18S7.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 47
DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN ETHEOSTOMOIDS.By CHA.<^. H. OILBERT.The present paper is occupied chietl}^ with the descriptiou of newEtheostomoids collected during the summer of 1884, in the course of aseries of explorations of streams of the South and Southwest, under-taken in the interests of the U. S. National Museum. The writer wasassociated with Prof. Joseph Swain in field work in Indiana, Kentucky,Tennessee, and Alabama ; with Prof. S. E. Meek in SouthwesternMissouri; and with Prof. D. S. Jordan in Arkansas and Texas.Types of all of the new species here characterized have been de-posited in the National Museum, their numbers on the Museum registerbeing cited at the beginning of the descriptions.The species described come under the current genera TJlocentra^Cottogaster, Hadroptenis, Bhothceca, Etheostoma, and Alvarius. It isnot believed that these now admit of satisfactory generic characteriza-tion, and they are here recognized as convenient subgeneric divisionsonly. Characters based in this group on the protractility or nonpro-tractility of the i^remaxillaries, the union or non-union of the branch-iostegal membranes, and the completeness or incompleteness of thelateral line, may indicate real affinity, but I think we are hardly pre-pared to insist that they always and of necessity must do so.What are apparently geographical varieties have been described inorder to call attention to them. Their claim to subspecific rank can-not be established until further exploration shall have determined thelimits of variation within the species. The entire question of the rec-ognition of subspecies among the Etheostomoid s must for the presentbe treated as an open one.1. Etheostoma (Ulocentra) histrio Jordan & Gilbert, sp. uov. 36386, 36409, 36448.In form much resembling Etheostoma zonale, but the body slendererand less compressed, and the anterior profile of head more declivous,the mouth being on a level with lower portion of base of pectorals.Mouth small, horizontal, subinferior, the lower jaw included ; maxillaryreaching vertical from front of pupil, 3^ in head. Eye rather large,high up on sides of head, its diameter much greater than length ofsnout, 3 in head. Interorbital width half vertical diameter of orbit.Parietal region narrow, smooth, rather strongly' arched. Opercularspine little developed. Gill-membranes broadly joined across tlie isth-mus. Premaxillaries technically ijrotractile, the upper lip everywhereseparated by a fold from the skin of the forehead; they are, however,very little movable.Vertical fins small, the paired fins greatly developed. Spinous andsoft dorsals separate, nearly equal in height and extent; the longest
48 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.dorsal spine half length of head, the spines all slender and weak. Firstanal spine longer and stronger than the second, slightly longer thansnont. Caudal fin emarginate, less than length of head. Pectoralsmuch longer than head, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to vent, theirlength nearly one-third that of body. Ventrals about as long as head.Scales ctenoid ; lateral line complete, not decurved ; head naked, orwith a few scales on opercles ,? nape completely scaled ; breast, and along strip behind ventral fins, naked, the posterior half only of ventralregion scaled over. No enlarged humeral scale.Head, 4 to 4r| in length; depth, 5 to 5^. Lat. 1. 50 to 54, 5J series be-tween it and base of spinous dorsal. D. X-13; A. II, 7. L. If inches.Color: Body very dark green ; back with 7 light cross-bars usuallyvery distinct ; ventral region light, the lower half of sides marked withlight and dark greenish, these markings showing a tendency to formbars usually alternating with those on back. Top of head dark, thesides light greenish ; a broad dark bar from eye to tip of snout, one be-low eye, and a broad dusky area covering parts of opercle, preopercle,and cheek. A dark bar in front of pectoral fins, and several transverseseries of dark spots on under side of head. Fins all conspicuouslymarked with broad bars of light and dusky greenish. A black humeralspot. Males showUraces of this plan of coloration, but are more uni-formly dusky greenish,* the lighter markings much less conspicuous.Abundant in the Poteau River, near Hackett City, Ark. Found alsoin the Saline River at Benton, Ark., and in the Washita River at Arka-delphia.2. Etheostoma (Cottogaster) uranidea Jordan & Gilbert, sp. uov. 36413.Allied to Etheostoma shumardi.Form elongate, terete, very little compressed; upper profile gentlyarched, the lower almost straight; caudal peduncle short and veryslender ; upper profile of head descending in a long gentle curve tothe sharp snout. Mouth terminal, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw in-cluded ; premaxillaries on a level with lower margin of orbit; maxil-lary reaching beyond vertical from front of orbit, 3| in head. Premax-illaries protractile, the fold very narrow. Eye equaling length of snout,3|- in head, nearly twice interorbital width in a specimen 2 incheslong. Opercular spine well developed; preopercular margin entire.Parietal region rather broad, depressed, the bones rugose. Gill-mem-branes very slightly joined at base. Cheeks mostly naked; operclesclosely scaled. Breast naked, or with a few scattered scales. Pairedfins rather small, the vertical fins long but rather high. Membrane offirst dorsal not joining base of second. Longest dorsal spine aboutequaling distance from tip of snout to middle of orbit; soft rays halfas long as head. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Anal spines veryshort, about equal in size, as long as diameter of orbit. Soft rays ofanal high, the fin rather larger than second dorsal. Pectorals and
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49
reafcrals short, reaching about the same vertical, not nearly to vent
;
length of pectorals nearly equal to head.Scales of moderate size; nape completely invested; a wide nakedstrip on each side median line of belly, the latter containing a singleseries of thin, elongate, plates, weakly spinous on posterior margins;lateral line complete, parallel with outline of back.Head, 3J to 3f in length; depth, 5|. D. XI-13; A. II, 10 or 11.Lateral line 48 to 56, 6^ series between pores and dorsal fin.Color in spirits : Greenish olive, rendered dusky on upper parts by.black specks, which become large and very conspicuous on top of head,opercles, and sides of snout. Four conspicuous dark cross-bars, nar-rower than interspaces, downward and forward from back to lateralline: the first from anterior dorsal spines, the second from space betweendorsals, the third from posterior half of soft dorsal, the fourth fromcaudal peduncle. A series of about 11 dusky blotches on sides imme-diately below lateral line. A black bar before, one below, and onebehind eye ; the one below eye very distinct. Dorsals, pectorals, andcaudal barred with light and dark ; ventrals and anal plain. In life,the colors were similar, there being no distinct blue, red, or green.Several specimens, varying from 1^ to 3 inches in length, from Wash-ita Eiver at Arkadelphia, Ark.3. Etheostoma (Hadropterus) ouachitae Jordan & Gilbert, sp. uov. 36449.Body elongate, slender, comparatively little compressed, in generalcontour much resembling E. uranidea. Head slender, the snout notblunt, the upper profile descending in a long gentle curve. Mouth mod-erate, narrow; premaxillaries on a level with lower part of orbit, non-protractile; lower jaw included; gape nearly horizontal; maxillaryreaching vertical from front of orbit, its length slightly greater thansnout, U in head. Eye equaling snout, 3f in head. Gill-membranesscarcely joined across isthmus.Fins of moderate size; longest dorsal spine 2i in head, the longestsoft ray more than half head ; anal spines short and weak, the twonearly equal, their length equaling diameter of orbit. Caudal emar-ginate. Pectorals reaching to opposite tips of ventrals, as long as head.Scales moderate, rough ; lateral line complete, straight ; opercles andnape scaled; cheeks smooth, naked or covered with imbedded scales;breast naked. Middle of belly naked, without series of enlargedplates in our specimens. An enlarged spinous scale between basesof ventral fins.Head 4 in length; depth 6^; D. XI or XII, 13; A. II, 10. LateralIme 52 to 56; 6 series of scales between lateral line and base of spinousdorsal. Length 2 inches.Color : Olivaceous, back more or less tessellated with dark brownish,the margins of the scales dusky. Five rather faint dark bars from theback downward and forward to lateral line: the first under front ofProc. IST. M. 87 4
50 DESCRIPTIOXS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.spinous dorsal and the second under its last rays, the third under mid-dle of soft dorsal and the fourth immediately behind it, the fifth amere cross-blotch on back of tail. On middle of back these bars arenarrower than the interspaces, but grow much wider downward. Mid-dle of sides with a series of 8 or 9 quadrate dusky blotches, more orless confluent, as in E. aspro. Below pale, unmarked. Dorsals, caudal,and pectorals more or less evidently barred with light and dark ; ven-trals and anal unmarked. No bright colors in life.Several specimens from the Saline liiver at Benton, Ark.4. Etheostoma (Hadropterus) squamatus Gilbert ?fe Swain, sp. uov. 36652.Body elongate, the sides and caudal peduncle compressed ; back ele-vated, the profile forming a slight angle at occiput ; head very long andslender, with a long acuminate snout, as in E. phoxocephalum, whichthis species somewhat resembles in appearance. Cleft of mouth longand narrow, the lower jaw included in closed mouth ; maxillary reach-ing vertical from front of orbit, its length equaling that of snout, 3Jtimes in head ; upper jaw not protractile. Bands of teeth very wide,the outer premaxillary series enlarged. Vomerine patch well devel-oped. Eye moderate. If in snout, 4f in head to end of opercular spine,2^ times the furjowed iuterorbital width. Preopercular margin strictlyentire. Gill-membranes widely united across isthmus.Spinous dorsal long and low, spines from the 3d to the 10th subequalin length, those anteriorly and posteriorly gradually shortened ; longestspine one-third length of head. Spinous and soft dorsals well separated.Base of soft dorsal equaling one-half the distance from its origin to frontof spinous dorsal. Anal shorter than soft dorsal, but higher and insertedmore anteriorly; anal spines strong, the first slightly the longer, aboutequaling length of snout. Highest anal ray nearly half length of head.Caudal emarginate, the lobes rounded, 14 in head. Pectorals equalinglength of head behind front of eye. Ventrals If in head.Body covered with very small scales, uniform in size, and completelyinvesting the ventral region, which is without series of enlarged scutes.Cheeks, breast and nuchal region covered with still finer scales havingentire edges, and the opercle with larger. spinous scales; interopercleand part of subopercle naked. An enlarged black humeral scale.Head, 3^ in length ; depth, 5^. D. XIY-13; A. II, 10. Lateral line82 ; 10 series between lateral line and middle of base of spinous dorsal,18 in a vertical series from hit. 1. to middle of belly.Colors in life : Yellowish-olive, with about 10 broad dusky bars acrossthe back, and an equal number of dusky blotches along lateral line ; aconspicuous black humeral spot ; a broad black line forward from eyeto snout, and a narrower line backward from eye to upper preopercularmargin ; opercle and occiput largely dusky. A diffuse dusky blotch atbase of tail, with a small, round, jet-black spot behind it. Spinousdorsal translucent, with a broad subterminal brownish-orange bandj
18S7.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51
soft dorsal and caudal barred with dusky and orange-yellow. Pectoralsslightly reddish. Ventrals translucent.A single specimen, 3.9 inches long (numbered 36652 on the catalogueof the ]!s^ational Museum), was taken by the writer and Prof. JosephSwain in the French Broad Eiver at the mouth of Wolf Creek, Ten-nessee. It was found in very rapid water, lurking under the stones.
5. Etheostoma (Hadropterus) cymatotcenia Gilbert *& Meek, sp. u. 36215, 36308,3S260.Body robust, comparatively little compressed, the ventral region veryprominent, rounded, the dorsal region scarcely- elevated; dorsal andventral outlines converging rapidly towards caudal peduncle, which isvery narrow and expands abruptly behind to form a broad basis forthe caudal fin. Head short, tapering rapidly forwards, the snout notblunt, short and slender. Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw included.Maxillary nearly reaching vertical from front of orbit, about 4i in head.Teeth in very narrow cardiform bands, the outer series in both jawsrather conspicuously enlarged. Eye large, about equaling snout, 4in head. Cheeks, opercles, nape and breast covered with large scales,those on cheeks smaller than the others, Preopercular margin entire.Gill-membranes narrowly joined across isthmus, the union being in mostcases hardly perceptible, but in one specimen quite broad.Spinous dorsal rather short and high, the first spine but little shorterthan the second ; anterior spines highest, the outline of the fin thencedeclined ; highest spine equaling half the length of the head. Soft dor-sal small, quadrate, as long as high, its base but little more than halfthat of spinous dorsal ; its longest ray If in head.First anal spine very strong and robust, much stronger than any ofdorsal spines, or than the second anal spine; its length equaling dis-tance from snout to center of pupil, equaling or slightly exceeding thatof second anal spine. Anal larger than second dorsal, its base slightlylonger, and the rays higher, the longest ray 1^ or 1? in head. Caudalslightly emarginate. Pectorals short, not reaching tips of ventrals, thetwo about equal in length, equaling head behind nostrils.Body covered with large rough scales, everywhere spinous but with atendency to smoothness on the breast. Ventral region completely anduniformly scaled without median series of enlarged plates, two or threeof which only are visible between the ventrals.Head 4 to 4^ in length; depth 5. Lateral line 64 to 70; 7 scales fromlateral line to middle of spinous dorsal, 12 to median ventral line.D. XII to XIV-12 to 14 ; A. II, 10.Colors in life : Above and on sides greenish, made very dark by fine,close-set, punctulations. Two pairs of light streaks along sides, narrowerthan interspaces, becoming yellowish in spirits ; the upper pair from thenape running along each side of dorsal, inclosing between them a
r.o DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.dusky streak occupying median line of back ; the lower pair from aboveopercles running in a wavy course above lateral line to upper caudallobe. Below this and bounded by it, occupying the middle of the sides,is a broad, dusky mouiliform band. Lower part of sides and ventralregion light olive, dusted sparsely with rather coarse black specks. Asmall jet-black spot at base of caudal. A broad black bar (sometimesobscure) on head, from snout through eye across upper part of cheeksto opercular spine. Sometimes a series of small black cross-blotches onmedian dorsal line. Fins translucent, barred with dark lines.Abundant in the Niangua Eiver and the Osage Fork of the Gasconade,near Marshfield, Mo., and in the Sac liiver,uear Greenfield, Mo. Numer-ous specimens were taken, and are numbered 3G215, 36308, and 38260 onthe register of the National Museum.
6. Etheostoma (Hadropterus) nianguae Gilbert & Meek, sp. nov. 3'i2I4.Body elongate, terete, the sides somewhat compressed, becoming moreso posteriorly ; back elevated, the profile descending gently in an un-broken line from front of dorsal to tip of snout. Head very long andslender, much as in E. macrocephalum andphoxocephalum; the snout com-paratively deep and narrow, abruptly rounded vertically at tip. Mouthlarge, the cleft wide and slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching beyondfront of orbit, its length equaling distance from snout to front of pupil,3^ in head (the latter measured in this description to end of opercularspine). Outer series of premaxillary teeth somewhat enlarged ; the bandsall broad. Eye slightly less than snout, 5^ in head to end of opercularspine; interorbital space convex transversely, its width about three-fifths diameter of eye. Cheeks perfectly smooth, with a few scatteredembedded cycloid scales ; opercles and breast strictly naked ; nape andventral region closely scaled. Preopercular margin entire. Gill-mem-branes scarcely joined across the isthmus.Spinous dorsal short and high, the first spine much shorter than thesecond, the seventh and eighth about equal, the longest 2^ in head. Softdorsal high, its base 1^ in that of spinous dorsal, the longest ray 14 iuhead. Anal similar to second dorsal, but smaller. First anal spineshort, the second but little longer, its length equaling that of snout.Caudal wide, truncate behind, slightly emarginate when fin is notspread. Pectorals equaling distance from front of orbit to tip of oj)er-cular spine, the tips of pectorals and ventrals reaching about the samevertical. Ventrals 1^ or If in head.Scales on body of moderate size, becoming larger and less closely im-bricated posteriorly ; those on nape and along base of dorsal anteriorlylittle imbricated, roundish, without spinous points, partially embeddedin the skin. Ventral region uniformly scaled, without naked strip orseries of caducous ])lates ; no enlarged scale between bases of ventralfins. Head and breast naked, excepting a few embedded scales belowand behind eye.
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 53Head, 3f in length ; depth, of to 6. D. XI or XII, 13 or 14 ; A. II11 or 12. Lat. 1. 74|^ L. 3^ in. 'Color : Olivaceous, the back with 8 to 10 dusky cross-bars wider thanthe interspaces; these dorsal bars usually continuous with an equalnumber on middle of sides, the latter terminating below lateral line inV-shaped prolongations, much like those in Efheostoma hlennioides. luone specimen (an adult S ) the first two bars are partially confluent onsides, the anterior one including the axil and ending in a black spotbelow pectorals, the second encircling body behind ventral fins ; barsbehind front of anal in this specimen also completely encircling body.Back and sides marked with many small bright carmine-red spots, ir-regularly disposed in the light interspaces; in the male specimen theyare much more numerous, those on hinder part of body confluent, form-ing narrow bars, one down the middle of each light space. A darkstreak forward and one backward from eye, none downward ; opercleand top of head dusky.Spinous dorsal dusky, the base marked with fine red spots, the finbroadly margined with a bright carmine band. Soft dorsal barred withalternating series of dark and of reddish spots. Caudal with wide bars ofdark and red. A pair of small jet-black spots on caudal peduncle atbase of median caudal rays. Anal dusky at base. Pectorals and ven-trals light orange, indistinctly barred with dusky.Two specimens, each 3f inches long, were taken by the writer, incompany with Mr. Seth E. Meek, in the headwaters of the NianguaEiver, near Marshfield, Mo. One of these is deposited in the U. S. iSla-tioual Museum, the other in the museum of the University of Cincin-nati.7. Etheostoma niangua spilotum Gilbert, subsp. nov. 38319.Diflering from the above in squamatiou only, the scales being muchlarger, and the lateral line incomplete in all specimens examined. Thescales along anterior portion of base of spinous dorsal have like thoseon nape lost their ctenoid chara^jteristics, but are not reduced in size,and are still regularly disposed in series continuous with those of sides.In typical nianguce they are much reduced, and not in definite series.Head, 3i to 3f ; depth, 5^ to 6^. Eye 5 in head, in specimens 2 to 3inches long. D. X or XI-12 or 13 ; A. II, 10 or 11. Lat. 1. 58 to 60,the pores absent on the posterior 5 to 13 scales, and occasionally onsingle scales more anteriorly. Eight series of scales between lateralline and base of spinous dorsal.Color in life: Olive green above, light below; back with S dark cross-bars formed of dusky mottliugs ; continuous with these, or in otherca^es alternating with them, are 8 V-shaped markings on middle ofsides; sides and above spotted with reddish orange occupying thelight interspaces. A narrow black bar from upper opercular anglethrough eye encircling the snout. Pectorals and ventrals translucent,
54 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.tinged witli light orauge. Dorsal trausluceut, the rays speckled.Spinous dorsal with a narrow red margin, terminating posteriorly in abright orange-red spot, in advance of which is a large black blotch. Ablack humeral spot. Two jet-black spots at base of caudal, more or lessconfluent into one. In all other respects this agrees with the descrip-tion of typical niangucc.Twelve specimens, the largest 2f inches long, were taken by thewriter in Sturgeon Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, near Trav-eler's Rest, Owsley County, Kentucky.8. Etheostoma zonale Cope.? E, hjneeum Hay, substitute for Xanostoma elegans Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., 1880, 493.This species has been taken in abundance in immediate tributariesof the Ohio River in Southern Ohio and Indiana, in both lowland andmountain streams of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, and in variousstreams of Arkansas and Texas. In Alabama it occurs both north andsouth of the watershed separating the Tennessee and Black WarriorRivers, and will probably be found in all the streams of Northern andCentral Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia which flow to the Gulf ofMexico. It has not yet been recorded from streams of the Atlanticslope.Specimens from the same locality vary greatly in coloration and infin and scale formulse. It is probable that no tangible varieties can bedistinguished in any portion of its known range. The dorsal variesfrom X-11 to XII-13, the anal is II, 7 or II, 8, and the lateral line rangesfrom 41 to 53. The green on sides varies from short blotches to widebars entirely encircling belly and extended on dorsal region. The redon dorsals is usually confined to a series of spots, one at base of mem-brane between each two spines, but is occasionally developed as a basalband along both spinous and soft portions of fin.The type specimen of .EJ. lynceum, kindly sent me by Professor Hay,is a brightly-marked adult male, showing black spots at bases of dorsalscales, and having the snout somewhat blunter than usual, but agree-ing in all other respects with zonale. The green bands on sides are notmentioned in the original description, but traces of them can still beseen.Specimens from Arkansas and the Southwest have been designateda subspecies [Etheostoma zonale arcansamtm Jordan, Cat. Fish. X. A.1885, 80 ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 5, 13) be-cause their breasts were nearly or quite naked. Characters based onsquamation of head and breast are valueless here for even subspecificdistinction, as will be seen by the following results of an examinationof material from various i)arts of the country.In specimens from Cypress Creek Florence, Ala., the following stagesin the squamation of the breast were found in different individuals
:
(1) Breast entirely naked, no scale present anterior to bases of ventral
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55and pectoral fins ; (2) a single soale only, firmly embedded in middleof breast; (3) an additional patch of scales occupying region betweenbase of pectoral fins and gill opening; (4) this patch produced down-ward and encroaching on the breast proper, which may then have fur-ther a transverse band of scales or a V-shaped patch in front of ventralfins. Some or all of these stages have been found in material from theEolling Fork and the Rockcastle Eiver, in Kentucky, the ChickasawhaEiver, in Mississippi, and the Little Miama River, in Ohio. The ma-jority of specimens show the breast naked and a patch of scales jjresentin advance of pectoral fins. In no specimen examined has the breastbeen found completely invested.What is true of the squamation of the breast is true also of thecheeks and opercles. Specimens from the Little Miami River and fromFlorence, Ala., have these regions scaled, but the scales vary greatlyin condition. In some individuals the scales are ctenoid and imbri-cated, like those on the body; in others they are almost completelyembedded in the skin, the spiny points only projecting; in still othersthey have become thin and weak, are no longer imbricated, and showonly cycloid concentric rings. A further stage in this last processwould doubtless result in their absorption and entire disappearance.Specimens from the Rolling Fork have the cheeks usually naked, theopercles more or less completely scaled ; from the Rockcastle havecheeks and opercles either partly or wholly naked, the scales on cheeksbeing the first to disappear ; from the Washita River, Ark., have cheeksand opercles, entirely scaled, or j>artly or wholly naked.It seems at least possible that zonale is tending toward entire loss ofscales from head and breast, this tendency being independent of localconditions, and therefore pretty equally exhibited throughout the rangeof the sjiecies.9. Etheostoma (Rhothoeca) blennius Gilbert & Swain, sp. nov. 36187.Body exceedingly robust, little compressed, the ventral outline morestrongly arched than dorsal outline ; greatest depth opposite front ofspinous dorsal, the two profiles thence converging rapidly backwards toform the rather long, slender, caudal peduncle. Head very deep, withsubvertical cheeks, broad below, narrowing upwards and forwards.Profile from nape to middle of iuterorbital space nearly horizontal,thence abruptly and very obliquely decurved to tip of snout. Middleof eye equidistant from tip of snout and front of nape. Greatest depthof preorbital two-sevenths length of head.Mouth very small, subinferior, the lower jaw included. Length ofmaxillary equaling distance from tip of snout to anterior nostril. Pre-maxillaries not protractile, the fold of upper lip interrupted by a verynarrow frenum, as is the case in some specimens of Etheostoma simoterum,to which blennius seems closely related. Vomer with teeth. Opercularspine very little developed, the opercle terminating in a flat point,
56 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.
scarcely projecting beyoud the membrane. Gill-membranes very widelyjoined across isthmus, the width of the union being two-thirds distancefrom posterior margin of membrane to tip of lower jaw. Eyes small,high up, their diameter two-thirds snout and 4^ in head.Spinous dorsal long and rather low, composed of stiff spines, themembrane of last spine joining base of first soft ray ; the middle spinesthe highest, about half length of head. Second dorsal shorter andhigher than the first, much larger than the small anal tin, its longestray If in head. Anal spines short and robust, the first longer thansecond; longest anal ray about equaling length of snout. Caudal lunate.Pectorals very large, reaching much beyond ventrals, about one-thirdlength of body. Length of ventrals equaling distance from snout tobase of pectorals. Least depth of caudal peduncle two-fifths depth ofbody.Body covered with very large scales, those on nape somewhat smaller.Head and breast wholly naked. Lateral line complete, straight.Head 4t in length ; depth 4f . D. XII, 12 ; A. II, 8. Lateral line, dSf.Length, 2| inches.Color in life : Light olive-green above, with four conspicuous black-ish-brown cross-bars, narrower than the interspaces, running from backdownward and forward to below lateral line ; the first, very broad, occu-pies the entire nape, and terminates above base of pectorals ; the sec-ond, much narrower, begins below end of spinous dorsal ; the thirdbelow last rays of soft dorsal ; the last bar, much less conspicuous, onback of caudal peduncle. On middle of each light interspace is a sim-ilar, somewhat broader, bar, less clearly marked, and with ill-definedboundaries. These bars terminate below lateral line in seven or eightdusky blotches. Each scale on back and sides with the central portionlight red, changing to golden brown in spirits. Belly and lower fourthof sides silvery- white. Two bright areas at base of caudal, with ablackish bar immediately behind them ; caudal indistinctly barred withdusky. Dorsals translucent, the membrane between each two rays withan elongate dusky-red blotch, extending two-thirds height of fin ; spin-ous dorsal margined with light red. Pectorals barred with dusky andlight-yellowish. Ventrals with traces of similar bars. Anal translu-cent, an indistinct yellowish band along its middle.Two specimens were taken near Florence, Ala., by the writer and Mr.Joseph Swain, the largest of these (the type of the present description,numbered 36187 on the register of the National Museum) in Cox'sCreek, the smaller in Shoal Creek?clear, rapid streams, tributary tothe Tennessee River.This species is very close to Etheostoma inscriptnm Jordan & Bray-ton, but differs from published descriptions of the latter in form, insome details of coloration, and in the smaller eye. We have bad nospecimens of inscriptum with which to compare it.
1S87.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5710. Etheostoma (RhothcEca) rupestre Gilbert &, Swaiii, sp. nov. 36695.Closely related to Etheostoma thalassinmn, from wbich it may be dis-tiuguislied by its more sleuder form, the absence of bright coloration,the smaller scales, and the squamation of the opercle.Body slender, fusiform, little compressed, the upper anterior profiledescending rapidly to tip of snout. 3Iouth small, horizontal, terminal,at lower side of snout, the lowerjaw included ; maxillary reaching ver-tical from front of orbit, its length slightly less than diameter of eye,3^ in head in specimens li inches long. Interorbital space very nar-row, its width half diameter of orbit. Gill-membranes widely joined,free from the isthmus.Scales small, 6 to 7 longitudinal series between lateral line and thebase of the spinous dorsal ; tubes of lateral line usually 55 or 5Q innumber, varying from 50 to 57. Lateral line complete, straight. Oper-cle more or less completed covered with scales as large as those on sides;cheeks and breast naked, the nape closely scaled.Fins of moderate size, the spines weak and flexible. Length of dorsalspines equaling distance from tip of snout to middle of orbit. Analspines short, about equal in size, their length less than diameter of orbit.Pectorals long, reaching beyond vertical from vent, their length 3 to 3^times in length of head and body. Yentrals reaching vent. Caudalshort, not deeply notched, ii in length.Head, 34 to 4 in length ; depth, 5i|. D. XI or XII?11 or 12 ; A. II,7 (8). Lat. 1. 50 to 57 ; 6 or 7 series above lateral line.Coloration in life: Grass green, with darker markings, but no red orblue. Back with six dark cross bars, wider than the light interspaces.A series of six dark blotches, sometimes W-shaped, along sides imme-diately below lateral line. Usually four dark spots at base of caudal,two of which are closely approximated at base of median caudal rays.Dark vermiculatious on top of snout; a dark bar downwards, and onedownwards and forwards from eye. Fins with wiivy dusky bars.Xumerous specimens were taken by us in North River, a tributaryof the Black Warrior, near Tuscaloosa, Ala. It may prove to be a sub-species of thalassimim, but we cannot at present so determine it.11. Etheostoma (Etheostoma) saxatile Hay. 36628, 36630, .36736.Numerous specimens from various localities enable us to contributethe following points to our knowledge of this species
:
With much the habit of E. olmstecU, but the snout slender and sharp,with gently decurved profile and the mouth terminal, nearly horizontal.Lower jaw included ; maxillary extending scarcely beyond vertical fromfront of eye. Pieopercle entire; ojiercular spine developed. Gill mem-branes evidently but rather narrowly united across isthmus.Pectorals reaching somewhat beyond ventrals, about as long as head,not nearly reaching vent. Ventrals not extending two thirds distanceto front of anal, equaling distance from snout to preopercle. Dorsalfins well separated, the interval between them equaling two-thirds diam.
68 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.
eter of orbit ; dorsal spiues very slender and fragile, the longest equal-ing longest soft ray, and half length of head. Anal spines slender,about equal in length, the anterior the stronger, one-third length ofhead ; soft anal rays equal lialf distance from snout to base of pectorals.Caudal shallowly lunate.Scales strongly ctenoitl, uniformly covering body except breast, thoseon nape smaller ; opercles and upper portion of cheeks closely scaled,head otherwise naked. No enlarged black humeral scale. Lateral linereaching about to end of soft dorsal, on 30 to 45 scales.Head, 3f to 4 in length ; depth, 6. D. XI to XIII?11 to 12 ; A. II,9. Lat. 1. 50 to 55. Five longitudinal series between lateral line andbase of spinous dorsal.Color in life: Olivaceous, with six dark cross-bars on back, and withdark tessellations which follow the same pattern as in E. olmstedi, thoseon upper parts light brownish red, instead of dusky; the Msli^P^dmarks along sides dusky, serving, in the brighter specimens only, asthe starting points for light-blue bands which more or less completelyencircle belly and caudal peduncle. No other bright markings. Anarrow dark streak from eye to snout ; an indistinct dark streak be-low, and a black spot behind eye. Dorsals and caudal inconspicuouslybarred. A pair of minute jet-black spots at base of median caudal rays,more conspicuous in the young. Opercle dusky.This species has undoubtedly a very wide distribution. Originallydescribed by Professor Hay from the Chickasawha River, it was duringthe summer of 1884 found to be abundant in tributaries of the ClinchBiver near Clinton, Tenn., in the Black Warrior River at Morris, andat Tuscaloosa, Ala., and in the Saline and Washita Rivers in Arkan-sas. Our specimens have been compared with the original types, withwhich they agree in all respects. The frenum joining the premaxillaryto the forehead is very narrow and easily ruptured, the upper jaw thenappearing protractile. Occasionally the fold is continuous, no frenumbeing present, the species varying in this respect like E. aimoterum.12. Etheostoma (Etheostoma) luteovinctum Gilbert & Swain, sp. uov. 36139.Body compressed, the back elevated, the profile descending rapidlyforward, and gradually towards tail, from front of spinous dorsal ;caudal peduncle very slender. Head compressed, with a short highsnout, the upper profile of which descends in a strong curve. j\Iouthat lower level of muzzle, which does not project beyond it; mandibleincluded. Gape nearly horizontal, of moderate size, the maxillary reach-ing vertical from front of pupil, 3J in head. Cheeks and opeiclesscaled. Preopercle entire. Opercular spine present. Branchiostegalmembranes narrowly joined across isthmus. Eye rather large, longerthan snout, 3i to 4 in head.Dorsals shortand low, well separated from each other; baseof spinousdorsal equaling length of caudal peduncle, and but little longer thanthat of soft dorsal. Highest dorsal spine half length of head; the
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 59highest soft ray 1| in head. Anal spines of about equal length, bothslender and rather high, ^ length of head. Pectorals as long as head;ventrals 1| in head.Cheeks, opercles, and nape closely scaled, the breast naked or par-tially scaled. No black humeral scale. Lateral line nearly straight,continued to below middle of second dorsal, running on 30 to 35 scales.Head, 3f to 4 in length ; depth, 4J to 5. D. IX or X?13; A. II, 7 or8. Lat. 1. 49 to SS^s^. Length, 2 inches.Colors in life: Very light pale olive, with 7 dusky cross-bars on backnarrower than the interspaces, and reaching about half way to lateralline, their ends connected by dusky lines. Below lateral line about 9dusky-greenish blotches, between which are orange-yellow cross-bars,most distinct posteriorly, not reaching median ventral line. Xo dis-tinct streak forward from eye ; a dusky bar below eye ; snout dusky.Small black spots at base of caudal. Soft dorsal and caudal barredwith dusky. Spinous dorsal with a black blotch on posterior rays, ayellow or orange bar through middle of fin, the base and margin dusky.Anal fin unmarked.Five specimens were obtained from a quiet gravelly spot in StoneEiver near Nashville, Tenn.13. Etheostoma (Btheostoma) parvipinne Gilbert & Swaiu, sp. nov, 36716.Body compressed, little tapering, the caudal peduncle deep, its depthapproximately equal throughout. Head small and broad, with veryshort snout which is abruptly somewhat blunt, its tip about on a levelwith axis of body, the dorsal outline descending to it equally as theventral outline rises. Mouth small, with broad, oblique cleft, tbe max-illary reaching beyond vertical from front of orbit, 3| in head. Teethon vomer and palatines. Eye 4^ in head, equaling distance from tip ofsnout to front of pupil. Interorbital width ? diameter of orbit, with amedian furrow. Preopercular margin* entire. Gill membranes verybroadly joined across isthmus, the distance on median line from theirposterior border to articulation of mandible equaling diameter of orbit.Cheeks, opercles, nape and breast closely scaled.Spinous dorsal low and of weak spines, the median portion highest, theoutline descending gradually either way ; the highest spine 2^ in head.The two dorsals scarcely joined at base. Second dorsal small, its baseequaling length of head in front of preopercular margin, the lougestray half length of- head. Anal spines rather weak, the second longerand somewhat stronger than the first. Caudal rounded. Pectorals andventrals both very short, their tips reaching about the same vertical,the ventrals scarcely extending half way to vent. Pectorals equalinghead behind middle of eye.Scales weakly ctenoid, those on head, nape, and breast smooth. Oper-cular scales about as large as those on body, those on cheeks, inter-opercles, breast and nape much smaller; lateral line nearly straight,with a slight arch anteriorly, wanting on three or four scales only.
60 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.Head, 4^ iu length; depth, 4a D. XI-10 ; A. II, 7. Lateral line,-
??013.Color: Dusky olive above and on sides, dusted with line dark i^oiuts.Eleven or twelve faint dark cross-blotches on back, and a correspond-ing number on middle of sides below lateral line. Lower part of sidesand the ventral region unmarked. Two small black spots at base ofcaudal. Spinous dorsal with about two irregular series of black spots ;soft dorsal and caudal speckled ; other fins unmarked. A dark barbelow eye, none in front or behind.A single specimen, 2 inches long, was obtained in a small spring-branch tributary to the Black Warrior River, at Tuscaloosa, Ala. Itis numbered 367] G on the National Museum register.14. Etheostoma (Etheostoma) punctulatum Ag. 3fi240, 36212.Body slender, compressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, theback scarcely elevated ; upper profile descending in a gentle regularcurve from front of dorsal to snout, which is below axis of body. Snoutsharp; mouth terminal, moderately oblique, large, the maxillary reach-ing vertical from middle of pupil, 3 in head ; premaxillaries not pro"tractile. Eye large, 3^ in head; the snout 4^. Teeth on vomer andpalatines; outer series in upper jaw enlarged. Preopercle entire; oper-cular spine very slender. Branchiostegal membranes not united acrossisthmus.Fins rather small. Pectorals and ventrals about equal, the latter notnearly reaching vent, as long as from snout to nape. Dorsals not joinedat base, the spines rather strong. Anal with two slender subequalspines, as long as diameter of orbit, the first stronger than second. Can.dal truncate.Body covered with small ctenoid scales, which become very tine onthe nape; breast naked. An enlarged black humeral scale ; cheeks andopercles naked. Lateral line straight, ending below last rays of softdorsal, the tubes wanting on about 20 scales.Head, 3J in length ; depth 5g. D. X or XI-14 ; A- II, 8 or 9.Lateral line G3 to 73, about 9 series above it. Length 2 inches.Colors in life: Very dark slaty-green, with indistinct darker bars,irregular in number and size, downwards from back. Belly and branch-iostegal membranes deep orange-red. Sides of head coarsely punctatewith black ; top of head dusky, a dark bar forwards from eye, one up.wards and backwards across upper portion of cheek and oi)ercle, and abroad bar downwards to behind the mandible. A consi)icuous blackhumeral spot. Usually a darker area at base of caudal, one below softdorsal, and a dusky bar in axil of pectorals euding below the fin in ablackish blotch. Spinous dorsal dusky-green at base, a broad blackbar through its middle, more conspicuous anteriorly, its margin red-dish ; second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals light reddish, with indistinct
18S7.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 61wavy bars formed of black punctulatious ; auals and veutrals dustedwith coarse black specks.This species is abundaut in small streams in the Ozark region ofSouthwestern Missouri. It was taken by Mr. S. E. Meek and the writerin the Sac Eiver near Greenfield, and in the Mangua River, the James,and the Osage Fork of the Gasconade Rivers, near Marshfield, Mo.15. Etlieostoma TEtheostoma) whipplei Girard. 36353, 36442, 36377, 1331, 36419,36818, 36735.Closely related to Etheostoma punctulatum from which it differs con-spicuously in its deeper, more compressed body, thicker caudal peduncle,coarser scales, smaller eye, the union of the branchiostegal membranesacross the isthmus, and the different coloration.Body rather deep, compressed; least depth of caudal peduncle equal-ing length of snout and eye. Mouth terminal, oblique, maxillaryreaching vertical from front of pupil, 3^ in head. Premaxillaries notprotractile. Eye moderate, slightly greater than snout, 4^ in head.Preopercle entire ; opercular spine strong. Branchiostegal membranesrather widely joined across isthmus.Fins larger than in punctulatum; dorsals slightly joined at base, thelongest soft ray half length of head; pectorals somewhat longer thanveutrals, which equal distance from snout to preopercular margin; firstanal spine longer and much stronger than second; caudal truncate.Scales small; lateral line straight, ending under last rays of soft dor-sal, the pores wanting on 16 to 20 scales. Opercles with a few largectenoid scales. Breast and ventral region, cheeks, nape, and a stripalong base of spinous dorsal anteriorly, naked or with embedded, cycloidscales.Head 3^ in length: depth ^ to 5. D. IX to XII-12 to 14; A. II, 7.Lateral line 60 to 70, 8 or 9 series between it and base of spinous dorsal.Colors in life: Grayish, mottled with darker, and with about 12 in-distinct dusky bars, becoming more clearly marked posteriorly ; scalesof lighter interspaces on sides, with small, round, bright, orange-redspots, those near lateral line in longitudinal series of two to five. Twoorange blotches at base of caudal. A dark spot below eye, and twobehind it?one of these on upper part of cheeks, the other, fainter, onocciput. A conspicuous black humeral spot.Spinous dorsal dusky-translucent at base, a dark bar about half wayup, then a translucent bar, an orange-red bar, and a translucent bartipped with dusky; soft dorsal similarly marked, with more yellowish.Anal like soft dorsal, the orange brighter, sometimes covering distalhalf of fin, the basal dusky area fainter. Caudal barred with light anddark, and margined with black; sometimes with a submarginal bandof orange.Occurring abundantly in the Poteau River near Hackett's City, theSaline River at Benton, and the Washita River at Arkadelphia, Ark-
62 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.16. Etheostoma whipplei alabamae Gilbert & Swaiu, 3nbsp. iiov.It has seemed desirable to assigu subspecific rank to specimens col-lected by Mr. Swain and the writer in the Black Warrior River nearMorris and Tuscaloosa, Ala. We have found no difference betweenthese and typical ichipplei, from the West, except the constantly lai'gerscales in alabamw. There are usually- from 50 to 5G in the lateral line,occasionally 58, and in one instance as low as 43. There are 7 or 8series between lateral line and base of spinous dorsal, these being re-duced to 4 in the single instance referred to above. The pores of thelateral line are wanting on about 12 scales. In all other details of color,proportions and fiu-formulte, the two forms appear not to differ. Asingle specimen from Arkadelphia, Ark., has the lateral line 48. Thismust be a very exceptional irregularity, as in the count of some 30 speci-mens from Arkansas, none other was foiiud with less than 60 scales.
* 17. Etheostoma cragini Gilbert. 3H320.Head and body heavy and not closely compressed, the back not ele-vated, the caudal peduncle deep; snout short and broad, less thandiameter of orbit, 5 in head ; mouth terminal, broad, little oblique, thelower jaw included: the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from frontof pupil, 3J in head. Premaxillaries non-protractile. Eye large, muchlonger than snout, equaling length of maxillary. Interorbital spacenarrow, less than diameter of pupil. Preopercle entire; opercle endingin a short fiat point, the spine poorly developed. Gill membranes some-what narrowly joined across the isthmus. A conspicuous black humeralscale.Fins small, the pectorals reaching but little beyond tips of veutrals,1^ in head. Spinous dorsal low, the spines strong, the longest about flength of head. Anal fin very small; first anal spine longer andstronger than the second, 3^ in head. Caudal truncate, equaling lengthof pectorals.Scales weakly ctenoid, uniformly covering body Including nape andventral region, becoming somewhat smaller anteriorly on sides ; cheeksand opercles with few scales or none, head and breast otherwise naked.Head 3^ in length ; depth 4f . D. VIII or IX, 10 to 12 (VI, 12 in onespecimen, probably abnormal) ; A. II, G or 7. Lateral line 46 to 50, thetubes i^resent on 15 to 20 scales; 6 or 7 series of scales above lateralline. Length 1^ inches.Color in spirits : Olivaceous, much mottled with dusky above; lowerhalf of sides sprinkled with coarse black specks, and with traces of twosilvery lines; middle of sides with a series of about 12 dusky spots aslarge as pupil, the interspaces silvery; a black spot on opercle, onebehind and one below orbit ; snout dusky. Caudal conspicuously barredwith light and dark; soft dorsal and anal faintly barred ; spinous dorsal
* This description appeared originally in the " Bulletin of the Washburn CollegeLaboratory" for March and April, 1885, p. 99.
IdSr.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63translucent, dusted with minute dark points, margined with blackish.Traces of orange markings on lower side of head, and on bases of pec-toral fins; caudal apparently tinged, in life, with light yellow.Several specimens were collected and forwarded to the writer byProf. F. W. Cragin, who took them in a small weedy stream connectingthe "Lake" at Garden City, Kans., with the Arkansas River. A singlespecimen was also taken in Snokomo Creek, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.18. Etheostoma (Etheostoma) tuscumbia Gilbert & Swain, sp. nov. 3G154.Body exceedingly heavy and robust, with elevated back, and broad,thick head. Anterior profile descending rapidly from front of dorsal,the snout blunt and broadly rounded, but not overhanging the mouth.Gape large and wide, the mandible little included, the maxillary reach-ing vertical from middle of orbit, 3 in head. Eye rather small, 4J inhead, the interorbital width two-thirds its diameter. Preopercularmargin entire. Cheeks, opercles, nape, and top of head generallyscaly, only the snout, interorbital space, and preorbitals naked. Oper-cular spine little developed. Branchiostegal membranes scarcely Joinedacross isthmus.Fins all very small. Dorsal spines weak, the median spines highest,half length of head; soft dorsal scarcely higher than spinous; anal finwith a single, rather weak spine, the first soft ray articulated andbranched. Pectorals and ventrals very small, the latter not reachingI distance to vent ; length of pastorals equaling distance from tip ofsnout to preopercular margin. Caudal broadly rounded.Head 3J to Sf in length ; depth 4 to U. D. IX or X, 11 to 13 ; A. I,s. Lateral line 50 ^^o or 50 ^\. Length 2 inches.Scales rough, wholly enveloping head and body except snout and in-terorbital space. Lateral line incomplete, arched, following the curveof the back. Pores absent on 15 to 18 scales.Color in life : Varying shades of grayish and greenish olive, muchmottled and speckled with black. Six broad, dark bars across back ; 8or 10 linear black blotches along lateral line separated by silvery inter-spaces. A dark streak before, one below, and one behind orbit.Opercle and top of head dusky. Pectorals with several dark bars, ven-trals unmarked. A black blotch at base of each caudal lobe. Otherfins more or less barred with light and dark.This species differs from all those hitherto referred to the group Etheos-toma in having a single anal spine, and will have to form the type of anew genus, if we attempt to recognize as genera such groups as Nanos-toma, Nothonotus, Hadroptertis^ &c.Etheostoma tuscumbia was found exceedingly abundant in the streamflowing from the large spring at Tuscumbia, Ala.19. Etheostoma ( Alvarius) fonticola Jordan & Gilbert, sp. nov. 36523.Moderately compressed and elevated, the two outlines about equallyarched ; head short and deep, with very short snout ; mouth terminal,
64 DESCRIPTIONS OF ETHEOSTOMOIDS.
oblique, rather large, the lower jaw slightly iucluded; maxillary reach-ing vertical from pupil, rather more than ^ length of head. Eye large,3J in head, much longer than the snout or the narrow interorbitalspace. Gill membranes moderately joined across the isthmus, unitingin an acute angle. Opercular spine well developed. Premaxillariesnon-protractile.Fins small ; the spinous and soft dorsals well separated ; the anal tcitha single rather strong spine in all specimens seen. Length of pectoralsequaling length of head behind front of eye. Longest dorsal spineequaling length of snout and eye.Scales large, covering sides and ventral region uniformly ; nape,breast, and cheeks naked, opercles scaled. Pores of lateral line presenton one or two scales next the head, only.Head, 3f in length ; depth, 5. D. VI-10 : A. I, 7. Lat. 1. 34. Lengthabout 1 inch.Color in life : Olivaceous, the scales on sides broadly margined be-hind with dusky. Dorsal region dusted with fine dark specks, and withabout S indistinct dusky cross-blotches. A series of horizontal stitch-like dark lines along middle of sides, forming an interrupted lateralstreak. Three small dark spots at base of tail. A dark spot on opercle.A dark bar before, one below, and one behind eye. Soft parts of ver-tical tins with light and dark bars. Lower half of spinous dorsal jet-black; above this a broad red band, the fin narrowly edged above withblack.Taken in small numbers in the San Marcos River, near San Marcos,Tex. It resembles in most details Etheostoma prwliare and microperca,*but diflers in the constant presence of but one anal spine, in thebright coloration of the spinous dorsal, and in the somewhat largermouth ; from prceliare it differs also in having naked cheeks. It doesnot seem very improbable that these three species may eventually bereduced to one. But few specimens have been examined, and nothingis known concerning their variability. Of the two specimens ofpraliarethus far known, one has twp anal spines, and the other but one.Alvarius lateralis Grd. is a closely related species and may even beidentical with the above. It is said, however, to have the lower jawlonger than the upper, and the cheeks and opercles scaly ; no analspine was observed, and nothing said with regard to length of lateralline. In our ignorance concerning these points we have not thoughtit best to make the identification.UNIVEESITY of ClXCI]NNATI,Decemher 9, 1886.
'Etheostoma microperca Jordan & Gilbert = ii"iej'0^;erco pwnctulata Putnam. Thename punctulatum is preoccupied iu Etheostoma.