboscis slender, almost equaling
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68head height; labella rather small; palpi black. Thorax with theusual three broad black vittae extending as far as scutellum, the lattershining black, without vittae. Abdomen black, with the last threesegments tliinly gray pollinose, often to their apices; intermediatesegments each with three large black spots; strong median marginalbristles on the first two segments, marginal rows of about eight on thelast two. Genital segments black; inner forceps (pi. 3, fig. 13) curvedforward, tips laterally compressed; outer forceps yellow, tapering topoints round in cross section, more slender than inner forceps; peniswith black, heavily chitinized hood, bootlike in appearance, with thetoe of the "boot" pointed towards the inner forceps and with a trans-parent keel on its posterior border; anterior clasper slightly more thanhalf as long as penis, tapering to a stout, anteriorly directed point.Wings with two to three small hairs at base of third vein. Legsblack; hind tibia with a complete row of uneven bristles on theoutside surface.Female.?Not distinguished with certainty from females of P. dis-tortus. The front at narrowest, in five specimens averaged 0.18 ofthe head width (measurements as follows: 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.22, 0.22).Usual sexual differences in genitalia and in length of claws andpulvilli. Otherwise like the male.Length, 6 to 7 mm.Redescribed from the following males : One from Holyoke, Massa-chusetts, no. 1478c Dimmock's Ent. Notes; three from Washington.District of Columbia, one labeled "from wasp's nest" (H. G. Dyer)
;
one labeled "from butter wasp" (C. V. Riley); four from Lafayette,Indiana (J. M. Aldrich) ; two from Tennessee Pass, Colo. (J. M.Aldrich); three from White Mountains, New Mexico, two labeled
"flowers of Cicuta occidentalism' and the other "flowers of Solidagotrinervata" (C. H. T. Townsond); two from Mono Lake, California(J. M. Aldrich); two from Sierra Madra, Chihuahua, Mex. (C. H. T.Townsend); all in the collection of the National Museum. Onefrom Sugar Grove, Ohio, and another from Columbus, Ohio, labeled
"parasite of Trypoxylon politum,'' both in collection of Prof. J. S.Hine. One male, Macerat, Italy (?), determined by Professor Bezzi,and one male, Rambouillet, France. Both European specimens inwhich the genitalia was relaxed were found to be identical with NorthAmerican material.Owing to tlie inclusion of two distinct species under the namesignatus, published records referring to this species up to the presentshould not be accepted without verification. P. signatus occurs inEurope and is also generally distributed over North America, havingbeen identifietl l)y the writer from males with tlie genitalia relaxed,from Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Indiana, Colorado, NewMexico, California, and Chihuahua, Mexico. It is attracted to
ART. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 15flowers, Townsend having taken specimens in the Southwest on Cicutaoccidentalis and Solidago trinervata. The WTiter on one occasion,captured several specimens basking on siinht fohage of shrubs andsmall trees in Massachusetts. I have examined one specimen bearinga record of rearing from Trypoxylon politum Say. The host relation-ships indicated by Coquillett,^ Brimley,^" and Malysev" are possiblycorrect but should be verified.PACHYOPHTHALMUS DISTORTUS, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.22 of head width (measurements offive as follows: 0.20, 0.21, 0.21, 0.23, 0.24); frontal vitta black,narrowest near the middle, where it is about two-thirds width ofparafrontal, diverging slightly to vertex; parafrontals with a denseinner row of about fifteen bristles, outside of which is a row of smallerbristles and sparse, scattered hairs; vibrissae about halt length ofsecond antennal joint above iront edge of oral margin; antennaeblack, extending two-thirds distance to vibrissae, third joint slightlylonger than second; arista thickened on basal third; penultimatejoint nearly twice as long as wide; facial ridges with scattered hairson lower half; in profile, bucca wider than parafacials and equal toabout one-sixth the eye height; front projects about one-fourth eyediameter; paralacials bare save for a few sparse hairs; proboscisabout two-thirds head height, stout; labella fleshy; palpi black.Thorax gray pollinose, with the usual three broad black vittae extendingas far as the scutellum; three, or sometimes four postsutral dorso-central bristles; scutellum with three marginals, of which the inter-mediate pair is larger than the other equal pairs. Abdomen black,densely gray pollinose to apices of segments with three large, shining,irregular black spots on each of the last three segments; first andsecond with strong median marginal pair of bristles and a few lateralsbecoming weaker towards the median line; third and fourth segmentswith marginal row of fourteen to sixteen bristles. Genitalia (pi. 3,fig. 14) black; inner forceps slightly divergent from their base; clawsmoderately flattened laterally, in profile curved abruptly forward nearthe tip; outer forceps tapering uniformly to rounded tips aboutequal to size of tips of inner forceps; penis laterally compressed,with the rolled edges of apical aperture much narrower than widthof penis in the middle; anterior claspers nearly as long as the penis,extremely crooked, with very fine hooked tips, best seen from therear. Wings of usual venation; third vein with two to tlu-ee smallhairs at its base. Legs black; hind tibia with complete row ofabout nine irregular bristles on outer surface.
? U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 19, 1897. " Hort. Soe. Ent. Ross., vol. 40, p. 51.
'? Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 24, 1922.
IQ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.68Length, 5 to 8 mm.Type.?Male, Cat. No. 28150, U.S.N.M., from Stone Valley,Pennsylvania.Described from the following material, all males: In the NationalMuseum; one from White Mountains, New Hampshire (Morrison);four from Stone Valley, Pennsylvania, June 24 (H. E. Ewing)
;
seven from Pluramer Island, Maryland, bred from nest of Trypoxylonpolitum, February 2.5, 1917 (H. L. Viereck); one from Kaslo,British Columbia (K. P. Currie) : in tlie Canadian National collec-tion, two, Barber D., New Brunswick, 24-vi-1914 (F. M. McKenzie)(J. D. Tothill); one. Barber D., New Brunswick, 25-vi-1914 (J. D.Tothill); one, Hamilton River, Muskrat Falls, Labrador, 12-19-vii-1919 (S. E. Arthur) : in the collection of R. C. Shannon, one fromIthaca, New York, May 25, 1922.The female, I have been unable to distinguish from those of P.signafus. The male also resembles signatus excepting in the genitaliawhich is widely different. P. distortus is at present known fromonly a limited number of localities in the northeastern states, easternCanada, and from Kaslo, British Columbia. It has never beencollected on flowers. Doctor Ewing secured several specimens froma large number observed flying about the porch of a deserted cabinin Pennsylvania. It has been reared from Trypoxylon politum Say.Genus SENOTAINIA MacquartSenotainia Macquart, Dipt. Exot. SuppL, vol. 1, p. 167, 1846. Genotype,rubriventris from Galveston, Tex., not seen; but the original descriptionmentions the presence of a frontal row of eight bristles, three orbitals,a linear frontal vitta and red abdomen, distinctive of one common NorthAmerican species widely recognized as rubriventris.?Coquillett, U. S.Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 80, 1897; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37,p. 605, 1910.?Adams, in WiUiston's Diptera of N. A., p. 373, fig. 152,no. 110, p. 375, {Miltogramma), 1908.
?
Townsend, Smithson. Misc.Coll., vol. 51, p. 56, 1908; An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, p. 140, 1911.Megaera Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 94, 1830. According to Bezziand Stein, (Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 515) preoccupied by Wagler for Reptilia,in August 1830, (Lsis, 1830, p. 944). No date other than 1830 appears inDesvoidy's publication.Sphecapata Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod., vol. 3, p. 221, 1859. Genotype notdesignated by Rondani. S. albifrons Rondani designated by Brauerand Bergenstamm, Denkschr. Akad. Wien., vol. 56, p. 115, 1889. S.conica Fallen designated by Brauer, Vorarb. Monog. Muse. Schizo., p.58, 1893. But since albifrons equals conica, (Bezzi and Stein, Kat.Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 515) the latter becomes the genotype. After carefulexamination of European specimens of conica determined by ProfessorBezzi and others, I am unable to distinguish any characters of genericimportance separating this species from Senotainia.Misellia Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Env. Paris, vol. 2, p. 146, 1863.Genotype designated is Megaera dira Robineau-Desvoidy which accordingto Desvoidy's own statement^ equals_;Afi//ogro7?wo conica Fallen. But
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 17
conica belongs to Sphecapata of which it is the genotype, which equalsSenotainia, an earlier name. Hence Misellia equals Senotainia.Euselenomyia Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 364, 1912.Genotype, peruviensis examined by the writer.Microsenotainia Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 618, 1915.Genotype, Senotainia nana Coquillett, examined by the writer.Eusenotainia Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 28, p. 22, 1915. Geno-type, Hilarella rufiventris Coquillett, examined by the writer.Frontal vitta at most slightly wider than parafrontals; proclinateocellar bristles present; a single row of frontals not descending belowbase of antennae and not suddenly divergent below; from two toseveral pairs of orbital bristles present in both sexes; front slightlynarrower in females than in males; arista stubby, penultimate joint atmost scarcely twice as long as wide; vibrissae differentiated from otherhairs about the mouth; facial ridges without macrochaetae, bristlyon not more than lowest fourth; parafacials liairy or not, but neverwith macrochaetae on lowest half; in profile, head length at vibrissaenearly or quite ecmals that at base of antennae; proboscis slender,and nearly as long as head height; facets at extreme front several timeslarger than those at sides of eye; bucca and back of head without palehairs. Convex, posterior part of sternopleuron triangular in outline;two similar, brush like flaps of hairs close the mesothoracic spiracle,the hind llap not differentiated in the shape of a conspicuous ovalplume. Male genitalia (pi. 2 figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) in repose usuallyprotruding somewhat conspicuously from tip of abdomen ; penis withmembranous spiniferous hood, frequently saclike and collapsible;posterior clasper with a prominent bristle; female genitalia in the formof non-piercing larvipositors telescoped in the abdomen, in repose.Wings (pi. 4, fig. 24) hyaline; apical cell open; last section of fifth veindistinctly less than half the preceding section; veins without bristlessave for one to several small ones at base of third vein. Pulvilli ofmale nearly or cjuite as long as last tarsal joint and much longer thanthose of female.The female reproductive organs of three species have been dissected(pi. 4, figs. 20, 22, 25). In all, the uterus was found to be very short,with a conspicuous pouch-like expansion, containing, in maturespecimens, large active larvae. Considerable difference in con-formation of the various organs of reproduction was noted in thespecies dissected but this may have been due more largely to variationof stage of maturity than to specific differences.First instar maggots of four species have been examined. In all, thecuticle is of about the same texture dorsally and ventrally, and isdrawn into flat, longitudinal ribs or corrugations on the posteriortwo-thirds of each segment. The anterior third of each segment isarmed with flat, minute scales, not strongly chitinized and scarcelyvisible except under a high power objective. The maggots are
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM tol. G8
metapneustic. Tho buccopharyngeal apparatus (pi. 5, figs. 30, 31,32, 33) is moderately strong, the mouth hooks being much shorter andless massive than the basal piece. The median hook is heavily chitin-ized; the lateral hooks are not fused at the tip with the median hook,but terminate in well defined tips, similar to the tip of the medianhook, in outline, but much less strongly chitinized. The medianhook articulates with a slender intermediate region which is in turnfirmly fused to the basal piece. The sides of the intermediate regionare joined ventrally by a sclerite, which in lateral view appears barb-like, and which viewed from above gives the region an H-like appear-ance. The large basal piece consists of a single ventral and twodorsal wings which are not cleft on their posterior margins. Thisagrees in every particular with Thompson's description of the firstinstar maggot of SpJiecapata conicaPS. trilineata is the only species in which the second instar maggothas been studied. The body is Vvdiite, with transparent cuticlethrough which the internal organs are plainly visible. The cuticleof the first four segments bears irregular rows of minute black spinesconfined to an encircling belt on the anterior third of the segment.In this instar, the maggot is amphipneustic, the anterior spiracleterminating in several fingerlike papillae spread fanlike and pro-truding conspicuously from the body. The buccopharyngeal ap-paratus differs from that of the first instar maggot in several par-ticulars (pi. 5, fig. 34). There are two strong lateral hooks but nomedian hook ; the intermediate piece articulates freely with the basalpiece as well as the bucal hooks ; the superior wing of the basal piecehas at its posterior margin, two prolongations separated by a deepcleft ; and dorsal to the intermediate region is a weak vestigial scleritecalled the dorsal accessory piece.The puparia of three species have been studied (pi. 4, fig. 21).They arc characterized as follows: Yellowish to chestnut-brown incolor, rather smooth and thin-walled; with minute brown spines onthe anterior third or less of the segment, spiniferous areas encirclingthe segments anteriorly, limited to the ventral surface posteriorly;round in cross section; from the lateral aspect, oval save for the ex-treme posterior margin which is truncate. Anterior spiracle pro-truding, terminating in several fingerlike papillae, radiating fanlikefrom the base; posterior spiracles located in distinct shield-shapedpit (pi. 5, fig. 27), centered on the longitudinal axis; spiracles locatedat the upper part of the pit, separated by at least their diameter,broadly rounded above, tapering to a point below; button indistinct;anal opening large and located at some distance below the pit.Several species of this genus are widely distributed over NorthAmerica, at least one of which occurs as far southward as Peru, in
?' Recherches Sur. Ics Diptercs parasites, p. 105, fig. 109.
AKT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 19South America, Other species (SpJiecapata) are widely distributedOTer Europe. So far as known, the European and New World formsare distinct. In North America the genus ranges from BritishColumbia and Ontario on the north, to Panama, and is representedalso in some of the West Indian islands. This genus appears to bebest represented in the fauna of the south and southwestern states,where as many as six species may be present in the same generallocality. Northward the number diminishes, and southward intropical America, also, fewer species are known, though perhapsbecause that region has been less thoroughly worked. Judgingfrom its presence in collections, the individuals of the genus Senotainiaare nearly if not quite as abundant as individuals of all other Milto-gramminid genera combined. In the collection of the writer whichis largely from Mississippi and Ohio, over seventy per cent of aUMiltogramminae are Senotainia, and Mefopia, with about seventeenper cent, is the genus which most closely approaches it in numbers.A somewhat similar ratio exists in the other large collections studied.The adults of several species of Senotainia are attracted to flowers.Several species of flowers may be visited by one species of fly.Compositae appear to be favored, but the blossoms of other groupsare also visited. The writer has never taken them on the blossomsor foliage of trees or high shrubs. It has been noted that in speciesof Senotainia that visit flowers, the proboscis is long and slender,while in Metopia, Sphenometopa, Phrosinella, and other genera inwhich the adults have never been taken on flowers, the proboscis isveryrshort and stout.The members of the genus Senotainia, so far as known, are bio-logically superimposed on fossorial Hymenoptera, principally ascommensals living on the food provided by the wasps for their young,frequently eliminating the grub of the wasp either by producingunsuitable conditions or by direct predatory act, but probablynever as a true endoparasite of the latter. The females depositlarge, active, naked larvae, probably in most cases, on or near theparalyzed prey of Hymenopteron hosts, after it has been placedin the burrow. The members of at least three families of Aculeata,Bembicidae, Psammocharidae and probably Sphecidae are attackedby Senotainia. All so attacked dig burrows in the soil, some of whichare provisioned with spiders, others with flies, Heteropteron nymphs,or other Arthropod prey. From the rather limited rearing records,it would appear that the larvae of Senotainia are far less exacting intheir food rec^uirements than typical Tachinids, in this respect muchmore closely approaching the typical Sarcophagidae and Calliphori-dae. The conjectures of Townsend'^ as to the larval habits of
13 An. Ent. Soc, vol. 4, p. 140, 1911.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Senotainia have been largely disproved by actual observations onthe larvae of several species, recorded elsewhere in this paper.The habit of trailing or "shadowing" the host as it carries theprey to its nest seems to be more highly developed in this genusthan in any other in the group. This habit appears related to twostructural characters not occuring in such a pronounced degree inother North American Miltogrammini, excepting in the genusPachyophtJialmvs, which are, namely, the conspicuously enlargedfacets of the front part of the eyes, and the uniformly narrowerfront and larger development of the eyes in the female as comparedwith the male. The possession of larger eyes with the enlargedfacets, should in all probabihty be regarded as speciahzations per-mitting the female to keep herself oriented more readily with therapidly moving form of the wasp she follows, while in flight.So far as observed, the members of this genus display little or nointerest in burrows stocked with food, or the paralyzed victims ofthe wasp, when it drops them outside its burrow, but is stronglyexcited b}^ the presence of the wasp carrying its prey, and is seem-ingly stimulated to larviposition only in the presence of this com-bination. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SENOTANINIA1. Sternopleura with one bristle 7.Sternopleura with two bristles 2.2. Abdomen red, at least on the sides; third antenna! joint red or at most withblackish tomentum over the red 4.Abdomen wholly black 3.3. The two frontal rows of macrochaetae, at their middle, separated by a distancegreater than width of either parafrontal; three distinct postsutural dorso-central bristles trilineata Van der Wulp.The two frontal rows of macrochaetae, at their middle, separated by a dis-tance less than width of either parafrontal; not more than two postsuturaldorsocentrals differentiated litorails Allen
.
4. Second abdominal segment with median marginal bristles 6.Second abdominal segment without median marginal bristles 5.5. Arista thickened almost to the tip; third antennal joint at least nearly threetimes length of second joint rufiventris (Coquillett).Arista thickened on basal half; third antennal joint at most scarcely exceed-ing two times length of second joint flavicornis (Townsend)6. Arista thickened on the basal two-fifths; bucca in profile usually not morethan one-twentieth the eye height; two proclinate orbital bristles; outerforceps of male genitalia with a strong rounded hook, directed anteriorly.rubriventris Macquart.Arista thickened on basal three-fifths; bucca in profile at least one-tenth eyeheight; usually but one proclinate orbital bristle; outer forceps of malegenitalia with stout, sharp tip posteriorly directed and apposed to the tipof the inner forceps vigilans Allen.7. Costa, near the humeral angle, with erect, radiating, bristly hairs; inner for-ceps of male genitalia broadly triangular when viewed from behind.setulicosta, new species.
ART. 9 TWO-V/INGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 21Costa, near the humeral angle, with appressed hairs; inner forceps of malegenitalia elongate and linear when viewed from behind nana Coquillett.UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES AND OTHERS MENTIONED BY ALDRICH '* AND BYCOQUILLETT '^biseta Thomson, Kong. Sven. Freg. Eugenics Re.sa, p. 524, 1868. There isno record of this species since the type w^as described from Panama in1868. From the description is seems probable that the species belongsin Senotainia, but its exact position is rather uncertain.erythrocera Thomson, Kong. Sven. Freg. Eugenies Resa, p. 523, 1868. Thisspecies from California is described as possessing a long, pale, shaggybeard, three sternopleural bristles and discal bristles on the fourth abdomi-nal segment?characters sufficient to place it outside the limits of Seno-tainia, and in all probability outside the subfamily Miltograniminae.sarcophagiJia Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent. Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 90, 1890.Major Austen reexamined the type in the British Museum for me, findingthat the specimen possessed two rows of frontal bristles on each side of thefrontal vitta. He writes that it is certainly a Pachyophthalmus, to whichgenus it has been assigned.erythrura Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent. Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 89, 1890.Major Austen, who has examined the type in the British Museum for mestates that this species is also a Pachyophthalmus, to which genus it hasbeen assigned.fuhicornis Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent. Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 89, 1890.Described from type and one other female from Guerrero, Mexico, andassigned to Miltogramma. Type in British Museum reexamined for meby Mr. Barnett who states that "the type does not possess a pair ofmarginal bristles at the apex of the second abdominal segment; the tibiaof the hind leg is equipped with a more or less complete row of bristleson the outside; there are more than ten bristles in the frontal row oneither side of the frontal vitta; the eyes are nearly twice as high as wide.'"These characters serve amplj' to distinguish it from rubriventrts withwhich it has been considered synonymous. Major Austen states that itis a Sphixapata, which equals Senotainia. He has compared the typewith a specimen of Senotainia flavicornis Townsend determined by mewhich possesses all the characters listed above for the type of fulvicornis,and states that they are certainly not conspecific. It does not appearto be identical with any other species discussed in this paper and mustrepresent a distinct species which I am at present unable to place.nana Van der Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 35, p. 195, 1888; Biol. Cent.Amer., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 483, 1903. Described and assigned to Milto-gramma; type, a female from Guerrero, Mexico, has been lost. I find itimpossible to definitely determine the place of this form from the super-ficial nature of the description. It has not been repoi-ted since its descrip-tion over 35 years ago. It may belong to the genus Senotainia, and ismost certainly distinct from nana Coquillet and other species of the genusmentioned in this paper. Unless the type should be found, the namemight best be disregarded.fasciata Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 81, 1897. EqualsEumacronychia elita Townsend.
" Cat. N. a. Dipt., p. 447, 1905. " U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 7, p. 80, 1897.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68SENOTAIMA FLAVICORNIS (Townsend)Millogramma flavicornis Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 18, p.355, 1891. Type from southern Illinois.Miltogramma similis Townsend, Trans Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 18, p. 357.Miltogramma kansensis Townsend, Can. Ent., vol. 24, p. 68, 1892.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.25 of the head width (measurementsof five 0.24, 0.24, 0.24, 0.25, 0.28); front and face silvery pollinose;vitta brownish, somewhat polUnose, ^vidth at base of antennae notmore than twice the diameter of lowest ocellus, widening to slightlymore than width of parafrontal at ocellar triangle; frontal row with12 to 18 bristles; with one reclimate and usually two, sometimes one,three or even more proclinate orbital bristles; sparse bristly hairs onparafrontals outside the frontal row; antennae red, third joint twoto two and one-half times as long as the second; arista thickened onbasal half, penultimate joint almost twice as long as wide; para-facials bare; facial ridges bristly on lowest fifth; bristles frequentlyscattered rather irregularly over the expansion of the facial ridgeslateral to vibrissae; in profile, width of bucca is subequal to para-facials, and equal to one-eighth of eye height; eye height almosttwice eye width; palpi nearly filiform, scarcely larger than arista,yellow. Thorax thinly gray pollinose over black, with three narrowmedian vittae not extending beyond transverse suture; caudad ofsuture, three broad black vittae; two strong sternopleurals, and twopostsutural dorsocentrals of which the anterior one is much theweaker; three pairs of marginal scutellars of about equal size. Abdo-men black, usually with a lateral red spot involving the second andfreciuently the thu^d and fourth segments on their sides, separateddorsally by a black vitta; thinly gray pollinose on the bases and sur-rounding the black polished apices of the last three segments; nomedian marginal bristles on the first two segments, a marginal rowon each of the last two. The inner forceps of the genitalia (pi. 2,fig. 9) are black with rather long slender tips, slightly thinner one-third the distance back than just before the tips; outer forceps nearlyas long and as large as the inner, rather broad, with sharply pointedtips directed anteriorly and not apposed to the tip of inner forceps;posterior clasper bearing a long bristle; penis with a spiniferous,membranous hood terminating in a small pendant cylindricalprocess. Wings with one to five bristles in a tuft at base of thirdvein. Legs black; middle tibia with a single bristle on outer frontside near middle.Female.?Front at narrov.^est 0.22 of head width in the singlespecimen measured; frontal rows not so thickly beset with bristles;third antennal joint one and one-half times as long as second. Gen-italia retracted within abdomen in repose. Claws and pulvillimuch shorter than hist tarsal joint. Otherwise like the male.
ART. y TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGKAMMINI ALLEN 23Length, 4.5 to 11 mm.Redescribed from a long series consisting largely of males in thecollections of the National Miisemn, the Miisemn of ComparativeZoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dr. C. W. Johnson, and thewriter from the following localities: Lafayette and Michigan City,Indiana; Algonquin and Carlinsville, Illinois; Maryland; Tifton,Georgia; Georgiana, Florida; West Point and Agricultural andMechanical College, Mississippi; Kansas; Cambridge, Nebraska;Wild Horse Canyon, Animas, Santa Fe, and Socorro, New Mexico;College Station, Balmorehea, and Galveston, Texas; Powdersville,Montana; Los Angeles County, California; Havana, Cuba; one male,Owen's Lake, California, labeled "on flowers of Asclepias" (J. M.Aldrich) ; one male in the Loew collection bearing an orange label.The synonomy for this species has been submitted after a carefulstudy of Townsend's types loaned by the University of KansasMuseum. The number of orbital bristles on the types of similisand jlavicornis is variable, even as between the two sides of thesame specimen, varying from one to four. In the typical specimenbest represented by l-ansensis there are one reclinate and two pro-clinate orbitals.It is not unusual to find specimens intermediate between typicalJlavicornis and ruhriventris, which can not be very satisfactorilyplaced. In the typical jlavicornis, the eye is more elongate, thefrontal row is more thickly beset with bristles, no median marginalsoccur on the second segment of the abdomen, the hind tibia on theoutside is ciliate with a complete row of short bristles interrupted byone long spine in the middle, and the specimens are usually larger insize.Owing to the confusion that has long existed between this speciesand ruhriventris, our knowledge of the geographical distribution islimited. Specimens have been identified from Maryland, Indiana,Illinois, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mex-ico, Texas, Montana, California, and Cuba. It has not as yet beenidentified from the northeastern United States, Canada, or the Cen-tral American countries. Nothing is known of the host relationships.The writer found the adults abundant on the blossoms of Erigeronin May in north central Mississippi, associated with *S'. trilineata.Since then it has been collected occasionally on cowpea foliage inthe same locality. Dr. J. M. Aldrich reports collecting it from flowersof Asclepias in California. I liave never encountered this speciesresting on barren soil in the sunlight as do the other common speciesof the genus. In collections, males far outnumber females, verylikely because the normal habitat of the mature female has not yetbeen discovered.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68SENOTAINIA RUBRIVENTRIS MacquartSenotainia rubriventris Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl., vol. 1, p. 167, 1846.Type from Galveston, Tex.
?
Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser.,No. 7, p. 80, 1897.?OsBORN, Ohio Naturalist, vol. 7, p. 38, 1906.?Smith, Ins. of New Jersey, p. 778, 1909.
?
Johnson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.Hist., vol. 32, 1913.?Walton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 182,1914.
?
Aldrich, An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, p. 82, 1915.
?
Reinhard,Ent. News, vol. 30, p. 284, 1919.?Brimley, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 25,1922.Miltogramma decisa Townsend, Ent. News, vol. 3, p. 81, 1892.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.25 of head width (ineasurernents offour as follows: 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.2G) ; frontal vitta brown, at base ofantennae scarcely twice width of lov\^est ocellus, widening to two andone-half times width of parafrontal at ocellar triangle; one reclinateand two proclinate orbital bristles; front nearly destitute of bristlyhairs; vibrissae length of second antenna! joint above front edge oforal margin, separated by distance equal to one and one-half timessecond antennal joint; facial ridges bare excepting one or two smallbristles above the vibrissae; region lateral to vibrissae without scat-tered bristly hairs; antennae yellow, extending three-fourths distanceto vibrissae; third joint one and one-half to two times as long as thesecond; arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate joint asbroad as long; parafacials bare; palpi j^ellow; in profile, bucca one-tenth to one-twenty-fifth eye height and distinctly narrower thanparafacials; eye more than half as wide as high. Thorax gray pol-linose over black, with three narrow median vittae; two strongsternopleural bristles present and four postsutural dorsocentrals ofwhich the anterior two are small or absent altogether; scutellum withthi'ee pairs of marginals of equal size. Abdomen with intermediatesegments and lateral posterior part of first, rufous, the remainder ofthe first and the fourth black, frequently with a dorsal triangle ofblack on intermediate segments, last three segments thinly wliitishpollinose; second segment bearing a median marginal pair of bristles,third and fourth each with a marginal row of about eight. Genitalia(pi. 2, fig. 8) black, with the appearance, in repose, of being too largeto fit into tip of abdomen; inner forceps shining black, moderatelyshort and blunt, with sharp, stout tips, united to apex save for minuteapical cleft, in profile, convex on outside, nearly straight inside; outerforceps brown, distinctly shorter than the inner pair, strongly roundedover at the tip into a rather bluntly-pointed hook, directed cephaladlike the inner forceps; sides of fifth sternite with angular apex andbearing appressed, bristly black hairs to the tip. Legs black;middle tibia with a single bristle on outside near the middle; hindtibia with a row of four unequal bristles on outside, not extendingfar beyond middle; hind femur without villosity on inner proximal
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 25
surface. Wings without costal spine: third vein with one to twosmall bristles at its base.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.25 of head width (measurements offive as follows: 0.25, 0.25, 0.25' 0.25, 0.26); otherwise except forusual sexual differences of pulvilli and genitalia, like the male.Length, 3.5 to 6 mm.This species is well represented by both males and females in allcollections examined by me. Redescribed from a long series ofspecimens from the following localities: Massachusetts; ButtonWoods, Rhode Island; Lahaway, Ocean County, Ocean Grove,New Jersey; Chesapeake Beach, Plummer Island, Maryland; San-dusk}^, Cincinnati, Blackhand, Ohio; Lafayette, Plymouth, MichiganCity, Indiana; Raleigh, Laurel Hill, North Carohna; Georgia;Miami, White Sulphur Springs, Florida; Holly Springs, Starkville,McPIenry, Ocean Springs, Mississippi; College vStation, Texas;Colorado; Socorro, New Mexico; Ormsb}^ County, Nevada; Ciare-mont County, California; Moscow, Julietta, Idaho; Owl CreekMountains, Wyoming; Umatilla, Oregon; Sea Cliff, Long Island,labeled ''on beach and salt grass"; Koebler, New Mexico, labeled
''Webster No. 7707," (W. R. Walton); one female labeled "ParkerNote No, 18" and another female, "Parker Note No. 27"; onefemale, reared from nest of Bicyrtes quadrifasciata, Adaton, Missis-
.sippi, Aug., 1922. and several males from flowers of Erigeron, Agri-cultural and Mechanical College, Mississippi (H. W. Allen).The puparium possesses the following characters: Yellowish-brownin color, with small, backwardly-directed spines encircling the anteriorpart ol the thoracic segments, but limited to ventral parts of ad-dominal segments; anal segment without well-developed spinesabove the depression; from lateral view, broadest at middle, thedorsal and ventral margins convex; anterior spiracle with six papillae;anal depression moderately deep.This species has been identified by the wTiter from many localitiesranging from Massachusetts, Idaho, and Oregon on the north, toFlorida, Texas, and California, indicating that it is generally dis-tributed throughout continental United wStates. It has been reportedin literature from Canada, certain islands of the West Indies, andMexico, but it should be remembered that other nearly related specieshave long been confused with this form, hence such records mustnecessarily be verified before being accepted.The published records relating to the biology of this species arefew and those we have are open to doubt as to the correctness ofdetermination. Professor Osborn's interesting notes on wasp-trailingflies " probably refer to rubriventris, though they may be referable
? Ohio Naturalist . vol. 7, no. 2. p. 38.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G8to other species of the ruhriventris group known to be present inthe Great Lakes region.The writer has taken the female in midsummer, on sandy, barrenspots in open pasture, and the males in large numbers on the flowersof Erigeron, in early spring. One adult has been reared from nests ofBicyrtes quadrifasciatus stocked with Heteropteron nymphs, fromAda ton. Miss. A small maggot was discovered on July 17 boringinto a paralyzed nymph in the nest of the wasp taken to laboratoryon July 15. By the following day it had dismembered the nymphand bored into the sand beneath to pupate, and on July 28, the flyemerged. The last part of the larval stage was passed in burrowingin and out of the putrid material, like a typical Sarcopliaga maggot.Prof. J. B. Parker has made some interesting observations on thebiology of this species in connection with his work on wasps at Wash-ington, D. C. One female, labeled, ''Parker Note No. 18," wascaptured after invading the burrow of Oxyhelus quadrinotatus Sayon June 20, 1914. In another observation, "Parker Note No. 27,"he states that on June 24, "a solitary wasp was discovered enteringher nest with a grasshopper. A fly dashed into the nest after thewasp and was captured as it came out. The nest was opened atonce and found to contain three completed brood chambers, andone incompleted. The incompleted brood chamber contained twograsshoppers each ol which bore fly larvae." In one of the completedchambers, with the partly-consumed stock of grasshoppers, ''wasfound a single fat dipterous larva which was taken to the laboratoryand placed in a breeding cell." On July 12, 1912, the fly emerged.The wasp was not identified.SENOTAINIA VIGILANS Allen.Senotainia vigilans Allen, Occas. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 81^,1924.Type.?Male, Cat. No. 27231, U. S. N. M., from Adaton,, Miss.This species closely resembles litoralis Allen from which it dift'ersin having a large amount of red on the abdomen, while the latter isconstantly black throughout. In vigilans there is usually but oneproclinate orbital (pi. 4, fig. 23) and in the male, the sides of the fifthsternite are lobiform, and the hind femur bears villous hairs equallingthe thickness of the femur on the proximal third of the under suiface.Some specimens of vigilans vary toward ruhriventris. Males ofvigilans may be readily distinguished by the tips of the outer forceps(pi. 2, fig. 11) which are angular and hooked towards tip of innerforceps, by the lobiform fifth sternite and the villosity of the hindfemur. In both sexes of vigilans, the bucca and front is wider, thearista more extensively thickened than in ruhriventris.Two mature females have been dissected and the reproductiveorgans examined (pi. 4, fig. 22). The outstanding morphological
ART. '.\ TWO-WIXGKD FI.IES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 27
cluiracters are as follows: Spermathecal ducts not united, their basalhalves conspicuously inflated; accessory glands of equal size, elongate,more than ten times length of their ducts. In the uterine pouch ofone, 15 large maggots were counted. With the maggots in thepouches occurred the larval sheaths, evidently sloughed off by thelarvae as soon as they became active in the uterus. The sheathwas reticulated, more conspicuously so in a belt about the middle.Uterine maggots in the specimens dissected were all at about thesame stage of development.Several first instar uterine maggots have been examined. In thebuccopharyngeal apparatus (pi. 5, fig. 33) were found the onlyreadily recognized specific characters. The median hook is broad tothe middle, thence suddenly constricted to a fine, slightly curvedpoint, ventral tooth lacking; lateral hooks moderately curved butnot definitely hooked.The puparium (pi. 4, fig. 21) is chestnut-brown in color, withminute, backwardly directed spines encircling the anterior part of thefirst five segments; and occurring ventrally on the remainder of thesegments. In lateral view; broadest caudad of the middle, taperingshghtly towards the front, abruptly behind; dorsal margin convex,ventral straight or even slightly concave in the middle. Anteriorspiracle with four or five papillae. Anal depression as in rubriventrisbut distinctly deeper than in trilineata.Specimens have been examined from Massachusetts, Ohio, Districtof Columbia, Maryland, and Mississippi. In the Canadian nationalcollection there are several specimens from Vernon, British Columbia,Onah and Aweme, Manitoba. The habitat of vigilans appears to bemore restricted than that of some of the more common species of thegenus. In Mississippi, specimens were taken on the sides of a shadyroad, in the "flat woods" predominated by short leaf pine in mixturewith hardwoods. In Ohio, a puparium was dug from a small sanddeposit on a wooded river bank. Adults have not been taken onflowers.The biology oi vigilans is hnked with that of two species of Bicyrtes,quadrifasciata from which it has been reared and ventralis Say, fromwhose burrow the female fly has been captured, and with Bemhixspinolae. All three wasps belong to the sand burrowing Bcmbicidae.Both species of Bicyrtes stock their cells with Hemiptera, whileBemhix spinolae provisions its nest with Muscoid flies.Prof. J. B. Parker in 1914, at Washington, D. C, captured a femaleemerging from the nest of Bicyrtes ventralis and another female comingout of a burrow of Bemhix spinolae}'^S. vigilans was also noted in the field during July, 1922 by M. R.Smith who found the flies associated with wasps in a colony of B.
1' Allen, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 90.
28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68quudrifasciata under observation at Adaton, Mississippi. Severalvisits were made to this colony during the next few weeks untilthe extreme dry weather and heavy traffic over the road in whichthe colony was located obliterated all traces of the wasps. Adultsof vigilans were abundant about this colony for several weeks. Thefly was frequently observed in low zigzag flight over the sand fromwhich it would alight at frequent intervals on small sticks or bladesof grass. Intense interest was displayed by females in Bembecidsreturning to their nests. Wliile the wasps were in flight about theirburrows, the flics were frequently seen hovering cautiously about afoot behind them. The presence of the flies seemed to annoy thewasps, which would frequently turn on them and attempt to drivethem away, but such attempts were futile, as the flies, no longerpursued, would immediately return. The fly was seen to dart swiftlyinto the burrow after the Bembicid, and to emerge again, almostimmediately, and before the reappearance of the wasp. Afterdepositing its prey, the wasp would emerge, cover up the entrance toits burrow and fly away. In this connection, it may be noted thatquadnfasciata usually closes its burrow each time that it leaves it, aprecaution which serves to repel parasitic flies during its absence butvery clearly affords no protection against those with a habit like thatof vigilans, which enters the burrow during the visits of the wasp.Smith has observed that quadrifasciata does not invariably close itsburrow when leaving it, as he has on several occasions unearthedseveral well stocked cells left conspicuously open. Such nests, whileespecially vulnerable to attack, do not seem to be sought out byvigilans. It was observed that the wasp, carrying prey, was theprincipal cause of excitement and activity on the part of the flies and itis quite likely that in this species, this combination is necessary for thestimulation of the female to larviposition.A number of the nests of quadrifasciata were unearthed and thecontents, consisting of the egg of the Bembicid in the midst of Pen-tatomid and Coreid nymphs, were carefully removed. No evidenceof the maggots was found in the field, but in one lot, maggots wereunexpectedly encountered a day or two after removing the contentsof the cell to the laboratory, and from them the adults oi vigilans werereared. The bodies of the nymphs were rapidly reduced by themaggots to a putrid mass in which they reveled like Sarcophagidscavengers in decomposing flesh. In the one completed nest ofquadrifasciata from which this parasite was reared, the maggots didnot show up until after the egg of the wasp had hatched. Maggots ofSenotainia and grub of Bicyrtes were both observed feeding on theprovisions of the nest on one day, but on the succeeding da\', the grubhad succumbed, either to direct onslaught by the maggots or theunfavorable conditions produced by them, but at any rate, not to
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 29direct parasitism. At the termination of the feeding period of themaggots, two Uving nymphs remained still untouched, so it appearsin this instance that the competition for food did not furnish the urgefor the elimination of the host. So far as could be determined, thesomewhat slower growing wasp grub with its more delicately adjustedparasitic life, was overwhelmed in the tumultuous activity of the flymaggots, to whom its death was merely incidental. The maggots,reared during July, developed very rapidly, far outstripping the grubsof Bicyrtes reared in the laboratory under the same conditions. Mag-gots removed with the nest on July 26, pupated on the 30th, indicatinga larval period of approximately four days. In Columbus, Ohio, onespecimen was reared from a puparium recovered from damp sandnear the underground cells of Bemhix spinolae, indicating that themature maggots at the termination of the feeding period burrow inthe soil that surrounds the nest to pupate. The pupal duration oftwo individuals was respectively seven and eight days. Possessingthe power to complete a life cycle in about two weeks, it is highlyprobable that generations succeed each other rapidly during thefavorable seasons. However, the development of but one generationhas been under observation and the seasonal cycle is unknown,SENOTAINIA LITORALIS AllenSenotainia litoralis Ali^en, Occ. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 90,1924Type.?Male, Cat. No. 27232, U.S.N.M., from Moss Point,Mississippi.This species may be readily separated from trilineata, from whichit differs in having the frontal rows at their middle separated by adistance less than width of either parafrontal and in having but twoweak postsutural dorsocentral bristles. From vigilans, it is dis-tinguished by lack of red on the abdomen and usually in the posses-sion of two proclinate orbital bristles. Male specimens differ inhaving the sides of the fifth sternite roundly angular at the apex andnot lobiform, and the hind femur without villosity on the innerproximal surface. The male genitalia arc illustrated (pi. 2, fig. 10).In the one female dissected, the reproductive apparatus (pi. 4,fig. 25) was found to differ from the typical in several respects.Whether these variations are specific or merely individual w^as notdetermined. The uterine pouch was balloon-shaped and not chor-date; the ovules were filled with ova of all stages of developmentwhile at the same time the uterine pouch carried several well devel-oped larvae. Only two spermathecae were present, and these wereunited for somewhat more than the basal lialf. One of the accessoryglands was very much reduced in size, the other normal, with theduct less than one-tenth the length of the ofland.
30 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68This species lias been most frequently encountered on the marinebeach from Massachusetts to Louisiana. That it also has a limiteddistribution inland is indicated by the recovery of specimens atAgricultural and Mechanical College, Mississippi, College Station,Texas, and from Indiana and Idaho. In flight, the adults barelyclear the sand over wliich they glide in a swift zigzag course, so closelyresembhng that of smaU burrowing Hymenoptera of the beaches thatthey can be distinguished with certainty only when they alight, asthey do at frequent intervals on the surface of the sand. Large num-bers of adults, both males and females, were observed on the blossomsof a common Hydrocotyle of the upper beach, in full bloom along theGulf coast in early September. The host relationships are not known.SENOTAINIA NANA CoquillettSenotainia nana Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 80, 1897.Type from Las Cruces, N. M.Microsenotainia nana Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 618, 1915.This species is very evidently not the same as Miltogramma iianaVan der Wulp. The latter name has priority, but unless the typewhich has been lost is located and after reexamination is definitelyassigned to this genus, it is deemed inadvisable to propose a newname for Coquillett's species. Townsend proposed a new genus toreceive this species on characters which in my opinion are of lessthan generic rank.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.29 of head width (measurements ofthree as follows: 0.27, 0.30, 0.30); inner orbits diverge from base ofantennae, slightly towards vertex, moderately towards bucca; frontand face merging from black at the vertex to silvery pollinose atbucca; frontal vitta yellow, linear, scarcely wider than lowestocellus, obliterated at ocellar triangle; about seven very weakbristles in each frontal row, the rows separated by a distance equalto half width of parafrontal; parafrontals strongly flattened towardsvertex, lacking bristly hairs; one reclinate and two proclinate orbitalbristles; vibrissae strongly approximated, inserted length of secondantennal joint above oral margin; facial ridges bare; antennaeextending three-fourths distance to vibrissae, red, the third jointscarcely twice as long as second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate joint very short; in profile, axis at vibrissaeslightly less than at base of antennae, width of bucca less than thatof parafacials and equal to one-sixth of eye height; front projectsnearly one-half the eye diameter; parafacials bare, palpi yellow.Thorax, including the scutellum, thinly gray pollinose over black,without spots or distinct vittae; usually one and sometimes twopostsutural dorsocentral bristles differentiated; one sternopleural
;
three pairs of marginal scutellar bristles. Abdomen red, excepting
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 31apex of fourth segment which is black, in profile, distinctly arched;without macrochaetae, save for the scarcely differentiated marginalpairs on third and fourth segments; last three segments with athinly pollinose band confined to basal third of the segment. Geni-talia black; in repose, exserted for distance about equal to width offourth abdominal segment; inner forceps elongate, in profile, curvedslightly forward to a strong, sharp point, from behind, are seen tobe united into a single laterally compressed process, linear like theback of a knife blade. Wing of usual veination, without costalspine or bristles at base of third vein; proximal half of costa withshort, appressed, black hairs. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feetlonger than last tarsal joint; middle tibia with one bristle on outerfront side near middle; hind tibia with but two bristles on outsidenear the middle.Length, 3 to 4 mm.Type.?Male, Cat. No. 3580, U.S.N.M.Host relationships.?Unknown.Redescribed from the type and the paratype, labeled "swept fromPedis papposa,^' Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell), and one malespecimen from Los Angeles County, California, all in the NationalMuseum. Female unknown.SENOTAIMA SETULICOSTA, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.30 of head width (measurements oftwo as follows: 0.29, 0.31); inner orbits converge moderatel}^ fromvertex to the base of the antennae, thence divergent in a broad curveto the bucca; front golden pollinose; frontal vitta yellow, linear,scarcely the v/idth of ocellus to above the middle, thence divergingrapidly to vertex; frontal rows of about ten weak bristles, separatedat their middle by a distance less than one-half width of para-frontal; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles; para-frontals sparsely beset with black bristly hairs; vibrissae stronglyapproximated, inserted at distance equal to second antennal jointabove front edge of oral margin; facial ridges bare save for one ortwo bristly hairs above the vibrissae; antennae red, extending abouttwo-thirds distance to vibrissae; third joint equal to second; aristathickened on basal two-fifths, penultimate joint very short; para-facials bare; in profile, the buccal width is much less than that ofparafacials, and equals one-sixth to one-tenth the eye height; headlength at vibrissae equals that at base of antennae; front projectsnearly one-half the eye width; palpi yellow. Abdomen stronglyarched in profile, red, excepting apex of fourth segment which isblack; broad pollinose bands encircle the basal halt of the last threesegments; abdomen without macrochaetae save for a weak medianmarginal pair on the third and fourth segments. Genitalia black;
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68in repose exserted conspicuously from the tip of the abdomen;inner forceps elongate, united to tip, in profile the posterior edgestraight to the apex, viewed from behind broadly triangular. Wingswithout a costal spine ; costa, on its proximal half, with conspicuous,erect, radiatmg, bristly hairs; third vein without bristles. Legsblack; middle tibia with one bristle on the outer front side near themiddle; hind tibia with two to five unequal bristles on the outersurface, not extendmg far beyond the middle.Length, 4.5 to 5 mm.Type.?Msiie. Cat. No. 28151, U.S.N.M., from Pasadena, Cali-fornia, April, 1915.Host relationslii-p.?Unknown.Described from the type and one other male from Santa ClaraCounty, California (Baker). Female not known. These speci-mens in the National Museum, had been labeled '^decisa," but whencompared with the type of that species were found to be mcorrectlydetermined. They are evidently the ones examined by Townsendwhen ''subgenus B" of the genus Microsenotainia ^^ was proposedfor decisa. Townsend's decisa, however, is without C{uestion thesame as ruhriventris Macquart, and differs widely from the twoCalifornia specimens described above.SENOTAINIA TRIUNEATA (Van der Wulp)Miltogramma trilineata Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer. Dipt., vol. 2,p. 89, 1890. Type locality, Presidio, Mex.Arrenopus americanus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Denkschr. Akad. Wicn.,vol. 58, p. 361, 1891. Type locality, Georgia.Miltogramma argentifrons Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 18, p. 357,1891.Millogramma cinerascens Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. IS, p. 358,1891.Senotainia trilineata Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 81,1897.
?
Smith, Ins. of New Jersey, p. 778, 1909.
?
Johnson, Bull. Amer.Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, p. 72, 1913.?Walton, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,vol. 48, p. 182, 1914.
?
Aldrich, An. Ent. Soc. of Amer., vol. 8, p. 82,1915.?Gibson, Ent. Soc. Ont. Rept. 1919, p. 127.?Reinhard, Ent.News, vol. 30, p. 284, 1919.
?
Cole and Lovett, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.,vol. 11, p. 301, 1921.?Brimley, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 25, 1922.?Curran,Can. Ent., vol. 55, p. 174, 1923.Euselenornyia peruviensis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 364,1912. Type from Peru.Male.?Yront at narrowest 0.24 of the head width (measurementsof five as follows: 0.23, 0.24, 0.24, 0.24, 0.25); frontal vitta largelygray to golden pollinose; frontal rows not closely bordering the vitta,separated at their middle by distance greater tlian width of eitherparafrontal; small, black, bristly hairs on parafrentals below orbitals,
? Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 619.
AET. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 33which extend in an irreguhir row on parafacials almost to bucca;antennae black, excepting apex of second joint, which is red; in pro-file, buccal width exceeds that of paraiacial and equals one-fourtheye height; head length at vibrissae equals that at base of antennae;palpi yellow, usually with black tips. Thorax with three distinctpostsutural dorsocentrals and two sternopleural bristles. Abdomendensely gray pollinose over black, without red spots on the sides, thenarrow margins of the segments yellowish brown; with three moreor less vague black spots on each of the last three segments; the sec-ond segment bears a strong median marginal pair of bristles, the thirdand fourth each with marginal rows. Genital segments and forcepssubshining black; inner forceps (pi. 2, fig. 7) scarcely twice as longas broad, tapering uniformly to sharp, stout points curved sharplyforward at tips, broadly divergent when viewed from behind; outerforceps shorter than inner pair, curved inward to rounded spoon-liketips. Wings without costal spine; with one to two small bristles atbase of third vein.Female.?Width of front at narrowest 0.24 of head width (measure-ments of five as follows: 0.23, 0.24, 0.24, 0.24, 0.26); vertex, frontand face more deeply golden pollinose than in the male; in profile,buccal width equals one-fifth eye height. Thorax and abdomengolden pollinose. Otherwise like tlie male excepting the usual dif-ferences in genitalia and size of pulvUli.Length 3.0 to 7.0 mm.This species is one of the most common Muscoid flies of NorthAmerica. Redescribed from a long series of both sexes from all partsof the United States, one male from San Carlos, Costa Rica (Schildand Burgdorf), and one female from Chinandega, Nicaragua (Baker).Townsend's eight specimens from Peru (Euselenomyia pentviensis)
,
which are before me, differ slightly from the typical North Americanspecimens in having the parafacials more bristly, and the first abdomi-nal segment of the males and some of the females with a pair ofdistinct median marginal bristles. In much of the western materialexamined, which includes specimens from Colorado, Idaho, Nevada,New Mexico, Washington, and California, the three black spots onthe intermediate segments of the abdomen are sharply defined fromthe surrounding white ])ollen, and the frontal bristles are noticeablyweaker than in tyj^ical eastern specimens. The male genitalia ofthese Peruvian and western forms are apparently identical with thatof the form from the eastern United States, lifter a careful study ofavailable mat(^rial I am inclined to retain all under trUmeata.Of four specimens of trilineata determined by me and forwardetlto Major Austen, he finds that one is trilineata by comparison withthe type. The others, however, appear to him to represent a dif-ferent species, with which opinion I can not concur. The type of54292?26t -.3
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Arrenopus americanus was loaned from the Vienna Museum for exami-nation and the synonymy of Coquillett verified. Townsend's typesfor argent ifrons and cineracens have been loaned by the Universityof Kansas Museum, and the synonymy of Coquillett and of Aldrichverified.In the four specimens in which the female reproductive organs weredissected there was agreement in the following characters (pi. 4, fig. 20) :Spermatheca, three, their ducts elongate, without inflations, two of theducts united on the distal half; accessory glands of equal size, some-what less than ten times as long as their ducts; uterine pouch dis-tinctly chordate; ovaries emptied, even before maggots in uterus hadreached their full de\^elopment.The only difference in the morphology of the uterine maggot notedbetween this species and others of the genus studied, is found in thebuccopharyngeal apparatus (pi. 5, fig. 31). In this, the median hookis suddenly constricted just beyond the base, expanding again nearthe tip, thence tapering to a stout point, the axis of which is almostperpendicular to the axis of the buccopharyngeal apparatus; lateralhooks with broad, nearly parallel sides to near tips, thence taperingabruptly to minute recurved points having a deep U-shaped invagina-tion on ventral margin.The puparium very closely resembles that of vigilans and ruhriven-tris, from which, however, it differs in minor characters. It ischestnut brown in color, with minute spines encircling the anteriorpart of the thoracic segments; each segment with fine lateral stria-tions, the anal segment without well defined spines above the de-pression. In lateral view, it is deepest at the middle, taperingslightly in both directions; the dorsal margin is straight, the ventralmargin broadly convex. Anterior spiracle with six to seven papillae;posterior spiracles separated by a distance slightly greater than theirwidth, and located slightly above the horizontal bisecting plane.Anal depression shallow.The kno^vn range of trilineata is greater than that of any otherspecies of the genus. Northward it has been recorded as far as NewHampshire, Ontario, Illinois, Minnesota, Canadian NorthwestTerritory, and British Columbia. Curran reports it from Fort Simp-son, near 62? latitude, far north of the known distribution of anyother species of this group, and not far from the Arctic Circle. South-ward from this limit it has been reported from numerous localitiesrepresenting nearly every state of the United States, and from Mexico,Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Townsend has recovered what is in allprobability the same species from Peru. It is not known outside ofthe American continents.Notwithstanding its abundance and wide distribution, but verylittle has been published on the biology of this species. The writer
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN" 35has had this form under observation at frequent intervals during thepast tliree seasons, and has been able to gather some information onits life cycle and ecology.Adults are generally present throughout the warmer months. InOhio, Mississippi, and the District of Columbia, where this specieshas been under observation, it was found to be more widely dis-tributed over the terrain than any other species of Senotainia. Itoccurs, however, most commonly over barren sandy soil such as is foundalong river banks, and on denuded ground, such places being soughtout also by the fossorial Hymenoptera with which it is associated.The adults are not often found on rank vegetation except whenattracted by the blossoms of certain plants, but they visit in con-spicuous numbers, a considerable number of flowers includingErigeron, Anthemis cotula, and Euphorhia corollata. In the southernstates, in early fall, they are attracted in large numbers to cowpeas,where they secure some food substance at the tip of the pod-bearingstalks. They frequently appear on Erigeron and cowpeas, even whenthese occur in dense stands on low rich ground at considerable dis-tances from barren soil.Few published records can be found concerning the host relation-ships of this species. There is one record of its issuance from a nestof Sphecius speciosus}^ It is also reported as having been rearedfrom the common army worm,^'^ but this is so definitely at variancewith the usual activity of this species and its allies as to be decidedlyquestionable. In a recent interesting article on the "ovipositional"habit of trilmeata,'^^ Curran mentions other species of fossorial Hy-menoptera, none of which were linked with this species in a whollyconvincing manner. The writer has reared several specimens fromthe nests of Bicyrtes quadrifasciata. Prof. J. B. Parker securedseveral specimens from a nest of Bicyrtes ventralis. The three waspsfrom which it has been reared are Bembicidae which burrow in the sand.One stocks its nest with flies, largely Muscoidea, the other two withHemipterous nymphs. Bembicid wasps, according to the writer'sobservations, are never as abundant as trilineata adults; therefore itseems probable that the latter will be found by further observation toissue from the nests of several other common species of Hymenoptera.Professor Parker has submitted the following information regard-ing the rearing of trilineata from Bicyrtes ventralis at Washington,D. C. On June 13, 1914, the wasp ''was discovered storing a nestwith nymphs of a Hemipterous insect. It was marked and wasopened on June 20, 1914. It contained the remains of seven bugsand ten fly puparia. No trace of the larval wasp was found. The
i? Coqumett, U. S. Bur. Ent, Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 20, 1897.20 Forbes, Psyche, vol. 6, p. 467, 1893." Can. Ent., vol. 55, p. 174, 1923.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68puparia were four inches below the surface of the ground. The soilwas a sandy loam. The puparia were put in a breeding cell. OnJuly 4, 1914, all flies had emerged."The writer secured the following information in rearing fromBlcyrtes quadrifasciata. A female was noted intently watching thewasp builcUng its burrow and was captured and identified. A singlenest from a lot of several collected in this colony was found to beinfested with six maggots, all of which proved to be trilineata. Thedevelopment of the maggots in this nest proved to be almost identicalwith that of the larvae of S. vigilans, previously discussed. Themaggots remained undiscovered until after the wasp egg had hatched,but the grub of the wasp failed to develop since it was soon over-whelmed by the rapidly growing Dipterous larvae. In this case, allthe stores of the wasp were consumed, the maggots spending thegreater part of their developmental period as Sarcophagidlike scav-engers in the midst of the decomposing bodies of the bug nymphs.The larval period from the time the nest was collected to the formationof the puparium was four to five days. Since the nest was not col-lected at actual larviposition time, the total larval period may havebeen a day or two longer. Puparia were formed in damp sand be-neath the debris of the nest. The pupal period ranged from eight toeleven days, four of the six that were reared emerging on the ninth day.Regarding the establishment of parasite on host, the writer hasmade no direct observations. Curran states that S. trilineata femalespoise over the entrance of the burrow and drop eggs directly into itas the wasp drags her prey down into it. The white objects seemdropping into the burrow, wliich lie plainly states were not recoveredfor closer examination, v/ere in all probability active, naked larvae,such as are readily demonstrated in the uterus of this and all nearlyrelated species. The writer has dissected several gravid femalesof S. trilineata, in all of which the uterus was filled with large whitemaggots not exceeding 75 in number.Several workers have noted the presence of annoying and persistentDipterous parasites in connection with their studies of the bionomicsof various fossorial Hymenoptera. Most of them have reared theseparasites in sufficient numbers to be impressed with the idea thatthey constitute a heavy drain on tlie economy of the wasps. Severalhave noted that the wasps frequently turn on their wary pursuers,and attempt to drive them away. None, however, seem ever to haveobserved the wasps catching these elusive little flies. But observa-tions made by tlie writer indicate that one species of wasp not onlycatches these flics but uses them to provision its nest. Severalnests of Bemhix spinolae were dug out at Columbus, Ohio, in thesummer of 1021, whieli were found to contain the dismembered cliitin-
AKT. 9 TAVO-WINGED FLIES OF TETBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 37
Oils remains of many flies, as tliey had been left by the feeding stages.These were taken to the hiboratory and carefully examined, andfound to contain, among others, the dismembered parts of what wasunquestionably *S'. triUneata. Heads and male genitalia, both ofwhich are sufficient for diagnostic purposes, were isolated from thegeneral debris. This observation indicates a unique relationshipbetween these two species. The wasp, which provides its nest withflies of several species, apparently does not hesitate to use the bodiesof its Senotainia parasites vdien they can be captured, while the flylurks about its enemy and host, infesting its nest with maggots, when-ever opportunity ofl'ers. We have here then, an interesting case ofwasp predaceous on fly, and fly in turn parasitic on wasp. Butstranger still, Senotainia maggots in the nests of this wasp must beaccustomed to subsisting in part on the bodies of the adults of theirown species, when such are provided by the host. In fact, it is notimprobable, as our discussion at another place of experiments per-formed with this species will show, for this wasp by capturing andcarrying into its nest the body of a mature female Senotainia, tounwittingly infest its nest with the parasite.In connection with the work on S. triUneata, it was discoveredthat larvae carefully pressed from the body of gravid females werecapable of readily establishing themselves under artificial conditions.It appears worth wliile to dwell briefly on the information securedthrough them, first because our knowledge of the habits of theimmature- stages of tliis group have not been thoroughly worked outand secondly because it serves to further establish the Sarcophagidaffinities of the group.In one experiment, several active maggots squeezed from a gravidfemale v/ere placed on nymphs of Leptoglossus, artificially paralyzedby crushing the head, to simulate the condition of the normal food.The maggots started to feed at once, through holes torn in theexoskeleton, at joints not heavily reinforced, such as the leg sockets.They frequently buried their body up to the anal plate in the feedingpunctures. The maggots developed normally, so far as could bediscovered, becoming in their later instars scavengers on the decayingbodies of the bugs. Two of the lot formed puparia, which, however,failed to emerge.In another instance, the body of a female which had been allowedto lie in the cage for a day following death, was found to containseveral healthy maggots Vvdiich had consumed the softer tissues withinthe body of their mother. These were placed on the body of a freshlykilled adult Leptoglossus and started immediately to wander overthe body in search of food, seeking the softer places in the integumentwhere they proceeded to make punctures by raking backward andforward with the mouthhooks. The morning after placing on pre-
38 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68pared food, the lot was examined. Four were found with the anteriorend inside the body of the bug, entrance having been secured throughrents torn between the sclerites, the posterior third of the maggots wereexposed.In another experiment, maggots squeezed from the female wereplaced on Leptoglossus nymphs artificially paralyzed, two maggotsto each of five nymphs. All of the maggots established themselvesbut one. The nymphs were carefully examined the following day,and showed no external evidence of the parasites, in this respectdiffering from the two previous experiments. One was dissectedand both maggots, early in the second instar, were found whollywithin the body of the host, which was dead, but whose tissues hadas yet shown no signs of decay. On the following day, or when themaggots were two days old, another nymph was dissected, and foundto contain both maggots, in the second instar, wholly concealedwithin the body, apparently in excellent condition and feeding on thebody contents, now brown, semifluid, and in a moderately advancedstate of decay. On the following day, all the remaining nymphswere dissected and the maggots were found to be dead, quite likelybecause of the extensive desiccation of the food material.These experiments with the maggots of S. trilineata are too limitedto serve as a satisfactory basis for generalization, but certain pointsare indicated which it may be allowable to express. First, it isevident that this species is not a primary parasite of the wasps withwhich it associates, nor yet is it a commensal in the ordinarily acceptedsense of that term. No term seems to exactly describe the relationsof these two forms. The maggot is at first a true parasite on theliving insects captured by the wasp, in the later stages becoming ascavenger on their putrifying bodies, and incidentally it may assumethe role of predator on the young of the wasp for wliich the paralyzedinsects have been provided.SENOTAINIA RUFIVENTRIS (Coquillett)Hilarella rufiventris Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 1291897. Type from Holly Springs, Mississippi, located in National Museum.Eusenotainia rufiventris Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 26, p. 22,1915.This species was without question incorrectly placed by Coquillettin the genus Hilarella. Townsend recognized this and proposed anew genus without describing it. The species possesses all the typicalcharacters of the riibriventris series of Senotainia from which it differsslightly in possessing somewhat longer face and antennae. In thewriter's opinion these are not variations of generic significance, andthe close relationship with the ruhriventris series can best be recognizedby retaining it in the same genus.
ART. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 39Male.?Front at narrowest 0.37 of the head width (measurementsof three 0.36, 0.36, 0.38) ; orbits most nearly approximated at base ofantennae, diverging shghtly above, widely below, with a slightemargination at the level of vibrissae; front and face silvery poUinose,frequently grayish or golden poUinose at the vertex; frontal vittatriangular, yellowish, submerged posteriorly beneath dense pollen;frontal rows with about nine bristles, separated at middle by distancealmost equal width of parafrontal; one reclinate and two proclinateorbital bristles; parafrontals destitute of bristly hairs; vibrissaestrongly approximated, nearly the length of second antennal jointabove the front edge of oral margin; facial ridges with two or threebristly hairs on their lowest fourth; antennae red, extending seven-eighths distance to vibrissae, third joint five times as long as thesecond; arista tliickened nearly to tip, penultimate joint slightlylonger than broad; parafacials bare; in profile, width of bucca equalsparafacials and is one-tenth eye height, head length at vibrissae isdistinctly less than at base of antennae, front projects more thanone-tliird eye width; palpi yellow. Thorax gray poUinose over black,without distinct vittae; two postsutural dorsocentral bristles are dis-tinguishable; two sternopleurals present; the scutellum bears threemarginal pairs of which the apicals are the strongest; weak preapicalspresent. Abdomen largely red, fourth segment black, the third partlyso; last three segments with thinly poUinose bands on their basal half;first two segments without bristles, third and fourth with marginalrows of about ten weak ones. Genitalia black, in repose, protrudingfrom abdomen for distance equal to one-half the length of fourthabdominal segment. Wings without costal spine; tliird vein with asingle small bristle at its base. Legs black; middle tibia with a singlebristle on outer front side near middle; hind tibia on outer surfacewith several weak bristles on proximal three-fifths.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.29 of the head width (measurementsof three 0.28, 0.29, 0.30); frontal vitta narrower than in the male;frontal rows at their middle separated by a distance equal to two-thirds width of parafrontal; distance of vibrissae above the oralmargin fully equals the second antennal joint; vibrissae more stronglyapproximated than in male; third antennal joint two and one-halfto three times the second. Otherwise, except for the usual sexualdifferences of the pulvilli and genitalia, like the male.Length 3.0 to 6.0 mm.Typg.?Male, Cat. No. 3755, U.S.N.M.Host relationships.?Unknown.Redescribed from the type, and two males and one female of thetype series from Holly Springs, Mississippi (F. W. Mally) ; onemale, Lafayette, Indiana (J. M. Aldrich) ; one female, Owen's Lake,California (J. M. Aldrich) ; all in the collection of the National
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Museum: one female, Phoenix, Arizona (A. K. Fisher), in the collec-tion of J. R. Malloch: and one female, Holly Springs, Mississippi(H. W. A.), in my collection. The specimen from Owen's Lake hasan arista with a rather long penultimate joint but agrees in otherrespects with the typical, and is probably the same species.Genus OESTROHILARELLA TownsendOeslrohilarella Townsend, Insecut. Insc. Menst., vol. G, p. 162, 1918.Genotype, Hilarella aristalis Coquillett from southern Illinois.Readily distinguishable from Hilarella, Phrosinella, and Eumacrony-chia by the absence of any definite angle between the facial and buccalmargin, when viewed from the side, and the presence of a globose orsubglobose abdomen upon which the macrochaetae are scarcelydifferentiated. The genus also differs from Hilarella in having thelast section of the fifth vein much less than half as long as the preced-ing section, and in the absence of a costal spine; from Phrosinellain having the lunule minute and largely concealed, the frontal rowsnot extending beyond the base of the antennae and not suddenlydivergent below, the parafacials not suddenly constricted near thelower inner corner of the eye; from Eumacronychia in not having thepollen of the abdominal segments limited to dense, even, basal bands.Other distinguishing characters are as follows; a single frontal rowon either side of the vitta; orbital bristles present in both sexes;antennae extending much more than half the distance to the vibrissae,which are inserted just above the oral margin; proboscis muchshorter than head height; small bristly hairs on less than the lowesthalf of the facial ridges; in profile, head length at vibrissae much lessthan at base of antennae; no pale hairs on bucca or back of headabout the oral cavity; two sternopleural bristles present; wingswith but a few bristles at base of third vein.A single North American species is referable to this genus,OESTROHILARELLA ARISTAUS (Coquillett)Hilarella aristalis Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., no. 7, p. 129,1897.The front of the male is disticntly wider than that of the female(measurements of the ratio of the front at narrowest to head width,for males an average of 0.365 for two measuring 0.36 and 0.37,respectively; for females an average of 0.308 for six measuring0.29, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.33, and 0.33, respectively); one reclinate andtwo proclinate orbital bristles; frontal vitta black and at level oflowest orbital slightly wider than either parafrontal; third antennaljoint black, three times as long as the second; arista thickened onbasal three-fourths; parafacials bare on lower half. Thorax graypollinose with four distinct black vittae; three postsutural dorsocen-
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 41tral bristles present; scutclhim with three nearly equal pairs of mar-ginals. Abdomen densely gray pollinose, the intermediate segmentswhen viewed from the rear each with three large, vaguely defined,triangular black spots. In the female, sclerites which appearto be the fourth, fifth, and sixth sternites but which are very likelypart of the genitalia, together with the lower valve of the genitalia,cause a conspicuous bulge in the lower, posterior part of the abdomen.Wings hyaline ; apical cell closed or narrowly open at margin of wing
;
hind cross-vein not parallel to section of fourth vein beyond the bend.Legs black, rather short and stout; middle tibia with one bristle onouter front side near middle.Length 4.0 to 5.0 ram.Type.?Male, Cat. No. 3634, U.S.N.M.Host relationsJiip. Unknown.Bange.?New York, Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Colorado, Arizona,California, British Columbia.The following material has been examined: The type, which is amale from southern Illinois (Robertson), and a female from SantaClara county, California (Baker) , of the type series; two from Colorado(Coquillett), two from Lafayette, Ind. (J. M. Aldrich) ; and otherspecimens from Kaslo, British Columbia (R. P. Currie) ; Oswego,New York; Tuscon, Arizona (J. M. Aldrich); all in the collectionof the National Museum. Two females from Falls Church, Virginiain the collection of Mr. Nathan Banks.Genus OPSIDIA CoquillettOpsidia Coquillett, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, vol. 3, p. 102, 1895;Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 580, 1910. Genotype, 0. gonioidesCoquillett, Atlantic City, N. J.
?
Adams, in Williston's North AmericanDiptera, p. 376, fig. 151, No. 90, 1908.
?
Townsend, Smithsonian Misc.Colls., vol. 41, p. 64, 1908.In Coquillett 's description of the genus, only a single male wasavailable, and some of the characters given can scarcely be consideredmore than specific. The outstanding characters of the genus basedon the genotype, and a new species, 0. metopioides, are as follows:Front with a single frontal row of bristles on either side ol thevitta, which extend downward to slightly below base of antennae;proclinate ocellars present; orbital bristles in both sexes. The facialdepression deep and narrow with parallel sides, is the most distinc-tive character of the genus. Facial ridges with bristly hairs notextending above the lowest fourth; vibrissae differentiated, andinserted far above front edge of oral margin; antennae extendingnearly to vibrissae; arista with penultimate joint less than twice aslong as wide; in profile, head length at vibrissae much less than atbase of antennae; bucca and back of head black setulose, withoutpale hairs about the oral cavity; proboscis slender, at most slightly54292?2Gt 4
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68
shorter than head height; palpi well developed. Thorax with twosternopleural bristles. Genitalia of male (pi. 1, fig. 5), small, andin repose, scarcely protruding from tip of abdomen; of female, re-tracted and non-piercing. Wings with apical cell open; last sectionof fifth vein distinctly less than half as long as preceding section;costal spine wanting; middle tibia with one macrochaeta on outerfront side near the middle; hind tibia on outside with row of unevenbristles extending from base to apex.KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPSIDIA
1. Front, at base of antennae, twice as wide as either eye; arista thickenednearly to tip gonioides Coquillett.Front, at base of antennae, as wide as either eye; arista thickened on less thanthe basal half metopioides, new species.OPSIDIA GONIOIDES CoquillettOpsidia gonioides Coquillett, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, vol. 3, p. 102*1895; U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., no. 7, p. 128, 1897.?Smith, Ins. ofNew Jersey, p. 782, 1909.The distinctive characters of this species are as follows: Femaleclosely resembles the male. Inner orbits parallel from vertex tobucca; front approximately twice the width of either eye and of equalwidth in both sexes; ratio of front to head width in males averages0.496 (in five measuring 0.49, 0.49, 0.50, 0.50, 0.50), in femalesaverages 0.493 (in four measuring 0.48, 0.48, 0.50 and 0.51) ; the frontalvitta is red, densely overlaid with golden pollen; much narrower atbase of antennae, expanding abruptly at middle to width greaterthan either parafrontal; ocellar bristles directed laterally; one reclinateand two proclinate orbital bristles present, parafrontals densely blacksetulose, the bristly hairs continuous downward over the parafacials,to tip of antennae; vibrissae inserted more than length of secondanteunal joint above front edge of oral margin, but a collapsiblemembranous area at this point makes this character widely variable;second joint of antennae red; third joint black; arista thickened onbasal four-fifths; parafacials \vith a row of small macrochaetaebordering facial ridges; palpi yellow; in profile, buccal width is sub-equal to that of parafacials and equal to one-fifth eye height, frontprojects a distance nearly equal to horizontal eye diameter. Thoraxdensely poUinose, with two somewhat obscure, divergent medianvittae, and a pair of lateral convergent vittae most clearly definedcaudad of transverse suture; three postsutural dorsocentral macro-chaetae, of which the first is scarcely chfferentiated from the sur-rounding bristly hairs; scutellum with three pairs of strong, nearlyequal macrochaetae. Abdomen densely gray pollinose, with darkreflections, but without definite spots or polished apical bands;second segment, and usually the first, with a median marginal pair
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TBIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 43
of bristles; third and fourth segments with marginal rows; macro-chaetae on first three segments short, on anal segment slightly larger.Wings hyaline; third vein with four or five bristles extending less thanhalf way from base to small cross-vein. Legs black; the basitarsusof front leg in male slightly longer than last lour joints, in femaledistinctly shorter; pulvilli much shorter than last tarsal joint and ofequal size in both sexes.Range.?Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Mississippi, Ohio,Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico.Host relat ionsh ips .?Unlviiown
.
The following material has been examined. The type, a malefrom Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the collection of Dr. C. W. John-son; males and females from the following localities: two, HorseneckBeach, Massachusetts, (Coquillett); Iowa; Chesapeake Beach, Mary-land (R. C. Shannon) ; Las Cruces, New Mexico, (C. H. T. Townsend)
;
Lincoln, Nebraska, (O. C. Bradbury) ; twenty-nine, Lafayette, Ind.including two labeled "from Asclepias incarnata" and one, "flowersof Solidago" (J. M. Aldrich) ; two, Crawfordsville, Indiana; all inthe collection of the U. S. National Museum, including the Aldrichcollection. Six specimens from Sandusky, Ohio, Cedar Point, inthe collection of Prof. J. vS. Hine. Specimens from Milwaukee,Wisconsin. (S. Graenicher) ; Chesapeake Beach, Maryland; Massa-chusetts; Lafayette, Indiana; in the collection of the Museum ofComparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in that ofNathan Banks. Two from Tupelo, Miss. (H. W. Allen) ; two. WestSpringfield, Massachusetts, (H. E. Smith) ; in the collection of thewriter.Very little is known of the biology of this species. Dr. J. M.Aldrich 's observations indicate that the adults are attracted toflowers. The reproductive organs of two dried specimens have beenstudied. One was found to contain 61 and the other 79 eggs, whichis a rather large number for Miltogramminine flies. The eggs (pi. 4,fig. 20) were elongate, all at nearly the same stage of development,and in one of the specimens contained partly developed maggots inwhich the buccopharyngeal apparatus was faintly visible, the thin,delicately reticulated chorion was persistent over the anterior endof tlie maggot, but was rolled away from the posterior end of thebody. Owing to the condition of the specimens dissected, it wasimpossible to determine the nature of the internal reproductiveorgans, but from the presence of partially developed maggots alreadypartly freed from the chorion, it is probable tliat the species depositsactive maggots.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. G8OPSIDIA METOPIOIDES, new speciesFront at narrowest point, in single specimen measured, 0.35 of headwidth; inner orbits most nearly approximated at base of antennae,diverging moderately and equally to vertex and bucca; frontal vittablack, narrowest at base of antennae, sides diverging to vertex, vittaat level of lowest ocellus, slightly wider than either parafrontal;parafrontals gray pollinose; about thirteen bristles in the singlefrontal row, which extends downward as far as base of second anten-nal joint; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles, which aremuch stronger than bristles in frontal rows; sparse bristly hairs onfront outside of macrochaetae ; vibrissae inserted one and one-halftimes length of second antennal joint above front edge of oral margin;facial ridges nearly parallel; bearing two bristly hairs just above thevibrissae; antennae extend five-sixths the distance to vibrissae;second joint red; third joint black, four times as long as second;arista thickened on basal two-fifths; in profile, width of bucca equalsthat of parafacials, and is one-sixth eye height, front protrudes one-third the eye diameter; parafacials with sparse microscopic hairs.Bucca with very fine, black hairs; palpi yellow. Thorax goldenpollinose over black, with three somewhat obscure black vittae,perceptible to scutcllum; three postsutural dorsocentral bristles ofwhich the first is scarcely larger than the surrounding bristly hairs;seutellum uniformly pollinose, with three pairs of marginal bristles;prescutellars scarcely differentiated. Abdomen black, the bases ofthe last three broadly, and the first segment entirely, pollinose; firstand second segments each with a pair of median marginal bristles;third and fourth with median marginal rows of ten to fourteenbristles. Genitalia black. Wings hyaline; penultimate section offourth vein equaling three-fifths the preceding section; hind cross-vein nearly parallel to section of fourth vein be3^ond the bend; thirdvein witli row of small bristles extending nearly to small cross-vcm.Legs black; pulvilli half as long as last tarsal joint.Length, 7 mm.Type.?Male, Cat. No. 28152, U.S.N.M.Described honi one male, Porto Bello, Panama, April 22, 1912.(A. Busck.) Genus OPSIDIOPSIS TownsendOpsidiopsis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5G, p. 544, 1919. Geno-type, oblaia Townsend, from Wild Horse Canyon, Animas Mountains, NewMexico.This genus was erected by Townsend to receive a single specieshaving the habitus of Opsidia from which it is readily distinguished bythe row of bristly hairs on the first vein and the last section of thefifth vein being distinctly more than half as long as the precedingsection. The presence of the bristly first vein is unique, serving to
ART. 9 TWO-VriNGED FLIES OF TRIBE MII.TOrjRAMMIXI ALLEN 45distinguish the genus from all other known North American Milto-gramminae. Other outstanding characters are as follows ; the presenceof a single frontal row, the macrochaetae of which descend helow thebase of the antennae; vibrissae inserted near oral margin; antennaeextending nearly to vibrissae; parafacials with a row of macrochaetaenear the facial ridges which increase in size, downward. Thorax witlitwo sternopleural bristles. Wings with first apical cell open andending far before extreme wing tip; fourth vein with the usual strongfold at the bend. Middle tibia on outer front side near middle witha single macrochaeta. OPSIDIOPSIS OBLATA TownsendOpsidiopsis oblata Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, p. 544, 1919.Chaefoplagia modesta Reinhard, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 14, p. 234, figs. 9,10, 1921.The synonomy given above was pointed out to me by Dr. J. M.Aldrich who had previously compared the types. In this species thetliird antenna! joint and the palpi are black; the frontal vitta at itsmiddle is fully three times as wide as either parafrontal; the thorax ismarked with four black vittae; tha-ee postsutural dorsocentral bristlesare present; the scutellum bears three pairs of long marginals; the lasttlii'ee abdominal segments are white pollinose on the broad bases,witli polished black apices; the first abdominal segment is withoutmedian marginal bristles, the second and the third each bears a mar-ginal pair, and tlie fourth a marginal row; the costal spine of the wingis minute.Type.?Female, Cat. No. 22090, U.S.N.M.Host relationships.?Unknown.Range.?Utah, New Mexico, Texas.The following material has been examined. The type, a femalefrom Wild Horse Canyon, Animas Mountains, New Mexico, 5,000feet (C. H. T. Townsend), in the National Museum; one female fromCollege Station, Texas, type for {CJiaetoplaf/ia modesta Reinhard(H. J. Reinhard) ; and one other specimen from North Bear Run,Utah (A. Wetmore). Townsend reports collecting the adult ontender mesquite foliage.Genus METOPIA MeigenMetopia Meigen, Illig. Mag., vol. 2, p. 280, 1803. Genotype, Musca leuco-cephala Rossi from Europe.
?
Schiner, Fauna Austr., vol. 1, p. 488, 1862.
?
Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweifl. d. Kaiserl. Mus., vol. 56, p. 114, 1889;vol. 60, p. 168, 1893.?Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt., vol. 2,p. 114, 1890.?Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech., Ser., No. 7, p. 127,1897; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 569, 1910.?Adams, in Williston'sManual of N. A. Dipt., p. 376, fig. 151, no. 88, 1908.?Townsend, Smith-son. Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 56, 1908; An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, pp. 130,140, 1911.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Ophelia Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 120, 1830. Preoccupied 1817 inVermes. The genotype according to Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt.,vol. 3, p. 510, equals cam-peslris in Metopia.?Townsend, Ins. Ins. Menst.,vol. 4, p. 8 gracilis Robineau-Desvoidy designated as type.Araba Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 127, 1830; Dipt, des Environs deParis, vol. 2, p. 88, 1863. This name modified by the author to Arabella,for sake of euphony. Genotype designated by Desvoidy in 1863, Tachniaargyrocephala Mcigen, which equals leucocephala Rossi, the genotype ofMetopia.Anicia Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 99, 1863. Geno-type, sabulosa which according to Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3,p. 510, belongs in the genus Metopia.Arabella Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 88, 1863. Geno-type, Tachina argyrocephala Meigen considered by some European workersas synonymous with leucocephala and by others as a very nearly relatedspecies in the genus Metopia.Argyrella Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 87, 1863.Genotype, dissimilis which according to Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt.,vol. 3, p. 512, equals leucocephala in Metopia.Argyria Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 82, 1863. Pre-occuppied by Hubner in Lepidoptera, 1816. Genotype leucocephala ofRossi which, however, is type of Metopia.Parametopia Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 619, 1914.Genotype, rnorrisoni which equals lateralis Macquart and is congenericwith leucocephala. In this synonomy, I have followed Bezzi and Stein,adding to their list Townsend's Parametopia after comparison of genotypes.The known North American species of the genus Metopia possessthe following characters. Width of front is with some species greaterin the male, in others in the female. There is a single frontal row oneach side of the vitta, extending as far as, or slightly below, base ofsecond antennal joint, suddenly divergent below; lunule conspicuous,nearly half as long as wide; small proclinate ocellar bristles present;orbital bristles in both sexes, four on each side, of which the lowestis proclinate, the uppermost reclinate, and the intermediate two decus-sate; facial ridges divergent, with small bristly hairs not extendingabove the lowest fourth; vibrissae nearly or quite level with oralmargin; antennae extending nearly to vibrissae; penultimate joint ofarista at most slightly longer than broad; parafacials with a row ofstrong macrochaetae bordering the facial ridges, becoming progres-sively larger as they approach the vibrissae; in profile, head lengthat vibrissae much less than at base of antennae, epistoma not visible,head with a pronounced conical contour; bucca and back of headwith black bristly hairs, no pale hairs on the sides and back of oralcavity; facets of eye at extreme front but slightly larger than thoseat side of head; proboscis rarely one-half head height, very short andstout, with large fleshy labella; palpi moderate to very small in sizeor entirely lacking. Thorax with two sternopleural bristles and tlireestrong postsutural dorsocentrals; scutellum with three pairs of strongmarginal bristles. Pollen of abdomen usually interrupted by one to
ART. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 47three irregular spots on each segment but never occurring in even,sharply defined basal bands; strong marginal abdominal bristlespresent, no discals. Genitalia of male (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2) small, in re-pose retracted \\dthin abdomen so as to be scarcely visible in profileview; females with the usual retracted larvipositors, without piercingparts. Wings with the apical cell open; fourth vein with a distinctfold at the bend; last section of fifth vein not more than half lengthof preceding section; costal spine wanting; only third vein bristly,and this with row of small bristles usually extending at least halfway to small cross vein. Pulvilli of about equal size in both sexesand usually less than half as long as last tarsal joint; fore tarsus ofmale frequently ornamented with several long erect bristly hairs (pi.3, fig. 19) ; middle tibia with not more than one macrochaeta on outerfront side near middle.To^vnsend ^^ dissected one species of the genus and found that itpossesses the typical double-pouched uterus of the Miltogramminae.Thompson ^^ who has studied the first instar maggots of leucocepliala,lateralis, and campestris found that all possess a buccopharyngealapparatus with a strong median stylet which articulates on the veryslender dorsal accessory piece, two weak lateral hooks and the basalpiece, the latter fused without articulation to the intermediatepiece. The cuticula of each segment is armed anteriorly by a bandot minute, flattened, transparent scales, and posteriorly by a widerband of longitudinal corrugations.The genus is represented in Europe, North and South America.In North America it does not have so extensive a range as Senotainia,not being known north of Grand Lake, Newfoundland, southernQuebec and Kaslo, British Columbia, or south of Cuba and Guerrero,Mexico.The adults frequent denuded soil, low herbaceous vegetation, andin the case of some species, the foliage of shrubby plants in openforests. They are not known to be attracted to flowers but somespecies are drawn, in large numbers, to foliage smeared with thehoneydew of Hemipterous insects. These flies are biologicallysuperimposed upon fossorial Hymenoptera which nest in the ground,and have been reared from or found associated with species of severalfamilies including the Halictidae, Sphecidae, Bembicidae, andCerceridae.
" An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 4, p. 130, 1911." Paris Edition du Bull. Biol, de la France et de la Belgique, Recherches sur les Dipteres Parasites,pp. 110-114, 1921.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. fiSKEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF METOPIA.
1. Frontal vitta at level of lowest orbitals, wider than either parafrontal 4.Frontal vitta, at level of lowest orbitals, narrower than parafrontal 2.2. Anterior part of parafrontals conspicuously silvery; frontal vitta narrowedanteriorlj' to a line scarcely wider than lowest ocellus.(male) leucocephala (Rossi).Anterior part of parafrontals gray or leaden pollinose; anterior part of frontalvitta at least three times as wide as lowest ocellus 3.3. Pollinose area of parafrontals sharply limited posteriorly at level of lowestorbital bristles (male) opaca, new species.Pollinose area of parafrontals not sharply limited posteriorly and continuousover vertex (female) leucocephala (Rossi)
.
4. Hind cross-vein strongly oblique to section of fourth vein before the bend;front, in profile, projects forward from the eye for a distance much lessthan horizontal diameter of eye 6.Hind cross vein nearly perpendicular to section of fourth vein before thebend 5.5. Front, in profile, projects forward from the eye for distance greater thanhorizontal diameter of eye perpendicularis Van der Wulp.Front, in profile, projects forward from the eye for distance not more thanone-third horizontal diameter of eye tessellata, new species.6. Palpi, if present, smaller than thickened part of arista; middle tibia lackingbristle on outside below the middle 8.Palpi present and distinctly larger than thickened part of arista; middletibia with a single bristle on outside below the middle; abdomen withoutyellow spots on its sides 7.7. First abdominal segment with a pair of strong marginal macrochaetae;middle tibia below its middle with an encircling whorl of three bristles;male with several long wavy hairs on outside of fore tarsuscampestris (Fallen).First abdominal segment without median marginal macrochaetae; middletibia lacking whorl of three bristles near its middle; male without conspicuouslong wavy hairs on outside of fore tarsus inermis, new species.8. With very small distinct palpi; males with long hairs or bristles arising fromfore tarsus 9.Without palpi, though sometimes with stubby rudiments; abdomen yellowon sides; males lacking long hairs or bristles on the fore tarsussinipalpis, new species.9. Abdomen with pronounced yellowish spots on the sides; male with severallong bristles on upper side of fore tarsus lateralis (Macquart).Abdomen usually wholly black; male with several long hairs on outside offore tarsus lateropili, new species.METOPIA LEUCOCEPHALA (Rossi)Musca leucocephala Rossi, Fauna Etrusca, vol. 2, j). 306, No. 1504, 1790,Type from Europe.Metopia leucocephala Meigen, Illig. Mag., vol. 2, p. 280, 1803.
?
Coquillett,U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 127, 1897.?Bezzi and Stein, Kat.Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 511-512, 1907, contains a full list of numerous refer-ences in European literature and 14 names of Robincau-Desvoidy assignedto synonymy.
?
Melander and Brues, Biol. Bull., No. 5, p. 20.
?
Smith,Ins. of New Jersey, p. 782, 1909.
?
Thompson, Can. Ent., vol. 43, pp.313-314, 1911.?Aldrich, An. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, p. 83, 1915.?
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 49Adams, Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 11, p. 195, 1915.
?
Reinhard,Ent. News, vol. 30, p. 282, 1919.
?
Cole and Lovett, Proc. Cal. Acad.Sci., vol. 11, p. 303, 1921.?BuiMLEY, Ent. News, vol. 33, p. 24, 1922.Ophelia xychus Walker, ? List 4, p. 70, 1849, after Aldrich.Metopia roseri Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 3, p. 210, 1859, after Bezziand Stein.Melopia luggeri Townsend, Canad. Ent., vol. 24, p. 69, 1892.Metopia 7neridiana Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 361, 1912.After examination of type series at the National Museum.There are only two North American species of the genus, so fardiscovered, lencocepTiala and opaca, in which the frontal vitta atthe middle is distinctly narrower than either parafrontal. In themale of leucocephala the frontal vitta is obliterated anteriorly, whilethe front on either side is conspicuously silvery. In. the female,the vitta is not constricted to a narrow line anteriorly, and thefront is not conspicuously silvery. The palpi are black and dis-tinctly larger than the thickened part of the arista. Thorax andabdomen are black, moderately pollinose and distinctly tinged withbronze. No yellow spots occur on the sides of the abdomen; thefirst two segments with a median marginal pair of bristles, thethird with one or two laterals and a median marginal pair but neverwith an uninterrupted marginal row, the fourth with a marginalrow of about eight. Wings hyaline; the hind cross vein nearlyparallel to section of fourth vein beyond the bend. Legs black;front tareus of male without long erect bristly hairs, or abnormall}"reduced joints; middle tibia with one strong bristle on outer frontside near the middle.My notes on this species are based on the examination of severalhundred specimens from all parts of the continental United States,southern Canada, Cuba, a few adults collected b}^ Townsend inPeru and deposited in the United States National Museum (M.meridiana) and several specimens from Europe including somedetermined by Professor Bezzi. Types of leucocephala, Q. xycliusWalker and roseri Rondani as well as the numerous types of Robin-eau-Desvoidy v/hicli serve to swell the synonomy of this species, notseen, and their exact location not known to me.Range.?Throughout continental United States; NeAvfoundland,southern Quebec and British Columbia, Canada; Peru; Europe.The characteristics of the first instar maggots in the specimensstudied by me agree in all but a few minor points with the descrip-tions and figures published by Thompson.^* I have examined severaluterine maggots and find that the lateral hook does not have a bluntserrated tip as figured by Thompson but ends in a blunt pointapposed to the tip of the median hook. The denticles, about mid-
" Paris Edition du Bull. Biol, de la France et de la Belgique, Recherches sur les Diptcres Parasites, p.ni, fig. 105, 1921.
50 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68way on the keel of the median stylet, so prominent in Thompson 'sfigure, are lacking in my specimens. In the buccopharyngeal appa-ratus, the same parts occur, and in very nearly the same relativesize and conformation as in the various species of Senotainia. Thecuticula is found to possess, on every segment, an anterior band offlat, nearly transparent microscopic scales followed by a wider bandof longitudinal corrugations, as in Senotainia. There are no heavilychitinized spines on the cuticula at any point. The uterine larvaeare about 0.8 mm. long and the buccopharyngeal apparatus is one-fourth the length of the body. The other larval instars and thepuparium of this species have not been studied.The adults frequent sunlit, barren spots on low fertile soil sur-rounded by luxuriant herbaceous vegetation, such as denudedspots in a weedy field, or in such crops as rape and cowpeas. Insuch places the adults may be found in large numbers, dartingabout just above the surface of the soil, alighting now and then onthe soil or on short dry sticks arising from the ground. They arenot known to be attracted to flowers. On one occasion they werefound in great abundance on rape, apparently attracted by a flowof honeydew from the heavy infestation of plant lice present.M. leucocephala has been reported parasitic in the nests of the
"sweat bees," on Halictus sexcinctus in Pomerania ^^ and on H.pruinosus in Massachusetts.-" The latter record is by Melander andBrues, who state that the adult fly chooses ''the moment when theincoming bee pauses at her threshold, quickly and quietly to ovipositon her pollen mass and thus infect her offspring." This species hasalso been observed hovering over the burrows of Chlorion atratumLepeletier while the latter was digging in sand " and Adams iscredited with the observation that the larvae of Chlorion ichneu-moneum are devoured by the Metopia maggots.^^ Bezzi states thatin Europe, M. leucocephala has been reared from Bembix, Halictusand Philanihus?^ METOPIA OPACA, new speciesMale.?Front 0.39 of head width (measurements of five 0.37, 0.38,0.40, 0.40, 0.40); vertex and upper part of parafrontals dull black,sharply defined from the dull leaden gray pollen of the anteriorportion of parafrontals w^hich is continuous down over face andbucca; frontal vitta black, not obliterated anteriorly, but narrowedto near base of antennae where it is nearly as wide as ocellar triangle,at level of lowest orbitals it is third width of parafrontal; about elevenbristles in frontal row which extends to below insertion of arista,
? Ridel, Allg. Zeitsch. f. Ent., vol. 6, p. 152.2? Biol. Bull., no 5, p. 20, 1903.27 Adams, 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., no. 11, p. 195, 1915.2' Rau and Rau, Wasp Studies Afield, p. 197, 1918.20 Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 511, 1907.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 51
widely divergent below, with an irregular group of several bristleswithin its angle of divergence, two bristles near middle of frontal rowmuch larger than those on either side; one to three or more proclinateand about the same number of reclinate orbitals inserted irregularly onthat part of parafrontal devoid of pollen; vertex and upper part offront thickly black setulose, pollinose part of front sparsely so;antennae black, third joint seven times length of second; aristathickened on basal two-fifths; parafacials densely black setuloseon upper half, with usual row of stout bristles extending downwardto level of uppermost bristle on facial ridge; in profile, buccal widthmuch greater than that of parafacials at narrowest and equals one-fourth eye height, front projects for distance nearly equal to hori-zontal eye diameter; palpi black, larger than the thickened part ofarista. Thorax gray pollinose merging with bronze on mesonotumand scutellum, with four black vittae of about equal width, the innerpair divergent posteriorly and terminating at transverse suture.Abdomen densely gray pollinose, tinged with bronze on notum;pollen of first three segments interrupted by transverse rows of twoto three large black spots, which on the intermediate segmentscoalesce in the form of a letter "E," last segment polished black onapical third; first two segments with strong median marginal bristles,third with a strong median marginal pair and one or two pairs ofstrong laterals which fail to complete an uninterrupted marginalrow, fourth with the usual marginal row. Wings subhyaline; hindcross-vein oblique to section of fourth vein before the bend, parallelto section beyond bend; third vein bristly more than half way tosmall cross-vein. Fore tarsus without cinispicuous long bristly hairson the side; middle tibia with one prominant bristle on outer frontside beyond middle; hind tibia on outside v/ith row of about twelveuneven bristles extending from base to apex.Female.?Not known.Length, 6.5 to 7.0 mm.Type.?Male. Cat. No. 28153, U.S.N.M.Range.?OvQgon, Montana, Ontario.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from the following material: three, including the type,Marshfield, Oregon, VI-27 (J. M. Aldrich) ; one, Marshfield, Oregon,VI-28 (J. M. Aldrich) ; one. Summit Station, Montana, 5,200 feet,VII-25 (J. M. Aldrich); all in the National Museum: one, Ottawa,Ontario, 26-VII-1924 (C. PI. Curran), in the Canadian NationalCollection.The male closely resembles leucocepliala in the rather striking,conical-shaped head. It may be readily separated, however, by itspeculiar leaden pollinose front and the greater width of the frontalvitta anteriorly. It may be possible that females have been placed
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68with leucocepJiala, since the only differences detected in those twospecies occurs in a region markedly different in the two sexes.METOPIA CAMPESTRIS (Fallen)Tachina campestris Fall^in, Dipt. suec. Muse, col. 8, p. 12, 1820.
?
Bezziand Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, pp. 510-511, 1907. Contains manyreferences in European literature for which there is not space in this paper.Tachina amabilis Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 4, pp. 374, 232, 1834.Ophelia cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 121, 1830.Ophelia gracilis Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 121, 1830.Ophelia lutescens Robineau-Desvoidy, Myod., p. 121, 1830.Metopia flavescens Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, 1833, p. 285, 1834.Metopia crassicornis Ferris, Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1852, p. 63.Metopia staegeri Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Frodr., vol. 3, p. 210, 1859.Ophelia caesia Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Faris, vol. 2, p. 96, 1863.Ophelia demissa Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Faris, vol. 2, p. 98, 1863.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.30 of head width (measurements offive 0.29, 0.30, 0.30, 0.30, 0.31) ; front, face, and bucca gray pollinosewith dark reflections when viewed from below; inner orbits stronglyapproximated at base of nntennae, diverging widely towards vertexand bucca; frontal vitta black, diverging moderately toward the rear,about twice width of either parafrontal at level of lowest orbitals;about ten bristles in frontal row, which extends to middle of secondantennal joint; parafrontals moderately pilose, with the black bristlyhairs extending downward to insertion of arista; vibrissa'e level withfront edge of oral margin; facial ridges with two or three bristles notextending above the lowest fourth; antennae black, extending to halfthe length of second antennal joint from vibrissae; third joint five toseven times as long as the second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths;in profile, bucca equals one-eighth eye height and is subequal to para-facials at narrowest point, front projects about one-third eye diam-eter; parafacials bare save for row of strong macrochaetae extendingdownwards to level of uppermost bristles on facial ridges; palpiblack, much larger than thickened part of arista. Thorax thinlygray pollinose over black, with two narrow median and two broadlateral vittae before the transverse suture, and three broad vittaebehind the suture which are obscurely continuous over the scutellum;the apical and lateral pairs of marginal scutcllar bristles equal andboth smaller than the intermediate marginal pair; small preapicalspresent. Abdomen shining black, with broad, reflecting, bronze-tinged gray pollinose bands on basal two-thirds of the last three seg-ments; intermediate segments with a median vitta and usually withlarge V-shaped indentations in the pollinose bands on either side,when viewed from rear; first and second segments each with a strongmedian marginal pair of bristles; third and fourth each with unin-terrupted marginal row of about ten bristles. Genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 2)black; in repose extruding but slightly from the fourth abdominal
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 53
segment; first genital segment nearly bare save for subapical row ofsmall bristly hairs; second genital segment and the base of innerforceps densely covered with fine bristly hairs; inner forceps in lateralview tapering somewhat abruptly to the middle and then moregradually to nearly straight, strong tips; from the rear the clawsappear conical and are moderately divergent from near the base;outer forceps yellowish, shorter than the inner pair, with spoon-shaped tips; fifth sternite enlarged and possessing a broad U-shapedcleft. Wings hyaline; fourth vein beyond the bend moderatelyarcuate, nearly parallel to hind cross-vein; last section of fifth veindistinctly less than half the preceding section; third vein bristlyat least half way to the small cross-vein. Legs black; first fourjoints of front tarsus with several long slender erect hairs on outside(pi. 3, fig. 19) ; middle tibia near its middle with encircling ring of oneweak and two strong macrochaetae; hind tibia on outside with a rowof unequal bristles extending from base to apex.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.36 of head width (measurements offive 0.35, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.39); inner orbits nearly straight andparallel, scarcely more nearly approximated at base of antennaethan elsewhere; third joint of antennae five to six times length ofsecond. Fore tarsus without long erect hairs on the outside. Other-wise, save for the usual differences of external genitalia, like the male.Length, 5.0 to 6.5 mm.Range.?Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con-necticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia,Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, Idaho,California, Europe.Host relationslii'ps.?Unknown
.
I have examined material from the following localities. Twospecimens from Franconia, New Hampshire (C. H. T. Townsend)
;
one, Lexington, Massachusetts; two, North Saugus, Massachusetts(D. C. Clemons) ; three, Waterbury, Connecticut (C. H. T. Townsend)a large series from Slaterville, Duck Lake, and McLean Bogs, NewYork (L. S. West) ; two, Plummer Island, Maryland (W. L. McAtee,H. L. Vierick); two. Rock Creek, District of Columbia (C. H. T.Townsend) ; one, Beltsville, Maryland (N. Banks) ; one, Great Falls,Virginia (H. W. Allen) ; one. Difficult Run, and one,Dead Run, Virginia(R. C. Shannon); one, Ravensworth, Virginia (C. H. T. Townsend);one, Battle Creek, Michigan (J. M. xildrich) ; three, Polk County,Wisconsin (Baker); two. Peaceful Valley, Colorado (Cockerell); one,Tennessee Pass, Colorado, three, L. Metigoshe, Turtle Mountains,North Dakota, one, Moscow, Idaho, and one, Mount Lowe, California(J. M. Aldrich) ; one, Humboldt County, California (H. S. Barber)
;
all in the collection of the National Museum. In the collection of theBoston Natural History Society, I have seen specimens from several
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68places in Massachusetts; Mount Desert Island, Macliias, NortheastHarbor, Maine; Manchester, Vermont: In Dr. C. W. Johnson'scollection, specimens from Pennsylvania and New Jersey: In thecollection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,Massachusetts, a long series from Vermont, Massachusetts, NewJersey, and several localities in Virginia: In the collection of Prof.J. S. Hine, one specimen from Wauseon, and another from Johnson'sIsland, Ohio: In my collection, specimens from Lunenburg andAmherst, Massachusetts; Shenadoah River, Clarke County, andGreat Falls, Virginia; and Columbus, Ohio.European specimens determined by Professor Bezzi and depositedin the National Museum, I have examined and find to differ fromthe North American specimens only in possessing several ratherweak marginal macrochaetae on the first and second abdominalsegments lateral to the strong median marginal pairs. This in myopinion is not of sufficient significance to be considered a specificdifference.The identity of the American species with the European campestriswas pointed out to me by Dr. J. M. Aldrich. In this country it haslong been confused with leucoce/phala. Apparently Thompson hadcampestris in mind in his short paper on M. lateralis,^^ but a carefulcomparison with the description of Macquart indicates that the latterrefers to another species. The synonomy submitted is after Bezziand Stein; the types have not been examined by me.METOPIA INERMIS, new speciesMale.?Front in the single specimen measured 0.32 of head width;front, face and bucca gray pollinose; frontal vitta black, at lowestorbitals twice width of parafrontal; about ten bristles in frontalrow which extends to middle of second antennal joint, with one ortwo bristles in the angle of divergence; parafrontals with sparseblack bristly hairs to insertion of arista; facial ridges with two ortlu-ee bristles not extending above the lowest fourth; antennae black,third joint three times length of second; arista thickened on basalthird, penultimate joint slightly longer than broad; in profile, buccawider than parafacials at narrowest and equal to one-sixth eye height,front projects forward from eye for distance greater than one-thirdhorizontal eye diameter; palpi black, distinctly larger than thickenedpart of arista. Thorax gray pollinose, notum black, subshining,with four broad black vittae; scutellum with the intermediate marginalbristles larger than the equal apical and lateral pairs; small preapicalspresent. Abdomen black; last three segments with black polishedapices and densely gray pollinose bases, the intermediate segmentseach marked with a series of three triangular spots coalesced at apex
'0 Canad. Ent., vol. 43, pp. 313-314, 1911.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 55in form of a trident, pollen not tessellated or changing color whenrotated in the light; fu"st segment without apical marginals, secondwith a strong pak, third with an apical pair and several laterals,which are nearly as strong as the median marginals, not completingan uninterrupted marginal row. Genitalia, in repose, not extrudingbeyond tip of abdomen; both genital segments black. Wings hyaline;last section of hind cross vein sinuous and strongly oblique to sectionof fourth vein before the bend, parallel to section beyond the bend;third vein bristly more than half way to small cross vein. Legsblack; fore tarsus without conspicuous long bristly hairs on outside;middle tibia with one rather weak bristle on outside beyond middlebut lacking a whorl of three at this place; hind tibia on outside withrow of about ten unecpial bristles extending from base to apex.Female.?Front in one specimen measured 0.34 of head width;frontal vitta at level of lowest orbitals one and one-half times widthof parafrontal; third antennal joint four times length of second;buccal width one-ninth eye height. Last three abdominal segmentswith broadly polished apices, trident-shaped marks indistinct.Hind tibia on outside with seven bristles. Otherwise, except for usualdifferences of genitalia, like the male.Length, 5.0 to 6.0 mm.Tyye and allotype.? Cat. No. 28154 U.S.N.M.Range.?Utah, Maryland.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from the two specimens?the male type from Soldier'sSummit, Utah, 7,454 feet, July 6 (J. M. Aldrich) and female allotypefrom Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, August 19, 1919 (J. M. Aldrich).The female exhibits minor variations from the male, but possiblynot more than might be explained by the wide difference in habitat.It is at least much more nearly related to the type of inermis than toany other North i^jnerican species studied. From the closely relatedcampestris, this species may be readily distinguished by the shorterthird antennal joint, and by the lack of median marginal bristles onthe first abdominal segment, the lack of an encircling whorl of threebristles on the middle tibia and the absence of conspicuous bristlyhairs on the outside of the fore tarsus.METOPIA TESSELLATA, new speciesMale.?Front 0.34 of head width (measurements of three 0.33,0.34, 0.36); front and face gray pollinose with dark reflections; vittablack or brown, at level of lowest orbital bristles three to five timeswidth of parafrontal; parafrontals sparsely black setulose to belowuppermost macrochaetae of parafacial row; antennae black, thirdjoint five to six times length of second; arista thickened on basalthird; in profile, bucca wider than parafacials at narrowest, and
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68equal to one-eighth eye height, front projects shghtly more than one-third eye width; palpi black, of normal size. Thorax gray pollinosetinged with brown on notum, with four broad black vittae, the out-side pair of which extend to scutellum, inner pair not extending beyondtransverse suture. Abdomen black, somewhat flattened dorsoven-trally; intermediate segments pollinose to apices, pollen stronglytessellated, changing abruptly from bronze to gray when rotated inthe light, last segment pollinose on basal two-thirds; first segmentwithout macrochaetae, second with a strong median marginal pair,third with a strong median marginal pair and several distinctlyweaker ones on either side, in some specimens forming an uninter-rupted marginal row, fourth with marginal row of bristles whichincrease gradually in size towards the median dorsal line. Wingssubh3^aline; hind cross vein straight and nearly perpendicular tofourth vein, which it joins almost halfway between its bend and thesmall cross vein; Third vein bristly nearly to small cross vein. Tarsusof fore leg slender, without conspicuous long bristly hairs on theoutside; middle tibia with one small bristle on outer front side beyondmiddle but lacking an encircling whorl of three at this place; hindtibia on outside with a row of about nine unequal bristles extendingfrom base to apex.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.40 of head width (measurements ofsix 0.37, 0.37, 0.41, 0.41, 0.42, 0.42). Otherwise, except for the usualdifferences in genitalia, like the male.Length, 5.5 to 7.0 mm.TVp^-?Male, Plinckley, Ohio, VI-29-'01 (J. S. Hine) in the col-lection of Professor Hine.Allotype.?Female, Hinckley, Medina County, Ohio, VI-29-'01(J. S, Hine), also in the collection of Professor Hine.Range.?Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Maryland,Virginia.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from the following material: in the collection of Pro-fessor Hine; one male and one female from Hinckley, Ohio: in thecollection of Dr. C. W. Johnson; one male, Machias, Maine, VII-21(C. W. Johnson); one female. New Bedford, Massachusetts; twofemales, Chester, Massachusetts, VII-25-'12 (C. W. Johnson); inthe collection of J. R. Malloch, one male. Glen Echo, Maryland,Aug. 21, 1923 (J. R. Malloch): in the collection of R. C. Shannon,one female, Renwick, Ithaca, New York, 19-Vin-'21 (L. S. West);in my collection, one female. Great Falls, Virginia, 15-VIII.This species very closely resembles inermis from which it can bedistinguished by the greater length of the third antennal joint, thewider frontal vitta, tlie distinctly tessellated and more extensivelypollinose abdomen and the presence of a perpendicular hind cross
AKT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 57
vein. From campestris it may be readily distinguished by the absenceof median marginal bristles on the first abdominal segment, theabsence of a distinct whorl of three bristles on the middle tibia beyondthe middle, in the comparatively weaker development of macro-chaetae on the third abdominal segment laterad of the median mar-ginal pair and in the presence of the perpendicular hind cross vein.Male differs further in having no conspicuous long bristly hairs onthe side of the fore tarsus.METOPIA LATEROPILI, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.325 of the head width (measurementsof two 0.31 and 0.34, respectively) ; front and face silvery pollinosewith dark reflections toward vertex; inner orbits most nearly approxi-mated at base of antennae, diverging slightly toward vertex, widelytowards bucca, with a concavity to accommodate the bulging para-facials; frontal vitta black, pollinose anteriorly, diverging slightly tomiddle, thence with parallel sides to vertex, width at lowest orbitalsone and one-half to two times that of either parafrontal; about tenbristles in frontal row which closely borders the vitta, upper five orsix bristles much the smallest; front Vv^ith sparse black bristly hairsoutside the frontal rows; vibrissae at level of front edge of oralmargin; antennae black, extending to one-half length of its secondjoint from vibrissae, third joint four to five times as long as the second;arista tlxickened on basal two-fifths; parafacials bare save for row ofstrong bristles near facial ridges extending downward to level ofuppermost bristles of the facial ridges; in profile, buccal width equalsparafacials at narrowest, and is approximately one-tenth the eyeheight; front projects one-third the horizontal eye diameter; palpiyellow, filiform, and distinctly more slender than the thickened partof arista. Thorax thinly pollinose over shining black, notum bronzedand obscurely marked with three narrow median and two broadlateral vittae; scutellum uniformly bronze pollinose, with three pairsof nearly equal marginal bristles, no distinct preapicals. Abdomenblack, without red or yellow spots on the sides, last three segmentswith gray pollinose bands on the basal two-thirds which are dividedby an indistinct black vitta on the intermediate segments; second andthird segments each with a median marginal pair of bristles, fourthsegment with a marginal row of about eight. Genitalia small, black,in repose not extruding from the tip of the abdomen. Wings sub-hyaline; section of fourth vein beyond the bend slightly arcuate,oblique to hind cross vein; last section of fifth vein nearly half aslong as preceding section; third vein bristly more than half way tosmall cross vein. Legs black; fore tarsus with several long slendererect hairs on the sides of the second, third, and fourth joints, fourthjoint not conspicuously reduced; middle tibia lacking bristles on
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68front side near middle; hind tibia on outside with row of about fiveuneven bristles extending from base to apex.Female.?^Front at narrowest 0.346 of head width (measurementsof three 0.33, 0.35, and 0.36) ; fore tarsus lacking the long erect hairson the outside. Otherwise, except for usual differences of genitalia,like the male.Length, 4 to 5 mm.TyiJe, Allotype, and Paratypes.?Cat. No. 28155, U.S.N.M.Range.?Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Cuba.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from two males (one type) and four females (one allo-ty])e) Havana, Cuba (Baker) ; one male, vShreveport, Louisiana,July 3, 1890 (F. W. Mally) ; one male, Kennedy, Texas, May 4, 1896(Marlatt); and one male, Las Vegas, New Mexico, Aug. 17 (Barberand Schwarz) ; all in the National Museum.The female of this species and of M. lateralis are sometimes diffi-cult to separate since the presence of red or yellow on the sides of theabdomen and the color of the palpi seems to be a rather variablecharacter. Males, however, are readily separated on the ornamenta-tion of the fore tarsus.METOPIA LATERALIS (Macquart)Degeeria lateralis Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl., vol. 3, p. 208, pi. 5, fig. 6,1847. From North America.Metopia lateralis Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 127,1897. As synonym of lencocephala.?Aldrich, Cat. N. A. Dipt., p. 476,1905. Questions whether equals leucocephala.?Bezzi and Stein, Kat.Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 512, 1907. Synonym of leucocephala.Parametopia morrisoni Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 619,1914.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.34 of head width (measurements offive 0.32, 0.32, 0.33, 0.35, 0.36) ; frontal vitta black, broadening slightlytoward the rear, at middle more than twice as wide as either para-frontal; parafrontals gray to golden pollinose; frontal row with nineto eleven bristles extending to slightly below base of second antennaljoint; numerous small black bristly hairs on front, more plentifulnear base of antennae; vibrissae near oral margin; antennae black,extending to length of second antennal joint above front edge of oralmargin; third joint four to five times as long as second; arista thick-ened on basal two-fifths, with short pubescence in middle; j^alpismaller than thickened part of arista, filiform and usually black; inprofile, front projects forward about one-fourth horizontal diameterof eye, bucca equals one-fifteenth of eye height; parafacials graypollinose, bare save for the usual row of strong macrochaetae nearthe facial ridges which extend downward more than half way to vibris-sae, but usually not reaching the level of the uppermost bristles of the
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 59facial ridges. Thorax gray pollinose, golden tinged, with three nar-row, black median and two broad lateral vittae; scutellum with threepairs of marginal bristles of about equal size. Abdomen black, witha large yellowish spot extending over the sides of the first two andsometimes the third segments; basal two-thirds of last three segmentsgray pollinose when viewed from rear, the gray interrupted by blackmedian dorsal V-shaped emarginations ; first segment usually lackingmacrochaetae, second and third each with a median marginal pair,fourth with a marginal row of about eight. Genital segments black,subshining, s])arsely covered with black bristly hairs; in repose,retracted within the last abdominal segment; inner forceps small,black, densely covered at base with fine black hair, claws taperingto slender curving points, divergent at tips, and when viewed from therear display no angle on the outside near the base; outer forcepsbrown, shining, larger and stouter than the inner pair; anteriorclaspers unusually long, more slender than the largest of the abdominalbristles, curved forward and slightly enlarged at the extreme tip.Wings hyaline ; fourth vein veyond the ])end shghtly arcuate and nearlyparallel to hind cross-vein; third vein with a row of small bristles,extending in some specimens more than half way to small cross-vein. Legs black, trochanters and frequently the upper part offemora yellow; second, third, and fom-th joints of fore tarsus eachwith an erect bristly hair on the upper surface ; fourth joint muchreduced; middle tibia lacking macrochaetae on outer front side nearthe middle; hind tibia on outside with an uneven row of five to ninebristles extending from base to apex.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.33 of head width (measurements ofthree 0.31, 0.33, 0.35 respectively); frontal vitta pollinose, nearlyconcolorous with parafrontals. Genitalia nonjuercing, in reposeinconspicuously telescoped within the fourth abdominal segment.Length 3.5 to 6.0 mm.Specimens have been examined in the collections of the NationalMuseum, Nathan Banks, and the writer, from the following localities:One female. White Mountains, New Hampshire (Morrison), type ofParametopia morrisoni Townsend; one male, Melrose Highlands,Massachusetts, July 31, and one female, West Springfield, Massachu-setts, July 13, 1915 (H. E. Smith); two males and two females,Lafayette, Indiana; one male, Columbus, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1921 (H. W.A.) ; one male, New York, late July; one male, Linnieville, Maryland,July 4, 1913, and one female. Cabin John, Maryland (R, C. Shannon);one female, Rock Creek, District of Columbia (C. H. T. Townsend);three males. Chain Bridge, Virginia, August 12, 1923 (H. W. A.);eight females and two males, Fall Church, Virginia (N. Banks)
;
one female, Lawrence, Kansas; one female, Birmingham, Alabama,June 4, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich) ; one male, Agi'icultural and Mechanical
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68College, Mississippi, April 23, 1921, and two females. Meridian,Mississippi, Sept. 3, 1922 (H. W. Allen); one female. White Springs,Florida, Oct. 17 (C. H. T. Town sen d) ; one female labeled "ParkerNote no. 45," from Brookland, District of Columbia.The type not seen and its present location not known to me.Marquart describes the species as having the sides of the abdomenrufous, and the palpi black, a combination of characters present in theabove specimens but not found in any of the other North Americanspecies known to me. This common species has been long confusedwith leucocephala and campestris. In his Revision of the Tachinidae,Coquillett considers it synonymous with the former. ^^ Somewhatlater, Thompson ^^ pointed out characters distinguishing it fromleucocephala but failed to distinguish lateralis and campestris.The known range of lateralis covers a large ]:>art of the easternUnited States from New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Indiana, andeastern Kansas to Mississippi and northern Florida. It has alsobeen reported in Quebec. ^'^ Adults of this species occur quite abun-dantly in sunlit spots, on the foliage of low shrubs and herbaceousplants, in open deciduous forest, or fl.ying about just above the groundcovering of dead leaves. It has also been taken, with other Milto-gramminae, in sandy spots in open grassy pasture. Nathan Banksreports having collected it frequently feeding on honeydew on thedead leaves and low foliage under tulip tree, and the writer has takenit under the same conditions.METOPIA SINIPALPIS, new speciesMale.?^Front at narrowest 0.33 of the head width (measurementsof five 0.29, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36); frontal vitta black, poUinoseanteriorly, with sides parallel except near base of antennae, at lowestorbitals three to four times as wide as either parafrontal; parafrontalssomewhat golden pollinose, with dark reflections when viewed fromthe front; nine to eleven bristles in the frontal row which extendsto slightly below base of second antenna! joint; a few black bristlyhairs on parafrontals, more abundant at the extreme front, notextending below the upper half of the parafacials; vibrissae levelwith front edge of oral margin; facial ridges with three small bristleson the lowest fourth; antenna black, extending to less than length of itssecond joint above front edge of oral margin, third joint three orfour times as long as the second; arista thickened on basal one-fourth;parafacials with a row of macrochaetae near the facial ridges, whichextend from the base of the third antennal joint to level of the upper-most bristle of the facial ridge; in profile, bucca scarcely one-twelftheye height; proboscis scarcely one-half head height; palpi lacking,
81 U. S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 127, 1897. s' Ent. Soc. Ont. Kept., 1922, p. C9.32 Canad. Ent., vol. 43, p. 313, 1911.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGKAMMINI ALLEN 61
or at most represented by rudimentary stubs. Thorax gray pollinoseover black, the notum subshining, distinctly tinged with bronze,with three narrow median and two broad lateral vittae, the lateralone extending beyond the transverse suture; scutellum with threepairs of marginal bristles of about equal size. Abdomen black,broadl}^ yellow on the sides of the first three segments, last threesegments gray pollinose except for the narrow apices which areshining black, and a narrow dorsal vitta on the second and thirdsegments; first segment without bristles, second and third segmentseach with a strong median marginal pair, third sometimes with aweak lateral bristle, fourth with a marginal row of six to eight bristles.Genitalia black; first genital segment slightly larger than the second;the subdiscal part of the first, the second and the base of the innerforceps clothed with black hairs somewhat finer than those of theabdomen; two small apical bristles on the first segment; inner forcepsexpanded laterally into a small but distinct angle near the base,plainly seen from the rear; anterior claspers extremely long, boomer-ang-shaped, not expanded at the tip, much stouter than the abdom-inal macrochaetae. Wings hyaline; section of fourth vein beyondbend moderately arcuate and nearly parallel with hind cross vein;last section of fifth vein less than half as long as preceding section;third vein bristly more than half way to small cross vein. Legsblack, the trochanters, upper half of the femora and the front tibiausually yellow; front tarsus without conspicuous bristles or longhairs; middle tibia lacking bristles on outer front side near middle;hind tibia on outside with four or five bristles extending beyond themiddle.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.32 of head width (measurements offour 0.31, 0.32, 0.32, 0.33, respectively). Otherwise like the maleexcept for the usual differences in external genitalia.Length, 4.5 to 6.0 mm.Described from the following material. In the collection of theNational Museum, one male, North Wilbraham, Massachusetts, Aug.15, 1916 (D. A. Ricker) ; one male and four females from Lafayette,Indiana, one male, Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, June 21, 1923(J. M. Aldrich) ; one female, Cupid's Bower Island, Maryland, July8, 1915 (R. C. Shannon) ; one male. Chain Bridge, Virginia (H. W.A.); one male, Onaga, Kansas; one female, Opelousas, Louisiana,May, 1897. From Glen Echo, Maryland, one male, July 1, 1923,one male, August 10, 1923, one male, Aug. 21, 1923, one male andone female, Aug. 30, 1923, in the collection of J. R. Malloch. Onemale. Fort Andrews, Ohio, June 10-12, 1902; one male, Vinton, Ohio,June 5--12, 1900; two females, Cincinnati, Ohio; two from Hinkley,Medina County, Ohio; one from Wauseon, Oiiio, Sept. 2, 1902; in thecollection of Prof. J. S. Iline. One male. Dead Run, Fairfax County,
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Virginia, June 16 (N. Banks) ; one female, Falls Church, Virginia,Sept. 10 (N. Banks) ; and one male, North Wilbraham, Massachusetts,Aug. 15, 1916 (D. A. Ricker); all in collection of Nathan Banks.Two males and one female. Chain Bridge, Virginia, Aug. 12, 1923(H. W. Allen); one male and one female, Great Falls, Virginia; inmy collection.Type and allotype.? Cat. No. 28156 U.S.N.M., Chain Bridge,Virginia, August 12 (male type) (H. W. Allen) ; July 6 (allotype)(J. M. Aldrich).The present known range of this species is from Massachusetts,Indiana, and eastern Kansas southward to Virginia and Louisiana.The writer has found the adults common on the high rocky bluffsof the Potomac River, where they may be found on low foliage, insunlit spots, in open deciduous forest. In the same region they arenot commonly encountered in open fields, either on vegetation ordenuded ground. However, one specimen from Massachusetts,collected by D. A. Ricker, is labeled "clover." Another specimenexamined, collected by Doctor Aldrich is labeled "prey of LaphriacanisJ' The host relationships of M. sinipalpis are not known.METOPIA PERPENDICULARIS Van der VVulp
'Metopia perpendicularis Van der Wulp, Biol. Cent. Amer., Dipt. vol. 2,p. 115, 1891.The type, a female specimen from Mexico in the British Musemn,not seen by me. From the description and figures, it is recognizedas a species of Metopia distinct from the others described in this paper.It appears to resemble, rather closely, campestris and inermis, fromwhich it is readily distinguished by the perpendicular hind cross veinand the more prominent front.Genus SPHENOMETOPA Townsend.Sphetiometopa Townsend, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 64, 1908.Genotype, Araba nehulosa Coqiiillett.
?
Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mas., vol. 37, p. 607, 1910.Eumetopia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweifl. d. Kaiserl. Mus., vol. 56,p. 114, 1889. Preoccupied in Rhyncophora.Euaraba Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 28, p. 20, 1915. Geno-type, Araba tergata Coquillett.Arabiopsis Townsend, Can. Ent., vol. 47, p. 285, 1915. Genotype, Arabi-opsis cocklei Townsend.Araba of Authors not Robineau-Desvoidy, Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent.,Tech. Ser., no. 7, p. 127, 1897.?Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3,p. 508, 1907.
?
Adams, in Williston's Manual of N. Amer. Dipt., p. 375,1908.The genus Araha was proposed by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830,Myodaires (p. 127), to include several species, no genotype beingdesignated. In 1863, Dipteres des Environs de Paris (vol. 2, p. 88),
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN" 63he slightly modified the name Araba to Arabella, for the sake ofeuphon}^, and designated Tachina argyrocephala Meigen, the third ofthe originally included species, as the genotype. Since argyrocephalais a synonym of leucocepJtola, the genotype of Metopia, Araha becomesa synonym of Metopia. This synonomy, rather vaguely defined byCoquillett, in his 1910 paper on type species, was recently clearlypointed out to me by Dr. J. M. Aldrich, in correspondence. Whilethe type of Araba is unquesti(Hiably a Metopia, certain species for-merly placed in this genus are certainly distinct from Metopia.Eumetopia, proposed by Brauer and Bergenstamm in 1899, is pre-occupied. Sphenometopa, proposed by Townsend in 190S, for Arahanehdosa Coquillett, appears to be the earliest valid name. After anexamination of types, I am of the opinion that Euaraba and Arahiopsisare congeneric with Splienometopa. The European /as^^/o^sa Meigenalso belongs here.The characters of this genus based on a study of the Europeanspecies, fastuosa Meigen and three North American species areas follows. Front wider in female than in male; frontal vitta muchwider than parafrontals, setulose or hairy on the sides, between thefrontal rows and below the ocellar triangle; ocellar bristles veryweak or absent; a single frontal row on either side of frontal vitta,descending at least to middle of second antennal joint; orbitalbristles present in both sexes; antennae extending nearly to vib-rissae; penultimate joint of arista not more than twice as long as wide;facial ridges with strong macrochaetae extending more than halfway from vibrissae to base of antennae; head length at vibrissaemuch less than at base of antennae; parafacials without macro-chaetae; proboscis stout and distinctly shorter than head height;no pale hairs at the sides or back of the oral cavity. Thorax withthree strong postsutural dorsocentral bristles and two sternopleurals.Intermediate abdominal segments without even, pollinose basalbands. Male genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 4) small, and in repose, scarcelyvisible in profile view; female with the usual retracted nonpiercinglarvipositor. Wings hyaline or with smoky spots; apical cell openand ending far before extreme tip of wing; fourth vein with fold atthe bend; last section of fifth vein much less than half as long aspreceding section; costal spine absent or minute; only the third veinbristly, and this at most with three to four bristles near its base.Front pulvilli of both sexes less than half as long as the last tarsaljoint; basitarsus of fore leg of male (pi. 3, fig. 18) sometimes struc-turally modified or ornamented; middle tibia with a single bristleon outer front side near middle; hind tibia on outside with a row ofuneven bristles extending from base to apex with one bristle nearthe middle much the largest.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SPHENOMETOPA
1. Front at base of antennae as wide as either eye 2.Front at base of antenna distinctly narrower than either eye; section offourth vein beyond the bend nearly straight; parafrental rows not widelydivergent below; male with conspicuous smoky spots in the wing, andwith the basitarsus of the foreleg expanded into a large triangular seg-ment nebulosa (Coquillett)
.
2. Middle tibia with only a single bristle on outer hind side near middle; aristathickened to apex 4.Middle tibia on outer hind side near the middle with several bristles; aristathickened on basal three-fifths 3.3. Abdomen with a broad black median vitta bordered with white pollen; basi-tarsus of foreleg bearing a conspicuous tuft of black hair.(male) cocklei (Townsend).Abdomen golden pollinose, with a pair of small bronzed spots on the sidesof the first three segments; basitarsus of foreleg without ornamenta-tion (female) cocklei (Townsend)
.
4. Front, including the vitta, conspicuously silvery; thorax black and but thinlywhitish pollinose (male) tergata (Coquillett).Front and thorax densely golden pollinose, frontal vitta brown.(female) tergata (Coquillett).SPHENOMETOPA TERGATA (Coquillett)Araha tergata Coquillett, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, vol. 3, p. 103, 1S95;U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 127, 1897.?Smith, Ins. of NewJersey, p. 782, 1909.
?
Thompson, Recherches sur les Dipt6res Parasites,Paris Edition du Bull. Biol, de la France et de la Bclgique, pp. 107-108,figs. XXXII, 116, 1921.Euaraba grisea Robiucau-Desvoidy, Townsend, Insecutor Ins. Menst., No. 6,p. 182, 1918 (in error).In this species the front is somewhat wider than in the other twoNorth American forms, being 0.36, 0.3G, 0.36, 0.37, 0.37, with anaverage of 0.364 of the head width in five males, and 0.41, 0.44, 0.44,0.44, 0.46, with average of 0.438 in live females. In the male, theinner orbits are narrower at vertex than at base of antennae; thefront, including the vitta, and the face are brilliant silvery pollinose;frontal vitta with barrel-shaped outline; frontal rows suddenly-divergent below; two proclinate orbitals; arista short plumose,thickened almost to apex, penultimate joint not longer than broad.Mesonotum in front of suture, and scutellum, dull black, while pleura,mesonotum behind the suture and apex of scutellum, arc silverypollinose; scutellum with two pairs of strong marginal bristles, theapicals wanting. Abdomen shining black, with silvery pollen atthe lateral basal parts of the first three segments, the fourth with aband of white pollen on basal half; first segment without bristles,intermediate segments with strong median marginals, and fourthwith a marginal row. Inner forceps of male genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 4)slightly divergent from near base, somewhat flattended at base,tapering gradually to slender tips, round in cross section; outer for-
ART. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 65
ceps shorter and much stouter than the inner, with ])roadly rounded,spatulate tips; penis with dehcate membranous hood, supported bya heavily chitinized rod which is Y-shaped in profile, one arm of the"Y" encircling the basal part of the hood anteriorly; claspers smalland sharply pointed. Wings hyaline; apical cell narrowly open;section of fourth vein beyond the bend strongly arcuate; one tothree bristles at base of third vein-. The female differs strikingly inappearance from the male, having the frontal vitta brown and notbarrel shaped in outline; a row of one reclinate and four t five pro-clinate orbital bristles, of Vv^hich the anterior pairs are much thekrgest. Thorax uniformly gray pollinose with two obscure narrowmedian vittae; scutellum also pollinose with obscure bronzed spotsat the sides; on the white pollinose abdomen, the first three segmentsbear rows of sharply-defined, round, black spots, which are some-times coalesced in an apical band.Length, 3.5 to 5.5 mm.Type.?Mide, Cat. No. 3631, U.S.N.M.The following material has been examined. Type, a male fromAlgonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason) ; two other specimens from Algon-quin bearing Coquillett's name and one specimens from Altadena,California, presumably of the type series; one, Franconia, NewHampshire (Mrs. Slosson) ; three, Lafayette, Indiana, two of whichlabeled ''on log" (J. M. Aldrich) ; fourteen, Lewiston, and one, Moscow^,Idaho (J. M. Aldrich) ; one, Boulder, Colorado; one Colorado (Coquil-lett) ; one, Animas Park, New Mexico, 6,500 feet; all in the collectionof the National Museum. One Amherst, Massachusetts, and twelve,Columbus, Ohio, taken largely from rocks in gravel pits and dumps, inthe collection of the writer. Specimens from several places in Massa-chusetts, and from Hampton, New Hampshire, in the collection of theBoston Natural History Society. Specimens from New Jersey in thecollection of Dr. C. W. Johnson. Several specimens from Massa-chusetts and Pennsylvania in the collection of the Museum of Com-parative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts.Thompson ^* finds that the female reproductive apparatus of thisspecies resembles that of the other Miltogramminae studied. In thefirst instar maggot, the usual longitudinal ribs or corrugations of thecuticula are lacking, and not only the anterior borders but the entiresurface of the segments are interspersed with microscopic colorlessscales, which under high magnification are seen to be pointed anddirected backwards. The buccopharyngeal apparatus is of the sametype as that found in Metojna, Miltogramma, and other nearly relatedgenera. Grooves in the pharynx are wanting.
3< Paris Edition du Bull. Biol, de la France et de la Belgique, Recherches sur les Dipteres Parasites, p.107, 1921.
,^)4292?26t- -5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68The known range of this species is from New Hampshire and Idahoto New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Colorado, and New Mexico.In Massachusetts and Ohio it is known to occur in large nambersabout gravel pits, railroad and highway cuts and fills which aredenuded or only scantily covered with vegetation, and strewn withrocks and cobblestones. The adults may be seen in such places,darting about just above the surface of the ground in characteristiczigzag flight, and alighting from time to time on rocks or small stones.Adults have not been taken on flowers. The host relationships ofthis species are not knowm.SPHENOMETOPA NEBULOSA (Coquillett)Ar-aba nebulosa Coquillett, Canad. Ent., vol. 34, p. 200, 1902.Sphenometo'pa nebulosa Townsend, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., vol. 51,p. 64, 1908.Male with the front rather narrow, being 0.25, 0.27, 0.31, with anaverage of 0.2S of head width; front much narrower at base of anten-nae than at vertex; frontal rows not widely divergent below base ofantennae; parafrontals with row of one reclinate and two proclinateorbital bristles back of which is a tuft of erect bristly hairs; aristathickened on basal two-fifths, the penultimate joint distinctly shorterthan twice the width. Thorax gray pollinose, obscurely five vittate;scutellum with three pairs of marginal bristles, of which the inter-mediate pair is much the largest; abdomen flattened dorsoventrally,truncate at apex, black overlaid with dense white pollen, with threeconspicuous black spots on dorsum of each one of the first threesegments sometimes coalescing apically; intermediate segments, andusually the first v^dth a median marginal pair of bristles, fourth seg-ment w^ith a marginal row. Wings hyaline with small but quite dis-tinct smoky spots at the apex of second vein, the bend of the fourth,the apex of the first, beyond the small cross vein and at the angle ofthe fifth vein and the hind cross vein, a small niveous spot at extremetip of wing; apical cell narrowly open; last section of fourth veinstraight from bend to margin of wing; one small bristle at base of thirdvein. Basitarsus of fore leg (pi. 3, fig. 18) conspicuously expandedventrally into a triangular segment having pale hairs on its ventralmargin. The female closely resembles the male, but its front is wider,being 0.32 and 0.34 with an average of 0.33 of head width in twospecimens measured; the third antennal joint is slightly shorter, thebasitarsus of the fore leg is not modified, and the infuscated spots onthe wings arc less conspicuous.Length, 5.0 to 5.5 mm.Material examined: type, a male from Sierra Madra, Chihuahua,Mexico, and another male from the same locality and apparently ofthe type series (C. H. T. Townsend); one male and one female,Florrisant, Colorado, labeled "on sand" (S. A. Rohwer); one male
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 67and one female, Animas Pass, New Mexico, 6,500 feet; all in thecollection of the National Museum.This species is a Rocky Mountain and Sierra Madra form concern-ing tlie biology of which very little is known. Townsend states thatthe Sierra Madra specimens were taken in the pine zone at about7,000 to 7,500 feet elevation. The host relationships are not known.Two additional males collected July 25, 1925, at Summit, Montana,by J. M. Aldrich; the}' were found at the edge of a cascade on smooth,wet rocks in the sun. Altitude about 5,000 feet.SPHENOMETOPA COCKLEI (Townsend)Arabiopsis cocklei Townsend, Canad. Ent., vol. 47, p. 286, 1915.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.34 of head width (measurements ofthree 0.33, 0.33 and 0.35) ; inner orbits much narrower at vertexthan at base of antennae, with pronounced concavity to accommodatebulge in sides of front, and divergent to bucca; frontal vitta barrel-shaped in outline, at middle three to four times width of parafrontals,concolorous with parafrontals which are gray pollinose, n. darkreflecting spot below the ocellar triangle on each side of the vitta;the proclinate ocellar bristles scarcely differentiated from the sur-rounding hairs; a row of about four proclinate and two reclinateorbital bristles of variable sizes; posterior part of front bare ofbristly hairs; vibrissae scarcely differentiated from surroundingbristles, inserted slightly above oral margin; facial ridges divergent,with strong macrochaetae on lowest two-thirds; antenna black,extending nearly to vibrissae, third joint three to three and one-half times as long as second; arista thickened on basal three-fifths,penultimate joint nearly twice as long as wide; in profile, width ofbucca slightly greater than that of parafacials and equals one-thirdeye height, front projects one-half horizontal diameter of eye;parafacials setulose on upper half; bucca densely black setulose;palpi black, filiform. Thorax blue-white pollinose over dull black,with two narrow median vittae and densely covered with longbristh' hairs; scutellum with three pairs of marginal bristles of whichthe intermediates are the longest; strong preapicals present. Ab-domen strongly flattened, truncate at apex; black, the sides denselyblue-w^hite pollinose, middle of dorsum with a broad black vittawhich becomes narrower towards apex, a single pair of small bronzedspots, lateral to the vitta, on each of the intermediate segments;first two segments with two to four long median marginal bristlesand one or two smaller laterals; third and fourth segments eachwith a marginal row. Wings slightly infuscated towards base;apical cell narrowly open at tip; last section of fifth vein not nearlyhalf as long as preceding section; two to three bristly hairs at thebase of the third vein. Legs black; basitarsus of fore leg with con-
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. GS
spicuous tuft of black hairs on the heel and fringing the outside;middle tibia with the usual single bristle on the outer front side nearthe middle and a row of four to five uneven bristles on the outerhind side.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.43 of the head width (measure-ments of two 0.42 and 0.44 respectively) ; front somewhat moregolden pollinose, without the conspicuous dark reflections; tworather strong proclinate orbitals differentiated from the surroundingbristles and bristly hairs on the parafrontals ; vibrissae at least thelength of the second antennal joint above the front edge of the oralmargin; third antennal joint equals two and one-half times lengthof second; in profile, bucca equals one-third eye height. Thoraxdensely golden bronze pollinose; sparsely short setulose. Abdomenblack, densely covered with golden bronze pollen, without a broadblack median vitta; a pair of small but distinct bronzed spots towardsthe sides on the first three segments, fourth pollinose to apex. Frontbasitarsus without modifications. Otherwise except for usualdifferences of genitalia, like the male.Length 5.0 to 6.0 mm.Ti/pe.?Male, Cat. No. 19554. U.S.N.M.Redescribed from the type, a male specimen from London HillMine, Bear Lake, British Columbia, 7,000 feet, July 21, 1903 (J. W.Cockle) ; two females and one male, Marshall Pass, Colorado, Jul}^18, 1908, 10,856 feet; one female, Tennessee Pass, Colorado, 10,240feet (J. M. Aldrich) ; all in the collection of the National Museum.This Rocky Mountain alpine form has as yet not been collectedbelow 7,000 feet elevation. Little is known of its habits and nothingconcerning the host relationships.Genus PHROSINELLA Robineau-DesvoidyPhrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 83, 1863Genotype (Tachina) nasida Meigen from Europe.Phrosina Robine.\u-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 101, 1863.According to Bezzi and Stein, Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 513, 1907, pre-occupied, and the genotype argyrina Robineau-Desvoidy equals nasutawhich is the genotype of Phrosinella.Euhilarella Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 28, p. 22, 1915. Geno-type Hilarella fulvicornis Coquillett.Inner orbits narrowest at base of antennae, diverging moderatelytoward vertex and bucca but distinctly pinched in at tlie lowercomers of the eyes; front distinctly narrower in males than in females:frontal vitta strongly divergent posteriorly, at middle wider thanparafnmtals, usually with distinct wrinkles radiating from base ofantennae; a single row of frontal bristles which extends below baseof second antennal joint and is suddenly divergent below; orbitalbristles, usually one reolinate and tvro proclinate, present in both
AUT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 69
sexes; one pair of proclinate ocellars; vil)rissae located near frontedge of oral margin, not noticeably approximated; facial ridgeswith a few scattered hairs on the lowest fourth or less; lunule con-spicuous, shield shaped, situated in a deep indentation of the frontalvitta; antennae extending nearly to level of vibrissae; plumosity ofarista not longer than its greatest diameter, penultimate jointscarcely longer than wide; in profile, head length at oral margin ismuch less than at base of antennae, epistoma not prominent; para-facials bare or beset with black bristly hairs; bucca and back ofhead with black bristly hairs except for sparse white hairs at sidesand back of oral cavity; proboscis stout, much shorter than headheight, labella fleshy; palpi normal; eyes with the facets at extremefront but slightly larger than those at the sides. Thorax with threestrong postsutural dorsocentr<il bristles and two strong sternopleurals;scutellum with three marginal pairs. Abdomen elongate conical;intermediate segments each with a row of three large spots whichare sometimes confluent posteriorly; the basal pollinose band,when present, is always scalloped on the posterior margin as ifformed by the coalescing of large spots. Genitalia of m.ale (pi. 1,fig. 6) in repose, scarcely protruding; of female, nonpicrcing andretracted. Wings with apical cell open; fourth vein at bend with adistinct fold; last section of fifth vein varies from nearly half toslightly more than half the length of preceding section; tliird veinwith row of small bristles extending more than half the distancefrom base to small cross vein; a strong costal spine usually present.Pulvilli of both sexes rather short; front tarsus of male (pi. 3, figs. 15,16) usually ornamented with a peculiar brush of long hairs; of female(pi. 3, fig. 17) strongly flattened; middle tibia with one bristle onouter front side near the middle; hind tibia, on outside with a com-plete uneven row of bristles.After study of the North American material and comparison withEuropean specimens of the genotype nasuta, it becomes evident thatthe common species long recognized as Hilarella fulvicornis Coquil-lett and three closely related species described in this paper are muchmore closely allied morphologically to nasuta, than to hilarella, thegenotype of Hilarella. The genotype of Phrosina not seen and itspresent location not known to me. The genotype fulvicornis ofEuhilarella has been compared with specimens of nasuta loaned byProfessor Bezzi. From the genus Eumacronychia, with which it hasbeen confused, Phrosinella may be distinguished by the possession ofspots instead of even bands on the abdomen, and in having the elon-gate lunule conspicuously imbedded in a sinus of the frontal vitta,the fore tarsus of the male usually bearing a coiis])icuous tuft of longbristly hairs, and that of the female without tufts of bristly hairs butusually strongly flattened.
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Phrosinella is holarctic in distribution. The species in NorthAmerica, so far as known, are distinct from those of Europe, and havenot been taken outside of the United States. There are four Nearcticspecies, each with a somewhat restricted range.The flies of this genus, as far as known, occupy the ground-subter-ranean stratum, being found in the adult stage largely on barrenground, in and about the holes of burrowing Hymenoptera, rarely onlow foliage. They are not commonly attracted to flowers, but atleast one species frequently feeds on honeydew. It is believed thatthey are biologically superimposed upon fossorial Hymenoptera, butreliable rearing records are lacking. Dissections of one species indi-cate that they deposit large, active maggots. The female of thisspecies has also been observed digging a pit in the sand near the bur-rows of fossorial Hymenoptera, for which its flattened fore tarsi areadmirably adapted. Larvae were deposited in the pit. It seemsprobable that from this point, they burrow^ through the soil to thecell of their host, a form of activity which may be correlated with thepresence of a conspicuous spiniferous foot on the ventral part of thelast segment of the first instar maggots. Pupation takes place inthe soil, apparently not far from the cell of the host,KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PHROSINELLA1. Third antennal joint black 2.Third antennal joint bright yellow, rarely overlaid with blackish tomentmii.fulvicornis (Coquillett).2. Third abdominal segment with black polished apex which is devoid of pollen, 3.Third abdominal segment pollinose to apex, at most with small black spotsabout the marginal bristles; wings distinctly infuscated; thorax and abdo-men grayish pollinose with brownish tinge fumosa, new species.3. Front distinctly hairy, many bristly hairs on frontal vitta between frontalrows; males with conspicuous tuft of hairs on underside of second tarsaljoint of fore leg, tliird tarsal joint much thicker and shorter than the fourth.pilosifrons, new species.Front almost destitute of hairs, vitta bare; males with conspicuous tuft ofhairs on outside of second tarsal joint, third joint scarcely wider than thefourth aldrichi, new species.PHROSINELLA FULVICORmS (Coquillett)Gyi?inoj)rosopa fulvicornis Coquillett, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, vol. 3,p. 106, 1895.Hilarella fulvicornis Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, pp. 17, 128,1897.
?
Smith, Ins. of New Jersey, p. 782, 1909.
?
Cole and Lovett,Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 11, p. 303, 1921.?Buimley, Ent. News, vol. 33,p. 23, 1922.Euhilarella fulvicornis Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 28, p. 22, 1915.Phrosinella fulvicornis Allen, Occas. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5,p. 92, 1924.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.35 of head width (measurements offive, 0.30, 0.35, 0.35, 0.37, 0.39) ; front, including the vitta which isscarcely distinguishable, white or sometimes golden pollinose; vitta
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 7
1
divergent posteriorly, at level of lowest orbitals, three to four timeswidth of either parafrontal; frontal row of seven to nine bristles;facial ridges with but two to three small bristles inserted directlyabove vibrissae; antennae red, extending about five-sixths distanceto vibrassae, third joint three to four times length of second; aristathickened on basal three-fifths, penultimate joint almost twice itswidth; parafacials bare or sparsely beset with black bristly hairs,distinctly narrowest at the lower corner of eye; in profile, buccaequals one-sixth eye height; palpi yellow. Thorax and scutellumdensely gray pollinose, without distinct vittae; intermediate pair ofmarginal scutellar bristles larger than the other two equal pairs;small preapicals present. Abdomen gray to golden pollinose, firstsegment somewhat more thinly so, with a median polished black spot,intermediate segments each with one to three triangular black spots,in third sometimes coalescing to form a continuous apical band, fourthpolished black with pollinose band on basal half; one lateral and onemedian marginal pair of bristles on the first and the second segments,third and fourth segments with median marginal rows of about ten.Genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 6) as in fumosa excepting the claspers, which aresmaller. Wings hyaline; often slightly clouded in middle from discalcell to costal margin; section of fourth vein beyond bend stronglyarcuate, distance from bend to hind cross-vein about half length ofpreceding section; last section of fifth vein much less than half thepreceding section. Legs black; second joint of fore tarsus bearingon ventral side a conspicuous tuft of long bristly hairs not horizontallyflattened or cupped when viewed from above; last three tarsal jointsmuch reduced in size and arched above the brush-like tuft, thirdsegment distinctly broader than the two apical joints which areslenderly elongate; hind tibia with outside row of about nine unevenbristles.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.44 of head width (average of fifteenwhich range from 0.39 to 0.45) ; third joint of antenna two and one-half to three and one-half times length of second. Fore tarsus (pi. 3,fig. 17) broadly flattened but not reduced in size, and lacldng tuftof long bristles. Otherwise save for usual difference in genitalia, likethe male.Length, 4.0 to 7.5 mm.Type.?Male, Cat.No. 3633, U.S.N.M., from Avalon, New Jersey,(Johnson)
.
These notes are based on an examination of the type and a longseries of both sexes in the collections of the National Museum, BostonSociety of Natural History, Museum of Comparative Zoology ofCambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Agricultural College,Dr. C. W. Johnson, Nathan Banks, Prof. J. S. Hine, and the writer,including specimens from the following localities: New Hampshire;
72 PROCEEDINGS OP THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 6SSunderland, West Springfield, Provincetown, Horscneck Beach, andMartha's Vineyard, Massachusetts; Avalon, Anglesea, Clementon,and Pemberton, New Jersey; Chesapeake Beach and Beltsville,Maryland; Brookland, District of Columbia; Columbus, Ohio (H.W. A.) ; Ira, Summit County, Ohio (J. S. Hine) ; Lafayette, Indiana(J. M. Aldrich) , (E. W. Stafi'ord) ; Michigan City, Indiana (J. M.Aldrich) ; Algonquin, Illinois (Nason) ; Great Falls, Virginia (J. M.Aldrich) ; Flomaton, Alabama (J. M. Aldrich) ; Mobile, Alabama(H. W. A.); Holly Springs, Mississippi (F. W. Mally) ; West Point,Mississippi (F. M. Hull) ; Starkville, Meridian, Agricultural andMechanical College, Ocean Springs, Moss Point, and Gulfport, Mis-sissippi (II. W. A.); White Springs, Florida (C. H. T. Townsend)
;
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (S. Graenicher) ; Mandan, North Dakota(J. M. Aldrich); Powderville, Montana; Florissant, Colorado (S. A.Rohwer) ; one Brookland, District of Columbia, labeled ''Parkernumber 50." In one specimen in C. W. Johnson's collection fromHorseneck Beach, Massachusetts, the third antennal joint hasa blackish cast, over yellow. This is exceptional since most speci-mens have bright yellow antennae. Although Coquillett states thatin this species the third joint is sometimes black, I am inclined tobelieve, after careful study of a long series, that specimens in whichthis joint is black without traces of yellow belong elsewhere.Three dried specimens of females have been dissected, and whilesuch material is unsatisfactory, some definite information has beenobtained on the nature of reproduction in this species. The uterus ineach case was found filled with large naked maggots , all in the samestage of development. Fourteen were counted in one and eight inanother. The larvipositor was found to consist of small, weak,nonpiercing valves located at the tip of an extensile apparatus ofthree segments, in repose telescoped within the abdomen.The first instar maggot from the uterus was found to possess thefollowing characters. The cuticula of each segment with severalencircling rows of microscopic, transparent, flattened scales followedby a band of transparent, longitudinal ribs or furrows, giving to thelower part of the segment a coiTugated appearance; ventral part oflast segment provided with fleshy foot, densely beset with stout,sharp, brown spines; no other brown spinose areas occur. Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (pi. 5, fig. 29) consists of the usual parts, inwhich the median hook is longer and about equal in mass to the re-mainder of the apparatus; the long, slender median hook tapersgradually to a strong, slender point, without denticles on the ventralsurface; lateral hooks apparently fused at the tip to the medianhook; ventral part of the intermediate H-piece much reduced andnot barblike in profile view; upper and lower wings of the basal piece
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALL.EN 73approximated so that the height of this sclerite is distinctly less thanlength of its wings.I have examined one puparium, finding the anal segment equippedwith several rows of sharply pointed, microscopic spines, and theposterior spiracles located in a distinct pit (pi. 5, fig. 35) and sepa-rated by a distance equal to diameter of one spiracle,P. fulvicorrds is common in the United States east of the Missis-sippi River and is also known to occur in Colorado. It has beenreported from^ Oregon, but this record will very likely be found torefer to P. pilosifrons or some other western species.The adults occur on barren, sandy ditch bottoms, over sand dunes,on sand bars, barren places in open pastures, on stone-strewn countryroads and on the upper marine beach. In such places they are fre-quently associated with several species of Senotainia and alliedgenera as well as various species of fossorial Hymenoptera. Theyhave never been taken on flowers or rank vegetation. The adultsdart about just above the surface of the ground in characteristiczigzag flight very closely resembling that of the small Larridae fromwhich they are not readily distinguished until they alight on theground.One adult was captured as it emerged from the burrow of a diggerw^asp, presumably one of the small Bembicidae which inhabit thebea.ch in great numbers, at Mobile, Alabama. Another specimenwas reared from a puparium taken at Columbus, Ohio, where it wasfound in damp sand, two or three inches from the surface and inclose proximity to nests of Bemhix spinolae. The writer formed theopinion from the conditions under which the puparium was foundthat the maggot had come to maturity in the nest of the Bembicidand had crawled a short distance away into the loose sand to pupate,but it is by no means certain that B. spinolae was the host of thisindividual, since the tunnels of many small Larridae were presentin the same sand bed in close proximity to the nests of the Bem-bicidae. Prof. J. B. Parker has made a very interesting observationon a fly captured on the sand where a number of dift'erent species ofwasps were nesting, near Washington, D. C. (Parker note, No. 50).He says that this species has the habit of wandering about over thesand apparently engaged in smelling, and then in digging in the sand.The specimen captured dug quite a pit at the entrance of a burrowof Oxyhehis quadrinotatus Say, and then went through the motionsof oviposition in the pit. Professor Parker's observation is thefirst to indicate the probable use to which the strongly flattenedfore tarsi of the females of North American species of Phrosinellahave become adapted. Coquillet ^^ records the rearing of an adult
?? U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 17, 1897.54292?261- G
74 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68from a puparium found among eggs of Acrididae. This associationwas probably accidental.PHROSINELLA FUMOSA, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.42 of head width (measurements offour 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.43) ; front golden polhnose, including the vittawhich is scarcely distinguishable from the parafrontals; vitta diverg-ing slighlty towards the rear, at level of lowest orbitals, three timeswidth of either parafrontal; ten to twelve bristles in the frontal row;parafrontals sparsely beset with black bristly hairs which extenddownward to apex of second antennal joint, and invade the vittato the extent of several hairs on each side between the frontal rows;facial ridges with two to four small bristly hairs not extending abovethe lowest fifth; antennae black, extending about seven-eighths dis-tance to vibrissae, apex of second joint rufous, third joint four timeslength of second; arista thickened on basal three-fifths, length ofpenultimate joint one and one-half times width; parafacials whitepollinose, bare, narrowest at lower corner of eye; in profile, buccaequals one-sixth eye height. Thorax denselygray pollinose with bronzereflections; two narrow vittae between the presutural dorsocentrals,ending at transverse suture; scutellum densely gray pollinose, withconspicuous black spot on each side near base; intermediate marginalbristles larger than the other two equal pairs; preapicals lacking.Abdomen densely gray pollinose, distinctly tinged with bronze;first three segments with one to three obscure spots near the apices,fourth with apical margin subshining black; first and second segmentseach with a single lateral and one median marginal pair of bristles;third and fourth with marginal rows of ten to twelve. Genitaliablack; inner forceps elongate, tapering gradually to slender tips,somewhat flattened laterally, in profile, with a pronounced concavityon the outer margin just beyond the base, and curving slightly for-ward at the tips; outer forceps yellow, nearly as long and somewhatbroader at the tips than inner forceps ; penis with membranous hoodtapering from a bulbous base to a slender erect process at the pos-terior apical corner, and bearing anteriorly rather coarse conicalspines; posterior claspers with a small bristle. Wings subhyaline,with the area limited by small cross-vein, hind cross-vein, apex offourth and the costal margin, infuscated; hind cross-vein and lasttwo sections of fourth vein with clouded margins; section of fourthvein beyond bend strongly arcuate, frequently bent backwardto form an acute angle with preceding section; last section of fifthvein scarcely more than one-third preceding section. Legs black;second joint of fore tarsus with a ventral tuft of long upcurvedbristles, cupped when viewed from above; last three joints muchreduced and arched above the tuft of bristles, the third broad and
ART. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGFiAMMINI ALLEN 75
short, the fourth and fifth slenderly elongate; hind tibia with out-side row of about eight uneven bristles.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.47 of head width (measurementsof five 0.45, 0.47, 0.48, 0.48, 0.48) ; third antenna! joint three to fourtimes length of second. Last four joints of fore tarsus moderatelyflattened, not reduced, and lacking tuft of long bristles. Otherwise,except for usual differences of genitalia, like the male.Length. 7.0 to 9.5 mm.Type.?Male, Falls Church, Virginia, July 11, in the collection ofNathan Banks.AUofype.?Yemixle, Cat. No. 28157, U.S.N.M., Falls Church, Vir-ginia, July 21 (C. T. Greene).Described from the following: In the collection of the NationalMuseum; one female from Massachusetts labeled " Coc[uillett col-lection"; four females from Falls Church, Virginia, July 21 (C. T.Greene). In the collection of C. W. Johnson, two females from West-port Factory, Massachusetts, July 31, 1913; one male from Dela-ware Water Gap, New Jersey, July 13. In J. R. Malloch's collection,one male and one female from Beltsville, Maryland, July 9, 1916.In Nathan Banks' collection, four males and four females from FallsChurch, Virginia, July 4 to 25 (N. Banks), one taken feeding onhoneydew on tulip tree; one male and one female. Great Falls, Vir-ginia, June 29 and July 8 (N. Banks).The present known range oi fumosa is confined to the region eastof the Appalachian Mountains from southern Massachusetts toeastern Virginia. In the valley of the Potomac, it has been foundhovering low over stone-strewn roads through hilly upland forest,and on honeydew-coated foliage beneath the tulip tree, Liriodendrontuli'pifera. The hosts oi fumosa are not known.PHROSINELLA ALDRICHI, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.343 of head width (measurements ofthree 0.33, 0.34, 0.36) ; front including vitta, all of face and buccawhite pollinose; vitta at level of Ipwest orbitals four times width ofeither parafrontal; frontal row of eight to ten bristles, extending tomiddle of second antennal joint; only a few bristly hairs on frontoutside frontal rows; facial ridges with but one or two hairs abovevibrissae; antennae black, extending five-sixths the distance tovibrissae, third joint four times length of second; arista thickenedon basal three-fifths; parafacials bare, or sometimes sparsely blacksetulose, conspicuously narrowed at the lower corner of the eye; inproiile, bucca equals one-eighth the eye height; proboscis scarcelyone-half the head height; palpi subclavate, yellow. Thorax graypollinose over black, witli five obscure vittac of which tlie threemedian ones are much narrower, extending onl}- to the transverse
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68
suture; the intermediate pair of marginal scutellar bristles are largerthan the two other equal pairs: small preapicals usually present.Abdomen black, the last three segments polished on the broad apices,white pollinose at the base, the pollinose bases indented from behindby three to five triangular spots; first and second segments each witha pair of strong median marginal bristles, the last two with uninter-rupted rows of ten to twelve. Wings hyaline; section of fourth veinfrom bend to hind cross vein equals one-half the preceding section;last section of fifth vein nearl}^ one-half preceding section. Legsblack; fore tarsus (pi. 3, fig. 16) with its second joint enlarged andbearing a dense tuft of long bristly hairs on the outside, third andfourth joints strongly flattened, slightly longer than broad, fifth jointelongate and slender; hind tibia on outside with row of about sevenuneven bristles extending from base to apex.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.43 of head width (measurements offive 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.45, 0.46) ; frontal vitta deeply golden pollinose,two to three times width of parafrontals at lowest orbital; thirdantenna! joint two and one-half to tliree times the second. Lastfour joints of the fore tarsus flattened, but not reduced in size, secondjoint without conspicuous tuft of long hairs. Otherwise, except forusual differences in genitalia, like the male.Length, 4.0 to 5.5 mm.Type and allotype.? Cat. No. 28158, U.S.N.M., Lewiston, Idaho,male type collected Sept. 25, 1909; no date given for allotype.Range.?Idaho, Nevada, California, Washington, British Columbia.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from the following: two males and three females fromLewiston, Idaho; two females from Boise, Idaho; one female fromWalker Lake, Nevada, July 25, 1911; one male, San Joaquin River,Newman, California. All the preceding collected by Doctor Aldrich,in whose honor the species is named ; these and one male from Pasa-dena, California, are all in the National Museum. One female, Oliver,British Colimibia, 7-vi-1923 (C. B. Garrett), in the CanadianNational collection. One female. Lake Paha, Washington, 7-20-'20(R. C. Shannon) in Shjannon's collection.PHROSINELLA PILOSIFRONS, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.36 of the head width (measurementsof three 0.34, 0.34 and 0.39) ; front, all of the face and the bucca whitepollinose; vitta distinguishable as a gray pollinose band, somewhatwrinkled, moderately divergent posteriorly, at level of lowest orbitalstwice as wide as either parafrontal; the- single frontal row insertedat some distance from edge of vitta, and bearing thirteen to fifteenbristles; one or two bristles outside the fiontal row, in the angle ofdivergence which it fonns near base of antennae; parafrontals
AUT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 77thickly beset with slender erect hairs which are most dense at orbelow level of lowest ocellus, where they invade the vitta and formthere a distinct fringe on both sides between the frontal rows; vibrissaelevel with front edge of oral margin; facial ridges with small bristlyhairs on lowest fifth; antennae extending five-sixths the distance tovibrissae, first two joints red, third joint black, four times length ofsecond; arista thickened on basal three-fourths, penultimate jointslightly longer than broad; parafacials liairy to near tip of antennae,distinctly narrowest at lower corner of eye; in profile, bucca equalsone-sixth eye height; palpi yellow. Thorax black, subshining,sparsely gray pollinose; obscurely five-vittate, inner three vittaenmch narrower, none extending beyond transverse suture; notumdensely pilose with fine erect black hairs; scutellum densely graypollnose at tip, black subshining at base, the intermediate pair ofmarginal bristles distinctly larger than the other two equal pairs,small preapicals differentiated. Abdomen gray pollinose over black;])ollinose area of first segment restricted to several small spots,intermediate segments pollinose to apices or nearly so, with threelarge polished black triangular spots, sometimes merging apicallyin the third, fourth without spots, pollinose on the basal half; fii-sttwo segments each with a pair of strong median marginal bristles,third and fourth each with marginal rows of about twelve. Wingsliyaline; section of fourth vein beyond bend, arcuate, but lackingan angular bend; distance from bend to hind cross-vein one-thirdto one-fifth the preceding section; last section of fifth vein almosthalf length of preceding section. Legs black; second joint of foretarsus (pi. 3, fig. 15) bearing on the ventral side a conspicuous tuftof long bristly hairs in form of a liorizontally flattened brush havingits tip upcurved; last three tarsal joints much reduced in size andarched above the biushlike tuft; third segment distinctly thickerthan the two apical joints which are small and elongate; hind tibiawitli about twelve unequal bristles in the outside I'ow, of which onebristle near middle is much the largest.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.4.5 of the head width in one specimenmeasured; vertex and front golden pollinose; third antennal jointtwo and one-half times length of second. Fore tarsus with the fourapical joints flattened but not reduced in size or bearing a long tuftof hair. Otherwise, save for the usual difference in genitalia, likethe male.Length, 7.0 to 8.5 mm.Type and allotype.?Male . Cat. No. 28159 U.wS.N.M. The maletype collected. Hood River, Washington, July 5, 1917 (F. R. Cole);the allotype female from Mount Constitution, Washington.Range.?Wasliington, Oregon, California, British Columbia.Host relationships.?Unknown.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOiSTAL MUSEUM vol. G8Described from the following: In the collection of the NationalMuseum; one male from Hood River, Oregon, one female from MountConstitution, Washington, July 17, 1909 (J. M. Aldrich) ; one malefrom Pine Lake, southern California (Johnson). In the CanadianNational collection; one female, Lillooet, British Columbia, 26-vii-1917 (J. D. T.), 3,000 feet; another female and one male from samelocality 23-vii-1917 (J. D. Tothill) 1,500 feet; one male and onefemale, Victoria, British Columbia, 2-vii-1921 (W. Downes) ; twomales labelled Pehticton, 18-vi-1918 (W.B.Anderson). In the col-lection of the writer one male from Hood River, Oregon.Genus HILARELLA RondaniHilarella Rondani, Dipt. ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 70, 1856; vol. 3, p. 212,1859. Genotype MiUogramma zetterstedti Rondani, which accordingto Bezzi and Stein, Palaark Dipt., vol. 3, p. 514, 1907 equals hilarellaZetterstedt.This genus differs from all but two of the North American generaof Miltogramminae, namely Opsidiopsis and Taxigramma, in havingthe last section of the fifth vein distinctly more than half the lengthof the preceding section. It is readily distinguished from Opsidiopsisby the absence of a definite row of bristles on the first vein. FromTaxigramma, to which it is morphologically very closely related, itdiffers in having the appendicular fold of the fourth vein shorterthan the discal cell, and the last section of the fifth distinctly lessthan the length of the preceding section. Other generic charactersare as follows : a single frontal row on either side of the vitta, descend-ing below the base of the antennae, suddenly divergent below; pro-clinate ocellars present; orbital bristles in both sexes; vibrissasinserted less than length of second antennal joint above front edgeof oral margin; facial ridges with bristly hairs on less than the lowestfourth; antennae extending to less than length of second antennaljoint from the vibrissae; penultimate joint of arista scarcely longerthan broad; in profile, the head length at the vibrissae distinctlyless than at base of antennae; no pale hairs on bucca or back of headabout the oral cavity; proboscis stout and much shorter than thehead height; thorax with two sternopleural bristles; abdomen denselypollinose, with transverse rows of sharply defined black spots; wingswith apical cell closed and ending far before the extreme tip of thewing; mesotibia with a single bristle on outer front side near themiddle.In this genus there are several European species, one of whichalso occurs in the North American fauna.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI?ALLEN 79OTHER SPECIES OF HILARELLA MENTIONED BY COQUILLETT ^^ AND ALDRICH "decens Townsend, assigned to gemis Eumacronychia.fulvicornis Coquillett, assigned to genus Phrosinella.polita Townsend, assigned to genus Gymnoprosopa.siphonina Zetterstedt equals Hilarella hilarelia.aristalis Coquillett, assigned to genus Oestrohilarella.rufiventris Coquillett, assigned to genus Senoiainia.HILARELLA HILARELLA (Zetterstedt)Miltogravima hilarella Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 3, p. 1212, 1844.Miltogramma siphonina Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 3, p. 1213, 1844;vol. 8, p. 3255, 1849; vol. 12, p. 4704, 1850; vol. 13, p. 6154, 1859.Hilarella zetterstedti Rondani, Dipt. ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 70, 1856; vol. 3,p. 213, 1859. Equals hilarella, according to Bezzi and Stein, Kat.Pal. Dipt.^?ScHiNER, Faun. Austr., vol. 1, p. 504, 1862.
?
Brauerand Bergenstamm, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, vol. 51, pi. 6, fig. 133, 1889.Misellia siphonina Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 148,1863.Misellia brunnicosa Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 148,1863.Heteropterina hilarella Pandelle, Rev. entom., vol. 14, p. 312, 1895.Hilarella siphonina Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 129,1897.
?
Smith, Insects of New Jersey, p. 782, 1909.Bezzi and Stein ^^ place hrunnicosa and siphonina in the synonymyof dira Robineau-Desvoidy. But dira equals Miltogramma conicaFallen, according to Robineau-Desvoidy's own statement, and conicabelongs to Sphecapata equals Senoiainia , an entirely distinct genus.I find from a study of Zetterstedt's original descriptions that siphoninaagrees closely with hilarella, differing from it principally in having thesegments of the abdomen marked with minute brown spots, whereashilarella has transverse rows of three larger spots. An examina-tion of the available American and European material indicates thatmost of the specimens have the transverse rows of three large spots,but in some specimens this character is variable. On one female inmy collection, from Lafayette, Indiana, the spots on the abdomen aresmall, and the usual median one has been broken into two smallerones, about the bases of the two median marginal bristles. Inanother specimen from Europe, labeled Hilarella hilarella by Pro-fessor Bezzi, the side spots are large, but as with the Indiana specimen,there are two small apical spots about the bases of the two medianmarginal bristles. These characters, unsupported by others, canscarcely be considered as of specific importance, hence it is myopinion that siphonina equals hilarella.The principal characters of the species are as follows : The anteriorpart of the frontal vitta, the first two joints of the antennae and
39 U. S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser., no. 7, p. 128, 1897." Cat. of N. A. Dipt., p. 476, 1905.3' Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, pp. ol3-514.
80 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.. CS
usually the third, the venter and sides of the abdomen, and usuallythe trochanters, femora and tibiae, yellow; the lowest bristle in thefrontal row much smaller than the preceding one; three proclinateand one reclinate orbital bristles; parafrontals bare of bristly hairs;parafacials black setulose; arista conspicuously plumose at middle,thickened on the basal two-fifths; thorax lacking black vittae, withthree postsutural dorsocentral bristles; scutellum with three pairsof strong and nearly equal marginal bristles; each of last three abdom-inal segments with a transverse row of three, or sometimes four roundblack spots on the dorsum, and two other elongate spots on lateralangles; first segment without macrochaetae, intermediate segmentswith median marginal pairs; fourth with the usual marginal row;the genital segments of the male genitalia (pi. 1, fig. 3) in repose,concealed, but leaving the minute, sharply pointed, divergent, andslightly bowed prongs of the inner forceps exposed; wings hyaline,with a strong costal spine; third vein with one to three bristles nearits base.This discussion is based on the study of the following material : Inthe collection of the United States National Museum and DoctorAldrich's collection, one specimen from Los Angeles County, Cali-fornia, two from Colorado, and one from Clementon, New Jersey(Coquillett) ; one from Koebler, New Mexico (W. R. Walton) ; onefrom Holly Springs, Mississippi (F. W. Mally) ; two from Tinajas (?)Arizona (W. J. McGee) ; two from. White Springs, Florida (C. H. T.Townsend) ; one from Hot Springs, Arkansas (H. S. Barber) ; twofrom Lafayette, Indiana; seven labeled ''Parker Note 45," and onelabeled ''Parker Note 55," from District of Columbia. In the collec-tion of Prof. J. S. Hine, one from Germit, Pennsylvania (Harbeck) , andanother from Clementon, New Jersey. In the collection of NathanBanks there are specimens collected from honeydew of tulip tree, atFalls Church, Virginia, and in that of the Museum of ComparativeZoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, one specimen collected byH. E. Smith in Massachusetts. In Dr. C. W. Johnson's collectionthere is one specimen from Indiana. In my own collection occurs onespecimen from Tupelo, one from Holly Springs, and one from Mc-Henry, Mississippi (H. W. Allen) ; one from Lafayette, Indiana(E. W. Stafford) ; one from Agricultural and Mechanical College,Mississippi (M. R. Smith).Range.?^Massachusetts, New Jerse}^, Penns\dvania, District ofColumbia, Virginia, Indiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Colorado, NewMexico, Arizona, California.The puparium has been carefully described and figured by Greene ^*who distinguishes the following characters. Walls smooth. Bottomedge nearly straight; depression in the dorsum at about the apicalfifth. A deep pit at anal end, touching the horizontal bisecting plane,
" Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, p. 12, 1921.
AKT. 1) TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 81but largely below it. Posterior spiracles located on the upper sur-face of the pit, and provided with three small, straight, nearly ver-tical slits. Anal opening on the ventral surface of the puparium.This species is not known to be attracted to flowers, but has beenobserved feeding on foliage and dry leaves smeared with honeydew.Prof. J. B. Parker has secured some interesting notes on the biologyof HilareUa Mlarella at Washington, D. C. In one instance, on July11, 1914 (Parker Note 45), a female of Sphex extrematata, var. -picti-pennis Walsh, was observed entering her burrow with a caterpil-lar. As she emerged a small fly alighted at the edge of the verticalopening of the burrow and deposited several maggots on the edge.These wriggled over the edge and dropped to the bottom. Threemaggots were counted but there may have been more. A fly, ap-parently the one which deposited the maggots, was captm^ed. Thewasp, after closing the entrance, was also captured. On the followingday the nest was dug up. A single caterpillar w^as found about an inchbelow the surface. No egg of the wasp was present, but four dip-terous maggots were on the outside, and subsecjuent results indicatethat four more must have been on the inside. On July 15 themaggots had completely devoured the caterpillar and had buriedthemselves in the sand of the breeding cell. On July 16 eight pupariawere present, from w^hich four flies issued on August 1 and threeothers on August 2. In another instance (Parker Note 55) a fly wascaptured wdiich had persistently attempted to place its maggots on acaterpillar that Psammopliila violaceipennis Lepeletier had capturedand was dragging to her nest.M. R. Smith has also reared the fly from the nest of Sphex extre-matata, var. pictipennis, at Agricultural and Mechanical College, Mis-sissippi. In the instance under his observation, he feels quite certainthat the adult fly deposited active maggots on the paralyzed cater-pillar when it was laid aside by the wasp preparatory to opening itsnest. Since the caterpillar from which the flies were reared was dugup immediately after the nest had been closed by the wasp, andsince wdth this species of wasp only one caterpillar is placed in a nestand the bui row is carefully closed both before and after depositing theprey, and as in this case the fly did not enter the burrow, apparentlyno other opportunity to establish its progeny was offered the fly thanthat furnished by the wasp in dropping its prey to open the nest.One nest containing a caterpillar of CMoridea ohsoleta was dug up,and the following day three dipterous maggots were observed workingupon it. AU of them pupated, and from the puparia one adult ofHilareUa Jnlarella issued.
82 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Genus TAXIGRAMMA PerrisTaxigramma Perris, Anna!. Soc. Linn. Lyon for 1850, p. 209, 1852. Geno-type, Mz/io^ramma heteroneura Meigen as pipiens, new species.
?
Townsend,Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 14, p. 52, 1912.Heteropterina Macquart, Annal. Soc. Ent. France for 1854, p. 426, 1854. Geno-type, Miltogramma heteroneura Meigen.
?
Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 1,p. 502, 1862.
?
Brauer and Berganstamm, Zweifl. d. Kaiserl. Mus., vol. 56,p. 113, 1889.?Adams, in Williston's Manual of N. A. Dipt., p. 371, fig. 150,no. 62, 1908.Elpigia Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 149, 1863. Thegenotype, pellucida Robineau-Desvoidy, according to Bezzi and Stein,Kat. Pal. Dipt., equals heteroneura Meigen, which is also the type ofTaxigramma.Nasonimyia Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, p. 619, 1915. Thegenotype, Heteropterina nasoni Coquillett compared with European speci-mens of heteroneura with which it was found to be conspecific.In 1852 Perris described as a new species Taxigramma pipiens.*'*The single description is for both genus and species. The distinctivecharacters of size, wing venation, and abdominal markings are defi-nitely described and agree in detail with North American specimensof Miltogramma heteroneura Meigen described in 1830. According toBezzi and Stein pipiens equals J/, heteroneura.*^ Macquart in 1854/-proposed the genus Heteropterina for which heteroneura became thegenotype. But since Taxigramma was proposed for pipiens whichequals heteroneura, the genotype, some years before Heteropterina, itappears that the former should replace Heteropterina as the name ofthe genus. Coquillett*^ pointed out this synonjrmy in 1910, but forsome undetermined reason it has not been generally accepted.The outstanding character of this genus is the unusual degree towhich the wing venation is crowded toward the costa. From theother North iVmerican genera of Miltogram.minae, it is readily separatedby the extreme length of the appendicular fold of the fourth vein andthe last section of the fifth vein. The fold is distinctl}^ longer thanthe discal cell, and the last section of the fifth vein longer than tliepreceding section. Other generic characters are as follows: A singlefrontal row on either side of the vitta, descending below base of secondantennal joint, suddenly divergent below; proclinate ocellar bristlespresent, and orbitals occur in both sexes ; vibrissae inserted near oralmargin; facial ridges bristly on less than lowest fourth; lunulc con-spicuously exposed; antennae extend to less than length of thesecond joint from vibrissae; penultimate joint of arista scarcelylonger than broad; in profile, head length at vibrissae less thanat base of antennae; proboscis stout, scarcely as long as head height;
?? Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1852, p. 65. ? Annal. Soc. Entom. France for 1854, p. 426.
*' Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 517, 1907. 'i Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 551, 1910.
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 83abdomen densely poUinose, with transverse rows of small, sharplydefined, black spots; apical cell closed at margin of wing.The genus is represented by several European species, one of whichis also widely distributed over North America.TAXIGRAMMA HETERONEURA (Meigen)Miliogramma heteroneura Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. .367, 18-30.
?
Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 3, p. 1214, 1844.Taxigramma pipiens Perris, Annal. Soc. Linn. Lyons, for 1850, j). 209,1852.Heleropterina heteroneura Macquart, Annal. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 7,p. 427, 1854.?ScHiNER, Faun. Austr., vol. 1, p. 503, 1862.
?
Pandelle,Rev. Ent., vol. 14, p. 313, 1895.?Villeneuve, Bull. Soc. Ent. France,for 1900, p. 381.Elpigia pellucida Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 150,1863.Elpigia punclala Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 150,1863.Elpigia minuta Robineau-Desvoidy, Dipt. Envr. Paris, vol. 2, p. 151, 1863.Heleropterina nasoni Coquillett, Ent. News, vol. 6, p. 207, 1895; U. S.Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 76, 1897.?Walton, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., vol. 48, p. 181, 1914.?Reinhard, Ent. News, vol. 30, p. 281, 1919.?Cole and Lovett, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 11, p. 301, 1921.A single female specimen from Hungary, determined as heteroneuraby Prof. Karl Sajo, I have compared with North American specimensof nasoni Coquillett, and another European specimen determinedas heteroneura by Kertesz, with the type of nasoni, and it is my con-viction that the European and North American forms are conspecific.In the synonomy of the three species of Elpigia proposed by Robineau-Desvoid}', I have followed Bezzi and Stein.** The type of (Hete-ropterina nasoni) Coquillett is located in the United States NationalMuseum, the location of the other types not known to the writer.The frontal vitta, antennae, palpi, abdomen, femora, and tibialargely yellowish. Front at narrowest measuring 0.34, 0.34, 0.34,0.34, 0.36, averaging 0.34 of the head width in five males; 0.35, 0.36,0.38, 0.40, 0.40, averaging 0.38 in five females; frontal vitta at levelof lowest orbitals one-half to one-third as wide as either parafrontal;two proclinatc orbital bristles present; the lowest bristle of the frontalrow much weaker than the others; third antennal joint one and one-half to two times as long as the second; arista thickened on basalthird; parafacials bare or with microscopic black hairs. Thoraxdensely pollinose, without black vittae; scutellum bears three pairsof marginal bristles of which the intermediate pair is much thestrongest. The last three abdominal segments each with a trans-verse row of three small round black spots on the dorsum, and twoother elongate spots on the lateral angles; first segment usually,
" Kat. Pal. Dipt., vol. 3, p. 517, 1907.
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68the intermediate always, with a pair of strong median marginalmacrochaetae, fourth with a marginal row. Wing with one or twostrong costal spines; third vein .bristly at least half way to smallcross vein.Length 3.5 to 6.0 mm.These notes are based on the study of the following material: Along series of both sexes in the National Museum, including oneEuropean specimen determined by Kertesz; one male from Algon-qum, Illinois, type for (nasoni) ; one from Lafayette, Indiana, twofrom Mandan, North Dakota, two from Bottineau, North Dakota,one from Boise and another from Lewiston, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich) ;three from Beach, North Dakota, labeled ''taken from sunflower,Webster No. 23302" (C. N. Ainslie) ; one from South Dakota;three from Colorado (Coquillett) ; one from Wild Horse Canyon,Animas Mountains, New Mexico, 5,000 feet; one from Soroco, NewMexico (Williston); two from Koehler, New Mexico, WebsterNo. 7707 (W. R. Walton); one from Ormsby County, Nevada(Baker) ; two from Kaslo, British Columbia (A. N. Caudell) ; Wau-bamic. Parry Sound, Ontario. In the Museum of ComparativeZoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts; one female from Hungary,determined by Prof. Karl Sajo, and specimens from Milwaukee,Wisconsin (G. Graenicher), and Massachusetts (H. E. Smith).Range.?Massachusetts, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, NorthDakota, South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, California,Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, British Columbia, and Ontario. Itis also, according to Bezzi and Stein, widely distributed over Europe.Host relationships.?-Reared from grasshopper by C. N. Ainslie atPayson, Utah.*^ This is an unusual record for a Miltogramminid.It is questionable whether this fly will prove to be normally parasiticon the active stages of grasshoppers or other herbaceous insects.Reinhard *" has noted the species as being persistently present inTexas during May, June, and July. Several specimens were takenin the insectary and others from sweeping grass and foliage near theground. Genus EUMACRONYCHIA TownsendEumacronychia Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 98, 1892,.genotype decens in the University of Kansas Museum; Trans. Amer. Ent.Soc, vol. 22, p. 74, 1895; Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 64, 1908.?CoQXJiLLETT, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 128, 1897; Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 541, 1910 (equals Ililarclla).This genus, erected by Townsend in 1892, has long been consideredsynonymous with TlilareUa and has never been generally accepted.After a careful study of available material, including genotype speci-
? Walton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, p. 181, 1914. ? Ent. News, vol. 30, p. 281, 1919.
ART. TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 85inens of HilareUa, and decerifi, the typo of Enmacronychia, I am con-vincod that the hitter is generically distinct. The species of Enma-cronycJiia as a whole possess ahnost the same comhination of charac-ters as those of Gy7nno2)7'osopa, and certain species such as elita androhweri possess striking resemblances to both genera, but the malegenitalia in EumacronycMa are uniformity large and highly specialized,somewhat resembling those of typical Sarcopliagiiiae, while the malegenitalia of Gymnoprosopa are small and relatively unspecialized as inMetopia and related genera. In Eumacronychia, the female genitalsegments extrude conspicuously, the apical scutellar bristles areabsent or if present are much smaller than either pair of lateralmarginals, the front is usually distmctly narrower near base of theantennae than towards the vertex, and the male usually possessesconspicuously long broad pulvilli, and a tendency toward villosity onthe legs, all characters distinguishing it from Gyinnoprosopa. Othercharacters of the genus are as folknvs:Inner orbits not sinuous or pinched in at the level of vibrissae;frontal vitta light red or yellow, at least as wide as the parafrontal,diverging moderately toward the vertex; iunule scarcely visible; asingle frontal row of bristles terminating at base of antennae, notsuddenl}?- divergent below; proclinate ocellar bristles present; orbitalsin both sexes; antennae distinctly more than half as long as the face;penultimate joint of the arista short; vibrissae not more than thelength of second antennal joint above front edge of oral margin;in profile, head length at vibrissae sometimes subequai, usually muchless than at base of antennae; lower part of bucca with sparse blackbristly hairs; no pale hairs about the oral cavity; proboscis moderatelystout, shorter than the head height, with fleshy labella and normalpalpi. Thorax with three strong postsutural dorsocentral bristlesand two sternopleurals. Pollen on the intermediate segments of theabdomen arranged in basal bands which are not scalloped or indentedon the apical margin; abdomen never marked with large black spots.Wing with apical cell open; only the third vein bristly; last sectionof fifth vein less than half the length of the preceding section. Jointsof the fore tarsus not ornamented, conspicuously reduced in size,flattened, or otherwise modified from the normal in either sex; pul-villi of male variable in length.None of the species of this genus are known at present from outsidethe continental North American area. I have seen very few speci-mens from north of the latitude of Nc w Jersey. The genus is com-posed of several species of attenuated or possibly discontinuous dis-tribution. Not one of the species is definitely known to have atranscontinental range except sternalis identified from Galveston,Texas, and Granada, Nicaragua. The Southv/est appears to be thecenter of distribution of the jjroup. Nothine: is known concernincr
86 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68the host relationships and scarcely more concerning the habits of thespecies in this genus.KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF EUMACRONYCHIA1. Fourth abdominal segment wholly black 5.Fourth abdominal segment red, at least on its apex 2.2. Parafacials at most with sparse black bristly hairs on the lower half of face;third antennal joint bright red or yellow; claws of inner forceps of malegenitalia widely divergent 3.Parafacials on upper half, thickly beset with black bristly hairs; third jointof antennae black; claws of inner forceps of male genita,lia not divergent.nigricornis, new species.3. Arista thickened on basal three-fifths; inner orbits divergent from base ofantennae to vertex; fourth sternite of male ordinary 4.Arista thickened on basal two-fifths; inner frontal orbits parallel; in male thefourth sternite is conspicuously exposed and covered with short erectvillosity, and the prongs of inner forceps are not bowed in the middle,pul villi longer than the last two tarsal joints; in female, first genital segmentappearing like a fifth abdominal segment, not arched like an inverted V>but broadly rounded above sternalis, new species.4. Bucca in profile equals one-half eye height; facial depression scarcely widerthan either parafacial; in male, pulvilli longer than the last two tarsal joints,prongs of inner forceps strongly bowed in middle when viewed from behind,apical flexor surface of middle tibia with long, erect villosity; in female,first genital segment resembles a fifth abdominal segment and is archedabove like an inverted V decens Townsend.Bucca in profile equals one-fifth eye height; facial depression twice width ofeither parafacial; in male, pulvilli shorter than last two tarsal joints, prongsof inner forceps when viewed from behind are not bowed in middle; middletibia without erect villosity L montana, new species.5. Parafacials distinctly hairy; arista thickened on basal two-fifths; palpi and thirdantennal j oint black 6.Parafacials bare; arista thickened on basal three-fifths; palpi yellow.elita Townsend.6. Intermediate abdominal segments with sharply defined poUinose bands onbasal two-thirds; buccal width less than one-third eye height.rohweri, new species.Intermediate abdominal segments densely poUinose to apices; buccal widthexceeds one-third the eye height elongata, new species.EUMACRONYCHIA DECENS TownsendEumacronychia decens Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 99,1892; vol. 22, p. 74, 1895.Hilarella decens Coqtjillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 128,1897.?Smith, Ins. of New Jersey, p. 782, 1909.Male.?Front at narrowest point, which is just above the base ofthe antennae, 0.35 of head width (measurements of three as follows:0.33, 0.34, 0.37) ; frontal vitta at level of lowest orbitals one and one-half times width ol either parafrontal; frontal row with about tenbristles; one reclinate and three proclinate orbital bristles; para-frentals with a few short bristly hairs near the vertex; facial depres-sion scarcely wider than either side of face; vibrissae inserted nearly
AKT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 87length of second antennal joint above front edge of oral margin,and approximated to distance nearly twice its length; facial ridgeswith but two or three small hairs above the vibrissae; antennaeyellow, third joint four times length of second; arista thickened onbasal three-fifths; in profile, bucca wider than parafacials and equalsone-half eye height; front projects nearly one-half eye height; headlength at vibrissae slightly less than at base of antennae; parafacialswith microscopic white pile; palpi yellow. Thorax densely graypollinose, with one to three narrow median and two broader lateralvittae; apical scutellar bristles much smaller than the other twomarginal pairs; small preapicals present. Abdomen black exceptingthe fourth segment which is broadly yellow; last three segmentswith dense white pollinose bands on basal half; second segment witha median marginal pair of bristles; third and fourth segments withmarginal rows of from six to ten; venter densely villous, fourth seg-ment not conspicuous. Genital segments yellow, first segment bare,second with very short bristly hairs; inner forceps curved slightlyforward, tapering gradually to sharp, black tips; when viewed fromthe rear, the prongs are separated and strongly bowed at the middleWing hyaline, bearing a small costal spine; third vein bristly abouthalf way to small cross-vein; hind cross-vein parallel to section offourth vein beyond the bend. Legs black, with conspicuous clawsand pulvilli which are longer than the last two tarsal joints on allthe feet; middle tibia with one bristle on outer front side near themiddle, on apical half of flexor side with distinct, villous, suberecthair, in best view, as long as width of tibia; hind femur moderatelyvillous; hind tibia ^vith three uneven bristles on outer surface beforethe middle; on flexor surface with rather long appressed hair.Female.?Several specimens which most closely resemble the malehave the following characters. Front at narrowest point 0.40 of thehead width (measurements of four as follows: 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.41)
;
third antennal joint three to four times as long as the second; inprofile, bucca scarcely one-third eye height. Second abdominalsegment lacking macrochaetae, third segment with very weak margi-nals outside the median pair. First genital segment large, fullyexposed, simulating a fifth abdominal segment, A\ath a sharplypointed, inverted V-shapcd arch above, drawn together at the sides.Femora and tibiae without villosity. Otherwise save for the usualdifl'ercnces of genitalia, like the male.Length, 5.5 to 8.5 mm.Host relationships.?LTnknown.This species was originally described from four males and ninefemales, all apparently cotypes. The type series which was depositedin the University of Kansas Museum has dwindled to three, of whichone fortunately is a male. This material was loaned to the National
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Museum and carefully examined and compared witli other materialby Dr. J. M. Aldrich, upon whose examination this redescription isbased. Other material examined is as follows: One male from LosAngeles County, California, August; one male, Socorro, New Mexico,1916 (Williston) ; one female from Hot Springs, Arkansas (H. S.Barber); one female from Wild Horse Canyon, Animas Mountains,New Mexico, 5,000 feet; one female, Yuma, Arizona, June 25, 1917(J. M. Aldrich) ; one female from Fort Grant, Arizona (H. G. Hub-bard); two females from Los Angeles County, California, July; allin the collection of the National Museum. One female in the collec-tion of Prof. J. S. Hine, collected at College Station, Texas. Themale in the University of Kansas Museum, labeled "Las Cruces,N. M. 7-7," designated as type.There are now known to be several very closely related speciesresembling decens in the southwestern part of the United States.While the males possess outstanding characters, the females I haveexamined have proved more difficult and have been somewhatuncertainly placed. Females agreeing with the males of decens in theappearance of the arista, the degree of approximation of the vibrissae,and in having the front narrowest just above the base of the antennaehave been assigned to this species.EUMACRONYCHIA MONTANA, new speciesMale very closely resembles E. decens from which it differs in thefollowing characters: Front at narrowest, 0.29 of the head widthin one specimen measured; trontal vitta densely pollinose over theyellow; frontal row of about seven weak bristles; one feclinate andtwo proclinate orbital biistles present; facial depression twice thewidth of paratacial; length oi third joint of antenna three times thesecond; vibrissae inserted at one-hall the length oi second antennaljoint above front edge of oral margin; in profile, bucca subequal toparafacial, equal to one-fifth eye height; parafacial bare. Prongsof inner forceps of genitalia divergent, but not bowed when viewedfrom the rear; outer forceps tapering to points more slender thanthose ol inner pair, broadly curved towards tips of latter. Wingswithout costal spine. Pulvilli as long as last tarsal joint; tibiawithout long villous hairs. Female not laiown.Type.?MslQ. Cat. No. 28160, U.S.N.M. Mesilla Park. NewMexico.Described from one male from Mesilla Park, New Mexico (C. N.Ainslie), in the collection of the National Museum; and one malefrom Mount Superstition, near Iligley, Arizona, July 26, 1917, onAgave palmeri (E. G. Holt), loaned by el. K. Malloch.
AKT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMHSTI ALLEN 89EUMACRONYCHIA STERNALIS, new speciesVery closely resembles E. decent, from which it differs in thefollowing characters:Male.?Front 0.385 of the head width (measurements of two 0.38and 0.39, resjiectively) ; inner orbits parallel from vertex to base ofantennae; frontal vitta at level of lowest orbitals twice as wide aseither parafrontal; one reclinate and two ]:)roclinate orbital bristles;vibrissae strongly approximated, to a distance scarcely exceedinglength of second antennal joint; third joint of antenna three timeslength of second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths. Abdomenblack, at least the a])ex of fourth segment reddish; fourth sterniteconspicuously exposed and covered with short dense black villoushairs. Inner forceps of the genitalia, when viev/ed from behind, notbowed in the middle; outer forcejis about as stout as the inner pair,grooved behind, broadly curved toward tip of inner forceps butpointed toward penis at the extreme tip. Villosity on apical flexorsurface of middle tibia as long as half the width of tibia; hind tibiawith only ordinary black appressed hair.Female.?I have examined several s])ecimens which resemble themale in having the inner orbits nearly parallel and the vibrissaeclosely approximated and which are evidently conspecific with it.They also very closely resemble the female described for E. decens,from which they may be distinguished by the following characters:Front slightly wider, averaging 0.415 in four specimens measuring0.41, 0.41, 0.42, and 0.42, respectively. The first genital segmentsimulates a fifth abdominal segment, with marginal macrochaetae,but is not arched in an inverted V-shape manner.Length, 5.0 to 9.0 mm.Type.?Mnle. Cat. No. U.S.N.M. 28161, Galveston, Texas.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from one male from Galveston, Texas, VIII-28-1914,Bishopp No. 3516 (F. C. Bishopp); one male from Granada, Nica-ragua (Baker) ; one female from Las Cruces, New Mexico, July 7,marked "type" and evidently one of Townsend's cotypes of E.decens incorrectly identified; one female from San Jose de Cabo,southern California (Townsend) ; one female from Los AngelesCounty, California, September; all in the collection of the NationalMuseum. One female from Brewster County, Texas, June 13-17,1908 (Mitchell and Cushman) occurs in the Museum of ComparativeZoology of Cambridge, Massachusetts; and one female from SanJose, Guatemala, February 5, 1905, was seen in the collection ofProf. J. S. Hine.
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68EUMACRONYCHIA NIGRICORNIS, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.24 of the head width (in the singlespecimen examined the front appears somewhat crushed in and there-fore may be narrower than normal) ; face and front yellow, overlaidwith silvery pollen; inner orbits most nearly approximated at base ofantennae, diverging moderately toward vertex; frontal vitta pale-yellow, with sides slightly convergent to before middle, thencemoderately divergent to vertex, at level of lowest orbital one and one-half times width of either parafrontal; nine bristles in frontal rowwhich extends downward as far as base of second antennal joint; onereclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles present; parafrontals withlong, erect, black, bristly hairs continuous down over parafacials tolower end of eye; vibrissae separated by a distance nearly twice thelength, and inserted one half the length, of the second antenna! jointabove front edge of oral margin; facial ridges with one or two smallbristly hairs above vibrissae; antennae with second joint red, thirdjoint black or at most with dense black tomentum over red, threetimes length of second; arista thickened on basal three-fifths; inprofile, buccal width greatly exceeds that of the parafacials andequals one-third the eye height, head length at vibrissae mucli lessthan at base of antennae, front projects about one-half the horizontaldiameter of the eye; palpi pale yellow, slightly clavate. Thoraxgray pollinose, marked with three broad black vittae which are con-tinuous to the scutellum; three postsutural dorsocentral bristlespresent; scutellum with two jmirs of strong marginal bristles, a pair ofminute decussate apicals, and another pair of small preapicals.Abdomen black, save the apex of the fourth segment, which is red;basal two-thirds of last three segments gray pollinose with bronzedreflections; apices of the intermediate segments and a broad mediandorsal vitta, polished black; first segment with a single lateral bristle;second with one lateral and one strong median marginal pair; thirdand fourth each with an uninterrupted marginal row of eight to tenbristles; venter clothed with long erect villosity, the length of whichexceeds the diameter of the hind femur. Genital segments largo, paleyellow, lacking macrochaetae; first segment bare, second clothed withminute black, bristly hairs; inner forcei)s with black tips, in profilestraight nearly to apex, thence curved abruj)tly forward, claws notdivergent; outer forceps less massive and slightly shorter than theinner pair, tapering rapidly to just before the black tips, thenceexpanding in a small angular head, apposed to the tips of the innerforceps; anterior claspers large, black, sickle-sha])ed; penis supportedby usual heavily chitinized rod terminating in a ring, from the centerof which arises a jiosteriorly directed, bottle-shajied, membranoushood. Wings hyaline; fourth vein witli a right-angular bend;section beyond the bend nearly parallel to the hind cross vein; costal
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 91
spine minute; third vein with a row of small bristles extending morethan half-way to the small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli of theforefeet as long as, of the other feet, slightly shorter than, the lasttwo tarsal joints; inner proximal surface of femora with fine erectvillosity, in length nearly equal to greatest diameter of femur;middle tribia with, one bristle on outer front side near the middle, andwith dense erect villosity on inner distal surface equaling diameter oftibia; hind tibia on outside with row of four or five unequal bristles,of which the distal one is much the largest and is inserted just beyondthe middle.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.39 of head width in the single speci-men measured; frontal vitta with its sides parallel. Abdomen with-out macrochaetae on the first segment, a minute pair of medianmarginals on the second, one lateral and one pair of strong medianmarginals on the third; venter of abdomen and legs without long erectvillosity. The first genital segment simulating a fifth abdominalsegment, broadly rounded above, and enclosing two elongate valveswhich meet in a long slit on the longitudinal-vertical bisecting plane.Pulvilli one-half length of last tarsal joint.Length, 5.5 to 8.0 mm.Type.?Msde. Sugar Grove, Ohio, May 19 (J. S. Hine).Allotype.?Female. Sugar Grove, Ohio, May 19 (J. S. Hine).Described from two specimens in the collection of Prol. Hine.Host relmlo nships.?Unknown
.
EUMACRONYCmA ELITA TownsendEumacronychia elita Townsend, Trany. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 100,1892; vol. 22, p. 74, 1895.Hilarella elita Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 129, 1897.Senotainia fasciata Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 81, 1897.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.34 of the head width (measurementsof two being 0.32 and 0.36 respectively); vitta yellow, when viewedfrom the front, whitish pollinose, narrower than parafrontal at baseof antennae, but gradually widening to three times width of para-frontal at ocellar triangle; parafrontals silver}^, destitute of bristlyhairs; about six bristles in frontal row; parafacials, facial depressionand bucca silvery white; vibrissae inserted slightly more than halflength of second antenna! joint above front edge of oral margin;antennae extend four-fifths distance to vibrissae, second joint red,third joint yellow with dark reflections or black, the anterior apicalmargin sharply angulate, length one and one-half to two and one-halftimes second; arista thickened on basal three-fifths; parafacials bare;in profile, buccal width equals one-third eye height, length of headat vibrissae shghtly less than at base ol antennae, epistoma notprotruding; proboscis almost as long as head; palpi yellow and dis-
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68tinctly clavate. Thorax densely gr&j pollinose, with two obscurevittae; scutellum with two pairs of strong marginal bristles, apicalpair lacking. Abdomen black; segments shining on apices; basalhalves of last three with broad white pollinose bands sharply definedfrom the black and not extending over the venter, first abdominalsegment with one lateral and one weak median marginal pair olbristles, second with one lateral and one strong median marginal pair,the last two with marginal rows of about eight, the marginal bristlesof the third as strong as those ol the fourth segment. Genitalialarge, black, in repose prominently extruding from tip of abdomen,exposed for distance about two-thirds the length of the fourthabdominal segment; second genital segment distinctly longer thanfirst. Wings hyaline; posterior cross vein parallel with the nearlystraight section of the fourth vein beyond the bend; last section offifth vein equals one-third the preceding section; costa with a smallspine; third vein with a row of small bristles reaching more than halfway to small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feet nearlyone and one-half times length of last tarsal joint; one small bristleon outer front side of middle tibia near its middle; hind tibia with twoune(pial bristles on outside surface before the middle.Female.?Not known.Length, 3.0 to 5.0 mm.Host relationship.?Unknown.Redescribed from the type, which is a male from Las Cruces, NewMexico, August 7, and another male from the same locality, Sep-tember 17, which is Coquillett's type for Senotainia fasciata, both inthe National Museum.EUMACRONYCfflA ROHWERI, new speciesMale.?Front in the single specimen measured 0.31 of the headwidth; frontal vitta yellow, with parallel sides on anterior half,moderately divergent posteriorly, at level of lowest orbitals slightlymore than twice as wide as the parafrontal; vertex gray pollinose;parafrontals, whole of face and bucca white pollinose; seven to ninebristles in the frontal row; one reclinate and two proclinate orbitalbristles; a few black bristly hairs on the parafrontals outside thefrontal rows; vibrissae less than one-half length of second antennaljoint above front edge of oral margin; facial ridges with but one or twosmall bristly hairs just above vibrissae; antennae extend four-fifthsdistance to vibrissae, second joint brown, third joint black with itslength two and one-half times the second and the outer apical anglebluntly pointed; arista thickened on basal two-fifths: ])arafacialssparsely covered with black bristly hairs; in profile, buccal widthnearly equals one-third eye height; proboscis distinctly shorter thanheight of head; palpi clavate, black. Thorax gray pollinose, merging
AKT. 9 TWO-WIXGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGEAMMINI ALLEN 93with brown on the notum, with three to five obscure black vittae;scutelium with two pairs of strong marginal bristles, apicals lacking,one pair of weak preapicals. Abdomen black, the last three segmentseach with a sharply defined, white pollinose band on the basal two-thirds, prolonged ventrally to the sternum; first two adbominalsegments each with two or more weak laterals and a strong medianpair of marginal bristles, third and fourth with uninterrupted marginalrows. Genitalia in repose, prominent, extruding from fourthabdominal segment for distance equal to their length; genital segmentsshining black, first smaller than the second ; fifth sternite conspicuous,armed posteriorly with a tuft of stubby sj^ines, laterally with slenderbristles. Wings hyaline; fourth vein beyond the bend slightlyarcuate and parallel with the hind cross vein; section from bend tohind cross vein about one-half as long as preceding section; lastsection of fifth vein about one-fourth as long as preceding section; onesmall costal spine; third vein with row of small bristles extendingapproximately half way to small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli offore feet one and one-fourth times as long as last tarsal joint; middletibia with one bristle on outer front side beyond the middle ; hind tibiaon outside with row of four unequal bristles terminating in thestrongest, slightly beyond the middle.Female.?Not known.Length, 6.5 mm.Type.?Mole, Cat. No. 2811, U.S.N.M.Host relationships.?Vnknown.Described from a single male, Florissant, Colorado, June 28, 1908,(S. A. Rohwer) in the National Museum labeled "rohweri."EUMACRONYCHIA ELONGATA, new speciesMale.?Front 0.365 of the head width (in two specimens measured0.36 and 0.37 respectively) ; front including the vitta, face, and bucca,densely white pollinose, merging with gray pollen at vertex; vitta withparallel sides to middle thence moderately divergent to vertex, atlevel of lowest orbitals twice width of parafrontal; frontal row of aboutsix weak bristles extending to base of antennae ; one reclinate and twoproclinate orbital bristles; parafrontals almost destitute ot bristlyhairs; vibrissae inserted one-half second antennal joint above frontedge of oral margin; one or two small bristles above vibrissae onfacial ridges; first two antennal joints brown, third black and two andone-half times length of second; arista thickened on basal two-fifths;parafacials moderately black setulose; m profile, bucca wider thanparafacials at their narrowest and nearly one-half eye height, frontprojects more than half the horizontal diameter ot eye; proboscisslightly shorter than head height; palpi black, distinctly flattened andenlarged at the tip, subfoliaceous. Thorax gray pollinose with two
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68narrow obscure vittae near median line, and clothed with shortsuberect hair; scutellum with two pairs of marginals of which thelateral pair is distinctly smaller. Abdomen long and slender, black,densely overlaid with grayish, bronze-tinged pollen to apices of allthe segments; first three segments each with a strong median marginalpair of bristles and two to three strong laterals, fourth with the usualuninterrupted marginal row. Male genitalia promment, in repose,extruding from tip of abdomen for distance equal to length of lastabdominal segment; first segment subshining black with subapicalrow of about four bristles; second segment dull reddish, sparselypollinose, moderately beset with fine black hairs; inner forceps black,much less massive than outer pair, about three times longer thangreatest width, tapering abruptly to beyond middle, thence graduallyto weak, slender, slightly curved tips, united to beyond middle, tipsseparated by linear cleft; outer forceps yellow at base, taperingabruptly to near tips, thence expanded into large, polished black,laterally compressed, lanceolate points, when viewed from rear theforceps display an inwardly directed angle near the base beyond whichthey are strongly bowed; penis slender, black, strongly chitinized totip, hood in profile triangular with a minute membranous process atposterior angle and a spiniferous pit between the posterior and apicalangles; posterior claspers large and bearing a prominent bristle,anterior clasper vestigial; filth sternJte much enlarged and heavilychitinized, punctate, with a broad U-shaped cleft fringed with arow of long hairs terminating at the lateral angle which is producedas a strong black tooth; fourth sternite closing the genital cavityanteriorly and bearing ventrally near the apex, two small combs ofshort black bristles. Wings hyaline; small costal spine present;third vein bristly about one-half way to small cross vein. Legsblack; pulvilli of fore feet as long as last two tarsal joints; middletibia with usual bristle on outer front side near middle; hind tibia onoutside with three unequal bristles of which the most distal, locatedslightly beyond the middle, is the largest.Female.?Not known.Length, 7.0 mm.Type.?Male, in the Canadian National Collection from Onah,Manitoba, 21-VI-1921 (P. Vroom).Host relationsJiips.?Unknown.Described from the type, and one other male specimen, Glenboro,Manitoba, 7-VI-1920 (H. A. Robertson), in the Canadian NationalCollection.
AUT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 95Genus GYMNOPROSOPA TownsendGymnoprosopa Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 108, 1892,type, polita; Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 51, p. 64, 1908.
?
Coquillett,U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 128, 1897; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.vol. 37, p. 548, 1910 (Hilarella).This genus also, has long been considered synonymous with Hila-rella. Genotype specimens of Hilarella and Gymnoprosopa. posesssrather striking differences in the conformation of the head and inthe distribution of pollen on the abdomen, which are linked withcertain minor variations, constant among the species of the respec-tive groups, and should certainly be considered distinct genera.From the more nearly related genus Eumacronychia, Gymnoprosopadiffers in having the male genitalia minute, not highly specialized,in repose, largely concealed within the tip of the abdomen, whilethe femnle genitalia are small and inconspicuous. These charactersassociated with sinallness, the presence of three pairs of marginalscutellar bristles of which the apical pair is at least as strong as theextreme laterals, and the contour of the inner orbits which are notmore nearly approximated near base of antennae than at the vertex,readily distinguish Gymnoprosopa from Eumacronycltia. Other char-acters of the genus are as follows
:
Inner orbits not pinched in at level of vibrissae; frontal vitta lightred or yellow, at least as wide as the parafrontal; lunule scarcelyvisible; a single frontal row of bristles terminating at base of anten-nae, not suddenly divergent below; proclinate ocellar bristles present;orbitals in both sexes ; antennae distinctly more than half as long asthe face: penultimate joint of arista short; vibrissae distinctly lessthan length of second antennal joint above front edge of oral margin;in profile, head length at vibrissae sometimes subec[ual, usually muchless than at base of antennae; lower part of bucca with sparse blackbristly hairs; no pale hairs about the oral cavity; proboscis moderatelystout, shorter than the head height, with fleshy labella and normalpalpi. Thorax with three strong postsutural dorsocentral bristlesand two sternopleurals. Pollen on intermediate segments of abdo-men arranged in basal bands which are not scalloped or indentedon the apical margin ; abdomen never marked with large black spots.Wing with the apical cell open; only the third vein bristly, lastsection of fifth vein less than half the length of preceding section.Joint of fore tarsus not ornamented, conspicuously reduced in size,flattened, or otherwise modified from the normal in either sex; pul-villi of male variable in length.None of the species of this genus are known to occur outside thecontinental North American area, and I have as yet seen no speci-mens from north of the continental United States. The genus is
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68composed of several species of attenuated or possibly discontinuousdistribution. Not one of the species is definitely known to have atranscontinental range, and specimens from west of the MississippiRiver are not frequently seen in collections. Possibly polita has thewidest range, being recorded from Ithaca, New York, to the AnimasMountains, New Mexico, and Florida. Very little is known of theecology of any of the species of this genus. Scattered informationindicates that they frequent low foliage and may be attracted toflowers. Nathan Banks writes that the adults of some species arefound feeding frequently on honeydew falling from the tulip tree,Liriodendron tulipifera, in Virginia, and W. L. McAtee has collectedanother species on the flowers of Ceanothus americanus. Nothing isknown of the host relationships in this group.KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF QYMN0PR030PA1. Parafacials with black bristly hairs 4.Parafacials bare, or at most with minute, scarcely visible hairs 2.2. Last three segments of abdomen poUinose on basal half, the pollinose bandsthickly beset with black bristly hairs; extreme lateral pair of scutellarbristles as strong as the apicals; preapicals present ,_3.Last three segments of abdomen pollinose on basal third of segment; pollinosebands almost free of bristly hairs; bristles of third abdominal segment asstrong as those of fourth; extreme lateral pair of scutellar bristles weakerthan apical pair; preapicals lacking; front pulvilli of male less than half aslong as last tarsal joint polita Townsend.3. Frontal vitta pale yellow; third v'ein with one small bristle near its base;hind cross vein nearly parallel to section of fourth vein beyond the bend;front pulivilli of male one-fourth as long as last tarsal joint; first and secondabdominal segments with red on sides pallida, new species.Frontal vitta dark yellow to red; third vein with two or three bristles at itsbase; hind cross vein not parallel to section of fourth vein bej'ond the bendbut perpendicular to preceding section; front pulvilli of male as long aslast tarsal joint; first and second abdominal segments witliout red on the sidesargentifrons Townsend.4. With three or four proclinate orbital bristles; palpi clavate; third antennal jointconspicuously inflated; second and third abdominal segments pollinose onbasal half inflaticornis, new species.With only two proclinate orbital bristles; palpi filiform; third antennal jointnot inflated; second and third alxlominal segments i)o]linose on basal third.fllipalpus, new species.GYMNOPKOSOPA POLITA TownsendGymnoprosopa polita Townsk.vd, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 109,1892.Gymnoprosopa clarifrons Townsexd, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19, p. 109,1892.Hilarella polila Coquillett, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 128, 1897.
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Aldrich, Cat. of N. A. Diptera, p. 447, 1905.
?
Smith, Ins. of New Jersey,p. 782, 1909.?Johnson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, p. 73, 1913.After reexamining types of polita, argentifrons, and clarifronstogether witli a fairly long series of specimens not i>reviously available
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 97to Coqiiillett or Aldrich, it becomes evident that folita and darifronsare synon\Tnoiis, but that argent ifrons, considered synonymous withpolita by the above, is clearly a distinct species.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.43 of head width (measurements offour 0.40, 0.42, 0.44, and 0.45, respectively), noticeably flattened ; frontalvitta yellow, with the sides nearly parallel but perceptibly wider at thereclinate orbital than at either end, slightly more than twice widthof j^arafrontal at lowest orbitals; five to six moderately strong bristlesin frontal row; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles;the orbitals, ocellars and inner verticals slightly larger than thefrontal bristles; parafrontals silvery, bare or rarely with a few s])arsehairs; facial ridges with one or two minute bristles just above vi-brissae; face silvery; parafacials bare; in profile, buccal width one-fourth eye height; vibrissae slightly more than half length secondantennal joint above front edge of oral margin; antennae extendfour-fifths distance from their base to the vibrissae; second joint red;third joint black and three times as long as the second, straight alongfront edge with blunt point at outer apical angle; arista thickened onbasal half; proboscis sHghtly less than head height; palpi yellow, dis-tinctly clavate. Thorax gray ])ollinose over black, with bronzereflections on notum, and with three black vittae of which the medianone is narrower than the other two; scutellum with three pairs ofmarginal bristles of which the extreme lateral jiair is distinctlysmaller than the apical, but both are much weaker than the inter-mediate pair. Abdomen shining black, excepting silvery pollinosebases of the last three segments, the pollinose bands less than one-third length of segments, terminating abru]:)tly at the side and notcontinued ventrally; first segment without bristles, second with onelateral and one median marginal ]'air, third and fourth with marginalrows of about ten, the bristles of third segment as large or slightlylarger than those of the fom'th. Wings subhyaline, slightly smokyalong the costal margin; last section of fourth vein slightly arcuateand not parallel to the hind cross vein which joins the fourth vein alittle less than half the distance from its bend to the small cross vein
;
last section of fifth vein one-fourth the length of ])receding section;two small costal spines; third vein with row of small bristles extendingmore than half way to small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli less thanhalf length of last tarsal joint; middle tibia with single bristle on outerfront side near middle; hind tibia with row of two to four unequalbristles on outside extending to slightly below the middle.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.39 of head width (measurements ofthree 0.36, 0.39, 0.41, respectively); frontal vitta diverging slightlytowards vertex, more than three times width of parafrontal at lowestorbitals; third joint of antennae three and one-half times as long asecond. A tuft of conspicuous hairs located on ventral side of54292?26t 7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. GSfourth abdominal segment. Genitalia in repose concealed withinfourth abdominal segment so that apex is barely visible in lateralview; claws of inner forceps rounded and widely divergent from nearbase, in profile view, bent backward at middle and slightly forwardat tip ; outer forceps much stouter than inner pair, tapering graduallyto spoonlike tips; penis with a black, heavily chitinized, S-shapedprocess on anterior part of hood. Pulvilli not more than half aslong as last tarsal joint. Otherwise resembling the female.Length, 4.5 mm.Type.?In the University of Kansas Museum.Range.?New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Missis-sippi, Florida, Kansas, New Mexico.Host relationships.?Unknown.Redescribed from the type, a female from southern Florida (Rob-ertson) ; a male from the same locality (Robertson), and several otherspecimens in the University of Kansas Museum, the NationalMuseum, the Museimi of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge,Massachusetts, and the collections of Prof. J. S. Hine and the writer,from the following localities: one male, Baldwin, Kansas; one female,southern Illinois (Robertson) ; one female. Wild Horse Canyon,Animas Mountains, New Mexico, 5,000 feet; one female, Rosslyn,Virginia, May 1, 1913 (R. C. Shannon) ; one female, Woodbury, NewJersey; one female and two males from Falls Church, Virginia,the males from the honeydew of tulip-tree; one female, Ithica, NewYork, August 11, 1905 (H. E. Smith); one female. West Point,Mississippi, May 15, 1921 (H. W. Allen); one male, Agriculturaland Mechanical College, Mississippi, April 2, 1921 (H. W. Allen) ; onemale, Columbus, Ohio.Townsend's type for G. darifrons which is a male from southernIllinois, corresponds in all distinguishable characters with the typefemale of polita which is from southern Florida.GYMNOPROSOPA ARGENTIFRONS TownsendGymnoprospa argentifrons Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 19,p. 109, 1892.?CoQUiLLETT, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser., No. 7, p. 129,1897, equals Hilarella polita.?Aldrich, Cat. N. A. Dipt., p. 447, 1905,equals Hilarella polita.Male.?Front at narrowest 0.34 of head width (measurements offour 0.32, 0.33, 0.33, and 0.37, respectively) ; frontal vitta divergentfrom base of antennae, at most only sighsly wider at middle than atvertex, red, sometimes overlaid with silvery pollen, two to four timesas wide as parafrontal at lowest orbitals; five to seven bristles infrontal row; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles; nohairs on front outside of frontal rows; face silvery; antennae black,extending seven-eighths distance from base to vibrissae; third joint
AKT. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TEIBE MILTOGKAMMINI ALLEN 99
with its front edge concave and its length five times that of second;arista thickened on basal three-fifths; facial ridges l)are; parafacialsbare or with almost imperceptible hairs; vibrissae inserted at lessthan half the length of second antennal joint above front edge oforal margin; in profile, head length at vibrissae distinctly less thanat base of antennae, buccal width equaling one-fourth eye height;proboscis distinctly shorter than head height; palpi yellow and mod-erately calvate at tip. Thorax black, overlaid with gray pollen,tinged with bronze on notum; two widely separated broad blackvittae, and occasionally a narrower indistinct median one; scutellumwith three pairs of marginal bristles, the nearly ec[ual apical andlateral pairs both smaller than the intermediate pair. Abdomenblack, last three segments polished on their broad apices, whitepollinose bands on anterior half of the segments which are notsharply defined from the black and are prologned laterally andventrally to near median ventral line; abdomen clothed with usualblack appressed hairs which extend well into the pollinose areasfrom behind; first segment without bristles, second with one lateraland one strong median marginal pair, third and fourth each withuninterrupted marginal rows of about eight, the bristles of the thirdscarcely equalling those of the fourth segment. Genitalia in repose,largely concealed within abdomen, normally extruding one-fourthlength of fourth abdominal segment; claws of inner forceps fhxttenedand united near the tip; outer forceps becoming slender near apex,then suddenly expanded into sharp-pointed, plow-shaped tips.Wings slightly infuscated; section of fourth vein beyond bendstrongly arcuate; liind cross vein oblique to last section of fourth veinwhich it joins about two-fifths distance from the bend to the smallcross vein; a small costal spine present; three to five small bristleson third vein extending about half way from its base to small crossvein. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feet varying from subequal toslightly longer than last tarsal joint; middle tibia with one bristleon outer front side near middle; hind tibia on outside with two orthree unequal bristles not extending far beyond the middle.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.385 of head width (in two specimensmeasuring 0.38 and 0.39 respectively) ; third antennal joint three andone-half to four times length of second. Genitalia of usual non-piercing type almost wholly concealed within the abdomen. Other-wise like the male.Length, 4.0 to 6.0 mm.Host relationships.?Unknown.Redescribed from the type which is a male from southern Florida,loaned from the LTniversify of Kansas Museum and several otherspecimens as follows: In the collection of the National Museum,one female from southern Florida labeled " Gymnoprosopa" ; one
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68male from Opelousas, Louisiana, May 1907; two females fromLafayette, Indiana, labeledJiily 12 and July 16, 1915 (J. M. Aldrich).In the collection of Nathan Banks, one female, July 4, two malesand one female, July 12 from honeydew on tulip tree, one female onAugust 30 from honeydew on tulip tree, and another specimen onMay 31, all from Falls Church, Virginia, collected by Nathan Banks.In my collection, one male from Starksville, Mississippi, May 10,1923 (H. W. Chalkley).GYMNOPROSOPA FILIPALPLS, new speciesMale.?Front at narrowest 0.355 of head width (measurements oftwo 0.35 and 0.36 respectively) ; frontal vitta reddish-yellow, itssides parallel or sometimes widest at the middle where the widthequals three to five times that of the parafrontal; six strong bristlesin the frontal row; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles;parafrontals silvery pollinose over yellow, all of face and buccasilvery; bristly black hairs extend from the orbitals down over para-facials to lower end of eyes; vibrissae not more than half length ofsecond antennal joint above front edge of oral margin; facial ridgesbare save for one or two hairs just above insertion of vibrissae;antennae extend almost to vibrissae; second joint dark brown toyellowish; third joint black, three and one-half to five times lengthof second; arista thickened on basal third; in profile, head length atvibrissae much less than at base of antennae, buccal width ecjualsone-fourth eye height; proboscis two-thirds as long as head height;palpi pale-yellow, nearly filiform. Thorax gray pollinose over blackwith three shining black vittae of which the outer two are broad, theinner one much narrower; scutellum with three pairs of marginalbristles of which the lateral and apical pairs are equal, both muchsmaller than the intermediate pair. Abdomen shining black; seg-ments two to four with gray pollen on their basal third; first segmentwithout bristles, second with one lateral and one median marginalpair, the third and fourth each with a marginal row of six strongbristles. Genitalia in repose, almost completely concealed withinabdomen; both genital segments black, sparsely covered with bristlyhairs of the same size as those of the abdomen, first segment with asubapical row of about four distinct bristles; inner forceps black,sparsely covered with black bristly hairs, bulbous at base, taperingabruptly to slender tips which when viewed from behind are half aslong as the basal part, claws moderately divergent at the tips; outerforceps yellow, as long as the inner pair, slender on apical half, slightlyclavate at tip, curved gently towards tips of inner forceps. Wingsinfuscated towards costal margin, anal margin hyaline; section offourth vein beyond the bend strongly arcuate; posterior cross veinperpendicular to fourth vein which it joins nearly halfwa}' between
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMHSTI?ALLEN 101the bend and the small cross vein; one strong costal spine; third veinwith three to four bristles which extend more than half way from itsbase to the small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feet usuallydistinctly longer than last tarsal joint: middle tibia with a singlebristle on outer front side near the middle; hind tibia on outside withtwo to four unequal bristles not extending far beyond the middle.Female.?Front at narrowest 0.34 of head width (measurements ofsix 0.33, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.35, 0.35, respectively) ; pulvilli short, thoseof fore feet much shorter than last tarsal joint; genitalia of usual typeand largely concealed within abdomen. Otherwise like the male.Length, 3.5 to 5.5 mm.Tyye and allotype.? Qvii. No. 28163, U.vS.N.M., type, male, Mc-Henry, Mississippi. Allotype, female, Miami. Florida, September 8.Host relationships.?Unknown.Range.?Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida.Described from the following material: In the National Museum,one male and three females from Georgia: one male from Enterprise,Florida : seventeen females from Miami, Florida, taken on several datesin September (C. H. T. Townsend) ; one male from McHenry, Missis-sippi, September 11, 1922 (H. W. A.). In the collection of NathanBanks, three females from Falls Church, Virginia, June 2, July 4, andSeptember 13, respectively, labeled "on chinquipin" (N. Banks). Inthe collection of J. R. Malloch, one male labeled June 24, and onefemale, June 17, Bancroft, Virginia, from flowers of Ceanothus ameri-canus (W. L. McAtee).GYMNOPROSOPA PALLIDA, new speciesMale.^Front at narrowest measured in one specimen 0.36 of headwidth; inner orbits strongl}^ nan-owed at base of antennae; all of faceand front including the vitta silvery pollinose, with dark reflectionsat the vertex; vitta pale yellow when viewed from above, moderatelydivergent from base of antennae to vertex, at level of lowest orbitalsfour to five times width of parafrontal; about nine bristles in frontalrow; one reclinate and two proclinate orbital bristles; parafrontalsbeset with bristly hairs: vibrissae at level of oral margin; antennaeblack, extending five-sixths distance to vibrissae, third joint fourtimes length of second; arista thickened on basal three-fifths; facialridges divergent, with only one or two microscopic hairs just abovethe vibrissae; in profile, bucca narrower than parafacials and equalto one-eighth eye height, front projects over one-third eye diameter,head length at vibrissae much less than at base of antennae; palpiyellow with blackish tips, strongly clavate. Thorax thinly graypollinose over black, with five obscure black vittae of which the outertwo are broader than the three narrow median ones; scutellum withthree pairs of marginal bristles, the lateral pair distinctly larger than
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68the apicals and both smaller than the strong intermediate pair; pre-apicals present. Abdomen black, sides of first and second segmentdull-reddish; last three segments with a poUinose band on the basalhalf, which is invaded from behind by many bristly hairs; first twosegments each with a median marginal pair of bristles, the third witha median marginal pair and two or three laterals, the fourth with amarginal row of about ten bristles; macrochaetae of middle segmentsof the same size as those of fourth segment. Genitalia black, inrepose largely concealed within tip of abdomen and not visible fromthe side. Wings hyaline; hind cross vein nearly parallel to sectionof fourth vein beyond the bend; costal spine lacking; one bristly hairat base of third vein. Legs black; pulvilli of fore feet less than one-fourth length of last tarsal joint; middle tibia with a single bristle onouter front side near the middle ; hind tibia with four to five unequalbristles on outside extending to slightly beyond the middle.Length, 4.0 mm.Type.?M&le, Cat. No. 28164, U.S.N.M.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from a single male from Horseshoe Bend, Idaho, col-lected by Dr. J. M. Aldrich in 1900.GYMNOPROSOPA INFLATICOKNIS, new speciesFemale.?Front at narrowest 0.4 of the head width from measure-ments of two which were 0.40 and 0.40 respectively; frontal vittayellow, sides parallel or shghtly expanded at the middle where widthof vitta is three times that of parafrontal; parafrontals gray polli-nose, merging into silvery pollinose on face and bucca; about tenbristles in the frontal row, those at the back scarcely larger than theparafrontal hairs which are most densely grouped just anterior tothe lowest ocellus, where a few hairs occur on the frontal vitta be-tween the frontal rows; one reclinate and tliree or four proclinateorbital bristles; vibrissae level with front edge of oral margin;facial ridges with a small cluster of bristly hairs on the lowest fifth;antennae extend five-sixths distance from their base to the vibrissae;second joint brown; third joint black, inflated saclike, conspicuouslypitted, not pointed at the outer apical angle, from three and one-half to four times length of second joint; arista thickened on basalhalf; parafacials sparsely beset with black bristly hairs, continuousfrom parafrontals; in profile, bucca equals one-third eye height;proboscis (hstinctly shorter than head height; palpi clavate, yellowwith blackish tips. Thorax gray poDinose over black, ^\dth threeobscure vittae; scutcllum with three pairs of marginal bristles ofabout equal size and a somewhat smaller preapical pair. Abdomenshining black, last tliree segments with wliite pollinose bands sharplydefined from the black and confined to basal half of the segment but
ART. 9 TWO-WINGED FLIES OF TRIBE MILTOGRAMMINI ALLEN 103prolonged laterally and ventrally to near the median ventral line;second segment with a lateral and one median marginal pair of bris-tles, third and fourth each with a marginal row of about eight; allabdominal macrochaetae weak, being comewhat shorter than thesegment upon which they occur. Wings hyaline; fourth vein be-yond bend but slightly arcuate, parallel to hind cross vein; lastsection of fifth vein equals one-tliird preceding section; one verysmall costal spine; three or four small bristles on third vein extend-ing scarcely halfway to small cross vein. Legs black; pulvilli dis-tinctly shorter than the last tarsal joint; middle tibia with onebristle on outer front side near middle; liind tibia on outside withrow of six to nine unequal bristles, extending considerably below themiddle.Male.?Not known.Length, 4.0 to 5.0 mm.Type.?Female. Cat. No. 28165, U.S.N.M. Pecos, New Mexico.Host relationships.?Unknown.Described from two females in the National Museum from thefollowing localities : Pecos, New Mexico, September. 5 (Cockerell); LasVegas, New Mexico, 1918, labeled ''T. D. 4430" (H. S. Barber).EXPLANATION OF PLATESPlate 1a c=anterior claspers; i/= inner forceps; o/=outer forceps; p= penis; p c=pos-terior claspers.Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Metopia leucocephala Rossi.2. Male genitalia of Metopia campestris Fallen.3. Male genitalia of Hilarella hilarella Zetterstedt.4. Male genitalia of Sphenometopa tergata Coquillett.5. Male genitalia of Opsidia gonioides Coquillett.6. Male genitalia of Phrosinella fulvicornis Coquillett.Plate 2For explanation of letter see Plate 1.Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp.8. Male genitalia of Senotainia rubriventris Macquart.9. Male genitalia of Senotainia flavicornis Townsend.10. Male genitalia of Senotainia litoralis Allen.11. Male genitalia of Senotainia vigilans Allen.12. Male genitalia of Pachyophthalmus floridensis Townsend.Plate 3For explanation of letters see Plate 1.Fig. 13. Male genitalia of Pachyophthalmus signatus Meigen14. Male genitalia of Pachyophthalmus distortus, new species.15. Fore tarsus of male, Phrosinella pilosifrons, new species, viewed fromthe side.
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 68Fig. 16. Fore tarsus of male, Phrosinella aldrichi, new species, viewed fromthe inside.17. Fore tarsus of female, Phrosinella fulvicornis Coquillett, viewed fromabove.18. Fore tarsus of male, Sphenometopa nebulosa Coquillett, viewed fromthe side19. Fore tarsus of male, Metopia campestris Fall6n, viewed from above.Plate 4a fif= accessory gland; a p= accessory pouch of uterus; o= ovary; o d= oviduct;s= spermatheca; w= uterusFig. 20. Reproductive organs of female, Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp.21. Puparium of Senotainia vigilans Allen, Dorsal aspect.22. Reproductive organs of female, Senotainia vigilans.23. Head of Senotainia vigilans.24. Wing of Senotainia vigilans.25. Reproductive organs of female, Senotainia litoralis Allen.26. Egg (from uterus) of Opsidia gonioides Coquillett.Plate 5Fig. 27. Posterior end of puparium of Senotainia vigilans Allen. d= spiracu-lar depression; s ?= slits in posterior spiracle; s<= posterior spiracleor stigma28. Second instar larva of Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp. Lateralaspect of anterior end. I, II, and 111 = thoracic segments; a s?anterior spiracle.29. Buccopharyngeal armature of the first instar (uterine) larva of Phro-sinella fulvicornis Coquillett. b p=basal piece; I /i= lateral hooks;rn /i= median hook; p-//= H-piece.30. Buccopharyngeal armature of the first instar (uterine) larva of Seno-tainia rubriventris Macquart. For explanation of letters see fig. 29.31. Buccopharyngeal armature of the first instar (uterine) larva of Seno-tainia trilineata Van der Wulp. For explanation of letters see fig.29.32. Buccopharyngeal armature of the first instar (uterine) larva of Seno-tainia litoralis Allen. For explanation of letters see fig. 29.33. Buccopharyngeal apparatus of the first instar (uterine) larva of Seno-tainia vigilans. For explanation of letters sec fig. 29.34. Buccopharyngeal armature of the second instar larva of Senotainiatrilineata showing the lateral hooks of the succeeding instar in pro-cess of formation, a p= accessory process of the basal piece;b p= basal piece; i p= intermediate or H-piece; I /i= lateral hooks;I h 77/= lateral hooks of the third instar partly formed.35. Diagramatic outline of spiracular depression at posterior end of pupa-rium of Phrosinella fulvicornis. For explanation of letters see fig. 27.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 68, ART, 9 PL, I
AMERICAN SPECIES OF TWO-WlNGED FLIES OF THE TRIBE M ILTOGRAMMI NlFor explanation of plate see page 10354292?201 8
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 68, ART. 9 PL. 2
American Species of Two-Winged Flies of the Tribe MiltogramminiFor explanation of plate see page 103
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 68, ART. 9 PL. 3
5
17
Amfrican Species of Two-Winged Flies of the Tribe MiltogramminiFor exhuanation of plate ske paqes IO:i and 104
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 63, ART. 9 PL. 4
American Species of Two-Winged Flies of the Tribe MiltogramminiFor explanation of plate see page 104
PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 68, ART. 9 PL. 5
Ih
AMERICAN SPECIES OF TWO-WlNGED FlIES OF THE TRIBE M ILTOGRAMMI NlFor explanation of plate see pace 104

INDEX
This index iiu-luilcs all of the (;enci'ic luiii specific names of flies treated in this paper. The valid genericnames are in bold-faced type; the valkl specific names in Roman; synonymy in italirx. Where more thanone ijage refereiur occurs, the most imporlant one is given last.Pagealdrichi. new species I'hrosinella... 70,75niiinhili.s Meigen (Tachina) 52(uiifricanas Braiier and Bergenstamni .Ir-rcnopits 2Anicia Robineau-Desvoidy -. 40avomahis Zetterstedt (Tachina) 13
-Iraha Rohineau-Desvoidy 46,62,63Arabella Rohineau-Desvoidy 46, 63Arnbiopsis Townsend. 62, 63argentifrons Townsend, Gymnoprosopa 96,98aryentifrons Townsend (Miltogramma) 32Aryyrella Robineau-Desvoidy 46Argyria Robineau-Desvoidy 46aristalis (CoQUillett) Oestrohilarella 40?(/r(7ro?.s Townsend Pachophthalmus 13hiseta (Thomson) Senotainia 21bnuniicosn Robineau-Desvoidy MisdUa 79cacsia Robineau-Desvoidy- OpAf/Zo 52campestris Fallen Metopia 47, 48, 55, 57, 62. 52Cincrosffn* Townsend (Mittogramma) 32cinerea Robineau-Desvoidy Ophelia 52clarifrons Townsend flymnoprosopa 96, 98cocklei (Townsend) Sphenometopa 64,67crassiconus Ferris Metopia 52decens Townsend Eumacronychia 85,88,89,86(lecisa Townsend (Miltogramma) 24,32(temissa Robineau-Desvoidy OpftWm 52distortus, new species Fachyophthalmus 9, 15elita Townsend Eumacronychia 85,86ehmgata, new species, PvUmacronychia 86,93KIpigia Robineau-Desvoidy 82erythrocera Thomson (Miltogramma) 21erythrura (Van der Wulp) Pachyophthal-nnis 2,9,11,21Eiinrabn Townsend 62, 63Eiiliiliirellit Townsend 68, 69Eumachronychia Townsend 6,7,40,69,95,84Einnetopia Brauer and Bergenstanmi 62,63Eiiselenomyia Townsend 17Eii.feiwtainia Townsend 17fasciala Coquillett Senotainia 21,91filipdpis, new species Gymnoprosopa 96, 100Ihirescens, .Mac'iuart Metopia 52Ihvicornis (Townsend) Senotainia 20,22lloridcnsis (Townsend) Fachyophthalmus s,9, 13, 10fulvicornis (Coquillett) Phrosinella 69,70fulvicornis (Van der Wulp) .Senotainia 21fumosa, new species Phrosinella 70,71,74
Pagegunioiiles (.'(KiiiiUel t < (psidia. 12gracilis Robineau-Desvoidy Ophelia 52Gymnoprosopa Townsend 6, 85, 95heteroneura (Meigen) Taxigranuna 82, 83IMeropierina Macquart 82Hilarella Rondani 1,6,40,85,95,78hilarella (Zetterstedt.) Hilarella. ._ 69,79hinei, new species Fachyophthalmus 9, 12inermis, new species Metopia 48,56,62,54inflaticornis, new species Gymnoprosopa... 96, 102kansensis Townsend (Miltogramma) 22,23lateralis Macquart Metopia 2,47,48,58lateropili, new species Metopia 48, 57leucocephala (Rossi) Metopia 47,51.48litoralis Allen Senotainia 20, 26. 29Uiggeri Townsend Metopia 49lutescens Robineau-Desvoidy Ophelia 52
.Megaera Robineau-Desvoidy 16meridiana Townsend Metopia 49Metopia Meigen 6,19,63,65,85,45metopioides, new species Opsidia 42, 44Microsenotainia Townsend. 17ininuta Robineau-Desvoidy Elpigia 83Misellia Robineau-Desvoidy 16modesta Reinhard (Chaetoplagia) 45montana, new species Eumachronychia 86,88/Horr(.?o/n' Townsend Parametopia 58nana Van der Wulp (Miltogramma) 2, 21nana Coquillett Senotainia 21,30nasoni, Coquillett Ileteropterina 83Nnsoniinyia Townsend 82iicbulosa (Coquillett) Sphenometopa 63,64,66nigricornis, new species Eumacronychia 86,90oblata Townsend Opsidiopsis 45Oestrohilarella Townsend 6, 40opaca, new species Metopia 48, 49, 50Ophelia Robineau-Desvoidy 46Opsidia Coquillett . 6,41Opsidiopsis Townsend 6, 44Pachyophthalmus Brauer and Bergenstamni. 4, 20, 7pallida, new species, (^lymnoprosopa 96. 101I'nraiiiitiipia Townsend 46prlliiciila Robineau-Desvoidy Elpigia 83pcrpendicularis Van der Wulp Metopia 48, 62peniriensis Townsend Eii.teleiwmyia 32, 33I'hrosina Robineau-Desvoidy 68,69Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy 6,19,40,68pilosifrons, new species Phrosinella . . 70, 76pipiemt, Ferris Taxigranuna 83105
100 INDKXPasopolita 'rownsnid Uyiiiiiopiosoiw 90liunctuta Uobiiioaii-Dcsvoidy FApigia 83lohwt'ii, new si)c'cies Eumaeronychia 85,86,92rnxai Itoiidarii Mctopia 49nibrivoiitris MacciuartSonotainia. 2, 20, 23, 26, 27, 24luflventi-is (('(Miiiillott) Senotainia 20,38Sarcniitncroiitjchid Tovvnsend 7sarcophagi na (Van der Wulp) Pachoph-thalmus 9, 12.21Snrcophayoides Townsend Sarcnmncronychia. 10,11Senotainia Macquart 6,7,50,16SL'tulicosta, new species Senotainia 20, 31signatus Meigcn Pachyophthalmus 8,9, 16, 13simitis Townsend (M iltogramma) 22sinipalpis, new speeies, Metopia 48,60siphoiiiiia Zettersledt (Millogramnia) 79
PageSpill cupula Hondani. . l(iSphenometopa Townsend 6,7, 19,62starijrri [{ondani Metopia 52steinalis, new species Kumaeronychia 85, 80, 89Taxigramma Ferris 6,82lergata (CoquilletO ."^ijhenometopa 64tessellata, new species Metopia 48,55trilineala (Van der Wnlp) Senotainia _. 4,5, 20, 23, 27, 32liiriltalu Townsend Scrcninncronycliia 10trypoxylnnis 'I'ownsend Siircomacronychia 10, 11itnica Townsend Sarcnmacronychia 10, 11vigilans Allen Senotainia 20, 26lychiis Walker Ophelia. 49zetlcrstcdti Kondani Ililarella 79o