SMITHSONIAN
CONTRIBUTIONS
to
ASTROPHYSICS
Smithsonian Institution
Astrophysical Observatory
Volume 8, Number 6
Second Catalog of
Hourly Meteor Rates
By Charles P. Olivier
Washington, D. C.

Smithsonian
Contributions to Astrophysics
VOLUME 8, NUMBER 6
SECOND CATALOG
OF HOURLY METEOR RATES
by CHARLES P. OLIVIER
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Washington, D.C.
1965
Publications of the Astrophysical Observatory
This series, Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics, was inaugurated
in 1956 to provide a proper communication for the results of research con-
ducted at the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution.
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physics, with particular emphasis on problems of the sun, the earth, and the
solar system. Its pages are open to a limited number of paiK'rs by other
investigators with whom we have common interests.
Another series is Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. It was started
in 1900 by the Observatory's first director, Samuel I'. Langley, and has
been published about every 10 years since that date. These quarto volumes,
some of which are still available, record the history of the Observatory's
researches and activities.
Many technical papers and volumes emanating from the Astrophysical
Observatory have appeared in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
Among these are Smithsonian Physical Tables, Smithsonian Meteorological
Tables, and World Weather Records.
Additional information concerning these publications may be secured from
the Editorial and Publications Division, Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton, D.C.
FRED L. WHIPPLE, Director,
Astrophysical Observatory,
Smithsonian Institution.
Cambridge, Mass.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington. D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents
Second Catalog of Hourly Meteor Rates
Charles P. Olivier l
The first catalog of hourly meteor rates
(Olivier 1960) contained data collected by the
American Meteor Society for the interval
1901 to 1958. For brevity, this earlier catalog
will be referred to in this contribution as K3,
the present one as K4. This latter contains
data for the interval 1958 to 1963 inclusive; it
also includes some material for 1964 which
arrived in time for inclusion, as well as a
considerable amount obtained earlier than 1958
which, for a variety of reasons, was not used in
K3 (see references).
While the existence of the data given here
has been mentioned in some detail in the Annual
Reports of the American Meteor Society (AMS)
few if any hourly rates have been published.
However, thanks to the kindness of Professor
Kojiro Komaki of the Kanaya Observatory,
Japan, and Chairman of the Japanese Meteor
Committee, who also has been a valued AMS
member for several decades, the annual pro-
visional reports from Japan have been made
available. These do give, in most cases, the
corrected hourly meteor rates. The Japanese
meteor observers in recent years have done an
immense amount of work, and their observa-
tions probably account for between 30 and 40
percent of all the rates used as the basis of this
paper. Hence this catalog is based almost
entirely on work done in the United States and
Japan. Less than one percent came from the
Southern Hemisphere and Europe.
In addition to members of the AMS, con-
tributors in the United States include scores of
others who occasionally observed, particularly
on the dates of the chief annual showers. A
few reports from ships, made on these dates,
are available also. Copies of some reports
made by persons working on the meteor pro-
gram for the International Geophysical Year
were sent in. The tables follow exactly the
1
 Flower and Cook Observatory, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia.
same form as in the K3. They summarize all
observations available in our files and not used
in K3, with the exception of certain material
which was omitted:
1. Great efforts were made to have as many
nonmembers as possible observe during the
Perseid epoch, particularly from 1929 to 1934.
Hence tens of thousands of meteors were re-
ported, seen mostly from August 9 to 13
inclusive, and the records are available. The
observations used in these tables represent
primarily those considered superior, for any
reason, and quite typical of the whole. Thou-
sands were omitted. However, much material
not used in K3 was entered in K4.
2. Similar remarks hold for the Leonid
epochs, for the period 1930 to 1940, and much
material left out of K3 is included in K4.
3. As in the previous catalog rates ob-
tained on Oct. 9 and 10, 1946 in the great
Draconid shower are omitted as being wholly
atypical.
4. Rates were omitted when they were
obtained by two or more observers and there
seemed no way of finding out what the rate for
a single observer was. The unit in the table is
the number of meteors seen by one observer in
one hour. Many thousands of otherwise good
observations were hence useless for K4.
5. Certain observers, including some of the
best of the Japanese, at times gave average
rates for periods of from 2 to 4 hours of con-
tinuous observing. Since there was no way of
determining what the rates were for each
separate hour, some thousands of these good
observations were necessarily omitted.
6. Occasionally an observer, not an AMS
member, has reported highly unusual rates,
quite contrary to what might be expected
under the prevailing circumstances and local
conditions. Such rates are open to suspicion
and have been omitted.
This is perhaps the place for a few general
171
172 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS
remarks about meteor observations. The more
reports are studied, the more apparent it be-
comes that rates such as those given in this
catalog can have meaning only when based
upon the work of many observers over a
period of several years. Even in the same
place and on the same night, observers standing
side by side may get different rates. Some
eyes are better than others; some observing
stations have clearer skies than others. Obser-
vations made in different directions, on the
same night and at the same place, may give
different rates?in fact, they usually do. This
realization was one of the chief reasons the
writer decided to compile this second catalog.
It should of course be used in connection with
K3, and the results for the same dates and same
hours compared. If they agree approximately,
we can be fairly sure that the rates given are
about correct. If they disagree badly, more
work for these dates should be carried out in
the future. Obviously, the rates that depend
upon large numbers of observations are more
reliable than those depending on few. In fact,
little confidence can be placed in rates that
depend upon the work of fewer than three
observers, unless confirmed approximately by
those in K3.
In the tabulation, an asterisk * indicates
that the rate given depends entirely on reports
from Australia. If a rate is enclosed in paren-
theses ( ), it is considered uncertain, either be-
cause the observer's percentage estimate (F)
was smaller than usual or the observer worked
somewhat less than a full hour. Such uncertain
values are given only when no others are
available. The rates usually show a decrease
for the last hour of a given night. There
are two obvious reasons: the approach of
morning twilight and the probable fatigue of
the observer.
The larger part of all the observations
consisted of meteors that were either plotted
or described. When plotting or describing a
given meteor, an observer will miss any meteors
appearing during the interval. Therefore, to
obtain the true hourly rate of meteors that could
have been observed during the period and in the
prevailing atmospheric conditions, a correction
was applied to the number of meteors reported.
The correction is given in the following formula:
no=
60 n
60?pn (1)
where n0 is the number of meteors that could
have been observed had the observer been
counting rather than plotting or describing
them; n is the number of meteors actually
observed; and p is the time taken to plot or
describe each meteor; pn in the formula is
expressed in minutes of time. The value of p
is an estimate based on the author's opinion
of the skill of the particular observer. In
applying the formula, the writer used tables
giving the appropriate corrections for the
various values of p; those values of p were
set as 20, 30, 40, and 60 seconds.
Another correction is usually necessary be-
cause the number of meteors observed during
a given hour depends to some extent on the
conditions for seeing, and whether visibility
was impaired by clouds, fog, moonlight, etc.
In the following formula,
Wo (2)
rii represents the average number of meteors
that could have been counted by a skilled
observer during that period under ideal condi-
tions. The number of meteors actually ob-
served usually represents only a percentage of
the total observable under such conditions;
the factor F represents the observer's estimate
of this percentage. Under ideal conditions, F
was taken as 1.0; when F was 0.5 or less, the
observations were considered very uncertain and
were usually omitted. For the majority of
American reports used, the factor F was 0.7
or higher; there were comparatively few for
which F was 0.6 or 0.5.
For a few observations the author changed
the estimated F when the data themselves
obviously indicated that the original estimate
had been in error. In most cases, however,
the observer's estimate of F was used.
The correction for time lost (formula 1)
must always be applied before that for visibility
(formula 2). Otherwise the hourly rate will be
too high.
When the observer merely counted the
meteors, no correction was necessary for time
SECOND CATALOG OF HOURLY METEOR RATES 173
lost in plotting or describing, and therefore
formula 1 was not used, although the correction
for visibility conditions was still applied if the
value of the factor F was less than 1.0.
No system of correction can give perfect
results. Nevertheless, when one considers the
inherent difficulties in seeing and recording all
meteors that presumably appear in the ob-
server's field of view, one may conclude that the
methods of correction given here yield a close
approximation to the true rates. However,
experience shows that when the rate is over
about 25 per hour, and the observer plots the
meteor paths, formula 1 becomes less and less
accurate. This is proved by certain instances
in which two persons worked side by side, one
plotting what he observed, the other counting
only. The latter nearly always obtained higher
rates. This source of error, however, is rele-
vant for only a few nights in the year, and they
are dates for which we have so much data that
the final averages are little affected.
Professor Komaki corrects the Japanese
observations by using a factor F which presum-
ably is the same as ours. It is noted, however,
that the values of F used by him seem to average
lower than in America. No attempt was made
here to further use formula 1 on the Japanese
observations since they were doubtless made
in a variety of ways by persons of widely dif-
ferent experience. This would seem to mean
that, if corrected by formula 1, the rates would
be somewhat higher in certain cases, but this
possible error is probably compensated for by
the lower value of F used.
It is safe to assume that the vast majority of
observers everywhere faced an area of the sky
centered at altitude about 50?, and somewhere
between northeast and southeast, as the AMS
instructions advise. Practically all observers
were in latitudes from 20? N to 50? N, the
majority between 25? N and 45? N. As to
longitudes, all the United States and Japan
and part of Canada were adequately covered.
The rates published in this table are of course
higher (on the average, 20 percent) than the
rates of meteors an observer will actually see,
unless he is counting under ideal atmospheric
conditions. In using this catalog, researchers
must keep this fact in mind. In general, the
figures given represent the number of meteors
that might have been counted by a skilled
observer at a good station on a moonless, clear
night when factor F was equal to 1.0. Under
conditions that fall short of this ideal in any
way, the number of meteors actually observed
will usually be smaller than the number given
in the table.
One sees a great disparity in the number of
reports for the various months, largely because
of the impossibility of inducing most American
observers to do much if any observing in the
period roughly from Dec. 15 to June 15. Of
course there are many honorable exceptions.
The Japanese did far better for this interval.
Acknowledgmen ts
Without the hard work and active cooperation
of many hundred observers, the data on which
the table is based would not have been available,
and the preparation of the catalog would have
been impossible. The names and number of
reports of the American observers are given in
our "Annual Reports"; the names and contri-
butions of the Japanese observers are fully
given in the "Provisional Reports of Japanese
Meteor Committee," prepared by Professor
Kojiro Komaki. To all the persons whose
names appear in the publications just mentioned
and whose work could be used in K4, our most
grateful thanks are due.
The actual preparation of the catalog by the
author has been a continuous, and sometimes
major, occupation during the interval from
1958 to the present. In this he has had
practically no clerical help.
Finally, the greatest appreciation is due to
Professor Kojiro Komaki for his invaluable
aid in securing, preparing, and submitting the
Japanese work, and to Dr. Fred L. Whipple,
Director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, for publishing the completed
catalog.
References
[Meteor Notes]
1901-1950. Popular Astronomy, vols. 9-58.
1953-1956. Meteoritics, vol. 1.
OLIVIER, C. P.
1921. Parabolic orbits of meteor streams. Publ.
Leander McCormick Obs., Univ. Virginia,
vol. 2, parts 4 and 7.
174 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS VOL. 8
1935. Results derived from 8600 meteor observa- i 9 5 8 . interim reports nos. 28, 29, and 35. Radio
tions made during the years 1919-1925. ?* ? r> t> u J r> n ^.
_,
 T , ? ~ . _ TT . Meteor Res. Prog., Harvard Coll. Obs.
Publ. Leander McCormick Obs., Univ.
Virginia, vol. 5, part 1. 1959-1963. Annual reports for 1956-1963. Amer.
1950. Some results from data secured by the Ameri- Meteor. Soc, Flower and Cook Obs.,
can Meteor Society. Proc. Amer. Phil. Univ. Pennsylvania, Reprints nos. 115,
Soc, vol. 94, pp. 327-335.
 1 1 9 ; 1 3 1 1 3 7 143) a n d 1 4 61957. Long enduring meteor trains and fireball ??-? / - i A . ? . i . A r, ...*.. __ * . Tiui o i mi I960. Catalog of hourly meteor rates. Smith-
orbits. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. 101, e J
pp 296-315 sonian Contr. Astrophys., vol. 4, pp. 1-14.
SECOND CATALOG OF HOURLY METEOR RATES 175
Month
and Day
January
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
6b
M
8
(16)
1
7
20
17
o
2
1
1
2
1
1
7"
M
12
9
(22)
4
5
7
12
10
2
4
7
6
2
8
10
2
3
2
13
13
2
12
(40)
3
15
4
6
2
0
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
1
2
g
M
5
14
12
8
7
4
3
7
8
4
3
4
5
6
3
7
5
6
5
5
6
5
5
9
6
5
6
4
7
AVERAGE
>
o
l
2
3
4
1
2
2
5
2
2
1
1
3
5
2
3
3
2
5
1
2
4
6
7
6
3
5
4
6
o
M
11
7
14
17
5
5
5
4
4
14
10
4
0
6
6
10
4
9
4
2
1
3
5
7
7
5
12
6
i
o
2
5
6
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
6
2
1
2
7
3
1
3
2
6
HOURLY RATES
10
M
10
11
4
3
3
16
6
6
4
6
5
10
4
14
12
6
4
3
3
4
3
6
o
3
5
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
2
5
3
1
2
1
2
u
M
9
12
4
6
5
4
10
10
6
5
4
4
10
9
9
8
2
2
6
2
8
4
OF VISUAL
/xal Astronomical Time
O
5
9
1
4
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
6
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
12b
M
7
5
22
2
3
4
7
11
1
6
6
5
3
8
7
7
9
4
o
l
3
6
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
METEORS
13b
M
6
12
16
14
6
4
4
21
4
8
2
7
4
o
1
3
15
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
14
M
12
17
30
14
12
17
4
16
9
4
8
9
11
12
8
6
9
14
b
o
3
13
13
4
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
15b
M
10
20
35
18
10
9
6
10
8
10
9
4
3
10
4
O
4
11
24
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
16b
M
11
16
42
15
15
10
15
8
20
14
5
11
18
(3)
32
14
4
10
(12)
10
21
9
o
6
16
28
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
3
i7h
M
10
16
43
19
14
9
8
15
8
22
13
16
13
14
15
12
8
11
18
(4)
9
O
3
13
19
13
2
3
1
2
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
18b
M O
6 1
TOTAL FOR JANUARY: 9018
February
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
9 1
1 1
6
7
17
9
4
4
6
3
(18)
2
1
10
2
1
1
4
5
5
2
7
5
10
4
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
5
6
8
8
3
4
4
4
2
2
12
3
4
7
7
6
8
5
5
3
4
5
3
8
6
11
6
5
9
3
2
5
7
2
5
4
4
2
2
2
4
2
5
3
4
3
5
4
3
5
11
6
6
2
3
7
4
1
6
8
10
10
4
2
4
5
4
15
6
9
8
12
6
4
4
4
7
8
16
6
9
6
4
3
4
4
1
1
3
2
3
5
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
7
4
2
3
3
4
2
8
15
12
10
4
4
6
9
4
17
2
1
3
7
6
6
2
6
9
7
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
5
9
3
1
2
1
2
12
6
6
3
2
11
4
2
7
6
7
10
9
0
6
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
3
11
11
8
4
13
6
12
2
3
16
8
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
9
12
10
14
4
6
9
7
10
2
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
1
7
8
9
7
12
5
14
14
6
13
6
6
12
5
8
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
5
13
12
11
14
6
8
12
5
12
20
10
10
7
5
5
1
4
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
6
2
2
1
2
1
10
12
10
8
7
6
14
6
10
9
6
7
15
8
13
(3)
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
3
1
1
8
22
12
6
11
8
6
7
6
4
9
2
1
5
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
TOTAL FOR FEBRUARY: 2960
M=corrected average number of meteors observed. O=number of observations on which M is based. 6h=0601 to 0700; 7h=O7Ol to 0800, etc.
176 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS
AVERAGE HOURLY RATES OF VISUAL METEORS?Continued
Month
and Day
March
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
April
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
6h
M O
7h
M
12
3
3
5
5
10
4
3
4
4
1
2
3
1
7
17
6
2
4
4
5
(10)
7
4
3
1
2
1
3
4
5
3
O
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
8"-
M
6
3
4
6
3
5
8
3
3
15
2
6
5
3
7
3
1
4
3
13
6
4
4
5
7
3
6
3
5
1
16
9
4
2
5
2
4
1
6
5
8
4
11
2
3
3
6
5
6
8
6
7
4
8
2
5
2
9
o
4
5
5
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
1
5
3
5
7
3
2
5
3
3
6
5
6
3
8
3
3
2
6
3
2
1
2
1
4
2
1
3
2
3
9
5
2
2
3
6
4
7
5
6
6
2
7
5
2
5
2
1
9"
M
6
5
4
6
3
7
9
4
8
4
10
2
5
4
3
10
4
5
4
4
5
6
10
4
3
20
5
4
6
2
10
13
2
4
6
7
8
8
3
29
5
6
6
5
6
10
7
4
5
6
4
O
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
3
3
1
2
5
1
8
2
7
4
1
5
1
4
2
1
2
2
4
3
2
2
1
1
2
7
2
4
1
5
1
9
2
6
1
2
2
8
4
6
1
4
IO?>
M
9
9
3
3
10
10
7
6
26
4
3
5
18
4
6
4
3
8
4
4
5
7
6
6
5
12
5
5
13
11
2
1
9
9
5
6
3
8
6
1
6
12
9
4
10
22
26
6
7
4
6
O
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
5
1
1
2
1
1
3
5
2
1
1
3
3
3
4
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
7
2
5
3
3
2
2
12
8
9
1
1
2
3
4
5
l
M
2
3
4
7
8
4
9
5
5
5
7
5
8
10
5
5
8
11
4
4
9
13
7
4
4
8
9
2
10
0
4
10
6
4
4
5
8
4
4
8
6
10
21
17
10
5
5
10
7
Local Astronomical Time
h
O
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
3
1
5
2
1
1
5
5
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
5
3
4
3
4
3
2
19
8
8
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
12k
M
8
11
11
13
9
12
2
6
(14)
3
3
7
3
9
5
10
11
10
4
5
5
6
6
9
3
6
5
7
5
8
10
7
9
6
15
10
7
19
15
14
11
9
12
o
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
8
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
7
1
6
24
15
4
1
5
4
1
3
1
13
M
19
8
9
12
9
5
7
4
5
4
5
8
6
3
4
5
6
6
6
12
8
(4)
16
3
2
8
9
12
11
22
4
11
7
11
4
4
h
o
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
5
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
17
22
4
1
1
6
2
1
2
1
l
M
10
20
14
14
4
5
12
8
6
15
4
8
4
5
9
9
10
5
8
7
4
6
5
10
6
4
6
5
9
6
9
12
14
14
8
12
5
10
7
\h
o
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
2
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
7
15
15
4
2
4
2
2
1
1
15
M
8
4
5
6
10
5
4
6
8
6
8
10
6
11
8
9
6
6
6
11
9
8
12
8
6
(3)
9
8
11
10
4
O
2
2
2
4
1
1
2
2
1
3
4
3
1
3
2
3
1
1
2
4
6
14
16
2
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
16
M
6
6
7
8
10
8
5
9
8
11
8
8
6
11
5
8
4
6
7
ii
o
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
1
17"
M
8
6
7
3
o
2
1
1
1
igh
M O
TOTAL FOR MARCH: 3141
9
12
27
(20)
(18)
6
9
2
8
3
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
TOTAI
16
. FOR
1
APRIL: 5363
M-corrccted average number of meteors observed. O=number of observations on which M is based. 6h=060l to 0700; 7>>=O7Ol to 0800, etc.
SECOND CATALOG OF HOURLY METEOR RATES 177
Month
and Day
May
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
6"
M O
7"
M
3
0
1
1
AVERAGE
o
l
l
l
3
8"
M
2
2
5
4
3
0
6
6
2
4
6
7
6
6
11
4
8
7
4
5
6
8
6
4
4
o
1
l
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
4
4
5
1
2
4
2
2
1
3
5
M
6
5
12
9
8
4
9
5
4
2
3
5
1
16
9
12
2
13
3
4
6
4
5
6
2
4
6
4
4
HOURLY
9"
O
2
7
2
4
5
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
6
2
2
3
1
11
5
5
13
3
1
7
6
12
14
10
M
5
3
9
2
14
7
5
4
2
9
11
7
6
11
6
11
14
4
6
4
5
6
5
4
7
5
3
RATES
h
o
2
1
1
1
5
6
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
4
5
6
3
2
6
3
5
7
6
1
7
3
17
I
M
13
6
5
13
7
3
2
9
6
6
3
7
16
4
11
7
8
6
7
6
14
9
8
6
OF VISUAL METEORS?Continued
Local Astronomical Time
O
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
3
6
1
2
5
5
3
3
4
2
5
12
M
9
0
6
12
15
3
5
3
6
5
6
8
14
3
5
3
2
7
14
6
8
10
4
h
o
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
5
M
2
3
12
6
3
3
5
4
23
6
0
9
6
6
9
8
24
13k
O
1
1
6
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
4
1
1
2
1
l
M
7
10
12
17
9
8
10
9
13
8
12
5
17
8
8
7
3
4
3
3
4
11
7
17
o
2
10
6
10
10
4
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
5
M
12
13
29
18
12
12
12
16
9
9
9
9
12
9
8
8
2
10
0
7
6
15
0
(27)
h
o
5
11
6
12
14
6
6
1
4
6
3
4
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
M
14
15
22
17
13
I6h
O
1
1
2
6
5
I7h
M O
17 1
17 l
21 1
18*
M O
TOTAL FOR MAY: 5084
June
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3 1
7 3
4 2
7 3
5 6
15 1
6 3
(15) 1
7 2
3 1
5 3
6 1
6 1
3 1
2 1
4 4
4 2
4 2
3 1
5 1
4
6
20
4
5
6 5
11 6
9 4
4 4
8 8
8 12
9 9
5 9
7 8
6 9
5 5
2 2
7 5
7 3
6 2
9 2
21 1
4 2
10 1
16 1
(8) 1
TOTAL POR. JUNE: 5561
M=corrected average number of meteors observed. O=number of observations on which M is based. 6h=0601 to 0700; 7h =070l to 0800, etc.
178 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS
Month
and Day
July
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
6b
M O
7h
M
4
1
2
?ft
1
AVERAGE HOURLY
o
1
1
1
1
1
g
M
3
3
3
?ft
4
14
4
7
14
2
4
5
4
10
9
11
?ft
?ft
6
?ft
7
11
3
6
6
?ft
O
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
4
3
2
7
3
2
3
6
6
7
M
12
12
7
10
12
?ft
5
7
6
6
6
12
9
7
4
5
9
7?ft
10
7
8
7
12
6
9
8
14
9
7
10
o
3
7
5
?ft
?
-i
4
6
9
1
4
6
9
11
10
2
10
7
6
3
10
6
11
4
11
11
13
14
15
18
19
7
10
M
6
13
11
10
13
7
9
8
3
7
4
13
6
8
6
8
7
9
8
11
11
7ift
9
8
11
13
11
10
11
9
RATES
b
o
4
3
7
?ft
6
?ft
?ft
6
1
4
3
8
13
11
8
8
11
8
10
15
?ft
11
8
9
19
18
14
18
18
17
4
l
M
6
3
8
8
14
11
10
9
2
4
8
21
11
9
8
9
8
8
8
8
12
10
11
12
7
10
13
13
?ft
18
8
OF 'VISUAL METEORS?Continued
Local Astronomical Time
lh
O
3
2
2
4
4
3
9
6
2
4
?ft
2
8
10
8
6
10
8
8
18
10
?ft
12
7
11
23
21
28
26
21
3
l
M
10
6
14
7
14
11
13
12
8
7
6
10
10
10
11
12
7
8
11
14
12
10
9
12
15
14
14
20
19
17
b
O
3
4
3
3
3
?ft
11
6
6
6
?ft
7
6
2
11
10
4
9
15
7
6
6
7
9
18
23
34
27
31
13
l
M
9?ft
13
7
16
6
7
20
10
13
7
17
?ft
?ft
10
10
12
11
11
12
12
11
7
15
15
15
25
18
21
20
23
O
3
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
?ft
3
2
3
3
3
2
8
6
6
6
11
9
6
6
5
5
14
22
30
23
39
14
l
M
25
7?ft
8
18
16
4
4
12
12
11
8
14
9
9
9
14
11
17
18
10
7
19
19
17
15
18
16
20
19
20
h
o
1
3
2
3
1
2
2
1
6
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
6
?ft
2
9
2
3
1
3
3
14
16
21
20
24
10
15b
M
0
7?ft
22
6
10
9
8
6
11
7
7
9
21
5
14
12
11
14
11
10
15
21
21
17
20
20
o
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
2
6
?ft
14
12
9
15
6
16b
M
0
9
8
11
20
20
13
13
32
o
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
I7h
M O
12 1
18b
M O
TOTAL FOR JULY: 20833
August
1
2
3
4?ft
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
4 1
9 1
7
9
9
6
2
10
11
12
13
12
12
17
13
14
26
9
8
4
8
?ft
6
8
6
6
9
12
7
8?ft
7
6
4
3
1
2
1
8
?ft
6
6
19
30
13
15
10
7
1
3
6
?ft
4
?ft
2
4
2
7
11
3
2
2
1
2
9
9
9
9
10
8
14
12
12
12
18
19
16
14
14
10
10
6
12
7
8
7
11
9
8
10
8
6
8
9
6
7
13
10
10
7
11
11
11
12
53
79
36
41
26
15
9
12
7
9
8
6
4
4
11
11
7
8
4
6
8
7
10
14
9
10
11
11
13
13
13
14
22
21
18
15
15
9
17
10
9
15
16
9
11
12
8
8
10
6
6
5
6
5
11
13
16
10
12
12
7
20
69
102
55
33
26
21
13
13
11
9
7
8
10
?ft
13
10
10
4
6
6
7
4
17
11
13
10
11
12
15
11
17
16
25
24
18
15
9
11
14
13
16
7
11
12
14
12
9
12
16
10
8
6
8
8
9
9
14
8
8
7
8
12
48
122
60
35
25
11
10
16
9
4
2
1
?ft
2
6
3
9
2
4
4
8
3
18
11
11
11
10
10
13
14
18
18
30
30
20
19
15
14
22
11
16
13
10
6
13
21
16
12
12
11
8
?ft
20
9
?ft
?ft
11
8
8
11
18
19
63
129
76
39
25
11
7
9
8
3
2
2
1
2
?ft
4
7
4
4
4
4
1
18
14
10
13
14
14
15
13
18
22
34
32
21
20
16
17
22
13
20
12
14
14
21
15
16
9
11
15
8
9
13
3
9
12
9
12
21
25
59
120
69
38
23
11
8
11
6
2
1
1
1
4
3
6
4
3
4
3
18
11
18
13
12
15
17
10
19
23
37
34
24
24
17
15
10
14
17
14
10
12
17
14
15
10
18
17
14
10
9
9
3
3
10
8
15
16
20
54
114
68
29
20
8
8
1
2
1
2
4
1
3
3
4
4
2
3
2
4
15
15
19
23
14
22
18
12
17
25
38
40
22
22
17
16
9
8
4
18
10
19
12
13
14
10
15
22
14
9
?ft
?ft
4
8
?ft
11
10
15
41
68
35
11
10
6
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
4
3
ift
2
?ft
15
24
18
15
47
15
10
13
19
35
44
20
22
3
26
12
10
13
10
11
15
14
2
1
1
4
1
3
2
4
9
11
8
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
16
20
4*
13
1
1
1
2
TOTAL FOR AUGUST: 67082
M -corrected average number of meteors observed. O=number of observations on which M is based. 6>- =0601 to 0700; 7h =0701 to 0800, etc.
SECOND CATALOG OF HOURLY METEOR RATES 179
AVERAGE HOURLY RATES OF VISUAL METEORS?Continued
Month
and Day
September
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
October
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
6h
M O
7"
M
4
6
14
4
7
2
7
6
10
3
6
6
6
6
4 1
9 2
24 1
7 1
14
9
10
7
6
5
5
4
25
6
6
6
11
9
10
10
14
6
5
17
10
6
o
1
l
3
1
4
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
8
9
9
4
4
1
3
3
4
4
1
3
2
5
1
4
1
1
2
8*
M
6
4
5
8
5
1
19
6
18
12
3
10
?
13
12
7
4
7
7
6
3
6
6
5
5
7
4
2
16
4
3
2
10
7
7
5
9
9
10
4
9
6
10
8
9
11
15
6
9
13
9
7
7
12
10
8
6
6
o
2
1
3
2
9
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
1
7
8
11
3
3
3
4
5
7
1
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
8
9
9
14
6
11
2
4
6
2
13
9
8
12
3
4
3
10
3
3
4
2
2
3
2
9h
M
14
7
8
7
8
8
12
10
7
12
5
5
8
9
5
27
9
11
2
6
6
6
9
8
5
10
10
11
11
6
6
4
10
7
6
12
5
12
7
8
8
13
8
10
8
10
8
6
11
6
9
9
6
8
14
9
12
o
4
7
10
2
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
7
3
1
1
7
6
4
5
9
4
1
4
4
3
3
4
1
1
2
2
1
2
5
8
6
9
9
11
3
3
5
5
5
3
2
2
3
6
1
5
4
1
2
4
3
1C
M
10
12
12
11
9
10
10
15
5
8
4
18
13
12
21
21
7
10
4
8
8
8
10
8
6
7
10
7
8
3
9
7
6
14
8
6
7
10
8
11
10
4
4
12
16
10
14
8
15
5
14
10
12
12
14
b
o
2
2
7
3
6
5
4
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
2
1
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
3
2
6
5
8
9
10
2
1
1
1
2
6
3
3
4
4
5
1
5
4
2
4
2
M
14
(2)
3
9
17
7
8
9
6
8
16
12
11
12
4
8
10
4
9
6
10
6
10
4
8
5
1
14
12
12
5
13
9
7
12
6
12
12
8
12
15
14
10
14
22
14
9
14
12
4
9
14
Local Astronomical Time
h
O
2
1
1
2
5
3
2
1
5
3
1
1
2
2
3
4
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
3
6
7
10
3
2
3
2
3
2
4
7
7
6
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
12
M
4
8
1
11
12
(9)
10
10
11
12
8
18
13
8
9
16
16
8
11
4
10
10
10
10
10
4
16
9
6
12
12
13
13
17
11
10
19
20
16
16
13
17
17
8
13
14
20
b
O
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
4
1
2
3
1
2
5
4
4
6
2
5
6
3
3
7
10
16
11
10
5
8
7
1
4
1
1
13b
M
10
15
5
14
16
8
12
8
14
21
24
16
22
15
10
8
15
10
10
6
4
6
13
11
18
5
-11
16
12
16
10
18
8
14
15
25
20
19
15
17
17
4
11
20
10
o
2
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
6
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
4
2
4
3
3
3
4
8
12
16
21
15
6
12
6
1
3
4
1
14"
M
10
8
10
10
6
8
10
3
6
15
14
8
10
9
15
12
4
11
12
13
12
11
5
6
17
16
17
6
12
13
11
9
14
26
21
12
12
21
21
19
22
18
16
23
19
21
16
12
O
4
2
2
2
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
6
4
3
1
1
3
2
2
2
5
3
4
4
2
1
1
4
4
9
10
19
14
7
8
3
1
1
2
4
15"
M
8
(5)
7
4
8
10
8
18
10
8
6
13
8
3
15
12
16
13
13
11
10
3
9
14
16
10
9
14
9
22
11
18
16
24
26
25
20
22
17
14
12
13
13
17
14
10
o
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
5
3
K
M
(6)
2
14
14
6
7
16
3
18
15
20
8
11
10
11
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
17'
M
(4)
(6)
O
1
1
M O
TOTAL FOR SEPTEMBER: 5329
1
2
1
3
5
1
2
3
1
1
2
5
7
12
8
11
13
11
7
4
1
1
3
1
3
2
9
17
10
11
18
12
10
10
16
5
12
16
25
17
18
44
24
24
23
17
14
8
13
12
17
13
12
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
7
13
3
12
9
5
5
6
2
2
5
2
1
3
TOTAL FOR
11
3
22
22
18
6
2
1
1
3
1
1
OCTOBER: 15214
M^corrected average number of meteors observed. O-=number of obvcrsationa on which M ia baaed. 6h=0601 to 0700; 7h=0701 to 0600, etc.
180 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ASTROPHYSICS
Month
and Day
November
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
M
7
4
11
5
2
2
2
3
4
1
O
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7h
M
6
9
5
8
3
5
4
6
9
7
5
8
14
7
8
4
4
7
1
10
25
4
8
4
6
6
AVERAGE HOURLY
0
2
1
2
4
2
4
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
5
2
1
1
3
1
3
1
3
2
g
M
9
12
8
8
3
6
5
6
13
4
10
5
2
8
8
8
6
4
8
6
18
4
4
6
6
9
1
o
3
2
5
9
1
4
2
2
5
2
3
4
2
4
3
8
5
2
5
7
3
2
2
4
6
5
9
M
6
6
8
11
5
14
4
13
4
6
10
6
7
3
11
8
7
9
5
7
8
8
5
10
7
6
12
6
i
o
2
2
1
6
1
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
1
11
2
5
5
5
1
2
5
6
1
3
3
2
5
10
M
11
14
8
12
10
14
7
3
6
7
6
10
10
8
14
4
11
2
4
11
17
16
6
8
9
4
RATES OF '
o
2
2
2
3
5
1
9
1
2
3
3
2
7
1
12
4
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
5
1
M
10
17
7
14
11
11
8
6
18
14
7
12
13
11
10
13
2
7
4
7
8
7
10
7
4
10
11
12
VISUAL METEORS?Continued
Local Astronomical Time
Ilk
O
2
3
1
2
7
3
8
1
6
5
3
1
1
7
5
15
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
I;
M
20
9
18
6
4
11
10
16
8
15
18
8
9
10
15
7
2
3
6
7
l l
8
9
12
4
10
10
8
o
2
1
5
5
1
8
1
8
4
2
1
2
10
12
19
2
2
1
1
1
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
2
12
M
20
6
13
13
6
6
17
5
16
2
12
12
2
14
16
18
8
19
9
6
10
9
11
19
11
14
h
o
1
2
1
4
6
2
5
1
2
2
2
2
1
11
17
31
8
1
4
1
2
5
4
1
1
1
u
M
17
7
16
5
17
3
18
6
15
6
14
17
23
25
13
8
9
13
12
15
10
8
6
14
h
o
1
1
2
7
5
1
2
3
6
2
2
12
24
32
9
2
4
3
3
3
5
2
1
2
15k
M
10
4
12
16
14
14
12
8
17
8
12
15
27
34
13
11
17
14
14
14
15
11
19
6
22
7
l l
6
O
1
2
2
1
4
2
6
2
10
4
6
18
23
33
13
4
3
8
2
1
3
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
K
M
8
10
15
16
11
12
6
12
15
18
16
22
33
IK
22
28
16
13
27
9
12
16
15
21
12
14
O
2
3
1
6
6
6
3
10
5
2
6
18
25
11
5
2
9
7
1
3
5
3
9
3
2
2
V)
M
8
4
9
15
20
18
20
31
29
22
12
9
8
19
12
12
11
h
O
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
16
7
2
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
18*
M O
15 2
5 1
December
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 JC16
17
18
19
20
OO
22
23
24
25
ox26
O*72y
28
29
30
31
7
16
6
21
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
4
8
3
6
5
5
4
20
2
3
3
4
5
3
6
3
7
5
4
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
3
4
3
2
1
3
3
2
2
6
5
4
7
9
4
7
6
13
5
13
17
26
66
9
6
6
12
9
4
5
12
8
5
4
5
4
4
4
7
4
2
6
4
1
6
3
4
3
5
3
5
4
8
9
4
2
1
2
4
4
4
2
2
1
4
3
1
3
2
5
2
15
6
6
16
5*
8
5
7
7
5
10
15
33
58
8
10
12
8
4
4
6
19
13
9
6
4
4
6
3
2
6
1
6
2
3
4
2
3
4
4
5
7
7
30
13
6
3
3
4
1
3
6
1
3
1
4
1
4
6
1
1
2
23
8
12*
7
4
6
11
7
14
19
36
18
4
10
14
14
7
10
11
4
4
8
7
1
3
10
5
6
1
3
4
3
3
7
7
14
30
9
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
21
18
18
11
5
12
13
10
14
13
20
24
45
20
6
14
7
11
5
3
6
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
5
6
10
16
26
22
2
3
4
2
1
1
2
4
14
6*
15
11
10
10
21
13
11
21
36
48
30
17
20
8
4
10
7
1
1
1
8
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
4
2
9
22
30
18
5
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
16
13
12
14
8
16
21
38
55
28
16
12
16
13
12
13
3
6
1
2
8
9
2
1
1
2
4
3
10
17
25
10
3
2
1
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
20
14
5
13
8
18
18
35
49
32
13
21
16
10
11
4
10
3
11
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
6
8
20
5
3
2
2
4
3
2
1
1
1
12
18
16
14
19
15
11
22
20
32
60
44
22OO
 CO
17
12
14
5
9
n
9
10
TOTAL FOR
2
1
4
2
3
3
1
4
4
5
12
5
2
1
1
1
5
2
3
1
1
1
2
14
10
15
15
17
16
14
20
21
22
57
32
20
2
14
24
14
13
8
8
14
14
8
10
18
2
2
1
3
7
3
2
6
9
5
15
3
4
1
1
1
1
5
2
2
2
1
1
2
7
SJOVEMBER: 15993
17
20
17
24
8
14
19
16
16
22
54
19
22
16
8
9
12
14
11
8
13
9
8
11
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
3
11
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
14 1
TOTAL FOR DECEMBER: 22351
GRAND TOTAL: 177931
'corrected average number of meteor, obaerved. O - n u m b e r of ob?rva t io M on which M i. ba?d . 6 > - 0 6 0 1 to 0700; 7>-<W>l to 0800, etc.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1965 O?746-363