New Species of Marine Mollusks
from Pitcairn Island
and the Marquesas
m
HARALD A. REHDER
and
BARRY R. WILSON
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 203
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Cypraea kingae, new species: 1, living animal; 4, holotype (TJSNM 707234), lateral view, 19.3 nun; 5,
paratype 4 (USNM 707235), posterior view, 17.0 mm; 7, holotype, dorsal view; 8, paratype 4, ventral
view. Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus, new species: 2, holotype (USNM 707241), 40.5 mm; 3,
paratype (USNM 707245), 33.9 mm. Phenacovolva carneopicta, new species: 6, holotype (USNM
707232), lateral view, 18.0 mm; 9, holotype, dorsal view; 12, living animal on Antipathes sp. Conus
marielae, new species: 10, holotype (USNM 703255), dorsal view, 40.3 mm; 11, paratype (USNM
703256), ventral view, 39.3 mm. Ziba cemohorskyi, new species: 13, holotype (USNM 707239),
32.7 mm.
S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 2 0 3
New Species of Marine Mollusks
from Pitcairn Island
and the Marquesas
Harold A. Rehder
and Barry R. Wilson
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1975
ABSTRACT
Rehder, Harald A., and Barry R. Wilson. New Species of Marine Mollusks
from Pitcairn Island and the Marquesas. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,
number 203, 16 pages, frontispiece (color), 10 figures, 1 table, 1975.?Five new
species and one new subspecies are described: Cypraea kingae (Cypraeidae),
Fusinus galatheae bountyi (Fasciolariidae), and Zibi cernohorskyi (Mitridae)
from Pitcairn Island and Phenacovolva carneopicta (Ovulidae), Chicoreus
(Chicomurex) venustulus (Muricidae), and Conus marielae (Conidae) from the
Marquesas. The name Pellasimnia Iredale, 1931, is considered to be a synonym
of Phenacovolva Iredale, 1930. The species comprising the subgenus Chicomurex
Arakawa, 1964 (of Chicoreus Montfort, 1810), are discussed. The paper is pre-
ceded by a brief biographical sketch of Mrs. Mariel King.
Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5355. SERIES COVER DESICN:
The coral Montastrea caveruosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Render, Harald Alfred, 1907-
Ncw species of marine mollusks from Pitcairn Island and the Marquesas.
(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 203)
1. Mollusks?Pitcairn Island. 2. Mollusks?Marquesas Islands. I. Wilson, Barry Robert, 1935-
joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to
zoology, no. 203.
QL1.S54 no. 203 [QL428.5.P5] 591'.08s [594'.09'241] 75-1405
Foreword
Mary Eleanor King, 1907-1969
Mary Eleanor (or Mariel, as she was quite generally known) King was born in
1907 in Winona, Minnesota, the daughter of E. L. King, Sr., and Grace Watkins
King. Her grandfather, J. R. Watkins, in 1859 founded the pharmaceutical
company that is now known as Watkins Products, Inc.
When Mariel was a child the family went to Florida each winter to avoid the
cold weather of Minnesota, and it was there that Mariel collected her first shells.
Although her interest in shells began in those early years, her real contributions
to malacology were to come considerably later, after she went to Hawaii in the
spring of 1952.
Soon after her arrival in Honolulu she became associated with the Bernice P.
Bishop Museum as a volunteer. It was to gather mollusks and corals for the
museum that Mariel King, with a friend, went on her first collecting trip, in
1955. They stopped at the Great Barrier Reef and then went on to the Indian
Ocean where they collected at Mauritius, Madagascar, and East Africa. At each
of these places they collected shells on the beaches and reefs, and shipped back
to the museum by air freight many cartons and boxes of specimens. Mariel
returned in December 1955 and immediately set about the task of cleaning and
sorting this material. In March 1956 the Bishop Museum appointed her honorary
associate in malacology.
In the ensuing years Mariel King took part in five expeditions which she either
sponsored wholly or helped to finance?Sulu Sea, Philippines (1956), Hawaiian
Islands (1959-1968), Western Australia (1960), Sulu Sea again (1964), and Poly-
nesia (1967).' She became particularly interested in dredging, and the early work
in the Hawaiian Islands and in Western Australia was undertaken on chartered
vessels which she had outfitted with the necessary equipment to do dredging in
waters up to a hundred fathoms or more. In 1961 she purchased an 83-foot U. S.
Coast Guard cutter and had it completely renovated and equipped for dredging;
this was the Pele, with which her name is particularly associated. Mariel King
was on the Pele during the 1964 trip to the Philippines and on the expedition
to Polynesia in 1967. She was preparing to visit the Moluccas in 1970 when she
was taken ill and died in Minnesota on 11 September 1969. This expedition was
carried out, however, as the "Mariel King Memorial Moluccas Expedition," sup-
ported by her mother, Mrs. Grace W. King, and by the National Geographic
Society.
Mariel King was one of the most munificent as well as dedicated and scien-
tifically knowledgeable patrons that malacology has ever had. The great amount
of material collected on the seven expeditions that she financially helped make
possible and the resultant scientific information obtained have increased immeas-
urably our knowledge of the marine fauna of the central and western Pacific.
She enjoyed the excitement of the dredging operations on the Pele and the
various other vessels that she had chartered earlier and equipped for dredging.
Both of the authors have had the pleasure and privilege of participating in
several of these expeditions and for us these experiences will always be unfor-
gettable memories. Those who have enjoyed her hospitality, first in her home
on Portlock Road, and later in her lovely place on Maunalani Circle, high above
the city on Wilhelmina Rise in Honolulu, will always remember her as a gracious,
kindly, and generous lady.
In addition to her mother, Mariel King is survived by a daughter, Mrs. Frank
G. Mertes of Homer, Minnesota, and three grandchildren.
Contents
Page
Foreword iii
Introduction 1
Family Cypraeidae 2
Genus Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758 2
Cypraea kingae, new species 2
Family Ovulidae 6
Genus Phenacovolva Iredale, 1930 6
Phenacovolva carneopicta, new species 6
Family Muricidae 7
Genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810 7
Subgenus Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964 7
Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus, new species 7
Family Fasciolariidae 10
Genus Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 10
Fusinus galatheae Powell, 1967 10
Fusinus galatheae bountyi, new subspecies 10
Family Mitridae 13
Genus Ziba H. and A. Adams, 1853 13
Ziba cernohorskyi, new species 13
Family Conidae 14
Genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758 14
Conus marielae, new species 14
Literature Cited 16
New Species of Marine Mollusks
from Pitcairn Island
and the Marquesas
Harold A. Rehder
and Barry R. Wilson
Introduction
Since the days of the Renaissance, malacology
has benefited from the interest of wealthy patrons.
In recent years an outstanding contribution was
made by the late Mrs. Mariel King of Honolulu,
who financed and took part in a number of major
mollusk-collecting expeditions in the Indian and
Pacific oceans. The most recent of these, the Na-
tional Geographic Society-Smithsonian-Bishop Mu-
seum Marquesas Expedition, from 5 September to
2 November, 1967 (Rehder, 1974), made use of
Mrs. King's own vessel, the Pele, which was espe-
cially equipped for dredging. During this expedi-
tion many dredge hauls were made in the Mar-
quesas Islands and off Pitcairn Island. Since this
was practically virgin territory for that kind of
collecting operation, it was not surprising to find
among the dredged specimens several species that
appear to be new to science.
Rather than wait for the publication of the final
report on the mollusks gathered on this expedi-
tion, which will be incorporated in a comprehen-
sive study of the marine mollusks of Polynesia, it
has been deemed advisable to publish in advance
Harald A. Rehder, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na-
tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560. Barry R. Wilson, Division of Nat-
ural Science, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western
Australia 6000.
the descriptions of five new species and one new
subspecies.
The senior author has already commented
(Rehder, 1969) on the high degree of endemicity
found in the Marquesas Islands. As the faunas of
other isolated islands in southeastern Polynesia,
such as Pitcairn and Rapa, are critically studied
they probably also will be found to exhibit this
phenomenon of endemicity, though possibly to a
lesser degree.
We are happy to have the opportunity to dedi-
cate this work to Mrs. Mariel King in recognition
of her generosity, hard work, and fine companion-
ship during the voyage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?At the outset we wish to ex-
press our warm thanks to our colleagues of the
scientific party on this expedition: Dr. Thomas H.
Richert, physician and malacologist from Hono-
lulu; Dr. Dennis Devaney of the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum; and Otis Imboden of the photograph
staff of the National Geographic Society. Their
active part in the collection program and their
congenial and cooperative spirit helped materially
to make the expedition the success that it turned
out to be.
We extend our appreciation to the National
Geographic Society, particularly for the support by
the committee under the late Dr. Leonard Car-
michael, who was the Society's vice-president for
research and exploration.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
We are grateful to the authorities of the Bernice
P. Bishop Museum, the Smithsonian Institution,
and the Western Australian Museum for their as-
sistance and cooperation in many ways.
In the study of this material we have had the
assistance of the following individuals who have
examined specimens of those groups in which they
have special competence or have lent us compara-
tive material in connection with our studies: Wal-
ter O. Cernohorsky, the Auckland Institute and
Museum; Dr. Alan J. Kohn, Department of
Zoology, University of Washington; Dr. Winston F.
Ponder, Australian Museum; and Dr. Emily H.
Vokes, Department of Geology, Tulane University.
Except for the drawing of the radular teeth of
Ziba cernohorskyi, new species, made by Walter O.
Cernohorsky, the drawings were prepared by the
junior author.
PRESENTATION OF DATA.?The station number
consists of a symbol denoting the island: FH, Fatu
Hiva; NH, Nuku Hiva; TH, Tahuata; UP, Ua
Pou (all in the Marquesas); PIT, Pitcairn. Follow-
ing this lettered symbol is a Roman numeral de-
noting the station number, and this in turn is
followed by numbers denoting the dredge haul or
hauls; thus, NH-XI:3-8 means dredge hauls 3-8
made at station NH-XI. The date of collecting
precedes the station number.
The following abbreviations are used to indicate
the museums where types have been deposited:
BPBM (Bernice P. Bishop Museum), MHNP
(Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris),
USNM (National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, under the catalog num-
bers of the United States National Museum),
WAM (Western Australian Museum).
Family CYPRAEIDAE
Genus Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758
Cypraea kingae, new species
FICURES 1-3; FRONTISPIECE: FIGURES 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
DIAGNOSIS.?Shell rather small, 14-19.3 mm long,
broadly ovate and rather elevated, with a heavy
white base, laterally somewhat elevated, and with
fine apertural teeth. Color of dorsum yellow-
brown, with white spots and pale, irregular macu-
lations. At first glance it resembles Cypraea helvola
Linnaeus, 1758, but the white base, fine teeth, and
smooth dorsal margins differentiate it immedi-
ately. Its closest relative is probably C. englerti
Summers and Burgess, 1965, from Easter Island,
but the white base, finer, more numerous teeth,
and differently colored dorsum distinguish it
sufficiently.
RANGE.?Off Pitcairn Island, SE Pacific Ocean,
in 35-70 fms, in coral rubble and stones.
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Solid, depressed, broad-
based, pyriform; base rounded, meeting dorsum at
a high, sharp-edged margin on each side so that
the shell is distinctly lenticular in cross section, left
posterior margin calloused, margin of right side
bent up centrally; anterior extremity pinched-in
above the margins and behind the rim of the si-
phonal canal; spire depressed and covered with a
callus. Aperture narrow and rather straight, fossula
broad with a deep sulcus; aperture teeth numer-
ous, of unequal length and thickness. Labial teeth,
not counting the anterior terminal ridge of that
side, 23 in number; the most anterior labial tooth
strong, oblique, and reaching the margin where it
forms a tiny projection; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th anterior
labial teeth and the 5 most posterior labial teeth
also strong and oblique but not reaching the mar-
gin; central labial teeth fine and very short. Col-
umellar teeth 18, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd anterior
FIGURE 1.?Cypraea kingae, new species, details of the denti-
cles: fossula (F), terminal ridge (T), columellar platform (c),
and siphonal canal (s) at the anterior end.
NUMBER 203
columellar teeth strong and fused to form a thick,
raised longitudinal platform but not extending up
into the fossula sulcus; central columellar teeth
sharp, fine, and very short on the base but extend-
ing a short distance into the aperture; the 5 most
posterior columellar teeth oblique and relatively
strong and long; inner rim of fossula bearing 3
rather squared denticles corresponding to, but not
joining, the 3 anteriormost columellar teeth. Ter-
minal ridge on columellar side high and narrow,
running longitudinally along the side of the ante-
rior siphon canal and ending in a forward-pointing
projection, its posterior end arching upwards to
form the raised anterior rim of the fossula; in this
internal region the edge of the terminal ridge ir-
regular. Between the terminal ridge and the 1st
anterior columellar tooth is a deep wide channel
which sweeps around from the fossular sulcus
across the base to the margin on the left side im-
mediately behind the anterior extremity. Base,
extremities, and margins glossy porcelanous white;
dorsum yellow-brown on top; diffuse white spots
of irregular size scattered over dorsum; a weak cen-
tral dorsal line present; a large, thin, diffuse white
patch, with the stronger white dorsal spots showing
through, present on each side of dorsal line;
yellow-tan of posterior left side suffused with a very
thin layer of white spreading up from marginal
callus.
External Anatomy: Details of the organs of
mantle cavity not observed. Mantle light colored,
mottled pale orange, white, and pinkish mauve,
with darker pinkish mauve margins and patches of
dark brown to black spots. Mantle filaments long,
dendritic, straight-stemmed with short, round-
ended branches (Figure 2); filaments either pale
orange or yellowish with white patches. Anterior
siphon long, tubular, margin neither serrate nor
flabellate but with simple tentacles; pale orange
with white spots. Head and eye tentacles pale
orange except for pinkish mauve lines along sides
of eye tentacles; eye tentacles long, narrow, pointed.
Foot mottled pale pinkish mauve, orange, and
white.
Radula (Figure 3): The nomenclature of the
teeth, denticles, and bracts follows Schilder (1936:
94-98) and Kay (1960:279-281) except that the
"admedian" teeth of those authors are the same as
the "lateral" teeth referred to here.
There are approximately 65 rows of teeth on
the radula with the usual taenioglossate 7 teeth per
row. The teeth overlap each other laterally but for
clarity they have been separated in the drawing.
Median tooth rectangular, longer than wide,
sides convex near the base; central cusp at the top
prominent with a small lateral denticle on each
side; a dumbbell-shaped internal bract present;
subtending bract prominent and deep; basal
denticles present at each bottom corner of tooth;
base of tooth (excluding subtending bract) not
straight but slightly indented or concave on each
side of a low peak at the midline.
Lateral teeth rectangular with a very large,
pointed, curved central cusp at the top, flanked by
a smaller but still pointed and prominent lateral
denticle on each side; an internal bract equivalent
to that of the median tooth (but smaller and not
dumbbell-shaped) present at base of tooth; nar-
FICURE 2.?Cypraea kingae, new species: mantle filaments of paratype no. 15 (WAM 223-69).
Drawn from a partly contracted specimen. The right mantle lobe is partly extended over the
right side of the shell.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
row bract present below base resembling subtend-
ing bract of median tooth; basal denticles present
on each bottom corner, the inner one very large
and projecting, the outer one shorter, narrower
but also projecting; between basal denticles a
central downward projection of the basal margin,
this projection usually extending to the margin of
subtending bract and appearing to match the cen-
tral basal peak of median tooth.
Both marginals sickle-shaped with a long, nar-
row, acuminate central cusp at top, flanked by a
shorter but also pointed lateral denticle on each
side; internal bracts and possibly subtending bracts
appear to be present at the base of both marginals
but details there are confused and difficult to in-
terpret; inner marginal with a prominent basal
denticle at each corner, the outer one very large
but not protruding beyond margins of tooth; outer
marginal tooth with small basal denticles, the
outer one rarely protruding beyond margin of
tooth.
VARIATION.?Sixteen adult specimens were ex-
amined. Details of variation in shell size, propor-
tions, and dentition are given in Table 1.
Structure and dentition of the fossula are vari-
able. In the holotype there are three denticles on
the inner rim of the fossula that are not connected
to the corresponding teeth, but in other specimens
there are as few as two or as many as seven fossular
denticles and these are often connected to the cor-
responding columellar teeth by a low saddle?i.e.,
the columellar teeth extend across the fossular sul-
cus. There is also slight variation in the thickness
and height of the raised platform formed by the
12 LI
sb
FIGURE 3.?Cypraea kingae, new species, half-row of radula
of holotype: median (M), admedian (AD), first lateral (LI),
second lateral (L2), central cusp (cc), internal bract (ib),
basal denticle (bd), subtending bract (sb). The teeth overlap
laterally but have been separated here for the sake of clarity.
fusion of the three anteriormost columellar teeth
on the base, but this structure is present in all the
specimens in the type series.
The radulae of the holotype and two paratypes
were examined. There is slight variation in the
shapes of the teeth and relative size of the cusps,
denticles, and bracts, but the radulae of the two
paratypes fit the generalized description given of
the holotype's radula.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: One mile off NW point of
Pitcairn, in 55-70 fms; 19 October 1967; PIT-
VI:8; USNM 707234.
Paratypes: Off NW point of Pitcairn, 55-70 fms;
19 October 1967; PIT-VI:8; 2 specimens, WAM
220-69, 221-69; 1 specimen, BPBM. Off NW point
of Pitcairn, 35-68 fms; 19 October 1968; PIT-
VI: 10; 2 specimens, USNM 707235. Off NW point
of Pitcairn, 40-60 fms; 20 October 1967; PIT-
VI: 14; 1 specimen, BPBM; 2 specimens, USNM
707236. Off NW point of Pitcairn, 54-56 fms; 20
October 1967; PIT-VI:17; 1 specimen, BPBM.
Off NW point of Pitcairn, 45-62 fms; 20 October
1967; PIT-VI:24; 1 specimen, BPBM. Off NW
point of Pitcairn, 40-58 fms; 20 October 1967;
PIT-VI:23; 1 specimen, WAM 224-69. Off NW
point of Pitcairn, 25-28 fms; 19 October 1967;
PIT-VI:2, 2 specimens, USNM 707238. Off NW
point of Pitcairn, 55-65 fms; 20 October 1967;
PIT-VI:19; 1 specimen, USNM 707237. Off St.
Paul's Point, Pitcairn, 45-60 fms; 20 October 1967;
PIT-VII:3; 2 specimens, WAM 222-69, 223-69.
REMARKS.?This unusual, small cowry appears to
have few close relatives among the living species
known to us. Though quite different in coloration,
it probably is most closely related to C. englerti
Summers and Burgess, 1965, which is restricted to
Easter Island. These two species have in common
the peculiar fossular condition described here for
C. kingae, although in our new species the teeth
are much finer and the raised and fused condition
of the anterior columellar teeth is unique. Also,
they both have a wide and deep channel separating
the first columellar tooth from a sharply defined
terminal ridge. In this last respect the dentition of
C. kingae and C. englerti resembles that of the
widespread C. caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758, and
of C. caputdraconis Melvill, 1888, another Easter
Island species, and it is possible that they may be
distantly derived from or ancestral to those species.
In fact, in occasional specimens of C. caputdraco-
NUMBER 203
TABLE 1.?Counts and measurements of Cypraea kingae
(station number in parentheses)
Catalogue
number
Columellar Labial Fossular Length Width Height
teeth teeth denticles (mm) (mm) (mm) W/L
Ratio
H/L
USNM 707234 (PIT-VI:8)*
(holotype)
WAM 220-69 (PIT-VI:8)* .,
WAM 221-69 (PIT-VI:8)* .
BPBM (PIT-VI:8)
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 5 - 1 ( P I T - V I : 1 0 )
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 5 - 2 ( P I T - V I : 1 0 )
BPBM ( P I T - V I : 1 4 ) ,
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 6 - 1 ( P I T - V I : 1 4 ) ,
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 6 - 2 ( P I T - V I : 1 4 ) ,
BPBM ( P I T - V I : 1 7 ) ,
BPBM ( P I T - V I : 2 4 )
WAM 2 2 4 - 6 9 ( P I T - V I : 2 3)
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 8 - 1 ( P I T - V I : 2 ) . ,
USNM 7 0 7 2 3 8 - 2 ( P I T - V I : 2 ) . ,
WAM 2 2 2 - 6 9 ( P I T - V I : 3 )
WAM 2 2 3 - 6 9 ( P I T - V I : 3 )
18
20
19
17
18
18
17
18
19
17
17
18
18
19
17
18
23 19.3 13.4 9.8 0.694 0.508
Mean
19
20
20
19
18
16
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
21
18
4
.5
2
4
2
4
3
**
3
2
4
5
7
3
3
17.3
18.8
17.0
17.0
15.0
16.1
14.1
18.5
15.5
18.7
18.5
17.1
18.3
18.2
17.9
12.4
13.8
11.8
11.8
10.9
11.9
9.9
13.1
10.6
13.2
14.0
11.9
13.7
13.3
12.8
9.3
10.0
9.1
8.9
8.0
8.8
7.7
9.7
8.2
10.3
10.5
9.0
10.0
9.8
9.6
0.717
0.734
0.694
0.694
0.727
0.739
0.702
0.708
0.684
0.706
0.756
0.695
0.748
0.731
0.715
0.715
0.537
0.532
0.535
0.535
0.533
0.546
0.546
0.524
0.529
0.550
0.568
0.526
0.546
0.538
0.536
0.536
* Radula mounted.
** Fossula broken.
nis there is a hint of fossular development of the
character seen in C. kingae and C. englerti. It is
perhaps significant that C. kingae, C. englerti, and
C. caputdraconis have very restricted ranges at re-
mote and isolated southeastern Pacific islands.
The color and shape of the shell distinguish C.
kingae from most other species and there should be
no difficulty in recognizing it if it is found at other
localities.
Color photographs and detailed measurements
of five additional specimens have been seen; four
are in the C. M. Burgess collection and one in the
T. H. Richert collection, both in Honolulu,
Hawaii. All were collected on the Pele Expedition
and are labeled as collected in 40 fathoms off
Bounty Bay.
Richard (1974) recently described a small cowry
from Tahiti which he named Adusta bernardi and
which bears a superficial resemblance to kingae.
The coloring is similar in both, but in bernardi
the small white dorsal spots are more distinct and
the white dorsal patches are less prominent. The
holotype of bernardi is small and more pyriform
compared to our series of kingae; it lacks the
strongly callused and sharp-edged margins and
lenticular cross section, characteristic of our spe-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
cies; and its width to length ratio is less. But most
importantly, in bernardi the fossula is weakly de-
veloped and the anterior labial teeth are normal,
showing no indication of the unique condition
described here for kingae. The apertural teeth in
kingae are finer and generally more numerous
than those of the holotype of bernardi. In spite of
the similarity of the two species when viewed from
above, we are satisfied that they are quite distinct
and unrelated.
All specimens in the type series were dredged
from depths of 35 to 70 fathoms off the northwest
or northeast sides of Pitcairn Island (expedition
stations PIT VI, Hauls 8, 10, 14, 17, 24, and PIT
VII, Hauls 2 and 3).
The species is named after Mrs. Mariel King.
Family OVULIDAE
Genus Phenacovolva Iredale, 1930
Phenacovolva Iredale, 1930:85, 88 ?Schilder, 1939:200; 1941:
110.?Wenz, 1941:1012.?Cate, 1972:92.
Pellasimnia Iredale, 1931:222, 233.?Schilder, 1939:195; 1941:
109.?Wenz, 1941:1012.?Cate, 1972:97.
In the latest monographic treatment of the fam-
ily Ovulidae, Cate (1972) treats Pellasimnia Ire-
dale, 1931, as a subgenus of Phenacovolva Iredale,
1930. [On pages 92 and 93 Cate erroneously cites
the date of the latter genus as 1939.] Both of these
names were proposed as genera by Iredale, and
later authors have treated them in various ways.
Schilder first considered it a synonym of Volva
Montfort, 1810 (Schilder 1939:200), in which he
was followed by Wenz (1941:1012). Later, Schilder
(1941:110) made it a subgenus of Volva, and Cate
(1972:92) raised it to generic rank. Pellasimnia
was listed by Schilder (1939:195) as a subgenus of
Volva, but two years later was raised by him to
generic rank (Schilder, 1941:1012).
On comparing the type-species of both groups
we are unable to find any basic differences that
would warrant their separation.
Phenacovolva carneopicta, new species
FRONTISPIECE: FIGURES 6, 9, 12
DIAGNOSIS.?Shell of medium size, 15-18 mm
long, lanceolate, with flesh-colored streak on last
0.25 of body whorl which is interrupted medially.
In general shape and coloration it resembles P.
gracilis (Adams and Reeve, 1850) from the Philip-
pines and Borneo (Cate, 1972:101, 102) and P.
weaveri pseudogracilis Cate and Azuma, 1973,
from southern Japan. It differs from the former in
being broader and smooth in the middle, from the
latter in being paler in color and more attenuate
at the terminals.
RANGE.?Haava Strait, between Tahuata and
Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, on Antipathes sp., in
32 fms.
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Medium size, 15.1 to 18.1
mm in length, fusiform, somewhat inflated, rather
solid, opaque, white with a flesh-colored, axially
oriented streak on the last fourth of the body whorl
beginning at each terminal, interrupted medially,
and wider at the medial terminations and at a
short distance from the apical and basal ends of
the shell; some golden spotting at each terminal.
Surface of shell medially smooth, striate at each
end; ventral surface covered with a rather heavy
callus which is microscopically granulose-wrinkled,
abapertural border marked by a lemon-yellow
margin which is darker at the outermost edge. Col-
umella smoothly curved, marked by an obliquely
entering ridge 1/6 of the length from the pos-
terior or apical end (this ridge is the funiculum of
Schilder and Cate), with several low, more or less
obscure tuberosities situated on the ventral surface
of the posterior end of the funiculum, the lowest
one being the largest; a weak fossula appears to be
present on the anterior part of the columellar area;
internal part of both ends of the columella pur-
plish pink, the posterior end tinged with some
orange-yellow. Outer lip thickened, with a broad,
shallow basal sinus, its ventral surface obscurely
denticulate, the appressed outer margin of the
dorsally thickened lip-edge bright yellow. The an-
terior and posterior flesh-colored markings of the
dorsum are visible within the aperture.
Animal: Mantle, foot, and head area white;
mantle covering most or all of the shell, with white
papillae which increase in height towards the
mantle edge, ornamented with a series of circum-
scribed designs consisting of branching and anasto-
mosing brown lines, the series near the mantle base
with designs more elongate than those near the
edge of the mantle; a series of long, axially ori-
ented, anastomosing and branching dark brown
NUMBER 203
lines at the mantle edges. Margin of foot edged in
brown; a series of dark, irregular vertical brown
lines in the forepart of foot; and a dark brown line
through the eye on each tentacle. Tips of tentacles
suffused pale brown.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: Haava Strait, 32 fms; 1
October 1967; TH-X:7; USNM 707232.
Paratypes: Haava Strait, 32 fms; 1 October
1967; TH-X:7; 3 specimens, USNM 707233; 2
specimens, BPBM 218711; 4 specimens, WAM
136-72, 396/8-72.
MEASUREMENTS (in mm).?
Holotype, USNM 707232
Paratype USNM 707233
Paratype WAM 136-72
Paratype WAM 396/8-72
Length
18.0
17.3
18.1
15.1
Width
4.9
5.3
4.9
4.4
REMARKS.?This species, as indicated in the
diagnosis above, is most closely related to Phena-
covolva gracilis (Adams and Reeve, 1850) and P.
weaveri pseudogracilis Cate and Azuma, 1973.
From the former it differs in possessing somewhat
shorter, less acuminate terminals and in being
smooth in the central area of the dorsum, without
sculpture. From the latter it is distinguished by its
more slender form, its lighter color?white instead
of brownish?and the lack of a centrally located
transverse white band. Geographically our new
species is widely separated from the other two: P.
gracilis is known from northern Indonesia, the
Philippines, and southern Japan, while P. weaveri
pseudogracilis occurs in southern Japan.
FamUy MURICEDAE
Genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810
Subgenus Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964
Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964:361. [Type-species, by original
designation: Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus (Sowerby
HI, 1889).]
In my estimation, this subgenus comprises the
following species:
superbus Sowerby III, 1889
jickelii Tapparone-Canefri, 1875
laciniatus Sowerby I, 1841
barclayi Reeve, 1858
elliscrossi Fair, 1974
Japan
Red Sea
Philippines
Indian Ocean
The subgenus Chicomurex as originally con-
ceived by Arakawa included two species: super-
bus, the type-species, and the laciniatus of Japan-
ese authors, renamed Chicoreus elliscrossi by Ruth
Fair (1974:1).
In a recent catalog of the Muricinae, Vokes
(1971:105) placed superbus Sowerby III in Chic-
oreus, subgenus Siratus Jousseaume, 1880, appar-
ently considering Chicomurex to be a synonym of
Siratus. The species jickelii and barclayi she as-
signed to Pterynotus, subgenus Naquetia Jousse-
aume, 1888. The species laciniatus she considered
to be a member of the nominal subgenus of
Chicoreus.
It is our opinion that the species listed above
form a small, rather compact group, with rather
strong intervarical nodes and with the varices rel-
atively not as prominent as in other groups; this
gives the whorls, when viewed from above, a more
evenly circular outline, not as triangular as in
Pterynotus or Naquetia or even Chicoreus.
The species lack the strong, flangelike ribs of
Pterynotus, the varical spines and elongate ante-
rior canal found on most species of Siratus, and
the elongate shape and strongly flanged outer mar-
gin of the anterior canal of Naquetia.
The radula characters of this subgenus have
been described and illustrated for four species:
superbus Sowerby III and elliscrossi Fair (Ara-
kawa, 1964:361), lacinialus Sowerby I (Cerno-
horsky, 1967:119-120), and venustulus, new spe-
cies. They are all quite similar and differ from the
radulae of Chicoreus, Siratus, and Naquetia.
Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus, new species
FIGURES 4, 5; FRONTISPIECE: FIGURES 2, 3
DIAGNOSIS.?Shell rather small for genus, 20.2 to
40.5 mm in length, broadly fusiform, with three
strong varices that are finely lamellose but without
spines except for small ones at shoulder below sub-
sutural ramp and slightly longer ones on the neck.
Similar to Chicoreus laciniatus Sowerby, 1841, but
smaller, the coloration white and rose or yellowish
brown and not yellow and brown with dark brown
on varices, the varices lacking the erect hollow
spines, and the inner lip white or very pale rose
and not purplish red.
RANGE.?Marquesas Islands, in 10?70 fms.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 4.?Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus, new species: A, C, holotype (USNM 707241),
dorsal and lateral views, 40.5 mm; B, D, paratype (USNM 707245), dorsal and lateral views,
3S.9 mm.
NUMBER 203
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Rather small for genus,
20.2-40.5 mm in length, broadly fusiform. Proto-
conch conical, of 3+ whorls, glassy, smooth, straw
yellow or pinkish yellow, the strongly opisthocyrt
reflected lip sometimes present; in type (40.5 mm
long), postnuclear whorls 7+ in number, variously
mottled and banded with pink, yellow, and reddish
brown on a basically white ground; sculptured with
strong axial ribs, crossed by prominent spiral cords
that form strong, spirally elongate nodes where
they cross the ribs; later postnuclear whorls, begin-
ning with about the 3rd whorl, with 3 strong
varices and with intercalated, more slender spiral
cords between the major ones; between the varices
are 2 or 3 (rarely 1) axially oriented nodes, with
the adapertural node smaller, especially on the
last whorl, and three intervarical nodes found
only on the penultimate and antepenultimate
whorls. The varices finely squamose on the spiral
cords on the adapertural side, the scales strongest
on the summit of the varices and on the base and
neck of the body whorl where they become fused
into fluted and spinose lamellae; generally, the
varical scale on the spiral cord at the shoulder of
the later whorls more prominent than others and
forming a small, hollow spine, though in some
fresh specimens other scales on the later varices
may be subspinose; in fresh specimens the spiral
cords in the intervarical spaces may be weakly
lamellose. Apertural side of varix at outer lip
broad, with crowded, undulating lamellae of vary-
ing strength crossing the spiral cords, the lamella
at the summit of the varix (outermost lip-edge)
subspinose; the varix becoming spinosely fimbriate
on the neck. Edge of outer lip protrusive, some-
what effuse, denticulate, spotted with reddish
, 0J25mm ,
FIGURE 5.?Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus, new species:
half-row of radula.
brown in line with banding on body whorl; inte-
rior of outer lip spirally ridged. Inner lip curved,
with a raised outer margin forming a marked in-
ductura; parietal wall sometimes showing a pale
pink coloration, with strong irregular lirations, the
largest one near the posterior angle. Both inner
and outer lips forming a relatively small oval
aperture that anteriorly runs into a rather long,
narrow, slightly curved canal which is margined on
outer side by the lamellar, subspinose anterior ex-
tension of the varix forming the outer lip, and on
the columellar side by the flattened, finely rugose
anterior projection of the inner lip, which is mar-
gined in turn by the anterior ends of earlier vari-
ces. Operculum broadly oval, with subterminal
nucleus.
Radula (Figure 5): Rachidian tooth broad,
with a high, straight, pointed central cusp flanked
on each side by two smaller cusps, these lateral
cusps also straight and pointed and about 1/3 the
height of the central cusp, the outer pair being
only slightly higher and larger than the interme-
diate pair. Lateral teeth simple, unicuspid, shaped
like a boomerang, pointed at both ends.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: Off SW coast of Tahuata,
36-39 fms; 28 September 1967; TH-I:7, USNM
707241.
Paratypes: Near entrance to Baie Taiohae,
Nuku Hiva, 25-44 fms; 16 September 1967; NH-I:
5-10; 2 specimens, BPBM 218712.4. Off entrance
to Baie Anaho, Nuku Hiva, 20-21 fms; 19 Sep-
tember 1967; NH-XI:3-8; 3 specimens, WAM
140-72, 389/90-72. Off entrances to Baie Anaho
and Baie Hatiheu, Nuku Hiva, 2S-2& fms; 20 Sep-
tember 1967; NH-XII; 1 specimen, USNM 707242.
Off Baie Motu-Hee, Nuku Hiva, 33-35 fms; 22
September 1967; NH-XIV; 1 specimen, USNM
707243; 2 specimens, BPBM 218712.1; 1 specimen,
WAM 143-72. Off SW coast of Tahuata, 45 fms;
28 September 1967; TH-I:1; 1 specimen, USNM
707244. Off SW coast of Tahuata, 44 fms; 28 Sep-
tember 1967; TH-I.-3; 1 specimen, WAM 139-72.
Off SW coast of Tahuata, 45-46 fms; 28 September
1967; TH-I:8; 10 specimens, USNM 707245; 6
specimens, WAM 138-72, 391/95-72; 3 specimens,
MHNP. Haava Strait, 31 fms; 1 October 1967;
TH-X:2; 1 specimen, BPBM 218712.2. Haava
Strait, 30-32 fms; 1 October 1967; TH-X:9-11;
1 specimen, WAM 137-72. Off Baie Hanavave,
Fatu Hiva, 44-45 fms; 27 September 1967; FH-I:3;
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
1 specimen, USNM 707246. Off W coast of Fatu
Hiva, 37-40 fms; 27 September 1967; FH-I:2; 1
specimen, BPBM 218712. Off W coast of Ua Pou,
22-28 fms; 23 September 1967; UP-II:l-2; 3 speci-
mens, USNM 707247. Off W coast of Ua Pou,
30-35 fms; 23 September 1967; UP-II:3; 2 speci-
mens, USNM 707248; 2 specimens, WAM 144-72,
387-72. Off W coast of Ua Pou, 40-51 fms; 23 Sep-
tember 1967; UP-II:4-6; 2 specimens, USNM
707249; 5 specimens WAM 141/42-72, 385/86-72,
388-72. Off W coast of Ua Pou, 60-70 fms; 23
September 1967; UP-II:7-9; 3 specimens, BPBM
218712.3.
MEASUREMENTS (in mm).?
Length
Length of
of anterior
aperture canal
11.2 14.2
11.2 14.5
10.4 10.8
12.1 14.1
9.8 12.1
6.9 6.9
Holotype, USNM 707241
Paratype WAM 143-72
Paratype WAM 137-72
Paratype BPBM 218712
Paratype USNM 707245
Paratype USNM 707245
Length Width
40.5 22.3
40.4 22.7
33.1 18.8
38.7 22.1
30.8 18.5
20.2 11.9
REMARKS.?This striking species is characterized
by its relatively small size, prevailing pinkish (or
yellow) coloration, strong varices without strong
spines, and fimbriately lamellose sculpture, especi-
ally on the varices. It is most closely related to
Chicoreus laciniatus Sowerby, 1841 (of which there
is a fine specimen in USNM from Magellan Bay,
Cebu, Philippines), but C. laciniatus is larger, with
strongly spinose varices, suffused with dark brown
coloration; also, the anterior part of the apertural
varix is not lamellar but bears strong, distinct
hollow spines, and the inner lip is a vivid purplish
red. It also is related to Chicoreus superbus
Sowerby II, 1888, described from Hong Kong, but
that species is a larger shell, with higher spire and
beaded spiral cords, articulated with brown. The
shell that Japanese workers have called laciniatus
Sowerby (Habe, 1964:80, pi. 25: fig. 16) definitely
is not that species. Fair (1974:1) has described it
as Chicoreus elliscrossi.
There is also some resemblance to Chicoreus
(Chicoreus) thomasi Crosse, 1872, a species de-
scribed originally from Nuku Hiva, Marquesas,
and endemic to those islands. That species, how-
ever, is a much heavier, stouter shell with strong,
broad varices and a single broad intervarical
node. The surface is finely granulose, as in Chicor-
eus (C.) torrefactus (Sowerby II, 1841), C. (C.)
microphyllus (Lamarck, 1822) and C. (C.) insul-
arum (Pilsbry, 1921), species to which thomasi
seems most closely related. We dredged two adult
specimens and two juveniles of the latter species in
44 fathoms off the southwest coast of Tahuata.
The radula (Figure 5) resembles the radulae
described by Arakawa (1964:362, figs. 1, 2) for
Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus and C. lacini-
atus ( = elliscrossi Fair).
Family FASCIOLARIIDAE
Genus Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Fusinus galatheae Powell, 1967
Fusinus galatheae bountyi, new subspecies
FIGURES 6, 7, 8
DIAGNOSIS.?Relatively large, fusiform, with long
anterior canal and high spire, the rather markedly
angulate periphery of the whorls with pronounced
nodes; with fewer and stronger tubercles on the
periphery of the last two whorls than typical F.
galatheae, and on the early whorls the axial ribs
are more numerous and stronger.
RANGE.?Off Pitcairn Island in 26-55 fms.
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Rather large, 116.5 to 137.7
mm (4.5 to 5.4 inches) in length, fusiform, with a
high acuminate spire that comprises about 37 to
48 percent of total length, anterior neck long, nar-
row, and straight. Protoconch missing in all speci-
mens, postnuclear whorls 11 in holotype, convex,
with 8 ribs on 2nd postnuclear whorl, the axial ribs
rapidly increasing to 10 or 11 on later whorls; ribs
in earliest whorls crossed by fine spiral cords, of
which the two middle ones are strongest; in later
whorls the number of spiral cords increases by
intercalation; beginning with the 6th whorl the
ribs become angulately knobbed at the periphery;
spiral sculpture crossed by very fine axial, some-
what irregular, growth lines marked (in fresh
specimens) by fine periostracal lamellae which are
sharply spinose at the spiral cords, giving the whole
shell a densely and microscopically hirsute cover-
ing; suture closely appressed. Body whorl with
10-12 ribs that are strongly and angulately nodose
NUMBER 203 11
at the periphery, crossed by spiral cords of varying
strength, in fresh specimens covered by hairy perio-
stracum as described above; in complete specimens
the neck (enclosing the straight, relatively nar-
rowly open anterior canal) noticeably longer than
the aperture and sculptured by strong, oblique
spiral cords. Aperture ovate, posteriorly acuminate,
inner lip gently concave, the parietal wall curving
FIGURE 6.?Fusinus galatheae bountyi, new subspecies: A, holotype (USNM 707230), 121.7 mm;
B, paratype (USNM 707231), 117.4 mm.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
gently into the smooth columellar portion; outer
edge of parietal callus or inductura free and (in
old specimens) thickened and conspicuously de-
tached from lower part of body whorl and upper
end of the neck; outer lip thickened within,
marked by spiral lirae, outer edge denticulate.
Operculum unguiculate, with apical nucleus and
growth lines that are strongly angulate along the
midline.
Radula (Figure 7): Central tooth small, with a
straight horizontal base, straight inclined sides,
and a rounded top; a strong, pointed, parallel-
sided central cusp projects below the base, flanked
on each side by another cusp of similar size and
shape; also with a small pointed cusp on each outer
corner of the base. Lateral teeth large, arcuate,
with 15 prominent, pointed cusps, the inner one
moderately large and almost straight, the outer one
small and curved, the intermediate ones large,
long, and rather straight except for those toward
the outer edge which are incurved at their tips.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: About 1 mile off NW
coast of Pitcairn Island, in 30 fms on dead coral
and rubble bottom; 19 October 1967; PIT-VI:11;
USNM 707230.
Paratypes: Three-fourths mile off Bounty Bay,
Pitcairn, in 26-35 fms on bottom of large coral
stones and rubble; 19 October 1967; PIT-VII:!;
WAM 135-72. Off NW coast of Pitcairn, in 55-65
fm on bottom of stones and coral rubble; 20 Oc-
tober 1967; PIT-VI:19; USNM 707231. Off NW
coast of Pitcairn, 40-60 fms; 20 October 1967;
PIT-VI:15; BPBM 218709.
0.32 mm
MEASUREMENTS (in mm).?
Holotype, USNM 707230
Paratype WAM 135-72
Paratype USNM 707231
Paratype BPBM 218709
Length Length
of of
Length Width spire aperture
121.7 39.4 53.0 30.9
137.7 47.5 65.1 37.9
117.4 42.9 57.5 31.0
116.3 38.1 43.6 32.0
REMARKS.?Fusinus galatheae Powell, 1967, is
based on two specimens from 15 to 75 meters off
Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands (Powell, 1967:
197). Through the kindness of the director of the
Auckland Institute and Museum and Dr. Winston
F. Ponder of the Australian Museum I have been
able to examine the holotype (Figure 8), which,
although collected alive, has a somewhat worn
surface. Although the present Pitcairn form is
larger, the overall shell proportions and the basic
sculptural pattern are the same as in the Kermadec
FIGURE 7.?Fusinus galatheae bountyi, new subspecies:
half-row of radula.
FIGURE 8.?Fusinus galatheae Powell: holotype (University
Zoological Museum Copenhagen), 96.0 mm.
NUMBER 203 13
species, and we are therefore considering the two
as belonging to the same species complex. The
axial sculpture of the specimens from Pitcairn,
however, is stronger; and the tubercles on the
peripheral angle are stronger and less numerous
on the last three whorls but more numerous and
pronounced on the early postnuclear whorls. We
feel that these distinctions are sufficient to differen-
tiate the Pitcairn Island specimens subspecifically.
Fusinus galatheae bountyi also resembles, in
some ways, F. undatus (Gmelin, 1791), of which
F. similis (Baird, 1873), described from New Cale-
donia, and F. sandvichensis (Sowerby, 1880) are
synonyms. From F. undatus our new subspecies
differs in possessing more numerous axial ribs on
the early whorls and in the tubercles on the later
whorls being more acute.
The species name commemorates the Bounty,
the ship that brought to Pitcairn Island the ances-
tors of most of the present-day inhabitants. Some
of our collecting was done on the bottom of
Bounty Bay not far from where the remains of the
ship lie.
FamUy MITRIDAE
Genus Ziba H. and A. Adams, 1853
Ziba H. and A. Adams, 1853:179.?Ccrnohorsky, 1970:47.
This genus, whose type-species is Mitra carinata
Swainson from West Africa, has been placed by
Cernohorsky (1970:47) in the subfamily Imbri-
cariinae, largely because of the shell form. Cerno-
horsky also has compared Ziba with Subcancilla
Olsson and Harbison, 1953, and Concilia Swain-
son, 1840. The radula of the type-species is un-
known; and, in our opinion, the radulae of the
Indo-Pacific species tentatively assigned to Ziba
resemble more closely those of certain groups in
the Mitrinae than the radula of Subcancilla or of
Neocancilla Cernohorsky, 1966. The radula of
Concilia is unknown. Until the radulae of the
type-species of Ziba and Concilia are known we are
inclined to place Ziba in the Mitrinae.
Ziba cernohorskyi, new species
FICURE 9; FRONTISIMECE: FIGURE 13
DIAGNOSIS.?Shell of moderate size, 32.6 mm in
length, elongately biconic, body whorl subsuturally
obtusely angulate, with incised spiral lines, crossed
in early whorls by equidistant axial grooves. It has
somewhat the shape of Ziba bacillum (Lamarck,
1811) and Z. astyagis (Dohrn, 1860), and, on the
body whorl, the sculpture of Z. turtoni (E. A.
Smith, 1890), but is more strongly shouldered.
RANGE.?Off Pitcairn Island, in 45-55 fms, coral
and rubble bottom.
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Moderate size, 32.6 mm in
length, elongately biconic, with spire somewhat
shorter than apertural length, early whorls rather
straight-sided with deeply impressed, subcanalicu-
late sutures, later whorls increasingly convexly
shouldered. Protoconch missing, 8.25 whorls re-
maining, early whorls with straight, strong, broad,
and flattened axial ribs, about 20 in first complete
whorl, crossed by 4 spiral grooves that form elon-
gate punctations at the intersections with the inter-
sectional punctations rounder and smaller, the
intersecting equal grooves forming relatively large,
Hat rectangles; in the last 0.25 of the penultimate
whorl, the axial grooves become irregular and ob-
scure, and on the body whorl they disappear, leav-
ing only 15 spiral grooves which at the base become
broader between rugose ridges; the uppermost
grooves below the shoulder with some irregular
punctations, especially near the lip; siphonal fas-
ciole rather pronounced, with a narrow pseudum-
bilicus present between it and the edge of the
columellar lip callus. Aperture narrow, elongate,
rather rectilinear; six folds on the columellar lip,
the uppermost the largest, the others gradually
diminishing in size towards the base; anterior canal
short and broad, siphonal sinus distinct; outer lip
simple, very slightly thickened internally and
marked there by weak denticulations at the termini
of the external spiral grooves. Lower half of early
whorls pale grayish yellow, upper half white; body
whorl grayish yellow except for white area below
suture and on base, with scattered, irregular white
spots and Hammules in the grayish yellow area; a
deep orange-yellow band present in middle of the
body whorl.
Radula (Figure 9): The radular ribbon creamy
white, 4.7 mm in length and 1.1 mm in width, and
with 53 fully formed rows of teeth and 2 nascentes.
The median tooth with nine rather slender cusps,
gradually decreasing outward in size. Laterals elon-
gate and multicuspid.
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 9.?Ziba cernohorskyi, new species: half-row of radula.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: Off NW corner of Pit-
cairn Island, 45-55 fms; 19 October 1967; PIT-VI:
5; USNM 707239.
MEASUREMENTS (in mm).?Length, 32.7; width,
12.3; aperture length, 19.5.
REMARKS.?This unique shell appears best placed
for the time being in the genus Ziba H. and A.
Adams, 1853 (Cernohorsky, 1970:47). As men-
tioned above, it resembles in shape some speci-
mens of Z. bacillum (Lamarck) and Z. rufilirata
(Adams and Reeve, 1850) but is broader and more
strongly shouldered and is not as strongly spirally
sculptured. The spiral grooving of the body whorl
resembles that of Z. fulgetrum (Reeve, 1844), but
the latter species has strong spiral cords in the
early whorls. These three species are tentatively
placed in Ziba by Cernohorsky (1970:47).
The radula rather closely resembles that of
Mitra (Mitra) fulvescens Broderip, 1836 (Cer-
nohorsky, 1970:13, fig. 46), but in some ways is also
intermediate between the radulae figured by
Cernohorsky (1970:16, figs. 83, 84) for IZiba
flammea (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) and ?Z.
bacillum (Lamarck, 1811).
This new species is named for Walter O.
Cernohorsky, of the Auckland Institute and Mu-
seum, in tribute to his outstanding work on the
Mitridae and Indo-Pacific gastropods in general.
Family CONIDAE
Genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758
Conns marielae, new species
FIGURE 10; FRONTISPIECE: FIGURES 10, 11
DIAGNOSIS.?Shell of medium size, 34-44 mm
long, elongately obconic, coronate, strongly sul-
cate, yellowish white or white with scarlet markings
which may be irregularly axially oriented or con-
fluently arranged in spiral bands; in addition,
spiral ridges marked with small irregular scarlet or
brownish spots. This species is closest to Conus
molucccnsis Kiister, 1838, but the color markings
are scarlet rather than brown, the nodose spines on
the shoulder smaller and fewer in number, and
there are no pustules on the spiral ridges, even on
the base; the spiral ridges are flatter.
RANGE.?Marquesas Islands, in 21-46 fms, in
coral and shell rubble and sand.
DESCRIPTION.?Shell: Medium size, 34.0 to 44.1
mm in length, elongately obconic. Protoconch
elevated-pupiform, smooth, consisting of 3.5+ (tip
broken) glossy, closely appressed whorls resulting
in an almost flush suture. Spire broadly conic,
slightly concave, consisting of 10.25 postnuclear
whorls in fully grown type; spire whorls promi-
nently nodose at the exserted shoulder. Early post-
nuclear whorls nodosely carinate, with fine axial
riblets below the suture crossed by a few spiral
sulci; these spiral sulci becoming increasingly
prominent and the axial riblets diminishing in
strength until on the antepenultimate and pen-
ultimate whorl the sculpture consists of three fine
spiral cords (between the subsutural cord and the
nodulose shoulder) crossed by rather numerous
axial riblets, which under magnification are seen
to be sublamellar and often marked by a fine,
white line caused by a limy deposit in front of the
riblet. Body whorl with 12 to 15 nodes on the
sharply angled shoulder, below the shoulder
slightly convex and rest of whorl straight-sided.
Sculpture consisting of a series of irregularly
spaced spiral grooves resulting in flattened spiral
ridges of varying widths, which towards the base
become more rounded or subangulate. The grooves
show obscure axial riblets usually marked by a
fine, microscopic, rather deciduous, white lamellae;
these lamellae more prominent in the basal
grooves. The flat spiral ridges not marked by pus-
tules or beading of any kind. Fasciole marked by
numerous rounded cords. Aperture narrow, slightly
effuse near base; outer lip not thickened, rendered
scalloped by the spiral sculpture. Color white,
variously marked with shades of orange-red to
moderate reddish orange or dark reddish orange
(Kelly and Judd, 1965) in fresh shells, both in
spirally arranged small spots, irregularly alternat-
ing with white and pale brown, and in larger
blotches which may be axially oriented as well as
NUMBER 203 15
arranged in 2 spiral bands with a 3rd band some-
times present beneath the suture. In fresh speci-
mens a thin, brown periostracum gives the basal
white color a yellowish cast.
Animal: White, speckled with blackish brown,
with a concentration of this color behind anterior
edge of foot and at tip of siphon; dorsal surface of
proboscis blackish brown.
MATERIAL.?Holotype: One-half mile off Baie
Motu-Hee, Nuku Hiva, 35 fms; 22 September
1967; NH-XIV:1; USNM 703255.
Paratypes: One-half mile off Baie Motu-Hee,
Nuku Hiva, 35 fms; 22 September 1967; NH-XIV:
1; 1 specimen, WAM 317-73. Off Baie Hatuatua,
Nuku Hiva, 26-32 fms; 18 September 1967; NH-
VIII: 1-5; 1 specimen, USNM 703256. Off Baie
Anaho, Nuku Hiva, 21-25 fms; 19 September 1967;
NH-XI:3; 1 specimen, USNM 703257; 1 fragment
BPBM 218710.2; 1 fragment WAM 318-73. Off SW
coast of Tahuata, 45 fms; 28 September 1967;
TH-I:1; 1 specimen, BPBM 218710; 1 fragment,
USNM 703258; 1 fragment, WAM 319-73. Off SW
coast of Tahuata, 41-46 fms; TH-I; 2 specimens,
USNM 703259; 2 specimens, BPBM 218710.1;
3 specimens, WAM 320-73. Off W coast of Ua Pou,
40-45 fms; 23 September 1967; UP-II:4, 1 speci-
men, MHNP. Off W coast of Fatu Hiva, S of Baie
Hanavave, 42-43 fms; 25 September 1967; FH-I:1;
1 specimen, WAM 321-73.
MEASUREMENTS (in mm).?
Holotype, USNM 703255
Paratypes:
No. 1, WAM 317-73
No. 2, BPBM 218710.1
No. 3, MNHP
No. 4, USNM 703256
No. 5, USNM 703257
No. 6, WAM 318-73
No. 7, WAM 319-73
Length
40.3
41.6
37.8
38.9
39.3
44.1
23.9
29.5
Width
19.0
21.1
18.5
19.5
19.3
22.2
125
14.2
REMARKS.?This beautiful species is most closely
related to Conus moluccensis Kiister, 1838, of
which I have seen nine specimens through the
kindness of the authorities of the Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden, the Zoologisch
Museum in Amsterdam, the Delaware Museum of
Natural History, and the American Museum of
Natural History. To my knowledge this species is
known only from the Moluccas and Ambon, in
eastern Indonesia, and differs from C. marielae in
being mottled with brown rather than with reddish
orange, the spiral cords are narrower and the inter-
vening grooves wider, and the cords bear pustules,
generally whitish in color, that sometimes are
found over most of body whorls but always on the
FIGURE 10.?Conus marielae, new species: A, B, apical views of holotype (USNM 703255) and
paratype (USNM 703256), respectively.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
basal cords. In addition, the subspinose nodes on
the shoulder angle are fewer in number than in
C. marieli. Conus proximus Sowerby II, 1859 (C.
pulcher A. Adams, 1853, not Lightfoot, 1786, is a
synonym), is a distinct species, and it is what
Cernohorsky (1971:222, pi. 57, fig. 423) errone-
ously calls ynoluccensis. This species, which I have
seen only from Moluccas, Papua-New Guinea,
New Caledonia, and Fiji, differs from the true
Conns moluccensis and C. marielae in having the
spiral ridges marked by interrupted brown to red-
dish brown lines.
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