CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. CATALOGUE OF GAMES AND IMPLEMENTS FOR DIVINATION EXHIBITED BY THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AT THE COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- TION, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, 1895. STEWART CULIN, Director of the Museum of Archwologi/ and I'aUontolof/y, UnivcrsUy of Fennsylrania. 665 TABLE OF COTnTTET^TS. List of plates 671 List of text figures 672 lutroduction 67!) 1. Nyout. Korea 681 2. Gaming arrows. Kiowa lutliaus, Inditiu Territory 685 3. Zohn alil (awl game). Kiowa Indiaus, Indian Territory 687 4. Tiib. Egypt 805 5. Game sticks. Singapore, Straits Settlements 807 6. Sliing knu t'() (game of promotion). China 820 7. Tjyong-kyeng-to. Korea 820 8. Cb'e me (teetotum). China 822 9. Long Lawrence. England 823 10. Log (die). United States 823 11. Ramala p;tsii (fortune-telling dice). India 823 12. Raraala pasii. India 824 13. Piistt (dice). India 825 14. Astragali (knuckle bones) 826 15. Astragali, glass. Ancient 831 16. Kabatain (dice). India 831 17. Kubos (die). Naucratis, Egypt 831 18. Tesserae (dice). Roman or Etruscan 832 19. Shik tsai (dice). China 833 20. Sai (dice) • Japan 835 21. Kwat p'ai (dominoes). China 836 22. Tim chi p'ai (dotted cards). China 837 23. Kol-hpai (dominoes). Korea 838 24. Dominoes. Burma 838 25. Dominoes. United States 839 26. Dominoes. Eskimo 840 27. Chong iiii cb'au (game of chief of the Literati). China 840 28. Sugoroku (double sixes). Japan 841 29. Jeu de I'oie (goose game). France 841 30. Giuoco deli 'oca (goose game). Italy 841 31. Juego de la oca. Mexico 841 32. Gameof Goose. United States 842 33. Snake gam United States 842 34. Tawulah (backgammon). Syria 849 35. Tabal (backgammon). Johoro 849 36. Ssang-ryouk (backgammon). Korea 849 37. Kawade kelia (cowrie game). Ceylon 851 38. Pachisi. India 851 39. Patolli. Mexico 854 40. Chausar (dice game). India 8.55 41. Pasit {Fachiai). Burma 856 667 668 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Page. 42. Dhola (Paehisi). Maldive Islands 856 43. Pachls (Paehisi). Persia 856 44. Edris a jin (2>achisi). Syria 857 45. Cliaturanga (dice cliess). India 857 46. Cbit-tbareeu (cbess). Burma 859 47. Chess. Maldive Islands 860 48. Chator (chess). .lohore 861 49. Chessboard. Morocco 862 50. Chess. England 862 51. Tseung k'l (chess). China 863 52. Tjyaug-keui (chess) . Korea 866 53. Shogi (chess). Japan 867 54. Pa-tok (pebble game). Korea 868 55. Chuki. Johore 872 56. Go. Japan 873 57. Jurokii musashi (fox and geese). Japan 874 .58. Dam bariman (tiger game). Johore 875 59. Fox and Geese. United States 877 60. A-wi-tblak-na-kwe (stone warriors). Ziiui Indians 877 61. Tong-kai (ceremonial quiver). Korea 881 62. P'Jii ts'im (notice tally). Chinese in the United States 883 63. Nln kiin (New Year cards). Chinese in the United States 883 64. Tanzaku (writing tablet). Japan 887 65. Yeki (divination). Japan 889 66. Chinese fortune-teller's sign. Johore 898 67. Kwii ts'i'm (divining-splints). China 898 68. Mikuji (divining-splints). .Japan 898 69. Ts'im ii (lot answers). China 899 70. Kwan tai ling ts'im (God of War divining lots). China 902 71. Piik koji p'iu ts'im ii (gamblers' lots). China 902 72. Pak kop p'iu (lottery). China 903 73. Tsz' fa (lottery). China 904 74. Numbered balls (lottery). Spain 905 75. Arrows. McCloud River Indians 905 76. Gaml)ling-8ticks. Alaska Indians 906 77. Htou-tjyen (playing-cards). Korea 918 78. Practice arrows. Korea 921 79. Playing-cards. Kin Kiang, China 921 80. Ts6ung-kwan p'ai (playing-cards). Kwangtung, China 922 81. Hana-garnta (playing-cards). Japan 922 82. Ganjifa (playing-cards). India 924 83. Ganjifeh (playing-cards). Persia 928 84. Playing-cards. Siam 929 85. Tarocchi (playing-cards). Milan, Italy 929 86. Tarocchi di Mantegna. Italy 931 87. Mincliiate (playing-cards). Florence, Italy 931 88. Tarocchino (playing-cards). Bologna, Italy 932 89. Tarots (playing-cards). France 932 90. Tarok-karten (playing-cards). Germany 932 91. Jeu des 78 Tarots figyptiens (fortune-telling cards). France 933 92. Carte da Giuocare (playing-cards). Bologna, Italy 933 93. Carte da Giuocare (playing-cards). Naples, Italy 934 94. Carte da Giuocare (playing-cards). Florence, Italy 934 95. Trappola cards. Austria 934 96. Hispauo-American cards. Spain 934 CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 669 Page. 97. Naipes (playing-cards). Cadiz, Spain 935 98. Naipes (playiug-cards). Cadiz, Spain 936 99. Playing-cards. Apache Indians, United States 936 100. Playing-cards. Celebes 936 101. Cartes a joner (playing-cards). France 936 102. Spiel-karteu (playing-cards). Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, Germany 937 103. Spiel-karten (playing-cards), Leipsic, Germany 937 104. Spiel-karten (playing-cards). Vienna, Anstria 938 105. Spiel-karten (playing-cards). Schaffhausen, Switzerland 938 106. Spiel-karten (playing-cards). Schaffhausen, Switzerland 938 107. Spille-kort (playing-cards). Denmark 938 108. Kille-kort (playing-cards). Sweden 938 109. Cncu cards. liari, Italy 939 110. Hexen-karton. German j' 939 111. Igralnye karty (playing-cards). Russia 941 112. Playing-cards. England 941 113. Playing-cards. United States (about 1860) 941 114. Playing-cards, United States; ''Union" 941 115. Playing-cards. United States. Generals, 1863 941 116. Playing-cards. Confederate States of America 942 117. Playing-cards. United States. Harlequin, 1879 942 118. Playing-cards. United States. Political euchre, 1888 942 119. Playing-cards, United States. Political comic, 1888 942 120. Playing-cards, United States. World's Fair Souvenir, Chicago, 1893.. . 942 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. 1. Implements nsod in playing game of Nyoufc 682 2. Korean boy « i)laying Nyout 682 3. Gaming arrows. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 686 4. Plum stones and basket for game. Cheyenne Indians, Montana 692 5. Staves for Tiavois game 710 6. Bone gaming dislis. Seneca Indians, New York 729 7. Ivory and wooden dice. Tlingit Indians, Alaska 735 8. Papago Indian striking staves in the air in playing Ghiug-skoot 738 9. Taraliumara Indians playing "Quince" at the Pueblo of Penasco Blanco.. 742 10. Setsof staves for game of Quince. Tei)eguana Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico. 742 11. Bark tablets thrown as dice. Uinkaret Indians, Utah 749 12. Casts in Sioux plnm stone game 759 13. Figured plum stones for games. Dakota Sioux 760 14. Shrine of the War Gods. Twin Mountain, Pueblo of Zuni 778 15. Gambling reeds. Cherlon Ruin, Arizona 800 16. Decorated pottery bowl with "Eagle man" and gaming-reed casts. Cunopavi 800 17. Plate 44, Fej^^rvary codex 803 18. Magi with baresuia 808 19-22. Mustache sticks. Ainu of Yezo, Japan 812 23. Wooden and bone dollasses (Divining staves) 814 24. Koreans playing Tjyong-kyong-to 820 25. Divinatory diagram. Tibet 821 26. Koreans playing dominoes 838 27. Set of ivory dominoes. Savage Islands 840 28. Game of Goose ( Giiioco DelV Oca) . Florence, Italy 841 29. The game of Patolli 855 30. Dhola ( Pachisi). Maldive Islands 856 31. Board for Pachis ( Pachisi). Persia 856 32. Chessboard and men. Burma 859 33. Identification tablets ( Yo-hpai). Korea 884 34. Piiizah of the Mongols. From a specimen found in East Siberia 885 35. Bamboo money 885 36. Obverse of jade audience ring. Ancient China 885 37. Tauzaku, Japan 888 38. Carved sandalwood jackstraws (He'ung Vopdtpo). Canton, China 895 39. Carved sandalwood jackstraws. Canton, China 895 40. Shrine of Chinese God of War. Philadelphia 899 41. Haida gambling stick and pottery stamp. Ecuador 906 42. 43. Taku Indian gambling sticks. Alaska 908 44. Korean c.ird playing 918 45. The eight "(Jeneral" cards. Korea 918 671 672 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Facing page. 46. Sliaftinents of practice arrows. Korea 921 47. Chinese playing-cards, Kiu Kiang 921 48. Playing-cards {(janpfch). Persia 928 49. Playing-cards (ganjlfch). Persia 928 50. Playing-cards {ganjifeh). Persia 928 TEXT FIGURES. Page. 1. Nyout lipan. Nyout board. Korea 680 2. Nyout lipan. Nyout board. Inscribed witli Chinese verse. Korea 681 3. First page of Tjyek-su-tjyem. Korean handbook for divination with staves 683 4. The sixty-four hexagrams. China 684 5. The piit Ivwa or eight diagrams, according to Fuh-hi. China 685 6. Cloth for Zohu ahl. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 686 7. Staves for Zohn ahl. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 687 8. Set of bone dice. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory 689 9. Basket for dice game. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory 689 10. Set of bone dice. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory 691 11. Basket for dice game. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory 691 12. Set of wooden dice. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory 692 13. Gaming disks, bone and worked peach stones. Arapaho, Oklahoma 692 14. Set of bone dice. Cheyenne Indians, Indian Territory 692 15. Basket for dice game. Cheyenne Indians, Indian Territory 693 16. Dice for bowl game. Chippewa Indians 694 17. Gambling bowl. Menominee Indians 696 18. Set of buttons for dice in woltes takfm. Micniac Indians, Nova Scotia. . . 697 19. Wooden bowl for wOltes takftn. Micraae Indians, Nova Scotia 697 20. Counting sticks for woltes takun. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia 698 21. Counting sticks for woltes takun. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia 699 22. Counting sticks (sangi). .Japan 699 23. Gaming disk for wobunfirunk. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia 701 24. Engraved shell bead (runtee). Pompey, New York 702 25. Bone gaming disks. Tobique (Micmac) Indians, New Brunswick 703 26. Counting sticks for altes tagen. Micmac Indians, New Brunswick 704 27. Counting sticks. Micmac Indians, New Brunswick 706 28. Bone die used in bowl game (all-tes-teg-enuk). Passamaquoddy Indians, Maine 706 29 Manner of holding dish in all-tes-teg-eniik. Passamaquoddy Indians, Maine 707 30. Counting sticks. Passamaciuoddy Indians, Maine 707 31. Set of counting sticks for wcr-lar-da-har niun gun. Penobscot Indians, Maine 708 32. Limestone disks, possibly used in game. Nottawasaga, Ontario, Canada. 709 33. Set of bone gaming staves. Blackfeot, South Piegan Reserve, Montana. 711 34. Set of counting sticks. Blackfeet, South Piegan Reserve, Montana 712 35. Set of bone gaming staves. Blackfeet, Blood Reserve, Alberta, Canada.. 713 36. Gaming staves. White Mountain Apache, Fort Apache, Arizona 713 37. Cinniit for stave game. Navajo and Apache 714 38. Method of holding sticks by White Mountain Apache 714 39. Set of staves for game. Navajo Indians, New Mexico 715 40. Set of blocks for game. Navajo Indians, Arizona 716 41. Set of plum stones for game. Arikara Indians 716 42. Ivory images used as dice in game of tingmiujang 717 43. Game (f) of fox and geese 718 CHESS AND PLAYIN(J-CARDS. 673 Pagp. 44. Carved i^ory water birds and seal. St. Lawrence Island, Siberia 718 45. Wooden blocks, said to be used in game. Northwest Arctic Coast 719 46. Twisters used in game. Point Barrow Eskimo 720 47. Gns-ga-e-sa-tii, or deer-buttous. Seneca Indians, New York 727 48. Gus-kii'-eh, or peach stones. Seneca Indians, New York 727 49. Ga-jih, or bowl for game. Seneca Indians, New York 728 50. Peach stone bowl game. Seneca Indians, New York 728 51. Circuit for Sia stave game 730 52. Set of staves for game. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 731 53. Set of staves for game. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 732 54. Staves for game. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 733 55. Set of staves for game. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory 734 56. Leather tablet on which dice are thrown. Tlingit Indians, Alaska 735 57. Set of woodchuck teeth dice. Klamath Indians, ( )regon 736 58. Set of walnut shell dice. Yokut Indians, California 737 59. Set of staves for Ghiug-skoot. Papago Indians, Pima County, Arizona. .. 738 60. Circuit for Papago stave game 739 61. Set of staves for game. Pima Indians, Arizona 740 62. Set of staves for game. Pima Indians, Arizona 741 63. Set of staves for game. Pima Indians, Arizona 741 64. Circuit for Pima stave game 742 65. Set of staves for game of Ro-ma-Ia-ka. Tarahumara Indians, Pueblo of Carichic, Chihua luia, Mexico 743 66. Set of staves for game. Tepeguana Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico 743 67. Circuit for Tepeguana and Tarahumara stave game 744 68. Beaver teeth dice. Snohomish (.*) Indians, Tulalip Agency, Washington. 745 69. Game counters. Padial bones of bird. Snohomish (f) Indians, Tulalip Agency, Washi ugton 746 70. Set of beaver teeth dice. Thompson River Indians, interior of British Columbia 746 71. Set of bone dice. Comanche Indians, Indian Territory 748 72. Set of bone dice. Comanche Indians, Indian Territory 748 73. Gaming canes. Paiute Indians, southern Utah 749 74. Set of sticks for game. Paiute Indians, Nevada 749 75. Set of staves for game. Shoshoni Indians, Fort Hall Agency, Idaho 7.50 76. Set of staves for game. Assinaboin Indians, Dakota 750 77. Assinaboin bowl game 751 78. Counts in Assinaboin bowl game 752 79. Set of gaming sticks. Assinaboin Indians, Upper Missouri 754 80. Set of lione gaming staves. Gros Ventres Indians, Dakota 7.54 81. Set of bone dice. Maudan Indians, Fort Berthold, North Dakota 755 82. Basket for dice game. Maudan Indians, Fort Berthold, North Dakota 755 83. Clay fetich used in dice game. Mandau Indians, Fort Berthold, North Dakota 756 84. Set of plum stones for game. Omaha Indians 757 85. Basket for jilum stone game. Dakota Sioux, South Dakota 758 86. Counting sticks for plum stone game. Dakota Sioux, South Dakota 759 87. Plum stones for game. Yankton Sioux 761 88. Blocks for game of Tugi-e-pfc. Tewa Indians, Santa Clara, New Mexico. 762 89. 90. Counts in Pa-tol 764 9L Staves and marking sticks used in the game of Ca-se-he-a ]»a-na. Tewa Indians, Taos, New Mexico 765 92. Circuit for game of Ca-se-he-a-pa-na. Tewa Indians, Taos, New Mexico.. 766 93. Wooden die. Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia 766 94. Beaver teeth dice. Makah Indians, Neah Bay^ Washington.,.,.. ,,,. ,,,, 767 NAT MUS 96 43 674 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Page. 95. Set of staves for game. Cocopa Indiaus 768 96. Set of blocks for game. Moliave Indians, Arizona 769 97. Set of blocks for game. Mohave Indians, Southern California 769 98. Gaming sticks. Mohave Indians, Arizona 770 99. Set of blocks for game of Ta' -sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 771 100. Set of blocks for game of Ta'-sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 772 101. Set of blocks for game of Ta'-sho'-li-we. Zuni, New Mexico 773 102. Set of Idocks for game of Ta'-sho'-li-we. Zuni, New Mexico 774 103. Set of blocks for game of Tem-thla-nah-ta'-sho'-li'-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 775 104. Hide used as gaming board in Tem-thla-nah-ta'-sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 776 105. Set of sacrificial canes for Sho'-li-we 777 106. Set of sacrificial canes for Sho'-li-we. ZuFii Indians, New Mexico 777 107. Set of sacrificial canes for Sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 778 108. Set of canes for game of Sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 778 109. Set of canes for Sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 779 110. Arrow shaftmeuts of the four directions, showing ribbanding and cut cock feathers. Zuni 781 111. Manner oi holding canes in tossing in game of Sho'-li-we. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 783 112. Set of canes for Sho'-li-we (reproductions). Zuni 784 113. Cliff dweller atlatl (restored) 785 114. Handle of atlatl showing crossed wrapping for attachment of finger loops. Clitf dwelling, Mancos Canyon, Colorado 786 115. Stave for game. Cliff dwellings of Mancos Canyon, Colorado 800 116. Scheme of plate 44, F6j6rvary codex 802 117. Set of sticks for game. Toba Indians, Grand Chaco, South America 803 1 18. Pair of bones and counters for game. Grand Chaco Indians 804 119. Canes for tab. Cairo, Egypt 806 120. Board (seer/a) for tab. Egypt 806 121. Canes for game. Singajjore, Straits Settlements 807 122. Baresma 808 123 Baresma ( barsom ) with stand. Modern Persia 809 124. Assyrian altar 809 125. Scepters (kwai) anciently carried by Chinese nobles 810 126. Grand scepter ( Trti fcicai) anciently carried by the Emperor. China 811 127. Scepter of omnipotence {chan kwai) anciently carried by the Emperor. China 813 128. Wooden scepter {fat) used by nobles in Chinese theaters 813 129. Baton of authority (shaku) carried bj^ nobles. Japan 813 130. Baton (niyoi) of red lacquered wood with purple cord, used by priest of Zen sect. Japan 814 131. Ivory counter for game (f). Lybiau (f), Egypt 815 132. Ivory staves for game {?). Ly bian, Egypt 816 133. Men for game (.') (lion, hare). Lybian {?), Egypt 816 134. Cowrie shells used in fortune-telling. Liberia, Africa 817 135. Pebbles from Mas d'Azil 819 136. Tjyong-kyeng-to. Korea 820 137. Tjyong-kyeng-to. Korea 821 138. Korean die for Buddhist game 821 139. Die used with divinatory diagram. Tibet 821 140. Teetotum {wiirfd) used by Jewish children at Purim 822 141. Long Lawrence. Almondbnry, England 822 142. Log. Ivory die. United States 823 CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 675 Page. 143. Eamala pasa. Luckno\y, India 824 144. Dice for fortune-telling. Constantinople, Turkey 824 145. Brass placquo aecompanying dice for fortune-telling. Persia 825 146. Brass placque accompanying dice for fortune-telling. Persia 826 147. Stick-dice. Bohemia (Hradischt near Stradouitz) 827 148. V'alues of the throws with knuckle bones. Tarahumara Indians, Clii- hiiahua, Mexico 828 149. Astragalus of bison used as die. Papago Indians, Pima County, Arizona. 829 150. Astragalus used in game. Leugua Indians 829 151. Bronze astragalus 831 152. Korean die 834 153. Etruscan triplicate die. Chiusi 835 154. Domino cards. China 837 1.55. Kol-hpai dominos. Korea 839 156. Men for Korean backgammon game 849 157. Cowrie game ( Kaivade Kelia). Ceylon 850 158. Board for " Cowrie play " (Gavahita) 851 159. Pachisi cloth 852 160. Men for pachisi game 853 161. Persian chessboard 858 162. Burmese chessboard 859 163. Indian chessmen of wood 860 164. Indian chessmen of solid ivory 860 165. Indian chessmen of hollow ivory 860 166. Turkish and Greek chessmen 861 167. Kurdish chessmen 861 168. English chessmen. Time of Caxton 862 169. Chinese chess 864 170. Korean chess 866 171. Chess players. J apan 867 172. Board for Pa-tok. Korea 869 173. Wai k'l board, showing names applied to four quarters 870 174. Board for chuki. JoLore, Straits Settlements 871 175. Arrangement of men on chuki board 871 176. Go players (priest and wrestler). .lapan 873 177. Juroku musashi. Japan 873 178. Juroku musashi. Japan 874 179. Shap luk kon tseung kwan. China 874 180. Ludus de subjugandi rebelles. China 875 181. Tiger game. Johore, Straits Settlements 875 182. Tiger game (P»/(/H(Za//(). India 876 183. Solitario. Peru 876 184. Coyote. Mexico 876 185. Sua ghin gnua. Siam 876 186. Fox and Geese. United States 877 187. Game of stone warriors. Zuni Indians, New Mexico 877 188. Pottery disks used as men in games. Cliff dwellings, Maucos Canyon, Colorado 878 189. The game of To-to-los-pi. Moki Indians, New Mexico 879 190. Ceremonial arrow. Insignia of Chinese general 882 191. Notice tally (/"«i /8' m). Chinese in United Stales 883 192. 193. Name tablet {Uo-hpai). Korea 884 194. Obverse of Chinese coin (Ts'/h)- China 885 195. Tlingit tablet. Alaska 885 196,197. Tlingit tablets. Alaska 886 676 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Page. 198, 199. Tlingit tablets 887 200. Tlingit tablets 888 201. Alaska Indian tablet. Alaska 888 204J. Folding fan (/lafcs/iiH, "black fan"). Canton, China 889 203. Calculating blocks (sangi) for yeki. Japan 890 204. Method of shuffling zeichaku. Japan 891 205. One stick placed between little finger and third finger 893 206. Eight diagrams ( Pat kim) 894 207. Japanese fortune-teller with zeichaku 895 208. Rod and cover used in fan fan. Canton, China 896 209. Divining-splints (A:(ca /s'l'm). China 898 210. Divining-sticks (mikirji) with box {halo), from which they are thrown. Japan 899 211. Arrow-lots {is'ini ii) in box (quiver). Canton, China 900 212. Diviuing-blocks (A-a«j9«i). China 901 213. Lottery ticket {pdk kbp p^'ui). Ch inese in United States 903 214. Chart for word-blossoming lottery {tsz' fa fo). China, and Chinese in United States 904 215. Enigma {tsz' fa t'ai) used in word-blossoming lottery. Chinese in United States 905 216. String of ninety lottery balls. Madrid, Spain 906 217. Cut arrow shaftment. Cliff dwelling in Mancos Canyon, Colorado 907 218. Reverse of Korean playing-card showing arrow feather 919 219. Suit marks on Korean cards 920 220. Numerals on Korean Cards 920 221. Hindu playing-card (fish avatar) 922 222. Hindu playing-card (tortoise avatar) 923 223. Hindu playing-card ( Pdragn-Edmd) 924 224. Hindu playing-card ( Pdragu-Bdmd) 925 225. Hindu playing-card ( Buddha) 927 226. Reverse of Hispano-American playing-card. Mexico, 1583 935 NOTE. The following work has grown from a simple catalogue into its pres- ent proportions in an endeavor to illustrate the distribntion of certain games, and by comparison elucidate their original significance. In the American part an attempt has been made to describe as far as pos- sible the implements for games of the types mentioned, in American museums. Additions and corrections, to be incorporated in a subse- quent publication, will be gratefully acknowledged by the author. Stewart Oulin. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia^ August, 1897. 611 CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. By Stewart Culin, Director of the ^[us(^llm of Archwology and Paleontologi/, Unirerstty of Pennsylvania. INTRODUCTION. The object of this collection' is to illustrate the probable origin, significance, and development of the games of chess and playing-cards. Following up the suggestion made to the writer by Mr. Frank H. Cushing, they are both regarded as derived from the divinatory use of the arrow, and as representing the two principal methods of arrow- divination. Incidental to the main subject, various games and divina- tory processes having a like origin, although not leading directly to chess or cards, are exhibited, as well as specimens of each class from various countries. The basis of the divinatory systems from which games have arisen is assumed to be the classification of all things according to the Four Directions.^ This method of classification is practically universal 'This collection, for which a diploma of honor and gold medal were awarded at the Atlanta Exposition, was subsequently placed on exhibition in the V. S. National Mnsenni, where it has since been augmented by many of the additiimal games described in this catalogue. — Editor. Some idea of the extent to which the classification of things according to the world quarters was carried in Eastern Asia may be obtained from tlie numerical categories in the second part of Mayer's Chinese Reader's Manual, from which the following examples are taken: DIRECTIONS. 680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. among primitive peoples both in Asia and America. In order to classify ol)iects and events which did not in themselves reveal their proper assignment resort was had to magic. Survivals of these magical processes constitute our present games. The identity of the games of Asia and America may be explained upon the ground of their common object and the identity of the mythic concepts which underlie them. i? A o o o o o o o o O O o B>0 o o o o o o^° ^ o o o c Fig. 1. NYOUT HPAN. NYOUT BOARD. Korea. Cat. No. 1856a, Museum of Archeeologv, University of Pennsylvauia. From Korean Games. These concepts, as illustrated in games, appear to be well nigh uni- versal. In the classification of things according to the Four Quarters we find that a numerical ratio was assumed to exist between the several categories. The discovery of this ratio was regarded as an all-impor tant clue. The cubical dotted die represents one of the implements of magic employed for this puri)ose. The cubical die belongs, howevei, CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 681 to a comparatively late period in the history of games aiul divination. The almost universal object for determining number, and thence by counting, place or direction, is three or more wooden staves, usually flat on one side and rounded upon the other. Xumerical counts are attributed to their several falls. A typical game in which these staves are employed is found in No. 1—the Korean game of Nyout. ($) Fig. 2. NYOUT HPAN. NYOUT BOARD. Inscribed with Gbinese verse. Korea. Cat. No. 16497, Museum of Archeology, University of Penusylvania. From Korean Games. 1. Nyout. Korea. (a) Board and staves.^ »Nos. 16487, 16898, Mus. Arcli., Univ. Peun. The board exhibited (fig. 1) is painted upon a sheet of Korean paper, 221 by 26 inches, and wa.s made for the author by Mr. Pak Young Kiu, secretary of the Koyal Korean Commission to the Worhl's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in the summt-r of 1893. Another (fig. 2) has Chinese charac- 682 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. {h) Reproduction of native picture; Korean boys playing Nyout.^ The national game of Korea. Two, three, or four persons play, mov- ing- objects used as men around a circuit, according- to throws made with four blocks of wood used as dice. The circuit (fig. 1) is marked with twenty-nine points, twenty of which are arranged equally distant in a circle, within which is a cross composed of nine stations. The blocks ordinarily used are called pam-nyout or " chestnut nyouV (Plate 1, fig. 1 ), white and fiat on one side and black and convex on the other. The pieces or men, called mal (Chinese, wm), "horses,"^ may consist of any convenient stick or stone. The throws count as follows: 4 white sides up, nyoul, ^4 4 black sides up, mo, = 5 3 wliito sides up, kel, = 3 2 white sides up, kdi, =2 1 white side up, /o =1 A throw of nyout or mo entitles the player to another throw, which he makes before moving his piece. The one who shall play first is deter- mined by throwing the blocks, the highest leading. The players enter their men on the mark next on the left of the large circle at the top of the diagram, and move around against the sun. The ol)ject of the game is to get from one to four horses around the circuit and out again at tlie top. If a player throws so that one of his men falls upon another of his own he may double up the two pieces and thereafter take them around as one piece, they counting as two in the game. If a player's piece fiills upon an opponent's the latter is said to be " caught," and is sent back to the beginning, and must be started again as at first. The captor is given another throw. Partners are permitted to move each other's pieces. In opening the game, if a player's man falls upon the large circle B, on the left, he returns to the goal by the radii B E, E A. If he overthrows the mark B he must continue on to C. At this point he returns by the diameter C A, but if he overthrows he must con- tinue on to D and around the circuit to A, the going-out i)lace. ters, reading as four lines of a verse, inscribed in the circles. Children frequently play ujion a circuit drawn upon the ground. In the picture of the game (Plate 2) the boys are represented as throwing the blocks through a cuff, which one of them has removed for the purpose. This is done to render the result of the throws more a matter of chance than of skill, and is a substitute for a ring of straw, about 2 inches in diameter, affixed to the end of a stick about a foot long, which is stuck in the center of the ring for the same purpose. The selection of the wood for the sticks is not a matter of individn;il caprice. They are usually made of the wood of a thick bushy tree, like the pruuus, called ssa-7-i, used in China for bows, whence the game is called .la-ri-nyout. Another yvood, jiak-fal-na-viou, defined as a very hard wood of which mallets are made, is sometimes used, but the former is preferred. 'Stewart Culin, Korean Games, Philadelphia, 189.5. 2The term mci, or horses, applied to men or pieces in a game, is of high antiquity in China, and was also given to the counters employed in the classical Chinese game of Tan u or "pitch pot" (pitching arrows or arrow-lots into a pot), described in the Li Ki. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 Fig. 1. Pam-nyout. Length, f inch. (Cat. No. 17608, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. I'eiiu. Korea.) Fig. 2. T.iYANG-T.JAK-NYOUT. Length, 5 inches. (Cat. No. 176(17, Mils. Arch., Univ. I'enii. Korea.) Fig. 3. Method of Holdixg Long Nyout Sticks. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 1. Implements used in Playing Game of Nyout. Report of U S. National Museum, 1896.— Culin. Plate 2. P ^ -^1 '^^%>m'^ <^\^^^y t X 1 •< Korean Boys Playing Nyout. From iiamtiug liy native artist. repnMluced in Korean Games. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 683 Children and gamblers in the cities commonly use short blocks. In the country, long blocks or staves, called tjyang-tjali-mjout (Plate 1, fig. 2), are employed. These are usually about 8 inches in leugth. In throwing them, one is often placed across the others, which are held lengthwise in the hand by the thumb, with the ends resting on the fingers (Plate 1, fig. 3). The game is played in the country by all classes, but only from the fifteenth of the twelfth to the fifteenth of the first month. The names applied to the throws are not Korean or Chi- nese, but are numerals which correspond closely with the cor- responding numerals of certain Ural-Altaic stocks.' References to games played with staves, of the same gen- eral character as Nyoiit, occur in Chinese literature, where they are attributed to a foreign origin. It is customary in Korea to use the long blocks at the fif- teenth of first month for the purpose of divination. Early in this month a small book is sold in the markets of Seoul to be used in connection with them. The players throw the staves three times, noting the number that is counted for the. throw at each fall. The series three numbers is then referred to the book upon the several pages of which are printed in Chinese characters all the various permutations of Fig. 3. FIRST PAGE OF TJYEK-SA-TJYEM. Korean handbook for divination with staves. lu the author's collection. From Korean Games. ' Dr. Daniel Ci. lirinton, who kindly compared them, tells me that the first three have rather close analogies Avith the Ural-Altaic, while the "four," and perhaps the "five," seem connected with the Samoyed: 684 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. the numbers, taken three at a time, with Korean text explanatory of their signiflcance. A reproduction of the lirst section, entitled Tjyek-sdijyem (Chinese, cMh sz' chim) "Throwing Nyout Divination," from a little Korean handbook, Tjik-syeng-pep (Chinese, chik singfat) " Correct Planet Rule'' is given in fig. 3. The numbers represented by the throws are from "one" to "four" in sixty-four permutations, from which it will be seen that onh'^ three staves are used, layout or "four" is the highest throw, and an explanation is thus given of the name of the game. ^-C> mill ======== = == = = tftw mill nsi== =nss= ««« mill === = = = = = = iiHii iiii'.i II niiiiiiiiiiB !i'"!! WW ^^rz — zz=zzz^ ;,'/;;; .w\w s=ii= = = == = mill ^ Muummamm anil -c^c -^ 5= == == s^ c- Fig. 4. THE SIXTY-FOUK HEXAGRAMS. China. After Legge. The Chinese Book of Divination consists of sixty-four diagrams, kwd, composed of combinations of unbroken with broken lines , six being taken at a time, and the resulting diagrams being known as the sixty-four lewd (fig. 4). Each of these diagrams is desig- nated by a name and accompanied by a short explanatory text. Now the sixty-four hexagrams are regarded as an expansion of the eight trigrams (fig.o), called the 2)dt kwd or eight A;t(7a, formed by combining the same unbroken and broken lines, three at a time. The unbroken lines in the diagram are called yeuw/, " masculine," and the broken lines yam, " feminine." It is apparent that if the two sides of the Ko- CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 685 reaii blocks be regarded as representing- tlie unbroken or masculine lines and the broken or feminine lines the trigrams will form a record of the throws when three blocks are used, and the hexagrams when six blocks are taken. From this I regard the divinatory use of the nyout blocks in connection with the handbook as illustrating the origin of the Chinese Boole of Divinatio7i, to which the handbook presents an almost perfect parallel.' As it appears from the foreign names of the stave-throws in Korea that the system is foreign and non-Chinese, con- firmation is afforded of the theory of the foreign origin of the Book of Divination advanced by Professor Terrien de Lacouperie. A detailed ac- count of nyout is given by the writer in his work on Korean Games. The game of nyout may be regarded as the prototype of a large class of com- mon games, such as the Game of Goose, Backgammon, Pachisi, and Chess. It is clearly divinatory in its associations, the diagram representing the world with its four quarters. The mimber, by means of which 2)lace is de- North termined, is discovered by tossing the Fig. 5. blocks or staves. ^^^ ^'^^ kwa or ei«ht diagrams,' ACCORDING TO FUH-HI. The assumption that the nyout staves were derived from arrows, suggested by From Mayer's CWnese Reader'a Han,lbo.,k. Mr. Gushing, is based upon evidence furnished by corresponding American games; for example, in the Kiowa game of Zohn ahl, ISTo. 3, where three of the staves bear marks like arrow feathering. In throwing the long nyout staves it is custom- ary to hold three crosswise over the other (Plate 1, fig. 3), in somewhat the same manner as in the Zuni game of Sho-U-toe. (Compare fig. 112.) 2. Gaming arrows.^ Kiowa Indians. Indian Territory, United States. 'I am informed that in the system of fortune-telling known in Japan as yeki (No. 65), in which splints are ordinarily used, three small hlocks are sometimes tossed to determine the diagrams. In this method, known as Aral shin yeki, from Aral, the name of the reputed inventor, three r(>ctangular blocks, called sangi, about 3 inches in length, made of some hard wood—cherry, or, preferably, ebony—are em- ])loyed. Two of the ojtposite long sides are plain. The two other opposite faces are marked with vermilion ink in Chinese characters: On one, T'in, "Heaven;" one, Ti, "Earth," and tll(^ other Yan, "Man." The determinations are made according to the positions in which the marked sides fall one to another, which are referred to a special treatise. Another similar method employed in Japan, also attributed to Aral, is by means of three ancient "cash" or coins, which are tossed from a tortoise shell. My informant, Mr. K. Wadamori, of Tokio, himself a iieki gakusha or "yeki scholar," tells me that dots are frequently employed in Japan in noting the diagrams, as in the Malagassy sikiddy. 2 Lent by Stewart Culin. Reproductions made by Mr. Cushing from originals in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 152913). Collected by James Mooney. 680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Six arrows made of single pieces of maple wood, 29^ inches in length (Plate 3). The heads are carved and ])aiiited. According to tlie col- lector, Mr. James Mooney, they are thrown with the hand like a javelin, and the player who throws farthest wins. It is a man's game. It is probable that these arrows were actually used in a game ex- tremely common among the Plains Indians. It consists in the players tossing arrows in turn at a mark. The object of each player after the first is to throw his arrow so that it will lie across the arrow or arrows Fig. 6. CLOTH FOE ZOHN AHL. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory. Cat. No. 16535, Museum of Archa?olopy, University of renusylvania. that have been tossed before.' Mr. Gushing informs me that the counts usually depend upon whether the tossed arrow falls upon the other at its head, middle, or foreshaft. ' Mr. E. W. Davis has given me an account of this game, as seen by liim played by the Apache of Geronimo's baud in 1889, in St. Augustiue, Florida. He states that the mark was about 10 feet away. ''The arrows were tossed point l:rst. The lirst man to throw was re<]uired to laud on the mark. If he did so he got his arrow back. Once an arrow in the tield, the object of the next player was to toss his arrow so that it should cross the first thrown, and so on through the crowd. I have seen as many as six play, and often all would toss around without anyone winning. In this case the arrows on the ground remained in the pot, so to speak. The play then went on, eacb player winning as many arrows as he could succeed in crossing with his own, until the whole number was removed." Report of U. S National Museum, 1896.- Plate 3. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 687 Fig. 7. STAVES FOR ZOHN AHL. Length, 10 inches. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory. Cat. No. 16636, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylv.iiii: From Korean Games, The incised designs, painted red, yellow, green, and blue, are in part easily recognizable as the calumet with primer, bow and arrow, the lightning, and the symbols of the Four Directions on the uppermost arrow (Plate 3), which are ])ainted from left to right with the colors red, green, blue, and yellow. Mr. Gushing identified others as the war staff", or standard, and shield; day or dawn signs with turkey tracks ; day signs with stars; horse tracks, and the "man" sign. Mr. Moouey, in reply to my inquiry, informed me that the Kiowa attacli no special significance to these carved arrows, and were unable to explain the designs. These arrows, carved and painted with cosmical emblems, are here introduced to illustrate the use of a veritable arrow, specialized for the purpose of a game, among the American Indians. 3. ZoHN AHL,' commonly known as the "Awl Game." Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory, United States. {a) A cloth, called the " awl cloth." (b) Two awls. (c) Flat bowlder, called the " awl stone." {d) Four prepared staves, called ahl or " wood." ((?) Eight other sticks, to be used as counters.' The " awl cloth " (fig. 6) is divided into points by which the game is counted. The curved lines upon it are called " knees," because they are like the knees of the players. The space between the parallel lines 1 and 1 and 20 and 20 is called "the creek," and the corresponding s])aces between the parallel lines at right angles are called the " dry branches." Three of the ^^ ahl sticks" (fig. 7) have a red strijje running down the middle and one has a blue stripe. They are held by the player in one hand and struck downward, so that their ends come on the " ahl stone " with considerable force. If all the sticks fall with the sides without grooves up[)ermost, the play is called " white," and counts ten. If all the grooved sides come uppermost, it is called '' red," and counts five. Both of these throws entitle the player to another throw. If one grooved side is uppermost, it counts one; two grooved sides, two, and three grooved sides, three. The game is played by any even number ^ Zohn, "creek;" ahl, ''wood." -Nos. 1653.5, 16536, Mus. Arch. Univ. Penn. Collected l.y Lieut. H. L. Scott, U. S. A., who kindly furnished the description of the game. 688 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. of girls or women (never by men or boys), half on one side the line N S and half on the other. The flat <^//// stone is placed in the middle of the cloth, and the players kneel on the edge. The two awls are stuck in the creek at 1 1. The player at A makes the first throw, and the throwing goes around the circle in the direction of the hands of a watch, each side counting the results of each throw on the "awl cloth" by sticking its awl just beyond the mark called for by the results of the throw. The moves are made in opposite directions, as indicated by the arrows. If in counting any awl gets into the "creek" at N, that side must forfeit a counter to the other side and be set back to the "creek" at S. That side is then said to have fallen into the "creek," the object being to "jump over." If in their passage around the circle the two "awls" get in the same division, the last comer is said to whip or kill the former, who forfeits a counter, and is set back to the beginning. The counting continues until one gets back to the "creek" at S. The one first at S receives a counter, and if there is more than enough to take it to the "creek," the surplus is added to the next round; that is, the "creek" is jumped, and the "awl" put beyond it as many points as may be over. When one side wins all the counters, it conquers. If the game should be broken up before this event, the side which has the greater number of counters is the victor.' See account of game by Mr. James Mooney on page 731. This game wtis selected for exhibition from many similar games played by different tribes in America as readily illustrating the i^robable derivation of the four staves. Three of them will be seen to appear to be marked on one face with the feathered shaftment of an arrow, while the fourth probably represents the atlatl or " throwing stick." In the following pages a description is given of implements for Amer- ican games of the preceding type contained in various museums of the United States, together with accounts of the methods of play, arranged alphabetically under linguistic families and tribes. For the purpose of comparison all games in which objects are tossed to determine number are included. Their relations one to another, whatever they may be, will doubtless become apparent through this and subsequent collections. ' Lieutenant Scott further states that the Kiowa have a custom of wetting the fingers and slapping them several times on the stone before a throw, and calling out "red, red," or ''white, white," according to the number they desire to count; or, if but "one" should be required to throw the opposite party into the "creek," some- one puts her linger into her mouth, and, drawing it carefully across the top of the stone, calls out parko, parko ("one, one"). Often before the throw the thrower will rub the four sticks in a vertical position backward and forward several times between the palms of the hands, to insure good luck. "The Comanche have a similar game which they play with eight ahl sticks, and the Cheyenne and Arapaho are said to have a game which they play with ahl sticks, which are 2 feet or more long." (H. L. S.) CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 689 ALGONQUIAN STOCK. Arapaho. Cheyenne and Arapabo Keservation, Indian Territory. (Cat. Kos. 152802, 152803, U.S.N.M.) Set of five dice of buffalo bone, marked on one side with burned Fig. 8. SET OF BONE DICE. Lengths, J and IJ inches. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory. Cat. No. 152802, U.S.N.M. designs (fig. 8), and basket of woven grass, 9 inches in diameter at top and 2i inches deep (fig. 9). The rim of the basket is bound with cotton cloth, and the inner side of the bottom is covered with the same V^^^'^'Lk '/W'.;, Fig. 9. BASKET FOR DICE GAME. Diameter, 9 inches. Arapaho Indians, Indian Territory. (.':it, \... \;,iWi, U.S.N.M. material. The game is played by women. Collected by J ames Mooney, J 891. NAT MUS 90 11: 690 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The following account of the game is given by the collector :i The dice game is called ia-ii seta Una (literally, "striking" or " throwing against" something) bj' the Arapaho, and Moushimiinh Ity the Cheyenne, the same name being now given to the modern card games. It was practically nuiversal among all the tribes east and west, and, under the name of hubbub, is described by a New England writer* as far back as 1634 almost precisely as it exists to-day among the prairie tribes. The only difference seems to have been that in the east it was played also by the men, and to the accompaniment of a song, such as is used in the hand games of the Western tribes. The requisites are a small wicker bowl or basket {hat e chi na), five dice made of bone or plum stones, and a pile of tally sticks, such as are used in the awl o-ame. The bowl is 6 or 8 inches in diameter and about 2 inches deep, and is woven in basket fashion of the tough fibers of the yucca. The dice may be round, elliptical, or diamond-shaped, and are variously marked on one side with lines or figures, the turtle being a favorite design among the Arapaho. Two of the five must be alike in shape and marking. The other three are marked with another design and may also be of another shape. Any number of women and girls may play, each throwing in turn, and sometimes one set of partners playing against another. The partners toss up the dice from the basket, letting them drop again into it, and score points accord- ing to the way the dice turn up in the basket. The first throw by each player is made from the hand instead of from the basket. One hundred jioints usually count a game, and stakes are wagered on the result as in almost every other Indian contest of skill or chance. For the purpose of explanation we shall designate two of the five as "rounds" and the other three as "diamonds," it being understood that only the marked side counts in the game, excepting when the throw happens to turn up the three "diamonds" blank while the other two show the marked side, or, as some- times happens, when all five dice turn up blank. In every case all of one kind at least unist turn up to score a point. A successful throw entitles the player to another throw, while a failure obliges her to pass the basket to someone else. The formula is : 1 only of either kind . =0 2 rounds = 3 3 diamonds (both rounds with blank side up) =3 3 diamonds blank (both rounds with marked side up) = 3 4 marked side up = 1 5 (all) blank sides up =1 5 (all) marked sides up = 8 A game similar in principle, but played with six dice instead of five, is also played by the Arapaho women, as well as by those of the Comanche and probably also of other tribes. Arapaho. Indian Territory. (Oat. No. 165765, U.S.N.M.) Set of five bone dice marked on convex side with burned designs (fig. 10), and much worn basket of woven grass 10 inches in diameter at top and 2 inches deep (fig. 11). Collected by H. E. Voth. Arapaho. Indian Territory. (Cat. No. 165765fl, U.S.N.M.) Set of five wooden dice, marked on one side with burned designs (fig. 12), representing on three a swallow or swallow hawk, and on two a dragon-fly. With preceding (Cat. No. 165765). Collected by H. R. Voth. ' The Ghost Dance religion. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1896, II, p. 1004. *William Wood, New England Prospect, London, 1634. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 691 Mr. Gushing suggested to the m riter that these blocks were probably derived from similar gamiug implemeuts made of shards of ])ottery. Arapaho. Barlingtoii, Oklahoma. Set of four lay first strikes the bowl a smart tap, which causes the dice to fly upward from the bottom of the bowl, and as they fall find settle the result is watched with very keen interest. The value represented by the position of the dice represents the number of counters which the player is permitted to take from the ground. The A'alue of the throw is as follows : First throw, 4 red dice and 4 white, a draw. Second throw, 5 red dice and 3 white, counts 1. Third throw^, 6 red dice and 2 white, counts 4. Fourth throw, 7 red dice and 1 white, counts 20. Fifth throw, 8 red dice and white, counts 40. The players strike the bowl alternately until one person wins all the counters — both those ou the ground and those which the opponent may \\ii\e won. ' London, 1634. 2 The Menominee Indians, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 241. OHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 697 MiCMAC. Nova Scotia. (Cat. No. 18850, Mus. Arch., TJiiiv. Penii.) Set of six buttons of vegetable ivory (fig. 18) (actual buttons), about | incli in diameter, rounded and unmarked on one side and Hat with a dot- ted crosson theother, being modern substitutes for similar objects of caribou bone. Bowl of wood (fig. 19), nearly fiat, llj inches in diameter. Fifty-one round counting-sticks (fig. 20), 1^ inches in length, and four counting-sticks (fig. 21),7^inchesinlength. Col- lected by the donor, Stans- bury T. Hager. The follow- ing account of the game is given by the collector : ' A game much in use witliiu the wigwams of the Micmac in former times is that called by some writers altestakitn or wdUes iakun. By good native authority it is said that the proper name for it is woltvstomkwm. It is a kind of dice Fig. 18. SET OF BUTTONS FOR DICE IN WOLTES TAKOn. Diameter, | inch. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia. Cat. No. 1S850, Museum of Architoiogy, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 19. WOODEN BOWL FOR WOLTES TAKf^N. Diameter, llj inches. Micmac Indiana, Nova Scotia. Cat. No. 18860, Museum of Archa-ology, University of Pennsylvania. game of unknown antiquity, undoubtedly of pre-Columbian origin. It is played upon a circular wooden dish — properly rock maple—almost exactly a foot in diameter, •Micmac Customs and Traditions, The American Anthropologist, January, 1895,p. 31. 698 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. hollowed to a depth of ahout f inch in the center. This dish plays an important sole in the older legends of tlie Micmacs. Filled with water and left over night, its appearance next morning serves to reveal hidden knowledge of post, present, and future. It is also said to have heen used as a vessel upon an arkite trip. The dice of caribou hone are six in number, having flat faces and rounded sides. One face is phiin; the other hears a dotted cross (tig. 18). When all the marked or all the unmarked faces are turned up there is a count of tive points; if five marked faces and one unmarked face or five unmarked faces and one marked face are turned up, one point results; if a die falls ott" the dish there is no count. There are fifty-five counting sticks—fifty-one plain rounded ones about 7i inches long, a king-pin ' shaped like the forward half of an arrow, and three notched sticks, each present- ing half of the rear end of an arrow. Tlieso last four are about 8 inches long. Three of the plain sticks form a count of one jioint, the jiotcbed sticks have a value of five points, while the king-pin varies in value, being used as fifty-second plain stick, except when it stands alone in the general ])ih'; then it has, like the notched sticks, a value of five points. Thus the possible points of the count are seventeen (one-third of fifty-one) on the plain sticks and fifteen (five times three) on the three notched sticks, a total of thirty-two ; but by a complex system the count may be extended indefinitelj\ In playing the game two players sit opposite each other, their legs crossed in a characteristic manner, and the dish, or woltes, between them usually placed on a thick piece of leather or cloth. A squaw keeps the score on the Fig. 20. COUNTING STICKS FOR WOLTES TAKt)N. Length, 7| inches. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia. Cat. No. 18850, Museum of Arnhaeoloffy, University of Pennsylvania. counting-sticks, which at first lie together. The six dice are placed on a dish with their marked faces down ; one of the players takes the dish in both hands, raises it an inch or two from the ground, and brings it down again with considerable force, thus turning the dice. If all but one of the upturned faces are marked or unmarked, 'Mr. Hager informs me that the king-pin is called keser/oo—''the old man "—and that the notched sticks are his three wives and the plain sticks his children. The Micmac explains these names by saying that when a stranger calls the children come out of the wigwam first, then the women, and then the head of the family ; and this is the way it happens when one plays at wdltestdmlcuiun. ''The technical name for the king-pin is nandaymelf/awasch and for the wives ilcumooivaaJ, both of which names mean, they say, 'it counts five' and 'they count five.' Nan is the Micmac for 'five,' but no numeral of which I know appears in the second name." Mr. Hager regards the polygamous element in the game as a good indication of its antiquity, if, he adds, "such indeed be necessary." Referring to the passes described by Mrs. W. W. Brown, in her paper on the games of the Wabanaki Indians (see p. 708), he says: "These ]iasses are made by'the Micmac in woltestdmlwtm by passing the right hand rapidly to the left over the dish, and shutting it exactly as if catching a fly." Wedding ceremonies among the Micmac were celebrated by the guests for four days thereafter. On the first day they danced the serpent dance, on the second they played football (tooadyik), on the third they played lacrosse (madijik), and on the fourth woltestumkivun. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 699 he repeats the toss and contiinies to do so as long as one of these combinations results. "When lie fails to score, the amount of his winnings is withdrawn from the general pile and forms the nucleus of his private pile. His opponent repeats the Fig. 21. COUNTING STICKS FOR WOLTES TAKfJN. Length. 7^ inches. Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia. Cat. No. 18S50, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. dice-throwing until he also fails to score. Two successive throws of cither a single point or of five points count thrice the amount of one throw; that is, three jioints or fifteen points, respectively. Three successive throws count live times as much as Fig. 22. COUNTING STiCK.s {sangi). Length, 2 inches. Japan. Cat. No. 18306, Museum of Arehwolouy, University of Tennsylvania. a single throw, etc. After the pile of counting-sticks has been exhausted, a new feature is introduced in the count. The player who scores first takes a single j)lain stick from hia pile and places it by itself, with one of its sides facing him to repre- 700 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. sent oue point, and perpendicular to this, either horizontally or A^ertically, to rep- resent five points.' He continnes to add sticks thus as he continues to score. This use of the sticks as counters to indicate unpaid winnings is a device for deferring further settlement until the game seems near its end, and also serves to increase the count indefinitely to meet the indefinite duration of the game, as after one player secures a token his opponent, -when he scores, merely reduces the former's pile by the value of his score. The reduction is effected by returning from the token pile to the private pile the amount of the opponent's score; hence at auy time the token pile represents the amount of advantage which its owner has obtained since the last settlement. These settlements are made whenever either party may desire it; this, however, is supposed to be whenever a player's token pile seems to represent a value approaching the limit of his opponent's ability to pay. If his opponent shoiild permit the settle- ment to be deferred until he were no longer able to pay his debts, then he would lose the game to the first player; whereas, if one player after the settlement retains five plain sticks but not more, a new feature is introduced which favors him. If, while retaining his five sticks, he can score five points before his opponent scores at all, he wins the game in spite of the much greater amount of his opponent's win- nings up to that point. If his opponent scores one point only before he obtains his five points, he still has a chance, though a less promising one. If, after paying over the three plain sticks that represent a single point two plain sticks still remain to him, he is then comi)elled to win seven points befoi-e his opponent wins one or he forfeits the game; but if he succeeds in winning his seven points, the game is still his. However, in these last chances he is further handicapi)ed by the rule that he can at no time score more points than are represented in his private pile. Conse- quently, if with only five plain sticks in his possession he could only score a single point, even if his toss should call for five; but with six i)lain sticks he could score two i>oint8; with nine sticks, three, etc. The last chances are: With only five plain sticks, five points are necessary to win; with three sticks, six points; with two sticks, seven points ; with one stick, seven points. There are two other minor rules : One, that in counting five points on plain sticks four bundles of four each are given instead of five bundles of three each, as one should expect; total, sixteen. The other rule is that to count six points we use a notched stick plus only two plain sticks, instead of three, as might be expected. This game may be regarded as an American analogue of the Chinese game of Chong iin cKau (No. 27). Mr. Hager states that the preceding game was invented and taught by the hero Glooscap. They also have a similar game called Wohuna- runlc, which, they say, was invented and owned by Mikchikch, the turtle, one of Glooscap's companions, to whose shell the dice bear some resem- blance.^ The name Wohunarunli is derived from ivohun, meaning dawn ; to which is added a termination signifying anything molded or worked upon by human hands.* 'This system of scoring is identical with that used in Japan with the counting- sticks, or sanf/i (Chinese, siin muk). One is indicated by a stick arranged vertically, and five by a stick placed horizontally. A set of sangi in the University Museum (Cat. No. 18306) (fig, 22), consists of one hundred and twenty-seven little wooden blocks, l-\f, inches in length, and about i inch square in section. Sangi are, or rather were emjdoyed in Japan in the higher mathematics, the use of the sorohan or abacus not being customary Avith scholars. ' The account of Wobihidriinlc is from an unpublished manuscript by Mr. Hager, which he courteously placed in my hands. ''From the fact that white shell beads (wampum) are constantly referred to as being used as stakes, not only among the tribes of the Atlantic coast but m the CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 701 Fig. 23. GAMING DISK FOR WOBUNARONK. Diameter, IJ inches. Micmac Indiana, Nova Scotia. From a drawing by Stinsbury Hager. The ontflt for the game consists simply of six dice, made from moose or caribou bone, though one Micmac at least is positive that the teeth only of these animals can properly be used. In playing, these dice are thrown from the right hand upon the ground and the j)oints are counted accord- ing to the number of marked or unmarked faces which fall uppermost. It is cus- tomary for a player to j)ass his hand quickly over the dice, if possible, after he has tossed them and before they reach the ground, in order to secure good luck. The shape of the dice is that of a decid- edly flattened hemisphere, the curved portion being unmarked. The base or flat surface is about the size of a 25-cent ])iece and presents tliree figures (fig. 23). Close to its edge there is a circle, touched at four points by a series of looped curves, which form a kind of cross. Within each of the four spaces thus separated is an equal-armed cross composed of nine dots, which, with the dot in the center of the die, make a total of thirty-seven dots uiwn each piece, or of two hundred and twenty-two dots (37 by C) used in the game.^ Southwest (see Cusbing's account of the wbite shell beads used in Sho'-U-ive), the writer is iucliued to believe tbat the name of this same If'obiindrunk is derived from the use of wampum (ivobun, "white," so called from the white beads), as stakes for which it was played. Again, it may refer to the white disks ; but, however this may be, a peculiar significance is attached to the use of shell beads as gambling- counters or stakes. In the Chinese game of Fan t'du the stakes are represented by specially made white and black counters, known as white and black "pearls."' "In view of the numerical suggestiveness of dots and of the presence of that peculiar repetition of numbers which characterizes all triple multiples of the key number thirty-seven, it may be worthy of note that the number of dots included in the seven counts of the game is seven hundred and seventy-seven. The Micmac lan- guage contains native words for numbers as great as a million, and, as Dr. Rand says, is capable of indefinite numerical extension, a fact which surely appears to involve some knowledge of the properties of numbers. That certain numbers have been used as symbols in ritual and myth is quite as unquestionable among the Micmacs as among so many tribes and peoples, primitive and otherwise. The impor- tance of such dice games in developing and extending the knowledge of numbers is self-evident. As to the figures upon the dice, the nse of the cross from prehistoric times as a native symbol throughout the length and breadth of the Americas is too well known to justify further comment. The Micmacs painted it upon their canoes and wigwams and attributed to it marvelous efficacy as a healing power. To play either WdJU'Stomkwun or W6hnnaruHkvi\t\\ dice from which the cross is omitted would be certain, they believed, to bring dire misfortune npou all participants. Several Micmacs have related to me, almost word for word, the same legend of the origin of the cross among them that was reported by Pere Leclereq at Gaspe more than two centuries ago; and it is noticeable that this legend contains no Christian element. They also associated this symbol witli the four quarters into which they divided the land for the purpose of collecting medicinal roots and herbs, while a circle repre- sents to them either that of their wigwam or of tlie horizon. The fiat surface of tlie die, therefore, with its four crosses and surrounding circle, may symbolize the world- 702 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The count is as follows : If 6 marked faces fall face up, 50 points. If 5 luarked faces fall face up, 5 points. If 4 marked faces fall face up, 4 points. If 3 marked faces fall face np, 3 points. If 2 marked faces fall face up, 2 points. If 1 marked face falls face up, 1 point. If 6 unmarked faces fall face np, 5 points. Total, 7 counts and 70 jioints. The marks on the Micmac dice are similar to those on some of the inscribed shell beads known as runtecH^ fonnd in the State of New York. One of these (fig. 24), (reproduced from Prof. W. H. Holmes's Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans),' is from an ancient village site at Pomi)ey, which Eev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwiiisville, Xew York, attributes to the seventeenth century. Mr. Beauchamp writes me that both sides are alike, and that it is pierced with two holes from edge to edge. Micmac. New Brunswick, Canada. (Cat. Xo. 20125, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn.) Set of six disks of caribou bone marked on the flat side (fig. 25); a platter of curly maple cut across the grain, llj inches in diameter, and fifty- two wooden counting sticks about 8 inches in length (fig. 2r>), four being much broader than the others and of different shapes, as shown in the figure. Collected and deposited by Mr. George E. Starr, who purchased the game from a woman named Susan Perley, a member of a tribe calling themselves the Tobique, at an Indian village half a mile north of Andover, New Brunswick. Three of the disks and the counting sticks were made for the collector, while the platter and three of the disks shown in the upper row (fig. 25) are old. Two of the latter are made apparently of old bone wide concept of the four earth regions encircled by the horizon line and beneath the curve of the sky represented by the curved surface. The looped figure may extend the fourfold division to the sky, or it may be merely a combination of the two other symbols. At least, that each design had some particular meaning can hardly be questioned, for the Micmac still objects to playing the game if one be incorrectly drawn. A comparison of the two Micmac dice games shows the same number of dice in each and the cross and circle appear on both -sets, although in slightly differing size and design. The dice of one game are, however, never used in the other. Their counts differ radically, save that the ubiquitous number seven is prominent in both, and finally Wubiinurunk lacks altogether the bow- and arrow elements and their mystic attributes. Still, the resemblance is sufficiently close to suggest a pos- sible unity of origin." (S. H.) ' Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1881, plate xxxiv, fig. 4. Fig. 24. ENGKAVED SHELL BEAD (rutltee) . Pompey, Kew York. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 703 buttons, there being- a hole on the reverse in which the shank fitted. The designs on the faces are not the same. The woman informed Mr. Starr that the game was called Altes tugen, and that it was played by two i)ersons, one of whom places the counting sticks in a pile together. Then the stones are placed at random in the plate, which is held in both hands and struck sharply on the ground so as to make the stones fiy in the air and turn before landing in the i)late again. A player continues as long as he scores, taking counters from the pile of sticks according to his throw. When the pile is exhausted, each having ob- tained part, the game is continued until o;ie wins them all. Three plain sticks count one point. The three carved sticks each count four points, Fig. 25. BONE GAMINS DISKS. Diameter, 1 inch. Tobique (Micniac) Indians, New Brunsvvitk. Cat. No, i*01y5, Museum Archaeology, University of PennsylvanKi. or twelve plain sticjks. Tbe snake-like stick is kept to the hist, and equals three plain sticks, and a tlirow that counts three is necessary to take it. Mtcmac. New Brunswick. (Cat. No. 50804, Peabody Museum.) Set of six dice made of antler, f to ^ inch in diameter, marked on flat side with six-rayed star.; bowl of birch wood, 11:| inches in diameter, and fifty-four counting sticks (fig. 27), consisting of fifty plain sticks and four larger sticks. The latter comprise one stick with three serra- tions on side near one end, two each with four serrations, and one resembling the feathered shaftment of an arrow with three serrations on either side. Collected by Mr. G. M. West. MiCMAC. Hampton, New Brunswick. (Cat. No. 50792, Peabody Museum.) Five dice of antler, f to ^ inch in diameter, marked on flat side with four-rayed star; bowl of birch wood, 9 J inches in diameter, and fifty-two 704 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. counting- sticks consisting of forty-eight plain sticks and four larger sticks. The latter comprise one stick with five serrations on one side near one end, two, each with four serrations, and one resembling feathered arrow shaftment with serrations on each side. The counting sticks in this and the preceding game are in part of bamboo. It will be subsenuently shown that the greater part of the objects used as dice, canes, blocks, bones and beaver teeth, in the games of this series can be directly traced to cane arrows and the atlatl or throwing stick. While such a connection can not be establisheil for the engraved Fig. 26. COUNTING STICKS FOR ALTES TAGEN. Length, about 8 inches. Micmac Indians, New Brunswick. Cat. No. 20125, Museum Archeology, University of Pennsylvania. bone disks of the Micmac, the three arrows and atlail appear in the counting slicks (fig. 2L). In some sets (as fig. 3i) the atlatl appears replaced by a bow or serpent-like object. Narragansett. Rhode Island. Roger Williams, in his "Key into the Language of America," > describes the games of the Narragansett as of two sorts — private and public. "They have a kinde of dice which are Plumb stones painted, which they cast in a Tray with a mighty noyse and sweating." He gives the following words referring to this game: Wunnarigonhommm, "to 1 London, 1643 ; Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society, I, Providence, 1827; also, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, for the year 1794, III, p. 321. Cited by Andrew McFarland Davis, Indian Games, Bulletin of the Essex Institute, XVIII, p. 173, to wliom 1 am indebted lor the reference. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 705 play at dice in their Tray;" AsaikoKish, "the painted plumb stones with which they throw ; " and PnttuckqiKqruoneJx, "A playing Arbour." He describes the latter as made of long poles set in the earth, four square, 10 or 20 feet high, on which they hang great store of their stringed money, having great staking, town against town, and two chosen out of the rest by course to play the game at this kind of dice in the midst of all their abettors, with great shouting and solemnity. He also says: The chief gamesters among them much desire to make their gods side with them in their games; therefore 1 have seen them keep as a precious stone a piece of thun- derbolt, wliicli is lilvo unto a crystal, which they dig out of tlie ground under some tree thunder smitten, and Iroui this stone they have an opinion of success. NiPissiNG. Forty miles above Montreal, Canada. j\Ir. J. A. Cnoq ' describes the plnm stone game among this tribe under the name of Pahesanal-, which he says is the usual name given to live plum-stones, each marked with several dots on one side only. Four or Ave women scptatting around a blanket make the stones jump about the height of their forehead, and according to their falling on one or the other side the fate of the player is decided. Of late the game has been improved by using a platter instead of a cover (blanket), which caused the name of the •' game of platter " to be given it by the whites. The name pakemnalc is the plural of pakesan^ defined as noyaii, jeu. l>r. A. S. Gatschet has kindly given me the following analysis of this word : i)alie = to fall, to let tall, s = diminutive, an = suffix of inanimate nouns. NoKRiDGEWOCK. Xorridgcwock, Maine. In the Dictionary of Father Sebastian IJasIes,^ a number of words^ referring to games are defined,^ from which it appears that the Nor- ridgewock Indians played a game with a bowl and eight disks {ronds), counting with grains. The disks were black on one side and white on the other. If black and white turned up four and four, or five and ^Lexique de la Langue Algonquine, Montreal, 1886. '^Memoirs American Academy of Science and Arts, new series, I, Cambridge, 1833. Me joue avec des ronds blancs d'uu c6tc et uoirs de lautre, nederakM, v. nedamnke, V. nedaSe' aiinar. Les ronds, /s«^' Sdnar; les grains, tagSssak. Les grains da jeu du plat, dicuntur dtiam, ('ssi'Sanai-. I.ors cju'ils s'en trouve du uombre de 8, 5 blancs et 3 noirs, v. 5 noirs et 3 blancs, iieharham, keb, etc. (on ne tire rien); idem lit de 4 blancs et 4 noirs. Lors qu'il y en a 6 d'une couleur, et 2 de I'antre, nemesSdam, (on tire 4 grains). Lors qu'il y en a 7 d'une nicme couleur, el qu'un de I'antre, nedeneSi (on en tire 10). Lors qu'ils sout tons 8 do meme couleur, nSrihara (on en tire 20). Nesdkasi, je plante un bois dans terre p'r marcjuer les jiarties. Je lui gagne une partie, je mets un bois p'r, etc., veiiSdaf/Sh(ir((ii. ^edasaliatnarikS, il me demar(|ue une ])artie, il oto un bois, etc. Jejoue an plat, nSaiirudchdma 3. San me. Mets les petits ronds, etc., 2>Sne essi'Sanar. Nedcrakchcna, jo les mets. •• Indian Games, Rulletiu <>f tlie Kssex Institute, XVIII, p. 187. NAT MUS 1)0 45 706 KEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. three, tliere was uo coimt; six and two counted four; seven and one, ten; and all eight of tbe same color, twenty. Davis remarks tliat "according to Kasles, the count was sometimes kept by thrusting Fig. 27. COUNTING STICKS. Length, 8 to 8| inches. Micniac Indians, New Brunswick. Cat. No. 50804, Peabody Museum of American Archftology. sticks into the ground. This is shown by Indian words used in the games which Rasles interprets respectively: '1 thrust a stick in the ground to mark the games;' 'I win a game from him; I i)lace a stick,' etc.; 'He takes the mark for a game away from lue; he removes a stick,' etc.; 'He takes away all my marks; he re moves them all," etc. Ojibwa. Tanner 1 describes the game as follows, under the name of Bugga-sanlc or Beg-ga-sali: Fig. 28. BONE DIE USED IN BOWL GAME (all tes-teg-etiuk) . Passamaquodtly Indians, Maine. After drawing by Mrs.W.W. Brown, The heg-ffa-sah-nuk are small pieces of wood, boiie, or sometimes of brass, made by cutting up an old kettle. One side tbey stain or color black, tbe other they aim to have bright. These may vary in number, but can never be fewer than nine. They are put together in a large wooden bowl or tray kept for the purpose. The two parties, sometimes twenty or thirty, sit down opposite to each other or in a circle. The play consists in striking the edge of the bowl in such a manner as to throw all the heg-ga-sali-nuTi into the air, and on tbe manner in which they fall into the tray depends his gain or loss. If his stroke has been to a certain extent fortunate, the player strikes again and again, as in the game of billiards, until he misses, when it passes to the next. The Eev. Peter Jones- says: In these bowl plays they use plum-stones. One side is burnt black and the other is left its natural color. Seven of these plums are placed in a wooden bowl and are then tossed up and caught. If they happen to turn up all white, or all black, they count so many. This is altogether a chance game. 'A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner, New York, 1830, p. 114. '^History of the Ojibwa Indians, Loudon, 1861, p. 135. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 707 Passamaquoddy. Maine. The bowl game among these Indians is desciibed by Mrs. W. W. Browu,' of Calais, Maine, under the name of AU-tes teg-cnuk. Fig. 29. MANNER OF HOLDING DiSH IN ALL-TES-TEG-ENUK. Passamaquoddy Indians, Maine. After Mrs. W. W. Brown. It is played by two persons kneeling, a folded blanket between them serving as a cushion on which to strike the shallow wooden dish, named tval-tah-hd-mo'g'n . This dish contains six thin bone disks (tig. 28), about | inch in diameter, carved and col- ored on one side and plain on the other. These are tossed or turned over by holding rr:^ ^ 3 Fig. 30. COUNTING STICKS. Length, 6§ to 6^ Indies. . Passamaquoddy Indians, Maine. From sketch by Mrs. W. \V. lirown. tlie dish firmly in the hands and striking down hard on the cushion (fig. 29). For counting in this game there are forty eight small sticks, almost 5 inches in length, named ha-< in succession, one big stick or twelve small ones. Turning all alike once, he takes a big stick; twice in succession three big ones, or two, and lays a small one out to show what is done; three times in succession he stands a big stick uji—equal to sixteen small ones from the opponent—the notch<^d one to be tlie last taken of the small ones, it being eciual to three. When all the small sticks ai'c drawn and there are large ones left in the pile, instead of taking three from the opponent the players lay one out to show that the other owes three sticks, and so on until the large ones are avou. Then, unless the game is a draw, the second and more interesting stage begins, and the sticks have different value. Tnrning all the disks but one, the player lays ont one, equal to four from an opponent. Turning all the disks but one, twice in succession, he lays three out, equal to twelve from the other—three times in succession—stands one up, e»inal to one large or sixteen small ones. Turning all alike, he sets up one large one, twice in succession; then three large ones or, lacking these, three small ones for each large one. This would end the game if the opponent had none standing, as there wonld l)e no sticks to pay the points. But a run of three times of one kind in succession is unusual. When one has not enough sticks to jjay points Avon by the other, comes the real test of skill, although the former has still several superior chances to win the game. If he has five sticks, he has three chances ; if seven or nine sticks, he has live chances—that is, he places the disks in position, all one side up, for each of the tosses; the other contestant takes his turn at playing, bnt can not place the disks. Then giving the dish a peculiar slide, which they call la Ink, or "running down hill like Avater," and at the same time striking it down on the cushion, he may, unless the luck is sadly against him, win twice out of three times trying. To this day it is played Avith great animation, with incantations for good luck and exorcising of evil spirits, by Avaving of hands and crying yon-tel-eg-ica-wiich . At a run of ill luck there are peculiar passes made over the dish and a muttering of 3Iic-mac-s({us uk w'me lia-ook ("I knoAv there is a Micmac squaw around"). One of their legends tells of a game played by Youth against Old Age. The old man had much m'ta-ou-Un (magic power). He had regained his youth several times by inhaling the breath of youthful opponents. He had again grown old and sought another victim. When he found one Avhom he thought suited to his purpose, he invited him to a game of AU-tes-teg-enuk. The young man was also a m'ta-oti-lin, and for a, pn-lic-gan had K'che-hal-lock (spirit of the air) and, conseciuently, know the old man's intention, yet he consented to a game. The old man's wdl-tah-ha-mo'(j'n ^^ Fig. 31. SET OF COUNTINO STICKS FOR WER-LAB-DA-HAB MUN GUN. Penobscot Iiidiaus, Maine. Cat. No. 16651, Museum of Archicology, University of Pennsylvauia. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 709 was a skull, aiul tho aU-ies-ieiJ-eniil- were the eyes of former victims. The game was a long aud oxcitiug one, but at each toss off by tLe youug man the disks were carried a little higher by his im-hc-gan until they disappeared altogether. This broke up a game that has never been completed. The legend says that the old man still waits and the young man still outwits him. Another rassain;i(|noddy game is described i)y Mrs. Urown under the name of Wy-2'en-()(f-cnul{. This game, like AU-tes-ieij-ennk, has long been a gambling game. The disks are very similar, but larger, and eight in number. The players stand opposite each other with a blanket spread on the ground between tliem. The disks arc; held in the palm of the hand, and "chucked" on the blanket. This game is counted with sticks, the contestants determining the number of points necessary to win before commencing to play. Penobscot. "Oldtown Indians," Maine. (Cat. No. 1G551, Miis. Arch., Univ. Penn.) Set of counting-sticks of uupaiuted white wood (fig. 31), copied at tlie Chicago Exposition by a Penobscot Indian from those in a set of gaming implements consisting of dice, counters and bowl, there ex- Fig. 32. LIMESTONE DISKS, POSSIBLY USED IN GAME. a, 1 inch ill iliaineter; h, J inch iu diaiueter. Nottawasaga, Ontario, Canada. Archa'ological Museuni, Toronto, Cinaila. liibited by the late Chief Joseph Nicolar of Ohltown. The latter fur- nished the writer witli tlic Ibllowing account of the game under the name of Wcr-lar-dtt-lKir mun inch wide in the middle, tapering to the ends. The outer rounded sides are cut with lines, which are filled with red paint, as shown in fig. 33. Two are alike, and one of the others is banded with a nar row thong of buckskin on which are sewn twelve small blue glass beads. The reverses, which show the texture of the bone, are alike, and painted red. Accompanied by twelve counting- sticks (fig. 34) made of twigs, 5^ inches in length, smeared with red paint. Fig. 34. SET OF COUNTIN(J STICKS. Length, 5^ inches. Blackfeet, South I'iei;an Reserve, MoutaDa. Cat. Nu. 51lili:i, Fii-lil Columbian Museum. Blackfeet. Blood Reserve, Alberta, Canada. (Cat. No. 51654, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.) Three bone staves, 6| inches in length and -^ inch in width in the middle, tapering to the ends. The outer rounded sides are carved as shown in fig. 35, two alike, in which the incised lines are filled with red paint, and one with holes, 10—3 3—9, which are painted blue. The inner sides, which show the texture of the bone, are i^erfectly plain. Both of the above sets were collected by Dr. George A. Dorsey, of the Field Columbian Museum, who courteously gives me the following particulars : I um iufornied that the Bloods generally use three instead of four bones. They call the game Nitsitaiej>-skt2)s<2nan=^we play. The stick marked with holes is called "man" and the other two "snakes." Of the counts I have only this much : All marked faces up =4. All unmarked faces up =:4. 2 unmarked and ''snake" up =6. 1 unmarked and 2 snakes up =^6. 1 unmarked, snake and man up :^0. CHESB AND PLAYING-CARDS. 713 ATHAPASCAN STOCK. White Mountain Apache. Arizona. (Cat. No. 152696, U.S.Is.M.) Set of three sticks of hazel wood, 8 inches in length, f inch wide, and about f in thickness. Flat on one side, with diagonal black band Fig. 35. SET OF BONE GAJIING STAVES. Length, 6§ inches. Blackfeet, Blood Reserve, Alberta, Canada. Cat. No. 51654, Field Columbian Museuin. across middle; other rounded and unpainted. Show marks of use. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer.^ Described as played by women IMg. 36. GAMING STAVES. Length, 9h inches. Wliite Mountain Apache, Fort Apache, Arizona. Cat. No. 1»61H, Museum of Arclia'ology, University of Fciinsylvania. upon a circle^ of forty stones divided in four tens with a division to eacli ten (lig. 37), and having a large flat rock placed in the middle. Four IA set of sticks (fig. 36) made of a variety of the prickly ash, 9i inches in length, but otherwise identital with the .above, are contained in the Museum of Arch;vology of the University of Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 18619), collected by Capt. C. N. B. Macauley, II. S. A. '^Mr. Palmer says a scj^uare; Captain Maeauley a circle. 714 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. or six can play. Two sides are formed of equal iiiuubers, and two sets of sticks are used. The players kneel behind the rock square. The first player takes the sticks in one hand, rounded sides out (fig. 38), and slams them end first, on the rock. vOO OQq oa o o o o o o o 9. a % o c o o o o .0 oOqq oOO 0' From this is derived the name of the game iSc-tich-ch, "Hit" or "bouuce- ou-the-rock."^ The counts are as follows: 3 round sides up =10 3 flat sides up = 5 2 rouud sides up and one fltit= 3 1 round side up and two flat = 2 A throw of ten gives another throw. Each side has two sticks which are used to mark the count. The two sides count from opposite directions. Fig. 37. CIRCUIT FOR STAVE GAME. Navajo and Apa«^lie. Navajo. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 9557, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of root of cot- ton wood, 8 inches in length, about ]f in breadth and ^ in thickness, one side flat and blackened; the other rounded and unpainted (fig. 39). One stick tied near end to prevent splitting. They show marks of con- tinued use. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. As observed by the writer at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the Navajo play upon a circle of forty stones, throwing the staves ends down upon a flat stone placed in the center. Each player has a splint or twig to represent him upon the board, and these are all placed together at one of tlie four oiaeuings in the circle at the commencement of the game. The throws count as follows: 3 round sides up = 10 3 flat =5 2 rounds and one flat= 1 round and two flat = The following vocabulary of the game was furnished me by the Navajo at Chicago: Game, set tiltli. Staves, set tilth. Circle of stones, sen asti. Stone in center, a cle sane. Dr. Washington Matthews'* describes Fig. 38. METHOD OF HOLDING STICKS BY WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE. From a drawing by the late Capt. C. N. B. Mac- auley, United States Array. 'Capt. John G. Bourke gave the Apache name of this game to the writer as Tze-clns ov Zne-iilth, the two words, "stone" and "wood" referring to tlie central stone an'' t^o staves. The circle of stones is called, he stated, Tze-nasti, "stone circle." Mr. Edward Palmer sives the name of the game as Satill. -Navajo Legends, Boston, 1897, note 47, p. 219. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 715 a game plaj^ed by Navajo womeu under the name of Tse d VI or tsiu-(7i'^:i The principal implements are three sticks, which are thrown violently, enda down, on a flat stone around which the gamblers sit. The sticks rebonnd so well that they wonld tly far away were not a blanket stretched overhead to throw them back to the players. A number of small stones placed in the form of a s([iiare are u.'-ed as counters. The.se are not moved, but sticks, whose positions are changed according to the fortunes of the game, are placed between them. The rules of the game have not been recorded. Dr. Matthews ' tells, among the early events of the fifth or present world, that while they were waiting for the ground to dry, the women erected four poles, on which they stretched a deerskin, and under the Fig. 39. SET OP STAVES FOR GAME. Length, 8 inches. Navajo Indians, New Mexico. Cat. No. 9657, U.S.N.M. shelter of this they played the game of three sticks, tsinrZf, one of the four games which they brought with them from the lower world.'' Another game of tossed sticks described by Dr. Matthews^ was called counted by sticks placed on the ground between them, the wager always being on the game, and not on the different throws. It is exclusively, so far as I know, a woman's game. Pike^ says: The third game alluded to is that of la platte, described by various travelers (as the platter or dish game) ; this is played by the av omen, children, and old men, who, like grasshoppers, crawl out to the circus to bask in the sun, probably covered only with an old buffalo robe. ESKIMAUAN STOCK. Speaking of the Central Eskimo, Dr. Franz Boas^ says: A game similar to dice, called tingmiujang, i. e., images of birds, is frequently played. A set of about fifteen figures, like those represented in fig. 42, belong to this game; some representing birds, others men and women. The players sit around a board or a piece of leather and the figures are shaken in the hand and thrown upward. On falling, some stand upright, others lie fiat on the back or on the side. Those standing upright belong to that player whom they face; sometimes they are so thrown that they all belong to the one that tossed them up. The players throw by turns until the last figure is taken up, the one getting the greatest num- ber of figures being the winner. ' Elliott Cones, The Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery I'ike, New York, 1895, p. 534. ''The Central Eskimo, Sixth Annual Report of the IJureau of Ethnology, AVash- ington, 1888, p. 567. Fig. 42. IVORY IMAGES USED AS DICE IN GAME OF TINGMIUJANG. Central Eskimo. Frc.m Sixth Annu.-il Rei.ort of the Bureau of Ellmi.logy. 718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Mr. John Murdoch ' describes similar objects wliich Le purchased at Plover Bay, easteru Siberia, iu 1881 (fig. 43). They were supposed to be merely works of art. Referring to the account given by Dr. Boas of their use as a game, he says: Fig. 4:j. GAME(?) OP FOX AND CiEESE. After Murdouli. It is therefore quite likely they were used for a similar purpose at Plover Bay. If this be so, it is a remarkable point of similarity betweeu these widely separated Eskimo, for I can learn. nothing of a similar custom at any intermediate jioint. Mr. Murdoch refers to the game as mentioned by Captain Hall,^ Avho, speaking of the Central Eskimo, says: They have a variety of games of their own. In one of these they use a number of bits of ivory made iu the form of ducks. Fig. 44. CARVED IVOEY WATER BIRDS AND SEAL. St. Lawrence Island, Siberia. Cat. No. 6.3457, U.S.N. M. In the United States National Museum {Cat. No. 63457) there is a set of carved water birds and a seal (fig. 44), collected from the Eskimo at St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, by Mr. E. W. Nelson, iu 1882. He informs me, through l*rof. Otis T. Mason, that he never saw the flat- ' Ethnological Results of the Port Barrow Expedition, Ninth Anuual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Wasliiugton, 1892, p. 3(U. - Charles Francis Hall, Arctic Researches, New York, 1860, p. 570. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 719 bottomed geese jiiul otber creatures used in a game, and all of Lis speeimeiis are perforated and used as pendants on the bottom of per- sonal ornaments and parts of clothing. Prof. Benjamin Sharp, of tlie Academy of Natural Science, tells me that be saw the carved \Yater birds used as a game, being tossed and allowed to fall by Eskimo of St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia. In reply to my inquiry in reference to the use of such objects in games by tlie Arctic Highlanders of Oreenland, Mr. Henry Gr. Bryant writes me that small images of birds are rare among them, although Fig. 45. WOODEN BLOCKS, SAID TO BE USED IN GAME. Length, IJ inches. Northwest Arctic Coast. Cat. No. 1404, U.S.N.M. representations of men, women, walrus, seal, bears, and dogs are part of the domestic outfit of every well-regulated family.^ 1 uuderstand that the leg hones of the arctic fox are Bometimes tied together on a string, and at times these are thrown tip and their position noted when striking the ground. Mr. Bryant adds: Perhaps they attach a significance to the position of the fox hones, which may be analogous to the practice of using wooden or bone dice by other tribes. A set of carved ivory tablets (figs. 195-200), strung upon a throng, are described as among the properties of an Eskimo shaman in ' Mr. Bryant states that these miniature figures, which are made of ivory, are employed to teach children the arts of the chase. 720 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Alaska. It is possible that they are used in the same manner as the fox bones. In the United States National JMuseum (Oat. No. 7404) are four wooden blocks, said to be used in a game, from the Northwest Arctic Coast. These blocks (fig. 45), which were collected by Mr. R. Kennicott. have a rounded base marked with two transverse cuts. They are })er- forated as if for stringing. From the locality given they are i)robabl\ Eskmiauau. Ill conclusion, reference should be made to a game described by Mur- doch' among the Point Barrow Eskimo with twisters and marline spikes used for backing the bow. Lieutenant Ray says he has seen it played with any hits of stick or hone. Accord- ing to him the players are divided into sides, who sit on the ground about 3 yards apart, each side sticking up one of the marline spikes for a mark to throw the twisters at. Six of the latter, he believes, make a complete set. One side tosses the whole set, one at a time, at the opposite stake, and the points which they make arc counted up by their opponents from the position of the twisters as they fall. He did not learn how the points were reckoned, except that twisters with a mark on Fig. 40. TWISTERS USED IN GAME. Length, 5g inches. Point Barrow Eskimo. After Mnnlorli. them counted differently from the plain ones, or how long the game lasted, each side taking its turn of casting at the opposite stake. He, however, got the impression that the winning side kept the twisters belonging to their opponents. Mr. Nelson informs me that a similar game is played with the same imijlements at Norton Sound. The present writer has repeated this account, from the general like- ness of the implements (sinew twisters) (fig. 40) to the staves tossed as dice, rather from any clearly apparent identity of the games. IROQUOIAN STOCK. Cherokee. North Carolina. I am informed by Mrs. Starr Hayes that the Cherokee play a game in a flat square basket of cane like the lid of a market basket, with col ored beans, under the name of " Black eye and white eye." The shal low basket used is li feet square. The beans are colored "batter beans," a variety of lima, and those selected are dark on one side and white on the other. Twelve beans are kept as counters. Six others are put in the basket, as they come, and the players, who are four in number, and each two partners, play in turn. The basket is held in ' Ninth Annual Rci)ort of tlie Bureau »(f Ktlinology, p. 364. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 721 both bands, slightly shaken, and then with a jerk, the beans are tossed in tlie air. If all turn black, two are taken from the counters; if all turn white, three are taken. If but one turns up white, one is taken from tbe twelve. When they turn five white, one only is taken. The game is played three or six times weekly. Whoever gets twelve beans has the game. 1 )ELAWARE. See account bj" Loskiel on page 725. Huron. Ontario, Canada. Charlevoix^ gives the following account: As I returned through a ([uarter of the Huron village I saw a company of these savages, Avho appeared very eager at play. I drew near and saw they were playing at the, game of the dish (Jen dii plat). This is the game of which these people are fondest. At this they sometimes lose their rest, and in some measure their reason. At this game they hazard all they possess, and many do not leave oft" till they are almost stripped quite naked and till they have lost all they have in their cabins. Some have been known to stake their liberty for a time, which fully proves their passiou for this game ; for there are no men in the world more jealous of their liberty than the savages. The game of the dish, which they also call the game of the little bones (jeii dcs osselefs), is only played by two persons. Each has six or eight little bones, which at first I took for apricot-stones; they are of that shape and bigness. But upon viewing them closely I perceived they had six unequalsurfaces, the two principal of wliicli are painted, one black and the other white, inclined to yellow. They make them jump up by striking the ground or the table with a round and hollow dish, which contaius them and which they twirl round first. When they have no dish they throw the bones up in the air with their hands; if in falling they come all of one color, he who plays wins five. The game is forty up, and they subtract the numbers gained by the adverse party. Five bones of the same color wiu but one for the first time, but the second time they win the game. A less number wins nothing. He that wins the game continues playing. The loser gives his place to another, who is named by the markers of his side ; for they make the parties at first, and often the whole village is concerned in the game. Oftentimes also one village plays against another. Each party chooses a marker; but he withdraws when he pleases, which never happens but when his party loses. At every throw, especially if it happens to l)e decisive, they make great shouts. The players appear like people possessed, and the spectators are not more calm. They all make a thousand contor- tions, talk to the bones, load the spirits of the adverse party with imprecations, and the whole village echoes with liowlings. If all this does not recover their luck, the losers may put oft' the party to the next day. It costs them only a small treat to the company. Then they prepare to return to the engagement. Each invokes his genius, and throws some tobacco in the fire to his honor. They ask him above all things for lucky dreams. As soon as day appears they go again to play; but if the losers fancy the goods in their cabins made them unlucky the first thing they do is to chang(^ them all. The great parties commonly last five or six days, and often con- tinue all night. In the meantime, as all the persons present, at least those who are concerned in tlie game, are in agitation that deprives them of reason, as they quar- rel and fight, which never happens among savages but on these occasions and in drunkenness, one may judgfe if when they have done playing they do not want rest. I P. do Charlevoix, Journal d'un Voyage dans I'Amerique Septeutriouuale, Paris, 1744, III, p. 2.59 (Juin, 1721). HAT MUS DO 40 722 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. It sometimes liai)peus that tliesc ])artie8ofpl:iy are made by order of the physician or at the request of the sick. There ueeds for this iiurpose no more than a dream of one or the other. This dream is always taken for the order of some spirit, and they prepare themselves for the game Avith a great deal of care. They assemble for sev- eral nights to ti\v and to see who has the luckiest hand. They consult their genii, they fast, the married persons observe continence, and all to obtain a favorable dream. Every morning they relate what dreams they have had and of all the things they have dreamt of which they think lucky and they make a collection of all and put them into little bags which they carry about with them, and if anyone has the leputation of being luckj'—that is, in the opinion of these peojile, of ha\ing a familiar sjiirit more powerful or more inclined to do good—they never fail to make him keep near him who holds the dish. They even go a great way sometimes to fetch him, and if through age or any infirmity he can not walk, they will carry him on their shoulders. They have often pressed the missionaries to he present at these gameSj as they believe their guardian genii are the most powerful. Brebeuf describes the game as follows: The game is also in great repute as a medicine, especially if the sick has dreamed of it. This game is a game of chance, pure and simple. They take six prune stones, white on one side and black on the other, put them in a plate, and shake the latter violently, so that the bones fall to the ground, showing one or the other side, as it may happen. The game is to get either all with the black side or all with the white side up. Generally they play village pitted against village. They all convene in a hut, and take places on benches ranged along the sides. The sick is carried in a coverlet, and the one who is to shake the plate (there is only one jilayer for each side) walks after the sick, head and face Avrapped in his robe. As soon as the player of the opposing party takes hold of the plate they cry aloud, Achinc achinc, achinc, trois, trois, irois, or rather, ioio, iolo, ioio, desiring that either three white or three black be thrown by him. This winter you would have seen a good many returning to their village, having lost their breeches at a time when there was nearly 3 feet of snow, as frolicsome as if they had won. What I find the most remarkable thing about it is the preliminary arrangements. Some of them fast several days before the game is to take place. The evening before they convene in a hut, and by a cere- mony try to find out the result of the game. The one who is chosen to hold the plate takes the stones, puts them in the plate, which he covers, so that nobody can touch them. After tbis they sing. After the song the plate is uncovered, and the stones are either all black or all white. Thereupon I asked a savage whether the opposing party did not do the same, and whether they could not get the stones arranged in the, same Avay. He answered " Yes." "Nevertheless," I said, "both can not win," which he did not know how to answer. He told me, further, two remarkable things: 1. They choose for holding the plate someone who had dreamed that he won or who had a charm. Generally those who have one do not make a secret of it, but carry it about with them. They say that one person in our village rubs the stones with a certain ointment and never fails to win. 2. In making the trial some of the stones disappear and are found after a time in the plate with the others. Father Lalemaiit^ relates the following: One of the latest foolish things which has hapjiened in this village was occa- sioned by a sick jierson in one of the neighboring villages, Avho, in order to regain his health, dreamed or really get the prescription of the local medicine man that a "game of platter" should be played for him. He spoke about it to the headmen, 1 Relations des Jesuites, Relation en I'Aun^e, 1636, Quebec, 1858, p. 113. '^Idem., 1639, p. 95. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 723 who soou couvcued tlio council iiiul decided ui)on the date and the village which should be iuvited for this purpose, and this village was ours. A deputation was sent thence here to make the proposition, which was agreed upon, and then the nec- essary preparations were made by both ])artie8. This "game of platter" consists in tossing about in a w ooden dish several wild- plum pits, each being white ou one side and black on the other, from which follows gain or loss, according to the rules of the game. It is beyond my power to describe properly the earnestness and activity displayed by our Barbarians in getting ready and in seeking all means and signs of good luck and success in their game. They meet at night and pass part of it in shaking the plate to see who is the most adroit, and part in spreading out their charms aud exhorting them. Toward the end they all sleep in the same cabin, having pre- viously fasted and abstained for some time from their wives, all this to have a lucky dream, and the next morning they tell what has happened in the night. Finally, everything that they have dreamed could bring them good luck is collected and placed in bags for carrying. Besides this, they search everywhere for those Avho have charms affecting the game, or "Ascaudics " or familiar spirits to assist the one who holds the dish, and be nearest him when he shakes it. If there are any old men whose presence is recognized as efficacious iu increasing the strength and value of their charms, not content with carrying their charms, they load them on the shoulders of the young men in order to carry them to the place of assembly. As we pass in the country for })o\verful sorcerers, they do not fail to give us notice to pray and perform many ceremonies to cause them to win. As soon as they arrive at their appointed place, each party ranges itself along one or the other side of thii cabin, tilling it from top to bottom, under and above the ' audiihous," which are of bark and may bet tobacco bags, clothes, shoes, and breeches, in a word, all they possess, so that, if they are unlucky, as happened to these people, they return home stark-naked, having lost even their breech-clouts. l!^icolas Perrott^ says: The savages have also a sort of game of dice, the box of which is a wooden plate, well rounded and well i)olished on both sides. The dice are made of six small flat • The term pistole was used only as a money of account. It was generally equiva- lent to 10 Ihrea tonrnoia. The lirre toin-nois was of 20 sous, in distinction from the livre of Paris of 25 sous. What the actual value would be no one can tell. It may be said that 50,000 pistoles was equal to 500,000 livres toiirnois at that time. (Personal letter from Prof. Dana C. Munro.) -Memoire sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauages de I'Amerique Sep- tentriouale, Leipzig et Paris, 1864, p. 50. 724 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. pieces of bone, about the size of a plum stone. They are all alike, baving one of the faces colored black, red, green, or blue, and the other generally painted white or any different color from the tirst-raentioued face. They throw these dice in the plate, holding the two edges, and on lifting it they make them jump and turn therein. After having struck the dish on the cloth, they strike themselves at the same time heavy blows on the chest and shoulders while the dice turn about, crying "Dice! Dice! Dice!" until the dice have stopped moving. When they find five or six showing the same color, they take the grains which have been agreed upon with the opposite party. If the loser and his comrades have nothing more to play with, the winner takes all that is on the game. Entire villages have been seen gambling away their possessions, one against the other, on this game, and ruining themselves thereat. Tliey also challenge to a decision by one throw of the die, and when it happens that a party throws six, all those of the tribe that bet on him get up and dance- in cadence to the noise of gourd rattles. All passes without dispute. The women and girls also play this game, but they often use eight dice and do not use a dicebox like the men. They only use a blanket, and tlirow them on with the hand. Sagard Tbeodat' says: The men are addicted not only to the game of reeds (which they call "Aefcara," with three or four hundred small white reeds, cut equally to a length of a foot), but also addicted to other kinds of game, as for instance, taking a large wooden platter with five or six plum stones or small balls, somewhat flattened, about the size of the end of the little finger, or painted black on one side and white on the other. They 8on which, ifthey all came up of one color, either white or black, it Cf)unted iive. To pay this for- feit required the whole outfit of the first player, after which, having nothing to pay with, be vacated his seat and was suc- ceeded bj'anotber of bis ownside, wbore- ceived from the bank the same number ot beans the first bad. Tbe other player fol- lowed bis throw as long as he continued to win; after which he repassed tbe bowl to bis adversary. If a player chanced to win five and his opponent bad but one left, this was all hecould gain. In this manner the game continued, with varying fortune, until the beans were divided between the two sides in proportion to their success. After this tbe game continued in tbe same manner as before, tbe outfit of each new player being advanced by the man- agers of bis own party; but as the beans or counters were now out of sight, none rig. 50. PEACH STONE BOWL GAME. Greatest diameter of bowl, 9§ inches. Seneca Indians, New York. Collected by J. N. B. Hewitt. Report of U. S, National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 6. Bone Gaming Disks. Diameter, | inch. Seneca Indians, New York. Cat. Ko. 21073, Museum of Arcliaeology, Univereity of Pennsylvania. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 729 but the managers knew tlie state of the game with accuracy. In playing it there were but two winning throws, one of which counted one and the other five. When one of the parties had lost all their beans, the game was done. The implemeuts for a Seneca bowl game in the possession of Mr. John N. B. Hewitt, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, obtained by him from the Seneca Indians, Cattaraugus Reservation, Cattaraugus County, New York, consist of a wooden bowl (fig. r>0), 9| inches in diameter, and six dice made of fruit stones. A set of bone gaming disks from the same tribe and place, also in his i)ossession, are repre- sented in plate 0. As will be seen, they are eight in number, and marked on one side, in a similar way to those of the Micmac and Penobscot. TUSCAROEA C?), North Carolina. Referring to the North Carolina Indians, Mr. John Lawson' writes: They have several other games, as with the kernels or stones of persimmons, which are in effect the same as our dice, because winning or losing depends on which siosed this song tells how, on wak- ing up in the spirit world. she met there a party of her former girl arlor of civilizatiou. The players sit on the ground around a blanket marked in charcoal with lines and dots and quadrants in the comers, as shown in lig. 6. In the center is a stone upou which the sticks are thrown. Each dot, excepting those between the parallels, 'The Ghost Dance Keligion, Fourteenth Annual Keport of the Bureau of Ethnol- ogy, Washington, 18!)6, II, p. 1002. 732 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. counts a point, making twenty-ibur points for dots. Eacli of the parallel lines and each end of the curved lines at tlie corners also counts a point, making sixteen points for the lines, or forty points in all. The players start at the bottom, oppos- ing jilayers moving in opposite directions, and with eacli throvr of the sticks the thrower moves an awl forward and sticks it into the ))lanket at the dot or line to which her throw carries her. The parallels on each of the four sides are called "rivers," and the dots within these parallels do not count in the game. The rivers at the top and bottom are "dangerous" and cau not be crossed, and when the player is so unlucky as to score a throw which brings her to the edge of the river (i.e., upon the first line of either of these pairs of parallels) she "falls into the river" and miist lose all she has hitherto gained, and begin again at the start. In the same way, when a player moving around in one direction makes a throw which Fig. 53. SET OF STAVES FOR GAME. Leiigtli, 8J inclies. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory. C'.lt. No. 162!)08(i, U.S.N.M. brings her awl to the jjlace occupied by the awl of her opponent coming around from the other side, the said opponent is "whipped back" to the starting point and must begin all over again. Thus there is a constant succession of unforeseen accidents, which furni.sh endh^ss amusement to the players. The game is played with four sticks, each from 6 to 10 inches long, flat on one side and round on the other. One of these is the trump stick, and is marked in a distinctive manner in the center on both sides, and is also distinguished by having a green line along the flat side, while the others have eath a red line. The KioAva call the trump stick sake, "green," on account of the green stripe, while the others are called (juadal, "red." There are also a number of small green sticks, about the size of lead pencils, for keei>ing tally. Each player in turn takes up the four sticks together in her hand and throws them down on end upon the stone in the center. The number of i)oint8 depends upon the number of flat or round sides which turn CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 733 up. A lucky throw with a greeu, or trump, stick generally gives the thrower another trial in addition. The formula is: 1 flat side up ^= 1. 1 flat side up (if sahe) = 1 and another throw. 2 flat sides up (with or without s((he) = 2. 3 flat sides up = 3. 3 flat sides up (including sahe) = 3 and another throw. All 4 flat sides up =: 6 and another throw. All 4 round sides up = 10 au, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks of a variety of alder, 5.J inches in length, -^,. inch in width, and 4 int-ii in thickness. Three with groove painted red, ou Hat side, and one with groove i^ainted black. The former are burned with four diagonal marks resembling the feathering of an arrow ou Fig. 54. STAVES FOR GAME. Length, 8| inches. Kiowa Indians, Indian Territory. Cat. ffo. l!i»908.-, U.S.N.M. alternate sides of the groove near each end. The fourth stick has in addition two parallel marks burned directly across the middle. Its rounded reverse is burned with a design in the shape of a diamond. Tlie reverses of the others are plain. Kiowa. Indian Territory. (Cat. No. 152008rZ, IT.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks of willow wood or chestnut sprout, 8f inches in length, f inch in breadth, and t^^ inch in thickness (fig. 53). Three have flat sides with lengthwise groove painted red, with parallel obli(iue lines like arrow feathering- burned on alternate sides of the groove at the ends, opposite to which are similar marks arranged in triangles. The rounded reverses of these sticks are plain. The fourth stick has an incised device painted black and resembling two feathered arrows, the heads of which meet a transverse band cut across the middle. 734 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Its rouuded side has three parallel lines burned across the center, on one side of which is an incised design resembling a serpent, and on the other an undetermined figure. Kiowa. Indian Territory. (Cat. No. 152908(;, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks of elm wood, 8§ inches in length, >% inch in width, and 1% inch in thickness (fig. 54). Three with groove painted red and one with groove painted black. Former burned with two sets of two parallel marks about 1| inches apart across the grooved face near each end. The fourth stick has i /'A . \ a;>:>7^n.\ Vy\>-vv/y X,. v. /v 7777X77^ ^^ addition oblique \ / /\Xa/V.V'^/V\a,xa^vAvw y /- . / . ' '-: J/W'/y-l marks burned across the center of the same side, with two pyra- midal dotted designs^ in the center of the f^^'S^^y^^'^M^'^'^y^ KvV ' 'X^^^I^S^ opi)osite rounded side, winch on the others is pA^'^'^'^ •-' ;;.;r" '^^ -^^il^^ l^l • ; '; z^''' ':^;^: ;• "- • ' • "- • : "; '' ':^)~\ plain. KiowA. Indian Ter- ritory. (Cat. No. 152909a, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks, 5.^ inches in length, ,^g- inch in breadth, and -1^6 inch in thickness (fig. 55). Section ellipsoidal. One side, slightly flatter than the other, is grooved and marked with fine cross lines, forming a lozenge pattern. Three are painted red and one dark green. One of the red sticks is burned in the center, with two parallel marks obliquely across both the grooved and opposite side. The green stick has an undetermined figure burned in the center of the rounded side, which on the other two is plain. KiowA. Indian Territory. (Cat. No. 152909&, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks, 3| inches in length, -^^ inch in breadth, and ^ inch in thickness. Flat sides grooved and ])ainted, three red and one black. One of the red has an oblique incised line cut across the middle, and two parallel lines on the opposite, rounded side. The black stick has a small triangle cut lengthwise in the center of the rounded side, across which is a transverse incised line. Kiowa. Indian Territory. (Oat. No. 152909c, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks,^ inches in length, {^^ inch in breadth, and ^ inch in Fig. 55. SET OF STAVES FOR GAMK. (The two lower sticks represent the obverses of those directly above.) Length, 5i inches. Kiowa Iniliaus, Indian Territory. C.it. No. 15'.'1)09<(, U.S.N.M. Report of U S National Museum, 1896.— Culin. Plate 7. Ivory and Wooden Dice. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Cat. Nos. E 8'.)4, 650, 1«59, 650, 1557, American Museum of Natural History, New York. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 735 thickness. The flat sides are urooved and have triansuhir expansions of the groove at each end. Three are painted red and one bhick. One of the red sticks is marked like the one in the preceding, and the black stick in the same manner. These Kiowa sticks were all collected by Mr. James Mooney. lu each set there is an odd stick, regarded by the anthor as corresponding with the atlate. KOLUSCHAN STOCK. Tltngit. Alaska. (Amer. Mus. jSTat. Hist., New York.) Small ivory die (Cat. No. E. 050) (Plate 7), shaped like a chair, height Fi.ii.,'-)U. LEATHER TAIiLET ON WHICH DICE ARE THROWN. Height, 7J inches. Tlingit liuliaus, Alaska. Cat. No. E. 606, Ainericiin Museum t.f Nnlural Ilislory. 1 inch, If inch wide at back, and |{f inch at side, with vertical hole from toi) to bottom tilled with lead. It is called Icet-chu. From Shakan. Small wooden die (Cat. No. E. 650) (Plate 7), like preceding. Sides engraved with crossed lines. Back has four lead plugs, and a hole for similar plug. Front has incised rectangular design with three lead plugs. 736 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Small ivory die (Cat. No. E. 894) (Plate 7), like preceding. Height 1 inch, {I inch wide at back, and i% inch at side. Front face has small plug of lead. Small wooden die (Cat. No. E. 1557) (Plate 7), like preceding, IJ inches high, \^ inch wide at back and sides. Back and three sides marked with incised lines. Small wooden die (Cat. No. E. 1859) (Plate 7), like preceding, {f. inch high and ^\, inch wide at side. Perfectly plain. From Sitka. Designated as woman's gambling die. All the above were collected by Lieutenant Emmons. Dr. Boas informs me that one die is used. The counts are: Either side up = 0; back or front up = 1; bottom up = 2. The dice are thrown upon a thick tablet of leather cut with a totem ic device, about 8 inches square. One (Cat. No. E. GOG, tig. 5G) has the device of a bear's head. Another (Cat. No. E. 1057) a beaver, and still another (Cat. No. E. 2101) an unidentitied animal. Similar dice are used by the KwakiutJ. (See p. 71G.) LUTUAMIAN STOCK. Klamath. Oregon. (Cat. No. 2112G, U.S.N.M.) Four woodchuck teeth dice (fig. 57). Two, both lefts, stopped at the end with red cloth, and marked on the flat side with chevron pattern, and two, somewhat smaller, one right and the other left, apparently from the same animal, marked on the same side Collected by L. S. Dyer, Indian Agent. The game is described by Dr. Albert S. Gatschet,' under the name of SJ^iishash. The four teeth of tbe bt-aver aro marked for this game by the incision of parallel lines or crosses on one side, and a small piece of woolen or other cloth is insertei (eciuivalent to oue-y), or ivi-a-iak, or ko-mai-4h, which are simply a kind of sing-song or chanting. 'Stephen Powers, Tribes of California, Contributions to North American Kth- nology. Ill, p. 377, Washington, 1877. NAT MUS 90 47 738 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. NATCHESAN STOCK. Natchez. Louisiaua. Le Vuge du Piatz' says, lefeniug to the -women's game of the Natcliez: These pieces with which they play nre three little bits of cane from 8 to 9 inches hinji. split in two eiinal parts and pointi-d at the ends. Each piece is distinguished by the designs which are engraved on the convex side. They play three at a time and each woman has her piece. To play this game they hold two of these pieces of cane on the open left hand, and the third in the right hand, the round side npper- most, with which they strike upon the others, taking care to only touch the end. The three pieces fall, and when there are two of them which have the convex side uppermost, the player marks one point. If there is only one, she marks nothing. After the first, the two others play in their turn. PIMAN STOCK. PapAGO. Pima County, Arizona. (Cat. No. 17451G, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks of seluiara cactus, about 9^ iuclies in length, f inch iu width and I inch thick (tig. 59). Section ellipsoidal. Painted solid ^P ¥iS 59. SET OF STAVES FOR GHING-PKOOT, Lfn;;;tli, OJ indies. Pai>.agi) Indiau.s, Piiiia County, Arizona. C:d. N... 174oIti, I'.S.N.M. red ou one side, " which is ilat and marked with black lines of numerical aud sex significauce."' Collected by Mr. W J McGee and Mr. ^Villiam Dinwiddle. The game is described by the collectors under the uame of Ghing- sloot. The four marked faces receive the following names: (a) "Old man." (() "Young man." (/)) "Old woman." ((/) "Young woman." In the play the sticks are held vertically, bunched in the right hand, and struck from underneath on their lower ends by a stone grasi)ed in the left hand, the blow shooting them vertically into the air (Plate 8). 'Histoire de la Louisiaue, Paris, 1768, III, p. 4. Report of U. S, Nalional Museum, 1896— Culin. Plate 8. '°Vil Papago Indian Striking Staves in the Air in Playing Ghing-skoot. FiMiii a photOKrai)li li.v Williani Diiiwiddie. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 739 When 2 hacks and 2 fronts of any sticks come np it eqinils 2. • When 3 fronts and 1 back of any sticks come np it e(iiials 3. When 3 hacks and the " Younj^- Man" come np it coniits 4. All fronts up count 5.' \\hen 3 backs and the "Old Woman" come np it counts 6. All backs count 10. When 3 hacks and the " Yonng Woman" come up it counts 14. When 3 backs and the "Old Man" come up it counts 15. If the sticks touch or iall on one another the throw must he repeated. The counts are kei)tni)on a rectangle marked on the ground (tig. (50), usually approximating 12 by 8 feet, having ten holes or pockets, couut- ing the corners each time, along each side. At two alternate corners are two quadrants called "houses" (Ire) of five holes each, not count- ing the corner holes, called "doors" (jou-ta). O O O O O^'-^^ o o- 740 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. direction after once starting. If "X" throw IH, moving to "o," and "W" throws the same number, enabling him to move to the same point, he "kills" or throws "X's" horse out of play, and he must start his piece over again; and again, if he should throw 14, he accomplishes the same result (there is no "one" in the stick count). However, if "X" should get to "c" and "W" throw 10 from "house," and get to "(/," he does not kill him. If on the next throw "W" throws 14 and "X" has not moved from "c" he kills him. A horse must run entirely around the rectangle and back into the house pockets, where he is safe from being " killed;" but to make him a winning piece, the exact number to count to "rr" must be thrown by the sticks. When a horse is upon a pocket adjoining "<(," a two throw t^^ Fig. CI. SET OF STA\'ES FOR GAME. Lenfitli, 9 inches. Pima Indians, Arizona. Cat. No. 27842, U.S.N.M. is considered out. The object of the game is to carry all the horses around the pockets and out again at "«," the first player succeeding in this being declared the winner. Pima. Arizona. (Cat. Xo. 27842, U.S.X.M.) Set of four sticks of willow' wood, 9 inches in length, j| inch in breadth, and ^ inch iu thickness (fig. Gl). Flat on .one side, which is incised with transverse and diagonal lines filled in with black paint; opposite, rounded and painted red. Collected by Mrs. G. Stout. Pima. Arizona. (Cat. Xo. 27843, U.S.X.M.) Set of four sticks of willow ' wood, 8| inches in length, f inch in breadth, and ^ inch in thickness (fig. 62). Identical with preceding, except in the arrangement of the incised lines. Collected l)y Mrs. G. Stout. ^ Salix amygdaloides. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 741 Pima. Arizona. (Cnt. No. 76017, U.S.N.M.) Set of lour sticks of hazel wood, 7^ inches iu length, h inch iu breadth, Fig. 62. SET OF STAVES FOR GAME. Length, 8g inches. Pima Indians, Arizona. Cat. No. 20S43, U.S.X.M. ] and ^ inch in thickness (flg. 63). Flat on one side, and marked with incised lines cut at angles across the sticks. These lines are painted Fig. 63. SET OF STAVES FOR GAME. Length, 7^ inches. Pima Indians, Arizona. C.it. No. -f,ni7, U.S.N.M. red. and the inscribed faces painted black. Opposite, rounded sides, plain. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. Described as men's sticks. A Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 9. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 10. Sets of Staves for Game of Quince. Lengths: a, 18J iuche.s; b, 16J iuclies: c, llj to 13i inches. Tepeguana Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico. Cat. Nos. 5Y1, ii%, jg§g, American Jluseum of Natural History. New York. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 743 Fis- 65. SET OF STAVES FOE GAME OF RO-MA-LA-KA. LenKth, 6 inches. Tarahuir.ara ludiaus, Pueblo of Carichic, Chihuahua, Mexico. Cat. No. 5%\, American Museum of Natural History, , Fig. 66. SET OF STAVES FOE GAME. Length, 6J inches. Tepejruana Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico. Cat. No. -jf §Si Amtriiaa Musi-um of Natural History. 0*=^ CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 745 Dr. Lumboltz informs me tliat (prince is played by throwing^ the four staves against a flat stone, the counts being kept around a diagram (fig. 07), which consists of holes pecked in the rock, about 3 by 4 feet. PUJUNAN STOCK. XiSHiNAM. California. Powers' gives the following account: The ha is a gaiiio of dice, played by men or women, two, tlirt'e, or four togetlier. TLc dice, fonr in number, consist of two acorns split lengthwise into halves, with the outsides scraped and painted red or black. They are shaken in the hands and thrown into a wide, Hat basket, woven in or- namental patterns, sometimes Avorth $25. One paint and three whites, or vice versa, score nothing; two of each score one; four alike score four. The thrower keeps on throw- ing until he makes a blank throw, when another takes the dice. "When all the i)lay- ers have stood their turn, the one who has V. scored most takes the stakes, which in this game are generally small, say a "bit." SALISHAN STOCK. Clallam. Port Gamble, Washing ton. (Cat. I^o. ]!)r)5;3, Field Co- lumbian Museum, Chicago.) Set of four boaver teeth dice, two with straight lines and two with cir- cles. Collected by llev. Myron Eells. Mr. Eells Avrites: Precisely the same kind are used by the Twana, Puyallup. Snohomish, Chehalis, and Qneniut, in fact by all the tribes on Paget Sound. I have obtained them from the Twana and Qneniut. To this list Mr. Eells has added the Cowlitz, Lummi, Skagit, and Squaxon and the Soke of British Columbia. Tulalip Agencj^, (Cat. No. 130990, Fig. 68. BEAVER TEETH DICE. Lenstli, 1 J to 2 inches Snohomish ( I ) Iiulians, Tidalip Agency, AVashington. Cat. No. 130990, U.S.N.II. Snohomish ( ?)- Washington. U.S.N.M.) Set of four beaver teeth dice ( fig. G8). Two, both lefts, stopped at end and marked on flat side with rings and dots, and two, rights and lefts, both apparently from the same animal, with both sides plain. Twenty-eight radial bones of birds, ' Contributions to North American Ethnology, Washington, 1877, III, p. 332. -It is not possible to determine the tribe exactly. The tril)es atthe Tulalip Agency are given in Powell's Indian Linguistic Families of North America as follows: Sno- homish, 443; Madison, 141; Muckleshoot, 103; Swinomish, 227; Lummi, 295. 746 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Fig. 09. GAME COUNTEliS. RADIAL BONES OF BIRD. Lengtl). about ? inche.s. Snohomish (?) Indiiins, Tulalip Agency, Washington. C.it. No. Ki(»!l(l, U.S.N.M. about 3 inches in length (tig. Gt>), used as counters. Collected by Mr. E. 0. Cheiouse. Designated by the collector as a woman's game. Lku'iNGEN (Songish). Vancouver Island, British Columbia. _ Dr. Franz Boas' gives the following account: Smtiale', a game of dice, i.s played witli four beaver teeth, two being marked on one of their tiat sides with two rows of small cir- cles. They are called "women" {std'vaC-smc- tali'). The two others are marked on one of the flat sides with cross lines. They are called "men" {.siiwe' k-'a smftalC'). One of them is tied with a small string in the middle. It is called iHJc-' aA*" ("' sen. The game is played by two persons. According to the value of tiie stakes, thirty or forty sticks are placed between the players. One begins to throw; When all the marked laces are either up or down he wins two sticks. If the faces of the two "men" are up, of the two "women" down, or rice veraa, he wins one stick. When the face of the iHk-' ak-" e' sen is up, all others down, or iiee versa, he wins four sticks. Whoever wins a stick goes on playing. When one of the play- ers has obtained all the sticks he wins the game. NiSQUALLi. Washington. Mr. George Gibbs'^ states : The women have a game be- longing properly to themselves. It is played with four beaver teeth, me'h-ta-Ja, having particu- lar marks on each side. They are thrown as dice, success de- pending on the arrangement in Fig. 70. SET OF BEAVER TEETH DICE. Length, li inclie.s. Thompson River Indiana, interior of Britisli Columbia. Cat. No. j'g^ij, American Museum of Natural Hi'tory. which they fall. In his Dictionary of the Xisqualli, the name of the game is given as nietala, s'tne-tala; the highest or four point of the dice, lils. ' Second General Report on the Indians of British Columbia, Report of the Sixtieth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Leeds, 1890, London, 1891, p. 571. -Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, p. 206. CHESS AND PLAVriTG-CAEDS. 747 NSLAKYAPAMUK (Niakiipaiiinx). Tli()ini)son Kiver Indians, interior of Britisli Columbia. (Cat. No. -9^%, Anier. Mas. of Nat. Hist., New York.) Set of four beaver teeth dice (tij>:. 70); one, partly sjdit, wrapped with sinew. JM;irkeeculiaritie8 in the count which Inever(i^uite mastered, but I remem- Fiff. 74. SET OF STICKS K(IK GAME. Length, 21 inches. Paiute Indians, Nevada. Cat. No. 19054, U.S.N.M. ' Mr. Frederick W. Hodge informs me that the Uinkaret formed a division of the PaiutH, and in 187.3-74 lived in mountains of the same name in Northern Arizona. "Their popuhitiou at tiiat time was only 401, and I have no doubt they are ofiieially recognized as Paiute proper. The name means ' Where the pine grows.' Powell is the only one who has mentioned them, as he is practically the only student who has studied this branch of the Shoshonean tribes." 750 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896 ber tliat I was satisfied that every ]iiece represented a region. Tlie bark cards were shuffled by tossing them in a little tray basket, or kaichoals, sometimes used by the women as caps, but having a more general use as gathering baskets. They were shaken up under the concealment of a blanket and tossed upon another blanket, and different arrangement produced different numbers, which were counted upon little sticks. Each party in the game started with a definite number of these sticks, and the final winner was the one who accumulated all iu his pile. Fig. 75. SBT OP STAVES FOR GAME. Length, 10 incbes. Shoshoni Indians, Fort Hall Agency, Idaho. Cat. No. 22286, U.S.N.M. SIOUAN STOCK. AssTNABOiN. Dakota. (Cat. No. 8498, U.S.N.M.) Set of four stick.s of i)olisbed liickory 15^ inches iu length, about 1 inch iu breadth iu center, tapering to f inch at ends, and ^ incli iu thickness. Two are burued on one side with war calumets, or toma- hawks, and with crosses (stars!) at each eud, and two each with four Fig. 76. SET OF STAVES FOE GAME. Length, 15J inches. Assinaboin Indians, Dakota. 0»t. No. 8498, tJ.S.N.M. bear tracks, with stripes of red paint between (fig. 76). Opposite sides plain. Ends rounded, one notched and tied with sinew to prevent splitting. Collected by Dr. J. P. Kimball. Assinaboin. U])per Missouri. In a report to Hon. Isaac I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Terri- tory, on the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri, by Mr. Edwin T. CHE&S AND PLAYING-CARDS. 751 Denig, a manuscript ^ in the library of the Bureau of American Eth- nology, there occurs tlie following accounts of the bowl and stave game among the Assinaboin: . Most of the leisiu-c time, either by night or by day, among all these nations is devoted to gambling in various ways, and such is their infatuation that it is the cause of much distress and poverty in families. For this reason the name of being a desperate gambler forms a great obstacle in the way of a young man getting a wife. Many quarrels arise among them from this source, and we are well acquainted with an Indian who a few years since kiHed another because after winning all he had he refused to put up his wife to be played for. Every day and night in the sol- dier's lodge not occupied by busi- ness matters presents gambling in various ways all the time; also in many private lodges the song of hand gambling and the rattle of the bowl dice can be heard. Women are as much addicted to the practice as men, though their games are difl'ercnt, and not being in possession of much projicrty their losses, although 'considerable to them, are not so distressing. The princijial game played by men is that of the bowl, or cosso-6, "which is a bowl made of wood with flat bottom 1 foot in diame- ter or less, the rim turned np about 2 inches, and highly polished inside and out. A drawing and a descrip- tion of the arithmetical principles oi this game is now attached in thisplace. Themanner of counting therein mentioned is the nuinner in which we learned it from the Indi- ans, but the value of each of the articles composing the dice can be and is changed sometimes in default of some of them being lost, and again by agreement among the players in order to lengthen or shorten the game or facilitate the counting. How- ever, the best and most experienced Lauds play it as it is represented. It can be played between two or four; that is, either one on each side or two against two. The game has no limit unless it is so agreed in the commencement, but this is seldom done, it being usually understood that the jilayers continue until one party is com]di-tely ruined. The dice and their counts [tig. 77] are as follows: One large crow's claw, red on one side and black on the other, being the only one that will occasionally stand on end, in which case twenty-live for it is counted, besides its value of live when on its side. Four small crow's claws, i)ainted the same as the large one, which count live each if the red side turns uj); if the black, nothing. Five plum stones, black on one side and scraped white on the other; the black sides turned np are A'alued at four each; the white sides nothing. Five small round pieces of blue china, i inch in diameter, which count three each for the blue side; the white side nothing. Fij;. 77. ASSINABOIN BOWL GAME. From a sketch by Edwin T. Denig. 1 Kindly loaned to the writer by the librarian of the Bureau, Mr. Frederick Webb Hodge. 752 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Fivo vest buttons, the eyes lileil off; the (\vc side turned up (onnts two ciicli ; tlie smooth side iiothinuj. Five heads of brass tacks; tlie concave side turuiiig up counts one each; the convex side nothing. J-"unt Throw : Biy claw on end, 30, and 3 red claws, 15 ^45 2 burnt sides up, iiotliinji; =- 3 blue sides up, 3 each -^: 9 1 eye siile up, nothing =: 1 concaves uji, 1 each = 4 58 Second TJiroxr : 2 red, none ou end, nothing by claws 3 burnt sides up, 4 each 5 blue sides up, 3 each 3 eye sides up, 2 each 2 concaves, nothing by tacks = =-12 = 15 = 6 = 33 7'hhd TInoiv : N. ]}.—This is the best throw that can be made and takes all tiie stakes when tho game docs not exceed 100. Big claw ou end, 30, all the rest red, 20 =^50 5 burnt sides up, 4 each :=20 5 blue sides up, 3 each = 15 5 eye sides u]), 2 each = 10 5 concave tacks, 1 each =^ 5 Fijr. 78. 100 CUU.NT.-> IN ASSIN.VBOIN HOWl, CAME. Vr.Mii a sketch l.y E.hviu T. Delli-. The bowl is held by the tii)S of the four fingers inside the rim. and the thumb underneath. The dice being i)ut in, they are thrown up a few iuches'by strikin.; the bottom of the bowl on the ground, so that each counter makes several revolutions. It is altogether a game of chance, and no advantage can be taken by anyone in making tlie throws. The conut<'Vs or dice never leave the bowl, but are counted as the value turns ui> accordingto the plate inserted in this place describing the same. One person h iviug shaken it and the amount of his throw having been ascertained, a re<|uisiLe number of small sticks are placed before him, each stick counting one. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 753 In this way the game is kept, but each keeps his adversary's game, not his own; that is, he liands him a number of sticks equal to the amount of his throw, which are laid so that all can see them. P2ach throws in turn unless the big claw stands on end, in which case the person is entitled to a successive throw. By much practice they are able to count the number turned up at a glance, and the principles of the game being stated on the drawing we will now describe how it is carried on. It has been observed in these pages, iu references to their gambling, that it is much fairer in its nature than the same as carried on by the whites, and this is worthy of attention, inasmuch as it shows liow the loser is propitiated, so that the game may not result in quarrel or bloodsh(Ml, as is often the case. The game is mostly played by the soldiers and warriors, and each must feel equal to the other in courage and resolution ; it is often kept up for two or three days and nights without any inter- mission, except to eat, until one of the parties is ruined. iu'am7*/e.—A plays against B; each puts up a knife, and they throw alternately until 100 is counted by dice; say A wins. B now puts up his shirt against two knives, which is about equal in value ; say A wins again. B then stakes his powder- horn and some arrows against the whole of A's winnings. Should B now win, the game commences again at the beginning, as A would only have lost a knife; but, supi)osiug A wins, B now puts up his bow and quiver of arrows against all A has wou. The stakes are never withdrawn but let lie iu front of them. Say A again wins. B then stakes his blanket and leggings, which are about equal in value to all A has won, or, if not, it is eciualized by adding or subtracting some article. Sup- posing A again to be winner, he would then be in possession of 2 knives, 1 shirt, 1 blanket, 1 powderhorn, 1 bow and quiver of arrows, and 1 pair leggings, the whole of which the Indians value at 8 robes. B now stakes his gun against all the above of A's winnings; now if A again wins, he only retains the gun, and the whole ot the rest of the property won by A returns to B, but he is obliged to stalce it all against his gun in possession of A, and ]day again. If A wins the second time, he retains the whole, and B now puts u]i his linrse against all of A's winnings, including gun. If A wius, he retains only the horse, and the gun and everything else revert again to B, he being obliged to stake them again against the horse in A's possession. If A wins this time, hefkeeps the whole, but if B wius he only gets back the hor.se and gun, and all the rest of the property goes to A. Supposing B again loses and continues losing uutil all his personal property has passed into the hands of A, then B, as a last resort, stakes his wife and lodge against all his property in the hands of A. If A wins, he only keeps the woman; the horse, gun, and all other property returns again to B, with the understanding, however, that he stake it all to get back his wife. Now if B loses, he is ruined, but if A loses he gives up only the woman and the horse, continuing to play with the rest of the articles against the horse until one or the other is broke. At this stage of the game the excitement is reri) great. The spectators crowd around and intense fierceness prevails. Few words are exchangeil, and no remarks made l)y those looking on. If the loser be completely ruined and a desperate man, it is more than likely he will by quarrel endeavor to repossess himself of some of his property, but they are generally well matched in this respect, though bloody struggles are often the conseijuence. We have known Indians to lose everjithing, horse, dogs, cooking utensils, lodge, wife, even to his wearing apparel, and be obliged to beg an old skin from someone to cover himself, and seek a shelter in the lodge of one of his relations. It is, however, considered a mark of manliness ta sutfer no discomposure to be perceptible on account of the loss, but in most cases we imagine this a restraint force-. 80, there being two pairs marked alike. Opposite, unmarked and showing texture of bone. Ends rounded. Collected by Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A. Described as BASKET FOR DICE GAME. Diameter, 7i Inches. ManJau Indians, Fort Berthold, Korth Dakota. Cat. No. 8427, U.S.N.M. women's gambling instruments. Dr. Matthews states in a private letter to the writer that these bone staves were not thrown so as to rebound, but gently, ends down, on a blanket. 756 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Iowa. Catlin' describes a game among the Iowa uuder the name of Kon-tho- (jra ("Game of I'latter"). This is the fascinating tjame of the women, aiul exclusively their own, jilayed with a number of little blocks of wood the size of a half-crown piece, marked with certain points for counting the game, to be decided by throws, as they are shaken into a bowl and turned out on a sort of pillow. The bets are made after the bowl is turned, and decided by the number of points and colors turned. Mandan. Fort Berthold, North Dakota. (Cat. Xo. 84L>7, H.S.N.M.) Set of five bone dice with incised designs (fig. 81) filled in with red paint, and basket of woven grass (fig. 82) 7^ inches in diameter at top and 3 inches deep. With the dice is a small clay effigy, 1:^ inches in length, with legs ontspread, and with arms and head missing (fig. 83). Collected by Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A. Catlin' mentions tbe game of the platter among the Mandan. Omaha. Dr. J. Owen Dorsey'' gives the following account under the name of "Plum-stone Shooting," 5£a"'-si kide: * Five plum-stones are provided, three of which are marked on /"/f"/^''fe one side only with a greater or smaller number of black dots or %4""''' ^^ W-vies and two of them are marked on both sides; they arc, how- / %m ever, sometimes made of bone of a rounded or flattened form, iyJ %\ somewhat like an orbicular button-mold, the dots in this case /' ,fMmr\\\ being impressed. A wide dish and a certain number of small ti"Ww \ \ sticks by way of counters are also provided. Any number of 'ti** \^^ \ persons may play this game, and agreeably to the number en- gaged in it is the quantity of sticks or counters. The plum- ^^S- 83. stones or bones are placed in a dish, and a throw is made by CLAY FETICH USED simjily joltlng the vcsscl agaiust tlic grouud to uiakc thc sccds or i\ DICE GAME. ijoiies rcbound, and they are counted as they lie when they fall. Length, U inches. .^,j^^ party ])lay8 around for the first throw. Whoever gains all the Maiul.in Indians, g|j<.ks in the course of the game wins the stake. The throws sue- x"'^.i T» 1 .' '' ceed each other with so much rapidity that we vainly endeavor toAorth Dakota. \. -i •> ,• . X ,,- T- ex. A, observe their laws of computation, which it was the sole busi- ness of an assistant to attend to. The seeds used in this game are called \ia"'-si ge. Their number varies. Among the Ponka and Omaha only five are used, while the Oto play with six. Sometimes four are marked alike, and the fifth is black or white (unmarked). Generally three are black on one side and white or unmarked on the other, while two have each a star on one side and a moon on the other. The players must always be of the same sex and class; that is, men must play men, youths with youths, and women with women. There must always be an even number of players, not more than two on each side. There are about twenty ' Thomas Donaldson, The George Catlin Indian Gallery, Report of the Smith- sonian Institution, 188,5, p. 152. -Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North Ameri- can Indians, Londou, 1841, I, p. 132. ' Omaha Sociology, Third Annual Report of the lUireau of Ethnology, Washington, 1884, p. 334. 'Miss Alice C. Fletcher gives nn' the name of the game as gko«-fhi. Gko« is the first syllalile of the word gko/(-de, "plum;" thi means seed. The game is described by MaJ. S. H. Long (Account of an Fxi)cdition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Moun- tains, I, p. 215) under the name of Kon-se-lc-da. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 757 sticks used as conntiTs. These are made of deska, or of some other grass. The seeds are put in a bowl, which is hit against a pillow and not ou the bare ground, lest it should break the bowl. When three seeds show black and two have the moon on the upper side it is a winning throw, but when one is white, one black, the third black (or white), the fourth showing a moon, and the fifth a star, it is a los- ing throw. The gam(^ is played tor small stakes, such as rings and necklaces. Fig. 84 represents a set of ijluui-stones from the Omaha, collected by- Miss Alice (J. Fletcher. Two have a star on one side and a crescent iiioou on the other, the device being in white on a burnt ground, and three white or plain on one side and black on the otlier. They were accompanied by a hem;spheri(;al bowl made of walnut, V2 inches in diameter, of ])erfect form and finish, and about one hundred slips of the stalks of the blue Joint grass, about 12 inches in length, used as counters. A B Fig. 84. SET OF PLUM STONES KOIi OAME. (A, obverse; B, rever.se.) Diameter, J inch. Omaha Iiitliaiia. In the possession of Miss Alii-e C. Fletcher. Dakota Sioux. South Dakota. (Cat. No. 153365, U.S.N.M.) Set of .seven plum-stones, plain ou one side and with marks burnt upon the other. Collected by Dr. Z. T. Daniel,' who describes the game as foUows under the name of Kansu: This is a very ancient game of the Sioux Indians, played usually by (dderly women, although young women and men of all ages play it. Kansu is an abbreviation of kanta hii, which means plum-seeilics gcncijilly the earth. If 1 and 2 fall upwards, the game is won. If hilt (>i:e of these fijinics lall upwards and at the same time 3 and 4 are np, the game is also won. The other numbers, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are all blanks. B denotes the reversed sides of A, which are all blanks. Set C shows ditterent characteristics, with a single chief figure (.5), which repre- sents the Falco furcatiis. This throw indicates half a game, and. entitles the tl:rower to repeat it. If the same figure (5) turns up, the game is won. If uo success attends it by throwing up the chief figure, the throw passes to other hands. 1) is the reverse of C and is a blank throw. In set E, No. .5 represents a ninskrat. The three dots (7) indicates two-thirds of a throw and the thrower can throw again; but if he gets blank the second time, the dish passes on to the next thrower. Set F is invested with difl'erent powers. No. I represents a bulfalo, and 2 and 3 denote chickeu hawks, fluttering horizontally in the air. The chief i)ieces (5, G, and 7) have the same powers and modifications as A. To play this game, a little orifice is made in the ground and a skin put in it. Often it is also played on a robe. The women and young men plaj- this game. The bowl is lifted with one hand about 3 or 4 inches and sud;lenly ]iushed down to its ]dace. The plum-stones fly over several times. The stake is first put up by all who wish to play. A dozen can play at ouce, if it be desirable. Dr. H, C. Yarrow' refers to the plum stone game, in liis paper on In- dian mortuary customs, as described to bim by Dr. Charles E. jMcChes- uey, IT, S. A., among the Walipeton and Sisseton (Dakota) Sioux. After the death of a wealthy Indian the near relatives take charge of the effects, and at a stated time, usually at the time of the first feast held over the bimdle con- taining the lock of hair, they are divided into many small piles, so as to give all the Indians invited to play an opportunity to win something. One Indian is selected to represent the ghost, and he plays against all the others, who are not required to stake anythingon the result, but simply invited to take part in the ceremony. Which is usually held in the lodge of the dead person, in whicli is contained the bundle containing the lock of hair. In cases where the ghost himself is not wealthy the stakes are furnished by his rich friends, should ha have any. The players are called in one at ;i time, and play singly against the ghost's representative, the ganililing being done in recent years by means of cards. If the invited player succeeds in beating the ghost, lie takes one of the piles of goods and passes out, when another is invited to play, etc., until all the piles of goods are won. In cases of men, only the men play, and in cases of women, the women only take part in the ceremony. Before white men came among these Indians and taught them many of his improved vices, this game was played by means of figured iilum seeds, the men using eight and the women seven seeds, figured as follows and as shown in plate 13. Two seeds are simply blackened on one side (AA), the reverse {aa) containing nothing. Two seeds are black on one side, with a small 8i)ot of the color of the seed left in the center (BB), the reverse side (&&) having a black spot in the center, the body being plain. Two seeds have a buffalo's head on one side (C) and the reverse (c) simply two crossed black lines. There is but one seed of this kind in the set used by women. Two seeds have the half of one side blackened and the rest left plain, so as to represent a half moon (DD); the reverse {M) has a black longitudinal line crossed at right angles by six small ones. There are six throws whereby the player can win, and five that entitle him to anoth<'r throw. The winning throws are as follows, each winner taking a i»ile of the ghost's goods: Two plain ones up, two plain Avith black spots up, bufialo's head up, and two half moons up wins a pile. Two plain black ones up, two black with natural spot up, two longitudinally crossed ones up, and the transversely crossed one up wins a pile. ' Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians, First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1881, p. 19."). Repoit of U. S. National Museum, li Plate 13. Ci Figured Plum Stones for Games. Dakota Sioux. After Yarrow. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 761 Two ])lain black ones up, two black with uatural spots up, two half moons up, and the transversely cross one up wins a ])ile. Two plain black ones, two black with natural spot up, two half moons up, and the buii'alo's head up wins a pile. Two plain ones up, two with black spots up, two longitudinally crossed ones up, and the transversely crossed one up wins a pile. Two plain ones up, two with blaik spots u]), buffalo's head uj), and two long crossed up wins a ])ile. The following auxiliary throws entitle to another chance to win: Two plain ones up, two with black s])ots up, one half moon up, one longitudinally crossed one up, and butifalo's head up gives another throw, and on this throw, if tlu^ two plain ones up and two with black spots with either of the half moon or butit'alo's head up, t lie ])la,\ er takes the pile. Two plain ones up, two with black spots up, two half moons u]!, and the transversely crossed one up entitles to another throw, when, if all the black sides come up excepting one, the throw wins. One of the plain ones u]) and.all the rest with black sides up gives another throw, and the same tbeu turning up wins. One of the phiin black ones up with that side up of all the others having tbe least black in them gives another throw, when the same turning Fig. S7 PLUM STONES FOR GAJIE. (A, obverse; B, reverse.) Diameter, about A inch. Yaiiktoi) Sioux. Cat. i\os. r.iiad, 23.557, U.S.N.M. up again wins. One half moon up with that side up of all the others having the least black on gives another throw, and if the throw is then duplicated it wins. The eighth seed, used by men, has its place in their game wheneNer its facings are mentioned above. The permutations of the winning- tiirows may be seen in the follow- ing table: aa hh C DD AA 7G2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. TAfJOAN STOCK. Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico. Cat. No. 176707, U.S.N.M Set of three blocks of wood, 5^ inches in len^jth, 1 inch in brendth, and 'i inch in thickness (lig. 88). Flat and painted red on one side; opposite rounded and painted reddish brown. One stick has fifteen transverse notches painted green on the rounded side. The notches are divided by an incised cross painted yellow.^ BLOCKS FOR GAME OF TUGI-E PFE. Length, 5J inches. Tewa Indians, Santa Clara, New Mexico. Cat. No. 176707, U.S.N.M. The following account of the game, from an unpublished manuscript 'Another set, colleottHl by Mr. T. S. Dozier, in the Musenin of Archteoloiiy of the University of Penusylvanica (Cat. No. 20153), has the notches painted green, red, yellow, and hlne and the cross red. These marks appear to imitate wrappings of cord of different colors, probably the wrappings of the ailatl. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 763 by the collector, was kindly placed in my bands by Mr. F. Webb Ifodge, of the Bnreau of Anierican Ethnology: Grains of coin or pebbles are laid in the form of a scinare, in sections of ten each. Tlic two jilayers sit on eitlier side. Tlie sticks, called e-pfe, are thrown in turn on a stone placed in the square. Tiie counts are as follows : 2 flat and notched stick notches up =: 1.5 3 round sides up ^10 3 flat sides up = 7 2 flat and 1 lound side not notched up =: 3 1 flat and 2 round sides not notched ui>= 1 The players move tiieir markers between the giaius or pebbles according to their throw, going in opposite directions. The one first returning to the starting point wins. This is the ordinary way. Sometimes, the markers being considered as horses, a player will attempt to kill his adversary's horses. In tbis case he so announces at the commencement of the gan)e, and he then moves his marker in the same direction, and, by duplicating the first throw, or, if at any future stage of the game, alwaj'8 following, he succeeds in placing his marker where his adversary's is, by so doing he kills that horse (marker) and sends him back to the place of beginning. The latter may then elect to move in the same direction as before, and kill and send back his adversary, but, if he wishes, he may go in the opposite direction, in which case he does no killing. The game is called Tuf/i-e-j)fc, meaning "the thrown stick" (tugi "to throw"). Mr. Dozier states that the stick with fifteen notches gives rise to the Mexican name of Quince (ftlteen), which is sometimes given its Tewa equivalent Tadi-pira no-pfe^ and Juego de Pastor (Shepherd's game). Tewa. Isleta, New Mexico. Mr. Charles F. Lummis^ gives the following acconut of the game in Isleta: The boys gather forty smooth stones the size of the fist, and arrange them in a circle about 3 feet in diameter. Between every tenth and eleventh stone is a gate of 4 or 5 inches. These gates are called p'dy-hlah (rivers). In the center of the circle, ija-tol ixilit-hch—"pa-tol house," is placed a large cobblestone, smooth and approximately flat on top, called h>iee-oh-tee-(ii/. There is your pa-tol ground. The pa-tol sticks, which are the most important part of the paraphernalia, are three in number. Sometimes they are made by splitting from dry branches, and sometimes by whittling from a solid block. The chief essential is that the wood be firm and hard. Th(> sticks are 4 to 5 inches long, about an inch wide, and a quarter of an inch thick, and must have their sides flat, so that the three may be clasped together very much as one holds a pen, but more nearly perpendicular, with the thumb and first three fingers of the right hand. Each stick is plain on one side and marked on the other, generally with diagonal notches, as shown in fig. 8r). The only other requisite is a kah-nid-ileh (horse) for each player, of whom tliere may be as many as can seat themselves around the pa-tol house. The "horse" is merely a twig or stick, used as a marker. When the players have seated them- selves, the first ti'.kes the patol sticks tightly in his right hand, lifts them about as high as his chin, and, bringing them down with a smart vertical thrust, as if to harpoon the center stone, lets go of them when they are within some 6 inches of it. The three sticks strike the stone as one, hitting on their ends squarely, and, rel)oi!nd- ing several inches, fall back into the circle. The manner in which thev fall A New Old Game, in A New Mexico David, New York, 1891, p. 183. 764 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«96. \ N \ CHKSS AND PLAYIXG-CAKDS. 7f)5 I feel quite confident, I saw it also in San Juan (Tewan), though of that I would not be positive. I can not remember seeing the game played in Jemez, Picuris, and Pqjo.ique (Tewau); in Sia (Keresan) or any of the Moqui Pueblos excejit Teliua (which of course is a village of migration from the Eio Grande). In Nambo (Tewan) I never saw it, I am sure. Tit:- 91. STAVES AND MARKIX(; STICKS USED IN THE GAME OK CASEHEA-PA-NA. Lengths, 4J and 4| inches. Tewa Indians, Taos, New Mexico. Cat. No. •.'0153, Museum of Archeology, University of Pennsylvauia. Tewa. Taos, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 20123, Mus. Arch., Univ. Peon.) Set of three sticks, 4^ inches in length, f inch broad, and A inch thick (fig. 91.) One side round with bark and the other flat. One of the sticks has eight transverse cuts on the bark side, as shown in the figure, with 766 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. the oi)i)osite flat side smeared with red paint. Also two twigs, 4f inches in length, with sharpened ends, one having two nicks cut near one end CO Q Fig. 92. CIRCUIT FOR GAME OF CA-SE-HE-A-PA-NA. 'i'ewa Indians, Taos, New Mexico. From a sketch tiy Dr. T. P. Martin. to distinguish it. Employed in the game of Ca-se-he-a-pa-na (Spanish, Pastore). of which the collector, Dr. T. P, Martin, of Taos, has furnislied the following account: A circle, from 2 to 3 feet in diameter (fig. 92), is marked oii the ground with small stones. One hnndred and sixty stones are used, with larger ones at each quarter, dividing the circle into four quarters of forty stones each. A line AB is marked out as a " river," and is usually marked from east to west. The line CD is designated as a "trail." A large stone is placed in the center. There are two players, each of whom takes one of the little twigs, which are known as "horses," A player takes the three stones, holds them together, and drops them vertically upon the large stoue. He counts according to their fall, and moves his hor.se as many places around the circuit. They throw and move iu turn, going in opposite directions, one starting from K and the other from M. If M passes point B before K reaches it, and meets K's horse anywhere around the circle, K's horse is said to be "killed," and has to go back to A and start over again, and rice versa. A chief point in the game is to reach B before the other player, so as to kill him on the second half of the circle. Fig. 93. W. ODEN DIE. Kwakiutl IndianH British Columbia. Field Columliian Museum Chicago. (After Boas.) CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 767 Tlio counts are iis iollowa: 2 tlat and notched sticfc notches np = 15 15 rountl sides nj) ^= 10 3 flat sides nj) = 5 2 dat and 1 round side not notched up = 1 1 Mat aud 2 round sides uot uotched up := 1 This game is usually phiyed all night on the night of November 3d of each year. November 3d is known as '' The Day of the Dead," aud this game seems iu some way to be connected with it, or rather with its celebration, but I can uot tind out any tradition (Miuuectiug the two. WAKASHAN STOCK. KwAKiUTL. Britisli Columbia. Dr. Franz Boas' describes these Indians as using- wooden dice (tig. 93) in a game called Eihai/u. "The casts count according to the narrowness of the sides.'' The dice collected by him are iu the Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 94. ^^^ BEAVER TEETH DICE. Length, 2 to 2J iuches. Makah lutlians, Neali Bay, Washiugtou. Cat. No. 233.il, U.S.N.M. Makah. Neah Bay, Washington. (Cat. No. 2;'>351, U.S.N.M.) Seven beaver teeth, probably part of two or more sets. Two—right and left—a[)i)arently from the same animal are similarly marked on tlie Hat si«le with chevron pattern (fig. 94 AB). Two. also apparentl^^ from the same animal, marked with circles and dots (fig. 94 CD). Two leeth—right and left—are marked with three chevrons, and one odd toiith has ten circles. Collected by Mr. J. G. Swan. The following account of the game is given by the collector: Four teetli are used; one side of each lias marks aud the other is plain. If all four marked sides come up. or all four i)Iaiu sides, the throws form a double; if two marked and two ])laiu ones come up, it is a single; iineveu numbers lose.- 'Sixth Report on tlic Indians of British Columbia, p. 10. = The Indians of Cape riattery, Smithsoniau Contributions to Kuowledge, 2l'U,p. 44. 768 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. He also states tliis game is usually played by the women, and that the beaver teeth are shaken in the hand and thrown down.' YUMAN STOCK. CocoPA. (Cat. No. 76105, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks of willow'^ wood, 8 inches long, about Ij^ inches broad, and ^ inch thick (fig. 95). Flat on one side, which is uniformly marked lengthwise in the center with a band of red paint about .] inch in width. Opposite, rounded and unpaiuted. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. Fig. 95. SET OF .STAVES I'OR GAME. Lengtii, 8 inches. Cocopa ludians. Cat. No. 76IB.'i, U.S.N.M. Havasupat. Arizona. Mr. G. Wharton James has furnished the writer with the following account: Squatted around a circle of small stones, tlie circle having an opening at a certain jtortiou of its circumference, called the yam-se-liyalb-ye-ka, aud a large flat stone in the centre called tad-he-che-ka, the Havasupai play the game called Hue-ta-qiiee-che- ka. Any number of players can engage in the game. . The players are chosen into sides. The first phxyer begins the game by holiling ill his hand three pieces of short stick, white on one side and red on the other. These sticks are called ioh-bv-ya, and take the place of our dice. They are (lung rapidly upon the central stoue, tail-he- che-ka, aud as they fall counts are made as follows : S whites up =10 2 whites, 1 red up := 2 2 reds, 1 white up= 3 3 reds :==; 5 ' The Northwest Coast, or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857, p. 158. - Salix amygdaloides. CHEJ-S AN]) PLAYING-CARDS. 769 his. 96- .SliT OF IJLOCKS FOlt GAME. Leiigtli, C^ inches. Mohave Indians, Arizona. Cat. No. 10334, U.S.N.M. i'ig. 97. SET OF BLOCKS FOR UAMK. Length, Giiulifs. Mohiivo Indians, southern C;ili(. rnia. C;it. No. 24UI], U.S.N.iM. NAT MUS 1)() 40 770 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Tallies are kept by placing short sticks between the stones, hue, that compose the circle, one si1.^ Fig. 98. GAMING STICKS. Leiigtb, 5f inches. Mohave Indians, Arizona. Cat. No. 10090, Peabody Museum of Anierican Archseology. designs (fig. 97) similar to those on the preceding; opposite, rounded and unpaiuted. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. Mohave. Arizona? (Cat. ^o. 10090, Peabody Museum.) Set of four liambling sticks, 5f inches in length and 1^ inches in width. Marked on one face with designs as shown in fig. 98; opposite sides i)lain. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. Mohave. Arizona! (Cat. :No. 10090, Peabody Museum.) Set of four gambling sticks, 3^ to 3f inches in length and H i^ch in width. Miiiked on one face with red and black designs; opposite l»laiii. Collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. ' Salix amygdaloidea. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 771 ZUNIAN STOCK. ZuNi. Xew Mexico. (Cat. No. 09l>85, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of larch wood, 3^ iuches in length, 1 inch in breadth, and 3^ inches in thickness (fig. 99). Section rectangular. One side painted red, opposite nnpainted. ZuxNT. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 69004, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of piPion wood (one missing), 3f inches in length, 11 iuches in breadth, and ,% i"<'^' i^ thickness. One side flat and black- ened; opposite roughly rounded and nnpainted. Ends cut straiglit across and painted black. Fig. 99. SET OP BLOCKS FOR GAME OF TA'-SHO'-LI-WE. Length, SJ inches. Zniil Indians, Kew Mexico. Cat. No. 692S3, U.S.N.M. ZiiNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. G9355, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks rudely shaped from pinon wood, oj inches in length, finch in breadth, and about -^ inch in thickness. Section rect- uugular, with both sides flat; one painted black, opposite plain. ZiiNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 69352, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of i)inon wood, 5i inches in length, IJ inches in breadth, and about ^ inch in thickness. One side flat and painted black; opposite rounded and painted red. ZuNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 69284, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of pifion wood, oi inches in length, ;;r inch in breadth, and about -j\ inch in thickness. Slightly rounded on both sides, one being painted black and the other red. 772 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. ZuSi. New INFexico. (Cat. No. 09354, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of pi Hon wood, 5i inches in length, about If inches in breadth, and -fV inch in tliickness. Painted black on one side; oppo- site unpainted. Corresponding ends on one side cut straight across, and opposite with one corner ronuded. ZUNI. New Mexico. (Cat. No. G9340, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of pine wood, G inches in length, l-f-,r inches in breadth, and ,^6 '"^^ i" thickness. Section rectangular. One side marked with triangles of red and black paint; oi)i)Osite unpainted. Fig. 100. SET OF BLOCKS FOR GAME OF TA'-SHO'-LI-WE. Length, 4 inches. Zani Indians, New Mexico. Cat. No. 69287, U.S.n!m. ZuNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 69287, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of white pine, 4 inches in length, f inch in breadth, and -,\ i"ch in thickness (fig. 100). One face Hnl with triangles i^ainted red and black and outlined by incised lines. Oi)posite rounded aud unpainted. ZuNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 69281, U.S.N.M.) Set of three sticks of yellow pine, 5^ inches in length, 1 inch in breadth, and § inch in thickness (fig. 101). One face flat and unpainted; opposite rounded and i)aiiited red and black in triangular designs, the triangles on one side being red with a black inner triangle and vice versa. The outline of the larger triangles is deeply incised. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 773 ZuNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. ()<)()03, U.S.N.M.) Set of tliree sticks of basswood' 4| inches in length, 1|^' incli in bieadtli, and i\ inch iu thickness (lij;-. 102). P'Uit and painted light red on one side; opposite rounded and jjainted in triangu hi r designs in red and black, the j^attern being double that on the preceding: Cat. Nos. 69340, G9287, and 09281. Fig. 101. SET OF BLOCKS FOR OAME OF TA'-SHO'-LI-WE. Length, 5J inclies. Znni, New Mexico. Cat. No. 692SI, U.S.N.M. The preceding Zunian staves were collected by Col. Jarnes Steven- son. They were all used, as I am informed, by Mr. Cashing, for the game of Ta'-sho'-U-ice, or " wooden canes '' (one of the seven sacred games of Zufii), which he described to me as follows: Ta'-s}io'-U-ice- is played accordiug to the throws of three wooden blocks, painted red on one side and black upon the other, around a circle of stones placed upon the sand. Two or four players enj^age, using two or fonr splints as markers, and advancing, according to their throws around the circle, which is divided into forty parts by ' Deal boards, imported into Znni. - Ta'-sho'-U-we was desi^ribcd by .lohn G. Owens ("Some Games of the Znni") in the Popular Science Monthly for May, 1891. He gives the name of the central stone as 774 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1>96. pebbles or fragments of pottt-ry, and has four openings called "doorways" at its four qnartfirs. At the commencement of the game four colored splints are arranged at these points: at the top (North) a yellow splint; at the left (West) a blue; at thel)Ottom (South) a red, and at the right (East) a white splint. The blocks are tossed ends down on a disk of sandstone placed in the middle of the circle, and the counts are as follows: 3 red sides up =10 3 black sides up =5 2 red and one black = 3 2 black and one red = 2 A count of ten gives another throw. West move around from right to left, When four play, the straws of the North and and those of the South and East from left to right. When a player's move terminates at a division of the circle occupied by an /jTTr^ Fig. 102. SET OF BLOCKS FOR GAME OF TA'-SHO'-LI-WE. Leugth, 4g inches. Zulii, Kew Mexico. Cat. No. 69003, U.S.N.M. adversary's straw, he takes it up and sends it back to the beginning. It is custom- ary to make the circuit of the atones four times, beans or corn of different colors being used to count the number of times a player has gone around. The colors on the Avooden blocks or dice symbolize the two conditions of men : Red, light or wakefulness; Black, darkness or sleep. The splints have the following symbolism: At top, yellow, north, air. Winter; a-r€ij-U]i and the dice ta-mei/. For counting, each player has a horse or louche. "The horse is supposed to drink at the intervals iK-tween tlie groaps of stones. One game which I witnessed had loaded ride cartridges for stakes. Each player placed his bet within the circle." CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 775 At left, bine, west, water, Spring; At bottom, red, south, fii-e, Summer; At rii;ht, a\ hite, east, earth. Autumn. The following is a Aocabulary of the game: Blocks: Ta'-sho'-U'-we; literally, "Of wood canos." Splints: Ti-we. Cirele of stones: fte tchi na hya atve; litei'ally, "From one to another succeeding: '' Doorway: A weita a fe kwi a; literally, "Doorway, all directions of." Beans used as counters: A-tvi yah nu-kya no-we; literally, "For keeping count beans." Fig. ]03. SET OF BLOCKS FOR GAME OF TEM THLA-NAH-TA' SHO'LI'-WE. Length, 4 inches. ZuDi Indians, New Mexico. Cat. No. 16531, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylv.iui.i. From the name of this game, fa'-sho'-li-we, or " wood-caues" (wood-cane game), its origin may be referred to the Zunian game of Sho'-li-icc or "canes," the actual canes ol which are replaced with wood in Ta'-sho'-li-tve. Mr. Cusliiiig informs me that a basket game, similar to that described as existing' among tbe Arapaho, Cheyenne, Sioux, etc., is also played in Zufii under the name of Thathi pa-Ui-we^ or ''Tablet bounce basket game." Zuxi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 10531, Mus. Arch., Univ. Peun.) Reproductions' of set of three blocks, originals of pinon wood, 1 inches in length, 1^ inches in breadth, and -pg inch in thickness (fig. 103). 1 Made by Mr. Cushing. 776 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Eectaiigular in section. < )nc side uniformly painted white and opposite witli transverse bands of color separated by black lines of ])aint, in the following order: Yellow, bine, red, variegated, white, speckled, and black.' Mr. Gushing informs me that these blocks are used in a divinitory form of Ta'-sho'-li-ire, called Tem-thld-nahna-ta'-sho'-ii-ire, "of all tlie regions wood-canes." This game is employed in name divination and prognostication of an iiidividnal, usually of a youth, the colors being noted lor the purpose of determining the rank and name signilicant thereof of the one for whom the divination is made. Fig. 104. HIDE USED AS OAMING BOARD IN TEM-THLA-NAH-TA'-SHO'-LIWE. Zufii Indians, New Mexico. Sketch by ;Mr. Kr:ink Hamilton Cushinj;. In this game the counting grains are named for: North: Thlup t,si lira live, '-Yellow medicine seed people." West: Thli a kwa lace, "Blue medicine seed people.'' South: iShi lo a lira lice, "Red medicine seed people." East: K6 ha lura l-we, "White medicine seed peo])le." Upper region : Ku tsu a lica l-we, "Variegated medicine seed people." Lower region: Kwi na Icwa Tcive, "Black medicine seed people." Middle or all-containing region: I to i)a nah na hwa Icwe, "Of all colors medicine seed i)eople." ' For the significance of these colors in Zuni see note, p. 679. The stick with notches (fig. 88), used in the Tewan game, suggests the probability that these painted sticks replaced others wrapped with colored thread or fabric. Compare with the ancient Chinese scepter (fig. 126) banded with live colors by being wrapped with colored cords. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 777 ZuNi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 20031, Mns. Arcli., Univ. Peiiu.) Set of four sticks, 5^ iiiclies in length, in two pairs, each of which consists of a length of reed split in the middle. The inner sides of the Fig. 1U5. SET OF SACRIFICIAL CANES FDR SHO'-LI-WE. (Reverse.) Cat. No. LMll«I, Aluseutn of Aii-)la-oli)Ky. Vniversity of Peiiiisylv reed are painted ;is shown in fig. lOf), and the 0]>posite rounded sides scratched with transverse lines and burned, as shown in tig. lOG. These were employed, according to Mr. Gushing, in the game of mEmMM -..^^ Fig. lUii. SET OF SACRIFICIAL CANES FOB SHO'LI-WE. (Obverse.) Length, 5§ incbes. Zufii Indians, New Mexico. Cat. No. 2(10:11, Museum of Ari:ha'oloKy, ITiiiversity of Ptnnsylv; 8ho'-liiri', or "canes," one of the four games' which are sacrificed to ' In afldit.ion to Sho'-U-ve there were Hdpochiwe, sbnttleeocl; ; fyankolotomawe, hid- den ball, and J/oii/iicauic, kicked stick. All were used in divination. Compare with the lour iSia games described on p. 730. 778 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. the twin war gods Abaiyuta and Matsaileina. These, particular canes were not made to play with, but for the purpose of sacrifice. ZUNI. New Mexico. (Cat. No. (;0289, U.S.N.M.) Two sets, each of four sticks, one of 7f inches and the other 7 inches Fig. 107. SET OF SACRIFICAL CANES FOR SHO'-LI-WE. (Obverse.) Zuiii Indian.s, New Mexico. Cat. No. 69289, U.S.N.M. in length. Made in pairs, like the preceding, of split reed. The inner sides of the reed are painted like the preceding. The outer sides of the longer set are unmarked, while those of the shorter set are marked, as shown in fig. 107. "^-:x.^ V- Fig. lOK. SET OF CANES FOR GAME OF SHO'-LI-WE. (Obverse.) Length, 6^ inches. Zuni Indians, New Mexico. Cat. No. 69217, U.S.N.M. Mr. Cnshing informs me that these two sets were used together, also for sacrificial purposes, the longer one being offered to xVliaiyuta and the shorter to Matsailema.^ ' Miitsailema is somewhat shorter in statue than his twin brother, and all of liis things are made somewhat shorter. He always wears a shorter war club and shorter bow. (Gushing.) Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Cudn. Plate 14, CHESS AND PLAVING-CAliDS. 779 Zt'ni. New Mexico. (Cat, No. r»!)L>77, U.S N.M.) Set of four sticks, (lA iiuilies in length and .\ inch in width, made of split cane. The inner sides painted like the precetling, and the rounded sides scratched with cross marks, as shown in iig. 108. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. Zu.xi. New Mexico. (Cat. No. 60278, U.S.N.M.) Set of four sticks, G inches in length and .1 in incli width, made of split cane. The inner sides painted like the preceding, and the rounded sides marked with cuts, as shown in tig. 109. This set, with the one pre- C( ding, was intended for actual use, and is made of heavy cane, with -ii jn S ^ f= Fig. 109. SET OK CANES FOR SHO'-LI-WE. (Obverse.) Lenglli, 6 inches. Zuni Indiana, New Mexico. Cat. No. 69-278, U.S.X.M. the inside charred at the edges, and unlike the sacrificial sets, which consist of common marsh reed. Mr. Cashing has kindly placed in my hands the following hitherto unpublished account of tiho'-li-ice: ' The game of Sho'-Ii-tve is certainly the most distinctive of any practiced by tlie Zuni Indians. It is not confined to them, but forms of it are found among all the ' Mr. Owens described Sho'-li-ire in the paper referred to in a preceding note (p. 773). The names of the four sticks he gives as follows: The one who.se concave side is entirely black, quin, the Zuni for black; the one with one black end, paih-io; with two black ends, kd-ha-lira; and the one with a black center, ath-lu-a. He figures two of the reeds, and the manner of holding the sticks, which he describes as thrown with the right hand against a suspended blanket and allowed to fall on another blanket. " Two of the pieces belong to each man and are companions. There is a pool with twelve markers, and he who wins the markers wins the game. The winner takes the twelve markers uji into his hands and breathes on them. This is because they have been good to him and allowed him to win. It is wholly a game of chance, and horses, guns, saddles, and everything are staked upon the throw. 780 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. more settled of the. present ludiaiis in Ijotli oar own southwest, and iu northern, western, and central Mexico; w'hih>. variants of it and derived games may he traced over well-nigh the whole western half of our continent. A study of the distinctive marks of the ditterent sticks or cane slips used in this game hy the Zuni would seem to indicate that this peculiar form of it is the most primitive. The reason for this will subsequently appear. The name sho'-li-ive is derived from aho o U, ''arrow, ' and u-e, plural ending, signify- ing "parts of," sho we being the plural of simjile arrows. Sho o li, or "arrow," is derived in turn from sho o Je, "cane/' the termination Ji in the derived word being a contraction of li a, and signifying "out of," "from," or "made of." Thus, the name of the game may be translated "cane arrows," or "eane arrow pieces" or "parts."' These "parts" consist of four slips of cane. From the fact that these slips are so split and cut from the canes as to include at their lower ends portions of the joints or septie of tlie canes, and from the further fact that they are variously banded with black or red paint, or otherwise, it may be seen that they represent the foot- ings or shfiftments of cane arrows in whicli the septa3 at the lower ends serve as stops for the footing or nockiug-plugs. ' A study of the bandings by which these cane slips are distinguished from one another reveals the very significant fact that they are representative of tlie rib- bandings of cane-arrow shaftmenls. I have found that sets of Zuni, as well as the ancestral Cliff Dweller arrows, were thus ribbauded with black or red paint to symbolize, in the arrows so marked, the numerical and successional values of the Four Quarters, each set, especially of war arrows, consisting of four subsets, the shaftments of each differently marked. The reasons for this, and processes of divination by which the members of the different sets among the arrows Avere determined during their manufacture, I have set forth iu a paper on "The Arrow," published in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1895, and also iu the American Anthro- pologist for October of the same year. In the second part of that paper, the publication of which was delayed by my Florida explorations, I proceeded to show liow these various facts indicated quite clearly that the Zuni game of Sho'-U-we was, as itsname implied, developed from the use of actual arrows for divination; and I further instanced many ceremonial usages of simple or ceremonial arrows in such diviuatojy processes as further demonstrating this chxim. It may be well for me to preface a description of the four cane slips constituting the principal apparatus of the game by a statement or two relative to the successional numbers of the Four Quarters as conceived in Zuni dramatography. The Chief or "Master" region, as well as the first, is the North, designated the Yellow; believed to be the source of breath, wind, or the elemeut Air, and the place of Winter; hence of violence or war, and therefore Masculine. The next or second region is the West, designated the Blue ; believed to be the source of moisture or the element Water and the place of Spring, or renewal and fertility ; hence of birth, and therefore Feminine. The next, or third, is the South, designated as the Red; believed to be the source 'The canes are split with reference to the notion that one side is masculine or north, and the other feminine or south. This is determined by the direction or character of the natural growth, as well as by the presence or absence of the leaf pocket iu the joint on the one side or the other of that particular section which forms the shaftment of the arrow (Gushing). In ancient China, according to the Cliow Le (LXII, 37), the arrow maker floated the arrow longitudinally upon water to determine the side which corresponded to the principle of inertia and the side which corresi)onded with the principle of activity. The former sank, while the letter rose. He cut the notch with reference thereto. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 781 of heat oi- the element Fire, and the place of Summer, of yrowtli !inank Hamilton Gushing. Those of the West were also singly ribl)anded coextcnsively with the shaftmeut, but there was oftentimes a narrow terminal band at either end of this broad band, siMuetimes of blue or green, but usually of black. '1 hose of the South were characterized by two bands midway between the two ends and the middle, sometimes of red, but usually of black. Those of the East were characterized by either two narrow bands at either end leaving the whole medial space of the shaftment white, or more often by a single band at the upper end of the shaftment, sometimes composed of two narrow black fillets inclosing white, but usually merely black and not doubles. 'See Outlines of Zuni Creation Myths, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 369. 7alms, breathing deeply, and from the close of the prayers, repeatedly upon them, rubbing and shuffling them vigorously, from which comes the title of a skilled player or a gambler: shos-li, "cane rubber" or "cane shufHer." As they took their seats, each ])laced under the edge of the buti'alo hide in front of his place the pool, consisting of sacre.I white shell beads, or of little tablets representative of various properties and thus forming a kind of currency, since these little symbols were redeemable in the properties they represented or in commod- ities of e(iual value by agreement. Each also laid down at his right side (m the edges of the robe over the pool two kinds of counfers, usually a set of counting straws of broom grass, about six or seven inches long, worn by much use, and varying in num- ber according to the proposed game. From ten to forty or forty-two, or from one hundred to one hundred and two (this latter divided at random into fonr Imndles), was selected by each player. The additional counters were supplied by beans or corn grains, each set, or the set of each player, being of his ajjpropriate color. Four splints, the moving pieces of the game, were laid in their places by the left sides of the passageways. 784 REPOliT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Each player then shuttled his cane < anls back and forth in his palms as before de- sciibod, !is thuniih to smooth and heat them, addressed them, especially tbe stick of his special quarter, as (for the East) " Trhim-mi ko-ha-ktra id i ydthl td iu! " "Now then, white one, come thou uppermost! " Then laying the all-sender (or his special slip as snch) across tlie two middle fingers and the other three slips upon it inside of one another, bis thumb jiressing over their midst, the ends pointed outward over the index linger, and the bases held down to tlie base of the palm by the bent-over little finger (fig. Ill), ho quickly breathed or putfed upon them, shouted at them, and cast them skillfully against the stretched skin of the basket, so that they rebounded swiftly and fell almost unerringly within the circle on the j^y'ioiwe or bed of buffalo hide. Now it was noted which slip lay uppermost over the others. If the White man threw, and if the white stick lay uppermost over all the others, he uttered ^ Fig. 112. SET OP CANES FOE SHO'-Ll-WE (REPROUUCTIONS). Length, 5^ inches. Zufii. Cat. No. 1664:i, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. thanks and the cast counted him fonr and gave him the privilege of another cast. If, moreover, all three slips (except his sender) lay concave sides upward, they counted him ten and gave him a second additional throw. If all three fell convex side up, they counted him five. If two concave sides and one convex side up, they connted him three, and if two convex sides and one concave side up they counted him only one. The player who had the largest number of both kinds of counts after each had tried, led off in the game and was supposed to be favored by the gods at the beginning. With but a slight change in the system of the counting, the game was continued; that is, the double counts were kept if the process included gam- bling—that is, "willingness to 8a( rifice"—but only tln^ counts according to the re- gions, if the game was purely an arrow or war divination. But it is to be noted that in either case an ingenious method was resorted to in order to equalize the counts. Since the North or Yellow man could gain only one and a double throw if his slip CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 785 ^ S « - ^ came uppermost, ho gaiiuul the count of his opponent of the South, if his slip, the slip of the North, fell uppermost on the Ked man's slips. The latter thus forfeited alike his double throw and his appropriate number, three. The tally of these purely cos- mical counts was kept with the bundle of splints; the tally of the cast-counts or their sums were kept with the grains by counting out, and that of the individual by moving the pointer of the passageway as many dots or grain-places to the left as the cast called for. If a player of the East or North overtook a player of the West or South, if his ])ointer fell in the same space, lie maimed his op])oneiit—sent him back to his passageway —and robbed him of his load ; that is, took or made him forfeit his counts. The completion of the fourth circuit by any one of the players closes the ordinary game, providing the sum of the cosmical counts had been won by him, and the player who, with his ijartner, had the largest aggregate of both lot and cosmical counts was the winner. There were many variants of this game as to counts. Some of these were so complifated that it was absolutely impossible for me to gain knowledge of them in the short practice I had in the play. I have given here, not very jirecisely or fully, the simplest form I know, excci)t that of the lot and diagram, which was quite like that of Ta' sho'-Ji-toe (or wood canes), which may be seen by the above description to be an obvious derivative both in mode and name of the older game of "canes." It was evidently thus divorced for purposes of exoteric play, as it is practiced not only by men but also by women. Fig. 112 represents the obverse of a set of Zuni canes for Slio'-li-we reproduced iroin memory by Mr. Cnsbing for the writei' in the summer of 1S93. It will be observed that the a'-ihhi-a, the ujjper- niost cane in tig, 1 12, corresponding with the north, is marked on the convex side with a cross, agree- ing directly in this respect with one of the sticks in the Tewan game (fig. 88). This ijecnliarity, in one form or another, is repeated thronghoiit almost the entire series of implements described, the ob- veise of one of the sticks in many of the sets being carved or burned, while in others one of the staves is tied about the middle. In attempting to ac- count for this it occurred to the writer to compare the Znni stick beaiing the cross mark with an atlall or throwing stick (tig. 113) from a Cliff dwell- ing in Mancos Canyon, Colorado, in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Museum. Mr. Cushing had alrt'iuly suggested to me that the a'-thlu-a, placed beneath the others in throwing corresponded with the atlatl. The comparison contirmed his suggestions. The cross mark is clearly the cross wiap- NAT MUS !)(> 5U 786 HEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. liino- of the atlatl (fig. 114) for the attachment of finger loops. In the opinion of the writer, the Zufii canes may be regarded as symbolic of the atlatl and three arrows, such as are seen carried by the gods in Fig. 114. HANDLE OF ATLATL SHOWING CROSSED WKAPPLNG FOR ATTACHMENT OF FINGER LOOPS. Cliff dwelling, Maucos Canyou, Colorado Museum of Archa?olo[jy, University of Pennsylvania. Mexican i)ictures. From the evidence afforded by the implements employed, the games with tossed canes, staves, etc., I conclude that they must all be referred to the region of cane arrows and the atlatl, probably Mexico and the southwestern United States. A summary of the games described in the j (receding pages is con- tained in the following tables. The games of this class 1 have found recorded as existing among some sixty-one tribes, comprised in twenty- three linguistic stocks, described or collected by some seventy-five observers, extending trom the year 1034 down to the present, and rep- resented by some ninety specimens from forty-one tribes, eighteen stocks, and thirty-nine collectors in the five principal American muse- ums of ethnology: Washington, New York, Chicago, Cambridge, and Philadelphia, and the hands of five individuals. The older accounts of the game among the Indians of Mexico are not included in this enumeration. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 7H7 p a o Q S a a .2 .9 ;o 05 ^ ^ r£ u ^ *= 7<^ ^ 3 -2 ^ -^ r i" ^* -5 B < ^ ^ CO -^ «0 OS CS lO Ci — < CD «0 ^ O .-H .— I ^i OC lO »rs irt -^ !^ -g -2 H 5 o ^ 788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 1 IS 5 CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 789 qpfiqpfifi fi o Q o J I •'••; "Z. otgooooooooojSos i2 12 ^ "^ o= "^ — i., —to <0 C-1 Ol CI (M CI C-i (M »-t •-' ift in o lO o '" lo H^S s a = o c o o c c c o (M ro ^ -* -qi lO 00 cc -* l> t> t^ CJ CI o ,:: ,=5 =£ .5 5 X O . O 1-1 <1 2 S « ^t s3 w O c: « H -si O 1-1 X ic M 2 '^ h 12; Ph Ch ^m r^ '•, r^ rr^ r-i r-> O e C O O C C eS O ft .S G ^ J^i P^ 05 o .— (M rt -*• irs olO<0<0«0^ .r, |0 ?0 lO CO 3 ^ g ^ .5 tr. 2 — a O M) ?, r -^ 7^ ^ '^ -^n ^ "= -.-t a: '^ -r- a =. 3 ^ 5 o ^ CHESS AND PLAYING CARDS. 791 O P g i"^^ % ^ 1*3 « ^ .-t -f if^ t» 00 lOloj^—".-HiOOOT-iOiCD ^1 Xj CI ^ OJ l-l Ift "". ;z; ^ "^ Jzj' 3 ^ 3 3 •3 -2 « »j W Ch H - ci 5 ^ 2 : S. ^ a = s a i H « O o o o o -jj -t: 2. t; -t5 -^ T^ J " ^ CO D -»1 Q p q o rt ;3 o H ? « o cS = uf 3 5 a ^ a o „' C3 - 792 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 1 s CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 793 w 9 fc. > s ,S. O M ^ ^^ 3 5 Cl! P^ 1-5 C^ ^ 2 c« ;::, ^ ^ fee o 3 — c •* ^ 3 .2 • 5 5 5 (5 + + + 00 00 o OS o ,3 l-l H 2 1 " <=> aO M P W pq 00 CO O 'C 10 CO OS O *—< d c-5 : fi Oh »0 CO t— QO O O 704 REPORT OF NATIOKAL MUSEUM, 1896. ^.& S § ^ M we? o « a a c; « o S (^ M P2 I ? d W ^ 5 w + + -H 00 ^ 5 Ad «J) o CO rt t~ cc ^ -. 5 ^ r? 5 5^ ro -f ift OM W W CM 2 S CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 795 796 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. ;= O O R O fi O P CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 797 CD ^ ^ -w ;i^ g » ^ ^^ f^ :=! a a^ £ spap-s opp 5 £ 5 p P4 f^ 5 ^ 798 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1S96. a 3 S a ^ CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 799 c 5 pi 800 REPORT OF NATIONAl^ MUSEUM, 1896. In the summer of 1896, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, while engaged in explorations for the Bureau of American Ethnology, found several ancient split reeds marked in a similar manner to those used in the Zuni game of ^ho'-U-we. These reeds, represented in plate 15, were dug up by him at the Cherlon ruin, near where the Cherlon Fork empties into the Little Colorado, about 15 miles east of Winslow, Arizona. He writes : I have uo means of knowing how old Cherlon ruin is, but very old—no white roan's objects wt^re unearthed there. There were settlements in the vicinity as late as 1700. This may have been one, btit I judge from the ruin and legends that it was much older. The ruin of Cherlon, like many on the banks of the Little Colorado, shows resemblances to ruins on Zufii River, and no doubt has relations with them. Tbe Southern Hoj)! clans claim them, and I fancy both Zuni and Moki are related to tbe clans of Cakwabayfi, "Blue Running Water House." I am indebted to Mr. Wells M. Sawyer, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for the careful drawing (Plate 15) showing the marks on the reeds. One reed is apparently without marks on the exterior, and of the four others two have the same marks, from which the writer infers that they form part of at least two original sets. During the same Fig. 115. - STAVE FOR GAME. Leugtli, 7 inches. Cliff dwellings of Mancos Canyon, Colorado. Museiini oE Ariha'olni.'y, University of IVnnsylvania. season's work. Dr. Fewkes excavated a bowl (Cat. Xo. 157735, IT.S.:t^.M.) from the old ruin of Cunopavi containing a symbolic pictograph of a bird, and a representation of the four reed or stave casts (Plate 10). This bowl was dug up from the old cemetery. Old Cunopavi, or Shi- mopavi, as it is commonly written, he informs me, was inhabited in 1540, and the peo]>le moved to the present site about the end of the seven- teenth century. '"The bowl is of the same ware as the prehistoric pottery of Tusayan, and I think it older than 1540, but that is not proven. The bird is Kwataka, ' Eagle Man/> an old crony of gamblers." Additional evidence of the antiquity of the stave game in North America is afforded by a prehistoric stave of cotton wood (fig. 115), (Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn.), tied at one end with sinew to prevent its splitting, and practically identical with the Navajo staves of cotton wood (Cat. No. 9557, U.S.N.M.), which was found by the Wetherill Brothers in a prehistoric Cliff dwelling in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. In ancient Mexico, among the cultivated Aztecs, we find mention of the "game of the canes" under the names (»f cauallopan -AxnX nemimimi- Identitied by Mr. Cushing with Mi'-ai-ua referred to iu his account of Slio'-li-wc. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.— Culln. Plate 15. Gambling Reeds. I Restored. > Cherlon ruin, Arizona. Cat. Xo. 1.58030, U.S.N.3I. Collected by Dr. J. AValter Fewkes. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 16. .^ ^ Decorated Pottery Bowl with "Eagle Man" and Gaming-Reed Casts. Cufiopavi. Cat. No. 157735, U.S.N.M. Collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 801 Iktli in Molina's dictiouary. Dr. Brinton informs me that the com- bination canaUopan nemiminaliztU is defined by E. Simeon, in his Bicfionnuue de la langue Naifhuatl, as "playing with horses." Again Molino gives ne!jay(wtlaliztU= ^'}i\ego de canas, o escaramu^a" (skir- mish) and juegos de pelea {wiir)==neyayaotlaliztii. A reference to the cane game is to be found in Torquemada.' Speak- ing of the ceremonies in honor of Tlaloc- he says: The day on which they held feast to these gods was in the sixth month, whicli cor- responds to our June. On this day they cleansed all cisterns and water conduits and played with green maize stalks. Again, in the " Hymn of Tlaloc" ' occurs the passage: In Tlalocan, in the verdant house, they play at ball, they cast the reeds. Duran ^ (somewhat confusedly) describes a game with tossed canes as follows : There was another game, which was that they made on a plaster floor little hollows after the manner of afortuna (wheel of fortune?), and one took ten jjebbles and the other ten others, and the one placing his pebbles ou the one edge and the other on the other ou contrary sides, and taking some reeds split down the middle they threw them on the ground so that they sprang up, and as many reeds as fell with the hollow side upward so many ''houses" he moved his pebbles forward, and thus oue such followed the other, and all pebbles as he overtook, he went on taking away until he left his adversary without any.' (The meaning of the clause that fol- lows is not clear.) The game of Patolli (No. 39) by which we now generally understand the game played witli marked beans instead of canes or staves, upon a cross shaped diagram, is probably a derived form of the cane game, the use of beans being paralleled at the presentday among the Cherokee (see p. 720). The word was a general name for games and was also applied to the " dice," by which they were counted. Ribas uses it in that sense in the account which lollows, referring to the Indians of Sinaloa: The game that they call of the Patolli is very common among them and corre- sponds to that of cards or dice, because in place of them they use certain four small 'Monarchia Indiana, II, p. 147. "The deity who presided over the waters, the rains, the thunder, and the lightning. The annual festival in his honor took place about the time of the corn planting, and was intended to secure his favor for this all-important crop. Big Veda Americanus, Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, 1890, p. 2.5. ^Rig Veda Americanus, p. 24. 'Diego Duran, Historia de las Indias, III, Cap. XXII. A translation is given by Tylor. On American Lot Games, p. 8; "^Habia otro juego que era que hacian encima de uueucalado unosoyos pequefiitos ii manera de fortuna y el uno tomaba diez piedras y el otro otras diez y el uno ponfa BUS piedras por la una acera y el otro por la otra en contrarias partes e con uuas cauuelas hendidas por medio daban en el suelo y saltaban en alto y tantas cuantas canuelas caian lo giieco hiicia arriba tantas casas adelantaba sus piedras y asi seguian el uno al otro y todas cuantas chinas le alcanzaba se las iba quitando hasta dejalle sin uingnna y acontecia habelle quitado cinco y seis y con las cuatro que le quedaban decirle tambien las' canuelas que revolvia sobre el otro y ganalle el juego. NAT MUS 96 51 802 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. canes, scratched, less in length than a span, and upon these they have certain small figures and points which give them their value or loss. When they play they throw these down, casting them upon a small stone in order that they may rebotiud and fall with their points at random, and he who plays wins or loses, marking on the earth the points which gain until the number is reached of the wager which those present have made. This wager is of beads of shells of the sea which they esteem and with which they adorn themselves. Wagers are also made of bows, or arrows, or knives, articles they obtain; and of the same character are their wagers in other games. ' Fig. 116. SCHEME OF PLATE 44, FfclEHVART CODEX. After Cyrus Thomas, 'El.jucgo <[ue Human del Patoli es muy general en ellos, y correspoude al de los naipes o dados. Porque en lugar dellos usan de unas quatro cauitas cortas, rajadas, raenores de un geine, y en ellas tienen unas ngurillas y puntos, que les da el valor, 6 perdida. Estas qnaudo juegan las botan, arrojandolas sobre una pcdrecita, para que salten, y caigau los puntos a su Ventura, y gane, o pierda el que las juega, rayando en la tierra los puntos que ganan, hasta cumplir el nilmero de la apuesta, que se hazen alii presente. Esta es de sartas de caracolillos de mar que ellos esti- man, y con que se adornan. Tambien sirve de posta, arcos o flechas, cuchillos, o achuelas que alcansau : y de lo mismo suelen ser las apuestas de otros juegos. Perez de Ribas, Historia de los Triumphos, Lib. 1, Cap. IV, Madrid, 1645. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.— Culin. Plate 17. Plate 44, Fejervary Codex. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 803 In searching for remains of the cane game in old Mexico, the writer was deeply impressed witli the mauy points of resemblance between the gaming circuit as described by Mr. Cashing as used in Sho'-li-u-e, and some of the diagrammatic paintings in the codices, leading him to the conclusion that the purpose of the latter was identical. As an illustra- tion, the figure from the Fcjervary codex (Plate 17) may be regarded as a divinatory, calendrical counting circuit, the forty beans or corn of four colors of the Zuui Sho' U-ire having their ccmnterparts in the four colored arms of the cross—red, yellow, blue, and green—marked with small circles. Again the entire design of the Mexican figure will be seen to represent an animal or the hide of an animal, comparable with the buffalo hide of the Zuiii game. In the center of the Mexican Fig. 117. .SET OF STICKS FOR GAME. Lengths, 3J aud 3| inches. Toba Indians, Grand Chaco, South America. Cat. No. nas, Field Columbian Museum. Hassler imllection. picture is a figure of a warrior god or priest, armed with atlatl and darts, corresponding to the cross, symbolic of the twin war god of the Zuni circuit. The scheme of the plate from Prof. Cyrus Thomas's Notes on certain Maya and Mexican Manuscripts' is added (fig. 116) to facilitate comparison. From Soutli America the following sets of implements have been collected : Toba Tribe, Chaco Indians. Cat. No. 1799, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago. Hassler collection. Three sticks roughly whittled from small twigs (tig. 117). Two of them 3| inches in length, J inch wide, and about ^ inch thick, slightly rounded on one side, which is blackened, while the other is fiat and 'Third .Vnnual Report Bureau of Ethnology. 804 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. plain. The third stick is about 3^ inches in length, made of another wood, and possibly belongs to another set. Collected by Dr. Emil Hassler. Dr. Hassler informed the writer that they are tossed in the air and if three round sides fall upper- most they gain. "The sticks must fall parallel." Referring to the Toba, Cardus' says: Their i)rincipal game consists in raising and letting fall to the ground some small pieces of sjjlit reed with much shouting ; the object of the shouting, on one side, that the pieces may fall well, and on the other that they njay fall badly. The stakes are usually a horse, a cow, a slave, a sheep, or a poncho. Another set of similar gambling in- struments froui the Indians of the Grand Chaco are represented in fig. 118. They were exhibited by Dr. Hassler in his collection at the Columbian Exposi- tion, but unfortunately can not now be found in the Field Columbian Museum, to which the collection was transferred. The two large bones are tossed, their falls determining the count, which is recorded by means of the small radial bones that are strung upon the cord. The men who play this game carry the implements suspended from their wrist.^ The games above described led the writer to make a particularly careful search for objects that might have served for gaming implements in collections from ancient Peru. In the collection made by Dr. Max Uhle, at Pachaca- mac, for the University of Pennsylvania, now in its Museum, are a number of narrow, flat tablets of hard wood that might possibly have been used as gaming staves. The same conjecture might be hazarded with reference to six slips of cane (Cat. No. 28393) found together on a mummy in the first cemetery. These slips, which are 4 inches in length by about ^ inch in width, are wound with colored thread, black, yellow, Fig. 118. PATR OF BONES AND COUNTERS FOR GAME Grand Chaco Indians. Field Columbian Museum. Hassler collection. 'Las Misiones Franciscanas entre los infideles de Bolivia por el R. P. Fr. .Jose Cardus, Barcelona, 1886, p. 263. -I tind the following reference to games of this type among the South American Indians: Molina (History of Chili, II, p. 9), in describing the games of the Araucan- ians, says, "the game of quechx, which they esteem highly, has a great affinity to that of backgammon, but instead of dice they make use of triangular pieces of bone marked with points, Avhich they throw with a little hoop or circle supported hj two pegs, as was probably the fritillus of the ancient Romans." CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 805 aud red, in bands of vaiyiug width. The arrangement of the colors varies on each of the six slips. William Bollaert' describes a game of the Aymara Indians under the name of ^xisa. It is one of great antiquity, and seems to be the only one of this sort. Pasu means a hundred, as he wins who tirst gets that number. They play it with two instruments, one a spread eagle of wood with ten holes on each side, being tens, and are marked with pegs to denote every man's gettings; the other is a bone in the manner of a die, cut with seven faces, one of which has a particular mark called guat/aro {hntjaru). The other live tell according to the number of them, and the last 18 a blank. The way of playing is to toss up the bone, and the marks on the upper surface are so many got. But the guayro goes for ten, and the like number is lost if the blank side appearts. - Von Tschudi' describes the following game: Pitska, a game with small sticks which were marked with stripes of different colors. It was generally played during the night of the death watch. Villagomez believes that its name is derived from Pitska, the number "five" because of the five fast days following the night of the death watch, a view which I do not accept. Holguin mentions the game PUnka, and refers to Pitskana as a six-sided piece of wood or small stick with which the game is played, only we do not know how it was done but probably in a similar way to the game of dice. In Aymara its name is also Phiska. 4. Tab. Cairo, Egypt. Board, staves,^ aud meu. A game played upon a board divided into rows of squares, with pieces or men, which are moved according to the throws with four staves (fig. 119). The board, called a .seega (fig. 120), is divided into four rows of squares called beyts (houses) each about 2 inches wide, or it consists of similar rows of holes made in the ground or in a flat stone. The beyts are usually seveu, nine, eleven, thirteen, or fifteen in each row. In each heyt of one exterior row is placed a little piece of stone or dingy brick about the size of a walnut, and in each beyt of the other exterior row a -piece of red brick or tile, or sometimes pieces are placed ia only 'Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches in New Granada, Equador, Pern, and Chili, London, 1860, ]). 168. 2Referringto the above account. Dr. Briuton tells me that the exact form, 2)asa, as a numeral, does not appear to prevail in Aymara or Qiiichua. In Aymara we have : pau or paya = 2 or twice jnisi = 4 paiaca = 100 In Qnichna: pussae = 8 pachac = 100 " I do not find f/naiiaro or hiiiiani in either tongue, although there are a number of words close to them." •'Zeitriige zur Kentniss des alten Peru, Wein, 1891, p. 217. ^Cat. No. 16896, Mas. Arch., Univ. Peun. Made in Streets of Cairo, Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. 806 REPORT OF NATIONAL MU8EIIM, 1896. a certain number of heyts in those rows, as for instance in the first four. The pieces of one row must be distinguished from those in the other. Fig. 119. CANES FOR TAB. Lengtb, 8 inches. Cairo, Egypt. , Museum of Archteology, University of Pennsylvania. They are called Mldh^ or "dogs;" in the singular, lielh. The game is generally played by two persons. The four sticks consist of pieces of palm branch, about 8 inches in length, one side of which, being cut flat i CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 807 ground or against a wall, or against a stick inclined against a wall. The throws count as follows : 1 wbite side up, called Uib, or iveled, " child" = 1. 2 white sides up = 2. 3 white sides up =3. 4 white sides up =4. 4 blaclc sides up =6. A throw of 4 or 6 entitles the player to throw agaiu.i The name of the board in this game, seega, appears to be an Araba- cized form of the Indian word saj, "teak." According to native lexi- cographers it is applied to wood, black and heavy and made in pieces of oblong form or squared, brought from India. In the sense of board it was originally applied to the tablet made of sqj wood. The name given to the men, "dogs," is the same as that applied to the men in the game of Kawade lelia (Ko. 37) iu Oeylon. These facts would seem to rig. 121. CANES FOR GAME. Length, 8^ inches. Singapore, Straits Settlements. Cat. No. 175222, U.S.N. M. indicate an Asiatic origin for the game of Tab. According to Dr. Hyde it was known to the Persians under the name of Bazi kamish, that is, the "Eeed game." The following game, No. 5, from Singapore, affords an illustration of its wide distribution in Asia: 5. Game Sticks.- Singapore, Straits Settlements. Set of four bamboo staves about 8J inches in length, painted black witli Chinese ink on one side (fig. 121). Evidently intended for a game like Tab. In closing this account of the use of the tossed staves in divination and gambling in the Old World it is fitting to mention the references to similar customs by the classical authors. Thus Tacitus'^ describes the Germans as "cutting a twig from a fruit ^ tree and dividing it into 'For a further account of the method of play, consult Edward William Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, II, p. 4i). - (Cat. No. 175222, U.S.N.M.) Collected by Hon. Eounsevelle Wildman, U. S. Cou- sul-General, Singapore. ^Germania, X. •Dr. O. Schrader, "Oak, beech,'' Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryau Peojdes, London, 1890, p. 279. 808 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. small pieces, which, distinguished by certain marks, are thrown pro- miscuously upon a white garment. Then the priest of the canton, if the occasion be public (if private, the master of the family), after an invocation of the gods, with his eyes lifted up to heaven, thrice takes out each piece, and, as they come up, interprets their signification according to the marks fixed upon them. If the result prove unfavor- able, there is no more consultation upon the same affair that day; if propitious, a consultation by omens is still required." More closely resembling the practices described in the text is the German method of divination as related by Saxo-Grammaticus^ of the inhabitants of the Isle of Rugen, in the Baltic Sea: Throwing, by way of lots, three pieces of wood, white in one part and black in another, into their laps, they foretold good fortune by the foming up of the white; bad by that of the black. Fig. 122. BARESMA. Length, 5 inches. From drawing of originals in tbf jmssession of Prof. A. V. Williams Jackson. The reference in Herodotus- to divination among the Scytihians, in which large bundles of rods were used, seems to refer to the class of divinatory rites that will be treated in the second part of this paper. Lenormand^ states that the Magi foretold the future by throwing little sticks of tamarisk wood. The authoiity which he cites ^ makes no specific mention of any such performance, but merely says that the "Magi and Scythians prophesy with staves {ligno); and in many places l^rophesyiiig tbey use twigs [virgi.s). Dinon says that the Median magi also prophesy by twigs {virga).^^ Dinon no doubt referred to the baresma, of which mention is also made by Strabo.'^ The baresma (now called barsom) was a bundle of sacred twigs which the priest held in his hands while reciting the prayers (Plate 18). They were formerly twigs of the pomegranate, date, or tamarind tree, or any tree that had no thorns, and were plucked with peculiar ceremonies which alone made them fit to be used for liturgic purposes.^ ' HLst. Dan., XIV, p. 288. sVolnme IV, p. 67. 'Chaldean Magic, London, 1877, p. 237. " Schol. Nicandr. Theriac, V, p. 613. '^ "They (the Magi) continue their incantations * * * holding before the lire a bundle of rods," XV, Cap. 3. "The Zend Avesta. Trauslated by James Darrasteter, Oxford, 1880. Vendidud, III, Pt. 1, p. 22, note 2. The Parsi.s in India I'oiind it convenient to replace them with brass wires, which when once consecrated can be used for an indefinite period. {Ibid. ) Report of U. S. National Museurr., 1896. -Cuiin, Plate 18. AdmcrAnmRcL^retxdc tn Chrtjio Ritri RICHARD Dt'^\ perm. U^iCz copo. PetrobtTro;enfi /luvic Tahuliim CiruiitLuiinU crvo ljj.J>e/zs rncnic.j.^ D.D. D.Aillor TH jAm..^g.fcul. lW.t\ Magi with Baresma. From Hyde's Historia Religionis Veterum Persaruin. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 809 Leuormaud declares that the bares)iia originated in a bundle of divin- ing wands, such as were thrown in Chaldea and Babylonia. Madam Ragozin/ following the same line of comparison, points out the resem- blance between the haresma (fig. 123) and a peculiar object (flg. 124) which frequently recurs deposited upon the altar in Assyrian scenes of worship and sacrifice. "The use of it, or the nature, has never yet been explained ; but on close inspection it looks extremely like a bundle of twigs, uneven in number, tied together with a ribbon. Is it not likely that it may represent the sacred divining rods and be the original of the Avestan haresma .^" Fig. 123. BARESM.i (barsom) with §tand. Moderu Persia. rawing in the Story of Mwlia, Babylon aud Persia. -Fig. 124. ASSYRIAN ALTAR. Compare Bare^ma with stand, lig. 12.'i. From drawing in the Story of Mt-dia, Babylon an. I In ancient China the nobles of the highest ranks carried scepters of jade stone,- the name of which, hnuil, is written with a character, which compounded with the radical for "hand," stands for Incd^ "to divine with straws," No. Go; and again, \\\t\\j)ul'^ "to divine," written on the right, lor the lucd or divinatory diagrams formed of unbroken and broken lines.-' These diagrams may be regarded as representing the permutations of two-faced staves, three j)rodacing the trigrams (fig. 5), I ara indebted to Prof. A. Y. Williams Jackson, of Columbia University, for an oppor- tunity to examine a set of haresma, presented to bim with a set of sacrificial imple- ments by Mr. Diusbab Pestanji Framji Gbadiali. They consist of a bundle of fortj^- tlirce brigbt brass wires 5 incbes in length (fig. 122). In reply to my inquiry be writes that the number in this particular specimen is evidently a matter of chance, and he furnishes me with the following reference: Hang's Essays on the Parsis, p. 397 (third edition, by E. W. West), says: "The harsom consists of a number of slender rods or fdJ, formerly twigs of some particular trees, but now thin metal wires are generally U8eot in length and was carried by princes of the third rank (earls). It is explained as probably representijig the figure of a man bending over.' The Emperor himself had a jade scepter, tdi lacai (tig. 126), "grand tablet," so called from its size, it being 3 feet in length. ^*\ ^ 812 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Hi (fig. 127), one sees on the scepter of this name four masses of rock whicli represent the monntaius.' Prom the explanation given by the commentator it would appear that the great scepter, tdi kwai, was wrapped with cords of five colors. The Icwai are not to be confounded with the tablets called fat (Jap- anese, shalcu),' -which were used at audiences in former times, nor with the scepters, H i (jii i ; Japanese, n'ujoi) given in China at marriage and to friends for good luck, and carried in Japan by certain priests'' (fig. 130). Among the Ainu, in Japan, the men use carved wooden staves to lift their mustache in drinking sake. These staves, which they call ikonit,'^ are commonly known from their present use as " mustache-sticks." They are about 14 inches in length, flat on one side, and rounded upon the other, which is more or less elaborately carved.^ An examination of the twelve specimens in the U. S. National Museum (Plates 19-22) shows a general resemblance to the staves which are tossed in gaming. The flat reverses are nearly all scratched with what were scarcely discernible marks, represented in plates 20 and 22. The writer concludes that these "mustache-sticks" were once emblems of rank or authority. The only existing objects of remote antiquity with which I am ac- quainted outside of America that might have been used as divinatory implements in the manner of the staves are a set of ivory rods, dis- covered by Prof. Flinders Petrie in Egypt, part of which are now in the Museum of Archtieology of the University of Pennsylvania. They constitute a portion of the find made by Professor Petrie in 1895 1 Le Tcheou-li ou rites des Tcheou. Traduit par Edouard Biot, Paris, 1851, I, pp. 431, 484. ^Of the specimens iUustrated fig. 128 represents a Chinese tablet scepter in tlie University Museum. It forms an accessory of a Cliinese tlieatrical costume of a noble of the imperial court and is made of wood, painted brown and varnished, in- stead of ivory. This scepter is slightly bent, 20 inches in length, about i inch thick, and tapers from 2 inches wide at the base to If inch at the top. The .s7/aA;« (fig. 129) is from a tracing of one in the U. S. National Museum, held in the hand of the statue of the Baron Li, said to have been one actually used by that illustrious man. 'The a i, literally *'as you wish," is of Buddhistic origin, and is one of the Sajita ratna or "Seven precious things," whicli constitute the insignia of a Tchakravartti. In Japan it is carried by the chief priests of the Zen sect, and is used by them to administer a blow to tlie catechunu^u when he fails to answer correctly. Its origin presents an interesting problem, its form suggesting that of the tlirowing-stick. The fat or shalu are wooden tablets, said to have been originally used for noting memoianda. '.J. M. Dixon, The Tsuisliikari Ainos, Trans. Asiatic Soc, .Japan, XI, Pt. 1, p. 47. 'The .Japanese call them hige-age, ' beard raisers." In "A Glance at ThreeCoun- tries" (Sangokii Tsnran Ziisetsu), Tokyo, 1785, the author, Rin Shihei, illustrates a mustache-stick, which he describes under this name, stating that they are used by the Ainu for the purpose mentioned. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.— Culin. Plate 19. Mustache Sticks. Length, 13^^ to 13} inches. Ainu of Yezo, Japan. Cat. Nos. l.Wear, 150698, 150695, 23261, 150699, 150696, U.S.N. M. Repoit of U, S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 20. - • ^ ^c.\** Mustache Sticks. (Reverse. ) Ainu of Yezo, Japan. Report of U. S- National Museum, 1896.— Cuiin Plate 21, Mustache Sticks. Leii^tli, 12 to 14 inches. Ainu of Yezo, Japan. Cat. Nos. 1.5069G, 48*3, 150699, 22:^61, 150695, U.S.N.M. Report of U, S. National Museum, 1896.—Cu Plate 22. Mustache Sticks. ( Reverse. ) Ainu of Yezo, Japan. CHESS AND PLAYING-CAKDS. 813 °2. :| 814 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. between Ballas and Nagada, about 30 miles below Thebes, and attributed by Lim to a new race, probably Lybian, to whom lie assigned a date about 3000 B. C. These rods or staves comprise part of a series from one tomb, " possibly a game," of which he gives the following list: Twelve ivory rods, ^g. 131. Five ivory rods with incised diagonal lines, fig. 132. H Four figures of lions and one figure of « hare, fig. 133. §! Seventeen blocks, of which thirteen are o bone, two limestone, and two alabaster. g Thirty balls, natural irony concretions. S The twelve ivory rods, possibly intended " for counting, are very perfect copies of S I jointed canes or straws. Four of the five q' I rods with diagonal lines incised are in the 8 I University Museum. They are plain on S S ^ one side, while the other is marked as ^ s I .1 shown in fig. 132, two having lines in ". S f I ^. diagonal bands of fours, and two a S ^ S ^ % peculiar mark in the middle, which > § t may have been intended to represent a t feminine symbol. I have been unable I i to learn that any representation of such a f % game has been identified upon the mouu- 3 I ments. \ r- 111 Africa, Bent^ gives the following ac- 5 '3 count of the use of the four staves in divi- r nation : '" From many of the huts at Inyamanda were I hanging their dollasses— wooden charms— on : which are drawn strange tigures (Plate 23). Each family possesses a set of four, tied together by a string. Of these four one always has a curious conveutioual form of a lizard carved on it; others have battle-axes, diamond patterns, etc., invaiiably repeating themselves, and the purport of which I was never able to ascertain. They are common among all the Abautu races, and closely bound up with their occult belief in witchcraft. They are chieflj^ made of wood, but sometimes neat little ones of bone are found, a set of which I afterwards obtained. On the evening of the new moon the village witch doctor will go ' The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, p. 37. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 23. Wooden and Bone Dollasses (Divining: staves"). From drawing in Bent"s Ruined Cities of Ma&honalaud. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 815 round, tossing each man a set of dolhisses in the air, and by the way they turn np he will divine tlie fortune of the individual for the month that is to come.' In F. Ratzel's History of Mankind^ a picture is g^iven of the dice and amulets of a Bainangwato magician in the Etlinographical Museum at Muuicli (I, p. 85), and again (11, p. 35.5) of a Kaffir witch doctor's apparatus (amulets, dice, etc.) similar to the preceding in the Museum of the Berlin Mission. Fig. 131. IVORY COUNTER FOK GAME (?). Length, 5J inches. Lybian(?), Egypt. Cat. No. E. S. 1119, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. A. Donaldson Smith informs me that he saw a game played with staves throughout Somalilaud and by the Sheik Hussein tribe among the Arusa Gallas. 'Speaking of the natives of the Zambezi, the Livingstones (David and Charles Livingstone, Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi, London, 1865, p. 51) say : The dice doctor or diviner is an important member of the community being, consulted by Portuguese and natives alike. Part of his business is that of a detect- ive, it being his duty to discover thieves. When goods are stolen he goes and looks at the place, casts his dice, and waits for a few days, and then, for a consideration, tells who is the thief. Referring to the Guinea negroes, Bosman (William Bosnian, A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea, translated in Pinkerton's Voyages, London, 1814, XVI, p. 399) says: The second w;iy of consulting their idols is by a sort of wild nuts, which they pretend to take up by guess and let fall again, after which they tell them, and form their predictions from the numbers falling even or odd. Specimens of pierced cowrie shells used in fortune-telling from the Liberian exhibit at the Columbian Exposition are shown in iig. 134. These objects are now in the I'hiladelphia Commercial Museum. The negroes of the French West Indies, according to Labat (Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de I'Amerique, Paris, 1724, IV, p. 153), play a game with cowries. He says: The game which they play in their country, and which they have also carried to the islands, is a sort of game of dice. It is composed of four bougcs or shells, which are used by them as money. They have a hole purposely made in the convex side, so that they will stand as easily on one side as on the other. They shake them up in their hand as one shakes dice and throw them on a table. If all the sides with holes in them fall uppermost, or the opposite sides of two fall in the same manner and two in the opposite way, the player wins; but if the number of the holes is odd, he loses. In the Streets of Cairo at the Columbian Exposition was a family of Bishareen Soudanese, living near Assoium, on the Nile, whose head was a dervish belonging to a local order, who practiced soothsaying with cowries (Dr. Talcott Williams). This man threw several cowrie shells, and made his jirediction from the manner in which they fell. The cowrie shells correspond with the staves referred to by Bent, and are possibly substitutes for staves, as the writer also infers may be the case with similar shells in the Hindu game of Pac/ris/, No. 38. •Translated by A. J. Butler, London, 1896. 816 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Mr. J. Edward Fariium tells me that among- the natives of tlie Bosi Eiver, about loO miles from its moiitb (19° south latitude, East Africa), the witch doctors throw crocodile scales iu fortune telling. The objects used are the nuchal dermosseous plates, from behind the base of the skull. They are smoothed down and polished, and six or eight—always an even number—are thrown. To obtain a reply to a question demand- ing an answer of "yes" or "no," the smooth side up will be considered Fig. 132. IVOET STAVES FOR GAME ( ? ). Length (perfect stave), 5| inches. l,ybian, Egypt. Cat, No8. E. S. 1129-1132, Museum of Arohffiologj-, University of Pennsylvania. as "no," and the rough side "yes." An answer is afforded by the manner in which the majority (which must be a considerable one) of the bones fall. The questions put to the witch doctor, who accompanied my informant, were usually about shooting. In reference to the animal to be shot, the doctor would name one side of the bones "masculine" and the other "feminine." According to the answer, a male or female Fig. 133. MEN FOR GAME {!) (LION, HARE). Lengths, 1.37 inches, and 1 inch. Lybian (?), Egypt. Cat. Nos. E. S. 1145, 1147, JIuseum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. animal would be shot. Other determinations of a like character were made by the position of the bones, one to another, after falling. H. xi. Bryden^ describes a Bushman divining for ostriches while on the hunt bj^ means of three curious looking flat pieces of bone, trian- gular in shape and scored with a rude pattern. He pulls them from the hide strip on which they are threaded, shakes them rapidly between his two palms, aud oasts them upon the earth. ' Longman's Magazine, CLXXVII, p. 231. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 817 At the pivsciit (lay the Hottentot children cast lots by twigs—that is, if a tiling is lost or a theft has been committed, they throw bits of stick and judge of the cul- prit, or of the direction wherein the lost property is to be found, by the arrangement of twigs, and among the KafBrs bundles of sticks and assagais are employed by diviners in their rites for the discovery of crime.' Eeferriiig to the Melanesians, Codriiig^tou^ says: A game which belongs to the Banks Islands and New Helu'ides is lihit, the Fiji tiqitd, played with reeds dashed in such a manner upon the grouncj. that they rise in the air and fly to a considerable distance. In some islands, as Santa Maria, a string is used to give impetus, and in some the reed is thrown also from the foot. The game is played by two parties, who count pigs for the farthest casts, the numl)er of pigs counted as gained depending on the number of knots in the winning fika. When two villages engage in a match, they sometimes come to blows. There are marks on the tika to show to whom they belonged. It is remarkable that in Mota a decimal set of numerals is mmiFjmym used in this game, distinct from tlie / U^BJ^ ri^Mh quinary set used on every other occa- sion of counting. In New y^ealand, according to Taylor, ' tlie natives had a way of divination by means of sticks. This was called Xiu.* Each chief had a i)articalar name for his own stick; thus, that of one chief was called Tc ata niouHu; that of another, Te inanu i te ra; and that of a third, Tonga hiti. The person consultiua; the Niu went out in the morning before it was light, so that no one should have been out before him, which would destroy tlie power of consultation, and taking his stick, a short, thin one made of the mahoe, in his right hand, and another representing the enemy in his left, he went and stu(;k anothei' in the ground; this represented the tdpn; and placing the two sticks together, one across the other, he uttered a larakia, and then threw them in front of a third stick, and it was according to their posi- tion that the consulter ascertained whether anyone was traveling on Fig. i:!4. COWHIE SHELLS USED IN FOUTliNK-TELLINIJ Liberia, Africa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum. ' A. W. Buckland, Rhabiiiaii(y and Heloiuaucy, or Divination by the Rod and by the Arrow, .lour. Anthrop. lust.. X, p. 445. - R. H. ("odrington, The Melanesians. Studies in their Anthro])o]ogy und l-'olk-Iore, Oxford, 1891. p. 340. ' Rev. Richard Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants. London, 1855, pp. 91, 92. . ^The name nin is a well-known Polynesian word for cocoanut, which was spun auumg the Polynesians for the purpose of divination. The New Zealauders, although they have no cocoaiiuts, retain the^vord as a name for other kinds of divination, especially that peribrmed by sti(dcs. (Dr. PI li. Tylor, Primitive Culture, p. 83. ) NAT MI'S 9(i 52 818 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. tlie road, whether they are friends or foes, and, if the latter, Avhether they would be conquered or not.^ Diftereut tribes had different ways of consulting the Niu, but the practice was general throughout the land. A spirit called Eorohaha Tu was supposed to reside in the stick.- This manner of divination finds an almost exact parallel in that described by Marco Polo as being resorted to by Chinghis Kaan.-' So when the two great hosts were pitched on the plains of Tanduc as you have heard, Chinghis Kaan one day summoned before him his astrologers, both Christians and Saracens, and desired them to let him know which of the two hosts would gain the battle—his own or Prester .John's. The Saracens tried to ascertain, but were unable to give a true answer; the Christians, however, did give a true answer, and showed manifestly beforehand how the event should be. For they got a cane and split it lengthwise, and laid one-half on this side and one-half on tbat, allowing no one to touch the pieces. And one piece of cane they called Chinghis Kaan and the other piece they calle.i. Prester Joh)i. And then they said to Chinghis: 'Now mark; and you will see the eA-ent of the battle, and who shall have the best of it; for whose cane soever shall get above the other, to him the victory shall be.' Then the Christian astrologers read a Psalm out of the Psalter, and went through other incan- tations. And lo ! whilst all were beholding, the cane that bore the name of Chinghis Kaan, withonJ being touched by anybody, advanced to the other that bore the name of Prester John and got on top of it. Colonel Yule has collected a number of references to similar divinatory processes, of which the following appear to belong to the same class: The words of Hosea (iv, 12), 'My people ask counsel at their stocks and their staff declareth unto them,' are thus explained by Theophylactus: 'They stuck up a couple of .sticks, whilst murmuring certain charms and incantations; the sticks then, by the operation of devils, direct or indirect, would fall over, and the direc- tion of their fall was noted,' etc. Rubruquis seems to have witnessed nearly the same process that Polo describes. Visiting Lady Kuktai, a Christian queen of Mangu Kaan, who Avas ill, he says: 'The Nestorians were repeating certain verses, I know not what (they said it was part of a Psalm), over two twigs which were brought into contact in the hands of two men. The monk stood during the opera- tion.' Petis de la Croix quotes from Thevenot's travels a similar mode of divina- tion as much used, before a fight, among the Barbary corsairs. Two men sit on the deck facing one another, and each holding two arrows by the points, and hitching the notches of each pair of arrows into the other pair. Then the ship's writer reads a certain Arabic formula, and it is pretended that, whilst this goes on the two sets of arrows, of which one represents the Turks and the other the Christians, struggle together in spite of the resistance of the holders, and finally one rises over the ' If the stick representing his tribe fell above the other, it was a favorable sign ; if below, a bad one. -The following parallel custom exists among the Tsuishikari Ainu, as described to J. M. Dixon in the work cited: "A man in the tribe, desirous to know the will of the Deity regarding a cerlaiu matter, called in the aid of the tiinuriiini (magician- doctor). He came at night with two fresh willow (siisu) wands, stripped of the bark, which he placed on a mat by the hearth. Tlien he called upon the unjila-mui (Fire-god) to declare his will. Soon the footsteps of the god were heard; they came up to the side of the tiisiiguru; the wands showed signs of restlessness and struck the mat on which they were placed. Two raps signified permission; a scraping or rubbing was an unfavorable augury." 'Colonel Henry Yule, The Book of Ser Marco l^olo, London, 1871, I, p. 213. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 819 other. P. Delia Valle (II, 865-866) describes the same process, conducted bya Moham- medan conjuror of Aleppo: 'By his incantations he made the four points of the arrows come together without any movement of the holders, and by tlie way the points spontaneously placed themselves, obtained answers to interrogatories.' And Mr. .Jaeshke writes from Tjahaul : 'There are many different ways of divination practiced among the Buddhists ; and that also mentioned by Marco Polo is known to our Lama, but in a slightly different way, making use of two arrows, instead of a cane split up, wherefore this kind is called da-mo (arrow divination).' Indeed, the practice is not extinct in India, for in 1833 Mr. Vigne (I, 46) witnessed its application to detect the robber of a government chest at Lodiana. It will be observed that in three of the examples the sticks or twigs are replaced by arrows. Fig. 135. PEBBLES FROM MAS D'AZU,. In concluding tliis examination, reference should be made to the sug- gestion by Col, Garrick Mallery' that the colored pebbles found in the grotto of Mas d'Azil, in the department of Ariege, France, were used in gaining. Only one face of these pebbles bears a design (tig. 135). Colonel Mal- lery says : To an observer familiar with the gambling games of the North American Indians, in which marked plum-stones and similar objects are employed, these stained flat pebbles at once suggest their use to suggest values in a game by the several designs and by the pebbles falling on the figureil or on the unmarked side.- 1 Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 549. ^Ed.Piette, Les galets colorics du Mas-d'azil, L'Anthropologic, VII, No. 3. 820 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. C. Shinci Kun T'o. "The Game of the Promotion of Officials." Can- ton, China. iJoard ' and Dice.'^ A celebrated Chinese game, best known through Dr. Hyde's account as "the Game of the Promotion of Mandarins," played by two or more persons upon a large paper diagram, upon which are printed the titles of the ditterent officials under tlie Chinese Gov- ernment. Four dice are thrown, and the players advance through the various grades according to tlieir throws.' This complicated game may be regarded as a modification of the Nyout circuit, the dice replacing the staves. Its line of descent is indicated by the corresponding Korean game, which follows. 7. Tjyong-Kyeng-To. The Game of Dignitaries. Korea. [a) Wooden die.^ {b) Keproduction of native picture of players engaged at the game.'"' (Plate 24.) The Korean form of the Chinese game of Shinff kirn I'-o. A long five- sided wooden die (fig. 13G), with its edges notched with strokes from one to five, is employed, in- stead of cnbical dice. I regard the use of this die as older than that of cubical dice, and the die itself to have been derived from the four staves, such Fig. 136. as are employed in Nyout. TJYONG-KYENo-To. Thls implcmcut furnishes a Length, 4 inchea. conuectiug Uuk wlth the ^'^^^'^^- spinning die or teetotum Cat. N... nofinn, I'.S.N.M. ' ^ (tig. 137), which, notched like it, is also used in Korea in the same game. The diagram for the game in the University Museum (Cat. No. 17026) is written in Chinese (characters upon a sheet of white Korean i)aper 2oh by 37i inches. This is divided by lines into one hundred and eight (9 by 12) rectangles, in each one of which is the title of a Korean official, with the indication beneath it for the next move, acccordingly as the throw is from one up to five. Another Korean game (Oat. No. 17699) in the same museum, i)layed in the same manner with the same kind of die upon a sheet of pai)er of the same size, is entitled Xam-seung-to (Chi- nese, lam shhif/ to), or " View- winning game." The sheet is divided by lines into one hundred and forty-four squares (9 by 16), within ' Cat. No.169333, U.S.N.M. Gift of Stewart Culin. 2 Cat. No. 1.^2.-i48, U.S.N.M. •' Described at length in Chinese Games with Dice and Domiuoes, Repoi't U. S. Nat. Mus., 1S93, p. 504. ' Cat. No. 175660, U.S.N.M. (iift of Stewart Culin. '• Stewart Culin, Korean (iames. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.— Culm. Plate 24. ^n^^}3-^j^ \lac(!S throiigiioiit Korea fauioiis for beauty of scenery,' Still auothei' Ivoreau game (Cat. No. 17G28) of This type in tlie University Museum is known as the "Monk's tjyoiig-~kye)i(/-to,'^ and is intended for the purpose of giving instruction in the religion of Buddhism. The sheet, which measures about IL* inches S(juare, is inscribed with a diagram, the inner part of which is divided into one hundred and sixty-nine sipuires (13 by 13). These contain the names of the various conditions of exi.stence, advancing from the lowest forms through the eighteen Brahmalokas, to the goal, which is Nirvana. It is, in fact, a Buddhist game of Promotion. The moves are made according to the throws with three small Avooden dice (flg. 1 i8), each inscribed on its six sides with the magic formula: J^Tdin mo o ni fo fat {Namah Amituhha). Under each name is written the place of the next move, according to the throw. The name at the top of the sheet is in Sanskrit characters, which are also Avritten on seven of the squares, while the remainder of the text is in Chinese.^ An interesting parallel to this game is to be found in the French Jeu Moral et Instrnctif, the goal of which is Paradise. This last described Korean game suggests a likely explanation of certain Tibetan divination tables figured by Schlagintweit.' One of these ( I'late 25) forms part of a great roll in- scribed with other divinatory diagrams. It is divided into squares, of which those in the upper corners, left and right, bear, respectively, pictures .of the Bodhi- sattva Manjusri, and the sword of wisdom, the emblem of his knowledge. Of tlie remaining sixty squares one- half 4ire inscribed with religious emblems and the others, placed immediately beneath, with Tibetan words which in greater part were illegible. The assumption that the diagram is intended for a divinatory game, like the Korean Buddhist game above referred to, is supported by much corroborative evidence. Thus, on page 320 we find the following ' For which the Koreans have a passion, making excursious for the sake of tlie scenery to celebrated sites. -That is, Chinese trauscriptiieutly changed. Dr. Karl Hiudy (Die abteilung der Spiele in Spiegel der niandschu-sprache, T'oung Pao, VI, p. 355) gives the Manchnname of knuckle houe as j/aru.ra. It would appear from his account that several games were known corresponding to tho.se described by the author as i)layed by Syrian children. One, played by chihlren, in which the bones were employed as jackstones; another in which they were used as dice, and a third filliping a knuckle bone at something or throwing at a knuckle bone set in the ground. The Chinese name of knuckle bone is jnH sink kwat (pei si kn). -' They call the game Tu wi tni wa la. They play with two knuckle bones. The counts are shown in fig. 148. In addition to these counts, if a bone stands on its pointed end it counts six, and on the end opposite, twelve. Twelve points c<)nstitut(^ a game. The specimens collected by Dr. Lundioltz are in the American Museum of Natural History (Cat. No. -y-,iV). CHESS AND PLA.YING-CARDS. 829 The game is i)layed by two persons, who sit facing ench other, 4 or 5 feet apart. The bone is twirled into the air out of the thumb and fore- finger, tlie baclv of tlie iiand being held upward. The position in which it fiiUs on the ground controls the count in the game. So long as the player succeeds in throwing the pitted side, or "cow-hoof," as it is called, ui)ward, he retains possession of the bone, and with each throw wins one bean from a i)rearranged number equally divided between the jtlayers. The sides do not count in the play, and the thrower may play again and again without forfeiting the bone until he throws the flat side (opposite the " cow-hoof") upward, when the bone goes to his opponent to throw, with the same conditions. The winning of the entire num- ber of an opponent's counters constitutes a game won. In Costa Kica, Br. T. M. Oaluek informs me that the Indians in the vicinity of San Jose continually play with the astragalus of an ox or cow, using a single bone. They call the game by the name of Choque suelo. They are also used by the Indians in Peru. Their (,)uicliua name, tava., would appear to be derived from the Spanish taha, but this is con- trary to the opinion entertained by my informant. Dr. Emilio Montez,' who exhibited a i)rehistoric copy of a knuckle bone in terra cotta, from Cuzco, in his collection at the Columbian Exposition.^ Fig. 149. ASTRAIiALUS OK BISON USED AS DIE. Papago Indians, Pima County, Arizona. (:it. No. 174443, U.S.N.M. Fig. 150. ASTRAGALUS USED IN GAJIE. Lengua Indians. C-.a. Nil. 17117, Field C..iuiiilpi:m Miisi-iiiii. H:is,sli;r i-olW.-tinn. There are nine astragalus bones from the Lengua tribe, Chaco Indians, in the Hassler collections from Paraguay, in the Field Colum- bian Museum. Prof. William II. Holmes, who courteously furnished me with the accompanying drawing (tig. 150), informed me that all but one bear scratched lines, as represented. Knuckle bones of various animals, some worked and showing wear, have been found associated with Indian remains in various parts of the United States. Mr. Clarence B. Moore found a fossil llama astragalus in a mound on Murphy Island, Putnam County, Florida, and a large fossil astragalus, not yet identitted, in a mound on Ossabow Island, ' Dr. Montez tolls inc that of the four ways in which a kiiii(>klt> lionc may fall, two do not fonut, while one of the others wins and one loses. -Cat. No. 340, Field CohiiMl.iaii Musciiiii, Chicago. Montez collection. 830 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Bryan County, Georgia. Mr. William W. Adams found knuckle bones in stone gravies opened by him in Williamson County, Tennessee. Thirty or forty bones were found in perhaps a hundred graves. They were always found in pots. Children's graves contained smaller pots, and the bone was smaller, evidently from a small animal. Some were worn until nearly smooth on the side, and all showed polish as though tliey had been carried or used a long time. A number of specimens from mounds are contained in tbe U. S. National Museum, as Cat. No. 63047, astragalus of bison from a mound. Pecan Point, Mississippi County, Arkansas, and Cat. No. 6304:7a, astragalus of deer from same place, both collected by Mr. Edward Palmer. Three specimens (Cat. No. 61621) are from Lyons County, Kentucky; two others (Cat. No. 91145) catalogued from Arkansas, are respectively of deer and bison; another (Cat. No. 109518) is from Lepanto, Poinsett County, Arkansas. Some of these bones are squared, so as to have six instead of four sides, many are more or less cut down, and one is partly calcined. Mr. Cushing found a number of knuckle bones of deer, several showing high polish from long use, in the muck deposit explored by him at Marco, Florida. In England knuckle bones were formerly used in games.^ A single bone was tossed and the four sides received, according to Dr. Hyde, the following names :^ Siqnnum, " Put in." Pronum, "Blank." Planum, "Take half." Tortiiosum, "Take all." These terms sutticiently explain the method of play. ' Ue Ludis Orientallbus, p. 142. • Under the head of Cockall, Brand (Observation on Popular Antiquities, London, 1813, II, p. 288j gives the following account: In the English translation of Levinus Lenmius, fol. London, 1658, p. 368. we read: "The autients used to play Cockall or casting of huckle bones, which is done with smooth sheep bones. The Dutch call them Pickelcn, wherewith our young maids that are not yet ripe use to play for a husband, and young married folks desjiise these as soon as they are married. But j^oung men use to coutend with another with a kind of a bone taken forth of oxe-feet. The Dutch call them Oofen, and they play with these at a set time of the year. Moreover Cockals, which the Dutch call Teelings, are difit'erent from dice, for they are square with four sides, and dice have six. Cockals are used by maids amongst us, and do no ways waste any one's estate. For either they pass away the time with them, or if they have time to be idle they play for some small matter, as for chestuuts, filberds, pins, buttons, and some such 'juncats.' "In Langley's Abridgment of Polydor Vergile, fol. 1, we have another description of this game: 'There is a game that is played with the posterne bone iu the hynder foote of a sheepe, oxe, gote, fallowe, or redde dere, whiche in Latin is called Talus. It hath foure chaunces, the ace point, that is named Cants, or Canicula, was one of the sides. He that cast it leyed douue a peny or so muche as the gamers were agreed on ; the other side was called Venus, that signifieth seven. He that cast the chaunce won sixe and all that was layd doune for the castyug of Canis. The two other sides were called Chins and Senio. He that did throwe Chius wan three. And he that cast Senio gained four. This game (as I take it) is used of children in Northfolke, and CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 831 15. ASTRAaALi.i Glass, ancient. Copies in glass of natural knuckle bones for use in games. Of very common occurrence among the remains of classical antiquity. Bronze astrayaH are found (fig. 151), and they are also recorded to have been made of ivory and agate. 10. Kabatain. Dice.' Lucknow, India. Cubes of ivory regularly marked—that is, the six and one, five and two, and four and three opposite, so that their sum is equal to seven.' The sx)ots are arranged so that the two , U.S.N. M., from originals Cat. No. 15781, Mas. Arch., Univ. Peuu. Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, fig. 29, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 535. '^ A great variety of materials have been used for dice. Among seventy dice, exhi- bited in a case in the Greeli and Roman section of the IJritish Mnsenm, tlie mate- rials are divided as follows: Bonn or ivory .. . 32 Jet 2 Greenstone 1 Marble 1 Bronze H Meteoric iron. . . I Gray stone 1 Amber 1 Agate 5 Pyrites 1 Blacli stone 1 Baked clay 1 Kock crystal ... i Copper 1 Quartz 1 Porcelain 1 Onyx 3 Lead 1 Alabaster 1 A close-grained wood, espetially privet, is recorded as having been employed for dice. (Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Art. Tessera.) ^ Idem. "•Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, fig. 9, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 501. •'Rndolfo Lauciaiii, (iambling and Cheating in Ancient Rome, The North Ameri- can Review, .)nly, 1892. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 833 contain words arranged so as to make a fall sentence with tliirty-six letters. The rules of the games played u])oii tliese tables are as yet only conjectural. The game of Duodecim scripta, "twelve lines," was substantially tbe same as our backgammon. It was played upon a board with twelve double lines, with fifteen white and fifteen black men; the throws were counted as we count tliem; the "blots" might bo captured; the pieces (whether they started from home or not) had to be brought home, and the winner was he who first cleared off his men. The principal varia- tion from the modern game lies in three dice being emi^loyed instead of two, agreeing in this respect with the game of FacJdsi (ISlo. 38). According to Heroditus^ games with dice (including also knuckle- bones and ball) were invented by the Lydians as a diversion during a time of famine, that they might not feel the craving for food. 19. Shik Tsai.^ Dice. China. Cubes of boue, regularly marked, but differing from those of India in having both the "ones" and "fours" marked in red; the "one" spots larger than the others, and in all the spots being simple round marks, without circumscribed circles. They are not made in pairs, and are usually sold in sets of six. The Chinese play a great variety of dice-games, the principal one being with two dice, and known as Chdlc f mlMu, "Throwing Heavens and Nines," from the names of the two highest throws. In this game the twenty-one throws that can be made with two dice receive different names, and are divided into two series or suites, called man, "civil," and md, "military." The eleven Man throws in the order of their rank are : "Double six," called fin, "Heaveu." '•'Double one," called ti, "Earth." "Double four," called yan, "Man." "One, three," called wo, "Harmony." "Double five," called miH, "plum flower." "Double three," called chcung sum, "long threes." "Double two," called jjrt'/j tan(j, "bench." "Five, six," called//? fan, "tiger's head." " Four, 8ix," called hung fau sliap, "red head ten." "One, six," called lb li'ulc ts'at, '-'long leg scA^en." "One, five," called Tiung ch'iii liiTc, "red mallet six." The ten Mo throws in the order of their rank are: "Five, four," and "six, three," called 1:1111, "nines." "Five, three," and "six, two," called pat, "eights." "Five, two," and "four, three," called is at, "sevens." "Four, two," called luh, "six." "Three, two," and "four, one," called 'ng, "fives." "One, two," called sdm, "three," or sdm hat, "three final." 1 Book 1, Chap. 94. 2Cat. No. 152548, U.S.N.M. Gift of Stewart Culin. Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, fig, 1, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 492. NAT MUS 90 53 834 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The antiquity of dice in China is not known. They appear to have ' been introduced into that country from India. It will be observed that a cosmical significance is attached to the dice throws, the "six"' being called '"Heaven," and its opposite, "one," "Earth." The "four" between is designated as "Man." ^ Korean dice, called tjyou-sd-a, differ from those of China in having the 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and G opposite. A set in the University Museum, collected by Dr. E. B. Landis, are marked with plain black dots, arranged like the Hindu Mbatain, to form a pair. A single Korean die (fig. 152), in the same museum, is a rectangular prism, liat instead of square. The arrangement of the dots is the same, but the " one " and the " four " is in red, as well as the two middle spots of the "six" and the middle spot of the " five" and of the " three." It is interesting to note that the arrangement of the dots on the Korean dice is the same as that on some of the Etruscan dice.^ A peculiar importance is attached to the latter, from the fact that it is believed by Etruscologists that the first six numerals of the Etruscan language have been recovered from a pair of dice exhumed KOREAN DIE. Ill 1848 ucar Toscanella.^ These dice, now in Cat. No. 17606, Museum of Archaeology, ^j^g Cabiuct of Mcdals aud Autioues in the University of Pennsylvania. *- National Library, Paris, bear, instead of the usual pips or dots, the following words in Etruscan letters: Mach, Thu, Huth, Ki, Zal, Sa. These words have been variously interpreted by scholars upon the assumption that they are numerals, and also that the pips which they are supposed to replace were uniformly arranged 1 + 3, 2 + 4, 5 + 6 (Campanari's law). Comparison of the Etruscan dice words with the numerals used in the Korean game of Nyout, a comparison suggested by the fact of the agreement of the Korean and Etruscan dice in their dissimilarity from other dice, shows a curious corresi)ondence. Korean stave-game numerals : CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 835 From the fact of the nyout numerals beiog in all probability derived from an Ural-Altaic stock, their correspondence with the dice words would seem to support Canon Isaac Taylor's ' theory of the I Tgric origin of the Etruscans. It should be observed, however, that if the words stand for numerals they are not paired^ in either of the ways (1 + 3, 2 4- 4, 5 + 6, or 1 + 2, 3 + -1, 5 + C) in which Etruscan dice are marked.' The doubt as to their being numerals is reinforced by the Korean die inscribed with the x>rayer to Buddha (p. 821). 20. Sai. Dice/ Japan. Pair of plaster dice for Sugoroku (Ko. 28). Japanese dice are similar to those of China, from which country they were doubtless borrowed. The "fours" are sometimes, but not invari- ably, marked in red. The most popular game is SugoroJcti (No. 28). Before leaving the sub- ject of dice it may be ob- served that cubical dot- ted dice do not appear to have been known to the American tribes be- fore the time of the con- quest. At the same time mention should be made of a die of steatite found with Indian remains at Kiokee Creek, Columbia County, Georgia, in the collection of Dr. Roland Steiner, in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 172563). It consists of a rudely cut square prism of steatite about j inch in length. Two of the opposite longer sides are marked with six and four pits and two with five and three. One of the ends has two and the other what is doubtless intended for one dot. The pips are irregularly disposed. It no doubt dates from the time of white contact. 'Etruscan Researches, London, 1874. "" Mach is opposite Zal, Thu is opposite Huth, and Ki is opposite Sa." Robert Ellis, Etrnscan Numerals, London, 1876. Since the above was written the writer has acquired an Etruscan triplicate bone die (fig. 153) found in Chiusi or its vicinity, on which the dots are arranged differ- ently from any thus far noticed by him. The 6 is here opposite the 4, and 5 oppo- site 3. One o^ the ends is marked 1 and the other 2. The spots are marked with small dotted circles which retain traces of red paint. It has been suggested that these triplicate dice, which are not infrequent, are unfinished and have yet to be sawed ajiart. It is evident from this specimen that such is not the case. They bear a strong general resemblance to the liamala pdsd, or dice used in fortune-telling, among which we find three cubical dice united by a metal bar, and again, in auothor variety used in India, the same arrangement of spots: 3, 4, 5, 6 on a long die. (See p. 824.) ^Cat. No. 7143, Mas. Arch., Univ. Penu. Fig. 153. ETRUSCAN TRIPLICATE DIE. Length, 3J inches. Chiubi. Museum of Archeeology, University of Pennsylvani: 836 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 21. KwAT P'li.' "Bone tablets," dominoes. Canton, China. Set of thirty-two domino ])ieces of teak wood 2| inches by g inch by f inch. Natural wood, with incised spots painted white and red. Chinese dominoes are marked in the same manner as the dice, from which they are clearly derived. There are twenty-one distinct pieces, representing the jjermutations of two dice. Eleven of these jiieces are doubled, making a total of thirty-two in the set. Each piece received a name, and in the popular game of Td fin l-an, or " Heavens and Nines," the thirty-two pieces are divided into two suites or series, called 31an, "civil," and Mo, "military." The Man pieces are as follows : ^, called fin, "Heaveu." f, called ti, "Earth." I, called 2/aw, "Man." I, called wo, "Harmony." f, called nuii, "plum flower." f, called cheu7ig sam, "long threes." f, called 2>fl'n tang, "bench." f, called /it faw, "tiger's head." f, called hum/ fau shap, "red-head ten." f, called ho keuk ts'at, " long-leg seven." 'i, called hrmg ch'ui Ink, "red-mallet six." Each of the above pieces is duplicated, the duplicates mating. The Mo pieces : I and \, called cM tsiin, "supreme." f and I, called tsctp kaii, " heterogeneous nines," f and f, called tsdp pat, "heterogeneous eights." I and ^2, called tsdp ts'at, "heterogeneous sevens." -4 and I, called tsdj) 'ng, "heterogeneous fives." They mate as above. The two pieces called chi tsiin, or "supreme," when x)aired rank as the highest of the Mo series, but when apart, as the lowest. The game of Td fin Tcau is in manv respects the most interesting Chinese domino game. It somewhat resembles the card games of Europe, and is of considerable antiquity in China, existing, according to Mr. Wilkinson,^ in 1120 A. D. The invention of the game of dominoes has been variously attributed to the Jews, the Greeks, and the Chinese. It may be justly credited to the latter people. No date can be assigned to its invention, and from the cosmical associations of the pieces, and their use in divination, which continues in China to the present day, it may be regarded as having been originally used for that purpose. That dominoes originated in dice is clearly apparent, the chief problem being the reason for the duplication of the eleven pieces. With the knowledge derived from the study of games in general, this may be assumed to have been done >Cat. No. 131397, U.S.N.M. Gift of Mrs. J. K. Van Rensselaer. Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, fig. 18, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 510. 2 Chinese Origin of Playing-Cards, American Anthropologist, January, 1895. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 837 in order that the dice tlirows might accord with the thirty-two points that represent the Four Quarters and the intermediary divisions of the world. They may be looked upon as having been implements of magic for determining number and i)lace, corresi)onding with playing cards, from which they only differ in material, as ]Mr. Wilkinson has suggested.' In addition to the long wooden dominoes, small dominoes, made of bamboo, or bone, or wood and bone conjoined like those of Korea, are used in various parts of China. Sets in which the series is several times duplicated also occur in China, as well as dominoes on which the dots are replaced by the characters that stand for the chess pieces, and the suit marks of certain Chinese playiug-cards.- ^ m\ 1^ •^ ftS^ /s XX m Fig. 154. DOMINO CARDS. Length, 3J incliea. China. From W. H. Wilkinson, Chinese Origin of Playing Cards, The American Anthropologist, Jannary, 1S95. Cat. No. l>7, Museum of Archiuology, University of Pennsylvania. Willdnson collection. 22. Tim CHI P'ai. "Dotted paper tablets." Domino playing cards.^ Hankow, China. Set of eighty-four cards, S-j inches by 1 inch, with rounded corners and red backs, consisting of the twenty-one natural dominoes of the Chinese series, quadrupled (flg. 154). 'The writer Is inclined to belic-ve that in the assignment of the dice casts to the thirty-two points, they were iirst practically applied to as many divining slips or arrow lots, consisting of long, narrow strips of bamboo. Sncli objects occnr at the present day in the sot-called ch'ni pWi, or "leaping tablets," of which a set from Fuh- chau exists iu the Museum of the Long Island Historical Society. They con.sist of thirty-two slips of bamboo, about 14 inches in length, with domino spots marked at one end, contained iu a cylindrical bamboo box from which they are thrown, resem- bling the Ts'im il (No. 69). 2 For a detailed accountofChin6.se dominoes, consult Mr. Wilkinson's catalogue in Official Catalogue of Exhibits, World's Columbian Exposition, Department :\I. An- thropological Hnilding, Chicago, 1893. 3Cat. No. 27, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. Wilkinson collection. 838 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. These cards are designated by the collector, Mr. W. H. Wilkinsou, as Pat Vin l) Reproduction of native picture. Kl-sding (singing girls) playing dominoes with a guest (Plate 26).^ Korean dominoes consist of small bone or ivory tablets, or of bone and wood conjoined like those exhibited. The set consists of thirty- two pieces, identical with those of China. They receive difierent names, however^ and are mated differently from the Chinese. The names are as follows: 1-1, 81J0-S1J0 (Chinese, siu siu), "smallest." 1-2, Ijoui-hko (Chinese, aliil pi), "rat nose." 1-3, syo-sam (Chinese, siii sdm), "small and three." l-i.pdik sd (Chinese, pdk sz'), "white and four." 1-5, pdik-i {Chinese, pdk 'ng), "white and five." 1-6, 2)dik-ryouk (Chinese, pdk luk), "white and six." 2-2, tjoun-a (Chinese, tsun a), "superior two." 2-3, a-sam (Chinese, a sam), "two and three." 2-4, a-sd (Chinese, d sz'), "two and four." 2-5, koan-a (Chinese, kun a), "sovereign two." 2-6, a-rtjouk (Chinese, a Ink), "two and six." 3-3, tjyang-sam (Chinese, ch'eimg mm), "long three." 3-4, sam-sd (Chinese, sdm sz'), "three and four." 3-5, sam-o (Chinese, sdm 'ng), "three and five." 3-6, sam-ryouk (Chinese, sdm luk), three and six." 4-4, ijoun-hong (Chinese, tsun hung), "superior red." 4-5, sd-o (Chinese, sz' 'ng), "four and five." 4-6, sd-ryouk (Chinese, sz' Ink), "four and six." 5-5, ijoun-o (Chinese, tsun 'ng), "superior five." 5-6, o-ryouk (Chinese, 'ng luk), "five and six." 6-6,'ljoun-ryouk (Chinese, tsun luk), "superior six." The method of pairing is shown in fig. 155.^ The Korean games difier from those of China, the most popular, called Ho-hpai, "Foreign or Chinese Tablets," having many points of resemblance to the Chinese system of fortune-telling in which dominoes are used (See Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes). Korean dominoes are clearly of Chinese origin. 24. Dominoes.* Burma. Set of twenty-four pieces of teak wood. 1 Cat. No. 77024, U.S.N.M. Collected by Lieut. J. B. Bernadou, U. S. N. 2From Korean Games. 3 The errors in the plate (9) in the Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1893, are here corrected. •»Cat, No. 166540, U.S.N.M. Collected by Mr C. C. Ellis, acting United States Consular Agent. Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, plate 10, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 528. Report o' U^ S. National Museum, 1896. Culln Plate 26. ^l^|^^2^j^i^-9j Koreans Playing Dominoes. f'^niiii jijiiiitiMK liy iiativr artist. rei)iCDOC:?ira'*'QO CO O CO o «o -^ t^ t^ lO 0-*OOCOOOOOOasWCDi-lC5000iO(Mi >s t^ t>. t^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ s - t>v a !>. IM T-H 0(M(NeiiMmoe*«(M '^ 'C T2 '^ 'w 'O '^ ja -o fd 'd r^ r^ SrQ'd'C'w'd'CTS'd'd'd'd'd'd '^'d 05'd'3'T3'T3'T3 Sj c fcl rt t< ^ p^ 1^^R 02 |2i <1 3 -1 <1 12! ,OSOi iOiftco-^coeofocococo MtNCQtHOOOOOO oo(oco«ooift"-ft oirtc'S up = 12 No apertures up ^ 6 A throw of twenty-five or thirty gives an additional move of one. At the last step the throw must amount to exactly one more than the num- ber of S(iuares left to enable the piece to go into the central space, i. e., off the board. If it happens to stop on the last square, it can not get off ah c Fig. 160. JIEN FOR PACHISI GAME. o, Maldives; wood, painted. 6, Burma; wood, pninted. c, Lucknow, India; ivory. Height, IJ inches, h and \^ inch. Cat. Nos. Ifi477, 18612, 7133, Museum of Archmology, University of Pennsylvania. until twenty-five or thirty is thrown. The players throw in turns, and each goes on until he throws a two, three, or four, when he loses the lead. If the same number be thrown thrice successively, it does not count. The game is generally played with six cowries, making the highest throw twenty-five (the six apertures up then counting twelve); hence it is termed Pachisi (from pachiSj twenty-five). The board used is a carpet or some other fabric, ornamented and marked with cloth of different colors sewed upon it. It is sometimes played by two person.s, each taking the opposite rectangles with eight pieces and playing them all from the rectangle next to him. The game continues till three of the players get out. They never play for money."^ The game of Fachisi may be regarded as an expansion and elabora- tion of the type of game represented by the Korean Xyout, and sacred ^ The number of shells used as dice in P((chi,n and allied j^ames varies from lour up to as many as sixteen. -Herklots, Qanoou-e-Islaiu, London. 1832. 854 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. and divinatory iu its origin. The board itself represents the Four Quarters of the World. Its four arms, each with eight squares, may be regarded as the four arms of the internal cross of the nyout circuit, each of three points extended by the four arcs, each of five points. The position of the "castles" or squares marked with a cross on the arms is not always the same,' but commonly, as on the cloth from the Maldives (No. 43), they agree with the large circles at the four quarters of the nyout circuit. The colors of the men agree with those assigned to the seasons of the year and the four quarters of the world to which they correspond, in Asia. When four persons play, the red and green, and black and yellow play partners. This relation is indicated on the men used in the Burmese game (No. 42), which are painted with the complementary colors, the red men having green tips, and vice versa. This corresponds with the relation assumed to exist between the seasons and the world quarters and their corresponding colors. As each quarter of the world has four quarters, each player in turn has four men. As the men or pieces may be regarded in the cosmical game as actually representing men, they appear as such in the Maldivian game (No. 43) like the men of the Noah's Ark. The name of the pieces, gate (singular, got),- also applied to the pawns in chess, is derived from the Sanskrit glioiaka, a horse. This agrees with the Korean name of the men in layout : onal, "horse," or "horsemen." The two faces of the Korean staves, black and white, may be regarded as signifying, as will apj)ear in the following pages, the dual principles of nature, masculine and feminine. A feminine significance is widely attributed to the aperture of the cowrie shell. Its convex side would naturally be regarded as masculine ; hence its substitution for the staves would seem to have been an easy transition. The distribution of the game of Pachisi in Asia, as illustrated by specimens in the U. S. National Museum and the Museum of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, is from Syria to the Philippines. 39. Patolli. a game like Pachisi. Ancient Mexico. Eeproduction of native picture, from copy of sixteenth century Hispano-Mexican manuscript, with kind permission of Mrs. Zelia Nuttalh^* Mrs. Zelia Nuttall has kindly furnished me with the following trans- lation of the Spanish text accompanying the picture: This is a game that the Indians had and named patole. It is like a game of dice, and (played) upon a painted mat. In the following picture, and all who were mas- ' They are sometimes placed on the fourth square and sometimes on the fifth, vary- ing iu specimens from the same locality. "The word got, or properly ghot, Bengali, ghunti, is obviously a corruption of the Sanskrit ^/lo^rtfca, a horse, Bengali and Hindi ghora, or ghote. Communicated to the writer by the Swamee Vivikeuanda through Mrs. Florence B. Sherman. ^Prospectus: Libro de la Yida que los Indios antiguamente hazian y Supersti- ciones y malos Ritos que tenian y guardavan. An anouymous Hispano-Mexican Man- Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896—Culm. Plate 29. The Game of Patolli. From Atlas of Duran's Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana y islas de tierra flrme, Mexico, 1880, II. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 855 ters of their games, invocatecl a demon which they name Macuilsucitl, which means Five Roses (flowers). They invocate him, so that he should give them luck in winning.' All especial interest is attached to the game of Patolli from the fact of its resemblance to the Hindu Pachisi being- regarded as one of the strongest evidences of the Asiatic origin of the old Mexican culture. Attention was first called to this resemblance by Dr. E. B. Tylor in a paper before the Anthropological Institute, entitled " The game of patolli in ancient Mexico and its probable Asiatic origin." ^ In plate 29 may be seen a picture of Patolli from Duran's Atlas, the original being in colors. An excellent resume of the accounts of Patolli, as related by the chroniclers, is given by Prof. E. B. Tylor in the Journal of the Anthro- pological Institute, ' and republished in the Internationales Archiv fiir Ethnograpbie.^ 40. Chausar, or Plsl. Set of three ivory dice.^ Liicknow, India. Chausar is played upon the same board as Pachisi, with the substi- tution of three dice marked with spots counting one, two, five, and six.*' Either long dice (Ko. 13) or short ones pointed at the ends, like those here exhibited, are used. The shorter dice are said to be used as cheaper in price. The two uscript dating from the sixteenth century, consisting of 145 pages of illustrations and descriptive text, preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence (Cod. Magi. Class. 111. Pal., II, Cod. 3). Published in colored facsimile with English Translation, Commentary, and Notes by Zelia Nuttall. 'Another picture in the same manuscript, reproduced by Mrs. Nuttall, described as the mauta de cinco rosas (Mantle of the Five Roses), suggests the attributes of this god. It consists of a parallelogram, at the four corners of wliich are four circles, each of the color attributed among the ]Mexicans to the Four Directions. "Xochipilli, lord of flowers, otherwise named Macuilxochitl, five flowers (the name of a small odorous plant), was the deity who gave and protected all flowering plants. As one of the gods of fertility and production, he was associated with Tlaloc, god of rains." Brintou, Rig Veda Americanus, p. 40. -Journal of the Anthropological Institute, VIII, 1878. The first writer to discuss the resemblances of the games of the American Indians with those of the Old World, as an argument in favor of the Asiatic origin of the American race, was P. Lafitau in his Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains Comparees aux Moeurs des Premiers Temps, Paris, 1724. Under Des Jeiix (II, p. 338) he describes and illustrates the plum stone game played upon a mat, and the bowl game, comparing them with the similar custom of throwing cowrie shells, practiced by the negroes of Africa (see p. 815), and with knuckle bones of classical antiquity. He then compares the game of straws, pailles, with cards, and concludes with a parallel between the Indian ball games and those of the Greeks and Romans. •On the Game of Patolli in Ancient Times and its probably Asiatic Origin, 1878. ^On American Lot-Games as Evidence of Asiatic Intercourse before the Time of Columbus, 1896. "^Cat. No. 7144, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes, fig. 25, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 532. 'The variations in the game called Chausar, played with dice, from that of Pachisi with cowries, are given by Mr. Edward Falkener. Games Ancient and Oriental, London, 1892. 856 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. kinds find a parallel in the long and short blocks nsed in the Wyotit game and in the similar staves used in games by certain American tribes. In the case of the latter a ceremonial distinction is said to sometimes exist, one kind being used exclusively by women, who are not permitted to play with the otliers. 41. Pasit (PacMsi). Burma. Cloth, cowries, and men.* Cloth with four arms, each with three rows of eight squares consist- ing of silk cloth of different colors. A detailed account of Pasit is given by Shay Yoe.^ The game is also called ehuay pyU-thee and ansah pyit-thee. He describes six cow- ries {chuay) being used, the throws with which count as follows: 1 mouth up =10, i'ae. 2 mouths up= 2, pah. 3 mouths up := 3, thohn, 4 mouths up= 4, lay. 5 mouths up =25, taseht. 6 mouths up= 12, bahyah. No mouths up= 6, chouk. These, it will be seen, closely agree with those described on page 853, as do the rules in general. The " castles," called poh or kyah, are colored red or green. The game is also played with three dice, identical with those described under Chausar (No. 40). 42. DHOLA(Pae/mi). Maldive Islands. Cloth, men, and cowrie shells, weighted with lead, used as dice-' (Plate 30). The cloth is made of blue cotton with the squares embroidered in white thread, with the date in the middle, A. H. 1301 (1883 A. D.). Five cowries are used. In Ceylon the men receive the name of ito. 43. Pachis [Pachisi). Persia. Wooden board,^ composed of four pieces which fit together in the middle to form a cross (Plate 31). The face is gilded and painted in colors. There are three rows of eight squares in each arm, with pictures of women, covered with mica, at each of the four ends. It will be observed that the game is known in Persia by its Hindu name. The method of play, if it differs from that in India, is unknown to the writer.'' 1 Cat. No8. 18592, 18593, 18594, Mus. Arch., Univ. Peun. 2 James George 5cott, The Burmau, His Life aud Notions, London, 1882, II, p. 83. 'Cat. Nos. 16476, 16477, 16482, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. From the exhibit of the Gov- ernment of Ceylon at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago. 'Cat. No. 18264, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. Penn. ^Gen. A. Houtum Schiudler, of Teheran, in reply to a letter of inquiry, writes as follows : " racliisi, au Indian game, is seldom played in Persia; in fact, I do not remember having seen it during all my twenty-nine years' residence in the country. The Per- sian name of the game is I'achh and PicMs, the latter evidently a corruption of the former, the original Indian word." Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 30. « - "^ > g < I £. S £ i~ I I E ^ -' c p- 1 !: liarUHil Report of U. 5. National Museum, 1896,— Culm. Plate 31. V Board for Pachjs (Pachisi). Length, 20s inches. Persia. Cat. No. 182G4, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 857 44. Edris a Jin. Edris of the Genii, a game like Pachisi. Druses of Lebauon, Syria. Cloth and cowrie shells used as dice and men." The board is much more complicated than the preceding, consisting of a large square cotton cloth marked with a i^arti-colored diagram witli four arms each having four rows of eight squares, each connected at the ends by a diagonal row of eight squares, the whole forming an octagonal figure. The inner square, composed of sixteen small squares, is called the seroi. The moves are made according to the throws with four cowries. Each player has three men, other shells, one of which is called the "chief," and the others "soldiers." The former are filled with red sealing wax, to which colored paper is pasted, distinguishing them as red, green, yellow, and black. The name of the game, Edris, which is applied in Syria to simple games played with men upon boards, among which is Merrels, is the same as that of Enoch,^ the prophet of the Druses. In this game, which, from its terminology, is possibly of Persian origin, the pieces are differentiated. It appears to be a step in the direction of the game of chess, although not in the direct line. 45. Chaturanga. Dice chess. Ancient India. Board, men ^ (repro- dnctions) and die. The game of Ghaturanga, now apparently extinct, is described in detail in the Bhavisliya Pnrana, of which translations have been given by several writers. It was i^layed upon au ordinary chessboard of sixty-four squares by four players, each of whom had eight men, dis- tinguished \iY the colors red, green, yellow, and black. The men con- sisted of four foot soldiers or pawns, and a Eajah, Elephant, Horse, and Ship, which are placed in the order of Ship, Horse, Elei)hant, and Eajah, beginning from the left corner, with the four foot soldiers in front. The partners' pie(;es occupy the opposite diagonals. The Eajah, Elephant, and Horse move as the King, Eook, or Castle and Knight in modern chess; the Ship always two squares diagonally, hopping over au inter- mediate iiiece if necessary; the foot soldier like the pawn in our own game. The players play alternately in the order of the sun. The moves were made according to the throws with a die marked 2, 3, 4, 5. On throwing T), the Eajah or a foot soldier was moved; if 4 was thrown, the Elephant; 3, the Horse, and 2, the Ship. It is not cer- tain from the account referred to that the die was employed after the opening move. The liajah was not checkmated in this early game, but is taken like ' Cat. No. 18262, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. = p]nocli is the reputed inventor of a kind of divinatory table divided into squares, in eacli of which is written an Arabic letter, which is described by Lane nuder tlie nami^ of Zair'yeh. Hence, it may be, his name is applied to the games above described. "Cat. No. 7578, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 858 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. ^^ M<^'%\X\X\<^^IK ^ ***** **OO any other piece. He might, if expedient, be captured by his partner's men, who thus placed himself in command of both armies. The name of the game, Chaturanga or "four angas," is that of the four angas or members of an army, a term which is applied to real armies by the epic poets of India.^ The relation of the game of Chaturanga to the game of Pachisi is very evident. The board is the square of the arm of the Pachisi cross, and even the castles of the latter appear to be perpetuated in the camps, similarly marked with diagonals, on the Chinese chessboard (No. 51).2 The arrangement of the men at the corners of the board survives in the Burmese game of Chess (No. 46). The four-sided die is similar to that used in Chausar (No. 40). The pieces or men are of the same colors as in Pachisi, and consist of the four sets of men or pawns of the Pachisi game, with the addition of the four distinctive chess pieces, the origin and significance of which remain to be accounted for. By analogy, it may be assumed that the board, if not indeed all boards upon which games are played, stands for the world and its four quarters (or the year and its four seasons), and that the game itself was originally divinatory. The theory that modern chess had its origin in Chaturanga, suggested by Capt. Hiram Cox in 1799, and upheld and developed by Prof. Duncan Forbes ' has not been accepted by students of the game generally. The antiquity of the Purana in which it is described, has been questioned, and the game asserted to be a comparatively modern adaptation of the primal Hindu game. Apart from this discussion the relation of Chess to an earlier dice game, such as Pachisi, appears to be evident. The comparative study of games leads to the belief that practically all games as chess, played upon boards, were i^receded by games in which the jjieces were animated by dice, cowries or knuckle bones, or by staves, as in the Korean Nyout, the Egyptian Tab, and many aboriginal American games. 'For a further account of the game with a translation of the original authorities, consult Edward Falkeuer, Games Ancient and Oriental, London, 1892, from which the above is taken. 2 This survival of the Castles on the chessboard is still more clearly seen on the Persian chessboard figured by Hyde, fig. 161. He says: "The chessboard of the Persians living in India is quite square and has the same number of squares. But, in order better to protect the King, some of the squares are ' crosscut.' If now the King is hard pressed, he can evade either by changing with the Castle, or move to one of those crosscut squares." (Historia Shahiludii, p. 60.) A similar marking is to be observed on the Burmese chessboard. 3 History of Chess, 1860. *»___1^^^ *l*ll|*l**l* S*^** IKl Fig. 161. PERSIAN CHESS BOARD. After Hyde. Report of U. S. Matronal Museum, 1896.— Culin. Plate 32. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 859 46. Chit-Thareen. Chess. Burma. Board aud Men.' (Plate 32.) The board is very large and stands liigli for the convenience of the players, who sit upon the ground. The men are made of wood of dif- ferent colors, or of ivory painted red and green on opposite sides, and carved to represent the objects they stand for. The pieces on each side are as follows : 1. Meng," King or General (1) = King. 2. Chekoy, Lieiitenant-General (1) = Queen. 3. Eatha, War Chariots (2) = Rooks. 4. Chein, Elephants (2) = BLshops. 5. 3Ihee, Cavalry (2) = Kuights. 6. Tdn, Foot-soldiers (8) = Pawns. \ 860 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. the oriental games of Chess. Professor Forbes has pointed out that in the four-handed game of Chess it was of the utmost importance with each of the players to get possession of his ally's throne, a step which thenceforth secured to him the individual command of the allied forces. Fig. 163. INDIAN CHESSMEN OF WOOD. After Hyde. It must therefore have often happened that, after some twenty or thirty moves, the contest remained to be decided between two players Fig. 164. INDIAN CHESSMEN OF SOLID IVOEY. After Hyde. only. He points out, too, that in the two-handed game one of the allied kings becomes a subordinate piece, called by the Persians and Arabs, Farzin or Wasir, the Queen of our European game. Fi^^ 165. INDIAN CHESSME.V OF HOLLOW IVORY. After Hyde. 47. Chess. Maldive Islands. Board ^ and men.^ (The men original, the board substitution.) Identical with the Hindu game, which is played in the same manner as the English. The pieces in the Indian game receive the following names : Padshah (1) = King. fTa^jir or Minister (1) ^ Queen. Phil or Elephant (2j = Bisliops. Js}), (jhora (2) =^ Knights. Eukh, burj (2) = Castles. Piadah (8) = Pawns. 1 Cat. No. 7579, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 2 Cat. No. 16489, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 8G1 It may be observed that the forms of the chessmen in countries under Mohammedan influence are not usually those of men or animals, as such representations are forbidden by Mohammedan law.^ Probably the oldest chessmen known to exist are an almost complete set which is preserved in the East Indian Museum, London. They* were excavated about thirty years ago on the site of the city of Brah- munabad in Sind, which was destroyed by an earthquake in the eighth Fig. 166. TURKISH AND GREEK CHESSMEN. After Hyde. century. They are black and white, made of ivory and ebony; turned, and plain in character, without ornament. The kings and queens are about 3 inches high, the pawns 1 inch, and the other pieces of inter- mediate heights. Fragments of a chessboard of the same materials were found with them.^ Fig. 167. KURDISH CHESSMEN. Height, 1 to IJ inches. Cat. No. 19683, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvanis. 48. Chatok. Chess. Johore, Malay Peninsula. Board and men.^ Identical with the Indian game. The pieces on each side receive the following names: Rajah, (1) ^ King, Muntrie, Vezir (1) = Qiioeii. Teh, Chariot (2) = Rook. di'jah, Elephant (2) = Bishop. Kuda, Horse (2) = Knight. Bidak, Foot-sohlier (8) = Pawn. They are made of wood of two kinds, of the natural colors. 'Some commentators have supposed that the prohibition of images in the Koran referred to chessmen, and the notion, repeated in a note to Sale's Koran, has found wide acceptance. There is no evidence that chess was known to the Arabs in the time of Mohammed. "William Maskell, Ivories, Ancient and Medieval, London, 1875, p. 78. Cat. Nos. 16490, 1G489, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. From the exhibit of H. H. the late Sultan of Johore at the Columbian I'xposition, Chicago. 862 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 49. Chessboard.! Morocco. Mneteenth century. The alternate squares are made of eight-pointed stars carved in relief and painted red with a conventional tiower in yellow. The depressed squares are painted yellow. 50. Chess. England. Board and men.^ The time of the introduction of chess into Europe has not been definitely fixed upon, but is believed to be in or before the Eleventh century. The source of the European game is Arabic, which is evident Fig. 168. ENGLISH CHESSMEN. Time of Caxton. After Hyde. from the words " check " and " mate," which are from Shah, mat, the Shall or King is dead. Nothing is really known as to how chess was introduced into western and central Europe.^ 'Cat. No. 15498, Mus. Arch., Univ. Peun. Purchased by the writer in Gibraltar, Spain, 1893. A similar board was procured by Dr. Talcott Williams in Morocco in 1897. He informed the writer that he was unable to obtain the native men, foreign chessmen being used. 2 Cat. No. 7091, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 3 In reply to a letter of inquiry, in reference to the best modern works in English and German on the practice and history of chess, Mr. John G. White, of Cleveland, Ohio, has kindly furnished the writer with the following particulars: The best books in English as to the practical part of the game I think to be : E. Freeborough, Chess Openings, Ancient and Modern, 3d ed., 1896, supple- mented by — E. Freeborough, Chess Endings, London, 1891. W. Cook, Synopsis of Chess Openings; with American inventions in Chess Open- ings and fresh analysis since 1882, by J. W. Miller, Cincinnati, 1884. In German : Bilguer Handbuch, 7th ed., Leipzig, 1891. O. Cordel, Fuhrer durch de Schachthcore, Berlin, 1888. Dr. Eugen V. Schmidt, Systematische Anordnung der Schacheroffnungen, Leipzig, 1895. As to the historic study of the game, there is nothing in the English language worthy of mention. Forbes' History is antiquated. He did not even make good use of the material known to him. In German Dr. A. Van der Linde, Geschichte und Literatur des Schachspiels, two vols., Berlin, 1874; Qnellenstudien, Berlin, 1881; Erstes .Tiihrtausend, Berlin, 1881. Stimulated by these books, a number of articles by German scholars have appeared, CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 863 The oldest European chessmen in existence appear to be six ivory pieces, long preserved in the abbey of St. Dennis and now in the National Library at Paris, where they were transferred at the Revolu- tion. According to tradition, they were a gift to the abbey from Charlemagne. The dress and ornaments of these pieces are in keep- ing with the Greek costume of the ninth century.^ 51. TSEUNG K-f. Chess. Canton, China. Board ^ and men. The board, commonly made of paper, has sixty-four squares, which are separated into two parts in the middle by a blank space, the width of one square, called the "River." Four squares in the middle of each side of the board in the first and second rows nearest the edge are crossed with two diagonal intersecting lines, marking an inclosure, which is called the "Palace." The pieces on each side, which are placed at the intersections of the lines instead of on the squares, and consist of disks of wood inscribed on both sides with the Chinese char- acter for the name, distinguished by the colors red and blue, are as follows : Tsmng, "General" (1) King. Sz\ "Coimcillors" (2) Bishops. Taenng, "Elephants" (2). Md, "Horses" (2) = Knights. Ch'e, "Chariots" (2) = Castles. P'du, "Cannons" (2). Ping and Tsut (on opposite sides), "Foot soldiers" (5) ^ Pawns. The "Generals" are placed in the middle of each outer row with the "Councillors" on either -side. Next without them are the two "Horses" with the "Chariots" in the corners. The " Cannons" occupy the first points of intersection from the edges of each of the second rows, while the "Footsoldiers" are placed in the third row with one intervening point between each of them. The "General" is not permitted to move outside of his " Palace" and only along the perpendicular and horizontal lines. The "Chancellors," some in periodicals devoted to the game, in learned journals, and as essays, such as that by Fritz Strohmeyer on "Chess in Old French" in the collection of essays pub- lished on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the professorship of Dr. Adolf Toblcr, Halle A. S., 1895. While these have, here and there, corrected a date, established matters doubted by Van der Linde, and enlarged the information given by him, tliey have left substantially unchanged the more important features of his work. Thus they have shoved back the date of knowledge of chess among the Arabs a generation, have shown knowledge of chess in Europe some fifty years before the earliest date assigned by him; proved that he spoke too quickly as to the Problem Collection of Bomus Socius comprising the whole problematical chess literature of the Middle Ages, etc. His books are somewhat disfigured by controversial bitter- ness, and too great critical skepticism ; the style is not attractive, but they are mines of information. 1 William Maskell, Ivories, Ancient and Medieval, London, 1875, p. 77. 2Cat. No. 16434, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 864 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. wLicli move along the diagonal lines, also never quit the " Palace," although other pieces may enter or pass through it. The " Elephants" move two squares diagonally, but can not jump over an intermediate piece nor cross the " River." The " Horse" has the move of our Knight, but may not jump over an intermediate piece. It may cross the "River," the "River" forming one-half of its move. The "Chariot" Fig. 169. CHINESE CHESS. From Korean Games. moves like our " Castle," and may cross the " River." The " Cannons" move like the " Chariot," except that they can not move without jump- ing over one piece, but they can not jump over two. The "Footsol- diers" move and take one point at a time in a forward direction. They can cross the "River," the "River" itself being one move. When across, they can move and take either in a forward or lateral direction. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 865 On reaching the opposite end they can move and take only laterally. The "Generals" may not face each other without intervening pieces. The object of the game is to checkmate the " General."^ The name of the Chinese game of Chess, Tseung 1c% signifies the General's Game. It is regarded by them as having been invented by Wu Wang, P.. C. 1169-lllG, the founder of the Chow dynasty. The name A'/, which is applied by the Chinese to a great variety of games ])layed with men or pieces upon boards, appears to refer espe- cially to the counters. "The relations of the Chinese game to the Indian game are obscure. It was probably introduced at a compar- atively early time from India. The manner of placing the men, at the intersections of the lines instead of upon the squares, constitutes one of the principal points of difierence."- Himly, in discussing the origin of Chinese Chess, expresses the opinion that while the game of chess had forerunners the real game originated in India as an efBgy of war, and spread from India in the sixth or seventh century to the west to Persia, and to the east to Cambodia, where, as well as in Persia, the name is evidently derived from the Sanskrit Chaturanga (the four army divisions). In the Chinese game the names of neither the board, the game, nor the men point to a foreign origin, nor does tradition say anything about it. Himly states that the first sure trace of chess in China occurs in the Yew kwae luh,^ 'For a more detailed account, consult Games, Ancient and Oriental; and for exam- ples of games, W. H. Wilkinson, A Manuel of Chinese Chess, Shanghai, 1893. Additional bibliography : K. Hiinly, The Chinese Game of Chess as Compared with 'i'liat Practiced by Western Nations, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., for 1869 and 1870, No. VI. , Strcifziige in das Gebiet der Geschichte des Schaclispieles. Zeitschrift d. deutscheu morgenliindischen GescUschaft, XXIII, ]). 121, , Das Schachsjiiel der Chiuesen. Zeitschrift d. deutschen morgenliindischen Gesellschaft, XXIV, p. 172. , Anmerknngen in Bezichnng anf das Schach-und andere Brettspiele. Zeits- chrift d. deutscheu morgenliindischen Gesellschift, XLI, p. 461. , Morgenliindisch oder abendliiudischf Zeitschrift d. deutscheu morgen- liindischen Gesellschaft, XLIII, XLIV. , Die Abteilung der Spiele im Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache. T'oung Pao. H. G. Hollingsworth, A Short Sketch of the Chinese Game of Chess, called Kh'e. Also called Seang Kh'e, to distinguish it from Wei-Kh e, another game played by the Chinese, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., N. S., Ill, December, 1866. Thomas Hyde, Historia, Shahiludii, Oxford, 1695, p. 158. Antonius Van der Liude, (ieschichte und Literatiir des Schachspiels, Berlin, 1874, I, pp. 85-94. Z. Volpicelli, Chinese Chess, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., XXIII, No. 3. O. Von Mollendorfi', Schachspiel der Chinesen, Mittheilungen der deutscheu (Jes- ellschaft fiir'Natur und Viilkerkunde Ostasiens, II, ii. Das schachiihnliche Brettspiel der Chiuesen, Deutsche Schachzeituug, Leipzig, 1891, Miirz-Jnli. - W. H. Wilkinson, A Manual of Chinese Chess, Shanghai, 1893. 'A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature, Shanghai, 1867, p. 155. NAT MUS 96 55 866 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. a book containing fairy tales by New Tsang-joo, written near tbe end of the eighth century. 52. T.TYANG-KEUi. Chess. Korea. (o) Board and meu.^ (h) Reproduction of native picture of the game.^ Korean chess is admittedly a variant of the Chinese. The design of the board is the same, but in the Korean game the files are carried across the "Kiver," which is, in fact, ignored. The pieces, which are Fig. 170. KOREAN CHESS. From Korean G:imes not circular as in China, but octagonal, and vary in size according to their value, receive the following names: = King. = Bishops. Tjyanrj, "General" (1) Sii, "Councillors" (2) Sijang, "Elephants" (2). Ma, "Horses" (2) Tcha, "Chariots" (2) Hpo, "Cannons" (2). Vying and Ijol, "Foot soldiers" (5) = Pawns = Knights. = Castles. iCat. No8. 167565, 167561, U.S.N.M. Collected by Augustine Heard. -From Korean Games. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 867 For a detailed account of the game see W. H. \\'ilkinsou in Korean Games.' 53. Shogi. Chess. Japan. {(i) Board- and men.' (/>) PbotogTa])h of chess ])]ayers. The Japanese chessboard consists either of a small table, on four feet, or a paper diagram. It is a square of nine or eighty-one squares, which are slightly oblong in form. The pieces are i)laced in the squares, not on the intersections as in China. They consist of punt-shaped pieces of wood of different sizes, lying flat upon the board, not upright, and slightly inclined toward the front; the directions of the point determining to whom the piece belongs. Unlike all other games of Fig. 171. CHESS PLAYERS. Japan. After iKitive drawinj; by Bciku-seii, repvnduced in Korean Gaines. chess, the men are all of one color, and thus the same i)ieces serve for the player and his adversary. Another peculiarity is that any piece taken up may be entered by the adversary in any vacant place he chooses, and at any time he thinks desirable to enter it, such entry constituting his move. The names of the pieces on each side are as follows: sho, "General" (1) = Ki"S- Kin sho, "Gold Generals" (2). Gin sho, "Silver Generals" (2). Hisha, "Flying Wagon" (1) = Castle. Kakko, "Angle going" (1) = Bishop. Keima,* (2) = Knights. Kyosha, "Fragrant Chariots" (2). Hohei, "Foot soldiers" (9) = Pawns. ' Bibliography : W. H. Wilkinson, Chess in Korea, Pall Mall Budget, December 27, 1894; Idem, The Korean Eepository. -Cat. No. 93218, U.S.N.M. Deposited by the Corcoran Art Gallery. 'Cat. No. 7088, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. nVritten Avith the Chinese characters kwei md, whiuh may bo translated "honor able horse." 868 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The 8h6, or "General," stands in tLe center of tlie first row. He moves one square in any direction and loses the game when check- mated. The "Gold Generals" stand on either side of the King and move one square in any direction, except the two back diagonals. The "Silver Generals" stand on each side next to the "Gold Gen- erals" and move one square in any direction, except sideways and backward. The Keima stand next to the "Silver Generals" and have our Knigbt's move, but only forward. The Kydsha occupy the extreme ends and move any number of squares, perpendicularly only. The Hislia stands in front of the right-hand Keima and has the move of our Castle. The Kallo stands in front of the left-hand Keima and has the move of our Bishop. The " Foot soldiers," or Pawns, occupy the third row, and move and take one square forward only. The three rows nearest each side constitute the opposing camps. The "King" and "Gold Generals" retain their rank unchanged throughout the game, but the following pieces are ijromoted immedi- ately upon entering the enemy's camp, when they are turned over, their new names being written on their reverse sides: The Hislia becomes Ryo-ivo, " Dragon King," and has the privilege, in addition to its former power, of moving one square diagonally like the Kalilxo. The KaMo becomes Eyo ma, "Dragon Horse," and has the additional power of moving one square forward, sideways, or back- ward, like tbe Hislia. The "Silver Generals," Keima, Kyoslia, and Hohei, or Pawns, can all attain the rank of "Gold Generals." ^ 54. Pa-tok. Pebble Game. Korea. (a) Board and men.^ {b) Eeproduction of native picture of the game.^ The Korean game of Pa-tolc is identical with the famous Chinese game of Wai A'/, or "Game of Inclosing" {ivai, "to inclose"), which is popular in Japan under the name of Go * (No. 56). It is played by two players upon a board special to the game, with two sets of men of different colors (fig. 172). The board is divided into squares of uniform color, 18 by 18, numbering therefore three hundred and twenty-four. The pieces are played on the intersection of the hori- ^For a detailed account of the game consult Games Ancient and Oriental, from which the above is taken. Additional bibliography: Francis L. Hawks, Narrative of an Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan under Command of Commodore M. C. Perry, Washington, 1856, I, p. 465. (Description, with drawing of board, by Dr. Daniel G. Greene.) K. Himly, Das japanische Schachspiel, Zeitschrift d. deutschen morgeulandiscben Gesellschaft, XXXIII, p. 672. V. Holtz, Japanisches Schachspiel, Mittheilungen d. deutschen Gesellschaft f. Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens I^ V, Heft, 10. Autonius Van der Linde, Gescbichte und Literatur des Schacbspiels, I, pp. 94-96. 2 Cat. No. 167564, U.S.N.M. ^From Korean Games. ••In Manchu it is called Tonio, and the board on which it is played Toniko (Himly). CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 869 zontal and vertical lines, and as there are nineteen lines m either direc- tion, the number of places on which the men can be played is 19 by 19= three hundred and sixty-one. The Korean board is made in the form of a small hollow table, difler- ing from the Japanese board, which consists of a solid block of wood. In China the boards are printed on paper. The men used in Korea are small, polished, black pebbles and irregular pieces of white shell. The players place their men alternately on any of the points of inter- section of the horizontal and vertical lines not already occupied, the object of the game being to occupy as much of the board as oossible. Fig. 172. BOAKD FOB PA-TOK. Height, 11 inches; 16J inches square. Korea. Cat. No. 164.31, Museum of Archteology, University of Pennsylvania. From Korean Games. victory being decided in favor of the player who has command of the most spots. Space can be occupied in two ways: by placing men on the different points, and by forming an inclosure with one's men, the space thus contained being reckoned as one's territory. The latter gives the Chinese name to the game.' The invention of the game of Wai ¥i, of which some of the most inter- esting characteristics are exemplified in the Korean Pa-toTc, is attributed by the Chinese to the Emperor Yao (B. C. 2356), or, according to other 1 For an account of Wai k'i, see Z. Volpicelli, Journal of the China Branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, XXVI, p. 80, Shanghai, 1804; also: Herbert A. Giles, Wei Ch'i; or the Chinese Game of War, Temple Bar, XLIX, p. 194. Reprinted in Historic China and Other Sketches, London, 1882, p. 330. K. Himly, Die Abteilungeu dev Spicle im Spiegel der Mandschu.sprache, T'ouu"- Pao, VII, p. 135. Thomas Hyde, De Ludus Orieutalil)ns, Oxford, 1694, p. 195. 870 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. accounts, to tbe Emperor Sbun (B. C. 2255). It is reputed as the first of games in Cliiua, Korea, and Japan, and one of the few which receive the api)robation of the educated classes in those countries. Simple as the game appears, it embodies certain complex elements based upon primitive notions of the universe, which, although they may in part be secondary and late additions, are of the highest interest. Thus the pieces, black and white, are regarded as representing the night and the day; the four "angles" the four seasons, and the three hundred and sixty-one points of intersection on the board (3G0 + 1) the number of days in the year. Nine stations at the intersections, which are - CHESS AND PLAYING-CAKDS. 871 Fig. 174. BOARD FOR CHDKI. Height, 6J inches; 16 inches square. Johore, Straits Settlements. Cat. No. 16622, Museum of Archlfcolo^y, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 175. ARRANGEMENT OF MEN ON CHUKI BOARD. 872 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Ill each of tbese four sections a place is generally marked out at a distance of four steps along the principal diagonal counted from the outer angle. Each spot is therefore equally distant from the two external sides of the section. These four points (fig, 173) are called l-an, sun, Tciv^un, and ¥in. The latter terms are the names given to the diagrams in the magic symbol of the universe, called the Pat hwd, or "Eight Diagrams," which stand for the directions Northeast, South- east, Southwest, and Northwest. Like the Nyout circuit, this game board has a cosmical significance and represents the world. As if to more fully embody and express the relation supposed to exist between the seasons, the world quarters—all things in the universe even to the tones of the voice that distinguish the meaning of words—as well as the notes of the musical scale, two copper wires are strung within the resonant chamber of the Korean board and emit a musical note when a piece is played. In accordance with the theory I have advanced as to the origin of games played upon boards without the intervention of dice, we may expect to find intimations of their use in earlier stages of this game. Such an earlier stage may be represented in the Malayan game of Chnici (No. 55). 55. Chuki. Board. 1 Johore, Malay Peninsula. (Fig. 174.) Chuki is a game played upon a board {papan chuki) in the form of a small table, marked with squares, ten on a side. The four squares in • Cat. No. 16622, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. From the collection of His Highness the late Sultan of Johore at the Columbian Exposition. The writer is indebted to the Hon. Dato Meldrum, of Johore, Straits Settlements, for the rules of the game and a drawing of the board as set for a game reproduced in fig. 175. Mr. Charles P. G. Scott has courteously furnished the writer with the following references to the game in Malay and Javanese dictionaries. Malay chuM: " Chnke, name of a game resembling draughts; v. Juki. Juki, name of a game resembling draughts; v. Chnke." 1852, Crawford, Malay and Eng. Diet., pp. 39, 62. " Xiiki [= chuki'], sorte dejeu d'echecs. Pdpan xuki ainds hunh na permata, un 4chiquier enordont les pieces ^taient faites de pierres precieuses (S[ejdrat] Mal[(lyu] [= Chroniques malaises, imprimces a Sincapour] 109)." 1875, Favre, Diet, malais-fran^ais, 1:491. " Tjalci [= chaki'], soort van verkeerspel, met 2 dohbclsteenen en 52 steenfjes van twee verschilleude kleuren aan iveerskanten , die meest van chineesch porcelein zijn [i. e. a sort of backgammon, with two dice and fifty-two pieces of two dift'erent colors on opposite sides, which are usually of Chinese porcelain] ." 1880, Von de Wall and Van der Tuuk, Maleisch-Nederlandsch woordenboek, 2:46. " Tjoeki, damspel; papan tjoeki, dambord." 1893, Klinkert, Nieaw Maleisch-Neder- landsch woordenboek, p. 277. Javanese chuki: " Tjoeki \_= chuki}, soort van damspel, met honderd twintig ruiten, zestig zioarte en zestig ivitte stukken [i. e. a kind of checkers, with one hundred and twenty small squares, sixty black and sixty white pieces]." 1835, Roorda van Eysinga, Algemeeu Javaansch en Nederduitsch woordenboek, p. 622. " Chuki, Xlgoko] 7i[»ama] [i. e. langage vulgaire et langage cer^moniel] {une sorte dejeu de dames)." 1875, Favre, Diet, jav.-franyais, p. 87. Mr. Scott says: "I have not searched for the word outside of the Malayan lan- guages. If I were to express an opinion on the scanty records before nie, I should CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 873 the center of the board are in part occupied with a small raised square (/rwj>a/«r{ directly, or to discover the number and thence the place. Like the i)receding class, it is widely distributed throughout the world. The divinatory associations of these games are more clearly manifest to the writer than those in whicli the tossed staves or their substitutes are used, and the derivation of the iuiplements from arrows more easily demonstrable. An examination of the arrows used by savage people shows that the custom of marking them in such manner that each individual might distinguish his own was very general. From this, both in the Old and the New World, the arrow came to stand as the token and symbol of a man,' and as such, among many other symbolic uses, was employed in divinatory games. It appears that the marks of the arrows of the American Indians, which are placed upon the shaftments, refer not, it Avould seem, to the personal names of their owners, but to their owners' place in the system of classification according to the directions in the circuit of the clans. At a later period of development we find these cosmical marks replaced by the written name of the owner, as in East- ern Asia. Traces still survive, even here, as on the practice arrows of Korea (No. 78) of the earlier system. The method of nuirking in America is by means of colored bands (ribbons) painted upon the shaftments. It may be assumed that a quiver made up of the different arrows of the individuals of a tribe would represent the Four Quarters and the intermediary points. It is such perfect quivers and their conventionalized representatives that constitute the implements of magic em]>loyed in the games which follow. In connection with these there are exhibited several series of arrows, together with a variety of objects regarded by the writer as having been derived from the employment of arrows as symbols of personality. 61. Tong-Kat. Korea. (a) Quiver of Ceremonial Arrows.^ Worn as an emblem of rank by Korean officials in military court-dress. ' The 8yml)olism of the arrow was discussed l)y Mr. Gushing iu his A^ice-presideutial address before Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, S])ringfield, 1895. According to him, "owner's marks, on arrows, were not designed primarily as signs of mere possession. They were indicative, rather, of the place in the cosmically arranged circuit of the tribe, of the man who made and possessed the arrows. It is probable that such marks were at first placed on arrows to serve as protective and directive potencies. By imparting somewhat of the man's personality to the arrows, their special aid to him was insured and at the same time their tiight was endowed with the breath or wind of the quarter to which he and they alike belonged. It naturally followed that, much as his face was recognizable as belonging to him, so were these arrows recognizable as essentially of his place and of him—so much so, that ceremonially they often stood for the man himself even more intimately than do our signatures stand for us." But the second part of this highly imi)ortaut paper, in which this was embodied, remains unpublished. -Cat. No. 151147, II.S.N.M. Collected by Hon. W. W. Rockhill. NAT MUS 96 56 882 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. (h) Reproduction of native picture of Korean officials in military court-dress wearing quiver with arrows.^ The quiver exhibited has ten arrows, while in the native picture five arrows are represented as being worn. These are regarded by the writer as corresponding with the Five Directions, and as symbols of regnal or universal authority.^ They are worn by the King himself, as well as officers who receive orders from him. The actual arrows are 26 inches in length, made of lacquered bamboo with white feathering and no points. The quiver is of Japanese leather ornamented with silver disks and sewed along the edges with colored silk.^ Chinese generals wear (or wore) a set of six arrows as an insignia of rank. A set of such arrows (Cat. No, 17686) in the Museum of the Uni- versity, picked up in August, 1894, on the field of A-San in Korea, three days after the battle, by Dr. E. B. Landis, are six in number (fig. 190). The shafts are of white wood, 37 inches in length, feathered with two Fig. 190. CEREMONIAL ARROW. Insignia of Chinese general. One of set of six, inscribed with names of twelve " branches." Length, 42 inches. Cat. No. 17686, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. feathers and painted with a red ribbon on the shaftment and at the nock. The points are of iron, leaf-shaped and painted black, and are fastened in the shaftment with a wrapping of cherry-bark. They are painted in red with the twelve characters which stand as names for the Twelve Branches or Duodenary Cycle.^ These signs are used to ' Korean Gaines. " The flag of a Chinese general in the University Museum (Cat. No. 16813) consists of five vertical stripes, of green, yellow, black, white, and red, the colors of the East, Middle, North, West, and South. ^'Walter Hough, Korean Collections in the National Museum, Report U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 481. ••Used in connection with the Tea Stems to form a cycle of sixty combinations employed by the Chinese from remote antiquity for the purpose of designating suc- cessive days, and, since the Han dynasty, applied to the numboriug of years. Twelve animals: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Serpent, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Cock, Dog, and I'ig are associated with the Twelve Branches, and are believed to exercise an I CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 883 indicate the twelve points of the Chinese compass, tss^ corresponding to the iS'orth, man to the East, ng^ to the South, and yau to the West. From this peculiarity it is not improbable that these arrows were originally intended for divinatory puri)Oses. 62. P'li TS'JM. "iiTotice Tally.'" (Fig. 191.) Chinese in the United States. Tally used to assemble members of the Chinese gamblers and vshop- keepers' guild in Philadelphia. In common use for similar purposes m China, where bamboo instead of varnished wood is used. This tally bears on one side the name of the gamblers' guild, and on the other the name of one of its members, with a blank for the insertion of the hour of the meeting, as occasion requires. The tallies are kept by a meuiber of the guild, who summons the members by sending each his tally. This constitutes the credentials of the person bringing it to the meeting. These tallies are direct descendants of the arrows used in more primitive conditions for the same purpose Their name, /sTw, is almost iden- tical with the Chinese name for arrow, and their form still retains a suggestion of their origin. Compare with the tallies used in the game of Chong iln cWau (No. 27). 63. iSTiN KAN. ISTew Year Cards. Chinese in the United States and China. Rectangular strips of red jiaper, 4^ by 9 inches, twice folded, and bearing personal names and nauies of shop companies. Widely exchanged at the I^ew Year season, when they are un- folded and i)asted in a row in the shop or dwelling, where they are kept during the year. These cards may be regarded as belonging to the same family as the message tally, or arrow, with the name of a man. Like it they ceremo- nially stand for the individual whose name they bear, and as such are preserved as pledges and tokens, given each other by members of the same clan and their friends, for the year. The name lain means pri- marily a slip of bamboo "formerly used for making notes on." CotnparaTjle with the "year cards" are the ho-hpai (Chinese, ho p'di) or "name tablets, ' which all the male inhabitants of Korea are required by law to carry. influence, according to the attributes ascribed to each, over the hour, day, or year to which, throuo-h the duodenary cycle of symbols they respectively, appertain. The usage is admittedly of foreign origin and is traced to intercourse with Tartar nations. Mayer's Chinese Eeaders' Manual, Pt. 2, pp. 296, 302. 'Cat. No. 15815, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penu. Fig. U)l. NOTICE TALLY (P'di ts'im). Length, 8J inches. Chinese in United States. From Korean Games. Cat. No. 15S15, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylvania. 884 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. When a free-born Korean boy reaches the age of 15, he has a small wooden label cut, which he carries with him. This label is made of pear wood or mahogany, and is about 2 inches in length by i inch broad. It is inscribed in Chinese characters. Across the top is the name of the Poii (Chinese jjii) or ward to which the boy belongs. Then in a line below the designation han-ryanfj, " leisure fellow," that is, not in gov- ernment service, and the boy's name with the date of his birth. The date on which the label is made is cut on the reverse. This label must be sealed by an official of the treasury, who brands it with a hot iron and registers the boy's name and other particulars. When a boy enters the Tjin-sd (Chinese, tsiin s^'), he has another tablet cut, this time of boxwood, with bis proper title insteadof li(ni-ry(tng. Upon passing the military or civil examinations, the label is cut from black horn, and upon obtain- ing the first grade an ivory label is permitted. Since writing the above account, which was dictated by Mr. Pak Young Kin, Korean Charge d'Affaires at Washing- ton, I haA^e received from Dr. E. B. Landis, at Chemulpo, two specimens of ho-hpai V Fig. 192. NAME TABLET (Ho-hpai). Length, 3f inches. Korea. Cat. Xo. 19845, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 193. NAME TABLET (Ho-hpai). Length, 3f inches. Korea. Cat. No. 19846, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylvania. (figs. 192, 193), concerning which he gave the following particulars : " I have simply had reproductions made, as they are not in use since the war. They are, however, exact reproductions, with the exception of the magistrate's seal, which was always burnt on the back. At the top, reading from right to left, are the words Ton Hak and Han llyang. These refer to the class of society to which he belongs. The first is "Patrician" and the second "Plebeian." After this follows the name and surname and in the lower corner the year of birth. On the back is the year when the ho-hpai expires. It is renewed every three years. There is another kind called yo-hpai (Plate 33), which was n.scd by the servants of the various officials as proof of identity when drawing their monthly wages, which was always paid in kind." Yo-hpai (Chinese, iup'di) is defined in the Diciionaire Corten Frangais as "plaque des soldats surlequelle leur nom est dcrit." The secret agents of the king in Korea, called E-sa (Chinese, ii s:'), used a plate of silver engraved with a horse as an emblem of their royal authority. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 33. r- J . Identification Tablets [Yo-iiidi). Korea. Ccat No.s. "JOOOn, 20008. :\ruseiiin of Archfeology, University of Pennsylvania. Report ot U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 34. Paizah of the Mongols. Length, 6 inches. From a specimen found in East Siberia. From the Book of Ser JIarco Polo, by CoL Henry Yule, C. B. Report o1 U. S. National Museum, 1896. — Culm. Plate 35. ;;*'•'• f^*1 itll^3iM'''J Bamboo Money. U. S. National Museum. Glover collection. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896—Culm. Plate 36. Obverse of Jade Audience Ring. Diameter, 4} inches. Ancient China. Cat. No. 130662, U.S.N.M. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 885 Fig. 194. OBVERSE OP CHINESE {Ts'in). China. Analogous to these Korean objects are the tablets of authority carried by the Mon- gol princes, which arc described by Marco Polo (Plate 34). These -were of silver, silver gilt, and of gold, and were inscribed with a leyend commanding respect in the name of the Kaan. To this was added the figure of a lion, and below the sun and moon, while the highest lords received a tablet with gerfalcons. I have l)een led to refer to these I'dizah, which are so fully described and illustrated by Colonel Yule (Marco Polo, Book II, C. VII, Note 2), through their sug- gesting in connection with other objects a theory of the origin of the so-called "cash" or current money of China (fig. 194). Tlicse coins, which unifonnly bear the name of the regnal period, by which the sovereign is Ivuown to the world, may be regarded as having been, like the Pdizah, emblems of authority emanating from the sovereign. Spec- imens of Chinese bamboo money (Plate 35), similar in appearance to tlie Korean ho-hpai, occur in the Glover col- lection in the United States National Museum. In ancient China, accord- ing to the Book of History (Shu King, Sec. II), the nobles are described as hav- ing five kinds of scepters made of precious stones. Of these, the two lowest classes were round with a hole in the center and about 5 inches in diameter. A specimen in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 130662, gift of Chang Yen Hoon, His Imperial Chinese Majesty's envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary) (Plate 36) is made of jade, and is of the kind desig- nated as luk pik, or "grain-besprinkled slab." We have in these scepters an ancient emblem of authoritj' corresponding in form to the coin. "When we examine the name of the latter, we find it to be ts'in, a word difli'ering but slightly from tsin, "arrow," from which I regard both the coin and tablet as having in all probability been derived. The charac- ter for ts'fn is written with the radical for "si)ear" doubled, with the radical for "metal" on the left. It differs in the substitution of metal for p' in, a "leaf" or "slip," from the character isin used in writing the name of the Korean playing cards, htou-ijyen (Chinese, tail tsin) (No. 77). Analogous to the Korean ho-hpai are the amulet bags {manwri hukiiro, protection bag), wJiicli Japanese childrtMi used to wear outside their dresses with a ticket containing their names and residences attached. "At a later period they are concealed; but all classes wear them during their natural lifetime. Some of them contain Sanskrit characters, others pictures or names of Shinto divinities or Buddhist saints, while all contain the navel cord of the wearer with the date of his birth inscribed." i The Tlingit make and carry small flat bono and ivory tablets. A number collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. N., in the United States National Museum (Cat. No. 168372) are represented in figs. 195-200. ^ Fig. 195. TLLNOIT TABLET. Length, 6J inches. Alaska. Cat. No. Ifi8372a, U.S.N.M. 'Glimpses of Dreamland, translated by Ludovic Mordwin; The Chrysanthemum, II, No. 2, Note, p. 50. 886 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The designs are incised and filled in with red paint. These the writer is disposed to class with the Korean lio-lipai as personal emblems. One of them (fig. 195) is in the Fig. 196. TLINOIT TABLETS. Length, 4^ to 4| inches. Alaska. Cat. No. 1683726, c, d, U.S.N.M. form and is marked like the feathered shaftment of an arrow. It bears at the upper end on one side the Avord vocasa inscribed in Roman letters. Another somewhat I'ig. 197. TLINGIT TABLETS. Length, 4 to 4| inches. Alaska. Cat. No. lesSlSe,/, ff, U.S.N.M. K,=^ similar tablet in the University Museum (Cat. No. 15319) is represented in fig. 201. It is not imi)08sible that this string of bones collected by Lieutenant Emmons and CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. { stated by him to be part of the paraphernalia of a Shaman are analogous to string of leg bones of the Arctic fox, which Mr. Bryant found in use among the Arctic Highlanders. (Seep. 719.) Fig. 198. TLINGIT TABLETS. Lengths, 2i, 3J, and 4J inches. Cat. No. 1G837-2A, i, k, U.S.N.W. 64, Tanzaku. a narrow strip of tliick cardboard, 2| by 14.J iuclies, used for writing verses ou. Japan. The usual size of the tanzahu is about 2h by 144 inches. They are frequently made of a thin strip of wood. The luime is a Japanese transcription of the Chinese tiin chHil- " a short list or memoranda,"^ and the object itself may be regarded as a survival from the time when books were engraved on simi- lar strips of bamboo, like existing Buddhist scriptures in Siam. The temple lots, mikuji (No. 08), and the Korean cards (No. 77) cor- respond with a bundle of tfoizabu, which are still rep- resented on and give name to certain card-pieces in the Japanese pack (No. 81). The ancestry of the book in Eastern Asia may be traced, not only to the engraved strips of bamboo (Chinese ch^ak), but, Fig. 199. TLINGIT TABLETS. Lengtli, 3i to 3J iucbes. Cit. No. 16MT2/, m, U.S.N.M. ' Hepburn. A more obvious explanation would be foiind iij idn ch'ak, a single slip of bamboo. 888 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. in the opiniou of the writer, to the bu^'lle of engraved or painted arrow-derived slips used in divination, j. eed the Korean name for the pack of cards, tjil, is defined by the Chinese tit, applied in Korea to a complete set of volumes of the same work. Fig. 200. TLINGIT TABLETS. LeDgths, 3|, m, and 2J inches. Cat. No. 16837'2«, o, p, U.S.N. M. The folding fan of China and Japan is not unlikely to have origi- nated from these tanzaku or writing slips, whicli the nobles carried in order to make memoranda when in the i)resence of the sovereign. The fan is constantly used for writing upon, one side originally being left blank for the purpose. In Japan a folding fan, ogl (fig. 202), formed an essential part of the ceremonial costume of a gentleman, and was carried in front in the belt. Refer- ring to the folding fan, Mr. Giles says: MfflUSi: Fig. 201. ALASKA INDIAN TABLET. Length, 4 inches. Alaska. Cat. No. 15319, Museum of Archaeology, University of Penn- sylvania. The number of its bones or ribs is a matter wbicli is by no means left to chance. Sixteen, including the two outer pieces, may be quoted as the standard ; but fans made in certain localities have more, as many as thirty-two, and sometimes even thirty-six. The reason why the number sixteen is prei'erred is that such a fan opens into a convenient number of spaces to receive the poetical inscrip- tion, which custom has almost, but not altogether, tied down to a given number of lines.' ^Herbert A. Giles, On Chinese Fans, Historic China and other Sketches, London, 1882, p. 299. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 37. Tanzaku. Length, U.i inches. Japan. In tlie author'.s collection. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 889 65. Yeki. Diviuation. Japan. Fifty splints of bamboo, zeivhahu, and six wooden prisms, sangi} The sticks may vary in length from 2 to 14 inches, tlie set ex- hibited being 14 inches in length. The wooden prisms, which are usually made of shitan, or red sandalwood, have two contigu- ous sides plain and two marked with a transverse cut about 1 inch wide, which is painted red (fig. 203). These blocks, called sangi, or "calculating sticks," are placed before the fortune- teller, parallel to each other and with their plain faces uppermost. The fortune teller takes the bundle of splints in his right hand and raises them reveren- tially to his forehead. He then places the ends in the palm of his left hand and shuffles them with a rotary motion (fig. 204). Taking the bundle in his right hand, he places one so that it projects between his little finger and his third finger (fig. 205). Dividing the remainder in two parts, he places one of the bun- dies between his middle finger and forefinger and the other be- tween his forefinger and thumb. The latter bundle is then conn ted , taking four splints at a time around the Fat lied or "Eight Diagrams" (fig. 20G), beginning at the one consisting of un- broken lines designated by the Chinese character ¥in, and cor- responding with the Northwest. When the count has been made around the diagrams as many Fis. 202. i'OLDiNQ FAN {hcik shin, "black fan"). Length, llj inches. Canton, China. Cat. No. 1")401, Museum of Arcliffiology, University of Peiinsylv ' Cat. Nt>. 17565.5, U.S.N.M. Gift of Ste^ya^t Ciiliu. 890 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. times as possible there will remain less than eight sticks. This re- mainder indicates the complement of the destined diagram according to the arrangement shown in fig. 200. The trigram indicated is then recorded by means of the sangi, the faces of the three nearest the fortune-teller being turned to correspond with the broken or unbroken lines of the trigram. The zeicliaku are then again manipulated and the three remaining sangi turned in tlie same manner to agree with the trigram designated by the count. The indication obtained from these two operations is then referred to the corresponding diagram in the Yili King or "Divination Classic," and the fortiine teller draws his conclusions from the text which explains it, aided by traditional interpretations. In this system of divination we have an illustration of the use of arrow-derived splints divided at random to determine the number, place being ascertained by counting around a diagram, the Pat Icwdj symbolic of the World Quarters. It is also practised at the iDresent Fig. 203. CALCULATING BLOCKS (sangi) FOB YEKI. Length, 4^ inches. Japan. Cat. No. 175655, U.S.N.M. day in Korea and in China, having doubtless been derived both in Japan and Korea from China. It is described minutely in one of the appendices to the " Divination Classic." ^ According to the Chinese record, the stalks of a plant, the Pfarmica Siherica were used, those which grew on the grave of Confucius being most highly esteemed. The assumption that the zeichaku (Chinese, shai clmTc) - were originally arrows is based upon analogy, the arrow derivation of many similar objects employed in divination being clearly apparent. The sangi (Chinese, siln muJc), or " calculating sticks " may be regarded as sur- ' Appendix III, Chap. 9, p. 51. M. C. do Harlez (Les Figures Symboliques dii Yi-King, Jouiiial Asiatique, New Ser. IX, p. 280) has given a translation of an explanation of the method of divination by means of the splints affixed to the Manchu-Chinese edition of the Yik Kiruj of the Emperor Kien Ijung. A translation of the rules for divination with the sticks is given in Takashinia Elcidan, Tokio, 1893. '^ Shai, "to divine with slips of Milfoil; the most efficacious is from the grave of Confucius;" C/t(tA;, "bamboo.'' Williams' Tonic Dictionary. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 891 viving from or suggested by the two-faced staves, from which the diagrams origiuated. The above-described method of divination has a counterpart in the Chinese game of Fan Pan, or "repeatedly spreading out," which is played in the gambling houses established by the immigrants from China in many American cities. Fan Pan is played with aqnantityof Chinese brass " cash," for which buttons and other small objects are sometimes substituted. These take the place of the splints or geichalcu. The dealer covers a handful of these cash, taken at random from the pile, with a brass cup.^ The players lay their wagers on the four sides of a square, numbered "one," " two," " three," and " four." The dealer then divides off the " cash" under the cwp by fours, using for the purpose a tapering rod^ of teak wood, about 18 inches in length. When all the fours are counted off, the winner is determined by the num- ber remaining.' In these operations we have the random partition of "cash" substituted for that of splints, and the square with its four numbered sides (cor- responding with the Four Quarters) for the Pat Jiivd or "Eight Trigrams" around which the splints are counted. Analogous also to the Chinese and Jap- anese method of divination with splints is the Malagassy Silddy, Sb system of fortune-telling in conuuon use in Mada- gascar, in which beans, rice, or other small objects that can be easily counted or divided, are employed. A quantity of beans are placed in a heap, and from these a handful is taken at ran- dom. From this handful the diviner withdraws first two, then two more, and so on successively until two only are left, or, it may be, the odd number, one. The process is repeated and the remainders, one or two, are marked in tables of squares, from which the determinations are afterwards made. The method of marking down, by means of one or two dots, is iden- tical with that frequently employed in divining with the splints. The process is repeated four times, one of sixteen combinations being ' T'dn k'oi or "spreading out cover." ^ T'dn pong, "spreadiug-out rod." 3 Stewart Culiii, The Gambling Gaines of the Chinese in America, Philadelphia, 1891; also, The Origin of F'an fan, Overland Monthly, August, 1896. Fig 204. METHOD OF SHUFFLING ZEICHAKU. Japan. From Korean Games. 892 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. formed, which are given, with their Malagassy names, in the following table : 1 * * Jama. 9 * ' Adikizy. Taraika. 10 Alezany. Jditsimay. 11 A lemora. Alokola. 12 Adibidjady. Asoravary. 13 Kizo. Asoralahy. 14 Adikiasajy. MoJahidy. 15 Saka. Mikiarija. 16 Vonfsira. lu order to explain the Malagassy names, which in part at least are Arabic, M. Steiuschneider' gives a table, compiled from a Hebrew lot book in Munich, with the Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and Berber desig- nations of these combinations of dots. The figures, he states, are supposed to represent the astrological "houses" connected with the planets. They are distinguished as male and female—a distinction which we may assume exists in the single and double dots, as in the unbroken and broken lines. Steiuschneider assumes that this sup- posed Arabic science was transplanted by scholars like Abraham ibn Essa and Jehuda al-Charisi, who traveled from Spain in Europe and the Orient in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, through so called lot books into Hebrew. Sibree relates that in a simple form of SiMdy an indefinite number of grass stalks are counted off in twos until only one or two are left.^ ' Zeitsclirift d. deutsclien morgenlandischeu Gesellscbaft, XXXI, p. 762. 2 For further references to Sikidy see : Zeitschift d. deutscheu morgenlandischea Gesellscbaft, XXXI, p. 543. William Ellis, History of Madagascar, London, 1838, p. 431. James Hibree, jr., Madagascar and Its People, London, 1870, p. 392. James Sibree, jr.. The Great African Island, London, 1880, p. 308. James Sibree, jr., Madagascar before the Concjuest, London, 1896, pp.162, 285. L. Dahle, Antananarivo Annual, II, p. 80. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 893 A method of fortune telling, based upon the sixteen combinations of single and double dots, taken four at a time, worked by means of a table not unlike tliat employed in sikkhj, is to be found in a popular handbook entitled, "The Gypsy Dream Book and Fortune Teller," M. J. Ivers & Co., New York, under the title of "The Oraculum; or, Napoleon Buonaparte's Book of Fate." The diagrams or dot combinations: . . • etc., are discovered by making four rows of dots at random .* '. *. and afterwards count- ing them, even yielding . . and odd . ' Eeviewing the references in the Greek and Roman classics to divin- atory practices with rods resembling those above described, there is to be found in Ammianus Marcellinus^ the following account of the custom of the Alani: They predict the future in a marvelous way. They take straight rods of osier, and, separating them with certain secret charms at a fixed time, they know clearly what is meant. ^ Herodotus relates : Scythia has an abundance of soothsayers, who foretell the future by means of a number of willow wands. A large bundle of these wands is brought and laid on the ground. The soothsayer unties the bundle and places each waud by itself,-' at the same time uttering his prophecy. Then, while he is still speaking, he gathers the rods together again, and makes them up once more into a bundle. This mode of divination is of home growth in Scythia. * The latter account does not agree except so far as concerns the bundle of rods, but almost exact par- allels to the zeichaltU, both in luimber and method of manipulation, are to be found among many abo- riginal tribes in America. A resume of the descrip- tions given by the early writers is furnished in that admirable paperon " Indian Games " by Mr. Andrew ^""" '^""''" *^^™'''" McFarland Davis, published in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute,^ 'Volume XXXI, p. 2. ^Somewhat comparable is the custom of the Guinea negroes described by Bosman (William Bosman, A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea; trans- lated in Pinkerton's Voyages, London, 1814, X^'I, p. 309) : "'If the priest is inclined to oblige the querent the questions are i>ut to the idol in his presence, and gener- ally in one of the two following methods: The first Avay is by a bundle of about twenty small bits of leather, in the middle of which they bind some trash of the same nature with that they fill the mentioned pipe; some of these ingredients pi'om- ise good success and others threaten the contrary. '1 his bundle the priest shuffles together several times, and if those which presage a good issue happen to come fre- quently together he answers the querent that his undertaking sliall end well." =^0. Schrader, "One bidiind anotlier," Prehistoric Antiquities, translated by Frank Byron Jevons, London, 1890, p. 279. "Book IV, (57, Kawlinson, New York, 1893, III, p. 46. '^Volumes XVII, Nos. 7-9, 188.") ; X VIII, Nos. 10-12. 1886. Fig. 205. ONE STICK PLACED BE- TWEEN LITTLE FINGEE AND THIRD FINGER. 894 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. under the caption of "Straw or ludiau Cards," from wbicli 1 have extracted the following : To play the game a number of straws or reeds uniform In size and of equal length were required. They were generally from 6 to 10 iuclies long. The number used in the game was arbitrary. Lawson puts it at fifty-one, Charlevoix at two hundred and one. The only essential points were that the numbers should be odd and that there should be enough of them so that when the pile was divided into two parts, a glance would not reveal which of the two divisions contained the odd number of straws. In its simplest form the game consisted in separating the heap of straws into two parts, one of whicli each player took, and he whose pile contained the odd number of straws was the winner. Before the division was made the straws were subjected to a manipulation, somewhat after the manner of shuffling cards. They were then placed upon the deerskin or upon whatever other article was selected as a surface on which to play. The player who was to make the di- vision into two heaps, with many con- tortions of the body and throwing about of the arms, and with constant utterances to propitiate his good luck, would make a division of the straws with a pointed bone or some similar ^ instrument,' himself taking one of the ^^.Ok '\h/ >^^X< divisions while his adversary took the >^ >^^ —-^ «— ^ ^^^ ^* other. They would then rapidly sep- arate the straws into parcels nuinber- Nbl*'?^ ^°o *®o each, and determine from the 6 fractional remainders who had the Fig. 206. odd number. The speed with which EIGHT DIAGRAMS (Tat ktcd). the proccss of couutiug was carried Numerical compliments indicated by numerals. On WaS alwayS a SOUrCO of WOUder tO the lookerson, and the fact that the counting was done by tens is almost invariably mentioned. Between two people betting simply on the odd number no further rules were necessary. To determine which had the heap containing the odd number, there was no need to foot up the total number of tens. It was to be settled by what was left over after the last pile of complete tens was set aside. The number itself might be either one, three, five, seven, or nine. In the more complicated forms of the games this led to giviug differ- ent values to these numbers, the nine being always supreme and the one on which the highest bets were wagered. It was generally understood that the holder of this number swept the board, taking all bets on other numbers as well as those on nine. It was easy to bet beads against beads and skins against skins in a simple game of odd or even, but when the element of dilferent values for different combinations was introduced some medium of exchange was needed to relieve the complications. 'An explanation is here suggested for the origin of the familiar game of jack- straws, in which a bundle of splints allowed to fall at random iu a pile are separated one by one without disturbing the others. Mr. E. W. Nelson informs me that a game identical with jackstraws is played by the Eskimo of Norton Sound on the Yukon River, Alaska. The sticks, which are made of spruce or cottonwood, or any ordinary driftwood, are about the size of a match, squared, and about four inches in length. Those he collected for the U. S. National Museum were tied with a cord in a bundle of about one hundred. The sticks each have the same value. They are separated by means of a slender stick a little longer than the others. Another method of using these sticks is to lay the bundle on the back of the baud, toss them Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin, Plate 38. IZ) C ^ Carved Sandalwood Jackstraws {Heung Vo pdt pd). Length, 3^ inches. Canton, China. Cat. No. 16221, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin Plate 39= (\\ lUx: \\ lux^T D e I> c ZZl (r Carved Sandalwood Jackstraws. Length, 3i inches. Canton, China. Cat. No. 16221, Museum of Archaeology, University of Penns3ivania. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 895 stones of fniit were employed, just as chips or counters arc used in modern gambling games, and a regular bank was practically instituted. Each player took a certain number of these counters as the equivalent of the value of the merchandise which he proposed to hazard on the game, whether it was a gun, a Idanket, or some other article. Here We have all the machinery of a regular gambling game at cards, but the resemblance does not stop here. The players put up their bets precisely as they now do in a game of faro, se- lecting their favorite number and fixing the amount, meas- ured in the standard of the game, which they wish to haz- ard. "By the side of the straws, which are on the ground, are found the {grains) counters," says Perrot, "which the players have bet on the game.'' In another place the method of indicat- ing the bets is stated as fol- lows: "'He (meaning the one who has bet) is also obliged to make two other heaps. In one he will place five, in the other seven straws, with as many {grains) counters as he pleases. * * * Compli- cated rules determined when the players won or lost, when the bets were to be doubled, and when they were to abide the chance of another count. The loser at the game, even after all he had with him was gone, was sometimes permitted to continue the game on his promise to pay. If ill luck still pursued him the winner could refuse him credit and decline to play for stakes that he could not see. The game often lasted several days, one after another relieving his comrades at the play until one of the ...«'* Fig. 207. JAPANESE FORTUNE-TELLER WITH ZEICHAKU. After native drawing in Our Neighborhood, by T. A. Purcell, rejiroduced Gaines. into the air, and catch them on the palm. If the player succeeds in grasping them all he lays one splint aside and tries again. The antiquity of the game of jackstraws in India appears to be illustrated by a passage in the Tevigga Sutta (The Magghima Silam, i ; The Sacred Books of the East, XI, Oxford, 1881, p. 193) in a list of games detrimental to the progress of virtue. "That is to say, with a board of sixty-four squares, or one hundred squares ; tossing up; removing substances from a heap without shaking the remainder." In Canton, China, children use splints from burnt punk sticks {heung Ic'eiiJc, litei'- aily, "incense feet"), one hundred being held in a bunch and allowed to fall, the players endeavoring to remove them one at a time from the pile without disturbing the others, using another stick bent over at the end for the purpose. They call the game fid heuiifi k'ettk. The Chinese at Canton make carved jackstraws, but I am informed by Chinese merchants that they are sold only for export. A set in the University Museum (Cat. No. 16221) (Plates 38, 39) consists of forty-two pieces, twenty small pointed sticks, twenty miniature weapons and implements, and two hooks for removing the splints. They are made of sandal wood, 4i inches in length, and their name is given by the venders as heung Vo pat ph. 896 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. two sides had lost everything. * * * The game of straw," says Perrot,' from whose accouut we have made the foregoing digest, "is ordinarily held in the cabins of the chiefs, which are large, and are, so to speak, the Academy of the Savages." Lawson^ describes it, but in slightly modified form, as follows: "Indian Cards.—Their chiefest game is a sort of Arithmetick, which is managed by a parcel of small split reeds, the thickness of a small Bent. These are made very nicely, so that they part, and are tractable in their hands. They are fifty-one in number, their length about 7 inches. When they play, they throw part of them to their antagonist. The art is to discover, upon sight, how many yon liave, and what you throw to him that plays with you. Some are so expert at their numbers that they will tell ten times together what they throw out of their hands. Although the whole play is carried on with the quickest motion it is possible to use, yet some are so expert at this game as to win great Indian Estates by this Play. A good set of these reeds fit to play withal are valued and sold for a dressed doe-skin." The first game described by Roger Williams^ in his Chapter on Gaming is "a game like nnto the English Cards, yet instead of Cards they play with strong Rushes." In his vocabulary he gives "Akesuog: they are at cards, or telling Rushes; Pissinue- Fig. 208. EOD AND COVER USED IN FAN T'AN. Length of rod, 17^ inches; diameter of cup, 3i inches. Canton, China. C.it. Nos. 7159, 7160, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylvani.a. ganasli: their playing Rushes; Ntakhemin : I am a telling or counting; for their play is a kind of Arithmatick." Straehey foand this game among the Indians in Vir- ginia. He describes it as follows: "Dice play, or cardes, or lotts, they know not, how be it they use a game npon rushes much like primero, wherein they card and discard and lay a stake or two, and so win or lose." Mr. Davis cites other references to the game by Fathers Brebeuf,* Boucher,^ Lafitau,'' Charlevoix,^ and Beverly,** none of which throw any additional light upon it. 'Nicholas Perrot, M^moire sur les Mceurs, Coustumes et Relligion des Sauvages de I'Amerique Septentriouale, Leipzig and Paris, 1867. 2.John Lawsou, History of North Carolina, London, 1718, p. 176. The tribes whose customs are described by him are Catawba, Tuskeruro (Tuscarora), Pampticough, and Woccon. He does not specify that the game was played by anj' one of these tribes in particular. ^Roger Williams, A Key to Language of America, etc., together with brief obser- vations of the Customes, Manners, etc., Providence in New England, London, 1643, Chap. XXYIII. ••Relations des J6suites, Quebec, 1858. ^Pierre Boucher, True and Genuine Description of New France, etc., Paris, 1644. Translated under title Canada in the Seventeenth Century, Montreal, 1883. •'P. Lafitau, Mcpurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, etc., Paris, 1724. 'Le P. de Charlevoix, Historie de la Nouvelle France, Journal d'un Voyage, etc., Paris, 1744. ^Robert Beverly, History of Virginia, 1705. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 897 * About fifteen years ago the late Rev. J. Owen Dorsey gave the fol- lowing- account of a corresponding game among the Omaha: ' Ja"-(|;tiwii, Stick-counting, is played by any nuruber of persons with sticks made of deska or sidnhi. These sticks are all placed in a heap, and then the players, in succession, take up some of them in their hands. The sticks are not counted until they have been taken up, and then he who has the lowest odd number always wins. Thus, if one player had five, another three, and a third only one, the last must be the victor. The highest number that anyone can have is nine. If ten or more sticks have been taken those above nine do not count.- liight is thrown upon the origin and significance of these games in America by the account of the Tiyotipi of the Daliota, by Stephen R. Riggs.'' ''The exponent of the Phratry was the ' Tiyotipi,' or ' Soldiers' Lodge.' Its meaning is the ' Lodge of Lodges.' There were placed the bundles of black and red sticks of the soldiers. There the soldiers gathered to talk and smoke and feast. There the laws of the encamp- ment were enacted." Describing the lodge, he says: A good fire is blazing inside, and we may just lift up the skin-door and crawl in. Toward the rear of the tent, but near enough for convenient use, is a large pipe placed by the symbols of ])Ower. Tlier*- are two bundles of shaved sticks about 6 inches long. The sticks in one bundle arc painted black and in the other red. The black bundle represeuts the real men of the camp—those who have made their mark on the warp.ith. The red bundle represents the boys and such men as wear no eagle feathers. Again he says: Then of all the round-shaved sticks, some of which were painted black and some l)ainted red, four are especially marked. They are the four chiefs of the Tiyotipi that were made. And these men are not selected at random for this place; but men who have killed many enemies and are most able are chosen. In conclusion, Mr. Riggs adds: The special making of the sticks is done on the line of personal history. What- ever is indicated by the kind of eagle feathei«s a man is entitled to wear in his head, and by the notches in them, this is all hieroglyphed on his stick in the Tiyotipi. Then these bundles of sticks are used for gambling. The question is, "Odd or even?" The forfeits are paid in meat for the Tiyotipi. This highly suggestive account reveals the splints or straws of the American games as derived from the ceremonial emblems of the war- riors of the tribe. The identity of the sjilints with the Haida gambling- sticks (No. 70), both in number and method of use, is clearly apparent. 'Omaha Sociology, Third Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1884, p. 338. -Mr. Francis Le Fleche mentioned an Omaha game to the writer under the name of Zanekidd^, as played with sticks or straws, fifty-two in all. "It is pretty much like card-playing." Miss Alice C. Flecker writes me that "the true name of the game is zfhon-iti-Dki-de. This is an old word, and not a descriptive name, whereas the name given by Mr. Dorsey is a descriptive name and only sometimes used to desig- nate tliis game. The name givcTi by Mr. Dorsey, zhon-dha-a'ci, is composed of zohn, "wood," and .. Haida Gambling Stick and Pottery Stamp. Ecuador. i CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 907 game is to guess in which of the two bundles of sticks, which iire wrapped in cedar bark, the trump is hidden. Each player uses one trump only. Another ai^pareutly similar game he describes as follows: MaUqd'n.—About thirty small maple sticks are divided into four or five lots of unequal numbers. After a first glance one of the players is blindfolded, the others change tbe order of the lots, and the first player must guess how many sticks are now in each lot. When he guesses right in three, four, or five guesses out of ten — according to the agreement of the ])layer8—he has won. The sets of sticks are almost uniformly contained in a leather pouch, with a broad flap, to which a long thong is attached, passing several times around the pouch and having a pointed strip of bone, horn, or ivory at the end. The latter is slipped under the thong as a fastening. These sticks, which are used by several of the tribes of the northwest coast of America, are probably simply conventionalized shaftments of arrows, as will be seen by comparing them with the arrows of the McCloud Eiver Indians (N^o. 75). Fig. 217 represents the cut shaftment of an actual arrow, still bearing bands of red paint, found among the debris of a clitf dwelling in Mancos Canyon, which Mr. Gushing regards as having been intended for a game in the manner of the sticks. CUT ARROW SHAFTMENT. LeDgtb, 6 inches. Cliff dwelling in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. Museum of Archjeology, University of Pennsyh'ania. From the account of the sticks used among the Dakota (p. 897), to which the Northwest Coast sticks are analogous, it seems probable that each stick in a set stands, or originally stood, for a warrior of the tribe. It will be seen from the sticks collected by Lieutenant Emmons that they are designated by what api)ear to be the names of thegentes. Comparison of the sticks herein described show that no two sets are exactly alike,' a variation whicli, under the circumstances, would be natural. Through the courtesy of Dr. Franz Boas, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, I am able to give the fol- lowing list of two sets of sticks'- in that museum, collected and labeled by Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. N., which are of the highest impor- tance in their study. By reference to Gibb's Vocabularies, it appears they were obtained from the Taku tribe of the Koluschan family, occu- pying Taku Inlet, Alaska. ' Tliey are catalogued under the name of Alh-lcar, from Sitka. ' There is a general agreement in the red and black ribbons, but the number and arrangement of these varies on the sticks in each set. Several sticks marked alike frequently occur, as in the named seta collected by Lieutenant Emmons. All of the painted sets contain sticks like those in these two sets. -My attention was called to these sticks by my friend Mr. Cushing, who kindly placed his drawings of them at my disposal. 'United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Kocky Mountain Region. Contributions to North .Vimrican Ethnology, I, p. 121. 908 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. Set of fifty-seven polished maple gaming-sticks. (Cat. Fo. j^), 4|| inches in length, in leather pouch. All marked with red and black rib- bons, and arranged in fifteen groups, as follows: Eight designated as Kite, " blacklish." One as Tieeshtakh', "starfish."' Four as Kdh, "duck." Ten as Late-la-ta, "sea gull." Four as Nork, "sunfish." Four as Shiiuko, "robin." Four as Reon, "fly." Three as Kar-shish-skow, "like a dragon-fly." Three as Tseeke, "black bear." Three as Gowh, "surf duck." Four as Larkar. Three as Yah-ah-un-a, "South Southerlee (sic)." Three as Ihk-ok-kohm, "cross-pieces of canoe." Two as Kea-thlu, "dragon-fly." One as Tis, "moon." Set of sixty-six polished wooden gaming-sticks. (Oat. No. g-|o^), 4|| inches iu length, in leather pouch. Twenty-seven of these sticks are marked with red and black ribbons, and arranged in nine groups, as follows (Plates 42, 43): Four designated as KitP, " blackfish." (Plate 42 A.) Three as Xar-is/i, "four-pronged starfish." (Plate 42B.) Three as Kok-khatete, " loon." (Plate 42C.) Three as Tuk-kut-ke-yar, "humming-bird." (Plate 42D.) Three as Kark, " duck." (golden eye). (Plate 42E.) Three as Dnlth, a bird like a heron without topknot (Plate 42F.) Three as Kau-kon, "sun." (Plate 42G.) Three as Ars, " stick-tree." (Plate 42H. ) Two as Ta-thar-ta, "sea gull." (Plate 42J.) The remaining thirty-eight sticks are plain, but some show old ban ^ O » > IB O J2 as'"' '- S H cS 918 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The carved gambling-sticks furnish a suggestion as to the probable origin of the seal cylinder such as was used in ancient Babylonia. Cylindrical stamps of unglazed pottery, pierced with a hole like the seal-cylinder of Asia, are found in various parts of America. Such a stamp from Ecuador, bearing a highly conventionalized device of a bird (Plate 41, fig. 3), might readily have been derived from a carved arrow- shaftment, and it is reasonable to believe that the Babyhmian seal, often bearing devices of animals, and the carved gambling-stick, the emblem and symbol of a man, should have had a similar origin.^ The set of American Indian gambling sticks may be regarded as the antitype of the pack of playing-cards, to which, as will appear from the Korean htou-tjyen (No. 77), they directly lead. 77. Htou-tjyen. Playing-Cards.^ Korea. [a) Pack of eighty cards. [h) Reproduction of native pictures: gamblers playing Htou-tjyen.^ (Plate 44.) The cards consist of strips of oiled paper S inches long by ^ inch wide. The backs are uniformly marked with the scroll a.s represented on fig. 218. The cards are divided into eight suits as follows (tig. 219): Sa-riim (Chinese, jian), "man." MouJ-lco-M (Chinese, U), "fish." Ea-ma-koui (Chinese, li), "crow." Eloueng (Chinese, chi), "pheasant." Ko-ro (Chinese, ch^ung), "antelope." Fyel (Chinese, sing), "star." Htok-ki (Chinese, t'6), "rabbit." Mdl (Chinese, md), " horse. "^ The cards of each suit are distinguished by numerals from 1 to 9 (fig. 220), the tenth card being designated as tji/ang, "General." (Plate 44.) A variety of games are played with the cards in Korea, the games in general resembling those played with cards in China. At the present day a pack usually consists of forty to sixty cards of four or six suits instead of eight, and the suit marks are not represented upon the numeral-cards, as cards of all suits have precisely the same value in the commonest game. 1 Korean Games, p. xxxii. It is gratifying to the writer that his theory of the origin of the seal-cylinder should have received such ready accei)tance and confirmation by his colleague, Prof. Herman V. Hilprecht, of the University of Pennsylvania. In his Old Babylonian Inscriptions (I, Pt. 2, Philadelphia, 1896, p. 36), hewrites : "It becomes novr very evident that the Babylonian seal-cylinder, with its peculiar shape and use, has developed out of the hollow shaft of an arrow marked with symbols and figures, and is but a continuation and elaboration in a more artistic form of an ancient primi- tive idea." ^ Cat. No. 77047, U.S.N.M. Collected by Lieut. J. B. Bernadou, U. S.N. 3 From Korean Games. ^ These suit marks may be regarded as the symbols of the Eight Directions, and agree somewhat closely, though evidently earlier, with the Eight Creatures : Horse, Ox, Dragon, Fowl, Swine, Pheasant, Dog, Goat, associated with the Eight Diagrams. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.— Culm. Plate 44. tsi^ii^Jf .^ Korean Card Playing. From painting by native artist, reproduced in Korean Games. Report of U S. National Museum, 1896.— Culm. Plate 45. i Nil k I) ) I J w m m u The Eight "General" Cards. Korea. Cat. No. 77047, U.S.N.M. From Korean Games. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 919 The origin and significance of Korean playing-cards are revealed both by their designs and by their name. The lat- ter, htoH-tji/en, is the Chinese tatt t,sm, meaning "fight- ing tablets," tsin being a narrow slip intended to write on. Examining the reverse of the cards (fig. 218) the device is seen to represent the feather of an arrow. Comparison of the eighty cards with the eighty arrowderived lots shows their practical iden tity, and we may conclude that tlie cards are highly conventionalized shaftments of arrows, retaining in their suit marks the same symbolism as that of the quiver of arrows from which they were derived. The Japanese niikuji, or "temple-lots" (No. 68), no doubt illustrate, both in form and material, an earlier stage of the present paper cards. Mr. Wilkinson informed me that the Koreans say that the "tens" or "General" cards once bore pictures, more or less carefully drawn, of the various emblems portrayed, of which the present scrawls are declared to be cor- ruptions. This would seem to carry back, directly, the cards toward the type represented by tlie carved gambling-stick (No. 76 h). Of the Korean games with cards, which are de- scribed in detail in " Korean Games," the most com- mon one is similar to the American Indian game of Straw (p. 804). Its name is Yet-pang- matig-i,^ The cards are shuffled, as is customary, by the dealer, who divides the pack into two parts. These he holds at the top in each hand, drawing the ends of the cards, which lay side by side, through each other; or, the cards are drawn out near the bottom and put upon the top. One pack is used in this game and any number may play. The gamekeeper, Moul-tjyou^' deals a card face down to each player, including himself, always drawing the cards from the bottom instead of from the top. The players have all put down their wagers, which have been covered by corresponding amounts by the Moul-tjyou. The object of the game is to get two or three cards upon which the sum of the Fig. 218. EEVEKSE OF KOREAN PLAYING-CARD SHOW- ING AEROW FEATHER. Length, 7| inches. From Korean Gsai«s, ' Yet-pang-mang-i {yet is a "sweetmeat," pang-mang-i a "pestle" or "club") is the most popular game Sometimes the same player holds the bank for three rounds, sometimes for five. The game is a favorite with the Korean sharper, who will abstract an extra card or, if dealer, will place a tjyang and a kou (nine) where they will fall to himself. — Wilkinson. '^Chinese, mat chii, "things ruler." 920 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. munerals is nine, called Tcapo, or nineteen, the tens not counting, and only the nnits being significant. In default of achieving nine, the Fig. 219. § SUIT MARKS ON KOREAN CARDS. From Korean Games. lower units count, eight being considered good. Each player then draws one or two cards from the bottom of the pack. If the Moul-tjyou has an excess over any player, taking the sura of \\m\ Fig. 220. I NUMERALS ON KOREAN CARDS. From Korean Games. the numerals on his two or three cards, less the tens, he wins that player's stakes; but the players who count higher than the Moul-tjyou Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 46. ^ Shaftments of Practice Arrows. Korea. - U. S. National Museum. From Korean Games. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 47. II iK m Chinese Playing-Cards. Showing survivals of Korean card numerals as index-marks. Kiu Kiang. Cat. No. 6, Wilkinson collection, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 921 each wius au amount equal to their stakes from him. When both count aliife, neither wins. Three cards having the same number count higher than nine. It will be observed that in this game the suit-marks do not appear to be regarded, and it is to be inferred that the packs of forty and sixty cards, without suit-marks, are used for it. 78. Practice Aruows.' Korea. Three from a set of five. Tlie arrows used at the present day in archery (Plate 46). They are called youyep-tjyen (Chinese, lau ip tsin), "willow-leaf arrows," and are made of bamboo, 34 Inches in length. The point is of iron, nail-shaped, with a stop which tits against the fore-shaft. The latter is usually made of cherry wood, with or without the bark on, and is about 1| inches in length. The footing, also of cherry wood, has a cylindrical nock with a U-shaped notch. The feathers, three in number, are carefully and uniformly trimmed and are fastened with glue; on some, in a straight line, and on others, at a slight angle to the shaft. These arrows usually bear the personal name of the owner, written in Chinese characters, between the feathers. All of these arrows are numbered with Chinese characters, from one to five below the shaftment.^ These arrows are shown to illustrate the probable source of the Korean playing-cards, which, however, doubtless originated long before the art of writing was perfected. It will be observed that the arrows are numbered in sets of five, while the cards are in suits of tens. In the tong-Mi, or ceremonial <]uiver (No. 01), there are ten arrows, however, and the feathers on these arrows have black tips, which seem to be per- petuated in the feather- like marks on the backs of the cards. 79. Playing-Cards.'' Kiu Kiang, China. Nine cards of the suit of man, or "myriads" (Plate 47), from a set consisting of four packets of thirty cards each, and five jokers : the Five Blessings, FuTi:, Luk, Shau, Hi, Ts^oi, "Happiness, Promotion, Long life. Posterity, and Wealth." The four packets are like those of the succeed- ing cards (No. 80). It is probable that Chinese i)laying-cards, of which there are several kinds, take their form from the narrow Korean cards. The cards with money-symbols seem to be in the direct line of descent, if not from cards of which the Korean are survivals, at least from cards of the same character and origin. These particular cards are shown (Plate 47) to illustrate the index marks on the ends (of common occurrence on the cards of this type), which may be survivals of the numerals on the Korean cards (fig. 220). Mr. Cashing regards these numerals as likely to have been derived from the cut cock feathers of the original arrows. Mr. Wilkinson, on the other hand, considers them to be modifications of Chinese numerals. ' U. S. National Museum. 2 Korean Games, p. xxi. ^Cat. No. 6, Wilkinson collectiou. Miis. Arch., Univ. Peiin. 922 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 80. Ts]6uNG-KWAN P'ii. Playing-Cards.^ Kwangtung, China. Set of one hundred and twenty cards, comprising four packs of thirty cards, each containing nine cards, from one to nine, of the suits of ping^ sok, and Mn ("cakes," "strings," and "myriads"), and three jokers: Pal- fa, Rung fa, and Ld W-in ("White Flower," " Red Flower," and "Old Thousand"). Fig. 221. HINDU PLATING-CARD (FISH AVATAR). Cat. No. 19135, Museum of Arclia'ology, University of Pennsylvania. 81. Hana-Garuta. " Flower Cards." Playing-Cards,^ Japan. Forty-eight cards with plain black backs, and faces bearing pictures of flowers in colors. Divided into twelve suits, which correspond with the twelve months and receive the following names : ^ 1. Matsu, Pine. 2. Ume, Plum. 3. Sakura, Cherry. ' Cat. No. 169334, U.S.N.M. Gift of Stewart Culin. These cards were purchased in a Chinese shop in Washington, D. C, and are the kind used by the Chinese laborers in the United States. It maybe remarked that they are chiefly sold in this country for use as markers in the game of Fan fan. Oard-playiug is very uncommon among the immigrants, and seldom if ever practiced except at the season of the New Year. 2 Cat. No. 150828, U.S.N.M. Gift of Mrs. J. K. Van Rensselaer. ^Comprising the favorite flowers of Japan, which have been so arranged, accord- ing to their time of blooming, as to form a floral calendar. The list of flowers with their months is given by Dr. J. J. Rein. Japan, Travels and Resources, London, 1884, p. 441. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 923 4. Fugi, Wisteria. 5. Ayame, Sweet Flag. 6. Botan, Peony. 7. Hagi, Lespedeza (Bush Clover). 8. Susulci, Eularia. 9. Kiku, Chrysantaemum. 10. Momiji, Maple. 11. Ame, Rain. 12. Kiri, Paullownia. The game is i)layed. by three persons, one of whom deals seven cards to each player and seven face up on the table. The dealer then plays out a card, with which he endeavors to match one of those on the table. If Fig. 222. HINDU PLAYING-CARD (TORTOISE AVATAE). Cat. No. 19135, Museum of Archseology, University of Pennsylvania. successful, he takes up both cards and lays them aside. The points are counted, accordiuy- to certain combinations of two or more cards, which a player may make either with the cards originally dealt him or with three taken up. These combinations are called yaku or "prizes." They are reckoned as equivalent to one or more lacan of twelve points. The counts are extremely numerous and complicated, and there are several varieties of the game. For a detailed account consult " Korean Games."' ' Bibliography: C. M. Belshaw, Hana Fuda, the Japanese Flower Game, more com- monly known by the Japanese as Hachi-ju-hachi, or Eighty-eight, 9 pp., 8vo., Yoko- hama, 1892. R. Lehmann, Gesellschaftspiele der Japaner, Pt. 1; Uta gaiuta, a card game (all 924 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The name applied to cards, cm^uta, is certainly the Spanish carta, but the cards appear to be distinctly Japanese, and to contain a suggestion of the primitive modes of thought under which they doubtless origi- nated. 82. Ganjifa. Playing-Cards.' Lucknow, India. Set of ninety-six circular cards. Thiu disks of lacquered card, 1^ inches in diameter. Backs plain red. Faces bear suit marks on Fig. 223. HINDU PLAYING-CARD (Pdrofu-Bdrnd). Cat. No. 19135, Museum of Archaeology, University of Pennsylrania. grounds of different colors. There are eight suits {rang, "colors"), of twelve cards each, consisting of ten numerals and two court cards, published), Mittheilungen d. deutschen Gesellschaft f. Natnr- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens, III, Pt. 30, pp. 422-425, 4to., Yokohama, 1883. H. Spencer Palmer, Hana-awase, with colored facsimiles of playiug-cards on four plates (Transactions Asiatic Society of Japan, XIX (Pt. 3), pp. 545-564), 8vo., Yoko- hama, 18S)1. Mrs. J. King Van Rensselaer, Playing-Cards from Japan, with plates, 3 pp. (Pro- ceedings U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 8vo., Washington). The Avriter is indebted for the above list to Fr. Von Wenckstern's Bibliography of the Japanese Empire, Leiden, 1895. ' Cat. No. 15280, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. Mr. Ramachandrayya informs me that the chief place of manufacture of playing- cards in India is Kondapalle, in the Presidency of Madras. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 925 Wazir a,nd Shah. The suits, which are divided iuto "superior" and "inferior," beshbur and kumbur, are as follows: SUPERIOR. Taj, "crown." Soofed, "white." iShumsher, "saber." Gholavi, "slave." INFERIOR. Chunq, "harp." Soorkh, "red." Burat, "diploma." Quimash, "merchandise." The colors of the grounds in the same order are yellow, black, red, yellow, green, red, brown. Four additional packs of these cards in the University Museum agree with the above in number and design, varying Fig. 224. HINDU PLAYING CARD (Pdraf^i-Rdmd). Cat. No. li)i:», Museum of Aichieology, University of Pi-nnsylvauia. only in diameter from 1-^^ to 1|| inches, and in fineness of execution. One pack (Oat. No. 19134), apparently more ancient, is distinguished by superior finish, both in painting and lacquer. While the colors of the grounds of all these cards, with reference to the suit-marks, are prac- tically the same, they differ in this respect from tlie similar pack in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society described by Chatto,' who gives a description of the game, taken from the Calcutta Magazine for 1815. The preceding cards may be regarded Persian or Mohammedau in 1 Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing-Cards, London, 1868, p. 35. 926 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. type. Such is not the case with the following packs in the University Museum, which bear Hindu emblems representing the ten avatars of Vishnu, from which they are known as the dasavatara mulu, or the Game of the Ten Incarnations. One pack (Oat. No. 19135) consists of one hundred and twenty lac quered disks of cardboard, 4i inches in diameter, with plain red backs, and faces painted with suit-marks on grounds ofdifferent colors. There are ten suits of twelve cards each, consisting of ten numerals and two court-cards. The court-cards bear representations of the ten avatars of Vishnu, one of the two of each suit having a single figure, and the other the same figure in a kind of temple, with two attendants (figs. 221-224). The marks of the numerals are as follows; 1. Malayd, the fish. Fish, black. 2. Kurma, the tortoise. Tortoise, brown. 3. Varah, the boar. Conch, dark greeu. 4. iViara-AS'lm/ia, the man-liou. Flower,' blue. 5. Vamana, the dwarf. Lota,- blue. 6. Pdrapi-Bdmd. Axe, white. 7. Edmd-Chandra. Arrow, red. 8. Krishna. Pestle, green. 9. Buddha. Lotus flower, yellow. 10. Kalkind, the "white horse." Sword, red. Another pack (Cat. No. 19156) in the same museum, 3|^ inches in diameter, corresxJonds in number, the emblems also referring to the ten avatars. The colors and suit marks vary somewhat in order from the preceding. 1. Matsyd. Fish, red. 2. Eurma. Tortoisej red. 3. Varah. Boar, yellow. 4. Nara-Simha. Lion, green. 5. Vamana. Lota, green. 6. Pdragu-Bdrnd. Ax, brown. 7. Bdmd- Chandra. Bow and arrow, yellow. 8. Krishna. Disk,^ brown. 9. Buddha. Conch, black. 10. KalMnd. Sword, black. Another pack (Cat. No. 16585/"), 3 inches in diameter, incomplete, agrees with the preceding. Another pack (Cat. No. 165856), 3 inches in diameter, also incom- plete, apparently has eight suits, of which the first, third, fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth agree with the preceding. In addition there is a green suit on which the marks are small yellow rectangles bearing the legend sriga. ' My informant, Mr. P. Ramachandrayya, of Guntur, India, was unable to identify this emblem. It resembles a flower, but may be a mace. ^ Water vessel. ^ My informant was unable to identify this emblem, a yellowish disk with m red dot in the center. CHESS AND PLAYINU-CARDS. 927 Another pack (Cat. l^To. 16585c), 3 j^g inches in diameter, incomplete, has six suits: first, third, fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth, agreeing- with Cat. No. 19156. Two other packs (Cat. Xo. 16585rt), 2f inches, and (Cat. No. 16585(i), 3-1% inches in diameter, both incomplete, each has four suits with the following marks: Ax, red. Trident, yellow. Rectangle,' green. Mace, black. The court cards are missing. From the comparison of these packs it would appear that as in the Ganjifa variations occur in the colors associated with certain suit marks, Fig. 225. HINDU PLAYING-CARD (Buddha). Cat. No. 19735, Museum of Archieology, Univtrsity of Pennsylvania. and, also, as in the case of the Korean cards Etoutjyen (No. 77), that there has been a progressive diminution of the suits; in this case from ten to four. Changes and substitutions are also seen to have occurred in the suit marks. The opinion was expressed by Mr. Ramachandrayya that the Hindu cards, not being mentioned in the early records, were probably imitated ' In one pack (Cat. No. 16585a), this inscribed sri. 928 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. from those of Europe. The writer believes that it is more likely that their origin rests directly upon older Asiatic traditions.' 83. GANjtFBH. Playing Cards.^ Persia. Fifty- seven cards of a set of sixty. Card-pieces about 2J by If inches, consisting of thick lacquered cardboard with black backs. The faces bear pictures painted in colors upon gold-foil, the grounds being of five different colors. These are as follows : Black: Lion devouring serpent; lion devouring ox; lions and serpent. Three varieties. Green: Youth. (King) seated. Three varieties. Yellow: Woman (Queen). Five varieties, in four of which the woman is accompanied by a child. Gold: Youth; hunter Three varieties. Red : Dancing-girls. Three varieties. A pack of Persian playing-cards in the possession of Mrs. C. C. Curtis, of Albion, ^ew York, are identical with the preceding in size and material, but bear somewhat different designs. They number twenty cards, of five different colors, black, yellow (white), red, gold, and green, four of each. There are two cards of each kind, making ten different (;ards. Black: Two lions devouring two serpents; lion devouring antelope (Plate 48«, h.) Yellow: King on throne; mother (Madonna?) with child. (Plate 48c, d.) Red: Lady with child; girl with wineglass and bottle. (Plate 49o, h ) Gold: Two soldiers; lad with dog. (Plate -Jc, d.) Green : Dancing-girls ; queen on throne. ( Plate 50a, b. ) The first-mentioned cards of each pair agree with those described below by General Schindler. It will be observed that the uniform of the soldiers, that of the English East India Company, precludes the possibility of any high antiquity for these particular cards.' Gen. A. Houtum Schindler, of Teheran, in reply to a letter of inquiry addressed by the writer, has forwarded the following account of Persian cards: The old Persian name for these cards was ganjifch—a word, I think, derived from the Chinese (chi-p'di—literally, paper-cards, the modern Chinese for playing-cards), with the Persian word ganj^ "treasure" prefixed. It may have also been origi- nally Ean-ch u-2)'(ii =z cards from Kanchu, in the Kansu province. The word (/anjifch is in Persian now only employed for European playing-cards (four suits, ace to ten; three pictui'e cards each suit), which, however, are also called varak, while the old Persian playing-cards are known as varak ids—varak i (Unnds—or simply as, from the game as or asanas, which is played with them. From travelers in Persia in the sev- ' As an analogue to the rectangular, arrow-derived cards of Eastern Asia maybe found in the playing-sticks of the northwest coast of America, so the wooden gam- bling-disks of the same Indians may be taken as possible American equivalents of the circular cards of India. - Cat. No. 182.58, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 'Six Persian cards similar to those described are tigured by Mrs. J. K. Van Rensse- laer, in The Devil's Picture Books, London, 1892. Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culin. Plate 48. PlaYING-CaRDS (ganjifeh). Length, 2^ iuches; width, 1} inches. Persia. In the possession of Mrs. C. C. Curtis, Albion, New York. Report of U. 5. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 49. WKtKHft Report of U. S. National Museum, 1896.—Culm. Plate 50. Playing-cards (ganjifeh). Persia. In the possession of Jlrs. C. C. Curtis, Albion, New York. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 929 enteenth century we know that a set of ganjifeh consisted of ninety or ninety-six canls in eight suits or colors. At present a set consists of twenty cards in tive colors or values. These values are : 1. Shir ra Khurshid or Cat. No. 16528, Mus Arch., Univ. Penn. '^Cat. No. 15645, Mus. Arch,, Univ. Peuu. NAT MUS 96 59 930 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. cards are designated as i?e, Begina, Cavallo, aud Fante. The attuti are uuiiibered and bear the following names: I. IlBagattella. IX. L' Eremita. XVII. Le Stelle. II. La Papessa. X, Rout. Dellafor. XVIIl. La Luna. Ill L' Imperatrice. XL La Forza. XIX. II Sole. IV. L' Iniperatoie. XII. L' Appose. XX. II Giudizio. V. II Papa. XIII. XXL II Moudo VI. GliAmanti. XIV. LaTemperau. II Matto VII. II Carro. XV. IlDiavolo. VIII. La Giustizia. XVI. La Torre. The thirteenth card with the picture of "death" bears no name,' and the matto is not numbered. The origin of European playing-cards is extremely obscure. They are variously regarded as having been invented in Europe, aud to have been introduced from the East. Willshire''^ favors the former view, and assigns the earliest European cards to Italy, while others believe them to have been derived from China, or to have been introduced by the Arabs or Gypsies.'' There are two principal kinds of European cards; one consisting of from thirty-two to fifty-six cards, comprised in four suits, each com- l^osed of a series of numeral cards and court or coate-cards, or hon- ours; and another, called Tarois (France) or Tarocchi (Italy), in which the preceding pack is supplemented with twenty-two or more cards called atouts (France) or atutti (Italy), bearing emblematic devices of a mythological or historic character. The earliest, or what are believed to be th(} earliest, Italian cards are of the latter kind. There are three varieties of Italian Tarots, according to Willshire: the Tarots of Venice or Lombardy, regarded by him as the parent game; the Mincliiate of Florence, and the Tarocchino of Bologna. The source of the allegorical designs on the cards of the emblematic sequence has been referred to a series of early Italian prints bearing full-length figures illustrating the various conditions of life—the Muses, Arts, Sciences, etc.—which are regarded as having been intended for puriDoses of instruction rather than for play. These prints, known as the Tarocchi di Ilanterpia or the Carte di Baldiniy exist in several European collections, and are fifty in number, arranged in five series, consecutively numbered (No. 86). Mr. W. H. Wilkinson, in a paper on the Chinese Origin of Playing-Cards,'' in which he i^resents a strong 'In a similar pack from Piacenza (Gius Beghi), the thirteenth card is labeled Lo Speechio. -A Descriptive Cataloguo of Playing and Other Cards in the British Museum, 1876. ^For a discussion of the relations of European and Oriental playing-cards see: Karl Himly, Morgenliiudisch oder abcudliiudisch? Forschungen nach gewissen Spielausdriicken, Zeitschrift d. deutschen morgeuliindischen Gesellscbaft, XLIII, l»p. 415, 555. For a list of books ou playing-cards, consult A Bibliography of Card- Games aud of the History of Playiug-Cards, compiled by Norton T. Horr, Cleveland, Ohio, 1892. 'American Anthroi)ologist, January, 1895. CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 9iJ ars'unient in favor of the Gliiiiese origin of European cards, regar( tlie Italian Tarot pack as a suggestive compound of the two nation card games of China; Kon «', played with Kwan'p'ai (No. 80), and T' lam., played with dominoes (No. 21), or domino-cards (No. 22). In tl light thrown by the study of Korean cards upon the origin of ])layin cards in Asia, the i^resent writer believes that -while it is more thf probable European playing-cards had an identical origin with those China, it is not yet apparent that there was any actual transference cards or card games. In his opinion it may be concluded that the foi suits of European cards were originally the emblems of the Foi Directions. 86. Tarocchi di Mantegna. Misero (I); Mnrfe (Mars) (XL^' Keproductions^ of originals in the British Museum. From Wi shire. The first is regarded by some as the source of the design on tl Matto or Fou of the Tarot series, and tlie second that of J^ Carro [YY. The resemblance between the emblems testifies either to a descent both compositions from an antecedent or common tyjie, or that the pie No. 7 of the old Venetian Tarots is simply a modification of No. 45 the Italian sequence (Willshire). 87. MiNCHiATE. Playing-Cards.^ Florence, Italy. Nineteenth centur Pack of ninety-seven cards, comprising fifty-six numeral-cards ai forty-one atutti. The former are similar to those of the precedii pack (No. 85). The atutti from I to XXV are numbered. Willshire describes the characteristics of the Florentine Minchia as follows : lu place of the twenty-two atutti of the old Venetian sequence there are fori one tarots proper, i. e., nineteen of the older series, or what are equivalent to the and twenty-two additional tarots, including the Matto or Fou. The chief modifi( tions of the old Venetian seqiience are : the figure of Le Pape (No. V) is withdrawn ; I'apcsse (No. II) becomes Le Grand Due; UImptratrhe (No. Ill) and L' Empercur (I' IV) represent the "Emperor of the West" and the ''Emperor of the East" re8p( tively; VHermUc (No. IX) becomes an old man ujion crutches {Le Sahlier No. X haviug behind him a star and above his shoulders an hourglass transfixed by an arro while La Maison Dun ou la Foudre (No. XVI) is discarded, or is perhaps uietanK phosed into L'Enfvr (No. XV), L'EtoUe(^o. XVII;, La Lune (No. XVIII), Le Sol (No. XIX), aud Le Monde (No. XXI) are retained. To this slight modification the old Venetian Tarots are added the three theological virtues, Faith (No. XVII Hope (No. XVI), and Charity (No. XIX). Other additional pieces are: One of t four cardinal virtues, Prudence (No. XVII) j the four elements of the ancient philos phers. as Fire (No. XX), Water (No. XXI), Earth (No. XXII), Air (No. XXIII); t twelve signs of the Zodiac (Nos. XXIV to XXXV) ; the remainder of the series cc eluding with the Star, the Moon, the Sun, the World, and La licnomm^e. Willshire states that there is a tradition that MincMate was invent( by Michael Angelo to teach children arithmetic. ^ Lent by Stewart Culiu. 2 Cat. No. 15641, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 932 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 88. Tarocchino. Playiug-Cards. ^ Bologua,'^ Italy. Nineteenth century. Pack of sixty- six cards, comprising- forty numeral-cards and twenty- two atutti. The numeral-cards are like those of the preceding packs, except that they are double-headed, instead of having full-length figures, and in that the twos, threes, fours, and fives are suppressed, the latter being the chief characteristic of the Tarocchino. The atutti bear designs copied from a Florentine Minchiate set. According to Willshire, this modification of the Tarot game was invented at Bologna, early in the fifteenth century, by Francesco Fibbia (Prince of Pisa), an exile in that city, dying there in 1419. The word tarocchino is a diminutive of tarocchi, a name early applied to any game with Tarots. 89. Tarots. Playing-Oards.^ French.'' Claude Burdel, 1751. Pack of combined Tarots ; that is, twenty-two atouts and fifty-six numerals. The suits of the numeral series have the old marks: Coupes^ IJeniers, Bastons, and JEjjces—" Cups," " Money," " Clubs," and '' Swords." The court-cards are designated as Roy, Beyne, Cavalier, and Valet. The atouts are numbered and bear the following names: I. CHERS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 933 German Tarot packs, called Tarolc, vary greatly in their ornamental and symbolic designs from the Italian cards from wliicli they are mau- if'estly copied. 91. Jei] des 78 Tarots I^gyptiens. ^ Paris, ^ France. Nineteenth century. Set of seventy-eight numbered cards, intended for fortune-telling, with designs copied Irom the Tarot pack. Accompanied by a hand- book, entitled Art de Tirer les Cartes. The use of cards for the purpose of fortune telling is well known. Indeed, it is the ojiinion of some authorities that cards were introduced into Europe for the purpose of divination and fortune telling, by the Gypsies, some time between 1275 and 13J5. There is evidence that cards were used for this purpose early in the sixteenth century. According to Willshire, recourse to cards for divinatory purposes gradually declined among the upper classes until the middle of the eighteenth century, though it prevailed, no doubt, among the lowest grades of society frequenting fairs and the caravans of mountebanks. In 1750, divination with cards again became popular, and at this period, in 1753, a perruquier, named Alliette, who reversed the letters of his name, and called himself Etteilla, sui>erseded the ordinary practice of employing the cards of the pack singly, and substituted the art of reading the mysteries they might unfold when the whole sequence was arranged u])on a table. The emblematic figures of the Tarot pack have been the object of nmch speculation, and their origin is said to extend back to the ancient Egyptians, from whom they have descended to us as a book or series of subjects of deep symbolic meaning. The discovery and explication of this supposed source and hidden meaning of the Tarots employed in modern times was claimed by M. Court de Gebelin in 1781. He asserts that the series of seventy-eight Venetian Tarots has an unques- tionable claim to be regarded as an Egyptian book, and that it is based upon the sacred Egyptian number seven. Alliette applied the theories of M. de Gebelin to the use of cards in fortune telling, and numerous packs are made even at the jjresent day to be used in accordance with the system which he formulated. 92. Carte da Giuocare. Playing-Cards.' Bologna,^ Italy. Nine- teenth century. Forty cards of four suits: Coppe, Banari^ ^pade, and Bastoni; the court cards, i^e, Begina, and Fante; the numerals, ace to seven, the eights, nines, and tens being suppressed, agreeing with the pack used in the Spanish game of El Homhre. The above may be regarded as a characteristic Italian pack. A dis- tinctive character of the marks of the numerals in the suits of Spade • Cat. No. 9010, Mils. Arch., Univ. Penu. * J. Lisnion. ''Cat. No. l.^r)i)4, Mus. Arch., Univ. Peun. •Pietro Barij-azzi. 934 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. aud Basioni is the mode in wliicli they are iiiterhiced or coiiiiecfed together in phice of .standing separately or apart. The curved forms, too, of the Spade, or swords, are specially Italian in design. The designs on cards vary in different parts of Italy. Thus in the south, cards with Spanish marks are used, while the Florentine pack bears French suit-marks. Cards are made at the present day in many of the Italian cities. Each maker supplies not only those of the local type, but usually those of other cities. Stencils are still used for some of the cheaper cards.^ 93. Carte da Giuocare. Playing-Cards.^ Naples/ Italy. Forty cards of four suits like the preceding, except that the suit- marks are similar to those on Spanish cards. 94. Carte da Giuocare. Playing-Cards.^ Florence,-' Italy. Forty cards of four suits like the preceding, except that the cards bear French suit- marks. Designated as Carie Romane. 95. Trappola Cards.*^ Austria. Nineteenth century. Thirty-six cards of four suits, agreeing with the Italian, except that the danari are rei)laced with conventional flowers. The three, four, five, and six of numerals are suppressed. The court-cards are Be, Cavallo, and Fante. These cards are remarkable for tbeir length, being 5,\r by 2-1^6 inches. According to Willshire, there are no marks special to Trappola, it being played with a series of numerals, of which the three, four, five, and six of each suit are suppressed, and as long as this is done it may be played with cards showing no matter what marks of suits. From the circumstances of its being a Venetian game, the original marks ot the suits were naturally the Italian ones.' 9G. Hispano-American Cards. Reproductions'^ of originals in the Archives of the Indies. Seville, Spain, (rt) Facsimile in color of an uncut sheet, 11 by 17 inches, with wood- block impression of twenty four cards colored in red, blue, and black, 2 by 3.^ inches. They represent the court cards of the suits of Copas, Oros, Espadas, and Bastos, and ten numeral or pip-cards of the suit of swords. There are but three court-cards for each suit instead of four, ^The follo\Ying list of Italian card games is given by Mr. W. W. Story (Roba di Roma, I, p. 160) : BriscoUa, Treseffe, CalahreseUa, Banco-FalUto, Bossa e Neva, Scarac- coccia, Scopa, Spizzica, Faraone, ZeccMnefto, Mfrcanleiu Ficra, La Bazzica, Riiha-Movfe, Uovio-Nero. and La Faura. Descriptions follow of Zecchinetlo, Brincola. Trescite, and CalahreseUa. 2 Cat. No. 1.5563, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. ^Vincenzo Russo. •Cat. No. 15603, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. ^ Antonio Poll. "Cat. No. 15738, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 'Similar cards to tliose exhibited are used at the present day in Silesia. » Made for the autlior in Madrid through the courtesy of the late Seuor Don Justo Zaragossao CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 935 as in the present Spanish pack. The marks of the numeral suit consist of crossed swords instead of being arranged as on the current Spanish cards. The back of this sheet bears an inscription in pen and ink: Nueva Espanaj 1583. Archivo de Indias, No. 117. Dibujo. {h) Photograph of uncut sheet of the same size, imprinted with designs for the backs of eighteen cards. The devices are all different, and embrace a mixture of Mexican and European subjects, including the Emperor Montezuma (fig. 226), his successor, Quahtemotzin, native priests performing various rites, and grotesque figures, apparently of the school of Albert Diirer.' Playing-cards, early intro- duced by the conquerors, were known to the ancient Mexi- cans under the amapatolli.'^ 97. Kaipes. Playing-Cards.' Cadiz, Spain. >.'ine- teenth Century. Forty-eight cards of four suits, Co])as^ Oros, Uspadas, audBastofi: "Cui)s," "Money," " Swords," and " Clubs." The court cards are Jiey, CahaJlo, and Sota: "King," "Knight," and "Knave." This is the legitimate Spanish pack, the tens, as is customary, being suppressed. According to Willshire, no remains of very old Spanish cards have reached our time. The Hispano-American cards in the Archives of the Indies at Seville (No. 96) are ])robably the oldest Spanish cards in ex- istence. Spanisli cards are characterized by certain pecularities evinced by actual exam])les and historical allusions. Spanish Tarots are un- known, and it is doubtful if such ever existed. All Spanish packs are of the numeral kind. In a legitimate Spanish pack there are only forty-eight cards instead of fifty-two. There is no Queen among the •The early publication of these card-sheets with explanatory notes is intended by tlie Avritev. -Compounded of nmatJ, ''paper," with paioJU, a general word for a game of any kind, d(>riv'ed i'vom ])ntoa, "to play a game" (D. G. Briuton). Again wc have (iiiaiih l^aiolli, "wood game" =ohess. 'Cat. No. 167574, U.S.N. M. (iilt ..T Dr. K\. lirowii Goode. Fig. 226. REVERSE OF HISPANOAMERICAN PLATING-CARD. (The Emperor Montezuma.) Impression, 2| by 4 inclies. Mexico, 1583. From pliotograpli of original in ArcVves of the Inaies, Seville, Spain. 936 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. honors, her place beinjij supplied by a Gaballero or Cahallo. The marks are similar to those of Italy, bat the Spanish designs differ from the former, as do the ligures on the coat-cards. While the Italian kings are seated, the Spanish kings are erect, and their vast mantles are surcharged with large ornaments, as in the case of the French kings. The swords are straight, double-edged rai^iers; tlie batons, knotty branches of trees, and these knotty branches are placed sometimes horizontally, sometimes vertically, close to each other, but always so arranged that they are never interlaced in the manner common to the numeral-cards of the Italian Tarots. 98. ISTaipes Playing-Cards.' Cadiz, Spain. Nineteenth Century. Purchased in Peru. Pack of forty cards similar to preceding, except that eights, nines, and tens are supi)ressed. Such a pack was used for the Spanish game of Ul Hombre or Ombre. 99. Playing-Cards.^ Apache Indians. United States. Pack of forty cards painted with native colors upon tanned hide. Four suits of ten cards each, directly copied from the Spanish cards, No. 98, but with the designs of the suit-marks and court-cards modified to accord with native ideas. Capt. John G. Bourke informed me that the Apache have borrowed many of the words relating to playing-cards, as well as the cards them- selves, from the Mexicans. The four suits they call Cojyas, Uscudos, Espadas^ and Bastones or Falos. The names of Bey and Sota are the same as in Spanish, but the Gaballo is JUv or "Horse." The Ace they call As., but for the other numerals native names are used: Naqui, 2; Taqui, 3; Tingui, 4; Irosh May, 5; Cusfan, 6- Cnsetti, 7. "ShufHe" is jli-hi- shi-ache. Captain Bourke says: "I think tliis means ' I take or hunt for the horse Gaballo:^ JH or jliv = horse; la, abbreviation for daTca = card; sJii = 1, and achi = wish, take, hunt." Cut is da-na, and cards, dal-a (carta). Their game they call (Jon-quien, "with whom?" It is also known by the native name of Daka-cunitsnun = " Cards ten." The Bey or King is also called Tnju or Inshu = "Good." 100. Playing-Cards. Celebes.' Nineteenth century. Pack of forty cards painted in red, yellow, green, and black on white cardboard, with red backs. Four suits of ten cards, with the numer- als eight, nine, and ten suppressed. Degenerate European cards, cor- responding with the Spanish pack, No. 98, from which they appear to have been derived. 101. Cartes 1 .lOUER. Playing-Cards.* Piquet pack. Paris, France. Nineteenth century. Thirty-two cards. Suits: Garreaux., Goenrs, Piques, and Trejies. ' Cat. No. 7111, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 2Cat.No. 10490, U.S.N.M. 3Cat. No. 154088, U.S.N.M. Collected l.y Mv. Victor Januy, United States Consu- lar Agent. ^Cat. No. 7594, Mns. Arch., Univ. I'enn. CHKSS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 937 Tlie kings bear the names of OiPsnr, Charles, David, and Alexander; the (jueens, Rachel, Judith, Pallas, and Argine ; and the knaves, Lahire, Hector, Hogier, and Lancelot. The earliest French cards known are said to be those in the CarpeU' tier collection. These cards are fourteen in number, painted by hand about the commencement of the fifteenth century. They bear the same suitmarks as the French cards of the ])resent day. These marks were so persistently maintained and introduced on cards exported to all countries that a regular type or class of cards became known as French cards, as opposed to Italian cards on the one hand and to German cards on tlie other. At first the figure-cards or honors were without names on them, but about the last quarter of the sixteenth century names were attached. French playing-cards having on them the suit-marks, Cceurs, Carrcanx, Trefles, and Piq}ie.s, are often termed Plqitet packs. The game of Piquet is one in which, up to the beginning of the eighteenth century, the pack consisted of thirty-six cards, the two, three, four, and five of each suit being supi)ressed, as in Trappola and the Taroccltino of Bologna. From the date mentioned the six of each suit has been omitted, so the Piquet pack has now but thirty-two cards. 102. Spiel-Karten. Playing-Cards.^ Frankfort-on-the-Main,^ Ger- many. Nineteenth century. Pack of thirty- six cards of four suits : Herzen, Lauhy Uicheln, and kSehel- leyi, or "Hearts," "Leaves," "Acorns," and "Bells." The numerals are ace, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten, the suppression of the two, three, four, and five being a peculiarity of the true German pack. The court- cards are the Kimig, "King," and the Ohermann and Untermann, supe- rior and inferior valets. Willshire states that, according to trustworthy authorities, allusion is made to playing-cards in the PJJiehth'uchcr of Niirnberg for 1384, and there is extant an ordinance of the town council of Chn for the year 1397 prohibiting their employment. "It is probable," he says, "that the Germans very soon altered for themselves the Italian marks of the suits, making use of figures of animals for differentiating the latter." The earliest German cards known have dogs, falcons, stags, and ducks for suit-marks. These "animated" cards were, however, soon followed by a series having the more national signs of Roth or JTerzen, Lauh or Griin, UicheJn, and Schcllen, or Hearts, Leaves, Acorns, and Bells. 103. Spiel-Karten. Playing-Cards.^ Leipsic, Germany. "La Belle Alliance." Pack of thirty-six cards with German suit-marks, like the preceding. Numerals bear colored pictures of the battle of Leipsic, 1813 ; the Kings, portraits of the allied sovereigns, and the other court cards, generals. 'Cat. No. 15712, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 2B. Dondorf. ^Cat. No. 17826, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. Collected by Col. .Joseph G. Rosengarten. 938 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 104. Spiel-Kartkn, Playing-Oards.^ Vienna,- Austria. Pack of thirty two cards with German suit-marks. Court-cards bear pictures of the lieroes of the story of William Tell; the Aces emble- matic pictures of the four seasons. Designated as ScJnceizer Deutsche. 105. Spiel-Karten. Playing-Cards.-' "Swiss cards." Schaff'hausen, Switzerland. Nineteenth century. Pack of thirty-six cards bearing as suit-marks, Bells (scheUen), Flowers (blume), Shields (scJiilclchen), and Acorns (eicheln). The numerals com- prise the Ace, Two, Six, Seven, Eight, and Nine; the court-cards, Konif/j Obo-j and JJnter. Willshire states that the old cards of Switzerland were evidently derived from Germany. The numeral cards of Schatfhausen are as above, while they run from 1 to in those of Soleur. lOG. Spiel-Karten. Playing Cards. ^ Swiss views and costumes. Schaffhausen,'' Switzerland. Nineteenth century. Whist pack of fifty-two cards with French suit-marks. The backs of the cards and the Aces bear pictures of Swiss scenery, and the court- cards Swiss peasants in the costume of different Cantons. 107. Spille-Kort. Playing-Cards." Denmark.' Nineteenth century. Whist pack of fifty-two cards with French suit-marks. 108, Kille-Kort. Playing-Cards." Swedish.' Nineteenth century. Pack of forty-two cards, jirinted in black on lavender-colored card- board, comprising two each of a numerical series from one to twelve, marked with tleur-delis, and two each of the following picture cards: Bliiren, fool. Arclquin, harlequin. Fottan, Hower pot. Krans, wreath. Wardsltus, inn. Hush, boar. Cavall, knight (horseman). Husar, hussar. CucH, cuckoo. The name of the game, iTi/^e, is applied to the harlequin. According to the work cited below, this game is known in Sweden by the name of Camhio, " exchange.'' A corresponding modern Danish game called Giiavspil,^'^ in the 1 Cat. No. 1.5686, Mus. Arch., Univ, Penn. '^ .Josef Glanz. 3 Cat. No. 17823, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn, 4 Cat. No. 15726, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. •'Jean Miiller. ' Cat. No. 7598, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn, '' L. P. Holmhlad, Kjobenhavn. «Cat. No. 16576, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn, "These cards, purchased in Chicago, bear the legend "Chicago" on the wrapper, and were probably made in the United States, '"S. Salomon & Co., Copenhagen, CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 039 University Museum/ consists of forty-two cards litliog'nvplied in colors, comprising two each of a numerical series, from zero to twelve, and two each of the following picture-cards : Narren, fool. Uijlen, owl. I'otten, vase. Hu.iet, house. Katten, cat.. Uesten, horse. Dragonex, diagoon. Gjegen, cuckoo. 109. Cucu Caiids.2 Bari,^ Italy, Pack of forty cards, printed in colors, coniprisin.fi: two each of a numerical series from one to ten, in black, and two each of the follow- ing picturecards: Malta, fool 00. Mascheroiic, gorgon. 000. Seccliia, bucket. 0000. 2s'ul1a, nothing. XI. Tarerna, inu. XII. Gnaf, cat. XIII. Salto, horse. XIV. Tuffo, hravo. XV. Cucit, cuckoo. and a card with a rampant lion holding a shiehl inscribed (liletfevole giuoco dell cliuchu. A corresponding modern Cucu pack from Bologna,^ in the same Museum,-' is printed in colors, but with older and ruder designs, and is similar to the preceding, except that the numbered cards have Roman numerals and bear rude colored pictures of Italian cities, among which Pisa may be recognized by its leaning tower. 110. Hexen-karten ("Witch Cards")." G-ermany. Pack of thirty-two, printed in colors, comprising twelve cards, with Eoman numerals from I to XII, printed in red, and two each of the following picture-cards : LEGEND. 940 REPORT OF NATTONAL MUSEUM, 1896. The pictures on each pair of cards diflcr ia details from each otlier. A similar pack of Hexen-karten in the University Museum/ probably made in Niirnberg in the seventeenth or early in the eighteenth cen- tury, consists of thirty-two cards printed in colors, comprising twelve cards with Roman numerals, printed in black, from I to XII, and two each of the following cards: LEGEND. Karr, Hex (liexe), Glass, DoJJer, TViirsf, DEVICE. Fool. Witch. Glass. Plato. Sausage. Eiulert (come in), ) Ausait (pay up), ) Mtau, Cat. Eott, Horse. Werda, Sentry. rfeift, Parrot. The numeral cards are inscribed at the top numero, and below the number are pictures of cities, which, upon comparison, prove to be highly conventionalized copies of the pictures of Italian cities on the cards from Bologna. A very complete account of this game is given by K. A. Bierdimptl,2 who states that in Germany the game has differ- ent names, that of Hexen or "witch" cards being the local name in old Bavaria. The game exists in France under the name of Coucou. The following table illustrates the interrelation of the preceding Italian, German, Swedish, and Danish packs: CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 941 111. Igralnye Kauty. Playiuff-Cards.' Russia. ISTineteenth Ceu- tury. Whist pack of lifty-two cards, Freucli suit-marks, aud court-cards similar to those of France. The manufacture of playing-cards in Russia is a State monopoly, of which the revenue is a[)plied to the support of tlie charitable establish- ment known as the "Institutions of the Empress Marie." 112. Playing-Oards.^ England.' Nineteenth century. Whist pack of tifty two cards. Suits : Diamonds, Hearts, Spades, and Clubs. According to Willshire, it is probable that cards made their way into England through France. The date of their introduction is not known, but it is believed they were not in use until after the reign of Henry IV (1405), aud they were certainly employed previous to 1403. About 1181 they formed a common English Christmas pastime. England appears to have at once adopted the French suit marks. The English names of the suits, however, are in part of Spanish descent. 113. Play'ING-Cards.^ Philadelphia,^ United States. About 1860. "Club House" (Philadelphia Club). Whist pack of fifty-two cards, ordinary suits j court-cards bear full- length figures instead of being double-headed. Similar cards are still made for use iu certain games. 114. Playing-Cards.« " Union." New York,' United States. 18G2. Whist pack of fifty-two cards and a joker. The suit-marks are stars, ilag of the United States, shield with national emblems, and national arms (eagle with shield). The Kings bear a picture of an infantry officer in full dress; the Queens, the Goddess of Liberty; and the Knaves, an artillery commissioned officer in full dress.'* 115. Playing-Cards." " Picture Playing-Cards" (American Generals). New York,io United States. 1863. Whist pack of fifty-two cards. Conventional suits. Each card bears the portrait of a General of the Union Army, the denomination of tbe card being displayed on a miniature card in the left-hand corner. •Cat. No. 16572, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 2 Cat. No. 15452, Mus. Arch , Univ. Penn. ^De La Rue & Co., Loiulou. 'Cat. No. 7603, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. Peun. '^Samuel Hart & Co. ''Cat. No. 154289, U.S.N.M. Gift of Stewart Culin.' 'American Card Company. **Mr. A. Howard Clark, to whom I am indebted for the identification of the uniforms, states tliat the rank of the infantry officer representing the King is not shown on epaulettes, "pro1)ably Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel; if a General, the buttons on coat would be arranged in groups. The rank of the artillery officer is not shown on shoulder straps." "Cat. No. 7100, Mue. Arch., Univ. Penn. 10M. Nelson. 942 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. IK). Playing-Cakds.^ England. About 1863. Whist pack of fifty-two cards with regular suit-marks. Backs bear Confederate tlags and seal with legend, "Confederate States of America." 117. Playing-Cards.2 Harlequin. New York,^ United States. 1879. Whist pack of fifty-two cards with conventional suit-marks incor- porated into comic pictures. 118. Playing Cards.* "Political Euchre." Philadelphia,^ United States. 1888. Pack of fifty-two cards and two jokers, with portraits of opposing candidates, the governors and number of electoral votes cast by each State. 119. Playing-Cards.^ Political Comic. New York," United States, 1888. Whist pack of fifty-two cards with joker and key to the face cards. The suit-marks are conventional. The court-cards bear caricature por- traits of the politicians of the time. 120. Playing-Cards.« World's Fair Souvenir. Chicago. 1893. Whist pack of fifty-two cards and a joker (Uncle Sam). Views of Columbian Exposition, with denominations marked with suits, dis- tinguished by letters and numerals, in corners. Kings bear portrait of Director-General Davis; Queens, Mrs. Potter Palmer; and Jacks, Columbus. 1 Cat. No. 126106, U.S.N.M. Preseuteil by Mr. Paul Beckwitli. 2 Cat. No. 7601, Mus, Arch., Uuiv. Peuu. sTiffauy & Co. •Cat. No. 7766, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. Peuu. ^ f'Lum Smith. •^Cat. No. 7101, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. Peuu. 'A. H. Caffee. 8Cat. No. 16501 Mus. Arch., Univ. Peuu.