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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005 Supplement No. 13: 175-208
FISHES OF THE RAJANG BASIN, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA
Lynne R. Parenti
Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0159, U.S.A.
Email: parenti.lynne@nmnh.si.edu
Kelvin K. P. Lim
The Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences,
The National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
Email: dbslimkp@nus.edu.sg
ABSTRACT. ? An annotated checklist of the fishes recorded from the Rajang basin in Sarawak, Malaysian
Borneo, from its headwaters to the brackish waters near its mouth, is presented.  At least 164 species are
recorded, collected mainly by several recent expeditions to Belaga and the Balui River, Kapit and the Baleh
River, and around Sibu.  Sixty-four fish species are recorded for the first time in the Rajang basin, two of
which (Pangio piperata and Macrognathus circumcinctus) are new records for Borneo.  The list should be
treated as preliminary as many areas in the Rajang system have not been sampled.  The list fills a critical
gap in our knowledge of the fishes of Sarawak and includes the first report on fishes of the Batang Balui,
a headwater tributary of the Rajang.
KEY WORDS. ? Fish diversity, species checklist, new records, Rajang basin, Sarawak, Borneo.
INTRODUCTION
Borneo is the world?s third largest island with some 743,107
km2 of land area.  Owing to ??difficulties of access to the
tropical rainforest of much of the interior, a lack of reliable
dating of igneous rocks, poorly fossiliferous sedimentary
rocks and an absence of a coherent stratigraphic scheme for
many parts of the island? (Hall & Nichols, 2002: 5) the
geology of Borneo is particularly poorly known.  Knowledge
of the Bornean fish fauna is similarly fragmentary as surveys
of its major rivers such as the Barito, Kapuas, Mahakam and
Rajang, are incomplete.  The freshwater fish fauna of Sarawak
and Brunei was reviewed briefly by Kottelat & Lim (1995),
but the Sarawak ichthyofauna has been largely neglected in
contrast to the other political divisions of Borneo for which
detailed reviews and checklists have been prepared: Sabah
(Inger & Chin, 1962, 1990; Lim & Wong, 1994; Kottelat,
2005, present volume; Martin-Smith & Tan, 1998),
Kalimantan Barat (Roberts, 1989), Kalimantan Timur
(Kottelat, 1994), and Brunei (Choy & Chin, 1994; Parenti &
Meisner, 2003).  An expedition from the Royal Ontario
Museum (ROM) made extensive collections throughout the
Baram River and compiled a preliminary checklist of 97 fish
species from that system (Watson & Balon, 1984; E. J.
Crossman, pers. comm., in 1991).
The Rajang (or Rejang) is the largest river in Malaysian
Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah) with a drainage basin about
50,000 km2 in area covering about 40% of the land area of
the state of Sarawak and about 7% of that of Borneo (Liechti,
1960; Staub et al., 2000).  Headwaters in the central highlands
drain the northern slopes of the Kapuas Hulu Range and
western slopes of the Hose and Iran mountains (Fig. 1). From
its headwaters, the main Rajang channel flows north and then
southwest through 563 km (350 mi) of mountain ranges,
through steep, rugged gorges and rapids, hilly countryside,
and a large, complex delta through which it empties into the
South China Sea (Liechti, 1960: 8-9; Staub et al., 2000).  The
watershed drains the Sarawak districts of Belaga, Kapit, Song,
Julau, Kanowit, Sibu, Matu Daro, Binatang and Sarikei.  The
Rajang is tidal as far upstream as the town of Kanowit, 120
km upriver, and navigable by small steamers as far as the
town of Kapit, 241 km (150 mi) upriver (Liechti, 1960:9;
Staub et al., 2000).
Freshwater habitats of the Rajang include partially shaded
forest streams with a bottom of mud or sand, leaf litter, and
fallen branches (Fig. 3), the main river channel (Fig. 4), and
rocky hill streams in the mountainous interior (Fig. 5). The
delta plain covers some 6,500 km2 in area and is marked by
dense peat deposits up to 15 m thick, forming blackwater
peat swamps around the towns of Sarikei, Sibu and Daro
(Staub et al., 2000: Fig. 1).  Material is reported on herein
from peat swamps in and around Sibu with a pH as low as
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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
4.5 (see Appendix 1).  Peat swamps were traditionally thought
to have poor fish faunas owing to their low dissolved oxygen
and high acidity, but their diversity has been underestimated
(Ng et al. 1994).  Caves are another habitat in Southeast Asia
that has been poorly studied for fishes.  The first cave-
dwelling catfish from Southeast Asia was described from
Thailand by Ng & Kottelat (1998).  Sarawak has a renowned
cave system, best represented by the Mulu and Niah caves
(Wilford, 1964).   The extensive limestone cave system that
characterizes much of coastal Sarawak is limited in the Rajang
region, however (Wilford, 1964: Figs. 17, 70).
The complex pattern and process of the modern (= Cenozoic,
last 60 Ma) formation of Borneo and other islands in the Indo-
Australian archipelago is at the heart of current
palaeogeographic research in Southeast Asia (Hall, 1996; Hall
& Nichols, 2002).  Borneo was formed via accretion of
ophiolites, island arc crust and microcontinental fragments
(Hamilton, 1979; Hutchison, 1996; Moss & Wilson, 1998;
Hall & Nichols, 2002).  At the end of the Cretaceous period
(65 Ma), modern Borneo had not yet been assembled/accreted
(Metcalfe, 1996).  The Schwaner Mountains of southwestern
Borneo and the Meratus Mountains of southeastern Borneo
had been accreted on to the southeastern tip of Eurasia by
this time, whereas much of the area now recognised as
northwestern Borneo was oceanic crust and/or marginal crust
(see Metcalfe, 1996; Wilson & Moss, 1999: Fig. 2).  During
the end of the Late Cretaceous/beginning of the Cenozoic,
deepwater marine deposits were laid down upon the oceanic/
marginal crust.  Sediment for these turbidite deposits most
likely originated in the west/northwest (mainland Southeast
Asia) (see Hutchison, 1996; Moss, 1998; Hall & Nichols,
2002).
By the end of the Oligocene (~25 Ma), parts of central Borneo
started to be uplifted, volcanism was common across the
island, and large amounts of sediment were being eroded from
Fig. 1.  The Rajang Basin, Sarawak - its major tributaries and major towns?and location in Borneo (inset).
the centre of the island and redeposited in deltas fringing the
island (for example the Baram, Mahakam, Tarakan).  It is
approximately at this time that the modern Rajang River
started to be formed (S. Moss, pers. comm., in 1999).
Outcrops of turbiditic rocks of the Late Cretaceous-Early
Cenozoic Rajang Group are typical along the upper reaches
of the modern Rajang River basin (Fig. 5).
Our goal is to provide the first comprehensive summary of
the fish fauna of the Rajang basin from its headwaters to the
brackish waters near its mouth.  We were prompted by several
recent expeditions that amassed large collections of fishes
from near the Rajang headwaters to the coastal peat swamps.
Such a comprehensive review of the fish fauna is long overdue
and particularly timely as development and management of
the river increases.  The Rajang is of particular economic
importance to Sarawak and the rest of Malaysia.  Logging is
a major source of income for Sarawak, and is the main activity
along the Rajang that serves as the principal means of
transportation (Fig. 2; Khoo et al., 1992: 180-181).  Travel
between Kapit and Belaga is mainly by speedboat or longboat
through the Pelagus rapids, and above Belaga by longboat
through the Bakun rapids to the Batang Balui, a major
tributary (Lelek, 1983a: Fig. 1). An introduction to the Balui
region, including geology, and a history of the founding of
Belaga are provided by Maxwell (1987a, b).  The Bakun
Hydroelectric Project includes plans for a hydroelectric dam
to be built across the river above Belaga which, when
completed, will supply electrical power not only to Sarawak,
but also to Peninsular Malaysia.  It will also flood a large
portion of the Rajang headwaters, including the Batang Balui.
As far as we can determine, this is the first report on the fish
fauna of the Batang Balui.  Flooding of small streams in the
headwaters following construction of the Bakun dam is
expected to have a devastating effect on the ichthyofauna.
Knowledge of the Rajang ichthyofauna has come from
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Fig. 2.  Logging operation in the Rajang near Kapit, July, 1991.
Fig. 3.  Mud-bottomed tributary stream of the Baleh River (field
station LRP91-7).
isolated studies.  Physical water parameters of the Rajang
were summarised by Lelek (1983a) who also made
recommendations for possible fishery development (Lelek,
1983b).  Some fish species collected from the Rajang estuary
were recorded by Blaber et al. (1997).  The Lanjak-Entimau
Wildlife Sanctuary is drained by tributaries of the Katibas
River, one of the principal named tributaries of the Rajang
that enters the main channel of the river at Song (Fig. 1).  An
unpublished list of fishes recorded from the Ulu Katibas
within the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary was compiled
by Leh et al. (1997).  A list of 18 freshwater fish species
indigenous to Sarawak with aquaculture potential was
compiled by Chang (1997), and most of these species are
known from the Rajang basin.  Gastromyzontine loaches were
reviewed from a collection made in the Baleh River, a Rajang
tributary near Kapit, from which Gastromyzon fasciatus, G.
punctulatus and G. (now Neogastromyzon) pauciradiatus
were described as new species (Inger & Chin, 1962).  Fish
species described recently from the Rajang basin include:
Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts (1982a), Chonerhinos silus
Roberts (1982b), Parosphromenus allani Brown (1987), Betta
brownorum Witte & Schmidt (1992), Osteochilus
sarawakensis Karnasuta (1993), Carinotetraodon salivator
Kottelat & Lim (1995), Rasbora kottelati Lim (1995),
Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja
(1998), Clarias planiceps Ng (1999a), Hemibagrus chrysops
Ng & Dodson (1999), Kryptopterus platypogon Ng (2004)
and Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat (2004b).  Taxa awaiting
description include new species in the genera Gastromyzon,
Protomyzon, Pangasius, and Nagaichthys (M. Kottelat, H.
H. Tan and C. Vidthayanon, pers. comm. in 2004).
Our annotated list of the fish diversity recorded from the
Rajang is far from complete as there are only preliminary
records of the riverine fish fauna from brackish waters in tidal
areas, and we list species that were collected from a few,
select areas around Sibu (lower Rajang), Kapit and the Batang
Baleh (middle Rajang), and Belaga and the Batang Balui
(upper Rajang).  Nonetheless, of the 164 species of fish listed
here, 64 species are reported for the first time from the Rajang
basin.  The spiny eel, Macrognathus circumcinctus, and the
eel-loach, Pangio piperata, appear to be first records for
Borneo.  These fill a critical omission in our knowledge of
the fishes of Sarawak.  A good, working knowledge of the
native and introduced fishes of the Rajang is a necessary
prerequisite to a conservation and development plan and will
be of use to all who are interested in the natural history of
Sarawak.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fish were collected using a variety of standard methods (see
Baldwin et al., 1996, for a comprehensive review of fish
Fig. 4.  The Rajang River at Belaga, July 1991.
Fig. 5.  Mud and gravel-bottomed, with outcrop, tributary stream
of the Batang Balui (field station LRP91-28).
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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
collecting methods), including seining, dip-netting, push-
netting, electroshocking and an ichthyocide.  Specimens were
also purchased in local markets (Fig. 6) or obtained from local
fishermen who used gillnets, castnets or hook-and-line.  We
report herein new material from five expeditions, listed
chronologically and including a description of field stations
(Appendix 1).  We also include historical records of fishes
from the Rajang basin in the Sarawak Museum and Field
Museum of Natural History.
Material reported here is deposited in the following
institutions and collections: BMNH - The Natural History
Museum, London, United Kingdom; CAS - California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.; CMK -
Collection of Maurice Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland; FMNH
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; ITTO -
International Timber Trade Organisation, Kuching, Sarawak,
Malaysia; SFD - The Fisheries Department of Sarawak,
Sarawak, Malaysia; SM - Sarawak Museum, Kuching,
Sarawak, Malaysia; SMF - Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt,
Germany; SU ? Stanford University collection, now at
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.;
USNM - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.; ZRC - Zoological
Reference Collection of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity
Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ZSM
- Zoologische Staatsammlung, M?nchen, Germany.
A significant collection of fishes from the Balui branch of
the Rajang at the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak made in the
early 1990s as part of an environmental impact assessment
prior to the building of the Bakun Dam has not yet been
reported upon.  As we have not examined any material from
this collection, it is not discussed here.  The checklist largely
follows the systematic order adopted by Nelson (1994) and
Eschmeyer (1998) and contains all fish species found in both
freshwater and brackish-water.  Species recorded for the first
time from the Rajang basin are indicated by a *.  ** indicates
species recorded for the first time in Borneo.  A list of species
is given in Appendix 2.
Fig. 6.  Fish from the Rajang River on sale at the market in Kapit
town.
FISH FAUNA OF THE RAJANG BASIN
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII
DIVISION TELEOSTEI
ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
FAMILY OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Scleropages formosus (Schlegel & M?ller, in M?ller &
Schlegel, 1844) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (BMNH 1906.10.29.3), Rajang.
Remarks. ? The 500 mm SL specimen at BMNH was
obtained by Charles Hose sometime before 1906.  There
appear to be no further records from the Rajang basin.
Authority of the species follows Eschmeyer (1998).  Pouyaud
et al. (2003) reviewed the Asian arowanas and described three
species that appear to have restricted distributions in Borneo
and Sumatra: Scleropages legendrei in the Lake Sentarum
area of the Upper Kapuas basin, S. macrocephalus in the
Kapuas and Barito basins, and S. aureus in central Sumatra.
Scleropages formosus is widespread and seems to live in
sympatry with the other three species. Pouyard et al. (2003)
overlooked the Rajang specimen that is likely to be
Scleropages formosus, the most widespread of the four
species.
FAMILY NOTOPTERIDAE
Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (USNM 320968), LRP91-18.
Remarks. ? The two USNM specimens measure 535 mm and
560 mm in SL.  They have a uniform pale golden background
colour, with small black spots on the caudal fin and the
posterior portion of the body and the anal fin, and a black
spot behind the pectoral-fin base.  These specimens were
purchased in the Belaga market and appear to have been taken
on hook-and-line.
ORDER CLUPEIFORMES
FAMILY CLUPEIDAE
Sundasalanx microps Roberts, 1981 *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 322199), LRP91-12.
Remarks. ? In placing Sundasalanx in Clupeiformes rather
than Salmoniformes, as in the original description, we follow
the most recent treatment of its relationships by Siebert
(1997).  Apparently this is the first record of the genus
Sundasalanx for Sarawak.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1847)
Tenualosa toli - Blaber et al., 1996: 225-242 (Batang Lassa); 1997:
203 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? Blaber et al. (1996: 225-226, 1997: 203) consider
the ?terubok? to be ?the most commercially and culturally
important estuarine fish in Sarawak?.
FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE
Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker, 1851b)
Lycothrissa - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Setipinna breviceps (Cantor, 1849)
Setipinna breviceps - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper
Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1848)
Setipinna taty - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1848)
Setipinna tenuifilis - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (middle and upper
Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg, 1933
Stolephorus baganensis - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Coilia spp.
Coilia - Blaber et al., 1997: 204 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? Blaber et al. (1997: 204) note that the larvae of
six species of Coilia were collected ?mainly from the Lupar
and Lassa estuaries?.  They do not list the species that were
obtained from the Lassa drainage, however.  Although we
have not seen material from the Rajang, the species that are
likely to occur include Coilia borneensis Bleeker (1852a),
C. coomansi Hardenberg (1934), C. macrognathos Bleeker
(1852b), C. neglecta Whitehead (1967), and C. rebentischii
Bleeker (1858a).
ORDER CYPRINIFORMES
FAMILY CYPRINIDAE
Barbonymus collingwoodii (G?nther, 1868) *
Puntius collingwoodi - Chang, 1997: 37 (Rejang); Leh et al., 1997:
26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68314), RFI 6.8.56; 17 ex.
(FMNH 68316), RFI 12.8.56; 39 ex. (FMNH 68911), FWK
15.12.62; 30 ex. (FMNH 68897), IGK 27.9.62; 140 ex. (FMNH
68313), RFI 5.8.56; 10 ex. (FMNH 68884), IGK 21.9.62; 205 ex.
(FMNH 68315), RFI 8.8.56; 6 ex. (FMNH 103623), LRP91, no
specified locality; 6 ex. (USNM 323843), LRP91-25; 11 ex. (USNM
323844), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 323845), LRP91-27; 4 ex.
(USNM 323846), LRP91-28; 5 ex. (USNM 323847), LRP91-27; 1
ex. (USNM 323856), LRP91-7; 8 ex. (USNM 323857), LRP91-8;
1 ex. (USNM 323860), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (USNM 323861), LRP91-
21; 2 ex. (USNM 323865), LRP91-16; 2 ex. (USNM 323866),
LRP91-10; 3 ex. (USNM 323867), LRP91-26; 12 ex. (USNM
323850), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483;
1 ex, (ZRC 37822), RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC 45893) Lanjak-Entimau
Wildlife Sanctuary: Sg. Begua.
Remarks. ? This and the next two species were previously
classified in the genus Barbodes (see Kottelat, 1999: 594).
Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 45845), THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? This common aquaculture species, known in
English as the silver barb, appears to have been introduced
in the Rajang river system.  The natural distribution of B.
gonionotus is discontinuous, being found in Southeast Asia
and western Indonesia, and absent from peninsular Malaysia,
north Sumatra and Borneo (McConnell, 2004: 665).
Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853a)
Puntius schwanenfeldii - Chang, 1997: 11-12 (Rejang).
Barbodes schwanenfeldii - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 68305), RFI 10.8.56; 9 ex.
(FMNH 103624), LRP91-31; 4 ex. (USNM 323840), LRP91-34; 1
ex. (USNM 323848), LRP91-27; 15 ex. (USNM 323849), LRP91-
7; 11 ex. (USNM 323851), LRP91-25; 10 ex. (USNM 323852),
LRP91-31; 5 ex. (USNM 323853), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM
323854), LRP91-30; 15 ex. (USNM 323855), LRP91-8; 5 ex.
(USNM 323858), LRP91-10; 11 ex. (USNM 323859), LRP91-12;
8 ex. (USNM 323862), LRP91-9; 26 ex. (USNM 323863), LRP91-
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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
35; 1 ex. (USNM 323864), LRP91-33; 2 ex. (USNM 323868),
LRP91-29; 1 ex. (ZRC 45788), GYY048; 11 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/
4.
Remarks. ? Distinguished from Barbonymus collingwoodii
in having 35 to 36 scales pierced by lateral line; eight scales
between dorsal fin origin and lateral line; 13 predorsal scales;
and red caudal, pelvic and dorsal fin (Kottelat et al., 1993:
33).  Many of the USNM specimens, however, have a lower
lateral line scale count of 32 or 33, and some have just seven
scales between the dorsal origin and lateral line.  Because
their colour pattern - strongly defined black submarginal
stripes on the caudal fin lobes, and red fins - conforms to that
of B. schwanenfeldii, we regard them as that species.
Cosmochilus falcifer Regan, 1906
Cosmochilus falcifer - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916: 142 (Rajang);
Roberts, 1989: 32 (Rejang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 229 (Rajang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SM-E 16 16.1), Rajang River, pres: C.
Hose, i.1905.
Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes,1842)
Cyclocheilichthys apogon - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 12 ex. (FMNH 68253), RFI 12.8.56; 3 ex.
(FMNH 68895), IGK 22.9.62; 8 ex. (USNM 323838), LRP91-19;
1 ex. (USNM 323837), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (USNM 323839), LRP91-
22; 2 ex. (USNM 325392), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-
21.
Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes,1842)
Cyclocheilichthys armatus - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 69863), NSH 8.56; 8 ex.
(FMNH 68252), RFI 7.8.56; 5 ex. (FMNH 68907), IGK 27.9.62;
16 ex. (FMNH 68251), RFI 5.8.56.
Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker, 1853b) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68271), RFI 5.8.56; 23 ex.
(FMNH 68273), RFI 11.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68272), RFI 8.8.56; 1
ex. (USNM 323870), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 323841), LRP91-
30; 2 ex. (USNM 323869), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 323871),
LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 323872), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (ZRC),
THH9807; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.
Garra borneensis (Vaillant, 1902)
Garra bornensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Hampala bimaculata (Popta, 1905)
(Fig. 7a)
Hampala bimaculata - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68511), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68510), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69859), NSH 8.56; 3
ex. (FMNH 69860), NSH 8.56; 5 ex. (FMNH 68918), FWK
15.12.62; 7 ex. (FMNH 68890), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68883),
IGK 21.9.62; 26 ex. (FMNH 68508), RFI 5.8.56; 55 ex. (FMNH
68899), IGK 27.9.62; 76 ex. (FMNH 68509), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex.
(USNM 323385), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 323373), LRP91-22; 2
ex. (USNM 323378), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM 323381), LRP91-
10; 6 ex. (USNM 323382), LRP91-21; 3 ex. (USNM 323387),
LRP91-25; 1 ex. (USNM 323390), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM
323391), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323395), LRP91-31; 2 ex.
(USNM 323476), LRP91-35; 5 ex. (USNM 323666), LRP91-36; 1
ex. (ZRC), GYY026.
Hampala macrolepidota (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
Hampala macrolepidota - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 105334), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex.
(USNM 323379), LRP91-8; 5 ex. (USNM 323380), LRP91-10; 5
ex. (USNM 323383), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (USNM 323384), LRP91-
13; 5 ex. (USNM 323386), LRP91-27; 2 ex. (USNM 323388),
LRP91-7; 3 ex. (USNM 323389), LRP91-19; 9 ex. (USNM 323392),
LRP91-9; 8 ex. (USNM 323393), LRP91-22; 7 ex. (USNM 323394),
LRP91-31; 45 ex. (USNM 323396), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM
323397), LRP91-32; 2 ex. (USNM 323398), LRP91-21; 3 ex. (ZRC),
GYY0483; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex.
(ZRC), THH9809; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus - Roberts, 1993a: 328.
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 323730), LRP91-30; 2 ex.
(USNM 323731), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (USNM 323732), LRP91-31; 1
ex. (USNM 323735), LRP91-12; 1 ex. (USNM 323737), LRP91-
8.
Remarks. ? Roberts (1993a: 328) observed that the Rajang
material has faint brown submarginal stripes on the caudal
fin lobes, and more scales in lateral series 41-46 versus the
33-44 (modally 38) of Labiobarbus leptocheilus from
elsewhere.  He suspects they may represent an undescribed
taxon.
Leptobarbus melanotaenia Boulenger, 1894 *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (USNM 323682), LRP91-21; 5 ex.
(USNM 323683), LRP91-35; 7 ex. (USNM 323686), LRP91-19; 3
ex. (USNM 324996), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325024), LRP91-
26; 1 ex. (USNM 323681), LRP91-23; 1 ex. (USNM 323684),
LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 323685), LRP91-24.
Remarks. ? The dark brown, mid-lateral stripe that runs along
181
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Fig. 7.  a. Hampala bimaculata, 116.5 mm SL, USNM 323666; b. Luciosoma setigerum, 79.5 mm SL, USNM 320743; c. Syncrossus
hymenophysa, 135.0 mm SL, USNM 323668; d. Mastacembelus unicolor, 260 mm SL, USNM 323670; e. Eleotris melanosoma, 91 mm
SL, USNM 321251; f. Osphronemus septemfasciatus, 83 mm SL, USNM 323669; g. Auriglobus silus, 45 mm SL, USNM 323667; h.
Carinotetraodon salivator, 40.5 mm SL, USNM 323665.
a b
c d
e f
g h
182
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
the edges of the scales from the opercle to the mid caudal
base immediately above and over the lateral line is distinct
in specimens under 75 mm SL.  In fish beyond that size, the
stripe is faint, but still discernible.
Lobocheilos cf. bo (Popta, 1904)
Lobocheilus bo - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (FMNH 69847), NSH 8.56; 3 ex.
(FMNH 69846), NSH 8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68529), RFI 12.8.56; 11
ex. (FMNH 69845), NSH 8.56; 215 ex. (FMNH 68528), RFI 8.8.56;
4 ex. (FMNH 68527), RFI 6.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68872), RFI 3.8.56;
1 ex. (FMNH 68887), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68885), IGK
21.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68916), FWK 15.12.62; 154 ex. (FMNH
68526), RFI 5.8.56; 71 ex. (FMNH 69848), NSH 8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH
103618), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM 325042), LRP91-7; 11 ex.
(USNM 325342), LRP91-22; 13 ex. (USNM 325344), LRP91-31;
1 ex. (USNM 325345), LRP91-20; 1 ex. (USNM 325346), LRP91-
13; 5 ex. (USNM 325347), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325348),
LRP91-36; 1 ex. (USNM 325349), LRP91-25; 10 ex. (USNM
325350), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM 325351), LRP91-32; 1 ex.
(USNM 325352), LRP91-14; 2 ex. (USNM 325353), LRP91-8; 2
ex. (USNM 325354), LRP91-10; 18 ex. (USNM 325355), LRP91-
27; 6 ex. (USNM 325356), LRP91-12; 14 ex. (USNM 325418),
LRP91-28; 7 ex. (USNM 325419), LRP91-34; 2 ex. (USNM
325420), LRP91-17; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP 91-35; 1 ex. (ZRC
37827), RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 4 ex. (ZRC), GYY026.
Remarks. ? Lobocheilos bo is characterised by having one
pair of barbels, 16 circumpeduncular scales, and the pectoral
fin at least as long as the head (Kottelat et al., 1993).  The
colour pattern of Lobocheilos material from the Rajang agrees
with that described by Inger & Chin (1962: 84) for their
specimens from Sabah.  There is a blackish, round spot on
the caudal peduncle that varies in intensity from solid black
to almost indistinct.  The fins are unmarked and each scale
above the lateral line has a blackish margin.  The photograph
of Lobocheilos bo from the Kapuas in Roberts (1989: 42,
Fig. 24, below) shows, and the diagnosis in Kottelat et al.
(1993: 37) indicates, a distinct midlateral stripe which is not
mentioned by Inger & Chin, nor present on our Rajang
material.  Maurice Kottelat and Heok Hui Tan (pers. comm.
in 2004) have identified the Rajang material as an undescribed
species.
Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842) *
Material examined. ? 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.
Remarks. ? Our specimens key out to Lobocheilos falcifer
following Kottelat et al. (1993: 37), and are distinguished
from Lobocheilos bo in having two pairs of barbels.  There
are five-and-one-half scales between the dorsal origin and
the lateral line, and the head length is slightly less than the
body depth.
Lobocheilos cf. kajanensis (Popta, 1904)
Lobocheilus cf. kajanensis - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Luciosoma setigerum (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes,1842) *
(Fig. 7b)
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (FMNH 68215), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex.
(FMNH 68408), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68409), RFI 10.8.56; 1
ex. (FMNH 68216), RFI 12.8.56; 10 ex. (FMNH 68407), RFI 3.8.56;
10 ex. (FMNH 103619), LRP91-32; 7 ex. (USNM 320751), LRP91-
7; 18 ex. (USNM 320743), LRP91-8; 5 ex. (USNM 320744),
LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 320746), LRP91-10; 31 ex. (USNM
320749), LRP91-14; 12 ex. (USNM 320745), LRP91-16; 10 ex.
(USNM 320739), LRP91-19; 14 ex. (USNM 320747), LRP91-20;
5 ex. (USNM 320742), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 320740), LRP91-
23; 27 ex. (USNM 320752), LRP91-24; 63 ex. (USNM 323374),
LRP91-25; 32 ex. (USNM 320738), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM
324979), LRP91-27; 57 ex. (USNM 320748), LRP91-27; 18 ex.
(USNM 320972), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 320971), LRP91-29; 2
ex. (USNM 324997), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325398), LRP91-
31; 40 ex. (USNM 320750), LRP91-31; 30 ex. (USNM 320737),
LRP91-32; 9 ex. (USNM 323673), LRP91-35; 111 ex. (USNM
320736), LRP91-35; 19 ex. (USNM 320735), LRP91-36.
Remarks. ? This is one of the most common species of fish
in the middle and upper Rajang basin, taken at 20 of the 32
stations in the July/August 1991 collection, including both
the Rajang at Kapit and from the cooler waters above Belaga.
Luciosoma spilopleura Bleeker, 1855
Luciosoma spilopleura - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916: 89 (Kapit);
Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 230 (Kapit).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? Weber & de Beaufort?s (1916: 89) record from
Kapit needs to be checked for correct identification.
Luciosoma spilopleura differs from L. setigerum in being
smaller (to 82 mm SL), having a tuberculate snout and
mandible, a pelvic fin that does not reach anal-in origin, and
a caudal fin with blackish middle rays and a black submarginal
stripe on each caudal lobe.  It is also known from the Kapuas
basin in Borneo and Sumatra.
Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier
& Valencienes,1844) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC 47268), Kapit market.
Nematabramis steindachneri Popta, 1905 *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 323675), LRP91-36; 1 ex.
(USNM 323676), LRP91-6; 5 ex. (USNM 323677), LRP91-22; 4
ex. (USNM 323678), LRP91-19; 5 ex. (USNM 323679), LRP91-
183
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
26; 10 ex. (USNM 323680), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 325032),
LRP91-35; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 25 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
Osteochilus enneaporos (Bleeker, 1852c) *
Material examined. ? 8 ex. (FMNH 103621), LRP91-20; 9 ex.
(USNM 325372), LRP91-25; 2 ex. (USNM 325373), LRP91-24; 7
ex. (USNM 325374), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 325375), LRP91-
34; 4 ex. (USNM 325376), LRP91-33; 8 ex. (USNM 325377),
LRP91-32; 12 ex. (USNM 325378), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (USNM
325379), LRP91-36; 5 ex. (USNM 325380), LRP91-27; 26 ex.
(USNM 325381), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 325382), LRP91-10; 7
ex. (USNM 325383), LRP91-21; 5 ex. (USNM 325412), LRP91-
28; 8 ex. (USNM 325413), LRP91-20; 10 ex. (USNM 325414),
LRP91-27; 1 ex. (ZRC 45791), GYY048; 4 ex. (ZRC 47266) Kapit
market.
Remarks. ? This common Rajang Osteochilus species is
characterised by a dusky mid-lateral stripe of varying intensity
from behind the opercle to the caudal base which does not
extend onto the caudal fin, and three (in some specimens four)
whitish tubercles on the snout.  The largest (182 mm SL)
specimen seen by us (ZRC) has bluish scales and lacks a mid-
lateral stripe.
Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes,1842)
Osteochilus hasselti - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Osteochilus intermedius Weber & de Beaufort, 1916
Osteochilus intermedius - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas in
Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary).
Material examined. ? None.
Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker, 1857)
Osteochilus kahajensis [sic.] - Chang, 1997: 31 (upper Rejang,
Kapit).
Osteochilus kajanensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 323842), LRP91-28; 1 ex.
(USNM 323873), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 325415), LRP91-22; 1
ex. (ZRC 45790), GYY048.
Remarks. ? This species is distinct among Rajang Osteochilus
in having two whitish tubercles on the snout and a large round,
blackish blotch on the caudal peduncle.
Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1852b)
Osteochilus melanopleura - Chang, 1997: 21 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? None.
Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
Osteochilus vittatus (not of Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1842, in part?) - Chang, 1997: 35 (Rejang).
Osteochilus microcephalus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Osteochilus sarawakensis Karnasuta, 1993
Osteochilus sarawakensis Karnasuta, 1993: 55 (Baleh: type series
in FMNH); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 231 (Baleh).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 325000), LRP91-13; 5 ex.
(USNM 325362), LRP91-21; 8 ex. (USNM 325363), LRP91-19; 2
ex. (USNM 325364), LRP91-32; 20 ex. (USNM 325365), LRP91-
31; 5 ex. (USNM 325366), LRP91-22; 11 ex. (USNM 325367),
LRP91-26; 5 ex. (USNM 325368), LRP91-27; 4 ex. (USNM
325369), LRP91-36; 1 ex. (USNM 325384), LRP91-20; 6 ex. (ZRC),
GYY026.
Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker, 1851c) *
Material examined. ? 5 ex. (ZRC 37839), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC
37854), MK94-7,25; 1 ex. (ZRC 37962), MK94-55.
Oxygaster anomalura van Hasselt, 1823
Oxygaster anomalura - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 12 ex. (FMNH 68191), RFI 5.8.56; 3 ex.
(FMNH 68190), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69862), NSH 8.56; 1
ex. (FMNH 68274), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95203), RFI 8.8.56;
47 ex. (FMNH 68189), RFI 8.8.56; 3 ex. (USNM 323672), LRP91-
14; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.
Paracrossochilus acerus Inger & Chin, 1962
Paracrossochilus acerus Inger & Chin, 1962: 100 (Baleh: type series
in FMNH and SM); Roberts, 1989: 57 (Baleh River); Leh et al.,
1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (FMNH 95196), GIK 27.9.62; 1 ex.
(FMNH 95192), GIK 27.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68879), IGK 21.9.62;
1 ex. (FMNH 69857), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 323882), LRP91-
31; 4 ex. (USNM 323883), LRP91-27; 3 ex. (USNM 323884),
LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 323885), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (USNM
325002), LRP91-35; 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 7 ex. (ZRC), GYY026;
2 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 17 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
Paracrossochilus vittatus (Boulenger, 1894)
Paracrossochilus vittatus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 68546), RFI 6.8.56; 4 ex.
(FMNH 69858), NSH 8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH 68901), GIK 27.9.62; 1
ex. (FMNH 95193), IGK 22.9.62; 15 ex. (FMNH 68547), RFI 8.8.56;
69 ex. (FMNH 68545), RFI 5.8.56; 19 ex. (FMNH 68547), RFI
8.8.56.
184
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
Puntioplites bulu (Bleeker, 1851d)
Puntius bulu - Chin, 1990: 10, Fig. S9 (Ulu Belaga); Chang, 1997:
15 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? 12 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker, 1850)
Rasbora vaillanti (not of Popta, 1905) - Weber & de Beaufort, 1916:
63 (Kapit); Herre, 1940: 29 (Rejang).
Rasbora argyrotaenia - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 233 (Kapit); Leh et
al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 52 ex. (FMNH 68888), IGK 22.9.62; 219 ex.
(FMNH 68900), IGK 27.9.62; 116 ex. (FMNH 68919), FWK
15.12.62; 6 ex. (FMNH 69829), NSH 8.56; 7 ex. (FMNH 69830),
NSH 8.56; 42 ex. (FMNH 68337), RFI 5.8.56; 130 ex. (FMNH
68338), RFI 8.8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68339), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH
69831), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95199), FWK 15.12.62; 1 ex.
(USNM 325028), LRP91-8; 6 ex. (USNM 325003), LRP91-21; 6
ex. (USNM 325005), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 325004), LRP91-
35; 3 ex. (USNM 325339), LRP91-24; 7 ex. (USNM 325041),
LRP91-26; 5 ex. (USNM 325338), LRP91-23; 1 ex. (SM uncat.),
LRP 91-23; 3 ex. (USNM 325025), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (USNM
325035), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 325019), LRP91-25; 1 ex.
(USNM 325030), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (SM-E 16.17 6), Kapit, iv.1904;
5 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.
Rasbora bankanensis (Bleeker, 1853c) *
Material examined. ? 9 ex. (ZRC 37942), MK94-26.
Rasbora borneensis Bleeker, 1860
Rasbora bornensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Rasbora caudimaculata Volz, 1903
Rasbora caudimaculata - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b)
Rasbora dusonensis - Roberts, 1989: 73 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (FMNH 68342), RFI 10.8.56; 10 ex.
(USNM 325394), LRP91-21; 45 ex. (USNM 325410), LRP91-21;
11 ex. (USNM 324990), LRP91-14; 26 ex. (USNM 325340),
LRP91-31; 12 ex. (USNM 325396), LRP91-27; 9 ex. (USNM
325037), LRP91-21; 4 ex. (USNM 325023), LRP91-33; 2 ex.
(USNM 325001), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (USNM 325020), LRP91-34; 4
ex. (USNM 325029), LRP91-22; 11 ex. (USNM 325393), LRP91-
35; 7 ex. (USNM 325040), LRP91-19; 3 ex. (USNM 324994),
LRP91-12; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-12; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/
4.
Remarks. ? There are two scales between the lateral-line
scales and pelvic-fin origin, and a stripe of concentrated
melanophores below the lead-coloured stripe on the
specimens we examined.  The side of the abdomen is strongly
reticulated but these reticulations do not extend above the
lead-coloured stripe.  The distal margin of the caudal fin is
distinctly dark brown.  One of the largest species in its genus,
a specimen (in FMNH 68342) from the Ulu Baleh measures
191 mm SL.
Rasbora cf. dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b) *
(Fig. 8)
Material examined. ? 7 ex. (FMNH 68341), RFI 3.8.56; 4 ex.
(FMNH 68341), RFI 3.8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 103625), LRP91-8; 1
ex. (USNM 324981), LRP91-14; 5 ex. (USNM 324988), LRP91-
12; 6 ex. (USNM 325036), LRP91-8; 3 ex. (USNM 324992),
LRP91-13; 3 ex. (USNM 324985), LRP91-10; 2 ex. (USNM
324983), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 324662), LRP91-7; 1 ex. (USNM
324971), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-8.
Remarks. ? This form is distinguished from the
aforementioned species in having one scale between the
lateral-line scales and pelvic-fin origin, and a distinct broad
stripe of melanophores running over and below the lead-
coloured stripe.  The side of the abdomen is plain white
without reticulations, and the distal margin of the caudal fin
is not distinctly dusky.
Fig. 8.  Rasbora cf. dusonensis, 82.5 mm SL, USNM 324985.
Rasbora ennealepis Roberts, 1989
Rasbora cf. ennealepis - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Rasbora kottelati Lim, 1995
Rasbora kottelati Lim, 1995: 66 (Sibu: type series in ZRC).
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (ZRC 37841), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC
37848), MK94-6; 10 ex. (ZRC 37949), MK94-27; 3 ex. (ZRC
37856), MK94-7,25; 7 ex. (ZRC 37961), MK94-55; 3 ex. (ZRC
37969), MK94-56.
Rasbora pauciperforata Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 *
Material examined. ? 6 ex. (ZRC 37965), MK94-55.
185
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Rasbora sarawakensis Brittan, 1951
Rasbora sarawakensis - Brittan, 1954: 99 (Rejang: 3 ex. CAS-SU
33593); Roberts, 1989: 75 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? 36 ex. (FMNH 69833), NSH 8.56.
Rasbora cf. sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852c) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (USNM 324973), LRP91-8; 1 ex.
(USNM 324976), LRP91-25; 6 ex. (USNM 324980), LRP91-32; 2
ex. (USNM 324984), LRP91-22; 2 ex. (USNM 324987), LRP91-
36; 4 ex. (USNM 324993), LRP91-10; 2 ex. (USNM 324995),
LRP91-7; 3 ex. (USNM 324999), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325022),
LRP91-6; 9 ex. (USNM 325038), LRP91-23; 56 ex. (USNM
325043), LRP91-19; 14 ex. (USNM 325395), LRP91-26; 2 ex. (of
USNM 325396), LRP91-27; 1 ex. (of USNM 325037), LRP91-21;
4 ex. (ZRC 37943), MK94-26; 4 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex. (ZRC),
THH9807; 15 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 18 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
Remarks. ? The specimens we refer to have 12
circumpeduncular scales and about 26 scales pierced by the
lateral line.  The body has distinct reticulations above and
below the axial streak, and a bold, dusky stripe above anal-
fin base.  The caudal fin has a distinctly dusky distal margin.
Rasbora tornieri Ahl, 1922
Rasbora dusonensis (not of Bleeker, 1851b) - Brittan, 1954: 122
(Rejang: 1 ex. CAS-Stanford 33594); Roberts, 1989: 73 (Rejang:
numerous ex. in SMF).
Rasbora tornieri - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 234.
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 3 ex. (ZRC),
THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9810; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9811; 4 ex.
(ZRC 47267), Kapit market.
Remarks. ? The largest of the genus Rasbora in the Rajang.
The largest specimen seen by us is 163.0 mm SL (from ZRC
47267).
Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1870 *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37944), MK94-26.
Rasbora volzii Popta, 1905
Rasbora voltzii [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 23 ex. (FMNH 68891), IGK 22.9.62; 12 ex.
(FMNH 68902), IGK 27.9.62; 5 ex. (FMNH 68376), RFI 12.8.56;
25 ex. (FMNH 68374), RFI 3.8.56; 23 ex. (FMNH 69837), NSH
8.56; 29 ex. (FMNH 68375), RFI 8.8.56; 5 ex. (of USNM 324980),
LRP91-32; 2 ex. (of USNM 325038), LRP91-23; 3 ex. (USNM
324982), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 324998), LRP91-20; 1 ex. (ZRC
37819), RS1; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.
Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert &
Tjakrawidjaja, 1998
Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja, 1998:
104, Fig. 6 (confluence of Batang Balui & Batang Kerumo).
Material examined. ? Holotype (USNM 325389), LRP91-28.
Paratypes ? 12 ex. (USNM 346637), LRP91-28.
Others - 2 ex. (USNM 325391), LRP91-6; 2 ex. (USNM 324978),
LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 325359), LRP91-9; 2 ex. (USNM 325387),
LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 325388), LRP91-34; 18 ex. (USNM
325390), LRP91-27; 28 ex. (USNM 325411), LRP91-35; 1 ex. (SM
uncat.), LRP91-28; 1 ex. (ZRC 37823), RS3.
Sundadanio axelrodi (Brittan, 1976) *
Material examined. ? 5 ex. (ZRC 37966), MK94-55; 6 ex. (ZRC
37970), MK94-56; 30 ex. (ZRC 37865), MK94-7,25.
Remarks. ? Formerly in the genus Rasbora, but unique in
being sexually dimorphic, the males having brighter colours,
a more slender shape, and tubercles on the head (see Kottelat
& Witte, 1999).  This fish lives in peat swamp drainages in
the vicinity of Sibu.
Systomus banksi (Herre, 1940)
Puntius bansi [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 30 ex. (FMNH 68283), RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex.
(FMNH 68285), RFI 12.8.56; 9 ex. (FMNH 68284), RFI 8.8.56;
137 ex. (FMNH 69855), NSH 8.56; 977 ex. (FMNH 69856), NSH
8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 103622), LRP91-23; 18 ex. (USNM 323470),
LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 323471), LRP91-7; 5 ex. (USNM 323472),
LRP91-22; 10 ex. (USNM 323473), LRP91-36; 27 ex. (USNM
323474), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (USNM 323475), LRP91-25; 10 ex.
(USNM 323477), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323478), LRP91-21;
10 ex. (USNM 323479), LRP91-26; 2 ex. (USNM 323480), LRP91-
20; 1 ex. (USNM 323481), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-
19; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 14 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.
Systomus johorensis (Duncker, 1904) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), 25.8 mm SL, THH9811.
Systomus kuchingensis (Herre, 1940)
Puntius kuchingensis - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 233 (Sarikei); Leh et
al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (FMNH 68909), IGK 9.10.62; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68321), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68319), RFI 5.8.56; 4
ex. (FMNH 68320), RFI 8.8.56; 6 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 5 ex.
(ZRC), THH9808; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
186
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), 90.0 mm SL, THH9803/4.
Systomus pentazona (Boulenger, 1894)
Puntius pentazona pentazona - Alfred, 1963: 138 (Sibu).
Puntius pentazona - Roberts, 1989: 65 (Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:
233 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 12 ex. (ZRC 37840), MK94-5,24; 3 ex. (ZRC
37971), MK94-56; 3 ex. (ZRC 37948), MK94-27; 4 ex. (ZRC
37963), MK94-55; 8 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9810.
Remarks. ? This species appears to be endemic to
northwestern Borneo, and has a distribution similar to that of
Rasbora kottelati.  In the Kuching area, southwest of the
Rajang basin, it is replaced by Systomus hexazona (Weber &
de Beaufort, 1912) that lacks the black spot under the posterior
base of the dorsal fin that is consistently present on its
presumed close relative.
Tor tambra (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1842)
Tor douronensis - Chang, 1997: 3 (Rejang).
Tor tambra - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 11 ex. (FMNH 68905), IGK 27.9.62; 10 ex.
(FMNH 68559), NSH 8.56; 15 ex. (FMNH 68903), IGK 27.9.62;
6 ex. (FMNH 68896), IGK 22.9.62; 11 ex. (FMNH 69842), NSH
8.56; 6 ex. (FMNH 69840), NSH 8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 69839), NSH
8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68558), RFI 12.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 69841), NSH
8.56; 151 ex. (FMNH 68557), RFI 8.8.56; 648 ex. (FMNH 68556),
RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 69843),
NSH 8.56; 20 ex. (FMNH 69844), NSH 8.56; 3 ex. (FMNH 68561),
RFI 3.8.56; 44 ex. (FMNH 68562), RFI 5.8.56; 43 ex. (FMNH
68560), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 95197), FWK 15.12.62; 2 ex.
(FMNH 95123), IGK 22.9.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68915), FWK 15.12.62;
5 ex. (USNM 323689), LRP91-27; 12 ex. (USNM 323690), LRP91-
28; 10 ex. (USNM 323691), LRP91-36; 3 ex. (USNM 323692),
LRP91-35; 6 ex. (USNM 323693), LRP91-25; 11 ex. (USNM
323694), LRP91-22; 6 ex. (USNM 323695), LRP91-23; 3 ex.
(USNM 323696), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM 323698), LRP91-31; 1
ex. (USNM 323700), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (USNM 324986), LRP91-
25; 1 ex. (USNM 325343), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM 325358),
LRP91-21; 1 ex. (USNM 325399), LRP91-32; 1 ex. (ZRC 37826),
RS3; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026.
Remarks. ? Tor douronensis (Valenciennes,  in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842) is considered a junior synonym (Roberts,
1993b: 22).  See under Tor tambroides for additional remarks.
According to Chang (1997: 3), the local peoples in Sarawak
distinguish this species (Ikan Semah) from Tor tambroides
(Ikan Empurau).  Both are esteemed food fishes that fetch
high prices in the market.  Depending on the locality, they
can cost RM40 or more per kilogramme.  The Ikan Semah
has been named the state fish of Sarawak.
Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854a)
Tor tambroides - Chang, 1997: 6 (Rejang); Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu
Katibas).
Material examined. ? 20 ex. (FMNH 69844), NSH 8.56; 3 ex.
(FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68561), RFI 3.8.56; 2
ex. (FMNH 69843), NSH 8.56; 43 ex. (FMNH 68560), RFI 8.8.56;
44 ex. (FMNH 68562), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 323688), LRP91-
20; 1 ex. (USNM 323697), LRP91-23; 2 ex. (USNM 323699),
LRP91-28.
Remarks. ? The taxonomy of the Sundanian Tor spp. is
confused.  The length of the fleshy median lobe under the
lower jaw distinguishes the two forms in the Rajang basin.
Tor tambra has a short, rounded snout and a short, truncate
median lobe that is restricted to the upper one-third of the
lower lip.  Tor tambroides has a relatively long, pointed snout
and a longer lobe that extends onto the posterior half of the
lower lip.  Both species live syntopically in the Rajang basin.
Apart from the shape of the snout and length of the median
lobe, there does not seem to be any other external
morphological character to differentiate the forms.  The
differences may be due to sexual dimorphism within a single
species.  All Tor under 30 mm SL examined by us resemble
T. tambra and are here treated as that species.  The elongate
median lobe of T. tambroides, however, is present on
specimens as small as 55 mm SL (from FMNH 68560).
Several of the juveniles we examined have a round, black
blotch on the caudal base, not present in adults.  Some freshly
caught Tor from the Baleh River at Long Singut are pictured
in Chin (1990: 14, Fig. S13A).  In Sarawak, Tor tambroides
is known as Ikan Empurau, and is distinguished from the
similar Ikan Semah, Tor tambra, not only by the long median
lobe under the lower jaw, but also by its larger size and
golden-yellow colour.  The local peoples along the Rajang
recognise three types of Ikan Empurau: Empurau Burak,
Empurau Merah, and Empurau Chelum (Chang, 1997: 6).
Undescribed genus and species *
Material examined. ? 9 ex. (ZRC 37853), MK94-7,25; 35 ex. (ZRC),
THH9812.
Remarks. ? These specimens represent a diminutive, pelagic
danionine fish and do not exceed 12 mm SL.  It is found
largely in blackwater streams draining coastal peat swamp
forests.  Kai-Erik Witte (pers. comm.) is preparing the
description of this genus that also lives in Peninsular Malaysia
and Sumatra.
FAMILY COBITIDAE
Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991
Acanthopsoides molobrion Siebert, 1991: 108 (Baleh: 3 ex., FMNH
68156); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 237 (Baleh).
Material examined. ? None.
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Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)
Pangio anguilaris [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim, 1993 **
(Fig. 9)
Material examined. ? 26 ex. (ZRC) THH9809; 25 ex. (ZRC)
THH9807; 1 ex. (USNM 321604), LRP91-7; 6 ex. (USNM 321605),
LRP91-31; 2 ex. (USNM 321606), LRP91-19; 8 ex. (USNM
321608), LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 321609), LRP91-10; 1 ex. (USNM
321882), LRP91-8.
Remarks. ? Pangio piperata Kottelat & Lim (1993: 236) was
described from Peninsular Malaysia, and is also known from
Sumatra.  The present specimens represent a new record for
Borneo.
Fig. 9.  Pangio piperata, 33.4 & 35.9 mm SL, ZRC uncat. from
THH 9807.
FAMILY BALITORIDAE
Gastromyzon fasciatus Inger & Chin, 1961
Gastromyzon fasciatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 173 (Baleh: type series
in FMNH); Roberts, 1982a: 507 (Baleh); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:
235 (Baleh); Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? holotype (FMNH 68119), RFI 8.8.56; 22
paratypes (FMNH 68115), RFI 8.8.56. Others ? 8 ex. (FMNH
68936), RFI 27.9.62; 17 ex. (FMNH 68937), RFI 3.10.62; 5 ex.
(FMNH 68946), RFI 10.9.62.
Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts, 1982a
Gastromyzon borneensis (in part) - Inger & Chin, 1961: 176 (Baleh).
Gastromyzon megalepis Roberts, 1982a: 510 (Baleh: type series in
FMNH).
Gastromyzon borneensis (in part), Gastromyzon megalepis - Kottelat
& Lim, 1995: 235 (Baleh).
Material examined. ? holotype (FMNH 68126), RFI 5.8.56; 5
paratypes (FMNH 94593), RFI 5.8.56. Others ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37818),
RS1; 1 ex. (ZRC 27824), RS3.
Gastromyzon punctulatus Inger & Chin, 1961
Gastromyzon punctulatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 173 (Baleh: type
series in FMNH); Roberts, 1982a: 515 (Baleh); Kottelat & Lim,
1995: 235 (Baleh).
Material examined. ? holotype (FMNH 68116), RFI 8.8.56; 7
paratypes (FMNH 68117), RFI 8.8.56. Others ? 1 ex. (USNM
323723), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 323687), LRP 91-27; 2 ex. (ZRC
37825), RS3; 62 ex. (FMNH 68938), IGK 3.10.62; 1 ex. (FMNH
68154), NSH 8.56; 4 ex. (FMNH 68945), RFI 10.9.62.
Gastromyzon sp.
Gastromyzon embalohensis nomen nudum (not of Rachmatika,
1998) - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 47019), Lanjak Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary: Sg. Begua; 4 ex. (ZRC 47020), Ulu Katibas; 2 ex. (ZRC
37825), Ulu Katibas: Sg. Melinau.
Remarks. ? This species is differentiated from its congeners
in the Rajang by having red dorsal, caudal and anal fins as
in Gastromyzon embalohensis Rachmatika (1998) from the
upper Kapuas basin.  It is morphologically distinct from that
species, however, and will be described as a new taxon (H.
H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2004).
Glaniopsis cf. hanitschi Boulenger, 1899
Baleh Glaniopsis - Roberts, 1982a: 522 (Baleh: 24 ex. FMNH 68137,
68151-68153, 69868).
Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940)
Acanthophthalmus kuhlii (not of Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1846) - Burridge, 1992: 174, 181 (Rajang).
Material examined. ? 22 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.
Syncrossus hymenophysa (Bleeker,1852c) *
(Fig.7c)
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 322213), LRP91-28; 1 ex.
(USNM 323668), LRP91-27.
Remarks. ? Syncrossus hymenophysa, known as a lowland
species, was reported by Roberts (1989:103), as Botia
hymenophysa, to be replaced by S. reversa in upland areas
on the southern slopes of the Kapuas Hulu Range.  Our
specimens of S. hymenophysa were collected in upland areas.
Syncrossus reversa has not been found in the Rajang and
perhaps does not live there.  It is distinguished from S.
hymenophysa by having 9 to 11 (versus 12 to 13) branched
rays and no (versus presence of a) blackish blotch on the
dorsal fin.  We follow Kottelat (2004a) in classifying this
species in the genus Syncrossus.
188
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 97442), IGK 27.9.62; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68151), NSH 8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68137), RFI 3.8.56; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68152), NSH 8.56; 18 ex. (FMNH 68153), NSH 8.56; 2
ex. (FMNH 69868), NSH 8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 87077), RFI 5.8.56;
2 ex. (USNM 323881), LRP91-31.
Remarks. ? Roberts (1982a: 522) recognises this possibly
undescribed species as resembling Glaniopsis hanitschi but
specimens differing ?in their much smaller size, shorter
barbels, ... seven instead of only six branched dorsal-fin rays,
fewer scales, and other minor differences?.  Members of the
Borneo endemic genus Glaniopsis are found mainly in small
mountain streams with clear, cool water.
Homaloptera nebulosa Alfred, 1969
Homaloptera cf. nebulosa - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 323874), LRP91-35; 1 ex.
(USNM 323876), LRP91-8; 4 ex. (USNM 323877), LRP91-35; 1
ex. (USNM 323880), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex.
(ZRC), GYY026; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 30 ex. (ZRC), THH9806;
2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 14 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 18 ex. (ZRC),
THH9805.
Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, 1902 *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68944), RFI 10.9.62; 3 ex.
(FMNH 68941), RFI 3.10.62; 1 ex. (FMNH 68155), NSH 8.56; 2
ex. (ZRC), THH9806.
Homaloptera wassinkii Bleeker, 1853d *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 97441), IGK 3.10.62; 2 ex.
(FMNH 68140), RFI 8.8.56; 2 ex. (USNM 323875), LRP91-36; 1
ex. (USNM 323878), LRP 91-22; 2 ex. (USNM 323879), LRP 91-
26.
Homaloptera cf. stephensoni Hora, 1932
Homaloptera cf. stephensoni - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Homaloptera sp. *
(Fig. 10)
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9806; 4 ex. (ZRC),
THH9809.
Remarks. ? A small species (largest specimen obtained was
29 mm SL) that resembles Homaloptera nebulosa, but differs
in lacking the large dark-brown blotches over the dorsum.
Its specific status awaits verification.
Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat, 2004
Katibasia insidiosa Kottelat, 2004b: 303, fig. 2 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? holotype (ZRC 49631), RS3; 4 paratypes
(ZRC 49287), GYY026.
Remarks. ? Katibasia insidiosa is distinguished from all other
species of balitorids in Borneo, mainly in having its upper
lip fused with the rostral cap anteriorly, between the rostral
barbels (Kottelat, 2004b: 302).
Nemacheilus kapuasensis Kottelat, 1984
Noemacheilus kapuasensis Kottelat, 1984: 244 (Baleh: non-type ex.
FMNH).
Nemacheilus kapuasensis - Roberts, 1989: 107 (Rejang); Kottelat
& Lim, 1995: 236 (Baleh).
Nemacheilus cf. kapuaensis [sic.] - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (USNM 320387), LRP91-26; 2 ex.
(USNM 320388), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (USNM 320389), LRP91-25; 6
ex. (USNM 320390), LRP91-10; 4 ex. (USNM 320391), LRP91-
27; 14 ex. (USNM 320392), LRP91-31; 8 ex. (USNM 320393),
LRP91-21; 7 ex. (USNM 320394), LRP91-32; 27 ex. (USNM
320395), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 320396), LRP91-13; 14 ex.
(USNM 320397), LRP91-7; 15 ex. (USNM 320398), LRP91-19;
30 ex. (USNM 320399), LRP91-9; 3 ex. (USNM 320400), LRP91-
35; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9809.
Remarks. ? Nemacheilus kapuasensis is sometimes syntopic
with N. spiniferus in the Rajang basin.
Nemacheilus saravacensis Boulenger, 1894
Nemacheilus saravacensis - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Nemacheilus spiniferus Kottelat, 1984
Noemacheilus spiniferus Kottelat, 1984: 250 (Belaga: 15 ex. SMF
17012).
Nemacheilus spiniferus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (of USNM 320396), LRP91-13; 6 ex.
(ZRC), THH9807.
Fig. 10.  Homaloptera sp., 28.1 mm SL, ZRC uncat. from THH
9806.
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Neogastromyzon cf. nieuwenhuisii Popta, 1905
Gastromyzon nieuwenhuisi - Inger & Chin, 1961: 175 (Rajang).
Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisi - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Rajang);
Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 68947), RFI 10.9.62; 126 ex.
(FMNH 68131), RFI 5.8.56; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC),
GYY026.
Remarks. ? The Rajang population of Neogastromyzon
nieuwenhuisii is distinct from that from the type locality
(Kayan basin in Kalimantan), and represents an undescribed
species (H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2004).  It is tentatively
recognised as N. nieuwenhuisii because it has a post-oral
pouch, which is absent on N. pauciradiatus.
Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus (Inger & Chin, 1961)
Gastromyzon pauciradiatus Inger & Chin, 1961: 174 (Baleh: type
series in FMNH).
Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 236 (Baleh).
Material examined. ? holotype (FMNH 68121), RFI 5.8.56; 21
paratypes (FMNH 68122), RFI 5.8.56. Others ? 3 ex. (FMNH
68939), RFI 3.10.62; 4 ex. (FMNH 68935), RFI 27.9.62.
Remarks. ? Both Neogastromyzon spp. are syntopic in the
Rajang basin.
Parhomaloptera microstoma (Boulenger, 1899)
Parhomaloptera microstoma - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 68942), IGK 3.10.62; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68943), RFI 10.9.62; 5 ex. (FMNH 68130), RFI 8.8.56; 5
ex. (FMNH 68934), RFI 27.9.62; 4 ex. (FMNH 68134), RFI 3.8.56.
Protomyzon griswoldi (Hora & Jayaram, 1952)
Protomyzon griswoldi - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
ORDER SILURIFORMES
FAMILY BAGRIDAE
Bagrichthys macracanthus (Bleeker, 1854a) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC 47271),
Kapit market.
Bagroides melapterus Bleeker, 1851d
Bagroides melapterus - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 116 (Rajang);
Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Rajang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.
Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1839) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 68924), IGK 19.9.62; 9 ex.
(FMNH 68058), RFI 11.8.56; 8 ex. (USNM 324566), LRP91-21;
10 ex. (USNM 324989), LRP91-7; 1 ex. (USNM 324991), LRP91-
34; 1 ex. (USNM 325033), LRP91-25; 18 ex. (USNM 325039),
LRP91-25; 3 ex. (USNM 325323), LRP91-36; 52 ex. (USNM
325324), LRP91-35; 3 ex. (USNM 325325), LRP91-24; 33 ex.
(USNM 325326), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-31; 10 ex.
(FMNH 103620), LRP91-31; 2 ex. (USNM 325327), LRP91-15; 1
ex. (USNM 325386), LRP91-32; 2 ex. (USNM 325397), LRP91-
13; 1 ex. (USNM 325401), LRP91-20; 3 ex. (USNM 325403),
LRP91-26; 2 ex. (USNM 325404), LRP91-23; 18 ex. (USNM
325405), LRP91-19; 158 ex. (USNM 325406), LRP91-9; 10 ex.
(USNM 325407), LRP91-10; 18 ex. (USNM 325408), LRP91-8; 2
ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC),
THH9806; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY.
Remarks. ? Hemibagrus nemurus is distributed widely
throughout Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, as well
as Borneo (Roberts, 1989:122).  This bagrid is one of the
most common species in the middle and upper Rajang basin,
taken at 18 of the 32 stations in the 1991 collection, including
both the middle Rajang at Kapit and upper Rajang, above
Belaga.
Hemibagrus bongan (Popta, 1904)
Mystus cf. planiceps - Roberts, 1989: 123 (Rejang, FMNH 68092).
Hemibagrus planiceps - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Rejang).
Hemibagrus cf. bongan - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Hemibagrus bongan - Ng & Rachmatika, 1999: 173 (Rajang basin).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68064), NSH 8.56; 4 ex.
(FMNH 68084), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68411), NSH 8.56; 17
ex. (FMNH 68920), FWK 15.12.62; 18 ex. (FMNH 68925), GIK
22.9.62; 7 ex. (FMNH 68063), NSH 8.56; 13 ex. (FMNH 68092),
RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (USNM 324567), LRP91-22; 1 ex. (ZRC 40496),
Kapit River, C. Leh, no date. See Ng & Rachmatika (1999: 173) for
additional material from the Rajang.
Hemibagrus chrysops Ng & Dodson, 1999
Hemibagrus chrysops Ng & Dodson, 1999 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 7 paratypes (ZRC 23008-23014), Sibu.
Remarks. ? Hemibagrus chrysops resembles H. nemurus but
differs from it in lacking a blackish mid-lateral stripe and by
having a long, narrow head (head width 53.4 to 62.5 % in
head length).  Live or freshly dead examples are a bright
golden-yellow.  Hemibagrus chrysops lives mainly in the tidal
reaches of the Rajang, around the Sibu area.
Hemibagrus fortis (Popta, 1904)
? Hemibagrus cf. nemurus - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37709), Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary.
Remarks. ? According to H. H. Ng (pers. comm. in 2004),
Hemigabrus fortis is distinguished from H. nemurus and H.
chrysops in having a long and low (versus a short and tall)
adipose fin, a round (versus jagged) dorsal fin distal margin,
and males with a relatively slender (versus thick) genital
papilla.
Hemibagrus wyckii (Bleeker, 1858b) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68058), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex.
(USNM 325409), LRP91-33; 1 ex. (USNM 325328), LRP91-30; 1
ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY.
Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker, 1852d)
Liocassis hosii Regan, 1906: 67 (Sibu: type series in BMNH).
Leiocassis hosii - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 360 (Sibu).
Leiocassis (Leiocassis) hosii - Jayaram, 1968: 351 (Sibu).
Leiocassis micropogon (in part) - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 238 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 2 of 6 syntypes of Liocassis hosii (BMNH
1906.10.29.18-22). Others ? 3 ex. (FMNH 68004), RFI 8.8.56; 1
ex. (ZRC 37861), MK94-7,25.
Remarks. ? Just dead specimens of this catfish have a distinct
bright golden-yellow sheen over the body that fades after
about a month in formalin.  Roberts (1993: 27) tentatively
synonymised Leiocassis hosii under L. poecilopterus
(Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840a), but these
are distinct taxa.  As seen from radiographs, L. hosii has the
post-cranial process and pre-dorsal plate separated by a wide
gap, which is characteristic of L. micropogon.  These bones
meet in L. poecilopterus.
Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002
Mystus castaneus Ng, 2002: 165 (Rejang).
Material examined. ? None.
Mystus singaringan (Bleeker, 1846) *
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (USNM 324972), LRP91-25; 9 ex.
(USNM 324974), LRP91-19; 2 ex. (USNM 324975), LRP91-9; 1
ex. (USNM 325421), LRP91-30; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? This species was previously recorded as Mystus
nigriceps (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840a)
or M. macronema (Bleeker, 1846) (see Roberts, 1994a: 252).
Pseudomystus fuscus (Popta, 1904) *
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (ZRC 37860), MK94-7,25.
Pseudomystus inornatus (Boulenger, 1894) *
Leiocassis sp. 1 - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SM), Lanjak-Entimau: Ulu Katibas.
Remarks. ? This catfish is apparently endemic to western
Borneo.
Pseudomystus stenomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840a) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SM), Kapit.
FAMILY SILURIDAE
Ceratoglanis scleronema (Bleeker, 1862)
Ceratoglanis scleronema - Ng, 1999b: 387 (Kapit).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 42739), THH9803/4; 5 ex. (ZRC),
THH.
Hemisilurus heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1853a) *
Material examined. ? 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840a) *
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY0483.
Kryptopterus cryptopterus (Bleeker, 1851c) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 322196), LRP91-10; 1 ex.
(USNM 322200), LRP91-8; 10 ex. (USNM 323362), LRP91-15; 8
ex. (ZRC), GYY0483; 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4; 1 ex. (ZRC),
GYY0483; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? Two examples (one from GYY0483, the other
from THH9803/4) have a relatively more tapered head, and
more convex dorsal head profile than the others among the
material examined by us.
Kryptopterus hexapterus (Bleeker, 1851d) *
Material examined. ? 8 ex. (ZRC 45833), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC),
THH9813.
Kryptopterus limpok (Bleeker, 1852c) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68023), RFI 11.8.56; 3 ex.
(USNM 323361), LRP91-29; 1 ex. (USNM 325357), LRP91-35.
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Kryptopterus macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1858b)
Kryptopterus macrocephalus - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 240 (Sibu,
Daro).
Material examined. ? 5 ex. (ZRC 37960), MK94-55; 2 ex. (ZRC
37862), MK94-7,25.
Kryptopterus platypogon Ng, 2004
Kryptopterus platypogon - Ng, 2004: 2 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? holotype (ZRC 45838), THH9813.
Micronema apogon (Bleeker, 1851e) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH; 12
ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC 45840), THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? The generic placement of this species follows
Rainboth (1996: 148).
Ompok jaynei Fowler, 1905
Ompok jaynei - Tan & Ng, 1996: 535 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC.38354), MK94-55; 1 ex.
(ZRC.38355), MK94-55.
Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker, 1851a)
Silurichthys phaiosoma - Ng & Ng, 1998: 312.
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (ZRC 37847), 3 ex. (CMK 10871),
MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC 37855), 1 ex. (CMK 10884), MK94-7,25;
1 ex. (ZRC 37958), MK94-55.
Remarks. ? Silurichthys marmoratus Ng & Ng (1998: 310),
described from southwestern Sarawak and also reported from
Brunei (Parenti & Meisner, 2003), is likely to live in the
Rajang basin.  Silurichthys marmoratus is distinguished by
its relatively short, emarginate caudal fin with upper lobe 1.1-
1.2 times longer than the lower lobe, whereas S. phaiosoma
has a long and forked caudal fin, the upper lobe 1.4-1.6 times
longer than the lower.
Wallago leerii Bleeker, 1851a
Wallago maculatus (not of Inger & Chin, 1959) - Chang, 1997: 25
(Rejang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), 530.0 mm SL, THH.
Remarks. ? This is possibly the largest freshwater fish in
Sarawak, with individuals occasionally reaching a length of
two metres and weighing over 50 kilogrammes.  Julau in the
Rajang basin is one of the well-known spawning grounds of
this esteemed food fish (Chang, 1997: 25).
FAMILY PANGASIIDAE
Pangasius micronemus Bleeker, 1847
Pangasius micronema - Roberts & Vidthayanon, 1991: 131
(Rejang).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY; 2 ex. (ZRC 47270), Kapit
market.
Pangasius polyuranodon Bleeker, 1852c
Pangasius polyuranodon - Roberts & Vidthayanon, 1991: 137
(Rejang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 325650), LRP91-15; 1 ex.
(ZRC), THH.
Pangasius nasutus Bleeker , 1863
Pangasius nieuwenhuisi (not of Popta, 1904) - Chang, 1997: 28-29
(Sg. Baleh, Kapit market).
Material examined. ? 5 ex. (USNM 325416), LRP91-11 [purchased
at the Kapit Town market, said to have been taken in the Pelagus
rapids by cast net]; 1 ex. (USNM 322216), LRP91-15; 2 ex. (ZRC),
GYY.
Pangasius sp. *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 325417), LRP91-11.
Remarks. ? This appears to be an undescribed species
(Chavalit Vidthayanon, pers. comm. in 1993).
FAMILY SISORIDAE
Glyptothorax major (Boulenger, 1894)
Glyptothorax major - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 14 ex. (FMNH 68013), RFI 5.8.56; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68922), RFI 1.10.62; 3 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 3 ex. (ZRC),
GYY026; 6 ex. (ZRC), THH9805; 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.
Glyptothorax platypogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840b)
Glyptothorax platypogon - Weber & de Beaufort, 1913: 264
(Rajang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 242 (Rajang).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37821), RS3.
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Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
FAMILY AKYSIDAE
Acrochordonichthys rugosus (Bleeker, 1847)
Acrochordonichthys rugosus - Ng & Ng, 2001: 411 (near Kanowit).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang near Kanowit.
FAMILY CLARIIDAE
Clarias leiacanthus Bleeker, 1851a*
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (USNM 323726), LRP91-21; 1 ex. (ZRC
37820), RS2; 1 ex. (ZRC 37842), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC 37950),
MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? The name Clarias teijsmanni Bleeker (1857),
used widely for this species, is considered a synonym of
Clarias leiacanthus (see Ng, 1999a).
Clarias planiceps Ng, 1999a
Clarias planiceps Ng, 1999a: 22 (Kapit: type series in ZRC, FMNH
and USNM).
Material examined. ? paratypes - 1 ex. (USNM 323727), LRP91-
19; 1 ex. (USNM 323728), LRP91-36; 2 ex. (USNM 323729),
LRP91-20; 2 ex. (USNM 323733), LRP91-24; 1 ex. (USNM
323734), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM 323736), LRP91-32; 1 ex.
(USNM 323738), LRP91-8. Others ? 22 ex. (FMNH 68103), RFI
5.8.56; 26 ex. (FMNH 68932), GIK 27.9.62; 8 ex. (FMNH 68105),
RFI 8.8.56. See Ng (1999a: 22) for additional material from the
Rajang basin.
Remarks. ? According to Ng (1999a), Clarias planiceps is
distinguished from Clarias leiacanthus by its light purplish-
brown colouration and small, pale yellow or whitish spots
on the sides of the body; a relatively flat head (head depth
59-63.8% head width), and relatively large and distinct
serrations on the anterior edge of the pectoral spine.  It is
also known from the Kapuas and Kayan rivers in Kalimantan.
Encheloclarias baculum Ng & Lim, 1993
Encheloclarias baculum - Ng & Tan, 2000: 538 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC 44215), Sibu: Sg. Kemayan.
FAMILY ARIIDAE
Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), 121.5 mm SL, THH9813.
ORDER ATHERINIFORMES
FAMILY PHALLOSTETHIDAE
Phenacostethus smithi Myers, 1928 *
Material examined. ? 11 ex. (USNM 325048), LRP91-14; 5 ex.
(USNM 325049), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 3 ex. (ZRC),
THH9807.
Remarks. ? The distribution and systematics of this and other
phallostethid species in northwestern Borneo were discussed
by Parenti (1986, 1996).
ORDER BELONIFORMES
FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE
Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali Steindachner, 1901
Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus (not of Bleeker, 1853c) - Brown
& Brown, 1987: 158 (Sibu).
Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali - Anderson & Collette, 1991:165
(Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 244 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (USNM 320499), LRP91-10; 1 ex.
(USNM 320503), LRP91-6; 1 ex. (USNM 321607), LRP91-7; 6
ex. (ZRC 37843), MK94-5,24; 4 ex. (ZRC 37945), MK94-26; 4 ex.
(ZRC 37930), MK94-23; 8 ex. (ZRC 37864), MK94-7,25; 1 ex.
(ZRC), GYY049; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808; 5 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES
FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE
Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68417), RFI 11.8.56; 5 ex.
(ZRC), THH9809; 19 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.
ORDER SYNBRANCHIFORMES
FAMILY CHAUDHURIIDAE
Nagaichthys sp.*
Nagaichthys sp. - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 250 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? Nagaichthys has been considered monotypic,
containing solely N. filipes Kottelat & Lim, in Kottelat (1991),
described from the Kapuas basin in Kalimantan Barat.
Specimens from the Sibu area differ in having a distinctly
forked caudal fin, and will be described as a new species (M.
Kottelat, pers. comm. in 2004).
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Fig. 11.  Macrognathus circumcinctus, 90.6 mm SL, ZRC uncat.
from THH 9805 (right side reversed).
FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE
Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786)
Macrognathus aculeatus - Leh et al., 1997: 26 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924) **
(Fig. 11)
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68497), NSH 8.56; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68495), RFI 3.8.56; 2 ex. (FMNH 68927), RFI 22.9.62; 1
ex. (FMNH 68928), RFI 27.9.62; 2 ex. (USNM 323674), LRP91-
23; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806; 1 ex. (ZRC),
THH9805.
Remarks. ? This species has not been previously reported
from Borneo.  One exceptionally large specimen (FMNH
68495) measures 220 mm TL.  Macrognathus circumcinctus
also lives in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks. ? Roberts (1994b: 289) confirms the presence of
this species from the Chao Phraya and Mekong basins on
continental Southeast Asia, Sumatra and the Kapuas,
Mentaya, Barito and Kahajan basins of Borneo.  He doubted
a record from the Baram River without explanation.
FAMILY DATNIOIDIDAE
Datnioides quadrifasciatus (Sevastianof, 1809) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9813.
Remarks. ? Nomenclature follows Kottelat (2000: 93).
FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE
Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936
Polynemus hornadayi - Motomura et al., 2002: 309 (Kapit).
Material examined. ? 3 ex. (ZRC), THH9813; 1 ex. (ZRC 46032),
THH9803/4.
Remarks. ? This species is known only from western Borneo
(Motomura et al., 2002: 309).
Polynemus melanochir melanochir (Valenciennes, in
Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) *
Material examined. ? 6 ex. (ZRC), THH9813.
Remarks. ? This river-dwelling threadfin is easily
distinguished from its sympatric congener in the Rajang in
having black pectoral fins.  It is often sold in the markets of
Sibu and Serian as a food fish.  Polynemus borneensis
Bleeker, 1857 and P. hilleri (Fowler, 1905) are considered
junior synonyms (Motomura & Sabaj, 2002: 181, 184).
FAMILY NANDIDAE
Nandus nebulosus (Gray, 1835)
Nandus nebulosus - Ng et al., 1996: 18 (Sg. Tebu, Sibu).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37951), MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC
37959), MK94-55.
FAMILY PRISTOLEPIDAE
Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker, 1852d) *
Material examined. ? About five individuals up to 15 cm TL were
identified, but not collected, at the fish market in Kapit in June 2002
(H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).
Macrognathus keithi (Herre, 1940)
Macrognathus keithi - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Mastacembelus unicolor Cuvier, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes,1832
(Fig. 7d)
Mastacembelus unicolor - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 29 ex. (FMNH 68484), RFI 5.8.56; 30 ex.
(FMNH 68485), RFI 8.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68486), RFI 11.8.56; 1
ex. (FMNH 68929), RFI 27.9.62; 2 ex. (USNM 323670), LRP91-
36; 2 ex. (ZRC), GYY049; 1 ex. (ZRC), GYY026; 5 ex. (ZRC),
THH9806; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9805.
ORDER PERCIFORMES
FAMILY CHANDIDAE
Parambassis wolffii (Bleeker, 1851b) *
Material examined. ? 7 ex. (ZRC), THH9803/4.
194
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
FAMILY ELEOTRIDAE
Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1852e *
(Fig. 7e)
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 321249), LRP91-9; 11 ex.
(USNM 321250), LRP91-10; 7 ex. (USNM 321255), LRP91-10; 5
ex. (FMNH 103628), LRP91-10; 12 ex. (USNM 321251), LRP91-
7; 10 ex. (USNM 321252), LRP91-8; 3 ex. (USNM 321253),
LRP91-13; 1 ex. (USNM 321254), LRP91-6; 2 ex. (ZRC 37946),
MK94-26; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9809; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.
Remarks. ? This widespread Indo-Pacific species has not been
reported previously from Sarawak (Kottelat & Lim, 1995).
Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852b) *
Material examined. ? About three specimens up to 30 cm TL were
identified, but not collected at the fish market in Kapit, in June 2002
(H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).
Oxyeleotris urophthalmoides (Bleeker, 1853b) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 47275), Kapit market.
Pogoneleotris heterolepis (G?nther, 1869) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang near Kanowit.
Remarks. ? Little is known of the habits and ecology of this
enigmatic, and seemingly rare species.  It is apparently
endemic to the lower reaches of large rivers in Sarawak,
having been recorded from the Serian area, and here, from
the middle Rajang.
FAMILY GOBIIDAE
Eugnathogobius siamensis (Fowler, 1934) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (USNM 320753), LRP91-16; 1 ex.
(USNM 320756), LRP91-14; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9807; 1 ex. (ZRC),
THH9807.
Eugnathogobius sp. *
Material examined. ? 6 ex. (ZRC 37849), MK94-6; 4 ex. (ZRC
37947), MK94-26; 1 ex. (ZRC 37859), MK94-7,25.
Remarks. ? These specimens represent an undescribed
species characterised by striped cheeks and maroon pectoral
fins, the description of which is being prepared by Helen
Larson (pers. comm. in 2004; Larson, 2001: 66).  It appears
to be a freshwater species found generally in coastal peat
swamps, and has also been collected in the area around
Kuching.
Glossogobius celebius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1837) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9806.
Remarks. ? Glossogobius celebius may be endemic to
Sulawesi, and specimens referred to this taxon that live
elsewhere may represent several undescribed species
(Douglass Hoese, pers. comm. in 2002).
Parawaous megacephalus (Fowler, 1905) *
Material examined. ? 4 ex. (FMNH 68451), RFI 5.8.56; 3 ex.
(FMNH 68452), RFI 8.8.56.
FAMILY ANABANTIDAE
Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) *
Material examined. ? Numerous individuals of about 10 cm TL
were observed being sold alive from buckets in the fish market in
Kapit, in June 2002 (H. H. Tan, pers. comm. in 2002).
FAMILY OSPHRONEMIDAE
Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 *
Material examined. ? 8 ex. (ZRC 37845), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC
37967), MK94-55; 1 ex. (ZRC 37972), MK94-56; 5 ex. (ZRC
37952), MK94-27; 2 ex. (ZRC 37929), MK94-23; 3 ex. (ZRC
37858), MK94-7,25; 10 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 2 ex. (ZRC),
THH9810; 2 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.
Remarks. ? This common fighting-fish has often been
referred to as Betta climacura Vierke (1988) which is
currently regarded as a junior synonym (Tan & Kottelat, 1998:
43).  It inhabits small streams in the swamp-forest and in the
foothills.
Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992
Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt, 1992: 312 (Sibu: type series in
ZSM).
Betta brownorum - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? None.
Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830)
Luciocephalus pulcher - Brown & Brown, 1987: 163 (Sibu); Kottelat
& Lim, 1995: 247 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (ZRC 37844), MK94-5,24; 1 ex. (ZRC
37968), MK94-56; 3 ex. (ZRC 37956), MK94-55; 3 ex. (ZRC),
THH9810.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
Remarks. ? Formerly in the Luciocephalidae, that family,
along with Belontiidae (containing the genera Betta,
Parosphromenus, Sphaerichthys and Trichogaster amongst
others) are classified in the Osphronemidae by  Britz (1994)
and  Britz et al. (1995).
Osphronemus septemfasciatus Roberts, 1992 *
(Fig. 7f)
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (FMNH 103627), LRP91-35; 1 ex.
(FMNH 68446), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68445), RFI 8.8.56; 7
ex. (FMNH 68444), RFI 5.8.56; 10 ex. (USNM 322198), LRP91-
35; 1 ex. (USNM 322204), LRP91-26; 1 ex. (USNM 322205),
LRP91-25; 2 ex. (USNM 322208), LRP91-31; 1 ex. (USNM
323669), LRP91-21; 5 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-35.
Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987
Parosphromenus allani Brown, 1987: 34 (Sibu); Brown & Brown,
1987: 158 (Sibu); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 6 ex. (ZRC 37846), MK94-5,24; 17 ex. (ZRC
37863), MK94-7,25.
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides - Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 248 (Daro).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC.37964), MK94-55.
Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37850), MK94-6.
Remarks. ? Native to Thailand where it is an important food
fish in rice-growing areas, this species is introduced to many
parts of Southeast Asia.  Elsewhere in Borneo, it was recorded
from Sabah by Inger & Chin (1962: 253), and observed in
Brunei by Kottelat & Lim (1995: 249).
Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)
Trichogaster trichopterus - Brown & Brown, 1987: 158 (Sibu);
Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 249 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (ZRC 37857), MK94-7,25.
FAMILY CHANNIDAE
Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68418), RFI 5.8.56; 4 ex. (ZRC
47274), Kapit market.
Channa lucius (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831)
Channa lucius - Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (FMNH 68421), RFI 12.8.56; 2 ex.
(FMNH 68420), RFI 8.8.56; 2 ex. (USNM 320741), LRP91-7; 1
ex. (USNM 322183), LRP91-10; 3 ex. (USNM 322185), LRP91-
21; 6 ex. (USNM 322194), LRP91-8; 1 ex. (USNM 322211),
LRP91-10; 1 ex. (USNM 322217), LRP91-19; 1 ex. (ZRC 37957),
MK94-55; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9811; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9812; 9 ex.
(ZRC), THH9805; 1 ex. (ZRC), THH9808.
ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES
FAMILY SOLEIDAE
Achiroides leucorhynchos Bleeker, 1851f *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.
Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker, 1851b) *
Material examined. ? 1 ex. (SFD), middle Rajang.
ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES
FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE
Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker, 1851b)
Chonerhinos modestus - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? According to Blaber et al. (1997: 205), Auriglobus
modestus is present in the Lassa drainage of the Rajang
estuary.  As we have not seen specimens, we include it
tentatively.  This species has the scales anterior and ventral
to the pectoral fin overlapping and projecting dorsally, as
illustrated by Roberts (1982b: 3, Fig. 1b).  Following Kottelat
(1999: 597), Auriglobus is used in place of Chonerhinos.
Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts, 1982b)
Chonerhinos nefastus Roberts, 1982b: 10 (Baleh: 3 paratypes
FMNH); Roberts, 1989: 188 (Rejang); Kottelat & Lim, 1995:
250 (Baleh); Leh et al., 1997: 25 (Ulu Katibas).
Material examined. ? None.
Remarks. ? Among the specimens of Auriglobus we
examined, none appears to have the scales anterior and ventral
to the pectoral fin uniformly projected dorso-posteriorly as
in the description of Auriglobus nefastus.  We did not examine
the three paratypes from the Baleh River.
196
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
Auriglobus silus (Roberts, 1982b)
(Fig. 7g)
Chonerhinos silus Roberts, 1982b: 12 (Baleh: type series in FMNH
and CAS); Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 250 (Baleh).
? Chonerhinos remotus - Blaber et al., 1997: 205 (Lassa).
Material examined. ? holotype (FMNH 68477), RFI 3.8.56; 36
paratypes (FMNH 94598), RFI 3.8.56. Others ? 10 ex. (FMNH
103629), LRP91-14; 1ex. (USNM 322190), LRP91-5; 10 ex.
(USNM 322191), LRP91-7; 4 ex. (USNM 322202), LRP91-16; 2
ex. (USNM 322207), LRP91-12; 2 ex. (USNM 322209), LRP91-
9; 40 ex. (USNM 322212), LRP91-14; 2 ex. (USNM 322215),
LRP91-8; 2 ex. (USNM 322192), LRP91-6; 15 ex. (USNM 322195),
LRP91-7; 2 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-7; 4 ex. (USNM 322197),
LRP91-12; 4 ex. (USNM 322210), LRP91-9; 46 ex. (USNM
323667), LRP91-14; 10 ex. (SM uncat.), LRP91-14; 11 ex. (USNM
322214), LRP91-16; 15 ex. (ZRC), THH9807.
Remarks. ? Specimens in the USNM and ZRC conform to
the description of Auriglobus silus in that the spines anterior
and ventral to the pectoral fin do not overlap and appear to
project dorso-posteriorly and dorsally, as illustrated by
Roberts (1982b: 3, Fig. 1c).  Blaber et al. (1997: 205) state
that juvenile Auriglobus modestus and A. remotus were found
in the Lassa estuary.  The identification of A. remotus seems
doubtful as this species is considered to be endemic to the
Kinabatangan River in eastern Sabah (see Roberts, 1982b:
11).  Likely candidates are A. silus or A. nefastus.
Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan, 1903)
Tetraodon lorteti - Dekkers, 1975: 99 (Sibu).
Carinotetraodon borneensis - Tan, 1999: 351 (Sibu).
Material examined. ? 2 ex. (BMNH 1906.10.29:41-42), Sibu.
Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995
(Fig. 7h)
Carinotetraodon salivator Lim & Kottelat, 1995: 360 (Baleh, Kapit);
Tan, 1999: 354 (Baleh, Kapit).
Material examined. ? paratypes - 2 ex. (USNM 322184), LRP91-
8; 2 ex. (USNM 322186), LRP91-7; 2 ex. (USNM 322187), LRP91-
14; 3 ex. (USNM 322188), LRP91-16; 1 ex. (USNM 323665),
LRP91-9; 2 ex. (ZRC 37831), MK94-7,25. Others ? 1 ex. (FMNH
68478), RFI 3.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH 68479), RFI 11.8.56; 1 ex. (FMNH
68921), RFI 21.9.62; 3 ex. (USNM 322189), LRP91-10; 1 ex. (SM
uncat.), LRP91-10.
Remarks. ? The largest known specimen (FMNH 68921) is
57.3 mm SL, from Kapit.
DISCUSSION
We report at least 164 species of fish from the Rajang basin.
As for other freshwater habitats throughout Southeast Asia,
a significant proportion of the species, here more than one-
third (55 of 164, or 34%), are of the family Cyprinidae.  All
ostariophysan fishes combined, 114 species, comprise the vast
majority (70%) of species collected.  The luciosomine
cyprinid, Luciosoma setigerum, and the bagrid catfish,
Hemibagrus nemurus, were two of the most common species
collected by the 1991 expedition as judged by the large
number of specimens, large number of collecting stations,
and wide variety of habitats in which they were taken.  The
clupeiform Sundasalanx microps was among the rarest taxa,
represented here by just one specimen collected at Kapit.  It
is, however, premature to assess relative abundance or rarity
of species in the Rajang basin from this report as many
portions of the river were not sampled, or were not sampled
extensively.  During July and August, 1991, Borneo was
experiencing one of the most severe droughts on record (see
also Kottelat, 1994).  Rivers and streams were extremely low
and river travel in the highlands was restricted and highly
treacherous.  Extensive collecting throughout the headwaters
is necessary to compile a more comprehensive list of the fish
species of the Rajang.  Freshwater eels, family Anguillidae,
are expected from the headwaters, as they have been reported
from the Mahakam (Kottelat et al., 1993).  Collecting
throughout the complex Rajang delta in and around Sibu is
expected also to add large numbers of taxa to our list,
especially fishes in the families Gobiidae (gobies and
gudgeons), Chandidae (glass-perches), Mugilidae (mullets),
Sciaenidae (croakers and drums), Clupeidae (herrings) and
Engraulidae (anchovies) and other common estuarine fishes
(see Blaber et al., 1996, 1997), as well as elasmobranchs.  A
landing of a sawfish of about five metres in length, identified
as Pristis microdon Latham (1794) in the mid-1990s from
the sea near Sibu, around the mouth of the Rajang was
reported by Fowler (1998: 4).  Although not considered in
the present report, its occurrence in the lower reaches of the
river is expected.  Species of sharks (Carcharinidae) and of
whip-tailed stingrays (Dasyatidae) are also expected.
The freshwater fish fauna of northwestern Borneo, here
comprising Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, has been
characterised as having a high degree of endemism (Parenti,
1996).  It is difficult to accurately identify Rajang endemics
as there are no general reviews of the Sarawak fish fauna
apart from the preliminary checklist by Kottelat & Lim
(1995).  Early records often included nothing more specific
than ?Sarawak? as a locality. Absence of some taxa from the
Rajang may be due to the lack of precise locality data
associated with older material.  We have recorded no
synbranchid eels from the Rajang, yet there are specimens of
Ophisternon bengalense McClelland (1844) recorded from
?Sarawak? (Tyson Roberts, pers. comm., 2004).  Taking the
report by Kottelat & Lim (1995) as a baseline, however, we
can identify some new records for Sarawak and the Rajang,
as well as identify putative Rajang endemics.  Species
recorded here that have not been listed from Sarawak by
Kottelat & Lim (1995), or described since that report, include:
Sundasalanx microps, Nematabramis steindachneri, Pangio
piperata, Katibasia insidiosa, Bagrichthys macracanthus,
Pseudomystus stenomus, Hemibagrus nemurus, Hemibagrus
fortis, Hemibagrus bongan, Hemibagrus wyckii, Hemisilurus
heterorhynchos, Kryptopterus hexapterus, Kryptopterus
platypogon, Micronema apogon, Pangasius nasutus,
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Acrochordonichthys rugosus, Macrognathus circumcinctus,
Polynemus melanochir, Achiroides leucorhynchos,
Achiroides melanorhynchus, Phenacostethus smithi, and
Eleotris melanosoma.
We have identified two exotic species, the gourami,
Trichogaster pectoralis, reported previously from Sabah
(Inger & Chin, 1962, 1990) and Brunei (Kottelat & Lim,
1995), and the silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus (see
McConnell, 2004).  Both were apparently introduced as food
fish.  Native species with fisheries potential purchased in the
local markets include the larger Barbonymus species, in
particular B. schwanenfeldii.  Other species sold regularly in
the markets are Tor douronensis and T. tambroides,
Pangasius nasutus, Hemibagrus spp., Lobocheilos cf. bo, and
Chitala borneensis.  Larger species sold at market were said
to have been collected using cast nets or gill nets.  We also
observed other local fishing methods such as basket or trap,
scoop net, drift net, and hook-and-line.  It was reported to us
that electric generators and chemicals such as cyanide had
once been used for fishing, but we did not observe these.
Despite some widespread species that were taken from broad
portions of the Rajang, we note a marked contrast between
the fish fauna around Kapit, where the river is still navigable
by coastal steamers, and that of the Batang Balui, above
Belaga, well above tidal influence.  During the July/August
1991 expedition, for example, the freshwater pufferfish
Auriglobus silus was abundant in and around Kapit, being
taken in nine of 13 stations.  That species, as well as other
taxa, such as Eleotris melanosoma, Carinotetraodon
salivator, Phenacostethus smithi, Rasbora cf. dusonensis,
Nemacheilus spiniferus, Kryptopterus cryptopterus,
Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali, Oxygaster anomalura, and
Sundasalanx microps, that were less abundant, were found
only around Kapit, and were absent above Belaga.  In contrast,
Syncrossus hymenophysa, Cyclocheilichthys apogon,
Leptobarbus melanotaenia, Tor tambroides, Tor tambra,
Kryptopterus limpok, Clarias leiacanthus, Osphronemus
septemfasciatus, Rasbora volzii, Paracrossochilus acerus,
Homaloptera wassinkii, Gastromyzon punctulatus,
Macrognathus circumcinctus, Mastacembelus unicolor, and
Hemibagrus wyckii were collected only above Belaga during
the 1991 expedition.  These restricted distributions
undoubtedly reflect habitat differences, but also may be used
to recognize preliminary areas of endemism for some taxa.
Endemism among highland stream fishes is reflected in their
specialised ecological requirements, such as cool, clear water
and a low tolerance for sediments (viz. Scott & Helfman,
2001).  In contrast, fishes from the middle and lower reaches
are tolerant of higher sediment concentrations and temperature
fluctuations (see also Kottelat, 2002).  Increased logging
activities in the highlands are likely to result in the extinction
of portions of the endemic stream fish fauna and create
conditions that are more favourable to the lowland fauna
(Scott & Helfman, 2001).  Building of the Bakun dam will
also cause widespread extinction of stream fishes.
The absence of fish species expected or assumed to live in
Borneo is noteworthy.  The cyprinodontiform Aplocheilus
was expected from Borneo, as Myers (1931:250) included
Borneo in the range of the Indo-Malayan aplocheiloids.  Yet,
Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton 1822), broadly distributed
in fresh and brackish waters from the Indian subcontinent
through South Asia, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia,
including Sulawesi, has never been reported from Borneo.
Similarly, the beloniform ricefishes, family Adrianichthyidae,
are broadly distributed from the Indian subcontinent,
throughout Asia to Indonesia as far east as Timor, but are not
native to Borneo.  The sole report of Oryzias javanicus
(Bleeker, 1854b) from Pontianak, Kalimantan, by Iwamatsu
et al. (1982) was treated by Roberts (1989) as an introduction.
Other atherinomorphs sensu Rosen & Parenti (1981), the
families Phallostethidae and Hemiramphidae, live in fresh
and brackish water habitats suitable for Aplocheilus and
Oryzias throughout northwestern Borneo (viz. Parenti, 1986,
1996).  The silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker,
1850), has a discontinuous natural distribution, being
widespread and common in Southeast Asia and western
Indonesia, and absent from peninsular Malaysia, north
Sumatra and Borneo (McConnell, 2004: 658, 665).
Aplocheilus, Oryzias and B. gonionotus may have never lived
in Borneo, lived there and have subsequently gone extinct,
or are still to be collected.  Interestingly, Aplocheilus and
Oryzias are both relatively primitive taxa in their respective
orders, Cyprinodontiformes and Beloniformes (viz. Rosen &
Parenti, 1981).  This information, when combined with
phylogenetic data from other taxa in the Southeast Asian biota
and a better understanding of the geological history of Borneo,
may ultimately lead to an historical biogeographic hypothesis
for the distribution of Southeast Asian freshwater fishes and
a hypothesis for the absence of these taxa from Borneo.
Our list may be used to make preliminary comparisons
between the fish fauna of the Rajang and that of other
northwestern Borneo watersheds.  A survey of fishes of the
Baram River was undertaken two decades ago (Watson &
Balon, 1984; E. J. Crossman, pers. comm., in 1991).  That
extensive collecting effort revealed a fish fauna similar in
many respects to that of the Rajang, that is, cyprinid species
are common, but remarkably different for certain taxa.  None
of the three species of freshwater pufferfish, abundant in the
middle Rajang, was reported from the Baram, for example.
The phallostethid Phenacostethus trewavasae Parenti (1986)
is distributed broadly throughout the Baram, whereas the
family is represented by Phenacostethus smithi in the Rajang.
These differences, when tested with additional collections,
will allow recognition of distinct faunal areas throughout
Sarawak.  Finally, and perhaps most important, this review
of the fishes of the Rajang fills a major gap in our
understanding of the natural history of Sarawak.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following for permission to examine material
under their care: Charles Leh (SM), Barry Chernoff, Mark
Westneat, Mary Anne Rogers, and Robert Inger (FMNH),
Darrell Siebert (BMNH), and Rob Stuebing (then ITTO).  For
extensive logistical support in Kuching, LRP is extremely
198
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
grateful to Charles Leh (SM). Permission to collect fishes in
Sarawak was granted by the Socio-Economic Research Unit,
Kuala Lumpur. LRP was supported in the field by a grant
from the Smithsonian Institution?s Scholarly Studies Program.
For assistance in the field, LRP thanks Mohd. Zakaria-Ismail,
A. Among, K. Luhat, A. Luhat, S. Surat, and the families of
Long Juman in the Batang Balui.  Additional field collections
in the Sibu and Kapit areas were made by M. Kottelat, Peter
K. L. Ng, Tan Heok Hui, Robert Kerle, Goh Yan Yih,
Indraneil Das and Tommy Tan.  Steve Moss provided
valuable references and discussion on the geology of the
Rajang and of northwestern Borneo.  The late E. J. Crossman
provided information on the ROM Baram expedition. KKPL
is grateful to the Smithsonian Institution for giving him the
privilege and financial support to study the Rajang material
at the USNM. Specimens in Figs. 7a-h were skillfully
photographed by Theophilus Britt Griswold.  Technical
assistance at the USNM was provided by Jeffrey Clayton and
Jeffrey Howe.  Assistance in identification of specimens was
provided by Bruce Collette, Tony Gill, Jeffrey Howe, Maurice
Kottelat, Keiichi Matsuura, Ng Heok Hee, Tyson Roberts,
Darrell Siebert, Doug Hoese, Helen Larson and Chavalit
Vidthayanon. Special thanks to Tan Heok Hui for his excellent
photographs (Figs. 6, 8-11), his unpublished information on
Gastromyzon and Neogastromyzon, and kind assistance in
many other ways.
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Volz, W., 1903. Neue Fische aus Sumatra. Zoologischer Anzeiger,
26 (703): 553-559.
Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon, 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of
fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal
of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.
Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1912. ?Fische?. Maass, ?Durch
Zentral. Sumatra?, 2: 522-541, Pls. 11-12.
Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1913. The Fishes of the Indo-
Australian Archipelago. II. Malacopterygii, Myctophoidea,
Ostariophysi:  I Siluroidea. E. J. Brill, Leiden. xx+404 pp.
Weber, M. & L. F. de Beaufort, 1916. The Fishes of the Indo-
Australian Archipelago. III. Ostariophysi: II Cyprinoidea,
Apodes, Synbranchi. E. J. Brill, Leiden. xv+455 pp.
Whitehead, P. J. P. 1967. Indian Ocean anchovies collected by the
Anton Bruun and Te Vega, 1963-64. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of India, 9 (1): 13-37.
Whitehead, P. J. P., G. Nelson, & T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO species
catalogue. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei).
An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines,
pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 -
Engraulididae. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125 (7, 2): 305-579.
Wilford, G. E., 1964. The geology of Sarawak and Sabah Caves.
Geological Survey Department, British Territories in Borneo
Bulletin, 6: 181 p.
Wilson, M. E. J. & S. J. Moss, 1999. Cenozoic palaeogeographic
evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145: 303-337.
Witte, K.-E. & J. Schmidt, 1992. Betta brownorum, a new species
of anabantoids (Teleostei: Belontiidae) from northwestern
Borneo, with a key to the genus. Ichthyological Exploration of
Freshwaters, 2 (4): 305-330.
204
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
APPENDIX 1: List of sites for fish collection along the Rajang basin, Sarawak, Malaysia.
1. Ulu Baleh: 1956 (material at the FMNH)
NSH 8.56 Baleh headwaters including Sg. Bunoh; coll: N. S. Haile, Aug.1956
RFI 3.8.56 tributary between Sg. Mujong and Sg. Gaat; coll: R. F. Inger, 3 Aug.1956.
RFI 5.8.56 between Sg. Entunau and Sg. Putai (Station 13); coll: R. F. Inger, 5 Aug.1956.
RFI 6.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu; coll: R. F. Inger, 6 Aug.1956.
RFI 7.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu; coll: R. F. Inger, 7 Aug.1956.
RFI 8.8.56 Sg. Putai camp, Sg. Dapu (Station 14); coll: R. F. Inger, 8 Aug.1956.
RFI 10.8.56 Sg. Putai camp; coll: R. F. Inger, 10 Aug.1956.
RFI 11.8.56 Sg. Putai camp; coll: R. F. Inger, 11 Aug.1956.
RFI 12.8.56 Sg. Putai; coll: R. F. Inger, 12 Aug.1956.
2. Ulu Baleh: 1962 (material at the FMNH)
RFI 10.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger et al., 10 Sep.1962.
IGK 19.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 19 Sep.1962.
IGK 21.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Tekalit; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F .W. King, 21 Sep.1962.
RFI 21.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5013); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 21 Sep.1962.
IGK 22.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, tributary of Sg. Tekalit; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 22
Sep.1962.
RFI 22.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5116-19); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 22 Sep.1962.
IGK 27.9.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Serbang; coll: B. Greenberg, R. F. Inger and F. W. King, 27 Sep.1962.
RFI 27.9.62 Mengiong River (Station 5179-87); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 27 Sep.1962.
RFI 1.10.62 Mengiong River (Station 5222); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 1 Oct.1962.
IGK 3.10.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp; coll: R. F. Inger, B. Greenberg and F. W. King, 3 Oct.1962.
RFI 3.10.62 Mengiong River (Station 5285-90); coll: R. F. Inger et al., 3 Oct.1962.
IGK 9.10.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, Sg. Tekalit, 9 Oct.1962.
FWK 15.12.62 Mengiong River, Nanga Tekalit Camp, small stream on right of Mengiong River and 1/2 to 3/4 mile above Nanga Ensural;
coll: F.W. King, 15 Dec.1962.
3. 1991. L. R. Parenti, M. Zakaria-Ismail, K. Luhat, A. Among, S. Surat (material in USNM, SM, FMNH):
LRP 91-5 through LRP 91-17: Main channel of the Rajang River and tributaries, principally the Baleh River, around Kapit (Fig. 3).  Collections
were made from the main channel and partially shaded to open streams through alluvial dipterocarp forest over a bottom of mud, gravel,
fallen branches, and leaf litter (Fig. 4).  Current swift to nil.  Water clear to muddy.  Streams relatively warm, recorded water temperature
ranged from 28? to 30?C.
LRP91-5 Rajang River, wharf at main channel of river at Kapit (2?0?N, 112?55?E), mud; 24 Jul.1991.
LRP91-6 Baleh River, first mapped tributary east of Kapit (Sut River) about 2 km south of where Sut River enters the Baleh
(1?59?N, 113?4?E), mud and gravel, current slight, pH 7, water temperature 30?C; 24 Jul.1991.
LRP91-7 Baleh River, tributary entering main part of river opposite Negara Bawai School (2?0?N, 113?3?E), mud and gravel,
current swift, water temp. 29? C; 24 Jul.1991 (Fig. 3).
LRP91-8 Baleh River, creek entering southern bank, ca. 20 km east of Sut River (2?1?N, 113?6?E), silty mud with gravel and logs,
current swift, pH 6.8, water temperature 29?C; 24 Jul.1991.
LRP91-9 Baleh River, creek entering northern bank, ca. 5 km east of Sut River (2?2?N, 113?7?E), mud, fallen logs and leaf litter,
current swift with slower pools, water temperature 28?C; 25 Jul.1991.
LRP91-10 Baleh River, southern tributary stream opposite logging camp just east of the confluence of Baleh and Mujang Rivers
(2?1?N, 113?8?E), mud and gravel, current swift with stagnant pools, water temperature 29?C; 25 Jul.1991.
LRP91-11 Kapit Town morning market (2?0?N, 112?55?E); 26 Jul.1991.
LRP91-12 Rajang River at Kapit wharf, east of main wharf area (2?0?N, 112?55?E), mud and gravel, current slight, water temperature
30?C; 26 Jul.1991.
LRP91-13 Baleh River, southern tributary just east of confluence of Mujang and Baleh Rivers (1?57?N, 113?13?E), mud, gravel,
logs and leaf litter, current slight to swift, water temperature 29?C; 27 Jul.1991.
LRP91-14 Kapit River just south of where it enters Rajang River (1?59?N, 112?55?E), mud, gravel, and logs, current nil, water
temperature 30?C; 27 Jul.1991.
LRP91-15 Kapit Town morning market (2?0?N, 112?55?E); 28 Jul.1991.
LRP91-16 Kapit River where it passes by Kapit Airport (1?58?N, 112?55?E), mud, gravel, logs, and large boulders, current slight
to swift; 29 Jul.1991.
LRP91-17 Kapit wharf (2?0?N, 112?55?E); 29 Jul.1991.
LRP91-18 through LRP 91-36: Main channel of the Rajang River and tributaries, principally the Batang Balui, above Belaga (Fig. 5).
Collections were made from the main channel and shaded to open streams through dipterocarp forest over a bottom of boulders and outcrops,
mud, gravel and leaf litter (Fig. 6).  Current slow to swift.  Water clear to muddy.  Streams generally cooler than those around Kapit, recorded
water temperature ranged from 23? to 29?C.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
LRP91-18 Belaga Town, morning market (2?45?N, 113?46?E); 31 Jul.1991.
LRP91-19 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Belahui (2?30?N, 113?50?E), mud, boulders and leaf litter, current slight to swift,
pH 7, water temperature 26?C; 1 Aug.1991.
LRP91-20 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Luan Paha (2?31?N, 113?50?E), boulders and outcrop, current slow to swift, pH
6.7, water temperature 26?C; 1 Aug.1991.
LRP91-21 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Kuro (2?29?N, 113?49?E), mud, gravel, boulders and leaf litter, current slow to
swift, pH 7, water temperature 28?C; 1 Aug.1991.
LRP91-22 Batang Balui tributary stream Jangan Aya, flowing into Batang Besua (2?25?N, 113?44?E), mud, rocks and leaf litter,
current slow to swift, pH 7.3, water temperature 25?C; 2 Aug.1991.
LRP91-23 Batang Balui tributary stream Jangan Umi, flowing into Batang Besua (2?24?N, 113?43?E), mud, gravel and leaf litter,
current slow to swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 25?C; 2 Aug.1991.
LRP91-24 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Luan (2?25?N, 113?47?E), huge boulders, mud, rocks and gravel, current swift, pH
7.2, water temperature 25?C; 2 Aug.1991.
LRP91-25 Batang Balui tributary stream Sungei Doh Leng (2?24?N, 113?45?E), boulders, outcrop, gravel, and leaf litter, current
slow to swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 23?C; 3 Aug.1991.
LRP91-26 Batang Balui tributary stream Kemtu (2?23?N, 113?45?E), boulders, outcrop, gravel, and mud, current slow to swift, pH
7.3, water temperature 24?C; 3 Aug.1991.
LRP91-27 Batang Balui tributary stream Lut, that passes near farm where it enters Batang Balui (2?22?N, 113?46?E), boulders, leaf
litter, and mud, current swift, pH 8.3, water temperature 29?C; 3 Aug.1991.
LRP91-28 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Kerumo where it enters Batang Balui (2?22?N, 113?45?E), boulders, outcrop, and
mud, current swift, pH 8.2, water temperature 27?C; 3 Aug.1991 (Fig. 5).
LRP91-29 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Besua where it enters Batang Balui (2?26?N, 113?46?E), boulders and mud, current
swift; 4 Aug.1991.
LRP91-30 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Besua where it enters Batang Balui (2?26?N, 113?46?E), boulders, outcrop and mud;
5 Aug.1991.
LRP91-31 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Ulu ( 2?34?N, 113?53?E), mud, gravel and logs, current slow to swift, pH 7.3, water
temperature 26?C; 5 Aug.1991.
LRP91-32 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Tanyit where it enters Batang Balui (2?33?N, 113?52?E), mud, boulders and outcrop,
current slight, pH 7.4, water temperature 27?C; 5 Aug.1991.
LRP91-33 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Paha where it enters Batang Balui (2?32?N, 113?51?E), mud, outcrop and boulders,
current swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 27?C; 5 Aug.1991.
LRP91-34 Batang Balui tributary stream Batang Taman where it enters Batang Balui (2?22?N, 113?47?E), boulders and mud, current
swift, pH 7.2, water temperature 27?C; 6 Aug.1991.
LRP91-35 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Saan (2?20?N, 113?49?E), mud, boulders and leaf litter, current slow to swift, pH 7.8,
water temperature 28?C; 6 Aug.1991.
LRP91-36 Batang Balui tributary stream Long Tow where it enters Batang Balui just downstream from logging camp (2?25?N,
113?46?E), boulders and mud, current swift, pH 7.7, water temperature 26?C; 6 Aug.1991.
4. 1993. Robert Stuebing et al. (material in ITTO and ZRC):
RS1 Sarikei District: Sg. Sekarang; 8 Oct.1993.
RS2 Sarikei District: Sg. Brauh, branch of Sg. Sekarang; 10 Oct.1993.
RS3 Song District: Ulu Katibas, Sg. Melinau; 23 Mar.1994.
5. 1994. M. Kottelat et al. (material in ZRC and CMK):
MK94-5,24 Sibu area: 4.2 km north of airport runway on Jalan Teku; 6,15 May.1994.
MK94-6 Sibu area: northern extremity of Sibu airstrip; 6 May.1994.
MK94-7,25 Sibu area: Sg. Nibong, ca. 1 km north of Durin ferry on Sri Aman-Sibu road; 7,15 May.1994.
MK94-8 Sarikei area: water in Taman Selangkoi, 25 km south of Sarikei; 7 May.1994.
MK94-23 Sibu area: Sg. Teku north of airport runway end along Jalan Teku; 15 May.1994.
MK94-26 Sibu-Sarikei road, 6 km south of Durin ferry; 15 May.1994.
MK94-27 Sibu-Sarikei road, 2-3 km south of Durin ferry; 15 May.1994.
MK94-55 Sg. Tebu at 8 km, Daro-Matu road; 14 Jun.1994.
MK94-56 Parit Nyadok, 200 m off 10 km stone along Daro-Matu road; 14 Jun.1994
6. 1997. Y. Y. Goh (material in ZRC):
GYY026 Ulu Katibas, Sg. Begua; 14-15, 19 Nov.1997.
GYY048 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 27-28 Nov.1997.
GYY049 Fast-flowing rocky stream in bamboo forest at ca. 2 km upstream of Sg. Pelajau (bridge) and ca. 6 km behind Kapit
Airport (1?57?54.9"N, 112?55?25.5"E), pH 7.9; xi.1997.
7. 1998. H. H. Tan & R. Kerle (material in ZRC):
THH9803 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 28 Feb.1998.
THH9804 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Kapit; 1-3 Mar.1998.
206
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
THH9805 Sg. Semaning (ca. 30 min. by road) downstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (1?57.52?N, 112?55.52?E); 1 Mar.1998.
THH9806 Stream in bamboo forest (ca. 20 min. by road) downstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (1?56.25?N, 112?52.26?E); 1
Mar.1998.
THH9807 Kapit area: Sg. Rajang near mouth (2?0.74?N, 113?1.66?E) of Sg. Melekun and within that tributary (ca. 30 min. by road
upstream along Rajang) (2?0.64?N, 113?1.49?E), pH 7.5; 2 Mar.1998.
THH9808 Kapit area: Sg. Ulu Selirik, ca. 20 min. by road upstream along Sg. Rajang from Kapit (2?0.01?N, 112?57.24?E), pH 7.6;
2 Mar.1998.
THH9809 Kapit area: Sg. Kapit, ca. 15 mins. by road downstream along Sg. Rajang (2?0.12?N, 112?55.83?E); 2 Mar.1998.
THH9810 Sibu area: Sg. Teku along Jalan Teku (2?21.13?N, 111?52.47?E), pH 4.5; 3 Mar.1998.
THH9811 Sibu area: blackwater ditch between THH9810 and THH9812; 3 Mar.1998.
THH9812 Sibu area: blackwater ditch near remnant peat swamp-forest behind old Sibu Airport (2? 20.45?N, 111?50.11?E); 3 Mar.1998.
THH9813 From Sg. Rajang, purchased in market at Sibu; 3-4 Mar.1998.
APPENDIX 2: A CHECKLIST OF THE FISHES OF THE RAJANG BASIN
CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII
DIVISION TELEOSTEI
ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
FAMILY OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
1. Scleropages formosus (Schlegel & M?ller, in M?ller &
Schlegel, 1844) *
FAMILY NOTOPTERIDAE
2. Chitala borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *
ORDER CLUPEIFORMES
FAMILY CLUPEIDAE
3. Sundasalanx microps  Roberts, 1981 *
4. Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1847)
FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE
5. Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker, 1851b)
6. Setipinna breviceps (Cantor, 1849)
7. Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1848)
8. Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1848)
9. Stolephorus baganensis  Hardenberg, 1933
10. Coilia spp.
ORDER CYPRINIFORMES
FAMILY CYPRINIDAE
11. Barbonymus collingwoodii (G?nther, 1868) *
12. Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) *
13. Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1853a)
14. Cosmochilus falcifer  Regan, 1906
15. Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
16. Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
17. Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker, 1853b) *
18. Garra borneensis (Vaillant, 1902)
19. Hampala bimaculata (Popta, 1905)
20. Hampala macrolepidota (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
21. Labiobarbus cf. leptocheilus (Valenciennes, in in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
22. Leptobarbus melanotaenia  Boulenger, 1894 *
23. Lobocheilos cf.  bo (Popta, 1904)
24. Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842) *
25. Lobocheilos cf. kajanensis (Popta, 1904)
26. Luciosoma setigerum (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842) *
27. Luciosoma spilopleura  Bleeker, 1855
28. Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1844) *
29. Nematabramis steindachnerii  Popta, 1905 *
30. Osteochilus enneaporos (Bleeker, 1852c) *
31. Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
32. Osteochilus intermedius  Weber & de Beaufort, 1916
33. Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker, 1857)
34. Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1852b)
35. Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1842)
36. Osteochilus sarawakensis  Karnasuta, 1993
37. Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker, 1851c) *
38. Oxygaster anomalura  van Hasselt, 1823
39. Paracrossochilus acerus  Inger & Chin, 1962
40. Paracrossochilus vittatus (Boulenger, 1894)
41. Puntioplites bulu (Bleeker, 1851d)
42. Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker, 1850)
43. Rasbora bankanensis (Bleeker, 1853c) *
44. Rasbora borneensis  Bleeker, 1860
45. Rasbora caudimaculata  Volz, 1903
46. Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b)
47. Rasbora cf. dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851b) *
48. Rasbora ennealepis  Roberts, 1989
49. Rasbora kottelati  Lim, 1995
50. Rasbora pauciperforata  Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 *
51. Rasbora sarawakensis  Brittan, 1851
52. Rasbora cf. sumatrana (Bleeker, 1852c) *
53. Rasbora tornieri  Ahl, 1922
54. Rasbora trilineata  Steindachner, 1870 *
55. Rasbora volzii  Popta, 105
56. Schismatorhynchos holorhynchos  Siebert & Tjakrawidjaja,
1998
57. Sundadanio axelrodi (Brittan, 1976) *
58. Systomus banksi (Herre, 1940)
59. Systomus johorensis (Duncker, 1904)
60. Systomus kuchingensis  Herre, 1940
61. Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1842) *
62. Systomus pentazona (Boulenger, 1894)
63. Tor tambra (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1842)
64. Tor tambroides (Bleeker, 1854)
65. Undescribed genus and species  *
FAMILY COBITIDAE
66. Acanthopsoides molobrion  Siebert, 1991
67. Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1902)
68. Pangio piperata  Kottelat & Lim, 1993 **
69. Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner, 1940)
70. Syncrossus hymenophysa (Bleeker, 1852c) *
FAMILY BALITORIDAE
71. Gastromyzon fasciatus  Inger & Chin, 1961
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2005
72. Gastromyzon megalepis  Roberts, 1982a
73. Gastromyzon punctulatus  Inger & Chin, 1961
74. Gastromyzon sp.
75. Glaniopsis cf. hanitschi  Boulenger, 1899
76. Homaloptera nebulosa  Alfred, 1969
77. Homaloptera orthogoniata  Vaillant, 1902*
78. Homaloptera wassinkii  Bleeker, 1853d *
79. Homaloptera cf. stephensoni  Hora, 1932
80. Homaloptera sp. *
81. Katibasia insidiosa  Kottelat, 2004
82. Nemacheilus kapuasensis  Kottelat, 1984
83. Nemacheilus saravacensis  Boulenger, 1894
84. Nemacheilus spiniferus  Kottelat, 1984
85. Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii  Popta, 1905
86. Neogastromyzon pauciradiatus (Inger & Chin, 1961)
87. Parhomaloptera microstoma (Boulenger, 1899)
88. Protomyzon griswoldi (Hora & Jayaram, 1952)
ORDER SILURIFORMES
FAMILY BAGRIDAE
89. Bagrichthys macracanthus (Bleeker, 1954) *
90. Bagroides melapterus  Bleeker, 1851d
91. Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1839) *
92. Hemibagrus bongan (Popta, 1904)
93. Hemibagrus chrysops  Ng & Dodson, 1999
94. Hemibagrus fortis (Popta, 1904)
95. Hemibagrus wyckii (Bleeker, 1858b) *
96. Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker, 1852d)
97. Mystus castaneus  Ng, 2002
98. Mystus singaringan (Bleeker, 1846) *
99. Pseudomystus fuscus (Popta, 1904) *
100. Pseudomystus inornatus (Boulenger, 1894) *
101. Pseudomystus stenomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840a ) *
FAMILY SILURIDAE
102. Ceratoglanis scleronema (Bleeker, 1862)
103. Hemisilurus heterorhynchos (Bleeker, 1853a) *
104. Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840a) *
105. Kryptopterus cryptopterus (Bleeker, 1851c) *
106. Kryptopterus hexapterus (Bleeker, 1851d) *
107. Kryptopterus limpok (Bleeker, 1852c) *
108. Kryptopterus macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1858b)
109. Kryptopterus platypogon Ng, 2004
110. Micronema apogon (Bleeker, 1851e) *
111. Ompok jaynei  Fowler, 1905
112. Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker, 1851a)
113. Wallago leerii (Bleeker, 1851a)
FAMILY PANGASIIDAE
114. Pangasius micronemus  Bleeker, 1847
115. Pangasius polyuranodon  Bleeker, 1852c
116. Pangasius nasutus  Bleeker, 1863
117. Pangasius sp. *
FAMILY SISORIDAE
118. Glyptothorax major (Boulenger, 1894)
119. Glyptothorax platypogon (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1840b)
FAMILY AKYSIDAE
120. Acrochordonichthys rugosus (Bleeker, 1847)
FAMILY CLARIIDAE
121. Clarias leiacanthus  Bleeker, 1851a *
122. Clarias planiceps  Ng, 1999a
123. Encheloclarias baculum  Ng & Lim, 1992
FAMILY ARIIDAE
124. Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851a) *
ORDER ATHERINIFORMES
FAMILY PHALLOSTETHIDAE
125. Phenacostethus smithi  Myers, 1928 *
ORDER BELONIFORMES
FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE
126. Hemirhamphodon kuekenthali  Steindachner, 1901
ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES
FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE
127. Doryichthys martensii (Peters, 1868) *
ORDER SYNBRANCHIFORMES
FAMILY CHAUDHURIIDAE
128. Nagaichthys sp.
FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE
129. Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786)
130. Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924) **
131. Macrognathus keithi (Herre, 1940)
132. Mastacembelus unicolor  Cuvier,  in Cuvier & Valenciennes,
1832
ORDER PERCIFORMES
FAMILY CHANDIDAE
133. Parambassis wolffii (Bleeker, 1851b) *
FAMILY DATNIODIDAE
134. Datnioides quadrifasciatus (Sevastianof, 1809) *
FAMILY POLYNEMIDAE
135. Polynemus hornadayi  Myers, 1936 *
136. Polynemus melanochir (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1831) *
FAMILY NANDIDAE
137. Nandus nebulosus (Gray, 1835)
FAMILY PRISTOLEPIDAE
138. Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker, 1852d) *
FAMILY ELEOTRIDIAE
139. Eleotris melanosoma  Bleeker, 1852e *
140. Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852b) *
141. Oxyeleotris urophthalmoides (Bleeker, 1853b) *
142. Pogoneleotris heterolepis (G?nther, 1869) *
FAMILY GOBIIDAE
143. Eugnathogobius siamensis (Fowler, 1934) *
144. Eugnathogobius sp. *
145. Glossogobius celebius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &
Valenciennes, 1837) *
146. Parawaous megacephalus (Fowler, 1905) *
FAMILY ANABANTIDAE
147. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) *
FAMILY OSPHRONEMIDAE
148. Betta akarensis  Regan, 1910 *
149. Betta brownorum  Witte & Schmidt, 1992
150. Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830)
151. Osphronemus septemfasciatus  Roberts, 1992 *
152. Parosphromenus allani  Brown, 1987
153. Sphaerichthys osphromenoides  Canestrini, 1860
154. Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan, 1910) *
155. Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)
FAMILY CHANNIDAE
156. Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) *
157. Channa lucius (Cuvier, in cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831)
ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES
FAMILY SOLEIDAE
158. Achiroides leucorhynchos  Bleeker, 1851f *
159. Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker, 1851b) *
208
Parenti & Lim: Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak
ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES
FAMILY TETRAODONTIDAE
160. Auriglobus modestus (Bleeker, 1851b)
161. Auriglobus nefastus (Roberts, 1982b)
162. Auriglobus silus (Roberts, 1982b)
163. Carinotetraodon borneensis (Regan, 1903)
164. Carinotetraodon salivator  Lim & Kottelat, 1995