The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea:
Decapoda) of the Albatross
Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910,
Part 5: Family Alpheidae
Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 4 6 6
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 4 6 6
The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda)
of the Albatross Philippine Expedition,
1907-1910, Part 5: Family Alpheidae
Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1988
A B S T R A C T
Chace, Fenner A., Jr. The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross
Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910, Part 5: Family Alpheidae. Smithsonian Contributions to
Zoology, number 466, 99 pages 25 figures, 1988. Keys are offered to the Philippine genera of
the family, including the new monotypic genus Vexillipar, based on the new species V.
repandum, the commonest alpheid in the collection and a possible inhabitant of Euplectella,
the Venus's-flower-basket sponge, in depths of 296 to 875 meters. Also included are keys to
all currently recognized species of Automate, Batella, Betaeopsis, and Nennalpheus, and to the
known Philippine species of Alpheopsis, Alpheus.Athanas, and Synalpheus. The following new
species are described, in addition to Vexillipar repandum: Alpheus davaoensis from 51 meters
in Davao Gulf, Mindanao; A. hyphalus from 296 meters in Verde Island Passage south of
western Luzon; A. macellarius from the Cebu Market; A. quasirapacida and A. suluensis from
18 and 38 meters, respectively, in the southwestern Sulu Archipelago; and Batella leptocarpus
from 296 meters in the western Mindanao Sea.
OFFICUAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is
recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral
Montastrea cavernosa (Linneaus).
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Chace, Fenner Albert
The caridean shrimps (Crustacea?Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910.
(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 381- )
Includes bibliographies.
SupL of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:381
1. Shrimps?Philippines?Classification. 2. Crustacea?Classification?Collected works. 3. Crustacea?Philippines?
Classification?Collected works. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 381 etc.
QL1.S54 no. 381, etc 591s [595.3'843] 83-60000061 [QL444.M33]
Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Acknowledgments 1
*ALPHEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 3
Key to Philippine Genera of Alpheidae 3
*Alpheopsis Coutiere, 1896 4
Key to Previously Known Philippine Species of Alpheopsis 5
1. Alpheopsis aequalis Coutiere, 1896 5
2. Alpheopsis diabolus A.H. Banner, 1956 5
*Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 6
Key to Philippine Species of Alpheus 7
3. Alpheus acutocarinatus De Man, 1909 14
* 4. Alpheus acutofemoratus Dana, 1852 15
* 5. Alpheus alcyone De Man, 1902 15
6. Alpheus barbatus Coutiere, 1897 16
7. Alpheus batesi A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1964 16
8. Alpheus bicostatus De Man, 1908 16
* 9. Alpheus bidens (Olivier, 1811) 17
* 10. Alpheus bucephalus Coutiere, 1905 17
11. Alpheus canaliculatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968 18
12. Alpheus chiragricus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 18
13. Alpheus collumianus Stimpson, 1860 19
14. Alpheus compressus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981 19
15. Alpheus coutierei De Man, 1909 20
16. Alpheus crinitus Dana, 1852 20
* 17. Alpheus crockeri (Armstrong, 1941) 20
* 18. Alpheus davaoensis, new species 21
* 19. Alpheus deuteropus Hilgendorf, 1879 22
* 20. Alpheus diadema Dana, 1852 23
* 21. Alpheus dispar Randall, 1840 23
22. Alpheus dolerus A.H. Banner, 1956 24
* 23. Alpheus edamensis De Man, 1888 24
* 24. Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin, 1826) 25
25. Alpheus ehlersii De Man, 1909 25
26. Alpheus euchirus Dana, 1852 26
* 27. Alpheus eulimene De Man, 1909 26
* 28. Alpheus euphrosyne euphrosyne De Man, 1897 27
29. Alpheus facetus De Man, 1908 27
30. Alpheus foresti A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981 27
* 31. Alpheus frontalis H. Milne Edwards, 1837 28
* 32. Alpheus funafutensis Borradaile, 1898 28
* 33. Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson, 1860 29
34. Alpheus gracilis Heller, 1862 30
* 35. Alpheus hailstonei Coutiere, 1905 30
* 36. Alpheus hippothoe De Man, 1888 30
* 37. Alpheus hyphalus, new species 31
38. Alpheus ladronis A.H. Banner, 1956 31
iii
IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
39. Alpheus leptochirus Coutiere, 1905 33
40. Alpheus leviusculus leviusculus Dana, 1852 34
* 41. Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849 34
* 42. Alpheus lottini Guerin, 1829 35
* 43. Alpheus macellarius, new species 35
* 44. Alpheus macroskeles Alcock and Anderson, 1894 37
45. Alpheus maindroni, Coutiere, 1898 38
* 46. Alpheus malabaricus (Fabricius, 1775) 39
* 47. Alpheus malleodigitus (Bate, 1888) 40
* 48. Alpheus microstylus (Bate, 1888) 41
49. Alpheus miersi Coutiere, 1898 41
50. Alpheus mitis Dana, 1852 42
* 51. Alpheus nonalter Kensley, 1969 42
* 52. Alpheus obesomanus Dana, 1852 44
53. Alpheus ovaliceps Coutiere, 1905 44
54. Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, 1860 45
* 55. Alpheus pacificus Dana, 1852 45
56. Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881 45
57. Alpheus paradentipes Coutiere, 1905 46
* 58. Alpheus paralcyone Coutiere, 1905 46
* 59. Alpheus pareuchirus pareuchirus Coutiere, 1905 47
* 60. Alpheus parvirostris Dana, 1852 47
* 61. Alpheus parvus De Man, 1909 48
* 62. Alpheus polyxo De Man, 1909 48
63. Alpheus proseuchirus De Man, 1908 49
* 64. Alpheus pustulosus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968 49
* 65. Alpheus quasirapacida, new species 50
* 66. Alpheus serenei Tiwari, 1963 51
* 67. Alpheus soela D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1987 52
* 68. Alpheus spatulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968 52
69. Alpheus splendidus Coutiere, 1897 54
70. Alpheus spongiarum Coutiere, 1897 54
71. Alpheus stanleyi Coutiere, 1908 55
72. Alpheus staphylinus Coutiere, 1908 55
* 73. Alpheus strenuus strenuus Dana, 1852 56
74. Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1878 56
* 75. Alpheus suluensis, new species 57
76. Alpheus villosus (Olivier, 1811) 59
Aretopsis De Man, 1910 59
77. Aretopsis amabilis De Man, 1910 60
*Athanas Leach, 1814 60
Key to Philippine Species of Athanas 61
78. Athanas areteformis Coutiere, 1903 61
79. Athanas borradailei (Coutiere, 1903) 61
80. Athanas dimorphus Ortmann, 1894 61
81. Athanas djiboutensis Coutiere, 1897 62
82. Athanas dorsalis (Stimpson, 1860) 62
83. Athanas indicus (Coutiere, 1903) 62
* 84. ?Athanas jedanensis De Man, 1910 62
85. Athanas marshallensis Chace, 1955 63
86. Athanas parvus De Man, 1910 63
NUMBER 466
Automate De Man, 1888 63
Key to Species of Automate 64
87. Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888 64
*Batella Holthuis, 1955 65
Key to Species of Batella 65
* 88. Batella leptocarpus, new species 65
* 89. Batella parvimanus (Bate, 1888) 67
Betaeopsis Yaldwyn, 1971 67
Key to Species of Betaeopsis 69
90. Betaeopsis indica (De Man, 1910) 69
Metalpheus Coutiere, 1908 69
91. Metalpheus paragracilis (Coutiere, 1897) 69
Nennalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981 69
Key to Species of Nennalpheus 70
92. Nennalpheus inarticulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981 70
Neoalpheopsis A.H. Banner, 1953 70
93. Neoalpheopsis euryone (De Man, 1910) 70
Prionalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1960 70
94. Prionalpheus sulu A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1971 70
Racilius Paulson, 1875 71
95. Racilius compressus Paulson, 1875 71
Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 71
96. Salmoneus mauiensis (Edmondson, 1930) 71
97. Salmoneus serratidigitus (Coutiere, 1896) 71
*Synalpheus Bate, 1888 72
Key to Philippine Species of Synalpheus 72
98. Synalpheus albatrossi Coutiere, 1909 75
99. Synalpheus amabilis De Man, 1910 76
100. Synalpheus anterior De Man, 1910 76
*101. Synalpheus bituberculatus DeMan, 1910 76
102. Synalpheus charon (Heller, 1861) 77
103. Synalpheus coutierei A.H. Banner, 1953 77
*104. Synalpheus demani Borradaile, 1899 77
*105. Synalpheus fossor (Paulson, 1875) 78
106. Synalpheus gracilirostris De Man, 1910 78
?107. Synalpheus hastilicrassus Coutiere, 1905 79
*108. Synalpheus iocasta De Man, 1909 80
109. Synalpheus laticeps Coutiere, 1905 81
*110. Synalpheus neomeris (DeMan, 1897) 81
?111. Synalpheus neptunus (Dana, 1852) 82
*112. Synalpheus nilandensis Coutiere, 1905 82
*113. Synalpheus odontophorus De Man, 1909 83
114. Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutiere, 1905 83
*115. Synalpheus pescadorensis Coutiere, 1905 83
116. Synalpheus quadriarticulatus D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975 84
*117. Synalpheus quadrispinosus De Man, 1910 84
?118. Synalpheus sciro D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975 85
119. Synalpheus septemspinosus De Man, 1910 85
*120. Synalpheus stimpsonii (De Man, 1888) 86
*121. Synalpheus streptodactylus Coutiere, 1905 87
122. Synalpheus thai A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966 87
vi SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
*123. Synalpheus theano De Man, 1910 88
*124. Synalpheus triacanthus De Man, 1910 88
?125. Synalpheus trispinosus De Man 1910 89
*126. Synalpheus tropidodactylus D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975 89
127. Synalpheus tumidomanus (Paulson, 1875) 90
*Vexillipar, new genus 90
*128. Vexillipar repandum, new species 91
Literature Cited 94
The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda)
of the Albatross Philippine Expedition,
1907-1910, Part 5: Family Alpheidae
Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
Introduction
General considerations about the Albatross Philippine
Expedition and its collections have been presented in Part 1
of this series (Chace, 1983). Repeated below are those
particulars that are common to each of the parts.
The taxa itemized are those known from the Philippines,
whether or not they are represented in the Albatross collections;
those taken by that Expedition are indicated by an asterisk (*).
(This is a departure from earlier parts of the report, in which
taxa recorded from either the Philippines or Indonesia were
included.) The genera and species are arranged alphabetically,
and the latter are numbered sequentially by order of appearance
in the taxonomic portion of the report The generic entries
comprise at least the original reference followed by designation
of the type species and of the gender of the generic name, a
diagnosis, and the geographic and bathymetric ranges of the
genus. There has been no attempt to list all references or even
all synonyms under the taxa headings in the text. Usually the
species and subspecies entries are limited to: (1) the original
reference and type locality of both senior and junior synonyms
mentioned; (2) a reference to a published illustration, if
possible; (3) a diagnosis; and (4) the range of the taxon. Under
"Material" of species and subspecies represented in the
Albatross collections are listed the following particulars when
known: (1) general locality; (2) station number; (3) latitude
and longitude; (4) depth in meters (in brackets when
estimated); (5) character of bottom; (6) bottom temperature in
degrees Celsius; (7) date and astronomical time intervals (hours
between midnight and midnight, local time) that the gear
operated at the indicated depth; (8) gear used; and (9) the
number and sex of the specimens, with minimum and
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum, in brackets (the
Fenner A. Chace, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology (NHB 163), National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
numbers and size ranges of ovigerous females are included in
the female totals, as well as separately). Additional station data
may be available in Anonymous (1910).
Acknowledgments
This report compares quite unfavorably with the exemplary
publications on Indo-Pacific alpheids by the late Albert H. and
Dora May Banner (see "Literature Cited") but it is far better
than it would have been without benefit of the solid foundation
that they established. Perhaps partial reiteration of my remarks
to Dora Banner following Hank's untimely death on August
18, 1985, will not only express publicly my indebtedness to
them but may demonstrate to other novices the requirements
for successful taxonomic research: "Only someone who has
taken full advantage of the Banner legacy, as I have for the
past eight months, knows the significance of the example they
have set for anyone undertaking the revision of a group of
organisms: (1) become sufficiently familiar with earlier
students of the group and their publications to be able to
interpret their descriptions to the utmost; (2) take advantage
of every opportunity to examine type specimens; (3) visit as
many collecting sites as possible, especially type localities, in
an effort to correlate color and ecological factors with
morphological ones; (4) develop an ample standard descriptive
format that permits ready comparison of diagnostic characters
and follow it consistently; and (5) when disaster strikes, don't
cry over spilled milk?pitch into the cow and get more!" Thirty
years of adherence to such doctrines provided the Banners with
an alpheid species sense that seems to me to be nearly infallible.
In addition to their published contributions, I have been
privileged to profit in two other ways from the Banners'
industry: (1) much of the material identified by A.H.
Banner?especially unrecorded specimens from the Philip-
pines collected subsequent to the Banner reports of 1978 and
1981?was available in the Smithsonian for direct comparison
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
,12 0?E. ) 12 5?
f TAIWAN
FIGURE 1.?The Philippines and central Indonesia, showing the positions of the more than 330 Albatross offshore
stations at which caridean shrimps were collected.
NUMBER 466
during preparation of the keys, and (2) D.M. Banner, although
retired from active systematic research and coping with
grievous terminal illness, graciously reviewed the penultimate
draft of this report and considerably enhanced its value,
especially in regard to the reliability of the ranges of the
species?a component of contributions of this kind that I am
prone to treat with somewhat limited enthusiasm because of
the often questionable reliability of identifications in the
literature (a problem that is of minor importance in an area
that has been so nearly monopolized for so long by a single
research team). The report has also been materially improved
by a characteristically detailed review by L.B. Holthuis of the
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden and perusal
by my Smithsonian colleague, B.F. Kensley, who devoted
considerable effort to testing the keys to the genera and to the
genus Alpheus. AJ. Bruce of the Northern Territory Museum,
Darwin, Australia, also reported successful trials of some of
the keys. R.W. Ingle of the British Museum (Natural History)
voluntarily made the holotype of Batella parvimanus available
for examination. As previously, my colleagues Horton H.
Hobbs, Jr., Raymond B. Manning, and Austin B. Williams
were continuing sources of professional assistance and
encouragement. Finally, I am deeply indebted to Sandra L.
Charles and Mary Ann MacLeod, who shared the task of
transferring my typescript to a word processor, an exercise so
remote from my sphere of competence as to distinguish clearly
my helpless senior status from that of my colleagues, nearly
all of whom have long since mastered such currently
mandatory research procedures.
*ALPHEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815
Alphidia Rafinesque, 1815:98.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum, if present, immovably attached to
remainder of carapace, without single subterminal dorsal tooth;
eyes short, often partially or completely concealed by carapace;
antennule with dorsolateral flagellum usually more or less
bifurcate; 2nd maxilliped with terminal segment applied as
strip to mesial margin of flexed penultimate segment; 3rd
maxilliped bearing well-developed exopod; pereopods without
distinct exopods, both members of 2 anterior pairs distinctly
chelate, 2nd pair with carpus subdivided into 2 or more
segments, 3 posterior pairs not unusually long, carpus shorter
than propodus.
RANGE.?Commonly pantropical, especially numerous on
coral reefs, to 45??unusually to 60??north and south latitude;
littoral, rarely in fresh water, to 875 meters.
REMARKS.?Of the slightly less than 30 alpheid genera
generally recognized today, more than half are represented in
the Philippines, alone. Partly because most of the alpheid
genera are represented by small species that are commonly
found in shallow water, whereas the emphasis of the Albatross
Expedition was directed toward collecting the larger, offshore
animals, only six of the 15 Philippine genera are represented
in the resultant material. The most abundant species in the
collections, however, belongs to a new genus that occurs only
in depths greater than 296 meters.
Key to Philippine Genera of Alpheidae
1. Strap-like epipods on at least 2 anterior pairs of pereopods 2
No strap-like epipods on any pereopods 13
2. Eyes concealed from view in dorsal aspect (except when artificially displaced
anteriad) 3
Eyes at least partially exposed in dorsal aspect 11
3. Third maxilliped broad, flat, and longitudinally curved, partially covering enlarged
anterior mouthparts; appendix masculina unusually elongate, overreaching
exopod of 2nd pleopod of male Metalpheus
Third maxilliped subtrigonal in cross-section, not suboperculate; appendix
masculina not unusually elongate 4
4. Telson produced posteriorly into triangular point Neoalpheopsis
Tfelson posteriorly truncate, convex, incised, not triangularly produced 5
5. Body much compressed from side to side; carapace with sharp, high carina over
nearly entire length of dorsal midline Racilius
Body not unusually compressed, carapace with, at most, partial low carina in dorsal
midline 6
6. Rostrum absent Betaeopsis
Rostrum usually distinct (if not, 1st pereopods asymmetrical, major chela carried
with movable finger dorsolateral, not ventral, with molar-like tooth on movable
finger, with adhesive plaques at base of movable finger and on distal end of palm,
and with strap-like epipods on 4 anterior pairs of pereopods) 7
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
7. Major cheliped carried in flexed position Salmoneus
Major cheliped carried extended 8
8. Major cheliped carried with movable finger dorsolateral 9
Major cheliped carried with movable finger ventrolateral 10
9. Major chela without molar-like tooth on movable finger *Alpheopsis
Major chela with molar-like tooth on movable finger *Alpheus
10. Mandible with palp; major chela with adhesive plaques at base of movable finger
and on distal end of palm; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate
Nennalpheus
Mandible without palp; 1st pereopods without adhesive plaques at base of movable
finger and on distal end of palm; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate
*Vexillipar
11. Both cornea and eyestalk exposed in dorsal aspect; rostrum vestigial or absent; 6th
abdominal somite without articulated plate at posteroventral angle . Automate
Little more than cornea of eye exposed in dorsal aspect; rostrum overreaching eyes;
6th abdominal somite with movable plate articulated at posteroventral angle. 12
12. Rostrum broadly rounded terminally in lateral aspect; mandible without palp; 1st
pereopods carried with movable finger ventrolateral Aretopsis
Rostrum acute in lateral aspect; mandible with palp; 1st pereopods carried with
movable finger dorsolateral *Athanas
13. Sixth abdominal somite with movable plate articulated at posteroventral angle . .
14
Sixth abdominal somite without articulated plate at posteroventral angle . . . .15
14. Eyes exposed in dorsal aspect; mandible with palp and molar process
*Athanas
Eyes concealed from view in dorsal aspect; mandible without palp or molar process
Prionclpheus
15. Eyes exposed in dorsal aspect; mandible without palp; 1st pereopods symmetrical;
major chela without molar-like tooth on movable finger; appendix masculina
on 2nd pleopod of male *Batella
Eyes concealed in dorsal aspect; mandible with palp; 1st pereopods asymmetrical;
major chela with molar-like tooth on movable finger; no appendix masculina
on 2nd pleopod of male *Synalpheus
*Alpheopsis Coutiere, 1896
Alpheopsis Coutiere, 1896:382 [type species, selected by Holthuis, 1955:84:
Betaeus trispinosus Stimpson, 1860:32; gender: feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum distinct, acute in lateral aspect; carapace without
high carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen
usually with triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle
of 6th somite; telson terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth;
eyes concealed from dorsal view, visible in anterior aspect;
mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped not
unusually broadened to form partial operculum over other
mouthparts; 1st pereopods similar but not necessarily equal,
carried extended with movable finger dorsal or lateral, not
ventral, major chela without molar-like tooth on movable
finger; 2nd chela with fingers about as long as palm, carpus
with 3 -5 , usually 5, articles; pereopods with strap-like epipods
on at least 3 anterior pairs; appendix masculina not overreach-
ing exopod of 2nd pleopod.
RANGE.?Pantropical with temperate extensions; littoral to
786 meters.
REMARKS.?The useful list of species of Alpheopsis pub-
lished by Hobbs (1973:77) may be modified by adding the
species A. harperi Wicksten, 1984, A. shearmii (Alcock and
Anderson, 1899) A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1977a, A. undicola
D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1973, and A. yaldwyni D.M. and A.H.
Banner, 1973, and also A. equidactylus (Lockington, 1877) and
A. garricki Yaldwyn, 1971, by those who consider those two
forms to be distinct from A. trispinosa (Stimpson, 1860), and
by deleting A. haugi Coutiere, 1906, and A. monodi Sollaud,
1932, both of which were transferred to the genus Potamalphe-
ops by Powell (1979), and A. stygicola Hobbs, 1973,
subsequently transferred to that genus by Hobbs (1983).
Currently, Alpheopsis seems to be represented by 21 species,
or 19 species in the opinion of those who believe that A.
trispinosa is a single pantropical species. Wicksten (1984b:99)
recorded A. trispinosa from the Gulf of Mexico and referred
to it as "a pantropical species," but the same author in a paper
NUMBER 466
issued a month earlier (1984a: 186) reported a range extension
of A. equidactylus without referring to the remark in Schmitt
(1921:77) that "According to Coutiere this [species] is
Alpheopsis trispinosus of Stimpson (Rathbun)." A footnote in
D.M. and A.H. Banner (1973:337) reads: "In personal
correspondence Dr. J.C. Yaldwyn has indicated that he believes
his species A. garrick [sic] (1971:87) may prove to be a
synonym of this species [A. trispinosa] as redefined," but three
pages later (1973:340), Banner and Banner remark that "On
the basis of distributional pattern, we feel as we did in our
1966 paper that there may well be 3 species, one from the
tropical Pacific, one from the south temperate Pacific, and
another from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic," and "Until
the true identity of De Man's, Coutiere's, Sollaud's, and our
specimens are confirmed, we are loath to ascribe any
non-Australian distribution to this species."
The only specimen of Alpheopsis in the Albatross Philippine
collections is a large female without either anterior cheliped
with a postrostral carapace length of 10.2 mm (total length
about 31 mm) from station 5188; Tafion Strait, east of Negros;
9?44X 123?14'20"E; 547 m; green mud; 17.0?C; 1 Apr 1908
(1044-1104); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 3 mud bags. The frontal
margin is devoid of ocular teeth, there are five articles in the
carpus of the second pereopod, and the dactyls of the three
posterior pairs of pereopods are simple. This combination of
characters is shared by only five of the known species of the
genus: A. aequalis Coutiere, 1897, A. consobrinus De Man,
1910, A. labis Chace, 1972, A. trigonus (Rathbun, 1901), and
A. yaldwyni D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1973. The Albatross
specimen seems to agree with most of the species of Alpheopsis
examined in having strap-like epipods on the four anterior pairs
of pereopods, but specimens available of the variable A.
aequalis seem to have them on only the three anterior pairs.
Even more distinctive is the dorsolateral antennular flagellum
in the Albatross specimen, in which the fused portion, of six
articles, is only one-half to three-fourths as long as the shorter
of the free branches, which consists of as many as 12 articles.
Of the five species that may be most like the Albatross
specimen, only the Australian A. yaldwyni seems to be of
similar size and to have even superficially similar antennular
flagella, but that species has the proximal article in the carpus
of the second pereopod proportionately longer and it is known
only from shallow water, whereas the Philippine specimen
came from a depth of nearly 550 meters, the deepest record for
the genus, except for 786 meters at the type locality of A.
shearmii.
Key to Previously Known Philippine Species of Alpheopsis
Ocular hoods convex, unarmed; 2nd pereopod with proximal article of carpus little if any
longer than 2 succeeding articles combined; 3rd-5th pereopods with dactyl simple . .
LA. aequalis
Ocular hoods acutely produced, front tridentate; 2nd pereopod with proximal article of
carpus longer than 4 succeeding articles combined; 3rd-5th pereopods with dactyl
biunguiculate 2. A. diabolus
1. Alpheopsis aequalis Coutiere, 1896
Alpheopsis aequalis Coutiere, 1896:382 [type locality; the type specimens
were recorded from two localities: Red Sea and Indian Ocean].
Alpheopsis equalis.?A.H. Banner, 1953:15, fig. 4.?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1973:342, fig. 16; 1978:218.
DIAGNOSIS.?Ocular hoods variably convex, not dentate;
dorsolateral antennular flagellum with fused portion very short,
composed of 1 or 2 articles; 2nd pereopod with proximal article
of carpus no longer than 2 succeeding articles combined;
3rd-5th pereopods with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate;
epipods on 3 anterior pairs of pereopods; maximum carapace
length about 5 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Hawaii; intertidal
to 80 meters.
REMARKS.?There is no apparent justification for spelling
the specific name of this shrimp in any but the correct Latin
way originally proposed by Coutiere (1896).
2. Alpheopsis diabolus A.H. Banner, 1956
Alpheopsis diabilus [diabolus in figure legend] A.H. Banner, 1956:325, fig. 3
[type locality: Saipan, Mariana Islands].
Alpheopsis diabolus.?KM. and D.M. Banner, 1964:86; 1967:262.?D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1978:218.
DIAGNOSIS.?Ocular hoods dentate; dorsolateral antennular
flagellum with fused portion swollen and composed of more
than 5 articles; 2nd pereopod with proximal article of carpus
considerably longer than 4 succeeding articles; 3rd-5th
pereopods with dactyl biunguiculate; epipods on 4 anterior
pairs of pereopods; maximum carapace length about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Philippines and Mariana, Phoenix, and Society
islands, littoral.
REMARKS.?A.H. and D.M. Banner (1964) confirmed that
the original spelling of the specific name of this species (1956)
was a typographical error. Although that external evidence
does not automatically invalidate the original spelling,
according to Article 32c(ii) of the International Code of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Zoological Nomenclature, the alternate spelling was validated
by the Banners' action under the first reviser principle, Article
24(c).
*Alpheus Fabricius, 1798
Crangon Weber, 1795:94 [type species, by monotypy: Astacus Malabaricus
Fabricius, 1775:415; gender feminine; name suppressed by plenary action
of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 334
(1955)].
Alpheus Fabricius, 1798:380, 404 [type species, selected by Latreille,
1810:422: Alpheus avarus Fabricius, 1798:404; gender, masculine].
Cryptophthalmus Rafinesque, 1814:23 [type species, by monotypy: Cryptoph-
thalmus ruber Rafinesque, 1814:23 (= Cancer glater Olivi, 1792:51);
gender masculine].
Autonomaea Risso, 1816:166 [type species, by monotypy: Autonomaea Olivii
Risso, 1816:166 (= Cancer glaber Olivi, 1792:51); gender feminine].
Asphalius P. Roux, 1831:22 [type species, by monotypy: Palaemon
brevirostris Olivier, 1811:664; gender masculine].
Dienecia Westwood in Hailstone, 1835:552 [type species, by monotypy:
Hippolyte? rubra Hailstone, 1835:272 (= Hippolyte macrocheles Hailstone,
1835:395); gender feminine.].
Phleusa Nardo, 1847:6 [type species, by monotypy: Phleusa cynea Nardo,
1847:6 (= Cancer glaber, Olivi, 1792:51); gender feminine].
Halopsyche De Saussure, 1857:100 [type species, by monotypy: Halopsyche
lularia De Saussure, 1857:100 (= Alpheus helerochaelis Say, 1818:243);
gender feminine].
Alpheoides Paulson, 1875:105 [type species, selected by Holthuis, 1955:91:
Alpheus insignis Heller, 1861:26; gender masculine].
Par alpheus Bate, 1888:567 [type species, by monotypy: Palaemon diversi-
manus Olivier, 1811:663; gender, masculine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum variable, acute in lateral aspect;
carapace without high carina throughout length of dorsal
midline; abdomen without triangular flap articulated at
posterolateral angle of 6th somite; telson not terminating
posteriorly in triangular tooth; eyes concealed from dorsal
view; mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped
not unusually broadened to form partial operculum over other
mouthparts; 1st pereopods dissimilar and unequal, carried
extended with movable finger dorsal or lateral, not ventral,
major chela usually with molar-like tooth on movable finger;
2nd chela with fingers about as long as palm, carpus with S
articles; pereopods with strap-like epipods on 4 anterior pairs;
appendix masculina not overreaching exopod of 2nd pleopod.
RANGE.?Virtually all tropical and subtropical and some
temperate seas; intertidal to 640 meters.
REMARKS.?Of the approximately 220 species and 10
subspecies of the genus Alpheus currently recognized (includ-
ing the six species described herein and seven nominal species
that must be regarded for the time being as nomina dubia), 74
have now been recorded from the Philippines, and 41 of them
are represented in the Albatross collections.
It is unfortunate that acceptable means of subdividing this
cumbersome genus are not yet apparent. To be sure, the seven
generally accepted species groups of Alpheus are probably
characterized by valid phylogenetic differences, but there
would be no practical gain in elevating them to even subgeneric
status. The most important taxonomic features of each of the
groups stems from the structure of the major cheliped, an
appendage that is all too often missing from preserved material.
It is hoped that recourse to these characters only as a last resort
in the following key may facilitate the identification of
collections comprising variably intact material. Each of the
species diagnoses, however, is accompanied by an indication
of the group with which it is associated, and the groups are
characterized below in alphabetical order (characterizations
adapted from D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982).
Brevirostris Group
Orbital teeth lacking, orbital hoods often prominent; major
chela with palm always compressed, more or less quadrangular
in cross-section, often with surfaces delimited by distinct
angles, with or without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque;
minor chela sometimes "balaeniceps" in male; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl always simple, sometimes subspatulate, merus
usually unarmed on flexor margin.
Crinitus Group
Rostrum often reduced, sometimes lacking; orbital teeth
lacking; major chela with palm rounded in cross-section,
without sculpture; minor chela often "balaeniceps" in male;
3rd pereopod with dactyl simple or biunguiculate, merus
usually armed with strong tooth on flexor margin.
Diadema Group
Rostrum with base sometimes flattened and abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; orbital teeth usually lacking;
major chela with palm rounded to oval in cross-section, usually
with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque but lacking
longitudinal grooves; minor chela sometimes "balaeniceps" in
male; 3rd pereopod with dactyl almost always simple,
sometimes variable intraspecifically, merus with or without
tooth on flexor margin.
Edwardsii Group
Orbital teeth lacking except in A. euchirus; major chela with
palm compressed, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque
and usually with shoulder on opposite margin proximal to fixed
finger, "saddle" usually extending onto both adjoining surfaces
as triangular or quadrangular depressions; minor chela often
"balaeniceps" in male; 3rd pereopod with dactyl usually
simple, sometimes subspatulate, merus usually dentate on
flexor margin.
Macrocheles Group
Orbital teeth always present; major chela with dactyl often
deep and compressed into thin lamina, tip sometimes bulbous,
palm compressed, somewhat twisted, with 3 longitudinal ridges
and grooves, sometimes interrupted, terminating distally in
NUMBER 466
adhesive plaque and strong tooth on each side of dactylar
articulation; minor chela never "balaeniceps"; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl simple or biunguiculate, merus with or without
teeth on flexor margin.
Obesomanus Group
Rostrum reduced, sometimes lacking; orbital teeth lacking;
antennal peduncle often elongate, stylocerite with tooth weak
or lacking; antennal peduncle and scale reduced; major chela
with dactyl in form of single- or double-headed hammer, palm
proximally rounded, distally tapering, with variably distinct
longitudinal grooves; minor chela never "balaeniceps"; 2nd
pereopods sometimes unusually long and asymmetrical; 3rd
pereopod variable, not strongly dentate.
Sulcatus Group
Rostrum sometimes with base flattened and delimited from
adrostral furrows; orbital teeth often present; major chela with
palm never markedly compressed, usually with longitudinal
but without transverse grooves; minor chela never "balaeniceps";
3rd pereopod with dactyl simple or biunguiculate, merus with
or without tooth on flexor margin.
Key to Philippine Species of Alpheus
1. Acute anterior tooth on each orbital hood or on margin between rostrum and orbital
hood 2
Anterior margin of carapace without acute tooth either side of rostrum 18
2. Orbital spine arising from surface rather than margin of orbital hood 3
Frontal spine arising from margin of adrostral region or of orbital hood, which may
be incised dorsad to base of spine 6
3. Third pereopod with merus armed with distal tooth on flexor margin 4
Third pereopod with merus unarmed on flexor margin 5
4. Body not densely setose; adrostral frontal margin unarmed; without median tooth
or tubercle on gastric region; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate
*19. A. deuteropus
Body denseley setose; both adrostral frontal margin and orbital hood armed with
acute tooth; median tooth or tubercle on gastric region; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate 76. A. villosus
5. Rostral base dorsally flattened and abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl blunt distally *42. A. lottini
Rostral base not flattened, sloping gradually into adrostral furrows; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl sharp pointed 69. A. splendidus
6. Third pereopod with strong distal tooth on flexor margin of merus 7
Third pereopod without strong distal tooth on flexor margin of merus 10
7. Major chela without tooth either side of dactylar articulation 8
Major chela with sharp tooth either side of dactylar articulation 9
8. Rostrum barely overreaching distal margin of 1st antennular segment; carapace
with median tubercle on anterior gastric region and paired flanges overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin armed with acute tooth
slightly mesial to orbital hood, orbital hood unarmed; 2nd antennular segment
twice as long as wide; major chela with narrow transverse "saddle" on palm
proximal to adhesive plaque, minor chela with dactyl distinctly shorter than palm,
palm without teeth at dactylar articulation; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article subequal to 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate
8. A. bicostatus
Rostrum not reaching nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment;
carapace without median tubercle on gastric region or paired flanges overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin unarmed mesial to orbital
hood, latter armed with sharp marginal tooth; 2nd antennular segment 3 times
as long as wide; major chela without "saddle" on palm proximal to adhesive
plaque; minor chela with dactyl slightly longer than palm, sharp tooth on extensor
margin of palm at articulation with dactyl; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article nearly twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate . . .
11. A. canaliculatus
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
9. Rostrum overreaching orbital spines 13. A. collumianus
Rostrum shorter than orbital spines 57. A. paradentipes
10. Major chela contorted and strongly sculptured, with at least 1 sharp carina
terminating distally in acute tooth at dactylar articulation 11
Major chela relatively smooth, without sharp carina supporting acute tooth at
dactylar articulation 14
11. Adrostral furrows distinct, extending posteriorly beyond eyes . 13. A. collumianus
Adrostral furrows short and somewhat obscure or absent 12
12. Major chela with carina supporting mesial tooth at dactylar articulation entire, not
interrupted *17. A. crockeri
Major chela with carina supporting mesial tooth at dactylar articulation interrupted
by transverse incision 13
13. Major chela with dactyl strongly compressed and curved in longitudinal plane; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl usually at least obscurely biunguiculate; typically
deepwater species (25-536 meters) *35. A. hailstonei
Major chela with dactyl not strongly compressed or markedly curved in longitudinal
plane; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not even obscurely biunguiculate;
shallow-water species 72. A. staphylinus
14. Major chela twice as long as wide, with distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive
plaque and marginal shoulder proximal to fixed finger 26. A. euchirus
Major chela 2V2 to 4 times as long as wide, without distinct "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque or marginal shoulder proximal to fixed finger 15
15. Second antennular segment 3 or more times as long as wide 16
Second antennular segment less than twice as long as wide 17
16. Body strongly compressed, carapace twice as high as wide; minor chela with dactyl
not "balaeniceps," at least in female; 3rd pereopod with dactyl subspatulate
14. A. compressus
Body not unusually compressed; minor chela with dactyl "balaeniceps" in both
sexes; 3rd pereopod with dactyl not subspatulate *67. A. soela
17. Margin between rostrum and orbital hood convex throughout; blunt rostral carina
extending posteriorly to near midlength of carapace; major chela without
depression on either margin proximal to fingers; 3rd pereopod with movable
spine on ischium 29. A. facetus
Margin between rostrum and orbital hood deeply incised at base of rostrum; rostrum
dorsally rounded, not carinate; major chela with slight depressions on both
margins proximal to fingers; 3rd pereopod without spine on ischium
34. A. gracilis
18. Rostrum abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows 19
Rostrum sloping gradually into adrostral furrows 24
19. Rostrum carinate in dorsal midline; margin between rostrum and orbital hood
convex; median tubercle on gastric region; major chela subcylindrical; 3rd
pereopod with acute subdistal tooth on flexor margin of merus
*20. A. diadema
Rostrum not carinate in dorsal midline; margin between rostrum and orbital hood
not distinctly convex; without median tubercle on gastric region; major chela
compressed; 3rd pereopod with merus unarmed on flexor margin 20
20. Third pereopod with dactyl subspatulate 21
Third pereopod with dactyl conical or biunguiculate, not subspatulate 23
21. Rostral margin not overhanging adrostral furrow; 2nd antennular segment 3 times
as long as wide; major chela with proximal shoulder overhanging "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque *68. A. spatulatus
Rostral margin overhanging adrostral furrow; 2nd antennular segment twice as
long as wide; major chela with proximal shoulder overhanging very slightly, if
at all, "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque 22
NUMBER 466
22. Antennal scale with lateral margin straight, distolateral spine overreaching distal
margin of blade little, if at all; major chela with proximal shoulder sloping into
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, not abrupt, distinct shoulder on opposite
margin proximal to fixed finger; minor chela with dactyl not "balaeniceps" in
either sex 30. A. foresti
Antennal scale with lateral margin concave, distolateral spine clearly overreaching
distal margin of blade; major chela with abrupt shoulder proximal to "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque, without distinct shoulder on opposite margin
proximal to fixed finger; minor chela with dactyl "balaeniceps" in male . . . .
63. A. proseuchirus
23. First pereopods with flexor margin of merus armed with sharp distal tooth and 2
or more spines proximal thereto; major chela 372 times as long as wide, with
distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela with dactyl
"balaeniceps" in both sexes; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate
*33. A. gracilipes
First pereopods with merus unarmed on flexor margin; major chela less than 3
times as long as wide, without distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque;
minor chela with dactyl not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
often biunguiculate or with vestige of subdistal tooth on flexor margin
74. A. sulcatus
24. Median tooth or tubercle on gastric region 25
Without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region 28
25. Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment; large acute tooth arising each side
of median gastric denticle and overhanging posterior end of adrostral furrow;
2nd antennular segment barely twice as long as wide; major chela less than 3
times as long as wide, with narrow transverse cleft or "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque; 3rd pereopod with dactyl not subspatulate, merus armed with
sharp subterminal tooth on flexor margin *9. A. bidens
Rostrum not reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment; carapace
without tooth arising either side of median gastric tubercle; 2nd antennular
segment more than 3 times as long as wide; major chela more than 4 times as
long as wide, without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl subspatulate, merus unarmed on flexor margin 26
26. Median postrostral carina extending posteriorly at least to midlength of carapace;
antennal scale with distolateral spine barely overreaching distal margin of blade
3. A. acutocarinatus
Median postrostral carina, if present, not extending posteriorly beyond anterior
gastric region; antennal scale with distolateral spine distinctly overreaching distal
margin of blade 27
27. First pereopods with strong subdistal tooth on extensor margin of merus; major
chela oval in cross section, without longitudinal carinae or ridges on palm . . .
*44. A. macroskeles
First pereopods without subdistal tooth on extensor margin of merus; major chela
with palm subrectangular in cross section and bearing strong longitudinal carina
near margin proximal to fixed finger, obscure longitudinal ridge near midline
of same surface, and 2 ridges defining flattened surface proximal to adhesive
plaque *51. A. nonalter
28. Median postrostral carina extending posteriorly nearly or quite to midlength of
carapace 29
Median rostral carina not extending posteriorly beyond anterior gastric region
35
29. Third pereopod with acute distal tooth on flexor margin of merus 30
Third pereopod with merus unarmed on flexor margin 34
30. Major chela without conspicuous sculpture; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article much shorter than 2nd 31
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Major chela with "saddle" overhung by proximal shoulder proximal to adhesive
plaque and shoulder on opposite margin proximal to fixed finger; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article much longer than 2nd 33
31. Rostrum prominent, sharply acute; frontal margin of carapace not extending
anteriorly beyond margins of orbital hoods; antennal scale with well-developed
blade reaching nearly or quite to distal end of antennular peduncle, basal antennal
segment (basicerite) bearing strong lateral spine; 3rd pereopod with conspicuous
movable spine on ischium *61. A. parvus
Rostrum very short and broad; frontal margin of carapace extending anteriorly
beyond margins of orbital hoods; antennal scale with reduced blade reaching
about as far as midlength of 2nd antennular segment, basal antennal segment
(basicerite) unarmed; 3rd pereopod with ischium unarmed 32
32. Rostrum minute, not extending anteriorly as far as lateral frontal margin; antennal
scale strongly concave laterally, distolateral spine not unusually robust; major
chela without distal sinus on palm proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela
with fingers shorter than palm *18. A. davaoensis
Rostrum extending anteriorly beyond lateral frontal margin; antennal scale
moderately concave laterally, distolateral spine unusually stout; major chela with
distal sinus on palm immediately proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela with
fingers slightly longer than palm *27. A. eulimene
33. Margins of orbital hoods not extended anteriorly as flattened projections; minor
chela without distinct lateral crest on dactyl *36. A. hippothoe
Margins of orbital hoods extended anteriorly as flattened projections; minor chela
with distinct lateral crest on dactyl, setiferous in male *66. A. serenei
34. Major chela with strong shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl not subspatulate, ischium unarmed IS. A. coutierei
Major chela without distinct shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, ischium bearing movable spine
*21. A dispar
35. Third pereopod with strong distal tooth on flexor margin of menis 36
Third pereopod without strong distal tooth on flexor margin of merus S3
36. Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus no more than xh as long as 2nd
37
Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus more than xli as long as to longer
than 2nd 45
37. Third pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate 38
Third pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate 40
38. Antennal scale with blade much reduced, reaching little more than halfway to tip
of distolateral spine; 3rd pereopod without spines on flexor margin of carpus or
movable spine on ischium 70. A. spongiarum
Antennal scale less reduced, reaching at least 2/3 of distance to tip of distolateral
spine; 3rd pereopod with 1-4 spines on flexor margin of carpus and with movable
spine on ischium 39
39. Minor chela not sexually dimorphic, fingers no more than 3/4 as long as palm; 3rd
pereopod with series of spines on mesial flexor margin of merus
*5. A. alcyone
Minor chela sexually dimorphic, dactyl distinctly wider and slightly longer in male
than in female, fingers at least as long as palm in both sexes; 3rd pereopod
without series of spines on flexor margin of merus *58. A. paralcyone
40. Third pereopod with movable spine on ischium 41
Third pereopod without spine on ischium 44
41. Major chela with dactyl like double-headed hammer 42
Major chela with conventional dactyl, not double-headed 43
42. Antennal scale with blade well-developed, overreaching 2nd antennular segment
*48. A. microstylus
NUMBER 466 11
Antennal scale with blade reduced, not reaching beyond midlength of 2nd
antennular segment *52. A. obesomanus
43. Basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with strong lateral tooth; major chela
with transverse and longitudinal grooves; minor chela with fingers less than l/2
as long as palm, dactyl not "balaeniceps" in either sex . *4. A. acutofemoratus
Basal antennal segment (basicerite) usually unarmed; major chela without apparent
sculpture; minor chela with fingers at least 3A as long as palm, dactyl
"balaeniceps" in male *10. A. bucephalus
44. Second antennular segment 3 times as long as wide; major chela with dactyl like
double-headed hammer *47. A. malleodigitus
Second antennular segment twice as long as wide; major chela with conventional
dactyl, not double-ended 70. A. spongiarum
45. Major chela with strong tooth either side of dactylar articulation
13. A. collumianus
Major chela without strong teeth flanking dactylar articulation 46
46. Major chela with palm distinctly constricted on both margins proximal to dactylar
articulation 47
Major chela without distinct sinus in margin proximal to fixed finger 50
47. Major chela with sinus on margin proximal to fixed finger not delimited proximally
by very strong shoulder 7. A. batesi
Major chela with very strong shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger . . . 48
48. Basal antennal segment (basicerite) with unusually long ventrolateral tooth far
overreaching stylocerite; major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque
in form of narrow oblique groove; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
considerably longer than 2nd article *60. A. parvirostris
Basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with spine-like ventrolateral tooth not
overreaching stylocerite; major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque
U-shaped and transverse; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article shorter than
2nd article 49
49. Major cheliped with sharp distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus; minor
chela without sharp carina on extensor margin of dactyl and without sharp
granules on extensor surface of palm *23. A. edamensis
Major cheliped with flexor margin of merus unarmed; minor chela with sharp carina
on extensor margin of dactyl and sharp granules on extensor surface of palm
*32. A. funafutensis
50. Rostrum prominent, acute 51
Rostrum small, subrectangular 52
51. Major chela with palm devoid of grooves and ridges, fingers about lfa as long as
palm 16. A. crinitus
Major chela with subdistal, cleft-like "saddle" on palm, fingers about 2h as long
as palm 49. A. miersi
52. Antennal scale with distolateral spine not especially stout, laterally convex, slightly
overreaching well-developed blade; minor 1st chela with dactyl broadly
"balaeniceps" in male only; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple
54. A. pachychirus
Antennal scale with distolateral spine stout, laterally straight or slightly concave,
considerably overreaching somewhat reduced blade; minor 1st chela with dactyl
not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 3rd pereopod with dactyl variably biunguiculate
71. A. stanleyi
53. Third pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate or subspatulate 54
Third pereopod with dactyl neither biunguiculate nor subspatulate 63
54. Third pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate 55
Third pereopod with dactyl subspatulate 56
55. Major chela with prominent acute tooth either side of dactylar articulation, without
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, without distinct shoulder on margin
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
proximal to fixed finger, minor chela with dactyl no t "ba laen iceps" in either
sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal art icle 13A t imes a s long as 2 n d . . . .
13. A. collumianus
Major chela without prominent acute tooth either side of dactylar articulation, with
distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque overhung by proximal shoulder,
with distinct shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger, minor chela with
dactyl "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
twice as long as 2nd *62. A. polyxo
56. Major chela without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque 57
Major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque 61
57. Body strongly compressed, carapace twice as high as wide; 1st pair of pereopods
with merus armed with 3 distal teeth on extensor margin . . 14. A. compressus
Body not unusually compressed; 1st pair of pereopods with merus armed, at most,
with single distal tooth on extensor margin 58
58. Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus shorter than 2nd 59
Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus longer than or subequal to 2nd. 60
59. Antennal peduncle (carpocerite) overreaching antennular peduncle; 1st pereopods
with series of long, acicular spines on flexor margin of merus; minor chela nearly
8 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly shorter than palm, "balaeniceps" in male
*64. A. pustulosus
Antennal peduncle (carpocerite) not reaching as far as distal end of antennular
peduncle; 1st pereopods with short, inconspicuous spines on flexor margin of
merus; minor chela less than 5 times as long as wide, dactyl distinctly longer
than palm, not "balaeniceps" in male *65. A. quasirapacida
60. First pereopods with strong subdistal tooth on extensor margin of merus; major
chela oval in cross-section, without longitudinal carinae or ridges on palm . . .
*A. macroskeles
First pereopods without subdistal tooth on extensor margin of merus; major chela
with palm subrectangular in cross section and bearing strong longitudinal carina
near margin proximal to fixed finger, obscure longitudinal ridge near midheight
of same surface, and 2 ridges defining flattened surface proximal to adhesive
plaque *51. A. nonalter
61. Major chela without shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger
*43. macellarius
Major chela with shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger 62
62. Major chela less than 2!/2 times as long as wide; minor chela with fingers subequal
to or slightly longer than palm, dactyl "balaeniceps" in male; maximum carapace
length about 27 mm *28. A. euphrosyne euphrosyne
Major chela 272 to 3*/2 times as long as wide; minor chela with fingers usually
about 3 times as long as palm, dactyl not "balaeniceps" in either sex; maximum
carapace length about 13 mm *46. A. malabaricus
63. Major chela with "saddle" or transverse cleft proximal to adhesive plaque . . . 64
Major chela without "saddle" or transverse cleft proximal to adhesive plaque . . .
80
64. Second pereopod with proximal carpal article 2 or more times as long as 2nd . . .
65
Second pereopod with proximal carpal article less than twice as long as 2nd . . .
67
65. Major chela with abrupt shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger, 3rd pereopod
without spine on ischium 45. A. maindroni
Major chela without marginal shoulder proximal to fixed finger; 3rd pereopod with
movable spine on ischium 66
66. Margin of orbital hood curving regularly to base of rostrum, not produced
anteromesially; major cheliped without distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of
NUMBER 466 13
merus 6. A. barbatus
Frontal margin between rostrum and orbital hood convexly produced; major
cheliped with strong distal spine on inferior flexor margin of merus
25. A. ehlersii
67. Major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque at least partially overhung
by shoulder proximal to "saddle" 68
Major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque not even partially overhung
by shoulder proximal to "saddle" 74
68. Major chela with dactyl bearing very short, obliquely truncate plunger 69
Major chela with dactyl bearing well-developed plunger 71
69. Major chela with both proximal shoulder overhanging "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque and shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger sharply acute
12. A. chiragricus
Major chela with both proximal shoulder overhanging "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque and shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger bluntly rounded
70
70. Major chela with margin proximal to fixed finger supporting low shoulder, forming
shallow notch distally; minor chela of male with dactyl strongly "balaeniceps"
and with distinct "saddle" on palm proximal to dactylar articulation
*59. A. pareuchirus pareuchirus
Major chela with margin proximal to fixed finger supporting strong shoulder
forming rather deep notch distally; minor chela with dactyl not "balaeniceps"
and palm without distinct "saddle" in either sex *75. A . suluensis
71. First pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin
72
First pereopods with merus unarmed at distal end of inferior flexor margin . . . .
! 73
72. Minor chela with dactyl "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal
article of carpus PA to 2 times as long as 2nd *24. A. edwardsii
Minor chela with dactyl "balaeniceps" in both sexes; 2nd pereopod with proximal
subequal to 2nd article in length *73. A. strenuus strenuus
73. Rostrum nearly reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment; antennal
scale with distolateral spine distinctly overreaching distal margin of blade; major
chela with sharp ridge on mesial surface of palm subparallel with "dorsal"
margin of palm; minor chela of male with dactyl robust, displaying "balaeniceps"
carina, especially on lateral surface *37. A hyphalus
Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment;
antennal scale with distolateral spine only moderately overreaching distal margin
of blade; major chela with sharp ridge on mesial surface of palm diverging
distally from "dorsal" margin of palm at angle of about 45?; minor chela of
male with dactyl slender, without "balaeniceps" carina on either surface . . . .
*55. A. pacificus
74. Major chela 3 or more times as long as wide 75
Major chela seldom more than 2!/2 times as long as wide 76
75. Frontal margin between rostrum and orbital hood convex l.A. batesi
Frontal margin between rostrum and orbital hood incised . . . 39. A . leptochirus
76. Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus not appreciably longer than 2nd
77
Second pereopod with proximal article of carpus distinctly longer than 2nd . . 78
77. Antennal scale with lateral margin sinuous, distolateral spine laterally convex; 1st
pereopods with 2-3 spines on flexor margin of merus proximal to distal tooth;
minor chela with dactyl not distinctly "balaeniceps" in either sex
22. A. dolerus
Antennal scale with lateral margin concave, distolateral spine nearly straight
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
laterally; 1st pereopods without spines on flexor margin proximal to distal tooth;
minor chela with dactyl strongly "balaeniceps" in both sexes
*73. A. strenuus strenuus
78. Major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque rather broad longitudinally
and shallow, not abruptly delimited proximally; minor chela with dactyl not
"balaeniceps" in either sex 38. A. ladronis
Major chela with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque in form of notch rather
abruptly delimited proximally; minor chela with dactyl usually "balaeniceps"
in male 79
79. Major cheliped without distal or subdistal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus;
3rd pereopod usually without spine on ischium
40. A. leviusculus leviusculus
Major cheliped usually with subdistal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus; 3rd
pereopod usually with movable spine on ischium *41. A . lobidens
80. Major cheliped without distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus 81
Major cheliped usually with acute tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus . . 82
81. Rostrum vestigial, frontal margin of carapace extending well beyond margins of
orbital hoods; 2nd antennular segment nearly 3 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) armed with small, inconspicuous tooth; 2nd
pereopod with proximal article of carpus more than twice as long as 2nd . . . .
*31. A. frontalis
Rostrum well-developed, frontal margin of carapace not extending beyond margins
of orbital hoods; 2nd antennular segment about 172 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) armed with large, sharp tooth overreaching
stylocerite; 2nd pereopod with proximal article of carpus less than IV2 times as
long as 2nd 53. A. ovaliceps
82. Major chela with palm slightly less than twice as long as wide, fingers slightly
more than V2 as long as palm; minor chela with fingers slightly shorter than palm
50. A. mitis
Major chela with palm slightly more than twice as long as wide, fingers slightly
less than V2 as long as palm; minor chela with fingers slightly longer than palm
56. A. paracrinitus
3. Alpheus acutocarinatus De Man, 1909 stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin moderately
Alpheus acutocarinatus De Man. 1909a:104 [type locality: the type series COncave, dlStOlateral Spine not unusually StOUt, barely Over-
came from 4 Indonesian localities: Selat Madura (56 m); west coast of reaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
Lombok (18-27 m); noith coast of Celebes (72 m); and east coast of armed with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
Sumbawa (to 36 m)l; 1911:301, pi. 21: fig. 94-94/ pL 22: fig. chela oval in cross-section, 6 times as long as wide, dactyl
w l i i s i ^ ^ DM" BaimCr* 1 9 8 1 : 2 2 5-D M- " * AH- Banner' nearly straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing
well-developed plunger, palm without teeth either side of
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually dactylar articulation or other obvious sculpture, without
compressed or setose; rostrum prominent but not reaching as longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger,
far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, sharply carinate without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque but with
in midline, carina extending posteriorly beyond midlengh of indistinct distal sinus adjacent to plaque, without shoulder on
carapace, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; margin proximal to fixed finger; minor chela 9 times as long
carapace with median tooth interrupting postrostral carina on as wide, dactyl slender, slightly shorter than or subequal to
gastric region, without flattened teeth overhanging posterior palm, "balaeniceps" in male only, without longitudinal crests
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin transverse and on opposable margin; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, curving directly onto rostral article subequal to 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed,
margin, region not unusually flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, simple, subspatulate, propodus, carpus, and merus without
adrostral furrows deep; 2nd antennular segment more than 4 spines on flexor margin, ischium bearing movable spine;
times as long a wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 9.0 mm.
with small lateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of RANGE.?Madagascar, Gulf of Thailand, Philippines (off
NUMBER 466 15
Manila Bay), Indonesia, and southern Queensland, Australia;
about 20-72 meters. In the Smithsonian collections, there are
six specimens of A. acutocarinatus collected by the NAGA
Expedition in the Bay of Nha Trang, Viet Nam in 1966.
REMARKS.?The Albatross collected, at station 5397 in the
Samar Sea east of Masbate in 245 meters, an ovigerous female
(carapace length 8.3 mm to base of rostrum) of a shrimp
without its three anterior pairs of pereopods that seems to be
related to A. acutocarinatus. That it probably represents a
distinct species is suggested not only by the greater depth at
which it was taken but also by the remnant of what must have
been a larger mesial gastric tooth, by a small spine on the
frontal margin either side of the rostrum, and by a rather distinct
branchiostegal spine.
*4. Alpheus acutofemoratus Dana, 1852
Alpheus acutofemoratus Dana, 1852b:55O, pi. 35: fig. 2 [type locality: Balabac
Strait].?Dc Man, 1902:888, pi. 27: fig. 63.
Alpheus parabrevipes Coutiere, 1898a:151, fig. 2 [type locality: Samoa].
Alpheus acutofemoratus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1978:218; 1982:77, fig 29;
1985:11.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum distinct but not reaching as far as
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, bluntly carinate in
midline, carina broadening posteriorly and disappearing on
anterior gastric region, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
posterior to base of rostrum, without flattened teeth overhang-
ing posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin
between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed but angularly
projecting anteriorly beyond orbital hood, submarginal region
somewhat flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows
not very deep; 2nd antennular segment about twice as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with distinct
lateral tooth that does not reach level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin rather strongly concave,
distolateral spine stout, distinctly overreaching distal margin
of blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute distal
tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela subconical, slightly
more than twice as long as wide, dactyl little curved but
directed somewhat laterad from longitudinal plane of palm,
not double-ended, bearing well-developed plunger, palm
without sharp teeth either side of dactylar articulation, without
longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with
narrow, V-shaped transverse "saddle" proximal to adhesive
plaque, proximal shoulder not overhanging "saddle," without
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger, deep longitudinal
sulcus but no sharp carina on mesial surface of palm subparallel
with dorsal margin; minor chela about 3 times as long as wide,
dactyl not especially slender, less than xli as long as palm, not
carinate on extensor margin, not "balaeniceps" even in males,
palm granulate and setose on mesial surface; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article xh as long as 2nd; 3rd and 4th
pereopods with dactyl simple, propodus armed with 10-12
spines on flexor margin, carpus with acute tooth at distal end
of flexor margin, merus armed with large acute distal tooth on
flexor margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Port Gubat, southeastern Luzon
[12?55'N, 124?09'E]; tide pool; 23 Jun 1909 (1300-1700): 1
ovig female [7.3].
RANGE.?Andaman Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Philippines,
Indonesia, and Queensland, Australia, to the Marshall, Fiji,
Samoa, and Tonga islands; intertidal to 3 meters.
*5. Alpheus alcyone De Man, 1902
Alpheus crinitus.?Bate, 1888:548, pi. 98: fig. 2 [not A. crinitus Dana, 1852].
Alpheus alcyone De Man, 1902:870, pi. 27: fig. 61 [type locality:
Temate].?D.M. and A.H. Banner. 1982:110. fig. 29.
Alpheus aculeipes Coutiere, 1905:892, pL 79: fig. 31 [type locality: several
localities in the Maldive Islands, as well as Djibouti and Mozambique].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually com-
pressed nor densely setose; rostrum small, not reaching nearly
as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, sharply
carinate in extreme anterior part, carina becoming blunt
posteriorly and disappearing on anterior gastric region, base
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle posterior to base of rostrum and
without flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin transverse and unarmed mesial to
orbital hoods, region not flattened, orbital hoods unarmed,
adrostral furrows rather deep; 2nd antennular segment less than
twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
unarmed; antennal scale with lateral margin moderately
concave, distolateral spine stout, far overreaching distal margin
of rather narrow blade; major 1st cheliped with merus armed
with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; minor 1st
cheliped with merus unarmed on flexor margin; major chela
broadly oval in cross-section, about 272 times as long as wide,
dactyl slightly curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
bearing short, truncated plunger, palm without obvious
sculpture of any kind; minor chela 4 times as long as wide,
dactyl not especially slender, nearly 73 as long as palm, not
"balaeniceps" and without carinae on either extensor or
opposable margin; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
about 73 as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl variably
biunguiculate, sometimes obscurely so, propodus bearing 8
spines on flexor margin, carpus with 1-4 spines on flexor
margin, merus with distal tooth and 3-12 spines on parallel
carina of flexor margin; 4th pereopod with merus lacking teeth
or spines on flexor margin; maximum carapace length to base
of rostrum about 8 mm.
M A T E R I A L ^ H D L I P P I N E S . Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5174; 6?03'45"N, 120?57/E; 37 m; coarse sand; 5 Mar
1908 (1551-1557); 9' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male [5.5].
Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5147; 5o41'40"N, 120o47'10wE;
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [4.0].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Japan, Philippines,
Indonesia, Australia, and Caroline, Marshall, Fiji, Samoa, and
Tonga islands; intertidal to 71 meters, in coral and probably
sponges.
REMARKS.?Apparently a small and inconspicuous movable
spine may be present or absent on the ischium of the third and
fourth pereopods in this species.
6. Alpheus barbatus Coutiere, 1897
Alpheus barbatus Coutiere, 1897a:235 [type locality: Djibouti]; 1899:230, figs.
279, 280.?De Man, 1911:387, pi. 19: fig. 88.?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1982:163, fig. 49.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum short, subrectangular,
not reaching nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, slightly carinate in midline, carina not extending
posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly delimited
from adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or
tubercle on gastric region, without flattened teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin transverse
or concave and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, region not
especially flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows
shallow; 2nd antennular segment only slightly longer than
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) unarmed; antennal
scale with lateral margin nearly straight, distolateral spine
unusually stout, moderately overreaching distal margin of
blade; 1st pereopods with merus unarmed on flexor margin;
major chela compressed, about twice as long as wide, dactyl
not double-ended, palm without teeth either side of dactylar
articulation, without longitudinal carina on mesial surface
parallel with "dorsal" margin, but with shallow longitudinal
sulcus on lateral surface extending from base of fixed finger
to midlength of palm; minor chela about 2!/2 times as long as
wide, fingers gaping, about l2/3 times as long as palm, lateral
surface of dactyl and mesial surface of both fingers bearing
dense fringes of hair, filling gap, dactyl not "balaeniceps"; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article twice as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing 7
spines on flexor margin, carpus and merus unarmed on flexor
margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum probably at least 10 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Philippines,
Indonesia, and Queensland, Australia; intertidal to 10 meters.
7. Alpheus batesi A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1964
Alpheus leviusculus, var. Bate, 1888:549, pi. 98: fig. 1.
Alpheus batesi A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1964:94 [type locality: Viscayan Sea
off Tagubanhan Island, Philippines; 11 "WN, 123?O9'E; 37 meters; mud].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, overreaching distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, dorsally rounded, mesial ridge not
extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without flattened teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed but
protruding anteriorly as convex lobe, region slightly flattened,
orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows not very deep; 2nd
antennular segment about 3 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) not armed with strong ventro-
lateral tooth; antennal scale with lateral margin slightly
concave, distolateral spine not unusually stout, slightly
overreaching and separated from blade by moderate gap; major
chela slightly compressed, about 3 times as long as wide, dactyl
not doubled-ended, bearing short, truncate plunger, unarmed
either side of dactylar articulation, without longitudinal carina
near margin proximal to fixed finger, with shallow "saddle"
on palm proximal to adhesive plaque, without distinct shoulder
proximal to "saddle," with sinus on opposite margin proximal
to fixed finger but without distinct shoulder proximal thereto,
palm without sharp ridge on mesial surface subparallel with
"dorsal" margin of palm; minor chela lost; 2nd pereopod with
proximal article slightly longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl elongate, simple, and sharp; carapace length about 11
mm.
RANGE.?Apparently known only from the ovigerous female
holotype from the Viscayan Sea, Philippines, in 37 meters.
8. Alpheus bicostatus De Man, 1908
Alpheus bicostatus De Man, 1908:102 [type locality: the type series came from
3 Philippine and Indonesian localities: Kepulauan Balabalagan, Makassar
Strait (to 27 m); off North Ubian Island, Sulu Archipelago (surface to
23 m); and Selat Butung, southern Celebes (in floating seaweed)].?D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1982:124, fig. 34.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum slender, sharp, slightly overreaching
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, bluntly carinate, carina
interrupted on anterior gastric region, finally terminating on
midgastric region; carapace with median tubercle on anterior
gastric region, with paired convex or oblique flanges abruptly
delimiting and overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin armed with acute tooth slightly mesial to
orbital hood, meeting base of rostrum at right angle, region
flattened, orbital hood unarmed but bearing nearly vertical
carina; 2nd antennular segment twice as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) armed with prominent ventral
tooth reaching anteriorly nearly as far as tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin concave, distolateral spine
stout, overreaching distal margin of blade; major cheliped with
chela subcylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, dactyl
nearly straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing
poorly developed concavely truncate plunger, palm without
sculpture except for narrow and shallow "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, merus with subdistal tooth on inferior flexor
NUMBER 466 17
margin; minor cheliped with chela about 4 times as long as
wide, dactyl 2h as long as palm, without carina in midline of
extensor surface, palm without sculpture, merus unarmed on
inferior flexor margin; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article subequal to 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed,
simple, neither biunguiculate nor subspatulate, propodus with
numerous spines on and near flexor margin, carpus with long
distal tooth on flexor margin, merus with acute distal tooth on
flexor margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 10 mm.
RANGE.?Kenya and Madagascar to the Philippines, Indone-
sia, and Australia; intertidal to 27 meters, occasionally at
surface.
*9. Alpheus bidens (Olivier, 1811)
Palaemon bidens Olivier, 1811:663 [type locality: Australia ("surles cotes de
la Nouvelle-Hollande")].
Alpheus tridentatus Zehnter, 1894:204, pi. 8: fig. 24 [type locality: Ambon,
Indonesia].
Alpheus praedator De Man, 1908:103 [type locality: Ambon, Indonesia].
Alpheus dissodonotus Stebbing, 1915:83, pi. 86 [type locality: off Port
Elizabeth, South Africa; 33?5O'S, 25?46'E; 37 meters].
Alpheus bidens.?DM. and A.H. Banner. 1982:136, fig. 39.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum prominent, reaching anteriorly as
far as or beyond distal margin of 1st antennular segment,
strongly and sharply carinate in dorsal midline, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace with
median tubercle interrupting postrostral carina on gastric
region and with paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin unarmed but convex
mesial to orbital hoods, meeting base of rostrum at almost right
angle, region somewhat depressed, concave, orbital hoods
unarmed but with strong vertical carina appearing almost
toothlike in lateral aspect, adrostral furrows deep; 2nd
antennular segment nearly IV2 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with strong ventrolateral tooth
not reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with
lateral margin concave, stout, laterally convex distolateral spine
overreaching blade; major cheliped with chela nearly cylindri-
cal, fully 2V2 times as long as wide, dactyl nearly straight in
longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing poorly devel-
oped, somewhat concave plunger, palm virtually without
sculpture except for narrow, deep "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, merus with inferior flexor margin armed with
strong distal tooth; minor cheliped with chela 23A to 3J/2 times
as long as wide, dactyl subequal to palm in length, balaeniceps
and with suggestion of "saddle" on palm in male only, merus
without distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl usually simple, neither subspatulate nor biunguiculate,
propodus bearing 9-16 spines on flexor margin, carpus with
2 terminal spines on flexor margin, merus with acute subdistal
tooth, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace
length about 23 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago; 6?06'N, 120?58'5(TE; 35 m; sand, coral; 14 Feb 1908
(1055-1115); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 2 mud bags: 1 female
[6.3].
RANGE.?Madagascar and Hong Kong, Ryukyus, Philip-
pines, Indonesia, Australia, Tasmania, Caroline, and Marshall
islands; intertidal to 83 m.
REMARKS.?Although D.M. and A.H. Banner (1982:139)
considered "rather insignificant" the fact that all of the
Australian specimens seen by them lacked elongate teeth on
the distal margin of the first antennular segment, while all of
De Man's Indonesian specimens bore two prominent teeth in
this position, I attempted to couple this difference with an
apparent difference in size between the Australian population
and specimens available to me from off Hong Kong, the
Philippines, and the Marshall Islands. The extra-Australian
material examined was composed of small specimens, none
exceeding a carapace length of 10 mm, ovigerous females
yielding carapace lengths of 6.0 to 9.7 mm, whereas Australian
material recorded in the literature seemed to be larger,
corresponding to carapace lengths of 14 to 23 mm, and to occur
in shallower water, 0 to 24 meters in contrast to 0 to 83 meters
for the smaller form. Of 11 specimens of the extra-Australian
shrimps examined, however, only two specimens displayed
two teeth on the first segment of both antennular peduncles,
two had two teeth on one side and one on the other, one had
one tooth on each peduncle, two had one on one side and none
on the other, and four specimens?all from the Marshall
Islands?had no teeth on either peduncle. I am forced,
therefore, to agree with the Banners about the variability of
this character but I am still intrigued by the apparently larger
size of the Australian examples and the possibility of
eventually finding correlated morphological differences that
might be of taxonomic significance.
*10. Alpheus bucephalus Coutiere, 1905
Alpheus bucephalus Coutiere, 1905:890, pi. 78, fig. 29 [type locality: the
material cited came from 2 Indian Ocean localities: Hulele, Male, Maldive
Islands, and Minicoy, Laccadive Islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1982:120, figs. 23d-f, 32.
Alpeus consobrinus De Man, 1908:101 [type locality: the type series came
from 7 Siboga stations in the Philippines and Indonesia: Pulau Lumulumu,
Makassar Strait (reef); Pearl Bank (Lahangan Island), Sulu Archipelago
(15 m); Pulau Pajunga, Kuandang Bay, northern Celebes (reef); Pulau Siau
[Kepulauan Sangi] (reef); Pulau Selajar [south of Celebes] (to 36 m); Pulau
Roti (to 36 m); and Kepulauan Balabalagan [Makassar Strait] (to 36 m)].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, short, not reaching nearly as
far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, sharply carinate
in midline, carina not extending posteriorly beyond base of
eyes, rostral base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region or acute teeth overhanging posterior end of adrostral
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
furrows, anterior margin partially convex and unarmed mesial
to orbital hoods, region flattened, orbital hood unarmed but
with projecting vertical carina, adrostral furrows distinct; 2nd
antennular segment twice as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) usually unarmed; antennal scale with
lateral margin quite concave, distolateral spine not unusually
stout, reaching considerably beyond distal margin of blade; 1st
pereopods with merus often armed with acute distal tooth on
inferior flexor margin; major chela subcylindrical, 2!/2 times
as long as wide, dactyl not curved in longitudinal plane but
both fingers bent slightly toward flexor aspect of chela, not
double-ended, bearing truncate plunger becoming acute
proximally, palm without sculpture except for faint distal sinus
adjacent to adhesive plaque; minor chela about 2V2 to 3!/2
times as long as wide, dactyl about equal to or somewhat
longer than palm, "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article 73 to V2 as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl simple, curved to sharp tip, not
subspatulate or biunguiculate, propodus bearing 6 pairs of
spines on flexor margin, carpus with acute distal tooth on flexor
margin, merus armed with strong acute distal tooth on flexor
margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum, probably little more than 6 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archi-
pelago: sta 5145 ; 6?04/3(TN, 120?59'3(TE; 42 m; coral sand,
shells; 15 Feb 1908 (1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam trawl,
mud bag: 1 ovig female [5.3]. Marungas Island, Sulu
Archipelago: [6?06*N, 120?58'E]; 19 Feb 1908; shore, coral
head: 1 male [4.3].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Japan, Philippines,
Indonesia, Australia, and Pacific Islands to Line and Society
islands; intertidal to 80 meters.
11. Alpheus canalkulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968
Alpheus canalkulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968:141. fig. 1 [type locality:
South China Sea southeast of Hong Kong; 20?05'N, 115?1 ITS; 250 meters;
sand and mud]; 1981:225.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, prominent, but not reaching
nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment,
rounded dorsally, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region or paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior ends
of adrostral furrows, anterior margin unarmed mesial to orbital
hoods, joining rostral margin at less than right angle, orbital
hood armed with sharp marginal tooth directed slightly mesiad,
adrostral furrows moderately deep but narrow; 2nd antennular
segment 3 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with strong ventrolateral tooth nearly
reaching level of Up of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin concave in proximal xti, distolateral spine strong,
laterally convex, considerably overreaching distal margin of
blade; anterior pereopods with merus armed with acute distal
tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela compressed, fully
2V2 times as long as wide, dactyl not curved in longitudinal
plane but directed slightly toward flexor side of chela, not
double-ended, bearing truncated, very short plunger, palm
without teeth either side of dactylar articulation, without
longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger,
without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque but with 4
longitudinal furrows, furrow extending posteriorly from
adhesive plaque bounded on each side by rather distinct carina;
minor chela nearly 4 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly
longer than palm, "sub-balaeniceps" even in female, with sharp
tooth on extensor margin of palm at articulation with dactyl;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article nearly twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, propodus with
14 spinules on flexor margin, carpus unarmed, merus bearing
small, acute, distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium with
distinct movable spine; carapace length to base of rostrum 5
mm.
RANGE.?South China Sea off Hong Kong and northeast of
Lubang Islands, Philippines; 186 to 250 meters.
REMARKS.?The carapace length and the proportions of the
carpal articles of the second pereopod were determined from
examination of the female holotype in the Smithsonian
collections.
12. Alpheus chiragricus H. Milne Edwards, 1837
Alpheus chiragricus H. Milne Edwards, 1837:354 [type locality: "les mers
d'Asie"].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:267, fig. 82.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum prominent, 2 - 3 times as long as
wide, reaching nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, distinctly carinate in midline, carina extending
posteriorly onto anterior gastric region, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region or strong paired acute teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin mesial to orbital hoods unarmed, meeting rostral
margin at less than right angle, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral
furrows comparatively deep and narrow; 2nd antennular
segment about twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with small, acute ventrolateral tooth not
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin slightly concave, distolateral spine strong but not
unusually stout, distinctly but not greatly overreaching distal
margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela somewhat
compressed, about 2!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl straight
in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing short,
truncated plunger, palm without longitudinal carina near
margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, both proximal shoulder overhanging "saddle"
and shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger sharply acute;
minor chela nearly 4 to nearly 4V2 times as long as wide, dactyl
NUMBER 466 19
about as long as palm, "balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod
wih proximal carpal article nearly twice as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing 8
spines on flexor margin, carpus unarmed except for distal tooth
on extensor margin, merus unarmed, ischium with strong
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
perhaps exceeding 25 mm.
RANGE.?Eastern Africa and Madagascar, Mergui Archipel-
ago, Indonesia, and Australia; intertidal to 20 meters.
REMARKS.?In their description of the neotype of A.
edwardsii, A.H. and D.M. Banner (1972:1142) fail to mention
the size of the plunger on the dactyl of the major chela either
in their "Diagnosis" or under "Variation". In their Australian
report, however (D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:271, fig. 83q),
they illustrated the plunger on the dactyl of a small female of
A. edwardsii dredged in Moreton Bay, Queensland. Compari-
son of this drawing with two in the same work showing the
dactyl of a male A. chiragricus trawled in the Gulf of
Carpentaria, Queensland (1982:268, fig. 82c) and of a Madras
specimen of the same species (fig. 82j) suggests that the
development of the plunger may offer another character for
distinguishing A. chiragricus from A. edwardsii. Unfortunately
the material of the former species available to me is insufficient
to confirm or deny that possibility.
13. Alpheus collumianus Stimpson, 1860
Alpheus collumianus Stimpson, 1860:30 [type locality: Bonin Islands; in coral
in 2 meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:45, fig. 9.
Alpeus Malhaensis Coutiere, 1908:205 [type locality: the original pair of
specimens came from 2 localities in the western Indian Ocean: Saya de
Malha Bank (53 m) and Amirante Isles, Seychelles (53 m)].
Alpheus collumianus probabilis A.H. Banner, 1956:338, fig. 10 [type locality:
off northwest coast of Saipan, Mariana Islands; about 3 meters].
Alpheus collumianus medius A.H. Banner, 1956:340, fig. 11 [type locality:
Hawaii].
Alpheus collumianus inermis A.H. Banner, 1956:342, fig. 12 [type locality:
off Saipan, Mariana Islands; about 6 meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum acute, not nearly reaching as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, bluntly but strongly
carinate in midline, carina not extending posteriorly far beyond
eyes, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin somewhat convex and
unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, typically notched adjacent
to rostrum, and region often flattened, orbital hoods varying
from armed with strong marginal tooth to unarmed, adrostral
furrows deep; 2nd antennular segment 2 to Vli times as long
as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) varying from
unarmed to armed with strong, acute tooth overreaching
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave,
distolateral spine strong, far overreaching narrow blade, but
not unusually stout; 1st pereopods with merus armed with few
short spines and acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin;
major chela somewhat compressed, about 2xh times as long
as wide, dactyl nearly straight in longitudinal plane but directed
somewhat toward flexor side of chela, not double-ended,
bearing short, truncated plunger, palm with strong, carinate
tooth on mesial side of articulation interrupted by transverse
incision, without longitudinal carina near margin proximal to
fixed finger, without "saddle" or distal sinus on palm proximal
to adhesive plaque, with indistinct shoulder on margin
proximal to fixed finger; minor chela about 3 times as long as
wide, fingers about as long as palm, dactyl carinate on extensor
margin but not "balaeniceps," palm with strong tooth on mesial
aspect at dactylar articulation, with transverse incision in carina
supporting tooth; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
distinctly longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl variably
biunguiculate, propodus bearing 6 pairs of spines on flexor
margin, merus varying from being armed with series of spines
and strong distal tooth on flexor margin to complete absence
of spines and rounded distal angle, ischium bearing movable
spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about
9 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, and South Africa to Japan
and Australia and Pacific islands to Hawaii and Societies;
intertidal reef flats to about 75 meters.
REMARKS.?This species vies with some of those in the
Brevirostris Group for extreme variability in characters that are
otherwise believed to be relatively stable, like the presence or
absence of spines on the orbital hoods and of a distal tooth on
the flexor margin of the merus of the 3rd pereopod.
14. Alpheus compressus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981
Alpheus compressus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:227, fig. 3 [type locality:
southwest of Manila Bay, Philippines; 13?59.8'N, 120?18.6'E; 192 meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body strongly com-
pressed, carapace twice as high as wide, not unusually setose;
rostrum narrow, reaching nearly to distal margin of 1st
antennular segment, base not abruptly delimited from orbital
hoods; carapace without median tooth or tubercle or acute
paired teeth on gastric region, anterior margin of orbital hood
joining base of rostrum at slightly less than right angle,
adrostral furrows minimal; 2nd antennular segment 3 times as
long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with
strong acute tooth reaching nearly to level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin straight, distolateral spine
not unusually stout, barely overreaching distal margin of blade;
1st pereopods with merus armed with acute subdistal tooth on
inferior flexor margin; major chela somewhat compressed, 33A
times as long as wide, dactyl nearly straight in longitudinal
plane, not double-ended, bearing poorly developed plunger
marked only by semicircular gap in proximal part of dactyl,
palm without teeth either side of dactylar articulation or other
obvious sculpture, without carina near margin proximal to
fixed finger, without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
without shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger, minor
chela about 5!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl not "balaeniceps"
and without carina on extensor margin, about twice as long as
palm; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, propodus
bearing 2 or 3 feeble spines on flexor margin, ischium with
prominent movable spine; maximum carapace length to base
of rostrum 16 mm.
RANGE.?Reunion, Andaman Sea west of peninsular Thai-
land, South China Sea southeast of Hong Kong, southwest of
Manila Bay, Philippines, and Selat Sunda, Indonesia; 14 to
280+ meters.
REMARKS.?The only specimen of this species that I have
seen is the incomplete large female paratype from southeast
of Hong Kong that has the orbital hoods dentate. Although the
rostrum of this specimen conforms with the original description
of the species, being "highly compressed and narrow, dorsally
rounded, without carina," there is a rather prominent, though
blunt, ridge in the midline of the carapace, reaching posteriorly
slightly beyond the midlength of the latter. Inasmuch as this
rather obvious ridge was not mentioned in the original
description, it is not included among the characters attributed
in the above key to those specimens in which the orbital hoods
are unarmed.
15. Alpheus coutierei De Man, 1909
Alpheus Coutierei De Man, 1909a: 107 [type locality: the type series came from
2 Siboga stations: southeast side of Pearl Bank, Sulu Archipelago,
Philippines (IS m) and off northeastern tip of Timor, Indonesia (27-54
m)]; 1911:409, pL 22: fig. 97.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed oi setose; rostrum acute, barely overreaching 1st
antennular segment, sharply carinate in midline, carina
extending posteriorly to posterior lh of carapace, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle or acute paired teeth on gastric region,
anterior margin transverse and unarmed mesial to orbital
hoods, curving directly onto rostral margin, orbital hoods
unarmed; 2nd antennular segment 2xh times as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) bearing extremely small
ventrolateral spine; antennal scale with lateral margin deeply
concave, distolateral spine rather stout, considerably overreach-
ing narrow distal margin of blade; major cheliped with merus
armed with small, acute, subdistal tooth on inferior flexor
margin, chela compressed, 2'/2 times as long as wide, palm
with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder
obtuse, with shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger;
minor cheliped with merus unarmed on inferior flexor margin,
chela 4 times as long as wide, fingers slightly longer than palm;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article subequal to or
somewhat longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
merus and ischium unarmed; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, southeastern Indo-
nesia off eastern Timor, Fiji, Tonga, and Somoa islands; 15 to
at least 27 meters.
16. Alpheus crinitus Dana, 1852
Alpheus crinitus Dana, 1852a:21 [type locality: Balabac Strait]; 1852b:548,
pi. 34: fig. 8.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1978:221.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum large, overreaching 1st antennular
segment, carinate in midline, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; orbital hoods unarmed; 2nd antennular
segment about 4 times as long as wide; major chela slightly
compressed, 273 times as long as wide, without sculpture,
smooth, slightly pubescent, dactyl not double-ended; minor
chela 32/3 times as long as wide, lightly pubescent, fingers
slightly shorter than palm; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article slightly shorter than 2nd; 3rd pereopod lightly
pubescent, with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus with about 4
pairs of spinules on flexor margin, merus with acute distal tooth
on flexor margin; carapace length to base of rostrum about
7 mm.
RANGE.?Recorded from the Red Sea, in addition to the type
locality in Balabac Strait, the southernmost passage between
the Sulu Sea and the South China Sea.
?17. Alpheus crocked (Armstrong, 1941)
Crangon crockeri Armstrong, 1941:8, figs. 2, 3 [type locality: Matautu Bay,
Savai'i, Western Samoa; coral in shallow water].
Crangon tuthilli A.H. Banner, 1953:63, fig. 19 [type locality: off southwest
Oahu, Hawaii; 12 to 107 meters].
Alpheus crockeri.?Crosnier and Forest, 1966:225, figs. 4,5.?A.H. and DM.
Banner, 1966b:84, fig. 28.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum prominent but not nearly
reaching as far as distal margin of elongate 1st antennular
segment, rounded dorsally, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
or paired large acute teeth on gastric region, anterior margin
concave and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, meeting rostral
margin at somewhat less than right angle, region not flattened,
orbital hoods armed with acute marginal teeth, adrostral
furrows shallow; 2nd antennular segment about twice as long
as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with strong
ventrolateral spine not overreaching stylocerite; antennal scale
with lateral margin slightly concave, distolateral spine rather
weak, distinctly but not far overreaching tapered blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela compressed, about 3 times as long
as maximum width, dactyl rather sharply angled toward flexor
side of chela, not clearly double-ended, mesially laminate
except near opposable margin, forming high, sharp dorsal
crest, bulbous distally, plunger reduced to small blunt triangle,
NUMBER 466 21
palm with acute tooth each side of dactylar articulation, blunt
carina supporting tooth on mesial side of dactylar articulation
entire, not interrupted by transverse notch, without "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque, with very low, broadly rounded
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger; minor chela about
4!/2 times as long as maximum width, dactyl slender, slightly
longer than palm, not "balaeniceps" or carinate on extensor
margin; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article about 13A
times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, sharp,
propodus with 7 to 9 spiniform setae on flexor margin, merus
unarmed, ischium with mobile spine; maximum carapace
length probably about 8 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. South of Itbay Island, Batan
Island; sta 5321; 20?18'30"N, 121?51'15"E; 48 m; white sand,
coral, broken shells; 9 Nov 1908 (1125-1129); 9' Johnston
oyster dredge: 1 female [5.3].
RANGE.?Reunion, Andaman Sea coast of peninsular Thai-
land, Gulf of Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Mariana and
Samoan islands and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean and the islands
of Sao Tome and Annobon in the eastern Atlantic; intertidal
to 50 meters.
?18. Alpheus davaoensis, new species
FIGURE 2
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually com-
pressed nor densely setose; rostrum minute, barely visible
(Figure 2a), carinate in extreme anterior part, carina becoming
indistinct on anterior gastric region but more apparent on
posterior gastric region and extending posteriorly as barely
visible line to about midlength of carapace, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle or paired acute teeth on gastric region, anterior
margin unarmed, forming slightly flattened convex lobe either
side of rostrum protruding anteriorly beyond margin of orbital
hoods, orbital hoods unarmed, rostral furrows moderately deep
anteriorly; 2nd antennular segment slightly less than twice as
long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) unarmed;
antennal scale with lateral margin rather strongly and regularly
concave, distolateral spine not very stout, far overreaching
semicircular distal margin of greatly reduced blade; 1st
pereopods (Figure 2e,h) with merus armed with acute subdistal
tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela (Figure If)
subcylindrical, fully 272 times as long as maximum width,
dactyl bent slightly toward flexor side of chela, not really
double-ended, bearing very short, truncated, distally concave
plunger, acutely prominent proximally (Figure 2g), palm
without sculpture except for faint sulcus proximal to adhesive
plaque; minor chela (Figure lij) 3 73 times as long as wide,
dactyl slender, fingers A/s as long as palm, rather deeply
excavate on opposable margins; both 2nd pereopods missing;
3rd pereopod (Figure 2k,l) with dactyl hooked, obscurely
biunguiculate, propodus bearing about 9 spines on flexor
margin, carpus not distinctly armed, merus armed with strong
distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium without movable spine;
carapace length 4 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Davao Gulf, Mindanao: sta
5253; 7?04'48"N, 125?39'38"E; 51 m; coral; 18 May 1908
(1347-1358); 6' Johnston oyster dredge; 1 female [4.0],
holotype (USNM 205661).
TYPE LOCALITY.?Same as above.
RANGE.?Known only from the unique female holotype from
Davao Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines; 51 meters.
REMARKS.?My opinion that the single specimen described
above represents a previously undescribed species of a genus
several members of which are quite variable may be
unjustified, but I have been unable to relate the specimen to
any of the approximately 22 known species of the Crinitus
Group. The following six species apparently agree with A.
davaoensis in lacking an ischial spine on the third pereopod:
A. arethusa De Man, 1909a; A. bradypus Coutiere, 1905; A.
cylindricus Kingsley, 1878; A. spongiarum, A. stanleyi, and A.
styliceps Coutiere, 1905. The specimen from the Davao Gulf
differs from A. arethusa from Indonesia and Australia in having
the frontal margin recessed and the distolateral spine of the
antennal scale less stout and the blade more reduced. It is
distinguished from A. bradypus from the Laccadive and
Mariana islands in having the rostrum less distinct, the
distolateral spine of the antennal scale less stout and the blade
more reduced, the major chela with a less pronounced
depression proximal to the adhesive plaque, and the dactyl of
third pereopod indistinctly biunguiculate rather than simple.
From A. cylindricus from the eastern Pacific and western and
eastern Atlantic it disagrees in having the front recessed, the
distolateral spine of the antennal scale less stout and the blade
more reduced, and a distal tooth on the inferior flexor margin
of the merus of the third pereopod. It seems to be separated
from A. spongiarum from the Red Sea to Japan, the Philippines,
Indonesia, and Australia, with which it may be most similar,
in the recessed front and minute rostrum, and the more concave
lateral margin of the antennal scale and less stout distolateral
spine. It deviates from A. stanleyi from the Indian Ocean, the
Philippines, and Indonesia in the recessed front and minute
rostrum, the absence of a tooth on the basal antennal segment
(basicerite), and the much more reduced blade of the antennal
scale. It differs from A. styliceps from the Indian Ocean in the
very different front and rostrum, the more concave lateral
margin of the antennal scale, and the shorter fingers of the
minor chela. In two species of the Crinitus Group, A. crinitus
and A. heurteli Coutiere, 1897c, the presence or absence of an
ischial spine on the third pereopod is unknown. Alpheus
davaoensis differs from the Philippine A. crinitus in the minute
rather than unusually large rostrum, more robust antennular
peduncle, and, possibly, the obscurely biunguiculate dactyl of
the third pereopod, and from A. heurteli from the Bay of
"Fernando-Velosa" in having the rostrum not overreaching the
orbital hoods (the latter species has the two proximal carpal
articles of the second pereopod subequal, a character that
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 2.?Alpheus davaoensis, new species, female holotype from Albatross sta 5253, carapace length 4.0
mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, t el son and uropods, dorsal
aspect; d, right 3rd maxilliped; e, right (major) cheliped;/ right (major) chela, extensor surface; g, same, flexor
surface; h, left (minor) cheliped; i, left (minor) chela, extensor surface; j , same, flexor surface; k, left 3rd
pereopod; /, same, dactyl.
cannot be compared with the missing second pereopods in A.
davaoensis).
ETYMOLOGY.?The proposed specific name obviously relates
to the type locality of the species.
?19. Alpheus deuteropus Hilgendorf, 1879
Alpheus deuteropus Hilgendorf, 1879:834, pi. 4: figs. 8 - 1 0 [type locality:
Zanzibar].?Coutiere, 1899:81 (fig. 45), 166 (fig. 184), 215 (figs. 254,
255).?D.M and A.H. Banner. 1982:42, fig. 8.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum acute, not nearly reaching as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, bluntly but strongly
carinate in midline, carina not extending posteriorly far beyond
eyes, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin variable, region shelf-like,
flattened, orbital hoods armed with slender tooth, nearly as
long as rostrum, adrostral furrows deep; 2nd antennular
segment about 3 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with strong acute tooth not overreaching
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave,
distolateral spine strong, far overreaching distally narrow
blade, but not unusually stout; 1st pereopods with merus armed
with small acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela compressed, about twice as long as wide, dactyl directed
slightly toward flexor side of chela, not double-ended, bearing
short, truncated, distally excavate plunger, palm with strong,
acute tooth each side of dactylar articulation, ridge supporting
tooth on mesial side of articulation with transverse notch
terminating prominent channel on mesial side of palm, very
shallow "saddle" or distal sinus proximal to adhesive plaque,
with shoulder offset from margin proximal to fixed finger,
minor chela nearly 23A times as long as wide, fingers more
than !/2 as long as palm, dactyl neither carinate nor
"balaeniceps," palm with unusually strong tooth on mesial
aspect at dactylar articulation, with offset transverse incision
at base of tooth; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article at
least !/3 longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not
biunguiculate, propodus bearing 5 pairs of spines on flexor
margin, merus armed with strong distal spine on flexor margin,
ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 11 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Grand Island, Subic Bay, Luzon
[14?46'N, 120?14'E]; 2 - 6 m; scattered clumps of coral; 8 Jan
1908 (1300-1730); dynamite: 1 female [7.7].
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern and South Africa through the
Indian Ocean to Japan and Australia, and eastward across the
NUMBER 466 23
Pacific to Hawaii.
REMARKS.?The single specimen collected by the Albatross
Expedition lacks the two anterior pairs of pereopods, but
comparison with intact specimens identified by A.H. Banner
leaves little doubt about the determination.
Partial dissection of some of the material in the Smithsonian
collections revealed a frontal region slightly different from the
Coutiere illustration (1899, fig. 45). Although the supramargi-
nal orbital spines are situated at the lateral extremities of the
orbitorostral carinae, as indicated by Coutiere, there is no
suggestion of what appears from his illustration to be a fused
extension of the margin of the orbital hood extending dorsally
to the base of each spine. In other words, the orbital spines
seem to be completely isolated from the margin, except for
their connection with the base of the rostrum by the
orbitorostral carinae.
?20. Alpheus diadema Dana, 1852
Alpheus diadema Dana, 1852a:23 [type locality: Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii];
1852b:555, pi. 35: fig. 7.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:140. fig. 40.
Alpheus insignis Heller, 1862a:269, pi. 3: figs. 17,18 [type locality: Red Sea].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum prominent but variable, not reaching
level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, feebly carinate
in dorsal midline, base abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace with median tubercle on gastric region,
anterior margin unarmed but convex mesial to orbital hoods
and slightly incised lateral to rostral margin, orbital hoods
unarmed, adrostral furrows deep and sharply defined laterally
on orbital hoods as well as mesially at rostral margin; 2nd
antennular segment nearly twice as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with strong ventrolateral tooth not
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin concave proximally, stout, laterally convex distolateral
spine overreaching diagonal distal margin of blade; major
cheliped with chela nearly cylindrical, fully twice as long as
wide, dactyl nearly straight in longitudinal plane, not
double-ended, bearing well-developed plunger, palm without
sculpture except for narrow transverse "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, merus with inferior flexor margin armed with
strong distal tooth; minor cheliped with chela about 3 times
as long as wide, dactyl about as long as palm and "balaeniceps"
in male, shorter and not "balaeniceps" in female, merus without
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article about as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl simple or obscurely biunguiculate, propodus with at
least a dozen spines on flexor margin, carpus with flexor
margin terminating distally in strong tooth, merus with acute
subdistal tooth, ischium with strong movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Marungas Island, Sulu Archi-
pelago [6?06Tsr, 120?58'E]; shore, coral head; 19 Feb 1908: 1
male [3.5].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa, Indian Ocean, Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and tropical Pacific to
Hawaii.
REMARKS.?The single specimen from Marungas Island
lacks the three anterior pairs of pereopods, but the carapace is
so distinctive in this species that there is little danger of
misidentification unless the concept of the species becomes
modified.
?21. Alpheus dispar Randall, 1840
Alpheus dispar Randall, 1840:141 [type locality: Manila].
l?]Alpheus digitalis De Haan. 1844: pi. 45: fig. 4; 1849:178 [type locality:
Japan].?Coutiere, 1898b:249, fig. 2.?Holthuis and Sakai, 1970:94.
Alpheus distinguendus De Man, 1909b:155, pi. 7: figs. 9 - 1 4 [type locality:
Japan].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:157, fig. 47.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum reaching nearly as far as distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, carinate in midline, carina
becoming somewhat obscure posteriorly but extending nearly
to midlength of carapace, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region or strong paired acute teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin transverse
and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, curving directly onto
rostral margin, region not unusually flattened, orbital hoods
unarmed, adrostral furrows deep; 2nd antennular segment 3
times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with small lateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip
of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin very slightly
concave, distolateral spine not unusually stout, barely over-
reaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
armed with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela compressed, 3 times as long as wide, dactyl nearly
straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing very
short plunger defined only proximally, palm without teeth
either side of dactylar articulation, sculpture limited to
narrowly triangular flattened or slightly concave plane,
widening distally, on margin proximal to dactylar articulation
and to obscure longitudinal ridge on flexor surface, without
"saddle," without shoulder on strongly compressed margin
proximal to fixed finger, surface paved with flattened granules;
minor chela about 4!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl broad in
male, 23A times as long as palm, somewhat "balaeniceps" in
male only; 2nd pereopod with 2 proximal carpal articles
subequal; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, subspatu-
late, propodus, carpus, and merus without spines, ischium
bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length 27 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Cotabate, Mindanao, below
mouth of Mindanao River [7?13X 124?15'E]; 20 May 1908
(1430-1730); seine: 1 male [15.0]. Tilik, Lubang Island
[13?49'N, 120? 12*E]; beach; sand, mud; 14 Jul 1908 (1430-
1700); 130' seine: 1 male [13.0].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, Mergui Archipelago, Sing-
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
apore, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, Australia; in
depths shallower than 37 meters, especially off river mouths.
REMARKS.?Both specimens collected during the Albatross
Philippines Expedition lack the major cheliped, which may be
diagnostic in this species, so the identification may be
considered somewhat tentative.
Randall (1840:141) referred his species to "A. breviros-
tris? (Edw.) Mus. Acad.," followed by: "Dr. Burroughs has
brought from Manilla a species of Alpheus agreeing with M.
Edwards's description of A. brevirostris, with this exception,
that it has a distinct tooth on the outer side of the basilar article
of the external antennae; there is also a somewhat elevated
ridge on the outer side of the arm. I have named it,
provisionally, A. dispar." This name seems to be a senior
synonym of A. distinguendus, a name proposed by De Man
(1909b) for the Japanese specimen called A. rapax Fabricius
by De Haan (1844,1849). According to D.M. and A.H. Banner
(1982:173), the only possibly significant differences distin-
guishing A. distinguendus from A. brevirostris are the absence
of a transverse groove ("saddle") on the palm of the major
chela and the granular, rather than smooth, surface of that
appendage. Until such time as these two characters may prove
to be unimportant, those authors "reluctantly" considered the
two forms to be specifically distinct. In a report published a
year earlier but actually prepared later, A.H. and D.M. Banner
(1981:229) recorded the species that they called A. distinguen-
dus from the Philippines (one specimen from 36 meters in
Manila Bay and seven from the Manila market). There would
seem to be little doubt that the species "brought from Manilla"
by Dr. Burroughs is the same as the one from Japan called A.
distinguendus by De Man and that A. dispar is the valid name
for this species by all those who consider it to be distinct from
A. brevirostris (Olivier, 1811).
22. Alpheus dolerus A.H. Banner, 1956
Alpheus dolerus A.H. Banner, 1936:362, fig. 21 [type locality: Saipan, Mariana
Islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:205, fig. 63.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, not overreaching distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina rounded, not extending
posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly delimited
from adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or
tubercle on gastric region, without flattened teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between
rostrum and orbital hood unarmed, narrowly concave, orbital
hood unarmed but with stiff seta on anteromesial margin,
adrostral furrows shallow; 2nd antennular segment twice as
long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with
small acute tooth; antennal scale with lateral margin sinuous,
distolateral spine not unusually stout, overreaching distally
tapered blade; major chela somewhat compressed, 273 times
as long as wide, dactyl not double-ended, bearing well-
developed, distally convexly oblique plunger, unarmed either
side of dactylar articulation, without distinct longitudinal
carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle" on
palm proximal to adhesive plaque, with distinct shoulder
proximal to but not overhanging "saddle," with heavy, rounded
shoulder on opposite margin proximal to fixed finger, palm
without sharp ridge on mesial surface subparallel with "dorsal"
margin; minor chela about 3!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl
subequal to palm in length, with proximal short row of setae
in male but not truly "balaeniceps"; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article no longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing about 12 spines on
flexor margin, carpus and merus unarmed, ischium with strong
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Somalia, Madagascar, Philippines and Australia
eastward to the Society Islands [Hawaii, according to D.M.
Banner, pers. comm.]: in coral heads to a depth of 4 meters.
?23. Alpheus edamensis De Man, 1888
Alpheus Hippothoe var. edamensis De Man, 1888a:518 [type locality: the type
series was collected at 2 Indonesian localities: "Pulo Edam" (= Pulau
Damar-Besar) off Djakarta, Java, and "Amboina" (= Ambon)].
Alpheus acanlhomerus Ortmann, 1890:474, pi. 36: fig. 12 [type locality:
Tahiti].
Alpheus edamensis D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:188, fig. 57.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, reaching level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina rounded, not extending
posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly delimited
from adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or
tubercle on gastric region, without flattened teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between
rostrum and orbital hood unarmed, slightly concave near
rostrum, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows moderately
deep; 2nd antennular segment nearly twice as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with acute lateral
tooth; antennal scale with lateral margin strongly concave,
distolateral spine stout, overreaching narrow blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin, major chela somewhat compressed, about 2xh
times as long as broad, dactyl not noticeably curved in
longitudinal plane, not double-ended, having well-developed
plunger, palm without prominent longitudinal carina near
margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder rounded, not overhanging
"saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger strong, rounded,
slightly projecting; minor chela about 3 times as long as wide,
dactyl slightly longer than palm, not "balaeniceps" in either
sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article slightly shorter
than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus
bearing 16 spines on flexor margin, carpus with acute tooth
each side of distal margin, merus with acute tooth at distal end
of flexor margin, ischium with movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum 17 mm.
NUMBER 466 25
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Port Palapag, Samar [12?38'N,
125?01'E] 3 Jun 1909: 1 male [11.0]. Batan Island [13?15TSf,
124WE] ; tide pool; 5 Jun 1909: 1 ovig female [12.5].
INDONESIA. Great Tobea, Selat Butung, Celebes [4?33'S,
122?42'E]; tide pools; 15 Dec 1909: 1 male [9.3].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, Reunion, Seychelles, Mauri-
tius, Malaya, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Ryukyus, Fiji,
Samoa, Society Islands; intertidal to 50 meters.
REMARKS.?The specimen from Port Palapag lacks the 2nd
pair of pereopods, but the well-developed, rather than truncate,
plunger on the dactyl of the major chela helped to distinguish
it from related species of the Edwardsii Group.
?24. Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin, 1826)
Nomen delinquum Savigny, 1817: pi. 10: fig. 1.
Athanas Edwarsii Audouin, 1826:91.
Alpheus Audouini Coutiere, 1905:911, pi. 87: fig. 52.
Alpheus edwardsi.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1972:1141, fig. 1 [neotype
locality: Suez].
Alpheus edwardsii.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:270, fig. 83.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, reaching to about distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina rounded, not
extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region or flattened teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed, nearly
transverse, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows moderately
deep; 2nd antennular article about twice as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) armed with small, acute lateral
tooth; antennal scale with lateral margin distinctly concave
near midlength, distolateral spine not unusually stout, over-
reaching tapered blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with
sharp distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela
somewhat compressed, about 273 times as long as wide, dactyl
not noticeably curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
having well-developed plunger, palm without prominent
longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder blunt,
but overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger
strong, slightly projecting but not acute; minor chela less than
4 to nearly 4!/2 times as long as wide, fingers from 2/3 as long
as palm in male to subequal to palm in female, dactyl
"balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article I1/-* to twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
pointed, simple, propodus with about 8 spines on flexor
margin, carpus with distal extensor angle acute, merus
unarmed, ischium with movable spine; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum about 14 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Upper reef, inside Dumurug
Point, Port Cataingan, Masbate [ H ^ H 124?03'E]; 2 - 3 m;
sand, scattered clumps of staghorn coral; 19 Apr 1908
(1500-1600); dynamite: 6 males [7.0-10.9] 1 ovig female
[9.1]. Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan [lTOl'N,
U9?l%fE]; 2V2 to 4 mm; coral, sand; 22 Dec 1908
(1400-1600); dynamite (3 shots): 1 ovig female [9.0]. Port
Gubat, southeastern Luzon [12?55'N, 124WE]; tide pool; 23
Jun 1909 (1300-1700): 1 male [12.6].
RANGE.?Probably from Red Sea and eastern and South
Africa to Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and
Caroline Islands (not yet known from Central Pacific islands
east of Truk or New Zealand); intertidal under rocks to 25
meters.
REMARKS.?In the largest male, from Port Gubat, southeast-
ern Luzon, the dactyl of the minor chela is not fully
"balaeniceps" in form; the margins of the dactyl display a low
carina above a row of setae on each side, but the segment is
rounded on the extensor surface, not noticeably flattened as is
usual in males of this species. This specimen might be assigned
to A. haanii Ortmann, 1890:472, if the minor chela of the male
of that Japanese species should prove to be like that of the
Port Gubat specimen (see D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:273).
25. Alpheus ehlersii De Man, 1909
Alpheus ehlersii De Man, 1909c:663, pL 70 [type locality: "island of Edam,
Bay of Batavia" (= Pulau Damar-Besar, off Djakarta, Java, Indonesia)].?
D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:132, fig. 37; 1985:16.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, not reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, carina rounded, not
extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired flanges
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed but
convexly produced at junction with orbital hood, latter
unarmed, adrostral furrows rather shallow; 2nd antennular
segment nearly twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) bearing strong tooth not reaching level of tip of
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave
proximally, distinctly convex in distal xh, distolateral spine
rather stout, overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st pair r?f
pereopods with merus armed with acute or blunt distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin; major chela slightly compressed,
about 23A times as long as wide, dactyl nearly straight in
longitudinal plane, not double-ended, with well-developed
plunger, palm with shallow oblique groove or "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela about 4 times as
long as wide, fingers longer than palm, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article twice as
long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, neither
biunguiculate nor subspatulate, propodus bearing about 7
spines on flexor margin, carpus with blunt distal tooth on
extensor margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Thailand,
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and Caroline, Marshall,
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Phoenix, Samoa, and Tonga island groups; intertidal on dead
coral heads.
26. Alpheus euchirus Dana, 1852
Alpheus euchirus Dana, 1852a:21 [type locality: Balabac Strait]; 1852b:545,
pi. 34: fig. 6.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:197.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, not overreaching distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina not extending
posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base not abruptly delimited
from adrostral furrows; carapace without flattened teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, orbital hood
armed with small marginal spine; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with, at most, reduced lateral tooth; 1st pereopods
with merus unarmed on inferior flexor margin; major chela
somewhat compressed, about twice as long as wide, dactyl
somewhat skewed from longitudinal plane of palm, not
double-ended, palm with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
proximal shoulder not overhanging "saddle," strong, rounded
shoulder on opposite margin proximal to fixed finger, minor
chela with stout fingers; 2nd pereopod with 1st carpal article
about twice as long as second; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
pointed, simple, propodus with 7 or 8 sets of spines on flexor
margin, merus with very small, inconspicuous distal tooth on
flexor margin; carapace length about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Known only from the type locality in Balabac
Strait, the southwestern passage between the Sulu Sea and the
South China Sea.
REMARKS.?In his preliminary report on the species of
Alpheus collected by the United States Exploring Expedition,
Dana (1852a) listed eight species under the heading "Orbitae
margo inermis": A. strenuus, A. pacificus, A. obesomanus, A.
crinitus, A. mitis, A. parvirostris, A. pugnax, and A. diadema;
one species, A. euchirus, under "Orbitae margo spinula
armatus"; and five species under "Orbitae margo spinula
denteve armatus": A. acutofemoratus, A. tridentulatus, A.
neptunus, A. laevis, and A. malleator. The form of the orbital
hoods in the latter group is very variable. The Atlantic A.
malleator has a sharp marginal spine, sometimes with a smaller
spine mesial to it on each orbital hood. Alpheus laevis (= A.
lottini) has an acute tooth arising from the surface of the hood,
rather than from its margin. Alpheus tridentulatus (a nomen
dubium applied to a species possibly from the western Atlantic)
and A. neptunus have been transferred to the genus Synalpheus
and have flattened, triangular orbital teeth characteristic of that
genus. Alpheus acutofemoratus, if the current concept of that
species is correct, has the orbital hoods completely unarmed;
Dana (1852a:22) notes of this species, "Orbitae margo acutus
sed spina non productus." It is difficult to understand why
Dana placed this species in the category that he did and species
like A. parvirostris and A. diadema in the first category,
inasmuch as the frontal margin in those species is as produced
as it is in A. acutofemoratus. Although Dana does not mention
the orbital hoods in his description of A. euchirus, per se, it
seems unlikely that he would have created a special category
for this species and illustrated a distinct marginal spine on the
orbital hood (clearly seen under a lens) in pi. 34: fig. 6a, if the
hoods were unarmed. I am inclined to agree with D.M. and
A.H. Banner (1982:199) that A. euchirus is the only known
member of the Edwardsii Group with spinose orbital hoods
and that it is one of several of Dana's species?like A. pugnax
and perhaps A. tridentulatus?that have not yet been redis-
covered.
?27. Alpheus eulimene De Man, 1909
Alpheus Eulimene De Man, 1909a:101 [type locality: off north coast of Pulau
Waigeo; 0?7.2X 13O?25.5'E; 83 meters]; 1911:364. pi. 16: fig. 76.
Alpheus eulimene.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:105, fig. 27.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum small, not reaching
nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, carina
extending posteriorly as faint line nearly to midlength of
carapace, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle posterior to base of
rostrum and without flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends
of adrostral furrows, frontal region projecting and unarmed
except for rostrum between centers of orbital hoods, region
not noticeably flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral
furrows not especially deep; 2nd antennular segment fully IV2
times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
unarmed; antennal scale with lateral margin somewhat
concave, distolateral spine unusually stout, far overreaching
distal margin of reduced blade; 1st pereopods with merus
armed with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela broadly oval in cross-section, about 2xli times as long
as wide, dactyl rather sharply skewed from longitudinal plane,
not double-ended, plunger truncate, projecting only proximally
as bluntly acute angle, palm without sculpture except for
variably distinct depression distally proximal to adhesive
plaque; minor chela 3 times as long as wide, dactyl ll/s times
as long as palm, curved in longitudinal plane, not "balaeniceps"
in either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article little
more than l/2 as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl variably
biunguiculate, sometimes simple, propodus bearing about 8
spines on flexor margin, carpus with both distal angles
projecting, flexor surface with 1 or 2 spines, merus with strong,
acute, distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium unarmed;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 5 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Babuyan Channel, north of
Luzon: sta 5325; 18?34'15"N, 121?51'15"E; 410 m; green
mud; 11.8?C; 1 Nov 1908 (1113-1132); 12' Tanner beam
trawl, mud bag: 2 males [2.5, 3.0] 2 females [2.6,4.1]. Grande
Island, Subic Bay, Luzon [41?46'N, 120?14'E]; 2 - 6 m;
scattered clumps of coral; 8 June 1908 (1300-1730);
dynamite: 1 female [4.6] (identification tentative). Southwest
of Manila Bay, Luzon: sta 5108; 14?05/05wN, 120?19'45TE;
24 m; coral; 15 Jan 1908 (0834-0835); 9' Albatross-Blake
beam trawl, mud bag (dredging cable fouled on gin block; trawl
NUMBER 466 27
not dragged on bottom): 1 female [4.0]; sta 5109;
120?16'30"E; 18 m; coral; 15 Jan 1908 (1026-1038); 9'
Albatross-Blake beam trawl (trawl immediately torn on coral):
1 male [3.8]. Davao Gulf, Mindanao: sta 5249; 7?06/06wN,
125?40'08"E; 42 m; coral, sand; 18 May 1908 (1102-1109);
6' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male [3.3].
RANGE.?Maldive Islands, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines,
Japan, Mariana Islands; subtidal to 410 meters.
*28. Alpheus euphrosyne euphrosyne De Man, 1897
Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897:745, pi. 36: fig. 64 [type locality: Java Sea].
Alpheus eury dactyl us De Man, 1920:109 [type locality: Java].
Alpheus euphrosyne euphrosyne.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:232, fig. 73.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, not nearly reaching level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina low,
rounded, not extending posteriorly far beyond orbital hoods,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without
flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed,
concave near rostrum, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows
shallow or obsolescent; 2nd antennular segment nearly twice
as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) usually
unarmed; antennal scale with lateral margin slightly convex,
nearly straight, distolateral spine not prominent, usually
reaching level of broadly rounded distal margin of blade but
sometimes shorter; 1st pereopods with merus usually unarmed
on inferior flexor margin; major chela somewhat compressed,
about 2*/3 times as long as wide, dactyl lying in longitudinal
plane of palm, not double-ended, having well-developed
plunger, strong longitudinal ridge extending proximally from
heavy, rounded shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger,
"saddle" on opposite margin proximal to adhesive plaque, with
proximal shoulder rounded, not overhanging "saddle"; minor
chela 4!/2 times as long as wide in male, more than 5 times as
long as wide in female, fingers subequal to length of palm in
male, slightly longer in female, dactyl distinctly "balaeniceps"
in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal article from slightly
longer to more than twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl pointed, subspatulate, propodus bearing about 9 spines
on flexor margin, carpus with distal extensor angle projecting
but bluntly rounded, merus unarmed, ischium with or without
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 27 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Manila market, Luzon; 4 Jan
1908: 1 male [21.8]. Inner Sound, Malampaya River, Palawan
[10?50TSf, 119?24'E]; 1-2 m; soft mud; 26 Dec 1908
(0900-1500); dynamite or seine: 1 female [20.7].
RANGE.?Kenya, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and
Queensland, Australia; shallow, muddy, estuarine habitats.
REMARKS.?There is little doubt that these two specimens
belong to the same species even though the fine male from the
Manila market has a prominent sharp tooth on the basal
antennal segment (basicerite), whereas this segment is quite
unarmed in the somewhat damaged female from Palawan. In
both specimens, the blade of the antennal scale clearly
overreaches the distolateral spine. The minor chela of the male
has the palm only slightly constricted proximal to the adhesive
plaque and the fixed finger.
29. Alpheus facetus De Man, 1908
Alpheus facet us De Man, 1908:100 [type locality: off Djedan, Kepulauan Aiu,
Indonesia; 5?23'S, 134?41'E; 18 meters].?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:62,
fig. 14; 1985:17.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina blunt,
widening slightly posteriorly and extending to near midlength
of carapace, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region
or paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and orbital
hood forming flattened, convex prominences, orbital hood
bearing marginal spine directed anteromesiad, adrostral fur-
rows wide and shallow; 2nd antennular segment nearly Vfc
times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with acute tooth reaching level of tip of rostrum but not
quite as far as end of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin nearly straight, distolateral tooth not unusually strong,
but distinctly overreaching distal margin of tapered blade;
anterior pereopods with merus armed with small acute distal
tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela slightly com-
pressed, from less than 272 to more than 3V2 times as long as
wide, dactyl lying in longitudinal plane of palm, not
double-ended, bearing rather strong plunger directed proxi-
mally, making virtually no angle with opposable margin of
dactyl on distal side of plunger, palm without teeth either side
of dactylar articulation, without "saddle" proximal to adhesive
plaque but often with paired oblique ridges on central part of
palm; minor chela about 4!/2 times as long as wide, fingers
about as long as palm, dactyl not "balaenicipes" in either sex;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article about twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus bearing
about 11 spines on flexor margin, carpus with distal angles
slightly projecting, merus unarmed, ischium bearing movable
spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about
10 mm.
RANGE.?Western Indian Ocean, Thailand, Viet Nam,
Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, Australia, and Caroline Islands;
intertidal to 30 meters.
30. Alpheus foresti A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981
Alpheus foresti A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:229, fig. 4 [type locality:
southwest of Manila Bay, Philippines; 14?02.7'N, 120?20.3'E; 200
meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1985:17.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group?). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum reaching nearly as far as distal
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
margin of 1st antennular segment, flattened dorsally, margins
abruptly delimited from and overhanging adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region
or strong paired acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin mesial to orbital hoods
unarmed, meeting rostral margin in concave curve, orbital
hood unarmed, 2nd antennular segment twice as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) apparently armed with
small, acute ventrolateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip
of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin nearly straight,
distolateral spine wide, overreaching or falling short of distal
margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela considerably
compressed, nearly 3 times as long as wide, dactyl lying in
longitudinal plane of palm, not double-ended, plunger not
separated from terminal tooth, palm with ill-defined notch
representing "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, subrectan-
gular shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger followed
distally by 2nd prominence; minor chela 6V2 times as long as
wide, dactyl subequal to palm in length, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
considerably longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
subspatulate, propodus without spines on flexor margin, carpus
without strong projection distally from either extensor or flexor
margins, merus unarmed, ischium with movable spine;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 16 mm.
RANGE.?Southwest of Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines, and
off southwestern Celebes, Indonesia; 134 to 200 meters.
? 3 1 . Alpheus frontalis H. Milne Edwards, 1837
Alpheus frontalis H. Milne Edwards, 1837:356 [type locality: Australia].?
D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:99, figs. 231 ^ n, 25.
Alpheus latifrons A. Milne-Edwards, 1873:87 [type locality: Upolu, Western
Samoa].
Betaeus utricola Richters, 1880:164, pi. 17: figs. 34, 35 [type locality:
Mauritius].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum obsolescent, rostral
carina rounded, extending posteriorly to base of eyes, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region and without flattened
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin extending as vaulted shelf-like projection between
orbits, adrostral furrows rather deep; 2nd antennular segment
nearly 3 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) bearing small acute ventral tooth; antennal scale
with lateral margin sinuous, distolateral spine strong, over-
reaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
unarmed distally on flexor margin; major chela broadly oval
in cross section, about 2!/3 times as long as wide, dactyl lying
nearly in longitudinal plane of palm, not double-ended, bearing
well-developed but distally truncate plunger, palm without
obvious sculpture of any kind; minor chela slightly less than
2V2 times as long as wide in males, 33A as long as wide in
females, dactyl broadly "balaeniceps" in male, about 3A as
long as palm, unmodified in female, about l/2 as long as palm;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article fully twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus bearing
about 9 spines on flexor margin, carpus terminating in acute
tooth on flexor margin, blunt tooth on extensor margin, merus
unarmed, ischium with movable spine; maximum overall
carapace length about 16 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Port Matalvi, Luzon [15?29TSf,
119?56'E]; 23 Nov 1908; electric light: 1 female [5.3].
Varadero Bay, Mindoro [13?3O/N, 12?59'E]; surface; 22-23
Jul 1908 (2000-0200); dip net from gangplank with electric
light: 2 males [5.2,5.3]. Sablayan Anchorage, western Mindoro
[120?50H 120?46/E]; surface; 12 Dec 1908 (1900-2030); dip
net, electric light 1 female [7.5].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Japan, Philippines,
Indonesia, Australia, across Pacific to the Society Islands, but
not Hawaii; low tide to 130 meters (all four of the Albatross
specimens were found swimming at the surface under an
electric light).
REMARKS.?The statement by Miya (1974:136) that the
major chela of A. frontalis is "entirely granulated on the inner
surface, and densely covered with rather long soft hairs on the
inner ventral surface, especially on the immovable finger"
hardly reflects the relatively smooth and very sparsely hairy
chelae of the specimens available to me. The larger of the
Albatross females, however, displays a somewhat rougher and
hairier major chela than do most of the other specimens
examined.
*32. Alpheus funafutensis Borradaile, 1898
FIGURE 3
Alpheus funafutensis Borradaile, 1898:1013, pL 15: fig. 10 [type locality:
Funafuti, Ellice Islands].?De Man, 1911:436.
Alpheus acanthomerus, var. inermis Lanchester, 1901:564 [type locality:
Kelantan, Malaya].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, not reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina blunt, not
extending posteriorly beyond orbital hood, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without flattened teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood concave near
rostrum, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows moderately
deep; 2nd antennular segment about 1V2 times as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with acute ventro-
lateral tooth reaching nearly to level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin deeply concave, distolateral
spine stout, far overreaching narrow blade; 1st pereopods with
merus unarmed on inferior flexor margin; major chela
somewhat compressed, about twice as long as wide, dactyl not
noticeably curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
NUMBER 466 29
FIGURE 3.?Alpheusfunafutensis, ovigerous female from Grande Island, Subic
Bay, Luzon, carapace length 5.0 mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages,
dorsal aspect; b, minor cheliped, extensor aspect; c, same, flexor aspect; d, right
2nd pereopod; e, right 3rd pereopod.
palm with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal
shoulder rounded, not overhanging "saddle," shoulder proxi-
mal to fixed finger strong, rounded, slightly projecting; minor
chela nearly 2*/4 times as long as wide, dactyl shorter than
palm, not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article shorter than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing 9 spines on flexor
margin, merus with acute tooth at distal end of flexor margin,
ischium with movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 7 mm.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Grande Island, Subic Bay,
Luzon [14?46'N, 120?14'E]; 2 - 6 m; scattered clumps of coral;
8 Jan 1908 (1300-1730); dynamite: 1 ovig female [5.0].
RANGE.?Kenya, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines, and central
Pacific islands.
REMARKS.?The specimen from Subic Bay lacks the major
cheliped, but it agrees otherwise with the characters mentioned
by De Man (1911:331, 436) based on his examination of an
ovigerous female syntype of A. funafutensis, especially in
having the movable finger of the minor chela (Figure 3c)
"sharply carinate above." It seems to differ from the male from
Thailand described by A.H. and D.M. Banner (1966b: 155, fig.
60) in having a shorter rostrum, the frontal margin lateral to
the base of the rostrum concave rather than convexly produced,
the antennal scales slightly shorter (Figure 3a), sharp granules,
rather than "rounded papillae," on the palm of the minor chela
(Figure 3b), and the proximal article of the second pereopod
(Figure 3d) distinctly shorter than, rather than subequal, to the
second.
?33- Alpheus gracitipes Stimpson, 1860
Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson, 1860:32 [type locality: Tahiti, among corals in
depth of about 2 meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:143, fig. 41.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acutely triangular, flattened dorsally,
not carinate, nearly reaching level of distal margin of 1st
antennular segment, base abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region, anterior margin unarmed and concave mesial to orbital
hoods, latter unarmed but bluntly angulate and obscurely
carinate, adrostral furrows sharply defined and overhung
mesially by margin of rostral base, abruptly but less sharply
delimited laterally; 2nd antennular segment twice as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with acute
tooth nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale
with lateral margin concave, distolateral spine strong, laterally
convex, overreaching narrow blade; 1st pereopods with merus
armed with distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela
slightly compressed, 3xli times as long as wide, dactyl moving
in plane angled slightly toward flexor side of palm, not
double-ended, plunger not strong, clearly defined only
proximally, palm with deep transverse groove or "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela 5 times as long as
wide, dactyl nearly as long as palm, "balaeniceps" in both
sexes; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article slightly
longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl slender, simple,
propodus bearing 10-16 spines on flexor margin, carpus with
subacute distal tooth on extensor margin, merus unarmed,
ischium with movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 13 mm.
MATERIAL.?INDONESIA. Great Tobea, Selat Butung,
Celebes [4?33'S, 122?42'E]; tidepool; 15 Dec 1909: 1 male
[9.1].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Hong Kong, Ryukyu
Archipelago, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and eastward
through Pacific islands to Hawaii; intertidal to depth of 6
meters.
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
34. Alpheus gracilis Heller, 1862
Aflpheus] gracilis UCOCT, 1862a:271,pl.3:figs. 19,20 [type locality: Red Sea].
Alpheus gracilis var. Alluaudi Coutiere, 1905:882 [type locality: Mahe Island,
Seychelles].
Alpheus gracilis var. luciparensis De Man, 1911:338 [type locality: "5700 m.
N. 279?E from South point of South-Lucipara-island. Reef."].
Crangon gracilis var. simplex A.H. Banner, 1953:75, fig. 25 [type locality:
Waikiki Reef, Oahu, Hawaii].
Alpheus gracilis?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:60, fig. 13.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, not reaching as far as distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, rounded dorsally, not
carinate, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region
or paired large acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin unarmed mesial to orbital
hoods but deeply incised lateral to base of rostrum, orbital
hood armed with sharp marginal spine directed slightly mesiad,
adrostral furrows shallowly rounded; 2nd antennular segment
slightly longer than wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with strong and prominent tooth not reaching level of
tip of unusually long stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin faintly concave, distolateral spine fairly strong and
reaching beyond distal margin of blade; anterior pereopods
with small acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela compressed; 2x/2 times as long as wide, dactyl not curved
much beyond longitudinal axis of palm, not double-ended,
bearing moderately developed plunger, palm with 1 tooth
beside dactylar articulation, without longitudinal carina near
margin proximal to fixed finger, with shallow, rounded
transverse depression or "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque
and with slight constriction in margin proximal to fixed finger,
minor chela 472 times as long as wide, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex, tooth on margin of palm at articulation with dactyl;
2nd pereopod with proximal article more than twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate or not,
propodus with 10 spines on flexor margin, carpus with rounded
distal tooth on extensor margin, merus and ischium unarmed;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern and possibly South Africa to
Thailand, Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, Queensland, Australia,
and Pacific islands, including Hawaii and Society Islands.
?35. Alpheus hailstonei Coutiere, 1905
Alpheus Hailstonei Coutiere, 1905:879, pi. 74: fig. 18 [type locality: Maldive
Islands (3 localities)].
Alpheus Hailstonei, var. laetabilis De Man, 1908:98 [type locality: 8
Indonesian localities; 27 to 120+ meters].
Alpheus Hailstonei. var. assimulans De Man, 1908:99 [type locality: 3
Indonesian localities; 54 to 113 meters].
Crangon hailstonei var. paucispinata A.H. Banner, 1953:51, fig. 16 [type
locality: off Kauai Island. Hawaii; Hanamaulu warehouse, N. 44?30/, W. 2.6
miles; 125 to 165 meters].
Alpheus hailstonei.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:38, fig. 6.
compressed or setose; rostrum sharp, not nearly reaching as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, rounded dorsally,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle or paired large acute teeth
on gastric region, anterior margin rather deeply sinuous mesial
to orbital hoods, slanting gradually into rostral margin, region
not flattened, orbital hood armed with acute marginal tooth,
adrostral furrows short and shallow; 2nd antennular segment
3-4 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with well-developed ventrolateral tooth not overreaching
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave,
distolateral spine not unusually strong but considerably
overreaching narrowly tapered distal margin of blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela nearly 2!/2 times as long as wide,
dactyl strongly curved toward flexor side of chela, not
double-ended, bearing high sharp crest on extensor margin,
bulbous distally, without plunger, palm with acute tooth each
side of dactylar articulation, carina supporting tooth on mesial
side of dactylar articulation interrupted by transverse notch,
without "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, with subrectan-
gular shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger; minor chela
4!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl subequal to palm in length,
not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal
carpal article about 13A times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl usually somewhat biunguiculate, propodus with
11 pairs of spines on flexor margin, merus unarmed, ischium
with movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of
rostrum about 8 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago; sta 5138; 6?06/N, 120?58'50"E; 35 m; sand, coral; 14 Feb
1908 (1055-1115); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 2 mud bags: 1
ovig female [4.9].
RANGE.?Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldive Islands,
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and Hawaii; 27 to 536
meters (the aberrant Philippine specimens reported by D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1978:223 were found in dead coral heads in
no more than 5 meters).
REMARKS.?The Albatross Philippine specimen has the
second antennular segment slightly less than 3 times as long
as wide (compared with the usual 3 - 4 times and 1.8-2.2 times
in the three Philippine specimens reported by D.M. and A.H.
Banner, 1978:223, from barely 5 meters deep). It also has the
antennal peduncle (carpocerite) fully 5 times as long as wide
(compared with the usual nearly 7 times and slightly more than
4 times in the Banner Philippine material).
*36. Alpheus hippothoe De Man, 1888
Alpheus Hippothoe De Man, 1888b:268, pi. 17: figs. 1 - 5 [type locality:
Sullivan Island (Lanbi Kyun) and King Island Bay (Padaw Aw), Mcrgui
Archipelago, Burma].
Alpheus hippothoe.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:195, fig. 59.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
NUMBER 466 31
pressed or setose; rostrum slender, reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina rounded,
extending posteriorly to posterior gastric region, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without flattened
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed, nearly
transverse, not flattened, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral
furrows moderately deep; 2nd antennular segment 22/3 times
as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) bearing
acute lateral tooth not reaching level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin deeply concave in proximal
1/2, distolateral spine strong, considerably overreaching narrow
blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin, somewhat reduced in minor cheliped;
major chela compressed, 2!/3 times as long as wide, dactyl not
noticeably curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
plunger rather poorly developed, truncate, palm without
prominent longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed
finger, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal
shoulder rounded but overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal
to fixed finger strong, rounded, at right angle to palm; minor
chela about 22/3 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly shorter
than palm, without setiferous longitudinal crest; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article about twice as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate, propodus
bearing about 14 spines on flexor margin, carpus with both
margins projecting distally, merus with strong acute tooth near
distal end of flexor margin, ischium with strong movable spine;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 12 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Visayan Sea north of Cebu: sta
5401; llo24'45'TSf, 124?06/E; 55 m; fine sand; 16 Mar 1909
(1005-1032); 6' McCormick trawl: 2 males [10.1,10.1]. Near
Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5147; 5?41'40"N, 120?47'10"E;
38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 female [4.4].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, Seychelles, South Africa,
Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Fiji and
Tonga islands; intertidal to 55 meters.
REMARKS.?See "Remarks" under A. serenei.
*37. Alpheus hyphalus, new species
FIGURES 4, 5
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum rather narrow, reaching level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment (Figure 4a), dorsal
carina prominent but blunt, not extending posteriorly beyond
midgastric region, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region, without flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and orbital
hood unarmed, concave near rostral margin, orbital hood
unarmed, adrostral furrows moderately deep; 2nd antennular
segment twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with small, sharp ventrolateral spine not nearly
reaching level of tip of stylocerite (Figure 4b); antennal scale
with lateral margin rather deeply concave, distolateral spine
stout, considerably overreaching narrow blade; 1st pereopods
with merus unarmed (Figure Ag,hjc,t)\ major chela somewhat
compressed, about 273 times as long as wide, dactyl only
slightly skewed from longitudinal axis of palm but wih rather
strong, blunt, sinuous carina on extensor margin, not double-
ended, with well-developed plunger (Figure 4/), palm with
strong longitudinal ridge near margin proximal to fixed finger
(Figure 4e), with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
proximal shoulder blunt but slightly overhanging "saddle,"
shoulder proximal to fixed finger strong, rounded, slightly
projecting, mesial surface with sharp ridge subparallel with
dorsal margin below distal end of depression associated with
"saddle," similar ridge on opposite surface less sharp; minor
chela (Figures 4iJ) about 3 times as long as wide, dactyl about
as long as palm, weakly "balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod
(Figure 5d) with proximal carpal article nearly ll/2 times as
long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod (Figure 5b) with dactyl pointed,
simple, propodus bearing about 9 spines on flexor margin,
carpus only slightly produced on each side of distal margin,
merus unarmed, ischium with movable spine; carapace length
to base of rostrum 7.0 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Verde Island Passage: sta 5292;
13?38'45"N, 121?01'irE; 296 m; fine black sand; 11.3?C;
23 Jul 1908 (1437-1457); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag:
1 male [7.0], holotype (USNM 205662).
TYPE LOCALITY.?Same as above.
RANGE.?Known only from the unique male holotype from
Verde Island Passage, Philippines; 296 meters.
REMARKS.?This species appears to be an offshore relative
of A. pacificus; it differs from that species in the longer
rostrum, more elongate distolateral spine of the antennal scale,
somewhat different sculpture on the major chela, and the form
of the minor chela of the male.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name, derived from the Greek hyphalos
("under the sea"), alludes to the considerable depth at which
the single representative of the species was found, compared
with the usually intertidal habitat of the possibly related A.
pacificus.
38. Alpheus ladronis A.H. Banner, 1956
Alpheus ladronis A.H. Banner, 1956:360, fig. 20 [type locality: Saipan.
Mariana Islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1978:223.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
presed or setose; rostrum small, acute, not nearly reaching level
of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, distinctly carinate
in midline as far as posterior margins of eyes, base not abruptly
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region or strong paired acute teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 4.?Alpheus hyphalus, new species, male holotype from Albatross su 5292, carapace length 7.0 mm: a,
anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d,
right 3rd maxilliped; e, left 1st (major) chela, mesial aspect; / same, lateral aspect; g, left 1st (major) cheliped,
proximal segments, mesial aspect; h, same, lateral aspect; i, right 1st (minor) chela, mesial aspect;/ same, lateral
aspect; k, right 1st (minor) cheliped, proximal segments, mesial aspect; /, same, lateral aspect
NUMBER 466 33
FIGURE 5.?Alpheus hyphalus, new species, male holotype from Albatross sta
5292, carapace length 7.0 mm: a, right 2nd pereopod; b, right 3rd pereopod;
c, right appendices masculina and intema.
margin mesial to orbital hoods unarmed, nearly transverse,
meeting rostral margin at obtuse angle, orbital hoods unarmed,
adrostral furrows shallowly rounded; 2nd antennular segment
fully V/2 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with small acute lateral tooth not nearly
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin nearly straight, distolateral spine strong but not
unusually stout, overreaching distal end of tapered blade; major
cheliped with chela compressed, fully 2!/2 times as long as
wide, fingers narrowly acute, dactyl not double-ended, palm
without longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed
finger, with shallow "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
proximal shoulder low, not overhanging "saddle," shoulder
on margin proximal to fixed finger much stronger, merus with
conspicuous subterminal tooth on inferior flexor margin; minor
cheliped with chela 4 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly
longer than palm, not "balaeniceps"; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article nearly IV2 times as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing 8
slender spines on flexor margin, carpus with extensor margin
projecting distally, merus and ischium unarmed; maximum
carapace length probably about 5 mm.
RANGE.?Philippines, Marianas, and Samoa; shallow water.
39. Alpheus leptochirus Coutiere, 1905
Aflpheus] leptochirus Coutiere, 1905:914, pi. 87: fig. 54 [type locality: Maldive
Islands (2 localities)].
Alpheus leptochirus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1978:223.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum slender, reaching nearly to level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, distinctly carinate in
midline as far as posterior limits of orbital hoods, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or strong paired
acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin mesial to orbital hoods unarmed and rather
deeply incised each side of rostrum, orbital hoods unarmed,
adrostral furrows rather deep; 2nd antennular segment less than
IV2 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with lateral tooth; antennal scale with lateral margin not
deeply concave, distolateral spine strong but not unusually
stout, overreaching distal end of tapered blade; 1st pereopods
with distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus; major
chela compressed, 3 to 372 times as long as wide, dactyl not
double-ended, with shallow "saddle" proximal to adhesive
plaque, proximal shoulder low, not overhanging "saddle,"
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger not very strong;
minor chela 5 to SV2 times as long as wide, dactyl shorter than
palm, "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal
carpal article as long as or slightly shorter than 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl very slender, simple, not biunguiculate,
propodus bearing 7 slender spines on flexor margin, carpus
with extensor margin projecting slightly distally, merus and
ischium unarmed; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
perhaps about S mm.
RANGE.?Maldive Islands, Seychelles, Reunion, and, per-
haps, Philippines. The records from Hawaii by A.H. Banner
(1953:133) and the Marianas by the same author (1956:362)
need to be confirmed (see "Remarks" below).
REMARKS.?A.H. Banner (1953:134) was fully aware that
the three specimens dredged in 30 to 60 meters off Diamond
Head, Oahu, Hawaii, might represent a distinct species. I have
had the opportunity to examine one of these specimens?an
ovigerous female with a carapace length of 4.2 mm?and I
have found that it differs from Coutiere's description in the
following particulars: the rostral carina is rounded, rather than
"presque tranchante"; the margins of the ocular hoods are
sinuously transverse and laterally angular, rather than regularly
convex; the shoulder proximal to the "saddle" on the major
chela arises almost vertically from and almost overhangs the
"saddle"; and the third pereopod has the ischium armed with
a long lateral spine. Only the availability of additional material
will permit a determination as to whether these differences fall
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
within the range of variability of A. leptochirus, but one of the
discrepancies listed by Banner (1953:134) is invalid. He noted
that the second carpal article of the second pereopod is 1.1
times as long as the first, rather than 0.7 as long; in his
description of this appendage, Coutiere (1905:915) stated:
"Les 2 premiers segments du carpe sont egaux en longueur,
parfois meme le 2me est le plus long."
40. Alpheus leviusculus leviusculus Dana, 1852
Alphtus Edwardsii var. leviusculus Dana, 1852b:543 [type locality: Wake
Island, North Pacific].
Alpheus leviusculus.?Dana, 18SS, pi. 34: fig. 3a-f.
Alpheus Bouvieri var. Baslardi Coutiere, 1898c:133, fig. la [type locality: the
type series apparently included material from the Gulf of Aden, Madagascar
(2 localities), and Panama].
Alpheus leviusculus leviusculus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:246, fig. 77.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum triangular, short, not nearly reaching
level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, rounded in
dorsal midline, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region or strong paired acute teeth overhanging posterior ends
of adrostral furrows, anterior margin mesial to orbital hoods
unarmed, nearly transverse, concave near rostral margin, orbital
hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows broad and shallow; 2nd
antennular segment no more than I1 fa times as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) with strong lateral tooth
not quite reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale
with lateral margin nearly straight, distolateral spine not
especially stout, overreaching distal margin of fairly wide
blade, sometimes considerably; 1st pereopod without distal
tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus; major chela somewhat
compressed, fully 272 times as long as wide, dactyl nearly
straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing
well-developed plunger, palm without longitudinal carina near
margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle" proximal to
adhesive plaque, shoulder proximal to "saddle" rounded or
forming right angle with surface of palm, shoulder on margin
proximal to fixed finger low and rounded; minor chela fully
3'/2 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly shorter than palm,
usually clearly "balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article not quite 1V2 times as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl simple, sometimes with slight swelling
on flexor margin, propodus bearing about 9 spines on flexor
margin, carpus with extensor margin projecting at articulation
with propodus, merus unarmed, ischium usually without
movable spine; maximum carapace length about 10 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Indian Ocean, Indonesia,
and Pacific islands at least as far eastward as Wake Island.
REMARKS.?The presence or absence of an ischial spine on
the third and fourth pereopods does not seem to be as
diagnostic of this species as it is of most members of the
genus. Specimens in the Smithsonian collections from Hong
Kong show no trace of such a movable spine, but those from
the Indian Ocean have small but distinct ones.
*41. Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849
Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849:179 [type locality: Japan (probably near
Nagasaki, according to Holthuis in A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1975:431)].?
D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1981:29.
Alpheus crassimanus Heller, 1862b:526 [type locality: Nicobar Islands].
Alpheus inopifuUus Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1958:42, figs. 8, 9 [type locality:
Herzliya, Israel].
Alpheus lobidens polynesica A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1975:429, fig. 3A-H,
J - L [type locality: Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii].
Alpheus lobidens lobidens.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:252, fig. 78s.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, triangular, reaching nearly to
level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina
rather sharp, not extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without
flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed,
somewhat incised near rostral margin, adrostral furrows
moderately deep; 2nd antennular segment about twice as long
as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with small
ventrolateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin variably concave,
distolateral spine stout, overreaching blade; 1st pereopods with
or without distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus;
major chela somewhat compressed, about 2'/2 times as long
as wide, dactyl not noticeably curved in longitudinal plane,
not double-ended, having well-developed plunger, palm with
longitudinal groove but no carina near margin proximal to fixed
finger, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, shoulder
proximal thereto usually rounded, sometimes abrupt, but not
overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger always
well developed but varying from rounded to angular; minor
chela 3 to 43A times as long as wide, dactyl subequal to palm
in length, strongly "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article 174 to \2h times as long as 2nd;
3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus usually
bearing about 10 spines on flexor margin, carpus not produced
distally at propodal articulation, merus unarmed, ischium
usually bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 19 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Olongapo, Subic Bay, Luzon
[14?50X 120?16'E]; shore; 7 Jan 1908 (1400-1515); 2 males
[6.6, 8.3] 3 ovig females [8.0-10.7].?Tilik, Lubang Island
[13?49X \2Sr\?E\\ beach; sand, mud; 14 Jul 1908 (1430-
1700): 1 ovig female [10.1].
RANGE.?Entire Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea to
Hawaii, as well as eastern and central Mediterranean; intertidal
to 25 meters.
REMARKS.?In regard to the determination by A.H. and
D.M. Banner (1975:431) that A. crassimanus is a junior
synonym of A lobidens, it may be of interest to recall the
remarks of Coutiere (1899:14). He noted that the type specimen
of A. lobidens in the Museum at Leiden was in such poor
condition that it was impossible to determine the sex of the
NUMBER 466 35
specimen satisfactorily and whether it represents the species
called A. strenuus by Dana or A. crassimanus of Heller. He
decided, however, that it was a female and therefore a senior
synonym of Dana's species, in which the balaeniceps dactyl
of the minor chela occurs in both sexes.
Because of the delays often associated with the publication
of major works, the detailed revision of this species and the
relegation of A. inopinatus and the subspecies polynesica to its
synonymy?which was to have appeared "in a check-list of the
alpheids of the Red Sea at some time in the future" according
to D.M. and A.H. Banner (1982:241, footnote)?were actually
published during the preceding year (D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1981:29).
*42. Alpheus lottini Guerin, 1829
Cancer sublucanus Forskil, 1775:94 [type locality: Juddah, Saudi Arabia; the
name was suppressed under the plenary powers in Opinion 1367 of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985:361)].
Alpheus Lottini Guerin, 1829, pi. 3: fig. 3.
Alpheus Lottinii.?Cuhm, 1838:38 [type locality: New Ireland, Bismarck
Archipelago].
A[lpheus]ventrosus H. Milne Edwards, 1837:352 [type locality: Mauritius].
A[lpheus] laevis Randall, 1840:141 [type locality: Hawaii].
Alpheus Thetis White, 1847:75 [Australia; nomen nudum].
Crangon latipes A.H. Banner, 1953:82, fig. 27 [type locality: off Waikiki
Reef, Oahu, Hawaii; 6 meters].
Alpheus lottini.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:65, fig. 15.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body somewhat but not
extraordinarily compressed, not twice as high as wide, not
setose; rostrum reaching to about level of distal margin of 1st
antennular segment, base flattened, abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region, without paired teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and
orbital hood short, transverse, unarmed, submarginal area not
flattened, orbital hood armed with sharp tooth directed
anteromesiad from surface of hood, not marginal, adrostral
furrows narrow and rather deep; second antennular segment
usually about 13A times as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with strong, acute ventrolateral tooth
nearly or quite overreaching stylocerite; antennal scale with
lateral margin faintly sinuous, nearly straight, distolateral spine
rather stout, overreaching distal margin of tapered blade; 1st
pereopods with inferior flexor margin of merus terminating
distally in strong but blunt projection; major chela compressed,
about 272 times as long as wide, dactyl not strongly arched,
veering only slightly from longitudinal plane of chela, not
double-ended, bearing reasonably well-developed plunger,
palm totally devoid of sculpture; minor chela 2l/z to 3 times
as long as wide, dactyl subequal to palm in length, fairly
slender, rather strongly hooked distally, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article nearly
or fully twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl stout,
laterally compressed, tip bluntly hoof-like, surrounded by ridge
of soft chitin, propodus bearing 5 -7 rather stout spines on
flexor margin, carpus with both extensor and flexor margins
produced distally, merus and ischium unarmed; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 13 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5109; 14?03'45"N, 120?16'3(rE; 18m; coral; 15 Jan
1908 (1026-1038); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl (trawl
immediately torn on coral): 5 males [5.0-6.6] 2 ovig females
[3.8-5.2]. Cagmanaba Bay, Burias Pass, southeastern Luzon
[13?03TS[, 123?18'E]; coral heads; 11 Mar 1908: 1 male [7.5]
1 ovig female [8.7]. Palag Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, eastern Luzon
[13?44'N, 123?56'E]; from coral; 16 Jun 1909: 1 male [6.8] 1
ovig female [7.8]. Marungas Island, Sulu Archipelago [6?06'N,
120?58'E]; shore, coral head; 19 Feb 1908: 1 male [5.5] 2
females [3.0,5.7], 1 ovig [5.7].
RANGE.?Red Sea to South Africa, eastward to the
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, to Hawaii, the Galapagos
Islands, and the American mainland from the Gulf of California
to Colombia; A. lottini is found only in association with living
pocilloporid corals, which are commonly confined to sublit-
toral depths to about 50 meters.
*43. Alpheus macellarius, new species
FIGURES 6,7
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum slender, not reaching anteriorly
quite as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment (Figure
6a), bluntly carinate in midline posteriorly to slightly beyond
bases of orbital hoods, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region or paired acute teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin unarmed and
transverse mesial to orbital hoods, curving gradually into
rostral margin, region not noticeably depressed, orbital hoods
unarmed and uncarinate, adrostral furrows comparatively
shallow; 2nd antennular segment about 2]A times as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with strong
lateral tooth not reaching level of tip of stylocerite (Figure 4b);
antennal scale with lateral margin concave near midlength,
convex distally, distolateral spine strong, slightly overreaching
distal margin of blade; major cheliped with chela (Figure Ad)
oval in cross section, 3 times as long as wide, dactyl straight
in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, plunger much reduced,
defined only by proximal angle, palm without teeth either side
of dactylar articulation, sculpture limited to narrow, transverse
notch or "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque;, merus (Figure
Ae) armed with distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; minor
cheliped with chela (Figure 4/) 5 times as long as wide, dactyl
not broadened or "balaeniceps" in either sex, nearly IV2 times
as long as palm, merus (Figure Ag) without fixed distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin; 2nd pereopod (Figure Ah) with
proximal article of carpus \xh times as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod (Figure AC) with dactyl (Figure Aj) subspatulate,
propodus bearing series of fine spines on flexor margin, merus
unarmed, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace
length about 12 mm.
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 6.?Alpheus macellarius, new species, male holotype from Cebu Market, carapace length 11.2 mm: a,
anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d,
right 1st (major) chela; e, right 1st (major) cheliped, proximal segments, lateral aspect;/, left 1st (minor) chela;
g, left 1st (minor) cheliped, proximal segments, lateral aspect; h, right 2nd pereopod; i, right 3rd pereopod; j ,
same, dactyl; k, right 1st pleopod, posterior aspect; /, right appendices masculina and intern a, anterior aspect.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Dupon Bay, Leyte [10?55'N,
124?25TE]; 17 Mar 1909 (1900-2200); electric light: 1 female
[6.8]. Cebu Market [ l O 0 ^ , 123?54'E]; 20 Mar 1909:2 males
[10.9, 11.2], larger is holotype (USNM 205663).
TYPE LOCALITY.?Vicinity of Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines.
RANGE.?Known only from the three Albatross specimens
cited above from the south central Philippines.
REMARKS.?Of the approximately 33 members of the
Brevirostris Group currently recognized, including the incom-
pletely described A. miyakei Miya, 1974 (the sole species of
the group with spinose orbital hoods), only 14 agree with A.
macellarius in having a distinct transverse, distally delimited
groove or "saddle" on the palm of the major chela proximal
to the adhesive plaque at the dactylar articulation. Of these 14,
the following five species may be eliminated from identifica-
tion with A. macellarius by the styliform rather than spatulate
or subspatulate dactyls of the third and fourth pereopods: A.
barbatus, A. miersi, A. pubescens De Man, 1908, A. savuensis
De Man, 1908, and A. talismani Coutiere, 1898d. Three
species?A. brevicristatus De Haan, 1849, A. brevirostris
(Olivier, 1811), and A. cythereus A.H. and D.M. Banner,
19661)?are distinguished by the presence of prominent
NUMBER 466 37
FIGURE 7.?Alpheus macellarius, new species, a-g, male paratype from Cebu
Market, carapace length 10.9 mm; h.i, female paratype from Dupon Bay,
Leyte, carapace length 6.8 mm: a, right mandible; b, right 1st maxilla; c, right
2nd maxilla; d, right 1st maxilliped; e, right 2nd maxilliped; / right 3rd
maxilliped; g, same, distal end; h, right 1st (major) chela; i, left 1st (minor)
chela.
longitudinal ridges or carinae on the major chela. Two
more?A. bellulus Miya and Miyake, 1969, and A. moretensis
D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982 (together with A. cythereus, A.
pubescens, and A. sauvensis)?have the dactyl of the minor
chela "balaeniceps," at least in the male. Of the four remaining
species, A. djeddensis Coutiere, 1897d, differs from A.
macellarus chiefly in the form and proportions of the chelae
of the first pereopods, both chelae being less than three times
as long as wide, compared with fully three times as long as
wide in the major chela and more than five times as long as
wide in the minor chela of A. macellarius; A. homochirus (Yu,
1935) has the major chela four and one-half times as long as
wide and the fingers twice as long as the palm, compared with
about one and one-half times as long as the palm in the
Philippine species; A. platyunguiculatus (A.H. Banner, 1953)
has the minor chela less than four times as long as wide,
compared with fully five times, and the proximal article of the
carpus of the second pereopod no more than one-half, rather
than longer than, the second article; finally, A. rapax Fabricius,
1798, which seems to be closely related to A. macellarius,
apparently differs in the presence of flattened strips and
accompanying delimiting longitudinal ridges or lines on the
superior and inferior surfaces and the omission of any
suggestion of the obtuse longitudinal ridge and accompanying
depression sometimes present on the lateral surface of the
major chela, compared with the complete absence of any such
longitudinal sculpture in the new species, as well as in the
more bowed and hairier fingers of the minor chela. The
discussion of the extreme variability of A. rapax in D.M. and
A.H. Banner (1982:176) indicates that A. macellarius may
prove to be a variant of that species, but comparison of the
Philippine specimens with one from the Andaman Sea
identified by A.H. Banner as A. rapax has served to minimize
the credibility of that possibility.
ETYMOLOGY.?From the Latin word for "of the meat or
provision market," in allusion to the source of the holotype of
the species.
?44. Alpheus macroskeles Alcock and Anderson, 1894
FIGURE 8
Alpheus macroskeles Alcock and Anderson, 1894:153 [type locality (restricted
by "type" selection by Alcock, 1901:141, documented by A.H. and D.M.
Banner. 1981:232): Bay of Bengal. 490 meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1978:224, fig. 1.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum narrow, sharp, not nearly reaching
as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, feebly
carinate in midline, carina disappearing on anterior gastric
region, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace with or without median tubercle on gastric region,
without flattened teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and orbital hood
variably incised, submarginal region not flattened, orbital
hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows not very deep; 2nd
antennular segment about 372 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with slender ventrolateral spine
not reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with
lateral margin rather weakly concave, distolateral spine not
especially strong, overreaching distal margin of blade by
varying extent; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute
distal tooth on flexor margin and stronger tooth near distal end
of extensor margin; major chela subcylindrical, about 7 times
as long as wide, dactyl sometimes overreached by fixed finger,
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 8.?Alpheus macroskeles, a-f, male from Albatross sta S624, carapace
length 8.3 mm; g,h, male from Albatross sta S62S, carapace length 8.1 mm:
a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, 5th abdominal somite;
c, telson, dorsal aspect; d, left 1st (minor) chela, flexor aspect; e, merus of left
1st (minor) cheliped, mesial aspect; / left 2nd pereopod; g, left 1st (major)
chela, flexor aspect; h, merus of left 1st (major) cheliped.
not double-ended, plunger little developed, palm without sharp
tooth either side of dactylar articulation, without longitudinal
carina or "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, without
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger; minor chela
10-14 times as long as wide, dactyl 2/3 to fully as long as palm,
"balaeniceps" in male, palm somewhat granulate; 2nd pereo-
pod with proximal carpal article l2/3 to twice as long as 2nd;
3rd pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, carpus with blunt distal
lobe on extensor margin, merus unarmed, ischium bearing
movable spine; maximum carapace length about 10 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Babuyan Channel, north of
Luzon: sta 5328; l ^ W m ^ ' E ; 274 m; blue mud;
12.2?C; 19 Nov 1908 (0944-1004); 12' Tanner beam trawl,
mud bag: 1 female [8.2]. Balayan Bay, southern Luzon: sta
5117; 13?52'22"N, 120?46'22"E; 216 m; 21 Jan 1908
(0927-0947); 12' Tanner beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [7.5]
(identification ?). Northeast of Mindoro: sta5122; 13?21/3(TN,
120? [probably 121?] 30'33"E; 402 m; green mud; 2 Feb 1908
(1059-1119); 12' Tanner beam trawl, mud bag: 1 female [8.2].
Samar Sea, east of Masbate: sta 5396; 11?57X 124?12'24"E;
251 m; green mud; 15 Mar 1909 (0945-1005); 12' Agassiz
beam trawl, mud bag: [8.1] (identification ?). West of Leyte:
sta 5409; l O ^ X 124?13'08"E; 346 m; green mud; 18 Mar
1909 (0951-1020); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 ovig
female [6.9]. Bohol Strait, east of Cebu: sta 5197; 9?52'30"N,
123o40'45"E; 318 m; green mud; 12.4?C; 9 Apr 1908
(0855-0915); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 3 mud bags: 1 male
[9.8] (identification ?); sta 5198; 9?40'50"N, 123?39'45^; 402
m; green mud; 12.2?C; 9 Apr 1908 (1125-1145); 12' Agassiz
beam trawl, 3 mud bags: 1 ovig female [8.2].
INDONESIA. West of Halmahera: sta 5624; 0?12'15"N,
127?29'30"E; 527 m; fine sand, mud; 29 Nov 1909 (1058-
1118); 12' Agassiz beam trawl: 1 male [8.3]; sta 5625;
0?07'00*N, 127?28'00"E; 421 m; gray mud, fine sand; 29 Nov
1909 (1416-1437); 12' Agassiz beam trawl: 1 male [8.1].
RANGE.?Perhaps the only authentic records of A. mac-
roskeles are those mentioned by Alcock and Anderson (1894)
in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea in depths of 265
to 494 meters. The ovigerous female tentatively identified by
De Man (1911:403) from the Bali Sea in 330 meters lacked
both chelipeds and differed in minor respects from the
descriptions of A. macroskeles; the present study indicates that
specimens of this species cannot be distinguished from those
of A nonalter without recourse to at least one of the first
chelipeds (see "Remarks" under the latter species). The
specimen recorded from the Red Sea by Balss (1915:23) came
from a depth of only 58 meters, which might cast some doubt
on the identification, yet D.M. and A.H. Banner (1978:224)
found "excellent agreement" between paratypes of A mac-
roskeles and specimens from only 77 meters in the South China
Sea. At the other extreme, Caiman (1939:208) assigned to this
species 18 specimens from depths of 528 to more than 1061
meters in the Gulf of Aden.
REMARKS.?The two males from Albatross stations 5117 and
5197 (Balayan Bay and Bohol Strait, respectively) lack both
first chelipeds and their identity with A. macroskeles is
therefore questionable (see "Remarks" under A. nonalter.)
45. Alpheus maindroni Coutiere, 1898
A[lpheusJ Maindroni Coutiere, 1898c:133, figs. 2, 2' [type locality: the type
series came from 2 localities: Masqat (Muscat), Gulf of Oman, and Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden].
Alpheus maindroni.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:203, fig. 62; 1985:19.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum triangular, not nearly reaching distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, bluntly carinate in midline,
carina not extending posteriorly beyond bases of eyes, base of
rostrum not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region
or paired acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin mesial to orbital hoods unarmed but
convexly produced anteriorly, meeting rostral margin at less
than right angle, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows
shallow; 2nd antennular segment IV2 times as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with acute ventral
tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal
NUMBER 466 39
scale with lateral margin slightly concave, distolateral spine
stout, considerably overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute tooth on inferior flexor
margin; major chela compressed 2!/2 times as long as wide,
dactyl straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing
very well developed plunger, palm without longitudinal carina
near margin proximal to fixed finger, with reduced "saddle"
forming shallow, poorly delimited, oblique depression proxi-
mal to adhesive plaque, shoulder on margin proximal to fixed
finger rounded; minor chela 3 times as long as wide, dactyl
slightly longer than palm, not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article more than twice as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus
bearing 9 spines on flexor margin, carpus slightly projecting
distally on both extensor and flexor margins, merus and
ischium unarmed; maximum carapace length about 9 mm.
RANGE.?Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique,
Madagascar, Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia, Caroline
and Marshall islands; shallow water.
*46. Alpheus malabaricus (Fabricius, 1775)
FIGURE 9
Astacus Malabaricus Fabricius, 1775:415 [type locality: Malabar Coast,
southwestern India].
Alpheus macrodactylus Ortmann, 1890:473, pi. 36: fig. 10, lOe [type locality:
Sydney].
Alpheus dolkhodactylus Ortmann, 1890:473, pL 36: fig. 11 [type locality:
Tokyo Wan, Japan].
Alpheus dolkhodactylus, var. leptopus De Man, 1910:289 [type locality: the
type series came from 4 Siboga stations in the vicinity of the Lesser Sunda
Islands, Indonesia; 18-289 meters].
Alpheus malabaricus mackayi A.H. Banner, 1959:149, fig. 12 [type locality:
Wailupe fish pond, Oahu, Hawaii].
Alpheus malabaricus malabaricus.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966b: 145, fig.
55.
Alpheus malabaricus songkla A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966b: 147, fig. 56 [type
locality: Lake Songkla, Songkla, Thailand].
Alpheus mackayi.?A.H. and DM. Banner, 1975:428, fig. 2A-H.
Alpheus malabaricus trefzae D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:207, fig. 64 [type
locality: Brammo Bay, Dunk Island, Queensland, Australia; low tide].
Alpheus mazatianicus Wicksten, 1983:46, figs. 7, 8 [type locality: Laguna del
Caimanero, Sinaloa, Mexico].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum variable in length and proportionate
width, rarely if ever reaching as far as distal margin of 1st
antennular segment, median carina moderately sharp to
rounded, not reaching posteriorly beyond limits of orbital
hoods, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired
acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin mesial to orbital hoods variably incised to
nearly transverse, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows,
relatively shallow and short; 2nd antennular segment about
twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with acute ventrolateral spine not nearly reaching level
of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin
moderately concave to nearly straight, distolateral spine strong
but not unusually stout, distinctly overreaching distal margin
of blade or not; 1st pereopods with merus armed with acute
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela compressed,
2x/2 to 372 times as long as wide, dactyl straight in longitudinal
plane, not double-ended, plunger moderately well-developed
to barely distinguishable, palm with longitudinal furrow but
no carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque, shoulder proximal to "saddle"
obtusely rounded to slightly projecting and overhanging
"saddle"; minor chela 4!/2 to 7V2 times as long as wide, dactyl
from less than IV2 to more than 3 times as long as palm, not
"balaeniceps" in either sex, 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article from slightly longer than to twice as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, propodus with or without
series of spinules on flexor margin, carpus with blunt distal
projection on extensor margin, short acute distal tooth on flexor
margin, merus unarmed, ischium with movable spine; maxi-
mum carapace length to base of rostrum about 13 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. "Little Harbor at Luneta, Ma-
nila Harbor," Luzon; 12 Dec 1907:4 males [5.2-9.2] 3 females
[4.2-7.4], 1 ovig [7.4], Alimango River, Burias Island
[13?06'N, 122?57'E]; sand, mud; 5 Mar 1909 (0900-1200);
130' seine (2 hauls), dynamite (5 shots): 1 female [7.0].
RANGE.?East Africa to Mexico; interudal to at least 289
meters.
REMARKS.?Admittedly superficial study of the A. mala-
baricus complex has suggested to me that the species?like the
Atlantic A.floridanusKingsley, 1878 (seeChace, 1972:65)?is
highly variable and widely ranging. A large number of taxa
could be envisioned by recognizing the almost innumerable
combinations of variable characters (see Wicksten, 1983:47,
table E). For instance, the specimen from Burias Island
illustrated in Figure 9 is nearly identical with the Australian
specimen identified and illustrated by D.M. and A. H. Banner
(1982:210, fig. 65) as A. macrodactylus, except for the more
elongate first chelipeds. The character that seems most clearly
to distinguish A. macrodactylus from a form like A.
malabaricus trefzae (see D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:208,
fig. 64f) is the much better developed plunger on the dactyl
of the major chela, but a specimen from off Cochin,
southwestern India, identified as A. malabaricus malabaricus
by A.H. Banner has a plunger virtually identical with the one
shown in Figure 9d, combined with a minor chela like the one
illustrated from a specimen of A. malabaricus dolkhodactylus
by De Man, 1911 (1915), pi. 23: fig. 105f. A.H. and D.M.
Banner (1975:428) elevated A. malabaricus mackayi A.H.
Banner, 1959, to species status because the rostrum is much
smaller than it is in typical A. malabaricus and the fingers of
the minor chela are only one and one-half, rather than two and
one-half or more, times as long as the palm, but the rostrum
is no smaller than it is in A. malabaricus trefzae and the fingers
of the minor chela no shorter, in relation to the palm, than they
are in A. malabaricus songkla.
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 9.?Alpheus malabaricus, female from Alimango River, Bunas Island, carapace length 7.0 mm: a,
anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, right 1st (major) cheliped, mesial
aspect; d, same, chela, lateral aspect; e, left 1st (minor) cheliped, lateral aspect; / same, fingers, mesial aspect;
g, left 3rd pereopod; h, same, dactyl, flexor aspect.
It is quite possible that the evidence for the variability theory
derived from the number of variations that are both sympatric
and widespread geographically may eventually prove to be
false, but such conclusions should be supported by the study
of more material than is currently available.
?47. Alpheus malleodigitus (Bate, 1888)
Betaeus malleodigitus Bate, 1888:565, pi. 101: fig. 5 [type locality: Levuka,
Fiji Islands].
Allpheus] phrygianus Coutierc, 1905:886, pi. 77: fig. 25 [type locality: 2 sites
in the Maldive Islands and 1 in Madagascar].
NUMBER 466 41
A[lpheus] Danae Coutiere, 1905:887, pi. 77: fig. 26 [type locality: Maldive
Islands].
Alpheus persicus Nobili, 1905:238 [type locality: Persian Gulf].
Atpheus malleodigitus, var. gracilicarpus De Man, 19O9a:99 [type locality: 2
stations in the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, and 2 in vicinity of Lesser
Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 8 - 5 4 meters].
Alpheus malleodigitus.?AM. and D.M.Banner, 1966a: 162-175, figs. 8c,d,
9-18.?DAI. and A.H. Banner, 1982:92, fig. 22m-o.?A.H. and D.M.Ban-
ner, 1983:44.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Obesomanus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum very small, subrectan-
gular, not reaching nearly as far as distal margin of 1st
antennular segment, sharply carinate, carina disappearing
rather abruptly into somewhat flattened triangular area
somewhat sharply delimited from posterior ends of adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle posterior
to base of rostrum and without paired acute teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin transverse
and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, submarginal region not
flattened, adrostral furrows rather deep; 2nd antennular
segment usually at least 3 times as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) unarmed; antennal scale with lateral
margin moderately concave, distolateral spine stout, far
overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
unarmed on mesial flexor margin; major chela subcircular in
cross section, about 23/4 times as long as wide, dactyl straight
in longitudinal plane, double-ended, bearing well-developed,
truncated plunger, palm with rather extensive depression or
broad furrow on lateral side of extensor surface immediately
posterior to adhesive plaque and smaller lateral depression
near base of fixed finger minor chela about 372 times as long
as wide, dactyl about xli as long as palm, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article llz as
long as to subequal with 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
propodus bearing about 8 stout spines on flexor margin, carpus
with short distal tooth on extensor margin, longer one on flexor
margin, merus with subdistal tooth on flexor margin, ischium
without movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of
rostrum about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Marungas Island, Sulu Archi-
pelago [6?06'N, 120?58'E]; lJ/4 to 272 m; scattered coral and
sand; 10 Feb 1908 (1330-1500); diving, coral heads taken
ashore; 2 females [7.4,7.7], 1 ovig [7.7].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Hong Kong, Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia, eastward to the Society
Islands but not Hawaii; on and in corals, usually in surf zone.
REMARKS.?See "Remarks" under A. microstylus.
*48. Alpheus microstylus (Bate, 1888)
Betaeus microstylus Bate, 1888:566. pi. 101: fig. 6 [type locality: Albany
Island, Cape York, Australia].
Alpheus microstylus.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:45, fig. 6a-f.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Obesomanus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum very small, rarely
absent, not reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, sharply carinate, carina disappearing rather abruptly
into somewhat flattened triangular area roughly delimited from
posterior ends of adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle posterior to base of rostrum and without
paired acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin transverse or concave and unarmed
mesial to orbital hoods, submarginal region not flattened,
adrostral furrows rather deep; 2nd antennular segment usually
no more than 3 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) unarmed; antennal scale with lateral margin
somewhat concave, distolateral spine stout, usually overreach-
ing distal margin of blade by moderate amount; 1st pereopods
with merus usually unarmed on mesial flexor margin; major
chela subcircular in cross section, about 2l/i times as long as
wide, dactyl straight in longitudinal plane, double-ended,
bearing well-developed, truncated plunger, palm with exten-
sive depression immediately proximal to adhesive plaque and
with sinuous furrow on fixed finger, minor chela about 2!/2
times as long as wide, dactyl less than lfr as long as palm, not
"balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article 73 to 72 as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
propodus bearing about 8 stout spines on flexor margin, carpus
with short distal tooth on extensor margin, longer one on flexor
margin, merus with subdistal tooth on flexor margin, ischium
bearing inconspicuous small movable spine; maximum cara-
pace length to base of rostrum about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Port Gubat, southeastern Luzon
[12?55'N, 124?09'E]; tide pool; 23 Jun 1909 (1303-1700); 1
female [8.3].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Indonesia, Vietnam,
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and Caroline, Mariana, and
Samoan islands.
REMARKS.?In their review of the alpheids of the western
Indian Ocean, A.H. and D.M. Banner (1983) offered an
analysis of the material available to them of A. malleodigitus,
A. microstylus, and A. obesomanus. Although the species
differed widely in geographic distribution, A. malleodigitus
being most common in the western Indian Ocean, Thailand,
and the Central Pacific, A. microstylus rare everywhere except
the western Indian Ocean, and A. obesomanus common in
Australia, the Philippines, and Thailand, they were "certain
that further studies such as those we have made with preserved
specimens, supplemented with crude field observations, will
not resolve the question posed." They concluded: "Although
we are inclined towards the concept of a single variable species
[A. obesomanus], we have no proof and we therefore leave the
three nominal species standing."
49. Alpheus miersi Coutiere, 1898
Alpheus gracilipes.?Miers, 1884:287 [not Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson,
1860:31].
Alpheus rapax var. Miersi Coutiere, 1898e:166, fig. 1 [type locality: the 2
specimens mentioned by Miers (1884:287) were found on the beach at Port
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Molle and at Flinders Island, both on the Coral Sea coast of Queensland,
Australia].
[?}A[lpheus] gracilipes var. serratus Coutiere, 1898e:167 [name erroneously
credited to Mien for specimen from Flinders Island, see "Remarks"].
AllpheusJ Miersi?Coutiere, 1905:903, pL 83: fig. 42, pi. 84: fig. 42b-i .
Alpheus mUrsL-D. M. and A.H. Banner. 1982:168, fig. SI.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum triangular, not
reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, base
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region, without paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin unarmed and slightly concave mesial to orbital hoods,
latter unarmed; 2nd antennular segment little more than twice
as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed
with rather prominent acute ventrolateral tooth not reaching
level of apex of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin
slightly concave, distolateral spine overreaching distal margin
of blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with small distal
tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela subcylindrical,
about 374 times as long as wide, dactyl not double-ended, palm
without teeth either side of dactylar articulation, without
longitudinal carina on mesial surface parallel with "dorsal"
margin, with narrow transverse groove or "saddle" proximal
to adhesive plaque, without shoulder on margin proximal to
fixed finger, minor chela slightly or considerably more than 4
times as long as wide, dactyl subequal to palm in length,
"balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with 2 proximal
articles subequal in length; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
propodus bearing 7 spines on flexor margin; carpus projecting
distally on extensor margin, merus with small tooth at distal
end of flexor margin, ischium bearing prominent movable
spine; maximum carapace length about 8 mm.
RANGE.?Somalia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldive and
Laccadive islands, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Japan, Indonesia,
and Australia; intcrtidal.
REMARKS.?Coutiere (I898e:166) noted the following "Les
differences legeres qui s^parent cette vari6t6 [Miersi] de A.
rapax sont encore att?nu?es chez un autre specimen nomme
par Miers A. gracilipes var. serratus (Zool. de l'"Alert,"
1884:287), ou le seul caractere distinctif consiste dans les
dactylopodites non lanceoles." I can find no evidence that
Miers ever used this name, which may have come to Coutiere's
attention from a specimen label on the syntype from Binder's
Island when he examined British Museum material. If deemed
an available name, it should be credited to Coutiere, who
apparently first published i t Inasmuch as Coutiere mentioned
among the characters of A. rapax miersi, "Les dactylopodites
des pattes 3, 4, 5 sont comprimgs lateralement en forme de
griffe et ne montrent pas la forme aplatie et lanceolee
caracteristique de A. rapax," it seems probable that he meant
to indicate that A. gracilipes serratus agrees with A. rapax and
perhaps disagrees with A. miersi in all characters mentioned
except the nonlanceolate dactyls. This would seem to represent
an acceptable description of a species-group animal at the time
of publication. It is possible, therefore, that "serratus" is an
available name for an Australian representative of the genus
Alpheus, and homonyny does not seem to be involved, but I
am unable to find a currently known shrimp to which the name
is applicable.
50. Alpheus mitis Dana, 1852
Alpheus mitis Dana, 1852a:22 [type locality: Balabac Strait]; 1852b:549; 18SS,
pi. 35: fig. 1.
DIAGNOSIS.? (Diadema Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum reaching nearly to level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, carina low, rounded;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin unarmed, transverse mesial to orbital
hood, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows shallow; 2nd
antennular segment nearly twice as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) armed with acute ventrolateral tooth not
reaching anteriorly as far as tip of stylocerite; antennal scale
with lateral margin slightly concave, distolateral spine
moderately strong, overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st
pereopods with distal tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus;
major chela oval in cross section, about 3 times as long as
wide, dactyl little skewed, not double-ended, palm without
sculpture, slightly less than twice as long as high, fingers
slightly more than x/2 as long as palm; minor chela about 4
times as long as wide, fingers slightly shorter than palm; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article slightly longer than 2nd;
3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, neither biunguiculate nor
subspatulate, propodus with 6 - 7 spines on flexor margin,
carpus produced distally on extensor margin, merus unarmed,
ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.? If A. mitis is distinct from A. paracrinitus, it is
apparently known with certainty only from the unique missing
holotype from Balabac Straight.
REMARKS.?See "Remarks" under A. paracrinitus. The final
sentence in the original description?"An femina A. Lottinii?"
(Dana, 1852a:22)?would suggest that the holotype of A. mitis
was a female.
*51. Alpheus nonalter Kensley, 1969
FIGURE 10
Alpheus nonalter Kensley, 1969:172, fig. 15 [type locality: northeast of
Durban, South Africa; 118 meters].?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:232.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum narrow, sharp, not nearly
reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment,
bluntly carinate in midline, carina disappearing on anterior
gastric region, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace with or without median tubercle on gastric
NUMBER 466 43
h
FIGURE 10.?Alpheus nonalter, male from Albatross sta 5397, carapace length 9.0 mm: a, lateral aspect; b anterior
carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; c, same, lateral aspect; d, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; e, right 1st
(major) chela, extensor aspect;/, same, flexor aspect; g, merus of right 1st (major) cheliped, mesial aspect; h,
left 1st (minor) chela, flexor aspect; i, merus of left 1st (minor) cheliped, mesial aspect; j , right 2nd pereopod;
k, right 3rd pereopod.
region, without paired flattened teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and
orbital hood variably incised, submarginal region not flattened,
orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows not very deep; 2nd
antennular segment about 3 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with sharp ventral spine not
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin slightly sinuous, distolateral spine not especially
strong, overreaching distal margin of blade to varying extent;
1st pereopods with merus armed with sharp distal spine on
flexor margin; extensor margin unarmed; major chela about 6
times as long as wide, dactyl sometimes overreached by fixed
finger, not double-ended, plunger little developed, palm
without sharp tooth either side of dactylar articulation, without
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque but with 5 rather obscure
longitudinal carinae or ridges forming 4 facets on 3 of 4
surfaces, without shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger,
minor chela 10-14 times as long as wide, dactyl at least 2/a
as long as palm, "balaeniceps" in male, palm granulate; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article distinctly longer than
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, carpus produced
distally on extensor margin, merus unarmed, ischium bearing
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
at least 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Samar Sea, east of Masbate: sta
5397; 11?57'27"N, 124?10/42><rE; 245 m; green mud; 15 Mar
1909 (1036-1052); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male
[9.0]. West of Leyte: sta 5409; l O ^ H 124?13'08"E;
346 m; green mud; 18 Mar 1909 (0951-1021); 12' Agassiz
beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [5.8].
RANGE.?Eastern Africa from Mozambique and Madagascar
to Natal, Hong Kong, and the Philippines; 86-346 meters.
REMARKS.?There is no doubt that A. nonalter is a valid
species that is distinguishable from A. macroskeles by the
subrectangular cross-sectional configuration and the longitudi-
nal carination of the major chela and the absence of a subdistal
tooth on the extensor margin of the merus of both first
chelipeds, but I have been unable to find any correlation
between these features and any of the following variable
characters: the depth of the sinus separating the rostrum from
each orbital hood, the distinctness of the median postrostral
tubercle on the carapace, the sharpness of the posteroventral
angle of the pleuron of the fifth abdominal somite, the length
of the distolateral spine of the antennal scale, the form of the
dactyl of the major chela, the proportionate lengths of the
fingers of the minor chela, the proportions of the merus of the
anterior pair of chelipeds and the number of acicular spines
near the flexor margin of that segment, the proportionate
lengths of the two proximal articulations of the carpus of the
second pereopod, and the presence of spines on the flexor
margin of the propodus of the third pereopod. It is therefore
virtually impossible to distinguish specimens of either of these
species that lack both members of the anterior pair of chelipeds.
?52. Alpheus obesomanus Dana, 1852
Alpheus obesomanus Dana, 1852a:21 [type locality: Fiji Islands]; 1852b:547;
1855, pi. 34: fig. 7.
Alpheus Lutini Coutiere, 1905:885, pi. 76: fig. 24 [type locality: Maldive and
Samoan islands and "Tile Tague"].
Alpheus obesomanus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:89, fig. 22a-1.?A.H.
and D.M. Banner, 1983:53, fig. 6g,h.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Obesomanus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum very small, rarely
absent, not reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, sharply carinate, carina disappearing posteriorly into
somewhat flattened area roughly delimited from posterior ends
of adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
posterior to base of rostrum and without paired acute teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin transverse or concave and unarmed mesial to orbital
hoods, submarginal region not flattened, adrostral furrows
rather deep; 2nd antennular segment I72 to 3 times as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) unarmed; antennal
scale with lateral margin somewhat concave, distolateral spine
stout, usually overreaching distal margin of greatly reduced
blade to considerable extent; 1st pereopods with merus usually
unarmed on mesial flexor margin; major chela oval in cross
section, nearly 2V2 times as long as wide, dactyl straight in
longitudinal plane, double-ended, palm with extensive depres-
sion immediately proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela 31/*
to 5 times as long as wide, dactyl less than V2 as long as palm,
not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal
carpal article JA to x/i as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
simple, propodus bearing about 6 spines on flexor margin,
carpus acutely produced distally on both margins, strongly so
on flexor side, merus with strong distal tooth on flexor margin,
ischium bearing inconspicuously small movable spine; maxi-
mum carapace length to base of rostrum about
8 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Marungas Island, Sulu Archi-
pelago [6?06TSr, 120?58'E]; 19 Feb 1908; shore, coral head: 1
male [4.0] 2 ovig females [4.8. 5.2].
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, and Madagascar to the
Society Islands, including Japan and Australia, but not Hawaii.
REMARKS.?See "Remarks" under A. microstylus.
53. Alpheus ovaliceps Coutiere, 1905
Alpheus ovaliceps Coutiere, 1905:888, pL 77: fig. 27 [type locality: Minicoy,
Laccadive Islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1978:227; 1982:98. fig. 24.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, not reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, carina rounded, reaching
somewhat posterior to eyes, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region or acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin partially convex and
unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, region somewhat flattened,
orbital hood unarmed, with semblance of oblique, sinuous
dorsal carina, adrostral furrows distinct; 2nd antennular
segment about IV2 times as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) armed with long ventrolateral tooth
overreaching stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin
concave, distolateral spine not unusually stout, considerably
overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
lacking distinct distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela slightly compressed, about 272 times as long as wide,
dactyl not curved in longitudinal plane but both fingers bent
slightly toward flexor aspect of chela, not double-ended,
bearing rather strong plunger directed proximad, palm without
sculpture except for slight sinus proximal to adhesive plaque;
minor chela about 3 times as long as wide, dactyl about equal
to palm in length, not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod
with proximal carpal article slightly longer than 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate or spatulate,
propodus bearing 6 pairs of spines on flexor margin, carpus
with acute distal tooth on flexor margin, merus unarmed,
ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Kenya, Laccadive Islands, Philippines, and Austra-
NUMBER 466
lia to Society Islands; intertidal to subtidal.
54. Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, 1860
Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, 1860:30 [type locality: Ryukyu Islands].?
D.M. and A.H. Banner. 1982:102, figs. 23j,k, 26.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum much reduced, not
reaching nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, dorsal carina low, reaching posteriorly beyond eyes,
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region and without paired
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin transverse and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, region
somewhat flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows
shallow; 2nd antennular segment 2xh times as long as wide;
basal antennal article (basicerite) bearing very small ventro-
lateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin faintly sinuous, distolateral
spine not especially stout, slightly overreaching distal margin
of rather broad blade; major cheliped with chela slightly
compressed, 3 xfa times as long as wide, dactyl not curved in
longitudinal plane but both fingers bent slightly toward flexor
aspect of chela, not double-ended, bearing strong, distally
truncate plunger directed somewhat proximad and connected
by flange with distal end of dactyl, palm without sculpture
except for slight depression proximal to adhesive plaque, merus
with sharp distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; minor
cheliped with chela about 273 times as long as broad, dactyl
broadly "balaeniceps" in male only, narrowly tapering in
female, merus unarmed; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article nearly twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
simple, propodus bearing about 9 spines on flexor margin,
carpus with acute distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium with
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 9 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Indonesia, Philip-
pines, Ryukyus, Australia, and Pacific Ocean islands as far
eastward as Society Islands; intertidal to 36 meters, in algal
tubes.
*55. Alpheus pacificus Dana, 1852
Alpheus pacificus Dana, 1852a:21 [type locality: Hawaii]; 1852b:544; 1855,
pi. 34: fig. 5.?D.M. and A.H. Banner. 1982:217, fig. 68.
Alpheus gracilidigiius Miers, 1884:287 [type locality: Totoya, Fiji Islands, and
Hawaii].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharply acute, not reaching as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina
rounded, not extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
45
margin between rostrum and orbital hood rather distinctly
incised, unarmed, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows
moderately deep; 2nd antennular segment fully twice as long
as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with broad
lateral tooth reaching about to level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin concave in proximal V2,
distolateral spine not unusually stout, slightly overreaching
tapered blade; 1st pereopods with merus unarmed on inferior
flexor margin; major chela compressed, about 2X/A times as
long as wide, dactyl not noticeably curved in longitudinal
plane, not double-ended, bearing reasonnably well-developed,
obliquely truncate plunger, palm without prominent longitudi-
nal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder rounded,
overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger heavy,
rounded; minor chela about 3 % times as long as wide, fingers
IV2 to 2J/4 times as long as palm, dactyl not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article slightly
longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl pointed, simple,
propodus with about 8 spines on flexor margin, carpus with
extensor margin somewhat produced distally, inferior distal
angle subacutely produced, merus unarmed; maximum cara-
pace length to base of rostrum at least 15 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Guihulfigan, Negros [lOWTSf,
123?16'E]; shore; sand, gravel, grassy; 2 April 1908 (0800-
1100); 150' seine: ly male [4.8].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Clipperton Island,
eastern Pacific; intertidal to 20 meters.
56. Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881
Alpheus paracrinitus Mien, 1881:365, pi. 16: fig. 6 [type locality: Goree
Island. Senegal].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:129, fig. 35; 1985:21.
Alpheus paracrinitus, var. Bengalensis Coutiere, 1905:901, pi. 82: fig. 37 [type
locality: Minicoy, Laccadive Islands].
Crangon togatus Armstrong, 1940:2, fig. 1 [type locality: La Piedra Prieta
reef, Barahona, Dominican Republic].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Diadema Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum variable, not overreaching distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, carina low, rounded;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin unarmed, sinuous or transverse mesial
to orbital hood, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows
shallow; 2nd antennular segment about twice as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with acute ventro-
lateral tooth not reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal
scale with lateral margin nearly straight, distolateral spine
slightly overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods
with or without tooth on inferior flexor margin of merus; major
chela oval in cross section, about 3 times as long as wide,
dactyl little skewed, not double-ended, palm without sculpture,
slightly more than twice as long as high, fingers slightly less
than x/i as long as palm; minor chela about 4 times as long as
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
wide, fingers slightly longer than palm, dactyl occasionally
"balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article little more than xli as long as to slightly longer than
2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus with 6 - 8
spines on flexor margin, carpus distally bluntly produced on
both extensor and flexor margins, merus unarmed, ischium
bearing small movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Pantropical; intertidal to 18 meters.
REMARKS.?In their review of the western Indian Ocean
alpheids, A.H. and D.M. Banner (1983:55) concluded that the
specimens that they had previously identified as A. mitis are
assignable to the variable and wide-ranging A. paracrinitus, if
indeed the two species are distinguishable from each other.
On the basis of the proportions of the first chelae depicted by
Dana (1855, pi. 35: fig. 1), the Banners decided that "the
question of the separation of the two species must at present
be left unanswered, and we continue to use the name A.
paracrinitus" Consideration might also be accorded the
accuracy of Dana's fig. la on pi. 35, which suggests that the
distolateral spine of the antennal scale may extend farther
beyond the distal margin of the blade (not shown in Dana's
figure) than it usually does in A. paracrinitus.
57. Alpheus paradendpes Coutifere, 1905
Alpheus paradentipes Coutiere, 1905:880, pi. 74: fig. 17 [type locality:
Miladummadulu and Male atolls, Maldive Islands].?A.H. Banner, 1953:72,
figs. 23,24.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum acute, not reaching nearly as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, carina low and
short, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired acute teeth overhanging posterior ends of
adrostral furrows, anterior margin concave and unarmed mesial
to orbital hood, meeting rostrum at nearly right angle, region
slightly flattened, rostral hoods armed with spines overreaching
rostrum, adrostral furrows short, not deep; 2nd antennular
segment nearly 3 times as long a wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with distinct lateral tooth not nearly reaching
level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin
concave, distolateral spine elongate, far overreaching distal
margin of tapered blade, but not especially stout; major
cheliped with chela somewhat compressed, about 3 times as
long as wide, dactyl directed somewhat toward ventral side of
chela, not double-ended, palm with strong, carinate tooth each
side of dactylar articulation, carina supporting tooth on mesial
side of articulation interrupted by transverse incision, without
longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger,
without "saddle" or distal sinus on palm proximal to adhesive
plaque, with nearly rectangular shoulder on margin proximal
to fixed finger, minor chela nearly 5 times as long as wide,
fingers about as long as palm, dactyl not "balaeniceps" in either
sex, palm with strong tooth on each side at dactylar articulation;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article about IV2 times as
long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, propodus
bearing about 8 pairs of spines on flexor margin, carpus distally
produced on extensor margin, merus with strong distal tooth
on flexor margin, ischium unarmed; maximum carapace length
to base of rostrum probably about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Eastern Africa to Hawaii; offshore to a depth of at
least 170 meters, sometimes living in sponges.
*58. Alpheus paralcyone Couti&re, 1905
Alpheus paralcyone Coutiere, 1905:895. pis. 80, 81: fig. 34 [type locality: 4
localities in the Maldive and Laccadive islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1982:113, fig. 30.?A.H. and D.M Banner, 1983:57, fig. 8.
Aflpktus] Pravidencei Coutiere, 1908:208 [type locality: Providence Island,
Seychelles; 91-143 meters].
Crangon laysani Edmondson, 1925:17, fig. 3 [type locality: Laysan Island,
Hawaii],
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually com-
pressed nor densely setose; rostrum represented by minute
angle protruding but little beyond anterior margin of carapace,
distinct, low median carina extending posteriorly to base of
orbital hoods, rostral base not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle posterior
to base of rostrum and without paired teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin faintly
sinuous, unarmed, and somewhat flattened mesial to orbital
hoods, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows shallow; 6th
abdominal somite tridentate on posterior margin; 2nd antennu-
lar segment (basicerite) armed with sharp ventrolateral tooth
not reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with
lateral margin concave in proximal V2, distolateral spine stout,
far overreaching distal margin of narrowly tapered blade; 1st
pereopods with merus bearing distal tooth on inferior flexor
margin; major chela broadly oval in cross section, 273 times
as long as wide, dactyl slightly curved in longitudinal plane,
not double-ended, bearing short, truncated plunger, palm
without sculpture; minor chela 3 to 4 times as long as wide,
dactyl of male slightly longer than palm and wide, but not
"balaeniceps," in proximal V2 of length, of female subequal to
palm in length and very slender; 2nd pereopod with proximal
carpal article less than xj% as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl variably biunguiculate, propodus bearing 9 spines on
flexor margin, carpus with both margins distally produced and
1 to 4 spines on flexor margin, merus bearing acute distal tooth
on flexor margin, ischium bearing movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5108; 14?05'05"N, 120?19'45*E; 24 m; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (0834-0835); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl, mud
bags (dredging cable fouled on gin block; trawl not dragged
on bottom): 1 ovig female [4.9]. Davao Gulf, Mindanao: sta
5249; 7o06'06/TSr, 125?40'08"E; 42 m; coral, sand; 18 May
1908 (1102-1109); 6' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male [3.3];
NUMBER 466 47
sta 5250; 7?05'07"N, 125?39'45"E; 42 m; coral, sand; 18 May
1908 (1124-1127); 6' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male [3.7].
Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5145; 6?04'3(TN,
120?59'39"E; 42 m; coral sand, shells; 15 Feb 1908
(1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [4.7];
sta 5555; 5O51'15"N, 120?58'35"E; 62 m; coarse sand; 18 Sep
1909 (1109-1113); 6' McCormick trawl: 1 ovig female [5.3].
Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5146; 5?46'40"N, 120?48'5(rE;
44 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1011-1031); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 ovig female [4.2]; sta 5147;
5?41'40"N, 120?47'10"E; 38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb
1908 (1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male
[4.2].
RANGE.?Madagascar to Indonesia, Philippines, Japan,
Australia, and Pacific islands to Hawaii; immediate subtidal
to 165 meters.
*59. Alpheus pareuchirus pareuchirus Coutiere, 1905
Alpheus pareuchirus Coutiere, 1905:906, pi. 84: fig. 43. [type locality: Male
Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Alpheus pareuchirus var. Leucolhea De Man, 1911:420, pi. 23: fig. 102 [type
locality: the type series came from 6 different Siboga stations in the Sulu
Archipelago and Indonesia].
Alpheus pareuchirus pareuchirus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982: 276, fig.
85a-k.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum prominent, not reaching as far as
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina strong,
blunt, not extending posteriorly beyond limits of orbital hoods,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin mesial to orbital hoods unarmed, meeting rostral
margin at about right angle, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral
furrows reasonably deep; 2nd antennular segment almost twice
as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed
with sharp ventrolateral tooth not reaching level of tip of
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin slightly concave,
distolateral spine overreaching narrowly tapering blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela somewhat compressed, nearly 2V2
times as long as wide, dactyl slightly curved in longitudinal
plane, not double-ended, bearing short, truncated plunger, palm
without longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed
finger, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, shoulder
proximal to "saddle" bluntly acute and overhanging "saddle,"
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger very low and
obtuse; minor chela nearly 33A times as long as wide, dactyl
nearly as long as palm, "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article slightly shorter or
slightly longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
propodus bearing 9-14 spines on flexor margin, carpus distally
produced on extensor margin, merus unarmed, ischium with
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 10 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago;
sta 5147; 5o41'40"N, 120?47'10"E; 38 m; coral sand, shells;
16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag:
1 ovig female [4.2].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives,
Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, and Caroline
Islands; in depths of more than 3 meters.
*60. Alpheus parvirostris Dana, 1852
Alpheus parvi-rostris Dana, 1852a:22 [type locality: Balabac Strait];
1852b:551.
Alpheus parvirostris.?Dana, 1855, pi. 35: fig. 3.?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1982:185, fig. 56.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:60, fig 9.
Alpheus lineifer Miers, 1875:343 [type locality: Samoa Islands].
Alpheus euchiroides Nobili, 1906:257 [type locality: Marutea, Tuamotu
Archipelago].
Alpheus braschi Boone, 1935:131, fig. 10, pL 34 [type locality: Pago Pago,
Samoa Islands].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum slender, sharp, nearly or quite
reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment,
dorsal carina blunt, not extending posteriorly beyond orbital
hoods, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region,
without paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and orbital hood
unarmed, produced anteriorly to form flattened, convex
prominence, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows moder-
ately deep anteriorly; 2nd antennular segment fully l3/4 times
as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) strong,
considerably overreaching stylocerite; antennal scale with
lateral margin rather decidedly sinuous, distolateral spine fairly
stout, considerably overreaching distal margin of narrow blade;
1st pereopods with merus armed with strong, sharp distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin; major chela somewhat compressed,
about 2!/2 times as long as wide, dactyl not noticeably curved
in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, bearing well-
developed plunger directed proximally, palm without longitu-
dinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque in form of distinct but narrow
oblique groove with rounded proximal and distal shoulders;
minor chela about 3 times as long as wide, fingers slightly
shorter than palm, not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article considerably longer than
2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus bearing about
10 spines on flexor margin, carpus with both margins
projecting distally as acute teeth; merus with acute distal tooth
on flexor margin; ischium with movable spine, maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum no more than 6 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5108; 14?05'05'"N, 120o19'45"E; 24 mm; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (0834-0835); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl, mud
bag (dredging cable fouled on gin block; trawl not dragged on
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
bottom): 1 major cheliped.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern and South Africa to Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia to the Tuamotu Archipel-
ago but not Hawaii; abundant on reef flats in dead coral,
occasionally in living coral and sponges, to a depth of 32
meters.
REMARKS.?It is rather surprising that this paradoxically
misnamed but readily recognizable species, which was taken
at numerous Philippine stations by the Banners, is represented
in the Albatross collections by only a single major cheliped.
*61. Alpheus parvus De Man, 1909
FIGURE 11
Alpheus parvus De Man, 1909a: 102 [type locality: anchorage off Lining, Pulau
Salebabu, Indonesia; 36 meters]; 1911:358, pL IS: fig. 74.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum sharp, not reaching as
far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, sharply carinate
anteriorly, carina becoming blunt and somewhat obscure
posteriorly but extending nearly to posterior 1h of carapace,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region and without
paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin sinuous, unarmed, and submarginally flattened
mesial to orbital hoods, orbital hoods slightly produced but
unarmed, adrostral furrows rather deep immediately posterior
to flattened submarginal area; 2nd antennular segment about
twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with sharp ventrolateral tooth not reaching level of end
of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave,
distolateral spine fairly stout, overreaching narrowly tapered
blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with sharp, spine-like
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela compressed,
about 2*/2 times as long as wide, dactyl bent slightly toward
flexor side of chela, not double-ended, bearing reduced plunger
bluntly produced proximad, palm without distinct sculpture
except for deep longitudinal sulcus on flexor surface proximal
to adhesive plaque; minor chela nearly 3 times as long as wide
in male, 4 times in female, dactyl about as long as palm,
broader in male than female but not "balaeniceps" in either
sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article 2h to 4/s as long
as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus armed with
7 to 11 spines on flexor margin, merus with strong, acute distal
spine on flexor margin, ischium bearing strong movable spine;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum at least 4 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5108; 14?05'05"N, 120?19'45"E; 24 m; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (0834-0835); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl, mud
bag (dredging cable fouled on gin block; trawl not dragged on
bottom): 2 males [3.3,3.8].
RANGE.?Apparently known previously only from the
ovigerous female holotype without the major cheliped, from a
depth of 36 meters, off Pulau Salebabu in the northern Molucca
FIGURE 11.?Alpheus parvus, male from Albatross sta 5108, carapace length
3.8 mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral
aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, left 1st (major) cheliped; e,
same, fingers;/, right 1st (minor) cheliped; g, right 2nd pereopod; h, right 3rd
pereopod.
Sea, southeast of Mindanao.
*62. Alpheus polyxo De Man, 1909
Alpheus Polyxo De Man, 1909a: 108 [type locality: Banda anchorage,
Moluccas, Indonesia; 18-36 meters].
Alpheus polyxo.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:274, fig. 84.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharply acute, reaching to about
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina high,
rounded, extending posteriorly onto anterior gastric region,
base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
NUMBER 466 49
margin between rostrum and orbital hood unarmed, incised,
orbital hood unarmed but projecting subrectangularly in mesial
part, adrostral furrows well-marked; 2nd antennular segment
about 2'/2 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with sharp ventrolateral tooth not nearly
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin concave, distolateral spine not unusually stout,
distinctly overreaching tapered blade; 1st pereopods with
merus armed with small distal tooth on inferior flexor margin;
major chela somewhat compressed, fully twice as long as wide,
dactyl not noticeably curved in longitudinal plane, not
double-ended, having very short, truncated plunger well
defined only proximally, palm without prominent longitudinal
carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with "saddle"
proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder blunt,
overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger strong,
slightly projecting but not acute; minor chela 33A to 4 times
as long as wide, fingers shorter than or equal to palm in length,
dactyl "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with proximal
carpal article twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, propodus with about 10 spines on flexor margin,
carpus with distal flexor margin bluntly produced distally,
merus unarmed, ischium with small movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 11 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5109; 14?03'45"N, 120o16'30"E; 18 m; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (1026-1038); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl (trawl
immediately torn on coral): 1 female [6.2]. Off Romblon
Island, Sibuyan Sea: sta 5179; 12?38'15"N, 122?12/30"E; 68
m; hard sand; 24.3?C; 25 Mar 1908 (1049-1104); 12' Agassiz
beam trawl, 3 mud bags: 1 male [6.7] 1 ovig female [10.0].
Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5147; 5?41'40"N, 120?47'10"E;
38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [6.2] 1 female [8.9].
RANGE.?Madagascar, Philippines, Indonesia, and Austra-
lia; in subtidal dead coral to 130 meters.
REMARKS.?In neither of the two small males in the
Albatross collections is the dactyl of the minor chela distinctly
"balaeniceps" in form.
63. Alpheus proseuchirus De Man, 1908
Alpheus proseuchirus De Man, 1908:111 [type locality: 2 Siboga stations in
and near entrance to Teluk Kuandang, north coast of Celebes, Indonesia;
72 and 75 meters]; 1911:407, pi. 22: fig. 96.?A.H. and D.M. Banner,
1981:233.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, reaching nearly as far as distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, flat dorsally, sharply
delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without median
tooth or tubercle on gastric region or strong paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin mesial to orbital hood unarmed, transversely concave,
meeting rostral margin at more than right angle, orbital hoods
unarmed, adrostral furrows deep and narrow; 2nd antennular
segment twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with very small spine; antennal scale with
lateral margin slightly concave, distolateral spine distinctly
overreaching distal margin of tapered blade; 1st pereopods
with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior flexor
margin; major chela 3 times as long as wide, dactyl not
double-ended, palm with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
shoulder proximal to "saddle" broadly acute and slightly
overhanging "saddle," shoulder on opposite margin proximal
to fixed finger rather weak; minor chela 42/3 times as long as
wide in male, 44/s times as long as wide in female, fingers
subequal in length to palm in male, nearly IV2 times as long
in female, "balaeniceps" in male only; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article V/2 times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl simple, subspatulate, propodus bearing 7 spines
on flexor margin, carpus slightly produced distally on extensor
margin, merus unarmed, ischium with movable spine; maxi-
mum carapace length to base of rostrum about 8 mm.
RANGE.?Philippines and Indonesia; 22-134 meters.
*64. Alpheus pustulosus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968
Alpheus pustulosus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968:143, fig. 2 [type locality:
south of Hong Kong; 21 ?N, 114?E; 55-73 meters; mud and sand]; 1981:233.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum not reaching as far as distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, strongly but bluntly carinate
in midline, carina not extending far posteriorly, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin transverse or concave and unarmed mesial to orbital
hood, curving directly onto rostral margin, region not unusually
flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows deep
anteriorly; 2nd antennular segment 2xh times as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with sharp ventro-
lateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin very slightly concave,
distolateral spine not unusually stout, slightly overreaching
distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with
small distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela
compressed, 4 times as long as wide, dactyl not double-ended,
bearing very short plunger defined only proximally, palm
without teeth either side of dactylar articulation, sculpture
limited to flattened margin proximal to fixed finger and shallow
depression extending proximally from fixed finger on one
lateral surface, surface obscurely pustulate; minor chela about
8 to 9 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly shorter than palm,
"balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article SA as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
subspatulate, propodus bearing 7 or 8 spinules on flexor
margin, carpus and merus unarmed, ischium with small
movable spine; maximum carapace length more than 7 mm.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 12.?Alpheus quasirapacida, new species, a,b, ovigerous female paratype from Albatross sta 5159,
carapace length 12.8 mm; c?l, male holotype from same station, carapace length 10.1 mm: a, anterior carapace
and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, right 3rd maxilliped;
e, right 1st (major) chela;/ right 1st (major) cheliped, proximal segments; g, left 1st (minor) chela; h, left 1st
(minor) cheliped, proximal segments; i, right 2nd pereopod; j, left 3rd pereopod; k, same, dactyl, flexor aspect;
/, right appendices masculina and interna.
MATERIAL?PHILIPPINES. Southeastern Visayan Sea near
Guintacan Island; 11?16'45"N, 123?55'45"E; 130 m; green
mud; 3 Apr 1908 (1112-1132); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 3
mud bags: 1 male [7.2].
RANGE.?Known from only two localities, both in the
Philippines, in addition to the type locality in the northern
South China Sea south of Hong Kong; 55-134 meters.
REMARKS.?The Albatross specimen lacks the major cheli-
ped, and the anterior margin of the carapace is transverse, rather
than concave, between the rostrum and the orbital hoods, but
comparison with the holotype has engendered little doubt that
it belongs to the same species, especially because of the similar
form of the third maxilliped and minor cheliped. The pustules
on the major and minor chelae, from which the name of the
species was derived, are apparent only at rather high
magnification and with optimum lighting. This is apparently
the largest of the five specimens, all males, thus far recorded
of A. pustulosus; the holotype has a carapace length of 5.0
mm, and the two paratypes are slightly smaller, notwithstand-
ing the greater total lengths cited with the original description,
a discrepancy that is almost certainly attributable to the
somewhat fragmentary condition of the type series.
?65. Alpheus quasirapacida, new species
FIGURE 12
DIAGNOSIS.?(Brevirostris Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum narrowly acute, not reaching
anteriorly nearly as far as distal margin of 1st antennular
segment (Figure 12a), bluntly but strongly carinate in midline,
carina widening posteriorly and disappearing on midgastric
region, base not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows;
carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region
or paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin unarmed and concave mesial to orbital hoods,
curving gradually into rostral margin, region somewhat
depressed submarginally, orbital hoods unarmed and uncari-
nated, adrostral furrows deep; 2nd antennular segment about
3 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with sharp ventrolateral tooth not reaching level of tip of
NUMBER 466 51
stylocerite (Figure 12b); antennal scale with lateral margin
slightly concave, distolateral spine strong, overreaching distal
margin of tapered blade; 1st pereopods with acute distal tooth
and series of short, inconspicuous spines on inferior flexor
margin of merus, extensor margin unarmed (Figure 12f,h);
major chela (Figure 12e) rather strongly compressed, 23A times
as long as wide, dactyl nearly straight in longitudinal plane,
not double-ended, carinate on extensor margin, plunger much
reduced, defined only by proximal angle, palm without tooth
either side of dactylar articulation, sculpture limited to slightly
flattened area in distal half proximal to adhesive plaque,
without "saddle"; minor chela (Figure I2g) slightly more than
4 times as long as wide, fingers with numerous long setae on
opposable and extensor margins, nearly V/2 times as long as
palm, dactyl bluntly carinate on extensor margin but not
"balaeniceps" in male; 2nd pereopod (Figure 12/) with
proximal carpal article little more than 4/s as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod (Figure 12/) with dactyl (Figure 12*) subspatulate,
propodus bearing about 3 obscure submarginal spines in
proximal half of flexor margin, merus unarmed, ischium
bearing strong movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum more than 13 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5159; 5?11'5O"N, 119?54'E; 18 m; coarse sand; 21
Feb 1908 (1008-1010); 9' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male
[10.1] holotype (USNM 205666) 1 ovig female [12.8].
TYPE LOCALITY.?Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipelago, Philip-
pines, as cited above.
RANGE.?Known only from the pair of specimens from the
type locality.
REMARKS.?Neither one of the pair of specimens represent-
ing this species?the only caridean shrimps obtained at this
unexplainably brief station?is undamaged. The rostrum and
anterior gastric region of the male holotype are mutilated, but
the anterior pair of chelipeds and at least one member of each
of the remaining pairs of pereopods are present. The carapace
of the ovigerous female parataype is intact but both of the
anterior chelipeds are missing.
These specimens were at first assigned to A. rapacida De
Man, 1908, a species recorded from the eastern Mediterranean,
Red Sea, Madagascar, southeastern Africa, Singapore, Thai-
land, Vietnam, near Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, and
Hawaii, in depths of 2 -56 meters. That original reaction to the
identity of the species may well prove to be proper after more
intensive study of the question. The Albatross specimens differ
from typical material of A. rapacida in only two characters:
the failure of the dorsal rostral carina to extend posteriorly to
near the midlength of the carapace and the proportion of the
major chela being less than three, rather than nearly four, times
as long as wide. In my report on the western Atlantic alpheids
(Chace, 1972:66), I assigned to a single species, A. floridanus
Kingsley, 1878, specimens in which the major chela varied
from less than three to more than six times as long as wide,
and D.M. and A.H. Banner (1982:162) included in A. rapacida
specimens from Madagascar and Hawaii in which there was a
small transverse groove in the palm of the major chela proximal
to the adhesive plaque, apparently similar to a condition
illustrated by Tiwari (1963, pi. 22b) in a specimen from
Vietnam that also displayed a dactyl very unlike that usually
found in A. rapacida. My chief purpose in assigning these
specimens to a distinct species is to draw attention to the
differences between what may be the first Philippine represen-
tation of A. rapacida and material previously assigned to that
species.
ETYMOLOGY.?The Latin word quasi ("simulating") is
attached as a prefix to the specific name of the species that the
possibly previously unknown shrimp seems to most closely
resemble.
?66. Alpheus serenei Tiwari, 1963
Alpheus serenei Tiwari. 1963:310, figs. 27, 28 [type locality: "Station Cauda,
Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam"; coral reef, 3 - 4 meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1981:38; 1982:196, fig. 60.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum sharp, reaching, at most, level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina strong
anteriorly, continuing posteriorly, sometimes obscurely, to
about midlength of carapace, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region, without paired teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and
orbital hood unarmed, partially convex, dorsally flattened,
adrostral furrows rather shallow; 2nd antennular segment 2xli
times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with rather strong ventral tooth not reaching level of tip
of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin concave,
distolateral spine fairly strong, considerably overreaching
narrowly tapering blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela somewhat
compressed, about 274 times as long as wide, dactyl not much
curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended, with plunger
very short, truncate, subacutely produced proximally, palm
without prominent longitudinal carina near margin proximal
to fixed finger, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque,
proximal shoulder bluntly acute, overhanging "saddle," shoul-
der proximal to fixed finger strong, rounded, not projecting;
minor chela about 372 times as long as wide, dactyl subequal
to palm in length, laterally carinate in male but not distinctly
"balaeniceps" in either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article nearly twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
often obscurely biunguiculate, propodus bearing 16 spines on
flexor margin, carpus with strong, acute distal tooth on flexor
margin, blunt distal tooth on extensor margin, merus with acute
subdistal tooth on flexor margin, ischium with strong movable
spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 11
mm.
MATERIAI.?PHILIPPINES. Visayan Sea north of Cebu: sta
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
5401; 11O24'45"N, 124?06'E; 55 m; fine sand; 16 Mar 1909
(1005-1032); 6' McCormick trawl: 2 ovig females [9.9,10.5].
San Juanico Strait between Samar and Leyte: sta 5205;
ll?19'30"N, 124?58'05"E; 15 m; 13 Apr 1908 (0928); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, 3 mud bags (fouled bottom; trawl lost;
mud bag only recovered; sounding with hand lead): 1 male
[7.4] 1 ovig female [8.0]. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago:
sta 5174; 6?03'45"N, 120?57'E; 37 m; coarse sand; 5 Mar
1908 (1551-1557); 9'Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male [9.1] 1
ovig female [9.4]; sta 5555; 5?51'15"N, 120?58'35"E; 62 m;
coarse sand; 18 Sep 1909 (1109-1113); 6' McCormick trawl:
1 male [8.7] 1 ovig female [9.0].
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Singapore,
Gulf of Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia;
1-62 meters.
REMARKS.?The median dorsal carina on the carapace may
be so obscure that it can be seen only by partially drying the
surface. As noted by D.M. and A.H. Banner (1982:197), the
flattened frontal region of the carapace anteromesial to the
orbital hoods may be the most distinctive character of this
species, but I have not seen enough material of A. hippothoe
and A. serenei to be certain of the validity of the latter species.
*67. Alpheus soela D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1987
FIGURES 13,14
Alpheus soela DM. and A.H. Banner, 1987:21, fig. 1 [type locality: West of
La Grange Bay, Western Australia; 18?41'S, 120?07'E; 430 m].
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum narrowly acute, not reaching as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsally rounded,
not carinate in midline, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region, without paired teeth overhanging posterior
ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and
orbital hood incised, not flattened, orbital hood armed with
sharp spine, adrostral furrows shallow; 2nd antennular segment
about 3l/2 times as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with strong, sharp lateral spine not quite
reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin slightly concave, distolateral spine not very stout,
overreaching distal margin of tapered blade; 1st pereopod with
merus armed with inconspicuous, acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela moderately compressed proximally,
twisted, tapering to subcylindrical distal part of palm, about 4
times as long as wide, dactyl little divergent from longitudinal
plane of chela, not double-ended, with vestigial plunger defined
only proximally, palm with small sharp tooth on "dorsal" side
of dactylar articulation, without longitudinal carina near margin
proximal to fixed finger but with distinct blunt carina on
opposite margin extending proximad from adhesive plaque,
without shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger,
longitudinal sulcus on "ventral" surface extending short
distance proximad from adhesive plaque; minor chela about
8V2 times as long as wide in male, about 6 times as long as
wide in female, dactyl fully as long a palm, "balaeniceps" in
both sexes; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article about
13A times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple
with subdistal notch in extensor margin, propodus with about
9 spinules in single row on flexor margin, carpus with extensor
margin extended distally, merus unarmed, ischium with
movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 18 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Babuyan Channel, north of
Luzon: sta 5325; 18?34'15"N, 121?51'15"E; 410 m; green
mud; 11.8?C; 12 Nov 1908 (1113-1132); 12' Tanner beam
trawl, mud bag: 1 ovig female [7.9]. Balayan Bay, southern
Luzon: sta 5364 or 5365; 13?48'30"N, 120?43'45*E or
13?44'24'TSf, 120?45'30"E; [293 or 391 m]; 20 or 22 Feb 1909
(1440-1553 or 0904-0940); 25' Agassiz beam trawl: 1 male
[13.7]. West of Leyte: sta 5406; 10?49'03"N, 124?22'30"E;
545 m; mud; 17 Mar 1909 (1141-1208); 12' Agassiz beam
trawl: 1 male [16.4], 2 females [14.0, 14.3]; sta 5407;
10?51'38"N, 124?20'54"E; 640 m; green mud; 17 Mar 1909
(1328-1348); 12' Agassiz beam trawl: 1 male [11.3]. Between
Negros and Siquijor: sta 5536; 9?15'45"N, 123?22'00"E;
510 m; green mud; 11.9?C; 19 Aug 1909 (1336-1356); 12'
Tanner beam trawl: 2 females [12.2 (with branchial para-
site),17.8].
RANGE.?Philippines and Indian Ocean off Western Austra-
lia; 293 or 391 to 640 meters.
*68. Alpheus spatulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968
Alpheus spatulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1968:146, fig. 3 [type locality:
northwestern South China Sea east of Hainan; WITH, 112?81'E; 95
meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1978:229.?A.H. and D.M. Banner,
1981:233.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum overreaching 1st antennular
segment, dorsally transversely convex, without median carina,
base abruptly delimited from but not overhanging adrostral
furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region or paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin rather narrowly incised or notched
and unarmed between rostrum and orbital hoods, latter
unarmed, adrostral furrows narrow and comparatively deep;
2nd antennular segment nearly 3 times as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) bearing small, sharp ventrolateral
tooth not nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite; antennal
scale with lateral margin moderately concave, distolateral spine
somewhat reduced, barely overreaching rather broad blade; 1st
pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela compressed, 3 times as long as
wide, dactyl straight in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
plunger distinct only proximally, opposable surface concave,
palm without carina near margin proximal to fixed finger, with
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, shoulder proximal to
NUMBER 466 53
FIGURE 13.?Alpheus soela, male from Albatross sta 5406, carapace length 16.4 mm: a, lateral aspect; b, anterior
margin and appendages, dorsal aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; a\ left 1st (major) cheliped; e, same,
fingers, flexor aspect;/ same, extensor aspect; g, right 1st (minor) cheliped; k, left 2nd pereopod; i, left 3rd
pereopod;/ same, dactyl; k, right 1st pleopod; /, right 2nd pleopod, endopod.
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 14.?Alpheus soela, female from Albatross sta 5406? ca?P*ce length
14.3 mm: a, frontal margin of carapace; b, ophthaF1"0 somite; c, right
mandible; d, right 1st maxilla; e, right 2nd maxilla;/, rig*11 l s t maxilliped; g,
right 2nd maxilliped; A. right 3rd maxilliped, denuded heavily setose distal
end, lateral aspect; i, right lst (minor) chela.
"saddle" subacutely projecting over "sad^e." no distinct
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed fing61". m i n o r chela
nearly 6 times as long as wide, dactyl little longer than palm,
probably not "balaeniceps" in either sex; 2i ld pereopod with
proximal carpal article about twice as \0nS as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl subspatulate, propodus w i t n 7 spines on
flexor margin, carpus not much produced distally on either
margin, merus unarmed, ischium with smaJl movable spine;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrun* about 14 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Lingayen Gv^ western Luzon:
sta 5442; 16?30'36"N, 120?ll'06"E; 82 m; pOral sand; 10-11
May 1909 (1858-0532); 25' Agassiz beam trawl (apparently
drifted 15.5 miles S, 12?E from original po s i t i o n ) : 2 females
without major chelipeds [13.2, 14.1], 1 ovig [14.1].
RANGE.?The species is known thus far or?ty fr?m m e South
China Sea. The type series came from the northwestern part
between east of Hainan and south of Hong ?ong. The pair of
specimens reported by D.M. and A.H. Banner in 1978 were
found in the southern part of the Sea north of western Sarawak.
The single specimen recorded by A.H. anc* D.M. Banner in
1981 was taken by Vauban at station 72, w h i c n 1Jes virtually
in the entrance to Manila Bay, rather tha/1 o f f m e Lubang
Islands, as reported in 1978. The other Philippine record is
reported herein from the Lingayen Gulf, which is also part of
the South China Sea. The depth range is 48-127 meters.
69. Alpheus splendidus Coutiere, 1897
Allpheus] splendidus Coutiere, 1897a:236 [type locality: Djibouti, Republic
of Djibouti; under stones at low tide].
Alpheus pomatoceros A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966b:93, fig. 32 [type locality:
Lam Chong Klan, Ko Samui, Thailand; coral head in 2 - 3 meters on outer
reef front].
Alpheus splendidus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:56, fig. 12.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum acute, prominent, slightly overreach-
ing lst antennular segment, rounded dorsally, extending
posteriorly as sharp carina to near midlength of carapace, base
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region or paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, joining rostral margin
at less than right angle, orbital hood armed with sharp tooth
arising from dorsal part of hood, not marginal, adrostral
furrows moderately deep; 2nd antennular segment about 174
times as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
armed with strong lateral tooth nearly reaching level of tip of
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin slightly concave,
distolateral spine strong, overreaching distal margin of blade;
anterior pereopods with merus armed with acute distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin; major chela compressed, 23A times
as long as wide, slightly twisted, but dactyl lying in
longitudinal plane, not double-ended, plunger well developed,
palm with tooth on at least one side of dactylar articulation,
without longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed
finger, without distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque
but with longitudinal furrow on central third of that margin and
shallow longitudinal sulcus on distal part of lateral surface;
minor chela 4J/3 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly longer
than palm, not "balaeniceps" in either sex, palm with acute
tooth on one side of dactylar articulation; 2nd pereopod with
proximal carpal article more than twice as long as 2nd; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl simple, propodus with 10 spines on flexor
margin, carpus with both extensor and flexor margins
projecting distally, merus and ischium unarmed; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum 14 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Seychelles, Malaysia,
Thailand, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, and Queensland,
Australia; inter tidal to 2 -3 meters.
70. Alpheus spongiarum Coutiere, 1897
Allpheus] spongiarum Coutiere, 1897a:236 [type locality: Djibouti, Republic
of Djibouti].
Allpheus] paraculeipes Coutiere, 1905:894, pis. 79, 80: fig. 32 [type locality:
the type series was collected on 4 different atolls of the Maldive Islands].
Alpheus spongiarum.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1982:116, fig. 31.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
NUMBER 466 55
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum equilaterally triangu-
lar, not reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular
segment, carinate posteriorly to level of base of eyes, base not
abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle on gastric region and without paired
teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin transverse and unarmed mesial to orbital hoods, region
not especially flattened, orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral
furrows shallow; 2nd antennular segment twice as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) unarmed; antennal
scale with lateral margin slightly concave, distolateral spine
stout, blade vestigial; 1st pereopods with merus armed with
small acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela
broadly oval in cross section, about 2!A times as long as wide,
dactyl not double-ended; minor chela nearly 372 times as long
as wide, dactyl about 2h as long as palm, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article 1/2 as
long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl usually obscurely
biunguiculate, propodus bearing 8 spines on flexor margin,
carpus with both extensor and flexor margins projecting
distally, merus with strong distal tooth on flexor margin;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Madagascar, Seychelles, Reunion, Gulf of Aden,
Maldive and Laccadive islands, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Japan,
Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia; intertidal to 42 meters,
in sponges.
71. Alpheus stanleyi Coutiere, 1908
A[lpheus] Stanleyi Coutiere, 1908:207 [type locality: Amirante Isles; 55
meters].
Alpheus Stanleyi var. dearmatus De Man, 1910:287 [type locality: two
Indonesian localities: Wunoh Bay, Pulau Waigeo, and Banda anchorage,
Kepulauan Banda. 18-36 meters]; 1911:367, pi. 17: fig. 78.
A[lpheus] stanleyi.?Coutiere, 1921:423, pi. 63: fig. 18.
Alpheus cloudi A.H. Banner, 1956:352, fig. 16 [type locality: about 0.6 mile
off Muchot Point, south side of Saipan Harbor, Mariana Islands; 2 - 4
meters].
Alpheus stanleyi.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1978:230, fig. 2a-c?A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1983:65.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Crinitus Group). Body neither unusually
compressed nor densely setose; rostrum broadly triangular, not
reaching as far as distal margin of 1st antennular segment,
sharply carinate anteriorly, carina widening and disappearing
on anterior gastric region, base not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows; carapace without median tooth or tubercle
on gastric region and without paired teeth overhanging
posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior margin transverse
or concave mesial to orbital hoods, frontal region flattened,
orbital hoods unarmed, adrostral furrows not especially deep;
2nd antennular segment variable, 2 to 3V2 times as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with rather
strong lateral tooth not reaching level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin variably concave, distolateral
spine stout, considerably overreaching convex distal margin
of blade; 1st chelipeds with or without distal tooth on inferior
flexor margin; major chela more or less sexually dimorphic,
about twice as long as wide in males, up to more than 3 times
as long as wide in females, broadly oval in cross section, dactyl
not truly double-ended, palm without apparent sculpture except
for faint depression in margin immediately posterior to
adhesive plaque and slight lateral longitudinal sulcus extending
posteriorly from near dactylar articulation; minor chela 2 to 3
times as long as wide, dactyl not especially slender, but not
"balaeniceps" in either sex, subequal to palm in length; 2nd
pereopod with proximal carpal article barely to distinctly
longer than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl variably biunguicu-
late, sometimes obscurely so, propodus with about 8 spines
on flexor margin, carpus distally produced at extensor and
flexor angles, merus with distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium
bearing small movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 8 mm.
RANGE.?Western and central Indian Ocean, Philippines,
Indonesia, Caroline, Fiji, and Samoa islands; littoral to 60
meters, in sponges.
72. Alpheus staphylinus Couttere, 1908
A[lpheus] staphylinus Coutiere, 1908:204 [type locality: Salomon Islands,
Chagos Archipelago]; 1921:418, pi. 62: fig. 13.
Alpheus staphylinus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1978:232; 1985:32.
(?)Alpheus staphylinus.?DM and A.H. Banner, 1982:42, fig. 7.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Macrocheles Group). Body not unusually
compressed or setose; rostrum acute, not reaching level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, not carinate, not
abruptly delimited from surface of carapace; carapace without
median tooth or tubercle or paired teeth on gastric region,
anterior margin concave and unarmed mesial to orbital hood,
curving gradually into rostral margin, region not depressed,
orbital hood armed with acute marginal tooth, adrostral furrows
absent; 2nd antennular segment nearly twice as long as wide;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) not reaching level of tip of
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin slightly concave
to nearly straight, distolateral spine strong, considerably
overreaching distal margin of blade; 1st pereopods with merus
armed with distal acute tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela about 3 times as long as wide, dactyl diverging little from
longitudinal plane, not double-ended, without prominent crest
on extensor margin, distally rounded, plunger consisting of
conical tooth with rounded apex, palm with acute tooth each
side of dactylar articulation, carina supporting tooth on mesial
side of dactylar articulation interrupted by notch, without
"saddle" on broadly rounded margin proximal to adhesive
plaque, rounded shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger;
minor chela nearly 572 times as long as wide, dactyl subequal
in length to palm, not "balaeniceps" or carinate on extensor
margin in male; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
about 13A times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
simple, slender, propodus with 9 spines on flexor margin,
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
merus unarmed, ischium with movable spine; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 5 mm.
RANGE.?Mombasa, Kenya, Chagos Archipelago, Ryukyu
Islands, Philippines, Indonesia, and possibly Murray Island,
Torres Strait; sublittoral.
*13. Alpheus strenuus strenuus Dana, 1852
[?)Alpheus fihode White, 1847:74 [Philippine Islands, nomen nudum].?A.H.
and D.M. Banner, 1977b:280.
Alpheus Dof*s White, 1847:75 [Torres Strait; nomen nudum].?A.H. and
DM. Baniier, 1977b:281.
Alpheus street*** Dana, 1852a:21 [type locality: Tongatapu, Tonga Islands];
1852b:543. pL 34: fig. 4.
AflpheusJ strenuus var. angulatus Coutiere, 1905:914 [type locality: Hulele,
Male Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Alpheus strenuus strenuus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:225, fig. 71.?A.H.
and DM. Banner, 1983:68.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1985:32.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed of setose; rostrum narrowly acute, not reaching level
of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, dorsal carina
rounded, flot extending posteriorly beyond orbital hoods, base
widening slightly but not abruptly delimited from adrostral
furrows; t-arapace without median tooth or tubercle on gastric
region or paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral
furrows, anterior margin mesial to orbital hood unarmed,
sinuous, orbital hood unarmed, adrostral furrows rather
shallow; 2nd antennular segment l2/3 to 2V2 times as long as
wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite) armed with sharp
ventrolateral tooth not reaching level of tip of stylocerite;
antennal scale with lateral margin concave, of distolateral spine
slightly convex, spine moderately stout, slightly overreaching
somewhat tapered blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed with
acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela
somewhat compressed, 2!/3 times as long as wide, dactyl not
noticeably curved in longitudinal plane, not double-ended,
having we 11-developed plunger, palm with longitudinal sulcus
on mesial surface near margin proximal to fixed finger but no
true carina bordering it, with "saddle" proximal to adhesive
plaque, proximal shoulder blunt, but usually slightly overhang-
ing "saddle," shoulder proximal to fixed finger strong, slightly
projecting but not acute; minor chela 3!/3 to 4lfr times as long
as wide, dactyl distinctly "balaeniceps" in both sexes, 2/3 as
long as palm; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article
subequal in length to 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
pointed, propodus with about 10 spines on flexor margin,
carpus with distal extensor angle projecting, merus unarmed,
ischium with movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum 38 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Mactan Island, Bohol Strait
[10?18TSI, 123?58'E]; 31 Aug 1909; tidepools: 1 ovig female
[10.8]. Mahinog, Camiguin Island, Mindanao Sea [9?09'N,
124?47'E]; 3 Aug 1909; tidepools: 5 males [10.0-14.8, 1 with
abdominal parasite] 5 females [10.5-19.3], 4 ovig. [11.0-
19.3]. Njisipit, Mindanao [8?57X ttS0!^]; 1 Aug 1909;
tidepool: 1 male [8.0] 3 ovig females [8.2-11.4].
INDONESIA. Great Tobea, Selat Butung, Celebes [4?33'S,
122?42/E]; tidepools; 15 Dec 1909: 11 males [9.0-19.2] 10
females [12.8-22.7], 7 ovig [14.0-22.7].
RANGE.?Red Sea to Society Islands, not including Hawaii;
usually littoral (see A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:68, for
discussion of habitat). The specimen from the Galapagos
Islands identified by Schmitt (1939:26) as Crangon strenuus
is a male (carapace length 4.8 mm) of Alpheus leviusculus or
the close relative of that species that has been recorded from
those Islands.
74. Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1878
Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1878:193 [type locality: the two syntypes of this
species came from Bahia de Panama' and Zorritos, Peru].?D.M. and A.H.
Banner, 1982:79, fig. 20.?Wicksten, 1983:46.
Alpheus macrochirus Richters, 1880:164, pi. 17: figs. 31 - 3 3 [type locality:
tie aux Fouquets, Mauritius].
Alpheus luciae Barnard, 1947:389 [type locality: Lake Saint Lucia, Zululand,
Natal, South Africa],
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum triangular, not reaching nearly as far
as distal margin of 1st antennular segment, rounded dorsally,
base abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace
without median tooth or tubercle on gastric region and without
paired teeth overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows,
anterior margin between rostrum and orbital hood nearly
transverse, unarmed, adrostral furrows rather deep, somewhat
flattened anteriorly, orbital hood unarmed; 2nd antennular
segment about twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) armed with strong ventrolateral tooth overreaching
stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin nearly straight,
distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of tapered blade;
1st pereopods without distinct distal tooth on inferior flexor
margin of merus; major chela compressed, fully 2!/2 times as
long as wide, setose mesially, dactyl rather strongly arched,
not double-ended, bearing well-developed plunger, palm
without sharp tooth either side of dactylar articulation, without
longitudinal carina near margin proximal to fixed finger,
without distinct "saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque or
shoulder on margin proximal to fixed finger, longitudinal
sulcus near margin proximal to adhesive plaque; minor chela
about 3 times as long as wide, setose mesially, dactyl not
especially slender, fully as long as palm, not "balaeniceps" in
either sex; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article longer
than 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate or simple,
propodus bearing 8 spines on flexor margin, carpus with
extensor margin bluntly projecting distally, merus unarmed,
ischium bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 20 mm.
RANGE.?Southeastern Africa to Philippines, Indonesia,
Japan, and Australia to Society and Galapagos islands and
Pacific American mainland from Gulf of California to Peru,
NUMBER 466 57
western Africa from equator to southern Angola, (not Red
Sea, Japan, Hawaii, or western Atlantic); intertidal to 24
meters.
?75. Alpheus suluensis, new species
FIGURES 15,16
DIAGNOSIS.?(Edwardsii Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed or setose; rostrum slender, sharp, reaching nearly to
level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment (Figure 15a),
dorsally rounded, blunt ridge rather prominent posteriorly but
not extending much beyond eyes, base not abruptly delimited
from adrostral furrows; carapace without tooth or tubercle on
gastric region, without paired teeth overhanging posterior ends
of adrostral furrows, anterior margin between rostrum and
orbital hood sinuous, concave mesially, orbital hood unarmed,
adrostral furrows moderately deep; 2nd antennular segment
about twice as long as wide; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with sharp ventrolateral tooth not nearly reaching level of tip
of stylocerite (Figure \5b)', antennal scale with lateral margin
concave at midlength, distolateral spine strong, considerably
overreaching narrow blade, laterally convex; 1st pereopods
with merus armed with sharp distal tooth on inferior flexor
margin (Figure I5g,i); major chela somewhat compressed,
nearly 272 times as long as wide, dactyl not noticeably skewed
from longitudinal plane, with rather strong, blunt, curved carina
on extensor margin, not double-ended, plunger truncated,
sharply demarcated only proximally (Figure 15c), palm with
obscure submarginal sulcus but no strong longitudinal ridge
near margin proximal to fixed finger (Figure 15/), with
"saddle" proximal to adhesive plaque, proximal shoulder
bluntly acute, overhanging "saddle," shoulder proximal to
fixed finger strong, obtuse slightly projecting; minor chela
(Figure 15h) nearly 6 times as long as wide, dactyl slightly
shorter than palm, laterally slightly carinate but not "balaeniceps"
in either sex; 2nd pereopod (Figure 16a), with proximal carpal
article I1 fa times as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod (Figure 166)
with dactyl pointed, simple, propodus bearing about 10 spines
on flexor margin, carpus with extensor margin slightly
produced distally, merus unarmed, ischium with movable
spine; carapace length to base of rostrum 8.3 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago:
sta 5147; 5?41'40"N, 120?47'10"E; 38 m; coral sand, shells;
16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag:
1 male [7.2] holotype USNM 205668) 1 ovig female
[8.3].
TYPE LOCALITY.?Known only from the pair of specimens
from off Siasi, Sulu Archipelago; 38 meters.
REMARKS.?Of the approximately 76 currently recognized
species and subspecies in the Edwardsii Group of Alpheus, A.
suluensis agrees with eight taxa in one or more of the following
characters: (1) base of rostrum not abruptly delimited from
adrostral furrows, (2) carapace not carinate in midline from
rostrum nearly to midlength or without median tooth or
tubercle on gastric region, (3) first pereopods with distal tooth
on inferior flexor margin of merus, (4) major chela less than
three times as long as wide, (5) minor chela with dactyl no
longer than palm and not "balaeniceps" in either sex, (6) second
pereopod with proximal carpal article longer than second, and
(7) third pereopod with dactyl subconical, not subspatulate,
merus unarmed, and ischium bearing movable spine. Alpheus
suluensis differs from A. batesi in having the rostrum and
second antennular segment distinctly longer, the antennal scale
with its lateral margin sinuous rather than nearly straight, the
major chela wider and more strongly sculptured, the second
pereopod with the proximal carpal article one and one-half
rather than nearly twice as long as the second, and the third
pereopod more slender. It seems to be distinguished from A.
buchanorum A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983, from the Seychelles
in having the dorsal rostral carina blunt rather than sharp, the
first pereopods with a much stronger distal tooth on the inferior
flexor margin of the merus, the major and minor chelae not
profusely setose on their mesial surfaces, and the third
pereopod with the merus four and one-half rather than about
three times as long as wide. The distinction of A. suluensis
from A. haanii Ortmann, 1890, cannot be fixed from present
knowledge of that Japanese species; D.M. and A.H. Banner
(1982:273) indicated that the holotype of A. haanii "falls within
the ranges" of A. edwardsii, but the minor chela of A. haanii
is unknown; A. suluensis seems to have a much less massive
plunger on the dactyl of the major chela than does A. edwardsii.
From A. hululensis Coutiere, 1905 from the Maldives, A.
suluensis differs in the stronger and overhanging shoulder
proximal to the "saddle" on the major chela, in comparison
with the illustration of that appendage in Crosnier and Forest
(1966, fig. 25b); on the other hand, the anterior appendages of
A. suluensis correspond remarkably well with the illustration
by Crosnier and Forest (1966, fig. 26c) of the female specimen
from the Red Sea assigned to A. bouvieri var. hululensis by
Coutiere (1905:1909), but that specimen, which lacks the major
cheliped, may probably be distinguished from A. suluensis by
the strong dorsal rostral carina mentioned by Crosnier and
Forest (1966:284). Alpheus suluensis clearly differs from A.
ladronis in the much more prominent rostrum, antennal scales,
and shoulder proximal to the "saddle" on the major chela. From
A. maindroni, it differs in the longer rostrum and the major
chela provided with a transverse rather than an oblique "saddle"
and a less well developed, truncate plunger on the dactyl. From
A. parvirostris, it is separated by the nonangulate orbital hoods,
the much smaller tooth on the basal antennal segment, the
transverse rather than oblique "saddle" and the less well
developed, truncate plunger on the dactyl of the major chela,
and, usually, by the absence of a distal tooth on the flexor
margin of the merus of the third pereopod. Finally, A. suluensis
may be separated from A. viridari (Armstrong, 1949) from the
western Atlantic by the greater relative length of the distolateral
spine of the antennal scale and by the overhanging shoulder
proximal to the "saddle" and the absence of a notch in the
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 15.?Alpheus suluensis, new species, male holotype from Albatross sta 5147, carapace length 7.2 mm:
a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect;
d, right 3rd maxilliped; e, right 1st (major) chela (detached but probably from holotype);/ same, opposite aspect;
g, right 1st (major) cheliped, proximal segments; h, left 1st (minor) chela; t, left 1st (minor) cheliped, proximal
segments.
NUMBER 466 59
FIGURE 16.?Alpheus suluensis, new species, male holotype from Albatross sta
SI47, carapace length 7.2 mm; a, right 2nd pereopod; b, left thud pereopod;
c, right appendices interna and masculina.
opposable margin of the fixed finger of the major chela.
ETYMOLOGY.?The suggested specific name is derived from
the Archipelago embracing the type locality of the species and
the predominant inhabitants for whom the region was named.
76. Alpheus villosus (Olivier, 1811)
Palaemon diversimanus Olivier, 1811:663 [type locality: Australia].
P'alaemon villosus Olivier, 1811:664 [type locality: "la mer des Indes"; D.M.
and A.H. Banner (1982:52) noted that the holotype bore "the label in the
vial of 'Port du Roi Georges,' presumably King George Sound at Albany,
W.A."].
Alpheus villosus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:49, fig. 10.
DIAGNOSIS.?(Sulcatus Group). Body not unusually com-
pressed but covered with short stiff setae together with a few
long setae; rostrum triangular, reaching as far as distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, sharply carinate in midline, carina
extending posteriorly to midlength of carapace, base of rostrum
not abruptly delimited from adrostral furrows; carapace with
acute median tooth on gastric region, without paired teeth
overhanging posterior ends of adrostral furrows, anterior
margin between rostrum and orbital hood armed with triangular
tooth, orbital hood bearing acute tooth overhanging margin;
2nd antennular segment about twice as long as wide; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) armed with strong ventrolateral
tooth far overreaching stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral
margin concave, distolateral spine distinctly overreaching
distal margin of narrow blade; 1st pereopods with merus armed
with small acute distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major
chela compressed, nearly 21/A times as long as wide, dactyl
bent, distally truncate, not double-ended but overhanging end
of fixed finger, palm with acute tooth either side of dactylar
articulation, without longitudinal carina near margin proximal
to fixed finger, without distinct transverse "saddle" proximal
to adhesive plaque but with longitudinal groove over entire
length of margin proximal to plaque, obscure shoulder on
margin proximal to fixed finger, minor chela about 23A times
as long as wide, dactyl not very slender, nearly equal to palm
in length, not "balaeniceps" in either sex, palm granulate and
setose on mesial surface; 2nd pereopod with proximal carpal
article twice as long as 2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, propodus armed with 14 spines on flexor
margin, carpus with sharp distal tooth on flexor margin, merus
armed with strong distal tooth on flexor margin, ischium
bearing movable spine; maximum carapace length to base of
rostrum about 22 mm.
RANGE.?Mascarene Islands, Sulu Archipelago, and Austra-
lia; intertidal to 44 meters, in coral. Although Kensley
(1972:54, fig. 25p,q) included A. villosus in his illustrated
key to the shrimps and prawns of southern Africa, it was not
incorporated in the checklist published later (Kensley, 1981:17-
50), and that author has informed me that he has not seen
material of the species from the African continent.
Aretopsis De Man, 1910
Aretopsis De Man, 1910:310 [type species, by monotypy: Aretopsis amabilis
De Man, 1910:311; gender feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed; rostrum
distinct, blunt apically in lateral aspect; carapace without high
carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen with
triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th somite;
telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth; cornea
of eye usually largely exposed in dorsal aspect; mandible
typically with incisor process but without palp; 3rd maxilliped
not unusually broadened to form partial operculum over other
mouthparts; 1st pereopods with major chela lacking socket on
fixed finger to receive plunger on movable finger; 2nd
pereopod with carpus composed of 5 articles; pereopods
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
typically with strap-like epipods on 2 or 3 anterior pairs.
RANGE.?Red Sea to Okinawa, Philippines, Indonesia,
Australia, and Marshall Islands.
REMARKS.?Two nominal species have been assigned to
this rather uncommon genus, in addition to the type species,
A. amabilis: A. aegyptiaca Ramadan, 1936, from the Egyptian
coast of the northern Red Sea and A. manazuruensis Suzuki,
1971, from Sagami Bay, Japan. Ramadan's species was
synonymized with A. amabilis by D.M and A.H. Banner
(1973:330), and that synonymy was retained by the same
authors later (1981:40). The specimen from Sagami Bay
described by Suzuki superficially resembles the type species
so closely?even to the color pattern and the association with
hermit crabs?that its specific identity might be questioned,
especially if the symmetrical first chelipeds of the unique
holotype could possibly have resulted from regeneration.
Examination of the first specimen of Aretopsis to be recorded
from the Philippines, however, revealed no palp on the
mandible, in contrast with the prominent one illustrated by
Suzuki. If A. manazuruensis does prove to differ in consistently
having one, rather than two, pairs of posterolateral telson
spines, symmetrical first chelipeds, and a slightly different
branchial formula, in addition to the mandibular palp, perhaps
a distinct genus should be proposed for it.
77. Aretopsis amabilis De Man, 1910
Aretopsis amabilis De Man, 1910:311 [type locality: Pulau Kaniungan-Ketjil,
Makassar Strait coast of Borneo; reef]; 1911:171, pi. 4: fig. 14.?D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1973:330, fig. 12; 1981:40; 1985:33.
Aretopsis aegyptiaca Ramadan, 1936:16, pis. 1, 2: figs. 9-17 [type locality:
Hurghada, Egypt].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum triangular, slightly overreaching 1st
antennular segment; carapace with suborbital tooth subrectan-
gular; cornea more than xli exposed in dorsal aspect; 2nd
antennular segment about as long as wide; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with strong ventral spine not reaching
level of tip of stylocerite; antennal scale with lateral margin
nearly straight, distolateral spine extending far beyond distal
margin of blade; 1st pereopods asymmetrical, merus without
distal tooth on inferior flexor margin; major chela with 1 or 2
large, blunt teeth on opposable margin of dactyl, fixed finger
with deep basal sinus bounded by large tooth on each side,
palm sharply carinate on margin proximal to fixed finger,
bluntly carinate on opposite margin; minor chela about 23A
times as long as wide, fingers about as long as palm, crossing
at tips; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl distinctly biunguiculate, propodus with 6-8 spines on
flexor margin, carpus with distal spine on flexor margin, merus
and ischium unarmed; maximum carapace length about 9 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea to Okinawa, Philippines, Indonesia,
Australia, and Marshall Islands.
REMARKS.?The inclusion of A. amabilis in the Philippine
fauna is based on a male specimen with a carapace length of
5.2 mm collected on 12 May by the Smithsonian Philippine
Expedition of 1978 at Bonbonon Point, Negros Island
(9?03'45"N, 123?07'33"E), and identified in 1983 by A.H.
Banner (see generic "Remarks").
*Athanas Leach, 1814
Athanas Leach, 1814:432 [type species, by monotypy: Palaemon nitescens
Leach, 1814:401; gender: masculine].
Arete Stimpson, 1860:32 [type species, by monotypy: Arete dorsalis Stimpson,
1860:32; gender feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed; rostrum
distinct, acute in lateral aspect; carapace without high carina
throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen with triangular
flap articulated diagonally at posterolateral angle of 6th somite;
telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth; cornea
of eye largely exposed in dorsal aspect; mandible with palp
and molar process; 3rd maxilliped not unusually broadened to
form partial operculum over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods
with major chela without molar-like tooth on movable finger;
2nd pereopod with carpus composed of 4 or 5 articles; number
of pereopodal epipods variable.
RANGE.?Athanas is generally believed to live in most
tropical and some temperate seas, except off the American
continents, but Coutiere (1899:544) mentions a specimen of A.
dorsalis from "la mer des Antilles," and the same author
(1903:86-88) records a specimen of A. dorsalis var. pacific us
from "Amerique Centrale (sans indie, de versant)"; no
American material of the genus is represented among the
identified Smithsonian collections. Most species of Athanas
occur in shallow water, but a few are found in more than 100
meters, and A. phyllocheles A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:152,
came from 450 meters in the western Indian Ocean off La
Reunion.
REMARKS.?Since the Indo-Pacific members of the genus
were revised by A.H. and D.M. Banner (1960a), five of the
24 species recognized in that work have fallen into synonymy
and six additional ones have been described, bringing the total
species count to 29, including the four species currently
recognized from the eastern Atlantic. Of the species cited by
the Banners, I believe that the spelling of A. haswelli should
revert to the original orthography, A. hasswelli; there seems
to be no "clear evidence of an inadvertent error" in the original
publication, as required by Article 32(c)(ii) of the third edition
of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985),
for a justified emendation.
Five species of Athanas were recorded from the Philippines
by D.M. and A.H. Banner (1979). Three additional species
were collected by the Smithsonian Philippine Expedition of
1978 and identified by A.H. Banner, and the specimen in the
Albatross collections tentatively identified as A. jedanensis
brings the total Philippine count to nine.
NUMBER 466 61
Key to Philippine Species of Athanas
1. Orbit with supracorneal tooth (sometimes rounded) 2
Orbital without supracorneal tooth 4
2. Infracorneal tooth, if present, overreaching extracorneal tooth; 1st pereopod with
merus deeply excavate on flexor surface 81. A. djiboutensis
Infracorneal tooth absent or, if present, not overreaching extracorneal tooth; 1st
pereopod with merus not deeply excavate on flexor surface 3
3. Major chela subcylindrical; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles
78. A. areteformis
Major chela compressed; 2nd pereopod with 4 carpal articles . . 79. A. borradailei
4. Third pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguiculate 5
Third pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate 6
5. Adult female with carpus of 1st pereopod longer than chela . . . 80. A. dimorphus
Adult female with carpus of 1st pereopod no longer than palm of chela
85. A. marshallensis
6. Second pereopod with 4 carpal articles 7
Second pereopod with 5 carpal articles 8
7. Rostrum not overreaching 2nd antennular segment 82. A. dorsatis
Rostrum overreaching 2nd antennular segment 83. A. indie us
8. Without infracorneal tooth below orbit *84. ?A. jedanensis
With sharp infracorneal spine below orbit 86. A. parvus
78. Athanas areteformis Coutiere, 1903
Athanas areteformis Coutiere, 1903:;79, figs. 17, 18 [type locality: Naifaro
Reef and Hulele Male Atoll, Maldive Islands].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1973:304. fig. 2.?A.H. and D.M. Banner. 1983:73.
Athanas Naifaroensis Coutiere, 1903:77, figs. 14-16 [type locality: Naifaro
Reef and Hulele Male Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Athanas erythraeus Ramadan, 1936:13. pi. 1: fig. 1 [type locality: Hurghada,
Egypt].
Athanas dubius A.H.Banner, 1956:322, fig. 2 [type locality: Saipan, Mariana
Islands].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually overreaching 2nd antennular
segment; orbit with sometimes obscure supracorneal tooth,
strong extracorneal tooth, and sometimes rounded infracorneal
tooth, extracorneal far overreaching infracorneal tooth; major
cheliped with chela subcylindrical, carpus shorter than palm
in mature female, merus not deeply excavate on flexor surface;
2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
simple, not biunguiculate, about xh as long as propodus;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea to South Africa, Maldive and Laccadive
islands, Philippines, Australia, and Marshall, Fiji, Tonga,
Samoa, and Society islands; often in dead coral on reef flats
and deeper.
79. Athanas borradailei (Coutiere, 1903)
Arete Borradailei Coutiere, 1903:80, figs. 19 -24 [type locality: Hulele Male
Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Arete ghardaqensis Ramadan, 1936:36, pi. 1: figs. 2 - 8 [type locality:
Harghada, Egypt].
Athanas polynesia A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966a: 152, fig. 7 [type locality:
Alofau, Tutuila, American Samoa].
Athanas borradailei.?AM. and D.M. Banner, 1983:73.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not usually overreaching 2nd antennu-
lar segment; orbit with supracorneal tooth and extracorneal
tooth, but no infracorneal tooth; major cheliped with chela
compressed, carpus shorter than palm in mature female, merus
not deeply excavate on flexor surface; 2nd pereopod with 4
carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not biunguicu-
late, about 72 as long as propodus; maximum carapace length
to base of rostrum about 5 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Maldives,
Philippines, Australia, and American Samoa; subtidal. The
Philippine record stems from a single specimen collected at
Lalaan, Negros, in 1978.
80. Athanas dimorphus Ortmann, 1894
Athanas dimorphus Ortmann, 1894:12, pi. 1: fig. 1 [type locality: Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania, Upanga Reef; holes and recesses in coral].?D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1973:313, fig. 6.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:76.
Athanas solenomerus Coutiere, 1897a:381 [type locality: Red Sea].
Athanas leptocheles Coutiere, 1897a:381 [type locality: Red Sea].
Athanas dispar Coutiere, 1897b:233 [type locality: Djibouti and El Suweis;
under stones at low tide].
Athanas setoensis Kubo, 1951:265, figs. 5, 6 [type locality: Shirahama,
Wakayama Prefecture, southwest of Kii Peninsula, Japan].
Athanas dimorphus seedang A.H. and DM. Banner, 1966b:28, fig. 4 [type
locality: Koh Kradard, Thailand].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually overreaching 2nd antennular
segment; orbit without supracorneal tooth, extracorneal tooth
acute, infracorneal tooth rounded, not overreaching extracor-
neal; major cheliped with chela subcylindrical, carpus longer
than chela in mature female, merus deeply excavate on flexor
surface; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
dactyl simple, not biunguiculate, about 73 as long as propodus;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum nearly 10 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa, Thailand, Philippines,
Hong Kong, Japan, Australia, New Caledonia; commonly amid
detritus on shallow reef flats, rarely to a depth of 115 meters.
81. Athanas djiboutensis Coutiere, 1897
Athanas Djiboutensis Coutiere, 1897a:234 [type locality: Djibouti].
Athanas sulcatipesBomida.ile, 1898:1011, pi. 65: fig. 9 [type locality: Funafuti,
Mice Islands].
Athanas djiboutensis.?1>M. and A.H. Banner, 1973:306, fig. 3.?A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1983:77.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum variable in length; orbit with supracor-
neal, extracorneal, and infracorneal teeth, latter overreaching
extracorneal teeth; major cheliped with chela subcylindrical,
merus deeply excavate on flexor surface, minor cheliped of
mature female with carpus shorter than palm; 2nd pereopod
with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not
biunguiculate, about xli as long as propodus; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 3 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern and South Africa, Maldive and
Laccadive islands, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Coral Sea
coast of Australia, and eastward through the Pacific islands to
the Marquesas and Society groups; under rocks at low tide and
in dead coral. More than 30 specimens of A. djiboutensis were
collected at the Visayan Islands, northern Negros, and one
specimen at the Cuyo Islands in the northern Sulu Sea in 1978.
82. Athanas dorsalis (Stimpson, 1860)
Arete dorsalis Stimpson, 1860:32 [type locality: Lyemun Strait, Hong Kong;
among sublittoral rocks].
Arete dorsalis var. Pacificus Coutiere, 1903:87, fig. 30 [type locality: Hong
Kong(?), Samoa, New Caledonia, Central America ("sans indie, de
versant")].
Arete Maruteensis Coutiere, 1905:864 [type locality: Marutea, Tuamotu
Archipelago].
Arete maruteensis, var. salibabuensis De Man, 1910:313 [type locality:
anchorage off lining, Palau Salebabu, Kepulauan Talaud, Indonesia; to 36
meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually not overreaching 2nd antennu-
lar segment; orbit without supracorneal tooth, with extracorneal
tooth, and without infracorneal tooth; major cheliped with
chela compressed, not subcylindrical, merus not deeply
excavate on flexor surface, carpus shorter than palm in mature
female; 2nd pereopod with 4 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl biunguiculate, about xh as long as propodus; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?There is little doubt that A. dorsalis occurs
throughout the Indo-Pacific area from the Red Sea and Indian
Ocean to Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan,
Australia, and eastward to the Tuamotu Archipelago. Coutiere
(1899:544) mentioned a specimen from the West Indies and
(1903:86-88) included Central America in the range, but both
of these extensions need confirmation. The Smithsonian
Philippine Expedition of 1978 collected two specimens of A.
dorsalis at the Cayo Islands, northern Sulu Sea. This shrimp
frequents reef flats and rather shallow sublittoral depths; it is
commonly, perhaps obligatorily, associated with echinoderms,
usually echinoids.
83. Athanas indie us (Coutiere, 1903)
Arete dorsalis var. lndicus Coutiere, 1903:84, figs. 2 5 - 2 9 [type locality:
Djibouti and Hulele Male Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Arete Iphianassa De Man, 1910:312 [type locality: off Sawan, Pulau Siau,
Kepulauan Sangi, Indonesia; reef].
Arete intermedius Yu, 1931:513, fig. 1 [type locality: Amoy(?), China].
Athanas indicus.?Suzuki, 1970:5, figs. 4-7.?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1973:327, fig. 11; 1981:42.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 2nd antennular seg-
ment; orbit without supracorneal tooth, with extracorneal tooth,
without infracorneal tooth; major cheliped with chela com-
pressed, merus not deeply excavate on flexor surface, carpus
shorter than palm in mature female; 2nd pereopod with 4 carpal
articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, about 73 as
long as propodus; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, Mozambique, Madagascar, Persian Gulf,
Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, and
Australia, eastward to the Tuamotu Archipelago; possibly
always associated with echinoids situated in the upper
sublitorral zone.
REMARKS.?Athanas kominatoensis Kubo, 1942, is prob-
ably a synonym of this species, but Suzuki (1970:5) chose to
regard it as distinct until the importance of the angulate versus
rounded pterygostomian margin and the obtuse rather than
acute distal part of the palm of the first cheliped can be
evaluated more reliably.
*84. ?Athanas jedanensis De Man, 1910
Athanas jedanensis De Man, 1910:313 [type locality: Djedan, Kepulauan Aru,
Indonesia; 13 meters]; 1911:154, pi. 2: fig. 7.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum reaching about to level of distal
margin of 2nd antennular segment; orbit without supracorneal
tooth, with extracorneal tooth, and without infracorneal tooth;
major cheliped with chela subcylindrical, merus deeply
excavate on flexor surface, carpus longer than chela in mature
female; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl biunguiculate, about 73 as long as propodus; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 5 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archi-
pelago: sta 5157; 5?12'30"N, 119?55'50"E; 33 m; fine sand;
21 Feb 1908 (0904-0909); 9' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 male
[1.9].
RANGE.?This questionable record is apparently the first for
the species since the original male and three ovigerous females
NUMBER 466 63
were described from Kepulauan Aru in the Arafura Sea south
of West New Guinea, at a depth of 13 meters.
REMARKS.?The single representative of the genus Athanas
in the Albatross collections lacks both members of the first
pair of chelipeds. It has been tentatively assigned to A.
jedanensis only because it seems to agree reasonably well with
De Man's description and illustrations in all other particulars.
85. Athanas marshallensis Chace, 1955
Athanas marshallensis Chace, 1955:17, fig. 8 [type locality: Bogombogo
Island, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands; intertidal].?A.H. and D.M.
Banner, 1983:151.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 2nd antennular
segment; orbit without supracorneal tooth, with extracorneal
tooth, with rounded infracorneal tooth; major cheliped with
chela subcylindrical, merus deeply excavate on flexor surface,
carpus more than l/2 as long to longer than palm in mature
female; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl simple, not biunguiculate, about 7s as long as propodus;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum 5 mm.
RANGE.?Until the limits of variation of this nominal species
are better known, its range?as well as its appropriate
name?must remain somewhat questionable. The most recent
analysis (A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:151) suggests that A.
marshallensis occurs in the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean,
the Philippines, and Micronesia; shallow subtidal.
REMARKS.?As alluded to above, it is still indeterminate
whether A. rhothionastes A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1960a, is a
synonym of A. marshallensis and even whether the latter
species is distinct from A. esakii Kubo, 1940b, from the
Caroline Islands, or even the Japanese A. lamellifer Kubo,
1940a, which is generally believed to be a synonym of A.
japonicus Kubo, 1936.
86. Athanas parvus De Man, 1910
Athanas Sibogae De Man, 1910:314 [type locality: six different Indonesian
Siboga stations; 13-36 meters]; 1911:151,pL 2: fig. 6.?MiyaandMiyake,
1968:134, fig. 2.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1973:321, fig. 9.
Athanas parvus De Man, 1910:315 [type locality: south coast of Timor,
Indonesia; 8?39.1'S, YITAA'K. 34 meters]; 1911:148, pi. 1: fig. 4.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually overreaching 2nd antennular
segment; orbit without supracorneal tooth, with extracorneal
tooth and acute infracorneal tooth, extracorneal overreaching
infracorneal tooth; major cheliped with chela subcylindrical,
merus deeply excavate on flexor surface, carpus shorter than
palm in mature female; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, about x/2 as long as
propodus; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about
6 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Singapore, Indonesia,
Philippines, Japan, Australia, and Tonga and Samoa islands;
common intertidally under rocks and occurring at a maximum
depth of 70 meters.
REMARKS.?There is little doubt that A.H. and D.M. Banner
(1960a: 141) acted as first reviser in citing A. sibogae as a junior
synonym of A. parvus, and the latter name should take
precedence over the former, even though the reverse relation-
ship has been adopted by most authors since that date, perhaps
in the mistaken belief that the selection is determined solely
by page precedence.
Automate De Man, 1888
Arethusa De Man, 1888a:216 [nomen nudum; no type species indicated].
Automate De Man, 1888a:529 [type species, by monotypy: Automate
dolichognatha De Man, 1888a:529; gender feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed; rostrum, if
present, inconspicuous, subtriangular or lobate, unarmed
extension of frontal margin of carapace; carapace without high
carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen without
articulated triangular flap at posterolateral angle of 6th somite;
telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth; both eyes
and eyestalks visible in dorsal aspect; mandible with palp and
molar process; 3rd maxilliped not unusually broadened to form
partial operculum over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods
dissimilar, carried extended with movable finger dorsal or
lateral, not ventral, major chela without molar-like tooth on
movable finger, 2nd pereopod with fingers about as long as
palm, carpus with 5 articles; pereopods with strap-like epipods
on 4 anterior pairs; appendix masculina absent.
RANGE.?Pantropical with temperate extensions; intertidal
to 250 meters.
REMARKS.?A dozen species seem to have been described
in this genus. Eight of them are here presumed to be valid, in
line with the conclusions reached by D.M. and A.H. Banner
(1973:302). The Banners omitted from their list of acceptable
species A. branchialis from the eastern Mediterranean and
included two names, A. kingsleyi and A. haightae, which,
together with A. gardineri and A. johnsoni, are here relegated
to the synonymy of the variable and wide-ranging A.
dolichognatha, the only member of the genus thus far known
from the Philippines. Inasmuch as Crosnier and Forest
(1966:203) reported that they were unable to find the type
specimens of A. talismani in the Paris Museum, the true
identity of that species?which would logically represent an
extension of A. dolichognatha into the eastern Atlantic and
thereby establish the pantropical distribution of the species?
may never be determined; it is here tentatively treated as a
distinct species, as did the Banners, because the original
description by Coutiere (1902) indicates that the rostrum is
larger than its maximum development in A. dolichognatha.
It is hoped that the following provisional key to the species
recognized herein may help to clarify eventually the true
membership of the genus.
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Key to Species of Automate
1. Rostrum reaching nearly or quite to level of extreme anterior margin of carapace
2
Rostrum, if present, not reaching nearly as far as extreme anterior margin of carapace
3
2. Antennal scale overreaching 2nd antennular segment
A. salomoni Coutiere, 1908:192
(Salomon Islands,
Chagos Archipelago)
Antennal scale reaching barely to level of midlength of 2nd antennular segment. .
A. talismani Coutiere, 1902:340
("Puerto-Grande (Acores), profondeur 20 metres";
probably Porto Grande, Sao Vicente, Cape Verde
Islands, according to Holthuis, 1951:115)
3. Antennal scale with lateral margin somewhat sinuous 4
Antennal scale with lateral margin convex, concave, or nearly strait, not sinuous . .
5
4. Rostrum small but distinct; antennal scale with distolateral tooth slender and far
overreaching distal margin of blade . . . . A. anacanthopus De Man, 1910:317
(Celebes and Ceram seas, Indonesia;
22-75 meters)
Rostrum absent; antennal scale with distolateral tooth short, not overreaching distal
margin of blade A. rectifrons Chace, 1972:75
(Quintana Roo, Mexico, and possibly Antigua
Island, West Indies; shallow water)
5. Third pereopod with about 5 spinules on flexor margin of propodus
87. A. dolichognatha
Third pereopod setose, without spinules on flexor margin of propodus, except for
distal pair at base of dactyl 6
6. Basal segment of antennal peduncle (basicerite) armed with minute distal tooth at
base of antennal scale A. branchialis Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1958:34
(Mediterranean coast of Israel; 18-73 meters)
Basal segment of antennal peduncle (basicerite) unarmed 7
7. Major chela rugose on both margins of palm . . . . A. rugosa Coutiere, 1902:341
(Pacific coasts of Mexico and
Panama; 27-70 meters)
Major chela not rugose on margins of palm . . . A. evermanni Rathbun, 1901:112
(Western Atlantic from Virginia to
Texas and Puerto Rico; eastern
Atlantic from Cape Verde Islands
and Liberia to Nigeria; 12-250 meters)
87. Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888 Automate johnsoni Chace, 1955:13, fig. 7 [type locality: Bikini Atoll, Marshall
Islands].
Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888a:529, pi. 22: fig 5 [type locality: "Insel
Noordwachter," presumably Djaga Utara in the southwestern Java Sea near DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum acute, Subrectangular Or rounded, not
Djakarta, Indonesia].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1973:299, fig. l. nearly reaching anteriorly to level of extreme anterior margin
Aiutomaie] Gardineri Coutiere, 1902:337 [type locality: 4 Maidive atolls.
 o f carapace; stylocerite not reaching level of distal margin of
Gilbert Islands, Masqat.and Djibouti]. , . . , . , , .
 n j
A, , .. . . ? , n n J . . ,. ? , ? . ? , . , 1st antennular segment; antennal scale not overreaching 2ndAutomate kmgsleyt Hay, 1917:72 [type locality: Beaufort, North Carolina]. ?
Automate haightaeBoonc, 1931:184, fig. 22 [type locality: north shore of isia antennular segment, with lateral margin nearly straight,
Taboguiiia, Bahia de Panama]. distolateral tooth slightly overreaching distal margin of blade;
NUMBER 466 65
basal segment of antennal peduncle (basicerite) armed with
small distal tooth; major chela with margins smooth, not
rugose; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, not subspatulate, with
about 5 spinules on flexor margin of propodus; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Pantropical, except for eastern Atlantic; usually
intertidal or shallow subtidal.
*Batella Holthuis, 1955
Cheirothrix Bate, 1888:532 [type species, by monotypy: Cheirothrix
parvimanus Bate, 1888:533; gender feminine. Invalid junior homonym of
Cheirothrix Pictet and Humbert, 1866:51 (Pisces)].
Batella Holthuis, 1955:92 [substitute name for Cheirothrix Bate, 1888; type
species: Cheirothrix parvimanus Bate, 1888; gender: feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum distinct, acute in dorsal and lateral aspects;
carapace without high carina throughout length of dorsal
midline; abdomen without triangular flap articulated at
posteroventral angle of 6th somite; telson not terminating
posteriorly in triangular tooth; eyes largely concealed from
dorsal aspect, visible in anterior aspect; mandible with molar
process but without palp; 3rd maxilliped not unusually
broadened to form partial operculum over other mouthparts;
1st pereopods similar, not necessarily equal, carried extended
with movable finger dorsal or lateral, not ventral, major chela
without molar-like tooth on movable finger; 2nd chela with
fingers about 1/s as long as palm, carpus with 5 articles;
pereopods without strap-like epipods; appendix masculina not
overreaching exopod of 2nd pleopod.
RANGE.?Northern East China Sea, Philippines, and Torres
Strait; 15-296 meters.
REMARKS.?To my knowledge, only two specimens of
Batella, which were at first assigned to separate species, have
been recorded heretofore. The Albatross obtained four
specimens in the Philippines, three belonging to the type
species and one to an undescribed species, as characterized in
the following key.
Key to Species of Batella
Pterygostomial angle sharply produced; telson overreaching both branches of uropod,
bearing single pair of small sublateral spines, posterior margin transverse; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with ventral lobe strongly produced; 1st pair of pereopods
with movable finger very slightly, if at all, overreaching fixed finger; 2nd pair of
pereopods with carpus nearly twice as long as chela, distal article about 4 times as long
as wide *88. B. leptocarpus
Pterygostomial angle less sharply produced; telson not overreaching mesial branch of
uropod, bearing 2 pairs of dorsolateral spines, posterior margin mesially convex; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with ventral lobe not unusually produced; 1st pair of
pereopods with movable finger far overreaching fixed finger, 2nd pair of pereopods
with carpus less than \lli times as long as chela, distal article barely 3 times as long
as wide *89. B. parvimanus
*88. Batella leptocarpus, new species
FIGURE 17
DIAGNOSIS.?See "Key to Species."
DESCRIPTION.?Front damaged (Figure lib), apparently
tridentate. Inconspicuous tubercle in midline of gastric region.
Pterygostomian angle sharply produced (Figure 17a). Cardiac
notch in posterior margin of carapace at base of branchiostegite
deep.
Abdomen broadly rounded dorsally, 3 anterior somites with
pleura rounded subrectangular, 4th posteroventrally rectangu-
lar, 5th posteroventrally bluntly acute, 6th with posteroventral
angle obtuse and with broadly acute tooth either side of base
of telson. Telson (Figure 17c) about twice as long as 6th somite,
more than twice as long as anterior width, armed laterally with
single pair of lateral spines in posterior !A of length, posterior
margin nearly transverse.
Eyes deeply recessed, completely concealed from dorsal and
lateral view, quite exposed anteriorly.
Antennules badly damaged, stylocerite sharply produced,
distinctly overreaching basal segment.
Antennal scale (Figure lid) 13A times as long as wide,
distolateral tooth not reaching level of angularly convex distal
margin of blade. Basal antennal segment with strong, acutely
produced ventral lobe. Antennal peduncle reaching distal xh
of antennal scale.
Mouthparts as illustrated (Figure lle-i). Mandible with
incisor process distally concave. First maxilliped with greatly
expanded central lobe and 2nd maxilliped with obscure distal
segment, both as in type species. Third maxilliped overreach-
ing antennal scale by nearly 2h length of distal segment.
First pair of pereopods slightly unequal (possibly due to
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 17.?Batella Uptocarpus, new species, male holotype from Albatross sta 5543, carapace length 5.8 mm:
a, anterior end, lateral aspect; b, anterior end of carapace, dorsal aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; a\
right antennal scale; e, left mandible;/ left 1st maxilla; g, left 2nd maxilla; h, left 1st maxilliped; i, left 2nd
maxilliped;/ right 1st chela; k, same, fingers; /, left 1st chela; m, left 1st cheliped, proximal segments; n, right
2nd pereopod; o, same, fingers, denuded; p, left 3rd pereopod; q, same, dactyl; r, left 1st pleopod, posterior
aspect; s, endopod of left 2nd pleopod; /, same, appendices interna and masculina.
NUMBER 466 67
regeneration), left larger, overreaching antennal scale by about
3A length of chela, movable finger slightly longer than fixed
finger, right with fingers subequal in length (Figure 17/Jfc);
carpus with at least 1 sharp marginal tooth; merus with
staggered convex flanges on flexor margins (Figure 17m),
most prominent on right side. Second pereopod overreaching
antennal scale by fully length of chela; movable finger (Finger
17<?) terminating in 2 nearly contiguous curved spines but tips
of both fingers concealed by plumose setae; carpus (Figure
17/i) slender, composed of 5 articles, proximal one slightly
shorter than distal, each slightly shorter than combined lengths
of other 3 articles. Third pereopod (Figure 17p) overreaching
antennal scale by length of dactyl and nearly all of propodus;
dactyl (Figure 11 q) little more than Vio as long as propodus,
distinctly biunguiculate; propodus bearing more than 20 fine
spinules on flexor margin; carpus unarmed; merus unarmed,
more than 4/s as long as propodus and 53A times as long as
wide; ischium less than xli as long as merus, with 2 marginal
spines. Fourth pereopod similar to but shorter than 3rd,
overreaching antennal scale by length of dactyl and about 1fa
of propodus. Fifth pereopod similar to but shorter than
preceding pairs, reaching only to distal xh of antennal
scale.
First pleopod of male (Figure 17r) with endopod tapering
to blunt tip bent nearly at right angle. Appendix masculina
on 2nd pleopod (Figure 175,/) overreaching appendix
interna by more than lli length of former, armed with
about 17 long spines, including 7 clustered near distal end.
Uropod (Figure 17c) with lateral branch armed with
distolateral tooth and 1 (or 2) movable spines immediately
adjacent thereto; transverse suture barely visible near distal
margin.
SIZE.?Carapace length of unique male holotype,
5.8 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Western Mindanao Sea: sta
5543; 8O47'15"N; 123O35WE; 296 m; sand; 12.5?C; 20 Aug
1909 (0904-0921); 12' Tanner beam trawl: 1 male [5.8],
holotype (USNM 205660).
TYPE LOCALITY.?Off Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao, Philip-
pines; 8?4715"N, 123?35'0O"E; 296 meters.
RANGE.?Known only from the unique type specimen taken
off Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao, in 296 meters.
REMARKS.?Although I had some reservations about describ-
ing a species from a single specimen with damaged front and
antennules, the differences between this specimen and the only
other species in the genus were sufficient to overcome my
reluctance to follow such a course. There is little doubt that B.
leptocarpus is a distinct species, and the most important
characters for distinguishing it seem to be displayed in the
single available specimen.
ETYMOLOGY.?The Greek leptos ("slender") plus karpos
("carpus") describes the slender carpus of the second pereopod,
which seems to be one of the most useful characters for
separating B. leptocarpus from B. parvimanus.
?89. Batella parvimanus (Bate, 1888)
FIGURE 18
Cheirothrix parvimanus Bale, 1888:533, pi. 96: fig. 2 [type locality: Torres
Strait; lO'WS, 142?18TE; 15 meters; coral mud].
Batella bifurcata Miya and Miyake, 1968b: 116, figs. 2-4 [type locality:
northwest of Danjo Gunto, northern East China Sea; 32?14.0'N, 127?50.4'E;
156 meters].?Miya, 1984:217.
DIAGNOSIS.?See "Key to Species."
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Balayan Bay, southern Luzon:
sta 5117; 13O52'22"N, 120046'22"E; 216 m; 21 Jan 1908
(0927-0947); 12' Tanner beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male [4.9]
2 females [5.3,6.0], 1 ovig [6.0].
RANGE.? Northern East China Sea, Philippines, and Torres
Strait off Cape York, Australia; 15-216 meters.
REMARKS.?I, too, was able to examine the unique male
holotype of B. parvimanus, through the kind cooperation of
R.W. Ingle of the British Museum (Natural History), and I
concur with Miya's conclusion that the presumed differences
that prompted the description of B. bifurcata were based on
unfortunate inaccuracies in the original description of B.
parvimanus. It may be noted from Figure 18o that the
Philippine specimens identified with this species have the
movable finger of the second pereopod terminating in two
contiguous curved spines, as in B. leptocarpus; this feature
could not be discerned in the holotype of B. parvimanus
without damaging the specimen, but there would seem to be
little doubt that Bate's fig. 21" represents further evidence of
careless descriptive effort.
Betaeopsis Yaldwyn, 1971
Betaeopsis Yaldwyn, 1971:88 [type species, by original designation: Betaeus
aequimanus Dana, 1852a:23; gender feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum absent, front emarginate; carapace without high
carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen without
triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th somite;
telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth; eyes
concealed from dorsal view, partially so in anterior aspect;
mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped with
antepenultimate segment flattened but not unusually broadened
to form partial operculum over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods
similar, subequal, carried extended with movable finger
ventral, major chela without molar-like tooth on movable
finger; 2nd cheliped with fingers nearly as long as palm, carpus
with 5 articles; pereopods with slender, strap-like epipods on
2 anterior pairs; appendix masculina not overreaching exopod
of 2nd pleopod.
RANGE.?Red Sea, Philippines, Indonesia, and New Zeal-
and; damp supratidal situations to a depth of 18 meters.
REMARKS.?The two known species of the genus are very
similar, differing principally in the appearance of the frontal
region, as indicated in the following key.
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 18.?Batella parvimanus, a-e, male from Albatross sta 5117, carapace length 4.9 mm;/-g, female from
same station, carapace length 5.3 mm: a, lateral aspect; b, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; c,
telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, left 1st pleopod, posterior aspect; e, endopod of left 2nd pleopod, anterior
aspect;/ denuded bases of right antennular flagella, dorsolateral aspect; g, right mandible; h, right 1st maxilla;
i, right 2nd maxilla; j , right 1st maxilliped; k, right 2nd maxilliped; /, distal end of 3rd maxilliped, lateral aspect;
m, right 1st percopod; n, right 2nd pereopod, carpus and chela; o, same, denuded fingers; p, right 3rd pereopod,
q, same, dactyl.
NUMBER 466 69
Key to Species of Betaeopsis
Front deeply, triangularly incised; orbital hoods with variably shaped mesial, horizontal
flanges sometimes forming secondary emargination above mesial frontal depression
B. aequimanus (Dana, 1852)
(New Zealand; supratidal and
littoral, under stones)
Front shallowly, broadly emarginate; orbital hoods at most with paired mesial sutures
meeting posteriorly 90. B. indica
90. Betaeopsis indica (De Man, 1910)
Betaeus indicus De Man, 1910:309 [type locality: Labuhanpandan, Lombok,
Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 18 meters]; 1911:173, pi. 4: fig. 15a-f; pi.
5: fig. 15.
Betaeopsis indicus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1981:48.
DIAGNOSIS.?See "Key to Species."
RANGE.?Red Sea, Philippines, Indonesia; 0-18 meters.
REMARKS.?The inclusion of B. indica in the Philippine
fauna is based on a male specimen, with a carapace length of
5.6 mm, collected on 13 May by the Smithsonian Philippine
Expedition of 1978 at Maloh, Negros Island (9?03'08"N,
122?59'30"E) and identified in 1983 by A.H. Banner. That
specimen has been compared with 5 specimens of B.
aequimanus from New Zealand in the Smithsonian collections
to construct the key to the two known species of the genus.
Metalpheus Coutiere, 1908
Metalpheus Coutiere, 1908:213 [type species, selected by Shelford, 1909:2631:
Alpheus rostratipes Pocock, 1890:522; gender: masculine].?Chace, 1972:78 ?
D.M. and A.H. Banner. 1982:280.
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum distinct, acute in lateral aspect; carapace without
high carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen
without triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th
somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth;
eyes concealed from dorsal and all but anteroventral aspects;
mandible with palp and molar process, incisor process
unusually expanded; 3rd maxilliped broadened to form partial
operculum over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods dissimilar and
unequal, carried extended with movable finger dorsal or lateral,
not ventral; major chela with molar-like tooth on movable
finger, 2nd cheliped with fingers about as long as palm, carpus
with 5 articles; pereopods with strap-like epipods on 3 anterior
pairs; appendix masculina overreaching exopod of 2nd pleopod
of male.
RANGE.?Pantropical; intertidal to 20 meters.
REMARKS.?A key to the three usually recognized species
of Metalpheus has been published by D.M. and A.H. Banner,
(1982:282). A distinction between M. paragracilis and M.
rostratipes not emphasized previously is the difference in the
structure of the appendix masculina; although this appendage
overreaches the exopod of the second pleopod of males of both
species, it is indistinguishably fused with the endopod in at
least Atlantic specimens of M. rostratipes, whereas there is
no such fusion in M. paragracilis.
91. Metalpheus paragracilis (Coutiere, 1897)
Alpheus paragracilis Coutiere, 1897b:304 [type locality: T i l e Tague"(?); this
origin of the unique holotype was not repeated among the localities listed
for the species by Coutiere in 1905:883].
Metalpheus paragracilis.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:282, fig. 86.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum reaching about to level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment; antennal scale overreaching
antennular peduncle, lateral margin concave in proximal l/2 of
length; major chela with distinct shoulder on margin proximal
to fixed finger; 2nd pereopod with 2nd carpal article nearly
twice as long as wide; 3rd pereopod with merus armed with
strong distal tooth on flexor margin; maximum carapace length
about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Probably pantropical; intertidal to 20 meters.
Nennalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981
Nennalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:219 [type species, by original
designation: Alpheopsis Sibogae De Man, 1910:307; gender masculine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum distinct, acute in lateral aspect; carapace without
high carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen with
or without triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle of
6th somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular
tooth; eyes largely concealed from dorsal view, partially visible
from other aspects; mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd
maxilliped not unusually broadened to form partial operculum
over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods similar, carried extended
with movable finger ventral, without molar-like tooth; 2nd
pereopod with fingers no shorter than palm, carpus with 5
articles; pereopods with strap-like epipods on 4 anterior pairs.
RANGE.?Philippines and Indonesia; 19 to at least 208
meters.
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Key to Species of Nennalpheus
Orbital hoods unarmed; abdomen without flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th
somite 92. N. inarticulatus
Each orbital hood armed with acute marginal tooth; abdomen with triangular flap
articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th abdominal somite
N. sibogae De Man, 1910:307
(Lesser Sunda Islands,
Indonesia; 19-70 meters)
92. Nennalpheus inarticulatus A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1981
Nennalpheus inarticulatus; A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:221, fig. la-r [type
locality: southwest of Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines; 13?59.2'N,
120?20.3'E; 208-222 meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?See "Key to Species."
RANGE.?Known from only two stations southwest of
Manila Bay, Philippines; 191-200 and 208-222 meters.
Neoalpheopsis A.H. Banner, 1953
Neoalpheopsis A.H. Banner, 1953:20 [type species, by original designation:
Neoalpheopsis hiatti A.H. Banner, 1953:21 (= Alpheopsis? Euryone De
Man, 1910:308); gender feminine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum distinct, acute in lateral aspect; carapace without
high carina throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen with
triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th somite;
telson terminating posteriorly in acutely triangular endpiece;
eyes concealed from dorsal view, visible in anterior aspect;
mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped not
unusually broadened to form partial operculum over other
mouthparts; 1st pereopods similar, carried flexed, movable
finger without molar-like tooth; 2nd pereopod with fingers no
shorter than palm, carpus with 5 articles; pereopods with
strap-like epipods on 4 anterior pairs, vestigal on 4th; appendix
masculina slightly longer than appendix interna but not nearly
overreaching endopod or exopod of 2nd pleopod of male.
RANGE.?Kenya, Philippines, Indonesia, Hawaii, Galapagos
Islands, Gulf of California, Bermuda, and Bonaire; intertidal
to 6 meters.
REMARKS.?D.M. and A.H. Banner (1985:36-39) are
probably justified in suggesting that Parabetaeus Coutiere,
1896, may be a senior synonym of Neoalpheopsis and that P.
Culliereti Coutiere, 1896, its type species from Papeete, may
be a senior synonym of N. euryone based on a specimen with
a deformed rostral region, but the evidence is not yet
sufficiently positive to support adoption of the synonymy
unequivocally.
93. Neoalpheopsis euryone (De Man, 1910)
Alpheopsisl Euryone De Man, 1910:308 [type locality: off Kawio Pulau and
Kamboling Pulau, Kawio Pulau-Pulau, Indonesia; reef]; 1911:184, pi. 5:
fig. 19.
Alpheopsis hummelincki Schmitt, 1936:364, fig. 1 [type locality: Kralendijk,
Bonaire, Lesser Antilles; from under sandy coral debris, about 1 meter].
Neoalpheopsis hiatti A.H. Banner, 1953:21, fig. 6 [type locality: Hanauma
Bay, Hawaii; 6 meters].
Neoalpheopsis euryone.?A.H. Banner, 1953:25.?A.H. and D.M. Banner,
1983:86.?Wicksten, 1983:40.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1985:36.
DIAGNOSIS.?Characters of the genus.
RANGE.?See generic "Range."
Prionalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1960
Prionalpheus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1960b:292 [type species, by original
designation: Prionalpheus triarticulatus A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1960b:293;
gender masculine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum represented by dorsally and laterally acute
projection usually discrete from orbital hoods; carapace
without high carina throughout length of dorsal midline;
abdomen with triangular flap articulated at posterolateral angle
of 6th somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular
tooth; eyes concealed from dorsal view, visible in anterior
aspect; mandible without palp or molar process; 3rd maxilliped
not unusually broadened to form partial operculum over other
mouthparts, 1st pereopods similar, subequal, carried extended
with movable finger dorsal or lateral, not ventral, major chela
without molar-like tooth on movable finger; 2nd cheliped with
fingers at least as long as palm, carpus with 3-5 articles;
pereopods without strap-like epipods.
RANGE.?Madagascar, Seychelles, southern Philippines,
Australia, and Fiji and Society islands; shallow water to
91-143 meters.
REMARKS.?The four known species of Prionalpheus are
diagnosed in the key and table in A.H. and D.M. Banner
(1971:264). Only one species has been reported from the
Philippine-Indonesia region.
94. Prionalpheus sulu A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1971
Prionalpheus sulu A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1971:268, fig. 2 [type locality:
eastern end of Great Santa Cruz Island, Basilan Strait, off Zamboanga,
Mindanao, Philippines; from dead coral head in 3 meters]; 1983:86.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum distinct from orbital hoods; pterygos-
tomial angle produced as acute tooth; slender, acute, mesial
tooth between bases of antennules; antennal scale with distal
margin of blade in line with distal margin of 2nd antennular
NUMBER 466 71
segment; left mandible with anterior tooth of incisor process
twice as long as 3 adjacent teeth; 2nd pereopod with 4 carpal
articles; 3rd pereopod with distal tooth on extensor margin of
dactyl larger than opposite member of pair on flexor margin;
lateral branch of uropod with 6 stout spines on lateral part of
transverse suture; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
slightly more than 4 mm.
RANGE.?Madagascar, Seychelles, Sulu Archipelago region
of Philippines and Kyushu, Japan; 2-4 meters.
Racilius Paulson, 1875
Racilius Paulson, 1875:107 [type species, by monotypy: Racilius compressus
Paulson, 1875:107; gender masculine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body unusually compressed from side to side;
rostrum sharp, acute in lateral aspect; carapace with high carina
throughout length of dorsal midline; abdomen without flap
articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th somite; telson not
terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth; eyes concealed from
dorsal and lateral view, visible in anterior aspect; mandible
with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped not unusually
broadened to form partial operculum over other mouthparts;
1st pereopods dissimilar, carried more or less extended with
movable finger dorsal or lateral, not ventral; major chela with
molar-like tooth on movable finger; 2nd cheliped with fingers
about as long as palm, carpus with 5 articles, pereopods with
prominent strap-like epipods on 4 anterior pairs.
RANGE.?Suez Canal, Red Sea, eastern Africa, South Africa,
Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, and Queensland, Australia;
probably always associated with corals of the genus Galaxea.
REMARKS.?Only one species is recognized.
95. Racilius compressus Paulson, 1875
Racilius compressus Paulson, 1875:107, pL 14: fig. 2 [type locality: Red
Sea].?DM. and A.H.Baimer, 1973:350, fig. 19; 1981:48.?A.H. and DM.
Banner, 1983:87.
DIAGNOSIS.?Orbital hoods not inflated, but each with
marginal tooth at base of rostrum; telson unarmed dorsally;
2nd pereopod with proximal carpal article 5 times as long as
2nd; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple, tip lying at right angle
to propodus, latter with single distal spine on flexor margin,
merus unarmed; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
rarely about 5 mm.
RANGE.?See generic "Range."
Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955
Jousseaumea Coutiere, 1896:381 [type species, selected by Holthuis, 1955:88:
Jousseaumea serratidigitus Coutiere, 1896:382; gender feminine. Name
invalidated under the plenary powers in Opinion 673 of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1963:325)].
Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955:88 [substitute name for Jousseaumea Coutiere,
1896].
DIAGNOSIS.?Body not unusually compressed from side to
side; rostrum represented by triangular extension of carapace;
abdomen without flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th
somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth;
eyes at least partially concealed from dorsal view, visible in
anterior aspect; mandible with palp and molar process; 3rd
maxilliped not unusually broadened to form partial operculum
over other mouthparts; 1st pereopods dissimilar and unequal,
major cheliped carried in flexed position, without molar-like
tooth on movable finger; 2nd pereopod with fingers about as
long as palm, carpus with 5 articles; pereopods with strap-like
epipods on 4 anterior pairs; appendix masculina not overreach-
ing exopod of 2nd pleopod of male.
RANGE.?Pantropical; intertidal to a maximum depth of 32
meters.
REMARKS.?The often small and fragile members of this
genus are in need of intensive collection efforts and study. A
good foundation for such research has been laid by D.M. and
A.H. Banner (1981:51-54), with an annotated list of the 16
nominal species described to that date and a provisional key
to the 14 species recognized by them, offered with "great
reservations." Two of those species have been recorded from
the Philippines (D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:239).
96. Salmoneus mauiensis (Edmondson, 1930)
Jousseaumea mauiensis Edmondson, 1930:5, fig. 2 [type locality: Island of
Maui, Hawaii; shallow water among dead coral heads].?A.H. Banner,
1953:12, fig. 2.
Salmoneus mauiensis.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:239.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum rather narrowly acute, overreaching
2nd antennular segment, unarmed ventrally, dorsal carina
rounded, confined to rostrum, proper, carapace with orbital
teeth horizontal, not upturned, reaching to about level of
midlength of 1st antennular segment, without dorsolateral
crests; telson with posterior margin broadly emarginate;
antennal scale overreaching antennular penduncle; major chela
with movable finger not overreaching fixed finger, bearing 5-7
teeth on opposable margin; 3rd pereopod with dactyl simple,
about xh as long as propodus; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum more than 4 mm.
RANGE.?Philippines and Hawaii; tide line to 3 meters.
97. Salmoneus serratidigitus (Coutiere, 1896)
Jousseaumea latirostris Coutiere, 1896:382 [type locality: Red Sea].
Jousseaumea serratidigitus Coutiere, 1896:382 [type locality: Red Sea].
Jousseaumea Sibogae De Man, 1910:303 [type locality: Banda Sea south of
Kepulauan Lucipara, Indonesia; reef].
Salmoneus sibogae.?DM. and A.H.Banner, 1979:239.
Salmoneus serratidigitus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1981:58, figs. 7,
8.?Wicksten, 1983:40.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum rather narrowly acute, overreaching
2nd antennular segment, unarmed ventrally, not carinate
dorsally; carapace with orbital teeth horizontal, not upturned,
reaching fully as far as midlength of 1st antennular segment,
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
without dorsolateral crests; telson with posterior margin
broadly emarginate or with narrow, U-shaped notch; antennal
scale reaching level of distal end of antennular peduncle; major
chela with movable finger not noticeably overreaching fixed
finger, bearing 10-16 teeth on opposable margin; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl simple, about xh as long as propodus; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Aldabra,
Seychelles, Philippines, Indonesia, and Baja California, Mex-
ico; shallow water. Just when the passage of time begins to
cast doubt on the documentation of the record of the occurrence
of six specimens of S. serratidigitus in the Gulf of California
(Coutiere, 1899:463, 544, and D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1981:65), because of the apparent absence of the species
anywhere in the intervening Pacific Ocean and the presence
of a related species (5. mauiensis) in Hawaii, Wicksten
(1983:40) records another specimen from Cabo San Lucas.
Such are the happenings that contradict the apocryphal
boredom of taxonomic research!
*Synalpheus Bate, 1888
Homaralphaeus Bate, 1876:378 [nomen nudum].
Homaralpheus Bate, 1888:539 [type species, selected by Holthuis, 1955:93:
Alpheus minus Say, 1818:245; gender, masculine].
Synalpheus Bate, 1888:572 [type species, by monotypy: Synalpheus falcatus
Bate, 1888:574 (= Alpheus Comatularum HasweU, 1882:762); gender:
masculine].
Alpheinus Borradaile, 1899:415 [type species, by monotypy: Alpheinus tridens
Borradaile, 1899:415; gender masculine].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum acute in lateral aspect; carapace
without high carina throughout length of dorsal midline;
abdomen without triangular flap articulated at posterolateral
angle of 6th somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in
triangular tooth; eyes concealed from dorsal view; mandible
with palp and molar process; 3rd maxilliped not unusually
broadened to form partial operculum over other mouthparts;
1st pereopods dissimilar and unequal, carried extended with
movable finger dorsal or lateral, not ventral, major chela
usually with molar-like tooth on movable finger, 2nd pereopod
with fingers about as long as palm, carpus with 4 or 5 articles;
pereopods without strap-like epipods on any pair, no appendix
masculina on 2nd pleopod of male.
RANGE.?Virtually all tropical and subtropical and some
temperate seas; intertidal to at least 250 meters.
REMARKS.?Of the approximately 115 currently recognized
species of the genus Synalpheus, 30 have been recorded from
the Philippines, and 18 are represented in the Albatross
collections, including six species not previously known from
those islands.
There is little doubt that Synalpheus will eventually be
restricted to the small group of species related to 5.
comatularum (Haswell, 1882), but I, like D.M. and A.H.
Banner (1975:273), hesitate to adopt this generally desirable
change because of the temporary taxonomic confusion that
might be engendered by such a move. Probably the only
available name (see below) for the majority of species now
assigned to Synalpheus is Homaralpheus, which was first
(invalidly) suggested for an abbreviated larval form by Bate
some 12 years before Synalpheus was proposed by the same
author. The problem relates to the exact identity of the concept
represented by Homaralpheus. If Alpheus minus is accepted
as the type species, as proposed by Holthuis (1955), there is
no problem, but some taxonomists might contend that A.
minus is the one taxon that was eliminated from consideration
as the type species by the statement by Bate (1888:539): "The
Megalopa [so named] was got from the ovum of a near ally
of Alpheus minus, but differing in having a long powerful tooth
on the outer margin of the scaphocerite, the foliaceous part
being smaller, membranous and very thin." There would seem
to be little doubt, however, that Homaralpheus represents one
of the dominant group of species of Synalpheus, sensu lato (to
which Alpheus minus belongs), despite the disbelief of Coutiere
(1899:415) that the larva depicted by Bate is an alpheid. I at
first feared that satisfactory resolution of this dilemma might
involve review of the case by the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature, a time-consuming procedure that
few would cheerfully anticipate, but Dr. Holthuis has
convinced me (in correspondence) that all the requirements of
Article 69a (i)(l) of the Code were complied with in his
designation of Alpheus minus as the type species of
Homaralpheus, that the differences mentioned by Bate had no
bearing on this action, and that A. minus is therefore legally
the type species of Homaralpheus both by subsequent
monotypy and subsequent selection.
Evidence recently deposited in the Smithsonian files by
D.M. Banner indicates that the type specimens of Alpheinus
tridens Borradaile, 1899?the type species of the only other
synonym of Synalpheus?belong to the Synalpheus comatu-
larum complex. Alpheinus must therefore be assumed to be a
subjective synonym of Synalpheus, sensu stricto.
Key to Philippine Species of Synalpheus
1. Sixth abdominal somite with acute posterior projection either side of base of telson
2
Sixth abdominal somite without acute posterior projection either side of base of
telson 8
2. Sixth abdominal somite with posterior margin unarmed between acute lateral
projections 3
NUMBER 466 73
Sixth abdominal somite with posterior margin armed with 1 or more teeth between
acute lateral projections 5
3. Rostrum distinctly longer and wider than orbital teeth; 3rd pereopod with acute
distal tooth on flexor margin of merus; uropod with transverse articulation on
lateral branch *120. 5. stimpsonii
Rostrum narrower and little if at all longer than orbital teeth; 3rd pereopod with
merus unarmed on flexor margin; uropod without transverse articulation on
lateral branch 4
4. Uropod with lateral tooth of protopod unusually long, extending nearly to
midlength of lateral branch *115. S. pescadorensis
Uropod with lateral tooth of protopod not elongate, not overreaching proximal lfa
of lateral branch *118. S. sciro
5. Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular segment; 6th abdominal somite armed
on posterior margin with 2 or more teeth between acute lateral projections; telson
with posterior angles not projecting posteriorly 6
Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment; 6th abdominal somite armed on
posterior margin with single median tooth; telson with posterior angles projecting
posteriorly 7
6. Sixth abdominal somite armed with 2 teeth on posterior margin between acute
lateral projections; 3rd pereopod unarmed on flexor margin of merus
*117. S. quadrispinosus
Sixth abdominal somite armed with more than 2 teeth on posterior margin between
acute lateral projections; 3rd pereopod with series of movable spines on distal V2
of flexor margin of merus 119. S. septemspinosus
7. Major chela with movable finger not significantly overreaching fixed finger; 3rd
pereopod with 0 - 3 spines on flexor margin of merus . . . *124. S. triacanthus
Major chela with movable finger distinctly overreaching fixed finger, 3rd pereopod
with more than 4 spines on flexor margin of merus . . . . * 125. S. trispinosus
8. Third pereopod with dactyl clearly triunguiculate 9
Third pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, at most with rounded proximal lobe on
flexor margin 11
9. Third pereopod with merus armed with series of movable spines on flexor margin
*112. S. nilandensis
Third pereopod with merus unarmed on flexor margin 10
10. Telson with dorsolateral spines minute, obscure; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with 2nd tooth proximal to dorsal tooth *104. S. demani
Telson with dorsolateral spines prominent; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
without 2nd tooth proximal to dorsal tooth *105. S.fossor
11. Third pereopod with merus armed with 1 or more movable spines on flexor margin
12
Third pereopod without movable spines on flexor margin of merus 15
12. Telson with both pairs of dorsolateral spines situated posterior to midlength in
mature individuals; 3rd pereopod with extensor tooth of dactyl less than V2 as
long and V2 as wide as flexor tooth *110. S. neomeris
Telson with anterior pair of dorsolateral spines usually situated anterior to
midlength; 3rd pereopod with extensor tooth of dactyl longer or only slightly
shorter than flexor tooth 13
13. Rostrum extending to about level of midlength of 1st antennular segment; major
chela with palm terminating distally in 1 or, usually, 2 blunt tubercles at level
of articulation with movable finger, 3rd pereopod with extensor tooth of dactyl
about twice as long as flexor tooth *101. S. bituberculatus
Rostrum usually overreaching midlength of 1st antennular segment; major chela
with palm terminating distally in acute tooth at level of articulation with movable
finger, 3rd pereopod with extensor tooth of dactyl slightly longer or slightly
shorter than flexor tooth 14
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
14. Third pereopod with terminal teeth of dactyl much reduced, Vio-V? as long as
segment *108. S. iocasta
Third pereopod with terminal teeth of dactyl longer, 1A-1/3 as long as segment
*121. 5. streptodactylus
15. Antennal scale with blade vestigial or absent 16
Antennal scale with blade well-developed, overreaching midlength of lateral margin
20
16. Basal antennal segment (basicerite) with dorsal margin rounded to slightly
projecting 17
Basal antennal segment (basicerite) with dorsal margin sharply projecting . . . 19
17. Minor chela with each finger terminating in 2 or 3 teeth 100. 5. antenor
Minor chela with each finger terminating in single tooth 18
18. Dorsolateral spines on telson stout; ventrolateral tooth of basal antennal segment
(basicerite) not far overreaching stylocerite; 3rd maxilliped usually with terminal
circlet of stout spines on distal segment *111. 5. neptunus
Dorsolateral spines on telson elongate; ventrolateral tooth of basal antennal segment
(basicerite) far overreaching stylocerite; 3rd maxilliped usually with terminal
dense brush of long setae on distal segment *123. S. theano
19. Rostrum not sharply upturned at apex; telson with posterior angles not projecting
posteriorly; stylocerite not overreaching 1st antennular segment; 2nd pereopod
with 4 carpal articles; uropod without transverse articulation on lateral branch
116. S. quadriarticulatus
Rostrum upturned nearly vertically at apex; telson with posterior angles projecting
posteriorly as pointed teeth nearly xli as long as remainder of telson; stylocerite
overreaching 1st antennular segment; 2nd pereopod with S carpal articles; uropod
with transverse articulation on lateral branch 122. S. thai
20. Rostrum wider at base than orbital teeth 21
Rostrum narrower than orbital teeth 24
21. Third pereopod with merus unarmed on flexor margin 22
Third pereopod with merus armed with acute distal tooth on flexor margin
23
22. Rostrum not reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment
98. 5. albatrossi
Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment *126. S. tropidodactylus
23. Stylocerite reaching to about level of midlength of 1st antennular segment
*113. S. odontophorus
Stylocerite reaching nearly to level of or overreaching distal margin of 1st
antennular segment *120. S. stimpsonii
24. Ventrolateral tooth on basal antennal segment (basicerite) not overreaching
stylocerite 25
Ventrolateral tooth on basal antennal segment (basicerite) overreaching stylocerite
34
25. Basal antennal segment (basicerite) with dorsal margin usually rounded or truncate
26
Basal antennal segment (basicerite) with dorsal margin acutely produced . . . 31
26. Telson with posterior angles rectangular 27
Telson with posterior angles usually acutely produced 30
27. Third pereopod with dactyl comparatively slender, neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth 28
Third pereopod with dactyl rather stout, with either "pocket" or bulge on flexor
margin proximal to flexor tooth 29
28. Stylocerite not overreaching 1st antennular segment; major chela with palm
terminating distally in strong spinose tooth extending obliquely from near
articulation with movable finger 99. S. amabilis
NUMBER 466 75
Stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; major chela with palm terminating
bluntly near articulation with movable finger or with terminal tooth continuing
marginal contour of palm, not oblique 127. S. tumidomanus
29. Third pereopod with dactyl excavate on flexor margin proximal to blunt, stout
flexor tooth 102. S. charon
Third pereopod with bulge on dactyl proximal to flexor tooth
4. S. paraneomeris
30. Telson with posterior angles produced posteriorly into strong teeth usually
overreaching midlength of adjacent spine; minor chela with patterned row of
setae on extensor margin of movable finger *107.5. hastilicrassus
Tfelson with posterior angles produced posteriorly into shorter teeth usually not
reaching level of midlength of adjacent spine; minor chela with scattered setae
not arranged in patterned row on extensor margin of movable finger
127. S. tumidomanus
31. Minor chela with patterned row of setae on extensor or lateral surface of movable
finger 32
Minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor or lateral surface of movable
finger 33
32. Rostrum not reaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment; telson with
posterior angles rectangular; major chela with palm terminating distally in blunt
tooth directed obliquely from near articulation with movable finger, minor chela
with patterned row of setae on lateral surface of movable finger. 103. S. coutierei
Rostrum reaching to or beyond level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment;
telson with posterior angles strongly projecting posteriorly; major chela with
palm terminating distally in blunt tooth directed distally from near articulation
with movable finger; minor chela with patterned row of setae on extensor margin
of movable finger *107. S. hastilicrassus
33. Rostrum reaching level of mid length of antennular segment; antennal scale with
blade narrow, subequal in width to base of distolateral spine; 3rd pereopod with
merus S times as long as wide 106. S. gracilirostris
Rostrum, at most, not overreaching proximal 7* of 2nd antennular segment;
antennal scale with blade wider than base of distolateral spine; 3rd pereopod
with merus usually less than S times as long as wide . . 127. S. tumidomanus
34. Telson with posterior angles acute, slightly projecting; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) dorsally produced into long, spinose tooth 109. S. laticeps
Telson with posterior angles subrectangular; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
usually rounded dorsally, slightly projecting at most 35
35. Dorsolateral spines on telson stout; ventrolateral tooth of basal antennal segment
(basicerite) not far overreaching stylocerite; 3rd maxilliped usually with terminal
circlet of stout spines on distal segment *111. S. neptunus
Dorsolateral spines on telson elongate;ventrolateral tooth of basal antennal segment
(basicerite) far overreaching stylocerite; 3rd maxilliped usually with terminal
dense brush of long setae on distal segment *123. S. theona
98. Synalpheus albatrossi Coutiere, 1909
Synalphewt albatrossi Coutiere, 1909:89, fig. 54 [type locality: Laysan Island
light, Hawaii, N. 67?, E. 1.5'; 18'35 metersj.?A.H. Banner, 1953:30, fig.
9.?A.H. and D.M Banner, 1981:223; 1983:89.
DIAGNOSIS.?Typically, rostrum not reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, tip not upturned, wider at
base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of telson, posterior margin unarmed
mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines slender but distinct,
anterior pair situated anterior to midlength of telson, postero-
lateral angles obtuse; stylocerite typically not overreaching 1st
antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with
ventrolateral tooth not nearly overreaching stylocerite, dorsal
tooth strong, not accompanied by second, proximal tooth;
antennal scale with well-developed blade; major chela with
movable finger typically slightly overreaching fixed finger,
palm terminating distally in weak, conical prominence at level
of articulation with movable finger, minor chela without
76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
patterned row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger,
each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5
carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth considerably larger than flexor tooth, segment
neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin, merus unarmed
on flexor margin; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 3 mm.
RANGE.?Reunion, Mauritius, southwest of Manila Bay,
Philippines, Hawaii; shallow subtidal to 194 meters (see
"Remarks")-
REMARKS.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, (1983:89) expressed
some doubt about the identity of material identified since 1909
with the species represented by the unique holotype from off
Laysan Island, Hawaii. Re-examination of that type specimen
tends to accentuate that doubt, but it is probably best to follow
the Banner advice and consider all 13 specimens that have
been assigned to the species as conspecific until the variability
of the taxon is better known.
99. Synalpheus amabilis De Man, 1910
Synalpheus amabilis De Man, 1910:295 [type locality: Banda, Indonesia; 9 - 3 6
meters]; 1911:275, pi. 11: fig. 52.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:240.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, apex not upturned, narrower
at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of telson, posterior margin unarmed
mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines reasonably prominent,
anterior pair situated anterior to midlength of telson, postero-
lateral angles rectangular; stylocerite attaining level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth not overreaching stylo-
cerite, dorsal margin oblique, obtuse, not dentate; antennal
scale with well-developed blade; major chela with movable
finger overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in
acute, divergent tooth at level of articulation with movable
finger; minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor
margin of movable finger, each finger terminating in single
tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with
dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth longer and slightly wider
at base than flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin, merus unarmed on flexor margin; maximum
size not recorded.
RANGE.?Basilan Strait and Sulu Archipelago, Philippines,
and Banda Sea, Indonesia; inter tidal to 9-36 meters, associated
with coralline algae, sponges, and coral heads.
100. Synalpheus antenor De Man, 1910
Synalpheus Antenor De Man, 1910:293 (type locality: 2 stations in the eastern
Halmahera Sea off western New Guinea and 1 station off Banda, Banda
Sea; 9 to 5 9 - 8 3 meters]; 1911:294, pi. 13: fig. 62.
Synalpheus antenor.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:240.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, tip not upturned, narrower
at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of telson, posterior margin unarmed
mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines fairly prominent,
anterior pair situated just anterior to midlength of telson,
posterolateral angles rectangular; stylocerite distinctly over-
reaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth slightly overreaching
stylocerite, dorsal tooth subacute, not spinose, not accompa-
nied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
rudimentary or absent, major chela with palm terminating
distally in acute tooth in male, in blunt tubercle in female;
minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor margin
of movable finger, movable finger terminating in 2 acute teeth
and 1 truncate lobe, fixed finger in 4 acute teeth; 2nd pereopod
with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth longer than but basally subequal in width to
flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor
margin, merus unarmed on flexor margin; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum about 13 mm.
RANGE.?Southern Philippines and Indonesia; intertidal to
59-83 meters, associated with sponges, coral heads, and brittle
star.
?101. Synalpheus bituberculatus De Man, 1910
Synalpheus bituberculatus De Man, 1910:294 [type locality: 7 stations in
Indonesia; shallow subtidal to 36 meters]; 1911:276, pi. 11: fig. 53.?D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1975:307, fig. 8.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly overreaching 1st antennu-
lar segment, apex upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines prominent, anterior pair situated anterior
to midlength of telson, posterior angles subacute but not
projecting; stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth
overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth acute but short, not
accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
narrow but not vestigial; major chela with movable finger
slightly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally
in usually 2 blunt tubercles at level of articulation with movable
finger; minor chela with movable finger not bearing patterned
row of setae on extensor margin, terminating in 2 acute teeth,
fixed finger terminating in single strong tooth and, sometimes,
small accessory tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles, 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth about twice
as long as flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin, merus armed with series of movable spines
on distal 1/2 of flexor margin; uropod with transverse
articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace length to
base of rostrum about 7mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5145; 6?04'30"N, 120?59'3O"E; 42 m; coral sand,
shells; 15 Feb 1908 (1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam trawl,
mud bag: 2 [3.6, 4.7], 1 ovig [4.7]. Near Siasi, Sulu
Archipelago; sta 5146; 5?46'40"N, 120?48'50"E; 44 m; coral
NUMBER 466 77
sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1011-1031); 12' Agassiz beam
trawl, mud bag: 2 [4.1, 5.0], 1 ovig [5.0]. San Juanico Strait,
between Samar and Leyte: sta5205; H?19'30"N, 124?58'05"E;
15 m; 13 Apr 1908 (0928); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 3 mud
bags (fouled bottom; trawl lost; mud bag only recovered;
sounding with hand lead): 1 ovig [5.9].
RANGE.?Reunion, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, Indone-
sia, Philippines, Japan and Australia; to a depth of 44 meters,
commonly in sponges and dead coral.
102. Synalpheus charon (Heller, 1861)
A[lpheus] charon Heller, 1861:27 [type locality: Red Sea].
Alpheus prolificus Bate, 1888:556, pi. 99: fig. 4 [type locality: off Honolulu,
Hawaii; 33 meters].
Synalpheus Charon.?De Man, 1911:245, pi. 8: fig. 37.
Synalpheus Helleri De Man, 1911:194,246 [type locality: Nicobar Islands].
Synalpheus charon obscurus A.H. Banner, 1956:329, fig. 5 [type locality:
southeast side of Unai Obyan, Saipan, Mariana Islands; reef flat].
Synalpheus charon.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:369, fig. 25.?A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1983:90.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
rather small dorsolateral spines, both pairs sometimes situated
in posterior x\i of telson, posterior angles obtuse, stylocerite
distinctly overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) not overreaching stylocerite, dorsal
margin little dentate, usually rounded; antennal scale with
well-developed blade; major chela with movable finger not
clearly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in
slight, blunt protrusion at level of articulation with movable
finger; minor chela with movable finger not bearing patterned
row of setae on extensor margin, fingers not terminating in
more than 1 tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth slender,
with lateral flange, segment excavate on flexor margin
proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed; uropod with
transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea to South Africa, Japan to Australia, and
Gulf of California to Ecuador; shallow subtidal to 33 meters,
perhaps confined to living heads of branching corals.
103. Synalpheus coutierei A.H. Banner, 1953
Synalpheus biunguiculatus??Coutiere, 1898f:232, figs. 1 -4 [not Alpheus
biunguiculatus Stimpson, 1860:31].
Synalpheus coutierei A.H. Banner, 1953:36 [type locality: S. coutierei was
proposed as a replacement name for S. biunguiculatus Coutiere, 1898f:232,
a misidentification based on material from Ambon; Pulau Damar-Besar,
Zanzibar, Bahia de Feriiao Veloso, Mocambique; D'Arros Island, Amirante
Isles; El Suweis, Egypt; Rameswaran, southern India; Holothuria Reefs,
Timor Sea; Arafura Sea; and Djibouti].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:343,
fig. 18a-i; 1979:241, fig. 4a,b? A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:91, fig. 10.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines prominent, anterior pair situated anterior
to midlength of telson, posterior angles rectangular; stylocerite
overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth reaching to about level of
tip of stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, spinose, unaccompanied
by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade narrow but
not vestigial; major chela with movable finger overreaching
fixed finger, palm terminating distally in bluntly acute,
divergent tooth and adjacent tubercle at level of articulation
with movable finger, minor chela with movable finger bearing
somewhat patterned series of stiff setae, fingers terminating in
single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod
with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth slightly longer than
flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor
margin, merus unarmed; uropod with tranverse articulation on
lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
at least 8 mm.
RANGE.?Suez Canal and eastern Africa to Philippines,
Indonesia, Australia, and most of Pacific islands, but not
including Japan, Hawaii, or Society Islands; shallow subtidal
to 77 meters, in dead coral and sponges. If the Clipperton Island
record mentioned by D.M. and A.H. Banner (1975:344) was
based on Chace (1962:612), it is referrable to S. biunguiculatus
(Stimpson, 1960) and not to this species.
REMARKS.?It is apparent from the discussion in D.M. and
A.H. Banner (1975:344) that, if S. biunguiculatus var. exilipes
Coutiere, 1905?which was elevated to a full species by
Johnson (1962:51)?is included in the synonymy of this
species, it must be accorded preference over S. coutierei as the
senior synonym. It seems best, however, not to make this
substitution until the synonymy can be supported by stronger
evidence than is currently available.
*104. Synalpheus demani Borradaile, 1899
Alpheus triunguiculatus De Man, 1888a:504, pi. 22: fig. 1 [type locality:
Ambon; not A. triunguiculatus Paulson, 1875:103].
Alpheus spiniger.?BiXe, 1888:560, pi. 100: fig. 3 [probably not A. spiniger
Stimpson, 1860:31].
Synalpheus demani Borradaile, 1899:416 [replacement name for Alpheus
triunguiculatus De Man, 1888a:5O4].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:324.
fig. 13.
Synalpheus Brockii Nobili, 1901:2 [replacement name for Alpheus triunguicu-
latus De Man, 1888a:504].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum reaching to or overreaching level of
distal margin of 1st antennular segment, apex not upturned,
narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not
projecting posteriorly either side of base of telson, posterior
margin unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines
inconspicuous or absent, posterior angles acute but not
noticeably produced; stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular
segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral
tooth nearly reaching level of tip of stylocerite, dorsal tooth
strong, accompanied by much less conspicuous 2nd, proximal
78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
tooth; antennal scale with blade well-developed; major chela
with movable finger slightly overreaching fixed finger, palm
terminating distally in blunt tooth or tubercle at level of
articulation with movable finger; minor chela with movable
finger devoid of patterned row of setae on extensor margin,
each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5
carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl triunguiculate,
extensor tooth much weaker than other 2, segment neither
excavate nor swollen on flexor margin, merus unarmed on
flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation on lateral
branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum fully 10
mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago:
sta 5147; 5?41'4(rN, 120?47/l(TE; 38 m; coral sand, shells;
16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag:
2 with abdominal parasites [7.2,7.9].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia,
and Marshall and Loyalty islands; shallow subtidal to about
SO meters, usually associated with crinoids.
REMARKS.?Inasmuch as De Man (1888a) proposed the
name Alpheus triunguiculatus as a new species in apparent
ignorance of, rather than misidentification of, A. triunguicula-
tus Paulson, 1875, it seems to me that Synalpheus demani is a
true "replacement name" and that it should be assigned the
type locality indicated by the De Man reference?not the
locality mentioned by Borradaile (1899) and cited by Miya
(1972:62) as the type locality?even though Article 72(e) of
the third edition of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (1985) is, rather characteristically, more am-
biguous than the comparable Article 72(d) of the second edition
(1964).
*105. Synalpheus fossor (Paulson, 1875)
Alphfeus]fossor Paulson, 1875:103, pi. 13: fig. 5 [type locality: Saya de Malha
Bank, Seychelles-Mauritius Ridge, Indian Ocean; 4 7 - 5 3 meters].
S[ynalpheus] Baktri Coutiere, 1908:199 [type locality: South Adelaide, South
Australia].
Synalpheus fossor, var. propinqua De Man, 1909a:121 [type locality: Pearl
Bank, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, and Indonesia between Misool and
New Guinea, off Timor, and Lesser Sunda Islands; 13-36 meters].
Synalpheus Bakeri var. Stormi De Man, 1911:253 [type locality: Balik-
papan, Makassar Strait coast of Borneo, and Atjeh, Sumatra].
Synalpheus fossor.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:335, fig. 16.?A.H. and
D.M. 1983:97.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not reaching level of or overreaching
level of distal margin of 1st antennular segment, apex
sometimes upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th
abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of base
of telson, posterior margin not dentate mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines prominent, anterior pair situated anterior
to midlength of telson, posterior angles acute, projecting
posterolaterally, stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular seg-
ment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) reaching nearly to
level of tip of stylocerite, with strong dorsal tooth, not
accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
narrow but not vestigial; major chela with movable finger not
much overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in
1 or 2 blunt tubercles at level of articulation with movable
finger; minor chela with movable finger not bearing distinctly
patterned row of setae on extensor margin, each finger
terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl triunguiculate, extensor tooth shorter
than distal flexor tooth, segment not excavate nor swollen on
flexor margin, merus unarmed on flexor margin; uropod with
tranverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum fully 8 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5141; 6?09TSf, 120?58/E; 53 meters; coral sand; 15 Feb
1908 (0847-0905); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1
damaged specimen [?].
RANGE.?Red Sea, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius,
Maldive Islands, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and Austra-
lia; to a depth of about 50 meters, in dead coral and
sponges.
106. Synalpheus gracilirostris De Man, 1910
Synalpheus gracilirostris De Man, 1910:291 [type locality: off northeastern
point of Timor, Indonesia; 8?25.2'S, 127?18'E; 2 7 - 5 4 meters].?D.M. and
A.H. Banner. 1975:372, fig. 26.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
apex not upurned, narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th
abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of base
of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsal spines distinct, anterior pair arising at about midlength
of telson, posterior angles acute, slightly projecting; stylocerite
far overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth not overreaching
stylocerite but sometimes reaching equally far, dorsal tooth
acute and reasonably prominent, not accompanied proximally
by 2nd tooth; antennal scale with blade narrow but not very
reduced; major chela with movable finger slightly overreaching
fixed finger, palm terminating distally in acute tooth at level
of articulation with movable finger; minor chela without
patterned row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger,
each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5
carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth slightly longer but no stronger than flexor tooth,
segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin, merus
unarmed on flexor margin; maximum carapace length to base
of rostrum about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea, eastern Africa, Reunion, Mauritius,
Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia; shallow subtidal to
27-54 meters, sometimes in dead coral.
NUMBER 466 79
FIGURE 19.?Synalpheus hastilicrassus, specimen from Albatross sta 5174,
carapace length 3.9 mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect;
b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, right 2nd
pereopod; e, right 3rd pereopod;/ same dactyl.
?107. Synalpheus hastilicrassus Coutiere, 1905
FIGURES 19,20
Synalpheus hastilicrassus Coutiere, 1905:1875, pL 72: fig. 12 [type locality:
the type series came from 4 different atolls in the Maldive Islands].?D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1975:353, fig. 21; 1979:242, fig. 4c,d.
Synalpheus acanthitelsonis Coutiere, 1905:875, pi. 72: fig. 13 [type locality:
the type series came from 5 different atolls in the Maldive Islands].
Synalpheus hastilicrassus, var. acanthitelsoniformis De Man, 1920:108 [type
locality: east side of Pulau Pajunga, Teluk Kuandang, north coast of Celebes,
Indonesia; reef].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines distinct, posterior angles acute, rather
strongly projecting; stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular
segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral
tooth reaching about to level of apex of stylocerite, dorsal
margin usually unarmed, sometimes acute; antennal scale with
blade reasonably well-developed; major chela with movable
finger not appreciably overreaching fixed finger, palm
terminating distally in more or less acute tooth at level of
articulation with movable finger, minor chela with somewhat
patterned row of setae on extensor margin, each finger
terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, terminal teeth
subequal in length, segment neither excavate nor swollen on
flexor margin, merus unarmed on flexor margin; uiopod with
tranverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length about 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. San Juanico Strait, between
Samar and Leyte: sta 5205; ll?19'30"N, 124?58'05/TE; 15 m;
13 Apr 1908 (0928); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 3 mud bags
(fouled bottom; trawl lost; mud bag only recovered; sounding
with hand lead): 2 [3.0,3.1], 1 ovig [3.0]. Off Jolo Island, Sulu
Archipelago: sta 5174; 6?03'45"N, 120?57E; 37 m; coarse
sand; 5 Mar 1908 (1551-1557); 9' Johnson oyster dredge: 1
[3.9].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to the Philippines,
Indonesia, Australia, and the Caroline, Marshall and Fiji
islands; shallow subtidal to 90 meters, in coral heads,
sometimes sponges.
REMARKS.?The three Albatross specimens seem to support
the data and conclusions of D.M. and A.H. Banner (1975:354,
356). They are in general agreement in all characters except
the dorsal margin of the basal antennal segment (basicerite);
this segment is dorsally unarmed in the single specimen from
the Sulu Sea area (Figure 19), as was material recorded from
that region by the Banners, but it is armed with a very strong,
spinose, dorsal tooth in both specimens from San Juanico
Strait, to the northeast (Figure 20).
80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 20.?Synalpheus hastilicrassus, ovigerous female from Albatross sta 5205, carapace length 3.0 mm: a,
anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d,
left 1st (major) chela; e, same, fingers;/ left 2nd pereopod; g, left 3rd pereopod; h, same dactyl.
*108. Synalpheus iocasta De Man, 1909
Synalpheus Iocasta De Man, 1909a:119 [type locality: the type series came
from 12 different stations in Indonesia; 13-113 meters]; 1911:235, pi. 8:
fig. 33.
Synalpheus iocasta.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:368, fig. 241-n; 1985:42,
fig. 4.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum usually reaching level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base
than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of base of telson, posterior margin
unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines small but
distinct, anterior pair usually situated anterior to midlength of
telson, posterior angles acute and slightly projecting; stylo-
cerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth not overreaching
stylocerite, dorsal tooth acute, prominent, not accompanied
proximally by 2nd tooth; antennal scale with blade well-
developed; major chela with movable finger barely overreach-
ing fixed finger, palm terminating distally in slightly arched
acute tooth at level of articulation with movable finger; minor
chela without patterned row of setae on extensor margin of
movable finger, each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd
pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, terminal teeth unusually short, extensor tooth
much less robust but slightly longer than flexor tooth, segment
neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin, merus armed
with 2 stout, movable spines on distal 1h of flexor margin;
uropod with transverse articulation on lateral branch; maxi-
mum carapace length to base of rostrum about 4 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Near Job Island, Sulu Archi-
pelago: sta 5141; 6?09'N, 120?58'E; 53 m; coral sand; 15 Feb
1908 (0847-0905); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2 [2.9,
3.4], 1 ovig. [3.4] (smaller specimen found on surface of
sepia-brown sponge). Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5149;
5?33'N, 120?42'10"E; 18 m; coral, shells; 18 Feb 1908
NUMBER 466 81
(0932-0952); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 ovig [3.2].
RANGE.?Southeastern South China Sea, Philippines, Indo-
nesia, and Australia; 13-113 meters.
109. Synalpheus laticeps Coutiere, 1905
Synalpheus laticeps Coutiere, 1905:874, pi. 72: fig. 11 [type locality: Male
Atoll, Maldive Islands].?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966b:68, fig. 23.?D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1979:243, fig. 4e-i.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:100.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not reaching level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines small but distinct, anterior pair situated
anterior to midlength of telson, posterior angles acute, slightly
projecting; stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment;
basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth
overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth long, spinose, not
accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
narrow, rarely vestigial; major chela with movable finger not
appreciably overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating in
subrectangular angle at level of articulation with movable
finger; minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor
margin of movable finger, both fingers broadened, excavate,
and terminating in 1 or more distal teeth; 2nd pereopod with
5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth slightly longer and, usually, less stout than
flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor
margin, merus unarmed, maximum carapace length to base of
rostrum probably about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Western Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands, Thailand,
southern Philippines and Indonesia; in depths of less than 7
meters.
?110. Synalpheus neomeris (De Man, 1897)
Alpheus neomeris De Man, 1897:734 [part; type locality: Mergui Archipelago,
Burma].
Synalpheus Gravieri Coutiere, 1905:870, pi. 70: fig. 2 [type locality: the type
series was recorded from 4 atolls in the Maldive Islands, Djibouti, and "mer
de Chine"].
Synalpheus miscellaneus De Man, 1909a:118 [type locality: off northeastern
point of Timor, Indonesia; 27 -54 meters].
Synalpheus neomeris.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:357, fig. 22.?A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1983:101.?DAI. and A.H. Banner, 1985:51.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, usually faintly upturned, narrower at base than orbital
teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either
side of base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially;
telson with all dorsolateral spines situated in posterior lli of
telson in mature specimens, posterior angles subrectangular,
stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) not overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth
acute or spinose, not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth;
antennal scale with well-developed blade; major chela with
movable finger not appreciably overreaching fixed finger, palm
terminating in blunt to acute tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger terminating
in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles, 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth less than V2
as long and less than xh as stout at base as flexor tooth, segment
neither excavate or swollen on flexor margin, merus without
acute distal fixed tooth but armed with 1 or more stout movable
spines on flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation
on lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 11 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Bohol Strait, east of Cebu: sta
5413; 10o10/351Sr, 124?03'15"E [77 m]; 24 Mar 1909
(1134-1140); 6' McCormick: 4 [3.4-4.8]. Davao Gulf,
Mindanao: sta 5249; 7?06'06"N, 125?40/08/"E; 42 m; coral,
sand; 18 May 1908 (1102-1109); 6'Johnston oyster dredge:
2 [3.4,10.0]; sta 5253; 7?04/48"N, 125?39'38'^; 51 m; coral;
18 May 1908 (1347-1358); 6' Johnston oyster dredge: 4
[4.5-7.0]; sta 5254; 7?05'42"N, 125?39/42HE; 38 m; sand,
coral; 18 May 1908 (1426-1431); 6'Johnston oyster dredge:
6 [4.5-7.3]. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5137,
6?04'25//N, 120?58/30"E; 37 m; sand, shells; 14 Feb 1908
(0955-1015); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, 2 mud bags: 1 [5.1]; sta
5141; 6?09'N, 120?58'E; 53 m; coral sand; 15 Feb 1908
(0847-0905); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2 [4.1, 5.1],
1 ovig [5.1]; sta 5145; 6?04'3(rN, 120?59/3(TE; 42m; coral
sand, shells; 15 Feb 1908 (1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam
trawl, mud bag: 3 [2.9-3.1]; sta 5555; 5?51'15"N, 120?58'35"E;
62 m; coarse sand; 18 Sep 1909 (1109-1113); 6' McCormick:
1 [5.9]; sta 5557; S ^ n C N , 121o01'(XrE; 24 m; 18 Sep 1909
(1458-1503); 6' McCormick: 2 [9.0, 10.2], 1 ovig [10.2].
Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5147; 5?41'40"N, 120?47/10wE;
38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 4[8.1-10.6], 1 ovig [10.4]; sta
5148; 5?34'4(rN, 120?47'30"E; 31 m; coral, shells; 16 Feb
1908 (1307-1325); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 [2.0].
Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5151; S ^ ^ O ' N ,
120?27'15"E; 44 m; coarse sand, shells; 18 Feb 1908
(1307-1327); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1 ovig [4.5];
sta 5154; 5o14'50"N, 119?58'45/^; 22 m; coral sand; 19 Feb
1908 (1035-1050); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 4
[2.5-9.3], 2 ovig [6.3,9.3]; sta5165; 4?58'20"rN, 119?50'30"E
[17m]; coral; 24 Feb 1908 (1319-1323); 9' Johnston oyster
dredge: 1 [8.7].
RANGE.?Suez Canal, Red Sea, eastern Africa, Persian Gulf,
Thailand, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia; shallow
subtidal to 250 meters, commonly associated with alcyonari-
ans, sometimes with sponges.
REMARKS.?Seven of the smaller Philippine specimens
collected by the Albatross, including all five specimens (one
ovigerous) from stations 5141 and 5145 off Jolo Island, Sulu
Archipelago, have the anterior pair of dorsolateral spines
situated at or anterior to the midlength of the telson. Eight
others with carapace lengths of less than about 5 mm, however,
82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
have both pairs of dorsolateral spines situated on the posterior
half of the telson. It seems unlikely that this atypical condition
is of more than varietal significance, but the possibility that a
distinct small species has been confused with S. neomeris
might be considered in future study of the species.
?111. Synalpheus neptunus (Dana, 1852)
Alpheus neptunus Dana, 1852a:22 [type locality (based on neotype designation
by D.M. and A.H. Banner. 1972:24): "Tictabon Island, near Zamboanga,
Philippines (Sulu Sea)" (presumably currently known as "Tictauan Islands"
(6?53'N, 122?09'E), situated on the Moro Gulf (not Sulu Sea) side of
Basilian Strait)].
Synalpheus neptunus.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1972:24, fig. 3.
Synalpheus neptunus neptunus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:317, fig. 11.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines stout, prominent, anterior pair situated on
anterior xli of telson, posterior angles subrectangular, stylo-
cerite falling short of or overreaching distal margin of 1st
antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with
ventrolateral tooth reaching about to level of tip of stylocerite,
dorsal angle rounded, occasionally slightly projecting; antennal
scale with blade sometimes moderately developed, sometimes
vestigial; major chela with movable finger not appreciably
overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in rounded
prominence at level of articulation with movable finger, minor
chela with movable finger bearing lateral rows of regularly
spaced setae but without patterned row on extensor surface,
both fingers broad, excavate, and terminating in single tooth;
2nd pereopod with S carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, teeth subequal in length, flexor tooth slightly
stouter than extensor tooth, segment neither excavate nor
swollen on flexor margin, merus unarmed; uropod with
transverse articulation on lateral branch in mature specimens;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5139; 6?06/N, 121?02'3O"E; 37 m; coral sand; 14 Feb
1908 (1313-1317); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2 [3.8,
4.2], 1 ovig [4.2]; sta. 5142; 6?06'10"N, 121?02'40"E; 38 m;
coral sand and shells; 15 Feb 1908 (1033-1044); 12' Agassiz
beam trawl, mud bag: 7 [2.5-3.6].
RANGE.?Red Sea to Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and
Australia; shallow subtidal to 70 meters.
REMARKS.?If I am justified in assigning the two specimens
from station 5139 to a single species, there seems to be little
cause to recognize subspecies in this seemingly very variable
species. The smaller specimen is the more nearly typical one
of the two, as verified by comparison with the neotype. It
displays a rostrum that falls short of the level of the distal
margin of the 1st antennular segment and does not overreach
the orbital teeth, a stylocerite that similarly does not overreach
the 1st antennular segment, an antennal scale without any
vestige of a blade, and a uropod with a distinct transverse
articulation on the lateral branch. The larger, ovigerous
specimen, on the other hand, has a longer rostrum that
overreaches both the 1st antennular segment and the orbital
teeth, a stylocerite that similarly overreaches the 1st antennular
segment, an antennal scale with a well-developed blade, and a
uropod with an obscure transverse articulation on the lateral
branch. In most other respects, including the distal circlet of
spines on the third maxilliped, however, the two specimens
agree with each other and with the current concept of S.
neptunus. Although the collection of two such different
specimens at the same station seems to discourage the
recognition of subspecies, I have not included S. neptunus
germanus D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:321, in the above
synonymy because of the somewhat isolated and apparently
uniform population from Western Australia on which it was
based.
?112. Synalpheus nilandensis Coutiere, 1905
Synalpheus Nilandensis Coutiere, 1905:871, pi. 70: fig. 4 [type locality: the
type series came from 4 atolls in the Maldive Islands].
Synalpheus Nilandensis, var. axyceros Coutiere, 1905:871, pi. 70: fig. 5 [type
locality: Nilandu Atoll, Maldive Islands].
Synalpheus nilandensis, var. bandaensis De Man, 1909a:121 [type locality:
Selat Sape, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Banda, Banda Sea, Indonesia].
Synalpheus nilandensis.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:327, fig. 14.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
posterolateral spines distinct, anterior pair situated in anterior
72 of telson, posterior angles acutely produced; stylocerite
overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth of variable length, over-
reaching stylocerite or not, dorsal tooth strong, acute, without
accompanying 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
narrow, not vestigial; major chela with movable finger only
slightly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally
in acute tooth at level of articulation with movable finger;
minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor margin
of movable finger, fingers terminating in single distal tooth;
2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
triunguiculate, extensor tooth smaller than flexor tooth,
segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin, merus
armed with about 4 strong movable spines on flexor margin;
uropod with transverse articulation on lateral branch; maxi-
mum carapace length to base of rostrum fully 5 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5157; 5?12'30"N, H9?55'5(rE; 33 m; fine sand; 21
Feb 1908 (0904-0909); 9' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 [3.2].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern Africa to Hong Kong,
Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and, possibly, Tuamotu
Archipelago; less than 18 to 134 meters.
NUMBER 466 83
?113. Synalpheus odontophorus De Man, 1909
Synalpheus odontophorus De Man, 1909a: 113 [type locality: the type series
came from 3 different stations in southern and eastern Indonesia; 90 to more
than 120 meters].?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:244, fig. 4j-m.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
apex not upturned, wider at base than orbital teeth; 6th
abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of base
of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior pair situated anterior to
midlength, posterior angles acute but not projecting; stylocerite
reaching to about level of midlength of visible part of 1st
antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with
ventrolateral tooth not nearly overreaching stylocerite, dorsal
tooth spinose, not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth;
antennal scale with blade well-developed; major chela with
movable finger not overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating
distally in small acute tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger terminating
in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with S carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth about twice
as long as flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus armed with
small, acute distal tooth on flexor margin, without movable
spines, uropods with transverse articulation on lateral branch;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5153; 5?18'10"N, 120?02'55"E; 90 m; coral sand,
shells; 19 Feb 1908 (0908-0922); 12' Agassiz beam trawl,
mud bag: 1 [5.2].
RANGE.?Southern Japan; South China Sea south of Hong
Kong; Sulu Archipelago, Philippines; and southern and eastern
Indonesia; 55 to more than 120 meters, sometimes associated
with crinoids.
REMARKS.?Although D.M. and A.H. Banner (1979:244)
were doubtful about the potential importancee of the two
characters that seemed most useful in distinguishing S.
odontophorus from S. stimpsonii (the relative lengths of the
rostrum and of the stylocerite), it may be desirable to direct
attention to the single Albatross specimen that manifests this
distinction, especially because it was found in somewhat
deeper water than were any of the more numerous specimens
of S. stimpsonii in the collection.
114. Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutiere, 1905
Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutiere, 1899:456, 466,486,501 [nomen nudum];
1905:872, pL 71: fig. 7 [type locality: the type series apparently came from
Goidu Island in the Maldives and Minicoy, southernmost island of the
Laccadives, as well as from Djibouti in the Gulf of Aden, Masqat in the
Gulf of Oman, and Mahe Island in the Seychelles].?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1975:383, fig. 29.?A.H. and DM. Banner, 1983:103.?DM. and A.H.
Banner. 1985:52.
Slynalpheus] paraneomeris prolatus Coutiere, 1909:9 [nomen nudum].
S[ynalpheus] paraneomeris oxyceros Coutiere, 1909:9 [nomen nudum].
Synalpheus townsendi Couliere, 1909:34 [part; syntype without pereopods
from French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii, determined to be S. paraneomeris by
A.H. Banner, 1953:44, fig. 14; "type" designated by Coutiere (USNM
38392) represented by 11 specimens from northeastern Gulf of Mexico].
Synalpheus paraneomeris, var. halmaherensis De Man, 1909a: 122 [type
locality: "Wunoh-bay," northwest coast of Pulau Waigeo, Irian Java,
Indonesia].
Synalpheus paraneomeris, var. praedabunda De Man, 1909a:123 [type
locality: the type series came from 4 different stations in Indonesia; reef to
27 meters].
Synalpheus paraneomeris var. prolatus De Man, 1911:241, pi. 8: fig. 35 [type
locality: "Wunoh-bay," northwest coast of Pulau Waigeo, Irian Jaya, and
Pulau Kabaena, Celebes, Indonesia; shallow water (doubtfully referred to
the nomen nudum S. paraneomeris prolatus Coutiere, 1909)].
Synalpheus Sluiteri De Man, 1920:107 [type locality: Teluk Djakarta, Java].
S[ynalpheus] paraneomeris praslini Coutiere, 1921:415, pL 61: fig. 6 [type
locality: Praslin Island, Seychelles; reef].
Slynalpheus] paraneomeris seychellensis Coutiere, 1921:415, pi. 61: fig. 7
[type locality: Seychelles].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex not upturned, narrower at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of
base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially; telson with
dorsolateral spines small but distinct, both pairs frequently
situated in posterior l/2 of telson, posterior angles usually
subrectangular, stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular seg-
ment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) not overreaching
stylocerite, dorsal margin usually not produced; antennal scale
usually with well-developed blade, major chela with movable
finger not appreciably overreaching fixed finger, palm slightly
produced distally at level of articulation with movable finger,
minor chela without patterned row of setae on extensor surface
of movable finger, each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd
pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, flexor tooth usually considerably stouter than
extensor tooth, segment usually with bulge on margin proximal
to flexor tooth, merus unarmed on flexor margin; uropod with
transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum about 5 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea and western Indian Ocean to (Thailand
excepted ?) Japan (variety ?), Philippines, Indonesia, Australia,
and the Pacific islands at least as far eastward as Hawaii;
shallow subtidal to 126 meters.
?115. Synalpheus pescadorensis Couti&re, 1905
Synalpheus Pescadorensis Coutiere, 1905:877, pi. 73: fig. 15 [type locality:
Miladummadulu, Nilandu, and Male atolls, Maldive Islands, and P'enghu
Lichtao (Pescadores), Formosa Strait].
Synalpheus pescadorensis.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:301, fig. 6
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, apex upturned, narrower at
base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite with acute
projection either side of base of telson, posterior margin
unarmed mesially; telson with dorsal spines unusually large,
anterior pair slightly smaller than posterior pair and situated
in anterior xli of telson, posterior angles subrectangular,
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
stylocerite not overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal
antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth over-
reaching stylocerite, armed dorsally with long, spinose tooth,
not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with
blade narrow but not vestigial; major chela with movable finger
overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating in convex
projection armed with acute tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin of movable finger, latter terminating in 2
teeth, fixed finger in 1; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth slightly
longer than flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed on
flexor margin; uropod without transverse articulation on lateral
branch, protopod with unusually long lateral tooth reaching
nearly or quite to midlength of lateral branch; maximum
carapace length of carapace to base of rostrum probably about
6 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5109; 14?13'45"N, 120?16'30"E; 18 m; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (1026-1038); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl (trawl
immediately torn on coral): 1 [5.3]. Davao Gulf, Mindanao: sta
5250; 7?a5'0rN, 125?39'45"E; 42 m; coral, sand; 18 May
1908 (1124-1127); 6' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 [4.3]; sta
5253; 7?04'48*N, 125?39'38"E; 51 m; coral; 18 May 1908
(1347-1358); 6'Johnston oyster dredge: 1 [4.1].
RANGE.?Somalia to Formosa Strait, Philippines, Indonesia,
Australia, and the Caroline and Solomon Islands; shallow water
to 51 meters.
116. Synalpheus quadriarticulatus D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1975
Synalpheus quadriarticulatus D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:297 fig. 5 [type
locality: between Hammond and Waiwea islands, Torres Strait, Queensland,
Australia; 3 meters, in sponge].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, apex not upturned, narrower
at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of base of telson, posterior margin
unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines distinct,
anterior pair situated near midlength of telson, posterior angles
subquadrangular; stylocerite not overreaching 1st antennular
segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral
tooth overreaching stylocerite, armed dorsally with prominent
spine-like tooth, not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth;
antennal scale without blade; major chela with movable finger
slightly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally
in tubercle armed with acute tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger terminating
in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 4 carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth longer and
more slender than flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor
swollen on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus
unarmed on flexor margin; uropod without traverse articulation
on lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Known previously only from the type series from
the vicinity of Thursday Island, Torres Strait, at a depth of
about 3 meters. The Philippine record stems from 7
Smithsonian specimens collected by the Alpha Helix at station
M-136 in Pujada Bay, southeastern Mindanao, 9-18 meters,
21 July 1979, and identified by A.H. Banner in 1983.
?117. Synalpheus quadrispinosus De Man, 1910
Synalpheus quadrispinosus De Man, 1910:298 [type locality: the type series
came from 5 stations in southern and eastern Indonesia; 13-70 meters];
1911:285, pi. 12: fig. 57.?A.H. Banner, 1958:161.
Synalpheus quadridens De Man, 1910:299 [type locality: off northeast point
of Timor, Indonesia, 8?25.2'S, 127?18.4'E; 27 -54 meters]; 1911:284, pL
12: fig. 56.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, apex sometimes slightly
upturned, narrower at base than blunt orbital teeth; 6th
abdominal somite projecting posteriorly either side of base of
telson, posterior margin armed with 2 small additional teeth
separated by concave mesial margin of somite; telson with
dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior pair situated in anterior l/2
of length, posterior angles subacute but not projecting;
stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth reaching nearly
to level of distal end of stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, not
accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade
narrow but not by any means vestigial; major chela with
movable finger distinctly overreaching fixed finger, palm
terminating distally in variably projecting tooth at level of
articulation with movable finger; minor chela without patterned
row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger
terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth slightly
longer than flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed on
flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation on lateral
branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 8
mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Visayan Sea north of Cebu: sta
5401; 11?24'45"N, 124?06'E; 55 m; fine sand; 16 Mar 1909
(1005-1032); 6' McCormick trawl: 1 [4.1]. Davao Gulf,
Mindanao: sta 5254; 7?05'42"N, 125?39'42"E; 38 m; sand,
coral; 18 May 1908 (1426-1431); 6'Johnston oyster dredge:
1 [3.5].
RANGE.?Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, and Gilbert
Islands; 13-70 meters, probably commensal with crinoids at
Singapore, according to Johnson (1962:51).
REMARKS.?The two specimens from the Gilbert Islands
have been re-examined; they are larger than either of the
Philippine specimens, with carapace lengths of 4.5 and 4.6, the
NUMBER 466 85
FIGURE 21.?Synalpheus sciro, specimen from Albatross su 5482, carapace length 5.7mm: a, anterior carapace
and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, left 1st (major)
cheliped; e, same, fingers;/, right 1st (minor) cheliped; g, right 2nd pereopod; A, left 3rd pereopod; i, same dactyL
smaller being ovigerous. The three ovigerous specimens
recorded by De Man (1911:284, 285) were 12, 16, and 23
mm overall; the smallest compares in size with the ovigerous
female from Onotoa, and the largest must be about twice as
large.
?118. Synalpheus sciro D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975
FIGURE 21
Synalpheus sciro DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:304, fig. 7 [type locality:
northwest of Bluff Point, Western Australia, 27o40/S, 113?20^; 14 meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, apex slightly upturned,
narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite with
acute projection either side of base of telson, posterior margin
unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines unusually
large, anterior pair situated on anterior 1/z of telson, posterior
angles subrectangular; stylocerite not overreaching 1st anten-
nular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with
ventrolateral tooth overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth
strong, spinose, not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth;
antennal scale with blade narrow but not vestigial; major chela
with movable finger overreaching fixed finger, palm terminat-
ing distally in tubercle armed with distal acute tooth at level
of articulation with movable finger, minor chela without
patterned row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger,
latter terminating in 2 distal teeth, fixed finger in 3; 2nd
pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl
biunguiculate, extensor tooth slightly longer than flexor tooth,
segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin
proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed on flexor margin;
uropod without transverse articulation on lateral branch,
protopod with lateral tooth not extending far beyond proximal
*/4 of lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of
rostrum probably about 6 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Surigao Strait, east of Leyte:
sta 5482; 10?27'3(rN, nS^S'E; 123 m; broken shells, sand,
and green mud; 30 Jul 1909 [0911-0932]; 12' Agassiz beam
trawl: 1 [5.7].
RANGE.?The only other known specimen of this species is
the holotype from the Indian Ocean off Bluff Point, Western
Australia; 14 meters.
REMARKS.?The illustrations (Figure 21) will serve to
corroborate the identification of the specimen from Surigao
Strait and to depict the major cheliped and the posterior end
of the telson, both of which were lacking in the holotype.
119. Synalpheus septemspinosus De Man, 1910
Synalpheus septemspinosus De Man, 1910:297 [type locality: east of Pulau
Sailus-Besar, Kepulauan Tengah, eastern Java Sea, Indonesia; "up to 36"
meters]; 1911:289, pi. 13: fig. 59.?D.M. and A.H.Banner, 1979:245, fig.
4n-r.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:105.
DIAGNOSIS.? Rostrum not nearly reaching level of distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, narrower at base than orbital
teeth; 6th abdominal somite acutely projecting posteriorly
86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
either side of base of telson, posterior margin armed with about
S acute teeth irregularly spaced between posterolateral
projections; telson with dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior
pair situated anterior to midlength, posterior angles subacute
but not projecting; stylocerite reaching level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with ventrolateral tooth overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth
strong, sharply acute, not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth;
antennal scale with blade narrow but not vestigial; major chela
with movable finger slightly overreaching fixed finger, palm
terminating distally in 2 unequal tubercles at level of
articulation with movable finger, minor chela without patterned
row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger, fixed finger
terminating in 3 or 4 small teeth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal
articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth
longer than flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen
on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus bearing series
of movable spines on distal 1/2 of flexor margin but without
fixed distal tooth; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
probably about 4 mm.
RANGE.?Madagascar, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines; and
Java Sea, Indonesia; 2 to at least 28 meters.
?120. Synalpheus stimpsonii (De Man, 1888)
Alpheus Stimpsonii De Man, 1888a:513, pi. 22: fig. 3 [type locality: Ambon,
Indonesia].
Alpheus amboinae Zehnter, 1894:202, pi. 8: fig. 23 [type locality: Ambon,
Indonesia].
Alpheinus tridens Borradaile, 1899:415, pi. 38: fig. 12 [type locality: Baie du
Sandal, tie Lifou, Admiralty Islands].
Synalpheus Stimpsoni var. Maldivensis Coutiere, 1905:878, pL 73: fig. 16 [type
locality: Hulele, Male Atoll, Maldive Islands; on crinoid].
Synalpheus consobrinus De Man, 19O9a:lll [type locality: the series came
from 4 different stations in Indonesia; reef to 113 meters].
Synalpheus brucei Potts, 1915:76, figs. 1 A 3 , 2 A - C , 3 [type locality: Murray
Island, eastern Torres Slrait.Australia, associated with crinoids}.
Synalpheus striatus Kubo, 1938:89, figs. 1, 2 [type locality: O Shima,
Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan; 3 - 7 meters].
Synalpheus stimpsoni.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:292, figs. 2m, 4.
Synalpheus stimpsonii.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:106, 1984:45.?D.M.
and A.H. Banner, 1985:54.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
often slightly concave dorsally, wider at base than orbital teeth;
6th abdominal somite with or without acute tooth at mesial end
of posterolateral lobe on either side of base of telson, posterior
margin unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines
distinct, anterior pair situated slightly anterior to midlength,
posterior angles not projecting; stylocerite reaching nearly to
or overreaching level of distal margin of 1st antennular
segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral
tooth not nearly overreaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth spinose,
not accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with
blade well-developed; major chela with movable finger not
overreaching fixed finger, palm usually terminating distally in
tooth at level of articulation with movable finger, minor chela
without patterned row of setae on extensor margin of movable
finger, each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod
with 5 carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth bent at nearly right angle and fully twice as long
as flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor
margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus armed with small, acute
distal tooth on flexor margin, without movable spines; uropod
with transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum about 13 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Southwest of Manila Bay,
Luzon: sta 5108; 14?05'05"N, 120o19'45"E; 24 m; coral; 15
Jan 1908 (0834-0835); 9' Albatross-Blake beam trawl, mud
bag (dredging cable fouled on gin block; trawl not dragged on
bottom): 2 [6.4, 6.4]; sta 5109; 14?03'45"N, 120?16'30"E; 18
m; coral; 15 Jan 1908 (1026-1038); 9'Albatross-Blake beam
trawl (trawl immediately torn on coral): 1 ovig. [8.5], Davao
Gulf, Mindanao: sta 5248; 7?07'25"N, 125?40'24"E; 33 m;
coral; 18 May 1908 (1038-1042); 6' Johnston oyster dredge
(veered from 49 to 55 meters): 2 [7.7, 9.4], 1 ovig [9.4]; sta
5254; 7?05'42"N, 125?39'42"E; 38 m; sand, coral; 18 May
1908 (1426-1431); 6' Johnston oyster dredge: 1 ovig [9.6].
Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5141; e ' W N , 120?58'E;
53 m; coral sand; 15 Feb 1908 (0847-0905); 12' Agassiz beam
trawl, mud bag: 1 [4.3]; sta 5142; 6?06'10"N, 121o02'40"E;
38 m; coral sand and shells; 15 Feb 1908 (1033-1044); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2 [10.2,12.2], 1 ovig [12.2]; sta
4145; 6?04'30"N, 120?59/30wE; 42 m; coral sand, shells; 15
Feb 1908 (1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 1
ovig [10.3]; sta 5174; 6?03'45"N, 120?57'E; 37 m; coarse sand;
5 Mar 1908 (1551-1557); 9'Johnston oyster dredge: 1 [7.7];
sta 5558; 5?51'33"N, 121?01'00"E; 27 m; 18 Sep 1909
(1517-1520); 6' McCormick trawl: 1 ovig [7.5]. Marungas
Island, Sulu Archipelago: 1 [6.9]. Near Siasi, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5147; 5?41'4(TN, 120?47'10"E; 38 m; coral sand,
shells; 16 Feb 1908 (1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl,
mud bag: 8 [2.5-9.8], 3 ovig [9.4-9.8], 1 with egg-shaped,
sac-like parasitic capsules on pereopods and pleopods [9.5].
Near Tawitawi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5165; 4o58'20"N,
119?50'30"E [17 m]; coral; 24 Feb 1908 (1319-1323); 9'
Johnston oyster dredge: 2 [9.8,11.4], 1 ovig [11.4].
RANGE.?Eastern Africa and Madagascar to Singapore,
Thailand, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and Mar-
shall, Gilbert, and Loyalty islands; intertidal to 155 meters,
frequently associated with crinoids, occasionally with
alcyonarians and in dead coral heads and under rocks.
REMARKS.?There is little argument with the conclusion of
D.M. and A.H. Banner (1975:296) that S. stimpsonii is a
"highly variable species." Study of the rather limited material
(23 specimens) collected during the Albatross Philippine
Expedition suggests that those with the longest rostral and
orbital teeth also display an acute projection from the
posterolateral lobe of the sixth abdominal somite, a character
that seems otherwise to be of specific significance.
NUMBER 466 87
?121. Synalpheus streptodactylus Coutiere, 1905
Synalpheus neomeris var. streptodactylus Coutiere, 1905:870, pi. 70: fig. 1'
[type locality: Haddummati, Suvadiva, and Nilandu atolls, Maldive Islands].
Synalpheus streptodactyloides De Man, 1909a:l 14 [type locality: off northeast
point of Timor, Indonesia; 2 7 - 5 4 meters].
Synalpheus streptodactylus.?De Man, 1911:226, pL 7: fig. 29.?D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1975:362, fig. 23; 1981:73.?A.H. and D.M Banner,
1983:106.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1985:55.
Slynalpheus] metaneomeris Coutiere, 1921:414, pi. 60: fig. 4 [except fig.
4c'"] [new name for 5. neomeris sensu Coutiere, 1905:869 (not Alpheus
neomeris De Man, 1897); type locality: 11 Maldive localities cited by
Coutiere, 1905].
Slynalpheus] metaneomeris var. streptodactylus Coutiere, 1921:414, pi. 60:
fig. 4c*".
Slynalpheus] streptodactylus hadrungus A. H. and D.M. Banner, 1966a:158
[new name for S. metaneomeris streptodactylus sensu Coutiere, 1921 (= S.
neomeris streptodactylus Coutiere, 1905); see "Remarks"].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, faintly convex dorsally, narrower at base than orbital
teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either
side of base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially;
tclson with dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior pair usually
situated slightly anterior to midlength, posterior angles acute
but not much produced; stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular
segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) not quite over-
reaching stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, acute, not accompa-
nied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with well-
developed blade; major chela with movable finger not far
overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in acute
tooth at level of articulation with movable finger; minor chela
without patterned row of setae on extensor margin of movable
finger, each finger terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod
with S carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth more slender and 1/i to nearly as long as flexor
tooth, segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin
proximal to flexor tooth, merus bearing 2 - 5 movable spines
on distal 72 of flexor margin, without acute distal tooth; uropod
with transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum
carapace length to base of rostrum rarely as much as 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Mindoro Strait: sta 5332;
12?47'15"N, 120?41'E; 1362 m; green mud; 3.4?C; 12 Dec
1908 (1150-1210); from driftwood at surface: 1 [3.2].
Marungas Island, Sulu Archipelago [6?06'N, 120?58/E]; 19
Feb 1908; shore, coral head: 2 [4.3,4.8], 1 ovig [4.8]. Off Jolo
Island, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5139; 6?06H 121?02'3O"E;
37 m; coral sand; 14 Feb 1908 (1313-1317); 12' Agassiz beam
trawl, mud bag: 4 [2.8-4.3], 1 ovig [4.3]; sta 5141; 6?09'N,
120?58'E; 53 m; coral sand; 15 Feb 1908 (0847-0905); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 3 [3.7-4.4], 1 ovig [4.4]; sta
5145; 6o04'30"N, 120?59'3(TE; 42 m; coral sand, shells; 15
Feb 1908 (1344-1359); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2
ovig [4.7, 5.0]; sta 5174; 6?03'45"N, 120?57'E; 37 m; coarse
sand; 5 Mar 1908 (1551-1557); 9' Johnston oyster dredge: 2
[3.8,4.0]. Near Siasi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5147; 5?41'40"N,
120?47'10"E; 38 m; coral sand, shells; 16 Feb 1908
(1127-1147); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag: 2 ovig [4.1,
4.4]. Off Tawitawi, Sulu Archipelago: sta 5157; 5?12'3O*N,
119o55'50"E; 33 m; fine sand; 21 Feb 1908 (0904-0909); 9'
Johnston oyster dredge: 7 [2.0-4.1].
RANGE.?Red Sea and eastern and South Africa to Thailand,
Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia to Hawaii;
intertidal to 128 meters. The occurrence of a specimen of S.
streptodactylus on driftwood in Mindoro Strait?together with
four specimens of Hippolyte ventricosa H. Milne Edwards,
1837, a frequent denizen of flotsam on the high seas?is
interesting evidence of this means of dispersal of normally
benthic animals.
REMARKS.?If the above synonymy is accepted, there is no
problem with the correct name of this shrimp, but the choice
is more complex if more than one taxon are believed to be
represented. That conclusion would seem to assume that the
name S. streptodactylus or S. streptodactylus streptodactylus
is to be retained for the species or subspecies in which the
extensor tooth of the dactyl of the third pereopod is one-half
as thick and two-thirds as long as the flexor tooth, as indicated
by Coutiere (1905:870). For the other taxon, in which the
extensor tooth of that dactyl is no more than one-third as thick
and one-half as long as the flexor tooth, the name 5.
metaneomeris or S. streptodactylus metaneomeris would seem
to be available (see the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature, third edition, 1985, Article 47(b)j and example).
It seems to me that S. streptodactylus hadrungus A.H. and
D.M. Banner, 1966a: 158 is a synonym of the typical form of
S. streptodactylus, the taxon with the extensor tooth of the
dactyl of the third pereopod one-half as thick as the flexor
tooth; if, on the other hand, S. s. hadrungus should prove to
represent the alternate form, it would seem to be a junior
synonym of S. s. metaneomeris.
122. Synalpheus thai A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966
Synalpheus thai A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1966b:61, fig. 19 [type locality: Koh
Samet, Rayong, Thailand]; 1975:427.?DAI. and A.H. Banner, 1979:246.
fig. 5a,b.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, apex sharply upturned, narrower at base than orbital
teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either
side of base of telson, posterior margin unarmed mesially;
telson with strong dorsolateral spines, anterior pair situated in
anterior lfc of length, posterior angles produced posteriorly into
teeth nearly l/2 as long as telson in midline; stylocrite
overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth reaching about to level of
tip of stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, acute, not accompanied
by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with blade very narrow,
vestigial; major chela with movable finger overreaching fixed
finger, palm terminating distally in blunt projection at level of
articulation with movable finger, minor chela with movable
finger bearing patterned row of setae on extensor margin, each
88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
finger terminating acutely; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth more
than twice as long as flexor tooth, segment neither excavate
nor swollen on flexor margin proximal to flexor tooth, merus
unarmed on flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation
on lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 6 mm.
RANGE.?Northeastern Gulf of Thailand, Basilan Strait,
southern Philippines, Indonesia, and Hawaii; shallow subtidal.
*123. Synalpheus theano De Man, 1910
Synatpheus Theano De Man, 1910:296 [type locality: Between Pulau Misool
and Pulau Salawati, Indonesia; 1?42.5'S, 13O?47.5'E; 32 meters]; 1911:293,
pi. 13: fig. 61.
Synalpheus theano.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1972:20-24, fig. 3F; 1975:314,
318, fig. 10.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum not overreaching 1st antennular
segment, dorsal margin slightly concave, narrower at base than
orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly
either side of base of telson, posterior margin unarmed
mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines long, prominent,
anterior pair situated on anterior l/2 of telson, posterior pah-
near midlength, posterior angles subrectangular; stylocerite not
overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment
(basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth far overreaching stylo-
cerite, dorsal angle rounded, truncate, or obscurely dentate;
antennal scale with blade variably developed; major chela with
movable finger overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating
distally in acute to obtuse tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin, each finger broad, excavate, and
terminating in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles;
3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, teeth subequal in
length, flexor tooth slightly stouter than extensor tooth,
segment neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin
proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed; uropod with
transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum fully 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5555; 5?51'15"N, 120?58'35"E; 62 m; coarse sand;
18 Sep 1909 (1109-1113); 6' McCormick trawl: 1 [5.5].
RANGE.?Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia; shallow
water to 62 meters, in dead coral and sponges.
REMARKS.?D.M. and A.H. Banner (1972:21; 1975:318)
suggested that 5. theano could be distinguished from S.
neptunus by a single character: the terminal excrescence on the
distal segment of the third maxilliped, a dense brush of fine
setae in S. theano, a circlet of heavy spinules in S. neptunus.
This character is hardly definitive, however, in the well-
preserved Albatross specimen assigned to S. theano, which has
the third maxillipeds terminating in somewhat less than dense
brushes composed of long spines and longer setae, the setae
being more numerous and tending to obscure the spines on the
left member of the pair. This specimen has been identified as
S. theano because it corresponds so well with the illustrations
of that species offered by De Man (1911, supplement (1915))
and by D.M. and A.H. Banner (1975), especially in the long
dorsolateral spines on the telson, long ventrolateral tooth on
the basal antennal segment (basicerite) in comparison with the
stylocerite, and the extension of the movable finger of the
major chela beyond its fixed finger.
?124. Synalpheus triacanthus De Man, 1910
Synalpheus triacanthus De Man, 1910:301 [type locality: Timor Sea, south of
Timor, 9?0.3'S, 126?24.5'E; 112 meters. "Living in Solenocolon Gray," (a
hollow-stemmed gorgonian that is known to harbor shrimps)]; 1911:282, pi.
12: fig. 55?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1979:247; 1981:82.?A.H. and D.M.
Banner, 1981:224.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
upcurved, narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal
somite produced posteriorly into acute tooth either side of base
of telson and armed posteromesially with similar acute tooth;
telson with dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior pair situated
just anterior to midlength, posterior angles acute, projecting;
stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) with ventrolateral tooth not reaching level
of distal end of stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, acute, not
accompanied by 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale with
well-developed blade; major chela with movable finger not
clearly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating distally in
bluntly acute tooth slightly proximal to distal margin at
articulation with movable finger; minor chela without patterned
row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger
terminating acutely; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth twice as
long as flexor teeth, segment with flexor margin neither
excavate nor swollen proximal to flexor tooth, merus
sometimes with 2 or 3 movable spines, usually unarmed, on
flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation on lateral
branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about
9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Samar Sea, east of Masbate:
sta 5213; 12?15X 123?5730"E; 146 m; sand, mud, shells;
20 Apr 1908 (1047-1107); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, mud bag:
2 [6.0, 6.1], 1 ovig [6.1]. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipelago:
sta 5140; 6?08'45"N, 121?03'E; 139 m; fine coral sand; 14 Feb
1908 (1409-1429); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, reversible net,
mud bag: 3 [5.2-8.3], 1 ovig [8.3]; sta 5545; 6?O4'45"N,
121?20'20"E; 209 m; fine coral sand; 15 Sep 1909
(0943-0959); 9' Tanner beam trawl: 1 [4.3]. Off Tawitawi,
Sulu Archipelago; sta 5166; 4?56/10"N, 19?46'E; 177 m; coral
sand; 8?C; 24 Feb 1908 (1505-1507); 12' Agassiz beam trawl,
mud bag: 1 bridle top carried away: 2 [5.6, 6.0], 1 ovig
[6.0].
INDONESIA. Eastern Molucca Sea near Ternate: sta 5617;
00o49'30'TSr, 127?25'30wE; 240 m; bottom?; 27 Nov 1909
NUMBER 466 89
(1101-1111); 12' Agassiz beam trawl: 1 [5.7].
RANGE.?Red Sea to Philippines and Indonesia: 112-230
meters, at least sometimes living in hollow-stemmed gorgoni-
ans.
REMARKS.?See "Remarks" under S. trispinosus.
?125. Synalpheus trispinosus De Man, 1910
Synalpheus trispinosus De Man, 1910:300 [type locality (limited by De Man,
1911:288): "Madura-bay," southern part of Selat Moro, west of Pulau Hores,
Indonesia; 70 meters]; 1911:288, pi. 12: fig. 58.?D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1981:82.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1981:224, fig. 2 a - c ; 1983:107.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
upcurved, narrower at base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal
somite produced posteriorly into acute tooth either side of base
of telson and armed posteromesially with similar acute tooth;
telson with dorsolateral spines distinct, anterior pair situated
just anterior to midlength, posterior angles acute, projecting;
stylocerite overreaching 1st antennular segment; basal antennal
segment (basicerite) not reaching level of distal end of
stylocerite, dorsal tooth strong, acute, not accompanied by 2nd
proximal tooth; antennal scale with well-developed blade;
major chela with movable finger clearly overreaching fixed
finger, palm terminating in 1 or 2 acute, subdistal teeth near
articulation with movable finger; minor chela without patterned
row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger
terminating acutely; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth longer than
flexor tooth, segment with flexor margin neither excavate nor
swollen proximal to flexor tooth, merus with 6 -9 movable
spines on flexor margin; uropod with transverse articulation
on lateral branch; maximum carapace length to base of rostrum
about 9 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Off Jolo Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago: sta 5140; 6?08'45"N, 121?03'E; 139 m; fine coral sand;
14 Feb 1908 (1409-1429); 12' Agassiz beam trawl, reversible
net, mud bag: 1 [8.3].
RANGE.?Gulf of Aden and eastern Africa to Philippines and
Indonesia; 50-139 meters.
REMARKS.?The rather remarkable similarity between 5.
triacanthus and S. trispinosus in characters that are not usually
encountered in other members of the genus (long, curved
rostrum; tridentate posterior margin of sixth abdominal somite;
and acute posterior angles of the telson) and the probability
that they differ in only two, sometimes variable characters
(proportionately longer and differently shaped movable finger
of the major chela and numerous socketed spines on the flexor
margin of the merus of the third pereopod) suggests that these
two taxa may eventually prove to be synonyms. This
possibility is strengthened by the collection of both forms at
the same station by the Albatross. On the other hand the
Albatross material tends to accentuate the differences between
the two. All seven of the specimens assigned to S. triacanthus
in which the major chela is attached have that appendage
unformly distinct from that of the single specimen called S.
trispinosus, and all nine of the former specimens have the
merus of the third pereopod completely unarmed, whereas there
are six distinct spines on the flexor margin of that segment in
the other specimen. Finally, the possibility that these disparities
might be sex-linked seems to be contradicted by the fact that
the illustrated syntype of S. trispinosus was ovigerous, whereas
the Albatross specimen of that form has the abdominal pleura
sharply dentate, as in presumed males of many species of
Synalpheus, and, more significantly, the two ovigerous
specimens in the collection are quite typical of S. triacanthus.
*126. Synalpheus tropidodactylus D.M. and
A.H. Banner, 1975
FIGURE 22
Synalpheus tropidodactylus D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1975:286, fig. 2a-k,o
[type locality: west of Geraldton, Western Australia; 28?14'S, 113?14'E;
110 meters].
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum overreaching 1st antennular segment,
very slightly upturned, wider at base than orbital teeth; 6th
abdominal somite not projecting posteriorly either side of base
of telson; telson with dorsolateral spines distinct but not large,
anterior pair situated near midlength, posterior angles subrec-
tangular; stylocerite reaching about to level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite)
with ventrolateral tooth not overreaching stylocerite, dorso-
lateral tooth strong, without 2nd, proximal tooth; antennal scale
with well-developed blade; major chela with movable finger
not distinctly overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating
distally in small, acute tooth at level of articulation with
movable finger, minor chela without patterned row of setae
on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger terminating
in single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5 carpal articles; 3rd
pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate, extensor tooth more than
twice as long as flexor tooth, segment neither excavate nor
swollen proximal to flexor tooth, merus unarmed on flexor
margin; uropod with transverse articulation on lateral branch;
maximum carapace length to base of rostrum about 7 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Surigao Strait, east of Leyte: sta
5482; 10?27'30"N, IIS^S'E; 123 m; broken shells, sand, and
green mud; 30 Jul 1909 (0911 -0932); 12' Agassiz beam trawl:
2 [5.1, 5.5].
RANGE.?The only other recorded specimens of this species
are the holotype and paratype from the Indian Ocean off
Geraldton, Western Australia; 100 meters.
REMARKS.?The most distinctive character of this species,
the major cheliped with its curious modification of the plunger
on the movable finger into a broad carina, is missing from both
Albatross specimens, but the remaining characters (Figure 22)
seem sufficient to justify the attributed identification. The
larger of the two specimens is almost certainly a female that
had recently borne eggs. The smaller, illustrated one is
probably a male, from the appearance of the abdomen.
90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
9
FIGURE 22.?Synalpheus tropidodactylus, specimen from Albatross sta 5482,
carapace length S.I nun: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect;
b, same, lateral aspect; c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; d, right 1st (minor)
cheliped; e, right 2nd pereopod;/ right 3rd pereopod; g, same, dactyl.
It may be of interest, especially to the believer in the occult,
that both this species and S. sciro, which were described from
two and one specimens, respectively, from CSIRO collections
obtained in the vicinity of Geraldston, Western Australia, in
1964 and 1963, were apparently first collected about 45 years
earlier and 3000 miles (4800 km) to the north at a single station
and with identical respective specimen representation.
127. Synalpheus tumidomanus (Paulson, 1875)
Alph[eus] tumidomanus Paulson, 1875:101,pL 13: fig. 2 [type locality: Red
Sea].
Alph. [tumidomanus] var. Alph[eus] gracili-manus Paulson, 1875:102, pi. 13:
fig. 3 [type locality: Red Sea].
Slynalpheus] Hululensis Coutiere, 1908:202 [type locality: Maldives].
Slynalpheus] Mac-Cullochi Coutiere, 1908:203 [type locality: southwest coast
of Australia].
Slynalpheus] tumidomanus var. exilimanus Paulson? Coutiere, 1909:10
[nomen nudum].
Synalpheus Theophane De Man, 1910:292 [type locality: the type series came
from 3 localities in Macassar Strait, Celebes, and southeast of Timor,
Indonesia; reef to 27 - 3 4 meters].
Synalpheus anisocheir Stebbing, 1915:86, pi. 87 [type locality: Gordon's Bay,
False Bay, South Africa].
Synalpheus japonicus Yokoya, 1936:133, fig. 3 [type locality: vicinity of
Misaki, Shikoku, Japan].
Synalpheus tumidomanus.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1975:377, fig. 28;
1981:83.?A.H. and D.M. Banner, 1983:107.
DIAGNOSIS.? Rostrum reaching nearly to or beyond distal
margin of 1st antennular segment, not upturned, narrower at
base than orbital teeth; 6th abdominal somite not projecting
posteriorly either side of base of telson, posterior margin
unarmed mesially; telson with dorsolateral spines distinct,
anterior pair situated near midlength, posterior angles subrec-
tangular to acutely projecting; stylocerite overreaching 1st
antennular segment; basal antennal segment (basicerite) with
ventrolateral tooth usually not overreaching stylocerite, dor-
sally unarmed to acutely projecting; antennal scale with
well-developed blade; major chela with movable finger
slightly, if at all, overreaching fixed finger, palm terminating
distally in acute tooth or no projection at all at level of
articulation with movable finger; minor chela without patterned
row of setae on extensor margin of movable finger, each finger
terminating in essentially single tooth; 2nd pereopod with 5
carpal articles; 3rd pereopod with dactyl biunguiculate,
extensor tooth at least twice as long as flexor tooth, segment
neither excavate nor swollen on flexor margin proximal to
flexor tooth, merus unarmed on flexor margin; uropod with
transverse articulation on lateral branch; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum about 9 mm.
RANGE.?Mediterranean coast of Israel and Red Sea to South
Africa, eastward to Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia,
and across the Pacific to the Phoenix Islands; intertidal to 148
meters, in dead coral and sponges.
*Vexillipar, new genus
TYPE SPECIES.?Vexillipar repandum, new species.
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum acute in lateral aspect; carapace
without high carina throughout length of dorsal midline;
abdomen without flap articulated at posterolateral angle of 6th
somite; telson not terminating posteriorly in triangular tooth;
eyes concealed from dorsal view; mandible with molar and
incisor process but without palp; 3rd maxilliped not unusually
broadened to form partial operculum over other mouthparts;
1st pereopods similar and equal, carried extended with movable
finger ventrolateral; 2nd pereopod with fingers much shorter
than palm, carpus with 5 articles; pereopods with strap-like
epipods on 3 anterior pairs; appendix masculina not overreach-
NUMBER 466 91
FIGURE 23.?Vexillipar repandum, new species, male holotype from Albatross sta 5543 (western Mindanao Sea,
Philippines), carapace length 12.0 mm.
ing exopod of 2nd pleopod.
RANGE.?Philippines; 296 to 875 meters.
REMARKS.?Although the specimens referred to this genus
key out to Salmoneus in the generic key by Holthuis (1955),
they obviously are not closely related to that genus, as indicated
by the absence of a mandibular palp and the virtually unarmed
incisor process, the symmetrical 1st pair of pereopods held
straight forward,and the biunguiculate dactyls of the 3 posterior
pairs of pereopods. Vexillipar is almost certainly related to
Batella, as disclosed by the form of the carapace, the lack of
both a mandibular palp and teeth on the incisor process, and
the comparable appearance of all 5 pairs of pereopods; it seems
to differ fundamentally from that genus, however, by the
considerably longer antennal peduncle, the different form of
the dorsolateral antennular flagellum, the more conventional
aspect of the 3-segmented palp of the 1st maxilliped and of the
distal segments of the 2nd maxilliped, by the presence of
epipods on the 3 anterior pairs of pereopods, and by the
transverse suture on the outer branch of the uropod.
ETYMOLOGY.?From the Latin vexillum, ("banner,") and par,
("pair,") to honor my good friends and colleagues, Albert
RBanner and his wife Dora May, who so extraordinarily
expanded our knowledge of the Indo-Pacific alpheids while
overcoming considerable personal and professional misfortune.
The gender is neuter.
*128. Vexillipar repandum, new species
FIGURES 23-25
DIAGNOSIS.?Rostrum acute in dorsal aspect, bluntly carinate
in dorsal midline, not nearly reaching to level of distal margin
of 1st antennular segment (Figure 24a), carapace usually
markedly swaybacked (Figure 23), orbital hoods dentate, not
reaching anteriorly to level of tip of rostrum, anteroventral
margin produced into convex lobe bearing minute and
inconspicuous denticle; abdomen with pleura rounded on 3
anterior somites, subrectangular on 4th and 5th, 6th produced
laterally into obtuse angle either side of base of telson; telson
(Figure 24c) armed with 2 pairs of inconspicuous spinules on
posterior lh of length; eyes fully exposed in anterior aspect;
stylocerite (Figure 24a) reaching nearly to level of anterior
margin of 1st antennular segment, latter with subdistal ventral
tooth, 2nd segment about lJ/2 times as long as wide, lateral
flagellum with branches fused for 12-15 articles, shorter, free
branch shorter than fused portion; antennal peduncle (ba-
sicerite) with sharp ventral tooth not nearly reaching level of
92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 24.?Vexillipar repandum, new species, a, male holotype from Albatross sta 5543, carapace length 12.0
mm; b-o, male paratype from same station, carapace length 10.1 mm; p, female paratype from same station,
carapace length 12.9 mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal aspect; b, posterior margin of carapace;
c, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; 4 right 1st maxilla; e, right 2nd maxilla; / right 1st maxilliped; g, right
2nd maxilliped; h, right 3rd maxilliped; i, same, distal end, lateral aspect;/ right 1st chela; k, right 1st cheliped,
proximal segments; /, right 2nd pereopod, carpus and chela; m, same, denuded fingers; n, right 3rd pereopod;
o, same, dactyl; p, right mandible.
NUMBER 466 93
FIGURE 25.?Vexillipar repandum, new species, male paratype from Albatross
sta SS34, carapace length 10.1 mm: a, right 1st pleopod, posterior aspect; b,
endopod of right 2nd pleopod, anterior aspect; c, same, appendices interna and
masculina.
tip of stylocerite; antennal scale about twice as long as wide,
distolateral tooth not reaching level of distal margin of blade;
3rd maxilliped (Figure lAhX) with terminal and subterminal
cluster of 5 subequal spines; 1st pereopod with fingers about
3A as long as palm of chela (Figure 24/), movable finger with
1 blunt tooth near proximal end, dilated and grooved on distal
1/2 of opposable margin to fit into corresponding furrows in
fixed finger, latter with 3 blunt teeth on proximal xli of
opposable margin, carpus (Figure 24k) very short and produced
into cristate flanges in 2 directions; merus unarmed; 2nd
pereopod (Figure 24/) with movable finger (Figure 24m)
terminating in 2 slightly divergent curved claws concealed in
dense tufts of long setae; 3rd pereopod (Figure 24n) with dactyl
(Figure 24o) about Vio as long as propodus, strongly
biunguiculate, with series of marginal tubercles extending
proximally from base of robust flexor tooth, merus with 1-3
spines on flexor margin; appendix masculina (Figure 25c)
overreaching appendix interna by fully lh length of former and
armed with 12 or more long spines, most clustered near distal
end; uropod (Figure 24c) with lateral branch armed with
distolateral tooth and movable spine mesially adjacent thereto
and with indistinct transverse articulation; maximum carapace
length to base of rostrum 14 mm.
MATERIAL.?PHILIPPINES. Tayabas Bay, southern Luzon:
sta 5374; 13?46'45"N, 121?35'08"E [348 m]; gray mud; 2 Mar
1909 (1157-1230); 12' Tanner beam trawl, mud bag: 1 male
[10.8]. Eastern Mindanao Sea: sta 5493; 9?04'N, l25?2[yE\
875 m; green mud; 11.2?C; 2 Aug 1909 (0703-0748); 12'
Agassiz beam trawl: 1 male [8.1]. Between Negros and
Siquijor: sta 5536: 9?15'45//N, 123?22'00"E; 510 m; green
mud; 11.9?C; 19 Aug 1909 (1336-1356); 12' Tanner beam
trawl: 2 males [10.8,10.8] 4 females [10.7-12.0], 2 ovig [10.7,
11.2]. Western Mindanao Sea: sta 5516; 8?46'N, 123?32'30";
320 m; globigerina; 12.4?C; 9 Aug 1909 (1021-1041); 12'
Tanner beam trawl: 1 ovig female [11.5]; sta 5517; 8?45'30"N,
123?33'45"E; 309 m; globigerina; 12.4?C; 9 Aug 1909
(1121-1139); 12' Tanner beam trawl: 1 male [8.0]; sta 5516
or 5517; "From Venus Basket": 4 males [7.7-10.1] 5 ovig
females [8.8-12.0]; sta 5519; 8?47H 123?31'15"E; 333 m;
globigerina, sand; 12.4?C; 9 Aug 1909 (1356-1439); 12'
Tanner beam trawl: 5 males [9.5-11.0] 8 females [6.9-14.2],
6 ovig [9.2-14.2]; sta 5543; 8?47'15"N, 123o35'00"E; 296
m; sand 12.5?C; 20 Aug 1909 (0904-0921); 12' Tanner beam
trawl: 10 males [7.2-12.0], 1 [12.0] is holotype (USNM
205670), 24 females [7.8-15.2], 18 ovig [8.8-15.2].
TYPE LOCALITY.?Off Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao, Philip-
pines; 8?47'15"N, 123?35'0O"E; 296 meters.
RANGE.?The 66 specimens of this unusual shrimp from
seven Philippine stations in depths of 296 to 875 meters?all
but one from the Mindanao Sea?make it the commonest
alpheid in the Albatross Philippine collections, as well as,
perhaps, the deepest known member of the family. There is a
possibility that the label accompanying the nine specimens
combined in one lot from stations 5516 and 5517 ("From
Venus Basket"), if it is reliable, may offer a clue to the apparent
abundance of the species. If it is, indeed, associated with the
hyalospongean Euplectella, that discovery might have led to
an intensified search for the shrimps whenever the sponge was
found in abundance, not only at those two stations, but at
station 5519, where 13 specimens were present and at station
5543, where 34 specimens were saved. It may be pertinent
that specimens of the stenopodidean Spongicola, a genus
known to inhabit Euplectella, was recorded from Albatross
station 5519 by Saint Laurent and Cleva (1981:153), but direct
correlation with the occurence of Euplectella at the stations
where Vexillipar was taken is impossible because the Albatross
Philippine specimens of Euplectella have not yet been studied.
ETYMOLOGY.?From the Latin repandus, -a, -um, ("bent
backward" or "turned up") in reference to the typically
swaybacked carapace of the species.
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